,transcriber's ,notes3 ,this production was derived from https3_/_/archive4org_/stream_/catholicw orld#jhpauluoft_/ catholicworld#jhpauluoftdjvu4txt4 ,page images are also available at https3_/_/quod4lib4umich4edu_/m_/moajrnl _/browse4journals_/cath4html ,use a fixed pitch font to view the tables4 ---------- i ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,a ,monthly ,magazine of ,general ,literature ,and ,science4 ---------- ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,october1 #ahfh1 ,,to ,march1 #ahfi4 ---------- ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 #ahfi4 ii ,john ,a4 ,gray ,green1 ,printers1 #af ,and #ah ,jacob ,street1 ,new ,york4 iii ,contents4 ---------- ,american ,college in ,rome1 ,the1 #efj4 ,apostolic ,letter from the ,pope1 #gba4 ,a ,legend for ,husbands1 #hbd4 ,basilica of ,st4 ,saturnin1 ,the1 #aja4 ,bretons1 ,the ,faith and ,poetry of the1 #abc4 ,brittany1 ,its ,people and its ,poems1 #eih4 ,church of the ,future1 ,the1 #adc4 ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #aha1 #cfj1 #efe1 #feg1 #haa4 ,cur d',ars1 ,statue of1 #bjj4 ,catholic ,congress8 ,shall we have a1 #bbd4 ,canadian ,customs1 #bdf4 ,charities of ,new ,york1 ,the1 #bgi4 ,catholicity1 ,creative ,genius of1 #djf4 ,christmas ,gifts1 #edf4 ,dante ,alighieri1 #bac4 ,education1 ,catholic ,view of1 #fhf4 ,earl ,derby's ,homer1 #gdj4 ,flaminia1 #gf4 ,galileo-,galilei1 #cba1 #dcc4 ,good old ,time and our own1 ,the1 #chj4 ,genius of ,catholicity1 ,the ,creative1 #djf4 ,general ,convention of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 #dfa4 ,general ,council1 ,the ,approaching1 #gif4 ,hospitality1 ,legend of1 #fh4 ,holy ,grayle1 ,the1 #acg4 ,hyacinthe1 ,rev4 ,pre1 ,discourse of1 #ahh4 ,hypnotics1 #bhi4 ,heremore-,brandon1 #ebb1 #ffc1 #ghd4 ,human ,will1 ,teaching of ,statistics concerning1 #fdc4 ,homer's ,iliad1 by ,earl ,derby1 #gdj4 ,husbands1 ,a ,legend for1 #hbd4 ,ireland's ,martyrs1 #hch4 ,kaulbach and the ,era of the ,reformation1 #ef4 ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 #a4 ,maria von ,mrl1 #cb4 ,marcel1 ,the ,story of1 #bed1 #cdg1 #did4 ,middle ,ages1 ,ignorance of the1 #eih4 ,out of the ,depths have ,i cried1 #dec4 ,o',reilly's ,irish ,martyrs1 #hch4 ,philosophy and ,science1 ,the ,present ,disputes in1 #bbi4 ,purgatory1 ,treatise on1 #bff4 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 ,general ,convention of1 #dfa4 ,protestantism a ,failure1 #ejc4 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 ,letter ,apostolic of1 #ecf4 ,poor ,mara6 #fcg4 ,porter's ,human ,intellect1 #fga1 #gfg4 ,progress of ,nations1 ,seaman's1 #gbd4 ,religion ,medically ,considered1 #aaf4 ,rings1 #abi4 ,right ,path found through the ,great ,snow1 ,the1 #cgj4 ,ritualism1 ,the ,future of1 #hbh4 ,st4 ,bartholomew1 ,massacre of1 #a4 ,sisters of the ,poor1 ,the ,little1 #ajj4 ,school-,room1 ,in the1 #acb4 ,schaff's ,church ,history1 #dag4 ,scientific and ,revealed ,truth1 ,the ,unity of1 #dhe4 ,sun1 ,eclipse of1 in #ahfh1 #fig4 ,seaman's ,progress of ,nations1 #gbd4 ,st4 ,michael the ,hermit1 ,the ,legend of1 #hec4 ,the ,invasion1 #ah1 #afb1 #cja1 #dgc1 #fai1 #gdf4 ,talleyrand1 #hh4 ,the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 #aaj4 ,the ,faith and ,poetry of the ,bretons1 #abc4 ,tuscany1 ,glimpses of1 #aif1 #caf4 ,the ,great ,snow1 ,the ,right ,path found through1 #cgj4 ,the ,poor8 ,who shall take care of1 #gjc1 #gcd4 ,the ,iliad of ,homer1 #gdj4 ,who shall take care of our ,sick8 #db4 ,who shall take care of the ,poor8 #gjc1 #gcd4 ,ximenes1 ,cardinal1 #egg4 ---------- ,poetry4 ,aspirations1 #bbb4 ,a ,door1 ,inscription on1 #fcf4 ,count de ,montalembert1 #abh4 ,christmas1 #dga4 ,dante1 ,sonnet from ,vita ,nuova_/i of1 #ede4 ,discipline1 #fda4 ,de ,profundis1 #hec4 ,friendships1 #ahg4 ,indian ,summer1 #dje4 ,lines1 #gde4 ,mine ,enemy1 #gc4 ,penitence1 #dba4 ,primrose1 ,the ,evening1 #eba4 ,pius ,,ix41 ,the ,volunteers for1 #fce4 ,summer ,shower1 ,a1 #dj4 ,the ,silent ,clock1 #gcc4 iv ,new ,publications4 ,alton ,park1 #adc4 ,a ,psyche of ,to-day1 #adc4 ,a ,becket1 ,life of1 #dbh4 ,asmodeus in ,new ,york1 #dbi4 ,a ,book about ,dominies1 #gai4 ,a ,few ,friends1 #hef4 ,barrington's ,sketches of his own ,times1 #bhg4 ,beginning ,german1 #egd4 ,beginner's ,french1 #egf4 ,biarnois's ,theoretical ,french1 #gah4 ,bottala1 ,rev4 ,paul1 on the ,pope1 #bhc4 ,cardinals1 ,lives of the ,english1 #aci4 ,cradle ,lands1 #dbb4 ,criminal ,abortion1 #egc ,charlie ,bell1 #hfj4 ,dalgairns on the ,holy ,communion1 #dcj4 ,excelsior1 or ,essays on ,politeness1 #bhh4 ,emmet1 ,life and ,times of1 #dcj4 ,father ,cleveland1 #ada4 ,fay's ,outlines of ,geography1 #dbi4 ,gropings after ,truth1 #dbi4 ,gayarr's ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 #egj4 ,greeley's ,recollections1 #ega4 ,gayarr's ,history of ,louisana1 #gaf4 ,gray's ,botany1 #hfj4 ,herbert's ,cradle ,lands1 #dbb4 ,hebrew ,grammar1 ,new1 #dbf4 ,historical ,gazetteer of ,vermont1 #dbh4 ,hopkins's ,law of ,love1 #heh4 ,hayden's ,light on ,last ,things1 #hch4 ,illustrated ,family ,almanac1 #egb4 ,kelly's ,dissertations on ,irish ,church ,history1 #hef4 ,logic for ,young ,ladies1 #adc4 ,leaf and ,flower ,pictures1 #bhf4 ,life of ,blessed ,spinola1 #hei4 ,mhlbach's ,goethe and ,schiller1 #ada4 ,modern ,women1 #adc4 ,mrs4 ,sadlier's ,mac,carthy ,more1 #bhh4 ,mignon1 #bhh4 ,moore's ,poetical ,works1 #dca4 ,moore's ,memoir of ,sheridan1 #dca4 ,mark's ,lessons in ,geometry1 #dca4 ,new ,adam1 ,the1 #dbg4 ,newman's ,verses1 #egd4 ,new ,illustrated ,history of ,ireland1 #gbj4 ,o',leary1 ,rev4 ,arthur1 ,works of1 #bhg4 ,o',shea's ,juvenile ,library1 #egc4 ,outlines of ,composition1 #hei4 ,plain ,talk about ,protestantism1 #bhh4 ,plain ,chant1 ,a ,grammar of1 #heg4 #h ,roman ,martyrology1 ,the1 #dcj4 ,rural ,poems1 #egc4 ,report of ,new ,york ,university1 #ege4 ,robertson's ,lectures on ,burke1 #gag4 ,symbolism1 by ,moehler1 #bhe4 ,sunday-,school ,library1 ,illustrated1 #bhf4 ,shiel's ,sketches of the ,irish ,bar1 #bhg4 ,sydnie ,adriance1 #dcj4 ,south ,america1 ,a ,thousand ,miles across1 #dca4 ,synodus ,dioecesana ,baltimorensis1 #dcb4 ,st4 ,john's ,knowledge and ,love of ,god1 #egc4 ,sadlier's ,almanac1 #gah4 ,the ,works of ,burns1 ,scott1 ,milton1 etc41 #adb4 ,the ,lily of the ,valley1 #bhg4 ,the ,bird1 #dbe4 ,tablets1 #dbf4 ,the ,two ,women1 #dcb4 ,taine's ,ideal of ,art1 #egb4 ,the ,little ,gipsy1 #egd4 ,tobacco and ,alcohol1 #gai4 ,the ,conscript1 #hei4 ,willson's ,histories1 #ada4 ,webster's ,dictionaries1 #add4 ,winninger1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,x41 on the ,pope1 #bhe4 ---------- #a ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,viii41 ,no4 #dc ,october1 #ahfh4 ---------- ,the ,massacre ,of ,st4 ,bartholomew--its ,origin ,and ,character4 ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew3 preceded by a ,history of the ,religious ,wars in the ,reign of ,charles ,,ix4 ,by ,henry ,white4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #ahfh4 #hvo1 pp4 xviii4-#eje4 ,la ,st4 ,barthlemy1 ses ,origines1 son ,vrai ,caractre1 ses ,suites4 ,par ,george ,gandy4 ,revue des ,questions ,historiques4 ,tome ier1 pp4 #aa-ia1 #cb-cia4 ,few historical events have been more persistently used in arguments against the ,catholic ,church than the massacre of ,admiral ,coligny1 and a great number of ,protestant nobles and people1 at ,paris1 on ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 #aegb1 by orders emanating from the court4 ,isolated from the religious wars in which it is but one of the darkest episodes1 this affair has been set forward as an independent act--a deliberate scheme of the ,catholic party in ,france--king1 nobles1 and clergy--to extinguish ,protestantism at a single blow4 ,the numbers of the victims have been exaggerated to an extent incompatible with all contemporary statistics of population2 and the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew has thus been transmitted1 as if by a series of distorting mirrors1 from the pamphlets of the time to the histories1 sermons1 periodicals1 and school-books of our days1 each reflection but a distortion of the last1 and so exceeding it in unreality that at length truth had become utterly hopeless4 ,in fact1 we might as well expect to have ,bibles throw out the long-sanctioned misprint of strain at a gnat1 and print1 correctly1 strain out a gnat1 or omit the intrusive words at the end of the ,lord's ,prayer1 which all ,protestant ,biblical scholars admit to be spurious1 as to expect popular accounts of ,st4 ,bartholomew's day to come down to what is really certain and authentic4 ,even among writers of a higher stamp1 there seemed to be a disposition to avoid research that would break the charm4 ,historical scholars made little effort to free the subject from the mists and fables with which it has been encompassed1 and set down only well-attested facts with authorities to sustain them4 #b ,it is1 therefore1 with no less surprise than gratification that we find in the recent work of ,henry ,white a laborious and thorough examination of the evidence still extant as to the originators of the dark deed1 their motives and object1 the extent of the slaughter1 and the reasons assigned at the moment and subsequently4 ,it is one of those subjects in which no work will be accepted entirely by readers of an opposite faith1 inasmuch as it is almost impossible to avoid drawing inferences1 and ascribing motives for acts1 to real or supposed modes of thought in the religious body to which the actors belonged4 ,respecting the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew there are also two theories4 ,some contend that it was the result of a long-premeditated plot2 and this view was so ably maintained by ,john ,allen1 in the ,edinburgh ,review1 7vol4 xliv4--#ahbf17 that nothing further was left to be said on the subject4 ,others are of opinion that it was the accidental result of a momentary spasm of mingled terror and fanaticism1 caused by the unsuccessful attempt to murder ,coligny4 ,this theory has been supported by ,ranke1 in a review of ,capefigue's ,histoire de la ,rforme2 by ,soldan2 by ,baum1 in his ,life of ,beza2 and by ,coquerel1 in the ,revue ,thologique1 in #ahei4 ,such is ,white's statement of the position of the question2 and his work has been justly styled able and unpretentious4 ,in ,france1 the anti-,christian writers of the last century--,voltaire and his school--were all loud in denunciation of the affair1 and painted it in its worst colors4 ,it was too good a weapon1 in their war against religion1 to be easily laid down2 and it was made to do such good service that later ,catholic apologists have till recently scarcely ventured on any examination of the question that would seem at all favorable4 ,the discussion by ,gandy is1 in extent and research1 as well as in soundness of principle1 by far the best review of the subject4 ,yet1 as a close historical argument1 the force is sometimes destroyed by the citation of comparatively weak and undecisive authorities4 ,in ,english1 the best ,catholic tract on ,st4 ,bartholomew was that of ,dr4 ,lingard4 ,some of his positions were not well taken1 and do not stand when confronted with authorities brought forward by later research4 ,yet his essay compelled a real historic investigation by subsequent writers1 and has led1 indirectly at least1 to the work of ,mr4 ,white4 ,this writer says1 not inaptly 7p4 #bjj73 ,it is easy to prove any historical untruth by a skilful manipulation of documents4 ,this skilful manipulation need not be done with the consciousness of guilt4 ,it may be the result of prejudice1 party spirit1 bias2 and he himself is not free from objection4 ,with an evident endeavor to be impartial1 his education and prejudices lead him to slur over some acts and expatiate on others2 to ascribe to exalted piety all the deeds of one party1 and deny to the other any real religious feeling4 ,this taints all his introductory chapters on the religious wars in ,france1 prior to #aegb1 giving a false light and color to the whole4 ,it gives the impression that real piety1 devotion1 religious feeling1 were not to be found at all among the ,catholics of ,france1 but were the peculiar attributes of the disciples gained by the emissaries sent from ,geneva by ,calvin4 #c ,biassing the reader thus1 he keeps back the real exterminating1 destructive1 and intolerant spirit of the ,huguenots1 and1 while detailing here and there excesses1 treats as insignificant the conspiracy of ,amboise1 ,coligny's complicity in ,poltrot's assassination of the ,duke of ,guise1 ,queen ,jane's ruthless extirpation of ,catholicity1 the ,michelade1 and the fearful butchery enacted by ,montgomery at ,orthez1 a small place where1 nevertheless1 the ,catholic victims numbered1 according to his own figures1 three thousand1 halt what he claims as the number of ,protestant victims at ,paris on the bloody day of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,nor is he more happy in depicting the theories and ideas of the two parties4 ,compare the ,protestants in ,france with the early ,christians and the difference will be seen4 ,the ,reformers everywhere were aggressive and intolerant4 ,they did not ask merely liberty to adopt new religious views and practise them4 ,they did1 indeed1 raise the cry of religious freedom--freedom of worship--freedom of conscience2 but what did these words really mean8 ,they meant the suppression of the ,catholic worship1 the extermination of the priesthood and religious orders1 the pillage and defacing of ,catholic churches1 and the destruction of paintings1 statues1 relics1 and crosses4 ,when this was done1 they proclaimed religious liberty4 ,thus1 at ,lyons1 in #aefb1 the ,mass was abolished1 liberty of conscience proclaimed1 in two consecutive clauses4 ,the utter absurdity of such a connection does not strike ,mr4 ,white1 nor will it strike many ,english readers as it does a ,catholic ear4 ,the ,protestant spirit has so falsified ideas that we constantly hear the same inconsistency4 ,the enthusiastic son of ,new ,england claims that the ,puritan fathers established freedom to worship ,god according to the dictates of conscience1 when1 in fact1 they claimed only the right to worship for themselves and denied it to all others2 the son of ,rhode ,island claims ,roger ,williams as the real founder of toleration1 and yet his fanatical opposition to the slightest semblance to ,catholicity was such that he exhorted the trained bands not to march under the ,english flag because it had the cross on it2 the historian of ,new ,york1 or the more elaborate historian of the ,netherlands1 will claim for ,holland the honor of establishing religious freedom1 and we read their pages with the impression that the people of the ,netherlands were ,protestant1 as a unit2 and that the republic established after throwing off the ,spanish yoke made the land one where all creeds met in harmony1 and all men were equal in the eye of the law in their religious rights4 ,yet what is the real fact8 ,from that time till the present nearly one half of the people of the ,netherlands have been ,catholics4 ,the ,protestants1 possessing a slight numerical advantage1 ruled1 and to the ,catholics their rule was one of iron4 ,they were deprived of all churches1 prohibited from erecting others1 confined to certain quarters1 subjected to penal laws4 ,where then was the freedom of worship8 ,in the reformers' minds these words had no application to ,catholics4 ,now1 it was this aggressive1 intolerant spirit of the reformers that made the civil governments in countries which elected to remain ,catholic so severe on the new religionists4 ,the moment a foreign emissary from ,geneva gathered a few proselytes1 enough to form a body of any size1 then began coarse songs1 ridiculing and scoffing at the holiest doctrines of the ,catholics2 then crosses would be broken down1 crucifixes1 statues of the blessed ,virgin and the saints1 defaced or destroyed2 as their numbers grew1 priests would be driven from their churches or shot down1 and the edifices themselves plundered and appropriated to the new creed4 #d ,that such things could be borne tamely was impossible4 ,in ,france the government was weak and vacillating4 ,the humbler and less instructed portions of the ,catholic body retaliated in the same measure that they saw meted out1 and resisted a creed that used abuse and violence1 by abuse and violence4 ,they had not the cant of their antagonists1 but true religion is not to be measured by that standard4 ,alarmed by the excesses of the ,reformers elsewhere1 the ,french government attempted to repress their entrance into ,france by penal laws1 a course that seldom attains the end proposed4 ,the progress of error was to be checked by more assiduous teaching of the people by their pastors1 by zeal in reforming morals1 by institutions practically exercising the spiritual and corporal works of mercy4 ,yet1 while conceding the general deficiency of power in penal laws to check the progress of religious opinions1 it must be remembered that the destructive tenets we have alluded to made the increase of the ,calvinists a danger to the peace and well-being of ,france4 ,beza1 in his ,profession of ,faith1 7v4 ,point p4 #aai17 advised the extermination of priests4 ,calvin 7,apud ,becan1 t4 v4 opusc4 #ag1 aph4 #ae1 ,de modo propagandi ,calvinismi7 declares that the ,jesuits must be killed or crushed by falsehood and calumny4 ,the destruction of all representations of ,christ and his saints was the constant theme of the reformed preachers1 and under this war against idols1 as they termed them1 they included insult and outrage to the remains of those illustrious men of the past whose exalted virtues had endeared them to the ,christian people4 ,from that day to this ,protestantism has sanctioned the outrages thus advised and thus committed4 ,the right of ,protestants to demolish1 on any slight pretext1 ,catholic churches1 convents1 shrines1 monuments1 or pictures1 seems even now a sort of self-evident axiom1 its exercise being regulated merely by grounds of expediency4 ,england and the ,united ,states can show their examples of this1 even in the present century2 in the last1 the outrages committed by ,new ,england troops in ,canada and ,acadia whenever a ,catholic church fell into their power2 the careful aiming of cannon at the monastic buildings in the siege of ,quebec2 the expedition against ,louisburg1 with the chaplain bearing an axe to demolish the idols2 at once suggest themselves to the mind4 ,that ,catholics possessed any right to their own churches1 their own ideas of worship1 was never entertained for a moment4 ,the civil law might justly repress such men1 if not on the simple ground of teaching false doctrines1 at least for their claim of right to destroy the liberty of those who professed the religion of their ancestors4 ,for some years the reform gained slowly in ,france1 the emissaries of ,calvin never relaxing their efforts1 and finally winning to their side ,queen ,jane of ,navarre1 the ,prince of ,cond and the three famous brothers of the house of ,chatillon1 ,d',andelot1 ,admiral ,coligny1 find the profligate ,cardinal ,odet4 ,by this time the ,protestant churches1 true to their aggressive character1 assumed a military organization1 as ,white 7p4 #bc7 and ,fauriel1 a recent ,french ,protestant author1 admit1 and aimed at the overthrow alike of ,catholicity and royalty4 ,this secret preparation for an armed attempt to secure the mastery of ,france had1 by #aefj1 attained its full development4,footnote #b #e ,the moment had come for a grand effort which was to exterminate ,catholicity from ,france as utterly as it has been from ,sweden1 where not even gratitude for their foremost struggle for independence saved the ,catholic ,dalecarlians from annihilation4 ,footnote #b3 ,consult ,mmoires de ,saulx ,tavannes1 p4 #bi2 ,lavalle1 ,histoire des ,franais1 i4 p4 #ege2 ,fauriel1 ,essai sur les ,evnements qui ont prcd et anten le ,st4 ,barthlemy1 p4 #ai- ,the position of affairs in ,france justified the hopes of the reformers4 ,there were three parties in the state--the earnest ,catholic party1 headed by the ,guises of ,lorraine2 the ,huguenot party1 directed by ,calvin1 with ,cond in ,france as its future king1 and ,coligny as its master-spirit2 and1 as usual in such cases1 a third party of weak men1 who hampered the ,catholics1 and thus strengthened their opponents1 by hesitation1 uncertainty1 and fitfulness4 ,the queen mother1 ,catharine de ,medicis1 disliked the house of ,lorraine more than she loved ,catholicity2 and1 jealous of the growing power of the ,guises1 was not disinclined to see the party of ,cond counterbalance it4 ,hence1 she generally threw her influence into the third party1 in which figured the ,duke d',alenon1 the ,montmorencies1 ,coss1 ,biron1 and to which men like the famous ,chancellor l',hopital gave their influence4 ,how little the true ,catholic spirit1 as we understand it now1 prevailed among the higher nobility1 may be inferred from the fact that the two great ,protestant leaders1 ,cond and ,coligny1 were brothers of cardinals1 their close relationship to princes of the ,roman ,church exerting no influence4 ,one of these cardinals apostatized1 and1 after defying the pope1 fled to ,england1 to be poisoned by his valet2 the other was a mere figure in the stirring scenes and times in which he lived4 ,francis ,,ii41 husband of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 on ascending the throne1 placed the control of affairs in the hands of his uncles1 the ,cardinal of ,lorraine and the ,duke of ,guise4 ,this meant a firm government1 not one to tolerate an imperium in imperio--a power able to put in the field1 as ,coligny boasted1 one hundred and fifty thousand men4 ,encouraged by the edict of ,january1 #aefj1 the masses of the reformed party were1 everywhere that their numbers permitted it1 seizing ,catholic churches and monasteries1 expelling the inmates1 demolishing every vestige of the ancient faith4 ,while they were thus committing themselves1 and overawing the ,catholics1 the leaders formed the celebrated plot of ,amboise to assassinate the ,guises1 seize the person of the king1 and1 of course1 the control of the government4 ,in spite of his disavowal1 made after it had failed1 ,calvin really approved of it at first4 ,this ,white denies1 7p4 #hb27 but the letter to ,sturm1 cited by ,gandy1 7p4 #bh17 is decisive2 and in the very letter where he seems to condemn his followers1 he says3 ,had they not been opposed1 in time our people would have seized many churches2 444 but there1 too1 they yielded with the same weakness4 7,bulletin de la ,socit de l',histoire du ,protestantisme ,franais1 i4 p4 #bej47 ,coligny's complicity is as evident4 ,the ostensible leader was ,bary de la ,renaudie1 whose enmity to ,guise1 says ,white1 probably made him renounce his religion and join the reformers4 ,protestant writers all admit that the plot of ,amboise would1 if successful1 have overthrown ,catholicity for ever in ,france4 ,the ,guises saw the danger to themselves1 to ,catholicity1 and to royalty1 and acted with promptness and energy4 #f ,every road and avenue leading to the place was guarded1 and the separate bands of the conspirators as they came up were met and crushed1 la ,renaudie1 the ostensible leader1 being slain4 ,then followed a series of terrible criminal proceedings4 ,the partisans of the rebellion were tried1 condemned1 and executed with as little mercy as ,english rulers ever manifested to ,irish rebels4 ,white puts the number executed at one thousand two hundred1 but cites no authorities to justify so large an estimate4 ,after this affair at ,amboise1 the political character of the ,huguenots1 as ,white admits1 became more prominent1 and proved the temporary destruction of ,french ,protestantism4 ,the reformers committed many outrages on the ,catholics after the failure at ,amboise1 especially in the districts where ,montbrun and ,mouvans swept through with the hand of destruction1 till the latter perished miserably at ,draguignan4 ,then followed a new ,huguenot plot1 formed by ,cond and his brother ,anthony1 but ,francis ,,ii4 raised a considerable force1 and1 marching down1 overawed them4 ,cond and the other ,huguenot leaders were summoned to appear before him4 ,d',andelot fled2 ,cond appeared1 was tried1 and condemned2 but before any other steps were taken ,francis ,,ii4 died in ,november4 ,did you ever hear or read of anything so opportune as the death of the little king8 wrote ,calvin2 and ,beza gloried over the foul death of the miserable boy4 ,charles ,,ix4 became king1 with his mother1 ,catharine de ,medicis1 as regent1 and she sought to weaken the power of the ,guises4 ,cond was released from prison1 his brother ,anthony made lieutenant-general of the kingdom4 ,an assembly of the ,three ,estates was convened1 but dissolved without effecting any good4 ,throughout the land1 the ,huguenots employed abuse and violence1 drawing on themselves fearful punishment4 ,still1 under ,catharine's fickle favor1 the ,huguenots were steadily gaining ground1 and the ,colloquy at ,poissy1 in #aefb1 where ,beza appeared in person1 was1 in its actual result and in moral effect1 a victory to the reformers4 ,the countenance of the court gave them boldness4 ,the ,catholic party saw the evident danger and were loud in their complaints1 but this only made collisions more frequent3 one party elate with hope and triumph1 the other seeing naught but treachery and violence4 ,it needed but a spark to kindle a conflagration2 at last it came4 ,on ,corpus ,christi1 in #aefa1 as the procession of the blessed sacrament moved through the streets of ,lyons1 a ,huguenot rushed upon the officiating clergyman and endeavored to wrest the consecrated host from his hands4 ,so daring an outrage roused the ,catholics to fury4 ,in an instant the whole city was in arms1 and the innocent atoned in blood for the madness of one4 ,even in ,paris itself similar riots took place1 and fifty ,catholics were killed or wounded at the church of ,st4 ,medard1 into which ,d',andelot rode on horseback at the head of the ,huguenots4 ,the edict of ,january1 #aefb1 came at last to effect a peace4 ,by its provisions the ,protestants were to restore the churches they had seized1 to cease their abuse of the ,catholic ceremonies in print or discourse1 and1 in return1 were allowed to hold meetings unarmed outside the city1 but their ministers were not to go from town to town preaching4 #g ,the measure of toleration thus granted may not seem excessive1 but it was far greater than any ,protestant power then1 or long subsequently1 granted to such subjects as preferred not to change their creed4 ,the measure1 however1 failed to produce tranquillity4 ,the ,huguenots1 far from restoring what they had seized1 continued their acts of violence4 ,at ,nismes the churches and convents were attacked and profaned1 while in ,gascony and ,languedoc the reformers had established such a reign of terror that for forty leagues around no ,catholic priest durst show himself4 ,montpellier1 ,montauban1 and ,castres beheld similar profanations of churches4 ,coligny1 a prototype of ,cromwell in apparent fanaticism1 in military skill1 in relentless cruelty toward the ,catholic clergy1 like the ,puritan leader of the next century1 looked beyond the ,atlantic4 ,he had projected a ,protestant colony of refuge in ,brazil2 its failure did not prevent his renewing the attempt in ,florida4 ,in the month following that in which the edict was issued1 he despatched ,john ,ribaut to lay the foundation of a ,french colony in ,america4 ,he seems to have been planning a retreat against sudden disaster in the war they were rapidly preparing4 ,the fate of that colony is well known4 ,at ,vassy1 in ,march1 a ,huguenot congregation came into collision with the ,duke of ,guise2 accounts differ widely as to the details4 ,the duke asserted that his men were attacked4 ,on being struck in the face with a stone1 he cried to his men to show no quarter1 and1 according to ,white1 fifty or sixty were killed and two hundred wounded4 ,in a moment the affair was taken up and echoed through ,france4 ,it was worth an army to the cause of rebellion4 ,the military churches rose4 ,so complete was their organization that almost simultaneously thirty-five cities were taken1 the ,cevennes1 the ,vivarrais1 and the ,comt ,venaissin were in revolt4 ,everywhere the ,catholic worship was suppressed1 the churches stripped1 the clergy banished1 while the riches torn from the shrines and altars enabled them to maintain the war4 ,the shrine of ,st4 ,martin of ,tours1 venerated and enriched by the piety of ,france during a thousand years1 gave ,cond1 prince of the blood1 a million two thousand livres to devastate ,france4 ,to add to their strength1 the ,huguenots then formed the treaty of ,hampton ,court with ,elizabeth1 and by it agreed to restore ,calais to ,england4 ,as we have seen1 they took ,lyons1 and1 after massacring priests and religious1 abolished the ,mass1 and with the same breath declared that every one should be free in his religion4 ,as the ,catholics were unprepared1 city after city fell into their hands1 till no less than two hundred were swept by these devastating hordes1 fiercer than ,goth or ,vandal4 ,the history of every ,french city marks at this epoch the destruction of all that the past had revered4 ,orleans1 ,mans1 ,troyes1 ,tours1 ,bayeux1 all repeat the same story4 ,everywhere priests1 religious of both sexes1 ,catholic laity1 were butchered and mutilated with every barbarity4 ,the ,baron des ,adrets stands forth as the terrible butcher of this period1 who made his barbarity a sport1 and trained the mind of ,france to savage inhumanity4 ,in the little town of ,montbrison1 in ,august1 #aefb1 he slaughtered more than eight hundred men1 women1 and children4 ,the recent ,french historian1 ,martin1 whose work is in process of publication in this country1 glosses over this period by merely alluding to the profanation and pillage of the ,catholic churches and religious houses4 #h ,every local history in ,france1 however1 attests the slaughter and mutilation of the clergy1 the last infamy always popularly ascribed to the order of ,coligny4 ,beza1 writing in ,january1 #aefb1 admits that the ,protestants of ,aquitaine1 though enjoying full religious liberty1 massacred priests and wished to exterminate their enemies4 ,this sudden rebellion was the work of ,coligny1 who1 with his army of religious enthusiasts1 and all the restless1 factious1 and discontented1 who linked their fortunes to a party whose triumph would involve confiscation of the wealth of the church1 with ,german mercenaries and ,english plunderers1 swept through the land with prayer on his lips and treason in his heart4 ,he cloaked his treason under the hypocritical pretext that he was in arms not against the king1 but against the king's advisers4 ,white allows himself to be deluded by this hypocritical sham1 and in several places censures the treasonable conduct of the ,cardinal of ,lorraine and others1 who wrote to the ,king of ,spain soliciting his aid to save ,catholicity in ,france1 while ,coligny1 in arms against his king1 making treaties with ,elizabeth of ,england1 introducing into ,france ,english and ,german mercenaries1 is never branded as a traitor at all4 ,and if ,cond and ,coligny merely sought to banish the ,guises1 how was that to be effected by pillaging ,catholic churches8 ,they took up arms to exterminate the leaders of the ,catholic party and the clergy1 suppress the ,catholic worship1 and place ,cond on the throne4 ,white1 too1 censures the pope for interfering1 but neglects to put before his reader the fact that part of ,france1 the ,comt ,venaissin1 then belonged to the ,holy ,see1 and that in that part the ,huguenots were committing the same ravages4 ,meanwhile the royal armies rallied2 and1 as a first step1 endeavored to induce the ,huguenot leaders to lay down their arms4 ,cond was so far influenced by the offers made1 that he agreed to leave ,france if ,guise would do the same1 but ,beza traversed the projects of peace4 ,he besought the prince1 says ,white1 not to give over the good work he had begun1 which ,god1 whose honor it concerned1 would bring to perfection4 ,negotiation failing1 the royal troops began the campaign to recover the conquered cities4 ,blois1 ,tours1 ,poitiers1 ,angers1 ,bourges1 and ,rouen were at once retaken1 and ,orleans1 the stronghold of reform1 besieged4 ,in the battle of ,dreux1 fought on the #aith of ,december1 the rebels were utterly defeated1 ,cond remaining a prisoner in the hands of the royal forces4 ,while besieging ,orleans1 7,february #ahth17 ,guise was assassinated by ,jean ,mr de ,poltrot1 a man whom ,coligny aided with money1 and who had revealed to that nobleman his project of murder4 ,white's endeavor to exculpate ,coligny is very lame4 ,he deems it suspicious that ,poltrot was executed at once without his being confronted with ,coligny2 as though the rebel general would have come into court for the purpose1 in the very heat of the civil war4 ,he finally1 however1 admits3 ,this leaves no doubt that ,coligny assented1 if he did not consent1 to the crime4 ,he was not unwilling to profit by it1 though he would do nothing to further it4 ,this may diminish the lofty moral pedestal on which some writers have placed the ,protestant hero2 but he was a man1 and had all a man's failings1 though he may have controlled them by his religious principles4 ,nor was assassination considered at all cowardly or disgraceful in those days2 not more so than killing a man in a duel was1 until very recently1 among us4 #i ,as he knew the project and gave money1 it is hard to see how he would do nothing to further it4 ,that he had all a man's failings is a very loose form of speech2 so loose and broad that1 if assassination was not then deemed cowardly or disgraceful1 the subsequent killing of ,coligny himself1 a man with all a man's failings1 can scarcely be deemed cowardly or disgraceful4 ,in fact1 at the time1 the ,protestant party openly defended the murder of ,guise1 and ,beza1 not exempt himself from suspicion of complicity1 conferred on ,poltrot the martyr's crown4 ,the ,catholic party1 thus deprived of its best military leader1 7for ,montmorency was a prisoner1 and ,st4 ,andre was butchered in cold blood after the battle of ,dreux17 again inclined to peace4 ,a negotiation1 opened through ,cond1 resulted in the pacification of ,amboise1 ,march #aith1 #aefc4 ,this gave each man liberty to profess the religion of his choice in his own domicile1 but restricted public worship of the ,protestants more than the edict of ,january had done4 ,the conference at ,bayonne between the ,french and ,spanish courts has often been represented as a plot for the utter extermination of the ,huguenots4 ,white shows that it was but a series of festivities2 and though the troubles were spoken of1 neither court counselled violent measures4 ,even ,alva went no further than suggesting the seizure of the most turbulent leaders4 ,charles himself1 favorable at ,bayonne1 became embittered against the reformers1 as ,white himself states1 by what he saw as he returned through the states of the ,queen of ,navarre1 who had1 with relentless fury1 extirpated ,catholicity from her territory4 ,the pacification could not restore peace to the excited public mind while the two antagonistic parties stood face to face4 ,the favor shown to ,cond after he joined in expelling his ,english allies from ,havre1 as well as to ,coligny1 whom ,montmorency summoned to garrison ,paris1 emboldened the reformers4 ,the remaining ,catholic churches began to undergo the terrible profanation that visited so many1 and with this came retaliation4 ,the ,protestant princes in ,germany at this time appealed to ,charles to show lenity to their fellow-believers in his kingdom4 ,the ,french monarch rebuked their intermeddling1 and added1 ,i might also pray them to permit the ,catholics to worship freely in their own cities4 ,and ,white admits that the ,catholics there fared no better than the ,huguenots in ,france4 ,meanwhile the ,huguenot party was preparing for a new effort to obtain complete control4 ,a force raised to watch the ,spanish movements in the ,low ,countries was made the pretext4 ,a plot was formed to seize the king and his mother1 and ,coligny1 to blind the court1 remained superintending his vineyards4 ,but on the #bhth of ,september1 #aefg1 all ,france was in flames4 ,fifty towns were seized1 and a strong force of ,huguenot cavalry dashed upon ,meaux to seize the king4 ,charles1 nearly entrapped by the specious ,l',hopital1 reached ,paris1 protected by a body of gentlemen under the ,duke de ,nemours1 but ,cond pressed so close that ,charles more than once turned on his pursuers1 and fought at the head of his little body-guard4 ,as before1 the ,catholics were without union or plan1 while the ,huguenots were an organized body of secret conspirators1 acting on a well-concerted plan4 #aj ,protestant allegiance to a ,catholic monarch has never been very strong2 indeed1 it seems simply a creature of circumstance1 not a matter of obligation4 ,the attempt to set aside a ,catholic sovereign after the death of ,edward ,,vi4 and of ,charles ,,ii4 has never been treated as a crime4 ,in the same spirit1 ,white sees nothing wrong in ,cond except failure3 ,his failure 7to seize the king's person7 made him a traitor as well as a rebel4 ,and yet1 with that strange perversity of ideas that seems inherent in his school1 he at once brands the ,cardinal of ,lorraine as a traitor for inviting in the ,king of ,spain1 as ,cond had ,elizabeth4 ,the battle of ,st4 ,denis1 under the walls of ,paris1 cost the royal party the life of ,montmorency1 while it gave them a doubtful victory4 ,the usual horrors again desolated ,france4 ,nismes1 in #aefg1 witnessed its famous ,michelade1 or massacre of the ,catholics4 ,it was a deliberate act4 ,white says none has attempted to justify it4 ,he puts the number of victims at seventy or eighty1 but cites no authority4 ,mesnard1 in his ,histoire de ,nismes2 and ,vaissette1 in his ,histoire ,gnrale de ,languedoc1 make it from one hundred and fifty to three hundred4 ,the military operations continued until ,catharine visited the ,huguenot camp1 and effected the treaty of ,longjumeau1 7,march #bjth1 #aefh47 ,but this peace was as hollow as the rest4 ,white charges that the ,catholics put numbers of ,protestants to death4 ,the ,huguenots certainly continued their destruction of ,catholic churches4 ,brequemant1 one of their leaders1 says ,white1 cheered them on to murder1 wearing a string of priests' ears around his neck4 ,at last the ,catholics saw the necessity of organizing1 and in ,june1 #aefh1 a ,christian and ,royal ,league was formed at ,champagne1 to maintain the ,catholic ,church in ,france1 and preserve the crown in the house of ,valois1 so long as it shall govern according to the ,catholic and ,apostolic religion4 ,this ,white qualifies as a formidable league that shook the throne1 and brought ,france to the brink of destruction3 while he has no such terms to apply to the military organization of the ,huguenot churches1 which was endeavoring to seize the government1 and raise ,cond to the throne under the name of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,the ,catholics did not act too soon4 ,the ,huguenots were again ripe for action4 ,the leaders retired to ,rochelle1 and ,france was again in arms4 ,elizabeth sent to ,rochelle men1 arms1 and money2 the ,prince of ,orange also promised aid4 ,the first great battle was fought at ,jarnac1 ,march #acth1 #aefi1 where ,cond was defeated and killed4 ,andelot died soon after1 in ,may1 and ,duke ,wolfgang1 of ,deux ,ponts1 who brought fourteen thousand ,germans to swell the ,huguenot ranks1 soon followed4 ,coligny gained some advantage in the action at ,roche ,abeille1 showing terrible cruelty to the prisoners2 but in the battle of ,moncontour his army of eighteen thousand was scattered to the winds1 scarcely a thousand being left around him4 ,then cries for quarter were met by shouts of ,remember ,roche ,abeille6 ,retreating1 ,coligny was joined by ,montgomery1 fresh from that terrible massacre of ,orthez1 before which ,st4 ,bartholomew itself pales1 three thousand ,catholics having been butchered1 without regard to age or sex1 and the river ,gave being actually dammed up by the bodies of the ,catholics4 ,the indecisive action of ,arnay le ,due led to negotiations resulting in the treaty of ,st4 ,germain1 ,august1 #aegj4 #aa ,these treaties are differently viewed4 ,the proposal for them always came from the court1 and followed every victory gained by the ,catholic party4 ,white would make them out to be traps laid by ,catharine2 ,gandy seems to lean to the same solution in attributing them to her1 though he makes her object to have been to prevent the ,guises from being complete masters4 ,but may we not suppose the ,catholic party sincere in their wish for peace8 ,they were never first to take up arms2 they were unorganized2 the court was wavering1 and always contained a number of secret allies of the ,huguenot cause4 ,that the ,huguenot leaders1 after a defeat1 should through these raise a peace party at court would be a matter of course4 ,the peace gave them all they needed--time to prepare for a new campaign4 ,charles ,,ix4 was sincere in his wish to make the treaty of ,st4 ,germain a reality4 ,in the interval of tranquillity he married1 and turned his thoughts to foreign affairs1 proposing to aid the ,netherlands against the ,king of ,spain4 ,but the ,huguenot leaders kept together in the strong city of ,rochelle1 ready for prompt action4 ,at last1 however1 ,coligny1 in ,september1 #aega1 repaired to court1 where he was received by ,charles with great cordiality4 ,two marriage schemes were now set on foot to strengthen the ,protestant cause--the marriage of ,henry of ,navarre with ,margaret1 sister of ,charles ,,ix41 and the marriage of his brother1 ,d',alenon1 to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,even ,jane1 ,queen of ,navarre1 came to ,blois to negotiate in regard to the marriage of her son4 ,coligny so far gained ,charles that a ,french force took ,mons1 and an army under ,genlis1 marching to that place1 was defeated by the ,spaniards1 under ,don ,federigo de ,toledo4 ,the marriage of ,henry took place on the #ahth of ,august1 and seemed to confirm ,coligny's paramount influence at court4 ,this influence1 thus suddenly acquired1 is in itself a great mystery4 ,why ,charles should thus take to his confidence a man who had so recently and so repeatedly organized armed treason1 who had ravaged and desolated half his kingdom1 who had laid in ruins nearly half the churches and religious establishments of ,france1 has never been satisfactorily explained4 ,that ,charles was a mere hypocrite1 and that his conduct was part of a concerted plot1 does not seem at all warranted by any evidence that deserves consideration4 ,that he could really have conceived so sudden an attachment1 confidence1 and respect for the admiral can be explained only as one of the sudden freaks of a man whose mind was eccentric to the very verge of insanity4 ,but ,coligny really ruled in the councils of ,france2 the ,guises were1 in a manner1 banished from court4 ,catharine and ,anjou saw their influence daily decrease4 ,coligny insisted on war with ,spain1 and plainly told ,charles that he must fight ,spain or his own subjects--use the ,huguenots to aid ,holland against ,philip ,,ii41 or behold civil war again ravaging ,france4 ,catharine strongly opposed this warlike spirit1 and sought means to regain her lost power4 ,the arrogant attitude of ,coligny was fast uniting all whom jealousy or personal interest had divided4 ,as often happens1 it needed but a spark to kindle a vast conflagration4 ,one of the great historical questions has been as to the premeditation of the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,the ,huguenot pamphleteers of the day1 followed by the overrated ,de ,thou1 ,voltaire and his school1 and the less temperate ,catholic writers1 maintain that the plot was long before concerted4 #ab ,white1 by his chain of authorities1 shows that it was at first aimed at ,coligny only1 and that the general massacre was not premeditated4 ,anjou expressly states that1 finding the influence of the admiral dangerous to himself and his mother1 they determined to get rid of him1 and to concert means with the ,duchess of ,nemours1 whom alone we ventured to admit into the plot1 because of the mortal hatred she bore to the admiral1 in her mind the real murderer of her husband1 the ,duke of ,guise4 ,this statement of ,anjou is supported by the testimony of ,michieli 7,baschet1 ,diplomatie ,venetienne1 p4 #eda7 and of the nuncio ,salviati4 ,this makes the first move one of the court party against ,coligny personally4 ,the ,catholic party1 then a recently formed organization1 had no part in it2 and yet1 if we may credit the statement of ,cretineau ,joly1 who has never deceived as to a document he professes to possess1 ,catholicity in ,france was in imminent peril1 ,coligny having1 in a letter of ,june #aeth1 #aegb1 to the ,prince of ,orange1 given notice of an intended general execution of the ,catholics in ,september4 ,if a general massacre was plotted1 the ,catholic party were to be victims1 not actors4 ,coligny's death having been decided on1 ,henry de ,guise was admitted to the plot1 and the execution assigned to him4 ,it needed little to stimulate him to shoot down one who had been privy to his father's assassination4 ,an officer1 either ,maurevert or ,tosinghi1 was stationed in a vacant house belonging to ,canon ,villemur1 and as ,coligny rode past fired at him1 cutting off the first finger of the right hand1 and burying a ball in his left arm4 ,charles was1 as all admit1 not only not privy to this act1 but was deeply incensed at it4 ,he ordered the assassin to be pursued1 and1 in despatches to other parts of the kingdom1 gave assurance of his intention to adhere to the edict of pacification and to punish all who infringed it4 ,accompanied by his mother and his brother ,henry1 he went1 that same afternoon1 to see the admiral4 ,there a long private conversation ensued between the king and ,coligny4 ,white gives this at length from a life of ,coligny1 published in #aegf1 but which cannot surely be held as authority4 ,it rests probably on no better source than the ,mmoires de l',etat de ,france4 ,charles1 in his letter to the ,french ambassador at ,london1 tells him that this vile act proceeds from the enmity between ,coligny's house and the house of ,guise4 ,i will take steps to prevent their involving my subjects in their quarrels4 ,whether the interview changed the king's mind as to the source of the attempt1 of course is only conjectural4 ,still acting in good faith1 he appointed a commission of inquiry1 including members of both religions1 the ,huguenots apparently suggested by ,coligny4 ,charles returned to his palace moody and incensed4 ,he ordered guards to protect ,coligny against any further violence1 and by his demeanor alarmed his mother and ,henry4 ,the ,duke d',aumale and ,henri de ,guise1 foreseeing a tempest1 withdrew to the ,hotel de ,guise1 and shut themselves up4 ,the position of affairs was strange enough4 ,the admiral was not wounded so as to excite any alarm as to his recovery2 the loss of a finger and a bullet-wound in the arm1 injuries not requiring1 one would suppose1 the nine physicians and eleven surgeons called in4 #ac ,but it was an attempt on the life of the leader of their party1 and the ,huguenots determined to pursue it at all hazards4 ,the more violent of them marched through the streets in military array1 threatening not only the ,guises1 who were considered the prime movers1 but ,anjou1 the queen-mother1 and even the king himself4 ,they passed the ,hotel de ,guise with every mark of defiance1 and proceeding to the ,louvre1 made their way to the king's presence as he sat at supper1 fiercely demanding vengeance3 ,if the king refuses us justice1 they cried1 we will take the matter into our own hands4 ,this violence could not but have had its effect on the king4 ,at all events1 it must have made him ready to credit any charge of violence brought against them4 ,catharine was clearly overjoyed at the false step of the ,huguenots1 as offering her a means of escape from her critical position4 ,on ,saturday1 after dinner1 a cabinet council was held1 and here1 according to ,tavannes1 ,anjou1 and ,queen ,margaret of ,navarre1 it was for the first time proposed to ,charles to put an end to all the troubles by cutting off ,coligny and the leaders of the party4 ,the council was composed1 it is said1 of ,catharine1 ,anjou1 ,nevers1 ,tavannes1 ,retz1 and the chancellor ,birague4 ,of ,catharine and ,anjou1 afterward ,henry ,,iii41 we need say nothing4 ,tavannes was little but a soldier1 ready for action4 ,the rest1 strangely enough1 were ,italians4 ,louis de ,gonzaga1 ,duke of ,nevers by marriage1 was timid and easily led2 ,albert de ,gondi1 ,marshal de ,retz1 foster-brother of the king1 was a schemer2 ,ren de ,birague is represented by ,mezeray as one who bent before every breath of wind from the court4 ,not only in this council was there no one of the ,huguenot party so recently restored to favor1 but no one of the moderate party1 none even of the old ,french nobility4 ,all but ,tavannes were bound to ,catharine1 and would naturally support her4 ,according to ,anjou and ,tavannes1 ,catharine urged the necessity of the blow to prevent a new civil war1 for which the ,huguenots were preparing1 having sent for ten thousand ,germans and six thousand ,swiss1 their object being to place ,henry of ,navarre on the throne4 ,margaret states that they made the king believe his life in danger4 ,the nuncio ,salviati1 in his despatch of ,september #b;d1 also ascribes the king's ultimate action to the instigation of ,catharine1 impelled by her fears4 ,charles hesitated long1 and at last yielded1 crying3 ,kill all1 then1 that none may live to reproach me4 ,the words of 'the weak king1 wrought to madness by his perplexities1 seem to have been accepted at once2 and the scheme of murder took a wider scope4 ,the ,huguenots were doomed4 ,the question arises1 ,had ,catharine any ground for charging the ,huguenots with a plot against the king8 ,a despatch of the ,duke of ,alva had been received1 announcing it4 ,white derides the idea as preposterous4 ,gandy examines the subject1 and admits that the charge lacks all requisite proof4 ,he ascribes the whole to fear4 ,but this does not seem to explain it sufficiently4 ,the fact of a plot formed after ,coligny's wound must have been established in some degree at least1 to have brought the king to the policy of the queen-mother4 ,the bed of justice on the #bfth1 the solemn declaration of ,charles1 the action of the ,parliament1 may have been rash and unsupported by proper testimony1 but were to all appearance sincere4 #ad ,charles was not a hypocrite4 ,the declarations of ,bouchavannes as to what was proposed at ,coligny's house were doubtless more than justified by the loud threats of some of the leaders1 like ,de ,pilles and ,pardaillan1 whose words and deeds make ,la ,noue call them stupid1 clumsy fools4 ,the solution of this historical question is made the more difficult from the speedy termination of the house of ,valois4 ,that family and the ,league come down to us under a heavy cloud of odium2 the succession of ,henry ,,iv4 to the throne made them the only parties on whom all might safely lay the burden of an act at once a crime and a blunder1 while it was equally necessary to shield the party with which ,henry then acted from any charge of conspiracy4 ,interest raised up apologists for him and his associates3 there was none to do reverence to the name of ,catharine or the fallen house of ,valois4 ,once that the council had decided on its bloody course1 the action was prompt4 ,guise1 from being a prisoner in his house1 was summoned to command4 ,to the leaders of the people of ,paris he repeated the charge of a ,huguenot conspiracy against the king1 of ,swiss and ,german invaders1 adding the approach of a force under ,montmorency to burn the city4 ,at four in the afternoon ,anjou rode through the streets4 ,at ten1 another council was held1 to which ,le ,charron1 provost of the merchants1 was summoned4 ,to him the king repeated the same charges1 giving him orders to put the able-bodied men in each ward under arms1 and take precaution for the safety of the city4 ,meanwhile1 ,huguenot gentlemen entered the palace as usual1 and ,catholics mingled with the ,huguenots who called upon ,coligny4 ,white makes an observation that must strike all3 ,it is strange that the arrangements in the city1 which must have been attended with no little commotion1 did not rouse the suspicion of the ,huguenots4 ,at midnight another council was held in the palace4 ,charles was violent and wavered1 but ,catharine held him to his decision1 and ,guise went forth to complete the work4 ,between three and four in the morning1 ,guise1 ,aumale1 ,angoulme1 ,nevers1 with some ,german and ,italian soldiery1 proceeded to ,coligny's house4 ,admission was gained in the king's name1 and ,carl ,dianowitz1 or ,behm1 ran the admiral through1 others finishing him as he fell to the floor4 ,the body was then thrown from the window1 where ,guise and ,angoulme treated it contemptuously4 ,petrucci cut off the head4 ,the mob mutilated the body1 as priests had been1 by the admiral's orders1 and it was finally hung on the public gallows at ,montfauon4 ,all the occupants of the house were slain but two1 ,merlin and ,cornaton4 ,in the adjoining dwellings were ,teligny1 ,rochefoucault1 and others1 who were all slain4 ,then came the signal from ,saint ,germain l',auxerrois1 and the massacre became general4 ,the ,huguenot gentlemen in the ,louvre were slain before the eyes of the king to the number of two hundred1 says ,white in his text1 although his footnote1 citing ,queen ,margaret's account1 says her estimate of thirty or forty is more probable4 ,in the city1 the houses in which ,huguenots lodged had been registered1 and were thus easily found4 ,the soldiers burst in1 killing all they found2 but the citizens seem to have gone too far4 #ae ,at five in the afternoon1 they were ordered to lay down their arms1 although the work of blood was continued for two days by the soldiery4 ,the details of the massacre would extend this article much too far4 ,among the questions that have arisen1 is the alleged firing of ,charles on the drowning ,huguenots thrown into the ,seine4 ,it is asserted in the party pamphlets1 the ,rveille-,matin1 #aegd1 ,le ,tocsin1 #aegi1 but rests chiefly on what ,froude calls the worthless authority of ,brantome4 ,a more important point is the number of victims4 ,the estimates differ widely3 ,la ,popelinire1 a ,huguenot contemporary444#a1jjj ,kirkaldy of ,grange1 in a letter to ,scotland at the time1 and the ,tocsin1 a pamphlet of the day1 as well as ,tavannes1 a main actor in the slaughter444#b1jjj ,aubign1 another ,huguenot author1 and ,capilupi444#c1jjj ,the estimates of ambassadors at ,paris are higher4 ,alva's bulletin444#c1ejj ,gomez de ,silva1 and the ,simancas archives444#e1jjj ,neustadt letter444#f1jjj ,rveille-,matin1 a party pamphlet444#aj1jjj ,white bases his estimate on a curious calculation4 ,an entry in the registers of the ,htel de ,ville states that on the #ith of ,september certain persons received #ae livres for burying dead bodies1 and on the #bc;d the same men received #bj livres for burying #aajj4 ,he concludes that the #ae livres represented #aejj1 by what rule he does not explain1 giving1 he says1 a known massacre of #bfjj4 ,even on his basis1 #ce livres would really represent only #aibe4 ,but according to ,caveirac1 who first cites this entry1 #ce livres were paid for interring #aajj1 which would give only about #afjj in all4 ,gandy concludes his view of the matter by giving #ajjj or #abjj as the nearest approach to the truth2 but the estimate of ,tavannes1 an actor1 ,kirkaldy1 a witness1 and the ,tocsin1 a ,huguenot pamphlet1 would seem to be most authentic4 ,thus fell the great admiral1 the ,cromwell of ,france1 in religion less fanatical than hypocritical1 a soldier of a high order1 aiming under ,calvin's teaching to make ,france a commonwealth with a religious tyranny that would brook no opposition4 ,a man who occupied long a prominent position as one of the high nobility and rulers of the land1 but who was simply a destroyer1 not a creator2 for no great work1 no line of sound policy1 no important reform1 is connected with his name4 ,his life was most injurious to the country1 and but for the cowardly and cruel circumstances attending his death1 he would occupy but a subordinate place in ,french history4 ,few other victims were eminent3 ,peter ,ramus1 the learned professor1 ,pierre de la ,place1 ,president of the ,court of ,ans1 and some say ,goujon1 the sculptor4 ,in fact1 the more able leaders of the party had not come to ,paris1 and this renders the deed indefensible even on the ground of policy4 ,the few nobles who hastened to bask in the sunshine of the court1 were not the men most to be dreaded4 ,the slaughter of men and women belonging to the lower classes could but rouse the sympathies of ,europe4 ,the work of blood was not confined to ,paris4 ,throughout ,france1 as the news spread of a ,huguenot conspiracy against the king1 the scene was reenacted4 ,of this1 ,white remarks3 ,the writers who maintain that the tragedy of ,saint ,bartholomew's day was the result of a long premeditation support their opinion by what occurred in the provinces2 but it will be found1 after careful examination1 that these various incidents tend rather to prove the absence of any such premeditation4 #af ,were orders sent from court to massacre the ,huguenots8 ,white1 on the authority of ,davila1 ,de ,thou1 and expressions in certain letters1 inclines to the opinion that verbal orders were sent4 ,gandy as positively asserts that no such orders were given4 ,the provincial registers show no trace of such orders4 ,yet he admits secret orders1 subsequently recalled by ,charles1 and gives a letter addressed to ,montsoreau1 dated ,august #bfth1 which is explicit4 ,the massacres took place as follows3 ,meaux1 ,august #beth2 ,la ,charit1 ,august #bgth2 ,saumur and ,angers1 ,august #bith2 ,lyons1 ,august #cjth2 ,troyes1 ,september #b;d2 ,bourges1 ,september #aeth2 ,rouen1 ,september #agth2 ,romans1 ,september #bjth2 ,toulouse1 ,september #bc;d2 ,bordeaux1 ,october #c;d2 ,poitiers1 ,october #bgth4 ,they were thus continued from time to time for two months2 long after ,charles formally revoked any secret orders given on the spur of the moment4 ,this point is involved in as great obscurity as any other connected with the affair4 ,several letters current as to the matter1 including those of ,de ,tende and ,orthez1 are manifest forgeries4 ,as to ,saumur1 ,white represents ,montsoreau as killing all the ,huguenots in that town4 ,the only authority1 ,mmoires de l',etat de ,france1 says he killed all he could1 and the whole charge rests on this feeble foundation4 ,there is similar exaggeration elsewhere4 ,white1 speaking of ,lyons1 says3 ,in this city alone #djjj persons are estimated to have been killed2 but in his note adds that one authority says that they were all killed in one day1 which is not probable4 ,he then cites another contemporary brochure setting down the total at ,lyons at #ahjj2 and he corrects the error of ,de ,thou1 who asserted that the ,celestine canons allowed ,huguenots to be killed in their monastery1 when ,protestant authorities admit that the religious saved the lives of those very fugitives4 ,what was the number slain in the provinces8 ,the martyrologies1 by a detailed estimate1 make those killed in ,paris #aj1jjj1 elsewhere #eafh1 and names #aeb as identified in ,paris1 #fcd in the provinces2 but the estimate for ,paris is of the very highest1 and should1 as we have seen1 not exceed #bjjj4 ,the very fact that1 with researches and personal recollections1 only #aeb names could be recalled1 being one in a hundred out of #aj1jjj1 while elsewhere one in eight was known1 is very suspicious4 ,taking his figures for the provinces1 it would reduce the whole number in ,france to about #gjjj4 ,after giving the calculations or guesses of various authors1 ranging from #bjjj to #ajj1jjj1 ,white says3 ,if it be necessary to choose from these hap-hazard estimates1 that of ,de ,thou is preferable1 from the calm1 unexaggerating temper of the man4 ,de ,thou's estimate for all ,france was #cj1jjj4 ,gandy thinks the number given by ,popelinire 7#bjjj7 nearer the truth4 ,under the examination of impartial history1 the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew dwindles really to far less in numbers1 extent1 and brutality than the massacre of the ,irish ,catholics under ,cromwell2 and does not greatly exceed the number of victims of the ,huguenot outbreak in #aefc4 ,one other point remains4 ,charles1 on the #beth1 represented the massacre in ,paris as a collision between the houses of ,guise and ,chatillon2 but from the #bfth he uniformly charges a conspiracy against his person4 ,this he announced to all the foreign courts in explanation4 #ag ,his letter to ,gregory ,,xiii4 announced the escape of the royal family and the punishment of the conspirators4 ,the nuncio ,salviati1 in his letters1 shows a belief in the reality of the plot4 ,at ,rome1 the ,cardinal of ,lorraine1 brother of the murdered ,guise1 was high in influence4 ,what his views and feelings would be on the receipt of the tidings of the discovery of a plot1 and the sudden action of the king1 it is easy to conceive4 ,in his eyes it was a triumph of justice1 religion1 loyalty1 and law4 ,the pope received the same impression1 and under it proceeded to chant a ,te ,deum at ,santa ,maria ,maggiore4 ,processions followed4 ,a medal1 well known from its frequent reproduction1 was struck4 ,but in all this there is nothing to show that ,rome knew of the intended massacre or counselled it4 ,gregory ,,xiii4 approved it1 only as represented in the brief despatches of ,charles ,,ix4 and the verbal statements of ,beauvill1 to which they refer4 ,nor did the clergy in ,france take any part4 ,no bishop shared in the council1 no priest or religious roused the minds of the people4 ,they figure1 indeed1 in romances1 but history is silent4 ,even in the most virulent pamphlets of the time only three are ever mentioned1 the ,bishop of ,troyes1 ,sorbin1 king's confessor at ,orleans1 and ,father ,edmond ,auger1 at ,bordeaux4 ,the ,bishop of ,troyes is charged with having approved the massacre there1 but ,white does not even name the bishop in connection with the murders at that place1 and says they were done by a drunken mob1 and filled the humane ,catholics with horror4 ,at ,orleans1 ,white reduces the #ahej of the ,martyrologe to #adjj1 and gives details1 but is silent as to any action of ,sorbin1 or the terrible ,franciscan who insulted the ,huguenots1 received their abjuration1 and said ,mass for them4 ,evidently1 ,white found the charges against these clergymen too frivolous even for a stray allusion4 ,he attributes the massacre at ,bordeaux to the preaching of ,father ,auger1 but cites no authority4 ,fortunately1 ,auger is not an unknown man4 ,his life has long been in circulation4 ,he was a missionary1 known for years among the ,protestants1 amid whom he had prosecuted his labors4 ,he had suffered imprisonment for the faith2 he had even been led to the gallows by order of the ,baron des ,adrets4 ,so notorious were his charity1 his virtue1 and his merit1 that the voice of ,protestant and ,catholic alike was raised to save him4 ,are we to believe on the vaguest of grounds that such a man suddenly became a monster of intolerance8 ,white blushed to give his authority2 he should have been ashamed to make the charge4 ,but it would scarcely do to let his book go forth without lugging in at least one priest4 ,of the proceedings at ,rome he makes more capital4 ,after stating what was done1 and mistranslating a ,latin phrase to make ,charles ,,ix4 an angel1 he says3 ,with such damning evidence against the ,church of ,rome1 a recent defender of that church vainly contends that the clergy had no part in the massacre1 and that the rejoicings were over rebels cut off in the midst of their rebellion1 and not heretics murdered for their religion4 ,the logic of this is admirable4 ,the pope and cardinals ordered rejoicings on receiving despatches from the ,king of ,france1 announcing that1 having discovered a plot against his life and throne1 he had put the rebels to the sword2 therefore the ,catholic clergy had a part in the massacre4 #ah ,apply the same to ,drogheda4 ,parliament thanked ,god for ,cromwell's massacre of the ,irish after granting quarter1 and rewarded a captain for throwing prisoners overboard at sea2 therefore the ,puritan clergy had a part in the massacre1 and the evidence is damning4 ,the labors of ,mr4 ,white1 however1 on the whole1 will do good4 ,the wild assertions that fill our school-books and popular histories must give place to statements that will be justified by his work4 ,it gives a standard to which we may appeal1 and1 if not all that we would claim1 is so far on the way to impartiality that we may feel thankful for it4 ,it is not little to have wrung from the ,london ,athenaeum the admission that the common view of ,st4 ,bartholomew is one of the great historical errors which has been transmitted from teachers to taught during a long course of years4 ---------- ,from the ,french of ,erckmanm and ,chatrian4 ,the ,invasion2 or1 ,yegof ,the ,fool4 ,chapter ,i4 ,if you would know the story of the great invasion of #ahad1 even as the old hunter1 ,frantz of ,hengst1 related it to me1 you must accompany me to the village of ,charmes1 in the ,vosges4 ,thirty cottages1 ranged along the bank of the ,sarre1 and roofed with slate and dark green moss1 compose the hamlet2 you can see the gables garlanded with ivy and withered honeysuckle--for winter is approaching--and the leafless hedges separating the little gardens from each other4 ,to the left1 crowning a lofty mountain1 rise the ruins of the ancient castle of ,falkenstein1 a fortalice1 dismantled and demolished two hundred years ago by the ,swedes4 ,it is now but a scattered heap of stones1 only approached by an old schlitte1 or road for transporting felled trees1 which pierces the forest4 ,to the right1 on the mountain-side1 is seen the farm of ,bois-de-,chnes1 with its barns1 stables1 and sheds1 on the flat roofs of which are placed great stones1 to enable them to resist the furious northern blasts4 ,a few cattle stray upon the heather1 and a few goats clamber among the rocks4 ,everything is silent4 ,children in gray trousers1 bare-headed and bare-footed1 are warming themselves around little fires1 kindled near the edge of the wood1 and the blue smoke curls slowly through the air2 heavy white and gray clouds hang motionless over the valley1 and far above these rise the sterile peaks of ,grosmann and ,donon4 ,you must know that the last house of the village--that with two glazed dormer windows upon the slanting roof1 and the low door opening upon the muddy street--belonged1 in #ahac1 to ,jean-,claude ,hullin1 an ancient volunteer of '#ib2 but since his return from the wars1 the shoe1 or1 rather1 sabot-maker of the village1 and enjoying a large share of the esteem of the mountaineers4 #ai ,he was a stout1 strongly built man1 with gray eyes1 thick lips1 a short nose1 and heavy1 grizzled eyebrows4 ,he was jovial and tender-hearted1 and unable to refuse anything to his adopted daughter1 ,louise1 whom he had obtained1 when an infant1 from a band of those miserable gypsies who1 without hearth or home themselves1 wander from door to door1 soldering spoons and pans1 and mending broken china4 ,he1 however1 looked upon her as his own daughter1 and never remembered her as the child of a strange race4 ,besides this1 his affection for his little girl1 stout ,jean-,claude had a few others4 ,next in order1 he loved his cousin1 the venerable mistress of ,bois-de-,chnes1 ,catherine ,lefevre1 and her son1 ,gaspard1 a fine young fellow1 betrothed to ,louise1 but whom the conscription had carried off1 leaving the two families to await the end of the campaign and his return4 ,hullin often recalled1 and always with enthusiasm1 his campaigns of the ,sambre-and-,meuse1 of ,italy and of ,egypt4 ,he often mused upon them1 and sometimes at evening1 when his day's work was done1 he would wander to the saw-mill of ,valtin1 a gloomy building1 formed of logs covered with the bark1 which you see yonder at the bottom of the gorge4 ,there he would sit1 in the midst of coal-burners and wood-cutters1 before the huge fire made of saw-dust1 and while the heavy wheel kept turning1 the sluice thundering1 and the saw cutting1 would he discourse of ,hoche1 of ,kleber1 and of ,general ,bonaparte1 whom he had seen a hundred times1 and whose thin face1 piercing eyes1 and aquiline nose he drew over and over again4 ,such was ,jean-,claude ,hullin1 one of the old ,gallic stock1 loving strange adventures and deeds of heroic emprise1 but bound by the feeling of duty to his toil from ,new-,year's day to ,saint ,sylvester's4 ,louise1 his gypsy daughter1 was slight and graceful1 with long1 delicate hands1 and eyes of so tender a blue that their glance seemed to melt their way to the depths of your soul2 her skin was white as snow1 her hair a gold-shot flaxen1 soft as silk1 and her shoulders drooped like those of some sweet sculptured saint at prayer4 ,her guileless smile1 her musing brow1 her whole form1 seemed to recall the antique lay of ,erhart the ,minnesinger1 wherein he says3 ,i saw a ray of light flash by1 and mine eyes are yet dazed with its lustre4 ,was it the moon glancing through the leaves8 ,was it morning smiling beneath the woods8 ,no1 no6 ,it was ,edith1 my love1 who passed2 and still mine eyes are dazed4 ,louise loved the fields1 the gardens1 and the flowers4 ,in spring she eagerly listened for the first notes of the lark1 or sought the bluebells beneath the bushes1 or watched for the return of the sparrows to the corners of the windows on the roof4 ,she was ever the child of the wandering gypsies1 only a little less wild than they2 but ,hullin forgave everything2 he understood her nature1 and often cried1 laughing3 ,my poor ,louise1 with the booty you bring us--your bunches of flowers and little birds--we should all die of hunger in a week4 ,but she would only smile1 and he1 as he returned to his work1 exclaim3 ,bah6 why should ,i scold8 ,she is right to love the sunlight1 and ,gaspard will labor for both6 ,so reasoned the good man1 and days1 weeks1 and months rolled by in patient waiting for ,gaspard's return4 ,but ,gaspard returned not1 and now for two months they had had no tidings of him4 #bj ,one day1 toward the middle of ,december1 #ahac1 between three and four o'clock in the afternoon1 ,hullin1 bent over his work-bench1 was finishing a pair of spiked sabots for ,rochart1 the wood-cutter4 ,louise had placed her flowers near the little stove which crackled on the hearth1 while the monotonous tick-tack of the old village clock marked the seconds as they flew1 and occasionally the tramp of clogs upon the frozen earth was heard without1 and a head covered with a hat or wrapped in a hood passed the window4 ,at length1 ,hullin1 glancing through the panes of the window1 suddenly stopped his labor1 and stood with both eyes wide open1 as one gazing at some unusual sight4 ,at the corner of the street1 just opposite the tavern of the ,three ,pigeons1 a strange figure was advancing1 surrounded by a crowd of jumping1 laughing boys1 each vying with the other in shouting at the top of his voice3 ,king of ,diamonds6 ,king of ,diamonds6 ,in truth1 a stranger figure could scarcely be imagined4 ,fancy a man with a grave face and red beard2 a gloomy eye1 straight nose1 eyebrows meeting1 a circlet of tin upon his head1 an iron-gray shepherd dog-skin flapping upon his back1 the two fore-paws knotted around his neck2 his breast covered with little copper crosses1 his legs with a sort of gray stuff trousers1 and his feet bare4 ,a large raven with lustrous black wings was perched upon his shoulder4 ,one might think1 from the majesty of his air and gait1 that an ancient ,merovingian king had come back to earth2 and1 indeed1 he carried a short stick cut to the shape of a sceptre1 while with his right hand he gesticulated magnificently1 pointing to the skies and apostrophizing his attendants4 ,every door opened as he passed1 and curious faces were pressed against every window-pane4 ,a few old women upon the outside stairs of their cottages called to him1 but he deigned no reply2 others descended to the street and would have barred his passage1 but he1 with head erect and brows haughtily raised1 waved them aside4 ,hold6 said ,hullin1 here is ,yegof4 ,i did not expect to see him again this winter1 it is contrary to his habit2 and what can he mean by returning in such weather as this8 ,louise1 laying aside her distaff1 ran to look at the ,king of ,diamonds2 for the appearance of the fool in the beginning of winter was quite an event1 and the source of amusement to many who were glad to kill time in the taverns1 listening to the story of his imaginary power and glory2 others1 especially women1 felt a vague fear of him2 for the ideas of fools1 as everybody knows1 are sometimes drawn from another world than this--to them is confided the knowledge of the past and future2 the only difficulty is in understanding them1 for their words have always a double sense--one for the ears of the coarse and vulgar1 and one1 far different1 for wise and lofty souls4 ,moreover1 the thoughts of ,yegof1 above those of all other fools1 were extraordinary--not to say sublime4 ,no one knew whence he came1 whither he went2 he wandered through the land like a soul in pain2 he vaunted the greatness of long extinct nations1 and called himself ,emperor of ,austrasia1 of ,polynesia1 and other far-off places4 ,volumes might be written of the strength and beauty of his castles1 his fortresses1 and his palaces1 the number and grandeur of which he related with an air of much modesty and simplicity4 ,he spoke of his stables1 his coursers1 the officers of his crown1 his ministers1 counsellors1 and intendants1 and never did he mistake their names or attribute the particular merits of one to another2 but he complained bitterly of having been dethroned by an accursed race1 and ,sapience ,coquelin1 the wise old woman of the village1 as well as others1 wept whenever he referred to the subject4 ,then would he1 lifting his hand toward heaven1 cry out3 #ba ,be mindful1 ,o women6 ,the hour is at hand6 ,the spirit of darkness flees afar6 ,the ancient race1 the masters of your masters1 come sweeping on like the billows of the sea6 ,every spring he wandered for weeks among the ruins which crown the ,vosges at ,nideck1 ,geroldseck1 ,lutzelbourg1 and ,turkestein--former dwellings of the great ones of earth1 but now the refuge of bats and owls4 ,there would he declaim on the long past splendor of his realms1 and plan the subjection of his revolted people4 ,jean-,claude ,hullin laughed at all this1 not being fond of approaching the invisible world2 but the fool's words troubled ,louise exceedingly1 especially when the hoarse voice and flapping wings of the raven added to their wild effect4 ,yegof marched majestically down the street1 turning neither to the right nor the left1 and the girl1 seeing that his eyes were fixed upon her habitation1 exclaimed3 ,father1 father6 he is coming here6 ,very likely1 replied ,hullin4 ,he1 no doubt1 needs a pair of sabots in a cold like this1 and if he asks them ,i should be sorry to refuse4 ,yegof was some fifty paces from the cottage1 and the tumult continued to increase4 ,the boys1 pulling at his strange garment1 shouted1 ,diamonds6 ,spades6 ,clubs6 till they were hoarse1 when1 suddenly turning round1 he raised his sceptre1 and cried furiously1 though still with an air of majesty3 ,away6 accursed race6 away--or my dogs shall tear ye6 ,this threat only redoubled the cries and shouts of laughter2 but at this moment1 ,hullin appearing at the door with a long rod1 and promising its speedy application to the backs of five or six of the noisiest1 the band soon dispersed in terror1 for many of them had felt its weight4 ,then turning to the fool1 he said3 ,come in1 ,yegof1 and take a seat by the fire4 ,call me not ,yegof1 replied the latter1 with a look of offended dignity4 ,i am ,luitprand1 ,king of ,austrasia and ,polynesia4 ,true1 true1 ,i remember1 said ,jean-,claude2 but1 ,yegof1 or ,luitprand1 come in4 ,it is cold2 try to warm yourself4 ,i will enter1 answered the fool1 for reasons of state--to form an alliance between two most puissant nations4 ,good6 ,let us talk over it4 ,yegof1 stooping in the doorway1 entered dreamily1 and saluted ,louise by lowering his sceptre4 ,but the raven refused to follow4 ,spreading his broad black wings1 he swept around the cottage and then dashed against the windows1 as if to break them4 ,hans6 cried the fool1 beware6 ,i am coming4 ,but the bird of ill omen fastened its pointed talons in the leaden sash1 and flapped its wings until the window shook1 as long as his master remained within4 ,louise gazed affrightedly at both4 ,yegof seated himself in the large leathern armchair behind the stove as on a throne1 and throwing haughty glances around1 said3 ,i come straight from ,jerome to conclude an alliance with thee1 ,hullin4 ,thou art not ignorant that the face of thy daughter hath pleased me4 ,i am here to demand her in marriage4 #bb ,louise blushed1 and ,hullin burst into a peal of laughter4 ,you laugh6 cried the fool angrily4 ,you will live to regret it6 ,this alliance alone can save thee from the ruin which threatens thee and thine4 ,even now my armies are advancing2 they cover the earth1 numberless as the forest leaves in summer4 ,what will avail the might of thy people against that of mine8 ,ye will be conquered1 crushed1 enslaved1 as for centuries you were1 for ,i1 ,luitprand1 ,king of ,austrasia and ,polynesia1 have willed it4 ,all things shall be as they were1 and then--remember me6 ,he lifted his hand solemnly on high4 ,remember the past4 ,you were beaten1 despised serfs2 and we--the old nations of the north--we trod your necks beneath our feet4 ,we burdened your backs with heavy stones that our strong castles and deep dungeons might be built4 ,we yoked you to our ploughs2 you fled before us like chaff before the tempest4 ,remember1 and tremble6 ,i remember it all well1 replied ,hullin1 still laughing1 but you know we had our revenge4 ,ay1 said the fool1 knitting his brows1 but that time has passed4 ,my warriors outnumber the sands of the shore1 and your blood shall flow like rivers to the ocean4 ,i know ye1 and for a thousand years have marked ye6 ,bah6 said ,hullin4 ,yes1 this arm vanquished ye when we first sought the hearts of your forests4 ,this hand bent your necks to the yoke1 and will again4 ,because you are brave1 you think that you will be for ever masters of ,france2 but we have divided your fair land1 and will again divide it between ourselves4 ,alsace and ,lorraine shall again be ,german2 ,brittany and ,normandy shall again belong to the ,northmen2 ,flanders and the ,south1 to ,spain4 ,france will be a petty kingdom girdling ,paris1 with one of the ancient race its king1 and you will not dare to murmur--you will be very patient-- ha6 ha6 ha6 ,yegof laughed loudly in his turn4 ,hullin1 who knew little of history1 was astounded at the fool's learning4 ,bah6 he exclaimed again4 ,enough of this1 ,yegof4 ,try a little soup to warm your blood4 ,i do not ask for food1 replied the fool2 ,i ask your daughter in marriage4 ,give her willingly1 and ,i will raise you to the foot of my throne2 refuse1 and my armies shall take her by force4 ,as he spoke1 the poor wretch gazed on ,louise with looks of the deepest admiration4 ,how beautiful she is6 he murmured4 ,how her brow will grace a crown6 ,rejoice1 sweet maiden1 for thou shalt be ,queen of ,austrasia4 ,listen1 ,yegof1 said ,hullin3 ,i am flattered by your preference2 and it shows that you know how to appreciate beauty2 but my daughter is already betrothed to ,gaspard ,lefevre4 ,enough6 cried the fool1 rising angrily1 we will now speak no more of it2 but1 ,hullin1 he continued1 resuming his solemn tone1 this is my first demand4 ,i will twice renew it4 ,hearest thou8 ,twice6 ,if you persist in your obstinacy1 woe1 woe to thee and thy race6 ,will you not take your soup1 then1 ,yegof8 ,no6 shouted the fool2 ,i will accept nothing from you until you have consented--nothing6 ,and waving his sceptre1 he sallied forth4 ,hullin burst into another peal of laughter4 #bc ,poor fellow6 he exclaimed2 his eyes turned toward the pot in spite of himself2 his teeth are chattering2 but his folly is stronger than even cold and hunger4 ,he frightens me1 said ,louise1 blushing1 notwithstanding1 as she thought of his strange request4 ,yegof kept on the ,valtin road4 ,their eyes followed him as his distance from them grew greater4 ,still his stately march1 his grave gestures1 continued1 though no one was now near to observe him4 ,night was falling fast2 and soon the tall form of the ,king of ,diamonds was blended with and lost in the winter twilight4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the same evening1 after supper1 ,louise1 taking her spinning-wheel with her1 went to visit ,mother ,rochart1 at whose cottage the good matrons and young girls of the village often met1 and remained until near midnight1 relating old legends1 chatting of the rain1 the weather1 baptisms1 marriages1 the departure or return of conscripts1 or any other matters of interest4 ,hullin1 sitting before his little copper lamp1 nailed the sabots of the old wood-cutter4 ,he no longer gave a thought to ,yegof4 ,his hammer rose and fell upon the thick wooden soles mechanically1 while a thousand fancies roamed through his mind4 ,now his thoughts wandered to ,gaspard1 so long unheard of2 now to the campaign1 so long prolonged4 ,the lamp dimly lighted the little room2 without1 all was still4 ,the fire grew dull2 ,jean-,claude arose to pile on another log1 and then resumed his seat1 murmuring3 ,this cannot last2 we shall receive a letter one of these days4 ,the village clock struck nine2 and as ,hullin returned to his work1 the door opened1 and ,catherine ,lefevre1 the mistress of the ,bois-de-,chnes farm1 appeared on the threshold1 to the astonishment of the sabot-maker1 for it was not her custom to be abroad at such an hour4 ,catherine ,lefevre might have been sixty years of age1 but her form was straight and erect as at thirty4 ,her clear1 gray eyes and hooked nose seemed to resemble the eyes and beak of the eagle4 ,her thin cheeks and the drooping corners of her mouth betokened habits of thought1 and gave a sad and somewhat bitter expression to her face4 ,a long brown hood covered her head and fell over her shoulders4 ,her whole appearance bespoke a firm and resolute character1 and inspired in the beholder a feeling of respect1 not untinged with fear4 ,you here1 ,catherine8 exclaimed ,hullin in his surprise4 ,even ,i1 ,jean-,claude1 replied the old woman calmly4 ,i wish to speak with you4 ,is ,louise at home8 ,she is at ,madeleine ,rochart's4 ,so much the better1 said ,catherine1 seating herself at the corner of the work-bench4 ,hullin gazed fixedly at her4 ,there was something mysterious and unusual in her manner which caused in him a vague feeling of alarm4 ,what has happened8 he asked1 laying aside his hammer4 ,yegof the fool passed last night at the farm4 ,he was here this afternoon1 said ,hullin1 who attached no importance to the fact4 ,yes1 continued ,catherine1 in a low tone2 he passed last night with us1 and in the evening1 at this hour1 before the kitchen fire1 his words were fearful4 ,fearful6 muttered the sabot-maker1 more and more astonished1 for he had never before seen the old woman in such a state of alarm4 ,what did he say1 ,catherine8 #bd ,he spoke of things which awakened strange dreams4 ,dreams6 ,you are mocking me4 ,no1 no1 she answered4 ,and then1 after a moment of silence1 fixing her eyes upon the wondering ,hullin1 she continued3 ,last evening1 our people were seated1 after supper1 around the fire in the kitchen1 and ,yegof among them4 ,he had1 as usual1 regaled us with the history of his treasures and castles4 ,it was about nine o'clock1 and the fool sat at the corner of the blazing hearth4 ,duchene1 my laborer1 was mending ,bruno's saddle2 ,robin1 the herdsman1 was making a basket2 ,annette arranging her dishes on the cupboard2 and ,i spinning before going to bed4 ,without1 the dogs were barking at the moon1 and it was bitter cold4 ,we were speaking of the winter1 which ,duchene said would be severe1 for he had seen large flocks of wild geese4 ,the raven1 perched on the corner of the chimney-piece1 with his beak buried in his ruffled feathers1 seemed to sleep4 ,the old woman paused a moment1 as if to collect her thoughts2 her eyes sought the floor1 her lips closed tightly together1 and a strange paleness overspread her face4 ,what in the name of sense is she coming at8 thought ,hullin4 ,she resumed3 ,yegof1 at the edge of the hearth1 with his tin crown upon his head and his sceptre laid across his knees1 seemed absorbed in thought4 ,he gazed at the huge black chimney1 the great stone mantel-shelf1 with its sculptured trees and men1 and at the smoke which rose in heavy wreaths among the quarters of bacon4 ,suddenly he struck his sceptre upon the floor1 and cried out like one in a dream1 ',yes1 ,i have seen it all--all--long since6' ,and while we gazed on him with looks of astonishment1 he proceeded3 ',ay1 in those days the forests of firs were forests of oak4 ,nideck1 ,dagsberg1 ,falkenstein--all the castles now old and ruined were yet unbuilt4 ,in those days wild bulls were hunted through the woods2 salmon were plenty in the ,sarre2 and you1 the fair-haired race1 buried in the snows six months of the year1 lived upon milk and cheese1 for you had great flocks on ,hengst1 ,schneeberg1 ,grosmann1 and ,donon4 ,in summer you hunted as far as the banks of the ,rhine2 as far as the ,moselle1 the ,meuse4 ,all this can ,i remember6' ,was it not strange1 ,jean-,claude8 said the old woman4 ,as the fool spoke1 ,i seemed1 too1 to remember those scenes1 as if viewed in a dream4 ,i let fall my distaff1 and old ,duchene and all the others stopped to listen4 ,the fool continued3 ',ay1 it was long ago6 ,you had already begun to build your tall chimneys2 and you surrounded your habitations with palisades whose points had been hardened in the fire4 ,within you kept great dogs1 with hanging cheeks1 who bayed night and day4' ,then he burst into a peal of crazy laughter1 crying3 ',and you thought yourselves the lords of the land--you1 the pale-faced and blue-eyed--you1 who lived on milk and cheese1 and touched no flesh save in autumn at your hunts--you thought yourselves lords of the mountain and the plain--when we1 the red-bearded1 came from the sea--we1 who loved blood and the din of battle4 ',twas a rude war1 ours4 ,it lasted weeks and months2 and your old chieftainess1 ,margareth1 of the clan of the ,kilberix1 shut up in her palisades1 surrounded by her dogs and her warriors1 defended herself like a she-wolf robbed of her young4 #be ,but five moons passed1 and hunger came2 the gates of her stronghold opened1 that its defenders might fly2 and we1 ambushed in the brook1 slew them all--all--save the children4 ,she alone defended herself to the last1 and ,i1 ,luitprand1 clove her gray head1 and spared her blind father1 the oldest among the old1 that ,i might chain him like a dog to my castle gate4' ,then1 ,hullin1 said the old woman1 the fool sang a long ballad--the plaint of the old man chained to his gate4 ,it was sad1 sad as the ,miserere4 ,it chilled our very blood4 ,but he laughed until old ,duchene1 in a transport of rage1 threw himself upon him to strangle him2 but the fool is strong1 and hurled him back4 ,then brandishing his sceptre furiously1 he shouted3 ',to your knees1 slaves6 to your knees6 ,my armies are advancing4 ,the earth trembles beneath them4 ,nideck1 ,haut-,barr1 ,dagsberg1 ,turkestein1 will again tower above you4 ,to your knees6' ,never did ,i gaze upon a more fearful figure2 but seeing my people about to fall upon him1 ,i interposed in his defence4 ',he is but a fool1' ,i cried4 ',are you not ashamed to mind his words8' ,this quieted them1 but ,i could not close my eyes the entire night4 ,his story--the song of the old man--rang through my ears1 and seemed mingled with the barking of our dogs and the din of combat4 ,hullin1 what think you of it8 ,i cannot banish his threats from my mind6 ,i should think1 said the sabot-maker1 with a look of pity not unmixed with a sort of sorrowful sarcasm--,i should think1 ,catherine1 if ,i did not know you so well1 that you were losing your senses--you and ,duchene and ,robin and all the rest4 ,you do not understand these matters1 said the old woman in a calm and grave tone2 but were you never troubled by things of like nature8 ,do you mean that you believe this nonsense of ,yegof8 ,yes1 ,i believe it4 ,you believe it6 ,you1 ,catherine ,lefevre6 ,if it was ,mother ,rochart1 ,i would say nothing2 but you--6 ,he arose as if angry1 untied his apron1 shrugged his shoulders1 and then suddenly1 again seating himself1 exclaimed3 ,do you know who this fool is8 ,i will tell you4 ,he is one of those ,german schoolmasters who turn old women's heads with their ,mother ,goose stories2 whose brains are cracked with overmuch study1 and who take their visions for actual events--their crazy fancies for reality4 ,i always looked upon ,yegof as one of them4 ,remember the mass of names he knows2 he talks of ,brittany and ,austrasia--of ,polynesia and ,nideck and the banks of the ,rhine1 and so gives an air of probability to his vagaries4 ,in ordinary times1 ,catherine1 you would think as ,i do2 but your mind is troubled at receiving no news from ,gaspard1 and the rumors of war and invasion which are flying around distract you2 you do not sleep1 and you look upon the sickly fancies of a poor fool as gospel truth4 ,not so1 ,hullin--not so4 ,if you yourself had heard ,yegof-- ,come1 come6 cried the good man4 ,if ,i had heard him1 ,i would have laughed at him1 as ,i do now4 ,do you know that he has demanded the hand of ,louise1 that he might make her ,queen of ,austrasia8 ,catherine could not help smiling2 but soon resuming her serious air1 she said3 #bf ,all your reasons1 ,jean-,claude1 cannot convince me2 but ,i confess that ,gaspard's silence frightens me4 ,i know my boy1 and he has certainly written4 ,why have his letters not arrived8 ,the war goes ill for us1 ,hullin2 all the world is against us4 ,they want none of our ,revolution4 ,while we were the masters1 while we crowned victory with victory1 they were humble enough1 but since the ,russian misfortune their tone is far different4 ,there1 there1 ,catherine2 you are wandering2 everything is black to you4 ,what disturbs me most is not receiving any news from without2 we are living here as in a country of savages2 we know nothing of what is going on abroad4 ,the ,austrians or the ,cossacks might fall upon us at any moment1 and we be taken completely by surprise4 ,hullin observed that as he spoke the old woman's look became anxious1 and despite himself he felt the influence of the fears she spoke of4 ,listen1 ,catherine1 said he suddenly2 as long as you talk reasonably ,i shall not gainsay you4 ,you speak now of things that are possible4 ,i do not believe they will attack us1 but it is better to set our hearts at ease4 ,i intended going to ,phalsbourg this week4 ,i shall set out to-morrow4 ,in such a city--one which is1 moreover1 a post-station--they should have certain tidings of what is going on4 ,will you believe the news ,i bring back8 ,i will4 ,then it is understood4 ,i will start early to-morrow morning4 ,it is five leagues off4 ,i shall have returned by about six in the evening1 and you shall see1 ,catherine1 that your mournful notions lack reason4 ,i hope so1 said she1 rising2 indeed ,i hope so4 ,you have somewhat reassured me1 ,jean-,claude1 and ,i may sleep better than ,i did last night4 ,good-night1 ,jean-,claude4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,the next morning at daybreak1 ,hullin1 in his gray-cloth ,sunday small-clothes1 his ample brown velvet coat1 his red vest with its copper buttons1 his head covered with his mountaineer's slouched hat1 the broad brim turned up in front over his ruddy face1 took the road to ,phalsbourg1 a stout staff in his hand4 ,phalsbourg is a small fortified city on the imperial road from ,strasbourg to ,paris4 ,it commands the slope of ,saverne1 the defiles of ,haut-,barr1 of ,roche-,plate1 ,bonne-,fontaine1 and ,graufthal4 ,its bastions1 advanced works1 and demi-lunes run zigzag over a rocky plateau2 afar off you would think you could clear the walls at a bound2 a nearer approach shows a ditch1 a hundred feet wide and thirty deep1 and beyond the dark ramparts cut in the rock itself4 ,all the rest of the city1 save the town-hall1 the two gates of ,france and ,germany with their pointed arches1 and the tops of the two magazines1 is concealed behind the glacis4 ,such is the little city1 which is not lacking in a certain kind of grandeur1 especially when we cross its bridges1 and pass its heavy gates1 studded with iron spikes4 ,within the walls1 the houses are low1 regularly built of cut stone in straight streets4 ,a military atmosphere pervades everything4 ,hullin1 whose robust health and joyous nature gave him little care for the future1 pushed gayly onward1 regarding the stories of defeat and invasion which filled the air as so many malicious inventions4 #bg ,judge1 then1 of his stupefaction when1 on coming in sight of the town1 he saw that the clock-tower stood no longer1 not a garden or an orchard1 not a walk or a bush could he see2 everything within cannon-shot was utterly destroyed4 ,a few wretches were collecting the remaining pieces of their cottages to carry them to the city4 ,nothing could be seen to the verge of the horizon but the lines of the ramparts4 ,jean-,claude was thunder-struck2 for a few moments he could neither utter a word nor advance a step4 ,aha6 he muttered at last1 things are not going well4 ,the enemy is expected4 ,then his warrior instincts rising1 his brown cheeks flushed with anger4 ,it is those rascal ,austrians1 and ,prussians1 and ,russians1 who have caused all this1 he cried1 shaking his staff2 but let them beware6 ,they shall rue it6 ,his wrath grew as he advanced4 ,twenty minutes later he entered the city at the end of a long train of wagons1 each drawn by five or six horses1 and dragging enormous trunks of trees1 destined to form a block-house on the ,place d',armes4 ,between drivers1 peasants1 and neighing1 struggling1 kicking horses1 a mounted gendarme1 ,father ,kels1 rode grimly1 seeming to hear nothing of the tumult around1 but ever and anon saying1 in a deep base voice3 ,courage6 my friends1 courage6 ,we can make two journeys more before night1 and you will have deserved well of your country4 ,jean-,claude crossed the bridge4 ,a new spectacle presented itself within the walls4 ,all were absorbed in the work of defence4 ,every gate was open4 ,men1 women1 and children labored1 ran1 or helped to carry powder and shot4 ,occasionally1 groups of three1 four1 or half a dozen would collect to hear the news4 ,neighbors1 one would say1 a courier has arrived at full speed4 ,he entered by the ,french gate4 ,then he announces the coming of the ,national ,guard from ,nancy4 ,or1 perhaps1 a train from ,metz4 ,you are right4 ,sixteen-pound shot are wanting1 as well as canister4 ,they are breaking up the stoves to supply its place4 ,some of the citizens1 in their shirt-sleeves1 were barricading their windows with heavy beams and mattresses2 others were rolling tubs of water before their doors4 ,their enthusiasm excited ,hullin's admiration4 ,good6 he cried1 good6 ,the allies will be well received here6 ,opposite the college1 the squeaking voice of the sergeant1 ,harmantier1 was shrieking3 ,be it known that the casemates will be opened1 to the end that each man may bring a mattress and two blankets2 and moreover1 that messieurs the commissioners are about to commence their round of inspection to see that each inhabitant has three months' provisions in his house1 which he must show3 ,given this twentieth day of ,december1 one thousand eight hundred and thirteen4 ,jean ,pierre ,meunier1 ,governor4 ,strange scenes1 both serious and comic1 succeeded every minute4 ,hullin was no longer the same man4 ,memories of the march1 the bivouac1 the rattle of musketry1 the charge1 the shout of victory1 came rushing upon him4 ,his eyes sparkled and his heart beat fast1 and the thoughts of the glory to be gained in a brave defence1 a struggle to the death with a haughty enemy1 filled his brain4 ,good faith6 said he to himself1 all goes well6 ,i have made clogs enough in my life1 and if the time has come to shoulder the musket once more1 so much the better4 ,we will show these ,prussians and ,austrians that we have not forgotten the roll of the charge6 #bh ,thus mused the brave old man1 but his exultation was not of long duration4 ,before the church1 on the ,place d',armes1 were fifteen or twenty wagons full of wounded1 arriving from ,leipsic and ,hanau4 ,many poor fellows1 pale1 emaciated1 with eyes half-closed and glassy1 or rolling in agony1 some with arms and legs already amputated1 some with wounds not yet even bandaged1 lay awaiting death4 ,near by1 a few worn-out horses were eating their scanty provender1 while their drivers1 poor peasants pressed into service in ,alsace1 wrapped in their long1 ragged cloaks1 slept1 in spite of cold1 on the steps of the church4 ,it was terrible to see the men1 wrapped in their gray overcoats1 heaped upon bloody straw2 one holding his broken arm upon his knee2 another binding his head with an old handkerchief2 a third already dead1 serving as a seat for the living4 ,hullin stood transfixed4 ,he could not withdraw his eyes from the scene4 ,human misery in its intensest forms fascinates us4 ,we would see how men die--how they face death2 and the best among us are not free from this horrible curiosity4 ,it seems to us as if eternity were about to disclose its secrets4 ,on the first wagon to the right were two carabineers in sky-blue jackets--two giants--but their strong frames were bowed with pain2 they seemed two statues crushed beneath some enormous mass of stone4 ,one1 with thick red mustaches and sunken cheeks1 glared with his stony eyes1 as if awakened from a frightful nightmare2 the other1 bent double1 his hands blue with cold1 and his shoulder torn by a grape-shot1 was becoming momentarily weaker1 but from time to time started up1 muttering like one in a dream4 ,behind1 infantrymen were stretched in couples1 most of them struck by bullets4 ,they seemed to bear their fate with more fortitude than did the giants1 not speaking1 except that a few1 the youngest1 shrieked furiously for water and bread4 ,in the next wagon1 a plaintive voice--the voice of a conscript--called upon his mother1 while his older comrades smiled sarcastically at his cry4 ,now and then a shudder ran through them all1 as a man--or mayhap several--would rise1 and with a long sigh fall back4 ,this was death4 ,while ,hullin stood silent1 the blood frozen in his heart1 a citizen1 ,sme1 the baker1 came forth from his house1 carrying a large pot of boiled meat4 ,then you should have seen those spectres struggle1 their eyes glance1 their nostrils dilate2 a new life seemed to animate them1 for the poor wretches were dying of hunger4 ,good ,father ,sme1 with tears in his eyes1 approached1 saying3 ,i am coming1 my children4 ,a little patience1 and you will be supplied4 ,but scarcely had he reached the first wagon1 when the huge carabineer with the sunken cheeks plunged his arm to the elbow in the boiling pot1 seized a piece of meat1 and concealed it beneath his jacket4 ,it was done like a flash1 and savage cries arose on all sides4 ,men who had not strength enough to move would have strangled their comrade4 ,he pressed the precious morsel to his breast1 his teeth were already in it1 and he glared around like a wild beast4 ,at the cries which arose1 an old soldier--a sergeant--sprang from a neighboring wagon2 he understood all at a glance1 and without useless delay tore the meat from the carabineer1 saying3 ,thou deservest to have none4 ,let us divide2 it will make ten rations4 #bi ,we are only eight1 said a wounded man1 calm in appearance1 but with eyes glistening in his bronzed face4 ,you see1 sergeant1 that those two there are dying2 it is no use to waste food4 ,the sergeant looked4 ,you are right1 he replied4 ,eight parts4 ,hullin could bear no more4 ,he fled1 pale as death1 to the innkeeper1 ,wittmann's4 ,wittmann was also a dealer in leather and furs1 and cried1 as he saw him enter3 ,ha6 it is you1 ,master ,jean-,claude2 you are earlier than usual4 ,i did not expect you before next week4 ,then1 seeing him tremble1 he asked3 ,but what is the matter8 ,you are ill4 ,i have just been looking at the wounded4 ,ah6 yes4 ,the first time it affects one2 but if you had seen fifteen thousand pass1 as ,i have1 you would think nothing of it4 ,a glass of wine1 quick6 cried ,hullin4 ,o men1 men6 you who should be brothers6 ,yes1 brothers until the purse gives out1 replied ,wittmann4 ,there1 drink1 and you will feel better4 ,and you have seen fifteen thousand of these wretches pass1 said the sabot-maker4 ,at least2 and all in the last two months1 without speaking of those that remained in ,alsace and on the other side of the ,rhine2 for1 you know1 wagons could not be procured for all1 and it was not worth while removing many4 ,yes1 ,i understand4 ,but why are those unfortunates there8 ,why are they not in the hospital8 ,the hospital6 ,where are there hospitals enough for them--for fifty thousand wounded8 ,every one1 from ,mayence and ,coblentz to ,phalsbourg1 is crowded2 and1 moreover1 that terrible sickness1 typhus1 kills more than the enemy's bullets4 ,all the villages in the plain1 for twenty leagues around1 are infected1 and men die like flies4 ,happily1 the city has been for three days in a state of siege1 and they are about to close the gates1 and allow no one to enter4 ,i have lost my uncle ,christian and my aunt ,lisbeth1 as hale1 hearty people as you or ,i1 ,jean-,claude4 ,the cold has come1 too2 there was a white frost last night4 ,and the wounded were in the street all night8 ,no2 they came from ,saverne this morning1 and in an hour or two--as soon as the horses are rested--they will depart for ,sarrebourg4 ,at this instant1 the old sergeant1 who had established order in the wagon1 entered1 rubbing his hands4 ,ha1 ha6 he said1 it is becoming cooler1 ,father ,wittmann4 ,you did well to light the fire in the stove4 ,a little glass of cognac would not be amiss to take off the chill4 ,his little1 half-closed eyes1 hooked nose1 separating a pair of wrinkled cheeks1 and chin1 from which a red tuft of beard hung1 all gave the old soldier's face an expression of good humor and jollity4 ,it was a true military countenance--hale1 bronzed by exposure1 full of bluff frankness as well as of roguish shrewdness--and his tall shako and gray-blue overcoat1 shoulder-belt1 and epaulettes seemed part of himself4 ,he marched up and down the room1 still rubbing his hands1 while ,wittmann filled him a little glass of brandy4 ,hullin1 seated near the window1 had1 in the first place1 remarked the number of his regiment--the sixth of the line4 ,gaspard1 the son of ,catherine ,lefevre1 was in the same4 ,jean-,claude would1 then1 have tidings of ,louise's betrothed2 but when he attempted to speak1 his heart beat painfully4 ,if ,gaspard were dead6 ,if he had perished like so many others6 #cj ,the old sabot-maker felt strangled4 ,he was silent4 ,better to know nothing1 he thought4 ,nevertheless1 in a few moments he again tried to speak4 ,sergeant1 said he huskily1 you are of the ,sixth8 ,even so1 my burgess1 replied the other1 returning to the middle of the room4 ,do you know one ,gaspard ,lefevre8 ,gaspard ,lefevre8 ,parbleu6 that do ,i4 ,i taught him to shoulder arms2 a brave soldier1 i' faith1 and good on the march4 ,if we had a hundred thousand of his stamp-- ,then he is alive and well8 ,he is1 my citizen--at least he was a week ago1 when ,i left the regiment at ,fredericsthal with this train of wounded2 since then1 you understand1 there has been warm work1 and one can answer for nothing--one might get his billet at any moment4 ,but a week ago1 at ,fredericsthal1 ,gaspard ,lefevre still answered roll-call4 ,jean ,claude breathed4 ,but1 sergeant1 can you tell me why he has not written home these two months back8 ,the old soldier smiled and winked his little eyes4 ,do you think1 my friend1 that a man has nothing to do on the march but write8 ,no2 ,i have seen service4 ,i made the campaigns of the ,sambre-and-,meuse1 of ,egypt and of ,italy1 but ,i always managed to let my friends at home hear from me4 ,one moment1 comrade1 interrupted the sergeant4 ,i was in ,italy and ,egypt too1 but the campaign just finished was in every respect peculiar4 ,it was a severe one1 no doubt4 ,severe6 ,everything and every one was against us2 sickness1 traitors1 peasants1 citizens1 our allies--all the world6 ,of our company1 which was full when we left ,phalsbourg the twenty-first of ,january last1 only thirty-two men remain4 ,i believe that ,gaspard ,lefevre is the only conscript left living4 ,the poor conscripts6 ,they fought well1 but exposure and hunger did their business4 ,so saying1 the old sergeant walked to the counter and emptied his glass at one gulp4 ,to your health1 citizen4 ,might you1 perchance1 be ,gaspard's father8 ,no2 ,i am only a relative4 ,well1 you can boast of being solidly built in your family4 ,what a man he is for a youth of twenty6 ,he held firm while those around were sent by dozens to mount guard below4 ,but1 said ,hullin1 after a moment's silence1 ,i do not yet see what there was so extraordinary in this last campaign1 for we1 too1 had our sickness and traitors-- ,extraordinary6 cried the sergeant2 everything was extraordinary4 ,formerly1 you know1 a ,german war was finished after a victory or two2 the people then received you well2 drank their white wine and munched their sauerkraut with you2 and1 when the regiment departed1 every one even wept4 ,but this time1 after ,lutzen and ,bautzen1 instead of becoming good-natured1 they grew fiercer than ever3 we could obtain nothing except by force2 it was like ,spain or ,la ,vende4 ,i don't know what made them hate us so4 #ca ,but if we were all ,french1 things would after all have yet gone well2 but we had our ,saxon and other allies ready to fly at our throats4 ,we could have beaten the enemy1 even if they were five to one1 but for our allies4 ,look at ,leipsic1 where in the middle of the fight they turned against us--,i mean our good friends the ,saxons4 ,a week after1 our other good friends the ,bavarians tried to cut off our retreat2 but they rued it at ,hanau4 ,the next day1 near ,frankfort1 another column of our good friends presented themselves1 but we crushed the traitors4 ,if we only foresaw all this after ,austerlitz1 ,jena1 ,friedland1 ,wagram6 ,hullin stood for a moment silent and thoughtful4 ,and how do we stand now1 sergeant8 said he1 at length4 ,we have been driven across the ,rhine1 and all our fortresses on the ,german side are blockaded4 ,all ,europe is advancing upon us4 ,the emperor is at ,paris1 arranging his plan of campaign4 ,would to heaven we could get breathing time until the spring6 ,at this moment ,wittmann arose1 and1 going to the window1 said3 ,here comes the governor1 making his tour of inspection4 ,the commandant ,jean-,pierre ,meunier1 in his three-cocked hat1 with a tri-colored sash around his waist1 had indeed just made his appearance in the street4 ,ah6 said the sergeant1 ,i must get him to sign my marching papers4 ,excuse me1 messieurs1 ,i must leave you4 ,good-by1 then1 sergeant1 and thank you4 ,if you see ,gaspard1 embrace him for ,jean-,claude ,hullin1 and tell him to write4 ,i shall not fail4 ,the sergeant departed1 and ,hullin emptied his glass4 ,do you intend to start at once1 ,jean-,claude8 asked ,wittmann4 ,yes1 the days are growing short1 and the road through the wood is not easily found after dark4 ,adieu6 ,the innkeeper watched the old mountaineer from the window1 as he crossed the street1 and muttered as he gazed at the retreating figure3 ,how pale he was when he came in6 ,he could scarcely stand4 ,it is strange6 ,an old man such as he--a soldier too6 ,i could see fifty regiments stretched in ambulances1 and not shake so4 ---------- #cb ,translated ,from ,the ,historisch-politische ,bltter4 ,maria ,von ,mrl4 ,in the beginning of this year a remarkable human life came to a close4 ,that wonderful being whose name and fame travelled from ,south ,tyrol all over ,germany1 and made her residence become a frequented pilgrimage without her will--but for the great consolation of multitudes during a whole generation--that extraordinary woman is no more4 ,maria von ,mrl died on ,january #aath1 #ahfh1 in the fifty-sixth year of her age1 and in the thirty-sixth of her ecstatic life4 ,it is now over a score of years since the masterly pen of ,grres sketched1 in his ,mystik1 so striking a portrait of ,maria von ,mrl1 and still the attention of the believing world is attracted to the life of the ecstatic virgin4 ,since then thousands have gone to the ,south ,tyrol markets to behold as a reality what would sound legendary to read or hear1 and to bear testimony to the truth of what ,grres wrote about the stigmata of that holy woman4 ,all the pilgrims found his statements perfectly correct4 ,although ,grres1 in describing the phenomena1 abstained from a definitive judgment regarding her sanctity1 according to the rule that no one must be called a saint before death1 we are not restrained any longer from expressing our convictions1 now that she is no more4 ,her happy and holy death is the strongest confirmation of her unimpeachable life4 ,we have now all the necessary documents to form a correct estimate of her holiness4 ,let us glance at the most interesting events in her life1 and sum up briefly and simply the chief traits of her inner and exterior character4 ,three miles south of ,botzen1 in a charming landscape1 with a prospect extending over a wide and smiling valley1 lies the vine-crowned spot in which ,maria ,theresa von ,mrl first saw the light of day1 on ,october #afth1 #ahab4 ,she was the daughter of a reduced1 but noble1 vine cultivator in ,kaltern1 ,footnote #c ,joseph von ,mrl1 of ,mhlen and ,lichelburg1 who was blessed with a very large family1 but not with sufficient means to raise them as became their blood4 ,footnote #c3 ,kaltern is the ,german for the ,italian ,caldaro4--,tr4 ,maria received from her good1 sensible mother1 whose maiden name was ,selva1 a pious and simple education2 and the young girl grew up in virtue1 modest and gentle1 affectionate and obliging to all1 of good understanding1 but with no great powers of fancy4 ,she was an expert little housewife1 and aided her mother in the management of their domestic affairs4 ,frequent illness1 which began to trouble her as early as her fifth year and continued to affect her through life1 as it had its seat in her blood1 rendered her1 even at an early age1 rather grave1 and increased her zeal in prayer1 which showed itself especially in her love and veneration for the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,this was her character until1 in the year #ahbg1 her beloved mother was taken from her by death2 and she1 at the age of fifteen1 was left in sole charge of the family1 her father being unable to provide better for the care of her eight younger sisters4 #cc ,maria undertook the task of their bringing up with courage and readiness4 ,she sought among her increasing labors and responsibilities1 more than ever1 consolation in religion1 and in the frequent reception of the sacrament of the altar4 ,but the burden was too heavy for her young shoulders1 and she sank under it4 ,in her eighteenth year she fell into a wearisome sickness1 which was increased in painfulness by reason of violent cramps1 which broke down her constitution4 ,only by slow degrees was her pain alleviated1 without the disease having been completely driven out4 ,she never became perfectly sound again4 ,yet she bore all her afflictions with heroic resignation1 although to her physical torments mental struggles were often added temptations of the devil2 and troubles of soul which we cannot dwell upon here4 ,footnote #d ,footnote #d3 ,grres describes them fully in his ,christliche ,mystik1 band iii4 ,such was her condition during about two years1 when her confessor1 ,father ,capistran1 a quiet1 prudent man1 and for years a true friend of the distressed family1 observed that at certain times1 when she was interrogated by him1 she did not answer1 and seemed to be out of herself4 ,when he questioned her nurses and others on this point1 they informed him that such was always the case when she received the holy communion4 ,this was the first symptom of her ecstatic state1 into which she entered in her twentieth year1 and which soon became more and more striking4 ,on the feast of ,corpus ,christi1 #ahcb1 which in ,kaltern1 as throughout the whole ,tyrol1 is celebrated with unusual solemnity1 ,father ,capistran1 for special reasons1 gave her the holy sacrament at three ,a4,m41 and immediately she fell into an ecstasy which lasted1 to his personal knowledge1 for several hours6 ,he left her to attend to other duties2 and when he returned1 at noon on the following day1 he found the ecstatic still kneeling in the same place where he had left her thirty-six hours before2 and heard1 to his astonishment1 that she had remained the whole time thus undisturbed in contemplation4 ,the good ,franciscan now comprehended for the first time that ecstasy had become almost a second nature to her2 and undertook the regulation of this supernatural condition of his saintly penitent4 ,the power of the perceptive faculties increased wonderfully with her ecstasies1 as several presentiments and prophecies demonstrated in a surprising manner4 ,her fame was soon noised abroad4 ,the report of her ecstatic kneeling and prayer spread through the ,tyrol1 and great excitement was created throughout the whole land4 ,crowds of people flocked to see her1 and to be edified by the sight4 ,from different and distant places numbers came as pilgrims to ,kaltern4 ,during the summer of #ahcc1 more than forty thousand persons1 of all classes1 visited her1 without the slightest disorder or scandal1 although sometimes two or three thousand people in a day passed through the room of the rapt maiden1 kneeling undisturbed in contemplation4 ,many sinners were moved and converted by the spectacle4 ,no one could explain the sudden and extraordinary commotion excited in a whole people4 ,the civil and ecclesiastical authorities wished to prevent the concourse2 so it was announced that no further pilgrimages would be allowed4 ,they gradually ceased4 ,the priests1 however1 bore testimony to the good results which had flowed from those pilgrimages4 #cd ,in the autumn of the same year1 ,francis ,xavier ,luschin1 ,prince-,bishop of ,trent1 caused an investigation to be made1 and the witnesses to be examined on oath1 regarding the state of the ecstatic virgin1 to prevent any further proceedings and annoyances on the part of the police1 but especially to remove all suspicion of pious fraud4 ,the prince-bishop1 who was impartial enough not to give a final decision1 informed the civil authorities that the sickness of ,maria von ,mrl was certainly not holiness1 but that her undoubted holiness could not be called a sickness4 ,all this excitement was unknown to the cause of it1 who remained undisturbed by the throngs who came to see her4 ,her inner life seemed to be completely developed in the year #ahcd1 when she received the stigmata4 ,how this happened is best told in the words of ,grres himself3 ,in the fall of #ahcc1 the father-confessor occasionally remarked that the centre of her hands1 where the wounds appeared at a later date1 began to fall in1 and the places became painful and troubled with frequent cramps4 ,he suspected that stigmatization was about to happen1 and the result justified his expectations4 ,at early ,mass1 on ,february #dth1 of the year #ahcd1 he found her wiping her hands with a cloth in childish astonishment4 ,when he perceived blood on it1 he asked her what was the matter4 ,she answered that she did not well understand what it was2 that she must have cut herself in some strange way4 ,but it was the stigmata1 which from that day remained unchangeably in her palms1 and soon appeared in her feet also1 as well as in her side4 ,so simply did ,father ,capistran act in the whole affair1 and so little desirous of wonder-seeking did he show himself1 that he never asked her what were her interior dispositions or phenomena immediately before the reception of the wounds4 ,they were almost round1 slightly oblong1 about two inches in diameter1 and appearing on both the upper and under parts of her hands and feet4 ,the size of the lance stigma in the side1 which only her most intimate female friends saw1 could not be determined4 ,on ,thursday evenings and on ,fridays1 clear blood flowed in drops from the wounds2 on the other days of the week1 a dry crust of blood covered them1 without the slightest symptoms of inflammation or the slightest traces of pus ever appearing4 ,she concealed most carefully her state1 and all that might betray her interior emotions4 ,but on the occasion of a festive procession1 in #ahcc1 she fell into an ecstasy in the presence of several witnesses4 ,she appeared like an angel1 blooming like a rose4 ,her feet scarcely touching the bed1 she stood up1 with arms outstretched in the shape of a cross1 and the stigmata in her palms manifest to all beholders4 ,footnote #e ,footnote #e3 ,christliche ,mystik1 ii4 #eja4 ,maria von ,mrl became a sister of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,francis1 and1 in virtue of the obedience due to him1 her confessor undertook to keep her ecstasies within due bounds4 ,she promised him complete obedience4 ,a word from him recalled her to herself4 ,but his experience was very little4 ,no one at home paid much attention to her4 ,she was left very much alone4 ,her confessor was a sensible man1 but very simple and not at all inquisitive4 ,the circle of her spiritual phenomena rolled round within the ordinary limits of the feasts of the church4 ,father ,capistran did not interfere at all in the singularities of her interior condition1 or even try to investigate their nature with curiosity4 #ce ,if she is not questioned1 wrote the good and simple confessor to ,grres1 she says very little1 and seldom speaks at all2 thus1 for instance1 it is only to-day that ,i learned completely her vision of ,st4 ,paul--on the feast of his conversion4 ,only now and then does she tell a particular circumstance1 which ,i listen to quietly2 and if she says nothing1 ,i do not trouble her with questions4 ,she sometimes says to me1 ',i cannot properly express what ,i see by word of mouth or by writing2 and perhaps ,i might say something false4' ,my direction is extremely plain3 ,i want her to be always humble and devout to ,god2 and ,i am satisfied when she prays so fervently to ,god1 and intercedes for others1 for sinners as well as for the just4 ,it always seems to me that it is not the will of ,god that ,i should inquire too curiously about her visions and revelations1 as ,brentano did with ,emmerich4 ,thus wrote ,father ,capistran1 who describes himself in his letter better than our pen could do it4 ,in ,september1 #ahce1 ,grres came to ,kaltern1 in the ,southern ,tyrol1 where he saw frequently the stigmatized girl1 whose health was becoming every day worse4 ,he found her in her father's house1 lying in a neat1 plain1 whitewashed room1 on a hard mattress1 and covered with clean white linen4 ,at the side of her bed was a little family altar2 behind it1 and over the windows1 were a few religious pictures4 ,she had a delicate figure1 of medium height1 and somewhat emaciated from the use of sparse diet1 yet not unusually thin4 ,when he saw her for the first time1 she was in an ecstasy1 kneeling on the lower part of her bed4 ,grres describes her thus3 ,her hands1 with the visible stigmata1 were folded on her breast2 her face turned to the church1 and slightly raised2 her eyes having a look of complete absorption which nothing could disturb4 ,no movement was perceptible in her kneeling form for a whole hour1 except a gentle breathing1 occasionally a muscular action of the throat as in swallowing1 and sometimes an oscillatory movement of the head and body4 ,she seemed as if looking into the distance1 gazing in rapture at ,god1 like one of those angels who kneel around his throne4 ,no wonder that her appearance produced such a great effect on the beholders1 so as to bring tears to the eyes of the most hardened4 ,during her ecstasy she contemplated the life and passion of ,christ1 adored the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and prayed according to the spirit of the season of the ecclesiastical year4 ,this we are told by her spiritual director4 ,her visions and revelations had all reference to something holy and ecclesiastical2 and1 unlike somnambulists1 she remained entirely blind1 like other persons1 to her own bodily state4 7,,ii4 #ejd47 ,in her natural condition1 ,maria von ,mrl left the impression of her being a simple and candid child on those who visited her4 ,grres gives a characteristic description of her3 ,no matter how deeply she may be lost in contemplation1 a word of her confessor1 no matter in how low a tone it may be uttered1 recalls her from her rapture4 ,there seems to be no medium condition2 only sufficient time elapses to make her conscious of the word having been spoken1 before she opens her eyes and becomes as self-possessed as if she were never in ecstasy4 ,her appearance becomes immediately changed into that of a young child4 #cf ,the first thing she does on awaking from her ecstasy1 if she perceives spectators1 is to hide her stigmatized hands under the bed-clothing1 like a little girl who soils her hands with ink1 and tries to conceal them at the approach of her mother4 ,then she looks curiously among the crowd1 for she is now accustomed to the sight of multitudes1 and gives every one a friendly greeting4 ,as she has been dumb for some time1 she tries to make herself understood by gestures2 and when she finds this method unsuccessful1 she turns her eyes entreatingly1 like an inexperienced child1 to her confessor1 to ask him to help her and speak for her4 ,the expression of her dark eye is that of joyous childhood4 ,you can look through her clear eyes to the very bottom of her soul1 and perceive that there is not a dark corner in her nature for anything evil to hide in4 ,there is nothing defiled or deceitful in her character2 no sentimentalism1 no hypocrisy1 nor the slightest trace of any pride2 but all in her is childlike simplicity and innocence4 7,,ii4#ejh47 ,clement ,brentano bears a similar witness to her virtue when he visited her at ,kaltern1 in #ahce1 and again in the harvest of #ahcg4 ,in one of his letters he says of her3 ,here lives the maiden ,maria von ,mrl1 who is now in her twenty-third year4 ,she is a lovely1 pious1 and chosen creature4 ,she is incessantly rapt in ecstasy1 kneeling in bed1 her hands outstretched or folded4 ,she is so wonderfully lengthened during her ecstasy1 that one would take her for a very tall person1 though really she is quite short4 ,her eyes remain open and fixed1 and though the flies run over her eyelids1 she moves them not4 ,she is like a wax figure1 and her look is striking4 ,now and then her spiritual director interrupts her visions1 and immediately she settles into repose on her couch1 but after a few minutes rises to her knees again4 ,she makes no effort to rise2 she seems carried by angels into a kneeling posture4 ,the whole appearance of this extraordinary girl is moving1 yet not shocking1 for the moment the priest commands her to resume her natural state1 she becomes like one of the most simple and innocent of children1 as if she were not seven years old4 ,the moment she perceives persons around her1 she hides herself to the very nose under the bed-clothes1 looks timorous1 yet smiles on all around1 and gives them pictures1 preserving always a serene and attractive countenance1 like that of the blessed ,emmerich4 ,footnote #f ,footnote #f3 ,clemens ,brentano1 ,gesammelte ,briefe1 band ii4 #cbf4 ,he caused a likeness of her to be painted4 ,like a child1 she was fond of children1 of birds and flowers4 ,it was observed that birds seemed to have a great liking for her4 ,they sang in flocks around her windows1 and if they were brought into her room they flew to her4 ,on one occasion three wild doves were given to her1 and although they never allowed any one to fondle them before1 they alighted on her1 two of them on her arms1 and the third on her clasped hands1 putting its bill to her mouth as she prayed4 ,this beautiful scene was repeated for several days1 until the doves were driven away4 ,the same thing happened with a chicken which a little sister of ,maria's1 a child of nine years old1 accidentally brought into her chamber4 ,if friends were around her1 she could sometimes remain mistress of herself and take part in their conversation2 but this was only for a short time1 and she fell again into ecstasy4 ,the passion of our ,lord seemed to be the special object of her contemplation1 and on ,fridays especially she suffered agony in her mystical life4 ,in the forenoon her sufferings began to be noticeable4 #cg ,as the great drama of the crucifixion proceeded1 its traces were visible in her2 her pains increasing until the hour of the death on the cross1 when her whole person became as if it were lifeless4 ,grres paints1 in his usual graphic style1 all these phenomena1 even to the most minute details4 7,p4 #eje-ejh47 ,for the sake of brevity1 we shall quote only ,brentano's words4 ,as he was an eye-witness of what he narrates1 he is perfectly reliable3 ,i have never seen anything more awful and astounding2 all the patience1 anguish1 abandonment1 and love of ,jesus dying was represented in her with inexpressible truth and dignity4 ,she is seen dying by degrees2 dark spots cover her face1 her nose becomes pinched1 her eyes break1 cold sweat runs down her person1 death struggles in her trembling bosom2 her head is raised1 while her mouth opens in pain2 her neck and chin form almost a straight line1 her tongue becomes parched1 and is drawn up as if withered2 her breathing is low and slightly gurgling2 her hands fall powerless to her side1 and her head sinks on her bosom4 ,a priest1 to whom ,father ,capistran1 who was present1 gave authority1 commanded her to repose4 ,in a moment she lay fatigued1 but calm on her bed1 and after about three minutes rose again to her knees1 and returned thanks for the death of the ,lord4 ,these phenomena were repeated every ,friday throughout the year4 ,her sufferings became more and more extraordinary4 ,in the year #ahcf1 it was observed that1 on the ,fridays after the ascension of ,christ1 when she finished her mystical agony1 beginning at three ,p4,m41 she fell into a new ecstasy which lasted until half-past four o'clock4 ,her body lay extended on her couch as on a cross1 her arms outstretched as if powerfully wrenched2 her head hung on one side1 bent somewhat back off her pillow1 and unsupported by anything4 ,thus she remained sometimes two hours as if dead1 and could not be recalled without violent and painful convulsions4 ,but when she came back to her natural state1 she was ever the same innocent and gentle girl1 as if she had never been blessed by ,god with extraordinary visitations4 ,so much had ecstasy become a second nature to her1 that she was self-conscious only at intervals and by great efforts of the will4 ,during ,grres's stay at ,kaltern1 ,maria was asked to stand godmother for a newly born child4 ,she accepted the invitation with great joy1 and took the most lively interest in the ceremony2 but during it she became ecstatic several times1 and had to be repeatedly recalled from her trance4 ,yet with all this1 she did not neglect the care of her family as far as it lay in her power1 and with the direction and counsel of her good confessor4 ,two o'clock in the afternoon was the hour appointed by him for her to attend to her household affairs4 ,at that hour she was commanded by him to leave her trance1 and then1 with the greatest diligence1 and with the care of a mother1 she directed business matters1 dictated letters1 and arranged all the necessary temporal concerns with great prudence and good sense4 ,in the year #ahda1 she left her father's house1 and went1 in the beginning of ,november1 to live in the convent of the ,sisters of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,francis1 where1 as one of its members1 she received a separate dwelling next the church4 ,here she enjoyed great repose1 for access to her became less easy1 as visitors were required to procure permission from the ecclesiastical authorities to see her4 #ch ,still1 pilgrimages did not cease2 and the good influence exercised by her increased4 ,of the deep religious impression produced by her ecstasies1 the ,bishop of ,terni1 ,monsignor ,vincent ,tizzani1 speaks authoritatively in a pastoral letter published regarding ,maria von ,mrl in the year #ahdb4 ,he had seen her1 one ,friday1 in her ecstasy and agony1 and he could not repress his tears at beholding the text so literally verified1 ,i live2 yet not ,i1 but ,christ liveth in me4 ,his testimony concerning the stigmata and the circumstances of her supernatural state agrees in every particular with that rendered by ,grres and ,brentano seven years previously4 ,louis ,clarus also1 at that time a ,protestant1 afterward a ,catholic1 in his studies on mysticism1 felt compelled to render this witness concerning her4 ,the force of truth and reality1 says he1 writing of his visit to ,kaltern1 impressed me so1 that ,i felt necessitated1 like the apostle ,john1 to announce what ,i had heard1 my eyes had seen1 and my hands touched4 ,many others1 among them ,lord ,shrewsbury1 attest the same fact1 every succeeding witness confirming the testimony of his predecessor4 ,footnote #g ,footnote #g3 ,letter from the ,earl of ,shrewsbury to ,ambrose ,lisle ,phillips1 ,esq41 descriptive of the ,estatica of ,caldaro and the ,addolorata of ,capriana4 ,london #ahdb4 ,a whole generation has passed since then1 and no one has been able to contradict their statements1 or explain the phenomena on any natural principles4 ,for thirty years every one could behold her in ecstasy or agony1 and see the wounds plainly on her hands and feet1 while she remained ever humble1 meek1 modest as a child1 and intensely pious and holy4 ,her history could be written in two words3 ,she suffers1 and contemplates4 ,she was a passion-flower clinging to the foot of the cross4 ,in ecstasy she spent her life1 contemplating the sufferings of ,jesus ,christ1 praying for all1 for the church1 and for her native land2 doing good to countless poor people1 alleviating their sorrows1 like the divine ,master who dwelt in the recesses of her soul4 ,three years before her death she lost her confessor1 ,father ,capistran1 who had guided her soul for almost forty years4 ,he was a distinguished theologian1 a good priest1 and had been judged worthy to be chosen provincial of his order1 the ,franciscans4 ,he died on the #dth of ,may1 #ahfe4 ,she mourned his death like a child1 and longed more than ever to be dissolved and be with ,christ4 ,her wish was soon gratified4 ,she became very weak in the autumn of #ahfg1 and the numerous visits she was compelled to receive1 as well as the frequent requests made of her1 completely prostrated her physical powers4 ,the number of pilgrims to her ,swallows' ,nest1 as ,grres called her abode near the ,franciscan church1 was extraordinary2 men1 women1 priests1 and laity1 all came to her shrine4 ,the measure of her physical suffering was full2 but the measure of her mental anguish was not yet complete4 ,on the #hth of ,september1 #ahfg1 she was visited by a severe spiritual trouble4 ,she seemed to be struggling with some power of hell4 ,she became sad1 and as if forsaken by ,god1 to such an extent that until ,september #agth1 and for weeks after1 consciousness seems to have entirely left her4 ,in this spiritual conflict she saw troops of demons1 which surrounded1 attacked her1 and threatened to carry her off to judgment4 ,she saw and heard the fiends blaspheming all things holy1 and trying to bear even the most righteous away to the abyss4 #ci ,she heard the devils scoff at her1 and boast that they had the pope in their power2 that they had desecrated churches and convents1 and made wickedness thrive in the land4 ,these temptations and obsessions lasted from the middle of ,september to the middle of ,october1 when peace again returned to her soul4 ,from the #bc;d of ,october she was able to receive the blessed sacrament regularly2 the struggle was over2 she had conquered1 and was now at rest4 ,when she was afterward interrogated regarding these obsessions1 she said that1 on the night of the #gth of ,september1 as she was praying for the pope and the emperor1 the attack began4 ,it was precisely at this time that the invasion of the pope's temporal possessions by the ,garibaldians1 sanctioned by the ,sardinian government1 took place4 ,the ,french expedition was sent to the pope's relief toward the middle of ,october1 just when ,maria's soul obtained rest from demoniacal aggressions2 so that her personal affliction seems to have been a participation in the sufferings of the church4 ,but the light of her life was flickering in the socket4 ,she had a presentiment of her death before it took place1 and prophesied often that she would never pass the winter on earth4 ,toward ,all ,saints' day her weakness became greater1 and everything foretold her dissolution4 ,she could no longer bear nourishment4 ,lemonade or water1 with the essence of quinces1 was almost her only nourishment for some weeks before her death4 ,when she felt better on certain days1 she ate fruit1 bread1 or porridge1 but never meat or meat soup4 ,she sometimes spent several days without eating or drinking4 ,in the last week1 especially from ,wednesday she suffered great torture4 ,but she was full of resignation2 indifferent to life or death1 she never repined or murmured4 ,she was patient and full of calm resignation and infantile love4 ,on the feast of the ,epiphany1 five days before her death1 she showed herself in her usual way to the pilgrims2 there was a mission at ,kaltern1 and the missionaries visited her on that festival1 to bid her farewell4 ,she received them with bland hospitality1 and offered them grapes to eat4 ,she knew nothing positive about the precise moment of her death1 but only that she should die when everything on her became white4 ,the stigmata began gradually to disappear1 leaving only a blue spot1 which disappeared entirely after her departure4 ,she received the viaticum on ,january #fth1 in the evening4 ,every one thought she would die immediately2 but she made known by gestures that she should not die yet4 ,she remained conscious1 and was able to receive holy communion daily4 ,at last the day of her demise1 ,january #aath1 came4 ,about half-past two on ,saturday morning1 two hours after communion1 she passed from this vale of tears to her heavenly home4 ,her last agony was easy and calm4 ,she lay quiet1 occasionally murmuring the name of ,jesus2 and one of the bystanders heard her say3 ,oh6 how beautiful2 oh6 how beautiful4 ,her breathing grew weaker1 and she fell gently asleep in death4 ,her body was exposed in the church for two days1 and thousands visited it4 ,many felt as if they had lost a member of their own family4 ,she lay dressed as a bride1 clothed in white1 with a white veil on her brow1 and a crown of flowers at her feet4 ,her face was beautiful to look upon1 half-childlike in expression1 yet mingled with the dignity of a matron2 her head reclined1 bent toward the left side2 her brow and eyes were full of dignity2 her mouth like that of an infant smiling in sleep2 her hands white as alabaster1 and ruddy as roses4 #dj ,afterward the veil was taken away and she appeared more angelic than ever1 her rich flowing hair surrounding her noble head4 ,a look of perfect happiness beamed from her entire countenance4 ,her burial was solemn4 ,surrounded by mourning and edified multitudes1 her body was borne by young maidens from the catafalque to the zinc coffin prepared for its reception4 ,her remains were taken on ,january #acth to her father's family vault at ,kaltern1 where they now rest in peace4 ,kaltern lost its jewel in losing ,maria2 but her virtues will live for ever in the hallowed spot where she was born1 where she lived and died4 ,truly did ,grres write of her to the ,prince-,bishop of ,trent3 ,god put her like a living crucifix on the cross-roads1 to preach to a godless and dissipated people4 ,she was one of those lamps lighted by the hand of ,god himself to shine in the darkness1 when infidelity is abroad robbing and devouring in the vineyard of ,christ4 ,for this purpose she was sent by ,god1 and hence we may well expect that the wonderful supernatural phenomena of her ecstatic life will not cease with her death4 ---------- ,a ,summer ,shower4 ,welcome1 ,o summer rain2 ,to thirsty hill and plain1 ,to desolate beds of streams of all their waves run dry4 ,we know who sent thee forth ,from out the windy north1 ,to trail thy cooling fountains through the sultry sky4 ,the parchd earth drinks up ,the crystal-flowing cup2 ,the dusty grasses wash them emerald-green again3 ,the sweet1 drenched roses sigh ,in fragrant ecstasy2 ,the truant brooks foam down their glistening beds amain4 #da ,the robins1 full of glee1 ,answer from tree to tree2 ',neath dusky boughs the glancing orioles1 aglow1 ,mimic the vivid play ,of lightnings far away1 ,that southward toss their fiery shuttles to and fro3 ,while at the fall and lift ,of lights and shadows swift1 ,titanic laughter rolls through all the bending skies1 ,and every water-bead ,trembles1 but laughs1 indeed1 ,and every insect quicklier breathes as low he lies4 ,o ,heart6 whose pity flows ,to cheer the languid rose4 ,o ,hand6 outstretched to wake the brooklet's merry din1 ,behold me like a blot ,upon this happy spot1 ,where joys knock at my door1 but never enter in6 ,behold the arid ways ,through which my weary days ,tread with unfruitful steps that wander far from thee2 ,the wasted heart and brain1 ,all empty1 save for pain2 ,behold the hidden thorn which thou alone canst see2 ,and while my fainting sighs ,through nature's hymn arise1 ,o ,comforter of flowers6 leave not me to die6 ,but send thy heavenly rain ,unto my soul again1 ,even to me1 as grieving in the dust ,i lie6 ---------- #db ,who shall take care of our ,sick8 ,we have taken occasion1 in recent numbers of ,the ,catholic ,world1 to present to our readers several of the works of charity which appeal most strongly to ,christian sympathy and ask for ,christian aid4 ,in our articles on ,the ,sanitary and ,moral ,condition of the ,city of ,new ,york--as but one1 however1 out of the many cities of our land with like evils and like needs--we directed attention to some lamentable features of the situation of the poor in our midst1 and especially of the many thousands of poor and vagrant children growing up in neglect and consequent ignorance and vice4 ,the kindred matter of the condition and proper treatment of the inmates of our jails1 prisons1 and penitentiaries was touched upon in our last1 under the head of ,prison ,discipline2 and1 again1 that of the poor and unfortunate subjects of mental ailments in the article on ,gheel1 a ,colony of the ,insane4 ,in the present number1 we invite attention to another branch of the subject1 suggested by the inquiry at the head of this article1 ,who shall take care of our sick8 ,by the sick1 we mean all who by infirmity of body or mind are incapable of taking care of themselves2 for the range of our inquiry embraces the helplessness of infancy1 of decrepitude1 insanity1 and idiocy1 and extends even to prisoners and criminals4 ,by our sick1 we mean the sick poor1 the duty of providing for whom devolves on collective society4 ,but as what is everybody's business is nobody's business1 and as society1 however imperfectly organized1 has many distinct organs and recognized functions corresponding2 it remains to be determined through what special ministry the suffering members of humanity shall be succored and the erring reclaimed4 ,if the rich1 and those whose social combinations have been successful1 are succored in their need by their families1 their friends1 their servants2 who constitute the families1 the friends1 the servants1 of the poor and isolated8 ,this is a question which pagan societies have evaded1 or insolently answered1 ,vae victis6 ,religion alone1 and only in so far as ,christ's spirit has penetrated mankind1 has given1 through its orders of charity1 a fair and candid answer--an answer in deeds as well as words4 ,for many centuries in ,christendom1 this answer appeared satisfactory in its spirit and intent4 ,not even the insane were left out of the ,christian fold--witness the ,colony of ,gheel--and it only remained to extend1 and multiply1 and perfect the works of charity1 in proportion as science and art added to the resources of society4 ,but the ,protestant ,reformation came1 sweeping away the work of pious ages1 confounding uses with abuses1 and upset the whole administration of charity by the servants of ,christ1 along with public and religious hospitality3 in changing the privileged orders1 it confided to secular hands the doling out of such pittance to the destitute as the fear of insurrection compelled1 and still compels1 from the reluctant economy of self interest4 #dc ,a revival of ,christianity in ,protestant countries now opens the public mind to the horrors and crimes against humanity perpetrated1 in the name of charity1 in their work-houses1 alms-houses1 hospitals1 and asylums2 it leads to the recall and renewal of religious orders devoted to the care of the sick and other classes needing charity4 ,this has not been merely a brilliant corruscation1 like the rescue which ,florence ,nightingale carried to the ,british troops in the ,crimea4 ,miss ,nightingale had previously been trained for years in the religious order of the ,kaiserwerth1 a normal school of nurses1 and the movement1 inaugurated by her1 continues in ,england as the ,institution of ,st4 ,john4 ,a number of religious works1 of high merit and extensive usefulness1 are described among the ,charities of ,europe1 by ,de ,liefde4 ,footnote #h ,footnote #h3 ,published by ,strahan3 ,new ,york and ,london4 ,in ,new ,york1 we have the ,hospital of ,st4 ,luke1 ministered to by pious ,episcopal ladies1 who1 like the ,soeurs ,grises of mediaeval ,europe1 take no vows1 and may marry1 yet for the time being perform the same functions as our ,sisters of ,charity or of ,mercy4 ,while attesting a tendency in ,christendom to recover the ground lost by the ,reformation1 such institutions as we have cited are still very trivial in numbers and power2 and though small appropriations of public funds have been made to them1 neither they nor the principles which they represent have been officially recognized by states or cities4 ,there is1 on the contrary1 a jealous opposition to admitting1 even to the service of the sick poor1 who are mostly ,europeans and ,catholics1 as at ,bellevue1 the ,sisters of ,charity2 and one of its most eminent surgeons1 who knows by experience how precious is their aid1 has declared to us with regret his conviction that this salutary measure could not pass4 ,to obviate the prejudices that withhold the administration of charity from its own votaries1 whose noble emulation would utilize the differences of sect or order for the common good2 to show that the ,state will find in this restoration economy1 at the same time with social or moral advantages1 while ,christ will be more worthily served2 to make it felt that the burden of human sorrows will be lightened1 and the redemption of our race from evil promoted1 by re-allying piety with charity1 is the purpose we have now in view4 ,suum cuique tribuito1 ,give to each his own4 ,two chief orders of power exist in society--interest and sentiment4 ,the natural sphere of interest is confined to material property or goods of the senses2 that of sentiment embraces the relations of persons1 that is1 of beings considered as hearts and souls2 so that sentiment culminates in devotion1 and ranges love and consanguinity1 friendship and honor1 in the ministries of religion1 expanding the selfhood of the individual by the consciousness of his solidarity with the race1 and through ,christ with our ,father in heaven4 ,still1 practically1 the functions of each power are distinct4 ,it is admitted1 in regard to the divers organizations of fire companies1 for instance1 that the payment of fixed salaries is an efficient or adequate motive for the protection of houses4 ,this service was once confided to public spirit2 there was no lack of heroic devotion in its exercise2 but salaried firemen were found to be more amenable to discipline1 and their organizations to be more permanent and reliable4 #dd ,now1 the contrary is true of hospital service and kindred functions1 which employ in some places the religious orders of charity1 in others hired assistants4 ,physicians1 patients1 and inspectors1 all proclaim the superiority of the former4 ,visit our great secular establishments1 such as ,bellevue or the ,charity ,hospital1 where the service is either hired or compulsory by convicts1 and then the hospitals of religious orders1 even the poorest1 such as that of the ,sisters of the ,poor of ,st4 ,francis1 which is supported by begging from door to door1 not to mention the more richly endowed hospitals of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul or ,st4 ,luke1 all free to every needy patient3 scent the air of the wards1 share the food of the refectory1 feel the human magnetism of these spheres1 take time and mood to appreciate all their conditions1 and you will find their difference amount to a contrast in many essentials of hygiene1 physical as well as moral1 although science is impartially represented at the secular as at the religious establishments4 ,the former have been largely endowed by private and public benefaction2 energy1 ability1 and good will are not wanting among their officers2 yet they inspire such aversion that the decent poor will often rather perish than resort to them4 ,the characteristic superiority of religious charities is historical1 and remounts to the earliest epochs of ,christendom2 although the secular interest of states in the health and contentment of their peoples has been the same in all times and all countries4 ,if their conduct has been different1 the reasons of this difference may be found in the nature of their religions and the fervor or torpor of their piety4 ,conversely1 just in proportion as our modern states alienate their public charities from the influence of religion1 they become perverted by the same cruelty and heartlessness that characterized the behavior of the pagan world toward its unfortunate classes4 ,between the philanthropy of the ,english workhouse and that of ,rome which sent poor slaves to perish on the dismal island in the ,tiber1 the shorter course seems preferable to us1 because less degrading to the soul of the victim1 and because it has the courage1 at least1 of its crime4 ,the ,emperor ,maximianus1 who shipped a cargo of beggars out to sea and drowned them1 was still more complete in this economy of suffering4 ,disease and misery1 decrepitude and helpless infancy1 have each in turn become the object of such elimination1 which ignores tenderness toward the individual2 but the process has never stopped where it might have been justified1 in a manner1 by the substitution of healthier and stronger or more perfect1 for less perfect individuals among the representative types of the species4 ,no2 the same spirit that sacrificed the feeblest1 revelled in the destruction of the strongest men in its gladiatorial arenas4 ,even in the restricted sense of patriotism1 which had contributed so many devotions on the altar of the country1 in the heroic days of ,greece and ,rome1 solidarity had ceased to be matter of practical conscience in the pagan world of the great empire4 ,the ,hebrews had developed it only as a tribal and family principle4 ,where has it ever been a social life-truth1 unless in the fold of ,christ's disciples8 and where has this been practically organized1 except by its religious orders8 #de ,the inconsistencies of war excepted1 we see life and personal liberty becoming more sacred from age to age1 even amid the corruptions of advanced civilization in ,christendom2 whereas1 on the contrary1 in pagan civilizations the springs of humane feeling in every ancient nation1 like the waters of the fountain of the sun1 were warm at dawn of morning1 but chilled gradually as the day advanced1 till at noon they became excessively cold4 ,when the development of intelligence in civilized communities renders them conscious of needs and of resources outlying the circles of family providence2 one of their first ,christian movements is to care for their disabled members1 stricken by disease or wounds from the army of the working poor4 ,in our monster cities1 the hospital acquires gigantic proportions1 and political economy meets humanity in the research for a system which shall afford the greatest mitigation of inevitable suffering and the best chances of restoring the sufferers to social uses4 ,in this research1 charity has anticipated experimental science1 and to the religious orders belongs the honor of fulfilling the highest ideal of this sacred function4 ,the organization of hospitals contains for modern civilization and for cosmopolite ,new ,york problems of the highest practical import1 which especially interest the ,christian church4 ,what has been hitherto effected under the social pressure of extreme necessity1 whether to avert the generation and diffusion of pestilence1 or the shame of allowing millions of the poor to perish in their squalid misery1 is still painfully inadequate to meet the needs of humanity at points where ,europe disgorges her miseries upon ,america4 ,new institutions are annually struggling into existence to supply this demand4 ,among the most important by their social and religious nature are those of the ,sisters of the ,poor of ,saint ,francis1 which may serve as a type of what we would urge concerning the superiority of piety and charity--those daughters of the ,christian church--over secular calculations1 in this work4 ,few1 small1 and poor as are the hospitals of this order in ,america1 they shine by the spirit which animates them1 by the naked purity of their ,christian faith1 and its works1 that confront the world now1 precisely as they did eighteen hundred years ago4 ,footnote #i ,footnote #i3 ,this order of the ,sisters of the ,poor of ,saint ,francis has been introduced already into several of our larger cities1 and with much promise of success4 ,houses of their order exist in ,cincinnati1 in ,brooklyn1 in ,hoboken1 and elsewhere1 and1 more recently1 have been established here in ,new ,york4 ,if they shall have the wisdom--the church's wisdom of old and of all time1 and the spirit which has always animated and characterized her workings--to adapt themselves to the country1 to its needs and requirements1 to its speech1 and 7so far as compatible with piety7 to its habits and customs1 they will doubtless receive vocations1 will grow in numbers1 will be able to accomplish much in alleviating the sufferings of humanity1 and will do no small share of the great work of bringing the ,catholic ,church rightfully before the ,american people4 ,we subjoin the following deserved tribute to their house here in ,new ,york1 which we find in the ,evening ,post1 of ,august #acth43 ,saint ,francis ,hospital4 ,to the ,editors of the ,evening ,post3 ,i venture to affirm that at least nine tenths of the good people of this great city are entirely ignorant of the existence of the ,hospital of ,saint ,francis in our midst4 ,indeed1 with my long and generally intimate knowledge of the various benevolences of the city1 ,i was not at all aware of this institution1 until a kind lady who has been a warm friend of the ,house of ,industry acquainted me with the fact a few days since1 and in her company ,i had the pleasure of visiting the hospital4 ,for several reasons ,i beg your permission to say a few words about it in the ,evening ,post4 ,it is located on ,fifth and ,sixth streets1 between ,avenues ,b and ,c1 being the two brick dwellings ,nos4 #djg and #dji ,fifth street1 and the one immediately in the rear of ,no4 #agc ,sixth street4 ,it is under the care of the ',sisters of the ,poor of ,saint ,francis1' and is a free hospital for both sexes1 without distinction as to creed1 and its inmates comprise ,catholics1 ,protestants1 and ,jews4 ,the means for purchasing this property were obtained by the solicitations of the sisters from door to door4 ,i think the order of ,saint ,francis originated in ,germany1 where it still has its headquarters4 ,most of the sisters here are ,german1 though there are certainly one or two exceptions4 ,the accommodations are altogether inadequate1 and not at all well adapted to the purposes4 ,the patients are cheerful and happy1 and there is every evidence that all the efforts of these sisters arise from the most pure and unselfish motives1 and that there is not the least constraint in regard to religious matters resting upon the inmates4 ,there is a very small chapel in the establishment1 the attendance upon which is wholly voluntary4 ,the commonest services are performed by the sisters1 and1 ,puritan ,protestant as ,i was educated1 ,i could but admire the devotion and kindness of these women4 ,i believe their charity is a true and unselfish one2 that they are animated by his ,spirit who went about doing good1 and they should be well supported in their work4 ,the patients are of all ages and nationalities1 perhaps a more than usual average of ,germans4 ,i was particularly interested in two of the wards1 one for the 'grandfathers' and the other for the 'grandmothers1' both of them filled with quite aged people4 ,many of the patients seemed to be incurables1 and have a permanent home in the ,saint ,francis4 ,the good sisters have secured a large plot of ground on which they purpose erecting a building of much greater capacity than those they now occupy1 and thoroughly adapted to the objects of the institution4 ,for this object they will need large contributions1 which ,i earnestly hope will be promptly furnished4 ,the following is a general summary of the past year3 ,number of patients treated in ,hospital1 7males1 #dhd2 females1 #ajh74444444444444eic ,discharged1 cured or improved444444444444#dbc ,died44444444444444444444444444444444444 444#hh ,remaining ,december #ca1 #ahfg444444444444444ha ,i have written out this simple statement1 because it is always pleasant for me to commend all right agencies working for the comfort of the sick poor1 and because1 comparatively isolated as these women are1 they have special claim to sympathy and assistance2 and also1 because they are ,catholics1 ,i am glad of an opportunity to show that ,protestants can appreciate what is good1 no matter who originates it4 ,s4 ,b4 ,halliday4 #df ,arrogant1 imposing1 and splendid in ,broadway1 the lusts of power and greed which the poor world now serves show the reverse of the picture in the indigent swarms which vegetate a little way east from ,first avenue4 ,passing from the hot-beds of luxury and their exhaustive reactions of improvident misery1 enter the ,hospital of the ,sisters of the ,poor of ,saint ,francis1 on ,fifth street1 near ,avenue ,b4 ,its extreme neatness in the midst of squalor1 its sweetness amid corruptions1 atmospheric and social1 its severe simplicity of self-renunciation1 shaming the complex artifices of our cupidity1 its devotion so consistent1 so persistent1 as the stream of charity ascends toward its fountain-level in the heights of faith2 all smite upon the heart with the manifest presence of ,jesus4 ,its inmates attest with a grateful enthusiasm the kindness there lavished upon them4 ,the voices of prayer and praise consecrate the wholesome food to bodily uses2 the sweetness of fellowship in ,christ pervades all its relations and dignifies the humblest offices4 ,here are no hired nurses2 life-devotion supplies all4 ,the iniquities of civilization or the discrepancies between the soul's ideal and the world's possible1 may defeat nature's fondest intentions of personal destiny in love and maternity for individual lives2 but as the stone which the builders rejected1 the same shall become the head of the corner1 so the career of charity opens to all who live in ,christ a higher sphere of espousals and of motherhood1 pure from the dross of selfishness4 ,one who observes the practical working of this institution must soon be convinced that it possesses neither time nor inclination for other arts of proselyting1 than the attractive emanations of a glowing1 earnest life of love and duty4 ,fourteen sisters support and care for more than a hundred patients1 and even add to the domestic and ward service that of the pharmacy4 ,the patients receive daily visits from a physician and a clergyman4 ,we know1 say the sisters1 that1 when the body is sick1 the soul suffers1 and that spiritual consolation often does the body more good than the best medicines4 ,books are provided for those able and willing to read4 ,attendance at the chapel is optional4 ,there are regular services on ,sunday4 ,the patients are of diverse creeds1 as of diverse nations4 ,this hospital is often preferred by ,protestants1 and even by ,jews2 for those who suffer go where they find hearts to sympathize with and hands to help them4 #dg ,they see that the poor sisters have nothing for their labors but their simple food and clothing4 ,more is not allowed by the rules of their order1 that they may the more disinterestedly apply themselves to the care of the poor and suffering sick1 the support of whom and other expenses of the institution depend upon the daily collections and labors of the sisters themselves4 7,report for #ahfg47 ,this noble ignorance of all distinctions of creed and sect is the common attribute of the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,those who serve the ,hospital of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 an older and wealthier charity than that of the ,sisters of ,st4 ,francis1 one of the most creditable1 indeed1 in our country1 open its doors alike to sufferers of all denominations4 ,in regard to the matter of practical economy and saving to the state1 from placing its hospitals1 and other like institutions1 under the care of the religious orders1 we are permitted to give the following extract from a letter from a ,catholic lady of ,cincinnati3 ,the only public institution we as yet have which is supported from the public purse is the prison1 managed by the ,good ,shepherds4 ,in his annual report1 the mayor always praises their economy and excellent management1 but he has never had the magnanimity to publish the thousands annually saved1 in comparison with the old rgime4 ,their salaries are fixed at #ajj a year for six sisters--#fjj1 which is #ajj less than the pay of a single policeman4 ,the sisters have the entire management of the prison4 ,the ,harris ,school is in full operation4 ,the house can receive no more than about fifty-five4 ,colonel ,harris1 the founder1 a ,protestant1 always expresses his surprise at the little outlay4 ,our own experience shows an immense economy1 as well as superior moral influence in the effects of our charities1 so beneficial in softening the hearts of the poor4 ,we may here take occasion to remark that a religious order affords guarantees of honest administration in a higher degree than any individual can do by his personal responsibility4 ,the legal security1 or values pledged1 may be equal2 but in one case there is at stake only a business responsibility1 in which it is often regarded as smart to outwit a committee of inspection2 while1 on the other hand1 corporate honor is involved1 and the officer entrusted with funds is doubly responsible to the committee of inspection1 and to the order of which he or she is a member1 under the more extended affiliation of the church4 ,moreover1 the discipline of the religious orders is very rigorous on the chapter of economies1 and there are not by any means the same opportunities or temptations for an officer to divert funds from public to private uses4 ,the inspectors themselves will often be ,protestants4 ,it behoves us to examine the use of hospitals in the general system of humanitary functions4 ,the hospital is a corollary of the city4 ,the city is a gland or glandular system of elaboration for the social and intellectual secretions of humanity--arts1 sciences1 and refinements4 ,but the advantages of the city are obtained only by great sacrifices2 among which is the separation of great numbers of persons from their local and family attachments1 obliging them to derive their subsistence from industries more precarious than those of rural life4 ,more wisdom being required to direct one's course in the complex relations of the city1 more are bewildered1 misled1 overwhelmed2 vast and powerful currents of crime and of waste are generated1 and restorative measures are needed to counteract them4 #dh ,now1 the necessity of cities and that of hospitals being admitted1 how1 let us ask1 can this kind of help be rendered1 this sort of duty performed1 so as most worthily to attest the principle of human solidarity1 so as to benefit most the recipients of charity1 to honor most the organs by which charity is rendered1 and so secure the best kind of service in this arduous function2 finally1 how best to economize the resources of collective society in the adaptation of means to ends8 ,first1 let us consider the expediences of public charity1 especially in reference to the persons or characters of its organs4 ,the best interest of society demands that there shall be a place for every one1 and every one in his place2 or1 in other words1 that as specific vocations are inherent to each type of character1 so that use should be allotted to each for which nature supplies the aptitudes1 and which it embraces with ardor4 ,the attractiveness of certain functions or the aversion occasioned by them1 has very little to do with the impression they make on the senses of a party indifferent4 ,the cares required by an infant1 for example1 which excite maternal zeal in all its plenitude1 appear simply tedious and disgusting to most men4 ,so it is with the care of the sick1 in which science and affection find powerful attachments insensible to others1 who1 good in other ways1 feel no vocation for it4 ,finally1 and beyond all special vocations1 there is the enthusiasm of devotion1 the religious instinct to which ,christianity appeals1 which it awakens in many souls1 and which it justifies in affording to it the highest spheres of use4 ,the contemplative idealist may try to escape the normal limitations of his nature in vague aspiration2 but ,jesus has provided against this ,brahminic perversion by the culture of charity1 in identifying the love of ,god with the love of the neighbor1 and himself with the least of mankind4 ,as long as you did it to one of these my least brethren1 you did it to me4 7,st4 ,matthew xxv4 #dj47 ,we do not suppose that ,christianity endowed human nature with philanthropy as a new passion2 it gave this aspect1 this evolution1 this modality1 to what had been patriotism for the heroic states of ,rome1 of ,greece1 and other nations1 which had always sought1 and sometimes found1 a social channel1 but which ,christianity more fully satisfied in the theory and practice of unity4 ,there have always been developed1 in proportion with the industrial progress of civilization1 wants extraordinary without being fantastic4 ,such are the cares of illness4 ,the wisdom of ,christian charity has adapted to these extreme wants vocations equally extreme1 in the devotion of religious orders2 and this duty has devolved especially upon the female sex1 because it is better gifted than the male for the ministry of compassion4 ,it is feasible1 moreover1 for religious orders to accept as well the penitent as the virgin2 and shaming the world's intolerance1 to rescue from sin and disgrace a lower world of souls1 whom passion or imprudence had otherwise ruined4 ,there is no depth of crime1 indeed1 from which its subjects may not be rescued by charitable labors2 and in proportion as their organization is extended and perfected1 legal as well as simply moral offences may find here at once their prevention and their expiation4 ,the brothel and the penitentiary1 those two institutions of hell on earth1 may thus be countermined1 and the means of redemption afforded to their victims4 #di ,the salutary influence which the discipline of charitable works exerts over mental and moral aberrations1 may even reclaim not a few of the insane1 or those who1 under ordinary circumstances1 are drifting fatally toward the lunatic asylum4 ,that extraordinary virtue which the impulse and exercise of active benevolence has in developing the soul and awakening its latent powers from torpor1 may appear from the following incident lately observed at ,mr4 ,bost's1 in ,laforce1 ,dordogne3 ,one day a poor girl1 deaf1 dumb1 blind1 paralytic1 and epileptic1 was brought to ,bethesda4 ,it required some courage1 says the narrator1 ,mr4 ,de ,liefde1 to fix one's eyes on that miserable creature1 with her dried-up1 contracted limbs1 her repulsive face1 the features of which were constantly contorted in the most hideous manner4 ,well1 an idiot took charge of that child1 guarded and nursed it1 and stood by its death-bed to administer to it the last solace of love6 ,and such was the indefatigable care and even intelligent thoughtfulness with which she tended her poor helpless charge that ,mr4 ,bost said1 ',when ,i lie on my death-bed1 ,i shall count it a blessing to be nursed in this way4' ,i do not wonder at such hearts being able to understand what is the meaning of the simple sentence1 ',god loveth you1' long before the intellect is able to catch the difference between two and three2 nor can ,i be surprised at what ,mrs4 ,castel told me1 that the same children who do not know whether a shoe ought to be on the foot or on the head1 or who1 if not prevented1 would1 like beasts1 walk on all fours and lick the dirt1 may yet sometimes be heard ejaculating1 ',mon ,dieu6 prends piti de moi4 ,j'en at bien besoin4' ,long before they could catch the idea of shifting a piece of wood from the right hand to the left1 they gave evidence of being pleased by an act of kindness1 and of being grateful for a benefit bestowed on them4 ,in the year #ahed1 a girl who was a perfect idiot stood1 one day1 in ,mr4 ,bost's lobby4 ,the aspect of the hideous-looking little creature was so sickening that ,mr4 ,bost could not permit her to be taken into the establishment1 but still less could he send her away4 ,if ever there was a subject for compassionate1 saving love1 it was here4 ,the power of prayer and the perseverance of charity could now be put to the test4 ,mr4 ,bost resolved to keep the girl in his own house4 ,the doctors declared it perfect folly4 ,during three months1 all his efforts to strike a spark of intellect out of this flint proved a total failure4 ,but one evening1 at worship1 while the hymn was being sung1 he heard an articulate and harmonious tone proceed from the brutishly shaped mouth4 ,the child evidently tried to put its voice in accord with the sounds which it was hearing4 ,mr4 ,bost is a musician1 and at once applied his talent to the benefit of his unhappy pupil4 ,under the softening and cheering influence of harmony1 it was affecting to see how1 first with painful struggles1 and then1 with growing ease1 the mind of the child emerged from the dark deep in which it had been confined4 ,by little and little1 the idiot succeeded in uttering articulate sounds1 then in uniting them into syllables1 and finally into words4 ,at the same time1 her health improved visibly1 her nervous system became less irritable1 her face assumed more and more a rational expression4 ,she began to show joy and surprise when receiving something that was agreeable to her4 ,then tokens of gratitude and of affection followed4 #ej ,in short1 after a lapse of two years1 the idiot had disappeared to make room for a child which appeared to be behind but a few years only1 when compared with other children of her own age4 ,at present1 that same child1 formerly beneath the level of the brute1 speaks well1 sews1 and knits1 and might be the teacher of children less sunken in idiocy than herself when she first set foot on ,mr4 ,bost's threshold4 ,such was the spirit and such the conduct which determined mediaeval ,europe to entrust the religious orders with vast landed possessions1 and with these the whole care of the poor1 of the sick1 and of the wayfarer1 duties which they discharged with greater satisfaction to the people than any secular aristocracy of privilege known in the records of history4 ,for the uncertain dispositions of the rich1 for their occasional and often capricious charity1 was substituted the certain1 the steady1 the impartial hand of a constantly resident and unmarried administrator of bodily as well as spiritual comfort to the poor1 the unfortunate1 and the stranger4 ,now1 still the question presses1 whether1 instead of confiding our sick to hired nurses1 we shall not invite the willing sisterhood to extend their organization among us1 and sustain them in this devotion4 ,it is well ascertained that none can make a thousand dollars go so far as they can in the service of their sick4 ,it is notorious in ,america1 that public works undertaken by the government are generally ill done and very wastefully4 ,hence1 common sense excludes the government from enterprises of internal improvement1 and confides them either to individuals or companies1 without hesitating thus to create privileged orders and to favor a moneyed aristocracy4 ,to have a great work well done1 passions as well as interests must be engaged in it2 personal character1 pride1 and ambition1 as well as skill and capital2 and where many persons must co-operate1 there is no guarantee of harmony in action and of successful result so sure as that corporate zeal which religion employs with so much power1 and which religion alone can bring to bear4 ,this is indeed a holy fire1 enkindled and kept alive upon objects of charity1 that purges away dross4 ,if the ,catholic ,church has in all ages conducted her enterprises with the greatest success1 it is because she has known how to enlist the greatest number of motives1 the strongest and the best4 ,on the other hand1 it will be readily confessed that the great public hospitals under secular control do not even bring into play the common levers of interest which secure results in the management of railroads1 of hotels or banking-houses1 nor those of ambition1 which animate the army and navy4 ,charity1 as a secular business1 is always poorly paid1 rendered grudgingly1 distastefully1 and so as to excite aversion4 ,many will rather die than have recourse to it4 ,it always carries with it a certain stigma of inferiority and contempt4 ,no personal character or corporate zeal is identified with it1 still less can there exist that unison of feeling and of effort which places the seal of the divine humanity on such institutions as those of the sisters4 ,we transcribe from one of the most remarkable works of modern travel1 ,the ,pillars of ,hercules1 by ,david ,urquhart1 his impression of the last remaining hospitals of the religious order in ,spain4 ,let us note that ,mr4 ,urquhart is an ,englishman and a ,protestant3 #ea ,the ,hospicio of ,cadiz is at once a poor-house and a house of industry1 a school1 a foundling hospital1 a hospital1 and a mad-house2 that is1 it supplies the places of all these institutions4 ,it is imposing in its form1 embellished in its interior1 and as unlike in all its attributes and effects as anything can be to the edifices consecrated to the remedying of human misery1 by our own charity and wisdom4 ,hospital ,de ,la ,sangre1 7,seville47 ,this is a noble edifice1 composed of several grand courts and of two stories2 the lower one for summer1 and the upper one for winter4 ,i think ,i may say that to each patient is allotted at least four times as much space as in any similar ,european establishment1 and the very troughs in which the dirty linen is washed are marble3 the patients have two changes of clean linen in the week4 ,the kitchens are all resplendent with painted tiles and cleanliness1 and there seemed abundance of excellent food4 ,in these institutions1 in ,spain1 the inmates are completely at home4 ,soft and blooming girls1 with downcast look and hurried step1 were attending upon the poor1 the maimed1 and the suffering4 ,the lady-directress had told the servant who accompanied me to bring me1 after my visit1 to her apartment1 which was a hall in one of the corners of the building2 she said she had heard that ,england was celebrated for its charity1 and asked if our poor and sick were better off than in ,spain4 ,i was obliged to confess that the reverse was the case4 ,she asked me if it was not true that we hired mercenaries to attend on the sick1 and abstained from performing that duty ourselves2 and if our charity was not imposed as a tax8 ,she told me that there were eight hundred of her order in ,spain2 that it was the only one that had not been destroyed2 that none were admitted but those of noble birth or of gentle blood2 and that they took all the vows except that of seclusion1 and in lieu of it took that of service to the poor and sick4 ,the ,saint ,isabelle of ,murillo was the model of their order4 ,the ,hospital de la ,sangre was founded by a woman4 ,mrs4 ,jameson ,footnote #aj pays a just tribute to the ,hospital ,lariboissire1 in ,paris1 a model of all that a civil hospital ought to be--clean1 airy1 light1 lofty1 above all1 cheerful4 ,i should observe1 she says1 that generally in the hospitals served by ,sisters of ,charity1 there is ever an air of cheerfulness1 caused by their own sweetness of temper and voluntary devotion to their work4 ,at the time that ,i visited this hospital1 it contained six hundred and twelve patients1 three hundred men and three hundred and twelve women1 in two ranges of building divided by a very pretty garden4 ,the whole interior management is entrusted to twenty-five trained sisters of the same order as those who serve the ,htel ,dieu4 ,there are1 besides1 about forty servants1 men and women1 men to do the rough work1 and male nurses to assist in the men's wards under the supervision of the sisters4 ,this hospital was founded by a lady1 a rich heiress1 a married woman too4 ,she had the assistance of the best architects in ,france to plan her building1 while medical and scientific men had aided her with their counsels4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sisters of ,charity1 ,protestant and ,catholic4 ,in the ,general ,report on the ,condition of the ,prisons of ,piedmont1 to the ,minister of the ,interior1 we find this paragraph3 #eb ,it is an indisputable fact that the prisons which are served by the sisters are the best ordered1 the most cleanly1 and in all respects the best regulated in the country4 ,to which the minister of the interior adds3 ,not only have we experienced the advantage of employing the ,sisters of ,charity in the prisons1 in the supervision of the details1 in distributing food1 preparing medicines1 and nursing the sick in the infirmaries1 but we find the influence of these ladies on the minds of the prisoners when recovering from sickness has been productive of the greatest benefit1 as leading to permanent reform in many cases1 and a better frame of mind always2 for this reason1 among others1 we have given them every encouragement4 ,among the other reasons alluded to1 the greater economy of the management is a principal one4 ,it is admitted1 even by those who are opposed to them1 that1 in the administration of details1 these women can always make a given sum go further than the paid officials of the other sex4 ,their opposition to the sale of wine and brandy to the prisoners1 except when prescribed by the physicians1 is also worthy of note4 ,one of the directors of the great military hospital at ,turin told ,mrs4 ,jameson that he regarded it as one of the best deeds of his life1 that he had recommended and carried through the employment of the ,sisters of ,charity in this institution4 ,before the introduction of these ladies1 the sick soldiers had been nursed by orderlies sent from the neighboring barracks1 men chosen because they were unfit for other work4 ,the most rigid discipline was necessary to keep them in order1 and the dirt1 neglect1 and general immorality were frightful4 ,any change was1 however1 resisted by the military and medical authorities till the invasion of the cholera2 then the orderlies became1 most of them1 useless1 distracted1 and almost paralyzed with terror4 ,some devoted ,sisters of ,charity were introduced in a moment of perplexity and panic2 then all went well--propriety1 cleanliness1 and comfort prevailed4 ,no day passes1 said this director1 that ,i do not bless ,god for the change which ,i was the humble instrument of accomplishing in this place4 ,very similar was the information received relative to the naval hospital at ,genoa4 ,another excellent hospital1 that of ,st4 ,john1 at ,turin1 contained four hundred patients1 male and female1 besides its ward for sick children1 and two for the bedridden and helpless poor1 the whole being under the management of twenty-two religious women with forty-five assistants1 and a large number of physicians and students4 ,all was clean1 neat1 and cheerful4 ,i was particularly struck by the neatness with which the food was served2 men brought it up in large trays1 but the ladies themselves distributed it4 ,there was a little dog with its forepaws resting on one of the beds and its eyes steadfastly fixed on the sick man1 with a pathetic1 wistful expression1 while a girl knelt beside him1 to whom one of the sisters was speaking words of comfort4 ,in this and other hospitals is an excellent arrangement for the night-watch4 ,it was a large sentry-box of octagon shape1 looking each way1 the upper part all of glass1 but furnished with curtains1 and on a table were writing materials1 medicines1 and restoratives1 linen napkins1 etc4 ,two sisters watched here all night2 here the accounts were kept1 and privacy secured1 when necessary1 for the ladies on duty4 ,the ,marchese ,a----1 one of the governors of the ,hospice de la ,maternit1 described to us in terms of horror the state in which he had found the establishment when under the management of a board of governors1 who employed hired matrons and nurses4 #ec ,at last1 in despair1 he sent for some trained sisters1 ten of whom1 with a superior1 now directed the whole in that spirit of order1 cheerfulness1 and unremitting attention which belongs to them4 ,we cannot1 he said1 give them unlimited means1 for these good ladies think that all should go to the poor2 but if we allow them a fixed sum1 we find they can do more with it than we could have believed possible1 and they never go beyond it2 they are admirable accountants and economists4 ,in the great civil hospital at ,vienna1 larger even than the ,hotel ,dieu of ,paris1 the ,sisters of ,charity were being introduced some twelve years ago when ,mrs4 ,j4 visited it4 ,the disorderly habits and the want of intelligence in the paid female nurses had induced the managers to invite the co-operation of the religious sisters1 though it was at first against their will4 ,in the ,hospital of ,saint ,john1 at ,salzburg1 the same change had been found necessary4 ,at ,vienna1 ,i saw a small hospital belonging to the ,sisters of ,charity there4 ,two of the sisters had settled in a small old house4 ,several of the adjoining buildings were added one after the other1 connected by wooden corridors4 ,in the infirmary ,i found twenty-six men and twenty-six women1 besides nine beds for cholera4 ,there were fifty sisters1 of whom one half were employed in the house1 and the other half were going their rounds among the poor1 or nursing the sick at private houses4 ,there was a nursery for infants whose mothers were at work2 a day-school for one hundred and fifty girls1 in which only knitting and sewing were taught1 all clean1 orderly1 and1 above all1 cheerful4 ,there was a dispensary1 where two of the sisters were employed in making up prescriptions1 homoeopathic and allopathic4 ,there was a large1 airy kitchen1 where three of the sisters1 with two assistants1 were cooking4 ,there were two priests and two physicians4 ,so that1 in fact1 under this roof1 we had the elements1 on a small scale1 of an ,english workhouse2 but very different was the spirit which animated it4 ,i saw at ,vienna another excellent hospital for women alone1 of which the whole administration and support rested with the ladies of the ,order ,st4 ,elizabeth4 ,these are cloistered4 ,all sick women who apply for admission are taken in1 without any questions asked1 so long as there is room for them4 ,i found there ninety-two patients1 about twenty of whom were ill of cholera4 ,in each ward were sixteen beds1 over which two sisters presided4 ,the dispensary1 which was admirably arranged1 was entirely managed by two of the ladies4 ,the superior told me that they have always three or more sisters preparing for their profession under the best apothecaries1 and there was a large garden principally of medicinal and kitchen herbs4 ,nothing could exceed the purity of the air1 and the cleanliness1 order1 and quiet everywhere apparent4 ,let us remark certain features in these last two examples3 #a4 ,the possibility of recreation by a timely change of labors1 as from the hospital to the school1 or to the garden1 etc4 #b4 ,the economy1 and guarantee of genuineness1 afforded by the culture and pharmaceutic preparation of medicinal herbs4 #c4 ,the unison of action1 by fulfilment of sanitary functions by members of their own body4 #ed ,it was admitted on all sides in ,england1 when investigations were held on the office of hospital nursing1 that the general management of our hospitals and charitable institutions exhibited the want of female aid such as exists in the hospitals abroad-- the want of a moral1 religious1 intelligent1 sympathizing influence combined with the physical cares of a common nurse4 ,some inquiry was made into the general character of hospital nurses1 and the qualifications desired1 and what were these qualifications8 ,obedience1 presence of mind1 cheerfulness1 sobriety1 forbearance1 patience1 judgment1 kindness of heart1 a light1 delicate hand1 a gentle voice1 a quick eye2 these were the qualities enumerated as not merely desirable1 but necessary in a good and efficient nurse--virtues not easily to be purchased for #ad #aj,s4 per year6 7or hired at #ad a month in ,new ,york ,footnote #aa7--qualifications1 indeed1 which1 in their union1 would form an admirable woman in any class of life1 and fit her for any sphere of duty1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,in general1 however1 the requirements of our medical men are much more limited2 they consider themselves fortunate if they can ensure obedience and sobriety1 even without education1 tenderness1 religious feeling1 or any high principle of duty4 ,on the whole1 the testimony brought before us is sickening4 ,drunkenness1 profligacy1 violence of temper1 horribly coarse and brutal language--these are common1 albeit the reverse of the picture is generally true4 ,the toil is great1 the duties disgusting1 the pecuniary remuneration small1 so that there is nothing to invite the co-operation of a better class of nurses but the highest motives which can influence a true ,christian4 ,at one moment the selfishness and irritability of the sufferers require a strong control2 at another time their dejection and weakness require the utmost tenderness1 sympathy1 and judgment4 ,to rebuke the self-righteous1 to bind up the broken-hearted1 to strengthen1 to comfort the feeble1 to drop the words of peace into the disturbed or softened mind just at the right moment2 there are few nurses who could be entrusted with such a charge1 or be brought to regard it as a part of their duty4 ,to this social function corresponds the ,sister of ,charity1 as defined by ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 an ideal so often fulfilled in life and action4 ,footnote #aa3 ,this is the salary of orderlies at ,bellevue ,hospital1 where the duties are often so arduous that one attendant would be quite inadequate to the care of twenty beds but for the aid rendered by patients to each other4 ,the night-watch passes but once in two hours4 ,can any one doubt that the element of power1 disunited from that of ,christian love1 must1 in the long run1 become a hard1 cold1 cruel machine1 and that this must of necessity be the result where the masculine energy acts independently of the feminine sympathies8 ,all to whom ,i have spoken1 without one exception1 bear witness to the salutary influence exercised by the lady nurses in the ,crimea over the men4 ,in the most violent attacks of fever and delirium1 when the orderlies could not hold them down in their beds1 the mere presence of one of these ladies1 instead of exciting1 had the effect of instantly calming the spirits and subduing the most refractory4 ,it is allowed1 also1 that these ladies had the power to repress swearing and coarse language1 to prevent the smuggling of brandy and raka into the wards1 to open the hearts of the sullen and desperate to contrition and responsive kindness4 ',even when in an apparently dying state1' writes one of these illustrious nurses1 'they would look up in our faces and smile4' #ee ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,storer1 of ,boston1 has recently put forth a little book entitled ,nurses and ,nursing1 etc41 abounding in suggestions which may some day be utilized in a hospital more liberally endowed and more elaborately organized than anything which now exists1 and in which he mentions1 with the highest regard1 the ,hospital of the ,sisters of ,st4 ,francis1 in ,boston1 #bh ,sansom street4 ,the doctor does well to dedicate his humane aspirations for a perfect system of nursing to the sisterhood4 ,from what zeal less earnest1 less intelligent1 less refined1 or less holy1 can we ever expect to find music and flowers1 birds1 landscape views1 the varied resources of luxury in nature and society1 made tributary to the service of the sick8 ,a worthy servant of our ,master1 ,mr4 ,bost1 of ,dordogne1 the founder and administrator of several important charitable institutions1 having among them departments for the hygienic treatment of epilepsy1 scrofula1 consumption1 and idiocy1 one of whose cures we have cited1 remarks3 ,the best physician1 under ,god1 is ,nature4 ,i never visit the hospitals in our great cities without a feeling of distress4 ,what1 then1 you ask1 is wanted8 ,are the patients not cared for8 ,are there no able medical men1 no remedies1 no order1 no cleanliness1 no wholesome and abundant nourishment8 ,no doubt there is plenty of all that4 ,i have with admiration accompanied the medical men on their morning visits4 ,everything art could contrive for restoration to health was applied2 yet the cure was slow1 attended with horrible pains1 and the case often terminated in death4 ,i will tell you what was wanting--the country air1 the fragrance of the flowers and of the earth1 the hues of morn and eve1 the sunbeams1 the harmony of nature1 the carol and warbling of birds1 so adapted to cheer hearts broken by suffering1 and to which no other recreation is offered than the sight of rows of beds upon which sufferers are sighing and groaning from morning till evening and from evening until morning4 ,it is amazing1 writes ,mr4 ,liefde1 to witness the cures which simply by the application of natural hygiene1 have been effected at the establishments of ,laforce3 ,consumption of the lungs1 in an advanced stage1 has quite disappeared in some cases1 hysteria in others2 amputations are prevented2 a girl sent away from a hospital as incurable from hip disease is enabled to walk well4 ,the invalids are occupied in the fields or the garden2 they go into the stable and see the cattle2 they are in sight of the works of creation so adapted to raise their thoughts to ,god1 who is love1 even when his hand presses heavily upon them4 ,if one wish to witness the healing power of the ,gospel over both body and soul1 he can do no better than to spend a week at ,laforce4 ,in conclusion1 we would urge it1 as a matter of high policy1 duty1 and right1 upon the church of ,christ1 to reclaim1 as fast and as far as its means will allow1 its primitive position in regard to the administration of charities in general1 and of hospitals in particular2 for we believe it to be the only social organ adequate to these humane uses4 ,science cannot remain neutral1 and the trustees1 the wardens1 orderlies1 nurses1 the cooks1 and all the persons employed in the hospital service1 should be brothers and sisters of one and the same order1 the voluntary subjects of the same rule1 all pervaded by the same religious sentiment and corporate spirit1 while friendly rivalries obtain between the different institutions4 ---------- #ef ,translated ,from ,le ,correspondant4 ,kaulbach ,and ,the ,era ,of ,the ,reformation4 ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,kaulbach's picture of the ,era of the ,reformation now being on exhibition in this country1 a republication of the above article from the pages of our ,french contemporary has seemed to us not inopportune4--,,ed4 ,c4,w4 ,i call up matters still fresh in recollection1 in proceeding to speak here of a work of art which so justly drew to itself the public attention at the ,universal ,exposition of #ahfg4 ,i refer to the grand cartoon of ,kaulbach1 which1 under the title of the ,era of the ,reformation1 figured in the ,bavarian department4 ,the purely artistic critic has already fulfilled his mission in regard to that remarkable composition1 and it is not from the artistic point of view that ,i permit myself to reopen its study4 ,i had already1 years ago1 admired that magnificent fresco1 one of the most beautiful ornaments of the ,berlin ,museum2 and after having a long while contemplated and meditated upon it1 it seemed to me that one could not too highly praise the vigor of composition and the marvellous skill with which the artist had been able to group1 within so narrow a space1 so many different personages1 and to render living to the eyes of the spectator one of the most stormy periods of modern times4 ,but in this beautiful drawing there is something else than a work of art3 there is a thesis4 ,and that thesis is this3 ,that the sixteenth century belongs wholly to the ,protestant ,reformation2 that that ,reformation is its centre1 its heart1 its vital principle2 that everything of that period--theology1 letters1 science1 art1 the discoveries of human genius1 political and military power--all came of the ,reformation4 ,hence the name given to the tableau--the ,era of the ,reformation4 ,hence1 also1 the selection1 the treatment1 and the grouping of all the personages in it4 ,and since ,i cannot avail myself of the help of an engraving or photograph1 ,i am going to attempt a rapid sketch1 as a whole and in its principal details1 of this vast composition4 ,in the centre1 and as the culminating point toward which the whole movement of the picture converges1 is figured ,dr4 ,martin ,luther4 ,the former ,augustinian monk holds himself erect1 upon the uppermost step of that temple within whose walls a whole century is represented as in motion1 and he raises aloft above his head1 with both hands1 the ,bible--the ,bible1 that world at once both old and new1 which1 according to the ,protestant hypothesis1 the genius of ,luther discovered1 buried under the darkness of ignorance and ,roman superstition1 as1 in like manner1 thirty years before him the bold ,genoese navigator1 ,christopher ,columbus--whom one sees at the left-hand side of the picture1 resting his hand1 firm and inspired1 upon the map of the world--had found1 in the ocean's midst1 the vast continents of the ,american hemisphere4 ,at the left of ,luther stand the theologians and pastors who adhered to his dogmatic teaching3 ,justus ,jonas1 and1 next to him1 ,bugenhagen1 who is distributing the ,lord's ,supper to the two princes1 ,john le ,sage and ,john ,frederic1 the two grand patrons of nascent ,lutheranism4 #eg ,at the right of the ,saxon monk stands ,zwingle1 holding also the book of the ,scriptures1 and ,calvin1 who is giving the bread and cup of the ,lord's ,supper to a group of ,huguenots1 among whom we distinguish ,maurice of ,saxony and ,coligny4 ,the artist does not tell us1 it is true--and ,i own that his pencil could hardly have told us--whether the ,bible which ,luther holds speaks the same language as the ,bible placed in ,zwingle's hands2 nor how1 within a step or two of the patriarch of the ,reformation1 ,bugenhagen gives a ,lord's ,supper wherein is really contained1 with the bread and wine1 the body of ,christ1 while1 alike near to him on the other side1 ,calvin is giving another ,lord's ,supper which is only a figure of that same body1 and wherein the faithful partake of the communion of ,jesus ,christ by faith only4 ,a little beneath ,luther1 in the attitude of a submissive disciple and admirer1 and indicating by a gesture the ,wittenberg doctor1 as much as to say1 ,there is the ,master6 stands the mild ,melanchthon1 conversing with two savants of the times--,eberhardt of ,tann and ,ulrich ,sazius4 ,these two men are pressing each other's hands1 as if the artist would express thereby the strange accommodations to which1 in the matter of the ,augsburg confession1 the strict ,lutherans1 on the one side1 and those who had a leaning toward the ,zwinglian and ,calvinistic ideas1 on the other1 lent themselves4 ,footnote #ac ,footnote #ac3 ,it is well known that ,melanchthon--who personally inclined toward the ideas of ,carlostadt and the sacramentarians respecting the ,lord's ,supper2 who1 moreover1 upon the question of the outward hierarchy of the church1 would have willingly lent himself to a compromise with the ,catholics2 who1 underneath the whole1 did not dare to contradict ,luther--thought to reconcile all these difficulties by putting forth two editions of the ,augsburg ,confession--the edition invariata1 or strictly ,lutheran1 and the edition variata1 wherein concessions are made to ,calvinistic ideas4 ,behind these corypheuses of the ,reformation of the sixteenth century1 the precursors of the grand liberalizing movement have not been forgotten4 ,the ,reformation1 as is known1 holds essentially to having a tradition--a rise and visible continuation1 reaching back to the earlier ages4 ,behold them1 then1 these prophets and forerunners of the word of life3 ,here1 ,peter ,waldo1 ,arnold of ,brescia1 ,wickliffe1 ,john ,huss2 there1 ,abelard1 the bold metaphysician1 the merciless dialectician1 the same whom ,st4 ,bernard accuses of sacrificing faith to reason1 and of destroying1 by his explications1 the essence of the mysteries2 ,footnote #ad next1 by his side1 ,savonarola and ,tauler1 the spiritual sons of the canonized monk of the thirteenth century1 7,st4 ,dominic17 to whose memory classic ,protestantism never fails to attach the founding of the ,inquisition1 with all its attendant train of horrors3 ,tauler1 of whom they desire to make one of the precursors of the new exegesis of the ,scriptures2 and ,savonarola1 whose animated and fiery gesture recalls at once the popular tribune1 the ,florentine republican chief1 and the head-strong opposer of the church's hierarchical authority4 ,footnote #ad3 ,st4 ,bernard1 letters #ahhth and #ahith4 ,following upon these1 come next in order all those other great geniuses of the human race1 more numerous and prolific than ever in an age which justly calls itself the age of renewal1 7de la ,renaissance17 and when a thousand favoring circumstances had imparted mighty impulse to the human mind2 and they all proceed to arrange themselves in a most harmonious manner around that renovation of ,christianity and the church1 which is1 as it were1 7in the picture17 the heart and the vital principle of all the movements of the era4 ,princes1 warriors1 statesmen1 savants1 artists1 scholars1 jurists1 poets1 critics1 inventors--all have their place in this grand composition4 #eh ,in the train of the haughty ,elizabeth of ,england1 but marching at some distance from that pitiless reformer1 as if they desired to leave place for the gory shade of the unfortunate ,mary ,stuart1 ,queen of ,scots1 appear ,thomas ,cranmer1 ,more1 ,burleigh1 ,essex1 ,drake1 and other gentlemen who represent the ,english ,church4 ,another group brings together ,albert of ,brandenburg1 ,william of ,orange1 ,barnevelt1 and1 at the end1 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 evoked a century in advance1 it is true1 but nevertheless consecrated by his bold deeds of arms and his premature death as a hero--,i was about to say as a saint--of the ,protestant ,church militant4 ,to warriors and statesmen the painter has given only a secondary place1 in a work chiefly designed to glorify intellectual power2 and1 after the apostles of the ,reformation1 the honors of this grand piece of canvas are meted out to savants1 scholars1 and artists4 ,bacon of ,verulam1 with his ,novum ,organum1 makes a part of that group so vigorously designed1 where are seen1 with ,christopher ,columbus1 ,harvey1 ,vesalius1 and ,paracelsus4 ,high up in the edifice1 and properly placed there as in a sort of observatory1 ,copernicus1 ,galileo1 ,tycho ,brahe1 and ,kepler are studying the course of the stars1 and calculating the laws of their revolutions4 ,so much for science4 ,marsilio ,ficino1 ,giordano ,bruno1 ,campanella1 and ,nicolas de ,cus represent philosophy1 with ,pico ,mirandola1 author of the celebrated thesis1 ,de omni re scibili4 ,petrarch1 with the crown he received at the capitol1 faces ,shakespeare and the immortal author of ,don ,quixote1 ,michael ,cervantes4 ,the aged ,hans ,sachs1 the popular poet of the ,reformation1 is there also1 quite at the bottom of the picture1 and bending under the weight of age4 ,he represents that literature of the people which henceforward will always hold place growingly by the side of the special literature of the learned4 ,this latter is personated in ,reuchlin and ,erasmus2 and the artist has judged most wisely and properly in placing the latter of these close to ,ulrich of ,hutten and to ,bucer1 that is to say1 in company with the brutal enemy of monks1 and with one of those unfrocked monks whom the ,rotterdam critic1 with such cutting sarcasm1 rallied upon their enthusiasm for a reformation which so generally1 like the never-failing conclusion of a comedy1 ended in marriage4 ,the painter has taken care not to forget the personages of the era who ought to be dearer to him than all the others together3 ,albert ,drer1 ,peter ,vischer1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 and last1 with the inspired gesture of a man who feels himself master of the future1 the author of that magnificent discovery which men will henceforth make use of1 alike with their reason and their freedom1 their intelligence and their speech2 here employing it to spread error1 to persuade to falsehold1 to sow dissensions2 elsewhere1 using it to serve for the diffusion of truth1 the advancement of justice1 the amelioration--intellectual1 moral1 and religious--of the human race3 ,i mean ,gutenberg1 the immortal inventor of the art of printing4 #ei ,he holds in his hand that sheet1 still fresh1 which with deep emotion he has seen come forth from the first press1 and with which he can speed round the world1 crying out with ,archimedes1 carried away by enthusiasm1 ,i have found it6 ,i have found it6 ,greek text3 ,eureka ,and he has found1 in fact1 the mighty and formidable lever with which without difficulty he will lift the world of modern thought4 ,such1 so far as ,i have been able to describe it1 passing by some personages or some details of secondary interest1 is this famous picture1 which1 as a work of art1 ,i admire with the fullest measure of sympathy1 and have found it truly worthy of the high award made to it4 ,but1 ,i repeat1 the artist has not been in it the artist only4 ,he has also1 at the same time1 been the controversialist and the historian4 ,he has not only made a chef-d'oeuvre of painting3 he has wished also to write a page of the history of ,europe4 ,that was his right unquestionably1 and ,i am far from disputing it with him4 ,i will even add that1 if ,i was a ,protestant1 ,i should be justly proud of the manner1 so intelligent and bold1 with which the illustrious author of the ,berlin frescoes has been able to glorify the ,reformation4 ,it is for this very reason1 also1 that ,i have profoundly studied this grand picture4 ,in fact1 if a work of art is at the same time a thesis of history or of theology1 it is no longer amenable to artistic criticism only4 ,kaulbach has1 so to speak1 crowned the work of the ,magdeburg centuriators1 in making1 as he has done1 all the events of the sixteenth century the triumphal cortge of the ,reformation4 ,historic science has the right1 then1 to intervene2 and1 without being a ,baronius1 one can try to answer this thesis1 and to point out what there is in it of the purely systematic and exclusive4 ,,ii4 ,i commence by according thus much to it3 ,to compress a whole century within the frame--narrow and always a little factitious--of a picture or of a historical representation1 is no easy task4 ,so many diverse facts to bring together1 to condense1 or at least to point out2 so many movements and collisions of ideas to depict2 so many personages to group together and arrange2 then to gather this multitude into unity1 to bring order out of this seeming confusion2 to know precisely how to seize and place in proper relief that which can be called the culminating point of the epoch1 and to make that point the centre around and from which shall radiate all the other events of the period--this is a work which demands at once great power of synthesis1 a wide yet sure range of vision1 an accurate sentiment of just proportions1 and1 in the case of a historical painting1 a complete divesting of one's self of the spirit of mere system1 and a most scrupulous impartiality4 ,now1 what strikes one1 first of all1 in looking at ,kaulbach's grand picture1 is the exclusive idea which has presided over the whole1 as well as over all the details1 of its composition4 ,even the title given by the author to his work is witness to this4 ,it is not so much the sixteenth century that the artist has desired to paint as the ,era of the ,reformation2 and the ,reformation1 moreover1 solely as regarded from the ,protestant point of view4 ,accordingly in the picture everything is treated with reference to ,luther and ,calvin2 and the choir of great personages who figure in it serve only1 so to speak1 as the retinue of the new gospel and its first apostles4 #fj ,but if the unhappy rupture which separated from the ,catholic ,church a large part of ,northern ,europe is one of the most considerable events of the century1 it is not1 however1 so exclusively such that it has the right to absorb into itself all the other events of the period2 and it is well known how numerous those events were in an age which should be regarded as one of the most eventful epochs in ,european history4 ,and it is not solely from the point of view of religious and artistic history that it is just to make this objection2 it should be made1 moreover1 in behalf of political history4 ,in fact1 whatever influence ,protestantism may have exercised upon the relations of the civil states among and toward each other1 it is but slight up to the seventeenth century1 the beginning of the ,thirty ,years' ,war and the treaties of ,westphalia1 which caused new principles to prevail in the public law of ,europe4 ,he has been1 therefore1 entirely blind to the grandest political contest of the sixteenth century--that between ,france and ,austria2 a contest that holds too large a place in the history of that century not to be noticed and made mention of1 at least by introducing into the sketch the princes in whom it was personified--,charles ,v4 and ,francis ,i4 ,francis ,i41 the enlightened patron of letters1 the founder of the ,college of ,france1 the friend of ,benvenuto ,cellini and ,leonardo da ,vinci1 the secret supporter of the ,lutherans of the empire1 should have had1 by these by-passages of his life1 some right not to be forgotten by the pencil of the ,german painter4 ,but if state policy caused him to lend a helping hand to the ,protestants of ,germany--the adversaries of ,charles ,v4--that same policy1 joined with religious motives1 caused him to sign the edicts of proscription against the ,protestants of his own kingdom2 and the prince who1 in despite of his sister's sympathies for ,calvin1 refused to drag ,france upon the precipice of the ,reformation1 could scarcely find favor with the panegyrists of ,protestantism4 ,as to ,charles ,v41 even had he not joined to his title of ,emperor of ,germany the crown of ,spain1 with all his possessions in the ,low ,countries and in the ,new ,world1 one would have still found it strange to see him excluded from the cortge of sovereigns1 politicians1 and statesmen who gave lustre to the sixteenth century4 ,a sketch of the sixteenth century1 then1 is incomplete without these two princes1 who represent the fierce struggle between the two most powerful ,catholic nations at an epoch in which the religious revolutions of the ,european world should have made such an omission1 so it would seem1 impossible4 ,strange antagonism indeed that between these two nations1 who would have been able by their accord to arrest the political progress of ,protestantism1 and to hinder the theology of ,wittenberg and ,geneva from becoming subsequently a preponderating influence in the direction of the affairs of ,europe6 ,strange and restless antagonism1 which occupies a large part of the political history of the sixteenth century2 fills1 again1 the seventeenth with ,richelieu and ,louis ,,xiv42 seemingly is quieted for an instant when ,marie ,antoinette shares the throne of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,marie-,louise that of ,napoleon the ,first2 survives1 however1 three centuries of wars1 of changes and revolutions of every sort1 to place anew the two peoples in hostile array upon the fields of ,magenta and ,solferino1 and only seems bound to disappear when it has arrived at one of its extreme but logical consequences1 namely1 the exaltation of the power which most fully represents upon the ,european continent the ,protestant enthusiasm and the ancient grudges against ,france4 #fa ,it is1 in fact1 only since the battle of ,sadowa that this antagonism between these two great ,catholic nations has seemed to give place to mutual intelligence of a common danger1 and to that sympathetic regard which a recent and distinguished visit has consecrated1 so to speak1 in the face of ,europe1 and commended to the intelligent applause of the people of ,paris4 ,the exclusive glorification of ,protestantism in the master-work of ,kaulbach has also been an occasion of another lamentable omission4 ,it is not enough--be it said without excessive and immoderate partiality toward our own country--it is not enough to have made ,france represented only by ,calvin and by ,coligny in the imposing cortge of all the glories of the sixteenth century4 ,this systematic exclusion is explained even by itself4 ,in such a composition the places of honor were to be reserved to the countries which welcomed ,protestantism with an enthusiasm so ardent1 or submitted themselves to its dictation with so strange a docility4 ,one knows1 on the other hand1 what insurmountable resistance ,france opposed to the introduction and establishment of ,protestantism4 ,it cost her1 it is true1 more than forty years of continual wars4 ,and what wars those terrible fratricidal and religious strifes of the sixteenth century were2 stirred up and kept alive on both sides by the most violent passions1 and which1 after the unhappy and sanguinary convulsions in which were consumed the reigns of ,henry ,,ii41 ,francis ,,ii41 ,charles ,,ix41 and ,henry ,,iii41 would have ended surely in the breaking up of the ancient national unity1 if ,providence had not1 at the conclusion of those frightful dissensions1 caused to intervene a prince pre-destined to pacify the minds1 quiet the discords1 and close up and heal the deep wounds of the country6 ,henry ,,iv4 arrives at the end of the sixteenth century1 as it were in order to bring about union between ,protestantism vanquished and ,catholicity triumphant4 ,he gives to the latter the pledge of a public conversion2 to the former1 the benefit of a legal existence2 and1 especially in rendering sacred the respect due to minorities1 he demonstrates1 better than by all arguments1 and perhaps for the very reason that his conversion was less a work of devotion than of policy1 how the genius of the ,french nation was opposed to the doctrines of the reformers4 ,whatever may be said of the equivocal sincerity of his ,catholicity and of the blemishes of his private life1 ,henry ,,iv41 who belongs to the sixteenth century by his birth1 by his elevation to the throne and some of the most considerable transactions of his reign1 worthily represents1 at the close of an epoch so disturbed1 some of the highest and most rightful aspirations of what may be called1 right or wrong1 the spirit of modern times4 ,great prince assuredly was he who could cause to triumph over passions envenomed by the civil and religious wars of half a century that love of common country1 in which1 despite of all that would divide them1 the ,french people ought to feel themselves children of the same mother and defenders of the same flag4 #fb ,the exclusion--almost entire--of ,france from a picture designed to glorify the sixteenth century1 is not the only1 nor even the gravest1 reproach which historical criticism has the right to address to its author4 ,it is1 still further1 authorized to demand of him if it is strictly just to cause this grand composition1 artistic1 scientific1 and literary1 to do honor solely to ,luther and ,calvin--a composition which1 from a certain and strictly proper point of view1 would have sufficed to the glory of an epoch--and above all1 if it does not do a strange violence to truth to enroll under the banner of ,protestantism such men as ,petrarch1 ,shakespeare1 ,christopher ,columbus1 ,michael ,angelo1 and ,raphael8 ,the name of ,shakespeare1 indeed1 not long since stirred up quite a lively discussion upon this very subject ,in the eyes of a certain school it seemed to import absolutely that1 to the honor of letters1 the immortal author of ,hamlet and of ,othello did not belong to the ,church of ,rome--as if ,corneille and ,racine sparkled with any the less brilliancy because they were ,catholics1 or that the dramatic art had need to be ashamed of ,polyeucte1 ,esther1 and ,athalie4 ,the question has been examined with all the attention which it merits1 and the conclusion to which a conscientious inquiry seems to bring us is1 that1 if ,shakespeare belonged by his birth to the time of the ,reformation1 it is not1 nevertheless1 necessary to ascribe1 either to the gospel of ,luther and ,calvin or to the ,draconian ,protestantism of ,queen ,elizabeth1 the masterly productions of his genius4 ,as to ,christopher ,columbus1 who does not know1 ,i will not say his obedience and filial devotion to the ,church of ,rome1 but the profound piety of his soul and the tenderness of his religious sentiments8 ,according to the chronicler who has preserved for us in ,latin the admirable prayer made by that great man at that solemn hour of his life when1 triumphant at last over so many distrusts and so many wrongs1 over so many delays and so many obstacles1 conqueror1 so to speak1 of the elements and of men1 but always submissive to ,god1 he cast himself upon his knees on the land of the ,new ,world1 as if to take possession of it in the name of faith4 ,o ,god6 he said1 eternal and omnipotent1 thou hast by thy holy ,word created heaven and earth and sea4 ,blessed and glorified be thy name2 praised be thy majesty which has deigned by thy humble servant to cause that thy holy name should be known and proclaimed in this other part of the world4 ,now1 by whom1 think you1 had the bold discoverer the intention of proclaiming and making known the name of ,jesus ,christ in the ,new ,world8 ,was it by the ,methodist and ,quaker missionaries8 or by those apostolic men who1 docile to the word of the ,roman pontiff1 and like him fishers of men1 went forth to announce the ,gospel to every creature and to cast the net of the word amidst all nations8 ,it is mere idle fancy1 then1 to connect with ,luther and ,calvin that wonderful movement1 made up of theoretical science and of boldness1 of learned calculations and of enthusiastic intuitions1 which set out to open to the adventurous genius of the race of ,japheth the vast field of enterprise presented by the continents of ,america and the ,archipelagoes of ,oceanica4 ,chronology1 moreover1 suffices to give the lie very explicitly to this iniquitous claim4 ,christopher ,columbus discovered ,america in #adib1 and died in #aejf3 the same year in which ,martin ,luther entered as a novice the ,augustinian convent of ,erfurt1 and when no one looked to see him become one day an adversary of the ,papacy4 #fc ,the ,papacy6 ,far rather with its remembrance should be associated that grand epoch of modern ,europe1 that new crusadal enterprise1 not to recover the tomb of ,christ1 but to plant the cross1 to propagate the ,gospel1 and to accomplish the prophecies respecting the universality of the church4 ,it was1 in fact1 a pope1 and that pope an ,alexander ,,vi4--the same that proved how much the grandeur of that institution is independent of the worth of individuals--it was ,borgia1 so severely judged by history1 who promulgated the famous bull of #adic1 designed to draw the line of demarcation between the discoveries of the ,portuguese and those of the ,spaniards4 ,from that bull1 and from the names of the peoples who bore away the palm from all the rest of ,europe in the career of great discoveries1 it follows that the ,protestant ,reformation had nothing to show or pretend to in that splendid episode of the history of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,all those intrepid navigators were ,catholics2 and the only power which intervened to regulate and pacify the feverish movement that bore them onward was the ,church of ,rome--the ,papacy6 ,it may be said1 perhaps1 that the ,spaniards1 in discovering ,america1 put to shame the ,catholic religion by their sharp cupidity and the disgraceful severity of their conduct toward the natives4 ,we have not the slightest intention of transforming the soldiers of ,cortez and of ,pizarro into peaceful missionaries4 ,if the ferocity of those men disgraced the ,gospel1 so much the worse for them4 ,but as to the church1 if it be insisted on that she shall be mixed up with the question1 she has nothing to lose2 for it was she herself1 and she alone1 who intervened to moderate the cupidity of the conquerors1 and to defend against it the cause of the conquered4 ,to her alone belongs the name1 ever to be venerated1 of ,bartholomew ,las ,casas1 the eloquent pleader in behalf of ,catholicity and of its beneficent action upon society4 ,as to the great ,italian artists of the sixteenth century1 and particularly as to ,michael ,angelo and ,raphael1 it is still more arbitrary1 if possible1 to have enrolled them in the army of the innovators4 ,what could be more entirely ,catholic than the inspirations and great works of these men of genius8 ,not to speak in detail of the inimitable ,madonnas of ,raphael1 nor of the gigantic frescoes of ,michael ,angelo in the ,sistine chapel1 nor the many other marvellous works with which they have for ever enriched ,italy and ,europe2 but of the church of ,st4 ,peter1 upon which both had the glory of working1 is it not1 as it were1 the very personification1 at once ideal and plastic1 of the entire ,catholic ,church8 ,it is the grand church of the popes2 it is there that repose1 by the side of the illustrious chiefs ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 the remains of so many sovereign pontiffs4 ,it is under its dome that is celebrated1 on the grand solemnities of the year and by the very hands of the vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 the sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,it is from its balcony that is given1 on those same solemnities1 that pontifical benediction1 preceded by that absolution and those indulgences1 against which for three hundred years ,protestantism never loses an occasion of casting its anathemas or its sarcasms2 save perhaps when one of its children1 assisting on ,easter-,day at that wonderful solemnity1 and hearing the sonorous and affecting voice of ,pius ,,ix41 at the moment of imparting benediction to the world1 mingling itself with the roll of drums1 the discharge of cannon1 and the chimes of the thousand bells of ,rome1 falls upon his knees in spite of himself1 subdued by ,i know not what mysterious power1 and rises up again with the confession that the inspirations of ,catholicism are far differently fitted to charm the soul and seize hold upon the heart than the chilling ceremonial of a ,calvinistic ,lord's ,supper under the arches of ,st4 ,paul's in ,london4 #fd ,in a word1 everything of that grand basilica of the ,eternal ,city1 from its corner-stone to the cross which surmounts its dome1 all has been inspired by ,catholic thought2 and it may be affirmed with assurance that all the grand artists who worked upon it could say as ,raphael replied to ,leo ,x43 ,i love so much the ,church of ,st4 ,peter6 ,footnote #ae ,footnote #ae3 ,reply of ,raphael to the brief of ,leo ,x41 naming him superintendent of the work of the church4 ,see1 further1 the will of ,raphael1 7cited in ,audin's ,leo ,x4 t4 ii4 p4 #cdg47 ,moreover1 independently of all individual names1 can it not be said in a general manner that it is going quite counter to historic truth to attempt to connect the art-movement of the sixteenth century with the influence of ,luther and ,calvin8 ,it is well enough known1 in truth1 what was the attitude of the ,reformation1 especially of the ,calvinistic part of it1 toward the beautiful and the divine in the arts4 ,many of our old cathedrals in ,france still bear1 after three hundred years1 the marks of the iconoclastic fury of the ,huguenots4 ,the literal interpretation--literal even to barbarousness--of the text in ,exodus1 ,thou shalt not make to thyself any graven images1 it translated1 especially in its beginnings1 into a relentless proscription2 and the statues1 pictures1 and wonderful great church-windows1 where the middle ages had expended so much of faith and often so much of genius1 disappeared under the blows of a most savage vandalism4 ,they are ours1 then1 altogether ours1 those divine men1 as the ,greeks would have called them1 who have written in the history of art the immortal pages stamped with the names of ,perugino1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,brunelleschi1 ,bramante1 ,michael ,angelo1 and ,raphael4 ,it is not around ,luther and ,calvin that they should be grouped1 but around those ,roman pontiffs who gave such a vigorous impulse to literature and the arts1 and who caused all those beautiful poems of painting or of stone to serve for the glorification of the ,catholic ,church4 ,on that point1 moreover1 public sentiment has passed judgment for all future time4 ,the history of the arts does not know the era of ,luther2 it knows and will always know the era of ,leo ,x4 ,,iii4 ,if it had been given to one of those masters of art of the sixteenth century to make a synoptical picture of that grand epoch1 he would have singularly modified the perspectives and enlarged the horizons4 ,in regard to that rebellious monk who holds up the ,bible as a standard of revolt2 in regard to those men who surround him1 and among whom are found at the same time the co-workers and the adversaries of his work2 a ,melanchthon1 who had been his disciple1 and a ,zwingle who had been his rival--strange council1 where there is no unanimity except to attack and deny1 and where there is division when the matter to be treated of is that of affirming and establishing--in this respect1 one would have seen1 majestically grouped upon the steps of a temple based1 sixteen hundred years previously1 upon immovable foundations1 the ,fathers of the ,council of ,trent1 who1 during a term of nearly twenty years1 had brought together1 classified1 and fixed1 in wonderful conformity with the whole current of tradition1 the divers points of the doctrine and the discipline of the ,christian church4 #fe ,five popes ,footnote #af occupied the ,see of ,st4 ,peter during the holding of that memorable council4 ,some among them may1 perhaps1 be justly blameworthy for this or that fault1 in their administration2 but to have been able to convoke and reunite that immortal assembly2 to have caused it to resume its labors when they had been interrupted2 to have conducted them through so many obstacles and difficulties1 coming from men or things1 to their close2 to have1 at last1 as was done by ,pius ,,iv41 perpetuated1 so to say1 the authority and reformatory action of that oecumenical assembly by the institution of that ,congregation of the council1 whose mission1 for three hundred years past1 has been to explain and put into practical execution the decrees passed at ,trent--this is evidently one of the most important pages of the history of the ,reformation within the fold of ,christianity1 and is1 perhaps1 one where the divine power and the supernatural constitution of the church shine forth most visibly4 ,for neither the popes who presided over the council nor the bishops who composed it were1 taken individually1 men of genius2 and it is permitted to us to say that in great matters where the personal consideration of man appears the least1 there the wisdom and power of ,god shine forth all the more strikingly4 ,footnote #af3 ,paul ,,iii41 ,julius ,,iii41 ,marcellus ,,ii41 ,paul ,,iv41 and ,pius ,,iv4 ,and then1 again1 around those two centres which mingle themselves in one--the ,papacy and the general council--and which represent so forcibly1 in the face of the precocious divisions of ,protestantism1 the grand and living unity of the church of ,jesus ,christ1 what astonishing fecundity for good1 what varied resources1 what fruitful germination of men and deeds6 ,what souls1 those great saints of the sixteenth century1 recruited from among all ranks of society1 and to whom ,providence seems to have confided the mission of replying by some beneficent institution to all the attacks and all the negations of ,protestantism6 ,would that1 then1 be a picture wanting in grandeur1 where a competent artist--wishing to glorify in the sixteenth century not the warlike ,reformation which rent asunder without remorse the ancient and majestic unity of ,christendom1 but the peaceful and fruitful reform which multiplied1 according to the needs of a much troubled and suffering age1 grand inspirations and magnanimous self-sacrifices--should group around the living centre of the church ,ignatius ,loyola and his brave companions1 the pastor ,pascal ,baylon and the grand nobleman ,francis ,borgia1 ,st4 ,philip ,neri and ,st4 ,camillus of ,lelli1 ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo in the midst of the plague at ,milan and ,st4 ,francis of ,sales evangelizing the populations of ,chablais8 ,and yet this enumeration must be limited to the names of the more illustrious only1 and to works the most considerable4 ,now1 in these names are found truly personified the inspirations which constitute1 in its plenitude1 the veritable spirit of ,christianity4 ,first1 the spirit of zeal and apostleship4 ,those who have seen the frescoes of the church of ,st4 ,ignatius at ,rome remember with what just pride a ,jesuit painter has represented the triumphs of the first fathers of his company over heresy and infidelity4 #ff ,and unless blinded by incurable prejudices1 what a striking comparison can one make between ,melanchthon1 the disciple of ,luther1 and that student of the ,paris ,university1 the friend of ,st4 ,ignatius--that ,st4 ,francis ,xavier who1 setting out for the ,indies in #aeda and dying in #aeeb1 had converted1 by himself alone1 more heathen in a dozen years than all the ,protestant missionaries united have been able to convert in a century2 that man whose life would seem but a legend of olden times1 were it not authenticated by most unexceptionable documents1 and had it not appeared in the sixteenth century1 which is far less the age of enthusiasm than that of criticism--that man1 in fine1 to whom a ,protestant1 ,baldeus1 has had the impartiality to render a splendid eulogy1 closing with that apostrophe so nave and nearly as honorable to the writer as to the hero1 ,would to ,god that1 having been what you were1 you might be of us6 ,if the ,company of ,jesus represents in so high a degree the spirit of zeal1 behold ,st4 ,theresa and ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 who represent none the less worthily the spirit of penitence--that essential part of the ,christian life1 so entirely foreign to the heroes and the works which spring forth from ,protestantism4 ,in contrast with the rehabilitation of the flesh1 openly preached and practised by ,luther1 by ,henry ,,viii41 by the ,landgrave of ,hesse and the principal corypheuses of the ,reformation1 see how1 in the train of these two ,spaniards--that reformer of ,carmel and that son of ,st4 ,francis--whole generations follow4 ,they embrace with enthusiasm that hidden life of the cloister1 where the superficial glance of the man of the world sees only an arbitrary captivity and aimless mortifications2 but where the eyes of faith discover the secret of those acts and movements of reparation which preserve from ignominy and ruin the ages dragged along the dangerous declivity of scepticism and immorality1 by teaching men that1 if unbelief and luxury destroy individuals and societies1 it is the force of prayer1 united to that of sacrifice1 which alone can raise them up again4 ,finally1 after the spirit of zeal and the spirit of penitence1 the spirit of charity completes the fulness of the ,christian life4 ,now1 can ,protestantism take any offence1 if1 in looking over with it the list of its founders and apostles1 we demand of it where there is to be found1 among those ardent adversaries of ,roman superstitions1 a single man to whom one can conscientiously give the title of benefactor and consoler of men8 ,i see ,luther1 indeed1 presenting the ,bible to ,germany surprised and misled2 and ,calvin administering the cup of the ,lord's ,supper to gentlemen of the court of ,francis ,i4 or to the rich burgesses of ,geneva4 ,here1 in one place1 ,reuchlin and ,ulrich of ,hutten are jeering1 and laughing at the monks1 and there1 in another1 ,gustavus ,adolphus is brandishing his valiant sword in defence of the new gospel2 but still1 again1 among these bold promoters of the ,reformation1 among these indefatigable champions of gospel-christianity1 as they proudly entitle themselves1 would that ,i were shown one of those souls inspired from above to pour upon the miseries of the age the treasures of divine consolations6 ,i behold party-leaders1 ,bible-expounders1 soldiers1 politicians1 and savants2 but of friends of the poor1 of protectors of old age and deserted infancy1 of men who sacrifice all and who sacrifice themselves even1 to gain the right1 the privilege1 of drying up the tears of the afflicted and of holding out the helping hand to the unfortunate--of these ,i see none4 #fg ,these are all in the ranks of that church whose privilege it will always be1 and which no sect has ever been able to take from her1 to prove that she alone is the veritable spouse of ,jesus ,christ1 because she alone is the true mother of men6 ,behold ,st4 ,philip ,neri and his companions of the ,oratory of ,rome1 whose remembrances still live in the hospital of the ,trinity for pilgrims--,st4 ,philip ,neri1 whose name1 after more than three hundred years1 is always associated in the ,eternal ,city with the idea of whatever is most tender and good4 ,by the side of ,st4 ,philip1 his contemporary and friend1 ,st4 ,camillus of ,lellis1 institutor of a congregation specially devoted to the care of the sick poor2 while1 by a like inspiration1 the ,spaniard1 ,st4 ,john of ,god1 established1 in #aedj1 that charitable order1 spread since then throughout ,christendom1 and whose members rival in self-sacrificing devotion the disciples of ,st4 ,camillus in consecrating themselves to the work of relieving human infirmities4 ,in fine1 if ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul constitutes the glory and1 more than the glory1 the consolation of the seventeenth century1 the sixteenth century has1 nevertheless1 the right to claim him in part2 for it saw his birth1 and it gave to him the first inspirations of that zeal and charity which draw down every day upon his name the grateful benedictions of all who languish and suffer--upon that name at once the humblest and the most popular of all names4 ,in conclusion1 if1 in this picture of the ,catholic glories of the sixteenth century1 it were necessary also to find place for men of the sword and men of law1 are there many figures more martial than that of ,bayard1 the chevalier without fear and without reproach1 or those of the admirable ,knights-,hospitallers of ,malta1 who1 in #aehe1 under the orders of their grand-master1 ,la ,valette1 stood as a living rampart1 against which all the forces of ,islamism dashed and broke themselves1 and who did for ,christian ,europe in the sixteenth century what1 a century later1 the immortal ,sobieski had to do with his brave ,polanders8 ,as to men of law1 ,catholic ,france has the right to name with pride the grand-chancellor ,hpital2 and ,protestant ,england has not the right to claim ,thomas ,more4 ,it was this courageous magistrate who refused to subscribe to the divorce of ,henry ,,viii41 and who1 when entreated by his wife not to expose himself to capital punishment by opposing the king's wishes1 replied in these beautiful words3 ,what6 ,would you have me compromise my eternity for the sake of twenty years which yet perhaps remain for me to live8 ,he died upon the scaffold1 the #fth of ,july1 #aece1 with the constancy of a martyr2 worthy precursor of that long and illustrious generation of witnesses to the faith1 who1 during all the second half of the sixteenth century1 watered with purest of blood the soil of ,england1 and did more honor1 it seems to me1 to the ancient renown of ,the ,isle of ,saints than a ,cranmer1 the courtly and apostate archbishop1 or an ,essex1 one of the numerous lovers of that princess who foully stained with mire and blood the throne upon which she sat1 and that state church of which she made a mere vassal of that throne4 #fh ,after having rectified and completed1 so far as it has been given me to do1 this painting1 so original and vigorous1 but at the same time so manifestly devoted to a preconceived and systematized idea1 ,i arrive at a conclusion which is applicable not to the sixteenth century only1 but to all the epochs of history4 ,it is that1 after the likeness of man himself1 each phase of the life of humanity bears in it two souls1 and1 as it were1 two humanities4 ,these are the twins that struggled together in the womb of ,rebecca1 and on the occasion of which the ,lord responded to the troubled mother3 ,two nations are in thy womb1 and two peoples shall be divided out of thy womb1 and one people shall overcome the other4 7,gen4 xxv4 #bc47 ,yes1 as each one of us bears within him two men1 whose unceasing struggle makes up the whole prize and the whole grandeur of the moral life1 so in like manner each age of the world bears within it two ages3 the one which is the docile instrument of ,god in the pursuit of truth and the accomplishment of justice2 and the other1 which paralyzes a part of the living forces of humanity by leading them astray into error1 or by putting them to the service of selfishness and evil4 ,this grand principle of the philosophy of history1 due to ,christian psychology and the true knowledge by man of himself1 has been admirably demonstrated by ,st4 ,augustine4 ,one sees1 from numerous passages in his writings1 how that holy doctor was impressed by the perpetual antagonism and irreconcilable opposition between these two powers1 or cities1 7as he terms them17 who always and everywhere are making war upon each other1 and to whom each succeeding century serves but as a battle-field4 ,quite as much and even more than others1 does the sixteenth century present to the look of the observer the militant dualism of these two principles3 the one1 calling itself the ,reformation of the church by disorder and violence2 the other1 wishing to be1 and which has been1 the fruitful and pacific renovation of ,christian life by humble zeal and true charity4 ,the ,protestant ,reformation claims the sixteenth century as exclusively its own4 ,i believe ,i have sufficiently demonstrated that1 by its most beautiful and most enduring parts and characteristics1 the century belongs neither to ,luther nor ,calvin2 but that the ,catholic ,church can exhibit it with just pride alike to her friends and her enemies4 ,from this study1 made in the light of this principle1 ,i would also deduce a second conclusion and apply it directly to the times in which we live4 ,are we not ourselves witnesses of and actors in a struggle like or analogous to that which1 before our day1 divided our fathers8 ,yes1 our century1 soon to complete the third quarter of its term1 itself also is engaged in this struggle between1 so to term it1 two opposing cities or communities4 ,for some time past1 this struggle seems to have entered upon a new phase and into a most sharp crisis4 ,with whom will victory rest1 and which of the two principles shall carry captive the other in its triumph1 so as to decide definitively the character of this epoch8 ,that is a secret as yet only known to ,god1 and it is not mine to attempt a reply to so hidden and mysterious a question4 ,what ,i do know is1 that we ought to oppose1 with all our might1 those who1 wishing to bring about a violent retrograde movement in ,european society1 threaten every day to carry us back to the age of ,voltaire1 and who present to us the saturnalia of '#ic as the ideal of liberty1 prosperity1 and progress6 #fi ,what ,i know1 again1 is1 that but yesterday the antagonism between these two opposing powers 7des deux cits7 was personified in two men1 upon whom1 if ,i mistake not1 the judgment of posterity has already begun to be made up3 ,one of them1 who represents1 in all his serene majesty and with impressive authority even in his weakness1 the force of right--the august and mild pontiff1 whom twenty-two years of revolutions and ingratitude do not dishearten and dissuade from blessing the world1 and calling down1 by his prayers1 upon sorely tried and troubled society1 the spirit of wisdom1 counsel1 and peace2 the other1 that incorrigible leader of the antichristian army1 the man of those bold deeds whose ephemeral triumph aspires to build up right upon force1 but which one day1 ,i hope1 ,italy will disavow in the name of her religious traditions1 as well as in the name of her true and sound liberal traditions4 ,no2 this nineteenth century1 where by the side of so much that is evil there is so much that is good--so many generous sallies of self-devotion1 so many hidden acts of self-sacrifice1 so many solid virtues--the century which has given us a ,cur of ,ars and a ,pius ,,ix41 an ,affre and a ,lamoricire1 a ,lacordaire and a ,ravignan1 an ,o',connell and a ,zamoyski1 a ,jane ,jugan--founder of the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor--and those students to whom not only ,france1 but the ,catholic world1 are indebted for the institution of the ,conferences of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul2 this century will never be dragged down to the gemoniae scalae ,footnote #ag of history with the ignominious stamp upon it of having been the ,era of ,garibaldi4 ,it will triumph over all the obstacles heaped upon its pathway by scepticism1 by false science1 and by the violence of party-spirit4 ,these adverse forces seem at this hour1 it is true1 to take up with renewed energy the struggle which for eighteen centuries nothing has interrupted2 but by so doing they only serve to show us more clearly our duty1 and to urge us on the more strenuously to fulfil it4 ,footnote #ag3 ,the gemoniae scalae were steps in ancient ,rome1 near the prison called ,tullianum1 down which the bodies of those who had been executed in prison were dragged and thrown into the ,forum1 to be there exposed to the gaze of the multitude4 ,,trans4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,the ,legend ,of ,hospitality4 ,legend or history1 history or legend1 there are truths to be culled from each1 my friends1 justly remarks that charming writer1 ,charles ,nodier4 ,a beautiful legend creates its own atmosphere of sweet and moral influences1 as a flower exhales its perfume4 ,happy they who can discern and appropriate them6 ,it is in these old and popular legends that oftentimes will be found infused whatever is most beautiful and pure of a nation's poetry and of its faith2 they being1 as it were1 the expression of a people's thought4 ,for a long time1 indeed1 those simple traditions of the past constituted1 as we may say1 the literature of the people's social gatherings1 and served an important part in keeping firmly cemented the noble principles of family1 of union1 and of justice1 which formed the triple corner-stone of all well-regulated society4 #gj ,when the trembling voice of the old man was heard1 all were silent1 and went forth after his narrative with souls deeply impressed1 on the one hand1 by the punishments which struck down the wicked1 or1 on the other1 softly moved by the justly deserved reward that so often formed the graceful dnouement of some touching ballad4 ,some of these legends1 coming to us1 as they do1 from afar1 have even preserved the first freshness of the primitive ages4 ,this is1 indeed1 their greatest charm4 ,witness this exquisite legend of hospitality1 which for a long time delighted the simple hearts of the peasants of ,france4 ,in the days of ,jesus1 there lived on the banks of the ,jordan an old man1 who might well have been taken for a patriarch of an ancient tribe1 whom ,death seemed to have forgotten4 ,his name was ,philomen1 and in his lowly cabin he subsisted solely on the fruit of his little garden1 and the milk furnished him by his goat4 ,now1 one quiet evening1 some one tapped gently at his door1 and an old man1 though younger than he1 entering1 claimed his hospitality4 ,most willingly1 my friend4 ,my cottage is not large2 my garden yields not much fruit2 my goat gives but little milk2 but1 even so1 ,i share it cheerfully with all who cross my threshold in the name of hospitality4 ,enter1 then1 good friend1 and rest after the fatigue of the day4 ,but1 said the traveller hesitatingly1 ,i am not alone4 ,i have twelve companions with me1 overpowered by weariness and parched with thirst1 for we have just crossed the desert4 ,let them all come2 you are all welcome4 ,all who come hungry to my door are welcome to all ,i possess4 ,then the stranger made a sign to his companions1 who were silently standing at the door2 and he found that they were ,jesus and his twelve apostles1 whom ,st4 ,peter led on their journey1 ever walking in advance1 he who was one day to open the gates of ,paradise4 ,they entered1 partook of his simple fruit1 drank the milk furnished by his goat1 and rested for a time on his rough mat4 ,when day dawned1 ,st4 ,peter said to him1 ,before going hence1 hast thou no petition to make to us8 ,hast thou not some wish8 ,ask whatever thou wilt in return for thy hospitality4 ,all that thou shalt ask shall be granted unto thee4 ,then the old man made three wishes1 and said3 ,my sweet ,lord1 ,i love life so well1 grant me yet five hundred years to live2 the days pass so quickly in this peaceful cabin4 ,granted1 said a sweet and touching voice1 which seemed to come1 as it were1 from the midst of the group4 ,what else wilt thou have8 ,my good ,lord1 ,i have a beautiful fig-tree in my garden1 which bears such fine fruit that they are often stolen from me4 ,grant me1 then1 that whoever climbs into it may not be able to descend until ,i give him leave2 thus ,i will ensnare the thief4 ,jesus smiled as he heard this quaint wish1 and1 bowing his fair head1 said3 ,it shall be done as thou wishest4 ,hast thou more still to ask8 ,speak freely1 for thou seest that ,i grant thee all that thou hast wished for4 ,my dearly loved ,lord1 ,i have a wooden chair1 on which my friends sit when they come sometimes at night to talk with me4 ,grant me that whoever rests on it may not be able to rise1 and must remain there as long as ,i shall please4 #ga ,and ,jesus approved again1 because he loved this guileless old man1 who was so simple of heart and made such modest wishes4 ,st4 ,peter then thanked him1 and went forth1 followed by his twelve companions1 among whom ,jesus loved to conceal himself4 ,years passed by one after the other4 ,one century passed1 then another1 until finally the last day of the last year arrived1 and the venerable ,philomen saw the grim traveller ,death enter his cabin1 who said to him3 ,come along1 old man6 ,thou hast eluded me this long time--thanks to an especial favor4 ,thou hast reached the years of ,mathusale4 ,if every one lived as thou hast1 ,i would have no work on earth4 ,come along1 quick4 ,regulate thy affairs1 bid farewell to thy garden1 because1 with the setting sun1 ,i lead thee forth with me4 ,o my good dame6 if you would but pity me6 ,ah6 yes1 if you would have some pity1 you would let me live some few days more--only one day1 then4 ,it is so good to live6 ,no1 nothing2 not one moment more1 replied the sinister guest in a harsh and dry voice4 ,at least1 then1 let me once more eat of the fruit of my fig-tree4 ,i have loved them so well2 it will be a last consolation to me4 ,but ,i am too weak to shake the tree1 and too old to reach those highest branches4 ,do you go up1 and gather me that fig up there2 it is so thoroughly ripened by our eastern sun4 ,most willingly4 ,see1 old man1 ,i will show thee that ,death is not as surly as 'tis said she is4 ,then placing her hour-glass and scythe at the foot of the tree1 the unlucky dame climbed up2 but scarcely had she pressed her foot upon the branches1 than1 lo6 they sprang up as if from her tread1 closed around and so shut in the impudent wight that she could not even stir4 ,she called2 she cried aloud1 then moaned and supplicated4 ,philomen renewed his humble petition1 but she persistently refused4 ,very well6 ,i only want five hundred years1 five centuries more6 ,and raising his head menacingly1 he took up the hour-glass and scythe1 quietly returning to his cabin4 ,every morning he returned1 imposed his conditions of release1 which ,death1 becoming more and more irritated1 as obstinately refused4 ,then he would go back patiently to his cabin4 ,on the third night he saw a dark figure1 with glittering eyes1 prowling round the foot of his tree4 ,he listened1 and heard this conversation4 ,now1 you must know that this was the ,devil1 who came to make his complaint3 ,what dost thou there1 thou idler8 ,thou no longer sendest me work to do4 ,i am ruined by thy delay4 ,but the terrible accomplice could do nothing2 because he who binds on earth as he binds in heaven had bound her so firmly that ,death herself could not undo it4 ,next morning1 after a fresh dispute with ,philomen1 she yielded1 and consented to let him have five hundred years added to his life4 ,but as ,death is treacherous1 he sought his tablet1 and before she came down he made her sign the treaty4 ,after that he set her free1 restored her baggage1 her hour-glass and scythe1 and let her depart1 threatening and raging as she went1 vowing to cut off1 at the very moment of the promised time1 the life of one who had so pitilessly ridiculed her4 #gb ,years again passed by1 one by one2 the centuries were accomplished2 and yet ,philomen did not grow old4 ,ten times had he seen pass by that unhappy pilgrim condemned to wander for ever round the world4 ,each journey marked one century as this wandering ,jew crossed the ,jordan1 near his little cabin1 on the road to ,jerusalem1 that1 ascending ,golgotha1 he might sue for mercy on the very spot where the blood had been shed of him whom he had despised6 ,the centuries had all now passed1 and one evening1 when ,philomen sat quietly by his hearth1 the dark traveller entered once more4 ,midnight was the fatal hour4 ,she rudely accosted him3 ,come along now1 old man6 ,thou shouldst long since have been in thy grave4 ,no mercy for thee this time6 ,thou wouldst but mock me again1 could ,i show pity for thee4 ,oh6 how tired ,i am2 so tired1 so worried6 ,to-day ,i have killed nearly three thousand ,christians1 then a whole race of infidels1 and decimated an entire kingdom1 with my well-tempered weapon1 pestilence4 ,rich and poor1 prelates and priests1 ,i have upturned everything--everything4 ,but ,i am horribly tired1 and while awaiting the expiration of thy time1 ,i will rest me a little here4 ,saying these words1 she threw herself on the wooden stool that ,jesus had gifted with supernatural powers4 ,then she began to jeer at the old man1 speaking to him of the joys of life1 of youth1 of love1 etc4 ,when midnight tolled1 she attempted to rise from the chair and spring at ,philomen1 who had wisely placed himself beyond her reach2 but1 nailed down upon this wonderful seat1 she could not move6 ,in vain she shook her glass1 made deadly thrusts with her scythe6 ,then the good man went to his hearth1 and kindled such a fire as nearly roasted her even at that distance4 ,her hour-glass was about falling to pieces1 the handle of her scythe was nearly reduced to ashes1 when1 after a most vigorous dispute1 she granted ,philomen a new lease of five centuries more of life6 ,now1 this was1 as you know1 the second time she had been caught in the same trap1 and more enraged than ever1 she went forth crying aloud that she should not be caught again2 and good old ,philomen lived on through the long years obtained by this trick4 ,but everything of time must end2 everything falls2 everything dies2 everything passes away4 ,and these five centuries1 too1 were gathered with all that had gone before4 ,but ,death had learned prudence now1 and did not venture near1 sending a shaft from afar that pierced the good old man and sent him at once from life to death4 ,but as he had lived so innocently and ever observed the laws of holy hospitality1 ,god had a place prepared for him in his own beautiful ,paradise4 ,now1 it happened that before going there our ,philomen wished to see1 just a little1 what was going on in hell4 ,since the night that he overheard the dispute between ,death and ,satan1 he had cherished a great desire to do so4 ,he quietly entered the abode of the condemned1 and when the ,devil came to meet him1 and would have seized upon him1 ,philomen cried out3 ,stop there6 ,i am not for thee6 ,i am of the kingdom of the elect1 and come here only to see if all that is said of thee in the kingdom of the living be true4 ,lead me everywhere6 ,when1 conducted by his dark guide1 he had visited the bowels of the earth and witnessed all manners of torture1 he proposed to him to stake his own soul against some of the most fearfully punished among the damned who were uttering most terrific shrieks4 ,the dice were brought1 and shaken by each in turn4 #gc ,philomen gained twelve souls2 then ,satan became fearful he might lose all with this mysterious partner1 and refused to play on4 ,philomen then took the road to ,paradise1 and1 reaching the gate1 tapped gently4 ,saint ,peter came to open for him4 ,he at once recognized him1 and1 smiling1 said1 ,pass on1 we have expected you all this time4 ,oh6 very well1 said the acute old man1 but1 like you formerly1 ,i am not travelling alone3 ,i have with me twelve companions1 who claim your hospitality4 ,this is but fair1 said ,st4 ,peter1 once more smiling1 so come in4 ,and so ,philomen and his twelve ransomed souls all went to join the throng of the blessed who will for ever sing the glory of ,god4 ,it is thus the good old man lived fifteen hundred years1 and practised the holy rules of hospitality4 ,and it is thus that our pious ancestors taught their children never to refuse entrance to those who knocked at their doors1 imploring shelter2 and thus we1 too1 see how religiously and beautifully hospitality was practised in the former ages1 in the chateaux of the rich as well as in the more humble dwellings of the poor4 ---------- ,mine ,enemy4 ,if he could stand against me now1 ,with other eyes and an alien brow2 ,if ,i could break the spell that still ,my will entangles with his will2 ,if he could laugh the while ,i weep2 ,if ,i could wake1 and he asleep2 ,could ,i uncoil the mystery ,where he is ,i1 and ,i am he3 ,then might ,i hide me from his face2 ,or strike him down within his place2 ,and so1 at last1 my life be free ,from his tormenting company4 ,but no2 his blush my forehead burns1 ,his the pallor my pale cheek turns1 ,and when he sees the thing ,i do1 ',tis mine own eyes that he looks through4 ,when ,i would hate this tiresome mate1 ,he teaches me the way to hate2 ,when from his presence ,i would flee1 ,he1 taunting1 flies along with me4 #gd ,but best ,i like his baser slips1 ,his angry eyes and impious lips2 ,for then1 half-wrenched away from me1 ,almost it seems he leaves me free4 ',tis then ,i raise aloft my cry3 ,st4 ,michael1 to the rescue fly6 ',tis then almost my foot is prest ,upon the monster's struggling breast2 ',tis then ,i feel my shoulders glow ,with hints of wings they yet may know1 ,and breathe as slaves pant1 wild and sweet1 ,whose chains are falling to their feet6 ',tis then ,i nestle1 safely bound ,by wings of angels circling round1 ,and feel the drawing of the cord ,that holds my anchor in the ,lord6 ,and most ,i fear when cunningly ,he crouches1 hidden from mine eye1 ,and breathes into the pipes whose keys ,hold all my spirit's melodies4 ,when ,i his hiding would betray1 ,he holds the lamp1 and leads the way2 ,when ,i would break his hardihood1 ,he wields the lash that draws my blood4 ,so deep his guile1 ,i scarce can know ,from whose intent my actions grow2 ,so brightly do his tear-drops shine1 ,i oft mistake his grief for mine4 ,when veiled emotions1 swift and strong1 ,run all my trembling nerves along1 ,if 'tis his sigh or mine whose swell ,upheaves my breast1 ,i cannot tell4 ,when friendship frowns1 ,i turn to see ,my foe's eyes beaming tenderly2 ,when friendship harshly speaks1 ,i hear ,his dulcet tones wooing mine ear4 ,when ,god is slow to hear my cry1 ,behold th' insidious list'ner nigh6 ,when thirst has parched my vitals up1 ,his hand presents the sparkling cup4 #ge ,if ,i would reason with my foe1 ,he lets the high-piled logic grow1 ,and lowly bends1 in humble guise1 ,with silent mouth and drooping eyes4 ,but as1 o'erflowing with content1 ,i view my stately monument1 ,nor guess the thoughts lie side to side ,in subtle1 weak cement of pride1 ,with sudden flash of mocking wit ,he plays about and shatters it1 ,or some volcanic underthrust ,levels my structure with the dust4 ,and straight1 ere ,i can speak for pain1 ,he builds my chang'd thoughts up again ,in airy stretches1 bright or dim1 ,with flower-woven cornice-rim2 ,with domes that melt into the sky1 ,like piles of snowy cumuli2 ,and pinnacles where fancy sees ,stars cling and swim1 like golden bees2 ,with long-drawn wings whose cloudy tips ,the sunset kisses with red lips2 ,and cloudy-curtained windows bright1 ,whence pours a flood of rosy light4 ,and with it come bewildering tunes1 ,where heavenly airs bear hellish runes2 ,and1 calling sweet and calling clear1 ,the voice that most ,i long to hear4 ,but if1 lured by this temple fair1 ,dazzled1 ,i seek to enter there1 ,it clings1 and burns with lurid light1 ,like ,glauce's bridal-garment white4 ,then since my foe so potent is1 ,and ,i so weak1 lest ,i be his1 ,some friend ,i need1 stronger than he1 ,to stand and keep my heart for me4 ,and since1 though driven forth with pain1 ,ever he stealeth back again1 ,more need have ,i of heavenly light ,to make his lurking-places bright4 #gf ,and since ,i stand unarmed1 indeed1 ,before his wrath1 great is the need ,i should invoke1 with prayerful word1 ,saint ,michael of the fiery sword6 ,that night and day ,i still should cling ,beneath my hovering angel's wing2 ,and ne'er let slip the golden cord ,that holds my anchor in the ,lord6 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,flaminia4 ,by ,alexandre ,de ,bar4 ,concluded4 ,you will not be surprised to see that ,flaminia was ignorant of the veritable nature of the affection that she felt for ,albert2 but you will be astonished to learn that he shared entirely her ignorance1 although he had seen much of life4 ,yet think that it is to know nothing of the most impetuous passion of our soul if we have only learnt the theory2 for as to know the world we must have lived in the world1 so to know the heart one must have lived by the heart2 if such has not been one's experience1 all is obscurity and one takes a false route4 ,now1 ,albert had lived out of the world1 and had not yet loved aught but a glorious renown4 ,besides all this1 if you will look back upon that fair time of youth which has now fled from us1 you will remember that the descent which allures us is often so gentle that we follow it without attention2 until the day when an unforeseen event1 and often even an unimportant circumstance1 arouses us1 and permits us by a glance to see the road that we have already glided down4 ,albert1 too1 descended that charming declivity1 gathering the perfumed flowers which hung on the shrubs1 and intoxicating himself with perfumes1 with light and songs4 ,his soul happy1 his heart pure1 dazzled by the celestial gleams which irradiated him1 how could he see where all this was conducting him8 ,this is how he first became aware of his position3 ,there was at the bottom of the gardens of the palace ,balbo a long alley1 that was covered by the thick foliage of the vines1 whose stems1 black and distorted1 clung to and spread up the stone pillars on each side4 ,here and there the jasmines displayed the silver stars of their flowers1 which shone out of the deep shade of their leaves4 ,from that alley the eye gazed upon a vast horizon1 bounded by two large sheets of azure1 the sea and sky1 between which the mountains lifted their imposing masses1 gilded by the rays of the setting sun4 ,it was in this perfumed gallery that1 each evening1 ,albert was conducted by his hosts1 as soon as the refreshing breeze of evening blew across the sea4 #gg ,often it was the arm of ,flaminia that aided his yet feeble steps in this exercise4 ,how many charming hours thus passed for them during the calm of those evenings1 when the noises of the day ceased one by one1 until the ear brought but the sound of the whispering breeze1 pure and sweet as the breath of a sleeping child1 to the touched and softened soul6 ,one day1 the fever seemed struggling to regain its power over the form of ,albert2 his wounds were scarcely closed1 and the emotions that he experienced reacted most powerfully upon his health4 ,sir1 man is born for suffering1 and not for joy4 ,his body can support an immense weight of sorrow and pain without giving way2 but it is worn out by pleasure1 and joy kills it4 ,giovanni1 uneasy about his friend1 strictly forbade his leaving his room1 and that evening the family went alone to their walk4 ,albert returned sadly to the saloon1 become more desert for him than the sands of ,sahara1 in company with ,giovanni1 who1 in the hope of distracting his loneliness1 talked to him of battles and of victories2 although had he known how far the mind of his friend was from all such subjects1 he might have given himself far less trouble with an equally good result4 ,little caring then for glory1 ,albert's heart was with ,flaminia under the perfumed shade of the vines and jasmines4 ,at their return1 ,flaminia held out to ,albert a spray of jasmine covered with flowers1 saying to him3 ',you like these flowers1 so ,i bring you them4' ,when ,albert had retired to his own room1 he took this bouquet and covered it with kisses3 he listened with delight to the voice that issued from those flowers and that told him such sweet words4 ,a flame seemed to mingle with their perfumes that carried a new life to his heart2 but it carried there also the light4 ,another voice made itself heard and showed him the truth1 and he fell from the regions of happiness where his dream had carried him1 into the implacable reality2 for he then discovered with what sort of an affection they were both animated4 ,and he a knight of the ,order of ,malta6 ,if absence could have given the repose of forgetfulness to ,flaminia1 ,albert would not have hesitated to have left her at once4 ,but if there exist attachments so slight that the simple absence of their object is sufficient to cure them1 so there are others which may be likened to those long-lived plants that extend their roots in all directions and all depths2 so that one cannot tear them from the soil in which they have once gained a hold4 ,such affections as these resist all human efforts1 and absence but serves to render their wounds more poignant and more lively4 ,albert understood too well the character of ,flaminia not to know that their destiny was irrevocably fixed4 ,divine ,providence seemed to have drawn them together in this world but to make them merit1 by a sacrifice of their affections1 the happiness that was destined for them in the next4 ,the ordinary remedy of absence would have been useless in their case4 ,albert understood this1 and the idea of getting himself absolved from his vows of knighthood came to him4 ,this thought he repelled4 ,it was not that he believed the success of such a measure impossible1 but that he saw in it a desertion of his duty2 he felt that his conscience would not be in tranquillity1 and that it would perpetually remind him that one cannot thus break his engagements with ,god4 ,he knelt down piously1 and that which passed in his soul during that cruel night1 and that which he suffered during that struggle1 ever rested a secret between him and ,god4 #gh ,for you1 scholar of the eighteenth century1 it is an unpardonable weakness that of placing one's self humbly on one's knees before the ,divine ,majesty4 ,yet1 thanks only to this weakness1 ,albert1 in all the force of youth1 resisted without failing before the most impetuous1 the most irresistible of all our passions1 and came forth victorious out of the rudest combat that he had ever given4 ,he loved1 passionately1 ,flaminia3 ,flaminia1 beautiful1 rich in heart and soul1 full of all the merits1 of all the virtues1 that can entrance at the same time the heart1 the soul1 and the senses2 ,flaminia1 who loved him with an equal ardor1 and who confided herself to him absolutely and without reserve4 ,he had over her an absolute power1 and1 far from using it1 he subdued his passion1 and1 directing by a determined will the tumultuous waves of his heart1 he traversed without shipwreck those tempests that are more ungovernable than the rage of the ocean4 ,the strength with which he aided himself was that same weakness which makes you smile4 ,had he trusted only in himself1 he would have fallen1 because he was but a man2 he implored the aid of him who is strength itself1 and he vanquished4 ,faith was for him what the fortifying oil was with which the athletes rubbed their bodies before the struggle2 and1 not content with aiding him to overcome himself1 she knew also how to dry his tears by the blessed aid of hope4 ,for1 at the same time that she showed him in all their barrenness the painful paths of duty1 she let him see at the end of the journey1 and as the price of his victory1 that eternal union of souls which time itself is powerless to break4 ,i know you to be prejudiced1 my dear ,frederick1 on all that which touches religious questions2 but1 at the same time1 ,i know you to be of too good faith not to acknowledge that there is truly something superhuman in a doctrine which gives such victories2 neither shall ,i insist on the detail of the events which occurred during the six months that ,albert yet passed by the side of ,flaminia1 for they would have no value in my recital4 ,it would not1 perhaps1 be without a certain interest to follow the developments of that affection1 so completely purified from all earthly thoughts2 but1 as there are certain situations where a look1 a smile1 takes the proportions of a veritable event1 it would be necessary for me to enter into the very slightest points of its psychology4 ,on learning the gravity of the wounds of his brother1 ,adolph ,shraun had come in all haste to the palace ,balbo4 ,antonia failed not to produce in his heart an impression as profound1 but more decisive1 than that which ,flaminia had already aroused in his brother4 ,as he knew that the project of an alliance would be joyfully received in the two families1 ,antonia was not long without knowing the sentiments which she had enkindled4 ,the frank1 impetuous1 and lively character of ,adolph had already predisposed her in his favor1 so that she quickly shared the same sentiments and hopes as himself4 ,joy renders us much more disposed to confidence than does sorrow1 and ,antonia did not fail to feel the need of confiding to some one both her secret and her love4 ,this need caused her to seek in ,flaminia for sympathy1 and the reciprocal confidence which was due between these two young hearts1 so well formed to love and sustain each other1 was then established for ever4 ,the nave confidences of her sister enlightened ,flaminia on her own sentiments1 and carried into her soul the light that she had but caught glimpses of before4 #gi ,she then understood the nature of her destiny1 and1 like ,albert1 she accepted it without a murmur4 ,she took refuge in the consoling thought that their union would be accomplished in those celestial regions where only reign the eternal laws of love2 and thus placing her hopes upon a sure basis1 she resigned herself to her cross1 prayed1 and awaited ,god's will4 ,i think that ,i have quite sufficiently instructed you upon the state of these noble hearts2 so that ,i can arrive at that which is the object of my story--namely1 to tell you how it was that my great-grandfather1 ,adolph1 saw1 one day1 two souls4 ,the ,baron ,frederick could not here repress a deep sigh of satisfaction1 and the count1 who noticed nothing1 continued3 ,the hours1 which their separation was soon to render so long1 passed away with a cruel rapidity2 the moment approached when ,albert ought to leave ,flaminia1 that he might report himself to the ,grand-,master ,coroner1 who was then preparing an expedition directed against ,napoli of ,roumania1 and the few days they had yet to pass together made them feel still more strongly the happiness that they were about to lose4 ,giovanni had announced his intention of following his friend1 and their approaching departure had cast a shade of sadness on that household1 lately so joyous that it had seemed a nest hidden from the world1 where alone happiness dwelt4 ,one evening1 when1 according to their usual custom1 they were all grouped together under the shadow of the vines1 the conversation took a melancholy form1 and the fear that reigned in all their hearts expressed itself by words3 they were talking of death4 ',come1 come1' said the ,prince ,balbo1 after a few minutes of discussion on the subject1 'what is the use of these fears8 ,when duty calls1 we must obey1 not only by action1 but in heart1 and without regret4 ,besides1' he added1 'the hour of our death is not in our own choice2 and none are protected from his stroke when ,god calls the angel of death and says1 ,strike6 ,i have1 like you1 my children1 incurred many perils in my life1 and yet sixty winters have whitened my head2 and how many have ,i not seen of those whose life was peaceable--of flourishing youth--sheltered from all harm1 who have been struck down before their time6 ,let us confide in ,god1 my children2 let us resign ourselves beforehand to his will1 which is always just1 always good--since he is eternally just and good4' ,flaminia1 crushed by the grief of a separation that snatched away from her for ever the half of her soul1 had1 until these last words of her father1 remained silent2 but then1 lifting her head and leaning slightly toward ,albert1 said to him in a tone that was audible only to him1 ',yes1 happily1 one dies at every age4' ,albert understood her thought4 ',do you not1 then1 think on the grief of those who are left8' answered he1 in a voice of low reproach4 ',oh6' replied she quickly1 'if ,i die first1 ,i will come to seek you4' ,before that cry1 uttered from the heart1 before that affection that felt itself sufficiently strong to vanquish the laws of death1 sufficiently holy that ,god should grant it a miracle1 silence could be the only answer2 but a glance of ,albert replaced with all the eloquence of the heart the powerless word4 ,on the morrow of that evening1 ,albert left ,flaminia4 ,i will not paint to you their affliction4 ,it was immense4 ,but a hope that is too ill known in this1 our century1 sustained their courage and energy4 #hj ,at the moment of an adieu so cruel to both1 not a tear fell from their eyes4 ,that they did flow1 and most abundantly and bitterly1 there is no doubt1 since grief never loses its rights1 and human force1 even the best sustained1 has its bounds2 but they flowed in silence and in secret1 and he who was their only witness treasured them up4 ,the days1 the months1 the seasons passed on2 three times the trees had lost their foliage and renewed their leaves2 three times had the alley of vines seen the winter's sun pass unobstructed through their naked branches4 ,all had changed around them2 their hearts alone changed not4 ,the renown of ,albert grew each day1 with his valor1 more brilliant2 but it was no longer renown that he sought1 it was a death that would have opened before him that wide field where impatience dies away before the eternity that then commences2 death that he desired because it would have brought him near to ,flaminia2 and death would not listen to him4 ,in vain did he fling himself into the thickest of the danger2 in vain did he accomplish prodigies that had caused the bravest to turn pale2 he passed through all these without even a wound4 ,although he had but very rare occasion of knowing what passed in that cherished spot where ever rested his heart and thoughts1 still he doubted not but that the tenderness of ,flaminia was as lively and as deep as his own2 nor did he deceive himself4 ,flaminia had refused under different pretexts the offers that had been made to her2 and notwithstanding all the desire they felt to establish their daughter1 ,i would dare to affirm that it was not without a certain secret joy that the ,prince and ,princess ,balbo looked upon the prospect before them1 the hope of keeping her always by their side4 ,do not blame them too quickly1 my friend2 for it is a painful thought that during twenty years a child should have been the object of your affection and of your solicitude2 that she should have taken the best and largest portion of your life and heart1 in order that1 one day1 a stranger1 under the title of a new-born love1 should carry away from you all your joy2 leaving you to see your much-loved child place herself under another protection than thine1 and quit without regret the house where she leaves a blank that nothing else can fill4 ,i had almost forgotten to tell you that ,antonia had married ,adolphus1 and lived happy and peaceful in this same castle where we now are finishing our career4 ,albert1 tired of war1 and freed from all further illusions of glory1 had come1 after having refused the highest distinctions of the order1 to seek some repose by his brother's side4 ,ambition was dead in him2 his soul1 that had been so severely proved1 had need of recollection and calm2 and he found this by the side of him whom1 after ,flaminia1 he loved the best in the world4 ,moreover1 although he himself scarcely ever spoke of her who filled all his thoughts1 still he felt a lively pleasure in hearing her spoken of so frequently by his brother and his wife4 ,albert was then calm and composed2 he marched courageously forward in life as does the traveller who climbs with difficulty the bare paths of a desolate and arid mountain1 sure to find in the evening the joys of the fireside and the shelter of his friends' roof4 ,three years1 day by day1 had passed away since the moment when ,albert had quitted the palace ,balbo4 ,it was the evening2 ,adolphus and ,antonia were by his side1 in this same saloon where we now are4 #ha ,contrary to his custom1 ,albert1 for whom that anniversary was a day of mourning1 felt his soul full of a penetrating and serene joy1 when ten o'clock sounded from that same clock that-- ,here the recital of the count was interrupted by the sound of the clock which resounded in the vast apartment4 ,one would have said that it affirmed the words of the count1 by repeating the ten strokes which it had caused to be heard at the moment of which he was speaking4 ,that metallic sound seemed to have in it an unusual power2 there was something solemn in its grave slowness2 in the deep noise of the wheel drawn round by the falling lead1 which accompanied with its heavy base the more piercing sound that traversed the thick oaken case4 ,both the count and his friends were seized by an impression which they did not seek to dispel or resist4 ,both instinctively uncovered their heads1 and while the count waited almost respectfully until its last vibrations were lost in silence1 the baron1 more moved than perhaps he was willing to show1 placed on the table his pipe1 yet fully charged with tobacco1 and1 an event that certainly had not occurred with him once in ten years1 he left that inseparable companion of his leisure hours1 without touching the tankard that in vain offered to his gaze its brown and golden tints4 ,ten o'clock had then sounded1 continued the count1 and that being the moment when each was accustomed to separate for their bedrooms1 ,adolphus had got up and looked at his brother1 who had been for some time previous motionless and in an attitude of profound attention1 resembling a man who follows with his ear the scarcely perceptible sounds of some distant harmony4 ,all is finished1' murmured ,albert at the moment when the clock had finished striking2 and1 placing his hand on his brother's arm1 ',remain here1' said he1 and turning toward ,antonia3 ',pardon me1 my sister1 if ,i thus detain ,adolphus2 but ,i have need of him to-night1 and to-morrow it will be too late4' ',you frighten me1' answered ,antonia2 'what then is going to happen8' ',you will know very soon1' replied ,albert4 ',poor sister6 your eyes will shed many a tear2 but they will be dried by the thought that the motive which causes them to flow assures for ever the happiness of those who are dear to you4' ,he then kissed her forehead1 and1 followed by ,adolphus1 went to his own room1 the same which is now yours1 dear ,frederick4 ',what is the matter with you8' asked ,adolphus of his brother1 as soon as they were alone4 ',i am sad and happy at the same time2 sad because ,i am going to leave you alone for a short time2 but very happy because ,i go at last to rejoin her1 and for this time not again to leave her6' ',explain yourself2 why do you leave us8' ',listen3 for that you may understand what is going to happen here this night1 it is necessary that you should know what ,i have felt and suffered during the past three years4' ,albert then told him of all that which ,i have just described to you2 of his love for ,flaminia1 of his struggles1 and of his victory1 over himself2 and ,adolphus1 who already knew through his wife of what ,flaminia had suffered1 saw with astonishment that all which had been felt by the one had also been by the other1 in the same degree and at the same moment4 ,never had the most profound sympathy established between two beings a more complete identity of sensations and thoughts2 near or separated1 their two existences had formed but a single life1 as their two souls seemed to form but a single soul4 ,when ,albert had finished his recital1 he added3 #hb ',if ,i die first1 ,i shall come to seek you6 ,flaminia had told me1 and now ,flaminia has just died4 ,do not ask me how ,i know it1 for ,i am ignorant myself of the reason2 but ,i do know it4 ,i have followed1 moment by moment1 the progress of her death2 at the end ,i have felt her die1 and now ,i await her coming4 ,in a few instants more she will be here1 and we shall depart together for that blessed home where nothing can again oppose itself to our eternal union4 ,it seems to me that already ,i feel my soul disengaging itself from its bonds2 ,i no longer regard the sufferings that ,i have endured1 except with that sentiment of thankfulness and joy which one feels at the recollection of perils that have been overcome2 my past sufferings have no longer their sting1 my tears no longer their bitterness6 ,at the solemn moment when ,i am about to quit a life that has been most painful in its trials for the happy life of triumph1 ,i have wished to have you by my side1 that ,i might say to you my last farewell in this world1 and press for a last time your hand before going to await you in eternity4' ,i leave you to think1 my dear ,frederick1 what must have been the astonishment of ,adolphus at receiving this strange confidence4 ',i have too much confidence in the firmness of your reason1' he answered to his brother after a short silence1 'to believe that it has become weakened1 were it only for a moment2 but do you not fear to have been the victim of some mental illusion1 and to have taken for a reality that which was in reality only the dream of your heart exalted by sadness and solitude8' ',i understand your incredulity1' answered ,albert1 'for ,i have myself shared in it4 ,each time that the recollection of that promise presented itself to my memory1 my reason revolted against such an evident impossibility2 the soul cannot again appear in this world once that it has quitted it1 thought ,i1 and yet ,i counted on the premise even while ,i disbelieved its possibility4 ,only an hour ago1 ,i yet doubted1 but now that doubt has passed away1 since the moment when her dying voice sounded in my ears uttering her last words3 ,you have waited for me2 ,i am here6 ,then ,i understood that it was not merely the strong desire of a soul overexcited by the desire to be reunited to the second half of itself that ,i felt1 but that it was really a mysterious warning2 and the accomplishment of a promise that ,god himself had blessed1 and that he permitted to be fulfilled4' ',but how to explain this miracle8' ',i am unable to explain it2 ,i tell you what is about to happen1 that is all that ,i can do4 ,in a few minutes ,flaminia will be present1 and in seeing her you will believe me4 ,for the rest1' added he1 after a moment's pause1 'all is a mystery in this world1 but the grand end of all is sufficient to enlighten our paths4 ,do you think that it would be more easy for me to tell you how it is that1 notwithstanding we have never said anything to each other that could divulge the mutual state of our hearts1 we have yet1 in spite of our separation1 lived by the same life and the same love8 ,that you cannot believe me1 ,i know1 but only wait a little time1 and you shall see4' #hc ,in truth1 ,adolphus did not believe1 although the evidently profound conviction of ,albert shook his mind and caused in him an impression that he would gladly have shaken off1 so contrary to reason did it seem to him4 ',let us make haste1 the time presses1' said ,albert4 ,he then arranged in order1 with rapidity and calm1 several important affairs with which he was charged1 relating to the principal commanderies of ,germany2 then1 kneeling down1 he offered up a short prayer2 scarcely had he finished1 than1 rising up quickly1 he seized the hand of his brother1 and cried3 ',look6 she is come4' ,adolphus turned round1 and saw ,flaminia standing by the side of ,albert4 ,you who have lost some one who was dear to you1 ,frederick1 you have remarked that1 at the moment when the last sigh escapes and before the work of decay begins1 the face is possessed of a calm beauty1 supernatural and indefinable in its expression1 that inspires an awed respect for that now lifeless form which just a moment before contained a soul4 ,such looked ,flaminia2 her figure1 surrounded by a luminous atmosphere1 had received from immortality an august expression4 ,it was perfectly the form of ,flaminia1 such as ,adolphus had known her1 but it was no longer the creature that is imperfect1 and subject to the attacks of time and life4 ,it was the being imperishable who1 coming forth victorious from her many trials1 bore in her all the splendors of her glory4 ,her beauty was not that which charms by the uniformity1 more or less complete1 of its lineaments2 no1 it was the celestial beauty whose type is graven in ourselves2 the beauty a single ray of which suffices to illuminate the face that hides a pure soul3 this was the beauty sublime that enveloped her with its divine wings1 and transfigured her face while changing its lineaments4 ,adolphus bent his knee before the vision4 ',had ,i not told you that she would come8' said ,albert to his brother4 ',yes6' replied a harmonious voice1 which issued from the then incorruptible lips of ,flaminia4 ',yes6 our love was too pure not to merit its recompense4 ,god has permitted it2 you waited for me1 and ,i am come4' ,she bent slightly toward him to whom she at length was about to be united1 and1 surrounding him with her arms1 she drew his face closer to her own1 that gleamed with a celestial joy4 ,behind them1 and contemplating them1 stood ,death1 not under the form of fleshless skeleton1 but as a radiant angel who changes bitterness into joy1 and tears into smiles4 ,his beautiful face bore the impress of grave majesty rather than of severity1 softened by that infinite mercy which gives hope to repentance4 ,the mercy and goodness of the ,master who sends him shone in his look1 which is so sweet to the contemplation of the soul wearied by the painful journey of life4 ,the hour was come6 ,at the moment when ,flaminia1 in a manner1 took possession of ,albert1 the angel of ,death drew near him1 and while with one hand he touched his shoulder1 with the other he pointed toward heaven4 ,albert's body fell back into the arm-chair1 which1 living1 he had just occupied2 and when ,adolphus1 drawn forward by an instinctive motion1 ran to support him1 he saw by the side of ,flaminia the form of his brother1 that shone forth surrounded by the same glory and the same joy4 ,he passed the rest of the night by the side of his brother's body1 and wept1 though not over him whom he had just seen pass away to heaven4 ,the man whom faith sustains with its sweet consolation weeps not the loss of his friend1 but his absence4 #hd ,he wept because every separation1 even the shortest1 is a grief1 and his tears were dried by the certainty that ,albert was in the possession of a happiness that could neither diminish nor fade1 and which he hoped one day to share with him4 ,the count here left off his story4 ,the baron had listened to him with a sustained attention1 and although he preserved his imperturbable calm1 yet the recital had so much moved him1 that he remained silent2 and the count1 after waiting a few minutes1 continued3 ,such is the history of my great-uncle ,albert1 as it has been transmitted to us by him who was the witness4 ,do you find it1 then1 surprising that the faith should be hereditary in a family where such facts happen8 ,what can you reply to this history8 ,nothing1 answered the baron1 except that1 to draw the consolations which it contains1 one must have the faith2 and besides1 in supposing that ,god1 if he exists1 interferes with the affairs of this world1 he is unjust1 since he refuses to me the consolation that he gives to others4 ,have you ever asked him for it8 answered the count with a friendly severity4 ,have you not1 on the contrary1 repulsed by a determined obstinacy the solicitations of divine ,providence8 ,pardon me1 my friend1 if ,i awaken a painful recollection for you1 but have you not even resisted the awful voice of ,death8 ,what is the good of my asking8 replied the baron1 eluding the second part of his friend's demand4 ,if faith be necessary1 ,god owes it to me without asking him4 ,food is also necessary1 answered the count1 and does man find it ready for him1 unless he works8 ,no1 no1 my friend2 labor and prayer1 such is the destiny of man upon the earth4 ,his material life is bought by the sweat of his brow1 as his spiritual life is the price of his efforts4 ',seek1 and you shall find2 knock1 and it shall be opened unto you1' has said the divine ,master4 ,ah6 if you had ever knelt before that ,god whom you blaspheme2 if you had with perseverance exposed to him your doubts1 your miseries1 you would have known that he never leaves without help the soul that sincerely implores him2 you would have known that he never hides himself from him who seeks him with a humble and contrite spirit and a pure heart4 ,pray1 my dear ,frederick1 pray1 ,i tell you1 and you will feel that he is near to you2 that his arms are open to receive you1 and his hands ready to shed on you all the sweet consolations and hopes with which they are filled6 ,it was now late2 the two friends then separated1 and1 without doubt1 the count that night in his prayers demanded with more than usual fervor the conversion of the man he so warmly loved4 ,ordinarily1 on gaining his room1 the baron was accustomed to install himself as comfortably as possible in an immense old leathern arm-chair1 whose age dated back for two or three centuries1 which he placed in front of the wood fire that burnt noisily on the hearth2 and after having again lit his pipe1 that inseparable friend1 he used to take a book1 and1 stretching out his feet upon the copper fire-dogs1 wait until he felt sleepy1 which invariably occurred as soon as there remained no more tobacco in the sculptured wooden bowl of his pipe4 #he ,but on that night he cast around him many a curious look1 and examined with as great an attention1 one after the other1 the several pieces of antique furniture with which his room was furnished1 as though it had been the first time that he had seen them2 then1 in place of sitting down in that ancient arm-chair1 which he preferred to all the others on account of its large dimensions1 he placed it in front of him1 and1 sitting down on the most modern of his chairs1 he regarded with a questioning curiosity and certain respect that mute witness of an adventure1 the mere recital of which had caused so great a trouble in his mind2 seeming to ask of it a solution to his doubts and fears4 ,after a long and silent contemplation1 he let fall his forehead on his hands1 and1 plunging his fingers among his hair1 whitened rather by sorrow than by age1 began to meditate profoundly4 ,the agitation of his mind was so great1 and the flow of his thoughts so rapid1 that1 without knowing it1 he began to think aloud4 ,if what he said were true1 if there were something within us that outlived our bodies1 ,i could see thee again1 my dearest and best-beloved ,gertrude2 and ,i could again find the joys of our too short union1 and this time for always1 unchanging and eternal6 ,and ought ,i to repulse that thought through the childish fear of abandoning myself to a false hope8 ,of these two ideas were it not better to follow that which gives us consolation and causes us to live1 rather than that which thickens around us the already too profound shades of life1 and changes our grief into despair8 ,what consolation have ,i ever found in the reason of which ,i am so proud8 ,none6 ,if pride has withheld my tears before men1 yet since twenty years they have flowed on in silence without their source being yet dry4 ,if ,i have blushed to let my weakness be seen by men1 have ,i not felt it a thousand times within me1 implacable1 and terrible1 before my vain revolts against a destiny that broke my heart and that ,i was forced to submit to8 ,when beside her death-bed ,i felt but a sterile despair1 when my will1 my love1 were powerless to retain for a single moment the last sigh of that life that ,i would have been willing to prolong at the expense of my own days1 what have ,i been able to do8 ,nothing6 not even to die6 ,since twenty years ,i implore the oblivion which flies before me6 ,since twenty years1 ,i recoil before the thought to precipitate myself therein6 ,is it fear that hinders me8 ,no6 ,i have faced the peril when my duty demanded it1 and ,i would do it again3 ,i have too often seen ,death to fear him4 ,the reason is that a secret voice speaks within me higher than all the sophisms of my grief1 and tells me that ,i have not the right to destroy the life which ,i did not give myself4 ,yet if there is nothing beyond the tomb1 why should ,i fear it1 and what have ,i to dread from oblivion8 ,have ,i not the most absolute right on myself1 since all ends but in a dreamless sleep8 ,is it really a sleep8 ,ah6 there is the truth1 both for me and for all others2 it is that in secret ,i doubt as often of that oblivion that ,i so loudly affirm1 as ,i do whether that ,god does not exist whose existence ,i so deny4 ,yet again1 if ,god is but an imaginary being1 and if immortality is but a dream1 what does one risk to have thought the contrary8 ,one would have lived fortified against the ills and crosses of this life by a thought that sweetens1 even the terrors of death4 ,one would not even feel the loss of that hope1 since the hour of our disenchantment would be the one which should plunge us into the deep repose of oblivion6 ,the lie1 then1 would have done that which the truth could not do2 it would have given us happiness4 ,if1 on the contrary1 immortality is not a vain chimera1 but a reality1 is it not a terrible responsibility to have shut one's heart to its evidence and to have misunderstood the sublime ,author of all things8 #hf ,yes6 in truth terrible2 for in that momentous question1 doubt is not to be permitted4 ,on all human questions indifference follows uncertainty1 but here indifference is itself a fault--one must deny or believe4 ,but how am ,i to believe8 ,when from earliest childhood you have had your aspirations broken or wounded under the repeated blows of contempt1 and when you have been taught but to laugh at in others that faith whose absence you shall one day so bitterly deplore1 how then to believe8 ,pray1 he told me4 ,pray6 ,can ,i pray8 ,oh6 happy are they who1 arrived like me at that sad epoch in life when one drags painfully along the burden of one's worn-out days1 have not to curse those who held them away from that source of strength and consolation6 ,yes1 they are happy whom a pious mother taught from their cradle to bend the knees and join the hands in prayer6 ,gertrude also1 she too prayed2 and many a time have ,i felt myself touched in seeing her bend her head before the ,god of whom she asked for me the light of the faith4 ,how many times have ,i not felt the desire to share her belief1 and to kneel down like her and say3 ',my dear ,gertrude1 there exists no place on this earth where we ought to be separated2 there is not a thought1 a belief1 an affection1 that ought not to be shared by us4 ,whatever may be the destiny that awaits us after the destruction of our being1 whether it be oblivion or immortality1 ,i wish to share it with you4 ,let your convictions be mine also1 even as your life is mine4 ,after having given me happiness in this world1 show me the road that leads to that eternity ,i wish to believe in because you believe2 make me to know that ,god whom ,i wish to love because you love him6' ,but alas6 held by a false shame1 ,i resisted that voice which spoke in the depth of my heart1 and which1 perhaps1 was the voice of ,god3 for is it not possible that such feelings as these are those by which ,providence calls us to the truth8 ,and ,i1 how have ,i responded to that voice8 ,why1 by rallying her on her belief4 ,i caused her tears to flow1 the only ones most certainly1 but today they fall heavily upon my heart4 ,and now friendship speaks to me this day the very same language that did of old her love4 ,shall ,i yet remain deaf8 ,ought ,i to cede to or resist the voice which now speaks to me8 ,o ,albert6 you on whom was accomplished1 in the room where ,i am1 and in that arm-chair that ,i now look on1 so incomprehensible a mystery1 cannot you come in aid of the most faithful friend that your family ever had6 ,and the excellent baron1 letting himself be carried away by his emotion1 found himself1 without knowing how1 on his knees before that chair in whose arms ,albert had died2 and the head covered by his hands1 and the heart filled with the thirst for truth1 he prayed3 ,o my ,god6 prayed he1 if it is true that you are not a vain creation of the weakness or of the pride of man2 if it is true that you continue to watch with solicitude over the creature who has issued from your hands1 you will not see without pity the heart full of trouble that ,i lift up toward you4 ,led astray by the habits begun in childhood1 ,i have perhaps followed error thinking to follow the truth2 but ,i have done it in all sincerity and through love of the truth4 ,if ,i am deceived1 ,o ,god6 enlighten my trembling soul1 dissipate the doubt which is crushing me1 and draw toward you the soul that seeks you and desires you6 ,and you1 ,gertrude1 dear companion too soon lost to me1 if you see my regrets that time cannot extinguish2 and the tears that your memory costs me1 ask of your ,god that he make himself known to me2 ask him that ,i may adore him as you adored him1 and1 above all1 ask him that ,i may again be united to you4 #hg ,his voice died away then1 and yet his prayer continued4 ,his soul1 overexcited with the emotions of that night1 poured itself out before ,god without following any line of thought4 ,it was an immense lifting up of his whole being toward the truth--an ardent thirst for hope2 it was the twenty years of a mute despair that resumed itself into a supreme cry2 it was the heart1 so pure and so good1 of that worthy man1 that opened itself completely and mounted full of desires and tears1 carrying with it the most fervent prayer that had ever reached the immovable throne of the ,eternal4 ,at last the baron arose1 but in place of at once laying himself down to sleep on the bed1 whose soft pillows vainly invited him to repose1 he retook his former position and began to reflect4 ,the thoughts pressed so tumultuously in his brain1 ordinarily so calm1 and succeeded each other with so great a rapidity1 that he could but vaguely seize them4 ,his eyes1 fixed upon the light flame that yet burned on the hearth1 saw not that they expired one by one4 ,the last played yet some time on the log covered with white ashes1 disappearing for a moment to again reappear in another spot2 at length it died out4 ,the lamp burned with a reddened glare through its lack of oil1 and yet the baron did not move4 ,how long he had rested in that state of semi-sleep is what he never knew himself1 when to the dying gleam of the lamp succeeded so brilliant a light that the baron always maintained that one so intense had never before shone on mortal eyes2 at the same time brilliant and soft1 it penetrated all objects without causing them to cast any shadow1 and1 as it were1 drowned them in a sea of light4 ,the baron lifted up his head at this unexpected brilliancy2 he wished to speak1 and his voice expired on his opened lips2 but he distinctly heard these words3 ,frederick1 the prayers of your beloved ,gertrude have been at length heard2 the straight-forwardness and simplicity of your heart have found grace before the throne of the ,eternal ,master2 he smiles on those who imitate him4 ,he loves those who1 like him1 bear their cross with courage1 and drink without feebleness the chalice of bitterness that is offered to all1 without exception1 in this life of probation4 ,if it has been that1 until now1 you have rested deaf to the warnings that divine ,providence sent you1 at least you have listened with docility to that which was contained in the recital of your friend1 and it was not without a reason that he was inspired to tell the true legend of the loves of ,flaminia and ,albert to you this night4 ,the faith that strengthens the soul in the midst of the calamities of life descended into your heart and penetrated it with its salutary ardors at the moment when1 breaking your pride before your will1 you have knelt down before the ,lord and asked of him the light2 you could not remain always out of the truth2 you1 the devoted friend1 the faithful husband2 you whose entire life has been but a long research for the rarest virtues1 and who feel1 beating in your breast as noble and loving a heart as ever animated a human form4 ,here the brilliant light faded slowly away4 ,the lamp was extinguished1 and the blackened1 logs gave forth no glimmer of light4 #hh ,the baron gained1 by feeling his way1 his bed1 and laid himself on it1 feeling himself full of an unknown joy1 understanding the duties of a ,christian1 and resolved to perform them4 ,he fell asleep in thinking of that happy day when should be restored to him that wife whom he had never ceased to love4 ,the next morning1 when he descended to the saloon where all the family were united1 he embraced his friend's wife1 and kissed1 one after another1 her children and grandchildren1 who were all there that day at the castle2 and all this with a demonstration of joy so contrary to his usual phlegmatic manner that it for the moment gave cause to fear for his reason2 and then1 approaching the count1 who regarded him with stupefaction1 he embraced him vigorously1 and said to him1 while wiping his eyes1 humid with tears of joy3 ,ah6 you are right1 my dear friend2 ,i shall see again my ,gertrude6 ---------- ,talleyrand1 by ,lytton ,bulwer4,footnote #ah ,footnote #ah3 ,historical ,characters4 ,by ,sir ,henry ,lytton ,bulwer1 ,g4,c4,b4 ,two vols41 #hvo4 ,richard ,bentley1 ,new ,burlington street1 ,london4 #ahfh4 ,sir ,henry ,lytton ,bulwer has presented the public with sketches of some eminent men1 and has done his work well4 ,it is not a series of biographies1 but rather a finished outline of their prominent characteristics and of their achievements4 ,in advance of the memoirs of ,talleyrand1 written by himself1 and now in course of publication1 this illustrious ,frenchman is placed among the number1 and in a new light4 ,he is no longer the inscrutable being he appeared to his contemporaries1 and as he has appeared since to their children4 ,his name has been intimately associated with the great men and events of the last years of the unfortunate reign of ,louis ,,xvi4 of ,france1 near the close of the last century4 ,still more prominently is the memory of him associated with the convocation of the ,states-,general and the ,national ,assembly4 ,by accident1 he had the good fortune to be free from the odium attached to the ,legislative ,assembly and the atrocities of the ,national ,convention1 with the attendant horrors of the ,committee of ,public ,safety in the ,reign of ,terror4 ,he fled from ,france in all haste as an migr1 and yet was lucky to avoid being classed with the aristocrats and so-called enemies of his country4 ,he was prominent in the ,revolution1 without the stain of a regicide2 he was a fugitive with the loyal crowd1 without being stigmatized as a royalist4 ,no amount of human foresight could have served him as a safe guide to shun the dangers which beset his fame and security on either side4 ,his success was altogether fortuitous2 but his friends attribute all to his superior sagacity and wisdom1 while his enemies ascribe it to his remarkable cunning and prudence4 ,when the days of danger and of blood passed by1 ,talleyrand returned to ,paris with prestige1 and was immediately employed by the ,directory4 ,when that went down1 he floated to the surface with ,bonaparte in the consulate and empire4 ,upon the fall of the empire1 with the entrance of the allied armies into the capital he was their trusted counsellor4 #hi ,the restoration of the ,bourbons was at once accompanied with the restoration of ,talleyrand to the foreign office and to the head of affairs4 ,when the ,bourbons were expelled1 in #ahcj1 he was again reinstated by ,louis ,philippe1 under whose reign he died in #ahch1 with that sovereign an attendant at his death-bed4 ,in truth1 the same good fortune set in his favor when he was a boy3 but it came in the guise of a calamity4 ,neglect on the part of a nurse resulted in a slight lameness for life in his legs1 and in consequence a family council was convened wherein it was decided he should be deprived of his rights of primogeniture1 of his high station as a nobleman1 and of the wealth which went with them4 ,his younger brother was substituted1 while ,talleyrand was destined for the priesthood4 ,but such is the waywardness of fate that in a few years nobility was abolished1 its privileges destroyed1 and the nobles themselves were in exile1 with his impoverished brother among the number4 ,on the other hand1 ,talleyrand entered the church2 he became a bishop1 and in turn he deserted the church and his diocese when the road to greater worldly success and distinction led through desertion4 ,he was excommunicated by the pope when papal censure and condemnation could only1 for the time being1 add to his popularity4 ,subsequently these were removed by the pontiff1 when a brief to that end1 with the turning tide of events1 was all that was wanting to increase his prestige4 ,to what peculiar talent1 quality1 or skill he was indebted for his happy career has always been an open question2 nor is it yet completely solved4 ,sir ,henry does not undertake to discuss the problem1 although he must entertain an opinion on the subject4 ,but it is much better that he declined to propound any theory of his own2 for in doing so the readers of his book would have misgivings that he tampered with some facts1 or suppressed others altogether1 in order to maintain it4 ,his work in its present shape invites confidence1 imports greater accuracy1 and imparts additional satisfaction4 ,no one can distrust his historical integrity1 or doubt the extent of his inquiries and research in an honest endeavor to enlighten the public1 or fail to appreciate the information obtained4 ,it is a decided accession to biographical literature4 ,nor are the opinions of the author1 interspersed through the pages1 the least interesting part of his performance2 for these opinions on the mighty men and events of the period to which he refers may be taken as a reflex of the sentiments now current in the continental diplomatic corps1 of which ,sir ,henry is an old and constant member of high standing4 ,in his expositions1 it is entertaining to compare the slow1 lagging judgment of ,europe on those times with ,american impressions1 which are far more correct1 enlightened1 and advanced4 ,the great idol which the foreign diplomatic community adores is success3 ,paris is its peculiar shrine2 and ,parisian society are fellow-worshippers4 ,but1 until success is attained and established1 their fetich image is only one in the rough1 to be hewed and hacked as cheap lumber4 ,napoleon and ,talleyrand1 during the long wars of the consulate and empire1 were not deemed by neighboring states as much better than misshapen monsters of the human species3 while the brilliancy of their achievements was dazzling the sight1 bewildering the imagination1 and extorting applause or admiration on this side of the ,atlantic4 #ij ,when the sanguinary contest closed in ,europe1 the exhibition of its continuous blaze of glory had lost much of its novelty in ,america2 the ardor of our people commenced to cool down2 they began to make a more dispassionate1 and1 consequently1 a more rational estimate of their late heroes4 ,this examination in some of its aspects was not favorable to the character of the republicans and of ,napoleon4 ,his genius1 indeed1 could not be denied2 his deeds were marvellous2 the splendor of his course had never been surpassed in ancient or modern ages2 his individual or personal popularity was not in the least impaired4 ,but on the whole1 had his life been a blessing or otherwise to mankind8 ,had it been beneficial or injurious to progress8 ,had he or the preceding government of the ,convention in the ,reign of ,terror promoted the welfare of ,france8 ,reluctantly but surely the ,american mind came to the conviction that the wars of the emperor had been as useless as they were prodigal of life1 more desolating than the bloody guillotine worked by ,robespierre4 ,that decision will not soon be reversed2 in all probability it will be confirmed and strengthened by time4 ,on the eastern continent1 however1 this stage of enlightenment has not been reached by the mass of the intelligent population2 but they are coming up to it4 ,napoleon as the scourge had there to be withdrawn1 before he could reappear transformed into a hero1 and from a hero into a great beneficent political being4 ,his wars were there pronounced productive of good1 as a destructive fire that had consumed the vermin of class abuses2 that had extirpated the noxious weeds strangling civilization1 which could not be eradicated by peaceful means2 that the ,reign of ,terror had been a terrible tempest1 to be sure1 but a tempest1 nevertheless1 which1 in the oratorical figure of ,lord ,erskine1 had driven away pestilence and purified the atmosphere4 ,at this point ,european sentiment now stands4 ,in republican ,america1 the next stride will be still in the advance to the further conclusion1 that ,napoleon1 in his martial policy1 evinced only the cold-blooded1 inordinately selfish despot1 whose love of country was centred in self-love1 whose patriotism for the ,state was unbounded when he was the ,state1 for which he would sacrifice as much as ,louis ,,xiv4 in a dazzling reign equally disastrous to the happiness of his subjects4 ,but in ,europe1 to condemn the warlike propensities of ,napoleon1 is at the same time to condemn the hostile coalitions that promoted or provoked them4 ,the measures adopted by inimical and rival powers to overthrow the ,french empire originated in passions and for a purpose fully as absurd and damaging to their own people4 ,both sides wanted war1 without counting the cost1 and now both are counting the loss1 when war is no longer wanted4 ,the losing figures present the longest columns to contemplative countenances the most elongated4 ,in this showing1 the picture is not inviting to monarchical perceptions2 they are unwilling to acknowledge the fidelity of the portrait4 ,england was always first in heart and soul in these conspiracies against the peace of ,christendom1 and ,england ever since has felt also1 both first and last1 the evil effects from the heaviest debts to be borne in consequence4 ,hence the dispiriting consciousness in the best of ,british circles1 that ,france under ,robespierre and ,napoleon was matched in its foolishness by ,england under ,pitt and ,castlereagh4 #ia ,something like even-handed retributive justice was meted out to all four3 ,robespierre attempted self-destruction when the executioner at the guillotine awaited him2 ,castlereagh cut his own throat2 ,pitt pined away and died as he closed the map of ,europe with his finger pointing to the fatal field of ,austerlitz2 ,napoleon lingered out a miserable life on a barren rock4 ,the administrations of these men are now understood in the ,american republic1 and have received the ,american condemnation4 ,talleyrand was an inferior personage to them in power1 but only one degree less2 he was the greatest in importance1 and in position of the second grade4 ,he is not so well comprehended4 ,they did not know1 until now1 he had said to ,montalvert3 ,you have a prejudice against me1 because your father was an imperialist1 and you think ,i deserted the emperor4 ,i have never kept fealty to any one longer than he has been obedient to common sense4 ,but if you judge all my actions by this rule1 you will find that ,i have been eminently consistent4 7,p4 #djh47 ,the cause of his success was generally found in his strict adherence to the maxim that ,the thoughts of the greatest number of intelligent persons in any time or country are sure1 with a few more or less fluctuations1 to become in the end the public opinion of their age or community4 7,p4 #ddb47 ,he profited by this experience and knowledge2 he understood men2 he consulted public opinion1 and followed it4 ,for these revelations and for these reasons1 every line in the volume of ,sir ,henry ,lytton ,bulwer attracts attention and invites scrutiny4 ,sir ,henry's style1 turn of thought1 opinions1 even his words1 must be weighed and studied1 not only to gather the import of their meaning1 but the exact shade of meaning4 ,in this critical examination1 it will be discovered ,sir ,henry adheres to no fixed method or standard of composition4 ,sometimes he is easy1 smooth1 and flowing as ,joseph ,addison2 again he is terse as ,dean ,swift2 sometimes he is turgid and rambling as a plenipotentiary who has particular instructions to communicate nothing in very verbose sentences long drawn out1 wherein he is neither choice in his language nor correct in the common rules of grammar4 ,now1 diplomacy admits of all these varieties of writing1 and ,sir ,henry tries them all4 ,no pent-up uniformity contracts the powers of his rhetoric or vocabulary4 ,in one paragraph he exercises the precision of an algebraic formula2 in another he wanders astray in the collocation of phrases with unguarded looseness4 ,for him to write in his vernacular idiom must be something of an effort1 although he can write well when on his good behavior2 but it is evident he thinks in ,french4 ,his ideas1 thoughts1 and some of his opinions and principles have consequently a ,gallic tinge1 and read like a translation2 while others1 if more cosmopolitan1 are limited to the tone pervading the diplomatic circle2 and diplomatists have among themselves a professional cant or set of political dogmas1 which in a class less polished and select would be mistaken for a species of slang4 ,it is interesting and instructive to be made familiar with their proverbial philosophy1 but it does not follow the infallibility of their proverbs must be recognized4 ,many of ,sir ,henry's opinions1 therefore1 may meet with dissent on this side of the water2 much of his free and easy continental code he himself would abhor if made applicable to ,british interests1 ,british politics1 or ,british domestic ethics4 ,in the cultivated opinion of the ,united ,states1 the continental standard of justifiable policy is even more detestable1 and ought to be in all climes and countries1 in every latitude and longitude on the face of the earth4 #ib ,charles ,maurice ,talleyrand de ,prigord was born in #aged1 of one of the most noble and ancient families in ,france4 ,he was sent to the ,collge d',harcout1 where he gained the first prizes2 transferred to the ,seminary of ,st4 ,sulpice1 his talents for disputation and composition were long remembered2 and when1 at last1 sent to the ,sorbonne1 he was equally remarkable1 although destined for the church1 as a very clever and a very profligate young gentleman4 ,he made no secret of his dislike to the profession chosen for him1 but it was not doubted among those who knew him that he would reach its highest honors4 ,in #aggc1 he entered the ,gallican priesthood4 ,when twenty years of age1 his countenance was peculiarly attractive4 ,it was indicative of softness1 yet of boldness2 of imperturbability1 yet of humor and wit4 ,when somewhat older1 his features wore a long1 oval appearance2 his eyes were blue1 deep1 and variable2 his lips usually compressed with an ironical smile1 but not of ill nature2 his nose1 with clear-chiselled nostril1 was delicate and slightly turned up2 his voice deep toned1 almost sepulchral4 ,in five years he was chosen to the distinguished post of agent-general of the ,french clergy1 where he administered with great success the ecclesiastical revenues of immense amount1 and where he first exhibited his financial abilities in the clearness and neatness of his statements and reports4 ,he became ,bishop of ,autun in #aghi4 ',he dressed1' says one of his many biographers1 'like a coxcomb1 he thought like a deist1 he preached like a saint4 ,at once active and irregular1 he found time for everything3 the church1 the court1 the opera4 ,in bed one day from indolence or debauch1 up the whole of the following night to prepare a memoir or a speech4 ,gentle with the humble1 haughty with the high2 not very exact in paying his debts1 but very scrupulous with respect to giving and breaking promises to pay them4' 7,p4 #ca47 ,early in life introduced into the salons of ,paris1 he readily caught their spirit1 and soon obtained the friendship of the leading encyclopaedists and philosophers of scientific and historical fame2 he was on intimate terms with many well known in letters and in the arts4 ,the celebrated wits of both sexes1 the beauties1 the belles1 courted his society2 the charm of their brilliant conversation1 their versatile accomplishments1 and their winning manners were fascinating and irresistible4 ,these divinities imagined they moved and had their being in a sublimated atmosphere far above and beyond the aspiration of common mortals2 their sentiments breathed of perfect philanthropy1 expressed in terms and in tenderness befitting persons divinely inspired4 ,every allurement that could inspire the imagination1 every blandishment entrancing the senses1 every grace1 talent1 every ornament which could enhance the form or ennoble the intellect1 was cultivated and appreciated4 ,luxury in dress1 in gems1 in furniture1 in equipage1 in banquets1 in music1 in flowers1 in painting1 in frescoes1 in sculpture1 was displayed with excess of prodigality which vied with the purest taste4 ,an ambrosial flavor of expression abounded in a common salutation2 a delicate oriental perfume seemed to permeate every compliment1 nor was any remark deemed appropriate unless it contained a compliment2 eloquence was discarded because it was tinctured with too much external exhibition of feeling2 it1 moreover1 took up too much precious time4 #ic ,but a higher art was attained in its stead--the art of epigrammatical brevity1 to communicate in a half-line what an oration could not teach in a half-hour2 nor was an epigram deemed perfect when its wit was rare and its sense profound1 unless it tended to a sneer at religion or goodness in mankind1 or told a scandalous lie4 ,the pervading object1 the avowed purpose in this society1 was to seek pleasure1 to declaim against abuses in institutions1 moral1 political1 and ,christian1 in the public at large1 in domestic habits and manners1 in the state1 and in the church4 ,but these refined creatures were not good1 nor moral1 nor pure1 nor ,christians themselves2 they made no pretensions to any of these virtues2 they were not proselyting reformers2 they were in no sense radicals2 they made no active exertions to pull down1 neither did they aim to build up1 nor to improve the world1 but were content to deplore human evils and to rail at everybody4 ,if a choice had been given to them to abolish institutions1 or only to remove their abuses incident to all things of human creation1 they would have preferred to abolish the institutions1 provided the abuses were permitted to remain intact4 ,but as they could not be rid of the beneficial advantages of the substance without the banishment of the evil shadow1 they were content to tolerate the nuisance of what was a blessing to the nation1 in order to possess for themselves the parts pernicious which were of sinful1 comfortable consideration in their sight4 ,they supposed their mission fulfilled when they talked and did nothing4 ,if one of the coterie had turned patriot and aspired to usefulness1 he would have been deemed a harmless traitor1 and commiserated for the folly of his desertion4 ,his efforts would have subjected him to their lamenting sympathy1 their smiling mockery1 their laconic brevities1 which1 although seemingly soothing1 would be as scorching as they were short4 ,because he had accomplished something commendable or attempted its accomplishment1 they would decide he had fallen from grace1 had rendered himself liable to their biting condolence1 and laid himself open to the piercing shafts of their pity4 ,voltaire1 still lingering in his senility as head and chief priest of this highly refined and deeply depraved community1 had sent forth a parting rescript to the faithful in their infidelity1 that one who has done nothing is possessed of a terrible advantage2 but he must not abuse it4 ,talleyrand1 at the age of thirty-six1 was fast rising to great prominence1 if not pre-eminence in this unholy set4 ,when ,voltaire should be called to his last account in another world1 and his mortal remains repose in the ,pre-la-,chaise or ,parthenon1 it was generally supposed the young ,bishop of ,autun would by common consent be raised to the place of the old philosopher of ,ferney4 ,but had it been thus1 had the reign of the ,bourbons been prolonged1 ,talleyrand would have betrayed and mocked the irreligious of the ,palais ,royal and ,st4 ,germain1 as he bartered away the pious interests of his diocese4 ,in some respects he resembled ,voltaire1 but in many more they widely differed4 ,in general he was in mind unlike to him1 as he was in morals dissimilar to the late bishop4 ,voltaire was always in search of flattery2 ,talleyrand despised it4 ,voltaire was pleased with petty scheming and petty intrigues2 ,talleyrand pushed them aside4 ,voltaire betrayed and lampooned his friends2 ,talleyrand did not deceive his1 nor slander4 ,voltaire was much feared for his malicious sarcasm2 ,talleyrand was well liked for his bounteous humor4 #id ,the one was a judge of books1 as the other was a judge of men2 the one was always grumbling from his failures1 the other always content with his success2 the one injecting a telling point into a falsehood1 the other imparting force to a truth4 ,both were great in epigrammatic hits in their own way2 with this difference1 however1 that ,voltaire1 being soured with the world1 exposed his asperity in his jests2 while ,talleyrand1 pleased with it1 concealed all vexation and rounded his remarks with an easy smile4 ,voltaire was a spoiled child of society2 society was a plaything for ,talleyrand4 ,in a word1 the graceless bishop1 intellectually1 morally1 socially1 was the superior1 and far outshone the snarling philosopher4 ,voltaire could never1 in playing long whist and counting his points1 if informed that an old lady had married her footman1 have drawled out1 ,at nine honors don't count2 nor could he in pleasantry have said to ,frederick of ,prussia what ,talleyrand remarked to ,louis ,,xviii43 ,there is something inexplicable about me which brings ill luck on the government that neglects me4 ,before the death of ,voltaire1 the young ,bishop of ,autun had discovered1 with his preternatural clearness of mental vision1 that the scoffers who were the embodiment of science1 philanthropy1 and refinement1 joined to profligate professors and shameless women1 formed an institution1 with its abominations also1 like all others2 just as the holy church had its sacred virtues scandalized by some glaring abuses among a portion of the clergy4 ,the bishop must have felt that he constituted in himself a type of what was good and of what was bad in each3 he ardently loved science1 art1 and whatever was refining and progressive1 as he conscientiously revered the revealed truths of the ,catholic faith4 ,but he could not resist the enticements and adulations of society2 nor refuse the temptation to raise himself to political power by laying sacrilegious hands on the property of the church4 ,not for one moment1 however1 was he deceived by the sophistries or jargon of the infidel school that reigned supreme in polite circles1 and only once was his sound judgment found wanting in fidelity to his religious order1 of which he was a most unworthy representative4 ,he confounded the abuses in the state1 the depravity of the aristocracy1 the irregularities among the clergy1 as one common class of grievances to the nation which ought to be ended2 but he did not desire to witness the sovereign beheaded1 the mob supreme1 nor the idol of ,reason enthroned in the house of ,god4 ,his aim in life seems to have been the possession of unrivalled prestige in ,parisian society4 ,to reach that pinnacle for his ease1 comfort1 and earthly happiness1 he did or was willing to do whatever would promote his purpose3 he left undone whatever would militate against it4 ,he understood the requisites for its attainment1 but would not sacrifice present tranquillity1 the absolute satisfaction now1 for the shadowy anticipation in the future4 ,intellectual exertion was a pleasure to him at all times4 ,he desired wealth1 rank1 power1 fame1 as passports into the magic circle of his ambition2 but he held himself on a level with the great1 while he treated the unfortunate1 the weak1 the unsuccessful1 with undiminished attention4 ,he was keenly sensitive to censure1 for censure impaired his prestige4 #ie ,pozzo de ,borgo1 a celebrated and rival diplomatist1 once said of him3 ,this man has made himself great by placing himself always by the side of the little and among those who most need him4 ,in truth1 he was willing to aid any one1 powerful or weak1 who could now or hereafter aid him4 ,but he never deceived those whom he was serving1 nor cringed1 nor intrigued1 nor betrayed them2 he was always true to his country1 and always sound in his judgment in deciding by what line of conduct the interests of his country could be best promoted4 ,in one instance only did he make a mistake1 but that mistake was terrible2 it was1 moreover1 unfortunate for ,france as for himself2 it produced the only bad luck that befell him in his very long life and invariably prosperous career4 ,it was in not discriminating between the clergy1 as trustees of the church property1 and the property itself entrusted to their keeping4 ,he viewed the temporalities as absolutely their own1 their inheritance1 instead of perceiving that these possessions were only a charge delivered to them for safe keeping and transmission1 which could not descend to their heirs but must go to their successors4 ,he confounded their duties as administrators of the estate with the rights of the persons for whom the estate was formed4 ,if the clergy were willing1 therefore1 to take a bribe to betray their trust1 ,talleyrand supposed the nefarious bargain amounted to a fair and honest purchase of the trust property4 ,the estate was not created for them1 but they were created for the estate4 ,a few months after ,talleyrand was installed ,bishop of ,autun1 he was elected a representative to the ,states-,general4 ,of his peculiar fitness for the place1 ,sir ,henry ,bulwer brings forward some striking and convincing testimony4 ,when the ,states-,general met1 they formed themselves into the ,national ,assembly2 they resolved to legislate in one and the same hall1 the nobles and the clergy1 mixed with the commonalty1 and all three merged into one body4 ,the ,three ,estates were no more2 it was only the ,third ,estate that remained4 ,the impending danger from immediate bankruptcy of the nation being the vital as it was the first subject for discussion1 the high reputation possessed by the ,bishop of ,autun for financial abilities and practical skill easily gained for him the first place as a man of business1 as the first rank in social position was already accorded to him4 ,he spoke well1 sensibly1 to the point4 ,mirabeau was the greater orator1 it is true1 but ,mirabeau was the orator for the commons2 ,talleyrand was no orator at all2 he was a fluent speaker1 never indulging in meretricious or ornamental embellishments1 never appealing to the vulgar passions3 he was the pride and glory1 the great favorite of the nobles and clergy4 ,his sphere had been more select1 more exalted1 more refined1 where the declamation1 passionate appeals1 rounded periods1 startling antitheses of ,mirabeau would have been deemed low and voted down4 ,mirabeau was unable to shine in the ,parisian salons frequented by the choice aristocracy1 while ,talleyrand despised making a figure of himself for the applause of the bourgeoisie of the ,third ,estate4 ,but what the ,third ,estate was wanting in elegance of manners1 in wit and cultivation1 they supplied in the strength of their numbers1 and in the corresponding determination to absorb all political power4 ,it was evident the nobles and the clergy would be compelled to succumb4 ,at last they gave way1 and not only yielded up whatever political rights or immunities were their own1 but whatever also was confided by others to their keeping4 ,to quote from ,sir ,henry3 #if ,on the #dth of ,august 444 almost all the institutions and peculiarities which constituted the framework of government and society throughout ,france were unhesitatingly swept away1 at the instigation and demand of the first magistrates and nobles of the land1 who did not sufficiently consider that they who destroy at once all existing laws 7whatever those laws may be7 destroy1 at the same time1 all established habits of thought2 that is1 all customs of obedience1 all spontaneous feelings of respect and affection1 without which a form of government is merely an idea on paper4 ,in after times1 ,m4 de ,talleyrand1 when speaking of this period1 said1 in one of his characteristic phrases3 ',la ,rvolution a dsoss la ,france1' ',the ,revolution has disboned ,france4' 444 ,the ,bishop of ,autun was undoubtedly among the foremost in destroying the traditions which constitute a community1 and proclaiming the theories which captivate a mob4 7,p4 #ee47 ,this extract is a fair specimen of the false statement of facts1 and of the fallacious reasoning in the diplomatic body1 on popular events4 ,it is as destitute of truth as it is of logic1 or a correct understanding of the principles upon which civil government is constituted4 ,in all that was done so far1 only antiquated1 effete1 feudal1 or petty provincial privileges were surrendered2 privileges which properly belonged to the state for the benefit of the nation whenever the state might deem it proper to demand them or to destroy them2 for1 long before1 they ought to have been abolished4 ,the aristocracy now chose voluntarily to relinquish them gracefully4 ,they removed thereby great grievances from the public1 and many intolerable burdens from the peasants4 ,the laws which were repealed at the same time were only customs or statutes which had protected the privileges given up1 and became obsolete when nothing was left for them to protect4 ,instead of dissolving society1 the relinquishment of petty political rights was the removal of pernicious1 detestable rubbish4 ,all laws were not abrogated2 nor was one destroyed1 altered1 or amended which protected the person or preserved property4 ,the next step of progress in the right direction was a vigorous effort to induce the king to be equally generous and patriotic in relinquishing some of his odious antiquated prerogatives4 ,but ,louis ,,xvi4 was unwilling to conform to the public wishes2 he refused1 because compliance would trench upon the sovereignty which he had received untouched from his royal ancestors1 and which he resolved to transmit untarnished to his posterity4 ,but when the pressure for a written constitution began to threaten his personal safety1 he yielded with a mental reservation that he had given way to superior force2 he conscientiously1 but erroneously and fatally1 believed his consent was not binding on him or his heirs4 ,the representatives of the nation now maintained1 that ministers having the national confidence should be called into the royal cabinet4 ,to this reasonable request1 the king refused his consent2 but he temporized by reluctantly giving audience to ,mirabeau1 ,talleyrand1 and some others of the liberal party1 leaving them under the mistaken impression that he would listen to their advice4 ,but the king did not adopt their counsels2 he did not intend that any of them should become his counsellors4 ,louis granted them a hearing in order to conceal his intentions4 ,it was only a blind to cover his purpose1 which was to resume1 at the first opportunity1 what he had relinquished1 and to send ,mirabeau and ,talleyrand1 with their friends the sans-culottes1 adrift4 #ig ,these liberals were consequently deceived2 in truth1 they aided in their own deception2 they could not imagine the king would prove a traitor to his own interests4 ,the king1 however1 was only playing over again the losing game practised by ,charles ,i41 and by his son1 ,james ,,ii41 of ,england4 ,the stake in both countries was the same3 it was1 whether sovereignty should repose in the crown1 as in ancient times1 or in the people1 in accordance with modern ideas4 ,the prize cannot be divided1 as some supposed2 it can never be divided2 in its very nature it is indivisible2 it would be as impossible as to place one crown on two separate heads at the same time4 ,sir ,henry ,bulwer1 as a true ,briton1 thinks1 no doubt1 the ,stuart sovereigns were perjured knaves1 because they deceived the ,house of ,commons1 and broke solemn promises made to their ministers2 but he views the ,bourbon king as foolish only in doing the same things1 and pursuing the same line of policy4 ,now1 in verity1 the moral code applies alike to both dynasties1 in both countries1 in both centuries4 ,whatever royal promise is made should be royally and religiously fulfilled2 but its violation does not justify a resort to the block at ,whitehall or to the guillotine at the ,carrousel4 ,the execution of a monarch for defending his prerogatives by fair means or false promises1 is no less a crime against civilization than it is a political error4 ,no good can come of it2 no good ever has4 ,but the duplicity and falsehood of ,louis1 in its incidents1 brought on the first blow against property2 and with the attack on property1 all the crimes and calamities1 all the misery1 poverty1 and long list of woes of the ,revolution commenced4 ,then society began to disintegrate2 then ,france began to disbone2 it never ended until morality1 ,christianity1 civilization1 were crushed to a jelly4 ,talleyrand was the leader in this raid1 and on his head rests the responsibility4 ,he was the great oracle on financial topics in the ,national ,assembly2 he was the member looked up to for the solution of the financial problem to save the nation from ruin2 he had accepted the position almost thrust upon him2 and his reputation was at stake in surmounting the crisis4 ,with success he could compel the king to invite him into the ministry4 ,mirabeau admitted this in a letter to a friend1 and a portfolio in the ministry was the goal of ,talleyrand's ambition4 ,all eyes were1 therefore1 turned to the ,bishop of ,autun1 and the eyes of the bishop turned to the landed property of the church1 from whence the wants of the treasury could be immediately and with facility supplied4 ,he was willing to propose the double sacrilege on religion and on society2 for it was no less an outrage on civilization or civil government than it was on ,christianity1 which is the foundation of good government4 ,the coolness with which ,sir ,henry ,bulwer states this desecration can only be compared with the absurdity in the line of argument with which ,talleyrand advocated the measure4 ,if some ,bishop ,colenso in the ,house of ,lords should propose the seizure and confiscation of the wealth of the ,anglican ,establishment1 the question would appear in a different aspect to the ,british diplomatist4 ,he would view it with horror4 #ih ,in either case1 however1 the measure would be infamous4 ,governments are instituted to protect property1 not to squander it2 and the only difference between that which is held by an individual for himself and that which is held in trust for the benefit of others1 is in the circumstance that whatever is in trust is1 in the public estimation1 more sacred1 because it is preserved for the welfare of the poor1 the weak1 the ignorant or infirm of mind1 who cannot provide for themselves2 just as the state extends a more paternal care over the property of infants1 idiots1 or orphans1 than over the interests of men and women of full growth and sound mind4 ,if a call must be made in a sudden exigency for funds1 what government1 not demented1 would spare the mercantile houses of the rich1 to sequestrate and spoliate the hospitals for the helpless8 ,talleyrand considered the church property as public property2 but this view1 plausible at first sight1 is found on reflection to be fallacious4 ,it was not derived from the nation1 nor from the public1 but from individuals1 and from its own accumulations2 it was not designed for the benefit of the public1 but for a specific class of the people--the needy--to which class the mass of the community did not belong1 and1 furthermore1 hoped they never would4 ,so much for the bishop's premises and argument4 ,but a stronger objection remains3 it is the broad principle of the invasion of private rights1 of common justice2 and when that principle is once rendered unstable by common consent1 the stability of all public opinion1 of all civil institutions1 of all organized government1 is shaken2 the state is liable to be overturned4 ,when the ,national ,assembly deemed it proper for the public good to confiscate the church property1 the ,legislative ,assembly followed the example set to deprive persons of their liberty1 and the ,national ,convention next voted away lives by the hecatomb daily2 under the same plea1 the king himself was decapitated4 ,when the public morality was once vitiated1 who could foretell where the national criminality would terminate1 who or how many would not be its victims8 ,it has been the same with ,european ethics4 ,when the great ,frederick of ,prussia violated the ,pragmatic ,sanction1 to which ,prussia had assented1 and seized upon ,silesia1 neighboring nations were not slow to forget and forgive his audacity and to follow his unrighteous example4 ,the partition of ,poland grew out of it1 from the contempt entertained for international opinion4 ,next came the ,french ,revolution1 when nations had no faith in the integrity of rival governments1 nor had governments much confidence in their people4 ,the world went backward in civilization1 and the long wars of the republic1 of the consulate1 of the empire1 ensued2 not only the ,french1 but every foreign soil on the ,continent1 was drenched in blood4 ,at last1 the moral atmosphere became so foul that the idea of assassination was entertained and talked about in every court at war with ,napoleon4 ,it was deemed feasible1 it was favored by a silent assent2 it floated in the air4 ,sir ,henry1 in echo to diplomatic opinion and to the sentiment of the belligerent nations1 treats the murder in cold blood of the ,bourbon ,duke d',enghien1 by order of ,napoleon1 as an atrocity4 ,the act certainly was atrocious2 but1 at the bar of history1 who are all the criminals that may be arraigned as accomplices in conspiring to efface the stain of turpitude in assassination from the ,christian code of morals8 ,how many were smiling at the prospect of doing unto the ,french emperor that which he did unto the duke8 ,not one statesman1 or legislator1 or diplomatist1 or writer1 could in his conscience cast the first stone4 ,public opinion was debauched on the subject2 moral integrity was disboned4 #ii ,napoleon justified his conduct in the only way left open to modify the enormity of the offence--to extenuate the nefarious deed4 ,he excused himself as he excused his first attacks in war2 it was to defend himself by becoming the assailant4 ,he undertook to teach his enemies the efficacy of retaliation1 and the lesson did teach them4 ,nothing more was ever whispered in secret1 or again talked openly1 of taking him off by poison or the dagger4 ,talleyrand1 although imperial prime minister at the time1 does not appear to have been consulted4 ,from all that is known1 he certainly did not advise or countenance the act2 he did not approve or condemn when it was done4 ,what he communicated officially1 he wrote1 as secretary of the emperor1 that which was dictated to him to write4 ,but1 on the other hand1 no one is aware that he counselled against the murder2 in all probability1 in his laxity of morals1 his sensibilities were not much shocked by the event4 ,he was never known to have considered the transaction an impolitic measure2 the common story that he spoke of it as worse than a crime--as a political blunder--has no authentic foundation4 ,such was the course of affairs growing out of the first invasion of rights to property at the suggestion of the ,bishop of ,autun4 ,but the immediate effects upon his fortunes are curious4 ,he was erroneously associated in the foreign mind with the revolutionary acts that followed2 and when1 on the contrary1 for self-preservation1 he fled to ,london to escape the stigma of those very acts and the malice of the very men who perpetrated them1 he was ordered out of ,england as a ,jacobin or regicide and found a refuge in ,america4 ,but in our republic no countenance was given to him1 no cordial greeting extended4 ,by the ,federalists1 he was1 contemned as a traitor to his king1 an apostate to his religion1 an enemy to social order4 ,by the anti-,federalists he was viewed as an aristocrat1 an migr1 an obstacle to social progress4 ,the ex-bishop1 therefore1 in #agid1 like the expatriated ,m4 ,blot in #ahfd1 had leisure to turn his attention to the culinary art4 ,talleyrand1 and the other involuntary emigrants1 observed upon the vines near the kitchens a beautiful round red production growing1 which was cultivated as a vegetable ornament1 whose botanical name was the lycopersicum1 but which ,americans called the love-apple4 ,the ,french gentlemen recognized in it their tomate1 and forthwith taught our great-grandmothers how to render it a more palatable esculent for their tables than it was a pleasing embellishment to their gardens4 ,but the ,reign of ,terror soon terminated2 like the reign of ,louis1 it ended also at the guillotine4 ,he now returned to ,paris4 ,his friend ,barras was in the ,directory1 and ,barras was of the aristocracy1 who1 however1 had been forgiven the crime of being a noble1 in consideration of the virtue of being a regicide4 ,from that date began the new lease to ,talleyrand of power1 prestige1 influence1 and prosperity1 which was never again broken during his long life4 ,he was willing to serve any administration under any form of government1 providing it was the best under the circumstances1 and when he could be1 as he for the first time expressed it1 the right man in the right place4 ,but never for a day did he remain when he could not be useful to ,france1 nor serviceable to the executive by whom he was retained4 ,he knew how long it was beneficial to adhere to the ,directory1 and when the time had come to drop off4 #ajj ,the first consul was treated in the same manner1 and the emperor1 and the allies1 and ,louis ,,xviii41 and ,louis ,philippe4 ,none of them could fascinate him by their condescension or consideration2 yet he served them all honorably1 honestly2 but it was requisite he should be called and retained on his own terms4 ,when he was dismissed1 it was not before he already knew it was better for his own interests to go4 ,when ,alexander of ,russia entered ,paris1 in #ahad1 with the allied armies1 the czar took up his imperial residence at ,talleyrand's mansion1 and expected to use the late prime minister for his own purpose by the high honor conferred4 ,but ,talleyrand was insensible to such delicate attentions2 he was fully conscious he was himself a prince1 and of the proud family of ,prigord1 a family that were sovereign in provinces of ,france in the middle ages1 long before the ,romanoffs1 surrounded by a wild horde of half-naked ,tartars1 had ever held court on horse-back1 or crossed the ,ural1 or been heard of in ,europe4 ,talleyrand was not made a tool by the czar1 but the czar was moulded like wax under the manipulations of ,talleyrand2 to him ,louis ,,xviii4 was indebted for his throne2 and afterward1 at the ,congress of ,vienna1 when ,alexander discovered ,talleyrand could not be induced to betray ,french interests for the benefit of ,russia1 the czar compelled ,louis to dismiss him from office4 ,napoleon was estimated in a similar manner1 but with even less respect1 for he had been a plebeian1 and perhaps1 if anything1 worse2 he was not a ,frenchman1 he was a ,corsican4 ,after the battle of ,leipsic1 ,napoleon offered the portfolio of foreign ministry to his former minister1 but on the condition he should lay down the rank and emoluments of vice-grand elector4 ,the object of the emperor was to make him dependent on imperial favor4 ,but ,talleyrand1 who would have accepted the office1 refused the condition1 saying3 ,if the emperor trusts me1 he should not degrade me2 and if he does not trust me1 he should not employ me2 the times are too critical for half-measures4 ,no circumlocution was resorted to on either side2 it was plain dealing2 for the parties knew with whom they were treating1 and no compliments were requisite4 ,m4 ,thiers remarks that two superior ,frenchmen1 until they have an opportunity to flatter one another1 are natural enemies4 ,however much ,talleyrand's wish might have been to assist the emperor1 he would not show it3 his invariable maxim was point de zle--never evince ardor in anything4 ,but while he had no abasement in the presence of the great1 he had no assumption toward equals or inferiors in mind and in position4 ,thoroughly self-reliant1 he was never found disconcerted nor off his guard2 in the widest sense he was a man2 he held all others as no more and no less4 ,he had no confidants4 ,perhaps ,montrond was an exception1 for ,montrond was a specialty1 ,sir ,henry tells us1 of the age1 a type of the ,french rou4 ,he was one of ,talleyrand's pets1 as ,talleyrand was one of his admirations4 ,each spoke ill of the other2 for each said he loved the other for his vices4 ,but no one could speak to ,talleyrand with so much intimacy1 nor obtain from him so clear an answer2 for they trusted one another1 though ,montrond would never have told any one else to trust ,talleyrand1 nor ,talleyrand have told any one else to trust ,m4 de ,montrond4 ,here we must1 with reluctance1 lay down ,sir ,henry's book2 space will not permit dwelling longer upon it4 ---------- #aja ,the ,basilica of ,st4 ,saturnin4 ,my journey to the ancient and religious city of ,toulouse was made in a season of sorrow4 ,i was in the fearful grasp of giant ,despair1 whose whips were as scorpions urging me on4 ,every step in this sorrowful way was a torture1 because it widened the distance between me and a past which could never return4 ,i felt like those poor souls in ,dante's ,inferno1 whose heads were placed backward1 so their tears fell on their shoulders4 ,so my heart was looking ever back--back1 with sorrowful eyes1 as if the future held no consolation in store4 ,o soul of little faith6 encompassed by thy black cloud1 absorbed in thy griefs1 thou seest not the brightness beyond the darkness that enfolds thee6 ,journeying on with weary steps1 ,i found in my way a cross4 ,i was already laden with one--seemingly overwhelming--which the past had bequeathed to me1 and ,i was about to turn aside from this material cross ,i had stumbled upon1 when ,i called to mind a traveller of the olden time who found1 like me1 a cross in his pathway4 ,not satisfied with kneeling before it1 he caught it up and pressed it to his heart4 ,what should he find but a precious treasure concealed beneath6 ,such a treasure ,i found beneath the great ,latin cross known as ,st4 ,saturnin or ,st4 ,sernin's church at ,toulouse--a treasure ,i took to my heart1 which it continues to enrich1 and hallow1 and beautify4 ,i turned aside from my weary path to find consolation and rest in this great cruciform temple1 and not in vain4 ,o little isle of peace in an ocean of sorrow6 how sweetly did the hours pass in thy serene atmosphere6 ,the ,vade in pace came to my soul like the sun after a great tempest1 restoring brightness and freshness to my world4 ,a thousand tender and holy emotions floating around1 like the birds in the arches of ,notre ,dame de ,paris2 came nestling to my heart4 ,at such moments ,the eyes forget the tears they have shed1 ,the heart forgets its sorrow and ache4 ,but it is not my intention to indulge here in any display of personal emotion4 ,i only wish1 in gratitude for many holy memories1 to note down a few of the impressions ,i received in a sacred place1 and mention in a simple way some of the objects that interested me particularly1 but not as a connoisseur of ,christian art4 ,i am sure no one has ever lived in ,catholic countries without feeling thankful that there is one door ever open to the passer-by1 with its mute appeal to sinful1 sorrowing humanity to enter and lay down its burden4 ,it is the door of ,god's house1 which rejects no one--always open1 reminding us that the ,all-,father is ever ready to receive us4 ,who can resist the appeal8 ,how many a poor peasant have ,i seen1 with care on the brow1 turn aside for a moment into a church1 lay down the basket of provisions or utensils for a brief prayer1 and then go on his way refreshed6 ,these ever-open churches are like fountains by the wayside1 where the heated and foot-worn traveller may find rest and a cooling draught1 without money and without price4 ,ah6 who would close thy gates1 ,o house of prayer8 ,as the poet says3 ,is there1 ,o my ,god6 an hour in all life when the heart can be weary of prayer8 when man1 whom thou dost deign to hear in thy temple1 can have no incense to offer before thy altar1 no tear to confide to thee8 #ajb ,even the undevout cannot pass one of the grand old churches of the middle ages with indifference2 especially one like the basilica of ,st4 ,sernin1 with so many historic and religious memories connected with it1 and which seems to appeal to every instinct of our nature4 ,entering this great church by the western portal1 ,i could not forget that through it had passed three ,roman pontiffs and many a king of ,france4 ,pope ,urban ,,ii41 returning from the ,council of ,clermont1 where the first crusade had been decided upon1 came1 in the year of our ,lord #ajif1 to consecrate this church1 built on the ruins of two others4 ,some days after came ,count ,raymond de ,st4 ,gilles1 the hero of the ,holy ,wars1 to pray before the tomb of ,st4 ,saturnin1 followed by princely vassals1 before reviewing the one hundred thousand soldiers at the head of whom he opened a passage to the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,his two noble sons1 ,bertrand and ,alphonse ,jourdain1 likewise passed through the same door1 preceded by their family banner1 before going1 like their glorious father1 to die in the ,holy ,land4 ,simon de ,montfort1 of ,albigensian memory1 before being invested with the comt of ,toulouse1 came here to kneel before the tombs of the apostles and martyrs4 ,among the kings of ,france1 ,philippe-le-,hardi came here four times4 ,charles ,,vi41 ,louis ,,xi41 ,louis ,,xiii41 and ,louis le ,grand also rendered homage to the saints herein enshrined4 ,above all1 ,saint ,bernard1 ,st4 ,dominick1 and many other renowned saints trod these pavements and prayed under these arches6 444 ,some may think lightly of these associations1 and say1 ,a man's a man for a' that2 but there are no greater hero-worshippers than the ,americans2 none love a title more than a stanch republican2 and ,i1 a ,hebrew of the ,hebrews6 frankly own to this little weakness4 ,i love the grand old names and titles4 ,i look with curiosity and respect on the footprints of kings and crusaders1 and even of knights of low degree1 and ,i tread with reverence the stones the blessed saints have trod4 444 ,st4 ,sernin's church1 built in imitation of ,st4 ,paul's at ,rome1 is of the ,latin style1 cruciform in shape1 terminating1 in pious memory of the five sacred wounds of our ,saviour1 with five chapels toward the holy ,east2 for the orientation is carefully fixed1 as in all ancient churches4 ,there are five naves in this church1 separated by four rows of majestic pillars4 ,it is rare to find these collateral naves4 ,on entering this church1 one is profoundly impressed by the majestic arches and the length of the grand nave with the double row of arcades on each side4 ,a mysterious light1 coming one hardly knows whence1 is diffused through the multiplied arches1 disposing the soul to calmness and meditation4 ,the long naves all seem1 through the converging rows of columns1 to point to that altar in the distance where is seen the twinkling light that ever burns before the tabernacle1 drawing one on like a powerful magnet4 ,the ,christian heart feels the influence of a ,presence diffused1 like the light before ,,it1 throughout the vast enclosure4 ,thoreau1 who only worshipped nature1 impressed by the religious atmosphere of a great ,catholic cathedral1 said such a vast cave at hand in the midst of a city1 with its still atmosphere and sombre light disposing to serious1 profitable thought1 is worth thousands of our 7,protestant7 churches which are open only on ,sundays4 #ajc ,i think1 says he1 of its value1 not only to religion1 but to philosophy and poetry3 besides a reading-room1 to have a thinking room in every city6 ,and who can tell the influence1 not only on the mind and heart1 but on the taste1 of such a church with its paintings1 statuary1 holy emblems1 and antique shrines which have for ages been the glory of one's city1 and intimately connected with its past history8 ,the most striking object1 on entering the principal nave1 is the tomb of ,st4 ,sernin1 raised in the air on the uplifted heads of four gilded bulls4 ,over it is a baldaquin on which is represented the apotheosis of the saint4 ,the whole is richly gilded1 and1 when lighted up1 has a brilliant effect4 ,,ossa ,,sancti ,,saturnini1 in large gilded letters1 is inscribed on the sarcophagus4 ,at first the taureaux puzzled me4 ,i thought of the bulls of ,bashan--of the cattle upon a thousand hills--and of the sacrifices of the old law1 but ,i could not see their connection with ,st4 ,saturnin4 ,but in recalling his martyrdom ,i found the solution of my perplexity4 ,st4 ,sernin1 the apostle and first ,bishop of ,toulouse1 was sent by ,pope ,st4 ,fabian1 in the third century1 to carry the light of faith into ,gaul4 ,his success in the conversion of the people to ,christianity so infuriated the priests of ,jupiter and ,minerva1 who were specially worshipped in the capital of ,toulouse1 that they one day seized him1 and1 on his refusing to sacrifice to the gods1 attached him to the feet of an infuriated wild bull1 who leaped down the hill1 dashing out the brains of the saint4 ,two holy women gathered together his remains1 but the place of their burial was known only to a few till after the triumph of the ,christian religion in the empire of ,rome4 ,an oratory was erected over his tomb in the fourth century1 and later a church rose which was completed by the great ,st4 ,exuperius1 the seventh successor of ,st4 ,sernin in the see of ,toulouse--that saint so renowned for his charities and learning1 and whose remains are enshrined in this church4 ,he was the friend of ,st4 ,jerome1 who corresponded with him1 and dedicated to him his commentary on the prophecies of ,zachary4 ,st4 ,exuperius even sold the sacred vessels of the altar to feed his flock during a great famine1 so the ,body of ,christ had to be carried in an osier basket1 and a chalice of glass was used in the service of the altar--a chalice carefully preserved by a grateful people till the ,revolution of #agic4 ,one loves to recall1 among the many sainted bishops of ,toulouse1 that flower of royal blood1 ,louis of ,anjou1 grand-nephew of ,st4 ,louis1 ,king of ,france1 and nephew of the dear ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary4 ,at the age of twenty-one he was offered a kingdom1 which he refused in favor of his brother1 wishing to consecrate himself to ,god among the ,franciscans4 ,jesus ,christ is my kingdom1 said he4 ,possessing him1 ,i have all things3 without him1 ,i have nothing4 ,he was ordained priest at the age of twenty-two1 and obliged by holy obedience to accept the see of ,toulouse4 ,before receiving episcopal consecration he made a pilgrimage to ,rome and took the habit of ,st4 ,francis4 ,the ,toulousains received him with magnificence as a prince1 and revered him as a saint4 ,like ,st4 ,exuperius1 he was devoted to the poor1 to whom he gave the greater part of his revenues4 #ajd ,every day he fed twenty-five poor men at his table and served them himself1 sometimes on his knees4 ,terrified by the obligations of his office1 he begged to be released from them1 and ,god granted what men denied4 ,during his last sickness1 he exclaimed3 ,i have at last arrived in sight of the desired haven4 ,i am going to enjoy the presence of my ,god1 of which the world would deprive me4 ,he died with the ,ave ,maria on his lips1 at the age of twenty-three and a half years4 ,what renders the basilica of ,st4 ,sernin one of the most remarkable and one of the holiest spots in the world1 after ,jerusalem and ,rome1 is the number of the saints herein enshrined4 ,the counts of ,toulouse brought back from the ,holy ,land many relics which they obtained in the ,east4 ,thus a great part of the body of ,st4 ,george was brought from ,palestine by ,william ,taillefer1 eighth ,count of ,toulouse4 ,kings of ,france also endowed this church with relics4 ,those of ,st4 ,edmund1 ,king of ,england1 were brought to ,france by ,louis ,,viii4 ,the crypts in which most of these relics are contained are intended to recall the catacombs of ,rome4 ,in the eleventh century they were not in shrines or reliquaries1 but reposed in marble tombs1 and the faithful went to pray before them1 as in the crypts of ,st4 ,calixtus on the ,appian ,way4 ,over the door leading into the upper crypts is the inscription1 ,hic sunt vigiles qui custodiunt civitatem1 and over the door of the pilgrims1 ,non est in toto sanctior orbe locus4 ,this door leads to the inferior crypts1 which you descend by a flight of steps4 ,the numerous pilgrims of the middle ages paused on each step to repeat a prayer4 ,thus they passed on into the numerous passages of the crypts1 recalling the catacombs4 ,as you go down into them1 you pause amid your prayers to read an inscription1 in red letters1 on a white marble tablet3 ,under the auspices1 and by the pious munificence of the emperors ,charlemagne1 ,louis le ,dbonnaire1 and ,charles le ,chauve1 the wonderful basilica of ,saturnin has received the precious remains of several apostles and of a great number of martyrs1 virgins1 and confessors of the faith4 ,the dukes of ,aquitaine1 the counts of ,toulouse1 have increased this treasure4 ,the magistrates of this capital have faithfully guarded it4 ,here ,religion preserves for the eternal edification of the faithful a portion of the cross of our ,lord1 a thorn from his crown1 7the gift of ,count ,alphonse1 brother of ,st4 ,louis17 a fragment from the rock of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 7glorious conquest of the ,toulousain crusaders47 and a piece of a garment of the ,mother of ,god4 ,under these vaults1 ,o pious traveller6 are venerated the relics of ,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,james the major1 ,st4 ,james the minor1 ,st4 ,philip1 ,st4 ,simon1 ,st4 ,jude1 ,st4 ,barnaby1 ,st4 ,bartholomew1 apostles4 ,st4 ,claudius1 ,st4 ,crescentius1 ,st4 ,nicostratus1 ,st4 ,simplicius1 ,st4 ,castor1 ,st4 ,christopher1 ,st4 ,julian1 ,st4 ,cyr1 ,st4 ,asciscle1 ,st4 ,cyril1 ,st4 ,blasius1 ,st4 ,george4 ,the first bishops of ,toulouse1 the series of whom date from the third century3 ,saint ,saturnin1 ,st4 ,honorius1 ,st4 ,hilaire1 ,st4 ,sylvius1 ,st4 ,exuperius1 repose in this church4 ,not far from their venerated remains are those of ,st4 ,honestus1 ,st4 ,papoul1 ,st4 ,william1 ,duke of ,aquitaine1 ,st4 ,edmund1 ,king of ,england1 ,st4 ,gilles1 ,st4 ,gilbert1 ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 ,st4 ,raymond1 ,pope ,st4 ,pius ,v41 ,st4 ,susanna1 ,st4 ,julietta1 ,st4 ,margaret1 ,st4 ,catharine1 ,st4 ,lucia1 and of ,st4 ,agatha4 #aje ,grow not weary1 kind reader1 over this long list of names1 for each one has its history1 which is interwoven with that of ,holy ,church4 ,let us rather linger with love and faith over each name1 whether humble or mighty on earth--now potent in heaven6 ,let us murmur them in reverence1 for some of them are inscribed on the foundations of the ,new ,jerusalem--and all gleam like precious stones on its walls--all these did wear on earth the jewelled state of suffering1 but they are now triumphant in heaven1 and their memory has long been glorious on earth4 ,one feels deeply awed in descending among these shrines containing the bodies of the saints--temples of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,virtue hath not yet gone out from them1 as is testified by the wonders still wrought at their tombs4 ,many of the present shrines are antique1 some costly1 and all interesting1 but they have lost their ancient splendor4 ,their magnificence before the ,revolution may be imagined from existing descriptions4 ,these tell us of1 among others1 the silver shrine of ,st4 ,edmund1 an ex-voto from the city of ,toulouse1 in #afhd1 in gratitude for deliverance from the plague1 adorned with statues of solid silver4 ,when the saint was transferred to this chsse1 it was exposed to the veneration of the people for eight days1 and all the parishes of the environs came to honor them4 ,some days there were fifty processions1 which gives an idea of the lively faith and piety of that age4 ,the octave was terminated by a general procession in the city1 in which were borne forty four shrines1 the most of them silver1 and adorned with gold and precious stones4 ,and when1 in #ache1 the relics of ,st4 ,james the major were transferred to a new shrine1 the ,duc de ,berry1 brother of ,charles ,,vi41 gave for it a silver bust of the saint1 a gold chain to which was attached a sapphire of great value1 surrounded by rubies and pearls1 with other jewels which adorned the bust till the time of the ,revolution4 ,like ,madame de ,stal1 ,i love this prodigality of terrestrial gifts to another world--offerings from time to eternity6 ,sufficient for the morrow are the cares required by human economy4 ,oh6 how much ,i love what would be useless waste1 were life nothing better than a career of toil for despicable gain6 ,though these shrines are stripped of most of their former splendor1 the inestimable relics remain still venerated by the people4 ,they no longer go there in the old garb of the pilgrim1 with sandal shoon and scallop-shell1 or only occasionally1 but their faith is as profound1 and their piety as genuine4 ,i was so fortunate as to meet a pilgrim in the orthodox garb as ,i was going into the church4 ,he entered just before me4 ,he was clad in a loose brown habit which extended to his feet4 ,over his shoulders was a cape1 around which were fastened scallop-shells1 as we see in pictures of pilgrims4 ,his feet were sandalled4 ,his sandals were with travel tore3 ,staff1 budget1 bottle1 scrip he wore4 ,in truth1 he had a bundle suspended by a stick on his shoulder4 ,his hair was disordered1 his eyes cast down1 and he went from shrine to shrine paying his devotions1 regardless of every one4 ,from the way in which he made the sign of the cross ,i took him to be a ,spaniard4 ,i felt an indescribable emotion of pity for him whose contrition had induced to assume a penitential garb1 and go from church to church living on alms1 and ,i prayed that his soul might find peace--that peace which the world cannot give6 #ajf ,one of the first subterranean chapels ,i entered was that of the ,sainte-,epine1 in which is a beautiful silver reliquary1 containing one of the thorns from the crown our suffering ,saviour wore4 ,it was given by ,st4 ,louis to his brother ,alphonse1 who married ,jeanne1 daughter of ,raymond ,,vii41 last ,count of ,toulouse4 ,on the pavement of the chapel is graven this ancient distich1 likening the ,sainte-,epine1 surrounded by the bodies of thirteen saints1 to a thorn among roses3 ,quisquis es externus quaerens miracula sixte1 ,en tredecim pulchris insita spina rosis4 ,after the ,revolution a holy priest of ,toulouse established1 in honor of this precious relic1 the ,confraternity of the ,holy ,thorn1 composed of the most fervent ,catholics of the city4 ,afflicted by the prolonged captivity of ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 they begged of ,god his deliverance--not only at their own shrines1 but at that of ,st4 ,germaine of ,pibrac4 ,their prayers were heard4 ,on the #b;d of ,february1 #ahad1 the holy father slowly and sadly passed the walls of ,toulouse on his way to ,italy1 locked up in his carriage6 ,the highway was completely obstructed by the crowds of people1 who1 all bathed in tears1 went out to meet him1 and on their knees besought his benediction4 ,among them were the votaries of the ,sainte-,epine1 raising their hands to heaven in behalf of the holy captive4 ,the pope earnestly desired to enter the city that he might venerate the body of the angelic doctor1 in the church of ,st4 ,sernin1 but it was not deemed expedient to entrust such a guest to the faithful ,toulousains4 ,halting beyond the ramparts1 merely to change their horses and obtain refreshments1 they hurried on as if afraid of losing their prisoner4 ,in another chapel of the crypts is the altar of ,st4 ,simon and ,st4 ,jude1 containing their relics4 ,it was consecrated by ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii4 ,old legends tell us that these apostles were two of the shepherds of ,bethlehem1 who first heard the ,gloria in ,excelsis4 ,one loves to believe that they who were encircled by the brightness of ,god1 to whom angels talked1 and who were first at the manger1 should afterward be called to follow our ,saviour and preach the glad tidings1 which they had heard from angelic tongues1 to the nations afar off4 ,they could not have lost sight of him who was so miraculously revealed to them4 ,they must have hastened to join him as soon as he entered upon his public life4 ,in a niche1 close by the chapel of ,st4 ,simon and ,st4 ,jude1 is the entire body of ,st4 ,gilles1 to whom the old counts of ,toulouse had a particular devotion1 especially ,raymond ,,iv41 who is invariably styled in history ,raymond de ,st4 ,gilles4 ,this saint was very popular1 not only in ,france1 but in ,england and ,scotland4 ,a large hospital for lepers was built by the queen of ,henry ,i4 outside the city of ,london1 which has given its name to a large district of that city2 and ,st4 ,giles is the patron saint of ,edinburgh1 where a church was built under his invocation not later then #acei4 ,this renders his shrine a place of interest to all who speak the ,english tongue4 ,st4 ,sernin possesses1 too1 the body of one of ,england's sainted kings and that of her patron saint4 ,st4 ,gilles1 or ,st4 ,giles1 was an ,athenian of royal blood1 who1 fearing the admiration excited by his talents1 went to ,france1 and became a hermit in a cave near the mouth of the ,rhone4 #ajg ,he subsisted on the produce of the woods and the milk of a tame hind4 ,after his death a magnificent monastery1 and then a city1 rose round his tomb1 and gave his name to the counts of ,languedoc4 ,in a large portable chsse is the head of the glorious ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 the author of the profound ,summa ,theologiae and the sublime ,office of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 worthy of the tongues of angels4 ,this great doctor of the middle ages is not dead4 ,his voice is still heard in the office of the church1 now with a single antiphon unlocking whole abysses of ,scripture1 and now in almost supernatural melody1 more like the echoes of heaven than mere poetry of earth1 says ,faber4 ,one should listen to this grand office resounding in the arches of the church where its author is enshrined1 when thousands of tapers1 around the enthroned ostensorium1 light up the brilliant shrine of ,st4 ,sernin6 ,it is a foretaste of the song of the redeemed6 ,when the body of ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 brought from ,italy1 approached ,toulouse1 ,louis of ,anjou1 brother of ,charles ,v4 of ,france1 with archbishops and mitred abbots1 at the head of one hundred and fifty thousand people1 went out to meet it4 ,duke ,louis and the principal lords of his court bore over it a canopy blazing with gold and precious stones4 ,around it floated six standards3 on two were the arms of ,france1 the third of ,anjou1 the others of the pope1 the house of ,aquin1 and the city of ,toulouse4 ,they enshrined it magnificently in the church of the ,dominicans1 but it has been at ,st4 ,sernin since the ,revolution4 ,when placed in its present chsse in #aheb1 the venerable ,pre ,lacordaire made a panegyric of the saint1 attracting an immense audience4 ,the arms of the illustrious house of ,aquin are emblazoned on his altar4 ,in passing out of the crypts on the side opposite that which ,i entered is the following inscription3 ,after having reunited in ,clermont1 in the year of salvation #ajif1 the faithful destined to deliver the ,holy ,sepulchre1 ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 wished himself to consecrate this basilica1 one of the most precious monuments of ,christian art4 ,the sovereign pontiff had near him ,raymond ,,iv41 ,count of ,toulouse and of ,st4 ,gilles1 that glorious prince who first displayed on his banners and on his armor the ,holy ,cross of the ,saviour4 ,popes ,clement ,,vii41 ,paul ,v44 ,urban ,v41 and ,pius ,,iv4 have granted numerous privileges to this abbatial church4 ,those who visit its seven principal altars obtain indulgences like those acquired before the seven altars of ,st4 ,peter's church at ,rome4 ,charles ,,vi41 ,louis ,,xi41 ,francis ,i41 ,charles ,,ix41 ,louis ,,xiii41 and ,louis ,,xiv41 kings of ,france1 have1 in praying1 passed through these holy catacombs4 ,it is here that in all public calamities a pious population has constantly resorted to implore the powerful intercession of the holy protectors of this antique and religious city4 ,there is hung on the walls of the crypts a curious bas-relief of the youthful ,saviour1 which is supposed to date from the ,carlovingian age4 ,he is in an aureola1 ovoidal in form1 pointed at its two extremities4 ,without1 in the angles1 are the emblems of the four evangelists4 ,around the head of our ,saviour is a nimbus in the form of a cross1 on which are graven the letters ,alpha and ,omega4 ,this bas-relief was evidently the centre of an extensive work4 ,the youthfulness of the features of ,christ gives a presumption in favor of its antiquity4 #ajh ,he is often found on many ,christian sarcophagi1 and in many of the paintings of the catacombs at ,rome1 with a youthful face4 ,m4 ,didron says that1 from the third to the tenth century1 ,christ is oftener represented young and beardless1 but his face1 young at first1 grows older from century to century1 as ,christianity advances in age4 ,the ancient ,christian monuments at ,rome1 ,aries1 and elsewhere represent ,christ with a young and pleasing face4 ,many non-,catholics do not like these representations of our ,saviour at all4 ,the old ,puritans were so opposed even to a cross that1 in #afcd1 they cut out the holy emblem from ,st4 ,george's flag2 but there is now a great reaction in this respect4 ,we pray it may grow still stronger4 ,we find many of these representations of our ,saviour1 which must date from the beginning of ,christianity4 ,the ,emperor ,alexander ,severus1 who ascended the throne ,a4,d4 #bbb1 had placed in his ,lararium a statue of ,christ1 but we are not told how he is depicted4 ,the ,sudario of ,veronica1 the portrait attributed to ,st4 ,luke1 the statue raised in the city of ,paneas by the grateful ,hmorrosse1 whether genuine or not1 belong to the earliest ages1 and prove1 says ,m4 ,didron1 that the ,son of ,god was represented by painters and sculptors from the dawn of ,christianity4 ,the chapels in the upper crypts are very interesting1 with their statues and bas-reliefs covering the panelled niches which contain the holy relics4 ,there is1 in one of the chapels1 a crucifix which ,st4 ,dominick used when he preached1 and which he is said to have held up to animate the army of ,simon de ,montfort1 at the great battle of ,muret1 when the ,albigenses were decisively overthrown4 ,lacordaire says ,st4 ,dominick was not present at the battle1 but remained in a chapel hard by1 to pray1 like ,moses1 with uplifted arms4 ,one looks upon the crucifix with interest4 ,it is of wood1 blackened by time1 and about a yard in length4 ,the feet of the ,christ are fastened one upon the other1 in the ,italian style4 ,one of the chapels bears the startling title of the ,seven ,sleepers1 which would seem to savor of magic or oriental legend4 ,they were seven ,christians martyred at ,ephesus1 in the reign of ,trajan1 where1 in the language of ,scripture1 they slept in the ,lord4 ,their bodies having been found in the year #dgi1 it was said1 in mystic style1 that they had awakened again1 after a sleep of more than two hundred years4 ,honoring them collectively1 it became a custom to call them the ,seven ,sleepers1 and the ,mohammedans have preserved the tradition as well as ,christians4 ,a chapel dedicated to them is rarely found2 but ,mrs4 ,jameson says they perpetually occur in the miniatures1 sculpture1 and stained glass of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries4 ,they are found in the chapel of ,edward the ,confessor at ,westminster4 ,their statues1 lying side by side on a bed of stone1 were formerly in their chapel at ,st4 ,sernin1 but only two of them now remain4 ,in the treasury of the abbey of ,st4 ,saturnin were formerly many curious and valuable objects4 ,one of these1 now in the museum at ,toulouse1 is the horn of ,orlando1 which1 indeed1 is ornamented with figures in the style of the age of ,charlemagne4 ,during the last days of ,holy ,week1 when the bells were hushed during the awful days commemorating our ,saviour's passion and death1 the prolonged notes of this horn called the faithful to prayer4 ,a similar one was used in the church of ,st4 ,orens at ,auch1 which is still carefully preserved4 #aji ,one loves whatever recalls ,orlando1 the type of ,christian chivalry4 ,many a tradition of him lingers in this country4 ,roncesvalles claims to possess his armor1 and ,blaye his terrible sword and his tomb4 ,in the country of the ,escualdunae is the ,pas de ,roland1 a gigantic footprint on a large rock4 ,at the other extremity of the ,pyrenees1 in ,roussillon1 the long table of a ,celtic dolmen is called by the people ,le ,palet de ,roland2 and large depressions in the form of a semi-circle1 in this part of ,france1 mark the passage of ,orlando's steed--that steed over which1 when dead1 his master wept1 begging his forgiveness if he had ever been ill-treated4 ,the poet tells us the horse opened his eyes kindly on his master1 and never stirred more4 ,one would like to think this the veritable horn of ,orlando--which was so powerful1 when sounded for the last time1 that the very birds of the air fell dead1 the ,saracens fell back in terror1 and ,charlemagne and his court heard its notes afar off4 ,there is far more enjoyment in accepting all these local traditions than in disputing their truth4 ,let us reserve our incredulity for so-called history4 ,from the tower of ,st4 ,sernin there is a magnificent view of the ,pyrenees from sea to sea1 and of a large extent of country full of historic and religious associations4 ,directly beneath is the old city of ,toulouse1 recalling ,clemence ,isaure and the golden violets1 and the troubadours of an older time4 ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua frequented its famous schools4 ,st4 ,dominick here founded the order of ,preaching ,friars1 which has given so many doctors and missionaries to the church4 ,st4 ,vincent ,ferrier preached yonder in ,st4 ,george's ,square4 ,in that same ,place afterward preached ,friar ,thomas de ,illirico against the excesses of the ,carnival1 and against all games of chance1 with such effect that all the cards found in the shops were publicly burned and the trade of card-maker abolished4 ,one day1 after the preaching of this servant of ,god1 the capitouls had placed on the five principal gates of the city a marble tablet which bore en relief the holy name of ,,jesus supported by angels--that name so powerful for defence that it makes the very demons tremble6 ,another famous preacher of that time induced the capitouls to appoint four watchmen to patrol the city at night1 from one till five1 and chanting loudly3 ,rveillez-vous1 gens qui dormez1 ,priez ,dieu pour les trpassez4 ,before leaving ,st4 ,sernin1 we stop to murmur a ,requiescant in pace at the tombs of the counts of ,toulouse1 the first sovereigns who styled themselves ,by the grace of ,god1 and whose history is so glorious and yet so sad and tragical4 ,and as no ,catholic ,christian quits a church without leaving a tribute of love before the altar of the ,madonna1 so1 before reluctantly leaving this antique basilica1 perfumed with a thousand memories1 ,i drop my bead at the feet of ,mary1 remembering that in this country were first strung together the bright jewels of the rosary1 which have ever since adorned the garments of ,christ's spouse--the ,church4 ,,ave ,,maria6 ---------- #aaj ,the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor4 ,the thoughtful soul1 whether within or without the ,catholic ,church1 cannot fail to be impressed with the extent of her charities4 ,the fatherless1 the widow1 the aged1 the poor1 as ,st4 ,laurence the martyr declared when ordered by the prefect of ,rome to deliver to him the wealth of the church--these are her riches4 ,but one must be within the fold to appreciate the universality of her bounty2 to see that every need of suffering humanity1 as it rises1 finds pious souls whose vocation it is to look after that very need1 to provide for that very want2 and the smallness of the beginning of each world-wide charity makes the humble-hearted leap with joy that1 even in the narrowest sphere1 every one may be privileged to help our dear ,lord in the person of his poor4 ,when ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi gave his rule of strict poverty to the ten united with him in hungering to work for ,christ1 it needed more than his great faith to believe that1 in forty-two years after his death1 two hundred thousand zealous souls would be banded together1 under his name1 for prayer and alms-deeds2 while1 through all coming ages of the church1 his followers should steadily increase1 steadfast in the work for which they had joined hands4 ,when1 in #aecg1 ,angela ,merici1 of ,brescia1 a lady of birth and fortune1 sorrowing over the death of a well-beloved sister1 soothed her grief by devoting herself to the education of poor female children1 at a time when four doctors of the law declared the instruction of women the work of the devil1 she did not realize that from the grave of her own sorrow would spring the far-famed order of ,ursulines1 7a beautiful resurrection67 who collected and taught the poor orphans of massacred parents during ,french revolutions1 and who held their infant and ragged schools long before ,england had thought of them4 ,when1 in #afcc1 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 seeing the misery and destitution of the poor in the streets of ,paris1 placed four young women1 who volunteered to aid him in relieving present distress1 in charge of a noble lady who had for several years devoted herself to the work under his direction1 he scarcely expected to see in twenty years two hundred houses and hospitals of the order of ,charity1 spreading everywhere their sheltering arms for the suffering poor4 ,franciscans1 ,ursulines1 ,sisters of ,charity1 we have in our midst1 showing1 by their lives of self-abnegation in this hard1 worldly age and country1 that the evangelical counsel1 to forsake all for ,christ's sake1 is not obsolete4 ,but another branch of the great tree of charity that1 like the banyan1 plants itself and rises with new life and vigor wherever it takes root1 is about to spread its benign shadow over our land4 ,the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor are coming among us1 and it is well we should know whence they come and what is their work4 ,like the older orders in the church1 ,les ,petites ,soeurs des ,pauvres had a very small beginning4 #aaa ,in ,st4 ,servan1 a small town on the north coast of ,france1 washed by the waters of the ,english ,channel1 the male peasantry have1 from time immemorial1 obtained a scanty living for themselves and families by following the sea4 ,this life of exposure and danger leaves always1 wherever it is followed1 many children fatherless and wives widows1 and often deprives aged parents of their only support4 ,it was the custom for these poor bereaved widows and parents of deceased fishermen to gather about the church-doors1 asking alms of the congregation as they passed out2 many abuses arose out of this way of distributing charity2 the boldest fared the best1 and the money thus obtained was often wasted in drink or self-indulgence1 without providing for any real want4 ,the good ,god touched the heart of the pious ,cur of ,servan by the sight of these poor persons1 often blind1 aged1 and infirm1 with none to care for them4 ,in the quiet of his own humble home1 ,abb le ,pailleur thought over the condition of these miserable beings1 commending them to his divine ,master1 and asking the guidance of him who had not where to lay his head1 in his efforts for their relief4 ,the blessed ,spirit guided to his direction a young orphan-girl from the laboring classes1 who1 for the love of ,god1 desired to do something for those more destitute than herself4 ,the cur recommended to her care an old blind woman1 utterly without friends1 and who1 from the scanty alms bestowed at the church-door1 was seldom able to obtain the smallest pittance1 her blindness preventing her access to the charitably inclined4 ,not many weeks passed1 before another poor seamstress confided to her pastor the same desire to work for ,christ's poor2 she was permitted to share the labors of the other1 both working all day1 and coming by turns at night to watch and tend and to provide for the old blind woman1 with what they could spare from their own small earnings4 ,at length1 that there might be no loss of time and labor1 ,marie ,augustine and ,marie ,theresa hired an attic where they dwelt together1 and took their aged pensioner to share their home4 ,here their devotion and self-denial attracted the attention of a servant1 ,jenny ,jugan1 ,footnote #ai who1 by industry and frugality in early life1 had accumulated about six hundred francs4 ,she asked to go with them1 and to share with them1 giving her all to the good work1 taking her part of the toils and privations1 and bringing with her one or two aged poor4 ,thus1 on the feast of ,st4 ,theresa1 #ahdj1 the house of ,the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor may be said to have been established4 ,footnote #ai3 ,jenny ,jugan was about forty4 ,she was living in the attic mentioned1 and received in that place the poor blind who had been under the care of ,marie ,augustine and ,marie ,theresa4 ,abb le ,pailleur had early given them a rule of life1 one article of which they pondered with special care3 ,we will delight above all things in showing tenderness toward those aged poor who are infirm or sick2 we will never refuse to assist them when occasion presents itself1 but we must take great care not to meddle in what does not concern us4 ,they still went about their daily labors1 and though their earnings never exceeded one franc per day1 at night they shared it with those whom ,god had confided to their care4 ,the cur helped them to the extent of his resources1 which were very limited4 ,prayer and faith were the means whereby they made so little serve for so many4 ,the good ,lord who heareth the cry of the ravens listened to the pleading of the ,little ,sisters1 and sent them a faithful friend and benefactress in one ,fanchion ,aubert1 who took no vows1 but gave all her substance to their work1 wishing to live and die among them4 #aab ,she possessed a little property1 a small stock of the plainest furniture1 and a quantity of linen2 with these she came1 sharing everything with them and their poor4 ,by her thrift she had gained credit in ,st4 ,servan1 and through her the sisters were able to leave the attic1 and rent a long1 low dwelling with space for twelve beds1 which were immediately filled4 ,and now came the time when1 with the small band of sisters and the multiplication of pensioners1 the age and infirmities of their poor required all their attention2 they could no longer go out to earn anything2 and though those of the old women who were able did sometimes assist the funds of the establishment by begging1 their faithful guardians desired to save them from the temptations and degradation to which such a life too often led them4 ,help came now and then1 but not enough to supply all the needy ones1 and the sisters often went hungry4 ,they sought counsel of the father of the house1 ,abb le ,pailleur4 ,after prayer and meditation1 he proposed to the sisters that for the love of ,god they themselves should become beggars4 ,most cheerfully they went forth with baskets on their arms1 asking charity1 the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table4 ,from that day they have provided in this way for their destitute ones2 nothing comes amiss1 the refuse of the table or the wardrobe is accepted thankfully4 ,these mendicant sisters have never been without their share of contumely and reproach4 ,members of older orders in the beginning turned the cold shoulder upon them1 and they were spurned from the presence of one religieuse with the reproach1 ,don't speak to me1 ,i am ashamed of your basket6 but they only renewed their entire consecration to ,god1 and went on begging4 ,at length their basement was crowded to suffocation2 the abb sold his gold watch1 and with the remains of ,fanchion's property1 and all their savings1 they made the first payments for a large house2 before the end of the year1 the twenty-two thousand francs 7the price of the house7 were all paid4 ,here they took that name so redolent of sweetness and humility1 ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 and here they accepted fully what before had been necessarily imperfect1 their rule of life1 taking1 in addition to the usual vows of poverty1 chastity1 and obedience1 the vow of hospitality4 ,at the end of two years1 fifty aged people were fed and clothed by the begging sisters1 and comforted and cared for with all the assiduity of the most tender love4 ,their rule was to divide all the broken victuals among the poor1 and feed themselves upon what remained1 never murmuring if they went without4 ,one winter's night1 when the old people1 fed and cared for1 had gone to their rest1 the sisters had for their suppers only about a quarter of a pound of bread4 ,they sat down cheerfully at the table1 said their ,benedicite1 and passed the bread from one to the other1 each declining any right to it1 and all pretending to be well able to do without it4 ,before it had been decided how the loaf should be divided1 the bell rang2 some one had sent them a supply of meat and bread4 ,trust in the ,lord and do good1 and verily thou shalt be fed1 was the motto of their holy lives4 ,it will not surprise us to learn that1 in return for their self-sacrifice1 ,almighty ,god gave them many souls from among the abandoned and often dissolute people1 who1 but for the peaceful refuge of their home1 would have been lost in the whirlpool of ignorance and vice4 ,to bring back these poor creatures to their forgotten ,father was the delight of the zealous sisters1 and they felt themselves well rewarded when they saw these darkened minds opening to the truth1 and returning to sit at the feet of ,jesus with loving penitence4 #aac ,but the house was filled to overflowing1 and they resolved to build4 ,they well knew in whose hands are the gold and silver1 and into his ever-listening ear they poured their new want4 ,the reply did not linger1 for they worked as well as prayed4 ,at the sight of the zeal with which they began to clear the stones from a piece of ground1 which they already owned1 and to dig the foundations1 workmen came1 materials were sent1 and alms flowed in abundantly4 ,some time previous a person from the ,island of ,jersey1 which is not far from ,st4 ,servan1 came to that town to seek for an aged relative4 ,he found her sheltered by the ,little ,sisters1 and with devout thanksgiving to ,god he gave alms of all that he possessed1 and at his death bequeathed the house seven thousand francs4 ,this legacy fell to them as they began the building1 and with the new house came new souls1 ready to consecrate themselves to the service of ,god's poor1 and with these new sisters came the desire that the hand of charity might be held out to the poor of other regions4 ,the elder of the two girls who were first banded together in this order1 and who was now called ,mother ,marie ,augustine1 with four sisters1 went out from the mother-house1 and established themselves at ,rennes1 a town of forty thousand inhabitants1 fifty or sixty miles from their first home4 ,the trust in ,providence which led to this movement was greatly blessed1 and soon there came another call from the town of ,dinan4 ,this call came from the mayor of the city1 who thought it a wonderful stroke of policy to provide for the town's poor without drawing on the city treasury4 ,the sisters went without hesitancy1 and in #ahdf had three well-established houses1 which ten of the sisterhood supported by begging4 ,in ,france1 as in this country1 it has been for a long time the custom for persons living in the interior to seek the sea-coast during the summer months4 ,a young lady coming from ,tours to ,st4 ,servan did not1 as too many do1 leave all thoughts of her religion behind1 but in her temporary sojourn gave herself to good works4 ,attracted by the genuine humility and piety of the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 she begged them to go back with her to ,tours4 ,they asked only a roof to shelter and liberty to work1 and in ,january1 #ahdg1 they hired in that city a small house in which they received at once a dozen poor people4 ,in #ahdh1 they bought1 for #hj1jjj francs1 a very large building1 and found shelter for a hundred4 ,how this sum was paid and the family supported remains a secret with the angel who makes record of alms-deeds4 ,for the food of these poor people1 every caf was engaged to save their coffee-grounds and tea-leaves1 and schools1 colleges1 barracks1 and families their crusts of bread2 each sister1 as she went forth1 carried on her arm a large tin pail1 divided in compartments1 which allowed the scraps of bread and meat1 with the cups of broth and other fragments1 to be kept apart from each other4 ,at their return1 these bits were overlooked1 and by the hands of the sisters made into very palatable dishes for their beloved poor4 ,but we must not forget that other and more arduous and disagreeable duties were required of these indefatigable workers than even providing their food from such material4 #aad ,the nursing1 tending1 and watching of these poor creatures whose former lives of misery had often brought upon them repulsive infirmities and diseases1 lifting the helpless1 comforting the forlorn1 and bearing with the ungrateful1 all these must be shared by these devoted women1 who had undertaken to follow the command of the apostle1 to provide for the aged and the widow4 ,most of these nuns came from the people2 many of them had witnessed want and woe from their infancy1 and understood the special needs of the poor2 but now and then ladies of rank and education joined them1 all working together in perfect equality1 each undertaking that class of duties for which she was best fitted4 ,many a sister has been truly a martyr for ,christ1 in working for these ignorant1 degraded beings1 often obstinate and full of ingratitude4 ,but it is not for the sake of gratitude we nurse them1 said a sister whose pale face showed the wearing nature of her cares3 it is because in them we see le bon ,dieu6 ,to tell the story of the journeyings from place to place all over ,france1 the difficulty with which they took root in some of the larger cities1 and the comparative welcome they met in the smaller towns1 would fill a volume4 ,from ,france they went to ,belgium1 to ,spain1 to ,switzerland1 and lately to ,ireland1 and even to ,protestant ,england and ,scotland4 ,to-day one hundred and eight houses of this order are scattered over ,europe1 with a sisterhood of eighteen hundred women1 who watch over1 comfort1 and maintain more than twelve thousand poor old men and women1 without money and without price save the voluntary offerings of the cheerful giver6 ,in ,england the appearance of the order excited at first much curiosity1 but many turned away from them with aversion1 the aversion which centuries of false teaching has planted in the minds of most ,protestant communities against all religious orders2 but their uniform humility1 gentleness1 and kindness won the day4 ,in ,park ,row1 ,bristol1 ,england1 in ,bayswater1 in ,london1 as well as in other places1 their convents are admirably conducted1 and they welcome visitors most cordially2 wherever they go they become popular4 ,we get a good deal in ,england1 said one of the sisters2 the ,english are very good to us1 though they are ,protestants4 ,there is something in simple1 honest trust in ,god which touches the heart1 and often those who at first turned away from the begging sisters1 in the end prove their warmest supporters4 ,on his way to business a butcher1 belonging in ,london1 and glorying in the name of a stanch ,protestant1 was induced to visit one of the convents4 ,he was so delighted with the charity and with all he saw1 that he told the good mother to let the convent cart call at his stall once a week1 and he would give them soup-meat for the house4 ,as he went away1 his conscience reproached him2 the horns and hoofs of the dreadful beast of whom he had so often heard appeared before him2 he might be suspected of a leaning toward popery6 ,but then his ,anglo-,saxon common sense told him that to help the aged and infirm was right1 popery or not1 and he kept his word2 the meat is always ready when the cart arrives1 but no communication passes between the sister who takes and the man who gives2 he has not yet lost his fear of the seven heads and ten horns1 and the number #fff4 #aae ,the institution of this order at least makes plain one fact3 that numbers of poor can be well supported from the waste of the rich4 ,it ought also to put to silence those who scoff at the idea of an overruling ,providence--the living ,god rather1 who cares for the raven and the sparrow1 and is constantly working miracles under our eyes1 whereby the hungry are fed and the naked clothed4 ,madame ,guizot de ,witt1 a-,protestant lady1 says3 ,every time ,i visit one of the houses of the ',little ,sisters1' and see their bands of old people--aged children1 so neatly dressed1 so well taken care of1 occupied and amused in every way that age or weakness allow1 ,i seem to hear the voice which says1 ',go1 and do thou likewise4' ,this band of noble workers is coming among us1 to gather the abundance that falls from our tables1 often wasted1 or thrown to dumb beasts1 while souls made in the image of ,god look on with hungry eyes4 ,how shall we greet these servants of ,god8 ,if we receive the ,little ,sister kindly1 giving of our plenty when she asks1 she will thank ,god2 if we turn away with cold questioning1 she still thanks ,god that she may bear trial for his sake4 ,to the thrifty ,american mind1 this scheme of beggary will1 no doubt1 appear to some as a nuisance1 and call for the interference of the laws against begging2 but there are others whom the hand of ,god has touched2 these will welcome to the freedom of our land a band of sisters whose charity beareth all things1 endureth all things1 and hopeth all things4 ,but however we receive them1 they will still go on1 and if they are turned away from one town or city by the iron hand1 they will bring a blessing upon another1 both now and in that day when the ,judge shall say1 ,come1 ye blessed of my ,father1 possess the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world3 for ,i was hungry1 and ye gave me meat2 thirsty1 and ye gave me drink2 ,i was a stranger1 and ye took me in2 naked1 and ye covered me3 444 for as long as ye did it to one of my least brethren1 ye did it to me4 ,list ,of ,the ,houses ,founded ,by ,the ,little ,sisters ,of ,the ,poor4 ,in ,france4-- ,the novitiate at ,latour2 ,st4 ,joseph1 near ,becherel1 7,ile et ,vilaine27 ,rennes2 ,st4 ,servan2 ,dinan2 ,tours2 ,nantes2 ,paris1 ,rue ,st4 ,jacques near the ,val de ,grace2 ,besanon2 ,angers2 ,bordeaux2 ,rouen2 ,nancy2 ,paris1 ,avenue de ,breteuil2 ,laval2 ,lyon1 la ,vilette2 ,lille2 ,marseilles2 ,bourges2 ,pau2 ,vannes2 ,colmar2 ,la ,rochelle2 ,dijon2 ,st4 ,omer2 ,brest2 ,chartres2 ,bolbec2 ,paris1 ,rue ,beccaria1 ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine2 ,toulouse2 ,st4 ,dizier2 ,le ,havre2 ,blois2 ,le ,maus2 ,tarare2 ,paris1 ,rue ,notre ,dame des ,champs2 ,orleans2 ,strasbourg2 ,caen2 ,st4 ,etienne2 ,perpignan2 ,montpellier2 ,agen2 ,poitiers2 ,st4 ,quentin2 ,lisieux2 ,annonay2 ,amiens2 ,roanne2 ,valenciennes2 ,grenoble2 ,draguignan2 ,chateauroux2 ,roubaix2 ,boulogne2 ,dieppe2 ,beziers2 ,clermont ,ferrand2 ,lyons1 ,la ,croix ,rousse2 ,metz2 ,nice2 ,lorient2 ,nevers2 ,flers2 ,villefranche2 ,cambrai2 ,niort2 ,paris1 ,rue ,philippe ,gerard2 ,les ,sables d',olonne2 ,troyes2 ,maubeuge2 ,nimes2 ,toulon2 ,tourcoing2 ,cherbourg2 ,valence2 ,prigueux2 and one just now beginning in ,dunkerque4 ,in ,switzerland4--,genevra4 ,in ,belgium4-- ,bruxelles1 ,rue ,haute2 ,liege1 at the ,chartreuse2 ,jemmapes1 near ,mons2 ,louvain2 ,antwerp2 ,bruges2 ,ostende2 ,namur4 #aaf ,in ,spain4-- ,barcelona2 ,maureza2 ,granada2 ,lerida2 ,lorca2 ,malaga2 ,antequera2 ,madrid1 ,calle della ,hortaletza2 ,jaen2 ,reuss2 two more are preparing in ,valence and ,andalusia4 ,in ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland4-- ,london1 7,southwark17 ,south ,lambeth ,road2 ,london1 7,bayswater17 ,portobello ,lane2 ,manchester1 ,plymouth ,grove2 ,bristol1 ,park ,row2 ,birmingham1 ,cambridge ,street ,crescent2 ,leeds1 ,hanover ,square2 ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 ,clayton ,street2 ,plymouth1 ,st4 ,mary's2 ,waterford2 ,edinburgh1 ,gilmore ,place2 ,glasgow1 ,garngad ,hill2 ,lochee1 near ,dundee2 a new foundation beginning in ,tipperary4 ,in the ,united ,states4-- ,no house exists as yet1 but the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor are preparing three foundations which are to take place very soon1 one in ,brooklyn1 ,de ,kalb ,avenue2 a second one in ,new ,orleans1 in the buildings occupied by the ,widows' ,home2 the third one in ,baltimore1 with the charge1 too1 of the ,widows' ,home2 besides these1 several other foundations are contemplated in the course of the next and of following year4 ---------- ,religion ,medically ,considered4 ,by the term religion1 we mean that divine code mercifully revealed by ,god to mankind1 in the old and new dispensations1 as their rule of faith and practice4 ,its precepts have reference both to the corporal and spiritual1 the temporal and eternal welfare of men4 ,religion1 it is true1 in its higher sphere1 addresses itself to the soul4 ,it embraces the affections1 emotions1 and sentiments of our spiritual nature1 and its direction is always toward the infinite fountain of love and wisdom4 ,yet its scope1 while for eternity1 is for time also4 ,when ,god first revealed himself to ,moses1 the ,israelites were fast relapsing into heathenism1 with1 its pernicious and degrading habits of life4 ,under the divine inspiration1 however1 the prophet imbued them anew with faith in the true ,god1 and presented them at the same time with an admirable code of practical life4 ,he taught them to love and fear ,god1 to obey his commandments1 to live soberly and uprightly in themselves1 and to practise justice and love toward each other4 ,he continually placed before them the divine promises of not only eternal but also temporal rewards for obedience1 and1 in like manner1 the threatened penalties of disobedience4 ,viewed even as practical rules of living for earthly life alone1 his are models of excellence4 ,no man has ever done more toward retaining that tabernacle of the human soul1 the earthly body1 in a pure and healthy condition than this great lawgiver4 ,contrast the precepts given by ,god through him to the ,israelites after he had brought them out of the land of ,egypt1 with those of the ,egyptians1 of the ,canaanites1 and other heathen nations of the period4 ,how wise and elevating are the tendencies of the one6 ,what injustice1 inhumanity1 and degradation mark the other6 #aag ,on the one hand1 love supreme to ,god and to one's neighbor as one's self1 joined with forbearance1 justice1 truthfulness1 honesty1 chastity1 temperance1 cleanliness even1 and rigid adherence to what would now be termed sound sanitary principles2 while on the heathen side1 what may be comprised in three words--selfishness1 sensuality1 and force4 ,the fruits of obedience to the former were1 even here1 comparative immunity from disease and its sufferings1 with enhanced material prosperity and happiness1 and with increased longevity2 while to the other there came the legitimate penalties of inordinate self-indulgence1 of selfishness and evil-living2 the fruits of the laws of life which heathenism gave to them4 ,it is hence that we claim for religion--for the religious precepts revealed to man by the divinely inspired prophets of the old dispensation1 that they contributed vastly to the physical and temporal well-being of the race4 ,the ,god of nature required that there should be no violation of the laws of nature2 that our organs and faculties1 designed for legitimate uses1 should not be subjected to abuse and perversion4 ,hence temperance and moderation1 and a rigid avoidance of whatever tended to a violation of the natural laws of health1 were enjoined upon man as duties of religious obligation4 ,that the mortal body might be and remain a fit enclosure of the immortal soul1 the inspired teachings of the old law descended to the minutest details of the laws of health and life4 ,this1 indeed1 constituted the less exalted sphere of religion1 yet one of prime importance1 so far as the well-being and happiness of earthly life was concerned4 ,even1 then1 should we1 for the moment1 ignore religion in its higher relations1 and leave out of the question a future existence1 regarding man merely as an animal who is to be annihilated at death2 still we shall find that by its precepts and its influence it has always largely contributed to his measure of health1 happiness1 and longevity4 ,it is our purpose1 in this paper1 to confine our remarks to this view of the case1 and to discuss the influence of religion and a ,christian life upon man in his physical and earthly relations4 ,for the atheist even1 for the deist and the sceptic1 we claim that the precepts and practice of ,christianity are1 above all other systems and modes of life1 conducive to physical and mental health and vigor1 to true enjoyment and long life4 ,nearly all of the eminent philosophers and heathen teachers before and at the time of ,christ seem to have regarded the pursuit of sensual pleasure as life's chief aim and end4 ,true1 they advised a certain measure of moderation in the gratification of the appetites and passions1 in order that the vitality might not be too rapidly exhausted2 but this was their only limit to self-indulgence2 religious or moral obligation was not taken into the account in making up the programme of practical life4 ,the pagan disciples of ,aristotle1 ,socrates1 and ,plato1 as well as the more cultivated and polished polytheists of the empire of the ,caesars1 lived for sensual enjoyment alone4 ,even human life was made subservient to this dominant idea1 as the frequent and wanton murders of slaves and newly born children demonstrate4 #aah ,early failure of the vital forces1 followed by disease and its accompanying physical and mental suffering1 was the fruitful result4 ,a participation in the revels of the temples of ,venus and of ,bacchus might give its few brief hours of sensual pleasure2 but violated nature always inflicted her bitter penalties therefore1 in the form of painful and tedious morbid reactions4 ,the spectator at the ,colosseum may have been momentarily excited by the bloody scenes of the arena2 but the simple instincts of humanity must have filled the soul with horror and disgust1 on subsequent reflection upon the cruelty involved therein4 ,even in the higher planes of pagan life1 in the very lyceums and groves of the philosophers of the ,augustan age1 so lax and inefficient was the moral code of the day1 and such their own imperfect moral teachings1 that the practical life-results were little better4 ,one can appreciate the reality of this when he calls to mind the utter variance of the new law of ,christ1 when first introduced among them1 with nearly all the philosophies1 customs1 and habits of the period4 ,he has but to read1 for this purpose1 the frightful description of ancient heathen society given by ,st4 ,paul in the latter half of the first chapter of his epistle to the ,romans1 addressed to the ,christian converts from among this very people4 ,without the restraining and healthful influences of true religion1 to what depths of moral and physical degradation is not human nature capable of bringing itself6 ,footnote #bj ,professing themselves to be wise1 says the apostle1 they became fools4 444 ,wherefore ,god gave them up to the desires of their heart1 to uncleanness1 to shameful affections1 and to a reprobate sense3 thereby receiving in themselves the recompense which was due to their error4 444 ,being filled with all iniquity1 malice1 fornication1 covetousness1 wickedness1 full of envy1 murder1 contention1 deceit1 malignity1 whisperers1 detractors1 hateful to ,god1 contumelious1 proud1 haughty1 inventors of evil things1 disobedient to parents1 foolish1 dissolute1 without affection1 without fidelity1 without mercy4 ,footnote #bj3 ,romans i4 #ba-cc4 ,in contrasting1 then1 the principles1 habits1 and lives of the ,latin subjects of the ,roman empire with those inculcated by ,christ in the new law1 it will be found that the latter were by far the most conducive to physical and mental vigor1 material happiness1 and longevity4 ,in one example we have a material philosophy1 wealth1 sensuality1 and unlimited self-indulgence2 in the other1 a ,christian code1 inculcating virtue1 charity1 morality1 temperance1 and moderation in all things4 ,the fruits of both systems were plainly visible1 even in the days of ,christ4 ,it has been estimated that more than one fourth part of the population of the empire1 under ,augustus and ,tiberius ,caesar1 were slaves4 ,the condition of these bondmen was deplorable4 ,they were not only deprived of all political and social rights1 but were regarded as soulless and devoid of moral responsibility4 ,human slavery was a legitimate offspring of the pagan philosophies of the period4 ,another portion of the ,roman people1 amounting to about one half of the entire population1 occupied a moral and social status nearly as low as that of the slave4 ,the mothers1 wives1 and daughters of ,roman citizens were regarded as inferior beings1 mere pets and playthings of the men1 household ornaments1 useful only so far as they were capable of contributing to the sensual pleasures of their lords and masters4 ,this wanton degradation of the sex was another direct result of the pernicious teachings of those men who are still lauded and honored by the world as models of wisdom and virtue6 #aai ,the free patricians and plebeians1 comprising less than one third of the entire population1 and possessing nearly all of the national wealth1 devoted their lives in striving to add to the military power and glory of the empire1 and in the pursuit of worldly pleasure4 ,in the furtherance of these objects1 neither right1 justice1 humanity1 nor even life itself was regarded as important when opposed to their dominant passions4 ,such were the materialists of that day4 ,let us now turn to the precepts of our blessed ,saviour1 and their immediate practical results in elevating humanity to a higher plane1 and in enhancing the general welfare of the human race4 ,the fundamental principles of the ,christian system are1 besides faith in the revealed mysteries1 supreme love to ,god and fraternal love to man4 ,thou shalt love the ,lord thy ,god with thy whole heart1 and with thy whole soul1 and with thy whole mind4 ,this is the greatest and first commandment4 ,and the second is like to this3 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself4 ,on these two commandments dependeth the whole law and the prophets4 7,matt4 xxii4 #cg-dj47 ,all things1 therefore1 whatsoever you would that men should do to you1 do you also to them3 for this is the law and the prophets4 7,matt4 vii4 #ab47 ,one of the first-fruits of these new ideas was a recognition by the ,christian converts of the dignity and brotherhood of all mankind1 and of the equality of all in the sight of ,god4 ,thus were females and slaves at once elevated to their proper positions in the scale of humanity4 ,they could no longer be regarded as mere instruments of sensual gratification1 but were recognized as brethren1 children of a common father1 co-workers and coequals in the spiritual vineyard of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,how readily1 then1 can we comprehend the ardent and untiring devotion and love which were everywhere evinced by ,christian women for their divine ,redeemer and ,benefactor6 ,how readily can we explain the boundless enthusiasm and joy of the multitudes of poor1 oppressed1 and disease-stricken men who followed ,jesus from place to place for consolation and restoration6 ,when these multitudes heard the precious sermon upon the mount1 so much at variance with the prevalent tenets and practices of the world1 they were amazed and delighted2 for in it false philosophies1 a vicious civilization1 and pernicious usages were rebuked1 mankind exalted to a higher sphere1 and humanity vindicated4 ,as the lives of the pagans were natural reflexes of their false and inhuman moral and social codes1 so were the lives of the ,christians natural reflexes of the divine code4 ,the foundations of the one were idolatry1 selfishness1 sensuality1 uncharitableness1 pride1 and arrogance2 of the other1 godliness1 charity1 love1 humility1 and benevolence4 ,humanity cannot clothe itself with the first without chilling and paralyzing the higher impulses of the soul1 and fostering the bitter germs of mental and physical sorrow4 ,nor can it adopt the last without developing those spiritual attributes which elevate1 refine1 and bless the possessor4 ,let us come down to our own day1 where materialism1 sensuality1 and general immorality are nearly as common as in the days of the apostles4 ,we call ourselves ,christians1 profess to believe in one ,god1 in the immortality of the soul1 and in a future state of rewards and punishments2 but practically1 in actual life1 many communities are as inhuman1 as sensual1 as material1 and as immoral as were the pagans of the golden age4 #abj ,the pagan disciples of ,aristotle1 for instance1 did not hesitate to violate the sacred germs of humanity1 and thus to blast the souls of multitudes of victims1 for the purpose of preventing too great an increase of population4 ,the religion of ,christ changed all this1 and true ,christians have ever heeded the change4 ,but the recent work of ,dr4 ,storer1 of ,boston1 and official legislative reports1 demonstrate that this great crime is quite as prevalent in the modern ,athens and in the ,state which contains it1 as it was in the worst days of the ,roman empire4 ,the influence of this alarmingly prevalent crime of our own day and of our own nation is baneful in the extreme4 ,on strictly sanitary and material grounds1 it is to be deprecated as an evil of the greatest magnitude4 ,among its deleterious results may be recorded diseases of important vital organs1 which are in turn reflected to the entire nervous system1 and a consequent train of physical and mental disorders1 which make life a burden instead of a blessing4 ,here1 then1 we see that a truly ,christian mode of living is more conducive to health1 happiness1 and long life than that of the sensual materialist4 ,contemplate1 again1 the world of wealth1 fashion1 and pleasure4 ,behold the pomp1 the luxury1 and the numerous sensual enjoyments which make up so largely its sum of life4 ,follow the votaries of pleasure in their daily and nightly rounds1 sit at their epicurean tables1 accompany them to routs1 balls1 play-houses1 and innumerable other places of resort1 which temptingly beckon them on every hand4 ,be with them also in their sleeping1 and at their early morning hours1 when the inevitable reactions manifest themselves2 when pains1 lassitude1 and nervous and mental depression overtake them4 ,read their interior convictions1 thoughts and regrets for ill-spent time1 and for perversions of the higher faculties4 ,consult the epicure1 who lives to eat and to stimulate his artificial appetite daily with highly seasoned dishes4 ,he will discourse eloquently upon the pleasures of the table2 but he can depict also the horrors of indigestion1 hypochondria1 and not unfrequently of paralysis1 apoplexy1 and kindred ailments4 ,consult the wine-bibber and the whiskey-drinker4 ,they can point to the enormous revenues which the government derives from their patronage2 to the innumerable drinking-saloons which cover the land1 and which are sustained and enriched by them2 to the numerous dens1 above-ground and under-ground1 where the poor congregate to imbibe fiery poisons that steal away their brains and the bread of their wives and children2 to the untold millions which are expended in their traffic by men of all classes and conditions4 ,these men can portray the temporary delights and excitements of such exhilarating beverages4 ,they can tell you how the brain glows1 how the pulse rises1 and how all the organs and faculties are roused to preternatural energy under the influence of these potent agents4 ,but alas6 what multitudes have experienced the dreadful reactions which always follow their habitual use6 ,what multitudes have gone down to the grave prematurely with ,bright's disease1 liver-complaint1 softening of the brain1 dropsy1 insanity1 paralysis1 delirium tremens1 etc41 victims of these insidious poisons6 ,in the ,united ,states especially1 the prevalence and the evils of whiskey-drinking are truly monstrous4 ,it is the dominant curse1 the crying evil of the day4 ,it pervades all of the ramifications of social life4 #aba ,it numbers its victims by millions of all ages1 sexes1 and conditions4 ,it corrupts and undermines the very foundation of health1 perverts and degrades the intellectual and moral faculties1 and depresses men deep1 deep into the lower strata of humanity4 ,thousands have become habitual drinkers1 and ultimately confirmed inebriates1 through the advice of their medical advisers4 ,in accordance with some absurd hypothesis1 or perchance to please their patients1 too many medical men1 during the past twenty years1 have ordered the habitual use of whiskey1 rum1 brandy1 and other stimulants4 ,the calamities thus entailed are fearful to contemplate2 and those thoughtless physicians who have contributed so largely in extending this great national vice will bear to their graves a dreadful responsibility4 ,so far1 then1 as eating and drinking are concerned1 it is evident that the precepts of the ,christian religion are far better calculated to promote the welfare of mankind than are those of the man of pleasure4 ,religion inculcates simplicity1 frugality1 temperance2 and the fruits are physical and mental vigor and tranquil enjoyment4 ,irreligion encourages unrestrained convivial excesses2 and the results are disease1 pain1 and general debasement4 ,note1 again1 the devotees of fashion1 whose pleasure consists in unnatural and artificial excitements1 who regard the ordinary affairs and duties of life as tame and irksome1 who convert night into day1 and who are happy only when in the midst of the exaggerations1 the frivolities1 the romances of life4 ,do these individuals employ their faculties or their time in accordance with the laws of nature1 or with reference to the duties and destinies which manifestly pertain to them8 ,the excitements of the play-house1 the ballroom1 the race-course1 and similar places of fashionable resort are prone to divert the mind from the serious duties of life1 to engender morbid tastes and sentiments1 and to implant feelings of discontent with reference to ordinary duties and occupations4 ,when indulged in to such an extent1 these amusements are unchristian1 and therefore derogatory to health and happiness4 ,not in the gilded saloons of fashion are to be found peace1 contentment1 and charity4 ,not in the souls of pleasure-seeking devotees are to be found real satisfaction and enjoyment4 ,but among those who lead religious lives1 whether high or low1 rich or poor1 wise or simple1 will be found the highest developments of love1 virtue1 health1 and true happiness4 ,a worldly life develops and fosters all that is sensual and selfish in man4 ,it continually rouses the organs and faculties of the system into abnormal activity and excitement4 ,it perverts the delicate and sensitive functions of the organism from their legitimate uses to the gratification of transient impulse1 passion1 and caprice4 ,it plays with the thousand living nerves and fibres as upon the inanimate strings of an instrument1 heedless whether the overstrained and palpitating chords of life snap asunder under the exciting ordeal4 ,its fruits1 consequently1 are demoralizing1 and in the highest degree detrimental to health1 usefulness1 and happiness4 ,in a religious life how great a contrast is presented6 ,such a life develops and fosters the highest and purest attributes of the soul4 ,it rouses into ever-living activity the divine sentiments of love and charity1 and puts far away sensuality1 selfishness1 and inordinate and unlawful self-indulgence4 #abb ,it inculcates temperance1 moderation1 disinterested benevolence1 chastity1 and the cultivation of those virtues and graces which secure health1 contentment1 and tranquil happiness4 ,from a strictly material point of view1 then1 we may rest assured that a truly religious life is far more conducive to genuine pleasure and to longevity than a mere worldly one4 ,a simple contemplation of the complicated and sensitive human organism1 of its physiology and its subjection to certain natural laws and requirements1 renders the justness of our position manifest4 ,health can only be maintained by a just equilibrium in the action of all the organs1 functions1 and faculties4 ,every overaction1 every undue excitement1 is followed by a corresponding reaction which is depressing1 debilitating1 and productive of more or less disorder and suffering4 ,the thoughts1 energies1 and hopes of men of business are too generally absorbed in the eager pursuit of wealth4 ,their ideas1 aspirations1 and daily and hourly actions pertain solely to this world4 ,from childhood to old age the idea of eternity is almost entirely put from them4 ,practically1 these men are infidels1 because every act of their lives1 from waking to sleeping1 has sole reference to the present life4 ,they live and think and act as if they were to remain for ever on this earth4 ,they put far from them the momentous realities of the near future1 and cling to the riches1 the pomps1 the vanities1 and the frivolities of this world like monomaniacs4 ,follow them to their counting-rooms1 to their clubs1 to their places of recreation1 to their homes1 and see how much of care1 anxiety1 and suffering1 and how small an amount of tranquil happiness1 attend them4 ,contrast the lives and the deaths of these devotees of business and riches with those of the humble and exemplary ,christian4 ,is there a doubt on which side health1 contentment1 and true enjoyment of life will be found8 ,lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth2 but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven3 for where your treasure is1 there will your heart be also4 444 ,ye cannot serve ,god and mammon4 7,matt4 vi4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd47 ,let it not be thought that we are opposed to a reasonable devotion to material and worldly affairs1 or that we would place a single obstacle in the way of human progress1 whether pertaining to trade1 commerce1 or the useful and ornamental arts4 ,every man in his sphere has duties to perform2 but it must not be forgotten that these duties are neither exclusively material nor yet spiritual4 ,let it not be forgotten that the soul has its wants and necessities as also the body4 ,and let it not be forgotten that1 while the physical man is but for a day1 the spiritual man is for eternity4 ,the wise man1 therefore1 will recognize the fact that there is a time for all things--for business1 for recreation1 for mental culture1 and 7chief of all7 for spiritual duties2 and he will best accomplish the just ends of his existence who rightly appreciates and acts upon this great truth4 ---------- #abc ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,faith ,and ,poetry ,of ,the ,bretons4 ,continued4 ,saint-,thgonnec ,cemeteries ,calvaries ,character ,of ,the ,people4 ,we need not traverse the whole of ,brittany to have a perfect idea of the works of architecture which faith has embellished4 ,in one little borough-town1 ,saint-,thgonnec1 between ,morlaix and ,landerneau1 we find all the types of ,christian art in ,brittany concentrated--church1 funereal chapel1 burying-vault1 calvary1 and sculptures4 ,the ,breton cemeteries closely resemble each other2 nearly everywhere they surround the church1 and are enclosed by a low wall1 often without gates of any kind1 merely a small ditch preventing the cattle from trespassing on the abode of the dead4 ,footnote #ba ,a cross1 or a calvary1 where the scenes of the passion are represented1 or sometimes the kneeling statue of a loved or lamented pastor's venerated image that recalls his virtues to his faithful people1 these are the only monuments of the cemeteries of the ,breton villages4 ,the tombs are marked by small heaps of earth1 pressed each against the other1 and surmounted by a cross4 ,some are covered by a stone1 and in this stone is indented a little cup that gathers the dew and rain from heaven1 and offers to the mourning relative--the mother1 son1 the friend--the blessed asperges to accompany the prayer for him who lies beneath4 ,footnote #bb ,these cemeteries1 placed in the midst of towns and villages1 cannot be of any great extent2 soon1 therefore1 they are filled with extinct generations1 and these bodies must be exhumed to make place for new-comers4 ,in one village1 ,plouha1 after the sons had disinterred the bodies of their fathers1 they decorated the faade of the church with the stones of the tombs1 that they might be cold witnesses of their memories1 or1 at least1 might never cover the bodies of others4 ,the general resting-place for these exhumed bones is a mortuary chapel constructed by the side of the church2 and if a glance is taken through the ,gothic arch which opens on this charnel-house1 bones upon bones may be seen heaped up and mingled like blades of straw4 ,these were men who have walked on the earth1 now solitary and forsaken until the eternal resurrection4 ,footnote #ba3 ,at ,goueznon1 at ,plabennec1 etc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,we see in ,algeria little cups hollowed in the sepulchral stones of the ,mussulmans2 but this water is only used by the birds to satisfy their thirst1 or to water the flowers that decorate the tombs4 ,but at ,saint-,thgonnec a more respectful and tender sentiment has tried to preserve intact at least a portion of these bodies so rudely torn from the earth4 ,before entering the church1 we are struck by an unexpected sight2 from every projection of the building1 on the porches1 on the prominent cornices1 are laid or hung and suspended1 one above the other1 a multitude of small boxes arranged as a chaplet2 these little boxes1 surmounted each by its cross1 are coffins1 and enclose the skull of an ancestor1 his head1 or1 according to the expressive word of the old language1 le chef1 that which is most noble in man1 and which may be resumed4 ,an inscription indicates the date and name3 #abd ,here lies ,,le ,,chef de 444 ,another touching symbol may be seen through the openings1 the funeral archives of families preserved in the shadow of the church1 that rising generations may discover them1 so that they may not be forgotten1 as they would be1 immured in their own homes4 ,footnote #bc ,footnote #bc3 ,at ,locmariquer there are not only coffins with heads1 but miniature ones enclosing all the bones1 piled one above the other like bales of goods1 in the place apportioned them4 ,here and there on the cornice1 exposed to the air1 are skulls of the dead1 poor creatures once without friends or family to give them burial1 painted green1 their eyes filled with sand and blades of grass projecting from them1 often leaning against each other2 here1 one supported perhaps by him who was his bitter enemy4 ,passing there double rows of coffins1 we enter the church1 and this is but a repetition of all the ,breton churches2 everything here--an elegant font1 sculptured mouldings1 pulpit of choice wood and of marvellous workmanship--chef-d'oeuvre of the end of the ,renaissance1 and one of the finest pulpits in ,brittany--pictures on wood1 chisel paintings1 ever perpetuating the patriarchs1 the kings1 and prophets of the ,old ,testament mounting from earth to heaven2 even to the ,blessed ,virgin2 vault of gold and azure fairly sparkling in its complete beauty2 the choir1 the altar1 and the side chapels filled with statues1 wreathed columns1 heads of angels1 flowers1 garlands1 gilded and painted in every color1 a perfect stream of gold1 verdure1 brilliant crimson1 and azure4 ,from this refulgent and living whole1 a single door rises on the side1 high and naked2 no sculpture1 no ornament2 the stones sweat their dampness2 the bricks1 that have assumed a blackened tint1 separated by their white cement1 present a lugubrious aspect2 a great mourning veil seems spread before the eyes--this is the gate of death4 ,you open1 and you pause enchanted4 ,before you lies the cemetery4 ,at your right1 at your left1 monument upon monument breaks upon your gaze4 ,under the porch where you stand are the statues in line of the twelve apostles2 and opposite you1 a large gate with three arches1 the gate of the cemetery1 in its imposing style1 an arch of triumph1 as if the ,bretons1 passing under it the perishable body1 had typified the life eternal1 the glory and the joy of the imperishable soul4 ,at the right1 a mortuary chapel of the style of the ,louvre of ,henry ,,iv4 is erected1 its sculpture from the bottom to the top1 an immense chsse pictured in granite2 at your left is the calvary1 one of those complicated calvaries1 found only in ,brittany1 a whole people of statues2 eighty or a hundred personages in the most natural and simple attitudes--disciples1 prophets1 holy women1 thieves on their crosses1 guards on horseback1 and1 towering over all this crowd1 the tree of the cross1 colossal in its structure1 of several stones1 cross upon cross1 and holding on its branches statues of the ,virgin1 ,saint ,john1 the guards1 and others1 and1 in immensity of size and above all1 the ,christ himself1 with his arms extended over the world1 and his eyes uplifted to heaven4 ,angels are there1 too1 suspended in the air1 and collecting in their chalices the precious blood from his hands4 ,footnote #bd ,footnote #bd3 ,the calvaries of ,plougastel and ,pleyben--towns so remarkable for their beautiful churches are more complicated and grand1 perhaps1 but not so striking1 as this one4 #abe ,and this is not all3 enter the crypt of the mortuary chapel1 and there you will find yourself face to face with another chef-d'oeuvre--the entombing of ,christ1 the scene which has ever inspired the greatest artists1 and in colossal proportions4 ,these are painted statues1 and the painting adds to the impression1 giving to the deeply moved personages the appearance of life4 ,you hear them cry1 you see their tears course down their pallid faces2 the ,virgin-,mother with her pressed lips on the livid feet of her divine ,son1 the ,magdalen overwhelmed with grief and still beautiful in the midst of her sorrow4 ,can you fail to become an actor in this impassioned scene8 ,you are rooted to the spot2 the terrible blow that made them surfer becomes your reality1 and1 grieved to the depths of your soul1 you feel your own tears flow2 the lapse of ages is forgotten1 and you are living in that ,calvary scene4 ,and when we think that these works of religious art are spread all over ,brittany with the same profusion2 that in towns apparently the most remote from any road or centre1 at ,saint-,herbot in the ,black ,mountains1 at ,saint-,fiacre1 which is only a little village of ,laouet1 and even less than a village1 a miserable hamlet of five or six houses1 in the chapel of ,rozegrand near ,quimperl1 a modest manor which hardly merits the name of a castle--we find in all these places galleries of sculptured wood1 painted1 gilded1 and figured with fifty or more persons1 rivalling the most costly churches2 works so admirably reproducing the history1 the miracles1 and the mysteries of religion1 while they preserve among the people and reanimate and increase their ardor and faith1 we cannot but ask1 ,what is the cause of such a multitude of works of art appearing everywhere on the surface of the country1 and what has been the inspiration which has produced such fruit--richness of invention1 truth of gesture1 expression of physiognomy1 a true and deep sentiment of everything divine in scenery and action8 ,in all these monuments of the middle ages1 there is to be found the same truth1 the same power of imagination1 while the artist never repeats himself and never tires you4 ,he leads you on like the musician1 scarcely giving you time to recover from one melody ere you are soul-entranced with another still more beautiful4 ,but this creative power has a cause2 this society--as a man arrived at maturity with all his work accomplished for the end he would attain--had been prepared by previous ages4 ,disengaged from the swaddling-clothes of antiquity1 its tongue was formed1 its religious ideas fixed1 and with its new-formed ,christianity1 it was logically constituted--it became a unity4 ,still in possession of such power1 this people struggles only to create2 never led by contrary tastes or carried away by disorderly and unregulated motives1 so justly named in our day caprice1 they cling to what preceding ages have sought for1 gathered1 and inculcated4 ,the materials are ready to their hands1 they seize them1 and1 with the genius of the age1 reproduce1 in a thousand forms1 new beauties2 the well-filled vase has only to diffuse itself and overflow with treasures4 ,thus1 imagination bursts out everywhere lively and colored2 the same mind1 in literature as in art1 reproduces the varied ornaments of churches1 invents fables and legends1 and finds at every moment new images to represent manners1 ideas1 opinions2 and this imagination1 far from exhausting itself1 grows and increases1 not as the forced plant of the hot-house1 but the natural flower of their own spring4 ,ages train on1 and the last one bears the crown4 #abf ,we see1 too1 why such artists--authors of such exquisite works--are so obscure1 so unknown4 ,they have not rendered their own ideas simply1 but those of their race2 the sentiments of their ancestors1 of the fathers with whom they have been born and raised1 have penetrated their whole being1 and they have merely expressed their surroundings4 ,thus1 these monuments of art are not only proof of talent and their sojourn on earth1 but witnesses of their piety and faith--the worship of a people4 ,so1 the faith of days past still lives in ,brittany3 could one doubt it1 let him look at the evidences of an unweakened piety which meet him at every step4 ,see the gifts of the women of the aristocracy1 beautiful scarfs of cashmere1 covering the altars of the cathedral of ,trguier1 and the offerings of the poor1 bundles of crutches1 left at ,folgoat by the infirm made whole4 ,then the pilgrimages1 vast armies of men and women1 moving yearly to their favorite shrine of ,saint ,anne d',auray1 and the miraculous pictures1 decking from top to bottom this church of the ,mother of the ,virgin1 too small for a ,christian museum replenished so constantly4 ,at every step arise new chapels and churches3 at ,saint-,brieuc several were built at once2 ,lorient1 a town peopled with soldiers and sailors1 has just raised at its gate a church in the style of ,louis ,,xiv42 ,vitr gives to its church a new bell and a sculptured pulpit2 the little villages put up in their cemeteries calvaries with figures of the middle ages2 the calvary of ,plozal1 between ,trguier and ,guingamp1 is dated #ahef2 ,dinan restores and enriches its beautiful church of ,saint ,malo2 ,quimper throws to the air two noble spires from the towers of its cathedral2 the chapel of ,saint ,ilan1 a model of elegance and grace1 rises in pure whiteness on the borders of the sea1 in the midst of the calm roofs of its pious colony2 ,nantes1 while she builds several new churches1 finishes her immense cathedral1 its dome of ,cologne and ,brittany1 to which each age has given a hand1 and in constructing this beautiful church of ,saint ,nicholas1 proves what the piety and zeal of a pastor and devoted flock could accomplish1 in less than ten years1 by alms and gifts4 ,a few years since1 at ,guingamp1 a chapel was dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin outside the church2 the statues are painted of the twelve apostles1 the altar is magnificent1 and the roof azure and stars of gold4 ,no expense was spared1 no decoration too great to ornament the sanctuary of the ,virgin4 ,fifty thousand persons were there the day of the inauguration4 ,these are the national holy-days of the ,bretons4 ,elsewhere1 people rush to the inauguration of princes or the revolutions which presage their downfall2 but here they come from all parts of ,brittany to assist in the coronation of the ,queen of heaven4 ,and what piety1 what recollection1 what gravity in the deportment of these men and women1 kneeling on the pavements of the churches6 ,as at ,la ,trappe1 so here is seen the same complete absorption of the human being in the thoughts that fill the soul2 the functions of life seem annihilated1 and1 immovable in prayer1 they remain in that absolute contemplation in which the saints are represented1 overwhelmed by sentiments of veneration1 submission1 and humility3 the man is forgotten1 the ,christian only exists4 ,more expressive even than the monuments are these daily acts of devotion1 that evidence the habitual state of the soul4 #abg ,walk1 on a market-day1 through the square of some city or town of ,finistre4 ,how varied and animated it appears6 ,rows of little wagons standing around1 and on these all sorts of merchandise3 velvet ribbons and buckles for the men's caps2 woollen ornaments made into rosettes for the head-dresses of the women2 variegated pins1 ornamented with glass pearls2 pipe-holders of wood2 little microscopic pipes and instruments to light them1 with other useful and ornamental wares4 ,under the tents of these movable shops1 a crowd of men and women are seen4 ,the women with head-dresses of different forms1 their large white handkerchiefs rounded at the back and carefully crossed on the breast2 the men with their pantaloons narrowly tightened1 falling low1 and resting on the hips1 so that the shirt may be seen between them and the vest1 their caps with broad brims covering their long hair1 often tucked up behind1 and walking with measured steps1 carrying their canes1 never hurried1 always calm and dignified4 ,twelve o'clock is heard2 from the high bell-tower of the neighboring church comes the echoing peal of mid-day2 twelve times it slowly strikes1 and then all is hushed4 ,every one pauses1 is silent4 ,with simultaneous movement1 the men doff their hats and their long hair falls over their shoulders4 ,all are on their knees1 the sign of the cross is made1 and one low murmur tells the ,angelus4 ,a stranger in such a crowd must kneel2 involuntarily he bends his knee with the rest4 ,the prayer to the ,virgin finished1 they rise again2 life and motion commence1 and a din is heard1 the almost deafening noise of the roar of the sea4 ,again ,i see them in the church of ,cast1 7,finistre47 ,it was ,sunday1 at the hour of vespers4 ,the bell of the church-tower had sounded from the break of day1 and crowds of men and women surrounded the church1 talking in groups1 gently and noiselessly4 ,the bell ceased2 the groups broke up and separated into two bands1 on one side the men1 on the other the women1 all directing their steps to the church4 ,the women entered first1 and in a moment the nave was filled2 the young women of the ,confraternity of the ,blessed ,virgin took their places in the middle of the church1 all in white1 but their costume ornamented with embroidery of gilt and silver1 gilded ribbons on their arms1 belts of the same encircling their graceful figures1 and falling in four bands at the back on the plaited petticoat1 and the heart of gold and cross on the breast of each2 in the side aisles1 the matrons ranged themselves1 wives and mothers1 in more varied costumes1 gayly colored1 head-dresses of deep blue and yellow1 blue ribbons with silver edges on the brown jackets1 red petticoats1 and clock stockings embroidered in gold4 ,all knelt on the pavement1 their heads inclined1 their rosaries in their hands1 and in collected silence4 ,the women all placed1 another door opened at the side of the church1 and the men's turn came4 ,with grave and measured steps they walked in file1 and strange and imposing was the sight--in comparison with the variegated and gay dress of the women1 so opposingly sombre was that of the men2 and yet the attention was not so much riveted by their uniform attire1 their long brown vests1 their large puffed breeches2 but their squared heads1 their long features1 the quantity of straight hair1 covering their foreheads like thick fleece1 and falling in long locks on their shoulders and down their backs4 #abh ,all1 children and men grown1 wore the same costume1 this long black hair1 which in the air assumed a sombre reddish tint1 and falling on the thick1 heavy eyebrows1 gave to their eyes an expression of energy1 of almost superhuman firmness4 ,they scarcely seemed men of our time and country2 the grave1 immovable faces1 with the brilliant eyes scrutinizing at once the character and appearance of the stranger among them1 the uncultivated heads of hair1 weighing down their large heads like the manes of wild animals1 gave the idea of men apart2 men from the wilds of some far country moving among the modern races1 with silent gesture and solemn step1 and uttering brief and pithy sentences1 as if they alone held the secrets of the past1 the knowledge of the mysteries and truths of the olden time4 ,they defiled one by one1 prostrating themselves before the altar1 and kneeling in turn on the stone floor1 surrounding entirely the grating of the choir4 ,true assemblage of the faithful6 ,the men1 a strong soldiery in front1 the women behind1 a more humble crowd1 but each forgetting the other1 living but for one thought--for ,god4 ,for ,god is not for these barbarians what he is for us2 we1 civilized inhabitants of cities1 we try to explain ,god1 and even on our knees in his temples we analyze him1 comment upon his acts1 and even doubt if he exists4 ,they spend no time in such vain thoughts1 barren meditations3 for them ,god is2 they know and believe in him4 ,he made the heaven over their heads1 the earth that produces their harvests1 made them themselves1 and preserves them or takes them to him4 ,he is the ,invisible who can do everything1 from the heights of the heavens1 and everywhere at once2 and in comparison with this ,all-,powerful they feel their littleness1 prostrate themselves and adore4 ---------- ,count ,de ,montalembert4 ,in that drear twilight1 herald of the day ,on which new faith1 new hope1 new love were born1 ,and while my heart still pressed against the thorn ,of unbelief1 like some fresh matin lay ,of forest warbler in his own loved ,may1 ,broke1 ,montalembert1 on my trance forlorn1 ,elizabeth's young voice1 which sang death's scorn ,in carols with celestial transports gay4 ,now1 when cool evening's earliest pensive shade ,creeps o'er my life1 as clear and jubilant ,as that wild mocking-bird's1 is heard the chant ,of mighty abbots1 whose processions fade ,into the dark of ages1 made by thee ,new themes for thought and holy minstrelsy4 ---------- #abi ,rings4 ,looking over an old jewel-case1 the other day1 ,i found a ring2 no treasured heirloom or gage d'amour of by-gone days1 but a simple black circlet1 whose sole ornament was a silver heart1 on which were engraved in rude fashion the letters ,,va4 ,the sight of it recalled a stormy day during the winter of #ahfd1 when a pale and emaciated ,confederate soldier knocked at our door and asked for shelter4 ,of course1 it was cheerfully granted4 ,on questioning him we learned that he had suffered the rigor of prison life for two years2 had just been released1 and was en route to join his regiment before ,petersburg4 ,upon leaving1 he thanked me for our hospitality1 and begged my acceptance of this little ring1 the making of which had served to while away the tedium of captivity4 ,i put it carefully aside1 and the lapse of time and other more stirring events had almost obliterated the circumstance from my mind1 until it was thus revived4 ,as ,i gazed upon it1 how many memories were revived by it6 ,in it ,i traced the life of the donor1 and in him the vain hopes and aspirations of his comrades and the ruin which befell them4 ,i heard the call to arms2 saw the leave-taking and departure for the field2 followed him amid the sanguinary contests of battle2 till at length defeat1 like a black cloud1 lowers over his decimated legions1 and he finds himself within a prison's walls4 ,there1 chafing against captivity1 listening eagerly for tidings of release1 and sick with hope deferred1 ,i see him beguiling the weary hours in fashioning this little trinket4 ,at last the hour of liberty arrives1 and with bounding pulse1 to the tune of ,home1 sweet home1 he turns his back on prison-bars4 ,once again he is a soldier of the army of ,northern ,virginia2 but gone are the high hopes which animated his breast1 and gone are most of the brave comrades who once stood shoulder to shoulder with him2 hardship1 hunger1 and death have done their work1 and the end is near2 a few more suns1 and he and his cause fall to rise no more6 ,such is the story that ,i read in that little hoop of black horn4 ,how many startling events1 how many passions of the human heart crowded into a tiny compass6 ,and this1 methought1 is not the only ring about which might be woven a tale of joy or sorrow4 ,the lion-hearted king1 notwithstanding his pilgrim guise1 by means of one was betrayed to his relentless ,austrian foe2 and1 centuries later1 the gallant ,essex entrusted his life to such an advocate4 ,trifling baubles as they are1 which may be hid in the hollow of a baby's hand1 they have1 from their first introduction to the world1 acted a conspicuous part in its history4 #acj ,the ,persians maintain that ,guiamschild1 fourth king of the first race1 introduced the ring4 ,whether this be true or not1 it is certainly of ancient date1 since mention is made of it in ,genesis as being worn by the ,hebrews as a signet4 ,it was also in use among the ,egyptians2 for we are told that1 after the interpretation of the dream1 ,pharaoh took off his ring from his hand1 and put it on ,joseph's hand1 as a mark of royal favor4 ,the ,sabines used this ornament during the time of ,romulus1 and perhaps the glittering jewels on the fingers of the women may have enhanced their attractions in the eyes of the bold ,roman youths when they so unceremoniously bore them off4 ,but it is not certain at what precise period the ,romans adopted rings2 for there are no signs of them on their statues prior to those of ,numa and ,servius ,tullius4 ,they were commonly made of iron1 and ,pliny says that ,marius wore his first gold one in his third consulate1 the year #fej of ,rome4 ,senators were not allowed to wear them of this metal unless distinguished as ambassadors in foreign service2 but in after days golden rings became the badge of knighthood2 the people wearing silver1 the slaves iron4 ,in tracing its history1 we can readily imagine that the ring was invented merely as an accompaniment to bracelet and necklace2 afterward it became a badge of distinction2 and finally1 when the art of engraving and cutting stones was introduced1 it attained an importance which no other trinket can boast of4 ,ornamented with initials1 armorial crests1 or mystic characters1 it has been used for centuries as a seal for state documents and secret despatches1 a sort of gage de foi of their authenticity4 ,there are numerous instances in the sacred writings of its peculiar significance when thus employed4 ,for example1 when ,ahasuerus1 giving ear to the counsels of his favorite1 consented to exterminate the ,jews1 it is recorded that the king took his ring from his hand1 and gave it unto ,haman2 and1 concerning the proclamation1 in the name of ,king ,ahasuerus was it written1 and sealed with the king's ring4 ,we also read elsewhere that the den into which ,daniel was thrown was sealed by the king with his own signet1 and with the signets of his lords1 that the purpose might not be changed concerning ,daniel4 ,it is supposed that the ,greeks did not know the ring at the time of the ,trojan war2 for ,homer does not speak of it1 and instead of sealing1 they secured their letters by means of a silken cord4 ,although this people encouraged learning and the fine arts1 they do not seem to have possessed that of engraving1 which they borrowed from the ,egyptians1 who excelled in this branch to a remarkable degree4 ,the rage for signets soon became universal1 no patrician was without his ring1 and in ,rome the engravers were forbidden to make any two seals alike4 ,in such esteem were they held1 that it is related1 when ,lucullus visited ,alexandria1 ,ptolemy could find no more acceptable present to offer him than an emerald1 on which was engraved a portrait of himself4 ,julius ,caesar had on his ring the image of ,venus1 armed with a dart2 and the seal of ,pompey was a lion holding a sword1 while that of ,scipio ,africanus bore the portrait of ,syphax1 the ,libyan king whom he had vanquished4 ,the manner of wearing the signet differed greatly1 the ,hebrews preferring to ornament the right hand1 the ,romans the left4 ,the ,greeks put it on the fourth finger of the left hand1 because of the belief that a nerve connected that member with the heart2 hence the same custom is observed with the wedding-ring4 ,after the advent of ,christianity1 it assumed a spiritual as well as political value1 the episcopal ring1 as it is called1 being used as a pledge of spiritual marriage between the bishop and the church4 #aca ,this custom is of ancient date1 since there is mention in the proceedings of the fourth ,council of ,toledo1 ,a4,d4 #fcc1 that a bishop condemned for any offence by one council1 if found innocent upon a second trial1 should have his ring restored4 ,the popes also wore seals1 and at the present time the revered ,father of the ,catholic ,church has two--one which he uses to sign apostolical briefs and private letters1 called the fisherman's ring1 representing ,st4 ,peter drawing in his net full of fishes2 the other1 with which he seals his bulls1 is ornamented with the heads of ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,peter1 with a cross between the two4 ,the ,hebrew used the wedding-ring1 though some writer maintains that it was not a pledge of love1 but given in lieu of a piece of money4 ,it is evident that the ,christians adopted the practice in their marriage rites at an early period1 some of the oldest liturgies containing the vows with regard to it4 ,being esteemed in a political and religious sense1 it is no matter of wonder that ,cupid's minions have also1 from time immemorial1 made the ring a seal of undying constancy1 accepting its circular form as a type of eternity4 ,thus1 ,portia1 after bestowing her riches upon ,bassanio1 says3 ,i give them with this ring2 ,which when you part from1 lose1 or give away1 ,let it presage the ruin of your love1 ,and be my vantage to exclaim on you4 ,but lovers1 not content with the emblem of shape1 also added mottoes1 and it became the fashion to engrave verses1 names1 and dates within the ring4 ,alluding to the custom1 ,hamlet asks1 ,is this a prologue1 or the posy of a ring8 ,and in the last act of ,the ,merchant of ,venice1 when ,portia exclaims3 ,a quarrel1 ho1 already8 ,what's the matter8 ,gratiano answers3 ,about a hoop of gold1 a paltry ring ,that she did give me2 whose posy was ,for all the world like cutler's poetry ,upon a knife--,love me1 and leave me not4 ,the wedding-ring of ,lady ,catharine ,grey1 sister of ,lady ,jane ,grey1 consisted of five golden links1 and on the four inner ones were these lines of her husband's composition3 ,as circles five by art compact1 shewe but one ring in sight1 ,so trust uniteth faithfull mindes with knott of secret might2 ,whose force to breake but greedie ,death noe wight possesseth power1 ,as time and sequels well shall prove4 ,my ringe can say no more4 ,the famous ring given by ,queen ,elizabeth to the ,earl of ,essex is said to be still extant1 and in the possession of ,lord ,john ,thynne1 a descendant of ,lady ,frances ,devereux1 the earl's daughter4 ,it is of gold1 the sides engraved1 with a cameo head of ,elizabeth in a sardonyx setting4 ,before ending this paper1 ,i must relate a curious legend1 told of the ,emperor ,charlemagne1 prefacing my story by saying1 that in those times certain precious stones were thought to possess peculiar virtues which had an influence on the wearers or those around them4 ,at the court of ,charlemagne there lived a woman1 neither young nor handsome1 but who appeared to have a wondrous fascination for the monarch4 ,so potent were her charms1 that he neglected the affairs of his empire1 and allowed his sword to rust4 ,at last1 to the great joy of all1 the woman died2 but ,charlemagne mourned grievously1 and even when her body was prepared for burial1 refused to allow it to be carried out of his sight4 #acb ,however1 there was in the palace a bishop1 learned in the arts1 and acquainted with the superstitions of the time2 and one day1 when the king had gone hunting1 he resolved to examine the corpse4 ,his search was successful2 for under the woman's tongue he found a ring1 which he immediately secured4 ,on his return from the chase1 the emperor repaired to the room where the body lay2 but instead of lingering near it1 he ordered it to be interred1 and seemed to have entirely recovered from the spell that bound him4 ,that night a ball was given at court2 and many a fair cheek flushed in anticipation of being the choice of ,charlemagne in the dance2 but lo6 when the music struck up1 the emperor stepped forward and requested the bishop to be his partner4 ,the good priest1 resenting the indignity1 escaped from the hall1 and feeling assured that the ring in his possession was the cause of such conduct1 threw it into a lake beneath the palace walls4 ,thereupon ,charlemagne recovered his senses1 but ever after was devoted to the spot1 and built there the town of ,aix4 ,some old chronicler also asserts that1 when the monarch was on his death-bed1 he said that it was impossible for him to depart in peace from this world until a certain ring was restored to him4 ,the secret of its hiding-place being revealed1 the lake was dragged and the charm found4 ,charlemagne received it with many signs of joy1 and requested that it might be buried with him4 ,for the truth of this legend ,i do not vouch2 but it is averred that1 years afterward1 when the tomb of the mighty ,frank was opened1 on his breast was found an antique ring4 ---------- ,in ,the ,school-room4 ,footnote #be ,footnote #be3 ,in the ,school-,room2 ,chapters in the ,philosophy of ,education4 ,john ,s4 ,hart1 ,,ll4,d41 ,principal of the ,new ,jersey ,state ,normal ,school4 ,eldredge ,brother3 ,philadelphia4 ,the ,scientific ,basis of ,education1 demonstrated by an analysis of the temperaments and of phrenological facts1 in a series of letters to the ,department of ,public ,instruction in the city of ,new ,york4 ,by ,john ,hecker4 ,published by the ,author1 #ef ,rutgers ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,the author of this volume has evidently spent much time in the school-room1 and has not spent it in vain4 ,he writes like a practical man1 in a clear1 vigorous style4 ,as he says in his preface1 he takes a pretty free range over the whole practical field of inquiry among professional teachers1 and presents to us thoughts suggested in the school-room itself in short1 detached chapters4 ,the work is not a philosophy of education1 but rather a laudable attempt to contribute something toward it4 ,in the first chapter1 on ,what is ,teaching8 he brings out forcibly the truth that teaching is not simply telling1 nor is talking to a class necessarily teaching1 as experience shows that a class may be told a thing twenty times over1 and talked to in the most fluent manner1 and still make little advancement in knowledge4 #acc ,this truth deserves more attention from those engaged in teaching4 ,the work of universal education which is required in our country is so vast1 that necessity has forced many to assume the office of teachers who have very little knowledge of what teaching is4 ,teaching1 as the author well says1 is causing one to know4 ,now1 no one can be made to know a thing but by the act of his own powers4 ,his own senses1 his own memory1 his own powers of reason1 perception1 and judgment must be exercised4 ,the function of the teacher is to bring about this exercise of the pupil's faculties4 ,the second chapter1 on ,the ,art of ,questioning1 states that a most important and difficult part of the teacher's art is to know how to ask a question1 but he gives none of the principles that underlie the art4 ,the earnest reader will say3 ,if so much depends on skilful questioning1 why does he not tell us how to do it8 ,the little work of ,j4 ,g4 ,filch1 ,m4,a41 on ,the ,art of ,questioning appears to us much more philosophical and satisfactory4 ,according to him1 questions as employed by teachers may be divided into three classes1 according to the purposes which they may be intended to serve4 ,there is1 first1 the preliminary or experimental question1 by which an instructor feels his way1 sounds the depths of his pupil's knowledge1 and prepares him for the reception of what it is designed to teach4 ,there is1 secondly1 the question employed in actual instruction1 by means of which the thoughts of the learner are exercised1 and he is compelled1 so to speak1 to take a share in giving himself the lesson4 ,thirdly1 there is the question of examination1 by which a teacher tests his own work1 after he has given a lesson1 and ascertains whether it has been soundly and thoroughly learned4 ,by this method1 as an eminent teacher has said1 one first questions the knowledge into the minds of the children1 and then questions it out of them again4 ,the following chapters on the order of development of the mental faculties are very good4 ,we think1 however1 he lays too much stress on the necessity of knowledge before memory4 ,the memory1 being strongest and most retentive in youth1 should then be stored with those germinating formulas which will bear fruit in after life4 ,when the reasoning powers are developed at a later period1 they then have something upon which to act4 ,the chapters on ,loving the ,children and ,gaining their ,affections are excellent4 ,the high salaries paid in our public schools induce many to engage in teaching1 merely because it affords them honorable and lucrative employment4 ,they have no love for the children1 and are1 therefore1 unfit for the work4 ,they have no sympathy for the children of the poor with bright eyes and tattered garments4 ,it is painful to go into the school of such teachers4 ,they seem to regard the children as pawns on a chessboard1 or as things which they are paid to manage and keep in order4 ,such teachers should study well the chapters on loving the children for what they are in themselves4 ,he then introduces a chapter on ,phrenology1 in which he details several instances where a professor of phrenology1 as he says1 was misled1 and gave an incorrect delineation of character4 ,we suppose he wishes us to conclude1 phrenology is therefore a humbug4 ,but such an inference is evidently unwarranted from any data he has given4 #acd ,one might as well say that several instances of malpractice on the part of physicians prove the science of medicine to be a humbug4 ,there is no doubt that1 by phrenology1 physiognomy1 and various temperamental peculiarities1 a person's general character and disposition may be discerned4 ,the wise teacher will study these1 that he may intelligently vary his government and teaching to suit the various characters of the pupils under his charge4 ,the work of ,mr4 ,john ,hecker on ,the ,scientific ,basis of ,education shows to how great an extent a knowledge of phrenology and of the different temperaments may assist the teacher in the instruction and government of children4 ,his work is worthy the attention of every teacher4 ,the chapters on ,normal ,schools and ,practice ,teaching are important4 ,it by no means follows that1 because a person knows a thing1 he is therefore prepared to teach4 ,the art of communicating one's knowledge to others is quite a distinct acquirement4 ,no one who has compared the results obtained by teachers who have been trained for the work with those who have not can fail to appreciate this4 ,we hope the time will come when all who occupy the position of teachers will be required to attend to this matter1 and keep pace with the progress made in the art of teaching4 ,the chapter on cultivating a habit of attention should be studied by every teacher4 ,the freaks into which an uncultivated ear may be led for the want of attention will be best illustrated by one of the author's examples4 ,a class at the high-school was required to copy a passage from dictation4 ,the clause1 ,every breach of veracity indicates some latent vice1 appeared with the following variations3 ,every breach of veracity indicates some latent vice4 ,every bridge of rasality indicates some latest vice4 ,every breech of ferocity indicates some latinet vice4 ,every preach of erracity indicates some late device4 ,every branch of vivacity indicates some great advice4 ,every branch of veracity indicates some late advice4 ,every branch of veracity indicates some ladovice4 ,every branch of veracity indicates some ladened vice4 ,every branch of veracity in the next some latent vice4 ,every reach of their ascidity indicates some advice4 ,every one who is called upon to give out notices or to speak in public knows full well how great a portion of what is said in the plainest manner is misapprehended for the want of this habit of attention4 ,the volume closes with a lengthy ,argument for ,common ,schools4 ,it would be more properly called an apology4 ,his first point is1 that without common schools we cannot maintain permanently our popular institutions4 ,the necessity of universal education to secure the permanence of our popular institutions is conceded by all4 ,but education1 according to the author's own definition1 is the developing in due order and proportion whatever is good and desirable in human nature4 ,therefore1 not only the intellect1 but also the moral and religious nature must be developed4 ,this the common schools fail to do4 ,a man is not necessarily a good citizen because he is intelligent1 without he also possesses moral integrity4 ,according to the author's own admission1 his education is incomplete4 ,as the public schools fail to give any moral training1 they fail to make reliable citizens1 and are therefore insufficient to secure the permanence of our democratic form of government4 ,to this objection he replies that many of the teachers are professing ,christians1 and exert a continual ,christian influence4 ,but many more are non-professors1 and exert an anti-christian influence4 #ace ,in visiting schools1 we have been able to tell the religious status of the teachers in charge by the general tone of the exercises4 ,one presided over by a zealous ,methodist resembled a ,methodist ,sunday-school or conference meeting4 ,another1 under the care of a smart young man1 delighted in love songs1 boating songs1 etc41 and had the general tone of a young folks' glee-club4 ,in another of our most celebrated public schools1 one of the professors was an atheist1 and it was a matter of common remark among the boys that ,prof4 ---- said there was no ,god4 ,in another1 one of the teachers was overheard sneering at a child because she believed in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and had a reverence for religious things4 ,we admit that the familiar intercourse and intimate relations of the teachers with the children give them a great influence over their plastic minds1 but1 to our sorrow1 we know that it is not always for good4 ,we do not1 therefore1 consider it a recommendation of a system to say that the moral tone of its teaching depends altogether on the caprice and character of the different teachers it happens to employ4 ,again1 he says the law of trial by jury requires that every citizen should be intelligent1 as they are thus called to take part in the administration of justice4 ,true2 but it requires much more that jurymen should possess moral principle4 ,what makes courts of justice so often a mockery1 but the want of principle and of conscience in those who administer the law8 ,if his estate1 life1 or reputation depended on the decision of twelve men1 would he feel easy if he knew them to be unprincipled1 immoral men1 open to bribery and corruption1 however intelligent they might be8 ,no2 the constitution of our government1 the popular institutions of our country1 require that here1 more than in any country of the world1 the young should receive a sound moral and religious training1 which cannot be done where1 as here1 religion is excluded from our common schools4 ,but1 he says1 the children attend the ,sunday-school1 which supplements the instructions of the weekday-school4 ,true2 but every earnest pastor who has any positive creed or doctrine to teach his children will tell you that one or two brief meetings on ,sunday are not enough for this purpose4 ,we ourselves are forced to the painful conclusion that the ,sunday-school system does not give sufficient control over the children to form in them any earnest ,christian character4 ,it is like reserving the salt which should season our food during the week1 and taking it all in a dose on ,sunday4 ,the ,sunday-school should be diligently used to supply1 as far as may be1 the lack of religious instruction in the common schools1 but that it alone is inadequate to this purpose is shown by the constantly increasing number of our young who follow not the footsteps of their parents in the ways of a ,christian life4 ,the author then1 changing his base1 argues that intellectual education alone tends to prevent sensuality and crime1 and adduces statistics to show that the majority of convicts in our prisons are from the uneducated class4 ,but if he attended to other statistics recently brought to light by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,todd1 ,dr4 ,storer1 of ,boston1 and others1 he would discover that sensuality1 only more refined1 is permeating ,american society1 and that hidden crime is depopulating some of the fairest portions of our land4 ,it is true1 perhaps1 that those crimes which are taken cognizance of by the police courts may be more numerous among the uneducated1 but it is those secret crimes against ,god and the moral law that corrupt society and endanger a nation's life4 #acf ,in ,new ,england1 which the author holds up as the ideal of what the common-school system can produce1 physicians testify that immorality and hidden crime prevail to such an extent that the native ,american stock is literally dying out1 the number of deaths far exceeding the number of births4 ,intellectual culture alone will not preserve ,american society from corruption1 any more than it did pagan ,greece and ,rome4 ,the author seems to feel the force of this objection1 which1 as he says1 is urged with seriousness by men whose purity of motive is above question1 and whose personal character gives great weight to their opinions1 and admits that religious teaching does not hold that prominent position in the course of study that it should hold2 but he seems forced1 like many of his fellow-educators whom we have known1 to argue and apologize for the common-school system1 because they see no way of securing universal education and at the same time providing for proper religious training4 ,if they turn1 however1 to the educational systems of ,france1 ,austria1 or ,prussia1 they would find the problem solved4 ,even in ,canada1 the ,british ,parliament has avoided by its provisions those serious errors under which we labor1 and which are making our system daily more and more unpopular4 ,by ,an ,act to restore to ,roman ,catholics in ,upper ,canada certain rights in respect to ,separate ,schools1 passed ,may #eth1 #ahfc1 they provided that the ,roman ,catholic separate schools shall be entitled to a share in the fund annually granted by the legislature of the province for the support of common-schools1 and shall be entitled also to a share in all other public grants1 investments1 and allotments for common-school purposes now made or hereafter to be made by the municipal authorities1 according to the average number of pupils attending such school as compared with the whole average number of pupils attending schools in the same city1 town1 village1 or township4 7,cap4 #e1 sec4 #bj47 ,and also that the ,roman ,catholic separate schools 7with their registers7 shall be subject to such inspection as may be directed from time to time by the chief superintendent of public instruction4 7,cap4 #e1 sec4 #bf47 ,let our separate schools that have been and may be established1 in which the children receive a proper religious training1 receive their due proportion of the public fund1 and by the inspection of a board of education be kept up to the highest standard of secular learning1 and the grievances under which we now suffer will be removed4 ---------- #acg ,from the ,german ,the ,holy ,grayle4 ',here on the rushes will ,i sleep1 ,and perchance there may come a vision true1 ,ere day create the world anew4' ,slowly ,sir ,launfal's eyes grew dim1 ,slumber fell like a cloud on him1 ,and into his soul the vision flew4 ,lowell4 ,sir ,launcelot ,du ,lac--without his peer of earthly1 sinful man--had taken the ,quest of the ,holy ,grayle4 ,one deadly sin gnawed at the heart of the flower of chivalry2 but a mighty sorrow struggled with and subdued his remorse1 and a holy hermit assoiled him of his sin4 ,with purified and strengthened heart1 he won his way to a sight of that wondrous vessel1 the object of so many knightly vows4 ,it stood on a table of silver veiled with red samite4 ,a throng of angels stood about it4 ,one held a wax light and another the holy cross4 ,a light like that of a thousand torches filled the house4 ,sir ,launcelot heard a voice cry1 ,approach not6 but for very wonder and thankfulness he forgot the command4 ,he pressed toward the ,holy ,grayle with outstretched hands1 and cried1 ,o most fair and sweet ,lord6 which art here within this holy vessel1 for thy pity1 show me something of that ,i seek4 ,a breath1 as from a fiery furnace1 smote him sorely in the face4 ,he fell to the ground1 and lay for the space of four and twenty days seemingly dead to the eyes of all the people4 ,but in that swoon marvels that no tongue can tell and no heart conceive passed before his face4 444 ,the history of the wondrous vessel was in a measure made known to him4 ,his purified eyes saw in the dim past a long line of patriarchs and prophets1 who had been entrusted with this sacred charge almost from the beginning of time4 ,the ,san ,greal was revealed to his ardent gaze3 ,first3 in the hands of white-robed men1 who met ,noah as he went in1 and his sons1 and his wife1 and his sons' wives1 with him into the ark1 bearing with him the bones of ,adam--great ,progenitor4 ,its origin and history were revealed to ,noah1 and that it was destined to be used in the most mysterious of rites4 ,next3 ,abraham was standing before an altar on a hillock in the valley of ,jehoshaphat4 ,his flocks were grazing around or drinking from the brook ,cedron3 his camels and beasts of burden and armed servants in the distance4 ,the patriarch1 flushed with victory1 stood as if in awe and expectation4 ,majestic1 white-winged ,melchizedek came from ,salem4 ,his tall1 slender frame was full of tempered majesty4 ,he wore a garment of dazzling whiteness1 confined by a girdle on which were embroidered characters of mystic import4 ,his long hair was fair and glossy as silk2 his beard white1 short1 and pointed4 ,his face shone with divine splendor4 ,a holy calm seemed diffused in the air around him4 ,he bore in his hands the holy vessel handed down from ,noah4 ,he placed it upon the altar1 behind which rose three clouds of smoke2 the one in the midst rose higher than the other two4 ,on the altar lay the bones of ,adam--long after buried beneath the great altar of ,calvary--and both prayed ,god to fulfil the promise he had made to ,adam of one day sending the great ,deliverer who would bruise the serpent's head4 #ach ,the priest of the most high ,god then took bread and wine-- emblems of the great ,eucharistic ,sacrifice--raised them toward heaven1 and blessed them1 and gave thereof to ,abraham and his servants1 but tasted not thereof himself4 ,they who ate of this bread and drank of this wine seemed strengthened and devoutly inspired thereby4 ,and ,melchizedek blessed ,abraham1 and said3 ,blessed be ,abram by the most high ,god1 who created heaven and earth4 ,and he renewed to him the promise that in him should all the families of the earth be blessed4 ,the ,san ,greal seemed1 in the vision1 left with ,abraham as a pledge of that promise1 and afterward1 was carried down into ,egypt by the children of ,israel4 ,moses took it with him when he fled to the land of ,midian1 and was using it for some mysterious oblation on ,mount ,horeb1 when the ,lord appeared to him in a flame of fire out of the burning bush4 ,sir ,launcelot saw the vessel long after in the temple of ,jerusalem among other precious objects of antiquity2 its use and origin nearly forgotten4 ,only a few remembered its strange history1 and felt1 rather than knew1 that it yet awaited its most glorious use4 ,its holy guardians had always watched over its safety with jealous care1 until the abomination of desolation entered the holy place4 ,but a divine ,eye seemed to watch over it4 ,at the institution of the ,mass1 it was in the possession of a holy woman1 since known as ,veronica--her who took off her veil to wipe the dust and sweat and blood from the divine face of suffering ,jesus1 which was left thereon so miraculously imprinted4 ,veronica brought the vessel to the disciples of ,jesus to be used at the ,last ,supper4 ,the ,holy ,grayle revealed to the astonished eyes of ,sir ,launcelot was composed of two parts1 the cup and the foot4 ,the cup alone had been handed down from the time of the holy patriarchs4 ,its very form was wonderful and significant1 and its composition mysterious4 ,jesus alone knew what it was4 ,it was dark1 compact1 and perhaps of vegetable origin4 ,it was covered and lined with gold1 and on it were two handles4 ,the foot of the chalice1 added at a later period1 was of virgin gold1 wrought with the skill of a cunning workman4 ,it was ornamented with a serpent and a bunch of grapes1 and gleamed with precious stones4 ,the whole chalice rested on a silver tablet1 surrounded by six smaller ones4 ,these six cups had belonged to different patriarchs1 who drank therefrom a strange liquor on certain solemn occasions4 ,they were used by the holy apostles at the ,last ,supper1 each cup serving for two persons4 7,these cups ,sir ,launcelot saw belonging afterward to different ,christian churches1 where they were held in great reverence47 ,the ,holy ,grayle stood before our blessed ,lord4 444 ,let not sinful hand depict the vision of that unbloody sacrifice1 so clearly revealed to the adoring eyes of ,sir ,launcelot1 and so affectingly told in ,holy ,writ4 444 ,the ,san ,greal1 fashioned with mysterious care for the most mysterious of oblations1 and handed down from remote antiquity by righteous men1 to whom it was the pledge of a solemn covenant1 was henceforth to be the object of the veneration of the ,christian world4 ,only the pure in heart could guard it4 ,angels with loving reverence folded their wings around what contained most precious ,blood4 ,its presence conferred a benediction on the land in which it was preserved4 #aci ,sir ,launcelot saw afterward the hand that came from heaven right to the holy grayle and bare it away4 ,but a comforting voice told him that it should reappear on the earth1 though for him the quest was ended4 ,at the end of four and twenty days1 ,sir ,launcelot awoke4 ,the vision had passed away1 but the place was filled with the sweetest odors1 as if of ,paradise4 ,wondering thereat1 he cried3 ,i thank ,god of his infinite mercy for that ,i have seen1 for it comforteth me4 ,and he rose up and went to ,camelot1 where he found ,king ,arthur and many of the ,knights of the ,round ,table1 to whom he related all that had befallen him4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,lives ,of ,the ,english ,cardinals2 ,including ,historical ,notices ,of ,the ,papal ,court1 ,from ,nicholas ,breakspear 7,pope ,adrian ,iv47 ,to ,thomas ,wolsey1 ,cardinal ,legate4 ,by ,folkestone ,williams1 author of1 etc41 etc4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahfh4 #b vols4 #hvo1 pp4 #dhd1 #edc4 ,wonders will never cease4 ,a few years since1 the present pope1 willing to do honor to a great nation1 conferred on one of its subjects the highest dignity in his gift4 ,the new cardinal was a man honored alike in ,england and ,america for his learning and ability1 as well as for his never departing from the strict line of his priestly and episcopal functions4 ,one would have supposed that the ,english government and people would have felt flattered1 and that the ,english sovereign1 who is queen not only of certain ,protestant ,englishmen1 but of a mass of ,catholic subjects who cannot number much less than twenty millions1 would1 while thanking his holiness1 have hinted that her twenty millions should have more than one representative in the ,sacred ,college4 ,instead of this sensible course1 a period of insanity ensued--,england frothed1 ,england foamed1 ,england grew rabid4 ,to judge by this book1 ,england is actually becoming sane4 ,the author seems to feel that ,england is slighted because she has no cardinal4 ,there has recently been a creation of cardinals1 and1 though some disappointment may have been caused by the omission of an eminent ,english name from those so honored1 the extraordinary claims of one of the most active of ,roman ,catholic prelates are not likely to be overlooked by so discriminating a pontiff as ,pio ,nono4 ,mr4 ,williams here1 in two goodly octavos1 gives the lives of the ,english cardinals1 from ,robert le ,poule to ,wolsey1 as he conceives it2 and a rapid examination of the whole1 and careful scrutiny of portions1 leads us to the judgment that seldom has a work been attempted by a man so utterly unfitted for the task4 ,as though his proper task did not afford him a field sufficiently large1 he gives an introduction of eighty pages on the ,papacy1 the ,anglo-,saxon ,church1 and the ,anglo-,norman ,church4 ,the whole history of the church down to the ,reformation is thus treated of1 and to the mighty undertaking he brings only the usual superficial reading of our time1 with a more than ordinary amount of religious flippancy1 and false and prejudiced views of ,catholic dogma1 practice1 polity1 and life4 ,there is not a silly slander against the church that he does not adopt and give1 with all the gravity imaginable1 as undisputed fact1 not even deigning to quote vaguely any of his second-hand authorities or modern treatises1 while1 to make a parade of his learning1 he gives us a four-line note in ,greek to support his opinion as to a topographical question as immaterial to the history of the ,english cardinals as a discussion on the ,zulu language would be4 ,as instances of his utter unfitness1 we might refer to his treatment of such points as ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 ,pope ,joan1 and the institution of the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,conception4 #adj ,what his own religious stand-point may be is not easily decided4 ,he lays down 7p4 #adf7 that ,christ's divinity is his humanity2 that the idea of the ,good ,shepherd1 put forward by our ,lord and ever deemed so typical of him1 was of pagan origin1 7p4 #h17 and1 from the note on the same page1 that the church1 as founded by ,christ1 was a grand failure4 ,he maintains1 too1 that the ,christianity1 as introduced into ,england1 was and is only the old paganism1 the names of the days of the week settling the question1 7p4 #bd47 ,on one point only he seems clear and positive1 and this is1 that on general principles popes must always be wrong1 and that to deny anything they lay down must be pre-eminently right4 ,as a specimen of his style1 take the following3 ,the ,good ,shepherd was the recognized emblem of the divine ,founder of their religion1 but as the community enlarged it required a human director4 ,we are left in doubt whether this community of primitive ,christians required this human director as a new emblem1 or a new founder1 or a new religion4 ,he proceeds3 ,he who by his superior sanctity gained authority as well as admiration was invested with that character4 ,his flock became a church1 and he undertook its spiritual management in the capacity of presbyter4 ,this is a very pretty fable1 but he fails to give us any authority4 ,an expression of our ,lord shows that church authority began at the other end3 ,non vos me elegistis2 sed ego elegi vos1 et posui vos ut eatis1 ,you did not elect me1 7your ,god and ,redeemer17 but ,i picked you out and set you up to go and teach4 ,and they did go and did teach1 and such as listened to their teaching and became their disciples became ,christians with human directors from the outset4 ,during the period covered properly by these volumes1 from the beginning of the twelfth to that of the fifteenth centuries1 ,england had comparatively few cardinals2 ,english kings seemed to have cared little to exercise any influence on papal councils1 and never sought to obtain for an ,english prince an honor given to members of many reigning families4 ,the ,english cardinals whose names at once suggest themselves are ,cardinal ,nicholas ,breakspear1 7subsequently ,pope ,adrian ,,iv417 ,cardinal ,stephen ,langton1 ,cardinal ,beaufort1 and ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,of all except the first1 the general idea in men's minds is drawn less from history than from ,shakespeare4 ,of these especially1 really well-written lives1 with sketches of the less known and less important ,english cardinals1 would indeed be a valuable addition2 but such ,mr4 ,williams's book certainly is not4 ,in beginning his life of ,adrian ,,iv41 he quotes ,matthew of ,paris1 who makes him son of ,robert de ,camera1 said by ,william of ,newburgh to have been a poor scholar2 then cites ,camden's statement that he was born at ,langley1 near ,st4 ,alban's2 but he slips in a charge1 hunted up in the filth of the wretched ,bale1 that he was illegitimate2 as though the assertion of such a man1 in the most virulent stage of the ,reformation abuse1 could be authority as to a fact of a period so long past4 ,even ,fuller1 as he admits1 with all his readiness to belittle the papacy1 only insinuates that he was an illegitimate son4 ,yet ,mr4 ,williams1 on the assertion of a ,bale and the insinuation of a ,fuller1 says1 ,there is reason to believe that he was the natural son of a priest1 and on this supposition he proceeds to erect his whole superstructure4 ,from such a writer no book can emanate that any man can read who does not wilfully wish to be misled4 ----- #ada ,goethe ,and ,schiller4 ,an ,historical ,romance4 ,by ,l4 ,mhlbach1 author of ,joseph ,,ii4 and his ,court1 ,frederick the ,great and his ,court1 ,the ,empress ,josephine1 ,andreas ,hofer1 etc41 etc4 ,translated from the ,german by ,chapman ,coleman4 ,illustrated by ,gaston ,fay4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,pp4 #bhc4 #ahfh4 ,a careful perusal of this1 the author's latest production1 has not caused us to modify1 in the slightest degree1 the opinion heretofore expressed in these pages concerning the volumes comprising what is now known as the ,mhlbach series of historical romances4 ,that they are ably written we admitted then1 and we are not now disposed to deny4 ,but this1 their only merit1 in our judgment1 can be claimed equally as well for many literary works which no prudent father1 no careful mother1 would dream of keeping within reach of1 much less of placing in the hands of1 their guileless offspring4 ,illicit love1 in some instances covered by a thin veil of ,platonism1 the intrigues of courtiers1 duplicity and meanness1 are the pivotal points on which the incidents principally turn4 ,for these and similar offences against morality1 the author has no word of censure1 while as for the dramatis personae1 their virtuous indignation1 when given utterance to1 is always directed against the criminal and not the crime4 ,in fine1 we look upon these as books by which not a single person can become better or more enlightened1 while very many will rise from their perusal worse than before4 ----- ,father ,cleveland2 ,or1 ,the ,jesuit4 ,by the authoress of ,life in the ,cloister1 ,grace ,o',halloran1 ,the ,two ,marys1 etc41 etc4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 ,pp4 #agh4 #ahfh4 ,an affecting tale1 founded on fact4 ,the main incident1 the heroine withering beneath the breath of calumny and finally dying of a broken heart1 truly depicts the fatal consequences too often resulting from the sin of slander4 ,the scene is laid in ,england1 ,ireland1 and the ,new ,world4 ,the incidents being principally descriptive of the fallen fortunes of the ,desmonds1 the sad reverses of ,squire ,cleveland1 and the untimely fate of the amiable heroine1 give a rather sombre tone to the narrative1 which is somewhat relieved1 however1 by the filial affection of ,aileen ,desmond1 the quaint humor of ,pat ,magrath1 and the unaffected piety and zealous ministrations of ,father ,cleveland1 the good ,jesuit4 ----- ,outlines ,of ,ancient ,and ,modern ,history4 ,illustrated by numerous ,geographical and ,historical ,notes and ,maps4 ,embracing3 ,part ,i4 ,ancient ,history4 ,part ,,ii4 ,modern ,history4 ,by ,marcius ,willson4 ,school ,edition4 ,published by ,ivison1 ,phinney ,co41 ,new-,york4 ,messrs4 ,ivison1 ,phinney ,co4 are among the most extensive publishers of school books in the ,united ,states4 ,they are the publishers of ,sanders's series of ,union ,readers1 ,robinson's ,arithmetics and ,mathematical ,works1 ,kerl's ,grammars1 and many other school publications4 ,all of these are largely used in our ,catholic institutions1 and extensively used in the public schools all over the country4 ,at present we will confine our remarks to the ,outlines of ,ancient and ,modern ,history at the head of this notice4 ,we are fully satisfied that any candid1 intelligent1 fair-minded reader of this misnamed history1 after the most cursory examination1 would pronounce its introduction into the schools of the country as highly calculated to mislead such as should rely on its statements1 and corrupt such as should adopt its principles4 ,in note ,i1 p4 #ccb1 he tells us that the ,albigenses is a name given to several heretical sects in the ,south of ,france1 who agreed in opposing the dominion of the ,roman hierarchy1 and in endeavoring to restore the simplicity of ancient ,christianity1 and that the creed of the unfortunates had been extinguished in blood4 ,the ,protestant historian1 ,mosheim1 speaking of these unfortunates1 says that their shocking violation of decency was a consequence of their pernicious system4 #adb ,they looked upon decency and modesty as marks of inward corruption4 ,certain enthusiasts among them maintained that the believer could not sin1 let his conduct be ever so horrible and atrocious4 7,murdock's ,mosheim1 note1 vol4 ii4 b4 iii4 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #bf7 ,footnote #bf3 ,this note was omitted in the ,english translation4 ,but our object is not to refute or expose its inconsistencies1 contradictions1 misrepresentations1 falsehoods1 and calumnies1 as the book1 left to itself1 is far below our notice4 ,but the case is different when ,messrs4 ,ivison1 ,phinney ,co4 set their machinery in motion for introducing this ,,school-,,book into all the schools in the country1 send their agents from school to school soliciting their introduction1 and advertise in school publications throughout the country that this ,history has an extensive circulation1 has received the highest recommendations from hundreds of presidents and professors of colleges1 principals of academies1 seminaries1 and high-schools4 ,it is these powerful and1 we are sorry to say1 successful efforts that have caused us to take any notice whatever of this demoralizing book2 for left to itself it would be of very little consequence4 ,in the same page from which we have already quoted1 p4 #ccb1 the author assents that the avarice of ,pope ,leo ,x4 was equal to the credulity of the ,germans2 and billets of salvation1 or indulgences professing to remit the punishments due to sins1 even before the commission of the contemplated crime1 were sold by thousands among the ,german peasantry4 ,and then he goes on to tell us that ,luther bitterly inveighed against the traffic in indulgences1 and that he was a man of high reputation for sanctity and learning4 ,here the author is so anxious to falsify the ,catholic doctrine of indulgence1 and to blacken the character of ,leo ,x41 that he goes so far as to slander and misrepresent even his idol1 ,martin ,luther4 ,for ,luther did not inveigh against the pope for the sale of indulgences1 or ever say that an indulgence was a pardon for sin past1 present1 or to come4 ,it was left for his followers to coin this falsehood1 and it is a slander on ,luther to accuse him of the fabrication4 ,he has enough to account for without charging him with what he is not guilty of2 and he knew and taught while a ,catholic priest that an indulgence does not pardon sin1 and that a person in mortal sin cannot gain an indulgence4 ,we may return to ,willson's ,histories again1 for he has written others besides the one referred to1 and all in the same strain2 but we trust we have said enough to draw the attention of our readers to the character of the work1 and we hope that neither the solicitations of agents1 nor the high-sounding recommendations of interested parties in its favor1 will prevent them from opposing its introduction into our schools1 public and private1 and preventing its introduction whenever they can4 ,count de ,maistre has testified that history1 for the last three hundred years1 is a grand conspiracy against truth2 and although the ,willsons and their tribe are still numerous1 active1 and powerful1 the progress of the age warns them that they cannot delude the public4 ----- #a4 ,the ,complete ,poetical ,works ,of ,robert ,burns1 with ,explanatory ,notes1 and a life of the author4 ,by ,james ,currie1 ,m4,d4 #b4 ,the ,poetical ,works ,of ,john ,milton4 ,to which is prefixed a ,biography of the author1 by his nephew1 ,edward ,phillips4 #c4 ,the ,monastery ,and ,heart ,of ,mid-,lothian4 ,by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,bart4 ,paper4 #d4 ,mr4 ,midshipman ,easy4 ,by ,captain ,marryatt4 ,paper4 #e4 ,the ,life ,and ,adventures ,of ,nicholas ,nickleby1 ,martin ,chuzzlewit ,and ,american ,notes4 ,by ,charles ,dickens4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahfh4 ,we give above the titles of six different works1 by well-known authors1 new editions of whose writings are now being reprinted1 in a cheap and popular form1 by the ,messrs4 ,appleton4 ,as long as the majority of people will read little else than fiction1 we are glad to see the ,messrs4 ,appleton give them such works as ,walter ,scott's and ,charles ,dickens's1 for the trifle of twenty-five cents a volume4 ,they are certainly remarkably cheap1 and if this will have the effect1 even in a slight degree1 to make the youth of the country turn from the sickly trash of newspaper stories1 and read these instead1 the ,messrs4 ,appleton will have done good for the rising generation4 ,if we are to have cheap literature spread broadcast over the land1 it is better to have such works as those of ,scott1 ,dickens1 etc41 than the dime novel and the weekly-paper stuff now so widely prevalent4 ----- #adc ,modern ,women ,and ,what ,is ,said ,of ,them4 ,a reprint of a series of articles in the ,saturday ,review4 ,with an introduction by ,mrs4 ,lucia ,gilbert ,calhoun4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,s4 ,redfield4 ,pp4 #cga4 #ahfh4 ,this volume contains thirty-seven articles on modern woman in her various phases4 ,that they are1 in a certain sense1 ably written1 it is needless to assert2 and as the majority of them have been extensively copied on this side of the ,atlantic1 it may be equally unnecessary to state that1 as regards the subject under discussion1 they are generally denunciatory4 ,hence we are at a loss to understand what could induce one of the sex attacked to take upon herself the ungracious task of a compiler1 even with the opportunity of self-vindication afforded by the introduction4 ,perhaps1 however1 this advocate of woman's rights acts on the principle that even kicks and cuffs are better than being entirely ignored4 ----- ,alton ,park2 ,or1 ,conversations ,on ,religious ,and ,moral ,subjects4 ,chiefly designed for the amusement and instruction of young ladies4 ,new edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,eugene ,cummiskey4 ,pp4 #djh4 ,alton ,park is so well and favorably known to ,catholics1 that praise at our hands and at this late day is supererogatory4 ,we must1 however1 compliment the publisher for the very handsome style in which he has brought out this volume4 ----- ,a ,pysche ,of ,to-day4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,jenkin1 author of ,who breaks pays1 ,skirmishing1 ,once and ,again1 ,cousin ,stella4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 ,pp4 #bhj4 #ahfh4 ,this tale represents to us certain aspects of ,parisian life1 which are interesting1 not as always exciting pleasurable emotions1 but as being evidently drawn from life4 ,the story is told in a pleasing1 unaffected manner1 and the main incidents are only too probable4 ----- ,logic ,for ,young ,ladies4 ,translated from the ,french of ,victor ,doublet1 ,professor of ,belles-,lettres4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,pp4 #adh4 #ahfh4 ,an excellent text-book2 clear1 simple1 comprehensive4 ,we would suggest1 however1 in order that its sphere of usefulness may not be even apparently circumscribed1 that the title for the next edition read1 not ,logic for ,young ,ladies1 but ,logic for the ,young4 ----- ,academic ,edition4 ,a ,dictionary ,of ,the ,english ,language1 explanatory1 pronouncing1 etymological and synonymous4 ,with an appendix1 containing various useful tables4 ,mainly abridged from the latest edition of the quarto dictionary of ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d4 ,by ,william ,g4 ,webster and ,william ,a4 ,wheeler4 ,illustrated with more than three hundred and fifty engravings on wood4 ,pp4 xxxii4 #efj4 #ahfh4 ,a ,high-school ,dictionary ,of ,the ,english ,language1 explanatory1 pronouncing1 and synonymous4 ,with an appendix containing various useful tables4 ,mainly abridged from the latest edition of the quarto dictionary of ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d4 ,by ,william ,g4 ,webster and ,william ,a4 ,wheeler4 ,illustrated with more than three hundred engravings on wood4 ,pp4 xxiv4 #dae4 #ahfh4 #add ,a ,common-school ,dictionary ,of ,the ,english ,language1 explanatory1 pronouncing1 and synonymous4 ,with an appendix containing various useful tables4 ,mainly abridged from the latest edition of the ,american dictionary of ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d41 by ,william ,g4 ,webster and ,william ,a4 ,wheeler4 ,illustrated with nearly #bej engravings on wood4 ,pp4 xix4 #djj4 #ahfh4 ,a ,primary-school ,dictionary ,of ,the ,english ,language1 explanatory1 pronouncing1 and synonymous4 ,with an appendix containing various useful tables4 ,mainly abridged from the latest edition of the ,american dictionary of ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d41 by ,william ,g4 ,webster and ,william ,a4 ,wheeler4 ,illustrated with more than #bjj engravings on wood4 ,pp4 xii4 #ceb4 #ahfh4 ,a ,pocket ,dictionary ,of ,the ,english ,language2 abridged from the ,american dictionary of ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d4 ,prefixed is a collection of words1 phrases1 mottoes1 etc41 in ,latin and ,french1 with translations in ,english4 ,william ,g4 ,webster1 editor4 ,pp4 iv4 #bdi4 #ahfh4 ,the ,army ,and ,navy ,pocket ,dictionary4 ,by ,william ,g4 ,webster4 ,pp4 iv4 #cai4 #ahfh4 ,the peculiar claims of these books to professional and popular patronage are so fully set forth in the titles prefixed1 that it only remains for us to say that we heartily recommend them to teachers and others1 as among the best dictionaries of their class now before the public4 ,they are published by ,ivison1 ,phinney1 ,blakeman ,co41 ,new ,york4 ----- ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has in press ,the ,holy ,communion3 its ,philosophy1 ,theology1 and ,practice4 ,by ,john ,bernard ,dalgairns1 ,priest of the ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,a new edition of the ,illustrated ,history of ,ireland1 by a member of the ,poor ,clares1 ,kenmare1 ,ireland1 and sold for the benefit of that community4 ,this edition will have additional engravings1 and over #ajj pages more matter than the first edition4 ,it will also contain a chapter on the ,irish in ,america4 ,the work will be ready about ,october #aeth4 ,canvassers are wanted to sell it in the country4 ----- ,books ,received4 ,from ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society1 ,new ,york3 ,symbolism4 ,by ,john ,adam ,moehler1 ,d4,d4 #a vol4 crown #hvo1 pp4 #ejd4 ,price1 #d4 ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,sunday-,school ,library ,second series4 #ab vols4 in box1 #f per box4 ,from ,,patrick ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,the works of ,rev4 ,arthur ,o',leary1 ,o4,s4,f4 ,edited by a ,clergyman of ,massachusetts1 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #eif4 ,price1 #b4 -------------------- #ade ,the ,catholic ,world ,vol4 ,,viii41 ,no4 #dd--,november1 #ahfh4 ---------- ,the ,church of ,the ,future4 ,the phrase which forms the title to this article does not originate with us4 ,we find it floating in the columns of various recent periodicals4 ,our attention is especially directed to it1 as the expression of a definite idea1 in a late number of the ,galaxy1 and by an editorial in the ,churchman for the #beth of ,july of the present year4 ,from these we gather that1 in the opinion of certain modern prophets1 some one of the existing ,protestant denominations is destined to achieve pre-eminence over all the rest1 and1 gathering into its single fold the population of ,america1 become the ,church of the ,future in our land4 ,the author of the article in the ,galaxy writes in the interest of ,methodism4 ,in its past successes and its present characteristics he beholds an omen of its ultimate supremacy over all other ,christian bodies1 if not over infidelity and rationalism itself4 ,the ,churchman1 on the contrary1 claims the laurels of this future victory for ,protestant ,episcopalianism--predicting that1 through its inconsistency with republican institutions1 the influence of the ,catholic ,church must eventually be destroyed2 that ,presbyterianism1 being a growth of but three hundred years1 and never yet attaining1 or likely to attain to1 the semper1 et ubique1 et ab omnibus of mature and stalwart age1 must soon decay2 that ,methodism1 having lost its pure vitality when it departed from the sacred unity of ,mother ,church can never meet the needs of coming generations2 he thence concludes1 that the diminutive society once called the ,protestant ,episcopal but now rejoicing in the title of the ,reformed ,catholic ,church1 is to absorb into its bosom the teeming millions of this country1 and become the guide and teacher of the ,western continent4 #adf ,the expections of these dreamers are well calculated to provoke a smile4 ,while the great fact remains uncontradicted that the united strength of ,protestant ,christendom has failed to check the spread of irreligion in the bosom of modern society1 while nearly every one of its denominations is struggling to maintain its present spiritual powers1 it seems a time for humiliation rather than for boasting1 for prayer and labor rather than for triumph4 ,far be it from us to discourage ,christian hope1 or snatch away from ,christian zeal the vision of those future glories to which it should aspire4 ,but the impression is strong upon our mind that such castles in the air as those to which we have referred1 imply worse than time wasted in their building1 and manifest an increase of that indolent consciousness of strength which1 in communities as well as individuals1 is the forerunner of a swift decay4 ,with this remark1 we leave the thoughts suggested by the advocate of ,methodism1 and pass on to discuss the question raised by the assumptions of the ,churchman1 namely3 ,whether the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is destined to attain pre-eminence over the other sects of ,christendom in this country1 and become the church of the future people of ,america8 ,this question is susceptible both of a divine and human answer4 ,it may be said that the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is the true ,church of ,god1 and therefore that its ultimate supremacy1 not only here but everywhere1 is certain4 ,it may be also said that1 as its internal structure and external operations are such as will adapt it to control and harmonize the elements of which ,american society is now and will hereafter be composed1 so is it likely to attain the relative position which its advocates with so much assurance claim1 and to wear the crown which already glitters in their dazzled eyes4 ,together these two answers stand or fall2 for1 if the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church be the true church of ,god1 then must it1 ex necessitate rei1 be adapted to control and harmonize1 not only the society of this age and country1 but the societies of every other age and clime2 and1 vice versa1 if it be adapted to control and unify the faith1 and1 through the faith1 the acts and lives of men1 then must it also1 ex necessitate rei1 be the church of ,god4 ,the writer of the ,churchman appears to us to have chosen the former method of reply4 ,he says3 ,our own church is to be the church of the future in our country4 ,it is a church of apostolic constitution and derivation1 with a pure1 uncorrupted faith1 with a duly authorized ministry1 with the word and sacraments of the gospel1 and1 with and through these1 the dispensation of the supernatural grace of ,god1 without which everything else would be but ineffectual words and forms4 ,whatever may be alleged of others1 it cannot be denied that all this is true of our church4 ,we do not find it to be true1 in all particulars1 of any church in the land but ours4 ,the two syllogisms of which this allegation forms a part1 seem to be logically complete as follows3 7#a47 ,the true church of ,god will be the church of the future in our country4 ,the church1 which is alone of apostolic constitution and derivation1 with a pure and uncorrupted faith1 a duly authorized ministry1 the word and sacraments of the gospel1 and1 with and through these1 the dispensation of the supernatural grace of ,god1 is the true church of ,god4 ,ergo1 ,the church1 which is alone of apostolic constitution and derivation1 with a pure and uncorrupted faith1 a duly authorized ministry1 the word and sacraments of the gospel1 and1 with and through these1 the dispensation of the supernatural grace of ,god1 will be the church of the future in our country4 #adg 7#b47 ,the church1 which is alone of apostolic constitution and derivation1 with a pure and uncorrupted faith1 a duly authorized ministry1 the word and sacraments of the gospel1 and1 with and through these1 the dispensation of the supernatural grace of ,god1 will be the church of the future in our country4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is alone of apostolic constitution and derivation1 with a pure and uncorrupted faith1 a duly authorized ministry1 the word and sacraments of the gospel1 and1 with and through these1 the dispensation of the supernatural grace of ,god4 ,ergo1 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church will be the church of the future in our country4 ,with both the premises and the conclusion of the former syllogism we presume that nearly every ,christian1 ,catholic or ,protestant1 will heartily agree4 ,but we believe the conclusion of the second to be erroneous1 and its fallacy we find in what we conceive to be the utter falsehood of its minor premiss1 as a simple matter of fact4 ,we know that the writer says3 ,whatever may be alleged of others1 it cannot be denied that all this is true of our church4 ,but1 whether it can or cannot1 it most certainly is denied4 ,we here deny it4 ,we deny the apostolic constitution and derivation of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,we deny that she holds a pure1 uncorrupted faith4 ,we deny that she has a duly authorized ministry4 ,we deny that she possesses the word and sacraments of the gospel4 ,we deny that through that ministry1 that faith1 that word1 those sacraments1 ,footnote #bg she retains the dispensation of the supernatural grace of ,god4 ,and1 in support of our denial1 we point to ,holy ,scripture1 to the unanimous tradition of the fathers1 to the vast treasures of historical and theological learning which have accumulated in the past eighteen hundred years1 and to the united voice of the holy ,catholic ,church throughout the entire world4 ,footnote #bg3 ,except baptism4 ,nor only we4 ,in our own country these bold assertions1 and the extravagant pretensions which are based upon them1 are also constantly denied4 ,two million ,methodists deny them4 ,one million six hundred and ninety thousand ,baptists deny them4 ,seven hundred thousand ,presbyterians deny them4 ,six hundred thousand ,universalists deny them4 ,three hundred and twenty-three thousand eight hundred ,lutherans deny them4 ,two hundred and sixty-seven thousand four hundred ,congregationalists deny them4 ,of the one hundred and sixty-one thousand two hundred ,episcopalians1 how many dare maintain them8 ,how many are at open warfare with that party1 within their communion1 from whom these rash and groundless allegations come8 ,among the extremest of ,reformed ,catholics how many actually believe that the ecclesiastical organization to which they protestingly belong1 is1 in truth1 that glorious fabric which our ,lord built upon the ,rock1 ,st4 ,peter1 and to which he communicated the infallibility of his perpetual presence8 ,even the subtle ,churchman will hardly venture to affirm distinctly his belief of such an extravagant proposition1 but will most likely take refuge in the declaration that his is a reformed branch of the ,catholic ,church1 a declaration that destroys the value of his whole argument1 unless he also demonstrates the impossibility1 to other branches1 of the reformation which has sprung from within his own4 #adh ,to argue that the ,episcopal ,church alone possesses those characteristics which indicate the true church of ,god1 and that1 as such1 she must eventually predominate over all the rest1 is thus as useless as it is unwise4 ,it opens up a series of disputes which no generation would be long enough to exhaust1 and no acknowledged authority be sufficient to determine4 ,it creates in advance an adversary in every ,christian outside her exclusive pale1 and puts him on his guard against the courtesy and solicitude with which she seeks to win his personal devotion4 ,it thrusts into the face of the inquirer a proposition whose absurdity annoys him1 whose positiveness discourages him1 whose arrogance repels him4 ,if our ,episcopal brethren wish to realize the dreams of their modern seer1 they must abandon this species of argument and betake themselves to the adaptation of their church to meet1 more fully1 the wants and necessities which surround them upon every side4 ,in their ability or inability to do this resides the human answer to the question whose discussion we pursue4 ,the syllogism in which this answer is embodied may be thus constructed3 ,the church which is best adapted1 by internal structure and external operations1 to control and harmonize ,american society1 will be the church of the future in our country4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is best adapted1 by internal structure and external operations1 to control and harmonize ,american society4 ,ergo1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church will be the church of the future in our country4 ,the major premise of this syllogism is evidently sound4 ,if the minor is reliable in fact as well as form1 the conclusion is unmistakable4 ,our inquiry is thus reduced to this3 ,whether the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is best adapted1 by its internal structure and external operations1 to control and harmonize ,american society8 ,the answer to this inquiry will unfold our own view of the matter now in issue1 and will1 we trust1 set forth some of the principal criteria by which the church of the future may1 at this day1 be humanly discerned4 #a4 ,the church of the future is a church of the people4 ,the ,american nation is now1 and always must remain1 in the strictest sense1 a people4_/i ,the order of our political and civil institutions1 the vast area of our territory and the unlimited susceptibility of its development1 the achievements of art and mechanism by which alone that development can be secured1 all necessitate1 in the future1 as in the present1 a nation of working-men1 homogeneous in principles1 in intelligence1 and in toil4 ,classes of society1 except so far as based upon the accidents of personal friendship1 cultivation1 or locality1 are practically now1 and must hereafter become more and more1 unknown4 ,the distinctions by which its divisions in the ,old ,world were created and maintained1 lost the last hold upon ,america when slavery went down in the fierce tempest of the recent war4 ,the proud prerogatives of race and birth are henceforth without value4 ,every man must receive himself from the hands of his ,creator just as that ,creator made him1 and carve out for himself a destiny1 limited only by his individual ambition1 and by his fidelity to the end for which his life and independence were bestowed upon him4 ,unfavorable as such a state of things may be for the extreme cultivation of the few1 that the great masses gain immeasurably by it1 is undeniable4 ,a race of farmers1 of mechanics1 of tradesmen1 of laborers1 can never be illiterate1 immoral1 or impoverished4 #adi ,a race whose future embraces the population and political direction of a continent1 into whose veins the choicest blood of the eastern hemisphere pours itself with an exhaustless tide1 whose wisdom is the experience of six thousand years1 and whose labors already testify to the vigor of its ripe and lusty manhood1 must be a people in whose ranks each individual counts one1 and by the overwhelming pressure of whose progress ignorance and pauperism must eventually disappear4 ,the church which gathers this grand race of the future into her bosom1 and holds them by her spiritual hand1 must1 therefore1 be a church adapted to the wants1 the sympathies1 the tastes of working-men4 ,its creed must be within the scope of their intelligence4 ,its worship must give form to their devotion4 ,its teaching must be simple1 earnest1 hearty1 like themselves4 ,its pastoral care must be at once familiar1 constant1 and encouraging4 ,just what the so-called masses need to-day1 in faith1 in ceremony1 in the pulpit1 in the priest1 will the whole nation seek for in those years of coming labor4 ,just that internal structure and external operation which now most fully and most readily supplies that need1 will characterize that church which then absorbs the rest and guides and governs this great people in all heavenly things4 ,and if1 of all the clashing sects of ,protestantism1 there is one which is destined to occupy this exalted station1 it is that one which is to-day the church of the people1 and whose trophies1 won in warfare with the toiling multitudes of past and present generations1 are the sure omens of complete and final victory4 ,judged by this standard1 what prospect has the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of becoming the church of the future in our country8 ,this question merits a most serious and thorough answer2 not merely as a speculative problem1 but as a matter eminently practical1 affording a fair test of her divine commission1 and of the quality of the spiritual workmanship which she performs4 ,for this reason1 we attempt to pass upon her no verdict of our own1 but1 turning to her best authorities1 gather from them the data of her progress1 and the measure of her churchly capabilities4 ,the first few years of this half-century were a season of unusual prosperity to the ,episcopal ,church4 ,from #ahej to #ahef the numerical increase of her membership far exceeded that of any former period4 ,the ranks of her clergy gained largely in extent and influence4 ,a spirit of unprecedented activity seemed aroused within her2 and1 above all1 was manifested a disposition to rally round herself the other ,protestant denominations1 and unite them with her into one ecclesiastical body4 ,this disposition met with much encouragement from those outside her fold4 ,many who never yet had called themselves by any distinctive ,christian name were attracted1 by her dignity and order1 to regard her as the most desirable of ,protestant societies4 ,eminent dissenters looked to her for the solution of that entanglement of schism in which their various barks were already well-nigh overwhelmed4 ,large charity on both sides1 and a full meeting of the issue upon her part1 alone seemed necessary for the consummation of that union for which distracted ,christendom had so long yearned and prayed4 #aej ,it was her golden opportunity4 ,the iron was hot for the hammer4 ,the wheat was ripe for the harvest4 ,the profound peace1 which rested on the entire country1 gave leisure for sedate and kindly inquiry4 ,the spirit of organic life was kindling over all the land1 and men were drawing into closer brotherhood1 and prejudices waned and lost their power4 ,it needed but a strong will and skilful hand to sweep away the few remaining obstacles1 and the triumph of ,episcopacy in this country might have been secured4 ,perhaps the most startling of the events which marked this important period1 and certainly the one which most clearly manifested its awakening vitality1 was the presentation of a ,memorial to the ,general ,convention of #ahec4 ,therein was suggested the important question1 whether the posture of our church with reference to the great moral and social necessities of the day was all that could be desired or expected1 and whether her usefulness might not1 by specified means1 be greatly enlarged4,footnote #bh ,footnote #bh3 ,journal of #ahec1 p4 #aha1 et seq4 ,the convention referred the subject to a commission of bishops1 which met six times during the interval between the date of its appointment and the convention of #ahef4 ,at its first meeting this commission published a ,circular1 propounding certain questions1 and requesting answers to them1 from any persons interested in the subject into whose hands the circulars might fall4 ,a large number of communications were received in reply1 both from ,episcopal and non-,episcopal divines1 most of which united in admitting the necessity for some decisive change1 and in recommending the improvements suggested in the ,memorial itself4 ,at the general convention of #ahef1 the commission made their report1 warning the church of the great popular destitution which surrounded her1 and advising the adoption of extemporary preaching1 the curtailment of the liturgical services1 the employment of lay workers1 the association of unmarried women into sisterhoods1 the better training of her ministry1 and the thorough ,christian cultivation of the young1 as the principal means by which her ability to meet these necessities might be extended4 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bi3 ,journal of #ahef1 p4 #cci4 #a #a tut4 p4 #bjd4 ,the house of bishops therefore passed a series of resolutions1 expressing their opinion that certain variations might be lawfully made in public worship1 and appointing a ,commission on ,church ,unity to confer with other churches as occasion might require4 ,footnote #cj ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 p #bjd4 ,but no legislation followed4 ,no practical recognition of the emergencies in which the nation lay1 or of her urgent duty to meet the wants which cried so loudly for her interference1 marked the proceedings of this chief council of the church4 ,not one of the important measures which the ,memorial suggested1 which many leaders of the church recommended1 and which the ,episcopal commission had itself advised1 received the sanction of her legislative will4 ,on the contrary1 at the next session of the convention1 in #ahei1 a strong and determined effort was made1 by the house of clerical and lay deputies1 to move the house of bishops to rescind their resolutions1 and permit the representative branch of the convention to take part in the discussion of the subject and in determining what steps should be adopted4 ,this the bishops refused1 ,footnote #ca and there the matter rested and still rests a solitary report of the ,commission on ,church ,unity that they have done nothing ,footnote #cb alone marking the spot where the vast hopes and aspirations of the ,memorialists exhaled and disappeared4 ,footnote #ca3 ,journal of #ahei1 pp4 #ee1 #gb1 #ajj1 #adc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 p4 #chb4 #aea ,and thus the golden opportunity of ,protestant ,episcopalianism passed by4 ,the terrible events which followed in the next six years1 put far away that quiet calm in which religious differences grow dim1 and love for ,god and man overcomes human pride4 ,through her own bisection into ,confederate and ,federal her unifying influence has sustained a shock from which it will not1 for long years1 recover4 ,the evangelical churches have1 at once1 lost confidence in her disposition to meet them with a fair and open compromise1 and in her separate ability to do the work which1 in the providence of ,god1 is placed before her2 while her internal difficulties have augmented year by year1 and rendered less and less likely the revival of that spirit which promised such achievements only fifteen years ago4 ,her golden opportunity passed by4 ,but that hour of trial1 in the great crucible of national emergencies1 can never be forgotten1 either by her friends or foes1 and both will look to it for the disclosure of her real abilities1 and for the revelation of her character1 as human or divine4 ,the ,memorial1 the report of the commission1 and many of the communications which were received in answer to the ,circular1 were collected into one volume1 and published by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop ,potter1 of ,pennsylvania1 in #aheg4 ,for some reason1 7which we never could explain17 the publication of this volume was soon afterward suspended1 and such portions of that edition as could be reached were called in and destroyed4 ,the last monuments of the great uprising were thus levelled with the dust2 and1 to-day1 except for the few copies of ,memorial ,papers which escaped destruction1 and the scattered records of ,convention ,journals1 reliable statistics of that eventful period are almost unattainable4 ,fortunately1 however1 we have these authorities at hand1 and thus are able to try the ,episcopal ,church by her own evidence1 and rest the truth or falsehood of her claims to be the church of the people on her own solemn and well-weighed admissions4 ,first1 then1 in the ,memorial itself1 which bears the date of ,october #adth1 #ahec1 we find the following statement3 ,the actual posture of our church1 with reference to the great moral and social necessities of the day1 presents to the minds of the undersigned a subject of grave and anxious thought4 ,did they suppose that this was confined to themselves1 they would not feel warranted in submitting it to your attention2 but they believe it to be participated in by many of their brethren1 who may not have seen the expediency of declaring their views1 or1 at least1 a mature season for such a course4 ,the divided and distracted state of our ,american ,protestant ,christianity2 the new and subtle forms of unbelief1 adapting themselves with fatal success to the spirit of the age2 the consolidated forces of ,romanism1 bearing with renewed skill and activity against the ,protestant faith2 and1 as more or less the consequence of these1 the utter ignorance of the gospel among so large a portion of the lower classes of our population1 making a heathen world in our midst1 are among the considerations which induce your memorialists to present the inquiry whether the period has not arrived for the adoption of measures1 to meet these exigencies of the times1 more comprehensive than any yet provided for by our present ecclesiastical system2 in other words1 whether the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 with only her present canonical means and appliances1 her fixed and invariable modes of public worship1 and her traditional customs and usages1 is competent to the work of preaching and dispensing the gospel to all sorts and conditions of men1 and so adequate to do the work of the ,lord in this land and in this age8 ,this question1 your petitioners1 for their own part1 and in consonance with many thoughtful minds among us1 believe ,,must ,,be ,,answered ,,in ,,the ,,negative4 ,footnote #cc ,footnote #cc3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #bg1 et seq4 #aeb ,the undersigned1 who passed this severe and searching criticism upon the practical efficiency of the ,episcopal ,church1 were such men as ,dr4 ,muhlenberg1 founder and chaplain of ,st4 ,luke's ,hospital1 ,new ,york2 ,dr4 ,crus1 librarian1 and ,drs4 ,turner and ,johnson1 professors at the ,general ,theological ,seminary2 ,drs4 ,bedell and ,coxe1 both since made bishops2 ,drs4 ,hobart and ,higbee1 of ,old ,trinity2 ,drs4 ,francis and ,a4 ,h4 ,vinton1 two of the most eminent of her parochial clergy2 and ,dr4 ,harwood1 late professor at the ,berkeley ,seminary of ,connecticut4 ,certainly no ,episcopalian1 either of that day or our own1 could ask for more reliable authority4 ,second1 the report of the commission of the house of bishops1 made to the convention of #ahef1 after some preliminary statements1 thus continues3 ,an examination into the relative increase of the various bodies of ,christians in the ,united ,states within the last thirty years will exhibit some startling facts1 which may well rouse us to serious considerations1 and lead us to ask ourselves the questions1 ',what have we been doing8 and what shall we do8' ,we have been in the habit of looking merely at the increase of our ministers and members within given periods as the proper exponent of our growth1 without considering how that increase compares with the rate of increase in the population at large4 ,making our estimate in this way--and it is the only accurate method to ascertain the ratio of our growth or increase as a church--it will be found that we are by no means keeping pace with the population of the country in the provision we make for their religious instruction1 to say nothing of our duty to heathen and foreign lands2 that we are consequently falling very far below the measure of our responsibility1 and that our growth in the last half century1 which has been dwelt upon with complacency1 if not with a spirit of vainglory1 furnishes matter of deep humiliation and shame1 rather than of boasting4 ,footnote #cd ,footnote #cd3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #ec1 et seq4 ,and again3 ,ministers are found1 who yet do not minister2 rectors who cannot govern2 pastors who do not feed the flock2 teachers send forth theological essays1 for the instruction of the church1 who might find better employment in studying the ,bible and catechism1 while the necessary means for maintaining religious services too often have to be wrung from those who appear reluctant to recognize it as a ,christian obligation to give of their ability1 as ,god has prospered them1 with liberality1 with cheerfulness1 and with simplicity4 ,on every side the complaint is heard1 that the work of the church languishes1 or is not done4' ,footnote #ce ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 p4 #eh4 ,the bishops over whose signatures these statements were made were ,otey of ,tennessee1 ,doane of ,new ,jersey1 ,potter of ,pennsylvania1 ,burgess of ,maine1 and ,williams of ,connecticut2 all of whom1 except the latter1 have since closed their earthly career1 leaving behind them reputations for prudence1 learning1 and earnestness in their official labors which are sacred in the heart of every member of the church over which they ruled4 ,third1 in the communications sent to the commission1 in answer to their ,circular1 the same sentiment prevails4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,craik1 of ,louisville1 ,ky41 in speaking of the constitution of the apostolic church1 remarks3 ,nearly the whole church has sanctioned the wisdom of this seemingly apostolic arrangement by imitating it4 ,the refusal of the church in the ,united ,states to imitate it1 has sanctioned its wisdom in another way1 by our comparative failure to do the work of the church in this country4 ,footnote #cf ,footnote #cf3 ,ibid4 p4 #bcb4 #aec ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gregory1 of ,syracuse1 writes3 ,it is said that the ,episcopal ,church is the church of the educated and the rich4 ,this is so to a considerable extent1 particularly in the cities4 ,footnote #cg ,footnote #cg3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #bej4 ,then1 speaking of certain remedial measures1 he continues3 ,it cannot be done1 in the present state of feeling--the pride of social distinction is against it2 and all the canons and councils in ,christendom cannot make a church efficient in which this feeling prevails4 ,footnote #ch ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid4 p4 #bea4 ,and again1 in concluding1 he says3 ,the great body of our people are at ease--satisfied to have a valid ministry1 and valid sacraments1 and a sober liturgy1 and a conservative ecclesiastical system4 ,and the rest of the world have no evidence that we care very much about them4 ,footnote #ci ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 p4 #bed4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,howe1 of ,philadelphia1 declares3 ,having been through my whole ministry 7now of more than twenty-two years continuance7 in a position to observe the relation of our church to the middling and lower classes as they are found in and around great cities1 ,i cannot forbear the confession that we do not1 by the authorized appliances of the church1 reach and interest them4 ,individuals of these classes1 by the force of early association1 or a refinement of taste unusual in their sphere1 do retain or acquire a strong attachment to our worship1 and derive unspeakable benefits from its use4 ,but the fact is too glaring to be denied1 that mechanics and laboring men are not in any considerable numbers reckoned among our people2 and pastors who will expose the truth in this behalf1 must confess that of those who are reared among us to these industrial pursuits very many desert the church1 and find religious associations more acceptable to them among other denominations4 ,this is too general to be attributed to the unfaithfulness of ministers4 ,there must be some lack in the system of means under which such disastrous issues occur4 ,footnote #dj ,footnote #dj3 ,ibid4 p4 #bee4 ,these are but a few out of the many writers whose communications were collected into the volume before alluded to1 and even those were few in number1 when compared with those whose letters were omitted from lack of room4 ,of these1 ,bishop ,potter1 in his ,introduction1 says3 ,a large proportion plead for change in one or more respects more earnestly than most of those inserted2 ,footnote #da ,footnote #da3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 ix4 and then significantly adds3 ,that a spirit of self-depreciation and of change for the mere sake of change is not that to which as a communion we are most obnoxious4 ,footnote #db ,footnote #db3 ,ibid4 p4 ix4 ,fourth1 at the same general con before which the ,memorial was first discussed1 another document was presented1 in tone and application almost exactly similar1 which forms a valuable corroboration of the statements which we have already cited4 ,this was the report of the ,committee on the ,domestic and ,foreign ,missionary ,society1 of which the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stevens1 now ,bishop of ,pennsylvania1 was chairman4 ,in this report the following occurs3 ,not only have we to deal with these multitudes of emigrants1 spreading their ignorance1 their irreligion1 and their superstitions over the land1 but we should also carefully provide for another and deeply interesting class1 those who come to us from countries and churches holding like principles of ecclesiastical polity and ,christian faith1 the sons of ,sweden1 and the children of the ,church of ,england1 and the brethren from ,moravia4 444 ,thousands of emigrants from these foreign churches1 who1 if properly looked after1 would unite themselves to our church1 are lost to us1 and either relapse into infidelity or unite themselves with the sects around them1 because we make no effort to win them to our bosom4 ,footnote #dc ,footnote #dc3 ,journal of #ahec1 pp4 #hj1 #ha4 ,the report then calls attention to the new missionary fields opening in the ,west1 and says3 #aed ,every other evangelical denomination in the land has gone before us in this matter1 and the ,romish ,church has planted bishops1 clergy1 schools1 churches1 convents1 and colleges1 while we have been debating about one bishop and two or three ministers4 ,as in too many previous instances1 our church has been too much stiffened with dignity to run1 like the prophet1 before the chariot of some political or commercial ,ahab1 but1 like a laggard in the race1 treads daintily and slowly in others' footsteps1 and then1 when almost too late1 discovers her error4 ,footnote #dd ,footnote #dd3 ,journal of #ahec1 p4 #ha4 ,such was the deliberate verdict of the bishops and the leading clergy of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 concerning her efficiency1 during and prior to the year #ahef4 ,such was the intensity of the conviction which forced itself upon the minds of committees and conventions1 and swept from one end of her communion to the other1 that1 without great changes in her mode of dealing with the masses of our people1 no considerable influence over them could ever be obtained4 ,it is no wonder that ,bishop ,upfold should have written1 concerning these admissions1 that ,her worst enemies could not have said a worse thing of the church2 and1 if it be true1 involves a cogent argument for at once abandoning a church so radically and essentially defective in its organization and working agencies4 ,footnote #de ,footnote #de3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #ahi4 ,surely if evidence of any kind could satisfy us that1 at any time at least1 the ,episcopal ,church was not adapted1 by internal structure and external operations1 to control and harmonize ,american society1 the evidence which the ,memorial movement thus elicited1 has done it4 ,if it ever has been1 or can ever be1 made manifest that any given church is not the ,church of the ,people1 it was then demonstrated that the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is not so4 ,since that golden epoch twelve years have passed away4 ,that the people of ,america have materially changed1 either in intelligence or religious feeling2 that their necessities are lessened or more easily supplied1 no one will venture to assert4 ,all the world knows that the spiritual destitution of the nation has increased1 and that the same means which failed to relieve it then meet with like failure now4 ,all the world knows that the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is the same dignified and stolid organization1 moving on in the same beaten track1 its ponderous and cumbersome machinery revolving heavily round the same well-worn axis1 and limited on every side by clamps and bands1 which tremulous conservatism dare not offer to unloose4 ,the records to which we have heretofore referred show also that1 in both of these particulars1 all the world is right4 ,not one of the measures advocated by the ,memorialists has ever been adopted4 ,no law has ever passed1 requiring that her clergy preach instead of read4 ,no general attempt has yet been made to organize the lay element1 either male or female1 into a body of efficient laborers4 ,no change has taken place in the canon which requires that upon every occasion of public worship the ,prayer-book1 and it only1 should be used4 ,and1 worse than this1 no disposition to so modify existing modes of labor as to secure their wider range or surer efficacy has ever since been manifested4 ,even when1 at the convention of #ahfe1 a memorial was presented1 signed by nearly fifty leading clergymen1 repeating the statements of the ,memorial of #ahec1 and praying for the institution of an association of ,evangelists1 in the hope that these statements may be so regarded as to secure to the church the important instrumentalities4 444 which were never more urgently demanded than at the present time1 the house of bishops coolly resolved that it was not expedient to entertain the subject and the other house tacitly concurred in the decision4 ,footnote #df ,footnote #df3 ,journal of #ahfe1 pp4 #cfa1 #aij4 #aee ,if1 in the face of facts like these1 we judge of the future by the present and the past1 what shall we say8 ,is there a hope that1 in that mighty era when this great continent shall swarm with prosperous1 intelligent1 industrious millions1 a church1 which during a whole century1 with every advantage of respectability and wealth1 has met with such signal failure1 shall rise into supremacy8 ,is there a probability great enough to justify our serious contemplation that a church1 whose claim to be the ,church of the ,people is thus denied by that unerring voice of history which is the echo of the voice of ,god1 should be the ,church of the ,future in our country8 ,we know no better answer to these questions than the thrilling exhortation given by the venerable ,dr4 ,muhlenberg to the ,memorial ,commission concerning their own duty to their church3 ,bid her1 said he1 look over this vast continent1 filling with people of all nations and languages and tongues1 and see the folly of hoping to perpetuate among them an ,anglican communion1 that will ever be recognized as aught more than an honorable sect4 ,bid her give over the vain attempt to cast all men's minds into one mould4 ,bid her cherish among her own members mutual tolerance of opinion in doctrine1 and taste in worship2 remembering that uniform sameness in lesser matters may be the ambition of a society1 a party1 a school in the church1 but is far below any genuine aspirations of the church herself4 ,it is the genius of ,catholicism which is now knocking at her doors4 ,let her refuse to open4 ,let her1 if she will1 make them faster still with new bolts and bars1 and then take her rest1 to dream a wilder dream than any of the ,memorial of becoming the ,catholic ,church of these ,united ,states4 ,footnote #dg ,footnote #dg3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #bhh4 ,the conclusions to which the experience of a hundred years has thus directed us will be extended and confirmed by an examination of certain characteristics which the ,church of the ,future1 as a ,church of the ,people1 must necessarily present1 and by a comparison of these with the internal structure and external operations of the ,episcopal ,church4 ,in the course of this examination we shall also probably discover the causes from which the past failures of the latter have resulted1 and the means by which she might adapt herself more fully to the wants of the country and the age1 if1 in fact1 such adaptation were any longer possible4 ,therefore we proceed3 ,,ii4 ,the ,church of the ,future is a church of stability in principle and flexibility in operation4 ,the work of the church of ,god upon the earth is to teach and govern men4 ,the truth1 by which alone the intellect can be enlightened1 the law1 by which alone the heart and life can be subjected to the will of ,god1 are both entrusted to her keeping4 ,doctrine informing and directing discipline1 discipline realizing and preserving doctrine--such is the system by which her ,lord commanded her to subdue the world1 and by which to this day the world has been subdued4 ,the people whose church the ,church of the ,future is to be1 and of whom1 as its members1 it must be composed1 will be a free people4 ,the race from which they spring long ago recognized1 as fundamental truth1 that the will of the people is the highest law1 and every civil and political institution which is or is to be derives its origin and permanence from the sole fiat of the citizen4 ,there is no power above it by which its errors may be corrected or its excesses be restrained4 #aef ,the popular vote is the tribunal from whose decision there can be no appeal4 ,the ballot-box is the throne of state1 from which supreme authority comes down only to take up the thunderbolts of war4 ,the sturdy independence which results from such a national cultivation will place a burden of no common order upon the church into whose hands the control and unification of ,american society must fall4 ,the bearer of divine illumination1 the custodian of unalterable truth1 the spiritual government of the people1 will be also on her shoulders2 and she must be able to withstand not only persecution from without1 but the more dangerous assaults of innovation and revolt within4 ,she must have no capacity for compromise4 ,the organic principle which binds into one body her integral elements must be beyond the power of popular tumult to disturb or political dissensions to destroy4 ,in every storm and tempest she must be immovable1 and1 with a will of divine firmness and an arm of godlike might1 must bend the tempest and control the storm4 ,again1 the people over whom the ,church of the ,future will extend its sway embraces men of every nation1 color1 class1 and tongue4 ,the offspring of the ,african1 the ,saxon1 and the ,indian dwell here together with the children of the ,hebrew1 the ,mongolian1 the ,teuton1 and the ,celt4 ,religions of all forms offer contemporaneous and discordant worship to their several divinities4 ,prejudices of every complexion and against every truth mingle in the religious atmosphere4 ,vices of every name1 grown1 through long apathy or longer ignorance1 into a second nature1 contaminate the public heart4 ,every possible diversity of ideas1 of tastes1 of impossibilities1 is found among them1 and1 under all1 the same great wants1 the same unceasing aspirations1 the same formless void4 ,the church which heals the spiritual wounds of such a people must both possess and use appliances of infinite variety4 ,her pharmacopoeia must contain all remedies which ever have been suitable to man4 ,her learning and ability must extend to their appropriate selection and bestowal4 ,she must1 indeed1 be all things to all men1 high with the high and lowly with the low1 wise with the learned and simple with the ignorant1 firm with the headstrong and gentle with the meek1 sublime with the imaginative1 cold with the severe1 in every way adapting the method of her operations to the dispositions of the people whom she seeks to save1 if by any means their salvation may be made secure4 ,thus1 in herself immovable1 eternal1 and in her labors as flexible and various as the needs she must supply1 the ,church of the ,future will not only conquer1 but wherever and whatever she has conquered she will thenceforth unceasingly retain4 ,but can the church which does this be the ,episcopal ,church8 ,let us test her immobility of principles4 ,let us measure the flexibility of her operations4 ,the result will teach us much that is worth learning1 and should not be without its influence on her4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states consists of thirty-four confederated dioceses1 under the care of bishops1 using the same liturgy1 and yielding obedience to the same canon law4 ,footnote #dh ,the organic principle by which this confederation was originated and has been maintained is a written constitution4 ,footnote #di ,its organic life is manifested through a general convention1 in which the supreme legislative and judicial authority of the whole church resides4 ,footnote #dh3 ,church ,almanac for #ahfg1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #di3 ,law writers define a constitution as either a limitation or a grant of power4 ,did the general convention of #aghi1 in adopting the constitution of the ,episcopal ,church1 thereby grant to the church of ,christ1 or to any part thereof1 powers of which it was previously destitute1 or limit powers which ,christ himself conferred upon it8 ,or1 on the contrary1 is not the idea of a constitution essentially repugnant to the idea of the ,christian church8 #aeg ,each of these several dioceses consists of various parishes1 united under one bishop1 and yielding obedience to the same local law4 ,the organic principle of the diocese is a written constitution2 and its organic life is manifested in a diocesan convention1 in which the supreme legislative and judicial authority of the diocese resides4 ,each of the several parishes which compose a diocese consists of a greater or less number of lay-people1 united under one pastor and occupying certain fixed and well-known territorial limits4 ,its organic principle is usually a written constitution2 and its organic life is manifested through a body of vestrymen1 to whom the management of its parochial affairs is entrusted4 ,with the exception that the church possesses no chief executive1 corresponding to the ,president of the ,united ,states1 her organic system is almost identical with the political order of the government under which she lives4 ,the general convention of the church is composed of two houses1 a house of bishops and a house of clerical and lay deputies4 ,the house of bishops consists of all the bishops of the various dioceses1 as members ex officio4 ,the house of deputies consists of four delegates--two clerical and two lay--from each diocese1 appointed in diocesan convention4 ,a concurrence of both orders in the lower house1 and of both houses1 is necessary to a vote of the convention4 ,footnote #ej ,footnote #ej3 ,see ,constitution1 appendix to ,journal of #ahfe1 arts4 #b and #c4 ,the convention of each diocese is composed of the clergy1 canonically resident within its limits1 and of a certain number of lay-deputies1 appointed by the various congregations of which the diocese consists4 ,the vestrymen of each parish are elected annually by the people4 ,in each of these three bodies the lay element possesses the virtual supremacy4 ,in general convention1 no law can be enacted1 no lax discipline can be reformed1 no erroneous doctrine can be corrected1 without the express acquiescence of the lay-deputies4 ,in the diocesan convention1 no bishop can be elected1 no delegates to the general convention can be appointed1 and no local diocesan regulations can be established1 until the laity agree4 ,in the parish1 no pastor can be called1 no church-building be erected1 no regular order be determined1 while the people withhold their permission4 ,and though1 upon the face of it1 this power may seem to be entirely negative1 yet it is not so2 for1 in the right to choose their pastors and convention-delegates1 the real control of the diocesan conventions1 and1 through these1 of their bishops and the general convention1 is placed ultimately in their hands1 and1 whenever they might choose to organize for such a purpose1 a single generation would suffice to overturn the doctrine1 discipline1 and worship of the church itself4 ,in this respect1 also1 the ,episcopal ,church has practically conformed herself to the model which our national institutions set before her4 ,if she believes that1 in religious as well as secular affairs1 all governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed1 her system and belief are certainly consistent1 but it can hardly be pretended that either of them is divine4 #aeh ,nor will it be denied that all the objections to which the temporal is open on the score of instability and weakness are doubly pertinent to the ecclesiastical1 so long as those whom ,christ intended that his church should govern on the contrary really govern her4 ,but however unstable and insecure in all her fundamental and organic principles the ,episcopal ,church has thus been rendered by the inherent nature of her system1 she certainly is far from flexible in her methods of external operation4 ,here all the strength of her conservatism concentrates itself4 ,the ,prayer-,book is the apple of her eye4 ,it cost her less to blot out a creed in which the faith of ages was embodied1 and rob her clergy of the power of absolution1 than it would now to change a single syllable of her incomparable liturgy4 ,yet nothing is more widely understood1 even in her own borders1 than that this very liturgy is the greatest barrier which stands between her and the masses of the people2 and that her inflexible1 unvarying use of it on all occasions is the great patent cause of her acknowledged failures4 ,the entire ,memorial movement proceeded upon the assumption that this inflexibility exists1 and that to it must be attributed the uselessness of efforts which1 under different methods1 should have accomplished great results4 ,the ,memorialists did not hesitate to say that1 with her fixed and invariable modes of public worship1 her canonical means and appliances1 her traditional customs and usages1 she was inadequate to do the work of the ,lord1 and that1 in their view1 it was necessary to define and act upon a system broader and more comprehensive than that which then existed1 and providing for as much freedom in opinion1 discipline1 and worship as is compatible with the essential faith and order of the gospel4 ,footnote #ea ,the commission boldly acknowledged that we have to labor in places where very much of our work is outside of that contemplated in the plans of our offices1 ,footnote #eb and that our methods of dealing with men should be more direct and manifold4 ,footnote #ec ,they admitted the necessity of that diversity in our modes of operation which has not been heretofore sufficiently appreciated1 ,footnote #ed and that we have refused or neglected to use many gifts which ,christ has bestowed on his church4 ,footnote #ee ,different bishops declared that her ministers must often preach the gospel where the attempt to perform the entire service would be incongruous1 unsuccessful1 and injurious2 ,footnote #ef that at such times the clergy were like ,david in ,saul's armor1 ,footnote #eg and objects of compassion in the eyes of others4 ,the late ,bishop ,polk1 with characteristic frankness1 stated3 ,footnote #ea3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid4 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ibid4 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,ibid4 p4 #afj4 ,i am satisfied our liturgical services as now used are to a certain extent impediments in our way4 444 ,there are circumstances in which all the services help us4 444 ,there are other circumstances in which the use of all the service is a manifest and felt hinderance4 444 ,we are not as powerful a church as we might be if we had more liberty4 ,of this ,i am fully persuaded4 ,footnote #eh ,footnote #eh3 ,ibid4 pp4 #afj1 #afa4 ,the missionary bishop of ,oregon and ,washington1 out of his large experience1 concludes3 ,there are undoubtedly great advantages resulting to the church from a general uniformity of worship2 but if that uniformity be so minute and fixed as to refuse adaptation to the actual condition and wants of ,christian men1 or to restrain in any degree the preaching of the gospel to every creature1 then it becomes a yoke of bondage and a damage to ,christ's kingdom4 ,footnote #ei ,footnote #ei3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #bac4 #aei ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,howe remarks3 ,i do not believe1 sir1 that the difficulty lies in the organization of the church1 444 but in the unvarying and 7in the esteem of many7 invariable use of our forms and other usages of worship4 444 ,the church may be entirely ,catholic in her doctrine and polity1 yet she can never be practically so while she requires all men to worship everywhere in precisely the same forms4 ,footnote #fj ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid4 p4 #bef4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,trapier asserts that in the country-places1 among the rural population1 it has proved to be an almost hopeless task to introduce our services1 that is1 in their integrity4 ,footnote #fa ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid4 p4 #caf4 ,and so great an advocate of formal worship as the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,francis ,vinton is reputed to have been exclaims3 ,you cannot fulfil the ,lord's will while the canons of our church are left in their stiffness4 ,footnote #fb ,footnote #fb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ccj4 ,we have already seen how much effect the movement1 of which these well-considered statements form a part1 finally produced upon the external system of the church1 and it is only too well known that at this day the declarations of the ,memorialists are as applicable as they were twelve years ago4 ,the evangelical leaders1 hopeless of legitimated liberty1 have grown more and more restless under the unyielding yoke1 and here and there some bolder spirit has burst away from the intolerable servitude1 and asserted his right and duty to do the ,lord's work unhampered by her human institutions4 ,ever and anon some anxious writer ventures to repeat the declarations and the prayers of the ,memorial4 ,but those who dare to look for any change are few in number1 and the high hopes of former days1 that the iron bars were soon to be unloosed and the eager wings of ,christian zeal unbound1 are already well-nigh buried in despair4 ,that1 in reference to either of these two essential characteristics1 any improvement will take place we see no reason to believe4 ,it would be contradictory to all experience if the ,episcopal laity should voluntarily relinquish their share in the government and administration of the church which they uphold1 or that1 by any exercise of spiritual power1 the clergy could compel them to its resignation4 ,it seems to us almost equally impossible that the inflexibility of operation which prevents her success can ever be materially diminished4 ,her liturgy is her centrum unitatis1 her teacher1 her authoritative law4 ,it is the golden band which binds her members to one another2 which unites bishop to bishop1 diocese to diocese1 priest to priest2 which links her with the centuries of the past1 and reaches onward to the future2 which keeps her heterogeneous elements in contact with one another1 as the electric coil binds into one repellent particles of steel4 ,in it her denominational existence is bound up1 and with material changes in it she herself is fated to dissolve and die4 ,it cannot be4 ,no day will ever come when ,protestant ,episcopalianism can convert this people4 ,no day will ever come when1 if converted1 she could govern them4 ,honored for her learning1 her decorum1 and her wealth1 she may endure to witness many generations pass away4 ,great names will be in her and great men will be of her4 ,she will do her work in the world1 whatever that may be2 but her continuance will be that of a sect1 and a sect only1 until the day of her absorption comes4 #afj ,,iii4 ,the ,church of the ,future is a church of uniform and consistent faith4 ,it seems almost superfluous for us to argue in support of this proposition4 ,that divine truth is one1 that what ,god teaches is unchangeable and every way harmonious with itself1 are axioms which even the unlearned can see to be infallible4 ,and that the thoughtful1 earnest1 practical people who must by and by cover this great continent will ever acknowledge as ,god's representative and their spiritual teacher a church whose faith is variable and undefined1 whose theologians are at issue concerning fundamental points of doctrine1 and whose public preaching is in perpetual self-contradiction and uncertainty1 is utterly impossible4 ,the ,church of the ,future is a ,church of ,truth1 a church of divine origin and of divine authority1 over whom is one ,lord1 and in whom is one spirit2 a church whose voice is ever clear and certain1 whose unity with herself is evidence of her unity with ,god1 and who1 in gathering the nations to her footstool1 maketh them all to be of one mind in the house1 through the faith once delivered to the saints4 ,will the ,episcopal ,church justify this description8 ,has she that pure and uncorrupted faith1 that word of the gospel1 which is always1 and everywhere1 and by all invariably taught and held8 ,everybody knows better4 ,she herself denies it4 ,years ago one of her bishops described her as a church in which parties were arrayed in bitter hostility to each other2 in which there was so much difference of opinion upon important points of doctrine that the bishops and other ministers could not be brought to agree2 in which one part denies all claim to an evangelical1 that is1 a gospel1 character1 to all who do not agree with them in every particular1 while the other party denies to the former any just right to the name of churchman4 ,footnote #fc ,footnote #fc3 ,memorial ,papers1 p4 #ahg4 ,years ago a venerable presbyter declared that the prime source of all her difficulties was that the house was divided against itself and that so long as men were ordained to her ministry1 clothed with her authority1 and seated in her high places1 who cannot conscientiously teach her ,catechism for children1 and whose work of love it is to revile her doctrines1 her institutions1 and her faithful people1 her enemies ,footnote #fd would rejoice1 and the world repudiate her claims4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid4 p4 #bcf4 ,the church in the ,united ,states has not yet brought forth a ,colenso1 neither has a ,pusey yet arisen in her midst2 but the diversity between these leaders of the ,anglican communion is hardly greater than obtains between the congregations on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,the rector of old ,trinity with his confessional1 the rector of ,st4 ,george's with his prayer-meeting1 are exponents of parties1 the gulf of whose separation cleaves downward to the bottom of the great plan of man's salvation4 ,father ,morrill at ,st4 ,alban's1 and the younger ,tyng beneath the missionary tent in the public square1 represent creeds and principles as different as any that divide the world4 ,under the shelter of a liturgy which each interprets according to his personal views1 they dwell together1 and through its rigid formularies preserve external uniformity4 ,but everywhere outside of it their unity is wanting4 ,pulpit is arrayed against pulpit1 seminary against seminary1 society against society4 ,her bishops are catalogued as high and low1 and looked to as the leaders of her hostile factions4 ,her general convention seeks safety in inaction4 ,her ecclesiastical existence hangs upon the thread of compromise4 #afa ,how long this state of things can continue we venture not to prophesy4 ,whether the ,episcopal ,church is destined to disintegrate like other sects around her1 or whether she will overcome the dangerous schismatic miasm which infests her members and be once more the home of peace and unity1 are questions which we have no need to answer4 ,but that this state of things was ever possible proves that her uniformity1 wherever it exists1 is merely accidental1 and never can confer upon her teachings that authority which a clear-sighted and sensible people will demand as a condition of their faith4 ,there are still other characteristics which the ,church of the ,future will possess1 but the limits of this article forbid us to examine them4 ,the three to which we have directed our attention are those which were most easily discernible1 and concerning which material for research and comparison lay most readily at hand4 ,they have answered our question as definitely as if the whole ground had been gone over1 and have told us that1 so far as human calculations can extend1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church will never be the ,church of the ,future in our country4 ,in attempting to demonstrate this proposition we have been actuated by no feeling of hostility toward the ,episcopal ,church4 ,too many sacred memories1 too many years of deep and fond affection1 have made her priests and people dear forever to our hearts4 ,we believe that1 in the inscrutable providence of ,god1 she has a work to do2 a work which1 stained with heresy and rent with schism as she is1 none else can do so well4 ,standing between the ,catholic ,church and the remoter darknesses of ,rationalism and ,infidelity1 she catches the light of its eternal truth more fully1 and breathes a far diviner atmosphere than they4 ,she drinks in the solemn beauty of its apostolic order4 ,she feels the power of its infallible authority4 ,she wonders at its vast and perfect unity4 ,she strives to reproduce these marks of the true church upon her own exterior1 and calls her neighbors to examine and admire4 ,thus she becomes the school-mistress to lead them to the truth4 ,how many1 who by birth1 by prejudice1 by old associations1 appeared to be for ever aliens to the ,catholic fold1 have yielded first to the modified ,protestantism of the ,episcopal ,church1 and through her have been led straight home to the real mother of their souls6 ,the names of ,newman and ,spencer1 ,faber1 ,ives1 and ,baker1 teach us how much ,catholics may owe to her who1 even since her fall1 has nursed the spiritual infancy of many saints of ,god4 ,and we1 who from her breast drew our first reverence for ,holy ,church1 and1 guided by her hand1 at last beheld the beacon-light which led us to the ,rock of ,peter and the ,home of ,peace1 can never cease to love her1 or to pray that her great work may spread until the people of this nation1 entranced by her reflected beauty1 may turn their eyes to whence her light proceeds1 and hasten onward to the ,catholic ,church1 in which the sun of truth for ever shines4 ,let1 then1 the general convention of #ahfh1 so soon to gather in this great metropolis1 awake to the emergency and quit themselves like men4 ,the task imposed upon them is worthy of their toil1 and1 though the church for which they legislate reap not the harvest1 they shall have their reward4 #afb ,the influence of their grand and solemn worship1 of their fixed1 conservative ideas1 is necessary to keep down this restless age1 and make it look with calmness on the questions of the day4 ,let that worship be established and those ideas extended in every town and hamlet to which the ,catholic ,church has not preceded them4 ,let her bishops and her clergy imbue the people with veneration for apostolic order and with a spirit of submission to apostolic power4 ,let her maintain the truths which she preserves1 and with them build foundations in the national heart for the erection of the divine temple of the ,christian faith4 ,let her do this and so fulfil the work which lies before her1 doubting not lest the ,lord forget her labor1 but hoping that the way of grace she paves for others it may be finally her lot to tread4 ,and when the ,church of the ,future counts the trophies of her victory1 and reviews the means by which it was accomplished1 the work of ,protestant ,episcopalianism shall not be forgotten1 and the workmen who performed it shall receive the meed of praise which is their due4 ---------- ,from ,the ,french ,of ,erckmann ,and ,chatrian4 ,the ,invasion2 ,or1 ,yegof ,the ,fool4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,all this while1 everything was pursuing its usual course at the farm of ,bois-de-,chnes4 ,yegof's strange behavior was almost forgotten1 and war was for the time unthought of4 ,old ,duchene1 while ,hullin plodded back1 was driving his cattle home1 the herdsman ,robin spreading the straw on which they were to rest1 and ,annette and ,jeanne were skimming the daily tribute of their dairy4 ,catherine ,lefevre alone1 silent and gloomy1 mused over what had passed1 as she superintended the work of her people4 ,she was too old1 too grave1 to so soon forget events which had agitated her so strongly4 ,at nightfall1 after the evening repast1 she entered the large kitchen where the farm-servants awaited her1 and there took down her register and placed it upon the table1 ready1 as was her wont1 to regulate the accounts of the day4 ,it might have been half-past seven1 when footsteps were heard at the gate4 ,the watch-dog sprang forward growling1 listened for a moment1 sniffed the air1 and then quietly returned to his bone4 ,it is some one belonging to the farm1 said ,annette2 ,michel knows him4 ,at the same moment old ,duchene exclaimed3 ,good-evening1 ,master ,jean-,claude6 ,you are back4 ,yes--from ,phalsbourg1 and ,i will remain here a few moments to rest before going to the village4 ,is ,catherine at home8 ,she is within1 replied ,duchene4 ,and brave ,jean-,claude entered into the bright light1 his broad hat drawn over his eyes1 and the roll of sheepskin upon his shoulder4 #afc ,good-evening1 my children1 said he1 good-evening4 ,always at work1 ,i see4 ,yes1 ,monsieur ,hullin1 answered ,jeanne1 laughing4 ,if we had nothing to do1 life would be tiresome indeed4 ,true1 my dear1 true4 ,there is nothing like work for giving rosy cheeks and shining eyes4 ,jeanne was about to reply when the door opened1 and ,catherine ,lefevre advanced into the room4 ,she cast an anxious glance on ,hullin1 as if to divine beforehand the news he was bringing4 ,well1 ,jean-,claude1 you have returned4 ,yes1 ,catherine1 and with good and ill tidings4 ,let us have them6 exclaimed she1 presenting a seat to the sabot-maker1 as he deposited his roll upon the table4 ,well1 the news from ,gaspard is good2 the boy is well1 although he has had a hard time of it2 so much the better--hardship strengthens youth4 ,but the war goes badly1 badly6 ,he shook his head as he spoke1 and the old woman1 seating herself in her arm-chair directly in front of him1 fixed her eyes upon his4 ,then the allies are in ,france2 the war is to be brought home to us8 ,yes1 ,catherine2 we may any day expect to see the enemy in our mountains4 ,i feared it--,i was sure of it--but go on1 ,jean-,claude4 ,hullin1 in a low voice1 proceeded to relate all he had seen and heard2 he told of the works around the city1 the proclamation of the state of siege1 the wagons loaded with wounded on the ,place d',armes1 and his meeting with the old sergeant4 ,from time to time he paused1 and the old lady half-closed her eyes1 as if graving his words upon her memory1 and when ,hullin spoke of the wounded she gasped3 ,but ,gaspard has escaped8 ,at the end of the sabot-maker's sorrowful story there was a long pause4 ,how many bitter thoughts were burning in the minds of both6 ,at last ,catherine broke the silence3 ,you see1 ,jean-,claude1 said she1 ,yegof was right4 ,he was right1 replied ,jean-,claude1 but what does that prove8 ,it would1 indeed1 be astonishing if a fool--wandering1 as he does1 everywhere1 from village to village--in ,alsace1 in ,lorraine--saw nothing1 heard nothing2 and if he should not occasionally utter a truth in the midst of his nonsense4 ,everything is mingled in his head1 and you imagine you understand what he does not understand himself4 ,but enough of the fool1 ,catherine4 ,the ,austrians are coming1 and the question is whether we shall let them pass quietly through our mountains1 or defend ourselves like mountaineers4 ,defend ourselves6 cried the old woman1 her pale cheeks flushing4 ,think you we have lost the courage of our fathers8 ,did not the blood of their men1 women1 and children flow like water1 and no one think of yielding8 ,then you are for defence1 ,catherine8 ,ay6 while a drop of blood remains in my body4 ,let them come4 ,the old woman will be in their path4 ,her long1 gray hair in her excitement seemed to quiver upon her head2 her cheeks trembled and glowed1 and her eyes flashed fire4 ,she seemed even full of a fierce beauty--of a beauty like that of ,margareth of whom ,yegof spoke4 ,hullin stretched his hand to her in silence4 #afd ,i knew you1 ,catherine1 said he with enthusiasm2 ,i knew your true heart4 ,but we must look calmly at what is before us4 ,we shall fight1 but how8 ,where are our munitions8 ,everywhere6 axes1 scythes1 pitchforks-- ,yes1 yes2 but muskets and bullets are the best4 ,muskets we have2 every mountaineer's cottage has one hanging over the door2 but where is our powder8 where are our bullets8 ,the old woman became suddenly calm2 she pushed back her hair beneath her cap1 and looked around thoughtfully4 ,yes1 she replied2 we lack powder and ball1 it is true1 but we shall have them4 ,marc-,dives the smuggler has plenty4 ,you will see him for me to-morrow1 and tell him that ,catherine ,lefevre will buy all that he has1 and pay for it too2 yes1 though it cost her house1 lands1 and cattle--all she possesses4 ,do you understand1 ,hullin8 ,i do4 ,this is splendid1 ,catherine6 ,splendid6 ,bah6 ,to drive from our doors those ,austrians1 those ,prussians1 the red-bearded race who once already all but exterminated ours6 ,they are our mortal foes6 ,you will buy the powder1 and the wretches will see whether their old castles are to be rebuilt by us6 ,hullin saw that ,yegof's story yet preyed upon her mind1 but he said simply3 ,then it is understood4 ,i go to ,marc-,dives's to-morrow8 ,yes1 replied ,catherine2 and you will buy all his powder and lead4 ,you must also go to all the villages in the mountains1 to warn our people of the danger and agree upon a signal to be used in case of attack4 ,rest easy as to that1 said ,jean-,claude2 it shall be my care4 ,both had risen and turned toward the door4 ,for half an hour past the noise in the kitchen had ceased2 the people of the farm had retired4 ,the old woman placed her lamp on the chimney-shelf and drew the bolts4 ,the cold without was sharp1 but the air clear and still4 ,the peaks around1 and the fires on the ,jaeger that stood out against the dark-blue sky in masses of silver or jet1 and no sound broke the quiet save the short bark of a far-off fox4 ,good-night1 ,hullin1 said the old woman4 ,good-night1 ,catherine4 ,jean-,claude walked rapidly down the heath-covered slope1 and his late hostess1 after following him for a few moments with her eyes1 closed the door4 ,i must leave you to imagine the joy of ,louise when she learned that her ,gaspard was safe4 ,hullin was careful not to mar her joy by a view of the dark cloud rising upon its horizon4 ,all night he heard her talking to herself in her little chamber1 murmuring the name of ,gaspard1 and opening drawers and boxes to find tokens he had left4 ,thus does the linnet1 unmindful of the coming storm1 sing in the fast-receding sunshine4 ,chapter ,v4 ,when ,jean-,claude1 the next morning1 pushed open his window-shutters1 he saw the neighboring mountains--,jaegerthal1 ,grosmann1 ,donon--covered with snow4 ,this first sight of winter--when it overtakes us in our sleep--has a strange attraction about it4 ,the old firs1 the moss-covered rocks1 were yesterday still clothed in their verdure1 but now they glitter with frost1 and fill our soul with an indescribable sense of sadness4 #afe ,another year has passed away1 we murmur to ourselves2 another rude season must pass away before the flowers return6 ,and we hurry to don our great-coat or to light a roaring fire4 ,our little retreat is full of white light1 and without we hear the sparrows--the poor sparrows crouching beneath the eaves and bushes--who with ruffled feathers seem to cry1 ,no breakfast this morning--no breakfast6 ,hullin put on his heavy double-soled shoes and his thickest jacket4 ,he heard ,louise walking over his head in the little garret4 ,louise1 he cried1 ,i am going4 ,what6 to-day again8 ,yes1 my child2 ,i must4 ,my business is not yet finished4 ,then pulling his broad felt hat over his head1 he went half-way up the stairs1 and said in a low tone3 ,you must not expect me back very soon1 child1 for ,i must go a long way off4 ,do not be uneasy4 ,if they ask you where ,i am gone1 say to ,cousin ,mathias1 at ,saverne4 ,will you not have some breakfast before starting8 ,no2 ,i have put a loaf of bread and the little flask of brandy in my pocket4 ,farewell1 my child4 ,be happy1 and think of ,gaspard4 ,and1 without waiting for more questions1 he seized his staff and left the cottage1 directing his steps toward the hill to the left of the village4 ,at the end of a quarter of an hour he had passed it and reached the path of the ,three ,fountains1 which winds around ,falkenstein by an old wall4 ,the first snow never lasts long in the damp shadows of the valleys1 and it had already begun to melt and form a stream in the pathway4 ,hullin mounted the wall to escape the water1 and throwing a glance toward the village saw a few old women sweeping the snow from before their doors1 and a few old men exchanging their morning greetings and smoking their morning pipes at their thresholds4 ,he pursued his way along dreamily1 murmuring3 ,how tranquil all is there6 ,none suspect that danger is nigh1 and yet in a few days what tumults1 what shrieks1 what crashing of cannon and clattering of muskets will fill the air6 ,powder was the first necessity1 and we have seen how ,catherine ,lefevre turned her thoughts to ,marc-,dives the smuggler2 but she did not speak of his amiable helpmate1 ,hexe-,baizel4 ,the couple lived at the other side of ,falkenstein1 beneath the cliff on which the ruined castle stood4 ,they had hollowed out for themselves a very comfortable den1 although it possessed but one entrance and two little windows1 but rumor hinted that it communicated with ancient subterranean passages4 ,these last1 however1 the custom-house officials were never able to discover1 notwithstanding several visits they made the worthy pair with this object in view4 ,jean-,claude and ,marc-,dives knew one another from infancy2 they had many a time together driven the owl and the hawk from their nests1 and still saw one another at least once a week at the saw-mill4 ,hullin placed full reliance upon the smuggler1 but he somewhat mistrusted ,madame ,hexe-,baizel4 ,however1 said he1 as he neared their domicile1 we shall see4 ,he had lighted his pipe1 and from time to time turned to contemplate the immense stretch of country spread out before him4 ,nothing can be more magnificent than the view of snow-covered wooded mountains1 rising peak after peak far into the pale-blue sky until sight is lost in distance1 and separated by dark valleys1 each with its torrent flowing over mossy stones1 green and polished like bronze4 #aff ,and then the silence--the silence of winter--broken only by the foot-fall on the soft1 white ground1 or the dash of snow falling from the higher branches of the firs to the lower1 which bend beneath the weight2 or mayhap the shrill screams of a pair of eagles1 whirling far above the treetops1 startle the ear4 ,but all this must be seen and felt2 it cannot be described4 ,about an hour after his departure from the village1 ,hullin1 climbing over rock after rock1 reached the foot of the cliff of ,arbousiers4 ,a sort of terrace1 full of stones1 and only three or four feet in width1 entirely surrounds this mass of granite4 ,the narrow way1 itself surrounded only by the tops of trees shooting from the precipice below1 seems dangerous1 but is scarcely so in reality1 for dizziness is all that is to be feared in passing along it4 ,above the ruin-covered rock overhangs the path4 ,jean-,claude approached the smuggler's retreat4 ,he halted a few moments upon the terrace1 put his pipe back into his pocket1 and then advanced along the passage1 which described a half-circle and terminated in a notch in the rock4 ,at its end he perceived the two windows of the cave and the half-open door4 ,at the same moment ,hexe-,baizel appeared1 sweeping the threshold with a huge broom of green twigs4 ,she was short and withered2 her head covered with a mass of dishevelled red hair1 her cheeks hollow1 her nose pointed1 her little eyes glittering like burning coals1 her mouth small and garnished with very white teeth4 ,her costume consisted of a short and very dirty woollen gown1 and her small1 muscular arms were bare to the elbow1 notwithstanding the intense cold of winter at such a height2 a pair of worn-out slippers half-covered her feet4 ,ha6 good-morning1 ,hexe-,baizel1 cried ,jean-,claude1 in a tone of good-natured raillery4 ,stout1 fat1 happy1 and contented as usual1 ,i see4 ,hexe-,baizel turned like a startled weasel4 ,she shook her hair1 and her eyes flashed fire4 ,but she calmed herself at once1 and said1 in a short1 dry voice1 as if speaking to herself3 ,hullin the sabot-maker6 ,what does he want here8 ,i want to see my friend ,marc1 beautiful ,hexe-,baizel1 replied ,jean-,claude4 ,we have business together4 ,what business8 ,ah6 that is our affair4 ,come1 let me pass2 ,i must speak to-him4 ,marc is asleep4 ,well1 we must wake him4 ,time presses4 ,so saying1 ,hullin bent beneath the door-way1 and entered the cave1 which was irregular in shape and seamed with numerous fissures in its walls4 ,near the entrance the rock1 rising suddenly1 formed a sort of natural hearth1 on which burned a few coals and some branches of the juniper4 ,the cooking utensils of ,hexe-,baizel consisted of an iron pot1 an earthen jar1 two cracked plates1 and three or four pewter forks2 her furniture1 of a wooden stool1 a hatchet to split wood1 a salt-box fastened to the rocky wall1 and her great broom of green twigs4 ,at the right1 her kitchen opened upon another cavern by an irregularly shaped aperture wider at the top than below1 and closed by two planks and a cross-bar4 ,well1 where is ,marc8 asked ,hullin1 seating himself at the corner of the hearth4 #afg ,i have already told you that he is asleep4 ,he came home very late last night1 and he must not be disturbed2 do you understand8 ,i understand very well1 ,hexe-,baizel1 but ,i have no time to wait4 ,then leave as soon as you please4 ,that is very fine1 but ,i don't intend to leave just yet4 ,i did not make this journey to return empty handed4 ,is that you1 ,hullin8 interrupted a rough voice in the inner cavern4 ,ay1 ,marc4 ,wait a moment1 ,i am coming4 ,a noise of rustling straw was heard1 then the planks were removed1 and a tall man1 three feet at least from shoulder to shoulder1 bony1 bent1 with ears and neck of a dull brick color and disordered brown hair1 bent in the aperture1 and then ,marc-,dives stood erect before ,hullin1 gaping and stretching his long arms4 ,at first sight the countenance of ,marc-,dives seemed mild enough2 his broad1 low forehead1 temples only thinly covered with hair1 pointed nose1 long chin1 and calm1 brown eyes would seem to betoken the quiet1 easy-going man1 but one who should so class him would sooner or later discover his mistake4 ,rumor said that ,marc-,dives had little scruple in using his axe or carbine when the custom-house officials invaded his premises1 but proofs were wanting4 ,the smuggler1 thanks to his complete knowledge of all the defiles of the mountain1 and of all the roads from ,dagsbourg to ,sarrebrck1 from ,raon l',etape to ,ble in ,switzerland1 always seemed twenty miles from the place where such conflicts occurred4 ,then he had such a harmless air--in short1 the rumors against him inevitably recoiled upon those who started them4 ,i was thinking of you last night1 ,hullin1 cried ,marc1 coming out of his den1 and if you hadn't come ,i should have gone all the way to the saw-mill to meet you4 ,sit down4 ,hexe-,baizel1 give ,hullin a chair4 ,he himself sat upon the wide hearth1 with his back to the fire1 opposite the open door1 around which blew the winds of ,alsace and of ,switzerland4 ,the view through the narrow opening was magnificent--a rock-framed picture1 but how grand a one6 ,there lay the whole valley of the ,rhine1 and beyond the mountains melting into mist4 ,the air1 too1 was so fresh and pure1 and when the blue expanse without tired the eyes1 the little fire within1 with its red1 dancing flames1 was there to relieve them4 ,marc1 said ,hullin1 after a moment's silence1 can ,i speak before your wife8 ,it is the same as speaking to me alone4 ,well4 ,i have come to buy powder and lead of you4 ,to shoot hares1 ,i suppose1 returned the smuggler1 half-closing his eye and gazing keenly at ,jean-,claude4 ,no2 to fight the ,germans and the ,russians4 ,there was another silence4 ,and you want a good deal1 ,i suppose4 ,as much as you can furnish4 ,i can furnish three thousand francs' worth to-day1 said the smuggler4 ,i will take it4 ,and as much more in a week1 continued ,marc calmly1 still gazing steadily at his friend4 ,i will take it4 ,you will take it6 cried ,hexe-,baizel--you will take it6 ,i believe you1 but who will pay for it8 ,silence6 said ,marc roughly4 #afh ,hullin will take it2 his word is enough4 ,then1 stretching out his broad hand to the sabot-maker1 he exclaimed3 ,jean-,claude1 here is my hand6 ,the powder and lead are yours2 but ,i wish to stand my share of the expense4 ,do you understand8 ,yes1 ,marc1 but ,i intend to pay at once4 ,he will pay himself1 cried ,hexe-,baizel4 ,do you hear8 ,am ,i deaf8 ,baizel1 go fetch us a bottle of ,brimbelle-wasser to warm us4 ,what ,hullin tells me fills me with joy4 ,those beggarly ,kaiserliks won't have things go as easily as they imagine4 ,our people will defend themselves1 and well6 ,they will6 they will6 ,and there are those among them who will pay for what is needed4 ,catherine ,lefevre will pay1 and it is she who sends me here1 said ,hullin4 ,then ,marc arose1 and1 extending his hand toward the precipice1 exclaimed3 ,she is a woman among a thousand4 ,her soul is as great as yonder rock1 ,oxenstein4 ,never saw ,i a grander4 ,i drink to her health4 ,drink too1 ,jean-,claude4 ,hullin drank1 and ,hexe-,baizel followed the example4 ,the bargain is made1 cried ,dives2 but1 ,hullin1 it will not be easy to beat back the foe6 ,all the hunters1 the workmen1 and the wood-cutters in the mountain will not be too many4 ,i have just come from beyond the ,rhine4 ,the earth is black with ,russians1 ,austrians1 ,bavarians1 ,prussians1 ,cossacks1 hussars4 ,the villages cannot contain them1 and they are encamped upon the plains1 in the valleys1 on the heights1 in the cities1 everywhere1 everywhere6 ,a sharp cry pierced the air4 ,it is a buzzard chasing its prey1 said ,marc4 ,at the same instant a shadow passed over the rock4 ,a cloud of chaffinches and small birds swept over the cave1 and hundreds of buzzards and hawks dashed on above them1 with loud screams4 ,so dense and broad was the feathered mass1 that it seemed almost immovable while the fluttering of so many thousand wings sounded like dead leaves driving before the wind4 ,it is the birds leaving ,ardennes1 said ,hullin4 ,yes1 the last of them4 ,their corn and seeds are buried in the snow4 ,but there are more men in the enemy's armies than birds yonder4 ,no matter1 ,jean-,claude2 ,france will live though the world assail her4 ,hexe-,baizel1 light the lantern2 ,i wish to show ,jean-,claude our stock of ammunition4 ,hexe-,baizel could not willingly obey this command4 ,no one1 said she1 has been in the cave for twenty years4 ,he can as well take your word for it4 ,we take his for payment4 ,i will not light the lantern--not ,i6 ,marc1 without saying a word1 stretched forth his hand and grasped a stout stick4 ,the old woman1 trembling in every limb1 disappeared like a ferret through a small aperture1 and in a moment returned with a large horn lantern1 which ,dives tranquilly lighted at the hearth4 ,baizel1 said he1 replacing the stick1 you know that ,jean-,claude is my friend1 and has been since we were boys1 and that ,i would trust him much sooner than ,i would you1 old snarler2 for you know well that if you did not fear being hung the same day1 ,i would long since have danced at the end of a rope4 ,come1 ,hullin1 follow me4 #afi ,they went out together1 and the smuggler1 turning to the left1 kept on toward the notch1 which projected over the ,valtin two hundred feet in the air4 ,he pushed aside the foliage of a stunted oak1 and then disappeared as if hurled into the abyss4 ,jean-,claude trembled1 but he saw at the same moment ,dives's head advancing along the wall of rock4 ,the smuggler called out3 ,hullin1 place your hand on the left side2 there is a hole there2 stretch out your foot boldly2 you will feel a step1 and then turn upon your heel4 ,master ,jean-,claude obeyed1 not without fear and trembling2 he felt the hole in the rock1 found the step1 and1 turning half-way around1 presently stood face to face with his friend in a niche which must formerly have belonged to some postern4 ,at the end of the niche a low vault opened4 ,how in the world was this discovered8 cried the wondering ,hullin4 ,i came on it while hunting for nests1 thirty-five years ago4 ,i had often seen a magnificent eagle with his mate upon this rock2 they were splendid birds1 full six feet across the wings4 ,i heard the cries of their young beyond the notch1 and1 after many a trial1 found myself here4 ,what a battle we had6 ,they tried to tear my eyes out1 and when ,i killed them ,i cleared their nest of the bones that lay there after ,i had twisted the necks of the young2 then ,i kept on1 and you shall see what ,i found4 ,come4 ,they glided together beneath the low and narrow vault1 formed of enormous red stones1 over which the lantern threw a sickly glare4 ,at the end of about thirty steps a vast circular cave1 formed from the living rock1 appeared1 on the floor of which were perhaps fifty piles of little kegs1 and on the sides a great number of bars of lead and bags of tobacco4 ,the air of the cavern was strongly impregnated with the strong odor of the last4 ,marc placed his lantern at the entrance and gazed around with a well-satisfied smile4 ,here is what ,i found1 said he1 only the cave was empty1 save that in the middle of the floor yonder lay the skeleton of an animal--of a fox1 which had probably died there of old age4 ,the rogue had discovered the way before ,i did1 and he could sleep in safety here4 ,at that time1 ,jean-,claude1 ,i was twelve years of age4 ,i thought then that the place might some day be useful to me1 ,i knew not how2 but afterward1 when ,i made my first essays at my trade with ,jacob ,zimmer1 and when for two winters the revenue officers were on our track1 the remembrance of my cave returned4 ,i had made the acquaintance of ,hexe-,baizel1 who was a servant at the farm of ,bois-de-,chnes1 then owned by ,catherine's father4 ,she brought me twenty-five louis by way of dowry1 and we set up our establishment in this cavern of the ,arbousiers4 ,dives was silent1 and ,hullin asked3 ,you like this den1 then8 ,like it6 ,i would not change it for the finest house in ,strasbourg4 ,for twenty-three years have ,i kept my goods here--sugar1 coffee1 powder1 tobacco1 brandy--and no one the wiser4 ,i have eight horses always on the road4 ,but you enjoy nothing of your wealth4 ,enjoy nothing6 ,think you there is no pleasure in mocking and outwitting the police--in defying the shrewd officials of the custom-house8 ,and1 besides1 the people all love you2 you sell at half-price2 you are the benefactor of the poor4 #agj ,but the danger6 ,bah6 ,what revenue officer would dare come here8 ,i believe you1 muttered ,hullin1 as he thought that he must again brave the precipice4 ,but ,i am used to it1 continued the smuggler1 although1 when ,i first made my way hither with a cask on my shoulder1 my heart fluttered as it had not for many a day before4 ,he took up the lantern and held it so that the light might fall upon the heaps of kegs4 ,it is fine ,english powder1 said he2 it rolls like grains of silver in your hand1 and is strong as fate4 ,a little goes a long way2 a thimbleful is enough for a charge4 ,and there is lead that ,europe cannot beat4 ,this evening1 ,hexe-,baizel shall run some into balls4 ,she knows how1 as you shall see4 ,they turned to leave the cavern1 when suddenly a confused noise of voices was borne upon the air4 ,marc instantly blew out the lantern1 and the two men were in a moment plunged in darkness4 ,there is some one above1 whispered the smuggler4 ,who in the fiend's name could have climbed ,falkenstein in the snow8 ,they listened breathlessly1 their eyes fixed upon a ray of pale-blue light which descended through a narrow fissure in the top of the cave4 ,around this opening hung glittering spars of frost2 above it could be seen the crest of a ruined wall4 ,while they gazed thus in profound silence1 a head shaggy with disordered hair1 a glittering circlet binding the brow1 the face long and ending in a pointed red beard--all sharply outlined against the white wintry sky--became visible4 ,it is the ,king of ,diamonds6 cried ,marc1 laughing4 ,poor wretch1 murmured ,hullin2 he is making a progress to his castles1 his bare feet upon the frozen ground1 and his tin crown protecting his head from the cold4 ,look1 ,dives1 he is giving orders to the knights of his court2 he stretches his sceptre north and south--all is his4 ,poor wretch1 he makes me shiver to see him with nothing but his dog-skin robe around him4 ,he makes me think1 laughed the smuggler1 of some round-paunched burgomaster1 or village mayor1 rolling back in his chair as he dilates upon his wealth3 ',h'm1 ,i am ,hans ,aden2 ,i have ten acres of fine meadow-land2 ,i have two houses1 a vine1 my orchard1 my garden--h'm1 ,i have this1 that1 and the other4' ,the next day a colic seizes him1 and then1 good-night6 ,we are fools1 all of us4 ,come1 ,hullin1 after all1 the sight of that miserable creature talking to the winds and of his famine-stricken crow makes my teeth chatter too4 ,they passed on to the entrance of the vault1 and the glare of day breaking suddenly upon them dazzled ,hullin4 ,the tall form of his companion guided him1 however1 and he pressed on after him4 ,step firmly1 said ,marc1 and do as you see me2 your right hand in the hole1 right foot on the step1 half a turn1 and here we are6 ,they returned to the kitchen1 where ,hexe-,baizel told them that ,yegof was among the ruins4 ,at the same moment the raven sailed past the door over the abyss1 and uttered its hoarse cry2 they heard the frozen heather bend beneath steps1 and the fool appeared on the narrow terrace2 he was wan and haggard1 and cried1 looking toward the fire3 #aga ,marc-,dives1 try to leave this soon2 ,i warn you4 ,the fortifications of my domains must be free from such vermin4 ,take your measures accordingly4 ,then perceiving ,jean-,claude1 he knit his brows4 ,thou here1 ,hullin8 said he4 ,art thou yet far-sighted enough to accept the proposals ,i deigned to make thee8 ,knowest thou that the alliance ,i offered is the only means of saving thyself from the destruction that broods upon thy race8 ,hullin could not avoid laughing4 ,no1 ,yegof1 he replied2 my sight is not yet clear enough2 it is dazed by the honor you offer me4 ,but ,louise is not yet old enough to marry4 ,the fool seemed at once to grow more gloomy and thoughtful4 ,he stood at the edge of the terrace1 his back to the abyss1 as if in his own hall1 and the whirling of the raven around his head disturbed him not in the least4 ,at length he raised his sceptre1 and said1 frowning3 ,i have twice demanded her1 ,hullin2 twice thou hast dared to refuse me4 ,once more shall the demand be renewed--but once--dost hear8--and then the decrees of fate shall be accomplished4 ,and turning upon his heel1 with a firm step and haughty carriage1 notwithstanding the steepness of the descent1 he passed down the rocky path4 ,hullin1 ,marc-,dives1 and even the acrid ,hexe-,baizel1 burst into peals of laughter4 ,he is a fool6 said ,hexe-,baizel4 ,i think you are not altogether wrong1 sneered the smuggler4 ,poor ,yegof is losing his head entirely4 ,but listen1 ,baizel2 you will begin at once to cast bullets of all calibres2 ,i am off for ,switzerland4 ,in a week1 at latest1 the remainder of our munitions will be here4 ,give me my boots4 ,drawing on the last1 and wrapping a thick red woollen scarf about his neck1 the smuggler took from a hook on the wall a herdsman's dark-green coat which he threw over his shoulders2 then1 covering his head with a broad felt hat and seizing a cudgel1 he cried3 ,do not forget what ,i say1 old woman1 or if you do1 beware6 ,forward1 ,jean-,claude6 ,hullin followed his host without even bidding ,hexe-,baizel farewell1 and she1 for her part1 deigned not to see her departing guest to the door4 ,when they had reached the foot of the cliff1 ,dives stopped1 saying3 ,you are going to the mountain villages1 are you not1 ,hullin8 ,yes2 ,i must give the alarm4 ,do not forget ,materne of ,hengst and his two sons1 and ,labarbe of ,dagsbourg1 and ,jerome of ,saint-,quirin4 ,tell them there will be powder and ball in plenty2 that ,catherine ,lefevre and ,i1 ,marc-,dives1 will see to it4 ,fear not1 ,marc2 ,i know my men4 ,they shook hands warmly and parted1 the smuggler wending his way to the right toward ,donon1 ,hullin taking the path to the left toward the ,sarre4 ,the distance was rapidly widening between them1 when ,hullin called out3 ,halloo1 ,marc6 ,tell ,catherine1 as you pass1 that all goes well1 and that ,i have gone among the villages4 ,the other replied by a nod1 and the two pursued their different ways4 #agb ,chapter ,,vi4 ,an unusual agitation reigned along the entire line of the ,vosges2 rumors of the coming invasion spread from village to village4 ,pedlars1 wagoners1 tinkers1 all that wandering population which is constantly floating from mountain to plain1 from plain to mountain1 brought each day budgets of strange news from ,alsace and the banks of the ,rhine4 ,they said that every town was being put in a state of defence2 that the roads to ,metz1 to ,nancy1 ,huningue1 and ,strasbourg1 were black with army and provision wagons4 ,on every side were to be seen caissons of powder1 shells1 and shot1 and cavalry1 infantry1 and artillery hurrying to their posts4 ,marshal ,victor1 with twelve thousand men1 yet held the ,saverne road1 but the draw-bridges of all the fortified towns were raised from seven in the evening until eight in the morning4 ,things looked gloomy enough1 but the greater number thought only of defending their homes1 and ,jean-,claude was everywhere well received4 ,the same day1 at about five in the evening1 he reached the top of ,hengst1 and stopped at the dwelling of the hunter-patriarch1 old ,materne4 ,there he passed the night2 for in winter the days are short and the roads difficult4 ,materne promised to keep watch over the defile of ,zorn1 with his two sons1 ,kasper and ,frantz1 and to respond to the first signal that should be made from ,falkenstein4 ,early the next day1 ,jean-,claude arrived at ,dagsbourg to see his friend ,labarbe the wood-cutter4 ,they went together to the hamlets around1 to light in all hearts the love of country4 ,labarbe accompanied ,hullin to the cottage of the ,anabaptist ,nickel1 a grave and respectable man1 but they could not draw him into their glorious enterprise4 ,he had but one reply to all their arguments4 ,it is well1 he said2 it is doubtless right2 but the ,scriptures say that he who takes up the sword shall perish by the sword4 ,he promised1 however1 to pray for the good cause1 and that was all they could obtain of him4 ,they went thence to ,walsch1 where they found ,daniel ,hirsch1 an ancient gunner in the navy1 who promised to bring with him all the men of his commune4 ,here ,labarbe left ,jean-,claude to pursue his route alone4 ,for a week more our brave friend wandered over the mountains1 from ,soldatenthal to ,leonsberg1 from ,meienthal to ,voyer1 ,cirey1 ,petit-,mont1 ,saint-,sauveur1 and the ninth day he found himself at the shoemaker ,jerome's1 at ,saint-,quirin4 ,they visited together the defile of ,blanru1 after which ,hullin1 entirely satisfied with the results of his journey1 turned once more toward his village4 ,since two o'clock in the afternoon he had been pressing on at a brisk pace1 thinking of the life of the camp1 the bivouac1 the crash of battle1 marches and countermarches--all those details of a soldier's life which he regretted so often and which he now looked forward to with ardor4 ,the twilight shadows had begun to fall when he discovered the village of ,charmes1 afar off1 with its little cottages1 from which curled wreaths of light-blue smoke1 scarcely perceptible against the snow-covered mountain-side1 its little gardens with their fences1 its slate-covered roofs1 and to the left the great farm-house of ,bois-de-,chnes1 and below1 in the already dark ravine1 the saw-mill of ,valtin4 ,and then1 without his knowing why1 a sadness filled his heart4 #agc ,he slackened his steps2 thoughts of the calm1 peaceful life he was losing1 perhaps for ever1 floated through his mind2 he saw his little room1 so warm in winter and so gay in spring1 when he opened his window to the breezes from the woods2 he heard the never-changing tick of the village clock2 and he thought of ,louise--his good little ,louise--spinning in silence1 her eyes cast down1 or1 mayhap1 singing in her pure1 clear voice at evening4 ,everything in his home arose before his eyes3 the tools of his trade1 his long1 glittering chisels1 the hatchet with the crooked handle1 the porringers of glazed earthenware1 the antique figure of ,saint ,michael nailed to the wall1 the old curtained bed in the alcove1 the lamp with the copper beak--all were before him1 and the tears forced their way to his eyes4 ,but it was to ,louise--his dear child1 his ,louise--that his thoughts turned oftenest4 ,how she would weep and implore him not to expose himself to the dangers of war6 ,how she would hang upon his neck and beg him not to leave her6 ,he saw her large1 affrighted eyes2 he felt her arms around him4 ,he would fain deceive her1 but deceit was no part of ,jean-,claude's character2 his words only deepened her grief4 ,he tried to shake off his gloom1 and1 passing by the farm of ,bois-de-,chnes1 he entered to tell ,catherine that all went well1 and that the mountaineers only awaited the signal4 ,fifteen minutes later1 ,master ,jean-,claude stood before his own door4 ,before opening it1 he glanced through the window to see what ,louise might be doing4 ,she was standing in the alcove1 and seemed busily arranging and rearranging some garments that lay upon the bed4 ,her face beamed with happiness1 her eyes sparkled1 and she was talking to herself aloud4 ,hullin listened1 but the rattling of a passing wagon prevented his hearing her words4 ,he pushed open the door and entered1 saying3 ,louise1 here ,i am back6 ,she bounded like a fawn to him and threw her arms around his neck1 exclaiming3 ,it is you1 ,father ,jean-,claude6 ,how ,i have been waiting for you6 ,how long you were gone6 ,but you are home again1 at last4 ,my child--many things--said the good man1 putting away his staff behind the door--many things kept-- ,but his heart was too full2 he could say no more4 ,yes1 yes1 ,i know1 cried ,louise1 laughing4 ,mother ,lefevre told me all4 ,how is that6 ,you know all and only laugh8 ,well1 it proves your good sense4 ,i expected to see you weep4 ,weep8 ,and why1 ,father ,jean-,claude8 ,oh6 never fear for me2 ,i am brave4 ,you do not know me4 ,her air was so prettily resolute that ,hullin could not help smiling2 but his smile quickly disappeared when she added3 ,we are going to have war2 we are going to fight1 to defend the mountains6 ,we are going6 ,we are going6 exclaimed the good man1 astounded4 ,certainly4 ,are we not8 she asked1 her smile disappearing at once4 ,i must leave you for some time1 my child4 ,leave me8 ,oh6 no1 no4 ,i will go with you2 it is agreed4 ,see1 my little bundle is all ready1 and ,i am making up yours4 ,do not be uneasy2 let me fix everything1 and you will be satisfied4 ,hullin stood stupefied4 ,but1 ,louise1 he cried1 you are dreaming4 ,think1 my child6 ,we must pass long winter nights without a roof to cover us2 we must bear hardship1 fatigue1 cold1 snow1 hunger1 and countless dangers6 ,a musket-ball would mar my pretty bird's beauty4 #agd ,you are only trying your little ,louise1 cried she1 now in tears1 and flinging herself upon his neck4 ,you will not leave me here alone4 ,but you will be better here2 you will have a good fire and food4 ,besides1 you will receive news of us every day4 ,no1 no6 ,i will go with you2 ,i care not for cold4 ,and ,i have been shut up here too long2 ,i want the fresh air4 ,the birds are out2 the redbreasts are out all winter2 and did ,i not know what hunger was when a child8 ,mother ,lefevre says ,i may go2 and will you whom ,i love so much be more cruel than she8 ,brave ,jean-,claude sat down1 his heart full of bitter sorrow4 ,he turned away his head that she might not see the struggle going on within1 while ,louise eagerly continued3 ,i will be safe2 ,i will follow you4 ,the cold6 ,what is the cold to me8 ,and if you should be wounded--if you should wish to see your little ,louise for the last time1 and she not be near to take care of you--to love you to the last6 ,oh6 you must think me hard-hearted6 ,she sobbed2 ,hullin could hold out no longer4 ,is it indeed true that ,mother ,lefevre consents8 he asked4 ,yes1 yes1 oh6 yes1 she told me so2 she said1 ',try to get ,father ,jean-,claude to let you2 ,i am satisfied4' ,well1 said the sabot-maker1 smiling sadly1 ,i can do little against two4 ,you shall come6 ,it is agreed4 ,the cottage echoed with her cry of joy1 and with one sweep of her hand her tears were dried1 and her face1 like an ,april sky1 beamed in smiles4 ,you are a little gypsy still1 cried ,hullin1 shaking his head4 ,go trap a swallow4 ,then1 drawing her to him1 he continued3 ,look you1 ,louise3 it is now twelve years since ,i found you in the snow4 ,you were blue with the cold1 poor child2 and when ,i brought you to the fire and warmed you1 the first thing you did was to smile at me1 and since that day your smile has ruled old ,jean-,claude4 ,but let us look at our bundles1 said the good man with a sigh4 ,are they well fastened8 ,he approached the bed1 and saw in wonder his warmest coats1 his flannel jackets1 all well brushed1 well folded1 and well packed4 ,then in ,louise's bundle were her best dresses and her thick shoes4 ,he could not restrain a laugh1 as he cried3 ,o gypsy1 gypsy6 ,it takes you to pack up4 ,louise smiled4 ,then you are satisfied with them8 she asked4 ,i must be2 but in the midst of all this fine work1 you did not think1 ,i'll wager1 of getting ready my supper4 ,that is soon done1 said she1 although ,i did not know you would return to-night1 ,papa ,jean-,claude4 ,that is true2 but get something ready quickly2 no matter what1 for my appetite is sharp4 ,in the meantime ,i will smoke a pipe4 ,yes1 smoke a pipe4 ,he sat at the corner of his work-bench and drummed dreamily upon it4 ,louise flew to right and left like a veritable fairy1 kindling up the fire1 breaking eggs1 and in the twinkle of an eye she had an omelette ready4 ,never had she looked so graceful1 so joyous1 so pretty4 ,hullin leaned his cheek upon his hand and gazed at her gravely1 thinking how much firmness1 will1 resolution1 there was in that little form1 light as an antelope1 but decided as a cuirassier4 ,in a moment she had laid the omelette before him on a large plate1 ornamented with blue flowers1 a loaf of bread1 his glass1 and his bottle of wine4 #age ,there1 ,father ,jean-,claude1 eat your supper4 ,the fire leaped and crackled in the stove1 throwing ruddy stains on the low rafters1 the stairs half in shadow and the large bed in the alcove1 and lighting up the poor dwelling so often made joyous by the merry humor of the sabot-maker and the songs of his daughter4 ,and ,louise would leave all this without regret to brave the wintry woods1 the snow-covered paths1 and the steep mountain-side1 and all for love of him4 ,neither storm1 nor biting wind1 nor torrents staid her4 ,she had but one thought1 and that was to be near him4 ,the repast ended1 ,hullin arose1 saying3 ,i am weary1 my child2 kiss me for good-night4 ,but do not forget to awake me1 ,father ,jean-,claude1 if you start before daybreak4 ,rest easy2 you will come with us1 he answered1 as he climbed the narrow stairs4 ,all was silence without1 save that the deep tones of the village clock told the hour of eleven4 ,jean-,claude sat down and unfastened his shoes4 ,just then his eyes fell upon his musket hung over the door4 ,he took it down1 slowly wiped it1 and tried the lock4 ,his whole soul was in the work in which he was engaged4 ,it is strange--strange6 ,the last time ,i fired it was at ,marengo--fourteen years ago1 and it seems but yesterday4 ,suddenly the frozen snow crunched beneath a foot-fall4 ,he listened4 ,two taps sounded upon the window-panes4 ,he ran and opened the door1 and the form of ,marc-,dives1 his broad hat stiff with ice1 emerged from the darkness4 ,marc6 ,what news8 ,have you warned ,materne1 ,jerome1 ,labarbe8 ,yes1 all4 ,it is none too soon2 the enemy are advancing4 ,advancing8 ,yes2 along their whole line4 ,i have come fifteen leagues since morning to give you warning4 ,good4 ,we must make the signal3 a fire upon ,falkenstein4 ,hullin's face was pale1 but his eyes flashed4 ,he again put on his shoes1 and two minutes after1 with his cloak upon his shoulders and his staff firmly clinched in his hand1 he opened the door softly1 and with long steps followed ,marc-,dives along the path to ,falkenstein4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,from midnight until six o'clock in the morning a flame shone through the darkness from the summit of ,falkenstein4 ,all ,hullin's friends1 and those of ,marc-,dives and ,mother ,lefevre1 with high gaiters bound around their legs1 and old muskets upon their shoulders1 trooped in the silence of the woods to the gorges of the ,valtin4 ,the thought of the enemy pouring over the plains of ,alsace to surprise their glens and defiles nerved every heart and arm4 ,the tocsin at ,dagsbourg1 at ,walsch1 and at ,saint-,quirin ceased not to call the country's defenders to arms4 ,imagine the ,jaegerthal1 at the foot of the old burg1 in the early morning hour1 when the giant arms of the trees begin to break through the shadows1 and when the approach of day softens somewhat the intense cold of the night4 ,the snow lies deep upon the ground4 #agf ,imagine the old saw-pit with its flat roof1 its heavy wheel glittering with icicles2 a fire of sawdust shining from within1 but paling before the morning twilight1 and around the fire fur caps and slouched hats and dark faces crowded together2 further on1 in the woods1 and along the winding valley1 were other fires lighting up groups of men and women seated on the snow4 ,as the sky grew brighter friends began to recognize each other4 ,hold6 ,there is ,cousin ,daniel of ,soldatenthal4 ,you here too8 ,as you see1 ,heinrich1 and my wife too4 ,what6 ,cousin ,nanette6 ,but where is she8 ,yonder1 by the large oak1 at ,uncle ,hans's fire4 ,they clasp each other's hand4 ,some slept1 some piled branches and broken planks upon the fires4 ,flasks passed around1 and those who had warmed themselves made way for their shivering neighbors4 ,but impatience was gaining upon the crowd4 ,ah6 cried one1 we have not come here only to stretch our legs4 ,it is time to look around1 to agree upon our movements4 ,yes6 yes6 let us organize and elect our leaders6 cried many4 ,no2 all are not yet here4 ,they are yet coming from ,dagsbourg and ,saint-,quirin1 replied others4 ,indeed1 as day advanced1 the pathways of the mountain seemed full of people4 ,there were already some hundreds in the valley--wood-cutters1 charcoal-burners1 and others--without counting the women and children4 ,nothing could be more picturesque than that halt in the snow1 at the bottom of a defile covered to the clouds with high firs2 to the right1 valley following valley as far as the eye could reach2 to the left1 the ruins of ,falkenstein1 reaching1 as it seemed1 to the sky2 and before you groups of thickly bearded men with gloomy brows1 broad square shoulders1 and hands callous from labor4 ,some of them1 taller than their fellows1 were red-haired and white-skinned1 and seemed strong as the oaks of the forest4 ,of this number were old ,materne of ,hengst and his two sons1 ,frantz and ,kasper4 ,these three1 armed with short ,innspruck rifles1 their high gaiters of blue canvas with leather buttons reaching above the knee1 their bodies covered with hare-skin jackets1 and their slouched hats pushed far back upon their heads1 did not deign to approach the fire4 ,since one o'clock they had sat upon the felled trunk of a fir by the border of the brook1 their eyes constantly on the watch1 and their feet buried in the snow4 ,from time to time the old man would say to his sons3 ,what are they shivering for yonder8 ,i never saw a milder night at this season2 it is a fine hunting night2 the brooks are not yet frozen4 ,every hunter as he passed pressed their hands1 and then joined his fellows1 who formed a separate band1 among whom but few words passed1 for silence is one of the great virtues of the chase4 ,marc-,dives1 standing in the middle of another group1 over whom he towered by a head1 talked and gesticulated1 now pointing to one part of the mountain1 now to another4 ,opposite him was the old herdsman ,lagarmitte1 in his gray smock-frock1 his dog at his side4 ,he was listening open-mouthed to the smuggler1 and from time to time gravely nodded his head4 ,the remainder of the group was composed of wood-cutters and workmen with whom ,marc had daily dealings4 #agg ,between the saw-pit and the first fire sat the shoemaker ,jerome of ,saint-,quirin1 a man between fifty and sixty years of age2 his eyes were sunken1 his face long and brown1 and his yellow beard descended to his waist2 his head was covered with an otter-skin cap2 and as he leaned forward upon a heavy knotted staff1 in his long woollen great-coat1 he might easily have been mistaken for some hermit of the wilds4 ,whenever any one approached with news1 ,father ,jerome slowly turned his head and listened with bent brows4 ,jean ,labarbe sat motionless1 his elbow resting upon his axe-helve4 ,he was a pale man1 with an aquiline nose and thin lips1 and exercised a great influence over the men of ,dagsbourg by the resolution and force of his character4 ,when those around him cried out for action1 he simply said1 ,wait2 ,hullin has not arrived yet1 nor ,catherine ,lefevre4 ,there is no hurry1 and all around became quiet4 ,piorette1 a little1 dry1 thin1 energetic man1 with eyebrows meeting over his nose1 and a short pipe between his teeth1 sat at the threshold of the saw-mill1 and gazed with a quick but thoughtful eye at the scene4 ,nevertheless1 the impatience increased every minute4 ,a few village mayors in cocked hats called upon their people to deliberate4 ,happily the wagon of ,catherine ,lefevre at last appeared1 and a thousand enthusiastic shouts arose on all sides4 ,here they are6 ,they have come6 ,old ,materne stood up upon the trunk of a tree and then descended1 gravely saying3 ,it is they4 ,much excitement now prevailed2 the scattered groups collected4 ,scarcely could the old woman be seen distinctly1 seated upon a truss of straw with ,louise by her side1 when the echoes rang with the cry3 ,long live ,france6 ,long live ,mother ,catherine6 ,hullin1 behind1 his musket strapped upon his back1 was crossing the field of ,eichmath1 grasping hands and saluting his friends3 ,is it you1 ,daniel8 ,good-morning1 ,colon6 ,ha6 ,things look stormy1 ,hullin4 ,yes1 yes2 we shall soon have lively times4 ,you here1 old ,jerome6 ,what think you of the state of affairs8 ,all will yet go well1 ,jean-,claude1 with ,god's help4 ,catherine1 when she arrived in front of the saw-mill1 ordered ,labarbe to open the little cask of brandy she had brought from the farm-house4 ,hullin1 approaching the fire1 met ,materne and his two sons4 ,you come late1 said the old hunter4 ,true1 but there was much to be done1 and too much yet remains to be done to lose more time4 ,lagarmitte1 wind your horn4 ,lagarmitte blew until his cheeks seemed bursting1 and the groups scattered along the path1 and at the skirts of the wood hastened to assemble1 and soon all were collected before the saw-mill4 ,hullin mounted a pile of logs1 and spoke amid the deepest silence3 ,the enemy1 said he1 crossed the ,rhine the night before last4 ,he is pressing on to our mountains to enter ,lorraine4 ,strasbourg and ,huningue are blockaded4 ,in three or four days at most the ,germans and the ,russians will be upon us4 ,a shout of ,long live ,france6 arose4 ,ay1 long live ,france6 cried ,jean-,claude2 for1 if the allies reach ,paris1 all our liberties are gone6 ,forced labor1 tithes1 privileges1 and gibbets will flourish once more4 ,if you wish that they should1 let the allies pass4 #agh ,a dark scowl seemed to settle on every man's face4 ,i have said what ,i have to say6 cried ,hullin1 pale with emotion4 ,as you are here1 you are here to fight6 ,ay1 to fight6 ,it is well2 but one word more4 ,i would not deceive you2 ,i see among you fathers of families4 ,we will be one against ten--against fifty4 ,we must expect to perish6 ,therefore1 let those whose hearts may grow faint ere the end comes1 go4 ,all are free6 ,each in the crowd looked round to see his neighbors' faces1 but no one left his place4 ,jean-,claude spoke in a firmer tone3 ,no one moves6 ,all are ready for battle6 ,a chief--a leader--must be named1 for in times of danger everything depends on order and discipline4 ,he whom you shall appoint must be obeyed in all things4 ,reflect well1 for on him depends the fate of every one of us4 ,so saying1 ,jean-,claude descended from his tribune1 and earnest voices began at once to whisper in the crowd4 ,every village deliberated separately2 each mayor proposed his man2 time passed2 ,catherine ,lefevre burned with anxiety and impatience4 ,at length she could contain herself no longer1 and rising upon her seat she made a sign that she wished to speak4 ,my friends1 said she1 time flies2 the enemy is advancing4 ,what do we need8 ,a man whom we can trust2 a soldier acquainted with war1 and knowing how to profit by the strength of mere positions4 ,well1 why not choose ,hullin8 ,can any among you name a better8 ,i propose ,hullin6 ,hullin6 ,hullin6 cried ,labarbe1 ,dives1 ,jerome1 and many others4 ,let us have a vote6 ,marc-,dives1 climbing the pile of logs1 shouted in a voice of thunder3 ,let those who are opposed to having ,jean-,claude ,hullin for our leader1 raise their hands6 ,not a hand rose4 ,let those who wish ,jean-,claude ,hullin to be our chief1 raise their hands6 ,every hand rose4 ,jean-,claude1 said the smuggler1 you are the man4 ,come hither4 ,look6 ,jean-,claude mounted the logs1 and seeing that he was elected1 said calmly3 ,you name me your chief4 ,i accept4 ,let old ,materne1 ,labarbe of ,dagsbourg1 ,jerome of ,saint-,quirin1 ,marc-,dives1 ,piorette the sawyer1 and ,catherine ,lefevre enter the saw-mill4 ,we will hold a council1 and in twenty minutes ,i will give my orders4 ,in the meantime let every village detail two men to go to ,falkenstein with ,marc-,dives for powder and ball4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,those whom ,hullin named met in the hut attached to the saw-mill around the immense chimney4 ,a sober sort of merriment seemed to play about the face of more than one4 ,for twenty years ,i have heard people talking of these ,russians and ,austrians and ,cossacks1 said old ,materne1 smiling1 and ,i shall not be sorry to see one at the muzzle of my rifle4 ,yes1 answered ,labarbe2 we shall see enough of them at last1 and the little children of to-day will have many a tale to tell of their fathers and their grandsires4 ,and how the old women of fifty years hence will chatter of it at evening around the winter fire6 #agi ,comrades1 cried ,hullin1 you know the country--you know our mountains from ,thann to ,wissembourg4 ,you know that two grand roads--the imperial roads--traverse ,alsace and the ,vosges4 ,both starting from ,ble1 one runs along the ,rhine to ,strasbourg1 and enters ,lorraine by ,saverne4 ,huningue1 ,neuf-,brisach1 ,strasbourg1 and ,phalsbourg defend it4 ,the other turns to the left to ,schlestadt4 ,leaving ,schlestadt1 it enters the mountains1 and passes on to ,saint-,di1 ,raon-l',etape1 ,baccarat1 and ,lunville4 ,the enemy would like to force the passage of these two roads1 as they are the best for cavalry1 artillery1 and wagons2 but1 as they are well defended1 we need not trouble our about them4 ,if the allies lay siege to the cities upon them1 the campaign will be dragged out to a great length1 and we shall have nothing to fear2 but this is not probable4 ,after having summoned ,huningue to surrender1 and ,belfort1 ,schlestadt1 ,strasbourg1 and ,phalsbourg1 on this side of the ,vosges1 and ,bitche1 ,lutzelstein1 and ,sarrebrck1 on the other1 they will fall upon us4 ,now1 listen4 ,between ,phalsbourg and ,saint-,di there are several defiles practicable for infantry1 but only one for cannon1 that is1 the road from ,strasbourg to ,raon-les-,leaux1 by ,urmatt1 ,mutzig1 ,lutzelhouse1 ,phramond1 and ,grandfontaine4 ,once masters of this road1 the allies can debouch in ,lorraine4 ,this road passes us at ,donon1 two leagues hence1 to our right4 ,the first thing to be done is1 to establish ourselves upon it at the place most favorable for defence--that is1 upon the plateau on the mountain2 to break down the bridges1 and throw heavy abatis across it4 ,a few hundred large trees1 with their branches1 will do the work1 and under their cover we can watch the approach of the foe4 ,all this1 comrades1 must be done by to-morrow night1 or by the day after1 at the latest4 ,but it is not enough to occupy a position and put it in a good state of defence4 ,we must see that the enemy cannot turn it4 ,that is just what ,i was thinking1 said old ,materne4 ,once in the valley of the ,bruche1 and the ,germans can bring their infantry to the hills of ,haslach1 and turn our left2 and there is nothing to hinder their trying the same movement upon our right1 if they gain ,raon-l',etape4 ,yes2 but to prevent their doing either1 we have only to occupy the defiles of the ,zorn and of the ,sarre on our left1 and that of ,blanru on our right4 ,we must defend a defile by holding the heights1 and1 for that purpose1 ,piorette will place himself1 with a hundred men1 on the side of ,raon-les-,leaux2 ,jerome1 on ,grosmann1 with the same number1 to close the valley of the ,sarre2 and ,labarbe1 at the head of the remain on the mountain1 will overlook the hills of ,haslach4 ,you will choose your men from those belonging to the villages nearest your stations4 ,the women must not have far to come to bring provisions1 and the wounded will be nearer home4 ,the chiefs of each position will send me a report each day1 by a messenger1 on foot1 to ,donon1 where will be our headquarters4 ,we will organize a reserve also2 but it will be time enough to see to that when our positions are taken1 and no surprise from the enemy is to be feared4 ,and ,i1 cried ,marc-,dives1 am ,i to have nothing to do8 ,am ,i to sit with folded arms while all the rest are fighting8 #ahj ,you will superintend the transporting of our munitions4 ,no one among us understands keeping powder as you do--preserving it from fire and damp--or casting bullets and making cartridges4 ,that is a woman's work1 cried the smuggler4 ,hexe-,baizel can do it as well as ,i4 ,am ,i not to fire a shot8 ,rest easy1 ,marc1 replied ,hullin1 laughing2 you will find plenty of chances4 ,in the first place1 ,falkenstein is the centre of our line--our arsenal and point of retreat1 in case of misfortune4 ,the enemy will know by his scouts that our wagons start from there1 and will probably try to intercept them4 ,shots and bayonet-thrusts will not be wanting4 ,besides1 we cannot confide the secret of your cave to the first comer4 ,however1 if you insist-- ,no1 said the smuggler1 whom ,hullin's' reflections upon the cave touched at once4 ,no2 all things well considered1 ,i believe you are right1 ,jean-,claude4 ,i will defend ,falkenstein4 ,well1 then1 comrades1 cried brave ,jean-,claude1 we will warm our hearts with a few glasses of wine4 ,it is now ten o'clock4 ,let each one return to his village1 and see to the provisions4 ,to-morrow morning1 at the latest1 the defiles must be occupied4 ,they left the hut together1 and ,hullin1 in the presence of all assembled1 named ,labarbe1 ,jerome1 and ,piorette chiefs of the defiles2 then he ordered those who came from the ,sarre to meet1 as soon as possible1 near the farm of ,bois-de-,chnes1 with axes1 picks1 and muskets4 ,we will start at two1 said he1 and encamp on ,donon1 across the road4 ,to-morrow1 at daybreak1 we will begin our abatis4 ,he kept old ,materne1 and his two sons1 ,frantz and ,kasper1 by him1 telling them that the battle would surely begin on ,donon1 and sharp-shooters would be needed there4 ,mother ,lefevre never seemed so happy4 ,she mounted her wagon1 and whispered1 as she embraced ,louise3 ,all goes well4 ,jean-,claude is a man4 ,he astonishes me1 who have known him forty years4 ,jean-,claude1 she cried1 breakfast is waiting1 and a few old bottles which the ,austrians will not drink4 ,good ,catherine1 ,i am coming4 ,but as he struck the horses with the whip1 and as the mountaineers had just begun to scatter on their way to their villages1 they saw1 on the road to ,trois-,fontaines1 a tall1 thin man1 mounted upon a red mare2 his hare-skin cap1 with a wide peak1 pulled well down upon his head4 ,a great shepherd-dog1 with long black hair1 bounded beside him2 and the skirts of his huge overcoat floated like wings behind him4 ,it is ,dr4 ,lorquin1 from the plain1 exclaimed ,catherine2 he who at the poor for nothing2 and that is his dog ,pluto with him4 ,it was indeed he1 who rushed among the crowd1 shouting3 ,halt6 stop6 ,halt1 ,i say6 ,his ruddy face1 large1 quick eyes1 beard of a reddish-brown1 broad1 square shoulders1 tall horse1 and dog1 in a moment appeared at the foot of the mountain4 ,gasping for breath1 he shouted1 in his excitement3 ,ah the villains6 ,they wanted to begin the campaign without me6 ,they shall pay for it6 ,and1 striking a little box he carried at his crupper1 he continued3 ,wait awhile1 my fine fellows1 wait awhile6 ,i have some things here you'll want by and by2 little knives and great ones--round and pointed ones--to cut out the bullets and canister your friends yonder will treat you to4 #aha ,so saying1 he burst into a gruff peal of laughter1 while the flesh of his hearers crept4 ,after this agreeable pleasantry1 ,dr4 ,lorquin said gravely3 ,hullin1 your ears should be cut off6 ,when the country was to be defended1 was ,i to be forgotten8 ,it seems to me that a surgeon might be useful here1 although may ,god send you no need of one6 ,pardon me1 doctor2 it was my fault1 replied ,hullin1 pressing his hand4 ,for the last week ,i have had so many things to think of that some escaped me1 in spite of myself4 ,but a man like you need not be called upon by me to do his duty4 ,the doctor softened4 ,it is all well and good1 he cried2 but by your fault ,i am here late4 ,but where is your general8 ,i will complain to him4 ,i am general4 ,indeed6 ,and ,i appoint you surgeon-in-chief4 ,surgeon-in-chief of the partisans of the ,vosges4 ,very good1 ,jean-,claude4 ,and1 approaching the wagon in which ,catherine was seated1 the doctor told her that he relied upon her to organize the hospital department4 ,very well1 she answered2 forward4 ,you dine with us1 doctor4 ,the wagon started1 and all the way the brave doctor laughingly told ,catherine how the news of the rising reached him2 how his old house-keeper ,marie was wild with grief1 and tried to keep him from going to be massacred by the ,kaiserliks2 the different episodes of his journey from ,quibolo to the village of ,charmes4 ,hullin and ,materne and his sons marched a few paces in the rear1 their rifles on their shoulders2 and thus they reached the farm of ,bois-de-,chnes4 ---------- ,catholicity ,and ,pantheism4 ,number ,one4 ,introductory4 ,man is made for truth4 ,the ray of intelligence beaming from his countenance and kindling his looks with life marks his superiority over all inferior creation1 and loudly proclaims this fact4 ,intelligence must have an object2 and what can this object be but truth8 ,as a necessary consequence from this fact1 it follows that error can be nothing else than fragments of truth2 ill-assorted1 improperly joined together4 ,error does not consist in what logicians call simple ideas1 or self-evident propositions2 but in complex ideas1 the result of a long chain of syllogisms4 ,another consequence1 closely allied to the first1 is1 that the greater the error1 the more universal and more widely spread1 the more particular truths it must contain4 ,or1 if it does not contain a greater number of partial truths1 it must have the power of apparently satisfying a real and prevalent tendency of our mind1 otherwise it would never exert dominion over the intelligence2 or else it must possess the secret of awakening and alluring a true and imperative aspiration of our nature4 #ahb ,it is through these views that we have been enabled to explain to ourselves the prevalence of ,pantheism4 ,the simple utterance of the word ,pantheism1 the ,deity of everything1 would seem to carry its refutation with it1 so plain and evident is its falsehood1 so glaring its absurdity4 ,pantheism1 however1 has been the universal error in time and space4 ,in ,india1 ,persia1 ,china1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,pantheism flourished2 now under a religious1 and then under a philosophical form4 ,after the ,christian era it was the religion or system of those who did not understand the ,christian dogmas as taught by the church2 and the fathers of the first centuries1 in battling against ,gnosticism1 ,eclecticism1 and ,neoplatonism1 were struggling with this old error of the world--,pantheism4 ,depressed for awhile by the efforts of the doctors of the church1 it arose with fiercer energy under the forms of all those heresies which attacked the dogma of the ,incarnation of the ,word4 ,in the middle ages there were many philosophers who held ,pantheism2 and in modern times1 since the dawn of the ,reformation1 it has become the prevalent1 the absorbing error of the world4 ,always the same as to substance1 it assumes every variety of form3 now you see it in a logical dress1 as in the doctrine of the ,german school2 again it takes a psychological garb1 as in that of the ,french school with ,cousin at its head2 or it assumes a social and political form1 as in the ,pantheism of ,fourier1 ,leroux1 ,saint ,simon1 and all the progressists of every color or shade2 and finally1 it puts on a ghostly shroud1 as taught by the ,american spiritualists4 ,under whatever garb it may appear1 it penetrates and fills all1 and pretends to explain all4 ,it penetrates philosophy1 natural science1 history1 literature1 the fine arts1 the family1 society and the body politic1 and religion4 ,it holds its sway over all1 and exhibits itself as having the secret of good and evil4 ,how is this to be explained8 ,if the falsehood of ,pantheism be so evident1 whence is it that it is the universal error in time and space1 and has made such ravages in man's intelligence8 ,the greater its falsehood1 the more inexplicable becomes its prevalence4 ,has the nature of man changed8 ,has his intelligence lost its object8 ,it is true1 man's intelligence is not perfect4 ,since the fall it is weakened and obscured1 but doubtless it has not ceased and could not cease to be intelligence2 truth has not ceased to be its natural essential object4 ,how1 then1 are we to explain the prevalence of so mighty an error8 ,by the fact that it is a system which by its generality seems to satisfy a supreme tendency of our mind1 and to appease one of the most imperative cravings of our souls4 ,man's intelligence has a natural tendency to synthesize1 that is1 to bring everything into unity4 ,this tendency arises both from the essential oneness of the mind and from the nature of its object4 ,the object of the mind is being or reality in some form or other4 ,that which does exist cannot even be apprehended1 and hence cannot be the object of the mind4 ,to understand and to understand nothing is1 at the same time1 the affirmation and the negation of the understanding4 #ahc ,now1 if the object of the intelligence1 in order to be known and understood by the said faculty1 must represent itself under the form of being or reality1 it is under this respect necessarily one4 ,under whatever form it may exhibit itself1 under whatever quality it may be concealed1 it must always be reality or being1 and1 as such1 one4 ,but if being1 reality1 or unity1 taken in the abstract1 was the sole object of the intelligence1 there would be an end to all its movement or life4 ,all science would be at an end1 because science is a process1 a movement2 and movement is not possible where an abstraction is the sole object of the mind4 ,being and unity1 then1 abstractly considered1 would be the eternal stupor of the mind4 ,this cannot be so1 however4 ,intelligence is action1 life1 movement4 ,now1 all this implies multiplicity2 hence the object of the intelligence must also be multiple4 ,but does not this second condition also destroy the former1 which requires that the object of the intelligence should be one8 ,here reason finds a necessary1 though1 as we shall see1 only an apparent contradiction1 both in the logical as well as ontological order4 ,in the logical order1 because the intelligence seems to require unity and multiplicity as the conditions without which its action becomes impossible4 ,in the ontological order1 or the order of reality1 because if the object is not at the same time one and multiple1 how can those conditions of the mind be satisfied8 ,the intelligence1 then1 in order to live1 must be able to travel from unity to multiplicity in an ascending or descending process1 and to do so1 not arbitrarily1 but for reasons resting on reality4 ,in this lies the life of the intelligence2 science is nothing but this synthetical and analytical movement4 ,let the mind stop at analysis or multiplicity1 and you will give it an agglomeration of facts of which it can neither see the reason nor the link which connects them3 and hence you place it in unnatural bonds1 which1 sooner or later1 it will break1 it matters not whether by a sophistical or a dialectic process4 ,on the other hand1 let it stop at unity1 and you condemn it to stupor and death4 ,the foregoing ideas will explain the fact how a particular error will either have a very short existence or fall into the universal error of ,pantheism4 ,for in this1 so far as we can see1 lies the reason of the universal dominion of ,pantheism4 ,because it proposes to explain the whole question of human knowledge1 it takes it up in all its universality1 and the solution which it sets forth has all the appearance of satisfying the most imperative tendency of our mind4 ,to be enabled to explain the numberless multiplicity of realities1 no matter how1 and1 at the same time1 to bring them into a compact and perfect whole1 strikes to the quick the very essence of man's intelligence and allures it with its charms4 ,if this be not the main reason of the prevalence of ,pantheism1 we acknowledge we do not understand how such a mighty error could ever take possession of man's mind2 we are tempted to say that human understanding was made for falsehood1 which is to deny the very notion of intelligence4 ,what ,pantheism proposes to do for the mind it also promises to accomplish for the soul4 #ahd ,there is1 in man's heart or soul1 impressed in indelible characters1 a tendency after the infinite1 a craving almost infinite in its energy1 such is the violence with which it impels the soul to seek and yearn after its object4 ,to prove such a tendency were useless4 ,that void1 that feeling of satiety and sadness1 which overwhelms the soul1 even after the enjoyment of the most exquisite pleasure1 either sensible or sentimental2 the phenomenon of solitaries in all times and countries2 the very fact of the existence of religion in all ages and among all peoples2 the enthusiasm1 the recklessness and barbarity which characterize the wars undertaken for religion's sake2 the love of the marvellous and the mysterious exhibited by the multitude2 that sense of terror and reverence1 that feeling of our own nothingness1 which steals into our souls in contemplating the wide ocean in a still or stormy night1 or in contemplating a wilderness1 a mountain1 or a mighty chasm1 all are evident proofs of that imperious1 delicious1 violent craving of our souls after the infinite4 ,how otherwise explain all this8 ,why do we feel a void1 a sadness1 a kind of pain1 after having enjoyed the most stirring delights8 ,because the infinite is the weight of the soul--the centre of gravity of the heart--because created pleasures1 however delightful or exquisite1 being finite1 can never quiet that craving1 can never fill up that chasm placed between us and ,god4 ,the pretended sages of mankind have never been able to exterminate religion1 because they could never root out of the soul of man that tendency4 ,i say pretended sages1 because all real geniuses have1 with very few exceptions1 been religious2 for in them that tendency is more keenly and more imperiously felt4 ,this is the second reason of the prevalence of ,pantheism4 ,to promise the actual and immediate possession of the infinite1 nay1 the transformation into the infinite1 is to entice the very best of human aspirations1 is to touch the deepest and most sensitive chord of the human heart4 ,both these reasons we have drawn a priori2 we might now prove1 a posteriori1 from history1 how every particular error has either fallen into ,pantheism or disappeared altogether4 ,but since this would carry us too far1 we will exemplify it by one error--,protestantism4 ,the essence of ,protestantism lies in emancipating human reason from dependence on the reason of ,god4 ,it is true that at its dawn it was not proclaimed in this naked form1 nor is it thus announced at the present time2 but its very essence lies in that4 ,for if human reason be made to judge objects which ,god's reason alone can comprehend1 man is literally emancipated from the reason of ,god4 ,what does this supreme principle of ,protestantism mean1 that every individual must1 by reading the ,bible1 find for himself what he has to believe8 ,are the truths written in the ,bible intelligible or superintelligible2 that is1 endowed with evidence immediate or mediate1 or are they mysteries8 ,if they be purely intelligible1 endowed with evidence mediate or immediate1 there is no possible need of the ,bible1 for1 in that case1 reason could find them by itself4 ,if they be mysteries1 how can reason1 unaided by any higher power1 find them out8 ,it will not do to say1 ,they are written in the ,bible1 and reason has merely to apprehend them4 ,suppose a dispute should arise as to the right meaning of the ,bible2 who is to decide the dispute8 ,reason8 ,then reason must grasp and comprehend mysteries in order to decide the dispute4 ,for none can be judge unless he is qualified thoroughly to understand the matter of the dispute4 ,from this it is evident that to make reason judge of the faith is to make it judge of the mysteries of the infinite1 and1 therefore1 is to emancipate the reason of man from subjection to the reason of ,god4 ,hence1 ,protestantism was rightly called a masked rationalism4 #ahe ,it soon threw off the mask4 ,the human mind saw that it can never be emancipated from the reason of ,god unless it is supposed to be independent1 and it could never be supposed independent unless it was supposed equal to the reason of the infinite4 ,the result of all this is necessarily ,pantheism4 ,and into ,pantheism ,protestants soon fell1 especially the ,germans1 who never shrink from any consequence if logically deduced from their premises4 ,such was the latent reasoning of ,fichte1 ,schelling1 ,hegel1 and others1 in building up their form of ,pantheism4 ,to understand is to master an object1 to mould it so as to fit our intelligence4 ,we can understand the infinite1 we can master it4 ,therefore1 we are at least equal to the infinite1 'we are ourselves the infinite1' we ourselves lay it down by a logical process4 ,hence the astounding proposal which ,fichte made to his disciples1 that the next day he would proceed to create ,god1 was nothing else but the echo and logical consequence of the cry raised by the unfrocked monk of ,wittenberg1 proclaiming the independence of reason from the shackles of all authority4 ,on the other hand1 the denial of human liberty and the absolute predestination of the ,calvinists give the same result4 ,if we are not free agents1 if ,god can do what he lists with us1 we are no longer agents in the strictest and truest sense of the word4 ,now1 every substance is an act1 a monos1 a force2 if1 then1 we are not agents1 we are not substances1 and hence we become qualities1 phenomena of the infinite substance4 ,all this as regards doctrine4 ,but ,protestantism ran into ,pantheism by another road almost as soon as it arose1 for the action of the feelings is swifter and more rapid than logic4 ,protestantism being rationalism in doctrine is necessarily naturalism with regard to the soul2 and by presenting to the soul only nature1 its authors left the craving after the supernatural and the infinite thirsty and bleeding4 ,what was the consequence8 ,many ,protestant sects fell into mysticism1 which is but a sentimental ,pantheism1 a species of interior theurgy4 ,history is too well known to render necessary any proof of these assertions4 ,these are the consequences at which active minds must arrive when1 in their researches1 they do not meet with truth4 ,as to those minds which are not active1 or not persevering in their inquiries1 they fall into indifference1 which is but a scepticism of the soul1 as doubt is the scepticism of the mind4 ,now1 the question arises1 ,what is the best method of refuting ,pantheism8 ,many have been the refutations of ,pantheism1 but they are limited to pointing out the absurd consequences following from it1 which consequences1 summed up1 amount to this3 that ,pantheism destroys and makes void the principle of contradiction in all the orders to which it may be applied2 that is to say1 it makes void that principle in the ontological order or order of realities1 in the logical order1 etc4 ,but1 notwithstanding the truth and force of this refutation1 we do not know that it has converted a single ,pantheist4 ,from the fact that ,pantheism is more prevalent at the present time than ever it was1 we should conclude that it has not4 ,we say this with all the respect and deference due to those who have exerted their talents in the said arena4 #ahf ,for we know that some of the noblest intellects have brought their energy to bear against this mighty error4 ,but1 if we are allowed to express our opinion1 we say that all former refutations have been void of effect for lack of completeness1 and a determination on the part of their authors to limit themselves to the abstract order1 without descending to particulars1 and to the order of realities4 ,the result was1 that while ,pantheism1 without any dread of consequences1 applied its principles to all orders of human knowledge1 and to all particular questions arrayed under each order1 and was1 as it were1 a living1 quickening system--false1 indeed1 in the premises1 but logical and satisfactory in the consequences resulting from those premises--the refutations of it1 confined within the limits of logic1 were a mere abstraction2 true1 indeed1 and perfectly satisfactory to any one who could apply the refutations to all the orders of human knowledge1 but wholly deficient for those who are not able to make the application4 ,we think1 therefore1 that a refutation of ,pantheism should be conducted on the following principles3 #ast4 ,to admit all the problems which ,pantheism raises1 in all the generality of their bearing4 #b;d4 ,to examine whether the solution which ,pantheistic principles afford not only solves the problem1 but even maintains it4 #c;d4 ,if it is found that the ,pantheistic solution destroys the very problem it raises1 to oppose to it the true solution4 ,these are the only true principles1 as far as we can see1 which will render a refutation of ,pantheism efficient4 ,for1 in this case1 you have1 in the first place1 a common ground to stand upon1 that is1 the admission of the same problems2 in the second place1 if you can prove that the ,pantheistic solution of the problems destroys them1 instead of solving them1 it will be readily granted by the ,pantheist for the sake of the problems themselves4 ,when you have done all this1 you do not leave the mind in doubt and perplexity1 but you present to it the true solution1 and it will then be ready to embrace it4 ,a refutation conducted upon those principles we have attempted in the articles we now publish4 ,we take ,pantheism in all its universality and apparent grandeur2 we accept all its problems2 we examine them one by one1 and we show that the ,pantheistic solution1 far from resolving the problems1 destroys them2 and we substitute the true solution4 ,in a word1 we compare ,pantheism with ,catholicity2 that is1 the universality of error with the universality of truth--the whole system of falsehood with the whole system of truth4 ,we make them stand face to face1 and we endeavor to exhibit them so plainly that the brightness and splendor of the one may thoroughly extinguish the phosphoric light of the other4 ,we show the ,pantheist that1 if he ever wants a solution of his problems1 he must accept ,catholicity1 or proclaim the death of his intelligence4 ,to do this it will be necessary for us to compare ,pantheism and ,catholicity in all orders2 in the logical order1 in the ontological order or the order of reality2 and under this order we must compare them in the moral1 social1 political1 and aesthetic orders4 ,the truth of the one or the other will appear by the comparison4 ,it is true we undertake a great task2 great especially as regards the positive part of the refutation4 ,for it embraces the whole of theology2 not only with relation to what is commonly regarded as its object1 but in the sense of its being the supreme and general science1 the queen of all sciences1 the universal metaphysic in all possible orders4 #ahg ,we own that we have felt the difficulty of such a task1 and many times have we abandoned it as being far above our strength4 ,but a lingering desire has made us return to the work4 ,we have said to ourselves3 ,complete success and perfection are beyond our hope1 but we can at least make the attempt2 for1 in matters of this kind1 we think it well to reverse the wise maxim of the ,lambeth prelates1 and rather attempt too much than do too little4 ---------- ,friendships4 ,the glowing wreaths that 'mid curled locks repose1 ,through night of pleasure worn1 ,myrtle and jasmine1 orange-flower and rose1 ,fall shrivelled by the morn4 ,the simple immortelles for loved ones twined-- ,with many a tear and sigh1 ,hung round the cross--the rain-compelling wind ,and winter snows defy4 ,thus gilded friendships1 knit by pleasure brief1 ,fade when joy's scenes have passed2 ,but duller links1 annealed by burning grief1 ,through checkered years shall last4 ,the ,lamp4 ---------- #ahh ,translated ,from ,le ,correspondant4 ,discourse by the ,rev4 ,pre ,hyacinthe4 ,footnote #fe ,footnote #fe3 ,delivered on the occasion of a profession of ,catholic faith and the first communion of an ,american ,protestant lady1 in the chapel of the convent of ,les ,dames de l',assomption1 at ,paris1 ,july #adth1 #ahfh ,misericordias ,domini in aeternum cantabo1 ,i will sing eternally the mercies of the ,lord4 --,psalms4 ,madam and my sister in ,jesus ,christ3 ,it is you who have given me the text and the subject of this exhortation4 ,it is you who1 overflowing with gratitude toward him who has called you from darkness to his admirable light1 have asked me to forget this audience and to think only of you and of ,god1 and to speak only of his loving-kindness which has been manifested in every event of your life4 ,i will obey you2 and1 taking this life in its three divisions which mark time1 ,i will endeavor to speak in simple truth1 and the pious confidence of an overflowing heart1 of the mercies of ,god over your past1 your present1 and your future career4 ,the history of ,christian souls is the most marvellous and yet the most hidden of all histories4 ,the more exterior events which agitate society find only in these interior histories their true sense and their highest reason2 and when we shall read these entire in the book of life1 and by the light of eternity1 we will find therein the unanswerable justification of the providence of ,god over human affairs1 and the true titles of the nobility of mankind in the blood and by the grace of ,christ4 ,we will sing eternally the mercies of the ,lord6 ,i4 ,and first1 madam1 what were these mercies of your past life8 ,or1 to be better understood1 what were you8 ,what have you been until now8 ,i acknowledge some embarrassment in giving an answer to my own question4 ,although born in the bosom of heresy1 you were not a heretic4 ,no1 by the grace of ,god you were not a heretic2 and nothing shall force me to give you this cruel name--justly cruel--against which cries out all the knowledge ,i have of your past4 ,one of the doctors--the most exact and the most severe--of ,christian antiquity1 ,saint ,augustine1 refuses in several of his writings to class among heretics those who1 born outside the visible communion of the ,catholic ,church1 have kept in their hearts the sincere love of truth1 and are disposed to follow it in all its manifestations and in all its requirements4 ,footnote #ff ,footnote #ff3 ,see particularly the letter xliii4 of the edition of the ,benedictines of ,saint-,maur3 ,qui sententiam suam1 quamvis falsam atque perversam1 nulla pertinaci animositate defendunt1 praesertim quam non audacia praesumptionis suae pepererunt1 sed a seductis atque in errorem lapsis parentibus acceperunt1 quaerunt autem cauta sollicitudine veritatem1 corrigi parati1 cum invenerint2 nequaquam sunt inter haereticos deputandi4 ,that which makes heresy is the spirit of pride1 of revolt1 and of schism1 which burst forth in heaven when ,satan1 separating the angels of light1 attempted to remodel1 according to his liking1 the theology of eternity1 and reform the work of ,god in the world2 it is that breath blown from the nostrils of the archangel in wrath to stir up about him his propagandists throughout time4 ,gentle and humble of heart1 you have never breathed that breath4 ,you are not1 then1 a heretic4 #ahi ,but then1 what were you8 ,one day ,i interrogated one of your most distinguished fellow-countrymen1 ,protestant by birth1 now a ,catholic and a priest1 and in the outburst of that pious curiosity which is awakened by the history of souls ,i asked him this same question3 ,what were you8 ,he answered me thus3 ,i did not belong to any ,protestant communion2 ,i had been baptized in the church of my parents1 but ,i had never professed their faith4 ,you were1 then1 a rationalist8 said ,i4 ,no1 responded he smilingly2 we of the ,united ,states know nothing of that mental malady of the ,europeans4 ,i blushed and was silent an instant1 then pressed him to explain further1 when he gave me this noble reply3 ,i was a natural man1 seeking the truth with my whole intelligence and heart4 ,well1 madam1 you were like that3 you also--a noble1 womanly nature--seeking the truth in love1 and love in truth4 ,but you were more3 you were a ,christian2 ay1 a ,catholic4 ,this is a fundamental distinction without which it becomes impossible to be just toward communions separated from the ,catholic ,church1 and toward the souls which compose them4 ,all religious schisms contain within their bosom two elements entirely contrary3 the negative element1 which makes it a schism and often a heresy2 and the positive element1 which preserves for it a portion more or less great of its ancient heritage of ,christianity4 ,not only distinct1 but hostile1 these two elements are nevertheless brought together in constant combat2 the darkness and the light--life and death--meet without mingling1 or without either being vanquished2 and then results what ,i shall call the profound mystery of the life of error4 ,as for myself1 ,i do not give to error that undeserved honor to suppose that it can live of its own life1 breathe of its own breath1 or nourish of its own substance souls who are not without virtue1 and peoples who are not without greatness4 ,madam1 ,protestantism1 as ,protestantism1 is that negative element which you have repudiated1 and which with the ,catholic ,church you have condemned and abjured4 ,but the spirit of ,protestantism has not been alone in your religious life3 by the side of its negations there were its affirmations1 and1 like savory fruit confined within its bitter husk1 you were in possession of ,christianity from your infancy4 ,before coming to us1 you were a ,christian by baptism1 validly received1 and when the hand of your minister poured the water upon your forehead with the words of eternal life1 ,i baptize you in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 it was ,jesus ,christ himself that baptized you4 ,of little importance is the hand1 writes ,saint ,augustine1 whether it be that of ,peter or that of ,paul3 it is ,christ that baptizes4 ,it was ,christ who affianced you1 who received your plighted faith and pledged you his4 ,the depths of your moral being--that sacred part which in noble souls feels instinctively a repugnance to error--the ,word consecrated to himself1 and like a chaste virgin he reserved it for the skies6 ,virginem castam exhibere ,christo4 ,footnote #fg ,footnote #fg3 #b ,corinthians xi4 #b4 #aij ,christian by baptism1 you were also one by the gospel4 ,the ,bible was the book of your infancy2 and therein you have lisped at once the secrets of this divine faith1 which is of all time because it comes from eternity1 and the accents of that ,anglo-,saxon tongue which is of all lands because it prevails over the globe in civilizing it4 ,without doubt the principle of private judgment1 so-called--the principle under which you have formerly lived--is the source of numberless errors2 but again1 let us render thanks to ,god1 besides the ,protestant principle1 with the ,protestants themselves there is the ,christian principle4 ,besides private judgment1 there is the action of that supernatural grace received in baptism1 and the mysterious sense1 of which ,saint ,paul speaks1 ,we have the mind of ,christ1 ,footnote #fh and of which ,saint ,john said1 ,ye have unction from the ,holy ,one1 and ye know all things4 ,footnote #fi ,when we have read together that ,scripture which has separated our ancestors1 ,i was agreeably surprised to find that we understood its every page in the same sense1 and consequently in reading it alone1 and out of the ,church1 you have not read it without the spirit of the ,church4 ,footnote #fh3 ,nos autem sensum ,christi habemus4 7i ,cor4 ii4 #af47 ,footnote #fi3 ,sed vos unctionem habetis a ,sancto1 et nostis omnia4 444 ,et non necesse habetis ut aliquis doceat vos3 sed sicut unctio ejus docet vos de omnibus1 et verum est1 et non est mendacium4 7i ,john ii4 #bj1 #bg47 ,again1 my child3 with ,baptism and the ,holy ,scriptures1 with the sacrament and the book1 you had prayer2 that interior1 invisible1 ineffable1 and withal common property2 that language pre-eminently of the soul to ,god1 and of ,god to the soul2 that personal and direct communion of the humblest ,christian with his ,father in heaven4 ,in what1 then1 were you wanting8 ,i remember what you once said to me when you were still a ,protestant3 ,you1 monk as you are1 and ,i1 ,puritan that ,i am1 are1 nevertheless1 of the same blood royal4 ,you spoke truly1 not because you were ,puritan1 but because you were ,christian3 we were of the same blood1 both royal and divine4 ,you were a child of the family like myself2 but your cradle was carried away in a night of storm by imprudent hands from the paternal mansion--that mansion of which your eyes could no longer retain the image1 of which your lips knew not the name1 but which you reclaimed by your tears1 by your cries1 and by all the emotions of your soul4 ,what you needed1 my daughter1 was to find it again1 to weep upon its threshold1 to embrace its old walls1 and to dwell therein for ever4 ,you found it at ,rome1 in the temple of ,saint ,peter1 the vastest and the most splendid which man has ever built to his ,god2 but vast and splendid above all to the eyes of faith1 because it is to them the image of the universal brotherhood of the children of ,god upon the earth4 ,to gather together in one the children of ,god that were dispersed4 ,footnote #gj ,coming from the great dispersion of souls1 which is the work of man in ,protestantism1 you contemplated at last their supreme unity1 which is the work of ,god in ,catholicity4 ,deeply impressed and suddenly moved1 you looked about you--it is your own touching account that ,i repeat here--you looked about you for a priest of your own tongue2 not to confess to1 for you did not then believe in its necessity1 but to whom you could unburden your soul1 and to whom you could tell your joy at having found at last a hearthstone for the heart1 a home6--word so dear and sacred to your race and more necessary in the religious than in the domestic life4 ,this is my rest for ever and ever3 here will ,i dwell1 for ,i have chosen it4 ,footnote #ga ,footnote #gj3 ,ut filios ,dei1 qui erant dispersi1 congregaret in unum4 7,john xi4 #eb47 ,footnote #ga3 ,psalm cxxxi4 #ad4 #aia ,,ii4 ,i have tried1 madam1 to tell what was your past1 and how the mercy of ,god prepared you in it by his far-reaching hand for the marvels of the present4 ,what is now this marvel8 ,it is the mystic marriage with ,jesus ,christ1 by the communion with his real body and with his real blood1 in the sacrament of his true church4 ,affianced of ,god in baptism1 you become his spouse in the ,eucharist4 ,oh6 blessed are you to have been called to the marriage feast of the ,lamb4 ,footnote #gb ,footnote #gb3 ,apocalypse xix4 #i4 ,it is not without a touching motive that you have chosen the #adth of ,july to consummate this solemn act4 ,this is the anniversary of your marriage--of that marriage sundered by death4 ,you have made your entry into the ,catholic ,church the epoch of a great transformation in your spiritual life3 you have chosen the day most appropriately1 desiring that this date1 so full of the remembrances of tenderness and grief1 should mark your entire union with your crucified ,lord1 to be no more separated for ever4 ,how beautiful is he--in his blood1 and through your tears--this ,spouse of ,calvary1 and how lovely1 and how truly is he made for you1 my daughter6 ,it is not ,patience on a monument smiling at grief3 it is love transported with sorrow and reposing in death4 ,i remember well the day when ,i met you for the first time in the parlor of my humble convent4 ,the ,catholic crucifix you already wore upon your breast1 and from time to time your eyes were turned toward that other cross suspended against the wall1 and which presided over our interview1 full of light and full of tears1 with an expression which revealed your whole soul--all that it still lacked--all that it already foresaw4 ,i would exaggerate nothing1 and above all ,i would offend no one2 but can ,i not say that the orbit wherein1 ordinarily1 ,protestant piety moves is the divine1 rather than ,god himself8 ,it is conscience1 with its steel-like temper1 which is at the same time evangelic and personal4 ,it is respect for truth--the instinctive taste for what is moral and religious4 ,all these are what ,i call the divine3 it is not ,god4 ,it is the glorious ray of the sun1 but it is not that resplendent disk4 ,where1 then1 is the elevation of the soul to the living ,god8 ,my soul has thirsted for the strong and living ,god2 when shall ,i come1 and appear before his face8 ,footnote #gc ,footnote #gc3 ,psalm xli4 #c4 ,where is the habitual communion of the heart and its works with the ,word made flesh8 and the tears poured out like ,magdalen at his feet8 and the bowed head--like that of ,john--upon his breast8 and all that which the book of the ,imitation so well calls the familiar friendship of ,jesus8 ,where1 in a word1 is that ,real ,presence which1 from the holy sacrament1 as from a hidden fountain1 flows forth to the true ,catholic1 like a river of peace1 all the day long1 fructifying and gladdening his life8 ,it was this ,emmanuel--this ,god with us--who awaited you in our church1 and in the sacrament which attracted you with so much power even when you but half-believed in it4 ,as in the ancient synagogue1 you found in your worship only symbols and shadows2 they spoke to you of the reality but did not contain them1 they awakened your thirst but did not quench it4 ,weak and empty elements which have no right to existence since the veil of the temple has been rent asunder and the eternal reality discovered4 #aib ,old things have passed away1 and all things are become new4 ,footnote #gd ,oh6 blessed are you to have been admitted into the nuptial chamber of the ,lamb4 ,footnote #gd3 #b4 ,cor4 v4 #ag4 ,however1 madam1 if ,christ has taken captive your heart1 it is the language of the prophet3 ,thou hast beguiled me1 ,o ,lord1 and ,i am beguiled3 thou hast been stronger than ,i1 and thou hast prevailed4 ,footnote #ge ,but he has respected all the rights of your reason and of your liberty4 ,that which you have resolved1 that which you are about to accomplish1 you have weighed well and long in the balance of investigation1 study1 reflection1 and prayer2 and ,i owe you this justice to say that you have carried your reflection to the utmost scruple1 and completion almost to delay--so much have you feared1 in this great religious act1 any other argument but of personal conscience2 to such a degree have you persisted in rejecting the shadow of any human influence1 or the shadow of the influence of imagination or sentiment4 ,footnote #ge3 ,jer4 xx4 #g4 ,it is thus1 however1 that ,jesus ,christ would have you to himself4 ,spouse of love1 he is at the same time the ,spouse of truth and liberty1 and this is why1 in drawing souls to him1 he never deceives nor constrains them4 ,he is the eternal ,word1 begotten of the reason of ,god the ,father2 born in the outpouring of infinite splendor1 he remembers his origin1 and when he comes to us it is not under cover of our gloom1 but in the effulgence of his light4 ,and because he is the truth he is also liberty4 ,he bows with respect ,footnote #gf before the liberty of the soul1 his image and daughter1 and forgets the language of command that he may only employ that of prayer4 ,footnote #gf3 ,cum magna reverentia disponis nos4 7,sap4 xii4 #ah47 ,as in the sacred song1 he says3 ,open to me1 my sister1 my love1 my dove1 my undefiled3 for my head is full of dew1 and my locks of the drops of the nights4 ,footnote #gg ,footnote #gg3 ,canticle v4 #b4 ,here am ,i4 ,he says again in the ,apocalypse1 ,i stand at the door1 and knock3 if any one shall hear my voice1 and open to me the door1 ,i will come in1 and will sup with him1 and he with me4 ,footnote #gh ,he never forces an entrance into the heart2 he enters it only when it is opened for him4 ,how tender and beautiful those words that prove that with ,god as with man there is the same love and the same tenderness6 ,true love respects as much as it loves1 and disdains triumph at the expense of liberty6 ,footnote #gh3 ,apocalypse iii4 #bj4 ,is this all1 however8 ,for his love is jealous and liberty is not enough2 there must be the combat and the sacrifice4 ,what were the desperate conflicts1 free though you were1 that rendered your decision so difficult and so painful8 ,i may not speak of them4 ,family1 friends1 country3 ,i have seen these sacred wounds too near to dare to touch them4 ,i will only say that ,i was ignorant until now of what it costs even to the mind most perfectly convinced1 and to the strongest will1 to leave the religion of their mother and of their country6 ,ah6 why is it that on that noble soil of the ,united ,states our church is still1 ,i do not say unknown1 but despised1 by so many souls8 ,would to ,god it were only unknown6 ,a new apostle will invoke upon her shores the ,god whom ,paul invoked before the ,areopagus1 ignoto ,deo1 the church which they love in the ideal1 without knowing it in its reality2 and1 free from prejudices1 the sober-minded ,americans will receive it better than did the frivolous ,athenians4 #aic ,but they think they know us1 while they see us through such base report that even our name excites disgust and hatred4 ,how much longer must these sectarian misapprehensions continue8 and when will ,god at last command that the walls of division shall be thrown down8 ,at all events1 it depends upon us to prepare for that much desired day1 by coming together1 not with doctrinal concessions1 which would be criminal if not chimerical1 but by abandoning our respective prejudices before the better known reality1 and by the formation of those kindly relations1 while esteem and charity could yet unite those whom diversity of beliefs still separate4 ,as for me1 this is my most ardent prayer1 and as far as ,i understand and appreciate the situation of religious affairs in this century1 this feeling is invested with a quickened and more pressing character4 ,and since1 then1 the time has come when judgment should begin at the house of ,god1 ,footnote #gi let us ,roman ,catholics know how to give the example2 let us arise resolutely and give a loyal hand to our separated but well-be-loved brethren4 ,footnote #gi3 ,quoniam tempus est ut incipiat judicium a domo ,dei4 7i ,peter iv4 #ag47 ,but what do ,i say8 ,is it not you1 madam1 who have come to us first1 surmounting obstacles which ,i cannot recount8 ,you have overcome them not only with the sweat of your brow1 but by the blood of your soul2 for1 as ,saint ,augustine so truly says1 there is a blood of the soul4 ,and it is this which you have poured out2 you have removed by your heroic hands the hewn rocks which shut you in4 ,like the daughter of ,zion1 you have made straight your way and have come4 ,footnote #hj ,footnote #hj3 ,conclusit vias meas lapidibus quadris1 semitas meas subvertit4 7,lam4 iii4 #i47 ,ah6 let me welcome you with these words of your own1 in which you expressed the inspiration which was your strength3 ,my love1 my beautiful1 calls me3 ,i know his voice1 and though ,i am weak and trembling ,i will come to him4 ,,iii4 ,let us finish this song of the loving-kindness of ,god in your soul4 ,affianced by baptism1 even in the bosom of your involuntary errors1 espoused by the ,eucharist in the integrity of ,catholic faith and charity1 what remains for you to complete the cycle of divine love and to consummate your life therein1 except to become a mother in the apostolate8 ,our ,lord was speaking one day to the multitude1 when he was told that his mother and his brethren were without and had asked for him4 ,surveying the people with his look of inspiration1 he asked1 ,who is my mother1 and who are my brethren8 ,then stretching out his hand over the listening multitude1 he said1 ,behold my mother and my brethren4 ,for whosoever shall do the will of my ,father in heaven1 the same is my brother and my mother4 ,footnote #ha ,footnote #ha3 ,matthew xii4 #di1 #ej4 ,the ,pope ,saint ,gregory the ,great1 explaining1 in one of his homilies1 this teaching of the ,master1 found some difficulty in his saying1 ,this is my mother4 ,we are without doubt his brothers and his sisters1 by the accomplishment of the will of the ,father2 but how could any being other than ,mary be called his mother8 ,and the great pope remarks1 as soon as a soul by a word1 by example1 by a spiritual influence1 whatsoever it may be1 produces or develops in another soul the ,word1 the ,god1 the ,truth1 substantial and living1 justice and charity1 in fact1 ,jesus ,christ--for ,jesus ,christ is all these--she becomes in a way superior to the reality of maternal conception1 the mother of ,jesus in that soul1 and the mother of that soul in ,jesus4 #aid ,well1 madam1 if ,i mistake not1 ,god reserves for you a part in his choice of this spiritual maternity4 ,it is of those cherished ones of whom ,i cannot speak--respect and emotion forbid--but you will be their mother in ,jesus1 their mother in the integrity of their liberty as you have been his spouse in the plenitude of your own4 ,since there are other souls without number and without name1 at least to our feeble minds1 but who are counted and inscribed in the book of divine election1 and who1 by the mysterious power of your apostleship1 shall be gathered from the four winds of heaven2 for the ,lord hath not spoken in vain3 ,and many shall come from the east and the west1 and shall sit down with ,abraham and ,isaac and ,jacob1 in the kingdom of heaven4 ,footnote #hb ,yes1 many1 born like you in heresy without having been heretics1 ignorant without being culpable1 are hastening to the banquet of ,catholic truth1 to the joys of a refound unity2 while1 alas6 some there are among us1 zealous for the letter1 but using it to smother the spirit1 who will see themselves perhaps excluded from the kingdom of ,god1 for which they do not bring forth fruit4 ,footnote #hc ,footnote #hb3 ,matthew viii4 #aa4 ,footnote #hc3 ,matthew xxi4 #dc4 ,go1 then1 as a missionary of peace and of light to the land that awaits you1 and of which by an especial design of ,providence the moral future is almost entirely in the hands of women4 ,you will not regret the public preaching which is forbidden your sex2 you will speak in the modest and persuasive eloquence of conversation2 you will speak by your person and your entire life1 free yet submissive1 humble yet proud1 austere yet tolerant1 carrying the love of ,god even to aspirations the most sublime1 and the love of your fellow-beings to condescensions the most tender4 ,but ,i would define more clearly the special character of your apostolate4 ,in recounting to me the history of your soul1 with its loves and hates1 you have said1 ,i have hated three things3 slavery1 the ,catholic ,church1 and immorality4 ,of the three hates only one remains4 ,slavery is no more3 ,god has effaced the sign of ,cain from the brow of your people with a baptism of blood4 ,as for the ,catholic ,church1 when you came to know it your hate was turned to love1 and you have espoused it to battle more efficiently with it against the last enemy2 and it is in the firm foundation of her dogmas1 replacing the slippery sand whereon your uncertain feet trod2 it is in the fecundity of its sacraments1 substituted for the sterility of your worship2 it is under the guidance of its hierarchy1 and in the force of its unity1 that you will combat the double immorality which dishonors the ,christian world--the immorality of mind1 which we in ,europe call ,rationalism1 which you in ,america call ,infidelity2 two wounds unlike ,i know1 but two wounds equally mortal3 and the immorality of the heart1 that which corrupts the senses as the former does thought4 ,these two immoralities are sisters2 one attacks the virginity of faith1 the other the virginity of love1 and both have found in woman a special enemy4 ,to the serpent which crawls on its belly and eats the dust of the earth1 the ,lord has said from the beginning1 in pointing to woman1 who is the ideal being springing from the heart of man3 ,i will put enmities between thee and the woman1 and between thy seed and her seed3 she shall crush thy head1 and thou shalt lie in wait for her heel4 ,footnote #hd ,footnote #hd3 ,genesis iii4 #ae4 #aie ,but now1 behold the woman above all women6 ,mary1 the young wife1 the young mother1 going over the hills of ,judea to visit her friend1 advanced in years1 and hopeless as it seemed in sterility4 ,she carries in her womb the infinite weight of the ,word1 but her step is light like truth1 like love4 ,under the charm of the chaste love of ,god she greets ,elizabeth1 who feels at her approach the germ of nature quicken within her breast4 ,from whence cometh this happiness that the mother of my ,lord should come to me8 ,the children were yet mute1 but their mothers prophesy1 ,elizabeth before ,john the ,baptist1 ,mary before ,jesus ,christ4 ,already1 to speak with ,st4 ,ambrose1 already the day of the beginning of the salvation of man had begun1 ,footnote #he and because sin had commenced by woman1 regeneration commenced by her4 ,footnote #he3 ,serpunt enim jam tentamenta salutis humanae4 ,in ,luc4 ,it seems to me ,i see now the ,christian woman1 espoused of ,jesus and his mother1 advancing toward this century1 bowed down like ,elizabeth in the sadness of sterility4 ,the obstacles which have repelled us do not hinder her4 ,she will imbibe in the inspirations of her charity1 faith1 and hope1 which we have too often failed to show2 rising like ,mary upon the delectable heights1 walking in the paths of the spring-time and of the dawn2 she will cause to be heard in the ears of the men of this century this cry of the heart which recognizes the presence of ,jesus3 ,behold1 as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in my ears1 the child in my womb leaped for joy4 ,footnote #hf ,footnote #hf3 ,luke i4 #dd4 ,arise1 daughter of ,zion1 unbind the cords about your neck1 you who were captive3 ,solve vincula colli tui1 captiva filia ,sion4 ,footnote #hg ,how beautiful are the feet of those who stand upon the mountain-top1 proclaiming peace and bringing the glad tidings of salvation1 crying3 ,the ,lord shall reign6 ,footnote #hg3 ,isaiah iii4 #b4 ---------- #aif ,glimpses of ,tuscany4 ,santo ,spirito4 ,,iii4 ,santo ,spirito is not as well known to strangers as the other large churches of ,florence4 ,it is on the south1 or less frequented1 side of the river1 and is so hemmed in1 hidden away1 and thrust out of sight1 by compact masses of tall dwellings and old palaces1 that1 although just round the corner from the ,pitti1 it was a month before ,i found it out4 ,indeed1 ,i was only then apprised of its existence by the drums of the ,sixth grenadiers beating for military ,mass4 ,a piazza in ,florence means an acre1 more or less1 of oblong1 open1 flat1 macadamized1 unornamented ground2 without tree1 or shrub1 or flower1 or even the picturesque grasses of the deader ,italian towns4 ,the ,piazza of ,santo ,spirito is peculiarly bald and insipid4 ,the exterior of the church itself is dreadful2 shabbiness and dilapidation unrelieved by a single line of beauty4 ,the cupola1 for which ,brunelleschi is responsible1 is mean almost to vulgarity2 almost as mean as the cupola of ,san ,lorenzo4 ,two such cupolas would ruin any other reputation than his who vaulted ,santa ,maria del ,fiore4 ,the only redeeming feature in the whole quadrilateral is the charming ,campanile1 or belfry of ,baccio d',agnolo's1 which hovers like the dream of a poet over ,ser ,filippo's prose4 ,the facade of the church is unfinished1 and1 what is worse1 disfigured by the introduction of the scroll1 that poorest1 falsest1 shallowest of architectural devices4 ,the scroll is properly the symbol of the fleeting2 a line described through air or water with wand or wheel2 the scriptural type of evanescence3 ,and the heavens shall be rolled away like a scroll4 7,isaiah47 ,and the heaven withdrew1 as a scroll rolled up together4 7,revelation47 ,how monstrous a violation of all fitness to adopt it as part of the fixed form and outline of an edifice--to fasten the sign of the transient on the front of mansions dedicated to the service of the ,eternal6 ,the front is the weakest elevation of the basilica1 but the scroll only makes it worse4 ,see how well the matter can be mended by the gold mosaic and linear grace of ,san ,miniato1 by the arched colonnades of ,pisa1 by the pointed buttresses--not the wretched windows--of ,milan4 ,you are in a rage with ,ser ,filippo and the ,renaissance at once4 ,but enter2 push the green baize aside2 step fairly in4 ,heaven1 how beautiful6 ,what breadth1 what calm1 what repose6 ,round-arched aisles of dark ,corinthian columns1 not stopping at the choir1 but running clean round transepts and apsis1 traversing a ,latin cross of more than three hundred by nearly two hundred feet4 ,no stained glass--all in transparent shadow1 like the heart of a forest4 ,a church built for use1 not show2 yet lofty1 spacious1 beautiful1 with an atmosphere of its own which is luxury to breathe4 ,not the gloom of the ,duomo1 nor the glow of ,st4 ,peter's1 nor yet the gray of ,san ,lorenzo2 the place is haunted by a dim1 mysterious gladness4 #aig ,although in the round style1 and comparatively barren of detail1 it looks larger even than it is2 larger than ,santa ,maria ,novella or ,santa ,croce4 ,its real magnitude is enhanced by its perfect proportions2 a fact which should keep us from flippantly imputing to the same cause the illusive littleness of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,but the grenadiers are marching in1 fifty score strong2 their bayonets are flashing in nave and aisle4 ,you would think the church would never hold them all2 yet there is room beneath those brown arches for thrice as many more4 ,as soon as the men are formed1 the officers march down the nave amidst complete silence--their breasts covered with decorations won at ,magenta and ,solferino--and range themselves before the choir4 ,in the transept on their right is stationed their band1 much the best in ,florence--some forty instruments1 admirably led1 and nearly as good as the ,austrian4 ,just as the music begins1 the chaplain1 a handsome1 grave young ecclesiastic--followed by two tall grenadiers who serve his ,mass--advances from ,cronaca's beautiful sacristy2 and1 without the least appearance of haste1 and with the utmost dignity1 ,mass is said in fifteen minutes4 ,no noise1 no shuffling1 no whispering1 none of the effort and formality of a festa2 the charm is that of a ceremony first beheld just as the celebrants are first at home in their parts4 ,the cavalry ,mass at ,santa ,maria ,novella is far less imposing2 dismounted troopers are always awkward1 and their band1 in this instance1 is a poor one4 ,but it was very fine at ,la ,novella--the two dragoons flanking the altar with naked sabres1 else motionless at their sides1 flashed forward in swift salute at the elevation4 ,as soon as ,mass was over1 the troops dispersed and ,i was at liberty to explore the church4 ,what a relief to find the pictures covered6 it almost reconciled me to ,lent4 ,what a delight to find all the details unobtrusive--all the chapels modestly in the background1 instead of parading their comparative insignificances4 ,nothing blank or bald3 a broad1 single effect like the ,sistine ,sibyls and ,prophets1 or the ,madonna of the ,fish1 or the ,idylls of the ,king4 ,in the ages of faith1 the monk1 the noble1 and the state went hand in hand in erecting and adorning the house of ,god--in making it gigantic1 beautiful1 imperishable1 complete4 ,not only in ,italy1 but throughout ,europe1 there was a silent compact between the present and the future--an assurance that the inspiration of to-day would remain the inspiration of tomorrow--an abiding conviction that the creed of the sire would remain for ever precisely the creed of the son4 ,in this belief1 the founders of the great churches cut out work for three centuries with less misgiving than we should now have in projecting for as many years4 ,the builders of the ,english abbeys foresaw not the day when the torch and sword and hammer of the descendant would be uplifted to burn1 to stain1 to shatter a repudiated inheritance2 when the rites of new and hostile doctrines would affront the few ancestral temples that were spared4 ,the architects of ,st4 ,peter's foresaw not the large revolt for which they were unconsciously paving the way in ,germany4 ,like ourselves1 to be sure1 they had the record of the past before them4 ,they knew1 as well as we1 that naught was left of ,corinth1 and next to nothing of ,athens1 and little of ancient ,rome save her ,colosseum and her ,pantheon2 that the temple of ,solomon was ashes2 that the obelisks were pilgrims to the ,west2 that the tented sepulchres of the shepherd kings stood solitary and meaningless in the desert4 #aih ,but1 in spite of all this panorama of mutation and decay1 they could not subdue the sacred instinct of building for eternity4 ,christianity was so charged with promise1 triumph1 and immortality that they fancied her tabernacles as indestructible as herself4 ,there was a joyous trust1 too1 that the time was at hand1 a confident expectation that those domes and spires would abide till the coming of the ,son of man in the glory of his ,father with his angels4 ,but the ,english ,reformation1 the ,french ,revolution1 and ,italian ,unification have taught us that the monuments of the new faith1 instead of being specially exempt from injury1 are peculiarly liable to insult and mutilation4 ,men and nations have measurably ceased to care or expect to perpetuate themselves through the temple and the tomb4 ,the soul of architecture has received a shock4 ,her throne is the solitude or the waste4 ,she lurks amidst ruins and relics1 the very ,hagar of art4 ,she that seemed mightiest has proved weakest2 her daintier sisters1 sculpture and song1 have triumphed where she failed4 ,the statues that adorned her porticoes are upright still1 but the porticoes themselves are overthrown4 ,the lay1 the legend1 the chronicle1 committed with plying finger to paper or parchment1 are living1 while the forms of beauty and grandeur entrusted to marble are broken or beneath the sands4 ,here and there you meet her skeleton in the wilderness1 her white arm upraised in sublime self-assertion2 but though the story of ,zenobia is immortal1 there is scarcely a column of ,palmyra standing4 ,the very mummy1 with his dry papyrus which a spark might annihilate1 may chance to survive his pyramid6 ,nature has turned against her2 matter has played her false4 ,she has toiled a thousand years in granite1 iron1 cedar--in all that seemed solidest1 hardest1 firmest3 her back is bent with honest toil1 her hands are roughened with mallet and chisel2 yet the dream of a poet traced on calfskin outlasts the vision embodied in travertine or porphyry4 ,if an earthquake shook the ,val d',arno1 the canvas of ,giotto would survive his campanile4 ,what mockery1 then1 to persist in attempting the indestructible when dissolution or disintegration is the inevitable doom of the material6 ,time has demonstrated that the more ponderous the instrument of expression1 the less easy of perpetuation the art4 ,the obliterated manuscript can be forced to reappear1 but no chemistry can reproduce the vanished temple4 ,the greatest forces of the universe are precisely those which are subtlest and least substantial4 ,steam and electricity are well-nigh impalpable and invisible4 ,it is the spirit1 not the body1 save as purged and spiritualized by decay1 that exists for ever4 ,away1 then1 with the unattainable6 ,away with a miscalled real6 ,if it1 too1 is a cheat1 may it not be counterfeited with impunity8 ,away with column of stone1 with lacework of fretted marble1 with blazonry in oak and walnut6 ,away with all stubborn1 difficult truth1 and welcome brick and mortar1 lath and plaster1 paint and whitewash1 gilt and varnish4 ,if the cheap will look as well or nearly as well as the dear1 why not use it8 ,it is no falser1 only sooner falser4 ,when it wears out or burns up or tumbles down1 try it again4 ,be done with the tower of ,babel3 its curse clings faster to architecture than to speech4 ,and as for the gigantic1 drop it6 #aii ,it is always a disappointment--a disappointment in nature and art1 in minster1 mountain1 stream--a disappointment in all things save the broad dome of the empyrean with its floor of emerald1 its ceiling of unfathomed blue or studded bronze1 its draperies of shifting1 winged1 ethereal cloudland4 ,yes1 art1 like the artist1 must encounter death4 ,but shall we embrace the mean because sooner or later we must relinquish the great8 ,shall we forsake the permanent for the transient because the enduring falls short of the everlasting8 ,shall we inaugurate a reign of sham because the real is not always the perpetual8 ,il pessimo nemico del bene l'amator del ottimo4 ,the muses should never pout3 each art should reverently accept its limitations4 ,though the pen is mightier than pencil or chisel1 though only the word and the song are privileged to pass intact from age to age1 yet a portion of the soul of plastic art may sometimes baffle decay4 ,even in ruin1 architecture is not without its prouder consolations4 ,ex pede1 ,herculem4 ,while a bone of her survives1 imagination can approximate a resurrection of the departed whole4 ,the malice of her sworn enemies1 the elements1 is sometimes providentially her salvation2 the shrouded lava of ,vesuvius embalmed a more vivid presentation of ,roman life and manners than lives in the pages of ,terence or ,plautus4 ,a broken shaft1 a fragmentary arch1 a section of ,cyclopean wall1 is at once a poem1 a chronicle1 and a picture4 ,the ruin is time's authentic seal1 without which history were as inconclusive as the myth4 ,the past is a present voice as long as a vestige of its architecture remains4 ,the ,column of ,trajan is the best orator of the forum now2 there is a deeper charm in the living eloquence of the ,colosseum than in the dead thunder of the ,philippics4 ,footnote #hh ,we are as awed and startled when unexpectedly confronted by some mouldering but still breathing monument of antiquity1 as if the form of the deathless evangelist stood bodily before us4 ,footnote #hh3 ,tully was not so eloquent as thou1 ,thou nameless column with the buried base6 ,we perfectly understand and sympathize with the modern instinct that recoils from imparting a more than needful permanence to private dwellings4 ,the home of man is sullied with low cares and offices2 beneath the screen and shelter of its roof the worst passions are often nourished1 the darkest mysteries are sometimes celebrated4 ,in many an ancient manor1 there is scarcely a chamber without its legend of sin1 scarcely a floor without its bloodstain4 ,but the ,house of ,god is the witness of the virtues1 not the vices1 of humanity2 within its hallowed precincts the casual profanity and levity of the few are quite lost in the earnest adoration of the many2 the whispers of blasphemy drowned in the ceaseless tide of general thanksgiving2 the rebellious beatings of passion hushed in the solemn chorus of penitence and praise4 ,the longer it endures1 the holier it becomes4 ,its aisles are impregnated with prayer1 its vaults enriched with ashes of the blest1 its altars radiant with the wine of sacrifice4 ,behind the doors of the palace and the dwelling1 time is sure to plant the spectre and the thorn2 behind the doors of the cathedral1 the angel and the palm4 ,the primary charm of church architecture is veracity4 ,the interior of ,santo ,spirito is perfect truth4 ,the columns are1 what they claim to be1 stone2 the balustrade of the choir is1 what it claims to be1 bronze2 the altar what it claims to be1 pietra dura4 #bjj ,you do not sound a pillar and hear a lie1 or scratch a panel and see a lie1 or touch a jewel and feel a lie4 ,all is fair1 square1 honest--not even the minutest lurking insincerity to vex the ,paraclete4 ,i soon learned to love ,santo ,spirito as well as any ,florentine2 to love it better than the ,duomo with its windows of a thousand dyes2 better than the bride of ,buonarroti ,with her frescoes of ,masaccio1 her ,madonna of ,cimabue's1 her ,crucifix of ,giotto's2 better even than ,santa ,croce with its ashes of ,angelo1 its ,annunciation of ,donatello's1 its ,canova's ,alfieri4 ,i used to sit for hours in its spacious choir1 undisturbed even by the dull1 nasal1 inharmonious chanting of the good ,augustinians1 and listen to the sermons preached by those dim1 unending arches4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,the ,statue ,of ,the ,cure ,d'ars1 ,inaugurated ,at ,ars1 ,august #e1 #ahfg4 ,god's purposes sometimes reveal themselves in a manner greatly to perplex us4 ,they move contrary to all foresight or to any human logic4 ,day succeeds to night1 light to darkness1 hope to despair1 without any apparent reason1 indeed in spite of reason itself4 ,when all seems lost1 then everything is regained1 and even death itself appears to live anew4 ,the history of religion is full of such decay and such regeneration4 ,after the frightful crisis of the eighteenth century1 one would have thought the ,church entirely abandoned1 and that no new breath could revive the fallen ruins which the efforts of a hundred years had accumulated4 ,the pinnacle of the temple is crumbled1 and the clew of heaven comes to moisten the face of the kneeling believer1 says1 in his theatrical and pseudo-biblical style1 the most celebrated enemy of our time4 ,footnote #hi ,footnote #hi3 ,m4 ,renan4 ,many ,christians were distressed1 and the timid braved with difficulty the universal defection4 ,that which they believed in was denied1 that which they adored was burned1 and that which they loved was disgraced4 ,god permits these humiliations1 to show us that the work is all of his hand1 and sustained only by him4 ,to the triumphant cries of his adversaries1 to the cry of distress from his faithful1 he has responded by the glorious miracle which eternally attests his power4 ,lazarus was in the tomb2 he has restored him to life6 ,the ,church1 said its enemies1 was crushed to the earth2 he has revivified it4 ,to the eighteenth century1 the most impious and corrupt of centuries1 he has caused the nineteenth to succeed1 which will remain in history one of the most fruitful and beautiful of the ,church4 ,to speak properly1 the nineteenth century seems to have for its mission the raising of the ruins made by its predecessor4 #bja ,following it over all the earth1 and taking up its work as a counterpart1 the present century repairs the breaches made before it and re-establishes at each point the fortresses and ramparts of virtue4 ,without doubt the enemy is still vigorous2 he is far from being vanquished1 and puts forth his last efforts4 ,the nineteenth century is a list where truth and error1 good and evil1 give themselves up to solemn combat4 ,the ground is cleared1 the intermediate questions laid aside1 and each party knows well what he wishes and where he goes4 ,scepticism and materialism never had a more brilliant career2 never have truth and ,christian virtues shone with greater clat4 ,in which camp will rest the victory8 ,this is ,god's own secret1 and only from the past may we predict the future4 ,in no age1 perhaps1 even in its best days1 has the ,church collected around her so many and such valiant champions4 ,the greatest bishops1 the greatest writers1 the greatest orators1 have succeeded each other for nearly a hundred years1 and have formed for their spiritual mother a magnificent crown of science and genius4 ,speaking in a literary point of view1 the age belongs to ,catholics2 our adversaries1 by the side of our apologists1 make but a paltry figure4 ,works1 too1 are on a level with the minds that inspire them4 ,never have they been so numerous1 and never so fruitful4 ,foundations of all sorts1 churches1 monasteries1 orders1 missions1 schools1 hospitals1 orphan-asylums1 have multiplied in emulation of each other4 ,a small part of the works of our day would suffice for the glory of any epoch4 ,the clergy encourage and direct these movements2 they display zeal and self-abnegation2 and1 devoted to their chiefs1 they become more and more devoted to the church4 ,the lite of society do them honor by following in their footsteps4 ,disabused of the unhealthy and destructive ideas by which their fathers were lost1 and instructed by a hundred years of experience and misery1 the higher classes1 in ,france especially1 return with simplicity to the faith and to the ,christian virtues4 ,obedient to the eternal law which regulates society1 the lower classes by degrees model themselves according to their example4 ,the centenary ftes1 the canonizations1 the pilgrimages of ,salette1 ,lourdes1 and others1 are living witnesses of the fervor of the clergy and the public faith4 ,and1 to crown all1 the ,church never attested its supernatural fecundity by such a number of saints and martyrs4 ,the nineteenth century is the richest in canonizations4 ,when the ,church is accused of being exhausted1 she replies by showing a new harvest4 ,and what saints6 what models6 ,the ,labres1 the ,germaine ,cousins1 the ,marie ,alacoques1 the ,cure's d',ars6 ,the greatest defiance thrown at our time1 and the most violent antithesis of its ideas and instincts1 is the actual ,christianity in our midst--so hostile to the spirit of the world and the spirit of the age4 ,,ii4 ,two men seem to represent and renew the periods that follow them1 and the eternal tendencies of humanity4 ,these two men offer a similitude and a contrariety so strange1 that it seems as if ,god had opposed the one to the other to make the balance equal4 ,their skulls even1 and the form of their faces1 present striking analogies4 ,the expression is contrary1 but the mark is the same4 #bjb ,both1 born a hundred years apart1 have inhabited the same country2 both have passed the greater part of their lives in two villages that touch each other1 and these two villages1 so obscure before their time1 have through them attained extraordinary celebrity4 ,each has been the object of the world's attention1 and each the goal of eager pilgrimages4 ,the eighteenth century rushed with ardor to ,ferney2 the nineteenth goes to ,ars in greater transports4 ,as the nineteenth century is to ,catholics the retaliation for the eighteenth1 so ,ars is the retaliation for ,ferney4 ,footnote #ij ,footnote #ij3 ,this expression is from the ,abb ,monnin1 a missionary at ,ars1 who has given to the life of the ,cur d',ars several popular works of rare merit4 ,these are the resemblances1 and great they are4 ,the differences are greater still4 ,one1 to speak properly1 personifies the genius of evil4 ,scepticism1 wicked irony1 hardness of heart1 corruption of mind and senses1 egotism and cupidity1 united in forming a modern corypheus4 ,the other personifies the spirit of good4 ,truth1 purity1 self-abnegation1 love of ,god and man1 the spirit of sacrifice and mortification1 in a word1 all of moral grandeur revealed to man by ,christ himself1 has rarely an exemplifier more perfect4 ,one is the type of the ,christian1 elevating himself to the saints1 to the angels2 the other is the anti-,christian type1 descending to the cursed1 to the demons4 ,each has attracted the attention of man by the most opposite means3 the first by his delicacy of wit equalling his duplicity2 the second by his integrity and a simplicity of character brightened apparently by supernatural rays2 the first by his pride1 the second by his humility2 the first by noise1 the second by silence4 ,each has exercised toward his contemporaries results the most contrary4 ,the refined in wickedness1 the utterly corrupted1 visited the scholar to plunge deeper in perversity4 ,entire populations1 just men and men of good will1 visited the priest to establish themselves in justice1 or submit their doubts to him1 and go on toward perfection4 ,both still effect by their minds and their remembrance--from one portion of the world to the other--the same consequences4 ,and that is not all4 ,the world flies from the first1 as his character and doctrines become better elucidated4 ,it approaches the second1 as he is better known1 and the beauty of his character developed4 ,ferney was abandoned shortly after the death of him who was its centre2 the factitious or true admiration accorded him by the most brilliant and perverted of his age could not survive the perishable attraction which ,voltaire exercised4 ,to-day ,ferney is only visited by amateurs in human curiosity4 ,ars1 on the contrary1 grows greater and greater4 ,the sentiment which attracts people thither increases hour by hour1 and the entire world knows the name of the obscure village1 whose echo even seems to arouse the most indifferent4 ,multitudes flock there incessantly1 and when ,ferney and the memory of ,voltaire1 the hero of impiety of the last age1 shall by degrees have disappeared1 ,ars and the memory of its cur1 the hero of truth and of the present age1 will attract still greater crowds1 still greater homage4 ,by a circumstance not less strange than those already mentioned of these two men so totally different1 the erection of a statue to each is now occupying the public mind4 ,unheard of efforts have been made to erect that of ,voltaire--as ,raymond ,brucker says--by the hand of the executioner1 for the meanest stratagems and the most trifling falsities have been resorted to2 and by dint of puffing and scandal1 our little ,voltairians1 whom ,voltaire himself would disown1 will perhaps attain their glorious end4 #bjc ,and without effort1 without puffing1 without scandal or imposture of any kind1 by the simple emotion of love and of ,christian veneration1 to the saint of the nineteenth century is being erected a statue worthy of him4 ,before criticising this work1 lately inaugurated at ,ars with great solemnity1 ,i will relate its history4 ,it is sufficiently striking to merit being known1 and places in bold relief one side of the person it is destined to represent4 ,,iii4 ,the ,cur d',ars obstinately refused to sit for his portrait4 ,on this point he was more obdurate than a ,mussulman1 and never lent himself to any proposition or stratagem the end of which was to reproduce his person4 ,several artists1 working openly1 had been rejected2 others1 using hidden means1 watching for the priest1 and following him in the street or in church1 had been warned to keep quiet4 ,under these circumstances1 ,m4 ,emilien ,cabuchet1 the author of the statue of which we are going to speak1 presented himself at ,ars4 ,he was furnished with a letter from the bishop1 and numerous recommendations4 ,he did not doubt his success1 and accosted the cur1 and spoke of his business with a deliberate air4 ,no1 no1 ,i do not wish it1 said the cur2 neither for monseigneur1 nor for you1 my artist-friend6 ,at least1 added the priest1 changing his mind1 and taking up a favorite idea1 unless monseigneur will permit me to go away immediately1 and weep over my poor life6 ,but1 ,monsieur le ,cur-- ,it is useless4 ,the discomfited artist ran to relate his adventure to the missionaries established near the cur4 ,they gave him new courage4 ,persevere6 said they to him4 ,you are not here to make your court to the ,cur d',ars1 but to make his portrait4 ,go on1 we will sustain you4 ,thus reassured1 the artist risked everything1 and commenced by following the curate to church4 ,during the ,mass he was behind the curate1 at the sermon back of the good women1 and at the catechism behind the children4 ,every one assisted him1 and took part in the enterprise4 ,the artist held the wax between his fingers1 and modelled in the bottom of his hat--his eye now on the cur1 now on his work4 ,sometimes1 to mislead the priest1 he pretended to pray with fervor1 or to follow attentively the instruction4 ,he thought he was very adroit4 ,one day the cur bent toward him4 ,you are well aware1 monsieur1 said he in a gentle tone1 that you are causing distraction to every one--and to me also6 ,what was he to do8 ,how defend himself to a man so very polite6 ,i would have preferred harshness1 said the artist to me4 ,this gentleness disconcerted me4 ,he returned to the monastery decided to renounce the enterprise4 ,persevere6 again said the missionaries4 ,the artist renewed his work4 ,two days after1 in the street1 where he now worked from choice1 the cur again addressed him3 ,have you1 then1 nothing to do at home8 ,o ,monsieur le ,cur6 one would think that you would turn me out of doors4 ,this time the cur was disconcerted4 #bjd ,no1 no1 said he eagerly1 and slightly embarrassed4 ,stay as long as you choose1 but don't begin again6 444 ,the next day1 seeing the cur so surrounded that he could not disengage himself1 and in danger of leaving his cassock in the hands of the pilgrims1 the artist ran to his relief and offered him his arm4 ,i constitute myself your bodyguard1 said he gallantly4 ,then ,i am emperor6 444 ,but this is not the question4 ,do you know1 ,i would like to excommunicate you8 ,really1 ,monsieur le ,cur1 what a tremendous word6 ,have ,i1 then1 committed so shocking a crime8 ,bah6 you understand me well enough4 ,well then1 what8 ,you cause me constant distraction2 and when you think seriously1 would it not be far better to take the head of the first dog you meet8 ,o ,monsieur le ,cur6 ,and when the model was finished and the cur saw it1 ,well1 said he1 it is not a subject of rejoicing6 ,look at the poor ,cur d',ars6 ,how odd it is1 added he1 your power of giving life to plaster6 ,,iv4 ,i have given this dialogue at length1 as it was repeated to me by the artist4 ,if ,i am not deceived1 it represents well the character of the good priest2 his humility1 his humor1 his brusqueness touched with raillery1 his politeness and goodness--all are well portrayed4 ,all this is reproduced in the statue4 ,it gives us the character of the dialogue1 and the almost legendary figure that our contemporaries have seen1 and which will pass to posterity4 ,the ,cur d',ars is kneeling in his cassock1 with the surplice1 rabat1 and stole4 ,his hands are joined1 his eyes uplifted to heaven4 ,a sweet smile brightens his face4 ,his hair1 cut off square1 falls on his neck in abundant locks1 and shaven closely on the top of his head2 his forehead is left free4 ,the priest prays with such fervor and such faith1 ,i may say a passion which makes us think of paradise4 ,angels must pray in this way4 ,his hands are extended toward heaven with an intensity of emotion2 the eyes have so much ardor in their expression that the spirit of prayer seems to lift the body from earth and carry it to heaven4 ,i know no work with more life in it2 there does not exist a more impassioned statue4 ,faith1 love1 and desire1 transfigured in this marble block1 animate it and give it a striking reality4 ,as a whole1 the work offers a new and excellent type of the religious sculpture of our age4 ,the artist has set aside classical lessons and proved himself in the right4 ,the remembrances of antiquity should not interfere in the realization of an ideal taken from the very heart of contemporary life and the present ,christian age4 ,gothic traditions are even neglected1 and the author has been careful to give the figure the seal of its own time1 his good taste causing him to avoid the quicksands into which so many others have fallen4 ,wishing to represent a man of our time1 the sculptor would have committed an anachronism to be regretted if he had impressed his character with a mysticism and power which distinguished the personages of the art of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries4 ,in the spirit of truth he was to give to the world a saint1 and in this saint the beatific expression which in the prerogative of the saints of every age2 but over and above this general feature there was an order of secondary shades he was obliged to respect1 to give to the figure its age and physiognomy4 #bje ,m4 ,cabuchet has admirably seized and rendered the double character ,i have tried to define4 ,his saint is as mystical as the saints of the middle ages1 yet he has the reality of a man of our time4 ,gothic1 or rather ,christian1 in sentiment1 he is modern1 and even ,french1 in his exterior aspect4 ,such1 in a few words1 is the exact appreciation shown in this work of ,m4 ,cabuchet1 and the double reflection gives him1 in my opinion1 the highest rank among sculptors of his age4 ,the imitation of antiquity would have produced a dead work2 the imitation of the middle ages would have produced a work impersonal and hieratic2 but going out of himself and all national traditions1 inspired only with his subject and his time1 the artist has brought to light a new and striking piece of work1 a true specimen of religious and modern sculpture4 ,it is easy to see what remembrances and what masters have directed this statue4 ,french sculpture1 as its painting1 has particular traits which are easily recognized4 ,less correct1 perhaps1 and less noble than ,greek or ,italian sculpture1 it has an ease1 a power1 a life1 that has no equal4 ,puget and ,houdon are the two foremost artists in our school1 so essentially ,french4 ,using ,greek models only to simplify and enrich their style1 they have sought beyond everything expression and the power of motion4 ,m4 ,cabuchet has followed their example1 and1 walking in their footsteps1 has given us a work of which his masters could not be ashamed4 ,in looking at the statue of the ,cur d',ars the spectator is reminded of the celebrated statue of ,voltaire by ,houdon2 not only that the resemblance of the two faces is unaccountably striking1 but because the build and the exterior appearance of the marbles offer incontestable analogies4 ,in both statues we find the same amplitude1 the same facility1 the same light and soft manner2 in both the details are uniformly sacrificed to the whole1 and the whole owes to this mode of execution a more decorative and lifelike representation4 ,voltaire is seated1 his hands leaning upon1 almost clinching1 the arms of his chair4 ,the ,cur d',ars is on his knees4 ,voltaire smiles with a cynical air1 as if rejoicing in the ruin he has made4 ,dors tu content1 ,voltaire1 et ton hideux sourire4 ,footnote #ia ,footnote #ia3 ,rest content1 ,voltaire1 and thy hideous smile4--,alfred ,de ,musset4 ,the ,cur d',ars smiles with the ineffably sweet smile of those who see ,god and dream of the happiness of their equals4 ,in the two marbles1 the head is the same2 the forehead is the same2 the two cheek-bones1 so prominent1 are the same2 the receding chin is the same2 the mouth opens by the same smile4 ,in one it has a repulsive and satanic character2 in the other it is angelical and attractive4 ,everything is similar except the expression4 ,the features are brothers--twins1 ,i might say2 the souls that animate these features are as divided as the poles4 ,in each face the cornea of the eye is represented by a deeply cut circle1 a style of carving peculiar to the best age of statuary4 ,this has given to each an intensity of look2 and while that of ,voltaire is lowered toward the earth1 and only expresses the baser passions1 that of the ,cur d',ars is uplifted to the sky1 and reflects the joys of his moral superiority4 #bjf ,thus1 we see1 the two statues give perfectly the character and life of their respective models4 ,the first seems to rise from regions of hope and love1 the second from despair and malevolence4 ,one represents the consoler and saviour1 the other the spoiler1 the demolisher of souls and consciences4 ,it would be easy to point out other resemblances and other contrasts4 ,to complete this analysis it is well to add1 that the statue of the ,cur d',ars recalls an element that the author has not taken from our own school4 ,every one conversant with art will remember the figure of ,san ,diego in ,murillo's picture vulgarly called the ,kitchen of the ,angels4 ,the saint prays to ,god for the actual necessities of the abbey1 and ,god sends his angels to prepare the repast of the monks4 ,several gentlemen1 visiting the convent1 look on with astonishment at the saint raised from the earth1 ravished with ecstasy1 his hands joined1 his eyes uplifted to heaven1 while the angels are getting ready the dinner4 ,the natural and supernatural were never more widely separated4 ,murillo has painted the personages working a miracle as he would any person in any ordinary action of life2 yet who that has seen this picture will ever forget it8 ,it is evident that our artist was struck by it1 and that the ,san ,diego of ,murillo has occurred to him more than once when he represented the ,cur d',ars4 ,he has been inspired by it as a true artist1 guarding his own originality4 ,his hero has very much the same simplicity that characterizes the saint of the ,spanish painter1 the same natural in the supernatural1 the same ease of vision and ecstasy4 ,both see1 and in seeing they evidence none of the fear or surprise which could actuate the less assured believer4 ,they see2 they are in heaven with ,god and his angels2 they converse with them1 and their faces express no other sensation than the tender and deep joy of the man who has discovered his ideal4 ,delicate and profound characteristic6 shade difficult to seize1 and which constitutes the true essence of men living in ,god1 and beginning on earth their immaterial existence4 ,it needs more than an artist to fix this and give it form4 ,only a simple and pious ,christian could crown the heads of our blessed ones with the mystical aureole that the believer alone discovers2 only a ,christian could give to the figures of which we speak the attitude and life so manifestly stolen from regions of beatitude4 ,the great difficulty of the work consisted in this shade1 and that may be said to form the perfect whole4 ,the artist's title to glory is in his having known how to comprehend and realize this1 and so give to his statue the freedom of none other4 ,let us dwell on this expression of sanctity--the distinctive feature in the personage produced by ,m4 ,cabuchet4 ,sanctity has a strikingly physiological character4 ,it changes the exterior man1 and transforms his countenance4 ,the action of ,jesus ,christ1 dwelling constantly in the soul1 gives to the features a reflection of a superior order4 ,sanctity1 to speak properly1 represents the fusion of divine and human nature4 ,the pervading feature of saints is a calm1 a serenity1 a natural goodness which attracts and subjugates us4 ,the transfigured soul transfigures its envelope1 and we might imagine divinity showing itself through the encasement of the body4 ,if the beautiful is the glory of truth1 the saint is the glory of good4 #bjg ,the statue of the ,cur d',ars possesses to a striking degree this suprasensible aspect that ,i have just noticed4 ,by contact with divinity the marble itself is transfigured--grace sheds its beams and gives to the features a kind of immaterial transparency4 ,jesus ,christ is present and breathes into the passionate and ravished eyes1 into the lips and the blessed smile2 the personage lives in another world2 his attitude1 his movements have nothing in common with earth4 ,if the spectator could ignore the name of the priest represented1 his attention would not be less arrested1 and he would easily recognize in his face the presence of a supernatural element1 heightening the human personality4 ,here1 however1 ,i will make a remark4 ,the body of the ,cur d',ars is not in unison with his face2 it is too material1 too vigorous1 too vulgar even1 if ,i dare speak from my heart4 ,the cassock of the ,cur d',ars seems to have nothing under its large folds1 said the biographer4 444 ,he was a shadow1 added he still further4 ,now1 the ,cur d',ars of the artist has nothing of a shadowy appearance4 ,his shoulders are strong1 his breast large1 his hands knotty4 ,the sculptor has wished to express the humble origin of the priest1 but in my opinion he has forgotten the transformation which the contemplative and mystical life had necessarily operated in the organization of the saint4 ,this remark1 necessary to be made1 detracts nothing1 or almost nothing1 from the merit of the work2 it could only be appreciated by those who have personally known the ,cur d',ars1 and ceases to be of import since his death4 ,v4 ,we can now understand the character and various merits of the statue of ,m4 ,cabuchet4 ,all who see it retire satisfied1 and the mass of spectators are struck by the pious and compassionate expression of the holy priest4 ,connoisseurs admire the freedom of the effect and of the execution4 ,the author may be proud of his success4 ,he has paid for it by effort and anguish of every kind1 and it is well to know sometimes these artist-struggles1 that we may rightly value the works that charm us so much4 ,when the statue came from the workshop of the finisher1 the sculptor did not recognize it4 ,he had expected his model to be reproduced on a less grand scale1 and the difference of proportion rendered it not easy to be known again4 ,at such a result ,cabuchet experienced one of those counter-blows which have made certain young artists of twenty grow old in a quarter of an hour1 and only those who have tried to realize an ideal can perfectly understand such emotion4 ,benvenuto and ,palissy in similar moments were taken with fevers which brought them to the very portals of the tomb4 ,sigalon1 noticing his picture of ,athalie compromised by difference of light1 saw his hair turn gray in two minutes4 ,cabuchet had no less trouble1 and the wonder is he escaped a similar shock2 he withstood it1 however1 and1 seeing no other means1 he did what any valiant artist would have done in his place2 he took his chisel and mallet1 and in the style of ,michael ,angelo and ,puget he attacked the marble4 ,each blow knocked off a piece1 but each blow soothed the heart of the sculptor1 for in reducing his statue he re-established it in its first form1 and restored its true physiognomy4 #bjh ,cabuchet has devoted a year to such labor4 ,for a whole year he has worked with chisel and mallet1 seeking the form1 the movement1 the life2 and finding1 little by little1 this form1 movement1 and life at the end of his tools4 ,he played a dangerous game2 the first stroke of the hammer could have destroyed his work4 ,driven to a corner1 the artist acted as a great captain4 ,he risked all to gain all4 ,fortune1 which encourages audacity1 or rather the good ,god who sustains energetic and faithful artists1 came to his aid2 and at the end of a year ,cabuchet saw his statue re-created by his chisel1 and become truly and doubly the daughter of his brain and of his hands4 ,he gained more than one wrinkle at this task and more than one white hair4 ,according to his own expression1 he sweated many shirts4 ,but he forgot difficulties and anxieties when he saw the long dreamed of figure1 the ideal of his days and nights1 realized and looming before him6 ,,vi4 ,they have given this excellent work a reception worthy of it4 ,at its arrival at the dock at ,villefranche1 near the village of ,ars1 a numerous cavalcade1 and a multitude composed of the entire surrounding population1 rushed to meet it1 and received it with transports of love and admiration4 ,the faithful1 the penitents of the holy cur1 saw again their master and their model4 ,the parish saw again its venerated father4 ,they surrounded the marble1 they tried to touch it2 many fell on their knees1 and prayed as before the images of the saints4 ,on the day of the inauguration the demonstrations were the same2 every moment a newly collected crowd prostrated itself at the foot of the statue2 flowers were hung on it1 and rosaries and medals laid on the pedestal4 ,each believed that new and strengthening virtue would escape from the marble and regenerate those happy enough to approach it2 and yet this marble was nothing more than a work of genius2 it had not even been blessed1 it had no place in the church1 it had received no certificate or consecration from ,rome--no matter6 the crowd saw none of these obstacles4 ,abandoning themselves without after-thought to the impression which sanctity always produces on the masses1 they rushed to the image of the man who appeared to them a saint1 as we seek the ,consoler and ,alleviator of all human suffering4 ,the inauguration was conducted with a ceremony befitting the occasion4 ,monseigneur de ,langabrie1 ,bishop of ,belley1 a prelate as remarkable for the urbanity of his manners as his superior mind1 came himself to preside over the occasion4 ,a great admirer and friend of the ,cur d',ars1 he wished to give to his memory some proof of his affection4 ,more than a hundred priests of neighboring parishes accompanying him1 presented an imposing cortge4 ,quietly1 calmly1 and with recollection1 they rendered homage to the remembrance and virtues of a saint4 ,the secular and official element was represented by the ,comte de ,carets1 a true ,christian gentleman1 and for thirty years the friend of the ,cur d',ars4 ,a numerous crowd from all the neighboring country testified by repeated manifestations the ardor of its faith and sentiment4 ,the church of ,ars1 enlarged by a talented architect1 was entirely too small for all this wealth of offering4 ,the ,mass was celebrated with pomp2 at the gospel the ,abb ,ozanam1 vicar-general1 mounted the pulpit1 and described the most striking points of physiognomy of the ,cur d' ,ars4 #bji ,inspired by his text from ,st4 ,paul1 he showed how ,god always employed the same means to act upon and govern the earth2 weakness to confound strength1 humility to confound pride1 and littleness to confound grandeur2 all that is despicable in the eyes of man to confound all that is powerful and worthy his respect4 ,a staff in the hands of an old man is sufficient for ,god1 and well represents the instruments he sometimes employs to rule the world4 ,the ,cur d',ars was of obscure parentage2 the ,cur d',ars was humble1 ignorant1 illiterate1 according to the world1 without power1 without birth1 without prestige4 ,he seems of still less repute1 in that before ,god he so completely annihilated himself4 ,son of a poor farmer1 with difficulty he reached the seminary1 with difficulty he staid there1 with difficulty he attained the different grades4 ,everywhere1 always1 the weakness of his faculties proved the signal of distrust from his superiors1 of contempt from his equals4 ,he knew but one thing1 to love1 to pray1 to humble himself--above all to humble himself4 ,the less he felt himself1 the less he made himself2 the more he was despised1 the more he despised himself4 ,but wait6 the hand of ,god appeared1 and the ordinary movement of the see-saw was reproduced4 ,the lower the world placed him at one end1 the higher ,god uplifted him at the other1 and he became the instrument ,god always uses for his great works--an instrument lowly yet powerful1 and that confounds1 attracts1 and subjugates the whole world4 ,this humble priest--powerless1 lacking ability1 and awkward in appearance--saw millions of men1 great and small1 wise and ignorant1 known and unknown1 flock from all corners of the earth to hear his word1 see his countenance1 listen to his advice1 feast on his holy expressions--to touch his vestments4 ,he will govern consciences and hearts2 he will read their souls1 enlighten them1 touch them4 ,he will predict the future1 will overcome nature1 and subject to his will the world of mind and the world of matter4 444 ,admirable effect of humility which produces sanctity6 ,the most humble shall become the most celebrated1 and his name resound from pole to pole4 ,he shall agitate multitudes1 and no living man can hear him without thrilling with love or anger4 ,his image will provoke enthusiasm4 ,the world will prostrate itself before it and kiss its very traces2 and when other images1 other glorified1 other renowned conquerors1 poets1 legislators1 politicians1 are only a remembrance1 a vain sound which cannot thrill a single human fibre1 the name of the obscure1 the despised ,cur d',ars will radiate in an ever new orbit of splendor1 and produce emotions and effects ever new in millions of hearts4 ,strange consequence6 ,contrast truly striking2 which shows that ,catholicism by a brilliant overthrow of events is alone heard to give glory and immortality6 ,after the ,mass1 monseigneur was heard in his turn1 and related the efforts made at ,rome to obtain the canonization of the defunct whose memory was then and there celebrated4 ,he spoke of the hope which he cherished to see ere long the ,cur d',ars and his image among the glorified ones1 and placed on those altars where public veneration had already given them a place4 ,,vii4 ,after the ceremony was over1 the priests and some of the pilgrims coming to the solemnity united in an old-fashioned feast at the house of one of the missionaries4 #baj ,the day was passed in recalling the virtues and actions of the saint1 while the crowd continued its homage and demonstrations4 ,nothing could be more striking than the appearance of the village of ,ars during this fte4 ,the spectator goes backward several centuries2 he lives in the earliest age2 legend becomes reality in his eyes1 and the natural world is entirely forgotten in the consciousness of the supernatural that surrounds him4 ,m4 ,renan speaks somewhere with contempt of times and populations for whom the natural and supernatural have no exact limit4 ,ars presents every day1 and especially those days in which the saint is honored1 the same character4 ,the natural and supernatural touch and mingle4 ,the multitude kneels1 it intercedes1 it asks2 and sometimes1 in the simplest manner1 extraordinary favors are granted1 which strike with wonder the ,christians of our day1 so much less habituated than others to the manifestations of the immaterial world4 ,the church is always full2 the tomb of the good pastor1 recognizable by a black slab1 covered perpetually by an eager crowd4 ,some are kneeling1 others standing awaiting their turn1 and prostrating themselves as soon as a vacant place offers itself4 ,they dispute a corner of the tomb of the ,cur d',ars1 as during his life they disputed a corner of his confessional or an end of his cassock4 ,all pray1 some weep1 others kiss the funereal marble4 ,mothers bring their sickly children1 and rest them on the slab4 ,paralytics and the lame take their places4 ,each one touches the tomb with his cross1 his medals1 or his beads1 and carries it away persuaded of its renewed efficacy4 ,every object1 every part of the church1 bears the trace of what ,i may call a pious vandalism4 ,the confessional1 the pulpit in which the holy priest passed nearly all his life1 are cut in a thousand places4 ,each one has chipped the wood to carry off a relic4 ,outside of the church the eagerness and veneration are no less4 ,the places frequented by the defunct are pointed out1 and into the old presbytery they hurry and almost smother each other on the stairs4 ,one has to pause on his way a quarter of an hour sometimes before reaching the bedroom of the ,cur d',ars4 ,the chamber has been barricaded1 and provided with an opening in the wall1 that it may escape the general devastation4 ,the door is armed with a strong grating and plated with iron4 ,without such precaution all would have been long since broken open1 demolished1 and carried away4 ,as it is1 there is more than one hole in the wood-work1 and even the walls are broken in1 in places4 ,it is said that workmen armed with crow-bars have attempted to throw down the wall4 ,the shrubs and herbaceous plants in the court-yard are spoiled incessantly2 as if the visitors1 unable to molest the walls1 revenge themselves on the flowers and verdure4 ,but they cannot penetrate into the chamber and are forced to stay behind the barricade4 ,they succeed each other1 as on some grand occasion of public curiosity in ,paris1 when the crowd is unusually large4 ,from the kind of vestibule which forms the opening in the wall the visitor can take in the whole apartment1 if not entirely at his ease1 on account of the pressure of the crowd1 at least without losing any detail4 ,everything remains as it did during the life of the ,cur d',ars4 ,here is the bed1 sheltered under its green tapestry1 a present from the ,comte de ,carets1 in place of another bed which was burned under extraordinary circumstances4 #baa ,here is the wooden chimney where the priest came each day--after spending from sixteen to eighteen hours in the confessional--to revive his exhausted body by the still living flame of a simple branch4 ,the table is always set1 as if it awaited its old companion4 ,an earthen porringer1 with a pewter spoon1 a little pitcher1 also of earth1 which held the milk1 an earthen plate1 and a coarse linen napkin2 and nothing more4 ,this modest service1 and the necessarily modest repast it supposes1 had sustained1 for nearly forty years1 the most valiant and fruitful life of the age4 ,man lives not by bread alone2 this man lived almost without it2 a little milk sufficed him1 and on this he existed nearly all his life--a trait not less astonishing than the power and energy with which this milk seemed to inspire him4 ,two oaken chests1 presented also by pious persons1 some sacred engravings1 enough books to fill the simple shelves1 two or three straw chairs1 complete the furniture of this poor chamber1 as popular today as the apartments of the ,louvre or the ,museum of ,sovereigns4 ,a niche in the wall1 covered with a glazed partition1 preserves and exposes to the piety of the pilgrims the cassock and cap of the poor priest4 ,the presbytery is no longer inhabited4 ,no one has been reported1 or felt himself1 sufficiently worthy to occupy it after its last possessor4 ,there is no longer a ,cur d',ars1 there never will be a ,cur d',ars--no one feeling strong enough to struggle with such a remembrance1 nor bear the legendary title4 ,the missionaries who during his lifetime were established near the presbytery1 do the duties of the parish and suffice for the pilgrims4 ,,viii4 ,such is the prestige of the ,cur d',ars since his death2 and the influence he exercised during his life was no less astonishing4 ,we are amazed at hearing or reading the details of this exceptional existence4 ,eighty to a hundred thousand persons came to ,ars every year1 and from all parts of the world4 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,england1 ,italy1 ,america1 ,asia1 by turns sent their pilgrims2 and the enthusiasm of old--of the days of ,bernard1 ,dominic1 ,francis d',assise1 ,vincent ,ferrier1 ,philip de ,neri--has been renewed4 ,petitions were addressed to the ,cur d',ars as to a superior being4 ,every day he received letters1 demands1 confidences1 and prayers4 ,one must come to ,ars1 said he sometimes1 to know the sin of ,adam and the evils he has caused his poor family6 ,sinners1 the ill in body and mind1 the suffering of all kinds1 went to the ,cur d',ars as the healer sent by ,god himself4 ,his faith1 his humility1 his love of ,god and man1 his frightful austerity1 his perfect abnegation of self1 astonished and ravished souls2 the gift given him to read the human heart1 his marvellous intuition1 his power over nature1 his predictions1 his miracles1 ended by according him the supernatural aureole1 and the signs of election which in all ages have carried away multitudes4 ,at ,ars one could learn how the ,christian religion was founded2 by what virtues1 what miracles1 its initiators had acted on the public mind and conquered4 ,the life of the gospel and the glorious days of the church reappeared2 hagiography lived again2 the supernatural and legendary history of ,catholicism became comprehensible and impressed itself on every mind4 #bab ,according to calculations which may be called official1 nearly three millions of pilgrims have been admitted to the ,cur d',ars4 ,every kind of human misery has presented itself before him1 and how many have been comforted6 ,the blind have seen1 the deaf have heard1 the paralyzed have walked2 bread1 wine1 and corn have been multiplied2 and all the miracles of the gospel1 except the resurrection of the dead1 have been reproduced4 ,the greatest miracle of the ,cur d',ars was1 perhaps1 the resurrection of the living and the conversion of sinners1 to which the holy priest had dedicated his life1 and was the principal end of all his efforts4 ,notwithstanding his ardent desire for death and heaven1 he would have consented to remain on earth until the end of the world to gain hearts for ,jesus ,christ4 ,it was in this rle that so brilliantly shone the supernatural character of the life and mission of the ,cur d',ars4 ,when we think of the sixteen to eighteen hours of the confessional1 of the eighty to a hundred penitents who knelt daily at the feet of the holy priest1 we may form some idea of the attraction that he exercised1 and the deep furrow he ploughed in the soul of the present age4 ,so many shining traits give to the ,cur d',ars the most wide-spread fame of his time4 ,chateaubriand1 ,de ,maistre1 ,goethe1 ,voltaire even1 and others less famous1 are only known to the more refined4 ,their names have not penetrated the stratum of an immense humanity4 ,the ,cur d',ars was known to all1 and his name had traversed every country1 every ocean1 every race4 ,in ,europe1 ,america1 ,asia1 it echoed and wakened souls2 and everywhere we find his portrait1 in every town1 in every country4 ,siberian huts can show the ,cur d',ars4 ,no face--not even that of ,napoleon ,i4--is as popular4 ,his hair1 his cap1 his cassock1 his shoes1 his furniture1 his books1 his breviary1 have been sold over and over again for more than their weight in gold4 ,his blood1 if taken from him in illness1 was collected and treasured as a relic2 and we see still at ,ars1 in several places1 vials containing this blood1 as pure as the day it flowed3 can science account for this8 ,the phenomenon is1 to say the least1 unique1 abnormal4 ,the objects that he blessed were almost taken by assault1 and before his death rival countries disputed for his body1 and the dispute came near degenerating into a bloody conflict4 ,no honor1 homage1 or public respect was wanting to the ,cur d',ars1 and once again piety and ,christian virtues have proven themselves the surest means of acting on the world and attracting the masses1 because they represent the superior and eternal ideal of life and of humanity4 ,,ix4 ,but ,i must pause4 ,i have wished to sketch in a few words the appearance of this remarkable man1 but yesterday our contemporary1 and of whom an extraordinary work of art has given me the opportunity to speak4 ,i fear ,i have been prolix1 and1 forgetting the statue1 have occupied my readers' attention with the person represented2 but ,i hope to be forgiven1 as the best way1 surely1 to impress the merit of a portrait is to make known the model the artist has wished to depict4 ,the statue will be better appreciated as the ,cur d',ars himself is fully understood4 ,again1 it seems to me that the appearance and actions of such a man1 in the uncertain times in which we live1 are a symptom and hope of something better1 to which we cannot give too much weight4 ,truly the age is bad enough2 hardened against ,god1 it is hardened against his church1 and tries to sap every foundation of virtue and honesty4 #bac ,it destroys faith1 attacks good principles and the virtuous instincts that prompt them1 and endeavors to replace the ancient order of consciences by a sort of individual independence which1 sowing division1 can only produce ruin4 ,character and manners are falling as low as ideas2 cupidity1 egotism1 unbridled pleasure1 sensual enjoyments1 sought for and held up as the only end of life2 the expansion of luxury by every ingenuity gives to society an ideal of ,babylonian civilization2 revolution1 that is to say1 revolt and universal overthrow1 cap the climax1 and threaten to swallow up everything3 behold the situation and its dangers6 ,seldom have ages been more troubled1 or the symptoms more terrible4 ,but hope revives and the mind is elevated when it contemplates the opposing camp4 ,so long as an age is able to produce a ,cur d',ars1 it is full of strength2 and if the ,catholic faith can excite such a sensation as that of which ,i have just spoken1 she assures her future4 ,monarchs1 generals1 politicians1 legislators1 writers1 may become powerless4 ,they could not preserve the society of old1 and saints alone saved it1 walking in the footsteps of ,christ4 ,they reconstructed and regenerated it1 because they were the last and unique expression of the true and beautiful in morals1 the only pivot of progress1 the only lever which lifted a people to lead them onward to ,god1 the only source of life4 ,producing the same men1 modern society may hope for the same regeneration2 its cure and its future health will not depend on human means or agents1 but on the divine grace exercised by its saints4 ---------- ,dante ,alighieri4 ,the fame of the ,fiero ,ghibellino1 as the ,italians are wont to call ,dante ,alighieri1 is great1 not in extensiveness1 but in weight4 ,wherever and to whomsoever he is known1 his name and his works carry a charm and an authority vouchsafed to only a few in the department of authors4 ,homer1 ,dante1 and ,shakespeare are the poets1 whose names are enshrined on an elevation above the rest2 they breathe1 so to speak1 in an atmosphere of their own4 ,they are1 indeed1 masters and guides1 ,maestri di color che sanno4 ,in truth1 to understand their works1 the study thereof must needs be made a specialty4 ,yet even those who have lisped their names in their mothers' tongue find that ars longa1 vita brevis4 ,the student will drink at those pure fountains with ever-increasing pleasure4 ,how often have you been in ,st4 ,peter's8 asked of us a venerable monk1 the first time we entered the ,vatican4 ,never before1 sir4 ,well1 replied he1 ,i have been coming here almost every day for the last thirteen years1 and every day ,i find some new thing to admire and study6 ,the same has been averred by those who have been familiar with ,dante1 ,homer1 and ,shakespeare4 #bad ,we well remember how1 in our youth1 and in our native schools1 we were so trained in the study of ,alighieri that it was an easy matter to discover whether an author1 be he poet or prose-writer1 had been formed on ,dante1 whether he had drunk at the head fountain or at side streams4 ,only few poets we remember whose verses we read with an enchanted devotion--,gasparo ,leonarducci1 of ,venice2 ,vincenzo ,monti1 of ,milan2 and ,alfonso ,varano1 of ,ferrara4 ,of the prose-writers1 ,paolo ,segneri1 ,sforza ,pallavicino1 of the seventeenth1 and ,pietro ,giordani1 of the nineteenth century1 are the only ,danteschi in whom we delighted1 as we were delighted in reading ,homer transformed into the succum et saporem of the ,a,eneid4 ,those above mentioned were poets1 historians1 and orators1 than whom more ardent and persevering students of ,dante are not recorded in the annals of ,italian literature4 ,theirs was not1 however1 a pedantic servility3 ,dante was the father that engendered their style1 the eagle who provoked them to fly2 and they did fly1 and soared above the rest1 and fixed their pupils on the brightness of the sun4 ,which remarks afford us also the measure by which to value the success of those who have attempted to translate ,dante into foreign languages1 an attempt which to the ,italian scholar sounds almost presumptuous4 ,for1 if the style and the meaning of ,dante have proven a matter of so much difficulty and labor to the countryman of ,dante1 how much more laborious and difficult must they prove to the foreign-born student8 ,whoever attempts to translate a poet must join the fidelity of rendition to the spirit of a poet4 ,the former presupposes a thorough knowledge of the two languages1 even to the commonest idioms4 ,then1 unless one is born a poet1 the attempt will be the very madness of folly1 which truth receives additional evidence when the work to be translated is one of transcendent merit in its originality2 ay1 more1 when it is incomparable3 incomparable1 we mean1 as a human work can be4 ,such is the ,divina ,commedia of ,dante ,alighieri4 ,pindaric in flights1 supernatural in conception1 inventive in expression and language1 7for ,dante is the father of the ,italian tongue17 ,dante stands before the scholar as a most difficult author4 ,nor are the numberless commentators and voluminous comments1 agreeing or conflicting1 ingenious or absurd1 a mean proof of our assertion6 ,commentators have1 in fact1 pushed their folly and their presumption to an excess equalled only by the absurd twisting of ,holy ,writ in favor of the thousand and one senses which defenders of opposite doctrines have fancied they read in one and the same text4 ,a witty ,italian imagines he sees ,dante crouching low1 and vainly endeavoring1 with wild gesticulations and lusty cries for help1 to parry the blows by which clergymen and laymen1 laico o cherco1 endeavor to force him to admit such meanings into his words as he never dreamt of2 at the same time they1 falling out among themselves1 exchange blows1 and throw at each other's head their heavy comments1 bound in wood1 and rudely embossed with brazen studs4 ,it is related that once the stern poet1 while passing by a smithy1 heard snatches of his poem sung1 but so interlarded with strange words1 and the ends of verses so bitten off1 that the grating upon his ears was unendurable3 whereupon he entered the shop1 and fell around wantonly throwing into vast confusion the tools of the churl1 who1 thinking him mad1 rushed upon him and yelled3 ,what the ---- art thou about8 ,and what art thou doing8 retorted ,dante1 sobering down at once4 #bae ,i am at my work1 and thou art spoiling my tools6 replied the smith4 ,if thou wishest me to leave thy things alone1 leave mine alone also4 ,and1 pray1 what am ,i spoiling of thine8 ,you are singing my verses1 but not as ,i made them2 it is the only art ,i possess1 and you spoil it4 ,footnote #ib ,footnote #ib3 ,had ,shakespeare this anecdote in mind when he made ,orlando cry out1 ,i pray you1 mar no more of my verses with reading them ill-favoredly8 7,as ,you ,like ,it1 act iii4 sc4 #b47 ,on another occasion the poet met a churl driving before him a mob of donkeys1 and enlivening his wearisome journey by singing also snatches of the divine poem4 ,but1 very naturally1 he would intersperse his songs with an occasional pricking of the haunches of his asinine fellow-travellers with the goad1 and the shout of arri1 arri--the ,italian g'long1 g'long4 ,dante at once visited the fellow's back with an earnest blow1 and cried3 ,that arri1 arri1 ,i never put it in that verse6 ,the poor asinaro shrugged his shoulders1 and darted to one side1 not well pleased with the uncouth salutation2 but when at a safe distance1 ignorant as he was of the cause of the blow and of the man who had inflicted it1 he thrust his tongue out1 and said1 ,take that1 an indecent act even for an ,italian boor4 ,dante replied3 ,i would not give mine for a hundred of thine6 ,what the smith and the drover did1 in their own way1 and in ,dante's time1 has been repeated down to our days4 ,volumes might be filled with merely the titles of essays1 treatises1 and theories1 at times ingenious1 seldom interesting1 always betraying the conceit of the writer4 ,editions innumerable are crammed with interpretations conflicting with each other1 and by which the sense of the poet has been cruelly distorted4 ,we1 who have been reared in the deepest reverence for ,dante's orthodoxy1 have always felt indignant at the irreligious and unphilosophical inordinations to which the ,divina ,commedia has been made to afford foundation and development4 ,for the nonce we mean to deal with translations1 yet not in a general or comprehensive treatise2 for to treat of all ,english translations of ,dante1 down to ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,herschel's1 the latest of all1 would carry us over fields too extensive and uninviting4 ,we have been led to beg for a corner of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 in order to introduce to its readers what1 after a close and careful study1 we deem the best of all translations of ,dante4 ,we allude to ,the ,first ,canticle 7,inferno7 of the ,divine ,comedy of ,dante ,alighieri4 ,translated by ,thomas ,william ,parsons4 ,boston3 ,de ,vries1 ,ibarra ,co4 #ahfg4 ,that ,mr4 ,parsons possesses the spirit of a poet1 no one who has read ever so little of his original compositions will gainsay4 ,whatever he writes has the true ring2 there is nothing transcendental in him1 and no mannerism2 his sentiments are spontaneous1 and flow into his diction with a naturalness that takes hold of the heart of the reader at once1 like a peaceful streamlet mingling its waters with kindred waves4 ,opening a collection of his poems at random1 we do not hesitate to transcribe1 without any studied choice1 what first offers itself to our eye4 ,he writes on the death of his friend1 the sculptor ,crawford1 and thus he suddenly gives vent to his feelings3 ,o ,death6 thou teacher true and rough6 ,full oft ,i fear that we have erred1 ,and have not loved enough2 ,but1 ,o ye friends6 this side of ,acheron1 ,who cling to me to-day1 ,i shall not know my love till ye are gone ,and ,i am gray6 #baf ,fair women1 with your loving eyes1 ,old men that once my footsteps led1 ,sweet children--much as all ,i prize1 ,until the sacred dust of death be shed ,upon each dear and venerable head1 ,i cannot love you as ,i love the dead6 ,but now1 the natural man being sown1 ,we can more lucidly behold ,the spiritual one3 ,for we1 till time shall end1 ,full visibly shall see our friend ,in all his hands did mould-- ,that worn and patient hand that lies so cold6 ,on a ,palm-,sunday1 as he wends his way to the bedside of a dying young convert1 he begs of a little ,catholic girl a twig of the blessed palm she is carrying home4 ,whereupon he extemporizes the following3 ,to ,a ,young ,girl ,dying3 ,with ,a ,gift ,of ,fresh ,palm-leaves4 ,this is ,palm-,sunday3 mindful of the day1 ,i bring palm branches1 found upon my way3 ,but these will wither2 thine shall never die-- ,the sacred palms thou bearest to the sky6 ,dear little saint1 though but a child in years1 ,older in wisdom than my gray compeers6 ,we doubt and tremble--we1 with 'bated breath1 ,talk of this mystery of life and death2 ,thou1 strong in faith1 art gifted to conceive ,beyond thy years1 and teach us to believe6 ,then take my palms1 triumphal1 to thy home1 ,gentle white palmer1 never more to roam6 ,only1 sweet sister1 give me1 ere thou go'st1 ,thy benediction--for my love thou know'st6 ,we1 too1 are pilgrims1 travelling toward the shrine3 ,pray that our pilgrimage may end like thine6 ,mr4 ,parsons's poetical gift manifests itself most sensibly in what might be called fugitive pieces4 ,they are gems1 like the above1 and as they are offered to the reader they are at once set in the most fitting corner of his heart4 ,we regret our limited space will not allow us to transcribe the poems ,to ,magdalen1 ,mary from whom were cast out seven devils2 or the death of ,mary ,booth2 or the ,vespers on the ,shores of the ,mediterranean1 when the ,italian mariner ,in mare irato in subita procella ,invoca ,te nostra benigna ,stella4 ,but we must be allowed to quote one little poem2 an impromptu one1 written on the death of a ,catholic prelate 7,february #acth1 #ahff7 whose memory is held in benediction by a vast number of our readers3 ,son of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,john1 the best of men1 ,boston's blest bishop bids good-by again4 ,not long ago we parted on the shore1 ,and said farewell--nor thought to see him more3 ,that brain so weary1 and that heart so worn ,with many cares6 ,the parting made us mourn4 ,but he came back--he could not die in ,rome4 ,tho' well might those bones rest by ,peter's dome1 ,or ,ara ,coeil--and the sacred stair ,that climbs the ,capitol--or anywhere ,in that queen city4 444 ,scholar and friend6 old schoolfellow1 though far ,past me in learning1 that was ne'er a bar ,to our free intercourse2 for thou hadst thine ,one muse to worship--leaving me the nine4 ,thy faith was large1 even in thy fellow-men3 ,and it pleased thee to patronize my pen ,when ,i turned ,horace into ,english rhyme1 ,and thought myself a poet for the time1 ,in ,latin school-days--but1 alas6 thy shroud ,drives from remembrance all this gathering crowd ,of tender images2 farewell to all6 ,i cannot think of these beside thy pall4 ,thine1 good ,fitzpatrick1 noble heir of those ,who went before thee--,fenwick and ,bordeaux's ,gentle apostle ,cheverus1 and ,toussaud-- ,whom in my boyhood ,i was blest to know4 ,but the bell moves me4 ,christian1 fare thee well4 ,i loved my bishop and ,i mind his bell4 ,let us now approach our subject more closely4 ,but here the difficulty is how to enable our readers1 who are not acquainted with the original ,italian1 to appreciate the fidelity of the ,american translator--a fidelity the beauty whereof consists in that ,mr4 ,parsons translates almost literally and at the same time his translation is poetry4 ,after all1 he is not entitled to extraordinary praise who1 being endowed with poetical genius1 catches the sense of the original and gives it in foreign verses4 ,the best plan seems to us to give the text1 then a literal 7pedantic or lineal7 translation1 and afterward ,parsons's4 ,thus1 for instance1 ,dante reads on the architrave over the entrance to hell3 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the arrangement of the text of pages #bag1 #bah1 and #bai is confusing1 including two parallel renderings and numerous footnotes4 ,the renderings have been placed in sequential order and the footnotes placed following the references4 #bag #bah #bai ,per me si va nella citt dolente4 ,footnote #ic ,per me si va nell' eterno dolore3 ,per me si va tra la perduta ,footnote #id gente4 ,giustizia mosse 'l mio alto ,fattore3 ,fecemi la divina ,potestate1 ,la somma ,sapienza1 e 'l primo ,amore4 ,dinanzi a me non fur cose create1 ,se non eterne1 ed io eterna duro3 ,lasciate ogni speranza1 voi1 che 'ntrate4 ,footnote #ic3 ,dolente means sorrow without any mixture of hope-- wailing and gnashing of teeth4 ,footnote #id3 ,perduta1 in the sense of that pecunia sit tibi in perditionem1 7,acts viii4 #bj17 absolute condemnation4 ,uemo perduto in ,italian is the ruptus disruptusque of ,cicero1 a gone man1 beyond all hope of moral recovery4 ,to wit3 ,through me you go into the doleful city2 through me you go into eternal grief2 through me you go among the lost people4 ,justice moved my lofty ,builder2 ,divine ,power made me2 and the supreme ,wisdom and the first ,love4 ,ere me were no things created--unless eternal1 and ,i eternal last2 relinquish all hope1 you who enter4 ,now compare with ,parsons's3 ,through me you reach the ,city of ,despair3 ,through me eternal wretchedness ye find3 ,through me among perdition's tribe ye fare4 ,justice inspired my lofty ,founder's mind3 ,power1 ,love1 and ,wisdom--,heavenly ,first ,most ,high-- ,created me4 ,before me naught had been ,save things eternal--and eterne am ,i3 ,leave ye all hope1 ,o ye who enter in6 ,can any translation be more literal8 ,can it be more faithful8 ,we have tried to find fault with it1 but gave it up in despair2 yea1 the more we strain our critical eye1 the more perfectly does the original beauty appear reflected in the translation4 ,it is not the reflection of the mirror2 it is the reflection of the sun's light on the moon's face4 ,to economize room1 we shall give no more text3 we will only add a lineal translation by way of note1 presuming on the reader for his trust in our knowledge of both languages1 and in our honesty4 ,the long extract we are going to make is1 perhaps1 the noblest specimen of descriptive poetry in the ,italian language4 ,it is1 however1 founded on a historical mistake1 inasmuch as ,ugolino was starved to death not by ,archbishop ,ruggieri1 but by ,guido da ,montefeltro1 ,lord of ,pisa4 ,the true account runs thus3 ,ugolino dei ,gherardeschi1 ,count of ,donovatico1 and a ,guelf1 had1 with the connivance of the archbishop1 made himself master of ,pisa4 ,but having put to death a nephew of ,ruggieri1 and sold some castles to the ,florentines1 that prelate1 at the head of an infuriated mob1 and aided by ,gualandi1 ,sismondi1 and ,lanfranchi1 three powerful leaders1 attacked the count in his own palace1 and made him prisoner with his two sons ,gaddo and ,uguccione1 and three nephews1 ,ugolino ,brigata1 ,arrigo1 and ,anselmuccio4 ,thus bound1 they were all thrown into the donjons of the ,tower at the ,three ,roads4 ,montefeltro1 having meanwhile got the power into his own hands1 forbade any food to be administered to his prisoner rival1 whereby ,ugolino and the rest died of hunger4 ,dante1 7,inferno1 c4 xxxii4 and xxxiii417 admitted to the ninth circle1 or bolgia1 on entering that part of it which was called ,antenora1 witnessed the horrible punishment of the traitor and of the murderer3 ,transcriber's note3 ,rendering #a ,in a single gap1 ,fast froze together other two ,i saw1 ,so that one head was his companion's cap3 ,and as a famished man a crust might gnaw1 ,so gnawed the upper one the wretch beneath1 ,just where the neck-bone's marrow joins the brain3 ,not otherwise did ,tydeus fix his teeth ,on ,menalippus' temples in disdain4 ,while thus he mumbled skull and hair and all1 ,i cried3 ',ho6 thou who show'st such bestial hate ,of him on whom thy ravenous teeth so fall1 ,why feedest thou thus8 ,on this agreement state3 ,that1 if thou have good reason for thy spite1 ,knowing you both1 and what his crime was1 ,i ,up in the world above may do thee right1 ,unless the tongue ,i talk with first grow dry4' ,from his foul feast that sinner raised his jaw1 ,wiping it on the hair1 first1 of the head ,whose hinder part his craunching had made raw4 ,then thus3 ',thou wouldst that ,i renew1' he said1 ',the agony which still my heart doth wring1 ,in thought even1 ere a syllable ,i say2 ,but if my words may future harvest bring ,to the vile traitor here on whom ,i prey ,of infamy1 then thou shalt hear me speak1 ,and see my tears too4 ,i know not thy mien1 ,nor by what means this region thou dost seek2 ,but by thy tongue thou'rt sure ,florentine4 ,know then1 ,count ,ugolino once was ,i1 ,and this ,archbishop ,ruggieri3 fate ,makes us close neighbors--,i will tell thee why4 ',tis needless all the story to relate1 ,how through his malice1 trusting in his words1 ,i was a prisoner made and after slain4 ,but that whereof thou never canst have heard1 ,i mean how cruelly my life was ta'en1 ,thou shalt hear now1 and thenceforth know if he ,have done me wrong4 ,a loophole in the mew ,which hath its name of ,famine's ,tower from me1 ,and where his doom some other yet must rue1 ,had shown me now already through its cleft ,moon after moon1 when that ill dream ,i dreamed ,which from futurity the curtain reft4 ,he1 in my vision1 lord and master seemed1 ,hunting the wolf and wolf-cubs on the height ,which screeneth ,lucca from the ,pisan's eye3 ,with eager hounds1 well trained and lean and light1 ,gualandi and ,lanfranchi darted by1 ,with keen ,sismondi--these the foremost went2 ,but after some brief chase1 too hardly borne1 ,the sire and offspring seemed entirely spent1 ,and by sharp fangs their bleeding sides were torn4 ,when before morn from sleep ,i raised my head1 ,i heard my boys1 in prison there with me1 ,moaning in slumber and demanding bread4 ,if thou weep not1 a savage thou must be3 ,nay1 if thou weep not1 thinking of the fear ,my heart foreboded1 canst thou weep at aught8 ,now they woke also1 and the hour was near ,when used our daily pittance to be brought4 ,his dream made each mistrustful2 and ,i heard ,the door of that dread tower nailed up below3 ,then in my children's eyes1 without a word1 ,i gazed1 but moved not2 and ,i wept not3 so ,like stone was ,i within1 that ,i could not4 ,they wept1 though1 and my little ,anselm cried1 ',thou look'st so6 ,father1 what's the matter1 what8' ,but still ,i wept not1 nor a word replied1 ,all that long day1 nor all the following night1 ,till earth beheld the sun's returning ray2 ,and soon as one faint gleam of morning light ,stole to the dismal dungeon where we lay1 ,and soon as those four visages ,i saw ,imaging back the horror of my own1 ,both hands through anguish ,i began to gnaw2 ,and they1 believing want of food alone ,compelled me1 started up1 and cried1 ',far less1 ,dear father1 it will torture us if thou ,shouldst feed on us6 ,thou gavest us this dress ,of wretched flesh--'tis thine1 and take it now4' ,so to relieve their little hearts1 at last ,i calmed myself1 and1 all in silence1 thus ,that and the next day motionless we past4 ,ah thou hard earth6 why didst not ope for us8 ,on the fourth morning1 ,gaddo at my feet ,cast himself prostrate1 murmuring1 ',father6 why ,dost thou not help me8 ,give me food to eat4 ,with that he died3 and even so saw ,i1 ,as thou seest me now1 three more1 one by one1 ,betwixt the fifth day and the sixth day fall2 ,by which time1 sightless grown1 o'er each dear son ,i groped1 and two days on the dead did call3 ,but1 what grief could not do1 hunger did then4 ,this said1 he rolled his eyes askance1 and fell ,to gnaw the skull with greedy teeth again1 ,strong as a dog upon the bony shell4 ,ah ,pisa6 shame of all in that fair land ,where si is uttered1 since thy neighbors round ,take vengeance on thee with a tardy hand1 ,broke be ,capraja's and ,gorgona's bound6 ,let them dam ,arno's mouth up1 till the wave ,whelm every soul of thine in its o'erflow6 ,what though 'twas said ,count ,ugolino gave1 ,through treachery1 thy strongholds to the foe8 ,thou needst not have tormented so his sons1 ,thou modern ,thebes6--their youth saved them from blame-- ,brigata1 ,hugh1 and those two innocent ones ,whom1 just above1 the canto calls by name4 ,transcriber's note3 ,rendering #b2 the dash at the end of each line is probably a typesetting artifact2 all the poetic lines are run together4 ,i saw two persons frozen in one hole1-- so that one head to the other was hat3-- and as bread in hunger is eaten1-- so the uppermost his teeth into the other stuck1-- there where the brain is joined to the nape4-- ,not otherwise did ,tydeus gnaw-- the temples of ,menalippus through disdain-- than he did the skull and the other things4-- ,o thou who showest by so bestial token-- hatred over him whom thou eatest1--,footnote #ie tell me the why1 said ,i3 on such condition1-- that1 if thou with reason of him complainest1-- knowing who you are1 and his offence1-- in the world above ,i also may repay thee for it1-- if that tongue with which ,i speak does not become dry4 ,the mouth he raised from the beastly ,footnote #if food1-- that sinner1 wiping it on the hair-- of the head which he had disfigured 7maimed7 behind4-- ,then he began3 ,thou wishest that ,i renew-- desperate grief1 which me to the heart oppresses1-- even only thinking1 before ,i speak of it4-- ,but if my words must 7may7 be a seed-- that will bear fruit of infamy to the traitor ,i gnaw1-- thou shalt see me both speak and weep4-- ,i know not who thou be nor by what means-- art thou come here below2 but ,florentine-- thou seemest to me truly1 when ,i hear thee4-- ,thou shouldst know that ,i was ,count ,ugolino1-- and this ,archbishop ,ruggieri3-- now ,i'll tell thee why ,i am such ,footnote #ig neighbor4-- ,how by the means of his evil mind1-- trusting in him1 ,i was taken-- and then killed1 there is no need of telling4-- ,but that which thou canst not have heard1 7known71 ,footnote #ih that is1 how cruel my death was1-- thou shalt hear2 and thou shalt know whether he hath done me wrong4-- ,a narrow hole within the mew-- ,footnote #ii which from me has the title of ,hunger1-- and in which it needs that others be confined1-- had shown me through its opening-- many moons already1 when ,i had the fatal dream-- which tore from me the veil of the future4-- ,this man seemed to me leader and lord1-- driving the wolf and wolf-cubs ,footnote #ajj to the mountain1 for which the ,pisans cannot see ,lucca4--,footnote #aja ,with hounds1 she-hounds1 lean1 keen on the scent1 and well trained1 7cagne magre studiose e conte17-- ,gualandi with ,sismondi1 and with ,lanfranchi-- had he put before him in the van4-- ,after a short run they seemed to me borne down1-- the father and the sons1 and by those sharp teeth-- ,i deemed their sides torn open4-- ,when ,i became awake ere the morning-- ,i heard weeping in their sleep my children1-- who were with me1 and ask for bread4-- ,indeed thou art cruel if thou dost not already grieve1-- thinking of what to my heart was then foreboded3-- and if thou weepest not1 at what art thou wont to weep8-- ,they were now awake1 and the hour was drawing near-- when food used to be brought in1-- and his dream gave each misgivings4-- ,and then ,i heard the door bolted ,footnote #ajb below-- in the horrible tower3 whereat ,i looked-- into the face of my children without saying a word4-- ,i was not weeping1 so was ,i petrified 7impietrai7 within3-- they were weeping2 and my little ,anselm-- said3 ,thou lookest so6 ,father1 what aileth thee8-- ,yet ,i shed no tear1 nor answered ,i-- all that day1 nor the following night1-- until another sun arose over the world4-- ,as soon as a little gleam of light 7un poco di raggio7 began to creep-- into the doleful prison1 and ,i saw in four faces my own very image1 both my hands through pain ,i bit2-- and they1 thinking that ,i did it for wish of food1 instantly arose1-- and said3 ,father1 far less painful will it be to us-- if thou eatest of us2 thou didst dress-- us with this miserable flesh1 do thou take it off4-- ,i then calmed myself1 not to make them more wretched4-- ,that day and the next we all lay silent3-- alas6 cruel earth1 why didn'tst thou open8-- ,after we had reached the fourth day-- ,gaddo threw himself prostrate at my feet1-- saying3 ,father mine1 why dost thou not help me8-- ,there he died2 and1 as thou seest me1-- did ,i see the three fall one by one1-- betwixt the fifth day and the sixth1 whereat ,i began1-- already blind1 to grope over each3-- and three days ,i called them after they were dead4-- ,then more than the grief did the fasting overwhelm me4-- ,when he had said this1 with eyes distorted-- he resumed the loathsome skull between his teeth1-- which1 like a dog's1 stuck to the bone4-- ,ah ,pisa6 disgrace to the people-- of the fair land where the si sounds2--,footnote #ajc as thy neighbors are slow to punish thee1-- let ,capraja and ,gorgona ,footnote #ajd arise1-- and build a dam on ,arno's mouth-- that may drown every mother's child in thee4-- ,for if ,count ,ugolino had the name-- of having defrauded thee of thy castles1-- thou shouldst not have put the children to such torture4-- ,innocent were by their youthful age1-- ,modern ,thebes6 ,uguccione and ,brigata1-- and the other two whom my song has mentioned4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ti mangi1 thou selfishly holdest for thy dainty food4 ,this is one of those idioms expressed by the reciprocal pronoun ti1 almost impossible to translate4 ,its meaning is felt only by the native ,italian4 ,footnote #if3 ,fiero1 here as the carcass on which a beast of prey will feed1 from fiera1 savage beast4 ,footnote #ig3 ,tal vicino1 a neighbor so barbarously distressing another4 ,footnote #ih3 ,inteso ,udire1 hear by chance2 ascoltare1 to listen1 intendere1 to understand what you hear1 or are told4 ,footnote #ii3 ,muda1 the place where the republic's eagles were kept during moulting-time4 ,mudare1 to moult4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ugolino had the dream while suffering the acute pangs of hunger4 ,he dreamt of a famished wolf and its whelps1 hunted by she-hounds1 under which allegory he recognizes the ,ghibellines1 himself being a ,guelf4 ,footnote #aja3 ,san ,giuliano1 a mountain between ,pisa and ,lucca4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,the ,pisans1 about eight months after ,ugolino's imprisonment1 bolted the dungeon's massive doors1 locked them1 and threw the keys into the ,arno4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,dante calls the language of ,southern ,france the language of oc1 and the ,italian the language of si2 both oc and si meaning yes4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,two small islands at the mouth of the ,arno4 ,we had marked one or two more pieces for transcription1 but we deem it useless2 for a diligent collation of ,mr4 ,parsons's text with the literal translation we have given ad calcem will at once convince the reader of the faithfulness of the work4 ,of course1 it would be absurd to expect that words were rendered for words4 ,it is simply impossible4 ,again3 there are words which cannot be rendered4 ,we know the ,italian language pretty well--and why shouldn't we8--yet we have never been able to find the ,italian word corresponding with the ,english home2 nor have twenty-three years of close and earnest study of the ,english language yet enabled us to find an ,english word corresponding with the ,italian vagheggiare4 ,we say1 ,he was lost in the contemplation of a picture3 the ,italian will simply say1 ,vagheggiava la pittura4 ,translate1 if you can1 ,l'amante vagheggia la sua bella6 ,you can do it no more than the ,italian can render with corresponding meaning the words1 ,home6 sweet home6 ,in our opinion a too literal translation will not give us ,dante2 it will only give his words4 ,although we must admit that the meaning of the word1 as it conveys the idea1 must be scrupulously rendered as well as the idiom1 yet it is evident that too great an anxiety in translating the word into that which bears the greatest resemblance to the original may lead into a misconception or misrepresentation of the author's idea4 ,in an elaborate article in the ,atlantic ,monthly1 of ,august1 #ahfg1 the word height1 employed by ,mr4 ,longfellow in his translation of ,dante1 7,purgat1 xxviii4 v4 #ajf17 receives the preference over summit1 employed by ,cary4 ,true1 height is the literal rendition for altezza2 yet ,dante there employs altezza not in its literal meaning1 which is one of measurement1 but in that of a summit1 or a top4 ,a comparison with parallel cases in the ,commedia will bear us out in our remark4 ,we must not be understood as if we meant to prefer ,cary to ,longfellow4 ,by no means3 for the former gives us ,cary's ,dante1 whereas the latter gives us1 if we may be allowed the expression1 ,dante's ,dante4 ,which remark1 however1 must not be taken as if we were disposed to endorse the fidelity of every line of the ,american translator4 #bbj ,the very narrow limits to which he has confined himself often place him under the necessity of employing words which convey not the original's idea2 while1 on the other hand1 often must he add words in order to fill up his line2 for example1 ,when he had said this1 with his eyes distorted4 ,that his ,dante never put there2 why1 it is a pleonasm4 ,while we do not like nor did ever like the freedom of ,cary1 nay1 have felt indignant at the liberties he has taken with the text1 we are amazed at the boldness with which ,mr4 ,longfellow has endeavored to master his ,procrustean difficulties2 but we give preference to the work of ,dr4 ,parsons1 because his translation is easy 7disinvolta1 the ,italians would call it7 and yet faithful2 it is poetical1 and yet we challenge our readers to point to any idea which is not conveyed to the ,english mind in scrupulous fidelity to ,dante's ideas4 ,he sits in ,alighieri's chair1 and he is at home4 ,were we requested by him who knew ,italian only moderately as to the easiest method to understand and enjoy ,dante1 we would say3 ,read the text1 collating it verse for verse with ,longfellow2 then read ,parsons4 ,yet1 to be candid1 we hope no ,american scholar will form his idea of ,dante's transcendental merit on the translation of ,mr4 ,longfellow1 who1 it must be admitted1 has done more meritorious work in behalf of ,dante than the one hundred thousand and one who have written comments on him4 ,but one feels a painful sensation in alighting from ,dante's text on ,longfellow's translation1 whereas the transition from the perusal of the original to ,parsons's causes no jerking in our soul1 and the pleasure1 decies repetita1 never abates4 ,to the ,italian scholar ,mr4 ,longfellow's translation will never prove satisfactory4 ,lest our readers should think that we are blind admirers of ,dr4 ,parsons1 we will conclude this part of our paper with the remark that we wish different words were in a few occasions employed by him4 ,thus1 for instance1 the word1 in blackest letters1 7,inf4 c4 iii1 v4 #aj17 do not convey the full meaning of ,dante's parole di colore oscuro4 ,of course the doctor can easily defend his rendition 7and we know he long pondered on the suitableness of the word7 with the obvious remark that a scoundrel may be black without being an ,abyssinian1 hence his blackest letters must be taken in a moral sense2 yet it requires an after-thought to understand it1 whereas the word oscuro at once hints at something black in itself and dreadful in its forebodings4 ,but what ,english word will convey the idea8 ,our article1 incomplete as it is1 would yet appear more deficient were we not to give our readers a general idea of what the ,divina ,commedia is1 what it proposes to convey to the reader's mind4 ,were we to form an idea of the nature of this poem from what has been written about it1 we should call it a saddle4 ,for there is no system1 theological1 philosophical1 or political1 the supporters whereof have not taken their proofs from ,dante4 ,according to some1 ,dante was a ,catholic devotee2 while others1 especially in these our days1 will represent him as the most determined and conscientious foe of everything ,catholic1 et sic de ceteris4 #bba ,in the language of an accurate modern ,italian scholar1 ,dante lifted the ,italian language from its cradle1 and laid it on a throne3 in spite of the rudeness of the times not yet freed from barbarism1 he dared to conceive a poem1 in which he embodied whatever there was most abstruse in philosophical and theological doctrines2 in his three canticles he massed whatever was known in the scientific world2 after the example of ,homer and ,virgil1 he knew how to select a national subject which would interest all ,italy1 nay1 all whose hearts were warmed by the warmth of ,catholic faith2 in a word1 he became the mark either of decay or of prosperity in the ,italian literature1 which was always enhanced according as his divine poem was studied and appreciated1 or laid aside and neglected4 ,footnote #aje ,footnote #aje3 ,cav4 ,g4 ,maffei1 ,storia ,lit4 ,ital4 ,i4 iii4 ,dante was born in ,florence1 in ,march1 #abfe1 and died in ,ravenna an exile in #acba1 ,september #ad4 ,his father's name was ,alighiero degli ,alighieri4 ,his education was as perfect as the times could afford in science1 belles-lettres1 and arts4 ,when only nine years old he became acquainted with ,beatrice di ,folco ,portinari1 a young damsel of eight summers1 but endowed with great gifts of soul and body1 and her praises he sang in prose and verse1 and to her he allotted a distinguished place in paradise4 ,dante served his country faithfully both in the councils of peace and under the panoply of war4 ,when only thirty-five years old1 he attained the highest dignity in the gift of his countrymen4 ,on the occupation of ,florence by ,charles of ,valois1 whose pretensions he had opposed and so far thwarted1 ,dante was banished from ,florence1 7,jan4 #bg1 #acjb47 ,at the time1 he was in ,rome endeavoring to interest ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 in behalf of his dear ,florence4 ,dante never saw his native place again1 but after nineteen years of exile and poverty he died highly honored and very tenderly cared for by the ,polentas1 the masters of ,ravenna4 ,dante was the author of many excellent works2 but to the ,divina ,commediahe owes that fame by which he stands of all the ,italians facile princeps4 ,at first1 it was his intention to write his poem in ,latin verse2 but seeing that that language was not understood by all1 and many even among the educated laity could not read it1 and just then the great transformation of the new language taking place he wisely conceived the plan of gathering all the words which were then used from the ,alps to the sea1 and exhibited a uniformity of sound and formation1 and thus to write a poem that might be called national1 and at the same time be a bond that would unite all the ,italian hearts4 ,this may be looked upon as the political or patriotic aim of his work4 ,a moral end had he then in view3 thus1 laying down as the principle of common destiny that man was created for the double end of enjoying an imperishable happiness hereafter1 to be attained by securing a happiness in this world1 which should arise from attending to the pursuits of virtue1 in ,paradise he described the former1 which cannot be attained without a soul entirely detached from the affections of this earth1 a process of schooling one's self and purification so well represented by what he imagines to have witnessed in ,purgatory4 ,but as the soul needs be animated to do works of justice by the promise of reward1 as well as by the intimidation of deadly punishment1 so he depicts the horrors to which the lost people1 those who were dead to even the aspiration of a virtuous nature1 will be doomed in ,hell4 ,naturally1 this triple state of the soul1 lost1 redeeming herself1 glorified1 gave him a chance of embodying into his work theological expositions of the duties of man1 of the working of grace1 and of the economy of religion2 revelation1 natural religion1 and science1 all in turn lend him a helping hand4 #bbb ,and because examples should be adduced to practically prove the truth of his assertions1 he freely quotes from the past and from the present2 and while he is perfectly alive to the importance of placing in high relief the beautiful deeds of those who gained glory in paradise because of their being faithful to the behests of faith and religion in whatever concerns our relations to ,god1 ourselves1 and our neighbors1 at the same time1 his heart burning with love for his country1 he will admit of no mitigation in the ,conduct ,of such as he considers unfaithful to it or in the least hostile to that ,florence he loved so well4 ,and here we pause4 ,we have not done justice to the subject3 we have not said all we could wish about ,dante and ,mr4 ,parsons4 ,yet we hope the few remarks we have made will enkindle in the breast of some of our readers a desire of becoming better acquainted with the father of ,italian literature1 the idol of the ,italian student1 the ,fiero ,ghibellino3 ,onorate l'altissimo ,poeta4 ---------- ,aspirations4 ,o dread ,jehovah6 who before the world ,had being dwelt eternal and alone1 ,ere yet our planet on its path was hurled ,through space1 ere angel or archangel shone1 ,ere waves had learned to roll or winds to sweep1 ,and darkness brooded on the mighty deep6 ,thy glance searched through infinity around1 ,and there was none save thee2 thy spirit warm ,moved over chaos1 and its vast profound ,heaved up a thousand worlds1 dark1 without form4 ,let there be light6 ,and1 kindled at thy ray1 ,burst radiant morning teeming with the day4 ,and what am ,i to thee8 ,a raindrop placed ,in an o'erteeming cloud8 ,a snowflake drifting o'er the northern waste ,when winds are loud8 ,an atom or a nothing where sublime ,worlds1 planets piled1 thy praise unceasing chime8 ,not so2 for in thy living image made1 ,conscious of will1 of immortality1 ,in thy tremendous attributes arrayed1 ,like thee1 a ,lord1 yielding alone to thee-- ,what awful dignity6 what power divine6 ,a semblance of infinitude is mine4 #bbc ,yet did thy breath no less ,create me2 sprung from thy eternal fires1 ,i glow2 without thee1 ,i am nothingness2 ,thy wisdom guides me and thy love inspires4 ,give me thy heart--,o strange benignity6 ,what is a mortal's heart1 ,o ,god6 to thee8 ,my bursting heart expands ,to meet thee1 and thy presence weighs me down3 ,he who contains the heavens within his hands1 ,annihilating systems with his frown1 ,comes clad in garments of mortality ,to dwell on this dim1 shadowy earth with me4 ,for what shall ,i exchange thee8 ,for the shine ,of worldly pomp and pageantry and power8 ,this spark1 within eternal and divine1 ,spurns the false baubles of a fleeting hour4 ,thou art all glory1 power1 infinity-- ,thou art2 what can ,i want1 possessing thee8 ,thou shalt unchanged behold ,the starry host1 quenched like a firebrand1 die2 ,the firmament is as a vesture rolled ,around thee--as a vesture 'tis cast by4 ,a thousand years are nothing in thy sight-- ,or as a watch that passes in the night4 ,and when this earth shall fly ,to atoms2 when the mountains shall be tossed ,as chaff2 when like a scroll rolls back the sky1 ,and ,nature and her laws for ever lost2 ,when thou shalt speak in fire the dread command ,and hurl it from the hollow of thy hand-- ,what hope for me8 ,thy promises sublime ,that o'er the wreck of worlds ,i shall survey1 ,with eye unmoved1 beyond the touch of ,time1 ,the stars grow dark1 the melting heavens decay1 ,and sit arrayed in immortality ,in peace eternal and supreme with thee4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b4 ---------- #bbd ,shall we have a ,catholic ,congress8 ,all our readers must have read with interest the account given of the last ,catholic ,congress at ,malines4 ,the importance and utility of such assemblies are generally understood4 ,shall we have a ,catholic ,congress8 ,the feasibility of introducing it into the ,united ,states can scarcely be doubted4 ,the people here are more accustomed to self-government than in ,europe4 ,we are thoroughly acquainted with the management and rules of popular1 deliberative assemblies4 ,we have learned members of the clergy1 and educated laymen1 who appreciate the value of a congress1 and are competent to render its workings practical and make its deliberations effective4 ,the episcopacy is ever ready to aid undertakings for the benefit of religion4 ,there can1 therefore1 be no doubt of obtaining the necessary sanction from the ecclesiastical hierarchy for the assembling of the congress4 ,who1 then1 will begin it8 ,and when will it be held8 ,many earnest ,catholics of the country1 who have seen the great benefits derived to ,belgium and ,france from the congresses at ,malines2 and to ,germany from those at ,munich and elsewhere2 who have witnessed the powerful influence for propagating doctrines and concentrating forces of the sectarian or philanthropical assemblies which annually meet in ,new ,york or elsewhere1 are asking these questions4 ,our forces are scattered2 a congress would unite them4 ,there is no centre1 no unanimity1 no harmony of action among us in reference to many important matters which might be treated of in a congress4 ,let us briefly enumerate some of the objects which could be discussed and studied in an assembly of our learned clergy and educated laity4 ,,free ,,sunday ,,and ,,day ,,schools1 their regulation and amelioration1 might be one of the objects4 ,in large cities like ,new ,york1 ,baltimore1 ,boston1 and ,philadelphia1 where ,catholics are1 many of them1 wealthy and instructed1 the teachers of parochial or ,sunday schools are often highly capable of conducting their establishments4 ,the large cities afford so many opportunities of study and improvement that every one can learn4 ,but in the poor country districts1 how is it8 ,the teachers are isolated4 ,they need more system4 ,there is no central point to which they may look for light4 ,the rural clergy in remote districts are often suffering from want of some large and powerful organization which could assist them in their labors1 either for the improvement of their schools1 their choirs1 etc41 or for the counteracting of ,protestant propagandism4 ,the influence which has been exercised on education in ,belgium by the ,catholic congresses is well known4 ,the labors of the ,german ,catholic congresses is not so public4 ,the ,nineteenth ,general ,assembly of the ,catholic associations of ,germany took place at ,bamberg1 in ,bavaria1 during the interval between the #cast of ,august and the #c;d of ,september1 ,a4,d4 #ahfh4 ,these ,german congresses1 like those of ,belgium1 are composed of laymen as well as ecclesiastics4 ,they exclude all political questions from their sessions4 #bbe ,their only aim is to sustain and support the ,catholic cause4 ,in the three first meetings1 one at ,mayence1 in #ahdh1 under the presidency of the ,chevalier ,buss2 the other at ,breslau1 presided over by ,m4 ,lieber1 while the city was in a state of siege1 in #ahdi2 and in the third1 held at ,ratisbon in #ahej1 the members organized a unity of action among the societies of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 established schools and reading-rooms in the interest of ,catholic literature1 and watched over the religious wants of the ,germans in ,paris and throughout the rest of ,france4 ,the ,congress of ,ratisbon1 presided over by ,count ,joseph de ,stolberg1 founded the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface1 which has since then realized the sum of #gjj1jjj1 and by this means established one hundred and ten missions and one hundred and fifty schools for the poor ,german ,catholics living in ,protestant countries4 ,mnster1 in ,westphalia1 had a ,congress in #aheb4 ,the president was the ,baron of ,andlau4 ,in it was discussed the method which the ,catholic associations could take to promote ,christian education and to found a ,catholic university4 ,these deliberations were continued the following year at the ,vienna ,congress1 where ,dr4 ,zell presided4 ,in #ahef1 at another ,congress1 in which ,count ,o',donnel was president1 the foundation of children's asylums was discussed4 ,salzburg was proposed as the seat of the ,catholic university4 ,the ,salzburg ,congress1 in #aheg1 was specially occupied with this project1 and with the means of developing the power of the ,catholic press1 founding ,catholic publication societies1 and giving pecuniary aid to the ,catholics of the ,east4 ,at ,freyburg1 in #ahei1 the ,congress1 presided over by the ,count de ,brandis1 treated of the ,catholic press and religious music4 ,the ,thirteenth ,congress at ,munich1 in #ahfa1 founded the literary review known as the ,litterarischer ,handweiser1 edited by ,hulskam and ,rump1 at ,mnster4 ,the ,congress of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 in the following year1 took up again the question of the establishment of a ,catholic university4 ,a committee was appointed to found it2 but the government opposed them4 ,this rather excited than diminished the zeal of the persevering ,german ,catholics4 ,professor ,moeller1 of ,louvain1 on this occasion said3 ,the word impossible is not ,christian4 ,there was not one of those congresses that did not oppose the secularization of education2 not one of them that did not materially and morally aid the cause of ,christian doctrine4 ,in these ,german congresses we have a good model to imitate4 ,isolated attempts to obtain public support for our own schools will rarely if ever succeed4 ,there must be union2 a union of the ,catholic brain1 intelligence1 and wealth1 not only in one state1 but all over the country4 ,our ,,catholic ,,reformatories is another object worthy the attention of a ,catholic congress4 ,no one can exaggerate the importance of these institutions4 ,that of ,new ,york1 supported and maintained by our good and zealous archbishop1 has produced incalculable benefits in our city already4 ,a ,catholic congress would strengthen the hands of our zealous prelate2 would increase the efficiency of the institution2 would encourage the ,catholics of other cities1 where they are not already established1 to found similar establishments for the orphaned or homeless children who swarm in our country4 ,how many of the poor sons and daughters of our ,catholic emigrants are lost for ever to faith and virtue in our cities6 #bbf ,will not their blood cry out on the last day against their fellow-,christians1 who have the wealth and the intelligence1 but not the zeal1 to save them from a life of crime and ignominy8 ,the ,,st4 ,,vincent ,,de ,,paul ,,societies could also profit by union of action among the different conferences throughout the country4 ,in the ,south1 especially1 the war has multiplied widows and orphans4 ,the poor there have not the same advantages as in the ,north4 ,some of the dioceses were poor before the war4 ,they are now all very poor4 ,the bishops and priests are trying to build up what the sword or the cannon destroyed4 ,it is true there are regular assemblies of the different conferences2 but they need a stronger impulse from without to make them flourish as they should and as they are needed4 ,then there is the question of ,,religious ,,music1 ,footnote #ajf which none of the ,european congresses ever omit in their deliberations4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,professor ,jacovacci1 of the ,propaganda ,college1 in a recent circular to the bishops1 urges this point on the next ,general ,council4 ,we are not disposed to find fault2 but every one knows that the music of our churches is frequently anything but rubrical or ecclesiastical4 ,we are in favor of the best music2 the very best1 whether it be figured or plain chant2 but let it be at least ,,church music1 not rehashed operas4 ,we know that many of the pastors are unable to procure singers who are competent to render ,catholic music as it should be in our churches4 ,we need a ,catholic training-school of music4 ,a ,catholic conservatory might easily be formed in ,new ,york4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that the best of the foreign musicians in the ,united ,states are ,catholics1 whether they be remarkable for their skill with instruments or for the culture of their voices4 ,there is besides much native talent1 which only needs the opportunity to become distinguished4 ,let there be founded a national ,catholic conservatory of music1 with prizes and exhibitions2 let the members of it see that their efforts will be even pecuniarily and profitably remunerated1 and we venture to predict that in a short time ,america will stand as high as her ,european sisters in religious music4 ,toward the close of the last ,malines ,congress1 a multitude of ,belgian ,catholic amateurs gave an oratorio on the ,last ,judgment1 which was magnificent4 ,a ,catholic conservatory of music in ,new ,york could give similar entertainments1 as an appropriate termination to our ,catholic congresses1 and be able thereby to pay all its expenses1 and have even much left with which to remunerate its members4 ,,libraries1 ,,reading-,,rooms1 and the ,,press could also be discussed4 ,nothing will do more good in a community than a supply of good reading matter4 ,we have already discussed the method of founding family and ,sunday-school libraries in the pages of this magazine4 ,a ,catholic congress would encourage those who wished to found them2 would bring out the energies of many of the laity and clergy who only seek a good opportunity to display them4 ,in this respect we might learn a lesson from many of the ,protestant sects4 ,whatever we may think of the real zeal of ,protestants1 however much we may condemn their external show of piety1 their confounding ,christian charity with philanthropism1 we must admire the energy which they manifest in the cause of education4 ,no church of theirs but has its ,bible class1 its well-organized ,sunday-school1 its ,sunday-school library1 its young men's association1 reading-room1 and newspaper4 #bbg ,no doubt these are but the accidentals of ,christianity2 but they help very much in propagating or sustaining the essentials4 ,it is certain that our ,,catholic ,,press does not receive all the support which it deserves4 ,we have ,catholic newspapers1 which could be rendered much more useful and efficient were they better patronized2 and as for our magazine1 our readers must judge whether we do not endeavor our utmost to satisfy their intellectual wants4 ,in ,europe1 every petty1 poor ,catholic community is willing to support a journal4 ,we often find many reviews flourishing in countries far less wealthy and populous than our own4 ,ought not the five millions of ,catholics of the ,united ,states to give ,,the ,,catholic ,,world a subscription list of at least fifty thousand8 ,and if they do not1 what is the reason8 ,is it because they are poor8 ,no1 but because there is no central point from which the current of electricity can be sent leaping through the brain and heart of our population4 ,let us have a congress for these purposes also4 ,then there is the project of a ,,catholic ,,university4 ,every day we read of wealthy gentlemen leaving donations of thousands of dollars to educational establishments belonging to the state or to religious denominations other than ,catholic4 ,in ,europe this is also a common custom4 ,we have read of ,mr4 ,peabody's donation to ,yale ,college4 ,girard1 an infidel1 founded the institution in ,philadelphia which bears his name4 ,our ,catholic millionaires of ,new ,york and other cities1 we are sure1 only need to be asked to show their generosity in the founding of a ,catholic university4 ,several of the petty ,german states have theirs4 ,even impoverished ,ireland has had the courage to originate one4 ,will not rich ,america follow her example8 ,what is wanting8 ,not the money2 not the patronage2 not the ability to conduct it2 but simply that there is no united1 powerful body of ,catholics to undertake it4 ,give us a congress1 and we can have this union2 a congress of the brain1 good sense1 and faith of the ,american church4 ,are we to have a school of ,,catholic ,,artists in this country8 ,shall we do anything to promote the ,catholic arts of painting1 sculpture1 and architecture8 ,what style of church ornament shall we keep8 ,shall we cultivate the taste of our clergy in these matters8 ,after what fashion shall our churches be built8 ,will we make no effort to unite the ,catholic architects and artists of the country to consult1 compare their experiences1 and improve their taste and talent by mutual contact8 ,they individually desire to be brought together4 ,there is no true artist who does not wish for an opportunity to be appreciated2 and where can so just an appreciation of an artist's work be had as in a ,catholic congress of ,american ,catholic talent which would influence even the remotest parts of our vast country8 ,our priests all feel the want more or less of a central point to which they can look with safety for proper vestments1 altar furniture1 and altar wine1 ,it may be suspected without rashness that many of the merchants who sell wines for the altar are not always reliable4 ,in many cases the wine is adulterated4 ,in such a state of uncertainty1 would it not be well to have a ,bureau of ,safety established8 ,would it not be well to have some authorized and reliable agents who could transport to this country1 cheaply and safely1 some of the treasures of ,europe--vestments1 chalices1 pictures1 and the like--instead of obliging every priest to depend on his own individual knowledge1 or leave him at the mercy of some purely mercantile monopoly8 #bbh ,if there were a ,catholic congress1 all this state of disorder could be remedied1 if not in one year1 at least in two or three4 ,there are zealous ,catholics enough in the country to devote a portion of their time to the general interests of religion4 ,the condition of ,,catholic ,,prisoners in jails or penitentiaries could form not the least important object of a ,catholic assembly4 ,there are many unfortunate members of our church in the prisons on the neighboring islands of ,new ,york who are in the best dispositions to profit by spiritual consolation1 yet they have no books1 save the few which the devoted chaplain may give them when charity affords him the necessary funds4 ,the prisoners in more remote districts are worse off4 ,does it not stir up the fire of zeal in the heart of a ,catholic to know that he can save a soul1 reclaim the vicious1 and give consolation to a poor wretch who may have unfortunately forgotten the sanctity prescribed by his religion8 ,would not a supply of good books be a godsend to ,catholic prisoners8 ,would it not tend to reform them1 to beguile their weary hours1 and sanctify them8 ,now1 a ,catholic congress could establish a permanent committee1 to see that the prisons of the country were supplied with ,catholic literature4 ,if we want to convert the ,united ,states1 we must be in earnest about our work4 ,we must take every method that our means will enable us to use and our piety suggest4 ,let ,catholic doctrines percolate through the veins of society not only by preaching in our churches1 but by spreading ,catholic tracts1 ,catholic newspapers1 ,catholic books in the city1 in the country1 in the work-house1 even in the jail and penitentiary4 ,let our religion be like its ,founder1 going about everywhere doing good3 pertransiit benefaciendo4 ,although centralization1 in a political point of view1 when carried to excess1 is injurious to liberty1 too much individualism is equally pernicious1 for it entails too much responsibility4 ,a ,catholic congress would not destroy individual zeal1 but only concentrate it4 ,a ,catholic congress could coerce no man's will4 ,it would only be an index to show men what they could do2 to ask them to be unanimous and to pull together4 ,the details of the congress could be arranged at its meeting4 ,the constitution and by-laws of the ,malines congresses1 or of those which succeeded so admirably in ,germany1 could be adopted with slight modifications4 ,the approbation of the ,holy ,father would be given to it as to those in ,europe4 ,our venerable archbishops and bishops would sanction it4 ,the prelate in whose diocese it would assemble might preside at its deliberations or appoint a substitute4 ,committees would be appointed1 some permanent1 others transitory4 ,in the interest of the laity1 then1 we ask for a ,catholic congress4 ,we ask for it in the interest of the clergy also1 who are anxious to keep up their own tone of respectability1 and at the same time influence by unanimity the great work of the conversion of the whole ,united ,states to ,catholicity4 ---------- #bbi ,translated ,from ,le ,correspondant4 ,the ,present ,disputes in ,philosophy and ,science4 ,by ,dr4 ,chauffaid1 of ,the ,imperial ,academy ,of ,medicine4 ,i4 ,philosophy or rather philosophical discussions are being renewed4 ,on the one hand1 materialism rages like a tempest over the regions of science2 menacing our scientific1 intellectual1 and moral past and future with destruction4 ,on the other side1 we behold noble efforts1 beautiful works1 and eloquent protestations1 on the part of reason and liberty1 in favor of the dignity of human nature against the debasing tenets of positivism4 ,we know what shall be the result of this struggle4 ,materialistic doctrines and hypotheses can never conquer the best aspirations and real glory of humanity4 ,but if final triumph is certain1 when will it take place8 ,immediately1 or only after a passing victory of the great philosophical error of the day8 ,this is a serious question2 for a temporary victory by materialism would be a fatal sign of our time1 and humiliate our race beyond anything that can be imagined4 ,the philosophical discussions1 therefore1 which have been raised around us are not a mere useless noise2 but they are the most important subject for our consideration1 bearing with them great destinies--those of science1 and perhaps of national life4 ,to appreciate the true character of the materialistic movement which is stirring every layer of society1 and whose action the learned and the ignorant equally feel1 we must examine all the remote and proximate1 latent and manifest1 causes which influence the currents1 the ebb and flow of materialism4 ,it would be well to determine how actual materialism has its exclusive origin and its new sources in the bowels of modern science2 what new support it has met with in recent scientific discoveries1 and what are the value and bearing of those discoveries4 ,in beholding the tumult which the partisans of the experimental method in philosophy create1 the enthusiasm which they show1 and the passionate defence of their theory1 one would suppose they had made a new conquest of the human mind1 and made some astounding discovery4 ,yet we know what the exact value of the experimental method is4 ,why1 then1 so much nervous excitement over it8 ,yet the excitement is probably only artificial2 still it has an aim4 ,the experimental method is clamorously extolled for the purpose of covering with its authority sophisms destructive of all philosophy and of all science4 ,this method is a great flag under which all causes that are not science are sheltered4 ,m4 ,caro1 in his excellent book1 ,materialism and ,science1 has endeavored to dispel all confusion on this subject1 and to re-establish facts and the truth4 ,positivism--which must not be confounded with positive science--tries to unite its destiny with that of the experimental method2 calling itself the necessary fruit of the latter1 the systematized result of a method which subjects all visible nature to man4 ,positivism concludes from the premises that it has the same certainty as the experimental method4 #bcj ,m4 ,caro1 with a strong hand1 upsets all such pretensions4 ,he demonstrates that1 if positivism has skilfully stolen the name and some of the processes of positive science1 the experimental school1 to which the positive sciences owe so much1 owes nothing to positivism4 ,taking for guide1 in the study of the experimental method1 one of the savants who understands it best1 and who1 after practising it successfully1 has exposed its precepts with incomparable authority1 ,m4 ,caro proves that this method is not bound by the tyranny of positivism4 ,nothing is less evident to my eyes1 he writes1 than the agreement of ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard's manner of thinking with certain essential principles of positivism4 ,his independence is clearly manifested especially in regard to two points3 ,firstly1 in opposition to the spirit of the positive doctrine1 he gives place to the idea a priori in the constitution of science4 ,secondly1 contrary to one of the most decided dogmas of the positivist school1 he leaves a great many open questions1 and thus allows his readers to revert to metaphysical conceptions for their solution4 ,in the thought of ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard1 the a priori element loses all absolute sense and becomes a purely relative and accidental fact4 ,it has no longer any of those eternal forms of the understanding1 of those necessary conceptions through the aid of which the human mind sees and judges the things of nature1 contingent facts1 and phenomena which happen before our eyes4 ,it is not that power1 obscure yet admirable reflection of the divine power1 which enables us to apprehend the immutable relations of things1 and establishes science by compelling us1 by an irresistible attraction1 to seek in their cause the reason of phenomena4 ,no2 ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard does not rise directly to that alliance of the infinite and finite1 of cause and effect1 which takes place in the active depths of the human mind4 ,to this great experimentalist the idea a priori is revealed only in face of experience2 it is an instinct1 a sudden illumination which strikes and seizes the mind1 when the senses act and perceive1 as impassible and mute witnesses4 ,its apparition is entirely spontaneous and individual4 ,it is a particular sentiment1 a quid proprium1 which constitutes the originality1 the invention1 and genius of every man4 ,it happens that a fact--that an observation--remains for a long time before the eyes of a savant without inspiring him with anything1 when suddenly a ray of light flashes on him4 ,the new idea appears then with the rapidity of lightning1 as a sort of sudden revelation4 ,this flash1 this ray of light1 is well known to medical tradition1 and often called tact1 sense1 and medical skill4 ,these expressions will exist notwithstanding the denials of a narrow science1 which thinks to ennoble itself by suppressing art4 ,there are physicians who1 in face of the obscure manifestations of a disease1 perceive1 with a rapid and sure intuition1 the hidden relations of the malady1 its nature buried in the living depths of the organization1 its future tendencies and probable solutions4 ,this intuition has nothing mysterious in it1 and is not the play of a capricious fancy2 it is the flash of light1 the new idea1 the sudden revelation1 of which ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard1 the learned savant and most severe of experimentalists1 writes4 ,this1 then1 is what ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard calls the idea a priori2 certainly he does not pretend nor think that he is writing metaphysics4 #bca ,nevertheless1 when we attentively consider it1 is not this idea a priori a species of prolongation or consequence of the necessary ideas1 the true ideas a priori1 of the human mind8 ,is not the idea a priori a perception of a cause through its effects2 at one time the perception of a contingent and particular cause2 and again the perception of a cause in itself--of the supreme1 necessary1 and infinite cause8 ,does not ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard himself seem to admit metaphysical conceptions1 when1 after considering the spontaneity of the intellect under a general aspect1 he writes as follows1 ,it may be said that we have in the mind the intuition or sentiment of the laws of nature1 but we do not know their form8 ,the experimental school has not1 however1 determined this point of doctrine2 it has so confusedly felt and expressed it that the positivist school could not avoid refuting those rather vague aspirations1 and admit1 without denying its own principles1 those soarings of the understanding in presence of facts4 ,but the experimental school1 of which ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard is the interpreter1 puts itself in opposition to positivism4 ,he allows those high truths which cannot be demonstrated by sensible phenomena to have some place in science4 ,he tells us that true science suppresses nothing1 but always seeks and considers1 without being troubled1 those things which it does not understand4 ,deny those things1 says ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard1 and you do not suppress them2 you shut your eyes and imagine that there is no light4 ,positivism could not be more formally condemned by positive science4 ,will it be pretended that1 although the experimental school accepts the order of metaphysical truths1 it rejects1 them disdainfully when there is question of the natural sciences2 and that thus rejected by science they cannot be counted among the serious knowledge of humanity8 ,nothing could be more unjust than such a condemnation2 for nothing proves that there is not another knowledge besides that of experience4 ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard discovers1 even in the order of biological truths1 capital truths which are not at all experimental1 susceptible of a real determinism1 to use the expression of which he is so fond4 ,when he tries to define life by using a word which expresses exactly the idea1 he calls it creation4 ,in every living germ he admits a creating idea1 which is developed by organization1 and is derived neither from chemistry nor physical nature4 ,in fine1 the experimental school1 such as tradition presents it to us and its ablest expounders teach it1 must not be confounded with positivism1 which tries to steal its name and flag4 ,the experimental school1 healthy and fruitful1 gives to metaphysical truths their legitimate influence1 their superior and imperishable sight1 and does not suppress them by a violent and arbitrary decision4 ,especially1 it does not resolve difficulties by denying all other causes and activity than what is purely material4 ,the experimental school is not fatally materialism4 ,materialism is the legitimate consequence of positivism4 ,the positivist sect1 at the beginning of its career1 pretended to take hold of materialism with a superb indifference and dogmatic insolence1 in presence of those eternal problems which1 to the honor of humanity1 have always puzzled and tormented it4 ,but it is easy to show that most of the definitions and teaching of positivist philosophy correspond with the materialist dogmas1 from which positivism pretended to hold itself aloof4 #bcb ,how could it be otherwise8 ,those supreme questions and their answers are not isolated facts1 distinct from our particular knowledge1 regarding the things of this world4 ,they penetrate necessarily into all our cognitions2 become incarnate and visible under the form of all the particular existences which we analyze4 ,we cannot give the character of one of those existences1 without this definite character implying a corresponding solution of the primary truths1 which were supposed to be entirely forgotten4 ,all the special science of positivism is identical with materialistic interpretation2 and one would have wished that the human mind had not tried to ascend from these special sciences to general and primary science and explain it like them4 ,was this possible8 ,no2 and hence illusion is no longer possible4 ,positivism has logically terminated in materialism4 ,to demonstrate this inevitable fusion1 ,m4 ,caro examines one of the absolute precepts of positivism1 namely1 the subjection of psychology to cerebral physiology4 ,he proves that this subjection is only an indirect method of resolving both psychology and cerebral physiology by materialism4 ,stuart ,mill has been rejected by the positivists for not having followed the founder of the positivist school1 resumed in the principle that there is no psychology outside of biology4 ,psychology1 we are told1 writes ,m4 ,caro1 is identical with biology2 faculties1 consciousness which observes them1 attention which analyzes them1 and1 thanks to memory1 classes them2 all these are in the dependence of the organs on each other4 ,this dependence is called by a very expressive word3 the affective and intellectual faculties become1 in positivist language1 the cerebral faculties4 ,the rest follows4 ,we are assured that there is identity between those two relations3 the intellectual and moral manifestations are to the nervous substance what weight is to matter1 that is to say1 an irreducible phenomenon1 which in the actual state of our knowledge is its own explanation4 ',just as the physician observes that matter is heavy1 so the physiologist proves that the nervous substance thinks1 without either of them being able to explain why the one is heavy and the other thinks4' ,footnote #ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,m4 ,littr1 prface au livre intitul ,matrialisme et ,spiritualisme4 ,let it be so1 continues ,m4 ,caro2 yet which of the materialists has ever pretended to explain why the nervous substance thinks8 ,they merely attest the existence of the fact4 ,the real question is to know if it is the nervous substance which thinks1 and if it can think4 ,to affirm that it thinks is to close the question4 ,i take as witness ,m4 ,moleschott1 whose teaching is not doubtful1 and which has been published with applause4 ,what does he say in a discourse recently delivered at ,zurich8 ',the identification of spirit and matter is not an explanation2 it is a fact1 neither more nor less simple1 more nor less mysterious1 than any other fact2 it is a fact like weight4 ,no one assuredly pretends to explain gravitation by means of distinctions between it and matter4' ,is there1 ,i ask1 an appreciable difference on this question between the language of the present chief of the positivists and that of the most decided positivists8 ,a journal1 devoted to the defence and propagation of scientific materialism1 ,la ,pense ,nouvelle1 proclaimed the same doctrine3 ,the positivist school is a sect which proceeds from materialism2 it has no value or aim except through materialism4 #bcc ,,ii4 ,materialism absorbs1 therefore1 the positivist school4 ,it tries to resolve the important questions regarding the origin and end of man4 ,it does not proscribe metaphysics on the pretence that it wishes to know the eternal unknown1 and approach the inaccessible4 ,it admits neither unknown nor inaccessible4 ,it substitutes for the primary causes of metaphysics1 considered as pure chimeras1 other causes the reality of which it pretends to prove4 ,this is a bold but frank attitude1 and preferable in every respect to the constrained position of positivism4 ,how has materialism tried to solve the questions it proposes8 ,it cannot appeal to pure reason or to the revealing faculties of the human understanding1 affirming or denying ,god as primary cause of existences1 and the soul as secondary cause of the human person4 ,where would be the authority of materialism if its process of demonstration1 if its methods were not separated from the process and methods of traditional spiritualism8 ,the latter cannot be conquered on its own ground2 it would always find there the height of its moral inspirations1 and the power of its demonstrations4 ,materialism has felt this1 and pretends to repudiate both the methods and the doctrines of the old metaphysics4 ,instead of asking the understanding for imaginary means of demonstration1 it proclaims its adherence to infallible experience1 its belief in the senses alone1 and the analysis of sensations4 ,just like positivism1 it calls itself the immediate production of the experimental method1 and attributes to itself the certitude which belongs to the positive and experimental sciences4 ,the old doubt should thus be dissipated1 and man would enjoy the full brightness of this universe1 whose secrets would no longer be redoubtable1 and whose eternal and necessary laws would be opposed to all idea of a higher origin1 and government regulated by any exterior will4 ,but let us leave aside for a moment the examination of those sad illusions and past solutions and the part which experience has in them4 ,let us consider at first1 from the stand-point of method alone1 those problems of origin which materialism pretends to resolve4 ,how are those problems capable of being solved by the experimental method8 ,such is the true question1 and it is this one the study of which completes the beautiful book of ,m4 ,caro4 ,we shall not be opposed1 says the eloquent author of the ,ide de ,dieu1 by any unprejudiced savant1 when we assert that1 in the actual state of science1 no positivist dogma authorizes conclusions like those of materialism on the problem of the origin and ends of beings1 on that of substances and causes2 that to give exact knowledge on these points is contrary to the idea of experimental science2 that this science gives us the actual1 the present1 the fact1 not the beginning of things2 at most1 the immediate how1 the proximate conditions of beings1 and never their remote causes2 finally1 that from the moment materialism becomes an express and doctrinal negation of metaphysics1 it becomes itself another metaphysics2 it falls immediately under the control of pure reason1 which may be freely used to criticise its hypotheses1 as it uses them itself to establish them and bind them together4 ,this a priori dogmatism imposes itself as a necessity on materialism1 and destroys the experimental character which it loves4 #bcd ,the learned1 devoted to the worship of positive science1 are obliged to admit this1 and ,m4 ,caro cites1 on this point1 the precious admission of an illustrious savant1 ,m4 ,virchow1 whom the materialists claim as one of themselves4 ,no one1 after all1 says ,m4 ,virchow1 knows what was before what is4 444 ,science has nothing but the world which exists4 444 ,materialism is a tendency to explain all that exists1 or has been created1 by the properties of matter4 ,materialism goes beyond experience2 it makes itself a system4 ,but systems are more the result of speculation than of experience4 ,they prove in us a certain want of perfection which speculation alone can satisfy2 for all knowledge which is the result of experience is incomplete and defective4 ,it is not a metaphysician who speaks thus2 it is a savant1 who1 in ,germany1 ranks at the head of experimental biology1 who leans to materialism1 and admits1 nevertheless1 that materialism has no other root than an undemonstrable a priori2 consequently ,m4 ,caro has the right with ironical good sense to draw these conclusions3 ,until materialism leaves that vicious circle which logic traces around its fundamental conception2 until it succeeds in proving experimentally that that which is has always been as it is in the actual form of the recognized order of phenomena2 so long as it cannot strip those questions of their essentially transcendental character1 and subject its negative solutions to a verification of which the idea alone is contradictory2 until then--and we have good reason to think that period far distant--materialism will keep the common condition of every demonstration that cannot be verified4 ,it may reason1 after a fashion1 on the impossibility of conceiving a beginning to the system of things1 to the existence of matter and its properties1 but it will prove nothing experimentally1 which is1 according to its principles1 the only way of proving anything2 it will speculate1 which is very humiliating for those who despise speculation2 it will recommence a system of metaphysics1 which is the greatest disgrace for those who profess to despise metaphysics4 ,we are continually reproached with the a priori character of our solutions concerning first causes4 ,materialism must necessarily accept its share of the blame1 no matter how full it may be of illusions regarding its scientific bearing and value1 no matter how intoxicated with the conquest of positive science with which it essays in vain to identify its fortune and right4 ,we have just seen1 with ,m4 ,caro1 whether materialism can call itself the faithful representation and direct product of the experimental method4 ,m4 ,janet1 in one of those little volumes1 ,le ,matrialisme ,contemporain1 destined to a happy popularity1 and in which high reason and good science are made clear and simple to convince better1 shows us what is the value of the solutions proposed1 even nowadays1 by materialism4 ,the two works of ,,mm4 ,caro and ,janet thus complete each other3 the one discusses the question of methods1 and judges materialism in face of its own work1 and systematic development2 the other asks it1 after its labors1 whither the method it has used has led it1 and interrogates it on those questions of origin and end which it treats and so boldly resolves4 #bce ,,iii4 ,materialism has two grand problems to solve3 matter and life4 ,no one would hesitate to say that the first of these is within its scope1 and the solution easy for it4 ,what should be better able to teach us what matter is than a system which recognizes nothing but matter8 ,has matter in itself the reason of its existence1 the reason especially of the motion which impels and moves it1 causes all its changes1 and what seems now to be the only origin of all its properties and of all its manifestations8 ,m4 ,janet1 in a chapter particularly original1 ,la ,matire et le ,mouvement1 demonstrates that matter cannot present the conditions of absolute existence which are necessary to it if we admit nothing above it4 ,materialism1 instead of arriving at a substantial and freed matter1 has nothing ever before it but an intangible unknown4 ,to find nothing for basis of its affirmations but the unknown1 and pretend on this basis to build a philosophical belief1 seat the destinies of humanity on the unknown1 is an outrage on reason and good sense4 ,what a chimerical enterprise6 ,what would signify1 ,i ask1 writes ,m4 ,janet1 the pretensions of materialism in a system in which one would be obliged to confess that matter is reduced to a principle absolutely unknown8 ,is it not the same to say that matter is the principle of all things1 in this hypothesis2 and to assert that x1 that is1 any unknown quantity1 is the principle of all things8 ,it would be as if one should say1 ',i do not know what is the principle of things4' ,what a luminous materialism this is6 ,but let us leave pure matter aside2 although it touches and bounds us on every side1 it does not seem to contain the peculiar secret of our origins and destinies4 ,let us go further and interrogate materialism regarding life and living beings1 among which we are counted1 and the study of which penetrates so deeply into our own life4 ,materialism pretends to explain the mysterious origin and first appearance of life2 and imagines that it can establish by experience the conditions and cause of the formation of simple and rudimentary organizations4 ,the theory of spontaneous generation answers these experimental conditions1 and is the proximate and sufficient cause of the existence of life4 ,having obtained those primary organic forms1 materialism explains the immense multiplicity of living species by the gradual transformation of the rudimentary organic forms1 produced by spontaneous generation2 a transformation effected by natural conditions4 ,spontaneous generation is consequently a primary thesis of materialism4 ,we see1 says ,lucretius1 living worms come out of fetid matter when1 having been moistened by the rain1 it has reached a sufficient degree of putrefaction4 ,the elements put in motion and into new relations produce animals4 ,the whole theory and all the errors of spontaneous generation are contained in these phrases4 ,the progress of the natural sciences gradually extinguished the belief in spontaneous generation4 ,in proportion as science studied this pretended generation it disappeared1 and ancestral generation became evident4 ,m4 ,pouchet has reawakened the discussion of the question by transporting it into the study of those lives of only an instant in duration1 which the immense multitude of animalcula presents4 ,those lives1 still so little known and so hard to observe in their rapid evolution1 offered a favorable field for confusion1 premature assertion1 and arbitrary systems4 ,to affirm their spontaneous generation1 or demonstrate their generation by germs detached from infinitely small organizations in their complete development1 was a task equally obscure and apparently impenetrable to experimentation4 #bcf ,the one theory was opposed to all the known laws of life1 while the other was in conformity with those laws4 ,it seemed1 therefore1 that unless demonstrated by all the force of evidence1 the spontaneous generation of animalcula should find no legitimate place in science4 ,but not only was evidence always wanting1 but thanks to the wonderful ability displayed by ,m4 ,pasteur2 thanks to the beauty1 precision1 clearness1 and variety of the experiments performed by him2 thanks to the penetrating sagacity with which he has exposed the defects of the contrary experiments of ,m4 ,pouchet and ,m4 ,jolly1 all the evidence is in favor of ancestral generation2 and the ,academy of ,science1 so prudent and ordinarily so reserved in its judgments1 has not hesitated to pronounce openly in this sense4 ,let us hear the eminent ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard1 judging spontaneous generation2 even that which1 not daring to maintain the complete generation of the being1 sought refuge in the spontaneous generation of the ovulum or germ1 which being evolved produced the entire being3 ,that generation1 says ,m4 ,cl4 ,bernard1 which governs the organic creation of living beings has been justly regarded as the most mysterious function of physiology4 ,it has been always observed that there is a filiation among living beings1 and that the greatest number of them proceed visibly from parents4 ,nevertheless there are cases in which this filiation has not been apparent1 and then some have admitted spontaneous generation1 that is1 production without parentage4 ,this question1 already very old1 has been investigated in recent times and subjected to new study4 ,in ,france1 many savants have rejected the theory of spontaneous generation1 particularly ,m4 ,pouchet1 who defended the theory of spontaneous ovulation4 ,m4 ,pouchet wished to prove that there was no spontaneous generation of the adult being1 but of its egg or germ4 ,this view seems to me altogether inadmissible even as a hypothesis4 ,i consider1 in fact1 that the egg represents a sort of organic formula1 which resumes the evolutive conditions of a being determined by the fact that it proceeds from the egg4 ,the egg is egg only because it possesses a virtuality which has been given to it by one or several anterior evolutions1 the remembrance of which it in some sort preserves4 ,it is this original direction1 which is only a parentage more or less remote1 which ,i regard as being incapable of spontaneous manifestation4 ,we must have necessarily a hereditary influence4 ,i cannot conceive that a cell formed spontaneously and without ancestry can have an evolution1 since it has had no prior state4 ,whatever may be thought of the hypothesis1 the experiment on which the proofs of spontaneous generation rested were for the most part defective4 ,m4 ,pasteur has the merit of having cleared up the problem of spontaneous generation1 by reducing the experiments to their just value and arranging them according to science4 ,he has proved that the air was the vehicle of a multitude of germs of living beings1 and he has shown that it was necessary before all to reduce the argument to precise and well-formed observations4 ,in order to express my thought on the subject of spontaneous generation1 ,i have only to repeat here what ,i have already said in a report which ,i have had to make on this question2 that is to say1 that in proportion as our means of investigation become more perfect1 it will be found that the cases of supposed spontaneous generation must be necessarily classed with the cases of ordinary physiological generation4 ,this is what the works of ,m4 ,balbiani and of ,,mm4 ,coste and ,gerbe have recently proved in reference to the infusory animalcula4 #bcg ,these latter works1 especially those of ,m4 ,balbiani1 ,footnote #ajh completely overturn the basis of the doctrine of spontaneous generation4 ,those infusory animalcula which were supposed to be produced by a silent self-formation are really produced by sexual generation1 and those germs floating in the atmosphere are real eggs1 the laying of which ,m4 ,balbiani discovered4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,balbiani ,sur l',existence d'une ,reproduction sexuelle chez les ,infusoires4 ,nevertheless1 spontaneous generation has still some decided partisans4 ,some1 like ,messrs4 ,pouchet and ,jolly1 still believe the theory as savants4 ,the observations which they trusted in affirming spontaneous generation or ovulation still preserve their value for them4 ,it is not easy to give up one's ideas and works4 ,the children of our mind are often dearer to us than the offspring of our blood4 ,it requires a species of heroism for a savant to immolate what he has conceived with labor1 protected and defended against all assailers4 ,but besides these illusions and attachments which may be respected1 interested passion arose and transformed into aggression and violent quarrel the peaceful discussions of science4 ,the ,origin of ,life1 ,footnote #aji such is the title of a recent publication on spontaneous generation2 such is the problem which those who nowadays maintain a cause scientifically lost pretend to resolve4 ,footnote #aji3 ,l',origine de la ,vie3 ,histoire de la ,question des ,gnrations spontanes4 ,par le docteur ,george ,pennetier1 avec une prface par le docteur ,pouchet4 ,the origin of life6 ,observe the general meaning of the terms2 there is question of life in itself1 of the essence of all living beings4 ,human life is a particular case of this general problem2 the solution of both is the same4 ,behind the animalcula and their spontaneous apparition is man4 ,the higher origin1 the high aspirations1 the predestined end of which man thought he had the right to feel proud--all these vanish like vain dreams and puffs of pride in presence of the origin of primary life through the energy of matter alone4 ,it alone is the true creator1 the only cause1 and it alone contains our end2 beyond it there is nothing2 science shows it1 at least that science which places spontaneous generation at the top of its conceptions4 ,the importance of the consequences explains the reason why the partisans of materialism have been so ardent in defence of their principles4 ,if a simple problem of chemistry had no more proofs in its favor than the theory of spontaneous generation1 no savant worthy of the name would have maintained it or founded on so fragile a basis a multitude of scientific deductions4 ,but there was question of the order and constitution of the world1 of the reason1 of the being of every creature1 and hence the proofs seemed good and sufficient to a materialism which calls itself scientific and experimental4 ,an aggressive polemic represented even as enemies of progress1 as retrograde spirits1 all those who rejected errors to which too easy a popularity had been given4 #bch ,,iv4 ,spontaneous generation gave materialism a point of departure at once rash and weak2 bold if one looked behind1 almost miserable if one looked ahead6 ,what efforts to draw out of some rudimentary animalcula the regular development of the whole animal kingdom1 man included--that being who thinks and wills1 who is conscious of its acts and liberty1 who possesses the notion of good and evil1 who aspires after the true and the beautiful1 who feels himself as cause and admits other causes in nature6 ,how can the abyss which separates those two extremities of living creation be bridged8 ,what omnipotence will be able to produce from these infusoria the prodigious number1 the infinite variety of those animated beings1 all those living species which1 no matter how profoundly or how far the world may be investigated1 are almost like each other1 as it were immutable in their precipitate succession1 stationary even in motion6 ,the same science which affirmed spontaneous generation has not balked before this enterprise1 and it has pretended to prove the hidden mechanism which1 from the egg spontaneously laid1 produces the fearful immensity of animate forms6 ,there have been found naturalists1 eminent savants in other respects and possessing great authority1 like ,lamarck and ,darwin1 who have imagined that they discovered the laws of the transformation of species4 ,m4 ,paul ,janet1 in the book which we cited above1 has made a sharp and searching criticism of the theories of ,lamarck and ,darwin4 ,he asks1 in the first place1 in what the hypothesis of a plan and of a design of nature1 otherwise called the doctrine of final causes1 would be contrary to the spirit of science4 ,we must not undertake phenomenal analysis with the premeditated design of finding the phenomena conformable to an object decreed in advance2 this preconceived object should never take the place of reason and be the explanation of the facts observed2 such a manner of proceeding is hardly scientific1 and leads fatally to arbitrary and erroneous conceptions4 ,but does it follow that the facts observed and analyzed in themselves should not1 by their collection and connection1 express to the human intelligence a superior design1 a progressive and ascending harmony1 which are its final reason and vivifying spirit8 ,to refuse in advance every final cause is an error similar to that of imagining it altogether and before the observation of the phenomena4 ,flourens has well said3 ,we must proceed not from the final causes to the facts1 but from the facts to the final causes4 ,these are the fruitful principles1 and this is true natural philosophy4 ,the naturalists1 says ,m4 ,janet1 imagine that they have destroyed final causes in nature when they have proved that certain effects result necessarily from certain given causes4 ,the discovery of efficient causes appears to them a decisive argument against the existence of final causes4 ,we must not say1 according to them1 that the bird has wings for the purpose of flying1 but that it flies because it has wings4 ,but in what1 pray1 are these two propositions contradictory8 ,supposing that the bird has wings to fly1 must not its flight be the result of the structure of its wings8 ,and from the fact that the flight is a result1 we have not the right to conclude that it is not an end4 ,in order1 then1 that your materialists should recognize an aim and a choice1 must there be in nature effects without a cause1 or effects disproportioned to their causes8 ,final causes are not miracles2 to obtain a certain end the author of things must choose secondary causes precisely adapted to the intended effect4 #bci ,consequently1 what is there astonishing in the fact that in the study of those causes you should be able to deduce mechanically from them their effects8 ,the contrary would be impossible and absurd4 ,thus1 explain to us as much as you please that1 a wing being given1 the bird must fly2 that does not at all prove that the wings were not given to it for the purpose of flying4 ,in good faith we ask1 ,if the author of nature willed that birds should fly1 what could he do better than give them wings for that object8 ,the demonstration of the reality of final causes1 and of a decreed and premeditated plan in nature1 furnishes a primary and powerful refutation of the systems which pretend to explain the successive formation of organized beings by the sole action of natural forces1 acting fatally1 petrifying1 modifying1 transforming living matter in an unconscious and blind manner4 ,lamarck and ,darwin1 as we have said1 are the two naturalists who have substituted most successfully a fatal1 necessary1 and in some sort mechanical plan1 instead of a premeditated plan1 realized by an intelligent and spontaneous cause4 ,lamarck appealed especially to the action of means1 habit1 and want4 ,the combined action of those agents sufficed to him to conclude from the rudimentary cell to man himself4 ,the action of means1 exterior conditions1 can modify the form and the functions of living beings2 this is a fact of which the domestication of animals offers the most striking examples4 ,but does it follow that because we can modify certain animal and vegetable species1 we can therefore create their species8 ,can we imagine the possibility of modifications so active and powerful that they arrive at the most complex creations1 at the construction of the great organs of animal life1 and of those organs of the senses1 so diverse and so marvellously adapted to their functions8 ,for instance1 says ,m4 ,janet1 certain animals breathe through their lungs1 and others by the bronchial tubes1 and these two kinds of organs are perfectly adapted to the two means of air and water4 ,how can we conceive that these two means should be able to produce so complicated and so suitable organizations8 ,is there a single fact among all those proved by science which could justify so great an extension of the action of means8 ,if it is said that by means we must not understand merely the element in which the animal lives1 but every kind of exterior circumstance1 then1 ,i ask1 let the materialists determine what is precisely the circumstance which has caused such an organ to take the form of the lung1 and such another to take the form of the bronchia2 what is the precise cause which has created the heart--that hydraulic machine so powerful and so easy1 and whose movements are so industriously combined to receive the blood which comes from all the organs to the heart and send it back through the veins2 what is the cause1 finally1 which binds all these organs together and makes the living being1 according to the expression of ,cuvier1 a closed system1 all of whose parts concur to a common action by a reciprocal reaction8 ,what will it be if we pass to the organs of sense2 to the most marvellous of them1 the eye of man or that of the eagle8 ,is there one of those savants who have no system who would dare to maintain that he sees in any way how light could produce by its action the organ which is appropriated to it8 ,or1 if it is not light1 what is the exterior agent sufficiently powerful1 sufficiently ingenious1 sufficiently skilled in geometry1 to construct that marvellous apparatus which has made ,newton say3 ,can he that made the eye be ignorant of the laws of optics8 #bdj ,remarkable expression1 which1 coming from so great a master1 should make the forgers of systems of cosmogony reflect an instant1 no matter how learnedly they may dilate on the origin of planets1 and who pass with so much complacency over the origin of conscience and life6 ,if the action of means is incapable by itself of explaining the formation of organs and the production of species--what ,lamarck calls the power of life1 namely1 habit and want--how can they give us the sufficient reason for those great facts8 ,according to ,lamarck1 necessity produces organs1 habit develops and fortifies them4 ,but what is this necessity and this habit which are appealed to so complacently1 and who proves their strange power8 ,let us take the necessity of breathing1 of which ,m4 ,janet wrote as we have quoted4 ,whence comes this necessity8 ,from the necessity of giving to the blood the oxygen which is necessary for it2 and this latter necessity is derived from the necessity of keeping up the organic combustion1 and furnishing the nervous system with an appropriate stimulant4 ,who does not see that there is here a connection of functions and organs which requires a simultaneous creation1 which displays a preconceived plan1 and not a successive growth of organs according to wants which find in each other the principle of their being1 and which cannot be perceived and satisfied separately8 ,what unheard-of aberration1 what decadence of the scientific spirit1 to transform necessity into a sort of effective and creative power2 to make of a sentiment1 ordinarily vague and obscure1 a new and active entity1 which not only animates the created being1 but actually creates it6 ,lamarck1 it is true1 admits that observation cannot demonstrate the producing power which he attributes to want2 but if a direct proof is wanting1 he considers an indirect proof sufficient by appealing to custom4 ,what does he mean8 ,habit can develop and fortify existing organs by an appropriate and sustained exercise2 but how does that prove that want can create them8 ,how can habit develop an organ which does not exist8 ,how can the development of an organ be compared to the creation of this organ1 or make us realize the mode of creation of the organ8 ,we can conceive want as the reason not of the creation but of the development of an organ1 and habit as excited and sustained by this need2 but the need of an organ which is absolutely wanting cannot be born of itself1 cannot produce the organ1 cannot excite habit4 ,how can an animal deprived of every organ of seeing or hearing experience the want of sight or hearing1 or acquire the habit of either8 ,what chimerical hypotheses6 ,let us hold to the judgment of ,cuvier on all these hypotheses1 whose authority is very great3 ,some naturalists1 more material in their ideas1 and relying on the philosophical observations of which we have just spoken1 have remained humble followers of ,maillet1 7,talliamed17 ,footnote #aaj seeing that the greater or less use of a member increases or diminishes its force and volume1 have imagined that habits and exterior influences1 continued for a long time1 could change by degrees the forms of animals so as to make them attain successively all those shapes which the different species of animals now have4 #bda ,no more superficial and foolish idea could be imagined4 ,organized bodies are considered as a mere mass of paste or clay1 which could be moulded by the fingers4 ,consequently1 the moment these authors wish to enter into detail1 they fall into absurdities4 ,whoever dares to advance seriously that a fish by keeping on dry land could change its scales into feathers and become a bird1 or that a quadruped by passing through narrow places would become elongated like a thread and transformed into a serpent1 only proves his profound ignorance of anatomy4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,benoit de ,maillet was the predecessor of ,lamarck4 ,the forms of scientific error change rapidly2 only the principle always remains4 ,but this principle requires to be clothed from time to time in new garments1 which rejuvenate and disguise it4 ,the system of ,lamarck1 for a moment popular on account of the philosophic ideas to which it gave support1 could not maintain itself in lasting honor in science4 ,it was as it were buried in deep oblivion1 when ,darwin undertook to awaken it from its ashes by substituting for the antiquated conceptions new ones1 destined to give a similar satisfaction to the passions which had applauded the enterprise of ,lamarck4 ,the work of ,darwin--we must do him the justice to say it--is an important work1 and displays rare science4 ,the author1 gifted with great penetration1 employs to the greatest advantage what he knows to deduce from it what he does not know2 and if he goes beyond experience1 it is always in appealing to experience2 so that he seems to remain faithful to observation even when he ventures far beyond its limits4 ,nevertheless so much science and sagacity can hardly blind us to the radical weakness of the system2 and it would not have met with so favorable a reception if all the prejudices of the materialists whom it satisfied had not become its ardent champions4 ,a first fact strikes one who studies impartially the theory of ,darwin1 namely1 the incalculable disproportion between the means of demonstration and the immense problem to be resolved4 ,there is question1 let it be remembered1 of the origin of living species4 ,darwin tries to explain this origin by the action of a natural selection1 incessantly at work1 which draws the collection of organisms out of one or several primitive1 simple1 and rudimentary types formed by the simple action of forces proper to matter4 ,this natural selection is the image of the method according to which new races of domestic animals have been created1 as the modern doctors maintain4 ,in order that this1 natural selection should produce the powerful effects which ,darwin gives to it1 he imagines two agents always active--changes in the conditions of existence1 and especially vital concurrence4 ,the changes in the conditions of existence1 the accidental characters acquired by a living individual and transmitted by inheritance to its descendants1 create certain varieties of type4 ,vital concurrence1 the battle of life1 the struggle of animated beings to subsist1 allow only some of those varieties to last on the scene of the world2 the others are vanquished and disappear4 ,these transformations1 continued and accumulated from age to age1 increased by the indefatigable labor of an immense number of ages1 have produced all the animal species actually existing2 which are imperceptibly their predecessors in a continuous line of transformation1 under the permanent influence of the same natural forces4 #bdb ,the notion of species as well as that of variety and race disappear in this order of ideas1 or at least lose the determined sense which the naturalists had attributed to them4 ,variety and race become species in the way of transformation1 in course of development4 ,the living form passes insensibly and by eternal motion from the one to the other1 from the species to the variety1 from the variety to the race1 and from the latter to a new species which appears only to disappear in its turn4 ,it is only an affair of time4 ,the living kingdom is in perpetual transformation4 ,no one can tell what it will become naturally4 ,such is the essence of the ,darwinian theory4 ,it begins by the hypothesis of a natural selection which no direct fact proves or confirms4 ,but can the method of selection as ,darwin explains it be the foundation of such a hypothesis8 ,but in this artificial election1 due to the labor of man1 man is the agent who chooses1 who works2 he becomes the final and active cause of the transformation undergone by the species2 he takes care that the character of the races which he has obtained should be maintained by an ever-vigilant election4 ,can anything of this kind be invoked in the natural selection of ,darwin8 ,who replaces the choice of man8 ,if the natural selection is made according to a plan decreed and premeditated by the omnipotence which has created nature1 this selection changes its character2 it is no longer anything but one of the forms of creation2 it is an interpretation of the mode of acting of the creating cause1 it is no longer the negation of this cause4 ,darwinism1 which consists in conceiving the order of things without any superior intervention1 under the simple action of accidents passing fortuitously to permanence2 ,darwinism1 hostile to all finality1 disappears if the idea of plan is perceptible in the natural selection4 ,can vital concurrence replace the intelligent action1 and assure to the natural selection that fecundity and power which are not in it1 and which must come to it from without8 ,but can vital concurrence1 the battle of life1 be the means of creation2 can they engender directly organic modifications1 varieties1 animal species8 ,evidently not the battle of life can make subjects2 it is an agent of elimination for weak and defective species2 it cannot produce by itself a new species4 ,natural selection remains always delivered up to itself1 to its blind resources1 which nothing directs or regulates1 which acquire fecundity only by chance4 ,to imagine that the harmonic and infinite collection of living species can be legitimately referred to a given agent1 even by granting to it thousands of years to manifest its action1 seems to me arbitrary and sterile rashness1 which has nothing in common with a noble rashness of science1 with the intuitions of a genius which sometimes forestalls experience and the proofs which it adduces4 ,m4 ,janet has given a general refutation of the theories of ,darwin1 and sufficiently strong to show their folly4 ,general facts have their own light1 but it does not shine the less far or the less brilliantly for being general4 ,nevertheless1 in a question obscured by so many prejudices1 and by the assertions of a science which calls itself entirely experimental1 that is to say1 entirely particular1 particular facts acquire a singular eloquence and power of demonstration which the most audacious systematizers cannot refuse to acknowledge4 #bdc ,those facts embrace the infinite individualities of the living kingdom continued across the known ages4 ,the source of information is inexhaustible4 ,what does it teach us8 ,do particular facts confirm the ideas of ,darwin regarding the gradual mutability of species2 do they even furnish the sketch of a demonstration limited to certain determined points1 to certain animal or vegetable species2 do they finally show us some of those transformations which are the foundation of the system8 ,man has been observing and studying nature for centuries3 tradition1 the ruins preserved from the past1 permit us to remount far up the stream of time2 have they apprehended in nature any traces of those great changes which incessantly and fatally transform the vegetable and animal species8 ,or1 on the contrary1 does not everything go against those supposed transformations1 and prove the fixity in time and space of those real species2 a fixity which is not contradictory1 which rather adapts itself to a certain normal physiological variability1 which always allows to subsist and be perceptible through it the type of the species1 the essential and primary form8 ,we easily conceive the importance that a sincere response to these questions may acquire4 ,they strike at the experimental foundation of ,darwin's theory2 if this experimental basis is wanting1 what becomes of those theories8 ,are they not mere personal and arbitrary conceptions2 brilliant plays of an imagination strong and creative1 it is true1 but which cannot be substituted for ,nature herself and her direct teachings8 ,a learned professor of the faculty of science of ,lyons1 ,m4 ,ernest ,faivre1 has just undertaken this particular and experimental study of the origin of species1 of their variability and essentiality2 and we signalize his work to our readers--,la ,variabilit des ,espces et les ,limites4 ,it is impossible to write1 on so complex and obscure a question1 a book more rich in facts1 more clear in its developments1 or more authoritative in its conclusions4 ,it seems to us the condemnation without appeal of the system of ,darwin4 ,the vegetable kingdom is considered less rebellious than the others to the theories of ,darwin2 variety has more extended limits in it1 less fixed than in the animal2 generation1 increase1 the exterior conditions1 present the occasion of many changes often profound in appearance4 ,m4 ,faivre shows that the true species exists through all these changes1 and that it is reproduced of itself from modified types1 when circumstances or the artificial selection of man no longer supports the latter4 ,nowhere has man been able to create a real and durable species2 and the species from the most remote times to our days are maintained with a fixity which has become one of the essential characters of species4 ,the ancient land of ,egypt is full of moving revelations on this subject3 the animals1 the plants1 the grains buried in the caves1 are the same as the plants and animals which cover the borders of the ,nile at the present time4 ,all the naturalists have proved this identity of a considerable quantity of animal and vegetable species4 ,hence1 ,lamarck and ,darwin1 to lessen the value of an experience of more than three thousand years' duration1 have pretended that the conditions of life and the conditions of the exterior medium had not changed in ,egypt from the historical times1 and that the permanency of the species became consequently an ordinary and logical fact4 ,but history1 geography1 the study of the soil1 prove that the situation of ,egypt has been profoundly modified4 #bdd ,the level of the ,nile1 the limits of the desert1 the extent of the cultivated lands1 the culture of the soil1 the number of populous cities1 the proximity or distance of the sea1 the great public works1 everything which transforms a country under the action of men1 all have changed in ,egypt as much if not more than in other countries1 and nothing is found changed in the productions of this soil1 in the living beings which it supports and nourishes4 ,but we may go further than the historical period4 ,the permanence of species is proved to-day from the glacial period2 the bogs of ,ireland1 the submarine forests of ,england and of the ,united ,states1 conceal in their depths relics of mammifera or of vegetable species exactly comparable to the vegetable and animal species actually living in those same countries4 ,we could not enumerate all the proofs which establish the great fact of the permanency of species2 the number of these proofs is immense1 and no fact seriously contradicts them1 and yet it is in the name of experience that the partisans of natural selection pretend to speak6 ,the accidental1 temporary1 and superficial varieties which they produce become for them a sufficient warrant of absolute and permanent varieties which they cannot produce1 but of which they impudently suppose the formal existence2 thus destroying species by a mere hypothesis4 ,natural selection has artificial selection for its ideal godfather1 but what has the latter produced8 ,not only no species1 but not even a permanent race definitively fixed and acquired4 ,all the races made by the hand of man die if they are left to themselves1 unsupported by an artificial selection constantly at work4 ,it is a fact which ,m4 ,faivre supports with superabundant demonstration1 taken from both the vegetable and animal kingdoms4 ,the collection of those facts is truly irresistible4 ,what6 the continued transformation of species is given to us as a law1 and yet we cannot find a solitary transformed species6 ,the transformation of races1 which must not be confounded with that of species1 is itself conditional and relative1 is soon effaced if nothing disturbs the return of the race to the pure type of the species1 and yet we are told of the power of natural selection and of the battle of life which consecrates this power6 ,this selection1 this vital concurrence1 this action of means1 have been all employed to modify the proximate species1 as the horse and the ass2 domestication offered here all its resources2 the hand of man could choose1 ally1 and cross the types at will4 ,assuredly1 says ,m4 ,flourens1 if ever a complete reunion of all the conditions most favorable to the transformation of one species into another could be imagined1 this reunion is found in the species of the ass and horse4 ,and1 nevertheless1 has there been a transformation8 444 ,are not those species as distinct to-day as they have always been8 ,among all the almost innumerable races which have been produced by them1 is there one which passed from the species of the horse to that of the ass1 or1 reciprocally1 from the species of the ass to that of the horse8 ,why1 say we with ,m4 ,faivre1 pay no attention to such simple facts1 and take so much trouble to seek outside of evidence explanations which do not agree with the reality8 ,the theories of ,darwin have become the chief support of those who attribute to man a monkey origin4 ,i prefer to be a perfect monkey to a degenerate ,adam1 says one of the partisans of these theories4 #bde ,but why can they not perfect an ass so as to make a horse of it8 ,there is not between these two latter species the profound anatomical difference which exists between the monkey and man--a difference so well established by ,gratiolet1 a great mind and a true savant4 ,on what1 then1 can be founded the theory of our descent from the monkey species1 since the slightest change resists all fusion1 all transition from one neighboring species to another8 ,the book of the ,variabilit des ,espces is the answer of facts to the spirit of system4 ,calm and severe1 rigorous and cold1 this book admits only the testimony of nature4 ,it will instruct and convince those who doubt on those questions4 ,the author terminates by those conclusions which we willingly reproduce because they allow us to divine something else besides the indifferent study of facts2 they are perhaps the only lines of the work where the sentiment of the moral dignity of man is apparent4 ,this hypothesis 7namely1 of the mutability of species7 is not authorized1 says ,m4 ,faivre1 either by its principle1 which is a mere conjecture2 or by its deductions1 which the reality does not confirm2 or by its direct demonstrations1 which are hardly probabilities2 or by its too extreme consequences1 which science as well as human dignity forbid us to accept--the theory of spontaneous generation1 the intimate and degrading relationship between man and the brute4 ,notwithstanding the ability--we may almost say the genius--which illustrious savants have employed in defending the doctrine1 reason and experience have not weakened the reserved and just judgment which ,cuvier has passed upon it1 and which will serve as the conclusion to this essay3 ,among the different systems on the origin of organized beings1 there is none less probable than that which causes the different kinds of them to spring up1 successively1 by developments or gradual metamorphosis4 ,one word more before quitting the subject4 ,all these great forms of scientific error spring up in our old ,europe1 where they find at the same time numerous and passionate adherents1 and firm and eloquent opponents4 ,the attack and the struggle are kept up incessantly in the press1 in our books1 in our learned bodies1 in our teaching faculties4 ,if we examine the general character of these conflicts1 we find in them truth almost intimidated1 certainly less bold and less respected than error4 ,truth is self-conscious1 and that is sufficient to prevent it from becoming weak or yielding to fatigue and discouragement2 but it has not popular favor2 it is tolerated1 but hardly ever greatly encouraged4 ,if we quit this tormented ,europe1 which is drawn only toward new errors1 and cast our eyes toward those great ,united ,states of ,america1 that fertile land appears to us as favorable to truth as to liberty4 ,let us listen an instant to that illustrious savant who has no superior in the domain of natural science1 ,m4 ,agassiz2 let us follow his teaching in the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,what elevation and what sincerity6 ,how all those systems which seduce so many minds in these cisatlantic regions are brought to their true proportions--judged in their profound disregard of the laws of nature6 ,let us take1 for instance1 the influence of exterior conditions and of physical agents on animals--the basis of the system of ,lamarck1 and one of the principal conditions of the mutability of species in ,darwinism4 ,m4 ,agassiz1 on this point1 uses again the firm language which from the days of ,cuvier natural science has not spoken in ,france3 #bdf ,in so far as the diversity of animals and plants which live in the same physical circumstances proves the independence as to the origin of organized beings1 from the medium in which they reside1 so far does this independence become evident anew when we consider that identical types are found everywhere on the earth in the most varied conditions4 ,let all those different influences be united--all the conditions of existence1 under the common apellation of cosmic influences1 of physical causes1 or of climates--and we shall always find in this regard extreme differences on the surface of the globe1 and nevertheless we shall see living normally together under their action the most similar or even identical types4 444 ,does not all this prove that organized beings manifest the most surprising independence of the physical forces in the midst of which they live1 an independence so complete that it is impossible to attribute it to any other cause than to a supreme power governing1 at the same time1 physical forces and the existence of animals and plants1 maintaining between both a harmonical relation by a reciprocal adaptation in which we can find neither cause nor effect8 444 ,it would be necessary to write a volume on the independence of organized beings of physical agents4 ,almost everything which is generally attributed to the influence of the latter must be considered as a simple correlation between them and the animal kingdom resulting from the general plan of creation4 ,footnote #aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,revue des ,cours scientifique1 ,mai #b1 #ahfh4 ---------- ,canadian ,customs4 ,the neighboring ,british provinces of the north--the new ,dominion of ,canada--from various reasons1 claim at this time the public attention4 ,from intrinsic merits they are worthy of notice4 ,with much of interest in the natural prospects and the interior life of this country and its denizens1 it is almost a terra incognita to the general traveller1 and few penetrate to those remote portions where the ancient customs of the original settlers are faithfully retained and kept up in their primitive simplicity4 ,although closely contiguous to the ,american line1 bordered by its lakes and its forests of dense timber1 rich in valuable mines and costly furs indigenous to northern latitudes1 it is chiefly for these possessions that the province is sought by the utilitarian trader1 rather than visited by the pleasure-seeking tourist4 ,and yet the general beauty of scenery and the peculiar characteristics of the people are worthy of close observation1 and one might vainly seek in a wider range for material so grand1 or characteristics better deserving of appreciation4 ,the noble ,st4 ,lawrence is bordered by shores of smiling fertility in the summer months4 ,the country rises in gradual ascent from the present boundaries of the stream1 and geological inquiry demonstrates that at an earlier period the bed of the river extended to much wider limits than at present4 #bdg ,still it is a grand and noble stream1 as it goes sweeping onward majestically to the ocean1 gemmed with a thousand isles1 and having hundreds of peaceful villages that nestle on either shore4 ,a mere passing voyage on this route of travel presents a rich and varied panorama of natural beauty4 ,still more interesting to the mind of serious thought than this mere material attraction1 is the suggested idea presented in every village1 crowned hill1 or hamlet1 nestling in some nook along the shore1 of the happy unity and devotion of a people who make1 within their humble homes and in the practice of piety1 the sacred faith of their worship the main object of their existence4 ,strangers to their zeal many deride this devotion and call it fanaticism2 but no system can offer1 in practical moral results1 a higher order of virtuous life than that presented by the ,catholic ,habitants ,footnote #aab of ,lower ,canada4 ,footnote #aab3 ,the ,habitant is a generic name applied to the farming population of ,canada ,east4 ,retaining1 with their ,french origin1 the happy temperament of the ,latin race--courteous1 hospitable1 and enthusiastic--foreign refinements have not destroyed original purity of character2 and in their simple lives1 wisely directed by zealous1 self-denying curs1 they illustrate in piety and contentment the happy results of this influence4 ,to notice1 then1 the habitudes of this class1 to enter their homes and penetrate the arcana of their inner life1 is a profitable study to all who are willing to receive the high moral lessons that grandeur does not constitute comfort1 and that contentment may prevail where wealth does not abound1 and that piety in simple faith presents a consolation that mere material possessions fail to bestow4 ,while the patriotic ,canadian claims as his motto1 ,notre culte1 notre langue1 notre lois1 he properly places his religion first and above all other mundane considerations4 ,this religion is the ,catholic faith2 and while the ,canadian submits to political innovations1 and recognizes the rights of the conquering arm of the ,british1 he claims1 in unbending adherence to his church1 the observance of every ancient rite4 ,the ,code ,napoleon may be modified by ,saxon legislation2 but the great common law of traditions in religious forms must ever remain undisturbed4 ,hence arises a peculiar charm in the simplicity1 fervor1 and unity of devotion among the ,catholic ,canadians4 ,voyaging from ,montreal to ,la ,rivire du ,loup1 at every intervening two or three leagues are defined the boundaries of a ,catholic parish1 denoted by the dome or spire of the village church4 ,the proportions of these edifices present a solid character and generally harmonize in style2 and1 although lacking the finish of architectural design1 they are constructed of stone1 with ample accommodations for from one to two thousand worshippers4 ,in this one edifice gathers1 for miles around1 the populace of the entire district2 for here no discordant sects prevail to divide and weaken congregations4 ,this one church1 then1 is the grand centre around which the people cluster1 and which usually occupies the most commanding point of observation4 ,if an ancient edifice1 the building occupies the centre of the plateau of cottages1 at once in former times the house of worship and fortress of defence4 ,should the approach of hostile ,indians be signalled1 the populace retired within the sacred precincts until after the danger passed1 which was generally escaped by the appeal for peace1 on terms of mutual accommodation1 by the venerable priest4 #bdh ,the influence of moral force often served to lead the minds of the aggressive savage to better and higher purposes4 ,thus in this barren and bleak land whole tribes have been reclaimed from heathenism1 though many priests1 especially those of the ,jesuit order1 fell victims to their holy zeal1 and offered their lives in sacrifice to their sacred efforts4 ,others lingered for years1 prisoners in the hands of their captors1 but still teaching in bondage1 and finally1 gaining influence from their virtues and learning1 made proselytes of their persecutors4 ,thus whole tribes were brought within the influence of ,christianity1 and ,canada was reclaimed from the savage customs of the natives1 who have been elevated and preserved by the happy influence of the ,church4 ,these tribes have not disappeared1 as elsewhere1 before the rude invading march of the ,christian1 so-called1 but continue in their united character and distinctive habits to live prosperously with their white brethren1 and to venerate the religion they have embraced4 ,their principal villages dot the shores of the ,st4 ,john and ,st4 ,lawrence1 and even approach so near ,quebec as ,loretto4 ,their church edifices are generally of a simple character2 but of late years1 throughout ,canada1 many have been rebuilt1 enlarged1 or superseded by magnificent structures of more modern style than the ancient village church1 in which1 in times of a more primitive civilization1 their forefathers worshipped4 ,but the worship1 in its outward ceremonies1 remains unchanged4 ,the same faith that won amid ,siberian snows the land from savage rites1 is alone fostered tenaciously in all its ancient forms4 ,the devoted zeal of the ,french mission priest1 driven from ,france by the bloody ,revolution1 carried the seeds of the true faith to the bleak shores of the ,canadas2 and their influence is well maintained by the curs of the present day1 who continue not only to console spiritually1 but in all the affairs of life give that wise direction which their superior intelligence enables them to exercise4 ,the efforts of modern missionaries1 who exhaust themselves in temporary efforts in remote regions1 might take a wise lesson from this concentration of labor and dedication of life to the service of religion within fixed limits4 ,it is granted1 7for the fact cannot be controverted7 that this people and country have been ,christianized by the labors of the ,catholic missionaries1 and that the religion they inculcated is universally established and practised by the ,french population of the rural districts4 ,it must1 also1 in fairness be admitted that the good effects of the system is demonstrated by the superior morale of the people under this control1 who compare favorably with other sections where mixed sects predominate4 ,canada ,east1 from the ocean to ,quebec1 is settled almost universally by ,catholics1 principally agriculturists1 though along the shores the fisheries and pilotage occupy their attention as a means of livelihood4 ,among this people crime is almost unknown1 so efficient have been the influences of their faith upon their moral habitudes4 ,notwithstanding this favorable condition of morality1 emissaries from ,canada ,west are diligently sent yearly with their stock of tracts for distribution and well-bound ,bibles for sale4 ,the preaching from one text1 ,be not a busy-body in other people's matters1 would be a judicious commentary on this course1 especially as the influence of their own system fails to produce the benign influences of ,catholicity1 in freedom from the ordinary evils from which these happy1 peaceful ,french parishes are exempted4 #bdi ,devotion to their religion defends them from the influences of vice4 ,murder is a crime that rarely occurs among the native population1 and other minor offences are equally unfrequent4 ,to a people thus living harmoniously under an established religious influence1 faithful in observance of their duties in patriarchal simplicity1 and devoted to their religion1 such invasion of the ,protestant colporteur is a gratuitous impertinence4 ,if the ,catholic faith protects its votaries practically from sin1 the substitution of another system1 from the section of ,canada ,west1 7which by no means contrasts favorably with ,catholic ,canada ,east in comparative statistics of crime17 is no recommendation for the propagation of a faith that does not produce equal exemption from evil where their own influence prevails4 ,notwithstanding this common-sense proposition1 zealots from the ,bible societies yearly arrive among these devoted ,christians1 each one successively quarrelling about the proper construction of a book they universally recommend4 ,the logical ,canadian might well ask3 ,why don't you agree among yourselves before you come to teach us8 ,we are all happy in one opinion here6 ,notwithstanding such rebuffs1 the colporteurs proceed from house to house1 leaving their incendiary documents1 which inform the people that the creed that defends them from the influence of sin is a snare and delusion1 and that to be saved they must forego its exercise1 and advantageously adopt that of some one of the fifty ,protestant sects4 ,any of these may be supposed to possess a sufficient diversity of doctrine to satisfy the most exacting inquirers in their search after religious novelties4 ,if these so-called religious propagandists confined themselves exclusively to these statements1 in conscientious diversity of belief1 their action might be regarded as an ardent desire to do good to the souls of their fellow-men4 ,but the basest means are used to proselytize1 by deliberate forgeries of the truth4 ,the following incident is recorded from personal knowledge of its occurrence1 and can be verified by witnesses to the transaction3 ,a colporteur of this beneficent class1 from ,canada ,west1 entered the cottage of a poor ,habitant family in the third range of the village of ,saint-,michel1 some fifteen miles from ,quebec4 ,one of the family was dying1 in a room apart1 and the priest of the parish was administering the last rites of the ,church4 ,the other members of the family were in the general room1 during the confession preparatory to the anointing1 and1 although in grief1 their circumstances did not protect them from the intrusion of the insidious stranger4 ,the pedlar in piety vaunted his tracts1 but as they were unable to read1 these were unappreciated1 and he finally displayed his costly ,bible1 which1 he informed them1 unless they possessed1 studied1 and read1 they never could be saved4 ,a stranger present--companion of the cur--asked the question3 ,is it a ,catholic edition8 ,oh6 yes1 certainly1 a ,catholic ,bible1 pointing to the binding with the embellishment of a large cross1 the imprimatur of a bishop in ,france1 and the recommendatory note from some ,pope recommending its perusal to the study of the faithful4 ,one had only to look within at the text to discover the perversion from the truth1 and expose the fact that all these emblems were but a false pretence1 to make the book sell among those who would be more attracted by its external resemblance to the authorized version of ,holy ,scriptures4 #bej ,the cur at this moment entered1 and1 in taxing the man with his duplicity1 he answered with effrontery1 ,it is a ,catholic ,bible1 but not the ,romish edition2 adding1 unless all read it they must certainly perish4 ,then1 answered the priest1 all here must be lost1 for not one can read2 and unless you remain1 in your ,christian benevolence1 and instruct them1 they cannot avail themselves of your written instructions4 ,fortunately1 as a protection against the insidious wiles of such base pretenders to exclusive possession of religious truth1 the laws of ,lower ,canada protect the people against dangerous forms of proselytism1 calculated to create breaches of the peace2 and the invasion of a harmonious parish by these disturbers of the contented people can be promptly punished as a penal offence4 ,they may sell or give away their books1 but here their influence for evil ends2 and the trouble these colporteurs give themselves1 if expended in a more legitimate manner1 might prove quite as effective for their personal good in earning an honest livelihood by more worthy methods4 ,to uproot these tares of evil is the one trouble given to the worthy curs1 who diligently watch and guard their flocks from the invasions of wolves1 as well as instruct and guide them truthfully in the way of life4 ,the result of their self-denying labors is manifest2 and ,catholic ,canada compares favorably in its morality with any portion of the ,christian world4 ,an ,american ,catholic entering one of these rural parish churches described1 though recognizing the same service in the offering of the holy sacrifice1 would be struck by several distinctive features in the ,mass and congregation1 and perhaps more than one observance that1 as a republican ,catholic1 he never before witnessed4 ,distinctions in society are observed1 but the deference is paid to superior goodness only2 the lines that mark the grades of superiority in society being drawn by the personal worth of the possessor in his elevation to the place of honor4 ,three chief officers are elected from among the congregation every two years4 ,they occupy the seat of honor in the church on a raised banc1 in some cases canopied1 but always decorated by two candles and a crucifix4 ,to these points the priest first proceeds at the aspersion1 and1 making his obeisance and blessing1 proceeds with the ceremony4 ,and they are likewise first served on the distribution of the pain bnit1 and always take precedence in the grander ceremonies of the church1 being admitted within the sanctuary to receive the palms1 and on other appropriate occasions having the place note assigned to their occupation4 ,this gives the laity an active part and place of honor in the service of the church4 ,personal worth1 and aptitude to look after the secular interests of the church1 are the sole qualifications for this position1 and the united voice of the congregation1 in assembly1 declares their choice4 ,no alteration or repairs1 or any movement connected with changes in matters pertaining to the interests of the church1 can be undertaken without their approval4 ,they are the defenders of the secular interests1 as the priest is exclusively of the spiritual direction1 but most generally harmonize with their cur in any plans of improvement he may suggest4 #bea ,an ,american participating in these ,canadian services could intelligently follow all that is exhibited in the ritual1 though he would be surprised in a simple rural population at the pomp and exactitude with which on grand occasions the services would be performed4 ,no ceremony is omitted that would give dignity to devotion1 and the ,roman ritual is closely followed4 ,although the ,american stranger might not understand the ,french sermon or hymn1 generally sung during the gradual or communion service1 still in common faith he would recognize the offering of the great sacrifice1 expressed in the same sonorous language in which the service of the ,church offers her devotions in every clime4 ,thus1 as a foreigner1 in the ,catholic ,church he would in the most solemn parts of the service feel at home4 ,in common with ,roman discipline1 the ,diocese of ,quebec excludes female singers from the organ-loft1 save by dispensation during the month of ,mary1 when this joyful season is marked by this indulgence4 ,the choristers1 composed of men and boys1 sit within the sanctuary1 in stalls arranged in a double row on either side1 and these are chosen for their excellent character as well as vocal powers4 ,footnote #aac ,footnote #aac3 ,they sometimes number forty or fifty in an ordinary village church4 ,none would be admitted who did not possess the one qualification of piety4 ,all are decently surpliced1 and on ,sundays and fte-days four of the boys wear1 in addition to the surplice1 pendent wings of muslin1 neatly plaited1 and act as the prominent assistants to the ,mass4 ,at the feast of ,corpus ,christi1 the grandest ceremonial of the ,church1 7after the consecration of a bishop17 as many as eight censers are used1 and the road through which the cortge passes is garlanded with flowers1 and banners are waving from every point4 ,the grandeur of the ceremonial exceeds that of cathedral pomp in ,american cities1 for the procession makes the out-door circuit of the village1 stopping at four sections for the benediction4 ,two of these are erected temporarily of boughs of trees tastefully decorated1 and most villages possess two small chapels distinct from the church that are permanently constructed for these purposes1 and used on various occasions1 whenever the bishop prescribes peculiar devotions4 ,thus1 at the blessing of the seeds of the earth1 in invoking prayers for a plentiful harvest1 in times of plague1 war1 or inundation1 these specialty services are peculiarly enjoined1 and these chapels are then ever ready for the reception of the sacrament4 ,otherwise they are closed and unused1 and only stand as memorials of the faith of the people2 marking with the emblem of ,christianity the ,catholic land of ,canada4 ,at every mile a black cross stands as a milestone to point the way and keep religious hope alive on every side and every step2 and sometimes1 to mark special blessings in answer to prayers1 these crosses are handsomely carved and of stone1 and almost always enclose1 even when of ordinary material1 some sacred statue of venerated saint4 ,thus in the frigid clime and snow-capped hills of ,canada1 a ,catholic love of the beautiful1 pure1 and good stands in memorials as frequent as may be found in the sunny climes of ,italy or of the smiling lands of the south4 ,who will say that these objects of veneration do not tend to keep faith alive8 ,the rustic ,canadian1 as he passes the memorial1 lifts his mind to the higher reality to which it points1 and in respectful adoration either raises his hat or devoutly crosses himself in prayer4 ,call it superstition if you will1 but it is at least a harmless form of decent respect to the earthly insignia of heavenly realities which the emblem represents4 #beb ,the same respect1 too1 is universally extended to the cur when he passes abroad2 all bow or lowly make their obeisance to the man of ,god4 ,these outward manifestations of human respect only teach lessons of honor for the office proper to be observed2 and1 to the credit of ,protestant gentlemen it may be added1 in ,lower ,canada1 the character and influence of the priest are so highly esteemed that1 even though strangers to the ,church1 in many instances they conform to the custom4 ,a ,catholic never passes the clergy of the church without the compliment of the salut2 to omit the observance would be a mark of disrespect4 ,these peculiarities1 like the order of the church service1 arrest the attention of the ,american ,catholic4 ,the whole ,mass is uniformly performed in ,gregorian tones4 ,the versicle of the day and the ,introit are chanted by leading voices in the sanctuary4 ,the choir commence the ,kyrie1 and it is likewise responsively intoned alternately1 first by voices in the sanctuary1 and then1 with organ accompaniment1 answered by singers in the organ-loft4 ,and so the service is carried on most impressively1 throughout the ,gloria and ,credo1 even unto the canon of the ,mass1 with the same tone that is proper to the ,mass of the day4 ,thus is produced an effect of solemn harmony and unity with the celebrant at the altar4 ,no light operatic air clashes with the severe ritual1 but all is grave and subdued1 and only relieved by the simple pathos of some ,french hymn1 creditably chanted1 and most frequently as a solo1 by the best voice of the choir4 ,the ,canadians are a music-loving people1 and all orders cultivate this gift of nature4 ,their melodies are spirit-stirring and deserving of wider cultivation4 ,as it is1 many of our popular airs spring from la chanson ,canadienne4 ,frugal in their tastes1 the simple pleasures of social companionship are their chief relaxation2 though the games and enjoyments of their hardy clime have their many votaries1 and they excel in all the manly out-door exercises1 in which even their women participate4 ,perhaps this may be one reason1 besides higher moral causes1 that account for the peculiar longevity and large families of the ,canadian people4 ,if more primitive in their customs than in lands where luxurious habits prevail1 they are exempted from many evils consequent on their indulgence1 and the virtues of the heart flourish and abound in luxuriance as the teachings of the church prevail and are practised4 ,hospitality is the crowning merit of the ,canadian people4 ,the stranger ever receives a generous welcome and courteous attentions4 ,the ,french origin of the people retains all the idiosyncrasies of the latter race1 and that easy grace of manner inseparable from ,french habitude4 ,a ,canadian peasant will receive a stranger with a ready tact that is universal1 even to those in the simplest rank in life4 ,this frankness and generosity of manner are partially the influence of the ,church1 which inculcates the practice of courtesy springing from goodness of heart and virtuous intention1 and it is especially inculcated in a rite peculiar to the ,catholic ,church in ,canada4 ,during the course of the ,mass1 every ,sunday1 is duly observed the generally obsolete custom called the ,agapae1 of apostolic institution4 ,it is one of those ceremonials which in its latent significance teaches a wholesome truth and duty1 and it is to be regretted that it should have fallen into desuetude elsewhere4 #bec ,significant of the good-fellowship that should prevail among all members of the human family1 and in recognition of our common dependence one upon the other1 and the duty of mutual aid and support to our brother-man1 this feast of love is eaten in common by all ranks and conditions in life4 ,if a ,protestant should be present1 and conduct himself orderly during the service1 the courteous ,canadian would extend a portion of the bread for the acceptance of his dissenting brother1 as there is nothing of a sacramental character in its reception1 and it is as free as the holy water fount in which the curious unbeliever often dips his hand with more superstitious dread than the ,catholic believer4 ,in this rite1 large loaves of bread are prepared in rotation by the respective families of the parish1 each in their order supplying the demand4 ,this is called le pain bnit1 blessed bread2 and1 after its benediction by prayer1 that our daily food may be used to our advantage1 which ceremony takes place from the steps of the altar1 just before the ,gloria1 it is cut and divided into small pieces among the congregation1 who receive it from the ushers1 7the maires being first served17 in whatever position they may be in during the course of the service--either kneeling1 seated1 or standing4 ,its distribution usually commences during the course of the ,credo1 and1 unless the congregation is very large1 concludes at least before the commencement of the most solemn period of the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,the ceremony creates no confusion1 but is received as an ordinary part of the day's duties4 ,the morsel is accepted1 the recipient blesses himself1 with a short prayer1 and the particle is consumed4 ,the value of the observance of this rite is1 the sacred lesson that it so significantly teaches4 ,its absence would only create remark in the mind of the ,habitant1 who is singularly tenacious of any innovation on the established customs of his forefathers1 even where they manifestly are somewhat burdensome to be observed2 for the preparation of bread in three or four large loaves for a thousand people is not entirely an insignificant matter4 ,in the city churches of ,quebec1 the rite by dispensation is not observed1 but it is universal in all the rural parishes4 ,la religion est change4 the ,habitant would say with a sigh1 should an effort be made to cut loose from any of the ancient landmarks and customs to whose practice he had been accustomed4 ,the observance of this habit is therefore wisely retained1 as teaching a wholesome lesson of charity to our fellow-man4 ,all are recipients alike1 young and old1 the sinner as well as the saintly1 for all have need of the tender indulgence of each other in deference to their common infirmities4 ,many lands of softer clime possess fairer scenes and a richer soil2 but for the elevated affections of the heart in simplicity1 none possess in a rarer degree those virtues calculated to render man noble and happy1 and to elevate him in the social scale1 than the people of these northern possessions that bound our ,american limits4 ,perhaps in the march of events1 should their country ever be absorbed with our own republican institutions1 the strongest bond of fellowship will be1 the common religion they hold in such perfect unity with numbers of their ,american brethren4 ,it is this principle that will render them adaptive to our political institutions as good citizens2 and1 perhaps1 in simple faith1 earnest devotion1 and rigid standard of observances of the ,catholic faith1 the ,american ,catholic could well borrow from his ,canadian brethren a portion of that zeal for which they are so justly conspicuous4 #bed ,our limits forbid all that might be said of the ,catholic hierarchy in ,canada2 a body of men who1 for learning1 piety1 and self-sacrifice1 furnish so many glorious examples worthy of imitation4 ,zealous in the cause of education1 as fervent in their piety1 they have made the sterling worth of the ,canadian ,church a subject for praise and imitation in every land4 ,the simplest ,canadian follows the language of the ,church in his daily prayers2 and as the ,angelus sounds within her borders thrice a day1 or the passing-bell tells of a soul departed1 or the joyful chime proclaims a ,christian received within the ,church1 the ,latin prayer universally ascends from a thousand hearts1 and ,heaven's benisons follow in benignant response4 ,may the sun of prosperity ever lighten her borders6 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,the ,story ,of ,marcel1 ,the ,little ,mettray ,colonist4 ,chapter ,i4 ,o grief beyond all other griefs6 when fate ,first leaves the young heart desolate ,in the wide world4 ,moore4 ,it was at the close of the memorable #bfth of ,june1 #ahdh1 one of the most dreadful days of that sanguinary strife called the ,revolution1 which had desolated ,paris since the month of ,february1 that a man1 dressed in a torn and blood-stained blouse1 his face and hands black with gunpowder1 and carrying a gun on his shoulder1 climbed hastily the dark1 dirty staircase of a house in the ,rue de la ,parcheminerie4 ,he was followed by a miserable-looking child of apparently about eight years old1 whose little1 trembling legs managed with difficulty to keep up with the long strides of the individual before him1 who from time to time looked back to see that he was coming4 ,on reaching the third story1 the revolutionist1 for such he evidently was1 opened a door1 and entered a dismal1 bad-smelling room of poverty-stricken aspect4 ,a woman of about forty was there1 busily occupied over a small iron furnace casting lead bullets1 of which a number ready for use were lying on the dirty brick floor beside her4 ,here they are1 all hot1 all hot1 cried she with a fierce laugh as he came in4 ,i don't keep you waiting for your tools1 you see2 there's not a citizen of ,paris that has a better help-mate than you1 ,auguste2 is there1 now8 ,and ,i'm as ready with my knife as--but what have you there8 ,and the dreadful woman strode forward a step as she caught sight of the child1 half-hidden behind her husband4 #bee ,it's a poor little devil ,i picked up on a barricade1 replied ,auguste4 ,ma foi6 ,i believe that he had followed his father to the fight1 where the citizen received his passport for the other world2 the little one had hooked himself on to the corpse1 and ,i had some trouble to loosen his hold1 and afterward to put him on his legs again2 but a drop of brandy did it at last1 and here he is6 ,and what on earth are we to do with him8 vociferated the woman1 who had listened to this explanation with many a shrug and menacing gesture4 ,i shall not feed him1 ,i tell you4 ,where's the grub to come from1 ,i should like to know8 ,come1 now1 said ,auguste soothingly1 be reasonable1 do4 ,now that the dog's dead1 you can give him the bones and lickings1 can't you8 ,it won't cost more to keep this little wretch than it did to keep the dog4 ,not so much1 ,i believe4 ,he's not worth either bones or lickings1 screamed the wife4 ,medor earned his living1 while this beast of a child--here she caught the frightened boy by the arm and whirled him violently round--hasn't the strength of a fly6 ,he'll be able to pick up rags in a day or two1 ,pelagie1 you will see2 ,come1 now1 let us keep him4 ,here1 sit down1 young one4 ,and ,auguste pushed the child down on a wooden stool4 ,pelagie stormed1 but ,auguste at last gained the day1 and even obtained a crust of bread for the wretched little creature1 whose large eyes glanced from the one to the other of the speakers while they debated his fate4 ,his thin1 pale cheek still bore the traces of the tears he had shed when his father fell1 shot through the heart1 on the barricade1 and his little blouse and torn trousers were stained with his father's blood6 ,we shall not repeat the conversation of the husband and wife on the events of the day--that day when the infatuated workpeople and proletaires of ,paris murdered the venerable priest who1 obedient to the call of his sacred duties1 had come to the scene of strife and slaughter to preach mercy and forbearance4 ,the shepherd gives his life for his sheep1 and1 ,may my blood be the last shed1 were the last words of ,archbishop ,affre4 ,alas6 when the torch of civil war is once lighted1 men seem to grow mad2 the fiercest passions of humanity are let loose1 and ruin and death seem alone able to end the struggle4 ,so has it ever been with the excitable people of ,paris2 so will it ever be with the ignorant and vicious4 ,many fell after the good archbishop1 and among them ,auguste ,vautrin4 ,he had gone off1 carrying with him the newly-made bullets1 and leaving the child whose life he had probably saved2 he returned no more4 ,a neighbor whispered to ,pelagie that same night that her husband was lying dead in the ,rue ,st4 ,antoine1 but the depraved and unloving wife did not care to reclaim his body1 and all that was left of the miserable man was consequently thrown ignominiously into the common grave of the misguided revolutionists4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,pinn'd1 beaten1 cold1 pinch'd1 threaten'd1 and abused1 ,his efforts punish'd and his food refused1 ,awake tormented1 soon aroused from sleep1 ,struck if he wept1 and yet compelled to weep1 ,the trembling boy dropped down1 and strove to pray1 ,received a blow1 and trembling turned away4 ,crabbe4 ,pelagie ,vautrin1 now a widow1 continued to gain her living as before4 ,she was what is called in ,france a merchant of the four seasons1 that is1 a costermonger1 hawking about the streets in a handcart the different vegetables and fruits of each season1 sometimes even venturing on a load of salt mackerel1 sometimes of dried figs4 ,she was a strong1 masculine-looking virago1 who might have gained a tolerable living1 for one day with another brought her in about three francs1 had she not been given to drink4 #bef ,every bargain she made either to buy or to sell was ratified by a glass of brandy1 so that by the time she had emptied her cart1 her pocket was nearly empty too4 ,at all times without gentleness or pity1 she became almost ferocious when excited by liquor1 and it was a cruel fate that had made the little orphan fall into her hands4 ,he1 poor fellow1 seemed to be quite friendless4 ,questioned and cross-questioned by ,pelagie and her neighbors1 he could give no further account of himself than that he was called ,marcel1 and that his father was shot on the barricade2 the child shuddered each time that he was forced to answer this4 ,he appeared never to have known his mother1 replying always that he had lived with his father1 only with his father1 and nobody else4 ,he was a slight1 elegantly formed boy1 with the intelligent1 delicate features peculiar to the true ,parisian4 ,timid and nervous1 he trembled each time that ,pelagie addressed him1 and implicitly obeyed her slightest order4 ,during the two days that followed the death of ,auguste1 ,pelagie remained shut up in her dirty1 close-smelling room4 ,whether she feared that the restoration of public order might expose her to the unpleasant observation of the law1 or that the loss of her husband did really somewhat affect her1 we know not2 certain it is that she staid quietly at home1 and even shared the bread and boiled beef that a neighbor had fetched for her from a gargote1 or poor eating-house1 near by1 with ,marcel4 ,he had been provided with a heap of rags for a bed1 and permitted to sleep4 ,and for two nights1 poor boy1 he had slept as children1 happily the poor as well as the rich1 only can sleep--forgetful of the past and unthinking of the future4 ,but on the morning of the third day1 ,pelagie got up in full possession of all her wonted energy and brutality4 ,out of bed1 little beggar6 were her first words1 as she pushed the sleeping child with her foot2 out of bed2 you must begin to work for your bread4 ,now1 listen to me1 she continued1 as ,marcel1 with a scared look1 started up ready-dressed from his bed of rags2 listen1 do you hear1 to me4 ,you will go search for all the bits of old iron1 old nails1 and things of that sort1 that you can find in the streets and gutters4 ,here is a leathern bag to put them in2 do you see8 ,i shall tie it about your waist1 and take care you don't lose it4 ,and here is a basket and a hook2 with this hook you will catch up all the pieces of paper and rag that you see1 and put them into the basket4 ,now1 mind what you're about3 ,i shall have an eye on you1 wherever you may be4 ,here is a piece of bread2 and don't come back until your basket is full1 or ,i shall skin you4 ,so saying1 she thrust the bewildered1 frightened boy out of the door1 which she shut immediately1 leaving him to grope his way down the dark1 crazy staircase as he best might4 ,after two or three falls he reached the door of the house1 and found himself in the narrow1 filthy gutter called the ,rue de la ,parcheminerie--one of the impure1 airless thoroughfares of that old ,paris which the present ruler of ,france is levelling to give place to wide1 healthful1 handsome streets and squares4 ,he stood a moment hesitating whether he should turn to the right or to the left1 when the voice of ,pelagie calling to him from the window above made him look up4 ,be off6 she screamed4 ,i'm watching you1 and mind you bring me back all you get6 #beg ,the child shouldered his basket and ran on4 ,turning the corner and out of sight of his fierce protectress1 if we may call her so1 he stopped1 poor little fellow6 ,his basket and hook dropped to the ground1 as with a gesture of despair he threw up his hands toward heaven and cried aloud1 ,o my father6 my father6 ,the cry and the gesture were not addressed to that ,heavenly ,father whose eye was then as ever upon him1 full of pity and mercy though unseen and incomprehensible1 for the unhappy orphan knew not how to pray2 but we can believe that it was heard and answered1 as if it had been a direct supplication to the throne of grace2 not then1 perhaps1 but in the fulness of that time which he hath chosen for our consolation4 ,a moment after1 the boy gathered up his fallen basket and hook and diligently set to work4 ,not a rag or scrap of paper escaped his searching eye4 ,nails and metal buttons1 and bits of old iron1 and many a flattened bullet that had probably done some deadly work1 all found their way into his basket or his leathern bag4 ,toward twelve o'clock he found himself near the fountain in ,st4 ,michael's ,place2 tired and hot1 he took a drink1 and1 seating himself on the curbstone near by1 began to eat the piece of bread that ,pelagie had given him that morning4 ,his appetite was good1 and he enjoyed his dry crust better than many a rich man did his sumptuous dinner that day4 ,his little teeth went so busily and vigorously to work1 that a hackney-coachman belonging to the coach-stand in the place1 and who was lazily contemplating humanity from his box-seat1 after watching him awhile with admiration1 threw him a sou1 telling him to buy some sausage1 because he deserved something for the way in which he attacked that piece of brick-bat4 ,he has teeth like a rat1 cried the coachman1 grinning1 to one of his comrades2 the way he nibbles that crust1 that's as hard as the stone he's sitting on1 is a sight6 ,marcel took the sou1 and returned a look of such smiling gratitude that the observant coachman again remarked to his friend that that little chap had eyes like the gazelle's in the ,garden of ,plants2 they're just as soft and tender1 added he1 only blue4 ,but the child dared not spend the money on himself--had not ,pelagie told him to bring her back everything he got8 ,so he put it into the bag with the old iron1 and once more went to work4 ,steadily and earnestly he plodded on1 all his little faculties concentrated on his task1 so that at five in the afternoon his leathern bag was full1 and his basket piled up and pressed down4 ,glad and triumphant1 with some hope of kind words this time at least1 he turned toward the ,rue de la ,parcheminerie1 and reached the wretched house just as ,pelagie was pushing her empty handcart through the narrow passage into the yard1 where it was put up under a shed for the night4 ,he climbed the staircase and stood waiting for her on the landing-place before the door of her room4 ,you here6 she cried when she perceived him4 ,what's brought you back so soon1 you little vaurien8 ,footnote #aad ,footnote #aad3 ,worth-nothing4 ,my basket and my bag are both full1 madam1 replied ,marcel1 trembling as he looked up into the furious eyes of the drunken virago4 ,i shall soon see that4 ,she pushed him violently into the room4 ,now1 give me the bag4 ,she snatched it from him as she spoke and emptied out the contents on the floor4 #beh ,why1 what is this8 she exclaimed as she caught sight of the sou4 ,did you find this8 don't you know what it is8 ,i know what it is1 madam2 it was given to me to buy some sausage with to flavor my bread4 ,to flavor your bread1 you little beggar6 ,good bread's not good enough for you1 then6 ,i'll flavor your bread1 you idiot4 ,and with her strong right hand she dealt him a blow on the side of the head that felled him instantly to the floor4 ,he hid his bruised face in his little trembling hands and lay there weeping silently4 ,get up1 get up1 you idle dog2 you're not going to stay there1 ,i can tell you6 ,come1 take your basket and hook and be off again4 ,the unfeeling woman pulled up the wretched child as she spoke4 ,what6 crying6 ,i'll have none of that6 ,come1 be off6 ,you'll get no supper1 ,i promise you1 until your basket's full again4 ,down the crazy staircase once more the little orphan stumbled into the street--hungry and tired1 his cheek blue with the cruel blow1 and his young heart swelling with the sense of so much injustice and oppression4 ,the thought came to him suddenly that he would not return again to that wicked woman2 but then1 where should he go8 ,who would take care of him8 ,he wandered through many dirty1 narrow streets while he thus meditated1 and at last found himself before the old church of ,st4 ,etienne du ,mont4 ,he saw some children going in1 and followed them4 ,there was so profound a silence in the sacred edifice1 such a soft1 subdued light streamed in from the beautiful painted windows1 that the child's agitated1 angry heart seemed calmed almost by a miracle4 ,he slunk into a dark corner1 and there1 doing as he saw the happier children with whom he had entered do1 he knelt4 ,he did not pray2 he had never known a mother's care1 never been taught to lisp ,our ,father who art in heaven at his mother's knee2 but peace and forgiveness entered into the orphan's soul as he knelt1 silent1 unheeded1 in that dark corner of ,god's house4 ,half an hour after he slunk out again into the street1 feeling better1 he knew not why1 poor ignorant boy1 and only anxious to try to satisfy his task-mistress4 ,all the evening he went to and fro1 filling his basket from the heaps of rubbish thrown into the streets as soon as night comes by the numerous inhabitants of ,parisian houses4 ,at last1 when ten o'clock had struck from all the church-towers in the quarter1 he again climbed to the third story4 ,the door was ajar1 he entered softly1 and saw1 by the light of a gas-lamp that was on the opposite side of the street1 ,pelagie ,vautrin lying extended on her bed1 and snoring the heavy sleep of the drunkard4 ,he crept1 tired and hungry1 to his heap of rags1 and soon happily forgot for a few hours that he was motherless and fatherless1 a little waif adrift on the sea of life4 ,thus passed and ended ,marcel's first day of labor4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,thus liv'd the lad1 in hunger1 peril1 pain1 ,his tears despis'd1 his supplications vain4 444 ,strange that a frame so weak could bear so long ,the grossest insult and the foulest wrong2 ,but there were causes4 ,crabbe4 #bei ,marcel had continued to ply this business for the profit of ,pelagie ,vautrin about two years1 most times half-starved1 and ofttimes beaten1 and had become one of the quickest-sighted and quickest-witted of the little rag-pickers of ,paris1 when one wet winter's night1 as he passed near ,st4 ,michael's ,bridge1 he put his foot on something hard4 ,to pick it up1 to see by the nearest gaslight that it was a coarse linen bag1 containing a quantity of gold coin1 was the work of a minute2 the next saw him running as if for dear life to the office of the ,commissary of ,police in the ,rue des ,noyers2 he knew the place well by the red-glass lamp over the door4 ,almost breathless he handed his prize to the worthy magistrate1 telling him at the same time where he had found it4 ,the commissary looked into his little1 eager1 intelligent face while he told his story1 then taking his hand kindly1 ,you are a good boy1 said he1 and1 mark my words1 your honesty will bring you good luck4 ,marcel blushed with pleasure and surprise to be praised1 but stood nervously twirling his ragged cap round and round4 ,the man who lost the bag of gold1 continued the commissary1 was here half an hour since2 he is a poor clerk1 and is in despair2 he is afraid of going back to his employers to tell them that he has lost their money4 ,you have saved him and his poor wife and children from much misery4 ,go1 you are a good boy2 but first tell me your name and where you live4 ,the child told him1 it was written carefully down1 and he then went away happier than he had ever been since that dreadful day when he had convulsively fastened himself to his father's dead body as it lay on the barricade4 ,but as he approached his miserable home1 this happy feeling decreased2 and he began to think of what ,pelagie would say if she knew what he had been doing4 ,to tell or not to tell1 that was the question1 and it was not yet decided when he opened the door of the dismal room1 where ,pelagie1 drunk as usual1 was making her preparations for going to bed4 ,and where do you come from1 vaurien8 asked she as he came in4 ,he did not reply2 he was not prepared with a lie1 and he feared to tell the truth4 ,pelagie1 accustomed to prompt and ready answers from her victims1 turned round and stared at him1 surprised beyond measure at this unwonted hesitation4 ,do you hear1 little beast1 do you hear6 she screamed presently4 ,where do you come from8 ,why don't you answer me8 ,and she seized him violently by the arm4 ,pray don't beat me6 said the child imploringly4 ,i will tell you4 ,as ,i was passing over ,st4 ,michael's ,bridge1 ,i--,i found--a bag-- ,a bag6 exclaimed ,pelagie1 still holding him fast4 ,a bag of what8 ,quick6 quick6 ,speak faster6 ,of gold1 whispered the child1 trembling1 for he knew now that he should suffer for what he had done4 ,of gold8 of gold8 ,where is it8 ,give it to me6 ,and she fumbled about his little breast1 as if she thought it must be hidden there4 ,i haven't got it6 said the boy1 whose cheeks waxed paler and paler1 but whose blue eyes met hers for once undauntedly4 ,i carried it to the ,commissary of ,police4 ,for one moment the drunken fury looked at him silently1 and then burst forth in bitter curses and bitterer blows4 ,hard and fast they fell on the young head and tender face2 he was knocked down and kicked up again--hurled against the wall--pushed into the fire-place--and at last thrown upon the cranky table1 which fell with so terrible a crash that the noise fortunately brought up the tenants of the story beneath in time to prevent a murder2 for it is too probable that would have been the end of this frightful scene1 if no one had come to save poor ,marcel4 #bfj ,madame1 ,madame ,vautrin6 cried ,m4 ,poquet1 as he rushed into the room1 followed by his wife and a number of the neighbors1 what is the matter here8 ,pray1 be calm4 ,you've beaten that child too much6 ,now1 stop1 or ,i'll go for the police4 ,and the strong man seized the furious woman in his arms1 while his wife and one or two other women got hold of ,marcel and carried him down-stairs1 covered with blood and bruises1 to the ,poquets' room4 ,covered with blood and bruises6 ,such was this wretched child's reward for the first act of probity he had as yet found an opportunity of performing6 ,be gentle1 then1 in your judgment of his future errings4 ,o children of happier fortunes6 ye who are encouraged in every generous thought and honest deed by the tender caresses of a mother and the approving smiles of a father1 remember that he was an ignorant1 homeless orphan1 whose first good impulses were beaten out of him1 or stifled by the vicious influences which surrounded him4 ,monsieur and ,madame ,poquet were--it is a pity to be obliged to say it of such a kind-hearted couple--no better than they should be1 rather1 indeed1 far worse4 ,m4 ,poquet called himself a cobbler1 but few1 very few were the boots or shoes that could show trace of his handiwork4 ,talking politics in the cabaret ,footnote #aae at the corner1 with idlers like himself1 seemed to be his principal occupation2 but there were rumors afloat that1 at night1 when honest men were sleeping peacefully in their beds1 he and his companions were dodging the police1 and trying to find the money they would not work for4 ,certain it is he generally had a forty-sous piece in his pocket1 and few people knew how he got it4 ,footnote #aae3 ,wine-shop4 ,madame ,poquet earned or rather thieved her living as a femme de mnage ,footnote #aaf and a very good living she made too2 for1 not satisfied with stuffing herself as full as she could of victuals at her employer's house1 she regularly brought back every evening in a great basket1 that was continually suspended at her arm1 such a supply of cheese1 charcoal1 sugar1 garlic1 bread1 cigars1 cold meat1 and such like1 that there was not a better furnished cupboard nor better fed children than hers in the neighborhood4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,charwoman4 ,these children consisted of a boy and a girl--,polycarpe and ,loulou--cunning1 ready-witted1 unprincipled1 and idle4 ,never had they heard a word of truth2 their only teaching since they came into the world had been to lie and steal1 but like their parents they were naturally merry and good-tempered2 they had never been ill-treated1 as children generally are among the vicious poor1 and they were well-disposed to be generous with their pilfered plenty4 ,such were the people who had rescued the orphan from ,pelagie ,vautrin's murderous hands1 and who now washed away the blood from several cuts on his head1 and applied such remedies to his poor bruised limbs as they were acquainted with4 ,and ,madame ,poquet had a kind1 motherly way with her that comforted poor ,marcel wonderfully1 and ,polycarpe and ,loulou showed much sympathy2 and at last he was put into bed 7a dirty one1 it is true1 but warm7 with ,polycarpe2 and the boy fell asleep happier1 notwithstanding his aches and pains1 than he had been for many a year of his short life4 #bfa ,for three whole days ,marcel remained quietly with the ,poquets1 who would willingly have kept him altogether1 and only hoped that ,pelagie would let things be as they were4 ,the fourth morning1 however1 brought a change4 ,scarcely had ,madame ,poquet taken herself and her great basket off for her day's work and pilfering1 and ,m4 ,poquet slunk off a moment after to the cabaret at the corner1 when ,madame ,vautrin appeared suddenly before the frightened eyes of the three children4 ,she was sober1 and in few words ordered ,marcel to get his basket and hook and go to work4 ,the trembling boy silently obeyed4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,alas6 regardless of their doom1 ,the little victims play6 ,no sense have they of ills to come1 ,nor care beyond to-day4 ,yet see how all around them wait ,the ministers of human fate ,and black misfortune's baleful train4 ,gray4 ,but ,polycarpe ,poquet did not drop the acquaintance so well begun2 far from it2 he seemed to have become really attached to the pale1 weak child1 who was about a year younger than himself1 and proved his friendship by becoming a kind of amateur rag-picker and helping to fill the dreadful basket and leathern bag that ,pelagie exacted twice a day4 ,this business finished1 he would lead off ,marcel in quest of amusement1 with the understood intention also of picking up a few sous as he best could1 and ,polycarpe was not at all particular4 ,all was new to ,marcel2 he had never yet had time to stroll through the great thoroughfares at the hours when the magnificent shops of ,paris display their wonderful merchandise to tempt the luxurious rich4 ,he had not even ever crossed the bridges since that fatal #bfth of ,june1 #ahdh1 and knew nothing of beautiful ,paris but the narrow and busy streets of the ,quartier ,latin1 the quarter of the great schools1 of the ,college of ,france1 the ,sorbonne1 and the ,institute4 ,how wonder-stricken was he the day that ,polycarpe conducted him to the ,place de la ,concorde6 ,the sky was blue1 the sun bright1 the two beautiful fountains were spouting their many waters in feathery spray1 the grand old chestnut-trees of the ,tuileries gardens were in full bloom behind him1 palaces on either side of him1 and before him stretched away the magnificent avenue of the ,champs ,elyses1 bordered by trees and flowers and grassy lawns1 and bounded in the far distance by the ,arch of ,triumph6 ,the boy's heart swelled within him1 for the love of the beautiful was hidden in it1 as well as the sense of the good and true1 and he could not speak4 ,he had never gazed before on so brilliant a scene1 and he could find no words to express his feelings4 ,polycarpe understood nothing of this silent admiration1 and after loitering a short time around some of the cafs among the trees in the avenue1 proposed going down on the quay to look at the river4 ,they stopped for a glass of brandy at the nearest cabaret--for ,marcel had learnt this dreadful habit from his friend1 who had been accustomed to tipple from his very birth--and then1 ready for any mischief1 descended to the river's side4 ,an old lady was standing there1 gazing at the swift-flowing water1 as if she were longing to throw into it a very apoplectic-looking little dog she held by a string4 ,marcel1 ,marcel1 whispered ,polycarpe1 ,i'm going to have some fun with that old woman4 ,i'll squeeze some sous out of her1 you see if ,i don't6 #bfb ,he started off running as he spoke1 then suddenly stopped close to the dog4 ,what a love of a dog6 cried he in apparent ecstasy4 ,i never saw a prettier little animal in my life6 ,what kind of a dog do you call that1 madam8 ,it is a ,scotch dog1 my young friend1 replied the old lady1 evidently much flattered2 you have very good taste1 for he is really a very pretty creature4 ,he is a love6 ejaculated ,polycarpe4 ,i have brought him here for a bath1 continued the old lady4 ,i think that it would do him good if he would swim a little4 ,that it would1 madam1 answered ,polycarpe1 stroking and kissing the fat1 wheezy little animal2 but it would be well to give him a little rubbing first2 his skin is rather dirty1 ,i perceive1 madam1 on looking close4 ,i'll wash him for you1 if you like4 ,i'm used to washing dogs4 ,i wash my mother's dog every ,saturday1 madam4 ,really6 said the old lady4 ,well1 ,i should be glad to give ,zozor a good washing1 but ,i'm afraid he's difficult2 he don't like it2 he never did4 ,that's nothing1 madam4 ,julius ,caesar--that's my mother's dog-- don't like it1 but he's obliged to1 for it's for his good4 ,you should just see ,julius ,caesar when ,i've washed and dressed him6 ,he's perfectly beautiful6 ,he's a poodle1 quite white1 and ,i've cut his coat so that he has a flounce round each ankle1 three rows of fringe on his hips1 a fine bandelet on his side1 a frill on his chest1 and a magnificent tassel at the end of his tail4 ,he must be very handsome1 remarked the old lady1 who had listened with much interest to this description4 ,he is1 madam4 ,my mother says no one can dress a dog better than ,i can4 ,so ,i'll wash ,zozor1 if you like2 ,i'll not hurt him in the least4 ,you're very kind1 indeed1 said the old lady4 ,i really shall be very much obliged to you4 ,now then1 ,zozor1 don't be naughty2 it will do you good1 ,zozor4 ,so saying1 the trustful old lady undid the string attached to her pet's collar1 and delivered the victim into the hypocrite's hands4 ,in an instant the wretched little creature was smeared from head to tail with a villanous compound of black soap and soot that ,polycarpe drew from one of his dirty pockets4 ,the poor animal howled dismally as his tormentor daubed him all over1 and more vehemently still when his eyes1 nose1 and mouth were crammed with the nasty1 stinging mixture4 ,now1 madam1 said ,polycarpe1 when the poor beast was well plastered and utterly unrecognizable1 that's the first operation2 and if you want me to go on1 and wash it off1 my charge is forty sous1 paid in advance4 ,i never give credit3 it's a bad system2 ,i've learnt that by experience4 ,you wicked boy6 screamed the old lady1 you little impostor6 you've killed my poor ,zozor6 ,the unlucky pet was rolling himself in the mud1 in an agony of pain4 ,you cruel1 wicked boy6 ,oh6 what shall ,i do8 what shall ,i do8 ,why1 you've only to pay me the forty sous1 said ,polycarpe1 who stood calmly contemplating the contortions of his victim1 and ,i'll continue my operations4 ,forty sous is not dear1 madam1 especially as ,i provide the soap4 #bfc ,the old lady1 unable to endure any longer the sight of her darling's sufferings1 at last drew from her purse a piece of forty sous1 and put it into the outstretched palm of the young scamp1 who no sooner had closed his dirty fingers on the coin than he burst into an insulting laugh and took to his heels1 leaving ,zozor's mistress inarticulate with astonishment and rage4 ,marcel had stood a little distance off while this scene was enacting4 ,at first he laughed2 but when he saw how much the poor dog suffered1 the innate humanity of his nature was awakened1 and as soon as his friend had disappeared he approached the yelling animal1 and1 with much difficulty and no little danger of being bitten1 managed to seize him by the nape of the neck and throw him into the water4 ,the miserable animal struggled desperately1 and so got rid of a great part of the soap and soot2 with the help of a boatman who had come up just in time1 ,marcel got him out again1 and1 after a little rubbing and rinsing1 restored him to his weeping mistress1 clean1 but with blood-shot eyes and inflamed nostrils1 and certainly very much the worse for his adventure4 ,the poor lady was profuse in her thanks4 ,you have saved his life1 she cried2 ,i shall be eternally grateful to you2 ,i will never forget you6 ,and she pressed her dripping darling to her heart1 while she hastily climbed the steep that led from the river's side to the quay above4 ,marcel followed when she was out of sight1 and soon perceived ,polycarpe waiting for him1 and half-hidden behind one of the kiosks on the sidewalk in which newspapers are sold in ,paris4 ,so you washed that old woman's little monster6 cried he1 as soon as he saw ,marcel4 ,you needn't have done that4 ,here ,i've been waiting for you to go to ,mother ,crapaud's for a real blow-out4 ,come along1 now1 ,i'm as hungry as a wolf4 ,did you ever see an old woman so nicely done8 ,o my eye6 poor ,zozor6 wasn't he well soaped8 ,chapter ,v4 ,let not ,ambition mock their humble toil1 ,their vulgar crimes and villany obscure2 ,nor rich folks hear with a disdainful smile ,the low and petty knaveries of the poor4 ,the titled villain and the thief of power1 ,the greatest rogue that ever bore a name1 ,awaits alike the inevitable hour3 ,the paths of wickedness but lead to shame4 ,parody ,on ,gray's ,elegy4 ,polycarpe's favorite dining-saloon1 the gargote1 or eating-house1 of the ,mre ,crapaud1 was situated in the ,rue de la ,huchette1 one of the narrowest1 darkest1 and dirtiest of the old streets of ,paris4 ,it was a large1 low room1 opening from the street2 the whole length of one side of it was taken up by four great furnaces which cooked the contents of the four great marmites1 or boilers1 that were constantly suspended over them4 ,the contents of three of these marmites consisted of beef-soup1 flavored with carrots1 turnips1 cabbage1 onions1 and garlic4 ,the fourth generally contained stewed beans1 a favorite accompaniment to the boiled beef4 ,a kind of counter1 on which stood baskets of cut bread and bowls of salad1 separated the furnaces and marmites from the other part of the room1 which was furnished with tables of six places each1 and benches1 all painted dark green4 ,the place was smoky and grimy1 and not rendered pleasanter by the presence of the ,mre ,crapaud herself1 an enormously fat1 blear-eyed old woman1 possessed of a most abusive tongue4 ,indeed1 she would have seemed better fitted to drive away than to attract customers4 ,the ,mre ,crapaud1 however1 was very popular1 and with good reason2 for not only were her beef and soup the very best that could be bought for the money1 but she also could be depended on in critical moments1 when those whom she recognized as regular customers were in difficulties with the authorities4 #bfd ,fifteen or sixteen customers1 of all ages and of both sexes1 were seated at the tables when the two boys entered1 and the ,mre ,crapaud1 brandishing the great spoon with which she measured her soup1 was busy behind the counter1 assisted by two perspiring marmitons4 ,footnote #aag ,footnote #aag3 ,scullions4 ,bonjour1 la mre1 said ,polycarpe1 as he entered with the ease and swagger of a well-known and favored guest2 how goes it with you8 ,bonjour1 mauvais sujet1 returned the hostess2 what brings you here1 to-day8 ,well1 ,i followed my nose1 good mother1 which was attracted by the smell of your bouillon and beef1 and brought me straight here4 ,permit me to present my friend ,m4 ,marcel1 a young gentleman who is as yet unacquainted with the mysteries of your marmites4 ,mysteries6 what do you mean by that1 you little polisson8 ,there are no mysteries in my soup-pots2 good beef and good vegetables2 find any better if you can4 ,why1 ,i know ,i can't1 ,mother ,crapaud1 and that's why ,i've come4 ,i don't intend running up a score for you1 ,m4 ,polycarpe1 ,i can tell you2 so clear out1 you and your friend1 if you've nothing to pay with4 ,but ,i have1 ,mother ,crapaud4 ,i'm a millionaire to-day1 or very nearly so1 and so ,i'm going to treat my friend and myself to two sous apiece of soup1 and we'll see presently if you can give me change for this4 ,and he tossed up into the air and caught again the silver piece he had extorted from poor ,zozor's mistress4 ,the boys then seated themselves at one of the tables1 and were presently served with a bowl of good bouillon and a hunk of bread4 ,now for a slice of fat beef1 la mre1 said ,polycarpe1 when the soup had disappeared2 six sous' worth will be enough for us two1 and two sous each of stewed beans4 ,what a cram6 isn't it1 ,marcel8 ,marcel did indeed like his good hot dinner4 ,poor fellow6 it was only when ,polycarpe treated him that he knew what it was to eat his fill4 ,no conscientious scruples prevented his full enjoyment of the present4 ,conscience1 that mirror of the soul1 which never flatters1 never deceives1 was veiled in him by the thick mists of ignorance1 and the only kindnesses he ever received were from the hands of thieves4 ,they were finishing their beef and beans when two big1 rough boys1 dressed in dirty blue blouses and dirtier trousers of some nondescript color1 rushed into the gargote and bellowed for something to eat4 ,throwing themselves on the bench opposite to that on which ,polycarpe and ,marcel were seated1 they commenced a series of contortions1 elbow nudges1 whispers1 and loud guffaws1 which were only stopped by the arrival of their victuals4 ,the elder of the two presently looked up1 and1 catching ,polycarpe's fixed gaze1 after a moment's hesitation exclaimed1 ,well1 yes6 'tis you1 ,polycarpe6 ,i thought ,i remembered your face4 ,i'm glad to meet you2 you're a good one1 ,i know4 ,polycarpe was evidently much flattered by this recognition4 ,i thought ,i knew your face too1 as soon as you sat down1 ,guguste1 but you were so full of fun that ,i wouldn't interrupt you4 #bfe ,i'll make you laugh presently1 replied ,guguste1 bursting out afresh1 as did his companion also4 ,i'll tell you something that'll tickle you4 ,come now1 stop your noise1 he continued to his friend1 who wriggled and choked in a convulsion of merriment1 or ,i'll punch you quiet4 ,i'll tell you1 ,polycarpe1 when ,i've put this plateful away4 ,my eyes1 what fun6 ,so saying1 he and his friend fell to again1 and had soon finished both beef and beans4 ,when the plates were empty1 ,guguste leaned his two elbows on the table and took breath4 ,that matter being happily finished1 said he presently1 ,i'll tell you the other2 it's a joke1 a real good joke1 in my opinion2 what old ,gorgibus the shoemaker calls it1 is another thing4 ,what do you think he calls it1 eh6 ,touton8 ,a riddle1 perhaps4 ,ha1 ha1 a riddle6 ,his friend ,touton twisted and wriggled and giggled so heartily at this idea1 that he fell off the bench in his ecstasy4 ,what a fellow you are for fun6 exclaimed ,guguste1 pulling him up2 but really ,i don't wonder at you1 to-day6 ,you must know1 ,poly1 that ,i haven't had a shoe to my feet that was decent for an age1 and you'll agree that that was uncomfortable and unpleasant1 not to say inconvenient1 especially for a man of business like myself--ha1 ha6 ,so when ,i got up1 this morning1 ,i said to myself--while ,i shaved1 you know1 ha1 ha1 ha6--that ,i really must find some kind of covering for my trotters4 ,but where8 ,that was the question4 ,so1 to settle it1 ,touton and ,i strolled about the streets until we found ourselves pretty far in the ,rue ,st4 ,antoine4 ,what should we come upon all at once but a shoe-shop1 and there in the window the very kind of shoes that suited my taste4 ,gorgibus was the name over the door4 ,i shall always remember it2 sha'n't you1 ,touton8 ,don't speak to me1 ,guguste2 ,i shall burst with laughing1 replied ,touton4 ,poor old ,gorgibus1 at the sign of holy ,saint ,crispin6 ,oh6 don't we owe him a candle1 ,guguste8 ,that we do1 ,touton1 and you shall go to the church of ,st4 ,severin1 it's close by1 and pay it to the good saint6 ,not now1 ,guguste4 ,go on with the story1 do2 ,i want to know how you got your shoes1 cried ,polycarpe4 ,well1 then1 continued the young reprobate1 ,touton and ,i consulted together for a minute1 and then in we went4 ',i want a good pair of shoes1 monsieur1' said ,i very politely4 ',i'm just going as clerk to a notary1 and ,i must be well shod4 ,what is the price of this pair8' ,ten francs1' said he4 ,so ,i put my hand in my pocket and pulled out my cash1 and counted it over with him1 and ,i had just nine francs4 ',that's all ,i have1' said ,i1 putting the money back again into my pocket2 'will you give them to me for nine francs1 if they fit me8' ',well1 yes1 ,i will1 my boy1' said the old fellow good-naturedly4 ,upon that ,i sat down and put on both shoes2 they went on like gloves1 so comfortable1 you have no idea6 ,then said ,i1 ',now1 let me see if nothing hurts when ,i walk2' so ,i walked up and down the shop1 old ,gorgibus standing by admiring the fit1 when1 just as ,i was passing near the door1 this great vaurien of a ,touton gave me a punch in the nose6 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 screamed ,touton1 unable any longer to restrain himself1 how ,i cut up the street when ,i'd done it6 and ,guguste cried1 ',stop1 you rascal1 ,i'll make you pay for that6' ,and he ran and ,i ran1 and old ,gorgibus looked after us and laughed till he cried1 and he's crying still very likely6--ha1 ha1 ha6--and waiting for ,guguste to come back and pay for the shoes6 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 #bff ,ha1 ha1 ha6 echoed the listeners4 ,and then the neighbors1 continued ,guguste1 wiping his eyes1 came to their doors1 and kept calling out1 ',he'll catch him1 he'll catch him6' ,o ,lord6 what fun6 ,and what a capital pair of shoes6 ,and the scamp put a foot on the table to show his prize1 while the numerous customers around who had overheard the story applauded him with enthusiasm4 ,excited by the universal admiration1 ,guguste now invited the two boys to accompany him and his friend to the cabaret at the corner of the street to take a glass1 an invitation most willingly accepted4 ,the four unfortunate children accordingly1 after paying for their dinners1 adjourned to the wine-shop1 where1 in the society of bad men and worse women1 they were initiated still deeper into the mysteries and the practice of crime4 ,poor ,marcel6 poor little orphan6 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- ,treatise ,on ,purgatory4 ,footnote #aah ,by ,saint ,catharine ,of ,genoa4 ,footnote #aah3 ,the month of ,november is usually set apart by pious ,catholics for commemoration of the souls in purgatory1 and for prayers and offerings in their behalf4 ,as specially befitting the season1 therefore1 we republish anew the beautiful ,treatise on ,purgatory by ,st4 ,catharine of ,genoa1 with the above prefatory remarks by the translator4 ,there have been several translations of the treatise heretofore published1 and it might seem a needless work to give another4 ,but besides its appropriateness to the season1 and that many will read it in the pages of ,the ,catholic ,world who might not elsewhere see it1 the new translation we now give has special merits of its own which will justify its publication4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,when the gates of purgatory opened to ,dante and his companion with awful thunderous roar1 he heard mingling with the sound a chorus of voices--,we praise thee1 ,o ,god6--rising and fading away like a solemn chant and sound of the organ under the arches of some vast cathedral4 ,and afterward1 while pursuing their journey1 they felt the whole mountain of purgatory tremble4 ,a shout arose--,glory be to ,god in the ,highest6--swelled by the voice of every suffering soul in that vast realm4 ,it was the expression of universal1 unselfish joy over the deliverance of one soul from its bounds4 ,such are the tones that ring all through the ,treatise on ,purgatory by ,st4 ,catharine of ,genoa--full of praise1 of holy joy1 and of unselfish love4 ,it ought to be read beneath the mild eyes of the ,madonna in some old church1 to the sound of solemn music4 ,if you do not meet in it the dazzling angels of the great ,florentine poet1 you feel their presence1 and you rejoice like him in the nooks of beauty where spring sweet1 pale flowers of penitence1 refreshed by the fragrant dews of ,god's mercy4 ,the patient1 silent suffering of the tried souls she describes1 which are living on the glimpse they had of the divine ,splendor at the moment of death1 is full of eloquence4 ,they suffer intensely1 but peace and joy rise above pain1 as in the beautiful bay of ,spezia1 we are told1 the sweet water rises up out of the salt and bitter sea4 #bfg ,while reading this production of genius and of inspiration1 we no longer shrink from that dark region1 lighted up1 as it is1 by rays of ,god's wonderful goodness4 ,with ,st4 ,catharine1 we regard it as a provision of great mercy which the soul gladly avails itself of as a means of purification1 which will fit it for the awful presence of him in whose sight the very stars are not pure--a presence the soul could not endure till it had purged the world's gross darkness off4 ,as ,faber says1 ,the moment that in his sight it perceives its own unfitness for heaven1 it wings its voluntary flight to purgatory1 like a dove to her proper nest in the shades of the forest4 ,it cries3 ,take me away1 and in the lowest deep ,there let me be1 ,and there in hope the lone night-watches keep1 ,told out for me4 ,there1 motionless and happy in my pain1 ,lone1 not forlorn1 ,there will ,i sing my sad perpetual strain1 ,until the morn4 ,there will ,i sing1 and soothe my stricken breast1 ,which ne'er can cease ,to throb1 and pine1 and languish1 till possessed ,of its sole peace4 ,there will ,i sing my absent ,lord and ,love3-- ,take me away1 ,that sooner ,i may rise1 and go above1 ,and see him in the truth of everlasting day4 ,footnote #aai ,footnote #aai3 ,dream of ,gerontius1 by ,father ,newman4 ,m4 le ,vicomte de ,bussierre1 in writing of this treatise1 says3 ,but is the state described by the saint that of all the souls detained by divine justice in this place of expiation8 ,the reply to this question requires some preliminary observations4 ,the dogma of the church respecting purgatory is very brief4 ,the ,holy ,council of ,trent is satisfied with declaring that there is a purgatory1 and that the souls therein detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful4 ,the church does not define the nature of the sufferings endured there1 but this is our idea of them3 ,this world is a place of probation4 ,in it are prepared the materials for the construction of the ,new ,jerusalem4 ,not only stones are wanted for its walls1 but jewels for its decoration4 ,diamonds are not cut in the same manner as common stones4 ,thence we can perceive the necessity of different ways of preparing the righteous for a higher state of existence4 ,the place each one will occupy in heaven is irrevocably fixed at the moment of death1 but1 before taking possession of it1 he must have the highest polish of which he is susceptible1 and be without any defect or stain4 ,take two persons who are entering purgatory4 ,one has passed his life in gross sensual pleasures1 but absolution with the necessary dispositions has restored him to the paths of righteousness2 the other has always lived in innocence and in the closest union with ,god1 but slight imperfections deprive him for a time of the beatific vision4 ,shall it be said that the manner of purifying these two souls is the same1 and that their purgatory only differs in point of duration8 ,it does not seem probable4 ,we do not use the same means for removing a stain from a garment that we should for a particle of dust on a polished mirror4 ,this explanation will better enable us to understand ,st4 ,catharine's treatise4 ,most ,christians believe there are sensible pains in purgatory4 ,it is the view commonly taken of that state by our preachers4 ,our saint does not contradict this opinion4 ,she speaks of a special purification for certain souls1 but without excluding any4 ,the soul in question in her treatise is a diamond already cut with wonderful exactness1 and from which the ,divine ,artist is removing the last stain before placing it among his choicest jewels4 #bfh ,faber says there are two views of purgatory prevailing among ,christians1 indicative of the peculiar tone of the mind of those who have embraced them4 ,one is1 that it is a place of sensible torture1 where the least pain is greater than all the pains of earth put together--an intolerable prison-house1 full of wailing and horror2 visited by angels1 indeed1 but only as the instruments of ,god's awful justice4 ,the spirit of this view is a horror of offending ,almighty ,god1 a habitual trembling before his judgments1 and a great desire for bodily austerities4 ,the second view does not deny any of these features1 but it gives more prominence to other considerations4 ,the spirit of this view is love1 an extreme desire that ,god should not be offended1 and a yearning for the interests of ,jesus4 ,it is not so much a question of selfish consideration with the soul1 as of ,god's will and glory4 ,its sweet prison1 its holy sepulchre1 is in the adorable will of its ,heavenly ,father1 and there it abides the term of its purification with the most perfect contentment and the most unutterable love4 ,in short1 this second view is that of ,st4 ,catharine of ,genoa1 which comes home to our hearts1 as we read her treatise1 with joyful conviction--giving new conceptions of that holy realm of pain4 ,this treatise is not the production of human vanity4 ,st4 ,catharine only wrote by the express wish of her spiritual director1 who fathomed her genius and knew her familiarity with the secrets of the ,most ,high4 ,it is1 in the estimation of judges of the highest authority1 one of the most astonishing and admirable productions of mystical theology1 says ,m4 de ,bussierre4 ,and it has been approved of by the ,holy ,see1 and by the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites4 ,it was one of the favorite books of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 with whose spirit it is so greatly in harmony1 and he calls the authoress a seraph4 ,and ,faber styles her1 ,the ,great ,doctress of ,purgatory4 ,st4 ,catharine was contemporary with ,christopher ,columbus1 being born a few years later in the same city4 ,and she was the grand-niece of ,pope ,innocent ,,iv41 who first gave1 authoritatively1 the name of ,purgatory to the ,intermediate ,state1 and who was1 like her1 of the noble house of the ,fieschi4 ,the ,french author so often quoted says3 ,there are many expressions in this work to which a forced meaning is not to be given4 ,st4 ,catharine represents a soul as strictly united to ,god as it can be without being absorbed in the divinity4 ,but she does not annihilate individuality4 ,she does not teach pantheism4 ,she only expresses the doctrine of ,st4 ,paul1 ',in ipso vivimus1 et movemur1 et sumus3' ',in him we live1 and we move1 and we are4' ,how she makes us long for that union1 and welcome all that hastens it6 ,we would join with all our earth-worn heart in that liturgy of hallowed pain4 ,o world6 we cry with ,faber--,o weary1 clamorous1 sinful world6 who would not break away1 if he could1 like an uncaged dove1 from thy perilous toils and unsafe pilgrimage1 and fly with joy to the lowest place in that most pure1 most safe1 most holy land of suffering and of sinless love8 7,hector ,vernaccia1 who first published the works of ,st4 ,catharine of ,genoa1 wrote the following preface to her ,treatise on ,purgatory37 #bfi ,the soul of ,catharine1 still clad in the flesh1 was plunged in the furnace of ,god's ardent love1 which consumed and purified her from every imperfection1 so that at the end of her life she was fitted to pass at once into the presence of ,god1 the only object of her affection4 ,this interior fire made her comprehend that the souls in purgatory are placed there to be purified from the rust and stain of the sins which they had not expiated on earth4 ,swallowed up in this divine and purging fire1 she acquiesced in the will of ,god1 rejoicing in all his love wrought in her2 she clearly understood what must be the state of the souls in purgatory1 and thus wrote thereof3 ,chapter ,i4 ,state ,of ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory-- ,they ,are ,divested ,of ,all ,self-love4 ,the souls which are confined in purgatory1 as it is given me to understand1 can wish for no other dwelling-place than that wherein ,god hath justly placed them4 ,they have no longer the power of reviewing their past lives4 ,nor can they say3 ,i deserve to remain here for such and such sins4 ,would that ,i had not committed them6 ,then should ,i be participating in the joys of heaven4 ,neither can they compare the duration of their punishment with that of others4 ,they have neither in good nor evil any remembrance which aggravates their pains1 not even respecting others2 but they feel a great satisfaction in being at the disposal of ,god1 who doeth all that seemeth to him good1 and as it pleaseth him1 so that in their greatest sufferings they cannot think of themselves4 ,they regard only the goodness of ,god1 whose infinite mercy would draw all men to himself4 ,they anticipate neither the pain nor the solace that may be their portion3 if they could1 they would not be in a state of pure love4 ,nor do they see that they are suffering in punishment of their sins4 ,they cannot retain such a view in their minds1 for that would be an active imperfection1 and impossible in a place where there is no actual sin4 ,only once1 at the moment of quitting this world1 do they see the cause of purgatory which they have in themselves1 but never afterward1 or there would be some selfish consideration4 ,being in a state of pure love1 from which they cannot deviate by actual fault1 they can only will and desire what is conformable to that pure love4 ,for in the flames of purgatory they are under the divine ordinance and will2 that is to say1 in that state of pure charity from which they can no longer be separated by any cause whatever1 because it is as impossible for them to commit actual sin as it is to acquire actual merit4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,the ,joy ,of ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory-- ,comparison ,which ,shows ,how ,these ,souls ,behold ,god ,more ,and ,more ,clearly-- ,difficulty ,of ,describing ,this ,state4 ,i do not believe that there can be any peace comparable to that felt by the souls in purgatory1 unless that of the saints in paradise4 ,and each day this peace increases by the influence which ,god exercises over the soul4 ,it increases in proportion as the impediment to that influence is consumed4 #bgj ,this impediment is nothing else than the rust of sin4 ,the fire consuming the rust1 the soul is more and more exposed to the divine influence4 ,an object which is covered cannot correspond to the reverberation of the sun's rays2 not by any fault of the sun1 which ceases not to shine1 but because of the covering on the object4 ,if that be consumed1 the object beneath is laid open to the sun2 and the more completely the covering is consumed1 the more perfect the reverberation4 ,so the fire of purgatory wears away the rust of sin which covers the soul1 exposing it to ,god--the true sun--in proportion to its purity1 and1 in the same proportion1 increasing its peace4 ,so that its happiness goes on increasing and the rust wearing away till the time be fully accomplished4 ,the pain which results from the desire of beholding ,god does not diminish1 but the time of its duration does4 ,as to their will1 these souls can never say their pains are pains1 so satisfied are they with the will of ,god1 with which their will is united in purest love4 ,on the other hand1 nevertheless1 they endure a torment so extreme that no tongue can depict it--no understanding grasp the least comprehension of it1 unless by a special grace from ,god4 ,he has given me some idea of it1 but ,i cannot well express it4 ,what the ,lord has revealed to me has always remained imprinted on my mind4 ,i will relate what ,i can of it4 ,they will understand me to whom ,god giveth the intelligence4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,separation ,from ,god ,the ,greatest ,torment ,of ,purgatory-- ,wherein ,purgatory ,differs ,from ,hell4 ,all pain is the consequence of original or actual sin4 ,god created the soul perfectly pure1 and gave it a certain instinct for happiness which forces it toward him as its true centre4 ,original sin enfeebles this instinct in the soul at the beginning4 ,actual sin diminishes it still more4 ,the more this instinct diminishes the worse the soul becomes1 because ,god's grace to the soul is withdrawn in proportion4 ,all goodness is only by participation in the goodness of ,god1 which is constantly communicated1 even to those creatures which are deprived of reason1 according to his will and ordinance4 ,as to the soul endowed with reason1 he communicates his grace to it in proportion as he finds it freed from the obstacle of sin4 ,consequently1 when a guilty soul recovers in a measure its primitive purity1 its instinct for happiness also returns and increases with such impetuosity and so great an ardor of love1 drawing it to its chief end1 that every obstacle becomes to it an insupportable torment4 ,and the more clearly it sees what detains it from union with ,god1 the more excessive is its pain4 ,but the souls in purgatory being freed from the guilt of sin1 there is no other impediment between ,god and them but this pain which prevents the complete satisfaction of their instinct for happiness2 and they see in the clearest manner that the least impediment delays this satisfaction by a necessity of justice3 thence springs up a devouring fire1 like to that of hell1 excepting the guilt4 ,this guilt constitutes the malignant will of the damned1 which obliges ,god to withhold his goodness from them2 so they remain in a fixed state of despair and malignity1 with a will wholly opposed to the divine will4 #bga ,chapter ,,iv4 ,state ,of ,the ,soul ,in ,hell-- ,difference ,between ,it ,and ,that ,of ,the ,soul ,in ,purgatory-- ,reflections ,upon ,those ,who ,neglect ,the ,affairs ,of ,salvation4 ,it is1 then1 clear that the perverse will of man in revolt against the will of ,god constitutes sin1 and that the guilt of sin cannot be effaced from the soul while it is under the dominion of that evil will4 ,now1 the souls in hell departed this life with a perverse will2 consequently1 their guilt has not been washed away1 and now cannot be1 because death has rendered their will unchangeable4 ,the soul is for ever fixed in a state of good or evil1 according to the disposition of the will at the moment of death4 ,wherefore it is written3 ,ubi te invenero1 that is to say1 ,wherever ,i find thee at the hour of death--with a will to sin or to repent of sin--ibi te judicabo1 there will ,i judge thee2 and from this judgment there is no appeal1 because1 all freedom of choice ceasing with life1 the soul must remain unalterably fixed in the state in which death finds it4 ,the souls in hell are guilty to an infinite degree1 being found with a sinful will at the moment of death4 ,their pain is not so great as they merit1 but it will never end4 ,as for the souls in purgatory1 they only endure pain4 ,guilt was effaced before death by a true sorrow for having offended the divine goodness4 ,this pain is finite1 and the time of its duration is constantly diminishing4 ,o misery transcending all other woes1 and so much the greater because the blindness of man takes no precaution against it6 ,the torments of the damned1 we have said1 are not infinite in their rigor4 ,the great goodness of ,god extends a ray of mercy even to hell4 ,a man expiring in a state of deadly sin merits a punishment infinite in duration and in intensity4 ,god1 in his justice1 could have inflicted on the damned torments far greater than they have to endure2 but while he has rendered them infinite as to their duration1 he has limited their intensity4 ,oh6 how dangerous is voluntary sin2 for repentance is difficult1 and1 unrepented of1 the guilt of sin remains1 and will remain as long as man retains his affection for past sins or has the will to commit them anew4 ,chapter ,v4 ,of ,the ,peace ,and ,joy ,in ,purgatory4 ,the souls in purgatory1 being entirely freed from the guilt of sin1 and thus far restored to their original purity1 and their volition being entirely conformed to that of ,god1 they are constantly participating in his goodness4 ,their guilt is remitted because1 before departing this life1 they repented of their sins and confessed them with a firm purpose not to commit any more4 ,they retain1 then1 only the rust of sin which is worn away by those penal fires4 ,being thus cleansed from all sin and united to ,god by their will1 they contemplate him clearly according to the degree of light which is given them4 ,they comprehend how important it is that they should enjoy ,god1 the end for which they were created4 ,they feel so united to him by entire conformity of will1 and are attracted so powerfully toward him by a natural instinct1 that ,i find no comparison1 or examples1 or way by which ,i can express this impetuosity as ,i understand it4 ,nevertheless1 ,i will give a comparison which has been suggested to my mind4 #bgb ,chapter ,,vi4 ,comparison ,illustrating ,the ,ardent ,love ,with ,which ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory ,long ,for ,union ,with ,god4 ,if in all the world there were but one loaf1 the mere sight of which would satiate the hunger of all creatures1 what would be the feelings of a man1 with a natural instinct to eat when he is in health1 if he were neither able to eat1 nor yet to be ill or to die8 ,his hunger would always be increasing with its undiminished instinct1 and1 knowing that he could be satiated by the very sight of this loaf of which he is deprived1 he remains in unbearable torments4 ,the nearer he approaches it1 the more ravenous is his hunger1 which draws him toward this food1 the object of his desire4 ,if he were sure of never beholding this bread1 he would endure a kind of hell1 like that of the eternally lost1 who are deprived of the ,bread of ,life and of the hope of ever beholding ,christ our ,redeemer4 ,the souls in purgatory1 on the contrary1 hope to behold this bread and to eat their fill thereof2 but meanwhile they suffer the torments of a cruel hunger after it--that is to say1 after ,jesus ,christ1 the ,god of our salvation and our love4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,of ,the ,wonderful ,wisdom ,of ,god ,in ,the ,creation ,of ,purgatory ,and ,hell4 ,as the purified soul finds its repose only in ,god1 for whom it was created1 so the soul defiled by sin has no other place but hell assigned it for its destination4 ,the soul1 at the moment of its separation from the body1 naturally gravitates toward its true centre4 ,if in a state of deadly sin1 it goes to its appointed place1 carried there by the very nature of sin4 ,if it did not find this place provided for it by divine justice1 it would remain in a worse hell2 for it would no longer be under the ordinance of ,god1 still participating in his mercy1 and where the pain is less than the soul merits4 ,not finding1 then1 any place better suited to it1 or less fearful than hell1 by divine appointment it gees thither as to its own place4 ,it is the same with purgatory4 ,the soul1 separated from the body1 not finding in itself all its primitive purity1 and seeing that this impediment to its union with ,god can only be removed by means of purgatory1 voluntarily throws itself therein4 ,if the place prepared for the removal of this impediment did not exist1 there would instantaneously be generated in the soul a torture far worse than purgatory1 for it would comprehend that this impediment would hinder it from union with ,god1 its aim and its end4 ,this end is so ardently longed for1 that the torments of purgatory seem as nothing1 although1 as we have said1 they are like those of hell in some respects4 ,but1 ,i repeat1 they seem as nothing compared with the soul's true end4 #bgc ,chapter ,,viii4 ,of ,the ,necessity ,of ,purgatory ,and ,the ,terrible ,nature ,of ,its ,torments4 ,furthermore ,i will say3 the gates of heaven1 through the goodness of ,god1 are closed against no one4 ,whoever wishes can enter1 for the ,lord is full of mercy1 and his arms are constantly extended to receive us into glory4 ,but ,i see also that this divine essence is of such purity1 surpassing all we can imagine1 that the soul which perceives in itself the slightest mote of imperfection would cast itself into a thousand hells rather than remain with a single stain in the presence of infinite ,majesty4 ,therefore1 seeing purgatory ordained for the removal of these stains1 the soul plunges into it1 esteeming it a provision of wonderful mercy by which it can be freed from the impediment it finds in itself4 ,no tongue can express1 no mind conceive1 the nature of purgatory4 ,as to the severity of its torments1 they equal those of hell4 ,footnote #abj ,nevertheless1 the soul with the slightest stain endures them as a merciful dispensation1 regarding them as nothing in comparison with what opposes their union with ,god4 ,footnote #abj3 ,except that the souls in purgatory are not separated from the love and will of ,god1 and have hope4 ,i seem to understand that the sorrow of the souls in purgatory for having in themselves the cause of ,god's displeasure1 resulting from their past offences against his great goodness--,i seem to understand1 ,i say1 that this sorrow surpasses all the other torments which they endure in this place of purification4 ,being in a state of grace1 they comprehend the force and seriousness of the obstacle which hinders their union with ,god4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,the ,mutual ,love ,of ,god ,and ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory-- ,difficulty ,of ,finding ,expressions ,on ,this ,subject4 ,everything which has been revealed to me upon this subject1 and which ,i have comprehended according to the capacity of my mind1 is of so much importance that1 compared therewith1 all the knowledge1 all the sayings1 all the opinions1 all the reason1 and all the wisdom of man in this life seem as vain trifles and as things of no account4 ,i acknowledge1 to my confusion1 that ,i can find no other words to express my meaning4 ,i perceive so great a conformity between ,god and the soul in purgatory that1 in order to restore the latter to its original purity1 ,god inspires in the soul an ardent love which draws it toward him--a love forcible enough to annihilate it1 were it not immortal4 ,it transforms it to such a degree that the soul beholds nothing but ,god1 who draws and inflames it continually1 without ever abandoning it1 till he has brought it back to the source whence it issued1 that is to say1 to the perfect purity in which it was created4 ,and when the soul1 interiorly enlightened1 feels itself thus attracted by the fire of ,god's great love1 it melts completely in its ardor4 ,it sees1 by a supernatural light1 that ,god never ceases to lead it on1 with constant providential care1 to its entire perfection2 it sees that ,god is prompted only by pure love1 and that the soul1 impeded by the effects of sin1 can only follow the divine impulse1 that is to say1 that attraction which draws it toward ,god2 it comprehends also the greatness of the obstacle which hinders its admission to the presence of the divine light2 finally1 it is drawn by that powerful instinct which would have nothing hinder it from yielding to the divine attraction3 it sees and feels all these things1 ,i say1 and therein is the source of the soul's torments in purgatory4 #bgd ,but it does not regard its pain1 however great3 it regards infinitely more the obstacle the will of ,god finds in it1 that will which it clearly sees is full of the purest and most ardent love for it4 ,this love and this unitive attraction act so continually and so powerfully upon the soul1 that if it could find another purgatory more terrible than this1 in which it could be sooner delivered from all that separates it from the ,sovereign ,good1 it would speedily plunge therein1 through the impetuosity of the love it bears to ,god4 ,chapter ,x4 ,how ,god ,purifies ,the ,soul ,in ,purgatory-- ,the ,soul ,acquires ,therein ,such ,perfect ,purity ,that ,were ,it ,to ,remain ,there ,after ,its ,purification ,it ,would ,suffer ,no ,more4 ,i behold1 also1 the ardent rays of divine love toward the souls of men penetrating and potent enough to destroy1 not only the body1 but the soul even1 if that were possible4 ,these rays produce two effects3 they purify1 and they annihilate4 ,look at gold3 the more you melt it the purer it becomes1 and you could go on refining it till every impurity is destroyed4 ,such is the effect of fire upon material things4 ,though the soul cannot annihilate itself in ,god1 it can in its own self2 and the more it is purified1 the more completely is it annihilated in itself1 till at last it rests quite pure in ,god4 ,it is said that gold1 when it is purified to a certain degree1 no longer diminishes1 whatever degree of heat it may be exposed to1 because nothing but the dross can be consumed4 ,the divine fire acts in like manner upon the soul4 ,god holds it in the fire till every imperfection is consumed4 ,he thus reduces all souls to a state of purity1 each one according to its own degree of perfection4 ,and when the soul is thus purified it rests altogether in ,god1 without retaining anything in itself4 ,it has its being then in ,god4 ,and when he has brought the soul to himself1 thus purified1 it becomes impassible1 for there is nothing left in it to be consumed4 ,and should it still remain in the fire after being thus purified1 it would suffer no longer4 ,that fire would be to it a flame of divine love itself eternal life1 in which the soul could experience no more contradictions4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory ,desire ,to ,purified ,from ,every ,stain ,of ,sin-- ,of ,the ,wisdom ,of ,god ,in ,immediately ,concealing ,from ,these ,souls ,their ,faults4-- ,the soul was originally endowed with all the means of attaining its own degree of perfection1 by living in conformity with the laws of ,god and keeping itself pure from all stain of sin4 ,but1 being contaminated by original sin1 it loses its gifts and graces4 ,it dies1 and can only rise again by the assistance of ,god4 ,and when he has raised it to life again by baptism1 a bad inclination still remains in the soul1 leading it1 if unresisted1 to actual sin1 by which it dies anew4 ,god raises it again by another special grace2 nevertheless it remains so soiled1 so fallen back upon itself1 that1 to be restored to the state of purity in which ,god created it1 it has need of all the divine operations before mentioned to enable it to return to its primitive condition4 ,when the soul is on its way back to this state1 its desire of being lost in ,god is so great as to become the purgatory of the soul4 ,purgatory is nothing to it as purgatory4 ,the burning instinct which forces it toward ,god1 only to find an impediment1 constitutes its real torture4 #bge ,by a last act of love1 ,god1 the author of this plan for the perfection of the soul1 works without the concurrence of man2 for there are in the soul so many hidden imperfections that if it saw them it would be in despair4 ,but the state of which we have just spoken destroys them all4 ,it is only when they are obliterated that ,god shows them to the soul1 in order that it may comprehend the divine operation wrought by this fire of love consuming all its imperfections4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,how ,joyfully ,suffering ,is ,endured ,in ,purgatory4 ,remember that what man considers perfect in itself1 is full of defects in the eyes of ,god4 ,everything man does which has the appearance of perfection from the point of view in which he sees it1 or feels1 understands1 wills1 or recalls it1 is soiled and infected if he does not attribute it to ,god4 ,our deeds are perfect only when they are wrought by us1 without considering ourselves the principal agents1 and when they are referred to ,god1 we being only his instruments4 ,such are precisely the final operations of pure love wrought by ,god himself in the soul1 without any merit on our part4 ,these operations are so ardent and so penetrating in their effects upon the soul1 that it seems as though the body which envelops it would be consumed as in a great fire where death alone could give relief4 ,it is true that the love of ,god which fills the soul in purgatory inspires it1 according to my comprehension1 with a joy that cannot be expressed4 ,but this satisfaction does not take away one particle of the pain4 ,nay1 it is the hindering of love from the possession of its object which causes the pain1 and the pain is in proportion to the perfection of the love of which ,god has made the soul capable4 ,thus it is that the souls in purgatory at once enjoy the greatest tranquillity and endure the greatest pain2 and the one in no way hinders the other4 ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,no ,merit ,is ,acquired ,in ,purgatory-- ,in ,what ,manner ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory ,regard ,the ,suffrages ,made ,in ,their ,behalf ,on ,earth4 ,if the stains of the souls in purgatory could be effaced by contrition1 the divine justice might in an instant be satisfied1 so profound and ardent is their sorrow in view of the great obstacle which opposes their union with ,god1 their chief end and their love4 ,but1 remember1 ,god has decreed that the last farthing is to be demanded of these souls for the satisfaction of eternal justice4 ,as to them1 they have no choice2 they can now see and wish only what ,god wishes4 ,this is the unalterable state of their souls4 ,if some spiritual alms are given on earth to abridge the time of their sufferings1 they cannot regard them with affection1 only as they are weighed in the equitable scales of the divine will1 leaving ,god to act according to his own pleasure1 and to pay himself and his justice in the way his own infinite goodness chooses to select4 #bgf ,if it were possible for them to regard these alms apart from the good pleasure of ,god1 they would be guilty of an act of appropriation which would deprive them of the knowledge of the divine will1 and thus making their abode a hell4 ,thus they receive every appointment of ,god with tranquillity1 and neither joy1 nor satisfaction1 nor sufferings can ever induce them to fall back upon themselves4 ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,of ,the ,submission ,of ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory ,to ,the ,will ,of ,god4 ,these souls are so perfectly conformed to the will of ,god that they are always satisfied with his holy decrees4 ,if a soul were admitted to the vision of ,god1 having still something left to be cleansed away1 it would consider itself grievously injured and its sufferings worse than many purgatories1 for it would be unable to endure that excessive goodness and that perfect justice4 ,what an incongruity it would be in the sight of ,god1 as well as of the soul1 for his justice not to be entirely satisfied6 ,if this soul lacked a single moment of expiation1 it would feel an insupportable torture1 and would plunge into a thousand hells to remove this little rust rather than remain in the presence of ,god without being entirely purified4 ,chapter ,,xv4 ,a ,warning ,to ,people ,of ,the ,world4 ,would that ,i could cry loud enough to frighten all the men who dwell upon the face of the earth1 and say to them3 ,o miserable men6 why do you suffer yourselves to be so blinded by the world as not to make any provision for that imperious necessity in which you will find yourselves at the moment of death8 ,you all shelter yourselves under the hope of ,god's mercy1 which you call so infinite4 ,but do you not see that it is precisely this great goodness of ,god which will rise up in judgment against you1 miserable men1 for rebelling against the will of so good a ,lord8 ,his goodness should incite you to the full accomplishment of his will1 instead of encouraging you to sin with impunity2 for1 be fully assured1 his justice can never fail1 and it must1 in some way1 be entirely satisfied4 ,do not reassure yourself by saying3 ,i will confess all my sins1 ,i will gain a plenary indulgence1 and thus ,i shall be cleansed at once from all my iniquities2 and so ,i shall be saved4 ,remember that contrition and confession are necessary to gain a plenary indulgence4 ,and perfect contrition is so difficult to acquire that1 if you knew how difficult it is1 you would tremble for very fear1 and would be much more certain of not gaining the indulgence than of obtaining such a grace4 ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,in ,which ,it ,is ,shown ,that ,the ,torments ,of ,purgatory ,do ,not ,affect ,the ,peace ,and ,joy ,of ,the ,souls ,therein ,detained4 ,i see that the souls suffering in purgatory are conscious of two operations of divine grace in them4 ,by the first of these operations they willingly endure their sufferings4 ,considering1 on the one hand1 what they have merited1 and1 on the other1 the incomprehensible majesty of an offended ,god1 they understand the extent of his mercy toward them4 ,for a single sin merits a thousand hells eternal in duration2 but the goodness of ,god tempers justice with mercy in accepting the precious blood of ,jesus ,christ in satisfaction for sin4 ,so that these souls endure their torments so willingly that they would not have them diminish one iota4 ,they see how fully they are merited1 and how righteously they are ordained3 and as to their will1 it no more revolts against that of ,god than if they were participating in the joys of eternal life4 #bgg ,the second operation of grace in these souls consists in the peace with which they are filled in view of the divine ordinances1 and the love and mercy of ,god manifested in their behalf4 ,the knowledge of these two operations is imprinted by ,god on these souls in an instant1 and1 as they are in a state of grace1 they comprehend them1 every one according to his capacity4 ,they feel a great joy1 which1 far from diminishing1 goes on increasing in proportion as the time for their union with ,god approaches4 ,these souls do not view these things in themselves or as belonging to themselves2 they view them in ,god1 with whom they are far more occupied than with their own torments4 ,for the least glimpse man has of ,god transcends every pain and every imaginable joy4 ,nevertheless1 their excessive joy does not in the least detract from their pain1 nor their extreme pain in the least from their joy4 ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,in ,which ,st4 ,catharine ,applies ,what ,she ,has ,written ,of ,the ,souls ,in ,purgatory ,to ,what ,she ,has ,felt ,and ,experienced ,in ,her ,own ,soul4 ,my own soul has experienced the same state of purification as that of the souls in purgatory--especially within two years--and each day ,i see and feel this more clearly4 ,my soul remains in the body as in a purgatory1 but only in such a degree of suffering as the body can endure without dying4 ,and this suffering will go on increasing by degrees till the body is no longer able to support it1 and will really die4 ,my mind has become unused to all things1 even spiritual1 which could refresh it1 such as joy1 pleasure1 or consolation4 ,it is no longer able1 by will1 understanding1 or memory1 to relish anything1 whether of a temporal or spiritual nature1 so that ,i can say one thing pleases me more than another4 ,my soul has been so besieged1 as it were1 that by degrees it has been deprived of all that could refresh me spiritually or corporally4 ,even this privation makes me feel the power these things have of nourishing and refreshing me2 but the soul1 conscious of this power1 loathes and abhors them to such a degree that they have ceased for ever to tempt me4 ,for it is an instinct of the soul to strive to overcome every obstacle to its perfection--an instinct so cruelly exacting that it would1 as it were1 allow itself to be cast into hell to achieve its object4 ,it goes on then depriving itself of everything in which the inner man can delight1 and this with so much subtlety that the slightest imperfection is noted and detested4 ,the outer man1 being no longer sustained by the consolations of the soul1 suffers to such a degree that1 humanly speaking1 it can find nothing on earth to sustain it4 ,there remains for it no other consolation than ,god1 who ordereth all these things in infinite mercy and love1 for the satisfaction of his justice4 ,this view inspires me with great peace and joy1 which1 nevertheless1 do net diminish the violence of my sufferings2 but no pain could be severe enough to induce me to deviate in the least from the order of things established by ,god4 #bgh ,nor would ,i leave this prison till the ,lord hath accomplished his designs upon me4 ,my peace consists in satisfying the justice of ,god1 and ,i could find no torment greater than in deviating from his ordinance1 so perfectly just and good does it seem to me4 ,i see--,i feel1 as it were--all the things ,i have here related2 but ,i find no words to express my meaning suitably as to what ,i have here written4 ,i have felt its operation in my own soul1 which has given me the necessary knowledge for writing about it4 ,the prison in which ,i seem to be is the world2 the chain that binds me therein is the body4 ,and the soul1 illuminated by grace1 recognizes the importance of the obstacles which hinder it from attaining its true end4 ,this causes great grief to the soul1 on account of its extreme sensibility4 ,nevertheless1 it receives1 through the pure grace of ,god1 a certain impress of dignity1 which not only assimilates it to ,god1 but renders it in a manner one with him by a participation of his goodness4 ,and1 as it is impossible for ,god to suffer1 so the soul which lives in union with him becomes impassible1 and the more complete this union the more it shares in the divine attributes4 ,but the delay of this union causes an intolerable suffering in the soul4 ,and this suffering and this delay make it different from what it was at its creation4 ,god1 by his grace1 makes known to it its original condition4 ,without the power of returning to it1 and yet feeling itself adapted to that condition1 it remains in a state of suffering proportionate to its love for ,god4 ,this love increases with the soul's knowledge of ,god1 and its knowledge increases in the same ratio as the soul is purified from sin4 ,thus this delay becomes more and more intolerable1 because the soul1 entirely absorbed in ,god1 has nothing more to hinder it from truly knowing him4 ,the man who prefers to suffer death rather than offend ,god is not the less fully alive to its pangs1 but the divine grace inspires him with a fervor which makes him think more of the honor of ,god than the life of the body4 ,it is the same with the soul that knows the will of ,god4 ,it regards that as of infinitely more importance than all interior or exterior sufferings whatever1 however terrible they may be2 for the ,lord who worketh in it surpasses all that can be felt or imagined4 ,the result is that the slightest hold of ,god upon the soul keeps it so united to his supreme will that everything else is esteemed as nothing4 ,the soul thus loses all consideration of self4 ,it becomes so regardless of pain that it does not speak of it or even feel it4 ,it is conscious of its real condition for one moment only--as has been said before--when passing from this life to the next4 ,i will only add1 in conclusion3 let us become thoroughly impressed with the fact that ,god1 at once good and powerful1 has created purgatory for the purification of man1 wherein is consumed and annihilated all that he is by nature4 ---------- #bgi ,the ,charities of ,new ,york4 ,if we recur again to a subject on which we have two or three times already addressed the readers of ,the ,catholic ,world1 it is because we are so deeply impressed with its importance1 and because we are persuaded that in any matter which so highly concerns the ,catholic cause all our friends must be heartily interested4 ,the generosity of ,catholics toward their church is almost proverbial4 ,they give more to religion than any other denomination2 they give more liberally in proportion to their means2 and they give spontaneously4 ,and nowhere is their generosity more strikingly shown than in the great cities of ,america1 where they have built so many scores of costly churches1 and raised up convents and orphan asylums1 and where they have given almost every parish its free school1 though the law has compelled them likewise to pay taxes for the support of common-schools to which they cannot in conscience entrust their children4 ,here1 in ,new ,york ,city1 we have had a particularly heavy task to perform4 ,as this is the landing-place of most of the ,catholic immigrants1 besides being the chief city and business centre of the country1 the growth of the ,catholic population has been especially rapid1 and it has grown in principal measure by the influx of the poorer classes1 who1 while they stand in greatest need of the help of the ,church1 are able to do least for its support4 ,it is a notorious fact that1 while a large proportion of the more thrifty immigrants move out to the ,west1 and help to build up ,catholicism in our new ,states and territories1 the destitute and shiftless almost invariably remain in the large cities4 ,hence1 the growth in the material resources of the ,church in ,new ,york does not keep pace with the growth in its numbers4 ,the well-to-do immigrants who have settled here1 and the ,american-born ,catholics1 children of the last generation of settlers1 or else converts from ,protestantism1 have a task of peculiar difficulty1 as they must provide not only for the natural increase in their own numbers1 but for the spiritual wants of their poorer brethren1 who have no means of providing for themselves4 ,and it is a task which seems to grow harder and harder every year4 ,the congregations increase much faster than the churches4 ,children multiply faster than the schools4 ,with all the unremitting labors of our successive bishops and archbishops1 and all the untiring exertions of our zealous priests1 there are not yet churches enough in ,new ,york ,city4 ,we must remember this peculiar condition of our ,church when we undertake to compare ,catholic with ,protestant charities4 ,the noblest work of benevolence is that which assists our neighbor to save his soul2 and ,catholics understand perfectly well that they can make no better disposition of their alms than in contributing to supply the poor with opportunities of hearing ,mass1 receiving the sacraments1 and learning the principles and precepts of their faith4 ,hence1 their liberality has been directed first toward the building of churches and the education of priests1 and next toward the support of ,catholic schools4 #bhj ,while there was so much to be done in these directions1 they felt comparatively little disposition to spare either money or attention in feeding the hungry1 clothing the naked1 or nursing the sick4 ,of these corporal works of mercy they have1 indeed1 done much in proportion to their means2 but they have1 very rightly1 thought more of feeding the hungry soul than the hungry stomach1 more of curing the sick heart than the wounded body4 ,while ,catholics have thus been so much occupied in looking after the things of ,god1 that they have been unable to devote more than an ordinary amount of care to the physical wants of ,god's unfortunate children1 the case with ,protestants has been very different4 ,they are in no want of churches2 they have more already than they know how to fill4 ,they need no free-schools1 for the ,state system of education satisfies all their requirements4 ,they have abundant wealth1 and are willing to devote a share of it to benevolent purposes4 ,in the majority of cases we believe that they give to such enterprises out of the best religious motives2 for we have no patience with the narrowness of mind which suspects the disinterestedness of all ,protestant charity1 and seems to imagine that no man who is so unfortunate as to be a heretic can possibly do a good deed from a good impulse4 ,many ,protestant benevolent institutions are maintained1 no doubt1 for the purpose of bribing poor destitute ,catholics to abandon their faith2 but all are not4 ,protestants are doing a great deal in the way of genuine beneficence2 and it is more becoming1 as well as more politic1 for us to frankly recognize and imitate whatever praiseworthy actions they perform1 than to inquire too closely and suspiciously into their ulterior motives4 ,a book which has recently been published in ,new ,york puts us in a position to compare1 with very little trouble1 the work accomplished by ,protestants and ,catholics in the way of organized charity in this city4 ,its title is1 ,the ,charities of ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 and ,staten ,island1 by ,henry ,j4 ,cammann and ,hugh ,n4 ,camp4 7,octavo1 pp4 #eig4 ,hurd ,houghton47 ,the authors have had much to do with various institutions of benevolence--principally1 we believe1 with those connected with the ,protestant ,episcopal denomination2 and their purpose in preparing this volume was to give a brief history and description of all the organized private charities of ,new ,york and its suburbs1 partly to show what has been done for the relief of suffering humanity1 and partly to guide alms-givers in making an intelligent disposition of their liberality4 ,they seem to have performed their task with care and impartiality1 permitting each institution to speak for itself through one of its officers or special friends1 or in an official report1 and making no attempt to compare the number and efficiency of the establishments of different faiths4 ,a conscientious desire to be just toward ,catholic1 ,protestant1 and ,jew is apparent throughout4 ,the record is not a complete one2 but the deficiency1 we have reason to believe1 is the consequence1 in chief measure1 of the neglect or unwillingness of the proper persons to furnish the requisite information4 ,we have supplied these omissions as far as possible1 but the story is not yet told in full2 though for purposes of comparison the table which we give below is probably sufficient4 ,we have added several important societies and institutions which are not included in the book1 namely1 the ,new ,york ,prison ,association1 ,st4 ,stephen's ,home1 ,st4 ,francis' ,german ,hospital1 the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 and some others2 and we have omitted all which are supported entirely1 or almost entirely1 by appropriations from the city or ,state1 such as ,bellevue ,hospital1 the ,new ,york ,blind ,asylum1 etc41 as well as those which do not properly belong to ,new ,york ,city4 #bha ,the figures represent the number of persons who have obtained aid of shelter from these various organizations during the past year4 ,the admirable ,mission-,house in ,st4 ,james' parish has gone into operation since last year1 and therefore cannot be included in the table4 ,,catholic4 #a4 ,st4 ,vincent's ,hospital1 #hcb #b4 ,st4 ,francis's ,german ,hospital1 #eib #c4 ,st4 ,stephen's ,home for ,destitute ,little ,girls1 #ajj #d4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,male ,orphan ,asylum1 #eej #e4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,female ,orphan ,asylum1 #cij #f4 ,st4 ,joseph's ,orphan ,asylum1 #aej #g4 ,st4 ,vincent's ,orphan ,asylum1 #he #h4 ,house of the ,good ,shepherd1 #ejj #i4 ,institution of ,mercy1 #bhde #aj4 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul ,society1 ,footnote #aba ---- ,total #fjdd ,footnote #aba3 ,lack of information obliges us to leave several blanks in the above table1 where figures should appear4 ,,protestant ,,and ,,jewish4 #a4 ,st4 ,luke's ,hospital #ajbg #b4 ,society for the ,relief of the ,ruptured and ,crippled1 #afhd #c4 ,women's ,hospital1 #ahi #d4 ,german ,hospital and ,dispensary1 ---- #e4 ,eye and ,ear ,infirmary1 #hjch #f4 ,mount ,sinai ,hospital1 #ajbh #g4 ,infirmary for ,women and ,children1 #acg #h4 ,nursery and ,child's ,hospital #egb #i4 ,leake and ,watts ,orphan ,house1 #ajj #aj4 ,st4 ,luke's ,home for ,indigent ,christian ,females1 #ca #aa4 ,american ,female ,guardian ,society and ,home for the ,friendless1 #ejcc #ab4 ,p4 ,e4 ,house of ,mercy1 #aab #ac4 ,orphan ,asylum1 #ahf #ad4 ,colored ,orphan ,asylum1 #bed #ae4 ,orphan ,home and ,asylum of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 #aeh #af4 ,society for the ,relief of ,half-,orphan and ,destitute ,children #bcj #ag4 ,hebrew ,benevolent and ,orphan ,asylum ,society #aej #ah4 ,five ,points ,house of ,industry1 #ajjj #ai4 ,the ,sheltering ,arms1 #aeg #bj4 ,children's ,aid ,society1 #haib #ba4 ,five ,points ,mission ---- #bb4 ,association for the ,relief of ,respectable ,aged ,indigent ,females1 #gi #bc4 ,magdalen ,society1 #cg #bd4 ,ladies' ,union ,aid ,society1 #fe #be4 ,colored ,home #hjj #bf4 ,union ,home and ,school for ,children of ,volunteer ,soldiers and ,sailors1 #ccj #bg4 ,asylum for ,lying-in ,women1 #cie #bh4 ,women's ,prison ,association1 #cej #bi4 ,new-,york ,prison ,association ---- #cj4 ,presbyterian ,home for ,aged ,women1 #bb #ca4 ,society for the ,relief of ,poor ,widows with small ,children1 ---- #cb4 ,howard ,mission and ,home for ,little ,wanderers1 #ajj #cc4 ,working-,women's ,protective ,union1 ---- #cd4 ,association for ,improving the ,condition of the ,poor1 ---- #ce4 ,the ,home1 in ,west-,houston street1 #aab #cf4 ,samaritan ,home for the ,aged1 ---- #cg4 ,protestant ,episcopal ,city ,mission1 ---- #ch4 ,working-,woman's ,home1 #abj #ci4 ,ladies' ,christian ,union1 #aej #dj4 ,house and ,school of ,industry1 #ajb ,total1 #ca1hfj ,this is not a pleasing comparison4 ,out of fifty institutions here enumerated1 only ten belong to us4 ,out of #cg1ijd persons annually relieved by the fifty charities1 our share is only #fjdd4 ,the case is not so bad1 however1 as it appears on first inspection4 ,our ,sisters of ,charity and ,mercy perform an immense amount of benevolent work outside of their own houses and asylums1 nursing the sick1 consoling the afflicted1 watching in public hospitals1 feeding the hungry1 and visiting the prisoner2 work which cannot be measured by figures1 because there is no record of it except in heaven4 ,benevolent labor of the kind to which our sisterhoods devote themselves is undertaken by various of the non-,catholic organizations enumerated in the above table1 and largely increases their apparent predominance over our own establishments1 because they sum up in statistical form what is done1 and we do not4 ,then again1 several of the charities set down as ,protestant are entirely unsectarian in their character1 and we dare say draw a fair proportion of their support from ,catholic sources4 ,not so bad as it seems1 we say2 yet surely bad enough4 #bhb ,perhaps we ought not even to claim credit for what the sisterhoods do2 for theirs are in reality labors of individual benevolence1 and the ,catholic community at large shares little or nothing of the expense1 the trouble1 or the merit of them4 ,the ,catholics of ,new ,york are supposed to number four hundred thousand--nearly half the population of the city--and it is notorious that they comprise a great deal more than half the pauper population4 ,are we doing a fair proportion of the work of taking care of our poor8 ,moreover1 pauperism increases ten times as fast as the whole population4 ,the growth of the entire number of inhabitants in thirty-four years has been ninety per cent2 the increase in the number of those receiving charitable relief has been during the same period no less than nine hundred per cent4 ,what provision are we making to meet the terrible responsibility which this state of society entails8 ,we can hardly question that the time has come when the physical wants of these unfortunate classes should awaken in us serious consideration4 ,we have done well to look so carefully after the building of churches1 and of course we must not relax our efforts or check our generosity in the slightest degree on account of these additional calls upon us4 ,we must work also for our schools as we have never worked before4 ,systems of education all around us are daily improving1 and ,catholic schools must not be left behind4 ,perhaps it may be found possible to make some arrangement by which we can be relieved of the disadvantage under which we now rest4 ,catholics and ,protestants should have but one and the same end in view in the education of the young2 and we are not without hope that the love of fair play which belongs to the ,american people will enable us in time to compose the old school-quarrel1 which has been such an injury to the community4 ,how this may be done1 it would lead us far from our present subject to consider4 ,we trust it will be done some day1 but meanwhile our church schools have a right to the most generous support4 ,churches and schools must come first2 but when we have given them all they need1 we are not to stop there4 ,protestants are fully awake to the danger which threatens the public welfare from this rapid increase of a destitute class1 and are working hard to effect a reform4 ,if we do not take care of our own poor1 they will not only provide for their physical wants1 but will soon acquire charge of their souls4 ,such institutions as the ,five ,points ,mission1 the ,howard ,mission1 the ,children's ,aid ,society1 the ,association for ,improving the ,condition of the ,poor1 however honestly they may be conducted1 are powerful engines of proselytism4 ,their managers may be actuated by the most disinterested benevolence1 they may use none but legitimate means of influence2 but is it any wonder that they draw many ,catholics1 especially children1 away from the faith1 when we let them have the field so completely to themselves8 ,against the ,association for ,improving the ,condition of the ,poor1 we can set off1 indeed1 our noble ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 though its resources are far smaller than they should be2 but to take the place of the three other important charities mentioned above1 we ,catholics can show little or nothing4 ,first1 we ought to look after the children4 ,the adult sick and suffering are in less spiritual danger2 for in most of the hospitals1 except those of a strictly denominational character1 they can enjoy the visits of priests and sisters4 ,for the destitute who are strong enough to work we can offer no better resource than that which the ,citizens' ,association is now striving to afford in the organization of a ,labor ,bureau1 by which the superfluous hands of the city may be distributed among the farming regions1 where labor is badly needed4 #bhc ,sectarianism appears to have nothing to do with this enterprise1 and it offers relief in the best possible way1 by enabling the poor not to eat the bread of idleness1 but to earn an honest living4 ,for the aged and friendless1 who are past work and have no provision for the sunset of life1 we still have no asylums2 but their claims must be postponed until those of the children are satisfied4 ,we are told that our city contains no fewer than #dj1jjj vagrant and destitute children4 ,what a fearful seed of crime and misery this sad multitude constitutes1 growing up in every kind of ignorance and vice1 and ripening for the prisons6 ,what are we doing for them8 ,we have orphan asylums2 but most of these children are not orphans1 and even if they were1 the asylums have not room for a tithe of them4 ,we have the ,protectory1 at ,westchester2 but that is only for young criminals1 who must be committed on a magistrate's warrant1 and must1 moreover1 be the children of ,catholic parents4 ,now1 thousands of these young vagrants have never yet fallen within the grasp of the law2 thousands are the children of no faith whatever1 and1 if brought before a justice1 would have to be sent to the ,protestant instead of the ,catholic asylum4 ,and1 even if all these children could be brought under the control of our ,protectory ,association1 twenty such asylums as the excellent one at ,westchester would not hold them4 ,no6 there is much for us yet to do2 there are thousands of poor little children upon whom ,catholic charity has not yet laid a finger4 ,we spoke1 in a former number of ,the ,catholic ,world1 of the noble mission-school which the zeal and perseverance of one good priest has founded in ,st4 ,james's parish in this city4 ,if almost every church in ,new ,york were able to build an institution of a similar kind1 we might rest satisfied2 but what is one mission-school among #dj1jjj children8 ,what can one over-worked clergyman do toward performing a task which is the duty of the entire ,catholic community8 ,it is a sad and humiliating thing to confess2 but ,protestants seem to appreciate the claim which these vagrant children have upon the public much better than we do4 ,the ,protestants are not idle3 they have their ,refuges1 their ,industrial ,schools1 their ,homes1 their missionaries1 right in the heart of the vagabond population2 they spare neither trouble nor money to catch these souls2 and we are ashamed to say they capture a great many who are rightfully our charges4 ,if we let this continue1 will not ,god have a terrible account to exact of us some day8 ,we are gratified to know that what we have heretofore said on this subject has not been without its effect4 ,there are some good brethren who seem to believe that it is the duty of all ,catholic writers to defend those of the faith from every aspersion1 to cover up all their defects1 to excuse all their wrong-doings1 to hold them up as perfect models of the ,christian life1 and to ignore or decry every good work undertaken by heretics4 ,such as these were offended at the account we gave of the ,howard ,mission1 and similar ,protestant institutions4 ,but others have listened to us in a more sensible frame of mind1 have acknowledged the justice of our remarks1 and have offered to contribute their purses whenever an effort is made to supply the want we have indicated4 ,made it will be and must be1 before long4 ,now1 who will make it8 #bhd ,we had written thus far1 when we received an unexpected answer to our question in the following letter from a charitable ,catholic lady3 ,to ,the ,editor ,of ,the ,catholic ,world3 ,rev4 ,father3 ,the thought of doing something for the neglected children of ,new ,york prompts me to write to you4 ,since the moment that ,i read the letter that you published in ,the ,catholic ,world1 they have scarcely been out of my mind4 ,i have offered up all my prayers and communions for them1 and ,i have prayed especially for them every day4 ,i had no thought that ,i could do anything else1 but sometimes ,i think that1 if all should content themselves with praying1 there would be nothing done4 ,i am afraid ,i cannot do much1 for ,i do not know how to begin1 and ,i have so little confidence and ,i know so few people4 ,but ,i felt as if ,i could not pray any more without trying to do something also4 ,perhaps the work could be begun by an appeal something like the following3 ,to ,catholic ,mothers4 ,of forty thousand vagrant children in ,new ,york we cannot doubt that far more than one half have inherited the ,catholic faith4--,catholic ,world for ,aug4 #ahfh4 ,more than twenty thousand ,catholic children in ,new ,york1 homeless1 uncared for1 ignorant1 and abandoned6 ,can we ,catholic mothers think of this and sit quietly in our homes with our little ones around us8 ,can we shut from our ears their cries of sorrow1 from our eyes their little forms trembling with cold and hunger1 or from our hearts the thought of their desolation8 ,no1 we cannot1 and we would not2 for is it not most especially our right1 our duty1 and our privilege to do for them8 ,our priests are overworked1 they cannot do everything2 let us1 then1 beg their blessing and begin this noble undertaking4 ,we have not much to do1 only to prepare the way4 ,the ,sisters of ,charity or ,mercy are ready and longing to care for these little desolate ones4 ,we have only to put the means in their hands4 ,already a ,catholic lady of ,new ,york has given one thousand dollars for this end1 and we have only to follow her as far as we are able4 ,i think ten others can be found in our city to imitate her example4 ,if we can1 let us give largely1 for it is but lending to the ,lord2 if we have but little1 let us give of that1 not forgetting that the widow's mite was more than all else cast into the treasury4 ,shall we let the snows of another winter find these little ones still unclothed and unsheltered2 shall we let their souls perish here in the midst of churches and altars1 while our priests and missionaries in distant lands are shedding their blood for the heathen8 ,let us ,christian mothers begin our work earnestly1 let us pray and labor for these little ones2 they are here in our midst1 and before ,god we are responsible for them4 ,respectfully1 ---- ,our correspondent1 we believe1 has gone to work in the right way1 and1 unless we greatly misjudge the ,catholic ladies of ,new ,york1 her appeal will be heard4 ,the best plan1 we think1 would be to establish1 in the heart of the poorer quarters of the city1 a mission-house under the charge of ,sisters of ,charity1 or ,sisters of ,mercy1 who should make it their whole business to visit the destitute in their homes1 teach them how to lead decent lives1 see that their children were brought into ,sunday and day-schools1 that the whole family went to mass and confession1 and that the children received proper care at home4 ,it is much better to persuade parents to train up their offspring properly than to take the children out of their hands and rear them in mission-houses and asylums4 ,the family relation ought to be rigidly respected2 for ,god's plan of education is a good deal better than anything we can invent in place of it4 ,for homeless and orphan children1 the ,sisters might see that admission was procured into the ,catholic establishments already provided for those classes2 for the sick and the starving they would ask relief from the charitable throughout the city1 and whatever we placed in their hands we might be sure would be judiciously distributed4 #bhe ,there are generous ,catholic women enough in ,new ,york to the foundation of such a house1 and provide for the support of a small community to take charge of it2 and there are many who would highly value the privilege of co-operating with the ,sisters in their holy work4 ,let them come forth1 effect an organization under the sanction of the ecclesiastical authority of the diocese1 begin at once to raise the money required1 and a great undertaking1 the parent of many others1 will be effected4 ,when we once get into the way of practical benevolence1 we shall be surprised to see how easily one foundation will follow another1 and how the habit of alms-deeds will become so fixed that it will seem easier and more natural to give than to refrain from giving4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,symbolism2 or1 ,exposition of the ,doctrinal ,differences between ,catholics and ,protestants1 as evidenced by their ,symbolical ,writings4 ,by ,john ,a4 ,moehler1 ,d4,d4 ,translated from the ,german1 with a ,memoir of the ,author1 preceded by an ,historical ,sketch of the state of ,protestantism and ,catholicism in ,germany for the last hundred years4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,robertson4 ,new edition1 revised and annotated by the ,translator4 ,one vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #ejd1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfh4 ,the ,symbolism of ,dr4 ,mhler is1 perhaps1 the most remarkable polemical work which has appeared since the days of ,bellarmine and ,bossuet4 ,its influence in ,germany has been extraordinary1 and the translation by ,mr4 ,robertson has exerted an influence of similar importance in ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states1 as well as in every part of the world where ,english is spoken4 ,the late illustrious convert from the ,protestant ,episcopal hierarchy1 ,dr4 ,ives1 was greatly indebted to this book for the convictions which brought him into the ,church1 and many others might doubtless say the same of themselves4 ,it may be well to say1 for the benefit of non-professional readers1 that ,symbolism in ,german phraseology means the exposition of symbols of faith or authorized formularies of doctrines1 and that this work is a thorough discussion of the dogmatic differences between the ,catholic ,church and the principal ,protestant denominations4 ,the present edition is a very convenient one1 in one volume1 neatly executed and well printed4 ,we cannot too earnestly recommend to our intelligent readers1 who desire thorough and solid information on the great topics of ,catholic doctrine1 to study carefully this great masterpiece of learning and thought4 ---- ,the ,pope ,and ,the ,church ,considered ,in ,their ,mutual ,relations ,with ,reference ,to ,the ,errors ,of ,the ,high ,church ,party ,in ,england4 ,by the ,rev4 ,paul ,bottalla1 ,s4,j41 ,professor of ,theology in ,st4 ,beuno's ,college1 ,north ,wales4 ,part ,i4 ,the ,supreme ,authority of the ,pope4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,gates ,co4 #ahfh4 ,the ,apostolical ,and ,infallible ,authority ,of ,the ,pope4 ,by ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d41 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,sadlier4 ,cincinnati3 ,john ,p4 ,walsh4 #ahfh4 ,the first named of these two works is one of the very best and most learned treatises on the subject discussed which has appeared in the ,english language1 and will prove an invaluable addition to every clergyman's or educated layman's library4 ,it is1 moreover1 of very moderate size1 and written with remarkable logical terseness and lucidness of style and order4 #bhf ,the second work also contains a valuable and extensive collection of authorities and testimonies to the supreme teaching authority of the ,holy ,see1 and a rsum of the arguments usually given by theologians in support of the author's thesis4 ,the moderate and gentle spirit in which the venerated author speaks of the adherents of another school of ,catholic theologians is especially commendable and worthy of imitation1 particularly as we are now awaiting the assembling of an ,ecumenical ,council1 which will doubtless decide all questions heretofore in controversy in regard to which the good of the ,church requires any clearer definitions than those which have been already made and universally accepted4 ,there are some few corrections called for in the construction of the author's sentences1 especially one which occurs in the note to page #bjf4 ,the mechanical execution of the book cannot receive any high commendation4 ---- ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,sunday-school ,library4 ,second ,series4 ,twelve volumes1 pp4 #add each4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau street4 #ahfh4 ,the titles of the volumes in this series are as follows3 ,nettlethorpe1 the ,miser2 ,tales of ,naval and ,military ,life2 ,harry ,o',brien1 and ,other ,tales2 ,the ,hermit of ,mount ,atlas2 ,leo1 or ,the ,choice of a ,friend2 ,antonio1 or ,the ,orphan of ,florence2 ,tales of the ,south of ,france2 ,stories of ,other ,lands2 ,emma's ,cross1 and ,other ,tales2 ,uncle ,edward's ,stories2 ,joe ,baker2 ,the ,two ,painters4 ,these tales were evidently selected with good taste and sound judgment4 ,all are interesting1 of a high moral tone1 and well adapted to carry out the praiseworthy object for which this library was intended3 furnishing ,catholic youth of both sexes with reading matter both useful and entertaining4 ,these volumes1 in diversity of scene1 variety of incident1 etc41 fully equal those which appeared in the ,first ,series2 while in external elegance1 and in beauty of illustration1 they are decidedly superior4 ,we find one fault1 however4 ,considering how far girls outnumber boys in our ,sunday-schools1 we think it hardly fair that but one volume should be devoted to the joys and sorrows1 the temptations and triumphs1 of girlhood4 ,in our opinion1 several volumes in each series should be1 in an especial manner1 set apart for their particular pleasure and benefit4 ,we hope our suggestion will be1 if possible1 acted upon in the next series4 ---- ,leaf ,and ,flower ,pictures1 ,and ,how ,to ,make ,them4 ,new ,york3 ,anson ,d4 ,f4 ,randolph4 #ahfh4 ,this pleasantly written and instructive little work is dedicated most affectionately to the authoress's ,two dear little ',doppies1' two little girls named respectively ,nellie and ,anna1 who one day 'dopted her for their aunt4 ,hence their name4 ,whoever ,h4 ,b4 may be1 7for this is all that is given us to know of this good aunt17 we are sure that many persons who are interested in the delightful recreation of making leaf and flower pictures will thank her for the composition of this book4 ,that our readers may understand its object1 we quote from the preface3 ,i think even quite small children1 both boys and girls1 as well as older persons1 will find it delightful to make themselves pictures1 and have a collection 'of their own' of all sorts of leaves1 mosses1 grasses1 flowers1 and lichens4 ,will it not add greatly to the pleasure of being out of doors1 if1 in every walk you take1 from ,may to ,october1 you carry home some leaf1 or flower1 or spike of grass1 to add to the treasures of your hortus siccus1 or to lay aside until the long cold hours of winter come1 when1 in varnishing and arranging them as pictures and decorations1 you can almost restore to yourself the delight of your summer rambles1 and make into a permanent and abiding pleasure a portion of the beauty which then charmed and refreshed your soul8 ,therefore1 dear reader1 be you child or woman1 boy or man1 if you would open your eyes some frosty morning next ,january1 and behold a lovely wreath of flowers blooming upon the walls of your chamber1 with all the freshness of ,june--a wreath that ,jack ,frost cannot wither1 even if he has sent the mercury out of sight below zero--read this little book2 for you can have one by following its directions4 #bhg ,personal ,sketches ,of ,his ,own ,times4 ,by ,sir ,jonah ,barrington1 ,judge of the ,high ,court of the ,admiralty in ,ireland1 etc41 etc4 ,one vol4 #abmo4 ,the ,life ,of ,the ,right ,honorable ,john ,philpot ,curran1 ,late ,master ,of ,the ,rolls ,in ,ireland4 ,by his son1 ,william ,henry ,curran4 ,with additions and notes by ,r4 ,shelton ,mackenzie1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,one vol4 #abmo4 ,sketches ,of ,the ,irish ,bar4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,richard ,lalor ,sheil1 ,m4,p4 ,with ,memoir and ,notes by ,r4 ,shelton ,mackenzie1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,two volumes1 pp4 #chh1 #chj4 ,new ,york3 ,w4 ,j4 ,widdleton4 #ahfh4 ,above we give the titles of three works which have been out of print for some time1 but new editions of which have just appeared4 ,sheil's ,sketches1 commenced in #ahbb and continued until #ahbi1 embrace short1 piquant biographies of the most prominent members of the ,irish ,bar--,o',connell1 ,plunket1 ,burke1 ,o',loghlin1 ,norbury1 etc42 with incidental allusions to other celebrities--,lady ,morgan1 ,lord ,edward ,fitzgerald1 ,robert ,emmet1 etc41 etc4 ,there are1 in addition1 the author's personal recollections of the ,catholic ,association in #ahbc2 of the visit of the ,catholic deputation to ,london in #ahbe1 and its reception in the ,house of ,commons2 and of the great ,clare ,election in #ahbh4 ,barrington's ,sketches are also racy and piquant1 and give an insight into ,irish manners and customs fifty years ago4 ,the ,life of ,curran has been a standard work1 and this new edition will bring it anew before the rising generation4 ---- ,the ,works ,of ,rev4 ,arthur ,o'leary1 ,o4,s4,f4 ,edited by a clergyman of ,massachusetts4 ,one vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #eif4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahfh4 ,the reputation of ,f4 ,o',leary is universal among all who take an interest in ,irish history and literature4 ,his works1 which abound with learning1 humor1 and passages of remarkably fine writing of the rich1 ornate style of the old school1 have been carefully edited by the learned clergyman whose name is modestly withheld on the title-page1 and published in good style by ,mr4 ,donahoe4 ,we thank them both for this valuable service to ,catholic literature1 and have no suggestion to make1 except that the small number of typographical errors which have escaped the vigilance of the proof-reader should be corrected in the second edition4 ---- ,the ,lily ,of ,the ,valley2 or1 ,margie and ,i1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,amy ,gray4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 #ahfh4 ,the gentle authoress of these poems1 which have1 at least1 the merit of conveying a genuine expression of her sentiments1 presents the volume to the public with this preface1 which we copy entire3 ,the object of the publication of the poems1 and in view of which most of them were written1 is to aid in the education of destitute little girls of the ,south1 orphaned by the late war4 ,the author cannot hope for more than a mite from so small a volume--the production1 too1 of an unknown writer2 but the proceeds1 whatever they may be1 will be unreservedly appropriated to the object above named4 ,to an intelligent and generous reading public the author confides this little work1 feeling sure that their generosity will secure for it a patronage that its intrinsic merit cannot hope to obtain4 ,it was of old the duty and privilege of the chosen people of ,god to offer the first-fruits of all their possessions to his service2 and it is with gratitude for many mercies received1 and with earnest prayers for the divine blessing1 that the author would dedicate the first-fruits of her pen to an object which seems in accordance with the teachings of our blessed ,lord1 who has said3 ',take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones2 for ,i say unto you1 that in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my ,father which is in heaven4' #bhh ,excelsior2 or1 ,essays on ,politeness1 ,education1 and the ,means of ,attaining ,success in ,life4 ,part ,i4 ,for young gentlemen4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,howard1 ,a4,m4 ,part ,,ii4 ,for young ladies4 ,by a lady1 7,r4 ,v4 ,r47 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet #ahfh4 ,a capital book1 and one we would like to have placed in the hands of every student1 boy or girl1 in the country4 ,it is not easy to write books of this character1 at least books that young persons will read2 but ,mr4 ,howard and his gentle co-author have produced a volume as pleasantly written as it is solidly instructive4 ,it is said that it requires a high degree of moral courage to purchase at the bookseller's a book on politeness4 ,we trust that few among our young friends will be wanting in this courage when the purchase of the present volume is concerned1 and we will guarantee that not one will fail to peruse it with very great pleasure4 ---- ,mac ,carthy ,more2 or1 ,the ,fortunes of an ,irish ,chief in the ,reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,pp4 #bgg4 #ahfh4 ,this1 the latest production of ,mrs4 ,sadlier's prolific pen1 is in no wise inferior to its predecessors4 ,the incidents which form its groundwork are strictly historical1 and can be found in ,the ,life and ,letters of ,florence ,mac ,carthy ,reagh1 ,tanist of ,carberry1 ,mac ,carthy ,mor1 compiled from unpublished documents in her ,majesty's ,state ,paper ,office1 by ,daniel ,mac ,carthy1 7,glas17 and published by ,longman ,co41 ,london4 ,for those who cannot afford to purchase the more expensive ,english work1 ,mrs4 ,sadlier's condensation of the life and times of the great ,irish chieftain will prove a very agreeable substitute4 ,besides being thus presented under the guise of a graceful little story1 they will doubtless be more acceptable to most readers than the dry and prosaic details of mere historical narration4 ---- ,plain ,talk ,about ,the ,protestantism ,of ,to-day4 ,from the ,french of ,mgr4 ,segur4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahfh4 ,the best word we can say about this little book is to copy the first few lines of the translator's note3 ,you ask me1 dear sir1 ',what makes me so anxious to publish this work in ,america8' ,well1 ,i wish to have it published for the sake of ,catholic children tending common schools--of ,catholic girls living out in families--of ,catholic boys serving their time--of all dear and poor friends so often wounded in the affections dearest to their hearts1 and whose religion is so often attacked in rude words4 ,i herewith hope to place in their hands such arms as they can easily use1 and which will have a telling effect on the enemies of their faith4 ---- ,mignon4 ,a ,tale4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,pp4 #bjb4 #ahfh4 ,a charming little story1 neatly got up2 but the pleasure to be derived from its perusal would1 however1 be considerably increased if the thread of the narrative were not so often and so needlessly broken by whole pages devoted to sentimentalisms of the shallowest type4 ---------- #bhi ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,viii41 ,no4 #de ,december1 #ahfh4 ---------- ,hypnotics4 ,the craving for opiates indicates either pain or restlessness4 ,the wounded man longs for that which may dull the sensation of physical suffering and procure the temporary oblivion of sleep4 ,one who is wearied by the morbid activity of his brain1 and the lassitude which is caused by it1 desires some artificial remedy to give him the repose which refuses to come naturally to his sleepless eyelids4 ,a person in health has no need1 and1 consequently1 no desire for opiates4 ,his activity is healthful and pleasurable2 his weariness is natural1 making rest pleasant1 and giving sound1 recreative slumbers4 ,in like manner1 when one begins to talk about a craving for an intellectual or spiritual opiate1 the presence of some malady making the soul restless is manifest4 ,its activity is morbid and irregular1 preventing that repose which is the natural consequence of a perfectly sound and normal condition of the mental and spiritual faculties4 ,these remarks were suggested by reading1 in an article written with much refinement of taste and delicacy of sentiment in one of our principal literary papers1 ,footnote #abb the following passage on the hypnotic qualities of ,catholicity3 ,footnote #abb3 ,the ,nation1 ,august #ahth1 #ahfh2 ,review of ,mrs4 ,craven's ,sister's ,story4 ,mrs4 ,craven certainly offers very abundant and convincing testimony on this point--a point which probably no one ever dreams of controverting4 ,given natures like these1 in which the emotional element entirely predominates2 to which the pursuit of truth1 as an ultimate object1 is totally incomprehensible2 which crave happiness and repose with a passionate longing1 and the ,church certainly offers a satisfactory and comprehensive solution of all their difficulties4 ,we should all be ,catholics were it not that the ,church sets too high a price upon her opiates4 ,one generally pays for extreme wealth of emotional power by a corresponding poverty of judgment1 and though1 if we had our choice1 we might all be willing to be born blind1 that we might never feel afraid in the dark1 the settlement of the matter is certainly not optional with us4 ,it is a congenital impossibility for some people to conceive of their natural passions1 of their judgment1 will1 and reason1 as mere counters with which they can purchase eternal rest1 and a tardy but complete gratification of the wants which are here unsupplied4 ,such people do not1 in rejecting ,catholicism1 necessarily disavow the yearning for this rest1 nor the belief that it will be attained4 ,the craving is universal1 the ,church's answer only partial--it allows the claims of the emotions1 but it disallows those of the intellect4 ,there is no doubt that she does her legitimate work well and thoroughly1 that she gives hope to the despairing1 comfort to the sorrowing1 and sometimes mends the morals of the vicious--we quarrel with her only because in virtue of doing this she claims the right to outrage or ignore wants yet profounder than those which she supplies4 #bij ,we have selected this passage as the theme of some brief discussion1 without any reference to the particular topic of the article in which it is contained1 or intention of raising any special controversy with the writer of it1 whose personality is entirely unknown to us4 ,it has struck our attention simply as a remarkably tangible and felicitous expression of a sentiment or opinion shared in common by a large class of minds1 and well worthy of our most serious consideration4 ,they think that those who have embraced the ,catholic religion have been driven1 by the unrest and weariness of the soul1 to take a spiritual opiate--a metaphorical expression1 but one whose meaning is so obvious that it needs no explanation4 ,they acknowledge the existence of the same unrest in their own souls1 but refuse to accept the remedy offered by the ,catholic ,church1 because they imagine that it can only produce its effect of relieving the pain of the soul by superinducing an artificial sleep of the intellect4 ,the mind must slumber1 intelligence must cease its activity1 in order that the heart may be made peaceful and happy in the practice of the ,catholic religion4 ,they are unwilling to purchase rest at such a price1 and1 it may be1 would be unable to do it if they were willing4 ,therefore1 they prefer to endure the pain of doubt1 the restlessness of scepticism1 the weariness of a yearning after an unknown good1 in the vague expectation of finding it at some distant period1 if not in this world1 yet in some future sphere of existence4 ,the objection of these persons to ,catholicity is1 that it does not acknowledge or adequately satisfy the just demands of the intellect4 ,those who embrace it1 they say1 cannot justify their conversion on rational grounds1 or allege sufficient and conclusive evidence of the truth of its doctrines4 ,they have either never sought for a religion which satisfies reason1 or have abandoned their search in despair1 and laid their intellect to sleep upon the soft pillow of an unreasoning submission to an authority that supersedes all exercise of thought1 and quiets all action of intelligence4 ,the correctness of this assumption is the precise topic of discussion we now propose4 ,it is evidently altogether useless to frame an argument on the supposition that we have to deal with any form of ,protestant orthodoxy1 so-called4 ,persons who profess to believe in a definite system of doctrine as revealed truth cannot admit any such unsatisfied yearnings after truth as those are whose existence is denoted by the writer of the paragraphs we have cited4 ,it is1 therefore1 useless to take as data any of the principles or doctrines of the common ,protestant theology4 ,it is with a sceptical state of mind we have to deal1 which rejects every received version of ,christianity as incomplete and unsatisfactory1 however it may admit1 in a general way1 that ,christianity itself is something divine4 ,we think we may take it for granted that the very state of mind indicated by the language on which we are commenting has been produced by a revolt of the reason against ,protestant theology4 ,probably those whose sentiments are represented by this language have been more or less strictly educated in the tenets of some one of the ,protestant churches4 #bia ,they have found these tenets to be absurd--incredible2 based on no solid evidence2 mere individual theories1 contradicted by the facts of history and the dictates of mature reason4 ,they have1 consequently1 abjured all allegiance to any sect or school of ,protestant ,christianity1 and have fallen back upon their own reason as the exponent of the ,christian religion1 and of all other religions1 as the only criterion of truth in all orders of thought1 and the only guide which has been given to man amid the perplexities which beset his intellect on every side4 ,the ,catholic system of doctrines is supposed to be essentially the same with orthodox ,protestantism1 plus a few more dogmas1 a system of elaborate ceremonial1 and a peculiar hierarchical organization1 which openly claims and enforces submission to its own doctrinal decisions and moral precepts as infallible and supreme4 ,the same absurdities which exist in the ,protestant system of theology are supposed to be contained also in the ,catholic system4 ,it does not occur to these persons that these absurdities maybe traced to exaggerated or distorted theories respecting the ancient dogmas of ,christianity1 which are rejected by the ,catholic theology1 and to the incompleteness of the ,protestant systems1 which are built up from fragments of the sublime edifice they have destroyed1 without plan1 order1 or architectural harmony4 ,this is1 however1 the fact2 and when we speak of the unreasonableness of the orthodox ,protestant form of ,christianity as the occasion and temptation to scepticism1 we must be understood to speak in accordance with this fact4 ,we do not mean to say that the evidences of the divine revelation and truth of ,christianity1 and a vast body of true and reasonable doctrines1 are not retained in the ,protestant teaching1 or that it makes scepticism justifiable4 ,we merely intend to say that it does not satisfy reason or command assent as a system in all its essential parts1 and therefore leaves the mind in a bewilderment by its partial truths and partial errors1 which is the occasion of a kind of intellectual despair1 resulting frequently in scepticism4 ,the truly rational part would be to hold on to the conviction of the great facts of ,christianity and its substantial truth1 and to search for some more reasonable and satisfactory exposition of the true meaning of ,christianity than that given by these self-constituted1 unauthorized1 and mutually conflicting expositors of divine revelation4 ,such a search would inevitably land the honest and persevering seeker in the ,catholic ,church1 as it has done so many and will so many more in time to come4 ,there is a divine philosophy in the ,catholic religion which satisfies all the legitimate demands of reason--that same philosophy which attracted ,dionysius of ,athens1 ,sergius ,paulus1 ,cornelius1 ,pudens1 ,justin1 ,tatian1 ,athenagoras1 ,clement1 ,pantaenus1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and a host of other noble intellects1 to ,christianity in the days of old1 and in which they found that perennial source of truth from which ,socrates1 ,plato1 and ,aristotle1 ,lao-,tseu and ,confucius1 had only drawn some rills4 ,it is not within the scope of our thesis to show positively the truth of the above affirmation4 ,we merely intend to show that it is made2 that the church does not disallow the claims of the intellect1 or claim the right to outrage or ignore wants yet profounder than those which she supplies2 that the pursuit of truth as an ultimate object is not totally incomprehensible to those who yield the allegiance of their minds to the light of faith2 that they do not conceive of their judgment1 will1 and reason1 as mere counters with which to purchase eternal rest4 #bib ,whether the ,catholic solution of the problems of reason is objectively the true one is not the direct aim of our reasoning4 ,the point is1 whether ,catholic theology and philosophy propose any solution at all2 whether any class of minds who seek earnestly after such a solution find one which they hold and maintain to be completely satisfactory to reason in the ,catholic ,church4 ,the writer whose language we have quoted denies it1 and ,dr4 ,bellows has recently denied it1 asserting boldly that those who have embraced the ,catholic faith have done so by a reaction from an extreme rationalism into superstition4 ,what is gratuitously asserted may be gratuitously denied1 and we deny it accordingly4 ,some few persons1 perceiving that they were following principles which lead logically to ,pantheism and ,atheism1 and that there is no real logical alternative of the denial of ,god except ,catholicity1 have been led to examine and embrace the ,catholic faith4 ,neither ,dr4 ,bellows nor any other person professing to be rational is entitled to call this act a superstitious one1 unless it can be shown that the motives of it are reducible to an irrational credulity1 or a voluntary submission to some claim of supernatural authority which is destitute of probability1 on grounds which are incapable of convincing a prudent man4 ,the remark of ,dr4 ,bellows is1 therefore1 simply an intolerable impertinence4 ,the statement which he makes is1 moreover1 false in point of fact1 since a large proportion of modern converts to the ,catholic ,church have travelled the road of orthodox ,protestantism1 and not that of rationalism4 ,it is no less incorrect to state that it is only persons in whom the sentimental element predominates who find satisfaction for the wants of their souls in the ,catholic religion4 ,in the first place1 it is absurd to suppose that the legitimate cravings or aspirations of any one part of human nature can be satisfied completely by that which is not real1 and therefore not true4 ,truth1 goodness1 and beauty are identical in respect to their being or reality4 ,the religion which is adapted to one class of minds is adapted to all4 ,it is1 moreover1 incorrect to reduce all men to two classes--those who are led by the logical faculty1 and those who are led by sensibility4 ,the intelligence has its intuitions in an order of thought far superior to the mere understanding4 ,the will has also a sublime range in an order far superior to the sphere of sensible emotions4 ,those who never occupy their minds in any metaphysical or theological speculations whatever may1 therefore1 in their spiritual nature1 apprehend divine truth far more immediately and perfectly1 and may possess the truest and highest wisdom in a much more eminent sense1 than the most acute philosopher4 ,the interior or spiritual life1 moreover1 of those persons who are rather seeking to perfect their souls in virtue than their intellects in knowledge1 is by no means a life of indulgence in pleasurable emotions1 the enjoyments of sensible devotion1 or anything else which gives sensitive nature the pabulum or the opiates after which it hankers4 ,this whole order of ideas belongs to sentimental ,protestantism1 and is totally alien from ,catholic ascetics1 as is well known to the youngest novice in any religious community4 #bic ,of course we cannot expect literary gentlemen to understand these matters1 and cannot wonder at the mistakes they make when they write about them4 ,we can justly require of them nothing more than a supreme love of truth for its own sake1 and a willingness to see it when it is presented to them4 ,any one who loves the truth on this point sufficiently to read ,rodriguez on ,christian ,perfection1 ,f4 ,baker's ,sancta ,sophia1 or ,f4 ,faber's ,growth in ,holiness1 can satisfy himself of the very low estimate in which sensible devotion is held by our spiritual writers4 ,if he should wish for a more extensive course of reading1 we would recommend ,tauler's ,sermons and the works of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross4 ,he will there see that the pleasures of sensibility1 imagination1 taste1 the affections1 the romance and poetry of religion1 are not condemned or rudely trampled on1 but simply relegated to the lowest place1 made use of as the waiting-maids of the divine wisdom and strong virtue which constitute solid perfection4 ,the ,catholic religion satisfies not merely the emotional nature of man1 but his spiritual nature4 ,it could not do this unless it were capable of placing the soul in its true relation to its proper object1 to its final end1 to its real destiny1 and furnishing it with all the means of advancing continually toward the union with ,god in which beatitude consists4 ,it could not be capable of doing this unless it came from ,god2 and1 coming from ,god1 it must teach the truth which is necessary and adequate to the perfection of the reason1 as well as the perfection of the will4 ,we will take up the question1 however1 in a more historical and inductive manner1 in order to show1 as a matter of fact1 that those minds in which the logical faculty and the taste for the cultivation of pure reason is more strongly developed and active1 find an equal scope and satisfaction in ,catholicity with the other class above mentioned4 ,one needs but a moderate acquaintance with the method and spirit which have always prevailed in the great ,catholic schools to know how powerfully they stimulate the activity of the intellect1 awaken the thirst for rational investigation1 encourage the effort to penetrate as far as possible into the domain of ideal truth1 and to trace the relations of all things in the world of thought to their first and final cause4 ,the basis and foundation of the whole structure of the higher education1 especially in the department of theology1 is laid in a thorough training in logic and philosophy4 ,the same logical and philosophical method pervades the entire system of theological instruction4 ,every dogma of faith1 every opinion of the schools1 every principle of philosophy1 is subjected to a rigid and critical analysis1 including an examination of all the difficulties and objections which have ever been raised by the adversaries of the ,church1 during all past ages and in the present4 ,in the theses which the students of theology and philosophy are obliged to defend1 covering the whole field of these higher sciences1 sceptical1 atheistical1 pantheistic1 infidel1 and heretical arguments1 stated with the utmost logical subtlety of which the objector is possessed1 are presented without any restriction or reserve1 not only by other pupils but by the professors and other learned theologians4 ,in the universities1 colleges1 and religious houses1 where bodies of men are collected possessing the means and requisites for a life of study and learned labor1 there is every facility and inducement afforded for the most thorough prosecution of every branch of human knowledge which can possibly have any bearing on the advancement of the queen and mistress of all sciences1 theology4 #bid ,moreover1 in modern times there has sprung up among the educated laity1 among the statesmen1 professional men1 scholars1 and gentlemen of leisure and intellectual tastes1 a school of students and authors in the same high department of thought1 independent1 so far as their private and temporal interests are concerned1 of any ecclesiastical authority1 and free to follow the dictates of their reason and conscience wherever these may lead them4 ,it is the easiest thing in the world to make a catalogue of names1 illustrious among the advocates and defenders of the ,church1 in whom the intellectual powers have been1 through the force of native genius and acquired culture1 brought to the highest grade of development4 ,bellarmine1 ,suarez1 ,canus1 ,cajetan1 ,sfondrati1 ,petavius1 ,molina1 ,gerdil1 ,thomassin1 ,mabillon1 ,muratori1 ,bossuet1 ,malebranche1 ,des ,cartes1 ,galluppi1 ,rosmini1 ,gioberti1 ,mastrofini1 ,mai1 ,mezzofanti1 ,grres1 ,mhler1 ,theiner1 ,lacordaire1 ,ozanam1 ,donoso ,cortes1 ,balmes1 ,wiseman1 ,england1 ,montalembert1 ,de ,broglie1 ,cant2 are these the names of men of weak judgment and strong emotions1 who were mastered by an unreasoning1 pietistic sentiment8 ,or1 are they the names of hypocrites and impostors1 who prostituted their genius to the support of a cause which they knew to be based on falsehood1 illusion1 and deceit8 ,listen to the words written from his couch of pain by ,montalembert1 near the close of the last volume of his ,monks of the ,west3 ,the more ,i advance in my laborious and thankless task--that is to say1 the nearer ,i approach to my grave--the more do ,i feel mastered and overpowered by an ardent and respectful love of truth1 the more do ,i feel myself incapable of betraying truth1 even for the benefit of what ,i most love here below4 ,the mere idea of adding a shadow to those which already shroud it fills me with horror4 ,to veil the truth1 to hide it1 to forsake it under the pretence of serving the cause of religion1 which is nothing but supreme truth1 would be1 in my opinion1 to aggravate a lie by a kind of sacrilege4 ,forgive me1 all timid and scrupulous souls6 ,but ,i hold that in history everything should be sacrificed to truth--that it must be always spoken1 on every subject1 and in its full integrity4 ,footnote #abc ,footnote #abc3 ,monks of the ,west1 vol4 v4 p4 #cje4 ,hear also the language used by the eminent historian ,cesare ,cant3 ,after having replaced ,christianity face to face with history1 with reason1 with conscience2 after having interpreted it with all liberty of mind1 we feel ourselves confirmed in our respect for the ,catholic tradition4 ,we have drawn from our studies new motives for the conviction that the actual organization of the church is excellent1 both for moderating in a suitable degree the sovereignty of the smaller number1 while at the same time infusing a spirit of subordination into the masses1 and also for procuring the largest possible dose of happiness for men2 we mean by this that happiness which arises from the voluntary submission of their minds to a mild and persuasive moral power1 and not to a mere coercive restraint4 ,footnote #abd ,footnote #abd3 ,la ,rforme en ,itilie1 pref4 p4 xi4 ,this is not the language of superstition or of unintelligent enthusiasm1 but of calm1 well-reasoned conviction1 the language of men supremely devoted to the pursuit of truth for its own sake2 and it is but a fair specimen of the language of all the great advocates of the ,catholic religion4 ,it would be utterly impossible for any system1 destitute of solid foundations and unsupported by reasonable proofs1 to endure the perpetual and thorough researches and investigations carried on by a vast body of learned men in the ,catholic schools for ages1 with the full approbation and encouragement of the highest authorities in the church4 ,the theory that such a set of men could be made the dupes of an arbitrary authority administered with the intention of swaying the minds of men by a systematic violation of all the rights of reason1 or made the partisans and upholders of what they knew to be an imposture1 is too incredible for anything less than a boundless credulity to embrace4 #bie ,let us turn our attention now to that class of minds nurtured in anti-,catholic opinions1 over whom the ,catholic ,church has regained in part or completely an influence1 bringing them to the recognition of her divine authority4 ,what is the force which has made itself felt at the great distance to which the ,protestant mind has been violently thrown by the revolution of the sixteenth century1 and which has drawn back toward the ,catholic centre a body of persons who cannot be either ignored or despised without the most stolid prejudice or the sheerest affectation8 ,is it a mere force which is capable of acting only on the emotions1 the imagination1 the sensible portion of the nature of individuals in whom reason does not exercise her just and rightful supremacy8 ,are there none who have been led by the philosophy of history1 by metaphysics1 by theological reasoning1 by the investigation of ,scripture1 by the search for a supreme and universal science1 by the deductions of logic1 and the inductions of experience and observation1 to a calm and rational conviction that the highest wisdom and the most perfect law are embodied in the ,catholic ,church8 ,the statement of ,lord ,macaulay is familiar to all1 that the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church have heretofore commanded the assent of the wisest and best of mankind1 and may therefore command the assent of men similar to them in the future4 ,a fair examination of the question will convince any one of the fact1 which cannot be gainsaid by any one professing to love the truth supremely for its own sake1 that numbers of men fully qualified to judge of evidence and to comprehend the most abstruse reasoning have given the homage of their minds to ,catholic doctrine precisely because of the invincible logic both of facts and arguments by which its truth was demonstrated to their reason4 ,leibnitz is one instance in point4 ,although he never joined the communion of the ,catholic ,church1 yet the whole weight of his authority as a philosopher and a theologian is on the side of the ,catholic principles and doctrines1 which are the most obnoxious to our modern rationalists4 ,the same is true of ,baron ,stark1 the author of the ,banquet of ,theodulus4 ,the celebrated ,leo1 one of the greatest historians of ,germany1 began his career as a ,pantheist1 and by his profound historical studies was brought to a full conviction of the divine authority of revelation1 and of the necessity of a return to the communion of the ,holy ,see on the part of all the dissentient and separated communions4 ,his ,universal ,history is an irrefutable argument for the truth of ,christianity and the authority of the ,roman ,church4 ,although1 therefore1 none of these three distinguished men can be counted among the converts to the ,catholic ,church1 yet their names can be cited in support of the position we have taken1 since we are persuaded that our candid opponents will admit that strict logical consistency would require any one admitting their premises to draw the practical conclusion that it is obligatory on his conscience to become a member of the ,catholic ,church4 #bif ,hurter1 ,phillipps1 and ,stolberg are instances of ,german scholars whom profound and learned studies brought to a full ,catholic conviction4 ,mayne de ,biran is an example of a philosopher1 who reasoned himself out of infidelity into a firm conviction of the truth of the ,catholic religion by a metaphysical process4 ,passing by those well-known persons in ,england and ,america whose education was ecclesiastical1 we may cite an ,englishman1 ,sir ,george ,bowyer1 and an ,american1 ,judge ,burnett1 first governor of ,california1 as instances of men who applied the principles of law and jurisprudence to the evidence of the claims of the ,catholic ,church1 and were led to submit to them by a process of legal argument1 which the latter gentleman has developed at length in his able work1 entitled ,the ,path which led a ,protestant ,lawyer to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the late ,dr4 ,bellinger1 of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 a physician who stood at the head of the medical profession in his ,state1 devoted thirteen years to a careful study of the ,catholic doctrines1 before he publicly embraced them4 ,among those who have devoted their pens to the ,catholic cause in our own country1 whether they have been educated to the ,catholic faith or have been converted to it from ,protestantism1 without doubt the man who surpasses all others in intellectual power is ,dr4 ,brownson4 ,no one would think of reckoning him among devotees or dilettanti4 ,if ,dr4 ,bellows were to express his opinion upon the motives which induced him to submit his masculine intelligence to the teaching of the church1 he would probably acknowledge that he had him chiefly in view when he made the statement referred to in a former part of this article4 ,that is1 he would say that ,dr4 ,brownson's conversion to ,catholicity was an act of intellectual despair1 a suicide committed by his reason because of its failure to attain by its own efforts that transcendental science after which it was aspiring4 ,the reply to this is the same which ,a,eschylus made before the judge at whose tribunal he was accused of having lost the use of his reason through old age4 ,he recited a play which he had recently composed1 as evidence that his intellect still remained in its pristine vigor4 ,and so ,dr4 ,brownson may with equal justice point to the unanswered and unanswerable works which his pen has produced since his conversion1 and challenge those who pretend that he has yielded his mind to an irrational superstition to refute the arguments of his ,essays and ,the ,convert4 ,the mere effort to read understandingly the latter book is the severest tax which any ordinary brain can submit to4 ,the philosophical articles published in the ,review1 which ,dr4 ,brownson conducted with such remarkable ability for a long period1 surpass by far any specimens of metaphysical writing contained in the ,english language4 ,the frivolity of the age1 and various causes connected with temporary and personal controversies1 have prevented the full recognition of the value and merit of these philosophical essays1 which it is probable they will receive in the future time4 ,the doctor has written a vast amount on a great number of topics both ecclesiastical and secular1 since he devoted his labors to the ,catholic cause1 and no doubt there are many inconsistent and varying opinions to be found in his works1 especially in regard to matters outside the domain of pure philosophy and theology4 ,nevertheless1 in our judgment1 which we believe posterity will ratify1 the pure gold stands in a very large proportion to the ore1 and will only become brightened and purified by the severest tests of the crucible which reduces every reputation to its just dimensions4 #big ,we believe that ,dr4 ,brownson's writings contain the most complete refutation of the sceptical1 pantheistic1 sensist1 and pseudo-inductive or positivist errors of the day1 as well as of the chief heterodox systems of doctrine4 ,in that noblest and most essential portion of philosophy which includes ontology and theodicy1 he has laid down the metaphysical basis of natural theology with a ,platonic depth and an ,aristotelian precision of reasoning4 ,beside the massive structure of arguments respecting the positive evidences of the authority and infallibility of the church which he has erected1 a work in which he has many able compeers1 who though not more logical are more erudite than himself1 he has thrown out some masterpieces in that more difficult and more rarely executed branch of labor1 the exposition of the hidden1 abstruse harmonies between rational truths and the mysteries of faith4 ,prescinding all question respecting the fact of his having presented the ,catholic doctrine in such a light as to demonstrate its reasonableness1 which is not the point at issue1 he has at least attempted it4 ,he has shown that a man can be a thorough-going1 orthodox ,catholic1 and at the same time a philosopher in the highest and best sense of the word4 ,these instances are only examples and illustrations of a general rule4 ,the two maxims of ,st4 ,augustine1 intellectum valde ama1 and fides quaerens intellectum have always been and are now maxims of the ,catholic schools4 ,the church has no fear of light1 no dread of the progress of science2 in point of fact1 the greatest obstacles which advocates of the ,catholic cause have to contend with are ignorance1 disregard of the laws of logic1 and the lack of belief in the reality and certainty of the affirmations or judgments of pure reason4 ,it is only slowly and with great difficulty that we can get the public either of writers or readers to pay attention to the facts of history1 and cast away the fables with which they have been duped themselves and duping others for so long4 ,it is equally difficult to force the controversy respecting philosophical and theological principles to the true logical issues1 to get attention to our arguments1 or to extract from our opponents any clear and distinct answers to them1 or definite and precise statements of their own positions4 ,bishop ,england scarcely did anything else in his masterly controversies than to point out the rules of logic violated by his opponents1 and the misstatements of historical facts and ,catholic doctrines made by them4 ,the truth is1 that our conflict is far less with any positive system of heterodoxy or rationalism than with a vague but universal scepticism4 ,it is not so much that men disbelieve in the specific doctrines of revelation1 as that they disbelieve in the existence of any truth4 ,the power of reason1 the capacity of the intellect to grasp the intelligible1 the certainty of rational principles and logical deductions1 the dignity of philosophy1 are not exaggerated1 they are depreciated4 ,those who revolt from the legitimate and supreme authority of ,god1 divine revelation1 and the infallible teaching of the church over the mind of man1 are not the legitimate offspring of the ancient philosophers1 or the true continuators of philosophy4 ,the ancient philosophers of ,greece and ,china recognized the need of a divine revelation1 a supernatural light1 a teacher sent from ,god4 ,the whole civilized world of heathenism was gasping in agony for the advent of the divine ,redeemer when he appeared on the earth4 #bih ,our modern self-styled rationalists have turned their backs on that light toward which ,lao-,tseu1 ,confucius1 ,socrates1 and ,plato had their faces turned2 and they have cut themselves loose from the traditional wisdom1 not only of ,christianity and ,judaism1 but of all the sages of heathendom and of the whole human race4 ,consequently1 they are smitten with intellectual death1 they cannot advance or construct2 they can only go backward1 destroy1 doubt1 deny1 groan with despairing agony1 and die4 ,the modern literature of unbelief is either a sneer or a lament2 as to philosophy1 it has fallen into contempt1 and is generally scouted4 ,those who profess to handle grave themes in earnest are usually inconsequent1 vague1 full of hypotheses and random statements2 by their own confession mere wanderers in search of truth who have lost their way2 rhetoricians1 guessers1 men who teach not as having authority1 even the authority of reason1 but as the ,scribes4 ,the few men who possess rare native philosophical genius1 like ,mill and ,spencer1 having no principles or data to begin with1 imitate the great master of modern philosophical scepticism1 ,immanuel ,kant1 and pervert reason and logic into an instrument for destroying all true intellectual science4 ,mr4 ,mill denies that we know that it is a necessary and universal truth that two and two make four4 ,it may be therefore that in some future state of existence he will have the same evidence that one is equal to two which he now has that one is only equal to one1 and that he is therefore some one else as well as himself1 and perhaps responsible for all the crimes committed by ,caligula4 ,nevertheless1 he assures us that the ideas of justice and right in ,god must be the same that they are in his own mind1 and that if any punishment is inflicted on him hereafter1 which does not accord with his present sense of justice1 he will never admit the right of inflicting it4 ,yet1 upon his own principles1 he cannot be sure that his own ideas of right and justice will not be totally altered in the next world1 and that his reason will not compel him to admit that what now seems to him unjust will then appear to be precisely the contrary4 ,no matter1 therefore1 how absurd may be the doctrines which are professed as dogmas by any religious sect1 no follower of ,mr4 ,mill can have any right to reject them on purely rational grounds4 ,mr4 ,spencer laboriously argues to convince us that we are compelled by the principles of logic to admit the truth of a number of directly contradictory propositions1 and that consequently all pure metaphysics are worthless1 and all that is worth knowing is unknowable4 ,when such laughable follies are seriously put forth and lauded to the skies as the sum of human wisdom in its most advanced stage of progress1 and when the fanciful hypotheses of ,darwin are vaunted as science by men who profess to follow the inductive philosophy1 it is the turn of the advocates of revelation and the mysteries of the ,catholic faith to cry out upon the outrage that is put upon reason1 and to deride the credulity of those who can be duped by such crude absurdities4 ,human reason and the mind of man are indeed extremely weak and fallible if the estimate of them made by these sceptical writers is to be taken as correct4 ,weak and fallible as they are1 and incapable of affirming anything in the order of pure reason and objective reality1 according to this humiliating theory1 yet nevertheless they can be forced to admit as much reality in the revealed truths of the ,catholic faith as in anything else4 #bii ,the capacity of the mind to take note of particular facts and phenomena1 and by induction to reduce these particulars to general laws1 and also the necessity of following practical reason as an actual guide1 will be admitted even by the most extreme unbelievers4 ,the facts and phenomena produced by the action of the ,catholic ,church on the human race1 and by ,jesus ,christ himself in his life1 death1 and resurrection1 as observed and attested by competent witnesses1 just as much warrant us in making the induction that he is a superhuman intelligence1 as all the observations of astronomy warrant us in accepting the heliocentric theory of ,copernicus4 ,practical reason tells us that the religion of ,jesus ,christ as explained by the ,catholic ,church is good for mankind1 and the safest rule we can follow4 ,if1 therefore1 we find probable evidence of the fact that ,jesus ,christ has taught certain doctrines through the church regarding that sphere of the unknowable into which reason cannot penetrate1 it would seem to be the dictate of good sense and of a right conscience that we should submit to that teaching4 ,the power of objecting to any doctrine that does not satisfy reason or apparently contradicts it has been surrendered4 ,reason cannot judge of the unknowable4 ,we have all the certainty that the case admits of that ,jesus ,christ possesses a reason of higher order to which that which is unknowable to us is clearly intelligible1 and that he has declared to us the truth of these doctrines4 ,we have1 moreover1 evidence of his benevolence and veracity1 and therefore all the motives which we are capable of appreciating combine to induce us to give the same assent to his teaching that we do to any generally received truths4 ,even on this low level1 ,christianity and ,catholicity can stand their ground far better than any other subject of analytical investigation4 ,it is true that logically and philosophically we attain only to the apparent and the abstract truth of ,christianity4 ,but if the individual asserts for himself1 or the ,catholic ,church asserts for herself1 a supernatural light1 an illumination of the intellect giving certainty1 how can the allegation be refuted8 ,how can any advocate of the ignoramus theory show that1 if we are naturally in such a deep darkness of the unknowable1 it is not probable that ,god would send a ray of supernatural light to enlighten us8 ,the natural outcry of one in such a state would be1 ,o my ,god6 if there be a ,god1 send the light of truth1 if there is any truth1 to enlighten my soul1 if ,i have a soul6 ,we will leave1 however1 this soft and marshy ground to those who like the prospect of fighting the enemies of ,christianity in such a region of swamps and sloughs4 ,we retort the charge of ignoring or outraging reason upon our adversaries in a far different way4 ,we accuse them not only of rejecting revelation but of denying reason1 and in their assault upon the supernatural order of subverting the natural order upon which it is based4 ,we affirm that the ,catholic ,church not only protects revelation and grace1 but reason and nature1 by the aegis of her authority against a universal doubt or denial4 ,she affirms the existence of the spiritual1 thinking1 reasoning principle in man as a truth known with infallible certainty by the very light of reason itself1 and therefore affirms the intrinsic infallibility of reason within its proper sphere4 ,it is to reason that it appertains to judge of the evidences of revelation4 ,and although reason does not furnish a positive criterion wherewith to judge the intrinsic credibility of mysteries transcending the grasp of reason1 yet it is acknowledged by all theologians that it is competent to apply a negative criterion and to reject whatever is proposed as a revealed truth which is evidently or demonstrably contrary to the principles of reason or to certain facts4 #cjj ,where now does the collision exist between reason and faith1 science and revelation8 ,is the existence of ,god the point where reason is outraged8 ,the advocates of the ,catholic religion always profess to demonstrate that truth from reason1 and it can hardly be pretended that their atheistical or pantheistical opponents have ever thoroughly refuted their arguments or demonstrated a contrary doctrine4 ,the credibility of the divine revelation is also proved by evidence and argument1 and it is certainly rather bold to say that this entire fabric of learning and thought is so palpably weak as to be an outrage on reason4 ,the institution1 authority1 and infallibility of the ,catholic ,church are established in the same manner4 ,and1 although the mysteries of faith are not demonstrated by their nexus with necessary metaphysical truths1 all the arguments brought from reason against them are repelled by similar arguments1 and their harmony with rational truths is shown in so far as reason partially apprehends their relations4 ,wherein consists the palpable1 open denial of the rights of reason8 ,is it denied that ,god can make a revelation of truths which surpass the grasp of reason1 or that he has done it1 or that the church has authority to proclaim it8 ,at whatever point we are met by the accusation of professedly and openly denying the rights of reason and imposing on it a tyranny1 or stupefying it by a soporific drug1 that accusation must be specific and must be sustained by proofs4 ,vague assertions will not do4 ,where are the self-evident or demonstrated truths1 where are the undeniable1 indubitable facts1 which are contradicted by any dogma of the ,catholic faith1 or any definition which the supreme authority in the church requires us to believe as an infallible expression of the truth8 ,where is the flaw in the whole structure of the ,catholic argument8 ,the advocates of the ,catholic cause cannot desire anything more heartily than that the whole subject should be brought to the test of the most stringent logic1 and that all the claims of the ,catholic ,church should be confronted with the whole array of truths that can be demonstrated by philosophy1 and of facts that can be established by history or science4 ---------- #cja ,from ,the ,french ,of ,erckmann ,and ,chatrian4 ,the ,invasion2 ,or1 ,yegof ,the ,fool4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,the farm-house presented a bustling scene when ,jean-,claude1 ,doctor ,lorquin1 and the others arrived4 ,the kitchen-fire had been blazing since day-break1 and old ,duchne was drawing from the oven innumerable loaves of bread1 the fresh1 crisp odor of which filled the whole house4 ,annette piled them in heaps beside the hearth1 ,louise waited upon the guests1 and ,catherine saw to everything4 ,hullin1 from his seat1 gazed at his old cousin4 ,what a woman she is6 he muttered4 ,she forgets nothing4 ,comrades1 he exclaimed1 to ,catherine ,lefevre's health6 ,to ,catherine's health6 cried the others2 and the glasses clinked in the midst of discussions on battles1 attacks1 defences1 and retreats4 ,every one was full of cheerful confidence2 every one declared that all would go well4 ,but heaven had still a joy reserved for that day--especially for ,louise and ,mother ,lefevre4 ,toward noon1 when the bright sunshine sparkled on the snow and melted the frost upon the window-panes1 old ,yohan1 the toothless and almost blind watchdog1 began to bay so joyously that all present stopped talking1 and listened4 ,what can it mean8 thought ,catherine4 ,since my boy's departure ,yohan has not barked like that4 ,swift steps were heard crossing the yard2 ,louise sprang to the door2 a soldier appeared on the threshold--but a soldier so worn1 thin1 weary1 and ragged--his old grey great-coat so torn1 his canvas gaiters so tattered1 that a murmur of pity ran from mouth to mouth4 ,he seemed unable to go a step further1 and slowly placed the butt of his musket upon the ground2 his face was the color of bronze1 but his unkempt moustaches trembled1 his cheeks grew pale beneath their brown skin1 and his hollow eyes filled with tears when he gazed on the party within4 ,without1 the old dog barked1 whined1 and tugged at his chain2 within1 you could hear the fire crackle in the deep silence4 ,but in a moment ,catherine had rushed forward1 and was hanging upon the soldier's neck4 ,gaspard6 ,gaspard6 my boy6 she cried1 while the tears burst from her eyes4 ,yes1 mother6 he replied1 in a voice choked by a sob4 ,then ,louise sobbed too1 and then the whole kitchen was filled with voices4 ,gaspard's name was on every tongue1 and every hand was stretched forth to clasp his4 ,but the mother would not yet give up her son2 the woman1 a moment before so strong1 so brave1 so resolute1 still hung weeping upon his neck1 his brown hair mingling with her grey locks1 as he murmured3 ,mother6 mother6 how often have ,i thought of this meeting6 ,but where is ,louise8 he said4 ,i thought ,i saw her4 ,and then ,louise ran forward1 blushing1 while she exclaimed3 #cjb ,i knew it was ,gaspard6 ,i knew him by his step6 ,and old ,duchene1 twirling his cotton cap in his hand1 muttered3 ,great heaven ,is that my poor child in such a plight8 ,he had taken care of ,gaspard from infancy1 and1 since his departure1 had always imagined him fresh and stout1 in a fine blue uniform with red facings4 ,he struggled to collect his ideas so rudely scattered4 ,but his friends surrounded the young soldier2 his musket1 his shako1 his knapsack1 and his belts were merrily captured1 and at last old ,hullin cried1 with moist eyes3 ,poor ,gaspard6 ,how glad ,i am to see you safe and sound6 ,ha6 ha6 he continued1 trying hard to laugh1 ,i would rather1 though1 see you as you are than with the fat1 round cheeks you took away with you4 ,you are a man now2 you remind me of the old days of the ,sambre and of ,egypt4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 our noses were sharp enough then1 my boy2 and our teeth were long and sharp too4 ,yes1 yes2 ,i know what that means1 ,father ,jean-,claude2 but let us sit down and talk4 ,what is going on8 ,what brings you all to the farm8 ,have you not heard8 ,all the country is in arms1 from ,la ,houpe to ,saint-,sauveur1 and ,i am commander-in-chief4 ,hurrah6 ,then the ,kaiserlik beggars sha'n't find a road here so easily4 ,but pass me the knife4 ,that ham is not yet finished4 ,sit by me1 ,louise1 and help me to the bread4 ,a few days like this would soon make my bones grow smaller4 ,they wouldn't know me in the company4 ,all wondered at the speed with which the provisions disappeared4 ,the soldier's eyes often turned to his mother and ,louise1 and he smiled sadly as he gazed upon them2 but all this was without losing time in his attack4 ,the poor fellow was well-nigh famished1 and old ,duchene muttered1 as he looked at him3 ,great heaven6 ,no wonder that so many die of want6 ,but tell us1 ,gaspard1 said ,hullin1 without interrupting your breakfast1 how comes it that you are here8 ,we thought you on the banks of the ,rhine1 near ,strasbourg4 ,aha6 ,i understand you1 replied ,gaspard1 with a knowing wink of the eye2 you mean that there are a good many deserters running about1 don't you8 ,such an idea in regard to you never struck me1 and yet-- ,you would not be sorry to know that ,i am all right4 ,well1 ,father ,jean-,claude1 you are right2 for whoever runs from roll-call when the ,kaiserliks are in ,france1 deserves to be shot4 ,but look here4 ,hullin took a paper which the young man held out to him and read3 ,twenty-four hours' leave is given to the grenadier ,gaspard ,lefevre4 ,january #c;d1 #ahad4 ,gemeau1 ,chief of ,battalion4 ,very good1 said the old man2 put it in your knapsack2 you might lose it4 ,you see1 my friends1 he continued gayly1 ,i know all about this thing called love4 ,it is very good and very bad1 but particularly bad for young soldiers who happen to be near their village after a campaign4 ,they sometimes forget themselves and return to camp with three or four gendarmes showing them the way4 ,i have seen it once or twice4 ,but1 now1 as everything is in order1 let us drink a glass to ,gaspard's health4 ,what say you1 ,catherine8 ,the men from the ,sarre may be here any moment1 so we have no time to lose4 #cjc ,you are right1 ,jean-,claude1 replied the old woman sadly4 ,annette1 go to the cellar and bring three bottles here6 ,but your leave1 ,gaspard1 she asked2 how long does it last8 ,i received it last night at eight o'clock at ,vasselonne4 ,the regiment is retreating on ,lorraine1 and ,i must rejoin it this evening at ,phalsbourg4 ,then you have yet seven hours before you2 you will only need six to reach there1 although there is much snow on ,foxthal4 ,the good woman sat by her son2 her heart beat painfully2 she could not conceal her trouble4 ,louise leaned on ,gaspard's worn-out epaulette and sobbed4 ,hullin bent his brows1 but said nothing until the bottles arrived and the glasses were filled4 ,come1 come1 ,louise6 he cried1 ,courage6 ,these wars cannot last for ever2 they must end one way or the other2 and then ,gaspard will return1 and we shall have a merry wedding of it4 ,he filled up the glasses1 and ,catherine dried her eyes1 muttering1 however1 as she did so3 ,and to think that those robbers are the cause of all this6 ,but let them come6 ,they will rue it4 ,the old wine1 however1 cheered all1 and ,gaspard told the story of ,bautzen1 ,lutzen1 ,leipsic1 and ,hanau1 where conscripts fought like veterans1 winning victory after victory until treason ruined all4 ,every one listened in silence4 ,jean-,claude's eyes flashed as he heard how rivers were forded and crossed amid storms of shells and bullets2 how batteries were carried by the bayonet alone2 and how hussars and cossacks were hurled back from the steady squares4 ,the doctor inquired particularly about the positions of the field-hospitals2 ,materne and his sons bent forward with ears erect1 and lips pressed tight together1 fearing to lose a word2 ,catherine looked with pride upon a son who had borne a part in scenes over which ages will grieve or rejoice2 and the ardor of all present mounted to the highest pitch as more than one muttered that the end was not yet4 ,at length the hour for ,gaspard's departure arrived4 ,he arose1 but when ,louise clung to his neck and with sobs implored him to stay1 the color left his cheeks4 ,i am a soldier1 he said2 my name is ,gaspard ,lefevre2 ,i love thee a thousand times better than my life2 but ,i must not disgrace that name4 ,he unclasped her arms1 and ,hullin tore them apart4 ,well said6 cried the old sabot-maker2 and spoken as a man should speak4 ,catherine buckled the knapsack on her son's back2 she did so calmly1 but her brows were knitted1 and she tried hard to press her quivering lips tightly together1 while two great tears rolled down her wrinkled cheeks4 ,go--go--my child1 she sobbed1 and take your mother's blessing with you1 and if it should be the will of ,god that--that-- ,but the poor woman's stout heart could sustain her no longer2 she burst into an agony of weeping4 ,gaspard seized his musket1 and1 covering his eyes with his hand1 rushed from the house4 ,all this while the men from the ,sarre with picks and their axes were making their way up along the ,valtin path4 ,the sounds of their voices could already be heard1 as they laughed and jested as if on the way to a festival1 and not to privation1 danger1 and death4 #cjd ,chapter x4 ,but while ,hullin and his mountaineers were thus preparing for battle1 where was the tin-crowned ,king of ,diamonds--,yegof the ,fool8 ,wandering barefoot over the snow-covered paths1 his breast open to the cutting winds1 cold1 hungry1 and companionless1 save for his grim friend the raven4 ,night was approaching1 the cold growing keener and keener2 even the fox seemed to shiver as he pursued his unseen prey1 and the famished birds of prey had hidden themselves in the rocky nooks of the mountains4 ,but the fool1 his raven upon his shoulder1 kept on--on--talking to himself1 gesticulating wildly1 from ,holderloch to ,sonneberg1 from ,sonneberg to ,blutfeld4 ,and that very night1 ,robin1 the old herdsman of ,bois-de-,chnes1 saw a strange and fearful sight4 ,a few days before1 having been surprised by the snows at the bottom of the gorge of ,blutfeld1 he left his wagon behind him and drove home the cattle1 but finding upon his arrival that he had forgotten his sheep-skin cloak1 he started at about four o'clock that evening to seek it4 ,blutfeld is a narrow gorge between ,schneeberg and ,grosmann1 bordered by pointed rocks4 ,a thread of water winds its way through the valley1 in summer and winter1 and on its sides1 among the grey rocks1 spots of good pasturage are found3 but the place is rarely visited2 something weird and ghostly seems to hang over it1 and the cold1 white light of a winter's moon serves to intensify its sinister aspect4 ,tradition says that here was fought a great battle between the ,triboci and the ,germans1 who1 under a chief named ,luitprandt1 attempted to penetrate into ,gaul4 ,it tells how the ,triboci from the peaks around flung huge stones upon their foes1 crushing them by thousands1 and that from the frightful carnage the defile derived its name--,blutfeld the field of blood4 ,rusted spearheads1 broken helmets1 and cross-handled swords two ells in length are yet found there4 ,at night1 when the moonlight falls upon the snow-covered rocks1 when the wind whistles through the bare bushes1 the cries of the surprised ,germans seem borne upon the air1 mingled with the wailing of their women and the neighing of steeds1 and the rattling of chariots through the defile4 ,the ,triboci ceased not from the slaughter for two entire days1 and on the third they retired to their homes1 every man bending beneath the weight of his booty4 ,such was the legend of the gorge which ,robin reached just as the moon was rising4 ,the good man had a hundred times descended to its depths1 but never had it seemed so bright or so ghastly4 ,his wagon1 at the bottom1 seemed one of those masses of rock under which the invaders were crushed4 ,it stood at the entrance of the valley1 behind a thick clump of bushes1 and the little stream dashed along by it1 flashing like a thousand swords4 ,the old herdsman soon found his cloak and an old hatchet too1 which he had regarded as lost2 but1 when he turned to depart1 his blood ran cold4 ,a tall figure was advancing straight toward him4 ,behind it followed five grey wolves1 two full-grown and three young4 ,he recognized ,yegof1 and at first thought the wolves were dogs4 ,they followed the fool step by step1 but he seemed not to see them2 his raven flew about1 now in the clear moonlight1 now in the dark shadows of the rocks2 the wolves1 with glittering eyes1 sniffed the air as if scenting their prey4 ,the fool lifted his sceptre4 #cje ,robin darted like a flash into his wagon unobserved4 ,yegof advanced down the valley as if walking some great castle-hall1 and the raven with glittering black plumage flew to the branch of a dead tree near by1 and there perched1 and seemed to listen4 ,it was a strange scene1 ,robin thought4 ,if the fool slipped1 if he fell1 there was an end of him2 the wolves would instantly devour him4 ,but in the middle of the gorge1 ,yegof turned and sat down upon a stone1 and the five wolves sat around him in the snow4 ,then the fool1 raising his sceptre1 addressed them1 calling each one by name1 and they replied with mournful howlings4 ,ha1 child1 ,bled1 ,merweg1 and you1 my old ,siramar1 he cried1 here we are once more together6 ,you have grown fat2 you have had good cheer in ,germany1 have you not8 ,stretching his arm1 after a moment's pause1 over the moonlit valley1 he continued3 ,remember ye not the great battle8 ,one of the wolves howled plaintively as if in reply2 then another1 and at last all five together4 ,this lasted full ten minutes1 the raven the while sitting motionless on its withered branch4 ,robin would have fled1 but dared not4 ,still the wolves howled1 and the echoes of ,blutfeld replied to their chorus1 until at last the largest ceased1 and the rest followed his example4 ,yegof spoke again3 ,ay2 'tis a sorrowful story4 ,there runs the stream that overflowed with our blood2 but others fell too1 and for three days and three nights their women tore their hair4 ,but how the accursed dogs triumphed in their victory6 ,the fool seized his crown and dashed it upon the ground2 then1 sighing1 stooped and placed it again upon his head4 ,the wolves sat as if listening attentively1 and the largest again howled mournfully4 ,thou art hungry1 ,siramar1 said ,yegof1 as if replying to him2 but rejoice2 flesh will soon be yours in plenty2 the battle will again be fought4 ,our war-cry was long hushed1 but the hour is near1 and it will again shake these mountains1 and you shall again be warriors2 you shall again own these valleys4 ,the air is full of the shrieks of women1 of the flashing of swords1 the creaking of wagons4 ,they rushed down upon us and we were surrounded2 your bones sleep here on every side1 but your children are coming2 rejoice6' sing1 sing6 ,and he himself began to howl like a wolf1 and his hearers took up the savage strain4 ,these cries1 growing every moment more horrible1 the reverberating echoes1 the motionless rocks1 white and ghastly1 or buried in blackness and gloom1 the bare branches bending beneath their load of snow--all filled the old herdsman with speechless horror4 ,but the scene soon ended4 ,yegof spoke no more1 but moved slowly with his strange train toward ,hazlach1 and the raven1 uttering a hoarse cry1 spread its sable wings and followed through the dark blue air4 ,all disappeared like a dream1 but for a long time ,robin could hear the howling growing fainter and further away4 ,it had1 however1 ceased for nearly half an hour1 and the silence of a winter night taken its place1 before the good man dared leave his wagon1 and make at his best speed for the farm-house4 #cjf ,arriving at ,bois-de-,chnes he found every one excited and busy4 ,they were about killing an ox for the ,donon men1 and ,hullin1 ,doctor ,lorquin1 and ,louise had departed with those from the ,sarre4 ,catherine was having her great four-horse wagon loaded with bread1 meat1 and brandy1 and all were busy in the preparations4 ,robin would not tell any one of his adventure4 ,it seemed1 even to himself1 so incredible that he dared not speak of it4 ,the whole affair puzzled him sorely1 and it was not until he was lying in his crib in the stable that he concluded that ,yegof had some time or other captured and tamed a litter of wolves1 to whom he uttered his folly as men sometimes speak to their dogs2 but the rencounter left a superstitious dread in his mind1 and even years after1 the honest old man could not speak of it without a shudder4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,all ,hullin's orders had been carried out4 ,the defiles of ,zorn and of the ,sarre were securely guarded1 and that of ,blanru1 the extreme point of their position1 had been placed in a state of defence by ,jean-,claude himself and the three hundred men who formed his principal force4 ,thither1 on the eastern slope of ,donon1 near ,grandfontaine1 must we wend our way4 ,above the main road1 which winds up the mountain for two thirds of its height1 might be seen a farm-house1 surrounded by a few acres of cultivated land--a large flat-roofed building1 belonging to ,pelsly1 the ,anabaptist4 ,the stables and barn were behind1 toward the summit of the mountain4 ,here was the camp of our partisans4 ,beneath them lay ,grandfontaine and ,framont1 locked in a narrow ravine2 further on1 at a turn of the valley1 was ,shirmeck1 with its piles of feudal ruins2 still further ,la ,bruche stretched onward into the grey mists of ,alsace4 ,to their left rose the sterile peak of ,donon1 covered with huge rocks and a few stunted firs4 ,before them lay the road1 made impassable by the wearing away of the earth caused by the melting snow1 and by huge trees1 with all their branches on1 thrown across it4 ,it was a scene of stern grandeur4 ,not a living thing appeared on all the long road2 the country seemed a desert1 and only a few scattered fires1 sending their long wreaths of smoke toward the sky1 showed the position of the bivouac4 ,for three days had the mountaineers been awaiting the enemy1 and the delay had told not a little upon their ardor4 ,when1 therefore1 at about eight in the morning1 the sentinels descried a man coming toward them1 waving his hat1 expectation at once stood on tiptoe1 and messengers were at once despatched for ,hullin1 who since one o'clock had been sleeping in the farm-house1 on a wide mattress1 side by side with ,doctor ,lorquin and his dog ,pluto4 ,the cause of the commotion was ,nickel ,bentz1 the old forester of ,la ,houpe1 and ,hullin at once saluted him with-- ,well1 ,nickel1 what tidings8 ,nothing1 master ,jean-,claude1 save that toward ,phalsbourg there is a noise as of a storm4 ,labarbe says it is artillery2 for all night long we saw flashes like lightning in the wood of ,hildehouse1 and this morning the plain is covered with grey clouds4 ,the city is attacked6 exclaimed ,hullin2 but from the ,lutzelstein side4 ,they are trying to cut it off4 ,the allies are there2 ,alsace is overrun4 #cjg ,then turning to ,materne1 who stood behind him1 he added1 ,we can remain no longer in uncertainty4 ,make a reconnoissance with your two sons4 ,the old hunter's face lighted up4 ,good6 he cried4 ,we will have a chance to stretch our legs and bring down an ,austrian or ,cossack or two before we return4 ,steady1 my friend1 said ,jean-,claude sternly2 you must not think of bringing down ,cossacks1 but only of observing what is going on4 ,frantz and ,kasper will be armed1 but you will leave your rifle1 and powder-horn1 and hunting-knife here4 ,leave my arms here1 ,jean-,claude6 ,and why8 ,because you must go into the villages2 and if you are caught there armed1 you would be shot at once4 ,shot8 ,yes1 shot4 ,we are not regular troops2 they will not make prisoners of us2 we can expect no quarter4 ,you will follow the ,shirmeck road1 and your sons will follow you in the copse1 half a rifle-shot off4 ,if any marauders should attack you1 they will come to your aid2 but if a detachment meet you1 they will let you be taken4 ,let me be taken6 cried the old man indignantly4 ,i would like to see them do so4 ,obey orders1 ,materne4 ,an unarmed man will be released2 an armed one shot4 ,i need not tell you not to let those ,germans know you come as a spy4 ,i understand1 ,jean-,claude1 and although ,i never parted yet with my rifle1 you may take it1 and my horn and knife4 ,who will lend me a blouse and staff8 ,nickel ,bentz pulled off his blue smock-frock and hat1 and passed them to the old man2 and when he had donned them1 no one would imagine the old hunter to be other than a simple peasant of the mountains4 ,his two sons1 proud to be selected for such an expedition1 reprimed their pieces1 fixed their long1 straight1 wild-boar bayonets1 and tried their hunting-knives in the sheaths2 then1 assured that everything was in proper order1 they turned to go1 their eyes sparkling with pleasure4 ,do not forget ,jean-,claude's words1 said ,doctor ,lorquin2 a ,german more or less makes little difference among a hundred thousand1 but we should find it difficult to replace you4 ,fear nothing1 doctor1 replied old ,materne4 ,my boys are hunters1 and know how to bide their time1 and profit by any chance that offers4 ,and now1 forward2 we must be back before night4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,materne and his sons pursued their way for a long distance in silence4 ,the weather was fine2 the winter sun shone on the dazzling snow without thawing it1 so that the path was firm and solid4 ,afar off1 in the valley1 the tall firs1 pointed rocks1 and the roofs of the houses1 with their hanging icicles and little glittering windows and steep gables1 were sharply outlined in the clear air1 and in the street of ,grandfontaine they could see a troop of young girls around the wash-house1 and a few old men in cotton caps smoking their pipes at their cottage doors2 but of all the busy life so plainly seen1 not a sound reached their ears4 ,the old hunter halted at the edge of the wood1 saying3 ,i will go down to the village1 to ,dubreuil's1 the keeper of the ,pine-,cone4 ,he pointed with his staff to a long white building1 with doors and windows surrounded by a yellow border1 and a pine branch hanging from the wall by way of sign4 #cjh ,wait for me here1 said the old man1 unless ,i come to the door and raise my hat1 when you may follow1 and take a glass of wine with me4 ,he descended the snow-covered mountain-side1 gained the plain1 and crossed the village common1 and his two boys1 resting upon their pieces1 saw him enter the inn4 ,a few moments after1 he reappeared on the threshold and raised his hat4 ,fifteen minutes after1 they had rejoined their father in the large hall of the ,pine-,cone--a long1 low room1 warmed by a huge stove on the sanded floor4 ,except for the presence of the innkeeper1 ,dubreuil1 the fattest and most apoplectic man in the ,vosges1 with little round eyes1 a flat nose1 and a triple chin falling upon his breast--except1 ,i say1 for the presence of this redoubtable personage1 who was sitting in a large arm-chair near the fire1 ,materne found himself alone when he entered the inn4 ,he ordered the glasses filled as the old clock struck nine1 and the wooden cock upon it flapped his wings with a strange rusty noise4 ,good morning1 ,father ,dubreuil6 said both the young men4 ,good morning1 my boys1 good morning6 replied the inn-keeper1 in an oily voice1 smiling an oily smile4 ,any news8 ,no1 faith1 answered ,kasper4 ,winter is upon us1 the season for boar-hunting4 ,then both1 placing their rifles in a corner of the window1 at hand in case of need1 sat down at a table opposite their father1 and drank1 saying4 ,to our health6 as they had been taught to be always careful to do4 ,so1 said ,materne1 turning to the innkeeper1 and apparently resuming a conversation that had been interrupted1 you think1 ,father ,dubreuil1 that we may hunt without fear in the wood of ,baronies8 ,oh6 as for that ,i can't say1 replied mine host1 shrugging his shoulders2 ,i only know that at present the ,allies have not got beyond ,mutzig4 ,but they don't injure any one2 but receive all well-disposed people--who wish to fight the usurper4 ,the usurper8 ,who is that8 ,eh8 ,why1 ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 the usurper1 to be sure4 ,look on the wall there4 ,he pointed to a large placard hanging near the clock4 ,look there1 and you will see that the ,austrians are our true friends4 ,old ,materne's brows knitted1 but he repressed his feelings1 and said1 ,but ,i cannot read1 ,monsieur ,dubreuil1 nor my boys4 ,explain the matter to us4 ,then the old publican1 raising himself with much difficulty from his armchair1 and puffing like a porpoise with the unwonted exertion1 placed himself before the placard1 with his arms folded across his enormous breast1 and in a majestic tone read a proclamation of the allied sovereigns setting forth that they1 said sovereigns1 were waging war against ,napoleon and not against ,france1 and that1 consequently1 it behoved all good people to remain at home and to mind their own business1 under pain of having their houses1 goods1 and chattels pillaged and burnt1 and themselves shot4 ,the three hunters listened to all this1 and then looked at each other4 ,when ,dubreuil had finished reading1 he again took his seat1 saying1 ,well1 you see now1 do you not8 ,where did you get that8 asked ,kasper4 ,it is posted everywhere4 ,we are glad to hear it1 said ,materne1 pressing the arm of ,frantz1 who had risen with flaming eyes4 ,do you want some fire1 ,frantz8 ,here is my steel4 #cji ,frantz sat down1 and the old man proceeded good-humoredly1 ,and so1 our good friends1 the ,austrians1 will take nothing from us8 ,well-disposed people have nothing to fear1 but those who rise in arms are stripped of everything2 which is only right1 for it is not just that the good should suffer for the bad4 ,thus1 for instance1 you would be very well received at the allied headquarters2 you know the country and could serve as guides1 for which you would be well paid4 ,there was a moment of silence2 again the three hunters gazed at each other2 the father placed his hands upon the table1 as if beseeching his sons to remain calm1 but he himself was pale with rage4 ,the innkeeper1 perceiving nothing of this1 continued1 ,you have more reason to fear in the woods of ,baronies those villains of ,dagsberg1 of the ,sarre1 and of ,blanru1 who have revolted1 and wish to commence '#ic over again4 ,are you sure they have8 asked ,materne1 struggling hard to contain himself4 ,am ,i sure8 ,you have only to look out the window and you will see them on the ,donon road4 ,they have captured the ,anabaptist1 ,pelsly1 and bound him to the foot of his bed2 they are pillaging1 stealing1 destroying the roads2 but let them beware6 ,in a few days they will have their hands full1 and it is not with a thousand1 or ten thousand1 men they will have to deal1 but with hundreds of thousands4 ,they will all be hung4 ,materne arose4 ,it is time for us to be on our way1 said he shortly4 ,by two o'clock we must be in the woods4 ,farewell1 ,father ,dubreuil4 ,all three rushed out1 anger choking them4 ,reflect well upon what ,i told you1 cried the innkeeper1 from his arm-chair4 ,once without1 ,materne turned with quivering lips1 and cried1 ,if ,i had not restrained myself1 ,i would have broken the bottle over his head4 ,and ,i1 said ,frantz1 would have thrust my bayonet through his body4 ,kasper still stood at the threshold1 hesitating4 ,his fingers clutched the hilt of his hunting-knife1 and his eyes were almost savage in their glare2 but the old man seized him by the arm and dragged him away1 saying3 ,away6 ,we will meet the wretch again4 ,to advise me to betray my country6 ,hullin said well when he told us to be on our guard4 ,they passed down the street gazing fiercely around4 ,at the end of the village1 opposite the ancient cross1 and near the church1 they halted4 ,materne then1 somewhat calmed1 showed his sons the path which winds around ,phrmond1 through the bushes1 and said3 ,you will take that foot-path4 ,i will follow the road to ,schirmeck1 going slowly1 so that you may get there as soon as ,i4 ,they separated1 and the old hunter walked thoughtfully on1 his head bowed1 and his eyes fixed upon the ground1 wondering all the while how he managed to restrain himself from breaking the inn-keeper's head4 ,from time to time herds of cattle passed him1 and flocks of sheep and goats1 all on their way to the mountain4 ,they came from ,wisch1 from ,urmatt1 and even from ,mutzig1 and the poor animals seemed scarcely able to move4 ,where are you going so fast8 cried the old hunter to the sad-looking herdsmen4 ,have you not heard the proclamation of the ,russians and ,austrians8 #caj ,but they seemed in no humor for jesting1 and replied3 ,it is easy for you to laugh at us4 ,proclamations indeed6 ,we know what they are worth4 ,those ,russians and ,austrians are pillaging and stealing all they can lay hands on2 laying forced contributions1 carrying off horses1 cows1 cattle1 wagons4 ,hold there2 it cannot be possible6 returned ,materne4 ,they are the saviours of ,france2 her brave1 good friends4 ,i cannot believe it4 ,such a beautiful proclamation6 ,go down into ,alsace and see6 ,the poor fellows went on1 dragging themselves wearily along1 while the old hunter laughed bitterly4 ,as he approached ,schirmeck1 things grew worse4 ,wagons1 cattle1 horses1 even flocks of geese1 thronged the road1 mingled with women and children1 carrying whatever of their household effects they could bear off1 and often beating their breasts and tearing their hair4 ,the air was filled with wailing and lamentation1 while ever and anon a cry arose1 ,we are lost6 ,the ,cossacks6 the ,cossacks6 ,these words of fear passed like lightning through the mass2 women fainted1 children stood up in the wagons to see further along the road1 and ,materne blushed for the cowardice of people who might have made a stout defence against the enemy4 ,just outside ,schirmeck1 ,frantz and ,kasper rejoined their father1 and all three entered the tavern of the ,golden ,key1 kept by the widow ,faltaux4 ,the poor woman and her two daughters were standing at the window gazing at the flight1 and wringing their hands2 for indeed the tumult was increasing every moment1 and now cattle1 men1 and wagons fairly blocked the street1 and shouts1 screams1 and even curses1 arose on all sides4 ,materne pushing open the door and seeing the three women standing pale1 groaning1 more dead than alive1 struck his staff angrily upon the floor1 and cried3 ,are you becoming mad1 ,mother ,faltaux6 ,you1 who should set your daughters a good example8 ,it is shameful6 ,the old woman turned round and replied in a heart-broken voice3 ,ah ,materne6 ,if you only knew-- ,knew what8 ,the enemy are coming1 but they won't eat you4 ,no1 but they will devour all ,i have6 ,old ,ursula1 of ,schlestadt1 arrived here last night1 and says they are never satisfied4 ,ah6 those ,russians and ,austrians-- ,but where are they8 cried the old hunter4 ,i have not yet seen one4 ,they are in ,alsace1 near ,urmatt1 on their way hither4 ,well1 observed ,kasper1 before they arrive you may give us a cup of wine2 here is a crown for you2 you can hide it more easily than your casks4 ,one of the daughters went to the cellar to bring the refreshment1 and at the same time several strangers entered4 ,one was a seller of almanacs1 from ,strasbourg2 the others were a wagoner from ,sarrebrck1 and two or three people from ,mutzig1 ,wisch1 and ,shirmeck1 who were flying with their cattle3 all seemed completely jaded4 ,they sat down at the same table1 opposite the windows1 so that they might look out upon the road1 and1 the wine served1 each began to tell all he knew4 ,one said that the ,cossacks had fired a village in ,alsace1 because candles were refused them for dessert after dinner2 another that the ,calmucks ate soap for cheese1 and that many of them drank brandy by the pint1 after putting handfuls of pepper in it2 that their filthiness was beyond description2 and that everything had to be hidden from them1 for that there was nothing they would not devour4 ,the stories these good people told1 of what they had seen with their own eyes1 seemed almost incredible4 #caa ,toward noon1 the old hunter and his sons rose to depart1 when suddenly a cry1 louder than any they had yet heard1 arose without1 ,the ,cossacks6 ,the ,cossacks6 ,the entire party rushed to the door1 except the three hunters1 who contented themselves with opening a window and looking out4 ,every one was now fleeing across the fields2 men1 flocks1 and wagons were scattering1 like autumn leaves before the wind4 ,in less than five minutes the road was clear1 except in the village street1 where the crowd was jammed and blocked by its mass4 ,materne gazed for a while and then shut the window4 ,i see nothing1 he said4 ,nor ,i1 replied ,kasper4 ,i see how it is1 cried the old hunter2 fear adds to the enemy's strength2 and fear1 he added1 shrugging his shoulders disdainfully1 is a miserable thing4 ,we have only one poor life to lose4 ,let us go4 ,they left the inn1 the old man taking the road to the top of ,hirschberg1 his sons following4 ,they soon reached the edge of the woods1 and ,materne sought the highest point1 whence he might obtain a view of the plain2 for he utterly despised the wild tales of the fugitives he had met4 ,when they reached the summit of the mountain--which forms a sort of promontory extending into the plain--they could see distinctly the enemy's position1 three leagues away1 between ,urmatt and ,lutzelhouse1 like long black lines upon the snow2 further on1 the artillery and baggage appeared in dark masses4 ,other lines and masses were winding among the villages1 and1 notwithstanding the distance1 the flashing of bayonets told that a column was on the march to ,wisch4 ,after long gazing at the picture before him1 the old hunter said thoughtfully3 ,there are at least thirty thousand men yonder4 ,they are advancing toward us1 and we shall be assailed to-morrow1 or the day after at the latest4 ,it will be no holiday work to check them1 my boys2 but if they have numbers1 we have a good position1 and in such masses as those there will be no balls lost4 ,having made these reflections1 he measured the height of the sun1 and added3 ,it is now two o'clock1 and we know all we want to know4 ,let us return to the bivouac4 ,the young men slung their rifles upon their backs1 and1 leaving the valley of the ,broque to the left1 they pushed up the steep ascent of ,hengsbach and descended on the further side1 without following any path through the snow1 but guiding themselves solely by the peaks1 to cut short their journey4 ,they had thus proceeded for about two hours2 the winter sun was drooping to the horizon1 and night was fast approaching1 but calm and light4 ,they had only to cross the solitary gorge of ,riel1 which forms a wide circular basin in the midst of the forest1 enclosing a blue lake1 often the resort of the roebuck4 ,suddenly1 as they left the cover of the trees1 the old man stopped short behind a clump of bushes4 ,hist6 #cab ,he pointed to the little lake1 which was covered with a thin and transparent coating of ice4 ,a strange spectacle greeted their eyes4 ,twenty ,cossacks1 with matted yellow beards1 heads covered with old funnel-shaped caps of the skin of some animal1 and long ragged cloaks hanging from their shoulders1 were before them1 seated on their little horses4 ,their stirrups were simply looped ropes1 and the steeds1 with long manes1 thin tails1 and flanks matted with yellow1 black1 and white1 looked not unlike goats4 ,some of the riders were armed only with long lances1 others with sabres1 others with merely a hatchet hanging by a cord from their saddle1 and a large horse-pistol in their belt4 ,some gazed with ecstasy upon the lines of green firs1 and one tall1 lean fellow was breaking the ice with the butt of his spear1 while his horse drank4 ,others dismounted1 and began to remove the snow preparatory to encamping4 ,they formed a singular picture--those men from afar1 with their bronzed features1 flat foreheads and noses1 and grey fluttering rags1 as they stood by the side of the lake under the tall tree-covered crags4 ,it seemed a glimpse of another world than the one we live in1 and as the three hunters gazed and caught the sounds of their uncouth speech1 curiosity for a while mastered all other feelings4 ,but ,kasper and ,frantz soon fixed their long bayonets on their rifles and retired once more into the cover of the woods4 ,they reached a rock some twenty feet high1 which ,materne climbed2 then1 after a few words exchanged in a low voice1 ,kasper examined his priming1 slowly brought his piece to his shoulder1 and aimed1 while his brother stood by ready to follow his example4 ,the ,cossack whose horse was drinking was about two hundred paces from our little party4 ,the report of the rifle rang through the forest and awoke the deep echoes of the gorge1 and the horseman bent forward and disappeared beneath the ice of the lake4 ,it would be impossible to describe the stupefaction which seemed to seize the band4 ,the echoes rolled like a volley of musketry2 the dismounted barbarians bounded on their steeds1 gazing wildly around1 while a thick wreath of smoke rolled above the clump of trees behind which the hunters stood4 ,kasper had in a moment reloaded1 but at the same instant the ,cossacks dashed toward the slope of ,hartz1 following in single file and shouting savagely1 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,they disappeared like a flash1 and as ,kasper aimed again the last horse disappeared in the woods4 ,the steed of the dead ,cossack stood alone by the lake4 ,his fallen master's foot yet remained in the stirrup1 although the body was submerged in the water4 ,materne listened on his rock1 and then said joyfully3 ,they are gone6 ,let us press on4 ,frantz1 remain here for a while4 ,if any should return-- ,but despite this direction all three ran to where the horse yet stood1 and ,materne1 seizing the animal's bridle1 cried3 ,now1 old fellow1 we will teach thee to speak ,french4 ,these ,cossacks have famous horses1 my boys1 he continued1 and when ,i am too old to go afoot1 ,i will keep this one to hunt with4 ,let us go1 cried ,kasper4 ,toward six o'clock they heard the first challenge of their sentinels3 ,who goes there8 ,france6 answered ,materne1 advancing4 #cac ,he was soon recognized1 and all rushed forth to meet the three hunters4 ,hullin himself1 as curious as the rest1 came out with ,doctor ,lorquin4 ,the partisans stood around the horse1 gazing with looks of wonder and admiration4 ,it is a ,cossack's1 said ,hullin1 squeezing his old friend's hand4 ,yes1 ,jean-,claude2 we captured it at the pond of ,riel4 ,kasper shot its master4 ,kasper1 leaning upon his rifle1 seemed well pleased with his prize1 and old ,materne1 rubbing his hands1 added3 ,we were determined to bring something back with us1 for my boys and ,i never return empty-handed4 ,hullin took him aside1 and they entered the farm-house together1 while the young hunters gratified the curiosity of their comrades4 ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,that whole night long the little farm of the ,anabaptist was filled with partisans going and coming4 ,hullin had established his headquarters in the large hall of the ground floor of the house2 on this floor1 too1 was the hospital1 and the farm people occupied the upper stories4 ,although the night was calm and innumerable stars shone in the sky1 the cold was so keen that the frost seemed almost an inch thick upon the window-panes4 ,without1 the cry of ,who goes there8 occasionally broke the stillness1 while ever and anon the howling of wolves was borne on the air from the neighboring peaks2 for since #ahab wolves had followed our armies by hundreds1 and now1 stretched on the snow1 their pointed muzzles between their fore-paws1 they called from ,grosmann to ,donon1 and from ,donon to ,grosmann1 until the breeze seemed filled with their plaintive cries4 ,more than one mountaineer grew pale as he listened to them1 and muttered3 ,it is the song of death2 he scents the battle from afar1 and calls us to follow him4 ,then the cattle lowed in their stables1 and the horses neighed with affright4 ,some thirty fires were burning on the plateau where was the camp2 the old ,anabaptist's wood-pile had paid tribute1 and log after log was heaped on2 but though the face might scorch1 the back quivered with the cold1 and frost hung from the beards and moustaches of those who stood warming their backs4 ,hullin1 in the house1 sat before the great fir table1 absorbed in thought4 ,from the latest reports he had received1 he was convinced that the first attack would be made the next day4 ,he had had cartridges distributed1 had doubled the sentries1 ordered patrols through the mountain1 and fixed the posts of all along the abatis4 ,he had also caused ,piorette1 ,jerome of ,saint-,quirin1 and ,labarbe to send their best marksmen to him4 ,the hall where he sat was lit by a dim lantern1 and full of snow2 and every moment his officers came and went1 their hats drawn far down over their heads1 and icicles hanging from their beards4 ,master ,jean-,claude1 something is moving near ,grandfontaine2 we can hear horses galloping4 ,master ,jean-,claude1 the brandy is frozen4 ,master ,jean-,claude1 many of the men are without powder4 ,such were the reports and complaints that every moment assailed the leader's ears4 ,watch well toward ,grandfontaine and change the sentries on that side every half-hour4 ,thaw the brandy at the fires4 #cad ,wait until ,dives comes2 he has ammunition4 ,distribute what cartridges remain1 and let all who have more than twenty rounds divide the surplus among their comrades4 ,and so the night passed4 ,toward five in the morning ,kasper reported that ,marc-,dives with a load of cartridges1 ,catherine ,lefevre1 and a detachment from ,labarbe had arrived and were at the farm4 ,the news eased the old sabot-maker's mind1 for he feared greatly the result of a delay in the supplies4 ,he rose at once and went out with ,kasper4 ,at the approach of day1 huge masses of fog had begun to rise from the valley2 the fires crackled in the damp air1 and all around lay the sleeping mountaineers4 ,all was silent1 and a cloud1 purple or grey1 as the fire rose or fell1 hung around each bivouac4 ,further off1 the dim outlines of the sentinels could be seen as they paced to and fro with arms shouldered1 or stood gazing into the misty abysses4 ,to the right1 fifty yards beyond the last fire1 horses were neighing1 and men stamping to keep their feet warm4 ,master ,jean-,claude is coming1 said ,kasper approaching the group4 ,one of the partisans had just thrown a bundle of dry sticks upon the fire1 and by the light of the blaze ,hullin saw ,marc-,dives and his twelve men on horseback1 standing sabre in hand1 motionless around their charge4 ,catherine was further on1 half covered with the straw of her wagon1 her back leaning against a large cask2 behind her were a huge pot1 a gridiron1 a fresh-killed hog ready for cooking1 and some strings of onions and cabbages for soup4 ,all started for a moment from the darkness1 and disappeared again as the blaze fell4 ,dives left his party and rode forward4 ,is that you1 ,jean-,claude8 ,yes1 ,marc4 ,i have already several thousand cartridges4 ,hexe-,baizel is working night and day4 ,good6 good6 ,and ,catherine ,lefevre is here with provisions4 ,we shall need all1 ,marc4 ,the battle is near4 ,i do not doubt it2 we shall not have long to wait4 ,but where shall ,i put the powder8 ,yonder2 under the shed1 behind the house4 ,is that you1 ,catherine8 ,it is indeed1 ,jean-,claude4 ,a cold morning4 ,always the same1 ,catherine4 ,do you fear nothing8 ,would ,i be a woman if ,i lacked curiosity8 ,i must see all that is going on1 you know4 ,yes1 you have always excuses for your good deeds4 ,no compliments1 ,hullin4 ,people cannot live on air1 and ,i have taken my measures4 ,yesterday we killed an ox--poor ,schwartz--he weighed nine hundred1 and ,i have brought a quarter for soup4 ,let me warm myself4 ,she threw the reins to ,duchene and alighted1 saying3 ,those fires yonder are a pretty sight1 but where is ,louise8 ,louise has passed the night making bandages with ,pelsly's two daughters4 ,she is there in the hospital1 where you see my lantern shining4 ,poor child6 said ,catherine2 ,i will run and help her4 ,it will warm me4 ,hullin gazing at her retreating figure could only mutter1 ,what a woman6 ,what a woman6 #cae ,dives and his men took the powder to the shed2 and what was ,jean-,claude's surprise1 on approaching the nearest fire1 to see the fool ,yegof1 his crown upon his head1 gravely sitting upon a stone1 his feet at the embers1 and his rags draped around him like a royal mantle4 ,nothing could be stranger than his figure4 ,he was the only one waking there1 and seemed a barbarian king surrounded by his sleeping horde4 ,hullin1 however1 only saw the fool1 and gently placing his hand upon his shoulder1 said in a tone of ironical respect3 ,hail1 ,yegof6 thou art come to offer us the aid of thine invincible arm and the help of thy numberless armies6 ,the fool1 without showing the least surprise1 answered3 ,that depends upon thee1 ,hullin4 ,thy fate and that of thy people around thee are in thy hands4 ,i have checked my wrath1 and ,i leave it to thee to pronounce the sentence4 ,what sentence8 asked ,jean-,claude4 ,the fool1 without replying1 continued in a low and solemn tone3 ,we are here now1 as we were sixteen hundred years ago1 on the eve of a great battle4 ,then ,i1 the chief of so many nations1 came to thy clan to demand a passage-- ,sixteen hundred years ago6 interrupted ,hullin2 that would make us fearfully old1 ,yegof4 ,but no matter2 go on4 ,yes1 said the fool2 but thine obstinacy would hear nothing2 hundreds of dead lie at ,blutfeld2 they cry for vengeance6 ,ah6 yes1 ,blutfeld1 said ,jean-,claude2 it is an old story2 ,i have heard you tell it before4 ,yegof rose with flushed face and flashing eyes4 ,barest thou boast of thy victory8 he cried4 ,but beware1 beware6 ,blood calls for blood6 ,then his tone softened1 and he added3 ,listen6 ,i would not harm thee2 thou art brave1 and the children of thy race may mingle their blood with mine4 ,i desire thy alliance--thou knowest it4 ,he is coming back to ,louise1 thought ,jean-,claude1 and1 foreseeing another demand in form1 he said3 ,yegof1 ,i am sorry1 but ,i must leave you2 ,i have so many things to see to-- ,the fool bent an angry look on him4 ,dost refuse me thy daughter8 he cried1 raising his finger solemnly4 ,we will talk of it hereafter4 ,thou refusest6 ,your cries are arousing my men1 ,yegof4 ,thou hast refused1 and for the third time4 ,beware6 ,beware6 ,hullin1 despairing of calming him1 strode away1 but the fool's voice followed3 ,woe to thee1 ,huldrix6 ,thy latest hour is nigh4 ,soon will the wolves banquet upon thy flesh6 ,the storm of my wrath is unchained1 and for thee and thine there is no longer grace1 pity1 nor mercy6 ,thou hast spoken thy doom6 ,and throwing the ragged end of his cloak over his shoulder1 the poor wretch hurried toward the peak of ,donon4 ,many of the partisans1 half awakened by his voice1 gazed with dull eyes at his vanishing form4 ,they heard a flapping of wings around the fire1 but it seemed like a dream1 and they turned and slept again4 #caf ,an hour later1 the horn of ,lagarmitte sounded the reveille4 ,in a few moments every one was upon his feet4 ,the chiefs assembled their men4 ,some went to the shed1 where cartridges were distributed2 others filled their flasks at the cask1 but everything was done in order4 ,then each platoon departed in the grey dawn to take its place at the abatis4 ,when the sun rose1 the farm was deserted1 and1 save five or six fires yet smoking1 nothing announced that the partisans held all the passes of the mountain1 and had so lately been encamped there4 ---------- ,glimpses ,of ,tuscany4 ,the ,passion ,at ,prato4 ,,iv4 ,as ,good ,friday drew near1 ,i was more than once asked by our maestro di casa if ,i meant to attend the ,passion at ,prato4 ,prato is an old walled town in the valley of the ,arno1 about ten miles from ,florence4 ,it contains some twelve thousand inhabitants1 whose principal occupation consists in plaiting ,leghorn straw1 manufacturing ,turkish red-caps1 smelting copper1 and quarrying the dark green serpentine1 which figures so extensively in ,italian church architecture4 ,it is renowned in ,christian art as the shrine of the ,sacratissima ,cintola4 ,our maestro explained that once in every three years1 from time immemorial1 the citizens of ,prato had celebrated ,good ,friday by a nocturnal representation of the ,passion2 that it was a sight well worth seeing1 and famous throughout ,northern ,italy2 that he and his family were going1 and that they had a window1 or stand1 very much at my service4 ,my aunt1 who thought nothing worth seeing but the ,cascine and her native ,lucca1 shook her head despairingly1 leaving me somehow under the impression that the affair was a large puppet-show accompanied by fireworks4 ,so the matter dropped1 and ,i quite forgot it1 until invited on ,holy ,thursday by an ,english gentleman1 long resident in ,florence1 to make one of a party to ,prato1 ,friday afternoon4 ,as the trains were uncomfortably full1 and all the better public barouches engaged weeks before1 we had to put up with an old blue hack1 drawn by two lank1 slovenly bays4 ,but the hack-horses of ,florence are singed cats4 ,although not unlike crop-eared mules1 they can hold a trot or canter all day long1 without seeming much more distressed than when they started4 ,we were hardly through the ,porta al ,prato before our team struck an honest1 even1 steady lope that soon brought us to the ,villa ,demidoff4 ,the spring is a slow one1 but the violets are out1 the fruit-trees in bloom1 and the roses budding4 ,there is no dust2 the road1 like all ,tuscan roads1 smooth and firm1 curbed and guttered1 weeded to the edge1 fringed with unbroken borders of olive1 mulberry1 and vines4 #cag ,along the wayside1 and in the doorways1 old women and children are braiding straw4 ,men and girls1 in holiday attire1 are flocking to the great triennial festa2 some in carts1 drawn by mild-eyed1 dove-colored oxen2 some on foot2 others in jaunty spring-wagons1 jerked along by plucky little ponies4 ,the whole country is astir1 with a general concentration on ,prato4 ,it must surely be something worth seeing that provokes such a deliberate crowd4 ,still1 ,i asked no questions4 ,it is so much more interesting to anticipate a spectacle vaguely than exactly4 ,the indefinite anxiety about the form in which a dawning unknown will finally present itself is always more engrossing than mere curiosity to realize a picture distinctly foreshadowed4 ,yet1 while speculating on what the good people of ,prato could possibly make of the awful mystery they were undertaking to represent1 ,i must confess that ,i felt apprehensive lest some awkward handling should affront the unutterably sacred4 ,at sunset we reached the fine old walls1 and came to a halt just inside the gate4 ,to drive further was impossible4 ,the city swarmed with contadini from the neighborhood2 with natives and forestieri from ,florence1 ,pisa1 ,pistoia1 ,lucca1 and even ,milan2 with the beautiful maidens of ,segna and the dark silk-venders of ,pescia4 ,it was evident1 at a glance1 that the ceremony was to be a procession4 ,the piazzas were all ready for illumination2 every window along the line of march displayed at least two lamps suspended from brackets of thick iron wire2 every door and balcony was thronged with still1 expectant faces4 ,as two of our party1 a young artist and a mature cosmopolitan1 were bent on seeing the cathedral1 we managed to reach it after toiling through the crowd4 ,it is wonderful how many objects your disciplined sight-seer can absorb at once4 ,he is never satisfied with less than a constellation in his field of vision4 ,the emotional jumble that maddens a novice serves only to tranquillize his nerves4 ,he is utterly insensible to the charm of a separately entertained idea--the undulating1 widening waves of thought dispersed evenly and unbrokenly from one central point of agitation4 ,he is1 apparently1 never so happy as when the surface of sensation is pelted with fresh impressions1 overshowered with novelties1 tremulous and titillating with myriads of clashing circlets4 ,but1 although the ,duomo is partly of the twelfth century1 although it is said to enshrine the ,sacratissima ,cintola1 although its choir contains the best specimens of ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 ,i was not sorry to find the doors locked4 ,my mind was so preoccupied with the coming ,passion that ,i scarcely cared to do more than glance at the fine balcony built by ,donatello for the exposition of the treasured girdle4 ,we drifted about the piazza till dark1 when an electrical movement and murmur of the people announced the near approach of the initial moment4 ,instantly a thousand ladders are up against the house-sides2 swiftly and mysteriously the throng of on-lookers melts away2 the bands of ,pistoia and ,prato unite in a minor march2 the momently deserted streets are filled with radiance and music--the great triennial festa has begun4 ,half-past seven2 a perfect night2 no moon1 a low breeze1 and faint starlight4 ,we are in the rear of the starting-point2 the procession must traverse the whole town--two hours--before it reaches us4 ,but we shall have the best of it then1 for the close is said to be even more solemn and better ordered than the start4 #cah ,the narrow sidewalks are lined with spectators2 doors1 windows1 and balconies alive with faces2 but there is little movement and less conversation4 ,although we had a room of our own1 we found ourselves addressing each other in whispers4 ,at nine o'clock the silence deepened2 the low rustling in the balconies ceased2 our hostess crossed herself2 the glare of coming torches lights up a living lane of men bare-headed1 of women mutely praying with clasped hands2 and then a solitary ,roman knight1 with casque and spangled robe1 and steed unshod1 glides noiselessly into view1 like an apparition4 ,after him a band of mounted knights1 clad as at ,calvary1 ride slowly1 silently together2 then a blast from twenty trumpets1 in superb unison1 by twenty ,bersaglieri of the ,guard2 and then--a sight which to this day brings the tears to my eyes as ,i recall it--thirty gladiatorial lictors1 ten abreast1 stripped to the waist1 bare-headed1 belted1 filleted--all picked men of equal height--moving with a step that spurned the ground1 light but swift and stern as fate4 ,how that wonderful step startled us6 ,how its determined energy transported us to ,jerusalem6 ,they have sustained it for two hours without the slightest symptom of weariness4 ,they march on as if they could keep the pace forever4 ,after these1 in helmet and cuirass1 with shield and sword and spear1 come the ,roman legionaries1 true to tradition in gait1 garb1 and array4 ,watch the sway of their spears1 whispered our artist friend1 as the long lances flashed through the air with the even sweep of an admiral's oars4 ,it was worth watching3 nearly as much so as the wonderful stride of the lictors4 ,and1 all the while1 you could not hear a footfall1 a comment1 or a murmur2 the procession passed like a vision through the heart of that still1 torchlit1 reverent multitude4 ,but1 as the dread sequel approached1 ,i began to tremble--began to fear they might overdo it--although the marching of those drilled lictors and the swaying of those legionary spears might have reassured me4 ,fresh companies of knights1 fresh sections of the cohort are filing forward1 every man of them as earnest and absorbed as if he were climbing the hill of the ,crosses ,three4 ,not a sign or gesture of levity1 distraction1 or fatigue2 not even a side-glance at the living walls that hemmed them in4 ,as the vanguard melts away1 the sudden glare of many torches1 the sudden chaunt of many voices1 again invade the solemn stillness with music and light4 ,marshalled groups of ecclesiastics1 each group with its separate choir1 are seen advancing in endless perspective2 and in the centre of each choir1 between two torch-bearers1 a lovely boy1 with downcast eyes and rigid face1 supports some symbol of the ,passion4 ,one by one1 at measured intervals1 the precious emblems of salvation are thus successively displayed--each with its guard of acolytes1 its escort of deacons and sub-deacons1 its swelling choral1 its angelic boy-bearer4 ,those rapt1 concentrated1 inspired young faces6 ,i see them now bending in meek beauty over the ,scourge1 the ,crown1 the ,reed1 the ,cross1 the ,nails1 the ,sponge1 the ,spear4 ,and when these too have passed1 there is another pause1 another interval of darkness1 another pulseless silence1 broken as before by the tide of radiance and song4 ,seven white banners inscribed with the ,seven ,last ,words are borne by with the same mournful pomp1 the same separate array4 ,whose the music1 ,i know not3 neither ,haydn's1 ,i am sure1 nor ,mercadante's1 ,i think2 but quite as effective1 for the moment1 as either4 #cai ,we looked and listened spell-bound2 an overpowering illusion held us speechless and motionless2 a dread expectation weighed at our hearts like lead2 we were body and soul at ,calvary1 as once more the torchlight died away4 ,and in the darkness1 we asked ourselves1 ,will they venture farther8 ,will they attempt the act of sacrifice itself8 ,why1 the city of ,prato would reel like ,jerusalem--her graves would open and her dead would walk6 ,but ,prato is too merciful for that4 ,after an interval of profound suspense1 a lofty sable catafalque1 encircled by priests arrayed in stole and surplice1 is borne silently along--and on it1 pale and unmoving1 the shrouded image of the divine ,victim1 with all the agony of the ,passion on the white lips and crimson brow4 ,consummatum est6--,but as we sat unexpectant of more1 another figure emerged from the settling gloom--the life-size effigy of the ,mater ,dolorosa1 following with clasped hands and streaming eyes the dead form of her ,son4 ,after all that long array of living actors1 the introduction of any effigy1 however perfect1 must create a disillusion4 ,and this one is far from perfect--far more suggestive of the ,prado than of ,calvary4 ,the dead on the catafalque is appropriately represented by the inanimate2 but when knights1 soldiers1 lictors1 centurions1 are moving1 breathing flesh and blood1 its application to the equally living ,mother is a violent incongruity4 ,the action has been too intensely vitalized to assimilate a counterfeit vitality1 however sacred its significance4 ,but what then8 asks the genius of ,prato4 ,am ,i to forego this tribute to my dear ,padrona because it shocks the sensibilities of a speculative tourist8 ,does not my cathedral enshrine the very girdle of the ,assumption that fell to the kneeling ,thomas8 ,can you fix a single unorthodox or unscriptural significance upon these time-honored obsequies8 ,in the final throes of crucifixion1 was not the last thought of the dying ,son1 the last concern of the expiring ,redeemer1 for his ,mother8 ,was not ',behold thy ,mother6' the last charge of the thirsting lips8 ,we obey the ,ecce ,homo of ,pilate3 dare we disobey the ,ecce ,mater of ,jesus8 ,let it be discriminated1 however1 that in the ,ecce ,mater we are summoned to contemplate our ,blessed ,lady1 not in her agony1 but in her maternity--in her relationship rather to the future than to the present4 ,the ,evangelists are singularly careful not to distinguish any finite sorrow--not even hers--from the overwhelming spectacle of immolated ,deity4 ,had the ,mater ,dolorosa formed part of the funeral tableau1 had she been pictured ,dolentem ,,cum filio1 had she been stationed directly at the bier so as to constitute a group or ,piet--although the inconsistency of effigy remained1 yet the marbles of ,angelo and the canvas of ,raphael would have abundantly prepared us for the sight4 ,but at that supreme moment1 to present her1 after a distinct interval1 as a separate spectacle1 was at variance with all the examples of ,christian art4 ,the ,stabat ,mater does not wander an inch from the ,cross2 though here1 with exquisite propriety1 as the sorrow of the ,mother is revealed1 the cross she clings to is so dimmed by her tears that we catch only mournful twilight glimpses of the ,,dulcem ,natum--veiled1 infinite1 triumphant woe1 but none of the vivid1 minute1 specific agony of the ,passion4 #cbj ,the sublime reticence of the ,evangelists1 so far from diminishing the true glory of the ,handmaid of the ,lord1 is in inspired accord both with her maiden humility and maternal dignity4 ,the fathomless processes of redemption present themselves to our limited perceptions rather as consecutive than simultaneous4 ,the paternal1 the filial1 the spiritual aspect of the ,holy ,trinity seems each consecutively prominent in the church4 ,as the special work of the ,redeemer is consummated1 the special work of the ,comforter begins4 ,the sphere of the ,paraclete is as broadly defined1 as lovingly respected by the ,son1 as the sphere of the ,padre ,eterno4 ,infinitely dear as is the bond between babe and mother1 we instinctively sympathize with the mystical courtesy that reserved the full exaltation of the ,bride of the ,dove1 like the gift of the cloven tongues of fire1 for the operation of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,vergine sola al mondo sensa esempio1 ,che'l ciel di tue bellezze innamorasti4 ,and the hearts of the faithful1 now as at ,ephesus1 are jealously alive to the full significance of her paramount title1 ,mater ,dei4 ,the mission of ,peter1 to feed the sheep1 is not more emphatic than the mission of ,john as the child and guardian of ,mary4 ,the apostolic inheritor of the keys1 and the executor of the cross who took her as his own1 walk side by side through the ages1 not in the flesh1 indeed1 but in the spirit1 following the ,lord till his coming4 ,in this relation1 the dearest disciple is as deathless as the church2 under this aspect1 ,christian art loves to depict him2 under this aspect he becomes the preferred of the ,paraclete1 as he has been the best beloved of ,jesus--becomes the great herald of the incarnation2 the prophet to whose vision the doors in heaven are opened2 the bearer of the mystic challenge1 ,and the ,,spirit and the ,,bride say come6 ,salve ,regina6 ,much as ,i should have preferred the chime of the ,stabat ,mater to any more direct suggestion1 or to aught in imitative art save the very face of the ,san ,sisto transformed by maternal sorrow1 yet no man in ,prato bows with deeper heartfelt reverence than ,i to the image of our ever honored ,lady4 ,tuscany is not ,mariolatrous enough for me4 ,i should like it better with a ,madonna presiding over every fountain and hallowing every pathway4 ,and1 in the deep hush that precedes the stir with which ,prato struggles back to herself1 the soul's conception of the ,juxta crucem lacrymosa takes the place of the vanishing effigy1 and1 aided by the inspired seers of art1 constructs some tenderer semblance of the blessed countenance4 ----ch' a ,christo ,piu s' assomiglia4 ,there was but little conversation as we drove back in the midnight4 ,and when at last1 in the starry distance1 arose the mighty cupola of ,santa ,maria del ,fiore1 ,i caught myself searching among the towers of ,florence for the lonely spire of ,santo ,spirito4 ---------- #cba ,galileo-,galilei1 ,footnote #abe the ,florentine ,astronomer4 #aefd-afdb4 ,even so great a man as ,bacon rejected the theory of ,galileo with scorn4 444 ,bacon had not all the means of arriving at a sound conclusion which are within our reach2 and which secure people who would not have been worthy to mend his pens from falling into his mistakes4--,macaulay4 ,footnote #abe3 ,galileo--,the ,roman ,inquisition4 ,cincinnati4 #ahdd4 ,galileo e l',inquisizione4 ,marino-,marini4 ,roma4 #ahej4 ,histoire des ,sciences ,mathmatiques en ,italie4 ,par ,libri4 ,paris4 #ahch4 ,notes on the ,ante-,galilean ,copernicans4 ,prof4 ,de ,morgan4 ,london4 #ahee4 ,opere di ,galileo-,galilei4 ,alberi4 ,firenze4 #ahdb-ahef4 #af vols4 imp4 #hvo4 ,galileo-,galilei1 sa ,vie1 son ,procs et ses ,contemporains4 ,par ,philarte ,chasles4 ,paris4 #ahfb4 ,galileo and the ,inquisition4 ,by ,r4 ,madden4 ,london4 #ahfc4 ,galilee1 sa ,vie1 ses ,dcouvertes et ses ,travaux4 ,par le ,dr4 ,max ,parchappe4 ,paris4 #ahff4 ,galilee4 ,tragdie de ,m4 ,ponsard4 ,paris4 #ahff4 ,la ,condamnation de ,galile4 ,par ,m4 l',abb ,bouix4 ,arras4 #ahff4 ,articles on ,galileo1 in ,dublin ,review4 #ahch-ahfe4 ,articles on ,galileo1 in ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 #ahda-ahfd4 ,mlanges ,scientifiques et ,littraires4 ,par ,j4 ,b4 ,biot4 #c vols4 ,paris4 #aheh4 ,galile1 les ,droits da la ,science et la ,mthode des ,sciences ,physiques4 ,par ,thomas ,henri ,martin4 ,paris4 #ahfh4 ,very few years of life now remain to the ,galileo story as heretofore accepted4 ,it has received more than one mortal wound1 and1 writhing in pain1 must soon die among its worshippers4 ,and yet some of them still battle for its truth4 ,for these1 too1 the end approaches4 ,we therefore hasten to glean the field and gather in our harvest of historic leaves1 while yet the controversial sun shines with fading warmth4 ,we wish at once to present the ,galileo story as truly told2 for soon there will be nothing left of it to discuss1 and the moving drama of ,the starry ,galileo1 with his woes1 will cease to be played to crowded and delighted anti-,catholic audiences4 ,a flood of historic daylight has been gradually let in behind the scenes1 and our pensive public now begin plainly to discern the bungling framework1 the coarse canvas1 and the roughly-daubed paint1 that1 in a light shed by a blaze of religious bigotry1 seemed the brilliancy of science and the beauty of truth4 ,the persecution1 the torture1 the e pur si muove the shirt of penance1 and all the other properties1 scenery1 dresses1 and decorations1 constituting the mise en scne of the wretched play that so long has had a sort of historic ,black ,crook run1 are now about to be swept away with other old rubbish1 and the curtain will fall never again to rise4 ,the ,galileo controversy is of comparatively recent date in our literature4 ,in the year #ahch a well-known article in the ,the ,dublin ,review gave the best statement of the case which1 up to that period1 had ever been presented to ,english readers4 ,it was in this country generally attributed to ,cardinal ,wiseman1 but was in fact written by the ,rev4 ,peter ,cooper4 ,republished in #ahdd at ,cincinnati1 with a timely preface1 it has been largely circulated among the ,catholic reading public throughout the ,united ,states4 ,since the dates mentioned1 however1 there are many valuable accessions to our knowledge on this interesting subject2 and1 not to mention others1 the publications of ,marini1 ,alberi1 and ,biot have cleared up several important points heretofore in doubt1 and placed some disputed facts in an entirely new light4 #cbb ,the occasion of ,the ,dublin ,review article was the appearance of ,whewell's ,history of the ,inductive ,sciences1 and ,powell's ,history of ,philosophy4 ,its republication in ,cincinnati1 accompanied by an ,american introduction1 was provoked by some remarkable statements made concerning ,galileo by ,john ,quincy ,adams1 in a discourse delivered before the ,astronomical ,society of that city4 ,in like manner1 the controversy was lately brought to the surface in ,france by the production of ,m4 ,ponsard's five-act drama 7,galile7 at the ,thtre ,franais4 ,before it is put upon the stage1 the play is objected to by official censorship1 on the ground of historical misrepresentation4 ,m4 ,ponsard justifies1 censure responds4 ,m4 ,ponsard's friends1 the ,avenir ,national and a compact phalanx of ardent young feuilletonistes1 spring to the rescue2 pamphlets fly from the press as thick as autumn leaves1 and the whole controversy is once again put in agitation4 ,generally speaking1 ,english and ,american boys emerge from their school or college reading with an idea1 more or less vague1 that the moment ,galileo announced the doctrine of the earth's rotation he was seized upon by the ,inquisition1 cast into prison1 tortured in various ways until all his bones were broken2 that he pretended to recant1 but1 with broken bones aforesaid1 stood up erect1 stamped his foot1 and-thundered out1 e pur si muove--and yet1 it moves4 ,we believe this is no exaggeration of the main features of the version that in an undefined and misty form still holds possession of the public mind2 and the distinguished ,biot appears to recognize this fact in the title of his memoir 7#aheh7 on the subject4 ,la ,vrit sur ,galile-- ,the truth at last--or1 in other words1 we have had enough of fiction4 ,and no wonder2 for1 up to within comparatively few years1 the story has been systematically obscured by thick shades of fable and falsehood4 ,falsehood as gross as that of ,montucla1 that the astronomer's eyes were put out2 or of ,bernini1 that he was imprisoned for five years4 ,falsehood as flippant as that of ,moreri1 7,grand ,dictionnaire ,biographique17 that ,galileo was kept in prison five or six years1 prefacing his statement with je sais bien4 ,fables as transparent as that of ,pontecoulant1 who says ,galileo was a martyr1 leaving you free to imagine the astronomer beheaded or burned1 at your choice4 ,as liberal a quarterly as the ,westminster says of ,galileo3 ,for the remainder of his life he was subjected to the persecution of the ,inquisition4 ,even the last edition of the ,encyclopedia ,britannica tells us that at the end of a year the ,grand ,duke had the influence to procure his release from prison2 and ,sir ,benjamin ,brodie informs us1 in his ,psychological ,inquiries1 that the ,inquisition of ,rome subjected ,galileo to the torture because he asserted that the earth moved round the sun1 and not the sun round the earth4 ,but for a specimen of the most daring intrepidity of statement on this topic1 see an article by ,libri in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahda2 and for one out of a thousand silly rhetorical flourishes1 see ,introduction l',etude ,philosophique de l',histoire de l',humanit1 par ,altmeyer1 7p4 #ie17 ,galile fut forc par un clerg retrograde de demander pardon ,dieu d'avoir rvel aux hommes les ternelles et ravissantes harmonies par lesquelles il rgit l'univers4 #cbc ,summing up this peculiar phase of historical treatment1 there is left from it a general impression that ,galileo was persecuted1 imprisoned1 maltreated1 and tortured1 wholly and solely by reason of his scientific belief2 that he pretended to abjure1 but said e pur si muove and did not abjure4 ,the ,ponsard controversy in ,france1 which had hardly died out at the latest advices1 produced many assertions1 strong expression of weak theories1 loose statement1 some fine writing1 pleasing amenities1 such as exagration1 inexactitude de transcription1 menteurs1 mensonge complet1 and very little historical proof4 ,throughout the entire range of the discussion one capital feature appears1 as usual1 to be left totally out of sight4 ,we mean ,the ,condition ,of ,the ,scientific ,question4 ,the theory of the earth's motion1 ,a4,d4 #ahfh1 is demonstrated4 ,there is no one to question it--unless1 indeed1 we except ,pastor ,knaack1 an orthodox ,lutheran1 or1 at any rate1 ,protestant preacher1 in ,berlin1 who lately had an exciting controversy with ,pastor ,liscow1 in which he maintains that the accounts given of the creation of the world in the first chapters of ,genesis are literally true2 that the earth does not move1 etc41 etc4 ,and most persons nowadays1 taking it for granted that ,galileo had demonstrated the truth of his system1 appear to be satisfied that the tribunal by which he was judged must have been perversely blind and disgracefully ignorant in refusing assent to a proposition so evident4 ,even in many books that treat this discussion with comparative thoroughness1 the true condition of the scientific question in ,galileo's day is passed over in silence1 or presented with startling incorrectness4 ,thus any one might read ,dr4 ,parchappe's pretentious work carefully through1 and never suspect that ,galileo had not triumphantly demonstrated the system4 ,for another1 out of many examples1 listen to ,m4 ,philarte ,chasles3 ,galileo accomplished the noblest conquest of modern science after that of ,newton4 ,he determined the problem of the movement of the earth1 and thus became culpable of three crimes--against society1 the savants1 and the power of his time4 ,so intent is ,m4 ,chasles on his antithetical three crimes1 that he loses sight of the fact that this assertion prostrates the whole chafaudage of his defence of ,rome--for1 ultra-liberal though he be1 his book is written with unusual fairness of intention4 ,if ,galileo did what ,m4 ,chasles thus claims for him--namely1 determine the problem of the movement of the earth--there is no excuse for ,rome6 ,but a candid examination of the condition of astronomical science at that period1 and of the extent of ,galileo's acquisitions1 will show that not only was ,,the ,,system ,,not ,,demonstrated ,,by ,,galileo1 but that1 with the entire fund of astronomical and physical knowledge in existence in his day1 it was not then susceptible of demonstration by him or by any one else4 ,this examination we now proceed to make4 ,and we set out with the proposition that ,galileo1 with all the aid of the eighty years of confirmation that grew with the theory of ,copernicus1 with the light of his own remarkable discoveries1 with his brilliant genius and intimate conviction of the truth of his theory1 was yet not only powerless to prove it1 but was so far wide of demonstration that he assigned as evidence in its support reasons that were utterly erroneous and delusive4 #cbd ,the truth is--and it is no derogation of ,galileo's magnificent talent to say so--it was not given to any single intellect here below to solve a problem so gigantic4 ,it was not possible for any mortal to concentrate the patient labor of centuries within the space of one short life1 to master all the avenues of all the sciences that approach it1 to storm the firmament and lead captive the stars4 ,no6 only the combined genius and ceaseless toil of the illustrious men of science of all ,christendom barely succeeded in accomplishing the demonstration of which we speak1 nearly two centuries after the grave had closed over ,galileo and his judges4 ,it would require a volume to do the entire subject the merest justice2 for1 in addition to the examination proposed1 it is absolutely necessary1 if only for the sake of chronological clearness1 to present at least a sketch of ,galileo's career1 the main events of his personal and scientific life1 and a statement of the difficulties that brought on his trial4 ,this we will endeavor to do4 ,,biography4 ,born at ,pisa1 ,february #bhth1 #aefd1 ,galileo-,galilei was1 at the age of twenty-six1 noticed by the ,cardinal ,del ,monte1 and on his recommendation installed lecturer on mathematics in his native city4 ,at this period the doctrines of ,aristotle reigned in the schools1 although ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,nizzoli1 ,benedetti1 and others1 had1 by many valuable experiments1 already shaken the authority of the ,stagyrite on matters of science4 ,the young ,pisan followed diligently in their path1 and1 with the favoring locality of the ,leaning ,tower1 demonstrated the incorrectness of the accepted axiom that the velocity of falling bodies is proportionate to their weight4 ,he was also the first to whom the mechanical principle1 since denominated that of the virtual velocities1 had occurred in its full extent2 and in pure geometry there is no doubt that1 at a later period1 he anticipated ,cavalcanti in the discovery of the calculus of the indivisibles4 ,unfortunately1 his indiscreet zeal had only words of harshness and rebuke for those who hesitated to accept his demonstrations1 and his sarcasms rapidly begot alienation and ill-will4 ,for a prejudice respectable by age he could make no allowance1 and with the blindness that in a blaze of light is unable to command vision he had no patience4 ,galileo was1 however1 still young1 and not yet1 if ever in his life1 wise enough to reflect1 with another great astronomer1 that men are not necessarily obstinate because they cleave to rooted and venerable errors1 nor are they absolutely dull when they are long in understanding and slow in embracing newly discovered truths4 ,the young lecturer made so many enemies at ,pisa that he was glad to leave it and accept the chair of mathematics at ,padua4 ,,the ,,telescope4 ,here he invented1 or rather improved1 the telescope4 ,galileo expressly states in his ,nuncius ,siderius 7,march1 #afaj7 that he had heard that a certain ,hollander constructed 7elaboratum7 a glass1 7perspicillum17 by means of which distant objects were made to appear near4 ,whether this unknown optician was ,zachary ,jansen1 ,moetius of ,alkmar1 or ,henry ,lippersheim of ,middleburg1 it seems impossible to determine4 #cbe ,indeed1 it seems strange that the idea of the telescope had not long before been put to practical use4 ,passing over the perspective glasses of the ,english astronomer ,dee1 or modifications of the suggestion in the ,pantometria of ,digges in #aega1 we find that the idea of bringing nearer the image of distant objects by means of a combination of lenses is to be traced almost clearly to a very remote period4 ,baptist ,porta1 in his ,magica ,naturalis1 published in #aehi1 speaks of crystal lenses by which he could read a letter at twenty paces1 and was confident of being able1 by multiplying such lenses1 to decipher the smallest letters at a hundred paces4 ,going further back1 we read in the ,homocentrica of ,fracastorius1 who died in the year #aeec1 of glasses through whose aid we can decipher writing at a great distance2 and yet further1 ,roger ,bacon1 who died ,a4,d4 #acjj1 speaks of glasses by which very small letters could be read at an incredible distance4 ,galileo's first telescope had only a power of three1 his second magnified eight times1 his third thirty-three1 ,footnote #abf and was soon succeeded by a better one made on a suggestion of ,kepler1 who wrote to ,galileo3 ,there is as much difference between the dissertations of ,ptolemy on the ,antipodes and the discovery of a new world by ,columbus as between the bilenticular tubes which are everywhere hawked about and thine instrument1 ,galileo1 wherewith thou hast penetrated the depths of the skies4 ,footnote #abf3 ,the largest telescopes we now have are at ,cincinnati1 #bjd focal feet3 ,greenwich1 7,england17 #baj2 ,cambridge1 7,mass417 #bgj2 ,pultowa1 7,russia17 #bhi2 ,e4 ,cooper1 7private observatory1 ,ireland17 #cjb4 ,auzont 7,paris7 is said to have made one of #fjj focal feet1 but it was found to be unmanageable4 ,these embryo telescopes were from twenty to thirty inches in length4 ,now1 from a mere portable toy which ,galileo held in his hand1 this instrument has become an immense construction capable of supporting the astronomer himself1 and which complicated and powerful machinery is requisite to move4 ,it is a remarkable fact that1 as late as #afcg1 no glasses could be produced in ,holland1 the cradle of the telescope1 capable of showing the satellites of ,jupiter1 which1 in our day1 can be discerned with a good field or opera-glass4 ,with his baby-telescope1 then1 in #afaj1 ,galileo discovered the irregularities or mountains of the moon1 forty stars in the ,pleiades1 and the satellites of ,jupiter4 ,these discoveries were announced in a work bearing the appropriate title1 ,the ,herald of the ,skies1 7,nuncius ,sidereus27 and it would be difficult to describe the profound sensation this publication created4 ,kepler1 in a letter to ,galileo1 describes his impressions on hearing of the discovers of the satellites of ,jupiter in the following graphic manner3 ,wachenfels stopped his carriage at my door to tell me1 when such a fit of wonder seized me at a report which seemed so absurd that1 between his joy1 my coloring1 and the laughter of both1 confounded as we were by such a novelty1 we were hardly capable1 he of speaking1 or ,i of listening4 ,,galileo ,,goes ,,to ,,rome4 ,galileo visited ,rome for the first time in #afaa4 ,his fame had preceded him1 and his stay there was one long ovation4 ,attentions beset him and honors were heaped upon him4 ,whether we consider cardinal1 priest1 or prelate1 says ,salsbury1 he found an honorable welcome from all1 and had their palaces as open to him as the houses of his private friends4 ,his reception was indeed1 as was beautifully remarked1 as though one of his own starry wonders had dropped from the sky4 #cbf ,he erected his best telescope in the garden of ,cardinal ,bandini1 and for weeks all classes1 priest and layman1 noble and plebeian1 flocked to see the wonders for the first time given to human gaze4 ,in #afaa and #afab1 he had a protracted controversy1 and wrote treatises on the question whether the shape of bodies has any influence on their disposition to float or sink in a fluid1 and displayed much acute reasoning in support of the true principles of hydrostatics4 ,,his ,,success4 ,galileo had now obtained wealth1 reputation1 station1 and high honors4 ,his pupils were received as professors4 ,his disciples and correspondents were philosophers1 princes1 and prelates4 ,opposition was for him but a bridge to triumph1 and even his scientific errors were not noticed to his detriment4 ,not his the fate of ,kepler and ,tycho ,brahe1 compelled to seek in exile the hospitality of an opposing faith4 ,not his the essays of the discouraged ,fulton1 jeered at up to the instant that demonstration silenced cavil4 ,not his the labors of sad and silent nights1 destined only to see the light when the hand that traced them was cold in the tomb4 ,not his the constant struggle with years of poverty1 of hope deferred1 in spite of which ,columbus found a new world1 not1 like ,galileo's1 visible in the vault of heaven1 but unseen1 unknown1 beyond the trackless wave4 ,he wrote and spoke ex cathedra1 and1 whether with or without proofs1 in a tone of overbearing confidence4 ,when argument failed to enlighten the judgment of his adversaries1 says ,lardner1 and reason to dispel their prejudices1 he wielded against them his powerful weapons of ridicule and sarcasm4 ,his progress was a triumphant march4 ,sovereigns received his dedications1 and learned academies sought a reflection of his fame in sending forth his works with all the illustration of their high authority4 ,the path to the full establishment of the ,copernican system was open and broad before him2 but the pride of the man ,footnote #abg was stronger than the modest science of the philosopher1 and he made it rugged and difficult by obstacles of his own erection4 ,he strove not for truth1 but victory4 ,footnote #abg3 ,like ,cicero1 ,galileo was avidior gloriae quam satis est1 a phrase used by himself when on his defence4 ,,the ,,copernican ,,theory was1 so to speak1 born1 cradled1 nurtured and developed in the ,church and under the very shadow of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,nicholas ,copernicus was a priest1 acquired his scientific education at ,bologna1 was shortly afterward appointed to a professorship in ,rome1 where he lectured many years1 and announced and discussed his theory of the solar system long before it was published4 ,the printing of his great work was long urged in vain by ,cardinal ,scomberg1 who sent money to defray the expense4 ,the ,bishop of ,culm superintended its publication1 and ,copernicus dedicated it to the ,head of the ,church1 ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 on the express ground that the authority of the pontiff might silence the calumnies of those who attacked these opinions by arguments drawn from ,scripture4 #cbg ,it was well understood that the authority of the pontiff might be relied on2 for in #aecc1 ten years before the publication of ,de ,revolutionibus by ,copernicus1 ,john ,albert ,widmanstadt1 just arrived in ,rome from ,germany1 was invited by ,pope ,clement ,,vii4 to give in his presence at the ,vatican an explanation of the ,copernican system4 ,widmanstadt accordingly delivered a lecture on the subject in the garden of the ,vatican2 and his holiness1 in token of his high gratification1 presented the distinguished ,german a valuable ,greek manuscript1 7long preserved at ,monaco1 and now belonging to the royal library at ,munich17 on the fly-leaf of which is recorded1 by ,widmanstadt1 the gift and the incident connected with it4 ,from that time 7#aecc7 to #afaj1 a period of seventy-seven years1 the ,copernican theory was widely discussed and written upon throughout ,europe4 ,lectures were delivered and books published in ,italy1 ,germany1 ,france1 and ,spain1 without let or hindrance1 in which the new system was thoroughly debated and1 to a great extent1 controverted--controverted1 too1 far more bitterly by astronomers than theologians4 ,it was1 moreover1 discussed amongst all classes of men4 ,so much so1 indeed1 that it was publicly satirized in a farce put upon the stage at ,elbing4 ,so great1 however1 was the personal popularity of ,copernicus that the piece was hissed4 ,intentionally or not1 the impression has been strongly made on the ,english and ,american ,protestant mind that before ,galileo the new system scarcely existed1 and that he was the first to announce it to the astonished and benighted priests and cardinals at ,rome4 ,in like manner a certain amount of literary industry appears to have been used to pass over in comparative silence the merit of ,copernicus and his fellow-priests--simply because they were priests4 ,footnote #abh ,footnote #abh3 ,in the interest of truth and historical accuracy1 it is highly gratifying to be able to point out a signal and honorable exception in the following passage1 which we read in the ,national ,quarterly ,review1 a ,protestant periodical published in this city3 ,thus we are bound to admit1 as beyond all dispute1 that not only was the system of the universe now universally received founded by a priest of the church which is said to be an enemy to science1 but that it was a bishop and cardinal of the same church who1 above all others1 took most pains to have the system promulgated to the world4 ,it was1 in fact1 they who paid all the expenses of printing the work1 and finally1 it was to the head of the church the book was dedicated2 nor was it dedicated to the pope without his having given full permission1 and it is further proved that ,paul ,,iii4 had not given the permission until he had made himself acquainted with the character of the work4--,national ,quarterly ,review1 ,october1 #ahfh1 p4 #bai4 ,much of this reprehensible effort is chargeable to ,english literature1 and even ,hallam1 fair and honorable usually1 is not free from the reproach of an apparent fear of stating boldly that ,copernicus was a ,catholic priest4 ,as remarked1 more than three quarters of a century--that is to say1 from the period of the ,widmanstadt lecture to the discovery of the satellites of ,jupiter--the new theory as propounded by ,copernicus was publicly taught or discussed by numbers of the first scholars and men of science in ,europe4 ,among them were ,erasmus1 ,reinhold1 and ,george ,joachim ,rheticus2 personal friends and survivors of ,copernicus4 ,francis ,patricias1 the distinguished ,platonist1 who from #aeib to #aeig taught the diurnal motion of the earth at ,rome under the patronage of the pope4 ,in connection with the name of ,patricius it is interesting to note the fact that the most careful biographers of ,galileo have been unable to fix the precise time when he abandoned the ,ptolemaic system for that of ,copernicus4 ,true1 ,m4 ,libri1 7in his ,histoire des ,sciences ,mathmatiques en ,italie17 with his usual readiness undertakes to inform us1 by stating that ,ds sa premire jeunesse ,galile avait adopt le systme de ,copernic1 which statement1 in a question of dates1 we find eminently unsatisfactory4 #cbh ,the weight of authority1 however1 appears to place it somewhere between #aeic and #aeig1 precisely the period when ,patricius was lecturing at ,rome4 ,christian ,urstisius1 who died in #aehh1 publicly taught the theory of ,copernicus in a course of lectures delivered in ,italy1 and to him also is ascribed1 by some1 the conversion of ,galileo to ,copernicanism4 ,diego or ,didacus a ,stunica1 a ,spaniard1 a decided ,copernican1 the first it is said who discussed the ,bible arguments1 quoting ,job3 ,who shaketh the earth out of her place1 and the pillars thereof tremble4 ,peter ,ramus1 who began his philosophical career by a public attack on the authority of ,aristotle1 in offering to maintain the contrary of any assertion of his whatever4 ,it is noted as a curious coincidence that the publication of the opinions of ,copernicus and of ,ramus1 controverting ancient astronomy 7,ptolemy7 and ancient logic1 7,aristotle17 were made in the same year1 7#aedc47 ,although called by ,bacon a skulking-hole of ignorance1 a pernicious book-worm1 etc41 he was nevertheless a man of great powers and acquirements4 ,before ,galileo came on the stage1 he appeared to favor the system of ,copernicus4 ,christopher ,rothman1 who1 although a friend and at one time a follower of ,tycho ,brahe1 was a defender both of the annual and diurnal motion of the earth4 ,william ,gilbert and ,edward ,wright1 two ,english scientific men1 who may be classed among the opponents of the ,copernican system4 ,benedetti1 who cautiously favored the system4 ,christopher ,clavius1 a celebrated ,jesuit1 whose vast learning was the admiration of his age4 ,in #aegj1 he spoke of ,copernicus as the excellent restorer of astronomy whom all posterity will gratefully celebrate and admire as a second ,ptolemy4 ,we shall meet ,clavius again4 ,not to speak of ,kepler1 we might mention ,raimarus1 ,maestlin1 ,vieta1 and many others who wrote or lectured on the subject of the theory of ,copernicus previous to the year #afaj4 ,and yet we now reach a period when a professor of this same ,copernican theory1 in its home in ,italy1 was to be subjected to what are called the terrors of the ,inquisition6 ,,whence ,,the ,,change8 ,how came it about8 ,were there elements in the controversy other than scientific8 ,and was it1 or not1 the fault of ,galileo that the question was shifted from the safe repose of the scientific basis in which it had remained undisturbed more than four-score years8 ,,second ,,visit ,,to ,,rome4 ,in #afae1 ,galileo was denounced to the ,inquisition by ,lorini for having asserted1 in a letter to ,castelli1 the consistency of his theories with the ,scriptures4 ,lorini produced a copy of the letter in support of his charge4 ,the officials demanded the original1 which the complainant could not produce1 although every one in ,rome knew where it was4 ,galileo's denunciator was1 so to speak1 non-suited1 and there the matter ended4 ,meantime1 through ,ciampoli1 ,cardinal ,barberini1 afterward ,pope ,urban ,,viii41 conveyed to ,galileo the advice not to travel out of the limits of physics and mathematics1 but confine himself to such reasonings as ,ptolemy and ,copernicus used2 because1 declaring the views of ,scripture the theologians maintain to be their particular province4 #cbi ,this advice1 together with the opinion of the eminent ,bellarmine1 shows precisely the condition of opinion and feeling in ,rome at the period in question4 ,galileo did not leave ,rome after the inquiry of #afae1 and then writes to ,picchena ,feb4 #afth1 #afaf3 ,my affair has been brought to a close1 so far as ,i am individually concerned2 the result has been signified to me by all their eminences the cardinals1 who manage these affairs in the most liberal and kind manner1 with the assurance that they had felt1 as it were with their own hands1 no less my own candor and sincerity1 than the diabolical malignity and iniquitous purposes of my persecutors4 ,so that1 so far as ,i am concerned1 ,i might return home at any moment4 ,but he did not choose to return1 and remained in order to obtain a decision that should declare his scientific opinion in accordance with ,scripture4 ,his friend ,cardinal ,orsini entered warmly into his views1 and after having failed in having the question taken up by the cardinals1 had the imprudence to force it 7arrept potius quam capt occasione7 upon the attention of the pope and the cardinals while in deliberation upon matters of weighty concern in one of their largest meetings4 ,on a second interruption the pope1 naturally impatient1 declared he would send the matter before the ,inquisition4 ,he kept his word1 and eleven consultative theologians had orders from him to report1 which they did1 ,february #bdth1 #afaf4 ,by virtue of an order1 said to have been written by the pope himself upon this report1 and notified on the #beth ,february1 to the ,commissary of the ,holy ,office by ,cardinal ,mellini1 ,galileo was summoned the next day to the palace of the ,inquisition1 where he was brought before ,cardinal ,bellarmine4 ,the decree was not one of utter condemnation1 but a declaration that the system appeared to be contrary to the sacred ,scripture4 ,galileo was enjoined by the decree to abandon the opinion of terrestrial motion1 and neither to teach nor treat of it4 ,nor was this a discrimination against ,galileo merely because he was a layman4 ,a few days afterward the congregation condemned the work of ,foscarini1 a ,carmelite friar and professor of philosophy1 who published a letter defending the systems of ,copernicus and ,galileo4 ,it is important here to remark that the decree of #bfth ,february1 #afaf1 forbidding ,galileo to teach the doctrine of the immobility of the sun was scientifically correct1 even tried by our modern scientific standard4 ,ut supradictam opinionem quod sol sit centrum mundi et immobilis 444 omnino relinquat1 nec eam de cetero quovis modo teneat1 doceat1 aut defendat4 ,will any man of modern science undertake to say that ,galileo was right in denying the rotation of the sun8 ,nevertheless1 ,galileo writes to ,picchena3 ,the result has not been favorable to my enemies1 the doctrine of ,copernicus not having been declared heretical1 but only as not consonant with sacred ,scripture2 whence1 the whole prohibition is of those works in which that consonance was maintained4 ,meantime these proceedings1 imperfectly known abroad1 doubtless gave rise to reports which the diabolical malignity of ,galileo's enemies 7as he styled it7 did not fail to exaggerate4 ,hence1 the certificate which he procured shortly after from ,cardinal ,bellarmine4 ,the enemies ,galileo speaks of were at first not in ,rome but in ,tuscany1 as ,libri1 in his ,histoire des ,sciences1 7p4 #bca17 is at some pains to explain4 #ccj ,the sermon of ,caccini1 who took for his text ,josue x4 #ab1 ,move not1 ,o sun1 toward ,gabaon2 nor thou1 ,o moon1 toward the valley of ,ajalon1 quoting from the ,acts of the ,apostles1 ,ye men of ,galilee1 why stand you here looking up to heaven8--was preached in ,florence1 and the friar-preacher was called to severe account for it by his superior at ,rome1 the general of the ,dominicans4 ,here is the estimate in which ,caccini's performance was held at the time in ,rome3 ,all to whom ,i have spoken1 writes an eminent ecclesiastic1 ,castelli1 think it great impertinence in preachers to mount their pulpits to treat of such high1 professor-like matters1 7matterie di cattedra e tanto elevate17 before women and people where there are so few to understand them4 ,and really ,castelli's sentiment is not without its salt1 even when we transfer it from the #agth to the #aith century4 ,cardinal ,bellarmine's opinion as to ,galileo appears in an extract from a letter of ,ciampoli1 ,march #bast1 #afae1 who states the conclusion of a long conversation between ,cardinal del ,monte and ,cardinal ,bellarmine on the subject of the new opinions to be as follows3 ,by confining himself to the system ,,and ,,it',s ,,demonstration1 without interfering with the ,scriptures1 the interpretation of which they wish to have confined to theological professors approved and authorized for the purpose1 ,galileo would be secure against any contradiction2 but that otherwise explanations of ,scripture1 however ingenious1 will be admitted with difficulty when they depart from the common opinion of the fathers4 ,the sensation and consequent discussion resulting from ,galileo's discoveries had induced ,bellarmine to submit them to four of the most scientific fathers of his order 7,jesuits7 for their opinion4 ,one of these fathers was the renowned ,clavius4 ,their answer is published in ,venturi1 part ,i1 p4 #afg1 and shows that they approved the discoveries4 ,as to ,cardinal ,bellarmine himself1 it would take us too far out of our way to show from overwhelming testimony that he never questioned the truth of ,galileo's doctrine1 but only his imprudent manner of propounding it4 ,his position1 in his own words1 was this1 and his words are full of wisdom3 ,when a demonstration shall be found to establish the earth's motion1 it will be proper to interpret the sacred ,scriptures otherwise than they have been hitherto in those passages where mention is made of the stability of the earth and movements of the heavens4 ,so ended the first judicial inquiry1 and these two great men1 ,cardinals ,barberini and ,bellarmine1 thus appear to have providentially left on record a sufficient answer to modern misrepresentation1 while showing themselves to be the true friends of science4 ,prove your system--,demonstrate it1 they substantially say to ,galileo--and give yourself no concern about the ,scriptures6--the theologians will take care of them4 ,indeed1 the sentiments of these cardinals of the #agth seem to anticipate the language of the ,holy ,father in the #aith century4 ,this most tender mother1 the ,catholic ,church1 recognizes and justly proclaims1 says ,pius ,,ix4 as cited by ,father ,hecker in his ,aspirations of ,nature1 that among the gifts of ,heaven the most distinguished is that of reason1 by means of which we raise ourselves above the senses1 and present in ourselves a certain image of ,god4 ,certainly1 the church does not condemn the labors of those who wish to know the truth1 since ,god has placed in human nature the desire of laying hold of the true2 nor does she condemn the effort of sound and right reason1 by which the mind or cultivated nature is searched and her more hidden secrets brought to light4 #cca 7,pius ,,ix4's letter to the bishops of ,austria47 ,the ,holy ,father1 in his various encyclicals1 has repeatedly given eloquent expression to the necessity and true use of reason and of science2 and these are the worldly arms whose skilful use by our priests and missionaries will most avail where worldly arms are needed to carry the outposts of intrenched positions in which there are conversions to make or souls to be saved4 ,on the termination of the inquiry of #afaf1 ,galileo had an audience with ,pope ,paul ,v41 who received him very graciously and gave him every assurance of good-will and friendship1 his ,holiness assuring him in parting that the ,congregation were no longer in a humor to listen lightly to calumnies against him1 and that so long as he occupied the papal chair ,galileo might consider himself safe4 ,in his introduction to the ,dialogue1 7#afcj17 ,galileo thus speaks of this visit3 ,mi trovai allora presente in ,roma2 ebbi non solo udienze ma ancora applausi dei piu eminenti ,prelati di quella ,corte4 ,here is the certificate referred to1 which was given to ,galileo by ,cardinal ,bellarmine3 ,we1 ,robert ,bellarmine1 having learned that the ,signor ,galileo-,galilei has been subjected to false imputations1 and that he has been reproached with having made before us abjuration of his errors1 and that by our order certain penances were imposed upon him1 declare conformably with truth that the said ,galileo1 neither before us nor before any other person whomsoever in ,rome1 nor in any other place that we are aware of1 made any sort of retraction in relation to any of his opinions or of his ideas1 that no punishment or penance was inflicted on him2 but that a communication was made to him of a declaration of his ,holiness1 our sovereign1 which declaration was promulgated by the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index1 from the tenor of which it results1 that 'the doctrine attributed to ,copernicus as to the pretended movement of the earth round the sun1 and as to the place which the sun occupies in the centre of the world without moving from its rising to its setting1 is opposed to the ,holy ,scriptures1 and consequently may not be defended or held4' ,in faith of which we have written and signed the present the #bfth of ,may1 #afaf1 as here below4 7,signed7 ,robert ,cardinal ,bellarmine4 ,the expression ,holy ,scriptures1 gives the key to the whole difficulty4 ,the ,congregation1 in the first place1 discriminated properly in refusing to recognize as a demonstrated proposition that which as yet was and only could be hypothesis4 ,we have seen that it was the unyielding obstinacy of ,galileo in continuing to make it a theological or scriptural question that created all the trouble2 and if any one doubts it1 he may be corrected1 as was ,mr4 ,drinkwater1 by an authority which will hardly be questioned3 ,mr4 ,drinkwater seems to be mistaken in supposing that ,galileo did not endeavor to prove his system compatible with ,scripture4 ,in a letter to ,christina1 ,grand-,duchess of ,tuscany1 the author 7,brenna7 of the life in ,fabbroni's work tells us that he argued very elaborately for that purpose4 ,it seems1 in fact1 to have been his over desire to prove his theory orthodox1 which incensed the church against it4 7,hallam1 ,hist4 ,lit4 ,europe1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aga47 ,in vain ,bellarmine cautioned him1 ,it was essential that he should confine himself within his mathematical studies1 if he wished to secure tranquillity for his labors4 ,in vain ,cardinal ,matteo ,barberini gave him the same advice4 ,still ,galileo persisted1 although from #afaf to #afcb he was not in the slightest degree interfered with1 and during all that time never ceased receiving distinguished marks of honor and esteem from pope and cardinals4 #ccb ,,urban ,,viii4 7,,barberini47 ,in ,august1 #afbc1 ,cardinal ,barberini was elected pope4 ,his promotion was hailed by scientific men with enthusiasm4 ,he had proved himself the friend of ,galileo1 and on his accession addressed a letter to the ,grand-,duke of ,tuscany1 felicitating him on the glory redounding to ,etruria by reason of the genius and discoveries of ,galileo4 ,meantime1 in #afah1 ,galileo had published his ,theory of the ,tides1 chiefly noted for its hostile tone of sarcasm1 and its scientific incorrectness4 ,he had also been deeply occupied with his method of finding the longitude at sea1 and imagined he had succeeded4 ,he was1 however1 mistaken4 ,his method was a failure4 ,,galileo',s ,,third ,,visit ,,to ,,rome was made in the spring of #afbd4 ,he was again enthusiastically received1 and admitted to six long and gratifying audiences with ,urban1 whose kindness was most marked4 ,galileo returned home laden with presents1 besides a pension from ,urban of one hundred crowns yearly1 and another of sixty pounds for his son ,vincenzo4 ,thus1 says the ,edinburgh ,review1 did the ,roman pontiff propitiate the excited spirit of the philosopher1 and declare before the ,christian world that he was neither the enemy of ,galileo nor of science4 ,and now1 honored with all these marks of esteem1 confidence1 and favor2 with the fullest license to prosecute his researches and publish his discoveries1 provided only that he abstained from any theological complication by dragging the ,scriptures into the discussion1 how did ,galileo act8 ,but before answering the question1 let us pause a moment to see what was the condition and reputation1 at ,rome itself1 of astronomical research in the direction of the new doctrines1 and the estimate in which they were held4 ,,astronomy ,,in ,,rome4 ,the papal court was filled with the personal friends and adherents of ,galileo and his system4 ,the ,pope2 ,ciampoli1 his private secretary2 ,castelli1 his mathematician2 ,caesarini1 the ,grand ,chamberlain1 and the most distinguished among the cardinals1 were known to entertain the ,copernican doctrine4 ,the distinguished ,jesuit ,torquato de ,cuppis was delivering lectures in the ,roman ,college in support of ,copernicanism4 ,at the ,sapienza another ,jesuit gave similar lectures4 ,yet another1 the distinguished ,scheiner1 advanced the system with observations and discoveries1 and1 says ,bailli1 was the first astronomer who observed and explained 7,sol ellipticus7 the elliptic form which the sun takes in approaching the horizon4 ,the celebrated work of the ,carmelite friar ,foscarini1 at ,naples1 was published for ,roman circulation1 and boldly argued not only the ,copernican hypothesis in all its fulness1 but its consistency with ,scripture4 ,but more than and beyond all this1 the chair of astronomy in the pope's own university of ,bologna1 vacant by the death of ,magini in #afaf1 was tendered to ,kepler2 thus offering the teaching of heretical astronomy to a ,protestant heretic1 who was if not the most active yet the most efficient advocate of ,copernicanism6 #ccc ,indeed1 it may be remarked1 since ,kepler's name is mentioned1 that astronomers were far better off in ,catholic ,italy than in ,protestant ,germany2 for while ,galileo was teaching in peace and honor from his professor's chair at ,padua1 ,kepler and ,tycho ,brahe met for the first time at ,prague4 ,protestant exiles from ,protestant lands1 they found in the munificent protection of ,rudolph safe asylum and an appreciation of their scientific merits denied them at home4 ,,tycho ,,brahe4 ,hostility was excited against ,brahe at the court of ,denmark1 and1 on the ground of an exhausted treasury and the inutility of his studies1 he was degraded from his office1 deprived of his canonry1 his pension1 and his ,norwegian estate1 and both his wife and family obliged to seek shelter in a foreign land4 ,his injuries and sufferings preyed upon his mind1 and he survived only two years the shameful treatment he had received at the hands of his ,lutheran countrymen4 ,lalande1 in referring to the persecution of ,tycho ,brahe1 holds up the ,minister ,walchendorf to execration and infamy4 ,,kepler was forced to leave home1 to accept a professorship at the ,catholic ,university of ,gratz4 ,why8 ,wolfgang ,menzel informs us1 7,geschichte der ,deutschen1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fde37 ,the theologians of ,tbingen condemned his discovery1 because the ,bible teaches that the sun revolves about the earth1 and not the earth about the sun4 ,he was about to suppress his book1 when an asylum was opened at ,gratz4 ,the ,jesuits1 who better knew how to prize his scientific talent1 retained him1 although he openly avowed his ,lutheranism4 ,it was only at home that he suffered persecution1 and it was with difficulty that he succeeded in saving his own mother from being burnt alive as a witch4 ,footnote #abi ,footnote #abi3 ,for other remarkable features of this persecution1 see ,johann ,kepler's ,leben und ,werken1 von ,g4 ,l4 ,c4 ,freiherrn von ,breitschwert4 ,if we maybe permitted such homely phrase1 ,english literature draws it very mild when obliged to refer to the shameful treatment of ,kepler and ,tycho ,brahe4 ,their persecutors were the ,protestant theologians of ,tbingen1 and the ,lutheran ministers of the ,danish court4 ,consequently1 these barbarous transactions are always delicately alluded to when not suppressed1 and are but little known4 ,if these preachers had been ,roman priests and cardinals--ah6 then indeed6 ,as astronomer1 ,kepler's first task was to draw up the ,styrian ,calendar for #aeid4 ,this only served to add fuel to the flames of the wrath of the ,wrtemberg divines1 inasmuch as ,kepler used the ,gregorian calendar4 ,having no antipathy to popes as such1 he was willing to take the good and the useful without asking whence it came1 and gladly used the better measure of time4 ,the ,academic ,senate straightway addressed ,duke ,louis in protest against the introduction of the detested papal calendar2 and their memorial is so eminently characteristic and comical that we cannot deny our readers the enjoyment of its perusal4 ,here it is3 ,a ,christian1 sensible1 and good-hearted governor knows that in reformations of this kind he should take counsel of the ministers of the church4 ,as long as the kings of ,judah followed the counsel of the prophets and other highly enlightened ministers of the church1 they ruled laudably and well--pleasing unto ,god4 ,it is only when the temporal power is in a member of the true church of ,god that it has authority1 with the counsel of the ministers of the church1 to change the outward ceremonies of the church4 #ccd ,as the emperor holds the pope to be the vicar of ,christ on earth1 it is not to be wondered at that he has introduced his calendar into his hereditary dominions1 and sent it to the estates of the ,roman empire4 ,julius ,caesar had not members of his empire who were lords and rulers themselves like the estates of the present ,roman empire4 ,the imperial majesty understands itself1 and1 in its letter to the estates1 merely gives them to understand that this accommodating themselves to his word will give the highest satisfaction4 ,but the new calendar has manifestly been devised for the furtherance of the idolatrous popish system1 and we justly hold the pope to be a cruel1 devouring1 bear-wolf4 ,if we adopt his calendar1 we must go into the church when he rings for us4 ,shall we have fellowship with ,antichrist8 ,and what concord is there between ,christ and ,belial8 ,should he succeed through the imperial authority in fastening his calendar about our neck1 he would bring the cord in such a way about our horns that we could no longer defend ourselves against his tyranny in the church of ,god4 ,the pope hereby grasps at the electoral hats of the princes of the empire4 ,if the new calendar be not generally adopted1 the world will not go to ruin on that account4 ,summer will not come sooner or later if the vernal equinox should be set a few days further back or forward in the calendar2 no peasant will be so simple as1 on account of the calendar1 to send out his reapers at ,whitsuntide1 or the gatherers into his vineyard at ,st4 ,james' day4 ,these are merely the pretexts of the people who stroke the foxtail of the pope and would not be thought to do so4 ,satan is driven out of the ,christian church4 ,we will not let him slip in again through his representative the pope4 ,and since we speak of ,kepler1 it may here be remarked that the appreciation in which ,galileo and ,kepler are held in general historical literature is far from according with the estimate of scientific men4 ,it is assumed that ,galileo was persecuted1 and that the church was his persecutor4 ,elevated on the pedestal of his trial at ,rome1 the man of science is lost in the martyr1 and the ,tuscan philosopher appears in bold relief on the page of history1 while ,kepler1 the greater astronomer1 remains invisible4 ,it is thought1 and not without reason1 that1 but for the ,inquisition1 the relative reputation of these two great men would be reversed1 and the transcendent genius of ,galileo's ,lutheran contemporary1 the legislator of the planets1 have been long since recognized4 ,in their anxiety to make the strongest possible case against ,rome1 anti-,catholic writers have1 some perhaps unconsciously1 and some with set purpose1 greatly exaggerated all the abilities and good qualities of ,galileo1 and invested him with a superiority far from merited4 ,to believe them1 one must look upon ,galileo as immeasurably excelling all his predecessors and contemporaries--centring within himself almost superhuman qualities of research and scientific attainment4 ,merit1 talent1 genius1 ,galileo certainly possessed2 but tried by a scientific standard1 it was inferior to that of the more modest and less clamorous ,kepler4 ,galileo's true and enduring merit as founder of the modern science of dynamics1 and as the author of the grandly suggestive principle of the virtual velocities1 is entirely overlooked to claim for him a position in modern astronomy which cannot justly be accorded to him except as secondary to ,copernicus1 to ,kepler1 and probably to ,newton4 ,the preeminence claimed for the ,tuscan astronomer will not stand the test of examination4 ,with ,english readers1 it mainly rests on ,hume's celebrated parallel between ,bacon and ,galileo4 ,the discoveries of ,kepler1 remarks ,professor ,playfair1 were secrets extracted from nature by the most profound and laborious research4 ,the astronomical discoveries of ,galileo1 more brilliant and imposing1 were made at a far less expense of intellectual labor4 ,footnote #acj ,footnote #acj3 ,m4 ,thomas ,henri ,martin1 author of the very latest work on ,galileo1 is not at all of the ,scotch professor's opinion1 but follows and even surpasses ,hume in laudation of ,galileo4 #cce ,,martyrs ,,of ,,science4 ,but to return4 ,if1 besides ,kepler and ,tycho ,brahe1 another martyr of science is needed1 he may be seen in the person of ,descartes1 hunted clown by the ,protestant churchmen of ,holland4 ,nay1 if suffering science herself is looked for1 she may be found in the ,gregorian calendar1 for more than a century refused admission or recognition by an ,english parliament that would rather quarrel with all the stars in heaven than count time with ,rome6 ,truth1 as ,hallam remarks1 being no longer truth when promulgated by the pope6 ,among the very few men in all ,england who treated the ,gregorian calendar with any degree of politeness was ,lord ,chesterfield1 then a member of parliament4 ,he writes1 7,march #ahth1 #agea1 old style17 ,the ,julian calendar was erroneous1 and had overcharged the solar year with eleven days4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 corrected this error4 ,his reformed calendar was immediately received by all the ,catholic powers of ,europe1 and afterward adopted by all the ,protestant ones except ,russia1 ,sweden1 and ,england4 ,it was not1 in my opinion1 very honorable for ,england to remain in a gross and avowed error1 especially in such company4 ,the inconvenience of it was likewise felt by all those who had foreign correspondences1 whether political or mercantile4 ,lord ,chesterfield was mainly instrumental in getting up the bill for its introduction4 ,on mentioning the project to the prime minister1 the ,duke of ,newcastle1 then in the zenith of his power1 the noble duke seemed most conservatively alarmed at such an undertaking1 and conjured the earl 7,chesterfield7 not to stir matters that had long been quiet2 adding that he did not love new-fangled things4 ,lord ,mahon1 in his history1 gives several curious instances of the resentment of the ,english people against those who aided in bringing about the change in the calendar2 thus1 when in #aged ,lord ,macclesfield's son stood a great contested election in ,oxfordshire1 one of the most vehement cries raised against him was1 ,give us back the eleven days we have been robbed of6 and even several years later1 when ,bradley1 the astronomer1 worn down by his labors in the cause of science1 was sinking under mortal disease1 many of the common people ascribed his sufferings to a judgment of ,heaven for having taken part in that infamous undertaking4 ,suffering science may again be found in ,england in the person of ,alban ,francis1 insultingly refused the degree of ,a4,m4 by the ,university of ,cambridge in #afhg1 but afterward mockingly offered it on condition that he--a ,benedictine monk--should take the state oath pronouncing the ,catholic religion damnable and idolatrous1 when it was well known that the degree had been given to men of every variety of nationality and religious profession1 even in one case to the ,mohammedan secretary of the ambassador of ,morocco6 ,suffering science again in the ,english statutes1 #gth ,will4 ,,iii41 ch4 #d1 s4 #a and #i1 by virtue of which3 #a4 ,if a ,catholic in ,ireland kept school1 or taught any person any species of literature or science1 such teacher was punishable by law with banishment2 and if he returned1 he was subject to be hanged as a felon4 #b4 ,if a ,catholic child received literary instruction from a ,catholic1 either privately or at school1 such child1 even though in its infancy1 incurred a forfeiture of all its property present or future4 #ccf #c4 ,and thus deprived of the means of knowledge1 if the ,catholic child went into a foreign country for education1 the child incurred the same penalty1 as also the person making any remittance of goods or money for its maintenance6 ,suffering science again1 within but a few years1 in the persons of such geological writers as ,dr4 ,buckland1 denounced by leading ,english periodicals and respectable quarterlies--recognized organs of ,protestant opinion--7each one a special1 self-constituted1 oecumenical council ad hoc17 for assigning dates to rocks and fossil remains1 which were supposed by alarmed ,protestant theologians to vary from the ,mosaic accounts4 ,we present these facts not by way of the justification that1 ignorance and persecution being alleged to exist on the ,catholic side1 there are also such things as ,protestant persecution and ignorance2 for the one will not excuse the other1 any more than two wrongs will make a right4 ,pass your own conscientious verdict1 reader1 on all these transactions1 and bear in mind that ,galileo's real enemies were of the same class of men who persecuted ,kepler in ,wrtemberg1 ,tycho ,brahe in ,denmark1 and ,descartes in ,holland4 ,the first were ,catholic1 all the last were ,protestants2 but all were adherents of the old ,ptolemaic system and the ,aristotelian philosophy4 ,and that was the field on which the battle was fought in ,italy1 until ,galileo insisted on dragging in the ,scriptures4 ,the pope and the cardinals esteemed and honored ,galileo personally1 and1 as we see1 were far from being in the ,peripatetic ranks4 ,but how did ,galileo act after leaving ,rome in #afaf1 and why was he1 of all the well-known ,copernicans1 singled out for prosecution8 ,,whence ,,the ,,change8 ,how came it about8 ,were there elements in the controversy other than scientific8 ,was it1 or not1 the fault of ,galileo that the question was shifted from the safe repose of the scientific basis on which it had remained more than fourscore years8 ,now we could readily answer these questions thoroughly in very few words1 feeling certain1 in advance1 that the reply would be satisfactory to our ,catholic readers4 ,but1 writing for the general public1 we prefer to present the results ascertained in this much vexed matter by historians1 astronomers1 and men of science removed by nationality and by religion from any possible bias4 ,it was not the doctrine itself1 says ,mr4 ,drinkwater1 so much as the free1 unyielding manner in which it was supported1 which was originally obnoxious4 ,the church party1 admits ,sir ,david ,brewster1 were not disposed to interfere with the prosecution of science1 however much they may have dreaded its influence4 ,in the opinion of ,dr4 ,whewell1 ,under the sagacious and powerful sway of ,copernicus1 astronomy had effected a glorious triumph2 but under the bold and uncompromising sceptre of ,galileo1 all her conquests were irrevocably lost4 ,and he adds1 referring to the misfortunes that assailed the reformers of philosophy1 ,but the most unfortunate were1 for the most part1 the least temperate and judicious4 7,philosophy of ,discovery1 pp4 #aja-b47 ,even ,fra ,paolo 7,sarpi7 thought that if ,galileo had been less impetuous and more prudent1 he need not have had the slightest difficulty4 #ccg ,tiraboschi expresses himself to the same effect4 ,and ,alberi1 the learned editor of the only complete edition of ,galileo's works1 says3 ,crediamo col ,tiraboschi1 che il fervore e l'impetuosit sua contribuissero ad irritare gli avversari del sistema ,copernico4 ,it is doubtless an extraordinary fact1 says the ,edinburgh ,review1 7,october1 #ahcg17 in the history of the human mind1 that the very same doctrines which had been published with impunity by ,copernicus1 and in a work1 too1 dedicated to the ,roman ,pontiff1 ,paul ,,iii41 for the avowed purpose of sheltering them under his sacred aegis1 should1 nearly a hundred years afterward1 when civilization had made some progress1 have subjected ,galileo to all the terrors of the ,inquisition4 ,if we study1 however1 the conduct of ,galileo himself1 and consider his temper and tone of mind1 and his connection with a political party unfriendly to religion1 as well as to papal government1 we shall be at no loss to account for the different feelings with which the writings of ,copernicus and ,galileo were received4 ,had the ,tuscan philosopher been a recluse student of nature who1 like ,copernicus1 announced his opinions as accessions to knowledge1 and not as subversive of old and deeply cherished errors2 had he stood alone as the fearless arbiter and champion of truth1 the ,roman pontiffs would1 probably1 like ,paul ,,iii41 have tolerated the new doctrine2 and like him1 too1 they might probably have embraced it4 ,but ,galileo contrived to surround the truth with every variety of obstruction4 ,the tide of knowledge which had hitherto advanced in peace1 he crested with angry breakers2 and he involved in its surf both his friends and his enemies4 ,when the more violent partisans of the church1 in opposition to the wishes of some of its higher functionaries1 and spurred on by the school-men and the personal enemies of ,galileo1 had fixed the public attention upon the obnoxious doctrine1 it would not have been easy for the most tolerant pontiff to dismiss charges of heresy and irreligion without some formal decision on the subject4 ,the astronomer ,dlambre3 ,on aurait pass ,galileo1 de parler en mathmaticien de l'excellence de la nouvelle hypothse2 mais on soutenait qu'il devait abandonner aux thologiens l'interpretation de l',ecriture4 7,it was free to ,galileo to speak as a mathematician of the merit of the new doctrine2 but it was claimed that he should leave interpretation of ,scripture to the theologians47 ,the historian ,hallam3 ,for eighty years the theory of the earth's motion had been maintained without censure1 and it could only be the greater boldness of ,galileo which drew upon him the notice of the church4 ,philarte ,chasles1 7,professor in the ,college of ,france37 ,galileo1 a man of vast and fertile intellect1 was not in advance of his age and country2 he was incapable either of defending the truth or eluding the efforts of those who endeavored to destroy it4 ,in his contests with the latter1 he showed neither grandeur of mind nor frankness of character4 ,unstable1 timorous1 equivocating1 and supple1 etc41 etc4 ,alfred von ,reumont1 many years ,prussian minister at the ,court of ,tuscany1 7see his ,beitrge zur ,italienischen ,geschichte1 ,berlin1 #ahec37 ,galileo's great mistake was1 that he insisted on bringing into conformity with the ,scriptures the doctrine of the earth's motion--a hypothetical and then incomplete doctrine1 and one denied by many of the most learned1 such as ,bacon and ,tycho ,brahe4 #cch ,so that1 in the interpretation of certain passages in the ,bible1 an arbitrary discretion was assumed which the ,church1 according to her invariable principles1 could not concede to an astronomical doctrine as yet unproved4 ,such citations as these might be multiplied indefinitely4 ,but they are sufficient1 and more than sufficient4 ,copernicus1 as we have seen1 dedicated his great work to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 with these remarkable words3 ,astronomers being permitted to imagine circles1 to explain the motions of the stars1 ,i thought myself equally entitled to examine if the supposition of the motion of the earth would make the theory of these appearances more exact and simple4 ,eighty years had gone by1 and the system had undergone no persecution1 in ,italy at least4 ,galileo was now sixty years of age2 nearly forty of these years had been passed1 not only in the safe but triumphant and even aggressive and defiant vindication of his astronomical and physical doctrines1 without let or hindrance save the warning not to trench on the theological view4 ,but this he could not bring himself to consent to1 and in #afah1 in publishing his ,theory of the ,tides1 he indulged in a stream of sarcasm and insult against the decree of #afaf4 ,the same hostile tone1 more or less1 says ,drinkwater1 pervaded all his writings2 and while he labored to sharpen the edge of his satire1 he endeavored to guard himself against its effects by an affectation of the humblest deference to the decisions of theology4 ,nor was ,galileo's letter to ,christina forgotten4 ,it was a letter1 widely diffused at ,rome and in ,tuscany1 in which he undertook to prove theologically1 and from reasons drawn from the fathers1 that the terms of ,scripture might be reconciled with his new doctrines1 etc4 ,dlambre1 ,hallam1 and ,biot all take the same view of it4 ,,the ,,celebrated ,,dialogues4 ,galileo had now resolved to publish a work demonstrating the ,copernican theory1 or rather1 his own views of the earth's motion4 ,but he lacked the courage or the sincerity to do it in an open1 straightforward manner1 and adopted the plan of discussing it in a supposed dialogue held by three disputants4 ,the two first1 ,sagredo and ,salviati1 are represented as accomplished and learned gentlemen1 whose arguments are marked by talent and ability4 ,the third1 ,simplicio1 is an old ,peripatetic1 querulous and dogmatic1 measuring everything by ,aristotle1 and accepting or rejecting accordingly4 ,this work1 entitled ,the ,system of the ,world of ,galileo-,galilei1 was completed in #afcj2 but1 owing to the delays attending the procuring a certificate1 it was not published until #afcc4 ,it is prolix and diffuse1 says ,dlambre1 with high estimate of his own discoveries1 but depreciation of others4 ,indeed1 ,i would advise scholars1 says ,arago1 not to lose their time reading it4 ,more than one historian has remarked that1 in obtaining the license to print1 ,galileo exhibited a dexterous management1 tinged with bad faith4 ,biot mentions1 par quels detours il s'en procura une approbation a ,rome2 ,dlambre speaks of his manque absolu de sincrit2 and ,sir ,david ,brewster says1 ,his memory has not escaped the imputation of having acted unfairly1 and of having involved his personal friends in the consequences of his imprudence4 #cci ,in as few words as possible1 the history of the license affair is as follows4 ,the censor of new publications at ,rome was ,riccardi1 a friend and pupil of ,galileo1 and devoted to his master4 ,anxious to oblige him1 ,riccardi examined the manuscript of the dialogues1 suggested the change of some imprudent language1 and required absolutely that the ,copernican doctrine1 dogmatically presented1 should be--either in the exordium or peroration of the argument--produced simply as a mathematical hypothesis4 ,under these stipulations ,riccardi returned the manuscript with his written approbation1 only to be used when the suggested alterations should be made4 ,this was in #afcj4 ,in #afcc1 ,galileo applied for leave to have his book printed in ,florence4 ,riccardi1 with full confidence in ,galileo's fulfilment of his promises1 merely inspected the beginning and end of the book1 which was all that ,galileo then submitted to his examination1 and gave the desired leave to print4 ,the introduction1 addressed1 with an air of sarcasm1 to the discreet reader was1 to the last degree1 imprudent4 ,he speaks of the decree of #afaf in language at once ironical and insulting1 and does not even spare his benefactors4 ,in ,simplicio1 every one instantly recognized ,urban ,,viii41 who was naturally wounded beyond expression to find language put in ,simplicio's mouth that he1 ,urban1 had used to ,galileo in a private conversation at his own table4 ,and1 as if to leave no doubt possible1 ,galileo says1 in introducing these passages1 that he had them from a most learned and eminent personage1 7gi appreso da doctissima e eminentissima persona47 ,thus held up to ridicule and contempt1 and made the butt of the severest irony and sarcasm1 ,urban was placed in the false position of the enemy of science1 and forced into the attitude of an antagonist of his former friend--unless1 indeed1 he would consent to be dragged1 a disgraced prisoner1 at the chariot-wheels of ,galileo's philosophy4 ,we do not refer1 in speaking of ,galileo's philosophy1 to a mere astronomical theory1 but to the philosophical and theological opinion which the actual condition of science1 the ability of ,galileo's adversaries1 and the treacherous counsels of his false friends had forced him to couple with it4 ,alberi1 who is high authority1 denies that it was ,galileo's intention to attack ,urban ,,viii4 through ,simplicio4 ,but ,olivieri1 quite as good authority1 is of the contrary opinion4 ,we know certainly that ,urban always maintained1 in his conversations with ,galileo1 the worthlessness of the tidal theory1 and told him plainly that he injured his position by resting upon it4 ,now1 the tidal theory was precisely ,galileo's cherished argument1 and he devotes the whole of the fourth dialogue to its development4 ,concluded ,in ,our ,next4 ---------- #cdj ,translated ,from ,der ,katholik4 ,the ,ancient ,irish ,church4 ,,ii4 ,we must say something about ,st4 ,columbanus1 and his labors in ,luxeuil1 ,braganza1 and ,bobbio2 and of ,st4 ,gall1 the apostle of ,alemania2 for it was through these two that the ancient ,irish ,church did so much in ,switzerland and south-western ,germany4 ,columbanus was born in the province of ,leinster1 about the year #ecd1 when ,christianity began to bear its first fruits in ,ireland4 ,while the child was yet in the womb1 his mother saw1 in a vision1 as it were1 a sun proceeding from her body and enlightening all parts of the world4 ,the son whom she bore became in fact1 through the light of his wisdom and the splendor of his virtues1 a star in the church2 not only in ,ireland1 but also in ,burgundy1 ,alemania1 and ,italy4 ,instructed1 from early youth1 in grammar1 rhetoric1 geometry1 and in the study of the holy ,scriptures1 he left his mother's house in manhood1 in order to enter the monastery of ,cluain-,inis1 and consecrate himself entirely to ,god4 ,in the year #efe he asked to be received among the monks of the monastery at ,bangor1 which the ,abbot ,comgall1 equally distinguished by his personal sanctity as well as by the rigor of the discipline which he used in governing1 ruled with applause4 ,columbanus became so remarkable here that ,abbot ,comgall entrusted him with the directorship of the schools4 ,the fame of the new teacher spread far beyond the limits of ,bangor1 and the nobles of the land deemed themselves happy to be able to leave their sons to be educated by a man as well skilled in profane science as in ,christian perfection4 ,gall1 born in ,ireland in #ede1 became one of his pupils4 ,columbanus and ,gall taught and learned in a blessed abode4 ,three thousand monks were united in the monastery of ,bangor1 under ,abbot ,comgall1 in common prayer1 the practice of virtue1 and a virtuous life4 ,the monastery was built in the year #eeh1 by ,comgall1 and was1 in its first form1 a collection of many cells and huts1 somewhat straggling in their arrangement4 ,bangor was fruitful in holy men and apostolic missionaries4 ,many convents were founded from it4 ,comgall himself founded the monastery of ,heth1 in ,scotland1 ,a4,d4 #efe1 and the monastery of ,cambar1 and several other smaller communities1 in ,leinster4 ,comgall died on the #ajth of ,may1 #fjb1 in the #heth year of his age1 and the forty-fourth after the foundation of ,bangor4 ,bangor was laid waste by the ,danes in the year #hbc1 afterward entirely destroyed by pirates1 and on one day the ,picts murdered #ijj monks4 ,archbishop ,malachy1 of ,armagh1 re-erected ,bangor4 ,there now remains on the coast of the bay of ,belfast1 where the renowned cloister once stood1 no vestige of its former greatness4 ,columbanus had lived and taught a number of years in the cloister of ,bangor1 when the desire of travelling and announcing the gospel of ,christ filled his soul4 ,he was obliged1 however1 to make repeated requests before ,abbot ,comgall gave him permission to depart1 and allowed him to choose a certain number of monks as his companions4 #cda ,columbanus chose twelve1 recommended himself to the prayers of the rest1 and set out1 after receiving the blessings of his abbot1 with his chosen band about the year #ehi-eij4 ,we know the travels of ,columbanus1 and must mention them here4 ,the chosen followers of the great apostle were3 ,gall1 founder of ,saint ,gall1 and apostle of ,alemania2 ,cominnius1 ,emroch1 and ,equanach1 ,lua1 and ,patentianus1 afterwards made bishop of ,constance1 in ,armorica1 where he erected a monastery2 ,antiernus1 who1 becoming homesick at ,luxeuil1 wished to return to ,ireland1 but was retained by ,columbanus2 ,columbanus the younger1 a near relative of our apostle1 died in the early part of his life1 at ,luxeuil2 ,deicola1 the founder of the monastery of ,lutra1 in the diocese of ,besanon2 ,sigibert1 the founder of ,dissentis1 in ,croatia2 ,aldan1 later ,bishop of ,calboaldus4 7,greith1 p4 #bgb47 ,in ,british ,cambria the holy company joined several ,british clerics to its ranks4 ,whither did these apostolic men wish to go8 ,it was not advisable to remain in ,britain at that time4 ,in the south of this land the ,anglo-,saxon conquerors laid waste the country1 destroyed the churches2 both heathenism and barbarism raised their heads triumphantly in the most populous parts and cities of the island4 ,the two last bishops of ,britain1 he of ,london and he of ,york1 fled to the mountains of ,wales1 with all the holy relics and church vessels which they could save4 ,on account of these circumstances ,columbanus determined to leave ,britain1 to sail for ,gaul1 and there improve the moral condition of the people1 so that if success attended his labors1 the good seed might be scattered there with fruit2 but if the people were stiff-necked1 he would turn to other nations4 ,the company went to ,gaul4 ,this land was divided into three kingdoms3 ,neustria1 ,austrasia1 and ,burgundy4 ,king ,guntram ruled in ,burgundy2 ,king ,childebert in ,austrasia2 but after ,guntram's death1 7,a4,d4 #eic17 ,burgundy also fell to the share of ,childebert4 ,columbanus was warmly received at ,metz by ,king ,childebert1 was invited to remain in the land1 and received from ,count ,agnoald the ancient ruined castle of ,luxovium in the ,vosges1 where the apostle and his monks dwelt1 and exercised an extraordinary influence on the people of the neighboring countries4 ,but how did the noble wanderers find life in the ,vosges8 ,they first rested at ,anegrai4 ,in the wide circle around1 the region was a wild desert of thick woods1 and steep1 rock-ribbed hills2 bears and wolves dwelt in them1 and only the shrill cry of the birds of the forests broke the frightful stillness4 ,the friars built their huts with twigs and branches4 ,they lived on the bark of trees1 wild vegetables1 and apples1 until1 on the third day after their arrival1 a countryman brought them better food on a wagon4 ,but1 as want returned after a short time1 they were well supplied with bread and herbs by the abbot of the monastery of ,sancy1 three miles distant from them4 ,but the first monastery was erected1 and the mission opened in ,france4 ,soon the place in ,anegrai was not large enough for the increasing number of the brethren4 ,columbanus looked around for a second place in the wilderness of the ,vosges4 ,his eyes rested on ,luxovium1 which had already been offered to him4 ,it was eight miles from ,anegrai4 ,there were in it the ruins of cities1 of old baths2 and in the thickest part of the wood1 stone idols1 which had been worshipped in ancient times4 #cdb ,in this spot ,columbanus began the building of a larger monastery4 ,soon so many came and consecrated themselves1 under the guidance of ,columbanus1 to piety and science1 that the saint was compelled to erect on a height1 supplied by a fountain of fair water1 a third monastery1 to which he gave the name of ,fontaine1 7,fontanas47 ,whilst he appointed approved men as rulers over these monasteries1 he maintained a general supervision over them all1 and gave them a common rule1 which he copied in part from the rule of the ,abbot ,comgall1 of ,bangor4 ,the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,greith gives us a very interesting account of the life and works of the monk ,columbanus in the three monasteries2 but we can only give a small portion of it here4 ,in the year #fjj the number of the monks at ,luxeuil had increased to #bbj2 and crowds of scholars were instructed in the monasteries4 ,all must fast daily1 but also daily take nourishment2 and as all must eat daily1 so must they daily partake of spiritual food1 pray1 work1 and read in books every day4 ,the special usages of monastic discipline were observed most strictly in the three cloisters2 violators of rules were punished with rods1 imprisonment1 or a portion of their food was kept from them4 ,before eating there was an examination of conscience1 then grace was said1 and there was reading during the meals4 ,before a monk used his spoon1 he should make the sign of the cross2 the same should be done in taking his lamp1 in undertaking any work1 or in going out of the cloister4 ,he was commanded to pray before and after labor1 and on his return to the monastery he should go before the abbot or superior and ask a blessing4 ,whoever cut the table with his knife1 spilled beer or anything else on the table1 did not gather the bread-crumbs1 neglected to bow his head at the end of the psalms1 or disturbed the chaunt with coughing or loud laughter1 was punished1 etc4 ,divine service at ,luxeuil consisted in the daily reciting of the psalms1 and1 especially on ,sundays and other festivals1 in the celebration of ,mass4 ,the custom of uninterrupted psalmody by day and night never prevailed at ,luxeuil1 as was the case among the monks of ,agane in ,wallis1 and of ,haben in ,burgundy1 and among the nuns of the convent of ,st4 ,salaberga4 ,columbanus1 well educated in both profane and sacred literature1 taught his own monks1 made them acquainted with the discipline of the ,quadrivium1 and gave them a knowledge of holy ,scripture4 ,columbanus often retired at the approach of the principal feasts into the solitude of the forests to devote himself to piety and meditation4 ,he sometimes remained fifty days or longer in those places4 ,as in the ages of persecution the blood of the martyrs tamed the tigers and leopards1 so that they learned to pity the saints in the circus and amphitheatre2 as in the deserts of ,africa and ,asia ,minor holy monks formed a league with nature and its animals1 so ,columbanus and ,gall1 whose life was like that of the early fathers of the desert1 stood in the most friendly relations with the wild beasts of the ,vosges4 ,as ,columbanus was walking one day in the wide forests of the ,vosges with a book under his arm1 he saw a pack of wolves approaching4 ,the saint stood unmoved4 #cdc ,the wolves surrounded him on both hands1 smelled the hem of his garments while he prayed to ,god for protection2 they did him no harm1 left him and went farther into the wood4 ,once ,columbanus found in a cave a tame bear1 which left its abode at command of the saint1 who made it his place of shelter4 ,often1 as he reposed under the shadow of old oaks1 he called the beasts of the forest to him1 and they followed him4 ,he caressed them tenderly2 and the birds often flew to him1 and sat quietly on his shoulders4 ,a little squirrel had become so accustomed to him as to leap from the branches of the trees and hide in his bosom1 run up his sleeves1 and then go back to the nearest boughs4 ,a raven was so obedient to him as to return the glove which he had stolen from the saint4 7,page #bid47 ,columbanus could not remain long in his cloister4 ,he became engaged in a controversy with some ,french priests1 and was persecuted by the corrupt ,merovingians1 who finally compelled him to quit ,luxeuil4 ,the fact that the ,irish clergy clung to the ancient custom of the ,irish ,church regarding the celebration of ,easter1 and to the ,irish traditions regarding the liturgy of the ,mass1 gave the ,french bishops and priests occasion to complain and make opposition4 ,columbanus wrote three letters on the ,easter ,controversy to ,pope ,gregory ,i4 ,two of them miscarried2 the third reached its destination1 but was unsuccessful1 because ,gregory ,i4 maintained the discipline of the ,roman ,church on this disputed point4 ,a synod in ,france1 ,a4,d4 #fjj-fja1 to which ,columbanus sent a memorial1 did not favor him any more than the ,pope4 ,the controversy gradually died out4 ,the controversy with the ,merovingians was far more serious4 ,the crimes of ,queen ,brunhilda are well known2 for instance1 how she systematically ruined her grandson1 ,king ,theodoric of ,burgundy4 ,columbanus on one occasion having refused to give his blessing to the illegitimate sons of ,theodoric1 presented to the saint by ,brunhilda1 she swore vengeance against him4 ,a royal decree was published that no monk of the order of ,columbanus should leave his monastery2 that no ,burgundian convert should for the future hold communion with him1 and that no one should establish another foundation according to his discipline4 ,columbanus expostulated in vain2 he wrote a severe protest to the king and threatened him with excommunication4 ,this was the moment of revenge for ,brunhilda4 ,she prevailed on the king to cause the abduction of the saint to ,besanon by ,count ,bandulf4 ,columbanus remained there for some time1 highly honored by the people1 and doing much good4 ,but he soon returned to ,luxeuil4 ,the king1 however1 sent a whole cohort to seize him and take him out of the kingdom4 ,the soldiers unwillingly executed their orders4 ,the saint left the monastery amid the sighs and tears of his monks1 who followed him in funereal procession with weeping and wailing4 ,only those whom he had brought from ,ireland and ,britain were allowed to accompany him4 ,columbanus lived twenty years in the wilderness of the ,vosges1 and left it in the seventy-fourth year of his life4 7,a4,d4 #fji-faj47 ,let us be brief4 ,columbanus was brought to ,nantes to sail for ,ireland2 but ,god prevented him4 ,king ,clothaire of ,neustria allowed him to return to ,austrasia4 ,he went to ,metz1 then to ,mayence1 up the ,rhine1 until he came to ,zurich1 where he decided to make a longer stay4 #cdd ,but the inhabitants of the place were fierce idolaters4 ,many were converted1 while others took arms in hatred of the saint1 determined to kill himself and his companions4 ,they consequently left this region and went to ,arbon1 where they dwelt seven days2 thence travelling to ,braganza1 where they built cells near the ancient ,aurelia ,church4 ,st4 ,gall took the three idols from the walls of the church1 in the presence of a vast multitude1 broke them to pieces1 and threw them into the sea4 ,a portion of the people became ,christians1 and the ,aurelia ,church was reconsecrated4 ,columbanus remained a few years in ,braganza1 when persecutions of various kinds compelled him to quit this region also4 7#fab-fac47 ,he crossed the ,rhetian ,alps1 accompanied only by ,attala1 and arrived at ,milan1 where he was well received by ,agilulf1 king of the ,lombards1 who offered him a new field for the exercise of his apostolate4 ,king ,agilulf and ,queen ,theodolinda used the holy man for the evangelizing of the ,lombards4 ,but his days were numbered4 ,after building a monastery and a chapel at ,bobbio1 he lived only an entire year1 and died on the #bast ,december1 in the year #fae1 in the seventy-ninth year of his age1 one year before the death of ,agilulf1 king of ,lombardy4 ,whilst ,ireland glories in being the fatherland of ,columbanus1 ,france remembers him in her old abbeys in the ,vosges1 and his vocation to ,italy still lives1 not only in the dear relics of ,bobbio1 in his coffin1 chalice1 and holly staff1 but also in the still living monument of his glory the town of ,st4 ,columbano1 in the district of ,lodi4 ,the writings of this distinguished man1 which have come down to us1 display a comprehensive and varied knowledge not only of ecclesiastical but also of classic literature4 ,his eventful life has been written by the monk ,jonas of ,bobbio4 ,we shall conclude with a few details of the mission of ,st4 ,gall1 the apostle of ,alemania4 ,we already know in what an illustrious school he studied4 ,when ,columbanus was preparing himself for the journey to ,italy1 ,gall was sick with a fever1 and excused himself from travelling with his superior4 ,in order to keep him and compel him to go1 ,columbanus harshly said to him1 ,if thou wilt not partake in my labors1 ,i forbid thee to say ,mass as long as ,i live4 ,he suspected that ,gall feigned sickness out of love for the place1 so as not to depart from it4 ,thus ,gall1 who had been so long under obedience1 was at length left to his own will4 ,he went to ,arbon to visit a priest1 ,willimar1 and was nursed during his illness by the clerics ,maginald and ,theodore1 and1 having recovered his health1 became again an efficient apostle through the assistance of ,christ4 ,in #fab-fac1 he began1 with his companion ,hittibold1 the building of a monastery on the bank of the little river ,steinach4 ,this valley on the banks of the ,steinach1 together with ,thurgau1 belonged at that time to the kingdom of ,austrasia1 from which it had been severed under ,childebert ,,ii4 7#eid7 for a short time1 and separated from ,burgundy1 to which it was again annexed by ,king ,dagobert4 7,a4,d4 #fcj-ch47 ,two hundred years later1 in the days of ,charlemagne1 this region was called ,high ,alemania4 ,when ,gall came to it1 it was almost without dwellings or inhabitants4 ,it was a primeval forest1 never inhabited for a thousand years1 and never touched by human hands4 ,it was like the woods of the ,vosges1 a wilderness for savage beasts to roam in without danger4 #cde ,the wood which ,gall and ,hittibold found was full of underwood in which serpents nestled2 the ,steinach was full of fish2 on the heights hawks built their nests2 bears1 wolves1 and wild boars were numerous around4 ,in this spot ,st4 ,gall built his monastery4 ,wonderful things happened at the building of this convent1 all of which is charmingly told in ,greith's book4 ,as1 in every spot where1 after the migration of the ,germanic races1 7p4 #cee47 holy men founded religious institutions1 a new life was infused and a new impetus given to civilization1 and the wild and savage districts around the monasteries became changed into fertile and well-tilled plains2 so did it happen in the neighborhood of ,st4 ,gall's monastery from the very beginning of the foundation4 ,the blessed place drew inhabitants near it2 ,christian worship became the focus around which they gathered2 religious instruction ennobled their morals1 led them to an orderly family life1 made their new home dear to them1 and made them love labor and industry4 ,under the mild protection and guidance of the monastic fraternity1 strangers and colonists came from far and near2 they became fiefs of the monastery1 and aided in spreading its influence and its possessions4 ,from this centre civilization spread far over the surrounding country1 so that it became by cultivation transformed from a wilderness into a blooming garden4 ,for twelve hundred years the numerous subjects of the monastery of ,st4 ,gall led a happy and peaceful life without soldiers or police4 ,the only bayonet that governed them was the breviary of the monk2 and the only sword was the crosier of the abbot4 ,we must also remember that ,gall and his followers1 axe in hand1 hewed down the forest1 or with the spade freed the earth from thorns1 thistles1 and roots4 ,he must therefore be considered as the founder and originator of the agricultural and social glories of ,switzerland2 for by the law of nature and of intelligence the glories of the effect must redound to the honor of the cause4 ,the building of the monastery of ,st4 ,gall was far advanced when ,gall expelled an evil spirit from ,fridiburga1 the daughter of the ,german ,duke ,cunzo1 of ,ueberlingen4 ,duke ,cunzo gave him many presents on this account1 as did also ,king ,sigibert1 to whom ,fridiburga was affianced4 ,sigibert sent him a donation letter1 the first on record in the life of ,st4 ,gall4 ,gall had at this time only twelve disciples with him1 deeming it improper to overstep1 in the smallest particular1 the limits of the rule4 ,the ,irish monks had a peculiar preference for the apostolic number twelve in all their foundations4 ,when ,columbanus died1 on ,december #bast1 #fae1 the hour of his death was revealed to ,st4 ,gall1 and from that time he began again to celebrate ,mass4 ,gall declined the bishopric of ,constance1 and had the mitre given to his disciple ,john2 the monks of ,luxeuil wished him to be their abbot1 but this honor he likewise declined4 ,after the man of ,god had thrown aside the burden of worldly affairs1 he retired to his cloister1 to devote himself more completely to a spiritual life4 ,his nightly vigils were renewed1 and the fastings of his early days repeated1 and the discipline frequently used4 ,finally1 at an advanced age1 he left his cell to visit ,arbon1 and after preaching to the people1 he was attacked by a fever as he was about to return4 ,the malady became so violent that he could no longer take any food4 ,the eternal reward of his great works and services approached4 #cdf ,his strength almost gone1 almost reduced to skin and bone by disease1 he nevertheless persevered in prayer1 held pious conversations1 and remained faithful to the service of ,christ to the end of his life4 ,he rendered his soul to ,god1 after fourteen days' illness1 on the #afth of ,october1 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,his body was brought by ,bishop ,john to the monastery which the saint had inhabited1 and buried between the altar and the wall1 with mournful chanting4 ,many infirm persons were healed1 partially or entirely1 at his sepulchre4 ,even during his life ,gall was compared to the early fathers2 after his death1 the ,church honored him as a saint2 holy ,mass was offered at his tomb2 his intercession was invoked with success2 and his life presented as a model for ,christians to imitate4 ,eleven years after the death of the saint1 his tomb was broken open by robbers2 but shortly after replaced by ,bishop ,boso1 of ,constance4 7,a4,d4 #fdb-fgf47 ,when the great monastery church was consecrated1 on ,october #agth1 #hci1 by ,abbot ,gotzbert1 the bones of the saint were placed on the high altar4 ,they are partially preserved there to this very day4 ,a glance now at the disciples of ,gall4 ,the disciples of this great apostle went forth in all directions from his sepulchre to evangelize the nations1 and establish among them new foundations and centres of learning and piety4 ,theodore built the abbey of ,kempten1 in ancient ,norica2 ,magnus travelled on foot to the entrance of the ,julian ,alps2 ,sigibert1 ,gall's former fellow-student1 went to ,dissentis1 in ,croatia1 where they founded monasteries which1 after a lapse of more than a thousand years1 still exist as firm supports of the ,christian religion1 learning1 and civilization4 ,these monasteries must be considered as daughters of the great metropolis which the holy ,irish missionary built on the side of the lofty ,alps4 ,the monastery of ,reichenau1 in ,untersee1 and that of ,braganza1 were closely united with ,st4 ,gall's foundation4 ,the former was founded1 under ,charles ,martel1 by the ,irishman ,pirminus2 the latter1 #acj years earlier1 by ,columbanus and ,gall1 in the beginning of their missionary labors4 ,the countless churches and chapels built even at an early period in honor of ,st4 ,gall1 as well as the numerous acts of donation to the monastery bearing his name1 prove the powerful influence of the disciples and successors of the saint in spreading ,christianity1 education1 and civilization to the farthest regions4 ,the bishoprics in ,switzerland1 ,germany1 and in the ,austrian provinces1 in the ,tyrol and ,bohemia1 hold a special festival in honor of ,st4 ,gall1 and give him a special office1 honoring him now as well as formerly as the ,apostle of ,alemania4 ,the temporal inheritance which ,st4 ,gall left to his people was long enjoyed3 the higher inheritance which he has left us with the eternal possessions of ,christianity in our ,church is still with us2 and our constant prayer to ,god and strenuous effort must be to guard it intact1 and render it fruitful in the future4 7,greith1 p4 #dja47 ---------- #cdg ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,the ,story ,of ,marcel1 ,the ,little ,mettray ,colonist4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,dark the evening shadows rolled ,on the eye that gleamed in death1 ,and the evening dews fell cold ,on the lip that gasped for breath4 ,james ,montgomery4 ,a year had passed away when one day ,pelagie ,vautrin went out in the morning1 as usual1 with her hand-cart1 but did not return as usual in the evening4 ,marcel had been on a spree with ,polycarpe1 and was glad1 when he crept to bed late at night1 all muzzy with tippling1 to find his dirty home vacant4 ,but when1 at a late hour the next day1 he opened his hot1 aching eyes and looked around him1 he was at first astonished and then frightened to see that he was still alone4 ,he started up and ran down-stairs to ask the neighbors if they had seen ,madame ,vautrin that morning4 ,there was soon a great excitement in the house2 for no one had seen her1 and it was well known that ,pelagie never staid out at night2 she was generally very regularly drunk in bed by ten o'clock4 ,go to the prefect of police1 cried one to the anxious boy1 they'll find her for you6 ,go to the ,morgue1 cried another4 ,i shouldn't wonder if she had fallen into the river4 ,or been run over by an omnibus1 the drunken slut6 cried a third4 ,ay1 go to the ,morgue1 ,marcel1 said ,polycarpe1 who had just got up1 and had hurried down to take part1 as usual1 in what was going on4 ,come1 ,i'll go with you4 ,marcel was by this time as pale as death3 the idea of ,pelagie being dead was dreadful to him2 for though the poor boy could not love the cruel woman who had worked him so unsparingly for her own profit1 still she seemed something more to him than the rest of the world2 she had sheltered him when he had no shelter2 she had given him a dry crust when he knew not where to find one2 and the child's heart was made of such tender stuff that the slightest kindness could kindle in it a flame of never forgetful gratitude4 ,pale and trembling1 he now followed ,polycarpe to the low1 black1 sinister-looking building then situated close by ,st4 ,michael's bridge1 on the right bank of the ,seine4 ,footnote #aca ,many persons were going in and out of the horrible place1 some seeking missing friends2 others1 and the greater number1 urged on by a depraved curiosity and love of excitement4 ,footnote #aca3 ,it has since been pulled down1 and rebuilt more handsomely behind the cathedral of ,notre ,dame4 ,the two boys entered2 ,polycarpe noisily1 and with an air of busy importance that would have been ludicrous under any other circumstances2 ,marcel sick and faint with anxiety and fear2 and awful indeed was the interior of that house of death4 ,at one end of the stone-floored room in which they found themselves was an iron grating1 behind which1 on marble slabs1 were laid out the perfectly naked forms of the unknown dead1 victims of accident or of violence4 #cdh ,the bloated body of a drowned man1 whose starting eyes first caught the scared glance of the shuddering child1 made him start with horror and surprise4 ,he had often thought1 from all he had heard1 that the sights to be seen in the ,morgue must be dreadful1 but the reality surpassed all his imaginings4 ,he closed his eyes1 but opened them an instant after to take a look at the corpse of a woman1 whose blood-clotted hair and battered features showed but too plainly that the wretched creature had been the victim of some foul crime4 ',tis she6 cried ,polycarpe4 ,but ,marcel could bear no more2 the child's nerves and heart had been tried to the uttermost1 and he fell insensible on the cold1 damp floor4 ,polycarpe and two or three bystanders dragged him out of the building1 and1 getting some water from the river1 soon brought him to again1 but very shaky and weak4 ,polycarpe ,poquet was a regular scamp1 an idle beggar1 a street-thief2 nevertheless very gently and lovingly did he help his friend on his legs again1 and very softly did he speak to him as they walked slowly away from that horrible place4 ,come in here1 old fellow1 said he1 when they arrived before the door on the second landing4 ,mother wants to see you1 he added1 as he perceived that ,marcel hesitated4 ,madame ,poquet and ,loulou were both at home2 for the charwoman was just then at liberty1 her last mistress having been mean enough to lock up the charcoal and bread and butter1 and various other useful items in housekeeping1 and as ,madame ,poquet said to her neighbors1 ,after that evident want of confidence1 she felt herself obliged to leave1 especially as the wages were so low that without the perquisites the place was worth nothing6 ,she was a good-natured woman1 notwithstanding her dishonesty1 and received poor ,marcel in a kind1 motherly manner that contributed much to soothe and console him4 ,now1 you see1 ,marcel1 said she1 you need not feel so bad2 you shall come and live with us2 there's room for four1 and so there's room for five4 ,i'm sure ,i always wanted to have you1 for ,madame ,vautrin was not good to you--you know that she wasn't--everybody knows that she wasn't4 ,now1 come1 don't cry so2 it shows that you've a good heart1 but it is not reasonable1 and ,i can't bear to hear you4 ,i never could bear to hear any one cry4 ,come1 courage1 courage6 ,and the old thieving charwoman kissed the weeping boy tenderly1 and then wiped her own overflowing eyes4 ,he threw his arms around her neck and sobbed aloud1 and the motherly old soul sobbed with him4 ,come now1 said she presently1 and she placed him as she spoke on a chair by the table1 here's some good hot coffee and milk1 and a piece of nice fresh bread4 ,i got it ready for you half an hour ago4 ,there1 you and ,polycarpe sit down and take your breakfast2 that'll do you good1 and comfort you4 ,and certainly the good meal did much to calm him1 though perhaps the sympathy of ,madame ,poquet and her children did more4 ,and so it was settled2 the landlord sold the few miserable sticks of furniture belonging to ,pelagie ,vautrin for the arrears of rent1 and ,marcel became one of the ,poquet family4 ,as for the battered corpse lying on the marble slab in the ,morgue1 it was never reclaimed1 but was hurriedly buried in the pauper grave that the state provides for the unknown dead4 ,yet it was a long time before the orphan whom ,pelagie ,vautrin had so cruelly ill-treated ceased to think of her1 or shudder as he remembered her terrible death4 #cdi ,it was an end1 however1 as we know1 to be expected for one cursed with so wicked a temper and of such dissolute habits4 ,drunkenness1 quarrels1 blows1 and death6 ,it is a natural sequence6 ,poor ,marcel gained by the change2 at least1 his life was not so hard a one as it had been4 ,he was no longer obliged to bring home a certain quantity of rags and old iron every day2 he had no regular task set him4 ,but ,monsieur and ,madame ,poquet nevertheless fully expected him to pick up his own living and something more1 in the same way as did their son ,polycarpe4 ,the two boys after a time adopted1 as their principal source of income1 the business of gathering cigar-ends and converting them into pipe-tobacco4 ,it was a profession that required early rising1 quick eyes1 and light heels1 for there were other lads in the same walk of life1 but who could be better fitted for such a pursuit than ,marcel and ,polycarpe8 ,at four every morning they sallied forth to make their round2 hunting for the precious bits on the sidewalks and in the gutters of the most frequented and fashionable streets1 the ,boulevards1 the ,champs ,elyses1 and the purlieus of the theatres4 ,sometimes1 when they were flush of money1 they bought from the waiters in the coffee-houses the permission to pick up the ends that might be under the tables4 ,the harvest made1 they hastened down to the river's side1 and there1 seated under or near the dry arches of one of the bridges1 they emptied their bags on the ground beside them and commenced the sorting of their merchandise4 ,the prime or first quality consisted of the ends of ,havana cigars1 regalias1 londres1 etc42 the second quality1 of those of home growth1 or bits picked up in dirty gutters1 and consequently somewhat deteriorated4 ,the sorting finished1 our young tobacconists commenced their work of metamorphosis4 ,each one was furnished with a small square of smooth wood1 a sharp1 thin-bladed knife1 and a whetstone1 for the knife required frequent sharpening during the operation of cutting up the ends4 ,this was performed on the square of wood1 and as fine as possible1 so as to resemble new smoking tobacco4 ,paper parcels were then made up of this novel manufacture2 the inferior quality selling at one sou the packet2 the superior fetching as much as fifty sous the pound4 ,the rest of the day was passed in disposing of their morning labors1 and this was never difficult2 they found plenty of customers1 masons1 street-sweepers1 and rat-catchers1 and often made as much as three francs each in the day4 ,they might have gained an honest living by this humble means1 had they only possessed an honest home4 ,but ,monsieur and ,madame ,poquet were thieves1 and the more the lads gained the more was exacted from them4 ,and then in the dreadful drinking-dens they frequented to sell their merchandise they became each day initiated in some new vice4 ,there was indeed nothing to stop them on their downward course2 and soon1 alas1 the orphan boy1 intelligent1 and naturally conscientious1 became versed in knavery and a common street-thief6 ,poor1 poor ,marcel6 #cej ,chapter ,,vii4 ,soon1 like captives1 shall ye learn ,ways less wild and laws more stern4 ,anon4 ,days and weeks and months had passed away in this kind of life1 when one morning1 while ,marcel and ,polycarpe were still yawning and stretching themselves in their dirty bed1 ,loulou1 who had gone round the corner to fetch some ready-made hot coffee and milk1 for their breakfast1 rushed back again with cheeks as white as it was possible for her rarely washed face to show4 ,get up quick and run6 cried she as she burst into the room1 the police are coming this way2 ,i'm sure they're coming here to look for father1 and1 if they find you1 they'll grab you too4 ,the two boys needed no further calling2 indeed1 they were out of bed before ,loulou had ended her cry of danger4 ,old ,poquet had become a marked man at the ,prefecture of ,police1 and his reputation was very bad among his neighbors4 ,he had been fearing a visit of this kind during the last eight days1 and had taken himself off no one knew whither4 ,so the boys1 knowing this1 would not have been so much afraid for their own safety1 had they not done the preceding day what they called good business1 and had in their possession this morning more money and a greater variety of purses than they could well have accounted for4 ,so they jumped out of bed at the first word of alarm1 and huddled on their clothes in less time than it takes to write the fact2 and precipitating themselves down the stairs1 were out of the house and out of sight1 just as two policemen turned into the street4 ,it was not until they had threaded many narrow1 dirty streets behind the ,pantheon1 diving into dark passages1 and passing through houses which were thoroughfares1 as there are many in the great city1 and at last found themselves near the ,barrire of ,st4 ,jacques1 that they felt secure enough to walk slowly and take time to ask each other where they should go4 ,parbleu6 cried ,polycarpe1 who was the first to break silence1 at any rate our pockets are not empty6 ,liberty for ever6 ,hurrah for pleasure and potatoes6 ,never say die1 old fellow6 ,and he clapped his friend on the back and laughed as if it were the pleasantest thing in life to be running away from the police4 ,marcel was not so gay3 the boy's instincts1 perverted as they were by the depraved influences that surrounded him1 became restive at times2 mysterious aspirations1 and disgust of he knew not what1 agitated strangely the poor child's aching heart1 and gave him sometimes an appearance of timidity that had acquired for him among his profligate companions the sobriquet of la demoiselle the young lady4 ,he was now more moved than usual1 his cheek was very pale1 and his large blue eyes wore a more thoughtful expression than ever before4 ,making a violent effort over himself1 he at length replied to his companion's vivacity by asking what would become of ,loulou4 ,loulou6 cried ,polycarpe1 why1 she's safe enough2 she'll get out of the scrape1 and there's nothing against her and mother4 ,you needn't think of her1 but of us1 ,i can tell you4 ,now1 what do you think ,i'm thinking of1 eh8 ,i suppose of where we must go to-night4 ,exactly so1 mademoiselle1 and can you guess8 ,no1 that you can't1 so you needn't try4 ,well1 we must go hide in the quarries at ,issy2 we shall be safe there1 and we won't come back to ,paris before two months4 ,the quarries6 cried ,marcel1 ,how dreadful6 ,not so dreadful as ,mazas1 replied ,polycarpe1 as you'll know one of these days4 #cea ,i hope not1 ejaculated ,marcel1 shuddering4 ,you hope not1 you idiot6 said ,polycarpe angrily1 why1 how can it be otherwise8 ,one can't be always in luck4 ,don't you know that every one gets to prison at last8 ,every one that ,i know has been there1 and why should ,i escape1 ,i should like to know8 ,of course my time will come1 and your time will come1 and what we have to do then is to show game4 ,no cry-baby goings on then1 if you please1 ,master ,marcel1 or you and ,i'll part company when we come out6 ,marcel did not answer1 and they continued silently their way until they had passed the fortifications4 ,now1 said ,polycarpe at last1 we must try to kill time as pleasantly as possible until the night1 and then we'll go straight to the quarries2 we can't go there during the day1 for there is always danger from spies4 ,i'm very hungry1 remarked ,marcel4 ,and so am ,i1 answered his friend1 my inside has let me know for a long time that it didn't get any coffee this morning4 ,it was not long before the two boys found a kind of nondescript cabaret and restaurant--one of those drinking and eating houses that do most business with ,sunday-breakers and holiday-makers1 if not with worse gentry4 ,they were soon seated before a smoking omelette1 which1 with a great loaf of bread and a bottle of sour claret1 they pronounced to be a first-rate breakfast4 ,the meal finished and paid for1 they bought a couple of bottles of brandy1 and then strolled off again to the fortifications1 where1 choosing a sunny spot on the grassy side of the deep1 dry moat that surrounds the massive walls1 they snoozed away the rest of the day4 ,the quarries of ,issy had long been the rendezvous of all sorts of young scamps4 ,idle1 vicious boys who had run away from home2 unfaithful apprentices who had robbed their master's tills2 pickpockets whose successful operations had rendered their absence from the scene of their labors desirable for a period2 hardened vagabonds waiting an opportunity to rob or murder1 as the case might be--all found there a hiding-place and congenial society4 ,carefully concealed from any passers-by or workmen1 they slept the daylight away1 but as soon as darkness had rendered the place secure1 the wretched youths commenced their orgies4 ,gorging on the provisions provided by two or three of their number in turn1 and bought or stolen in the neighboring villages of ,issy1 ,clamart1 and ,meudon2 guzzling1 singing1 and swearing2 boasting of their skill in every cunning and thieving art2 teaching and learning all manner of vice--thus passed they their turbulent night1 while outside the stifling hole that screened their wickedness the starry sky spread cool and calm over the sleeping village and peaceful fields and woods4 ,how the contrast between the within and the without struck ,marcel a few hours after he had entered that ignoble hiding-place6 ,he and ,polycarpe had quitted the moat at nightfall and had found themselves about ten o'clock at the rendezvous4 ,the place was well-known to the cobbler's son2 many and many a time had he come hither to see some friend in hiding1 and he now advanced without hesitation4 ,at a certain distance from the entrance1 he put his fingers to his lips and uttered a shrill1 peculiar cry1 then seizing his companion's arm hurried in4 ,they were met by ,guguste1 and received an enthusiastic welcome1 not only from that young rascal1 but also from the rest of the band1 which contained a great many at that moment1 and consisted almost entirely of old acquaintances4 ,the two bottles of brandy were hailed with acclamations1 and the donors invited to take part in the eating and drinking that was about to commence4 #ceb ,used as our young hero was to all kinds of wickedness1 he at first listened with fear to what he heard around him now2 but the brandy and the example of his companions soon acted on his impressionable nature1 the revolting instincts were stifled as usual1 and ,marcel quickly became one of the noisiest and most cynical of those wretched children4 ,one half of the company was already nearly drunk1 and the other half at the height of its revelry1 when a sound of many feet marching in step and close at hand silenced each and all in an instant4 ,the lights were suddenly extinguished1 pistols cocked--for most of the young miscreants were armed2 then came a rush from the outside1 a struggle1 several shots1 smothered groans1 oaths1 and all was over4 ,law had conquered1 and the whole band was in the power of a posse of gendarmes under the command of an officer4 ,to handcuff the young ruffians and lead them one by one out of their den was soon accomplished2 and it was then that ,marcel1 emerging into the tranquil night1 was struck by the contrast4 ,within1 drunkenness and crime1 false1 feverish merriment ending in bloody strife2 without1 the cool1 fresh air of early morn1 the first streak of breaking day in the far east1 the market-carts wending their plodding way to the great metropolis--all telling of peace1 all so quiet6 ,beautiful nature and humble toil6 ,poor ,marcel6 he could not understand his feelings1 for his intelligence was warped and dwarfed with his conscience2 but his young heart ached with vague aspirations and regrets1 and he wept bitterly4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,we travel through a desert1 and our feet ,have measured a fair space1 have left behind ,a thousand dangers and a thousand snares4 444 444 ,the past temptations ,no more shall vex us4 ,watts4 ',tis beauty all1 and grateful song around1 ,joined to the low of kine1 and numerous bleat ,of flocks thick-nibbling through the clovered vale4 ,thomson4 ,a few weeks after this catastrophe1 the whole band was tried and condemned to various degrees of punishment and correction4 ,nothing had been proven against ,marcel and ,polycarpe further than that they had been found among recognized thieves1 and were by that fact alone suspicious characters in the eyes of the law4 ,the answers elicited from ,marcel on his examination had excited the compassion of the tribunal1 and the president declared his intention of giving him the opportunity of redeeming the past and of becoming an honest man4 ,polycarpe ,poquet1 also1 had been judged leniently2 his frank1 generous nature had been discovered amidst all the vice that overshadowed it4 ,very beautiful and touching were the words in which the worthy president announced to the two boys that he acquitted them because he believed that they had acted without discernment1 but that1 fearing for their future1 he should send them to a house of correction where they would be detained until they had each reached the age of twenty-one4 ,he reminded them that at least six years lay before them to reform and elevate themselves4 #cec ,he promised them that every means should be given to them to improve1 and that they should be taught a trade or profession1 and thus enabled by their own labor to gain their living and become respectable citizens4 ,obedience and industry would be expected from them1 he said2 and he entreated them to have pity on themselves1 and to aid by their own exertions the efforts of those who sincerely desired their welfare1 both temporal and eternal4 ,marcel's tears flowed plentifully while the good magistrate thus addressed them2 he had never before heard such things1 and he wept as much from gratitude as from fear4 ,imprisonment for six years seemed terrible2 but if those six years were to give him the very thing for which he yearned--a different life from that he had hitherto led1 in which all was fear and pain6 ,as for ,polycarpe1 he was more silent than usual1 but he seemed neither afraid nor sorry4 ,he felt the influence of virtue and truth1 however1 and the president's discourse made more impression on him than he cared to confess even to ,marcel2 for in minds rendered obtuse by vicious habits a good feeling or impulse is generally considered as a weakness1 and resisted or concealed4 ,the boys were conducted back to the depot of the prefecture as soon as the president had finished speaking to them1 there to await their removal to the ,house of ,correction that should be appointed by the authorities4 ,in #ahci1 a few noble-hearted1 philanthropic men conceived the idea of founding at ,mettray1 near the beautiful town of ,tours1 in almost the heart of ,france1 a colony of young convicts1 to whom should be given a moral and religious training1 and the blessings of a home4 ,these benevolent men had studied with profound attention the admirable penitentiary system of the ,united ,states of ,america2 compared with it1 the system of correction as practised in the state prisons of ,france had struck them as singularly ineffective and quite inadequate to attain the end and aim of all punishment1 the eradication of vice1 and the awakening of a desire to practise industry and honesty4 ,the published reports of these prisons had even proved that1 far from the morality of the unfortunate children detained there being improved1 these unhappy victims did actually become more confirmed in their perversity by their sojourn in the house of correction4 ,though restrained by the prison discipline1 they were not actually taught2 for it is not intimidation that can teach a fallen nature how to rise1 nor inculcate the love of honor and virtue4 ,the helter-skelter way of these houses was fatal to their utility4 ,young offenders1 guilty of comparatively slight offences1 were associated with scoundrels versed in every mystery of crime4 ,the burglar and the highway robber1 the coiner and the assassin1 became the companions of the child so apt to learn1 so ready to receive any impression whether of good or evil4 ,want of space was pleaded in extenuation of this great1 this fundamental error in the work of reformation2 and thus justice and social good were sacrificed to considerations of economy6 ,the system of detention1 too1 as applied to children1 did not render it obligatory on the administration of the prison to continue its care of the child after he had quitted the walls where he had passed the last five or six years of his young life4 ,on the day of his liberation1 the rule was to give him a few clothes and a part of the products of his labor during his detention1 and then all was ended between him and those who were supposed to have been his teachers and protectors4 #ced ,thus thrown all at once into a world from which he had been sequestered for years1 without any family traditions of industry and probity to guide and uphold him1 the unhappy youth found it impossible to gain a footing among the honest and respectable1 and was soon irretrievably lost4 ,all the errors1 all the consequences of this system1 were then to be avoided in the new colony of ,mettray2 and guided by sound sense and a deep love of their kind1 the founders of this admirable establishment undertook the task of endowing the erring children confided to them by the state with family affections and habits1 with the love of order1 and with health4 ,their minds and hearts were to be cultivated1 and they were to be given the desire and the means of gaining their living by honest labor4 ,it was to the agricultural colony of ,mettray that ,marcel and ,polycarpe were sent1 a few days after their examination before the tribunal2 and they made the journey thither in the company of thirty or forty other unfortunate boys of their own age4 ,what language can express the delight that filled the bosom of the poor orphan when his eyes first rested on the home that a merciful ,providence had at last given him6 ,most lovely was the wide landscape that spread before him2 for fertile ,touraine is indeed the garden of beautiful ,france4 ,the bright waters of the magnificent river ,loire were there to be seen winding amidst green fields1 its shores bordered by strange habitations hollowed in the rocks1 or fringed with waving trees4 ,there were the houses of the ,mettray colonists on the side of a rising ground1 the tapering steeple of their chapel showing itself from the middle of the group like a giant finger pointing the way to heaven4 ,on the bank of the little stream that passed close to the settlement on its way to the great river stood a windmill1 turning its sails right merrily4 ,plantations of mulberry-trees1 beautifully kept gardens and orchards1 and wheat-fields nearly ripe for the harvest1 surrounded the colony2 oxen grazing or pulling heavily-laden carts1 sheep browsing with tinking bells1 young colonists smiling1 bright-eyed1 rosy-cheeked1 directing1 helping1 working in every way and with a will2 all the sights and sounds of husbandry1 and among the leaves a whispering breeze1 and the warm air perfumed with the scent of newly-mown hay1 and over all the bright blue1 sunny sky4 ,such was the landscape that met the eyes of the pale-faced1 sin-degraded children of ,paris4 ,such was the home that a few true men with loving hearts and living sympathies had provided for the victims of poverty and crime6 ,here were they to learn1 by the all-powerful lessons of religion and healthful labor1 how to become honest1 useful citizens2 here were they to acquire self-respect1 love of country and of their fellow-men4 ,oh6 blessings on the ,christian men who founded the colony of ,mettray6 ,their names are inscribed on the walls of the chapel2 but those walls will crumble away in time1 their names will be forgotten1 but the good they have done will never decay or pass away1 and ,verily they shall have their reward6 #cee ,chapter ,,ix4 ,law1 conscience1 honor1 all obeyed1 all give ,the approving voice1 and make it bliss to live2 ,while faith1 when life can nothing more supply1 ,shall strengthen hope and make it bliss to die4 ,the boys at ,mettray are divided into families1 each inhabiting a separate house inscribed with the name of certain towns1 or of the generous giver4 ,there is the ,house of ,paris1 the ,house of ,limoges1 the ,house of the widow ,hbert1 and one is called the ,house of ,mary1 in which the youngest children are placed4 ,there were more than a dozen of these dwellings when our two culprits entered the colony1 each directed by a ,father and an ,elder ,brother1 the inmates of each one emulating the inmates of the others in their progress to reformation1 and every family considering itself a distinct brotherhood4 ,it was to the ,house of ,paris1 that ,marcel and ,polycarpe were consigned2 and what a new life began for these poor children when1 after a short sequestration1 so that at least the first elements of religion1 order1 and honesty might be instilled into their minds1 they were permitted to associate with the older colonists1 and take full part in their lessons and labors4 ,strange but sweet did it seem to ,marcel when he first felt himself a member of a family1 one among many brothers1 where he was to find those ties and that affection refused to him hitherto4 ,how soon he came to love his superiors1 the ,father and the ,elder ,brother1 and how easy obedience was to him1 can be readily imagined by those who have followed his fortunes so far4 ,how fond and proud he grew after a while of his home--his saving ark--can only be conceived by those who have visited ,mettray1 and who have seen and heard with their own eyes and ears that every child there considers himself honored by the title of colonist1 and bound in his own person to prove the worthiness of the community4 ,one of the first tasks of the newcomers was to learn the duties and discipline of the house4 ,the colonists' duties are honorable1 said the ,father of the family to them the day after their arrival2 they resemble the soldiers2 obedience to superiors and submission to discipline4 ,without discipline no association of men is possible4 ,with it a nation may become invincible6 ,to ,marcel the discipline of ,mettray was not only easy but even agreeable1 and none could be more scrupulously observant of the regulations than he4 ,at the first sound of the clarion which awoke the family each morning1 he was out of his hammock and dressing himself with silent haste4 ,then1 folding his bed and putting it away1 he was ready to march with his companions to the wash-house4 ,here the ablutions were plentiful and thorough2 for the boys at ,mettray are taught that not only is cleanliness absolutely necessary to health1 but that we are also more worthy to come in prayer before our ,maker when purified and refreshed by his blessed gift of water4 ,the washing and combing finished1 he returned with his brothers to the dormitory1 to render thanks for the peaceful rest of the past night and to beg ,god's blessing on the labors of to-day4 ,then the clarion sounded again1 and each ran to take his place in the ranks of workers about to march to their daily labors out of doors4 ,scarcely would they have been recognized by those they had left behind them in their old ,paris haunts1 as1 clothed in their dark-blue blouses1 their feet warm and dry in good sabots1 their cheeks glowing with cleanliness and health1 they marched in step1 light and brisk1 to their respective tasks4 ,some proceeded to the fields1 where1 superintended by an intelligent superior1 they worked with a willing spirit1 encouraged and strengthened by the sight of their teacher laboring with them4 ,some entered the out-houses fitted up as work-shops1 where1 while one learned tailoring on his brethren's clothes1 another worked at his family's shoes4 #cef ,a little farther on1 and the young colonists reached the blacksmith's shop1 where they hammered away manfully at the chains and rails1 the gear of the carts1 the locks and hinges1 and all the other iron necessities of the place4 ,and near by stood the carpenter's shop1 where another band prepared all the wood-work of the colony1 even to the doors and windows of the new houses to be built to receive other poor castaways4 ,some again1 whose turn it was to attend to the farm-yard1 went on to the cow-house1 where the cows lowed with content as they entered4 ,and then began such a currying and cleansing that it would be difficult to say which enjoyed it the most1 the boys or the cows4 ,cows are not accustomed to have so much attention bestowed on them2 but the lads took pleasure in it1 and each house had the privilege of participating in rotation1 and the kine profited wonderfully4 ,after the cows came the turn of the pigs1 the horses1 and the donkeys1 the latter great favorites generally4 ,and then the dairy with its pans of yesterday's milk thick with cream1 to be skimmed1 and then butter-making and cheese-making4 ,and thus worked the once idle1 quarrelsome boys until the welcome hour of breakfast summoned them within4 ,the simple but wholesome meal finished1 after a short pause the thanksgiving was said1 and a quarter of an hour's recreation permitted1 and then at the first blast of the clarion they left their play1 formed their ranks1 and gayly marched off to labor again4 ,as they passed the ,director on their way out1 they greeted him respectfully and affectionately1 their bright and now honest eyes becoming still brighter as he returned their salutation with a kind word and fatherly smile4 ,marvellous change1 operated by the force of enlightened charity alone1 by a few devoted men and women6 ,for there were at ,mettray no manacles nor blows for the refractory2 no prison-walls to keep in the discontented1 lazy1 thief1 or beggar2 only labor and religious influence1 justice and love1 ever working together to repair the ravages that sin and ignorance had wrought in the consciences of these forlorn ones1 and endeavoring to extirpate even the very germ of evil in their souls4 ,the day of healthful toil in the woods1 fields1 and workshops ended at six o'clock1 when the clarion's clear voice again summoned the young laborers1 this time to school1 whither they marched in regimental order preceded by a band of military music4 ,the school-rooms were large1 well-ventilated chambers1 their white walls bearing the inscription1 ,dieu vous voit1 ,god sees you1 oft-repeated1 and decorated with lists1 tablets of honor1 containing the names of those boys who had for three months gained an immunity from all punishment4 ,many of these names had become fixtures1 they had been there so long2 for the erasure of a name is considered by the colonists as a great disgrace1 while its continuance on the tablet is an honor4 ,here during two hours1 aided by kind1 intelligent teachers1 the boys learned reading1 writing1 arithmetic1 singing1 and linear drawing4 ,the more advanced helped to teach the beginners1 and with few exceptions proved themselves patient1 painstaking tutors4 ,to ,marcel these hours of instruction were the best and sweetest recreation4 ,the boy seemed to yearn after knowledge1 and the progress he made was really surprising4 ,he was even after a while able to undertake to teach a class of new-comers to read1 and proud and happy was he the day this honorable task was assigned to him6 #ceg ,but music especially soon became his greatest source of pleasure4 ,it soothed1 cheered1 and elevated him2 it awakened in him the tenderest and highest sentiments4 ,it saddened him1 too1 sometimes1 but that was a solemn sadness that refined rather than depressed the boy's sensitive nature4 ,the patriotic songs taught in the school roused his enthusiasm and inspired him with the most ardent love of his country4 ,the soft strains of the simple catechism-hymns he and his brothers sang when the good chaplain prepared them for their first communion entered into his inmost heart1 bringing peace and hope4 ,but deep1 very deep was his emotion when they sang some of those pieces composed expressly for them1 and bearing reference to their past or present state4 ,how his heart swelled when he joined his voice1 high and sweet1 to his fellow castaways1 as they chaunted-- ,droop not1 though shame1 sin1 and anguish are round thee2 ,bravely fling off the cold chain that hath bound thee2 ,look at yon pure heaven smiling beyond thee2 ,rest not content in thy darkness a clod4 ,work for some good--be it ever so slowly1 ,cherish some flower--be it ever so lowly4 ,let thy good deeds be a prayer to thy ,god4 ,how every stirring line re-echoed in his inmost soul1 awakening there gratitude so deep and full to all those who had rescued him from sin that no language could have expressed it4 ,we are told that there is joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth2 how many blessings1 then1 must rest on the heads of those who have conducted sinning children to repentance--children whom he loves and wishes to be brought to him4 ,two hours of school and the clarion sounded for supper4 ,the repast over1 after five minutes' play the refectory was converted into a dormitory by suspending the hammocks1 and then came the evening prayer and hymn4 ,the day was ended1 and our orphan and his companions climbed into their clean beds1 to sleep peacefully under the protection of that ,heavenly ,father who had permitted them in his inscrutable wisdom to bear the brunt of the battle while unprepared1 but had saved them1 scotched and bleeding1 it is true1 yet still with vitality enough to recover from their wounds1 and fight again1 and win at last--if they would6 ,chapter ,x4 ,i held it truth1 with him who sings ,to one clear harp in divers tones1 ,that men may rise on stepping-stones ,of their dead selves to higher things4 ,tennyson4 ,polycarpe ,poquet found it more difficult to conform himself to the rules of the establishment1 and the law of obedience to the ,elder ,brother especially was peculiarly galling to him4 ,the ,father of the ,family he could submit to2 but this superior1 the ,elder ,brother1 elected every month by themselves from among themselves1 was regarded by him as a kind of hypocritical upstart1 whom he took every opportunity to annoy4 ,many were the insulting words he addressed to the poor boys who received this mark of their companions' esteem1 but who by their very position were forced to report every fault committed by those same companions1 and many a weary hour did he pass in solitary confinement1 making nails1 before he had learned that first duty of a good citizen1 obedience to constituted authorities4 #ceh ,perhaps the visit of a venerable ecclesiastic who had come to examine the working-system of the colony might be taken as the turning-point in ,polycarpe's conduct1 though not the real date of his improvement1 as we shall see hereafter4 ,the good ,abb had been questioning the boys of ,marcel and ,polycarpe's family1 when he suddenly requested them to tell him which were the three best lads among them4 ,need we say that our poor orphan was one of those who were instantly1 and without hesitation1 pointed out by their comrades8 ,and the worst8 asked the abb again4 ,every eye remained fixed1 immovable2 every tongue silent4 ,all at once ,polycarpe stepped forward and said in a low but clear voice1 ',tis ,i6 ,my boy6 exclaimed the worthy priest1 as he clasped the young convict's hand in both of his1 ,i cannot believe it6 ,i will not take even your word for it6 ,this very acknowledgment proves that you are mistaken4 ,polycarpe never from that day forth wore the ignominious mark of punishment1 the ugly black gaiter on the left leg4 ,his progress in learning was slow1 compared with that of ,marcel2 but he was an adept in the house-duties1 which were performed by each family of boys in turns of a week at a time4 ,he was skilled in sweeping and dusting1 washing dishes and cleaning knives4 ,he was the aptest pupil1 too1 that ever studied the culinary art1 and1 after a time1 was wont to boast that he could dish up a savory dinner there where a less gifted individual could find nothing to eat4 ,not that ,mettray could be considered as one of the best schools for learners1 nor its wholesome dinners as specimens of the world-famed ,french cookery2 for they consisted of vegetables entirely1 with the exception of twice in the week1 when bacon and beef figured on the tables2 but ,polycarpe felt that he had natural abilities1 and could do more than was required of him in the simple kitchen where he practised4 ,he was quite a favorite with the good ,sisters who presided there2 they were always glad when it was his week to assist them1 and praised him constantly for his activity1 good temper1 and disposition to oblige4 ,but if ,polycarpe was useful in the kitchen1 he was invaluable in the infirmary4 ,a handier fellow for helping the suffering never entered a sick-room4 ,he was quick-eyed and light-fingered1 7in the good sense of the word27 he saw in a moment how best to arrange the pillows for the weary1 feverish head2 he could dress a blister without drawing a single exclamation from the patient2 he could make palatable gruel and ptisan2 he was punctual in administering the potions1 and1 though last not least of his good qualities1 he was wakeful and1 at the same time1 good-tempered and cheerful4 ,the kind ,hospital ,sisters1 who had charge of the infirmary1 pronounced him the best of nurses1 and would have rejoiced could they always have had him with them4 ,the very first week that he was on duty there1 a poor boy1 who had only been a month in the establishment1 died of the disease whose germs he had brought with him4 ,polycarpe watched over him with the tenderest care1 and the child became gratefully attached to him1 and talked much to him of his past life--a short but sad one4 ,his father1 he said1 was in the galleys for life2 his mother in the hospital at ,tours2 his two elder sisters in prison for theft2 his young brother1 a miserable deformed child1 was a street-beggar2 and he knew not what had become of his little sister of six years old6 ,the poor fellow loved this little sister with all the concentrated strength of a heart that had had but few objects to love1 and he cried as he spoke of her4 #cei ,when the chaplain came to see him1 the last evening of his short life1 ,polycarpe related the sad story to the good priest4 ,victor ,bourdon1 said the abb gently1 as he still knelt by the side of the bed1 after having prayed with the dying boy1 ,victor ,bourdon1 ,i will go to ,tours1 and find your little sister1 and ,i will place her where she will learn to be a good and industrious girl4 ,i promise you this1 my child4 ,victor turned his dim eyes toward his consoler1 a smile of ineffable content played over his pain-drawn features2 then1 sighing rather than speaking these last words1 ,oh6 what a pity to leave the colony so soon6 the young earth-tried spirit passed away4 ,this death made a lasting impression on ,polycarpe4 ,the exclamation1 ,oh6 what a pity to leave the colony so soon6 was like a revelation to him2 all at once he understood all that he had escaped--all the privileges he now enjoyed4 ,the ,father of the family found the poor fellow in tears one day1 and1 after a few sympathizing questions1 drew from him a touching confession of his repentance4 ,he freely acknowledged that his good conduct had hitherto been prompted by pride only2 and if1 added he1 ,i have not run away1 it is only because there are no walls at ,mettray4 ,singular proof of the innate sentiment of honor that exists in ,france6 ,even this ignorant boy felt it to be an unworthy1 cowardly act to betray the confidence reposed in him2 he considered himself a prisoner on parole1 and scorned to take advantage of the liberty granted him4 ,all his in-door talents did not1 however1 prevent his working well at the harder labors out of doors4 ,he was great at the plough1 and no one groomed a horse better than he4 ,his strongly-built frame1 too1 became admirably developed by the farm-work and the gymnastic exercises in which all took a part1 but in which none excelled as he did4 ,his stout1 muscular form1 the splendid glow of his cheeks1 and perfectly healthful appearance1 would have made him remarked anywhere4 ,he had at first chosen to learn the trade of a baker1 as his future means of gaining a living2 but his strong physical nature and necessity of movement soon inspired him with1 a decided inclination for a military life1 and the administration permitted him to revoke his first choice4 ,marcel had wished to be a gardener2 he loved nature1 and was passionately fond of flowers1 and his desire had been granted4 ,so the two boys worked hopefully and cheerfully on2 one day was a repetition of the other1 until ,marcel fully understood that higher life which brings its own recompense1 and ,polycarpe acquired the love of truth and of honest labor4 ,a year after his admittance into the colony1 ,polycarpe's name was inscribed on the tablet of honor by the side of ,marcel's1 which had already long gained its place there4 ,a few months later1 he succeeded to his friend as ,elder ,brother1 and1 after another interval of exemplary conduct1 both lads received as a recompense a sum of money which was placed in the savings bank of the establishment for their future use1 and were entitled to wear a corporal's stripe on their sleeve--a high and envied distinction4 ,for the good workers there is a future6 is the hopeful salutation inscribed over the gate at ,mettray4 #cfj ,yes6 there is a future for all true workers6 ,labor1 then1 steadfastly2 labor trustfully1 poor children of earth2 the good time cometh--the reward is sure6 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- ,catholicity ,and ,pantheism4 ,number ,two4 ,pantheism ,examined ,from ,the ,ontological ,point ,of ,view-- ,the ,infinite-- ,idea ,of ,the ,infinite ,according ,to ,the ,pantheist4 ,the infinite of the pantheist is something stripped of subsistence1 limits1 determinations1 definiteness1 qualities1 or quantity2 it is devoid of all consciousness1 intelligence1 will1 individuality2 it is something hanging between reality and unreality1 bordering on possibility and existence2 it is not altogether actual1 nor entirely possible1 but that which is in fieri1 or becoming2 in a word1 that which is both being and nothing4 ,it is pure1 unalloyed abstraction1 without a mind which makes the abstraction4 ,we acknowledge that pantheists do not all express themselves in the above manner with regard to the infinite2 but1 if we strip their systems of their various forms1 all agree in presenting the same idea4 ,whether1 with the materialistic pantheists of old1 we call the infinite a common principle or seed of liquid nature1 from which everything sprang up1 and which is the substratum of everything2 or whether we call it the primitive number1 with the ,pythagoreans2 or we like to exhibit it as the first unity or monas1 with ,plotinus and the ,neoplatonists2 or we look upon it as the infinite substance of ,spinoza2 or finally1 with the ,germans1 we prefer to call it the ego or the absolute identity1 or the ideal-being2 or the impersonal reason1 with ,cousin--all converge into this idea1 that the infinite is something indeterminate1 unconscious1 impersonal2 which1 by an interior necessity1 is impelled to unfold and develop itself1 assuming all kinds of limitations and forms2 and thus1 from being undefined1 indeterminate1 abstract1 it becomes real1 defined1 determinate1 concrete2 from being one1 it becomes multiple4 ,the genesis of creation in all its components1 and the history of mankind1 are the successive unfolding and realization of the infinite in a progressive scale4 ,for1 in its necessary development1 it becomes matter1 organism1 sense2 and in man it acquires intellect with the consciousness of itself4 ,here commence all the phases of the development of man recorded in history3 phases of a progressive civilization1 which are but necessary unfoldings and modifications of the infinite2 and which will go on progressing perpetually1 to what end1 or for how long1 pantheists and progressists are unable to determine4 #cfa ,by means of this theory of the infinite1 they endeavor to reconcile reality with the ontological ideas of being1 the infinite1 substance1 and the absolute4 ,for they reason thus3 ,the idea of being is essentially universal1 and as such it must embrace all reality1 and therefore it can be but one4 ,the same must be said of the idea of the infinite4 ,this comprehends everything1 and therefore absorbs everything4 ,the reader can easily see1 from what we have thus far said1 that the first problem which pantheism raises and which is to be solved1 is the following3 ,what is the nature of the infinite8 ,we accept the problem1 and shall discuss it by making the following inquiries4 #a4 ,does the idea which pantheism gives of the infinite really resolve the problem8 #b4 ,what is the true solution of the problem8 ,with regard to the first inquiry we answer that the idea of the infinite1 as given by the pantheists1 when well examined1 leads to one of two different conclusions3 #a4 ,either it is the idea of finite being1 and consequently requiring the existence of an infinite being as its origin4 #b4 ,or1 it is the idea of a mere abstraction1 an absolute nonentity1 and hence leading to absolute nihilism4 ,in both cases pantheism1 instead of resolving the problem1 destroys it4 ,we shall endeavor to prove both these propositions1 assuming as granted that the principles of pantheism are these two3 #a4 ,the infinite is that the essence of which lies in becoming4 #b4 ,it becomes multiplicity1 that is matter1 organism1 animality1 etc41 by a necessary interior movement4 ,the pantheistic idea of the infinite leads either to the idea of ,god given by the ,catholic ,church1 or to absolute nihilism4 ,proven by the first principle of the pantheists4 ,before entering upon the proof1 we must lay down a few truths of ontology which are metaphysically certain4 ,first ,principle4 ,being and actuality are one and the same thing4 ,the proof of this principle lies in the explanation of what actuality really means4 ,now1 actuality is one of those ideas1 called by logicians simple ideas1 and which cannot be defined4 ,we shall endeavor to explain it as follows4 ,actuality is but a relation of our mind4 ,when we think of a being1 not as yet existing1 but against the existence of which we see neither an interior nor an exterior reason1 we call it possible being2 and the perception of all this1 in our mind1 we call the perception of the possibility of a being4 ,but when we think of the being1 not as possible1 but as having1 so to speak1 travelled from possibility to real existence1 we call that being actual2 and the perception of the mind1 the perception of the actuality of a being4 ,it is evident that actuality adds nothing to being1 beyond a mere relation of our mind1 which1 comparing the being1 as really existing1 with its possibility1 calls it actual2 because it is existence in act1 in contradistinction to possibility1 which is power or potentiality4 ,actuality1 then1 and being or reality are one and the same thing4 ,second ,principle4 ,actuality and duration are one and the same thing4 ,an act or being which does not last1 not even one instant1 is nothing2 because our mind cannot conceive a being to exist1 and have no duration whatever4 ,therefore an act or being necessarily implies duration1 and they are therefore one and the same thing4 #cfb ,but it will be remarked3 ,are there no transitory acts8 ,do not all philosophers admit the existence of acts which are continually changing8 ,we answer1 ,what is meant by a transitory act8 ,does it mean something which is continually changing1 so much so that none of its elements has any duration whatever1 not even for an instant2 or does it mean that the parts or moments1 if we may call them so1 are in a state of continual transition8 ,in both cases such acts do not and cannot exist4 ,before demonstrating this1 we observe that it was the ancient ,italian school of ,elea which1 before every other school1 raised the problem of transient acts1 pointed out the great difficulty which existed in explaining their nature1 and demonstrated the impossibility of their existence4 ,to render the demonstration clear1 we remark that a transient act may mean either one of two things3 an act which is composed of different parts1 each in continual transition2 or an act which has a beginning1 and1 after a certain duration1 also an end4 ,we admit the existence of such acts in the second sense and not in the first4 ,for if an act continually changes1 none of the states which it successively assumes have any duration whatever4 ,otherwise it would no longer be a transient act in the first sense4 ,but that which has no duration at all cannot be considered to exist4 ,therefore an act really transient cannot exist4 ,what then is a transient act8 ,we have seen that it supposes something standing or lasting4 ,but what lasts is immanent1 that is1 has duration4 ,therefore a transient act can only be the beginning or end of an immanent act1 or1 in other words1 the beginning or end of duration4 ,to illustrate this doctrine by an example3 suppose ,i wish to draw a line on this paper4 ,if all the points1 of which the line is to be composed1 were to disappear the very instant ,i am drawing them1 it is evident ,i should never have a line4 ,likewise1 if all the states1 which a transient act assumes1 are supposed to have no duration whatever1 the act also can have no duration1 and hence no existence4 ,a transient act1 then1 is the beginning or end of an immanent act4 ,having laid down the foregoing propositions1 we come to the discussion of the pantheistic idea of the infinite4 ,what1 according to pantheism1 is the idea of the infinite8 ,something the essence of which consists in becoming1 in being made1 in fieri4 ,now1 we reason thus3 a being the essence of which lies in becoming means either an act permanent and lasting1 capable of changes1 or it means something the essential elements of which are continually changing1 and have1 therefore1 no duration whatever4 ,if the last supposition be accepted as describing the pantheistic idea of the infinite1 then the infinite is a sheer absurdity1 an absolute nonentity4 ,for1 in this case1 the infinite would be a transient act1 in the sense that its essential elements are continually changing1 and have no duration whatever4 ,now such acts are absolutely inconceivable4 ,the mind may put forth its utmost efforts to form an idea of them1 yet it will ever be utterly at a loss to conceive anything about them4 #cfc ,pantheism1 on this supposition1 would start from absolute nihilism1 to build up the existence of everything4 ,on the other hand1 if the second supposition be admitted1 that the infinite is a permanent being1 capable of changes and developments1 then it is a transient act in the second sense1 that is1 the beginning or end of an immanent act2 in which case we object to its being self-existing1 and insist that it leads to the admission of the idea of the infinite as given by the ,catholic ,church4 ,we demonstrate this from the ontological idea of immanent and transient acts4 ,if there be transient acts1 there must also be immanent acts1 because transient acts are the beginning or end of immanent acts4 ,but no immanent act can be the cause of its end1 because no act could be the cause of its cessation2 nor can an immanent act be the cause of its own beginning1 since in that case it would act before it existed4 ,it follows1 then1 that an immanent act cannot be the cause either of its beginning or of its end4 ,but a transient act1 that is1 the beginning or end of an immanent act1 must have a cause1 by the principle of causality4 ,if1 then1 the transient act is not caused by the immanent act1 of which it is either the beginning or the end1 it must be caused by another immanent act4 ,now this immanent act1 which causes the transient act1 has either itself a beginning1 in which case it would be preceded by a transient act1 or it has no beginning at all1 and consequently can have no end4 ,if it be caused by a transient act1 we should be obliged to admit another immanent act2 and1 if we do not wish to admit an infinite series of causes1 7which would by no means resolve the difficulty1 but only increase it17 we must finally stop at an immanent act which has neither beginning nor end4 ,if it be not caused by a transient act1 then we have already what we seek for2 an act without beginning or end4 ,but1 the infinite of the pantheists1 if it be not a mere abstraction1 an absolute nonentity1 is a transient act4 ,therefore1 it leads to the admission of a purely immanent act4 ,we present the same demonstration in another form1 to make it more intelligible4 ,a transient act is the beginning or cessation of an immmanent act4 ,now1 this beginning or cessation must have a cause1 by the principle of causality4 ,what can the cause be8 ,it cannot be the same immanent act1 of which the transient act is either the beginning or the end4 ,because1 if the immanent act were the cause of its beginning1 it would act before its existence2 and if it were the cause of its end1 its action would be simultaneous with its destruction or extinction1 which is a contradiction in terms4 ,on the other hand1 it cannot be a transient act1 because this itself must have a cause4 ,nor can it be another immanent act1 which has a beginning or end2 for in that case it would be a transient act4 ,therefore1 it must be a purely immanent act1 without beginning or end4 ,in short1 a self-existing transient act1 such as the infinite of the pantheists1 is an absurdity1 because this denotes an act which gives itself a beginning1 or which gives itself an end4 ,this beginning or end must be given it by another4 ,now1 this second is either a purely immanent act1 without beginning or end1 or it has had a beginning1 and may have an end4 ,in the first supposition we have the ,catholic idea of ,god4 ,in the second we may multiply these causes ad infinitum1 and thus increase ad infinitum the necessity of the existence of ,god to explain those existences4 #cfd ,we pass to the examination of the second leading principle of pantheism1 which is thus expressed4 ,the infinite1 by a necessary interior movement1 becomes multiple4 ,how is this to be understood8 ,if the infinite of the pantheists1 by a necessary interior movement1 unfolds itself1 and becomes multiple1 it follows that it is the cause of transient acts4 ,our mind can attach no other signification to that principle1 beyond that of an immanent act1 producing transient acts4 ,now the question arises1 ,is this ontologically possible8 ,we insist that it is not1 and lay down the following proposition3 ,no being1 which moves or unfolds itself1 that is1 which performs transient acts1 can do so by its own unaided energy2 but requires the aid of another being1 different from itself4 ,an immanent act which produces a transient one does so either by an eternal act1 also immanent1 and in that case it cannot be the subject of the transient act produced2 or it produces a transient act of which it is the subject--so much so that the transient act is its own act1 as1 for instance1 the act by which a sensitive being feels a new sensation1 or the act by which an intelligent being begets a thought1 are transient acts1 the one of the sensitive principle1 the other of the rational being4 ,these transient acts modify the subject which produces them1 and effect a change in it4 ,now1 in the first case1 if an immanent act which produces transient acts is eternal in duration1 these cannot terminate in the subject1 by the supposition4 ,for1 if the transient act were laid inside the permanent act1 it would be its cessation1 and in that case the act would no longer be eternal according to the supposition4 ,in the second place1 if an immanent act becomes the subject of transient acts1 or1 in other words1 modifies itself1 a sufficient reason must be given1 a cause of such modification1 by the principle of causality4 ,why does it modify itself8 ,what is the cause of such a change8 ,the being or subject1 or immanent act1 does not contain the sufficient cause of the modification or change2 because if it contained it1 the act produced would be permanent1 and not transient1 that is1 it would have always been in the immanent act4 ,for it is a principle of ontology of immediate evidence that1 given the full cause1 the effect follows4 ,now the immanent act in question was before the transient act existed2 therefore1 the immanent act is not full and sufficient cause of the transient act which modifies it4 ,if it is not the full and sufficient cause of its modification1 it cannot modify itself without the aid of exterior being4 ,now1 this exterior being cannot be supposed to be of the same nature with the act in question1 otherwise it would itself require aid4 ,therefore1 it must be a being which does it by an eternal immanent act2 and that ,being is the ,infinite of ,catholic philosophy4 ,apply this demonstration to the second principle of pantheism1 that the infinite1 by a necessary interior movement1 unfolds and develops itself1 or modifies itself1 it is evident that this second principle1 like the first1 is ontologically impossible2 that the infinite must either be purely1 simply1 and eternally actual1 or it cannot develop itself without the aid of another being of a different nature2 consequently that the second pantheistic principle is nothing else but the idea of finite being perfecting itself by the aid of the ,infinite of ,catholic philosophy4 ,in order that this conclusion may appear more evident1 we subjoin another argument1 more adapted to the comprehension of most readers4 #cfe ,according to the pantheistic hypothesis1 the infinite1 by a necessary interior action1 is forced to expand1 to develop itself4 ,now1 we want to show that this it cannot do by its unaided energy4 ,we prove it thus3 ,this action of the infinite is a movement2 we make use of the word movement in its widest signification1 as meaning any action whatever4 ,now1 this movement either existed always in the infinite or it had a beginning4 ,in the system of the pantheists it has a beginning1 because they hold that the infinite successively assumes different forms4 ,there was then a time in which it did not move4 ,then the infinite had only the power1 and not the act of moving2 and when it did move1 it passed from the power to the act4 ,it will not do for the pantheist to endeavor to avoid this conclusion by saying that the movement of the infinite is eternal4 ,conceding that the movement is eternal1 we ask1 is the action only one1 or is it multiple8 ,in other words1 is the full intensity of its energy concentrated in one movement1 or is it divided8 ,the pantheist cannot1 in force of his system1 admit that the whole intensity of its energy is concentrated in a single movement2 otherwise1 the successive unfoldings were impossible2 the unfolding would be instantaneous1 and not successive4 ,the infinite1 then1 in its successive unfoldings1 passes from the power to the act4 ,now1 it is an ontological principle1 as evident as any axiom of ,euclid1 that no being can pass from the power to the act1 from quiet to movement1 but by the aid of another being already in act4 ,for power is1 in relation to action1 as rest is to movement4 ,if the being is in rest1 it cannot be in movement2 if1 on the contrary1 it is in movement1 it cannot be in rest4 ,likewise1 if the being is supposed to act1 it cannot1 at the same time1 be supposed to be in potentiality4 ,a being in power and action1 with regard to the same effects1 is as much a contradiction as a being in rest and motion at the same time4 ,to make this more intelligible1 let us take an instance4 ,suppose the seed of a tree1 say of a lemon3 this seed is in potentiality to become a lemon4 ,but it could never of itself become a lemon2 because1 if it could1 it were already a lemon2 it were a lemon1 not in power only1 but in act4 ,to become a lemon it must be buried in the earth1 it must go through the whole process of vegetation1 and assimilate to itself whatever it needs from the earth and the air and the sun2 and not until then can it be the fruit-tree we call lemon4 ,no being1 then1 can pass from the power to the act1 except by the aid of another being which is in act4 ,now1 the infinite of the pantheist is continually passing from the power to the act2 from being indefinite and indeterminate1 it becomes limited and determinate4 ,therefore it cannot do so but by the agency of another being1 which is all action and no potentiality4 ,this being is ,god4 ,we have examined the first principle of pantheism with regard to the infinite1 and we have seen that a being the essence of which lies in being made1 in becoming1 either means something the essential elements of which are continually changing1 so much so as to have no duration whatever1 or it means a being which has a beginning and may have an end4 ,in the first case1 the infinite of the pantheist would be a mere absurdity1 a pure abstraction4 ,in the second1 it expresses nothing else but the idea of a finite being1 and leads to the existence of a purely immanent being or act4 #cff ,proceeding to discuss the second principle of pantheism1 that the infinite1 by a necessary1 interior movement1 unfolds itself1 we have demonstrated that this is impossible2 that1 granting the possibility of the infinite unfolding itself successively1 this it could never do by its own unaided energy1 but requires the help of another being4 ,that1 consequently1 the second principle of the pantheists leads also to the idea of ,god as proposed by the ,catholic ,church4 ,as a corollary following from the whole discussion1 we draw the conclusion that the infinite is utterly inconceivable1 unless it is supposed to be most perfect1 most finished reality1 if we may speak thus2 that it is altogether absurd1 unless it is supposed to be pure actuality1 without the least mixture of potentiality2 in a word1 pure1 simple action itself2 in the language of the schoolmen1 actus purissimus4 ,the discussion of the pantheistic idea of the infinite has led us to the main idea of the infinite as it is given by ,catholic philosophy4 ,we shall now proceed to fill up this idea and develop it to its utmost conclusions1 so as to give an exact and full exposition of the doctrine of the infinite1 as proposed by ,catholic philosophy4 ,the result of our discussion has been that the ,infinite1 or ,god1 is action itself2 or1 in other words1 pure actuality1 an immanent act without beginning or end4 ,upon this we shall build the whole construction of the essential attributes and perfections of ,god1 and admire how consistent1 how logical1 how sublime1 is the ,catholic idea of the ,infinite4 ,i4 ,god ,is ,necessary ,being4 ,necessary being is that the essence of which is one and the same thing with its existence2 and1 vice versa1 the existence of which is one and the same thing with the essence1 so much so that the idea of the one implies the idea of the other4 ,but ,god's essence is to be2 for we have seen that he is actuality or reality itself4 ,therefore1 ,god is necessary or self-existing being4 ,hence the sublime definition he gave of himself to ,moses3 ,i am ,,who am4 ,he who is sent me to you4 ,,ii4 ,god ,is ,eternal4 ,eternity is duration without succession or change2 duratio tota simul1 as the schoolmen would say4 ,hence it excludes the idea either of beginning or end4 ,but duration and actuality are one and the same thing4 ,therefore actuality itself is duration itself2 that is to say1 duration without succession or change4 ,now1 ,god is actuality itself4 ,therefore he is eternal4 ,,iii4 ,god ,is ,immutable4 ,immutability is life without succession or change2 or1 in other words1 life without beginning or end1 and without being subject to modifications4 ,now life is action4 ,action then1 without succession or change1 is immutability4 ,god is action itself4 ,therefore ,god is immutable4 #cfg ,,iv4 ,god ,is ,infinite4 ,infinity is being itself with the exclusion of limits1 that is1 of not being2 or1 to express ourselves more intelligibly1 it is being or perfection in its utmost and supremest actuality1 excluding the possibility of any successive actualization1 for the reason of its being already all possible actualization4 ,human language is so imperfect and so inadequate that1 even in our efforts to avoid in the definition of the infinite all idea of succession or development1 we are forced to make use of words which seem to suppose it4 ,those who are trained to think logically will grasp the idea without much effort2 for the words being itself1 to the exclusion of not being or limitation1 sufficiently and adequately define the infinite4 ,now1 ,god1 as action itself1 is being itself4 ,therefore1 ,god is infinite4 ,v4 ,immensity ,is ,the ,presence ,of ,the ,whole ,being ,of ,god ,in ,his ,actions4 ,this definition of immensity1 being somewhat different in words from that commonly given by metaphysicians1 requires explanation4 ,let the reader1 then1 pay particular attention to the following remarks4 ,ubiquity implies residence of being in space1 both spiritual and material4 ,by spiritual space we mean the existence of different created spirits and nothing more4 ,by material space we mean the extension of matter4 ,that ,god can act on or reside in spiritual beings does not involve any difficulty4 ,but how can he reside in material space1 space properly so called8 ,it is evident that a spiritual being cannot dwell in space by a contact of extension1 since spiritual being is the very opposite of extension4 ,therefore1 a spiritual being can only dwell in space by acting on it4 ,the presence of the whole being of ,god in the action by which he creates1 sustains1 and acts in spiritual and material space1 is ubiquity4 ,immensity is the presence of the whole being of ,god in his action4 ,the difference between the two lies in this3 that ubiquity implies a relation to created objects1 whereas immensity implies no such relation4 ,we say1 then1 the presence of the whole being of ,god in his action1 because ,god is pure actuality1 action itself4 ,if1 therefore1 in his action we did not suppose the presence of his whole being1 we should establish a division in ,god2 that is1 we should suppose his being and his action to be distinct1 which they are not1 and this distinction would imply a development in ,god1 which is contrary to his being action or actuality itself4 ,it will easily be remarked that immensity is an attribute which flows immediately from the idea of ,god being actuality itself4 ,we may therefore conclude that he is immense4 ,,vi4 ,god ,is ,absolute ,simplicity4 ,absolute simplicity1 in its negative aspect1 implies the absence of all possible composition or distinction in a being2 the distinction1 for instance1 of essence and existence1 of faculties and attributes4 ,now1 ,god is pure actuality1 and this excludes all idea of such distinctions4 ,therefore1 ,god is simplicity itself4 ,,vii4 ,god ,is ,one4 ,god is a necessary being1 eternal1 immutable1 infinite1 immense1 all of which are sides of one idea--that of pure actuality4 #cfh ,now1 such a being can be but one1 as is evident to every mind which understands the terms4 ,god is therefore one4 ,before we leave this part of the subject1 let us compare both the pantheistic and the ,catholic ideas of ,god1 so that1 when brought together face to face1 they may appear in a better and more distinct light4 ,god1 according to the pantheists1 is an eternal1 self-existing something1 devoid of all determination or limit1 of all individuality1 of all consciousness1 of all personality1 of all shape or form4 ,when well examined1 the principle of the pantheists presents no other idea to the mind than that of possibility1 a kind of self-existent possibility1 if we may bring together two terms which exclude each other4 ,starting from this possibility1 the pantheists make it acquire determination1 concreteness1 consciousness1 personality1 by supposing an interior necessary force of development4 ,the ,catholic idea of ,god is the very opposite of the pantheistic4 ,for1 whereas they make ,god a possibility1 something that is becoming1 to be made2 the ,catholic ,church exhibits him as reality1 actuality1 being itself4 ,it is careful to eliminate from him the least idea of potentiality or possibility1 of becoming something1 or of being subject to development or perfection2 because it insists that ,god is all reality1 perfectly and absolutely actual4 ,any idea of further perfection is not only to be excluded from him1 but cannot even be conceived2 for the simple reason that he is all perfection1 absolute1 eternal perfection4 ,that this is the only reasonable idea of ,god is evident to every mind which is capable of understanding the terms4 ,for happily it does not require a long and difficult demonstration to prove the falsehood and absurdity of the pantheistic1 and the truth of the ,catholic1 idea of ,god4 ,the understanding of the terms is quite sufficient4 ,whoever says possibility1 excludes1 by the very force of the term1 existence and reality4 ,a self-existent possibility is a contradiction in terms2 for possibility excludes existence1 and self-existence implies it necessarily4 ,an eternal possibility is also a contradiction in terms2 for eternity excludes all succession or mutation1 and possibility implies it4 ,an infinite possibility is yet more absurd2 because infinite means absolute reality and actuality2 possibility1 on the contrary1 implies only power of being4 ,but1 on the contrary1 how logical1 how consistent1 how grand1 and how conformable to all ontological principles is the idea of ,god held by the ,catholic ,church6 ,god is absolute1 pure1 unmixed actuality and reality4 ,therefore he is self-existing being itself2 therefore he is eternal1 because pure actuality is at the same time pure duration2 therefore he is immutable1 since pure actuality excludes all change and development2 therefore he is infinite1 because he is being itself1 the essential being1 the being2 therefore he is simplicity itself1 because a distinction would imply a composition1 and all composition is rejected by actuality most pure1 so to speak1 unalloyed1 unmixed4 ,the ,god of the pantheist is a nullity1 a negation2 the ,god of the ,catholic ,church is really the ,infinite4 ,he is in himself whatever is real and actual in spirit1 whatever is real and positive in matter1 whatever is real and positive in the essence of all creatures4 ,but he has all the reality of spirit without its limitation2 all the reality of matter without its limitation2 all the reality of all creatures without their limitation4 ,all this reality in him is not such and such reality2 but he is all reality1 pure1 unmixed reality1 without limit and without distinction4 #cfi ,what leads the pantheists into the admission of their principle is a false1 wrong idea of the infinite4 ,they suppose1 and suppose rightly1 that the infinite must contain all reality2 and seeing around them such a multitude of different beings or creatures1 each one with its particular difference and individualization1 they ask themselves the question1 ,how can all these differences be concentrated in one being8--the infinite--and in endeavoring to resolve it they admit a first something undefined1 indeterminate1 which assumes gradually all these different forms4 ,what is this but a very material and vulgar idea of the infinite8 ,that it was the idea of the first who began to philosophize is intelligible4 ,but that modern philosophers should have no higher comprehension of the infinite1 that they should not conceive how the infinite can be all reality1 in its being without distinction1 composition1 change1 or succession1 is quite inconceivable2 and is much less than we should expect from men boasting so loudly of their enlightenment4 ,let them hear a ,catholic philosopher of the middle ages upon the subject4 ,after having demonstrated that whatever is real in the creature is to be found in ,god as the infinite and most perfect1 he proposes the other question1 ,how can all these perfections be found in ,god8 and he answers1 that they are necessarily to be found in ,god1 but in a most simple manner1 as one and single perfection4 ,we subjoin his words3 ,from what we have said1 it evidently follows that the perfections of creatures are essentially unified in ,god4 ,for we have shown that ,god is simple4 ,now1 where there is simplicity there cannot be found diversity in the interior of the being4 ,if1 then1 all the perfections of creatures are to be found in the infinite1 it is impossible that they could be there with their differences4 ,it follows1 then1 that they must be in him as ,,one4 ,this becomes evident1 if we reflect upon what takes place in the faculties of comprehension4 ,for a superior power grasps1 by one and the same act of comprehension1 all those things known1 under different points of view1 by inferior powers4 ,in fact1 the intelligence judges1 by a unique and simple act1 all the perceptions of sight1 of hearing1 and of the other senses4 ,the same occurs in sciences3 although inferior sciences are various in virtue of their different objects1 there is1 however1 in them all a superior science which embraces all1 and which is called transcendental philosophy4 ,the same thing happens with relation to authority4 ,for in the royal authority1 which is one1 are included all the other subordinate authorities1 which are divided for the government of the kingdom4 ,it is thus necessary that the perfections of inferior creatures1 which are multiplied according to the difference of beings1 be found together as one1 in the principle of all things--,god6 ,footnote #acb ,footnote #acb3 ,st ,thomas's ,compendium ,theologiae1 cap4 #bb4 ---------- #cgj ,the ,right ,path found through the ,great ,snow4 ,the drifting1 wide-spread snowstorm of ,january #agth1 #ahfg1 will live in the memory of the oldest inhabitant among the strange things of that eventful year4 ,it confirmed in its depth and fulness the weird stories of our grandsires1 which our later years had come to look upon as myths2 of benighted travellers buried in drifts that covered houses2 of common roads only made passable by archways cut through the white heaps2 of houses where the only egress was by the upper windows1 or perhaps the chimneys4 ,among the multitudes who found themselves snow-bound on that memorable ,thursday aforesaid1 ,i was shut up to the cold comfort of a country inn1 in a bleak1 mountainous district1 where ,i had arrived the previous evening with the intention of spending only a night and day2 less1 if the business that brought me could be transacted in a shorter time4 ,i had engaged the parlor and bed-room adjoining1 that ,i might occupy myself with necessary writing uninterrupted by any chance arrival4 ,the dimensions of my suite of apartments were small1 and the furniture of the plainest kind2 a dingy carpet covered the floor1 and green and yellow paper adorned the walls4 ,the brilliancy of the tout ensemble was heightened by a series of coarse1 highly-colored plates1 representing the life of the prodigal son in all its phases1 and an equally radiant family tree1 laden with what was intended to represent tropical fruits1 in red and yellow1 the oranges bearing the names and dates of the female members of the family1 and the lemons those of the males2 a very suggestive picture certainly1 and one that told some queer tales of my landlord's family1 ,fox's ,book of ,martyrs and an almanac for '#ff were the only books the room furnished4 ,the chairs were of the stiffest pattern1 arranged in funereal order around the sides of the apartment1 with a notable exception in a large stuffed arm-chair1 of the olden times1 which ,i drew before the open grate piled with blazing peat4 ,that fire was a comfort indeed4 ,a sight almost lost in these days in ,new ,england2 it helped me to forget1 in its beautiful variations1 the dashing appearance of the youth pictured on the walls1 and the cruel plates and malicious lies of the ,english martyrologist4 ,little did ,i dream1 as ,i arranged my plans for the next day1 of the change that would come over the outer world while ,i slept1 although there were already signs of a coming storm4 ,i looked from my windows in the morning1 through the large elms1 heavy with the accumulating weight1 across the road and opposite fields which the snow had swept into one broad expanse of whiteness1 obscuring landmarks and obliterating fences1 and which the furious wind was now lashing into billows1 all dead white1 save where ,some dark ravine ,took shadow1 or the sombre green ,of hemlocks turned to pitchy black ,against the whiteness at their back4 #cga ,to be snow-bound may be very nice in a large1 well-ordered household2 but in solitude1 with neither books nor companions1 and with the remembrance of a family far away1 who perchance may just then need your stout arm to release them from a like imprisonment1 it is not a cheerful position2 and ,i could not repress a sigh as ,i gazed over the trackless way1 remembering that ,i was five miles from a railroad station1 in a small upland village1 not famous for the enterprise of the inhabitants4 ,the sigh was scarcely breathed when1 on the confines of the opposite meadow1 ,i espied two figures struggling against the elements1 evidently intent on working their way to the inn through the terrible drifts4 ,it was weary work2 for they fell and arose again often1 during the short time ,i watched them before hastening to the old landlord1 who was smoking his pipe where was once the barroom1 and dreaming over the visions of his long-gone youth4 ,as soon as the purpose of my call was known1 he summoned three stout laborers from the kitchen1 where they were rejoicing with the maids over the prospect of an idle day1 and bade them go at once to the relief of the travellers4 ,i grew impatient with the long delay of the servants1 the more as but one of the two men was to be seen breasting the storm2 the other must have fallen4 ,forgetting my delicate lungs and small physique1 ,i donned my overcoat and hat1 and1 fortified with a flask of brandy1 hastened to the rescue1 reflecting that brains are often as useful as muscle in an emergency4 ,the more successful traveller1 a stout son of green ,erin1 was quite exhausted when we reached him2 but he found breath to articulate1 in answer to our inquiries for his companion3 ,indeed1 he fell near the big tree4 ,oh6 he be's a real gintleman4 ,the informer was conveyed to the house by two of the men1 while with what seemed to me supernatural strength1 ,i made my way with the third toward the aforesaid big tree1 walking on the drifts where the stouter man went down1 and though the strong1 keen northwest wind nearly took away my breath1 and the sleet almost blinded me1 ,i was first on the spot4 ,it seemed to me two hours1 though it was less than half that time1 from the moment when ,i lifted the head of the fallen man and succeeded in pouring into his mouth a spoonful of brandy1 till we landed with our burden at the door of the inn4 ,there was something in my first glance upon that cold1 handsome face that came to me like a dream of early days--something that claimed kindred with the associations of my youth4 ,by the motherly solicitude of the landlady ,i knew that he would be speedily resuscitated1 and1 prostrated by my exertions1 ,i was leaving him in her care1 when ,i stooped to reach the hat of the gentleman from the floor where it had been thrown1 when ,i saw the name ,redwood ,r4 ,hood1 written in the crown4 ,immediately ,i knew why ,i had been impressed with his face1 and turning to that form over which strangers were bending with curious gaze ,i said peremptorily1 ,take the gentleman to my room2 he is a friend of mine2 and1 ,mrs4 ,s----1 ,i added to the landlady1 who looked incredulous1 with your help we can very soon restore the circulation1 and he will have more quiet there than here4 ,i will not enter into the process of resuscitation2 let it suffice that by evening my friend was the occupant of the large arm-chair before the piles of burning peat1 and we had gone over the years intervening between us1 with the circumstances of our meeting again in a summary manner1 and we now sat in the early twilight quietly looking at one another4 #cgb ,the 'wolf' snow came near devouring little ',red ,riding ,hood' this time1 ,i said1 bursting into a laugh again at the joyous memories that name recalled4 ,even so1 replied the pale figure opposite1 and ,i owe my life to you1 ,william ,dewey1 the 'billet doux' of early days4 ,happy hours of our youth6 he added1 almost regretfully4 ,yes1 they were happy1 ,i responded1 even with all their drawbacks2 yet what do you think now of the sermons of two hours in length filled with the strong meat of total depravity1 election1 inability1 foreordination1 and reprobation1 to which we were under bonds to listen and to give a rehash at home1 and the tedious prayers which we were obliged to take all standing2 a much more respectful attitude1 however1 than the lounging1 sitting posture of the present generation of the so-called orthodox8 ,do you remember1 he said1 a smile spreading all over his face1 when we were at ,parson ,freewill's school in ,l----1 in the old meeting-house with the square pews1 with seats that lifted when the congregation arose for prayer1 and the vigorous slam we gave the covers when we reseated ourselves8 ,i think that powerful stroke rather compensated for the length of the prayer2 it was something to look forward to4 ,but my most fearful remembrance is the hour after supper devoted to the ,assembly's ,catechism4 ,i can see my poor aunt now1 shaking her grey curls over the old family ,bible1 from which she was endeavoring to prove to me the words of the ,catechism which said ,i had lost all communion with ,god1 was under his wrath and curse1 and so made liable to all the miseries of this life and the pains of hell for ever1 and that through no fault of mine2 but that such was the corruption of my nature that ,i was utterly indisposed and made opposite unto all that is spiritually good1 and wholly inclined to evil1 and that continually6 7,vide ,catechism of ,westminster ,assembly47 ,how is it possible you have your catechism at your tongue's end even at this date8 ,i replied4 ,really ,i doubt if ,i could repeat an answer correctly2 but ,i thank ,god who has brought me out of such terrible darkness4 ,then you have escaped8 he inquired1 putting out his hand to grasp mine2 you1 a deacon's son1 brought up in the very midst of ',brimstone ,corner'6 ,well1 well6 ,i must believe the age of miracles has not passed1 for this cannot be anything less than a miracle6 ,yes1 a miracle indeed1 ,i replied gravely4 ,a double miracle1 that ,i escaped1 and am at last anchored4 ,anchored6 he exclaimed incredulously1 do tell me where you can find bottom after such uprooting4 ,where you will perhaps despise me more than if ,i had been content to walk the ,calvinistic rut through life1 was my reply1 as ,i gave into his hand my prayer-book4 ,he examined it with curiosity and surprise4 ,a ,catholic6 a ,roman ,catholic6 he exclaimed at length1 with a shade of what ,i thought savored of contempt in the tone of his voice2 you1 ,william ,dewey1 son of ,deacon ,norman ,dewey1 of the puritanical city of ,boston1 you a ,papist6 ,excuse me if ,i cannot help saying1 it seems to me1 'out of the frying-pan into the fire4' ,and pray1 may ,i ask where you find yourself religiously8 ,i said2 men of our years1 after the fifties1 ought to be fixed somewhere4 #cgc ,on the other pole from yourself1 he replied quickly2 ,i believe in no creed1 no church1 no-- ,no ,god8 ,i questioned1 a little satirically4 ,a great first cause1 certainly1 he said slowly4 ,yes1 the ,god in everything1 ',jehovah1 ,jove1 or ,lord1' the true ,shekinah is man4 ,but let us not mar this pleasant reunion with discussions4 ,with your fixed faith1 you can have no sympathy religiously with one the pride of whose creed is1 that it is changing daily1 wholly unfixed and afloat4 ,there you mistake1 ,i replied earnestly4 ,i can and do most heartily sympathize with you2 for ,i floated for years on that same waste of waters--that shoreless sea of doubt4 ,is it possible6 and came at last where you are8 ,i know nothing about the ,catholic faith1 ,i must own1 from actual study1 and from what ,i have heard ,i did not think it would bear examination2 but there must be something in it if it has caught you1 and1 if you like1 it would give me pleasure to hear the process3 but perhaps you will object8 ,not at all1 ,i replied1 but it would take me all night to tell you the course ,i run in this matter1 and fatigue you after your misadventure to listen4 ,i think it would do me good1 he said more earnestly than he had yet spoken2 ,i am really impressed with a desire to know how such a transformation could take place1 and you come to embrace what you were brought up to hate4 ,as to my strength and ability to listen1 ,i am about as well as usual1 but miss my tobacco sadly4 ,my meerschaum probably lies in the drift that had nearly been my winding-sheet4 ,i went to the hall and despatched a servant1 who soon returned with a box of clay pipes and tobacco in one hand1 and the missing meerschaum in the other4 ,we must be in a remarkably primitive region to find this again1 and without reward1 he cried1 looking tenderly at the old friend4 ,now go on1 he added1 after the first puff2 begin at the beginning1 where you used to be flogged about every ,sunday for going reluctantly to catechism4 ,oh6 if there is any one thing more than another that upset that old cross-grained theology of our childhood1 it was those dreaded ,sundays2 when1 after two sessions of ,sunday-school1 two long sermons1 and an hour's sitting on the ,westminster ,divines1 we were allowed some spiritual sugar-plums in the shape of the ,memoir of ,nathan ,dickerman1 ,life of ,mrs4 ,harriet ,newell1 or some other questionable saint4 ,yours was a large family at home1 and did not feel what it was to be the sole recipient of the full vials of reprobation4 ,what saved us from being arrant hypocrites or open infidels8 ,though ,i questioned in my own mind how far my friend's religion was from infidelity1 ,i replied1 ,the fact that we felt that our teachers' hearts were better than their creed2 for surely never did there exist a man more free from every taint of hypocrisy than my honored father1 who held tenaciously to the five articles agreed to by the ,synod of ,dort1 which represented most of the ,calvinistic churches of ,europe1 looked upon ,calvin's ,institutes as binding next to the ,bible1 and ,i believe worshipped this terrible ,god in whom he believed with the most earnest faith4 #cgd ,and you a ,catholic6 he said1 striking his hands together4 ,excuse me if ,i repeat what ,i said4 ,i cannot see how you have bettered the matter1 since the ,catholic ,church holds to total depravity and foreornination1 and moreover excludes all from any hope of salvation who do not bow their necks to her yoke4 ,excuse me for flatly contradicting you1 but the ,catholic ,church does not hold the doctrine of the total depravity of the human race2 on the contrary1 she ever teaches that man did not lose by the ,fall the image of ,god1 or his own free will1 or the powers of his reason4 ,but you asked me how ,i became a ,catholic4 ,i am more interested in telling you that than in refuting what her enemies say of the church1 because that you can find in books any day2 but you must allow me to echo your surprise when ,i see a large1 earnest soul like yours satisfied with a simple negation of faith4 ,satisfied6 if by satisfaction you mean certainty1 ,i say no2 for ,i do not believe it is to be found4 ,the best1 ,i find1 is to follow the light that comes to me1 he added1 with1 ,i thought1 a shade of sadness in his tone2 ,i broke the fetters of ,calvinism with a bound1 and when ,i had started1 there was nothing for me to do but to cut loose from everything traditional1 and rest solely on reason4 ,but tell me of yourself1 for any man who is in earnest1 thinking for himself1 ,i respect1 be he ,mormon or ,mohammedan4 ,i thank you for my share of the respect1 ,i replied1 though ,i do not consider it very flattering4 ,i never was a ,calvinist2 my earliest reason rebelled against the teachings1 and many a snubbing did ,i get in my youth for daring to question--'cavil1' it was called4 ,i went through all the phases of the system1 trying to believe as ,i was taught2 for ,i had large human respect and strong desire to please1 with a devout turn of mind1 making many a violent effort to be in a condition to become1 what my friends wished1 'a professor2' but my conscience was too clamorous to allow me to pretend that ,i had 'obtained a hope1' or 'experienced religion4' ,invariably1 after a few weeks of fervor1 ,i settled back into a state of indifference or doubt1 although1 to please my father1 ,i was a constant attendant on all 'inquiry-meetings' and 'anxious-seats4' ,when ,i think of those meetings and the self-constituted teachers1 who came there to hear the confessions1 and to guide anxious souls in the road to heaven1 a flash of indignation passes through my frame4 ,about five years after1 we parted as school-mates2 you for the ,south and a stirring business life1 ,i to ,new-,england and the meditative days of a student4 ,i was attracted and fascinated by the specious talk of transcendentalism2 it was my first taste of liberty4 ,i read1 thought1 and dreamed2 tried to feed my soul on naturalism1 and to renounce everything supernatural2 talked very flippantly about the ,god in everything as the object of my worship2 but my hungry soul was unsatisfied2 there was a cold1 dreary chilliness1 and undefined nothingness1 a rejoicing in uncertainty1 which brought nothing like food to my spirit4 ,this faith 7if it deserves the name7 flattered my proud heart1 giving me the 'genus homo' as an object of worship2 but ,i saw plainly that it could never reach the needs of humanity1 and though 'brotherhood' was its watchword and cry1 it could never be a religion for the masses4 ,it was only for the refined1 the cultivated1 the gentle1 and the good4 ,where were the abandoned1 the dissolute1 the coarse1 vulgar herd to find a ,god in such a snare8 ,i often asked myself this question1 and this specious infidelity gave me no answer4 #cge ,of the ,catholic ,church1 ,i am ashamed to say1 ,i then knew nothing1 except that ,i had often heard her called 'the mother of harlots1' ',babylon1' 'the scarlet woman1' and such like attractive names1 but it did not once occur to me that ,i ought to examine her claims2 floating as ,i was1 seeking for foothold1 she was not presented to my mind as an object to be looked at or feared1 only to be despised4 ,at that time ,i was associated with many of the purest and noblest spirits1 longing and feeling after ,god by the dim light of nature2 trying to think him out for themselves2 finite minds blinded by vain efforts to comprehend the infinite4 ,the first genuine wave of affliction brought me to a standstill on the brink of the abyss that says there is no ,god4 ,i lost my mother2 she was one of those timid1 fearful souls1 and had not that 'assurance' of which ,calvinists make their boast2 the words spoken of my precious mother after her burial nearly drove me wild2 they snapped the last cord that bound me to the iron system of opinions which had thrown their shadow over my young life4 ,three years of rushing into the world to drive away thought followed this terrible blow1 and then came a blessing--the best blessing of my life4 ,a wife8 questioned my friend1 as ,i paused a moment in my recital2 a wife1 yes1 ,i have it1 as a smile twinkled in the corners of his clear grey eyes and spread over his handsome face2 ,i see it1 she knocked the transcendentalism out of you with the ,catholic hammer4 ,hardly1 ,i replied1 joining in the hearty laugh that followed his remark2 being a fearfully high-church woman1 and looking upon hers as the only pure branch--the via media--the only barrier against ,rome1 ',romanism1' as she sedulously named the ,catholic ,church1 was the only thing her loving soul was bitter against4 ,then you came through the gate of ritualism8 he questioned again2 a very natural sequence4 ,you are excellent in jumping at conclusions1 ,i answered2 ,i could never embrace the ,anglican myth1 though ,i was bound by my own creed not to trouble myself about that of other people4 ,i was brought behind the curtain of this household1 however1 and saw the cruel intestine warfare between high and low church2 the vital difference in the teaching of the two classes of clergymen1 the 'sacramental' and the 'evangelical2' and ,i saw within her fold young1 earnest hearts becoming partisans in these divisions and calling it zeal for ,god4 ,i often heard more talk of an evening over the particular shade of an altar-cloth1 the size and pattern of book-marks for the altar1 the proper position of faldstools1 credences1 sedilia2 the way in which a clergyman read or pronounced1 the depth of the genuflection he made in the creed1 and so forth1 than ,i have heard the whole ten years ,i have been in the ,catholic ,church4 ,i saw1 too1 that she was eminently the church of the fashionable1 'the most genteel denomination1' as ,i heard one of her members declare1 with much self-satisfaction1 containing the 'cream of society2' the poor shut out from her churches1 and compensated by mission-chapels for their exclusive use4 ,of course my wife was very earnest to make me a convert to ,episcopacy1 and by her repeated solicitations ,i examined the ',book of ,common ,prayer1' as she so often said 7what is a truth everywhere7 that one must not judge of a religious body by individual members or teachers1 but by her standards4 #cgf ,i was strongly confirmed1 by this examination1 in my opinion of the want of conformity to their own rules by many of the clergy1 and the helplessness to reach them by discipline1 which is the first requisite in a well-ordered household4 ,that the body of the book contradicted the thirty-nine articles was as plain as that ',protestant' was on the title-page2 for while one acknowledged priest1 altar1 and sacrifice1 the other stoutly denied all three4 ,and did you make known the result of your investigations to ,mrs4 ,dewey1 or did you leave her in ignorance of what you had found8 ,i dreaded to shake her faith1 knowing that ,i had nothing to give her in its place1 and ,i withheld my conclusions1 till she insisted so earnestly1 assuring me that she could not be moved1 that ,i yielded4 ,i could see that she was moved by what ,i said2 but she was only carried forward1 grasping more firmly the fragments of ,catholic truth she already held1 and growing1 as ,i afterward knew1 into a more ,catholic spirit4 ,at length ,i said to her1 as she was mourning over the want of unity among her chosen people1 and the alarming progress of ',romanism1' which had just clasped in its embrace one of her dearest friends1 ',suppose1 my dear1 you and ,i were to look into this matter2 ,i have no doubt you would be more of an ,anglican than ever1 and ,i less in favor of creeds4 ,it is but fair we should give ,catholics a hearing2 for my part1 ,i know nothing of them except from their enemies4' ,she was inclined to listen to my proposition2 but her spiritual pastor1 from whom she hid none of her religious difficulties1 put a veto on the examination1 by forbidding her to read or to talk with any one on the subject4 ,indignant at what ,i then thought his narrow-mindedness1 but which ,i now see was only proper self-preservation1 ,i determined to pursue my investigations alone1 though it was the first time in our married life that any subject of interest had not been common with us4 ,i procured such books as were within my reach1 and commenced my inquiries4 ,it was a most interesting study1 and opened a new world of thought to me2 every moment of leisure for six months was given to the search1 into which ,i entered as ,i would into a question of law1 consulting and comparing authorities1 examining both sides1 questioning and cross-questioning witnesses4 ,but we are touching on the time of sleep1 ,i said1 as the hall-clock struck the hour of midnight4 ,oh6 no1 go on1 he replied eagerly1 you don't know how interested ,i am4 ,no1 ,i said firmly1 your experience of to-day requires that you should rest2 and as there is no prospect of getting away from here1 ,i shall have ample time to finish my tale to-morrow4 ,i insisted upon his occupying my quarters1 being the most comfortable in the house1 and as ,i went to my rest in another apartment1 and thought of the eagerness with which he had listened to my recital1 ,i breathed a prayer that ,god would give him light4 ,the sun arose clear and bright the following morning1 and the wind1 that had made such havoc with the snowdrifts the previous day1 had died away into a cold calm4 ,i watched from the window the long line of men and boys1 with patient oxen1 tugging and toiling at the great white heaps4 ,i had ,snow ,bound in my coat-pocket1 and took this opportunity of assuring myself of the truth of the beautiful word-pictures therein painted4 #cgg ,it was quite late when my friend appeared from the inner room1 and in answer to my inquiry if he had rested well replied1 ,i have not once wakened since ,i succeeded in driving our conversation from my mind1 which ,i did after a long process1 by repeating the multiplication table over and over till ,i fell asleep4 ,we cannot get away to-day1 he added1 going to the window4 ,i am glad of that1 for ,i am impatient to hear you out4 ,he was uneasy till breakfast was dispatched1 our grate and pipes replenished1 and we seated again for a talk4 ,now tell me the result of your lawyer-like examination of authorities1 he said by way of commencement4 ,yes1 it was indeed lawyer-like1 ,i replied2 for prejudice1 feeling1 early impressions1 all went against the decision4 ,but the logical conclusion1 from what ,i read1 was this3 if 7mind ,i got no further than the if7 the ,bible is the word of ,god1 it certainly teaches that our ,lord established a church1 and gave to that one body apostles and teachers1 conferring on them wonderful powers1 to be continued for all time in some way2 for he says1 ',i am with you all days1 even to the consummation of the world2' with the same breath with which he tells them to preach the ,gospel1 he bids them to bind and loose1 to work miracles and to feed his flock4 ,these are the facts on the face of the ,gospel narrative4 ,i tried to explain these things in some other way2 ,i even went to commentators2 but the candid examination ,i had promised forbade my trusting any man's opinion4 ,i went to the early ,fathers1 7whom1 by the way1 ,i had always ignored1 as is the fashion27 ,i found that they reasoned very much like other men2 they asked questions1 and answered them4 ,i saw that if these powers were given1 as the ,scripture asserts1 to the chosen twelve1 these were the men to whom they were transmitted4 ,without exception they confirmed the teaching of the ,bible with regard to the church1 and opened still more fully the dogmas of ,scripture4 ,i compared them one with another1 and found that1 without any denial or variation1 they declared the authority of the church and the necessity of the sacraments4 ,it was also plain that this church being one and universal1 having the same faith and discipline wherever established1 until some body of men protested against some received doctrine1 no dogma assumed prominence1 the faith was one perfect whole4 ,but while1 as ,i told you1 ,i had gone no further than 'if1' my wife1 by an entirely different road1 was coming to the same gate4 ,her pastor had given her two very beautiful devotional works1 that charmed her beyond anything she had ever seen2 but during one of the rare calls of her ,catholic friend1 7for her guide had advised her to renounce this friendship1 but ,i1 with a higher claim on her obedience1 had forbidden this sacrifice17 during this call1 these books were the subject of discourse1 and ,miss ,m---- told her she wished her nothing better to read1 as they were both translations of ,catholic authors1 which she proved by bringing the originals in ,french at her next visit4 ,my wife saw at once the absurdity of denying her ,catholic books1 and giving them to her in disguise4 ,this honest guide of souls had also told her that ',romanists' altered the commandments1 leaving out the second entirely1 lest it should condemn their idolatry2 while her friend gave her the ,catechism which is taught to all ,catholic children1 where the commandments are written as they were spoken on ,mount ,sinai4 ,i think these two mistakes 7,i will call them by a mild name7 of her pastor shook her faith in him very essentially4 #cgh ,from that day we talked freely2 ,i gave her my conclusions1 with the 'if1' and she took the ,fathers for daily reading4 ,i had gone no further than the if--my pride prevented--when it pleased ,almighty ,god to take from us our eldest son1 and to bring my wife to the borders of the grave4 ,what could comfort me1 as ,i looked at my beautiful boy cold and lifeless1 and my wife at that point where earthly help is unavailing8 ,the cheerless creed that ,i had held with so much pride gave me not a glimmer of light4 ,i called reason to my aid1 but ,i called in vain2 it was no pleasure to me to think of those ,i had loved and lost reabsorbed into ,deity1 never more to be anything to me4 ,how could it satisfy me1 yearning for the treasures ,i was losing1 to feel that 'there is no time1 no space2 we are we know not what1 light sparkles in the ether of ,deity4' ,the words which ,i had used in answer to my wife's questioning1 'if this be true1' followed me continually2 now1 ,i needed to know if it were true2 ,i needed something firm to rest me in that weary hour4 ,it was many years since ,i had knelt in prayer2 now ,i was bowed to the earth1 and my whole cry was1 ',lord1 give me light4' ,i am ashamed to tell you of the fearful struggle with my pride1 when at last the light of faith came into my bewildered and darkened soul1 the many worldly ties that held me back1 the loss of position and favor which ,i feared2 ,i blush for my cowardice1 it was unworthy of the name of man made in the image of ,god4 ,my beloved wife knew not of this strife in my soul2 in her extremity she had sent for her pastor1 and received all he could give her of the rites of his church2 but she was not satisfied4 ,what was my surprise to hear her say1 as if the sight of death had given her boldness1 ',there is the command of ,st4 ,james for the comfort and help of the sick and dying2 why may ,i not have it8 ',ah6 my child1' he replied1 'that was given for the early ages of the church1 and passed away with them4' ',but why do we not need it as well as they8' she questioned1 ',it is too much for you to argue in your present state1' was his cold reply1 'but it is sufficient for me1 as an obedient son of the church1 to submit to the deprivation1 since our holy mother has not seen fit to retain it4' ,i saw the speciousness of the reasoning wherewith he silenced her1 and ,i sat by the patient sufferer after the departure of the divine so faithful to his church1 hesitating as to my duty in the matter1 when she cried out as if in anguish1 ',oh6 if ,i only knew it was right1 only knew--' ',what was right8' ,i questioned1 holding her trembling hand4 ',i want confession1 ,i want absolution1 ,i want the anointing of the sick1' she said eagerly1 her dark eyes bent on me imploringly4 ',you shall not be denied1' ,i replied1 and1 leaving her with the nurse1 ,i went for the nearest ,catholic priest4 ,i will not enter into details2 let it suffice that1 before two hours had passed1 my wife was a member of the ,catholic ,church1 improved in physical condition and mental quietness1 and ,i was preparing for baptism4 ,i paused in my recital2 ,i saw that my friend was much moved1 even as ,i had been1 by the memories of the past4 ,after a moment1 he gave me his hand cordially1 saying1 ,thank you heartily1 it has done me good2 then1 after another pause4 ,but tell me one thing candidly1 have neither of you regretted the step2 never wished yourselves back again8 #cgi ,regretted6 ,i cried indignantly1 wished ourselves back to a region of doubt and uncertainty6 ,why1 ,i say a ,gloria every morning that ,i am a ,catholic2 and my wife sings ,te ,deum all the time4 ,and did you suffer all you expected1 he asked1 in the way of loss of friends8 ,i had nothing in my experience worthy of the name of suffering2 but my wife endured much in the way of reproach1 withdrawal of friendship1 and the cold shoulder socially4 ,but let me ask one thing1 and don't feel hurt2 how do you1 with your fastidious tastes1 worship in churches crammed to the full with the laboring ,irish1 before those tawdry altars which ,i have sometimes seen8 ,i felt the color rising to my cheek at this question1 but ,i replied calmly1 crushing the temptation to be severe1 and remembering what this thought was to me before the light of faith illumined my soul1 ,you can never know what it is to forget distinctions till you believe in that ,presence which dwells on ,catholic altars4 ,it would ill become sinful man to object to other company he finds in church when ,jesus our ,god condescends to be present for our sake4 ,my wife seeks out the churches frequented by the very poorest2 she says she feels nearer ,god when she has his poor by her side4 ,as to the tawdry altars1 you must remember that the love and devotion of an uneducated and unrefined taste is as truly expressed by something common and showy1 as your refined delicacy would be by more exquisite adornment4 ,god looketh at the heart2 and the poor servant-girl who presents to her favorite altar bouquets of gaudy artificial flowers1 for the sake of her dear ,lord whom she really believes to be present there1 is as acceptable as the lady who sends her lovely blossoms from the hot-house4 ,in the ,catholic ,church in this country--and may ,i not say in every country8--the poor are in the majority among her members4 ,as ,i spoke1 the steam-whistle1 the first since the storm1 sounded through the air4 ,with a regretful look1 ,mr4 ,hood went to the window4 ,that reminds us1 he said1 that the world is moving again4 ,you will go to my home with me1 ,i replied2 you must4 ,not now1 he answered2 but when the business that brought me to this part of the country is accomplished1 ,i will come and talk with your wife about this matter before ,i leave for ,california4 ,according to promise1 he came2 and when he left us for his ,southern home1 we were not without hope that our long talks had had an effect2 my wife would not leave him till she had his promise that he would examine for himself1 prayerfully1 earnestly1 and thoroughly1 and would write me the result1 which ,i have in a letter by to-day's mail4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,oct4 #bd1 #ahfg4 ,s4 ,raphael the ,archangel4 ,my ,dear ,dewey3 ,i was received into the ,catholic ,church to-day4 ,laus ,deo6 ,i wonder how any one can remain out of it2 it is such a joy to have a foothold1 to know that one stands on something1 and that something firmer than the everlasting hills4 ,i must give up my business in this publishing house2 for ,i cannot have my name any longer linked with the falsehoods that teem from the press1 against ,christ's ,church4 ,it is a disgrace that ,american school-books should contain such lies as you find on the pages of the ,readers1 ,geographies1 and especially the ,histories1 which are the text-books of our institutions of learning4 ,may the good ,god help me to repair the injustice ,i have done in this matter as a publisher4 #chj ,i am the wonder and pity of the old transcendental clique here1 who1 as one of them said to me yesterday1 can't understand how a man can go back to the dark ages for his religion4 ,i told him my faith illumined what he called the dark ages till they transcended the nineteenth century in brilliancy4 ,my younger children were baptized with me2 ,i hope in time to see all my dear ones safely housed4 ,tell ,mrs4 ,dewey1 with my kindest remembrance1 to sing ,te ,deum for me1 and don't forget me and mine in your prayers1 ,very sincerely yours in the blessed faith1 ,redwood ,raphael ,hood4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,revue ,generale1 ,of ,brussels4 ,the ,good ,old ,time ,and ,our ,own4 ,in the daily struggle for truth and right1 in our hours of lassitude and discouragement1 how willingly we believe that formerly the battle of life was less severe than nowadays4 ,we love to compare ourselves with our predecessors1 pigmies to us giants of the nineteenth century1 and sincerely believe them so1 either because of our short-sightedness or because of the great distance from which we regard them4 ,but when1 by the study of history1 we have drawn nearer the distances which separate these epochs of the different evolutions of humanity1 we become at the same time more modest and more courageous2 more modest1 because we know our fathers have had to struggle as much if not more than ourselves2 more courageous1 because by their example we learn how we should battle for triumph in moral struggles2 and of these alone we would here speak4 ,many of our contemporaries think they have done their duty if they have abused their own time1 praised the past1 and predicted a sombre future unable to confer upon us any blessings4 ,it is so sweet to live in abstract contemplation of heroes or epochs of which inexorable time has deprived us2 it is so easy to make an apology for them without combating the living men and the concrete ideas which in real history form the shadows to these brilliant pictures2 it is so easy to choose from former ages models of virtue1 of civil courage and faith1 without preoccupying ourselves with obstacles that these just people1 these citizens1 these saints have conquered1 and that our indifference1 our idleness1 our weakness1 or our cowardice hinders us from looking fairly in the face1 through the medium in which we live4 ,we do not perceive often enough that the vulgar expression of the good old time1 which has been forbidden in every age1 is in the moral history of a people a truly vicious circle4 ,indeed1 we cannot pretend that every age is worth only so much1 and1 interpreting badly the proverb1 ,man proposes1 but ,god disposes1 go to sleep in the false historical security called fatalism4 ,it is legitimate to have our preferences for such and such an epoch1 and it is not always difficult to give good reasons for them2 but between these rational preferences and an unjustifiable disdain for our own time1 there is an abyss4 #cha ,to act with our own epoch we must love it2 then we work with ardor and confidence for its reform4 ,who loves well1 chastises well4 ,i wish to show that our age merits to be loved as well as any other that has preceded it2 and ,i will demonstrate this clearly by a moral1 religious1 and political sketch of the ,christian age the most justly praised--the thirteenth4 ,to circumscribe this vast subject as much as possible1 ,i will speak of ,italy alone2 of that ,italy which then1 as now1 was the object of the most audacious attacks and the theatre of the most instructive resistance4 ,i will first tell what was the condition of the ,christian republic at the end of the twelfth century4 ,then ,i will show the radiant transformation of society in the thirteenth century while determining its general causes1 and finish by comparing this heroic age with our own4 ,i4 ,for most of ,belgium1 the history of civilization commences only with the day when ,general ,dumouriez brought them liberty at the point of the bayonet4 ,before the ,french revolution1 it was the common error that the era of political and religious revolution only opened with the sixteenth century1 and such error is common to-day4 ,yet ,gnosticism1 ,manicheism1 ,arianism1 and ,greek schism have produced in ,christian ,europe commotions much greater and more fatal than those of which the predictions of ,martin ,luther have been the occasion1 and of which the ,protestant princes have so abundantly reaped the fruits4 ,from the tenth to the thirteenth century1 the ,catholic ,church suffered on the part of the state--of the empire1 as they then termed it--assaults in comparison to which the thirty years' war and the revolutions fomented by the statolatres of the thirteenth century were only children's play4 ,never was the spirit of sectarianism more active than in the twelfth century4 ,the disguised partisans of ,gnosticism1 ,manicheism1 or ,arianism1 these habitual forms of antichristianism1 were spread all over civilized ,europe under the most diverse names3 ,cathares1 ,pauliciens1 ,petrobrusiens1 ,tanchelmites1 ,henriciens1 ,bogomiles1 ,apostoliques1 ,endistes1 ,arnoldistes1 ,circonsis1 ,passagieres1 ,publicains1 ,vaudois ,bons ,hommes1 etc41 etc4 ,these names appear strange1 but they are not more so than their actual partisans3 socialists1 free-thinkers1 solid men1 ,fourierists1 ,saint ,simoniens1 etc4 ,and do not suppose that these sects1 or these schools1 as they are called nowadays1 confined themselves to the innocent publication of their programme1 and simply distributed a few partisans through anonymous societies1 among the councils of administration1 or in the senates of empires4 ,the ,ambrosien church was during a certain time directed by the ,nicolite priests of ,milan1 and supported violently by the emperor and by the government4 ,our compatriot1 ,dankelm1 a deist a little sore1 who preached against the corruptions of the monks1 their artifices1 the tithes and mortmain1 was head of an organized church at ,bruges1 and also at ,anvers4 ,if the ,vaudois had1 like ,luther1 obtained the support of the corrupted and sensual bishops1 and the ambitious princes so powerful and rapacious1 their church would have taken root in a great part of ,europe during the twelfth century2 it has endured longer than will any ,protestant church2 for it still existed in the last century1 and ,i believe there are still some communities in ,holland and ,suabia4 #chb ,all these sects agreed on one point1 their hatred of the ,church of ,rome4 ,m4 ,renan1 in his last book1 ,questions ,contemporains1 writing with a haughty moderation almost disdainful1 feared for the ,catholic ,church of the nineteenth century a grand schism resulting in the simultaneous election of two popes4 ,such an apprehension denotes in this writer a defect of memory or a strange want of perspicacity2 for in the church1 anti-popes were counted by dozens1 and in the twelfth century1 this kind of schism appeared several times4 ,the competitors or anti-popes of ,calixtus ,,ii41 7#aaai-aabd17 of ,innocent ,,ii41 7#aacj-aadc17 and of ,alexander ,,iii41 7#aaei-aaha17 were sustained by emperors whose material power had but little weight in the then known world4 ,under ,innocent ,,ii41 the schism lasted only eight years4 ,sixty years later1 ,innocent ,,iii4 governed ,europe4 ,heresies and schisms are always accompanied by social revolutions4 ,however1 the irreligious antagonism of capital and labor1 which is one of the causes of modern socialism1 did not exist in the twelfth century under the learned and redoubtable form of our day4 ,the reason is a simple one1 and we should be proud of our age3 labor1 of which ,christianity has made a duty1 had not then in political society the great and legitimate importance it has now4 ,the problem of pauperism had never been solved politically except in densely populated countries1 and in the twelfth century the population of ,europe was relatively less considerable4 ,hatred of capital only manifested itself among the idle1 among certain sects1 7the ,cathares1 the ,frerots1 the ,apostoliques1 the ,begghards1 the ,lollards1 etc417 and particularly in the wars of the castle and the hut2 violent wars which were not only carried on by poor devils hardened by passions1 but by the chtelains1 7governors or keepers17 thieves only distinguishable from the others by new titles given them through euphemism4 ,this category of men was then more numerous than in our time4 ,we respect a mill1 but we steal a province4 ,then they took the province and the mill also4 ,great luxury existed in all the towns of ,italy4 ,money was a courted power4 ,the bankers' families became the source of dynasties4 ,a portion of the secular clergy lived in the relaxation of discipline1 and even morals4 ,neither the energy of the great ,hildebrand1 nor the activity of the admirable ,alexander ,,iii41 the friend of the ,lombard communities1 had been powerful enough to completely reform the regular clergy4 ,neither in the fifteenth nor in the eighteenth century were more scandals seen than those which disheartened the great ,st4 ,bernard4 ,oh6 for the power to see again1 before my death1 wrote he to the pope1 ,eugene ,,iii41 those happy days of the church when the apostles cast their nets for souls1 and not for gold4 ,this ,pope ,eugene was not permitted to die at ,rome4 ,the ,eternal ,city was in the hands of the ,garibaldians of the time1 the ,mazzini of whom was named ,arnold1 a clerk of ,brescia1 of austere manners and quick-witted oratory4 ,after having studied philosophy in ,paris under the cold and licentious ,abelard1 ,arnold commenced to traverse the ,lombard cities4 ,imposing upon himself a mission altogether political1 he pretended not to wish to injure the ,catholic faith4 #chc ,detractor of clergymen and bishops1 persecutor of monks1 he reserved1 said a chronicler of the time1 all his flattery for the laity4 ,he sustained the theory of no salvation for clergymen possessing lands1 for bishops disposing of regal rights1 or monks owning valuables2 that all these things belonged to the state1 and it alone should dispose of them in favor of the laity4 ,it is said also that he did not reason sanely on the eucharist and the baptism of infants4 ,his partisans1 called politicians1 called him to ,rome1 where he had resolved to establish a new government4 ,forced to fly from this city after the second council of ,lateran1 he wandered for several years in ,france1 in ,germany1 and in ,switzerland1 promulgating everywhere the doctrines which he applied to his ,italian friends4 ,during an insurrection1 the pope1 ,lucius ,,ii41 was killed by a blow from a stone1 7to-day they only kill ministers17 and his successor1 ,eugene ,,iii41 took refuge in ,viterbo1 and afterward in ,france4 ,arnold was in ,switzerland with #bjjj soldiers collected there2 the multitude having granted him the dictatorship1 he proclaimed the fall of the temporal power of the popes1 and the re-establishment of the ,roman republic2 then1 carried away by the logic of his ideas rather than by his situation1 he called to ,rome the emperor1 the monarch of ,italy1 in order that he would deign to restore to the empire the lustre it had under ,justinian4 ,demagogues naturally advocate ,caesarism4 ,the emperors rushed to ,rome4 ,arnold and his government were thrown into the ,tiber4 ,then recommenced1 under a new form1 the quarrel between the priesthood and the empire1 existing still in ,europe4 ,never had the pride of the depositaries of the civil power1 the absolutism of the god state1 and the tyranny of the supreme authority1 representatives more complete1 and in certain respects more sympathetic1 than the emperors of the house of ,hohenstaufen4 ,how many laws vaunted by certain schools of our day of progress have been dressed in the signature of these fierce ,sonabes1 then abrogated as despotic and contrary to the liberty and dignity of citizens4 ,the ,staufen were fanatics in law when it was a question of their authority4 ,frederic ,i4 had for his witnesses the four famous doctors of ,bologna1 who1 with ,irnerius1 their professor1 were masters of the study of modern law4 ,it was these four doctors who1 by the aid of texts and juridical interpretations1 were ready to impose on the ,lombard cities represented at the diet of ,roncaglia the chains which the entire material power of the ,german emperors had never been able to forge4 ,it was the chancellor of ,frederic ,,ii41 ,pierre ,des ,vignes1 who is the author of the ,recueil des ,lois de ,sidle1 the first code of despotism of modern times4 ,in few words1 then1 we have here the state of ,europe1 in its most civilized centre1 in the second half of the twelfth century4 ,the truth was at once attacked in church and state1 with the view of corrupting both2 in the church1 with an aim at her authority2 in the state1 to banish liberty4 ,,ii4 ,it is the glory of the epoch which begins with the ,lombard ,league and the pontificate of the ,english ,mendicant1 ,adrian ,,iv41 to have re-established a moral equilibrium in ,christian society1 and to have saved ,europe from a lethargy similar to that in which a ,caesaro-papacy has plunged the ,east4 #chd ,that which distinguished the civilizing genius of this epoch was a moral vigor1 a consequence of the intimate union existing between the citizen and the ,christian1 between the scholar and the theologian2 ,i say union1 not confusion4 ,in the ,cid of ,guillaume de ,castro1 from which ,p4 ,corneille has borrowed largely1 there is a scene in which the hero seated at table exhorts his companions to render homage to the patron of ,spain1 a chevalier himself1 and with a large rosary suspended to his sword4 ,a leper enters and asks charity4 ,the warriors take flight4 ,alone the ,cid remains1 and forces him to sit on his cloak and eat with him from his own plate4 ,the repast finished1 the mendicant blessed the ,cid1 and betrays himself as ,lazarus1 who has come to reveal his future destiny4 ,the sword1 which for the chevalier is the sign of the citizen1 serves to sustain the rosary1 the emblem of the ,christian4 ,in the ,trait de l',office du ,podest1 extract of ,book ,,iii4 of the ,tresor of ,brunetto ,latini1 the master of ,dante1 we find in old ,french the exposition of the public law as understood by the communicants of that time4 ,the podesta of our time could learn from it much that is useful and necessary to know4 ,this1 for example1 is the beginning of the chapter where the author treats of things that gentlemen should know and teach to those over whom they are placed3 ,remember then1 thou who governest a city1 from whence comes the power to possess thy seignory4 ,remember thou the law and the commandments1 and never forget ,god and his saints1 but often approach the altar and pray ,god for thee and thy subjects2 for ,david and the prophets say1 ',god guardeth the city and every thing that laboreth within it4' ,honor the pastor of pastors of the holy ,church2 for ,god says1 ',he who receiveth thee receiveth me4' ,be religious1 and evidence the true faith2 for nothing is more beautiful to the prince of the earth than true faith and right belief3 for it is written1 ',when the just king is on his throne1 no harm can befall him4' ,guard the churches1 the houses of ,god1 take care of widowed women and orphans2 for it is written1 ',be defenders of orphans and widows4' ,defend the poor against the wickedness of power2 for thou hast in thy care the great1 the small1 and the mean4 ,such things become thee from the beginning1 etc4 ,have you observed the character of the figures seen on the tombs of this period8 ,the dead are lying on their backs1 with hands clasped2 they do not bear the impress of death2 they seem to sleep and await the resurrection4 ,their attitude is simple1 naturally humble1 but at the same time naturally proud4 ,they are armed2 it is understood that they have fought the battle of life1 and in passing to the other shore have vanquished the enemy of the human race with the arms of prayer4 ,the citizen and the ,christian are so blended that it is impossible to distinguish them2 and this harmonious whole presents an appearance at once humble and martial1 tender and manly1 which fills one with respect without imposing fear4 ,such is the character of the epoch ,i would depict while portraying the causes of its grandeur4 ,let it be remarked1 however1 ,i do not seek to make an apology for the thirteenth century or the middle ages4 ,my ideal is in the future1 not in the past4 ,but the past being the mirror of the future1 ,i love to regard in the thirteenth century the memorable examples of what could be done by the citizen under the influence of ,christian faith and reason in the midst of a society agitated and upset by heresy1 schism1 socialism1 the power of demagogues1 and ,caesarism4 #che ,i suppose that the son of a rich merchant of ,anvers1 transported by that enthusiasm for good which is the fruit of a grace divine1 renounces suddenly the luxury of a paternal home1 and a dissipated and idle life1 which is too often the consequence of a bad education1 pampered by fortune4 ,after having trained his soul by fasting and prayer1 and the contemplation of the divine attributes toward the supernatural regions of life1 he robes himself voluntarily as a poor man and traverses the industrial centres of the country1 communicating to his equals the ardent faith which escapes from his mouth in luminous characters4 ,at ,gand1 at ,charleroi1 at ,liege1 some young men become his followers1 and between them form an association for the service of the humble1 the weak1 the poor1 the miserable4 ,their mission is to go about in the dress of workmen1 living as they do1 and preaching from the steps of buildings1 at the cross-roads1 and in the fields4 ,to the rich1 the obligation of working for and befriending the poor2 to the poor1 the duties of sufferance and respect2 to all the world1 the love of ,god and the church which he has made the depositary of his graces4 ,what might not be accomplished by such missionaries of love1 labor1 science1 and peace8 ,what would not be their influence and their authority8 ,again1 let me suppose the son of a rich ,english lord renouncing the ostentation1 the privileges and errors of his family and religion1 and1 seized with an irresistible love for his neighbor and humanity1 seeking his old friends of ,eton and ,oxford1 communicating to them the flame of his convictions1 and then proposing to them to travel through ,england1 ,europe1 the world1 and propagate ,christianity2 arguing everywhere with the adversaries of the church2 in the universities1 in the public-houses1 before the door of the palace1 or in the junk-shops and the huts2 preaching justice to the ,english1 to the ,irish respect for the laws1 to all the world peace1 science1 liberty2 opening here a school1 there a hospital1 and drawing after him his contemporaries1 by the authority of faith1 the power of science1 the contagion of devotion4 ,if you can imagine the results obtained by the ,o',connells1 the ,fathers ,mathews1 and the ,newmans1 you will form a feeble idea of a revolution that could produce a phalanx of men of such vigorous temperament4 ,this son of the wealthy merchant1 and this child of an illustrious house1 existed in the beginning of the thirteenth century4 ,the one1 said ,dante1 was surrounded by all the clat of the seraphim1 and the other walked in wisdom and sanctity in the splendor of the cherubim4 ,the history of the life and works of these two extraordinary men contains most precious teachings1 the deep import of which often escapes us1 because given to us in such a common way1 without explaining their actual life4 ,this seraphim 7,saint ,francis7 and this cherubim 7,saint ,dominic7 governed the entire thirteenth century by the extraordinary movement they impressed on souls1 and by the moral conquests1 political1 scientific1 literary1 and artistic1 with which their disciples enriched humanity4 ,the ,mendicant friars1 as they were later called1 were not only cloistered religious1 giving themselves solely to a contemplative life1 and only leaving their convents for the church2 they were citizens in every acceptation of the word1 but vowed to no ambitions1 mingling with their contemporaries1 living in the forum1 and mounting the tribune of the popular assemblies as well as the pulpits of the universities4 ,when this tribune or pulpit was forbidden them1 they improvised one of their own1 and made appeals to the people who wished to hear the well-known voices1 simple1 disinterested1 loving1 and therefore eloquent4 #chf ,thus the ,franciscans penetrated even into ,china1 on the horse of ,st4 ,francis--that is1 on foot--and traversing1 wonderful as it may appear1 the whole continent of ,asia4 ,they founded a ,christian colony at ,pekin1 where the ships of ,france and ,england could only enter with noise of cannon--a result assuredly more imposing but not half so certain4 ,during the ,renaissance1 when the first ,holland vessels arrived at ,greenland1 they found there a convent of ,dominicans4 ,in the thirteenth century1 there were1 even in civilized ,europe1 more ,chinese and ,laplanders than would be supposed4 ,to convert them1 the ,franciscans and ,dominicans applied themselves assiduously1 vanquishing them by science1 and convincing them by charity4 ,i understand the word science in its old acceptation2 a deep rational research into the first principles of things and the origin of our knowledge4 ,at no epoch of history1 ,i dare to say1 has this research been carried on by more passionate lovers1 by more powerful intelligences1 by more magnanimous hearts1 than the ,mendicant monks of the thirteenth century4 ,to prove this1 let me only mention four names4 ,the first in date is the ,count de ,bollstaedt1 first ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 then ,dominican2 a professor of ,cologne1 and a perfect encyclopedia2 his gigantic works replete with all the ideas of his time1 and the initiator of ,german learning4 ,this scientific knowledge was only surpassed by that of his pupil and companion1 the ,count d',aquin1 descendant of ,staufen on his mother's side1 and called by his comrades the ox of ,sicily1 by the learned world the angel of the schools1 and by the church ,saint ,thomas4 ,his principal theological work 7,summa ,totius ,theologiae ,tripartita7 remained unfinished with the grand cathedrals of the middle ages2 but what we know of this and the other works of this prodigious man will suffice to place him in the rank of the greatest geniuses that have appeared on the earth4 ,however he himself emulated in science the genius of his friend1 the seraphic doctor1 ,jean de ,fidanza1 of ,tuscany1 professor in the ,university of ,paris1 an admirable man1 of whom his master1 the ,english ,franciscan1 ,alexander ,hales1 said3 ,verus ,israelita in quo ,adam non peccasse videtur4 ,when they brought him the cardinal's hat1 ,saint ,bonaventura was occupied in placing the plates on the table of his convent4 ,he died at the general council at ,lyons1 7#abgd17 just at the moment when he was endeavoring to reunite the ,greek to the ,roman ,church4 ,the fourth of these great doctors1 who truly indoctrinated science1 is the great ,english ,franciscan1 the admirable doctor1 ,roger ,bacon1 philologist and naturalist1 who predicted steam navigation and railroads4 ,he is also supposed to have invented the telescope1 and foreseen the discovery of ,america4 ,the ,protestants of the sixteenth century1 who pretended to shed light on the world1 unfortunately burnt the convent that held the manuscripts of this precursor of natural science4 ,a ,french writer1 who does himself honor in protecting the church with his valiant pen as others have done with their swords1 ,m4 ,l4 ,veuillot1 and of whom it may be said1 brave as his pen1 says somewhere that the thirteenth century has produced such great things in the moral order that ,saint ,thomas had been able to build up the colossus styled ,la ,somme2 yet during this epoch people went on foot1 and time was not lost running over the world on railroads4 #chg ,i am persuaded the contemporaries of ,roger ,bacon would not have approved of this apologetic argument2 for if they had known the great discoveries of our day1 of what works would not such vigorous and universal minds have been capable8 ,if such men1 consumed by activity1 by love of science and humanity1 ran from ,naples to ,oxford1 from ,bologna to ,paris1 professing1 preaching1 writing1 administering the sacraments1 directing their communities1 or working with the pope and the bishops in the government of the church2 if such men have produced such great things on foot1 what would they not have undertaken with railroads at their disposal8 ,to-day there come from ,italy but few philosophers measurable with the ,count d',aquin and ,jean de ,fidanza2 but1 to make amends1 how easy to convoke an oecumenical council and send zouaves to ,rome6 ,the observation ,i have just made is not a digression1 for it tends to demonstrate the profoundly practical aim of science in the thirteenth century4 ,these professors of ,paris1 ,cologne1 and ,oxford did not content themselves with teaching their doctrines from the privileged benches of a university to a few cultivated1 delicate1 and critical minds4 ,they did not style themselves philosophers1 as the wise men by profession1 who in the last century wished thus to distinguish ,christians4 ,they practised their doctrines1 and their teaching was democratic1 7pardon the so much abused expression17 not only on account of their principles but in regard to the public whom they addressed4 ,they called all the world to the feet of their pulpits1 and after distributing the bread of faith and science1 that of charity was not wanting4 ,thus1 said ,ozanam1 the poor knew and blessed their names4 ,and even to-day1 after six hundred years1 the inhabitants of ,paris bend the knee before the altars of the angel of the schools1 and the workmen of ,lyons are honored in carrying once a year1 on their robust shoulders1 the triumphant remains of the seraphic doctor4 ,footnote #acc ,can we believe that six centuries hence they will do the same for the ashes of ,kant1 ,fichte1 or ,hegel8 ,footnote #acc3 ,dante et la ,philosophie ,catholique1 p4 i4 ch4 ii4 p4 #hh4 ,this enthusiasm of holy people for science was not entirely the fruit of the doctrines of ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,dominic1 or of the personal tendencies of their disciples4 ,when the zeal for such subjects weakened1 the church tried to revive the flame4 ,let us recall the bull of #abed1 published by ,innocent ,,iv41 for the re-establishment of philosophical studies3 ,a deplorable rumor1 spread abroad and repeated from mouth to mouth1 has reached our ears1 and deeply afflicts us4 ,it is said that the many aspirants for the priesthood1 abandoning1 repudiating even1 philosophical studies1 and consequently the teachings of theology1 have sought the different schools to explain the civil laws4 ,sarah then is the slave1 and ,hagar has become mistress4 ,we have tried to find a remedy for this unexpected disorder4 ,we would bring back minds to the study of theology1 which is the science of salvation1 or at least to philosophical studies1 in which it is true the tenderest emotions of piety are not met with1 but where the soul discovers the first lights of eternal truth1 and frees itself from the miserable preoccupations of cupidity--the root of all evil1 and a species of idolatry4 #chh ,therefore we decide by these presents1 that in future no professor of jurisprudence1 no lawyer1 whatever may be his rank or the renown he may enjoy in the practice of law1 can pretend to any prebend1 honor1 or ecclesiastical dignity1 nor even to an inferior benefice1 if he has not given proofs of requisite capacity in the faculty of arts1 and if he is not recommended by the innocence of his life and the purity of his manners4 ,such admirable teaching could not remain barren in a ,christian society4 ,in #abef1 just as ,pope ,alexander ,,iv4 had declared all the serfs emancipated who would abandon the cause of ,ezelin le ,froce1 the authorities of ,bologna proceeded to the general enfranchisement of those of their territory4 ,the city was not contented to set free only its own serfs2 it extended the benefit to those belonging to private masters1 indemnifying the proprietors1 as some modern states have done in the slavery of the blacks3 the middle age was distinguished always for its respect for acquired rights4 ,the state paid ten livres for every serf over fourteen1 eight livres for those below that age4 ,the freedmen were bound to pay to the state some moderate tax in cereals4 ,the suggester of this generous measure was ,bonacursio de ,sorresina1 capitano del popolo1 elected podesta the following year4 ,he placed the names of all the enfranchised on a register called the ,paradise of ,joy4 ,an all-powerful ,god1 said he in the introduction to this register1 created man free2 original sin poisoned him2 from immortal he became mortal1 from incorruptible corruptible1 from free the slave of hell4 ,he sent for man's redemption his only ,son1 begotten by him from all eternity4 ,it is then just and equitable that man saved and freed by ,god should not stagnate in servitude1 where human laws have precipitated him2 that he should be set free4 ,by these considerations1 ,bologna1 which has always fought for public liberty1 which recalls the past and weighs the future1 has for the glory of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ redeemed all the serfs of its territory1 and proclaimed1 for the future1 slavery will be no more tolerated4 ,a little leaven leavens the whole lump2 the presence of one degraded being dishonors society4 ,it is right to observe that this noble language is the reproduction1 often textual1 of the well-known words of the holy ,pope ,gregory ,i41 the ,great1 against the slavery of the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,ten years afterward ,bela1 king of ,hungary1 having rejected a bishop because he was born a serf1 the pope wrote him that the will of man could not prescribe against nature1 that has given liberty to the human race4 ,it is a frequent error among men1 said the ,count d',aquin1 to believe themselves noble because they are the issue of noble families4 444 ,it is well not to have failed in examples of noble ancestors2 but it is far better to have adorned an humble birth with great actions4 444 ,i repeat1 then1 with ,saint ,jerome1 that nothing appears to me worth envying in this pretended hereditary nobility1 if the nobles themselves are not restrained in the paths of virtue by the shame of derogating from it4 ,the true nobility is that of the soul1 according to the words of the poet3 ',nobilitas sola est animum quae moribus ornat4' ,footnote #acd ,footnote #acd3 ,de ,eruditione ,principum4 ,a disciple of this great master1 the ,b4 ,egide ,colonna1 cardinal archbishop of ,bourges1 wrote in his book1 ,de ,regimine ,principum3 ,society cannot attain to the supreme end assigned it without a combination of three means--virtue1 light1 and exterior well-being4 ,a prince should1 then1 in his kingdom first watch with wise solicitude over the culture of letters1 in order to multiply the number of the learned and skilful4 ,footnote #ace 7no reference2 probably ,de ,regimine ,principum73 ,liv4 iii4 p4 #b1 c4 viii4 #chi ,for where science flourishes1 and the sources of study spring up1 sooner or later instruction is disseminated among the crowd4 ,so1 to dissipate the shadows of ignorance which shamefully envelop the face of royalty1 the king should encourage letters by a favorable attention4 ,still more1 if he refuses the necessary encouragement1 and does not wish his subjects instructed1 he ceases to be a king--he becomes a tyrant4 ,to finish the picture of the ideas of this time1 let us quote again these words of a sermon of the gentle and seraphic ,bonaventura3 ,we find today great scandals in governments2 for while an inexperienced pilot would not be placed on a ship to manage the rudder1 we put at the head of nations those who ignore the art of governing them4 ,when the right of succession places children on a throne1 woe to empires6 ,the doctrines of the thirteenth century on the formation of public power1 on the duties of supreme authority1 on the rights of people1 on sedition1 etc41 are so rigorous that they appear bold1 even in our time1 when the defect is not precisely an excess of reserve and respect4 ,truth alone can free the human mind from every prejudice1 develop character1 and inspire a language at once so proud and so simple4 ,what reflections it provokes when one has listened to the magnificent platitudes of so many men of our time1 who believe they think freely because they are not ,christians4 ,when ,innocent ,,iv41 ,celestin ,,iv41 ,st4 ,thomas1 the ,b4 ,egide ,colonna1 and ,st4 ,bonaventura spoke thus1 the ,caesarism of the middle ages was decidedly vanquished for several centuries4 ,this is one of the grandest facts of history since the incarnation of the ,word4 ,the emperors of the house of ,swabia1 assuming with greater power and more science the despotic plans of the ,saxon emperors1 had the monstrous pretension to realize to the letter these texts of ,the ,digest3 ,the will of the prince is law1 7,ulp427 ,the prince is above all laws1 7,paul47 ,by virtue of these texts the prince commanding would have been the absolute sovereign of the world1 the proprietor of the ,christian universe1 and not only of the royalties of the earth1 but also of private property4 ,interpreters taught without blushing the ,caesarian theory of the dominium mundi4 ,le ,recueil des ,lois of ,sicily1 revised by ,pierre de ,vigne for ,frederic ,,ii41 and promulgated by this autocrat in the kingdom of ,naples1 is a model of this abominable legislation that progressists of our day sometimes dream of restoring4 ,the ,roman ,church alone resisted these false principles1 these monstrous politics1 and1 thanks be to ,god1 she triumphed4 ,the ruler of modern times has become what he was in the age of pretorian law1 corrupted by the ,caesarian jurors of the empire1 of the middle ages1 and particularly the ,renaissance1 that is to say1 the people1 who by a so-called royal law would have relinquished their rights into the hands of the ,roman emperors4 ,but if the sovereign people could not but be a majority purely numerical1 arrogating in its turn the pretended laws of ,caesar1 the struggles of the middle age between the clergy and the empire would certainly be renewed4 ,this indissoluble alliance between ,christian truth and civil liberty is one of the most striking facts to those who study history without prejudice2 one of the best apologetic arguments ,i know4 #cij ,in the east1 ,caesarism has only been able to succeed through the corruption of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and through schism2 and we know only too well what has become of the countries where ,homer sang1 where ,plato wrote1 and where ,saint ,gregory of ,nazianzen and ,st4 ,basil preached4 ,europe has had to suffer frequently from an excess of power in individuals in the church2 but they must not be confounded with the church itself1 which has introduced into the world the distinction of two powers3 this salutary distinction was not known of old1 and is only menaced in our day by rationalism in the state4 ,the people have understood this august rle of the church1 and do not cease to invoke with the poet3 ,hail1 mighty parent4 ,in the midst of ruin accumulated by the ambition of princes1 the corruption of governments1 human passions1 or time that has no respect for truth1 there remains today nothing but the good old pope1 and young nations ask the benediction of the aged man4 ,in modern democracies there will soon exist but one historical institution1 the papacy4 ,the old religions of paganism have left us but cold and gigantic pyramids of stone inclosing the ashes of their priests4 ,christianity1 on the contrary1 has transmitted us the living stone of the church1 which will outlive the dust of ages4 ,in all these struggles against heresies1 schism1 materialism1 ,caesarism1 the ,roman ,church had from the tenth to the thirteenth century its allies1 the communes1 who were the masses of those days4 ,civil liberty was1 so to say1 the fruit of the preachings of the church4 ,it was from this epoch we date the ,mass against tyrants1 which can be found in the old missals4 ,it was at the end of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth centuries1 under the pontificates of ,alexander ,,iii4 and ,innocent ,,iii41 two of the noblest successors of ,st4 ,peter1 that this alliance1 so natural1 so necessary1 between the church that represents the human conscience1 and the communes who represent the liberty and independence of the citizen1 produced the most happy and considerable results4 ,in #aahc was signed the peace of ,constance1 which assured definitively the liberty of the ,lombard people4 ,in the final clause of the petition of the citizens of ,plaisance1 the preliminary of this celebrated peace1 the deputies of the ,lombard ,league had expressly stipulated that it would be permitted to the cities of the society to remain always in unity with the church4 ,the great charter of the liberties of ,england dates from #abae4 ,at the head of the signatures of this memorable act for the ,english people is found1 for the church and for liberty1 a disciple of the pope1 the learned ,cardinal ,stephen ,langton1 whose statue has recently been introduced into ,westminster ,palace1 where it will be a significant witness of the past1 and of the salutary breath which is passing to-day over old ,england4 ,and not only in ,england1 but in ,spain and ,hungary1 had the church surrounded the cradle of modern representative rule with its maternal cares1 by its celebrated ,golden ,bull establishing the law of peoples and communities on the basis which to-day it enjoys in this apostolical kingdom4 ,but in the ,italian cities particularly is best observed the fecundity of this salutary alliance between the sentiments of the citizen and those of the ,christian4 #cia ,i have spoken of the scientific and religious rle of the ,mendicant friars2 it would be better to call them citizen-monks4 ,at ,bologna1 it was one of them who fulfilled the function of inspector-general to the people4 ,ezelin le ,froce1 tyrant of the marshes of ,verona1 and the terror of the ,lombard cities1 was only afraid of the ,franciscans1 especially ,saint ,antony of ,padua4 ,after ten years of penitence1 ,saint ,francis1 having prayed and watched for forty nights1 ordered ,brother ,leonard to take a pen and write what he should dictate2 and this angelic man1 entranced by the ravishments of divine love1 improvised the following beautiful canticle3 ,most high1 most powerful and gracious ,lord1 to thee belong praise1 glory1 and every blessing4 ,all is due to thee2 and thy creatures are not worthy so much as to call thy name4 ,praised be ,god my ,lord for all creatures1 and for our brother the sun1 who gives us the day and the light4 ,beautiful and radiating in all his splendor1 he does homage to thee1 ,o my ,god6 ,and praised be thou1 my ,lord1 for our sister the moon1 and for the stars4 ,thou hast formed them in the heavens1 clear and beautiful4 ,praised be thou1 my ,god1 for my brother the wind1 for the air and the clouds1 and for good and bad weather1 whatever it may be6 for by these thou sustainest thy creatures4 ,praised be my ,lord for our sister the water1 which is so useful1 humble1 precious1 and chaste4 ,praised be thou1 my ,god1 for our brother the fire6 ,by him1 thou illuminest the night2 beautiful and pleasant to see1 untamable and strong4 ,praised be my ,god for our mother the earth1 which sustains us1 nourishes us1 and produces every sort of fruit1 of various flowers1 and herbs6 ,a few days after this admirable scene1 there occurred between the ,bishop of ,assisi and the magistrates of the people one of those quarrels so frequent in the ,italian cities of the thirteenth century4 ,saint ,francis1 distressed at such discord1 added to his canticle the following verse3 ,praised be thou1 my ,lord1 for those who forgive for the love of thee1 and who patiently bear infirmity and tribulation4 ,happy those who persevere in peace2 for it is the ,most ,high who will crown them at last4 ,then he ordered the minor brothers to hasten to the magistrates and go with them to the bishop1 before whom they were to chant the new verse of the canticle of the sun4 ,the adversaries present could not resist the chanting of the mineurs1 and they were reconciled4 ,since ,i have mentioned the canticle of the sun1 one of the models of ,franciscan poetry of this age1 ,i cannot forego the pleasure of relating the end of it4 ,after the pacification of ,assisi1 ,saint ,francis1 who suffered terribly from his stigmata1 had gone1 to recruit his health1 to ,foligno1 where it was revealed to him he would die in two years4 ,he then composed the last verse3 ,be praised1 my ,god1 for our sister1 corporal death1 from which no man living may escape6 ,woe to him who dies in mortal sin6 ,happy he who at the hour of death is found conformable to thy most holy will6 for death cannot injure him4 ,praise and bless my ,god1 render him thanks1 and serve him with great humility4 ,the spirit of party had become truly a moral malady in the ,italian cities of the thirteenth century4 ,if among my readers there are those who abuse their own time because the spirit of party condemns them to the struggle1 ,i will tell them that in ,italy1 in the time of ,saint ,francis and ,saint ,louis1 they saluted each other in ,ghibelline style and cut their bread la ,guelph1 and for a trifle parties attacked each other in the cross-streets and in the public places4 ,we have certainly progressed since then4 #cib ,in #abcc1 the nobles and the people of ,plaisance were in open warfare2 the ,franciscan ,leon1 selected as arbiter1 published a law1 and divided equally all the employments of state between the two inimical factions2 he exacted1 besides1 a confirmation of the sentence through the kiss of peace4 ,in the same year the brother ,gerard1 of the same order1 reconciled the parties at ,modena4 ,at ,parma1 he reformed the statutes of the people and recalled the proscriptions4 ,in #abeg1 the ,dominican ,eberhard caused to be set at liberty the ,guelphs imprisoned at ,brescia4 ,one of his companions had the same success at ,parma4 ,but the most interesting example of the powerful influence of religion on civil life was the mission of the brother ,john of ,vicenza1 in the ,lombard towns4 ,inspired by an apostolic zeal1 the aged ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 charged the ,dominican1 ,john of ,vicenza1 7,fra ,giovanni ,chio17 to go preach peace to the inimical factions1 and re-establish everywhere among the people union and concord4 ,brother ,john1 endowed with winning eloquence1 commenced his mission at ,bologna4 ,he obtained immense and unhoped-for success in the city where ,saint ,francis and ,saint ,anthony had already achieved extraordinary triumphs2 nobles and people1 professors and students1 all laid down their enmities at the feet of the brother preacher2 the magistrates handed him the statutes of the people1 in order that he might correct all that could give rise to new discussions4 ,the ,paduans1 informed that he was coming to them1 went to meet him1 preceded by their magistrates and the carroccio1 to ,monselice1 four or five miles from the city2 ,brother ,john1 seated on the patriotic car1 made a triumphal entry among the people2 the success in ,padua surpassed that of ,bologna2 the people assembled at the ,place de la ,valle1 applauded him with joy1 and begged him to reform the statutes4 ,the same triumphs at ,trevise1 ,feltre1 ,belluna1 and ,vicenza4 ,at ,verona1 ,ezelin and the ,montecchi promised him under oath to do everything the pope might order4 ,the eloquent monk again visited such places as ,camino1 ,conegliano1 ,saint ,boniface1 ,mantua1 ,brescia1 preaching everywhere universal peace1 reconciling factions1 and setting prisoners at liberty4 ,at last1 he appointed the #bhth of ,august1 the feast of ,saint ,augustine1 for a general assembly to be held on the plain of ,pacquara1 on the borders of the ,adige1 about three miles from ,verona4 ,on the day determined1 the entire populations of ,verona1 ,mantua1 ,brescia1 ,padua1 ,vicenza1 with their magistrates and carroccio1 arrived at the appointed place2 a multitude of people from ,trevise1 ,feltre1 ,venice1 ,ferrara1 ,modena1 ,reggio1 ,parma1 ,bologna1 and most of them barefooted in sign of penitence2 the bishops of ,verona1 ,brescia1 ,mantua1 ,bologna1 ,modena1 ,reggio1 ,trevise1 ,vicenza1 and ,padua2 the patriarch of ,aquila2 the margrave of ,este1 ,ezelin and ,alberic de ,romano1 the ,signers de ,camino1 and all of ,venetia4 ,parisio de ,cereta1 a contemporary author1 in his ,veronese chronicle1 enumerates his auditory at four hundred thousand persons4 ,the ,dominican took for his text3 ,my peace ,i give to you1 my peace ,i leave to you4 ,never had ,christians witnessed a more august spectacle4 ,the enthusiasm was carried even to excess4 ,it was a delirium of peace and union4 ,brother ,john ordained1 in the name of ,god and the church1 a general pacification1 and devoted those who infringed upon it to excommunication and eternal malediction4 ,he proposed the marriage of ,renaud1 son of the margrave of ,este1 with ,adelaide1 daughter of ,alberic of ,romano1 and obtained also from the brothers ,romano the promise they would sell to the town of ,padua for fifteen hundred livres the possessions they had in the territory of this city4 ,the act embraced divers clauses1 and contained promises of pacification4 #cic ,sixty years after the assassination of ,pope ,lucius ,,ii4 by the ,arnoldites1 the spiritual power of the papacy was1 so to say1 omnipotent in ,italy1 if not in the whole of ,europe4 ,and it is precisely about this epoch that in proportion as the civil power of the ,roman ,church determined1 limited1 and fortified itself1 in ,italy the ecclesiastical principalities were extinguished2 while for centuries they have been maintained in other countries1 less submissive to the ,holy ,see4 ,this fact will not astonish us1 if we follow with attention the progression of ideas propagated by ,christianity1 and taking such deep root in the thirteenth century4 ,thus the sap of ,christianity mounts in all the branches of this immense tree called humanity1 and produces abundant fruit4 ,the ,gothic art is displayed while developing the ,roman2 the ogive comes out from the arch by a natural elevation toward the summit or the roof4 ,elliptical forms1 wiser and more perfect than circular ones1 7the circle is an ellipsis in which the focuses are blended17 transform the architecture1 and give to the monuments an apparent flight to heaven1 just as the study of the ellipsis in analytical geometry conducts to the infinite4 ,the austere energy of ,st4 ,bernard had no time for art4 ,he needed the science of ,roger ,bacon and the poetry of ,st4 ,francis4 ,the ,roman basilica gives place to the ,gothic cathedral1 and throws its gracious shadows on the mansions of the neighboring town4 ,the whole of ,europe is covered with a vegetation of admirable monuments1 epic poems of stone--as the church of ,assisi1 the cathedral of ,florence1 the cathedral of ,cologne--poetry of the highest order1 not for rich idlers1 or delicate minds1 but for the people en masse4 ,art agrees with the epoch of which it is the emanation--it is for the people themselves4 ,the more ,i see of these ,gothic monuments1 wrote ,m4 ,david1 7d' ,angers17 the more ,i experience the happiness of reading these beautiful religious pages so piously sculptured on the secular walls of the churches4 ,they were the archives of an ignorant people2 it was therefore necessary the handwriting should be legible4 ,the saints sculptured in ,gothic art have an expression of serenity and calmness1 full of confidence and faith4 ,this evening1 as ,i write1 the setting sun gilds the faade of the cathedral of ,amiens3 the calm faces of the saints in stone diffuse a radiant light4 ,mysterious power of truth6 ,m4 ,david was attracted to it by art2 ,m4 ,pugin was converted1 it is said1 by studying the cathedral of ,york4 ,in truth1 there are few languages more perfect than that of the symbolism1 so deep and complete1 of the thirteenth century4 ,the men of the middle age1 said one whose works and remembrances are very dear to me--the men of the middle age were not satisfied to simply raise stone upon stone2 these stones were to speak1 and speak a language of painting1 equally understood by rich and poor2 heaven itself must be visible1 and the angels and saints remain present by their images1 to console and preach to the people4 ,the vaults of the two basilicas of ,assisi were covered with a field of blue1 strewn with stars of gold4 ,on the walls were displayed the mysteries of the two ,testaments1 and the life of ,st4 ,francis formed the sequel to the book of divine revelations4 #cid ,but1 as if it were impossible to approach with impunity the miraculous tomb1 the painters who ornamented in fresco seemed inspired with a new spirit2 they conceived an ideal more pure1 more animated1 than the old ,byzantine types which had had their day1 but which for eight hundred years had continued to degenerate4 ,the basilica of ,assisi became the cradle of a renaissance in art1 and evidenced its progress4 ,there ,guido of ,sienna and ,giunta of ,pisa detached themselves more and more from the ,greek masters whose aridity they softened and whose immobility they shattered4 ,then came ,cimabue4 ,he represented all the sacred writings in a series of paintings which decorated the principal part of the church1 and which time has mutilated4 ,but six hundred years have not tarnished the splendor of the heads of ,christ1 of the ,virgin1 and of ,st4 ,john1 painted at the top of the vaults2 nor the images of the four great doctors1 where a ,byzantine majesty still carries with it an air of life and immortal youth4 ,at last ,giotto appeared1 and one of his works was the triumph of ,st4 ,francis1 painted in four compartments under the vault which crowns the altar of the chapel4 ,nothing is more celebrated than these beautiful frescoes2 but ,i know nothing more touching than one in which is figured the betrothal of the servant of ,god to holy poverty4 ,poverty1 under the appearance of a lady perfectly beautiful1 but the face attenuated1 the clothing torn2 a dog barks at her1 two children throw stones at her1 and put thorns in her way4 ,she1 however1 calm and joyous1 holds out her hand to ,st4 ,francis2 ,christ himself unites the two spouses2 and in the midst of clouds appears the ,eternal ,father accompanied by angels1 as if too much of heaven and earth could not be given to assist at the wedding of these two mendicants4 ,here1 nothing suggests the painting of the ,grecian school2 all is new1 free1 and inspired4 ,progress did not cease with the disciples of ,giotto appointed to continue his work3 ,cavalini1 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 ,puccio ,capana4 ,in the midst of the variety of their compositions1 we recognize the unity of the faith shed so lustrously through their works4 ,when one pauses before these chaste representations of the ,virgin1 the ,annunciation1 the ,nativity1 before the crucified ,christ1 with the saddened angels weeping around the cross1 or collecting in cups the divine blood1 it would require a very hardened heart not to feel the tears flow1 and not to bend the humbled knee and strike the breast with the shepherds and poor women who pray at the feet of such images4 ,and this is the art of the thirteenth century2 it caused to weep under the same vault1 and caused to pray on the same slab with poor peasants1 one of the purest-minded intelligences1 one of the noblest hearts of our time1 one that the thirteenth century would have styled the seraphic ,ozanam4 ,and let us again remark this attraction1 at once logical and living with facts produced by the germination of ,christian thought in civil society4 ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,dominic no longer preach as the disciples of ,st4 ,benedict to the few members of a military oligarchy1 or to a flock of serfs2 they address themselves to a civilized society1 living in the midst of the benefits of ,christianity1 without having to give an account of the origin of these benefits2 in the midst of a society aggrandized by the progress of ,christian equality1 and still desirous of enlargement4 ,there is no longer a fierce ,licambre1 but haughty jurists4 #cie ,no more cruel ,anglo-,saxons1 but emperors1 elegant1 educated1 poetical1 seductive1 who hide their despotic projects under titles the most pompous and the most fallacious4 ,no more pagan kings martyrizing the ,christian2 but ,catholic kings more or less sincere1 who1 in the name of social and state interests1 seek to torture consciences4 ,there are no more lords whose brutality scandalizes the coarsest minds2 but there are rich citizens1 softened and blinded by selfishness1 who weary under the ,christian yoke1 and who hide their sensualism under the interest they profess for ,caesar or the prince4 ,it is1 then1 from the time of ,st4 ,francis the chanter of poverty1 from the time of ,st4 ,dominic the descendant of the ,guzman1 of the race of ,cid1 that is born in ,italy1 by the side of the citizens1 a new class which completes the political emancipation of the ,christian people4 ,after having grown up1 the people disappeared under the ,renaissance when ,protestantism triumphed1 not to appear again until modern times1 in our own age1 when the sap of ,christianity forces the church to remount into the branches of the tree of which ,i spoke4 ,art has resented this moral revolution of the thirteenth century1 and literature also4 ,the grand writer whom ,i have already quoted1 ,i was going to say the poet who has founded the society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 makes somewhere a reflection which has struck me forcibly4 ,have you remarked1 with him1 that the church has put poetry into the choir1 while she has banished reasoning into the pulpit--into the grand nave8 ,i do not say reason1 for true poetry is the chant of reason4 ,poetry that ,i call real and practical1 that which elevates the soul toward its end1 which balances the sighs of humanity1 and clothes itself in spoken or written form1 rhythmical or not1 the sentiment which attracts us toward the infinite1 and which ,st4 ,francis designates love1 such poetry is simply prayer4 ,a poet is naturally sacerdotal4 ,he is really the vates of antiquity4 ,david and ,solomon prayed with lyre in hand1 and their prayers became the hymns of ,christianity4 ,isaiah chanted the coming of the ,messiah4 ,so in the thirteenth century1 poetry was everywhere1 a consequence of the ,christian sentiment1 spread in every direction through the moral life4 ,to ,innocent ,,iii41 who under the name of the ,count de ,signa was considered one of the most learned men of his time1 is attributed the ,dies ,ire4 ,he has composed other spiritual songs4 ,st4 ,thomas has left us the ,pange ,lingua4 ,st4 ,francis is the chief of the poetic ,franciscan school1 in which shone ,st4 ,bonaventura1 ,st4 ,antony1 and the blessed ,jacopone de ,todi1 of whom every one knows the beautiful stanzas ,stabat ,mater ,dolorosa1 etc4 ,then comes ,dante1 who governs ,christian ages as ,homer did the olden time4 ,and lastly in the same age in ,italy1 at ,vercelli1 it is said1 lived and died the great unknown who has left us the most beautiful book from the hand of man1 ,the ,imitation1 the true poem of humanity redeemed by the blood of ,jesus ,christ4 ,the fall1 the redemption1 the grand drama of the moral history of the world1 the battle of life1 the art of vanquishing passion and matter1 the effort of man to reach his ideal on the wings of simplicity and purity --where are those things better chanted than in ,the ,imitation8 ,the thirteenth century1 then1 merits to be cited among the grandest epochs of history4 ,however1 it would be a false idea to imagine society elevated to a high degree of perfection4 #cif ,many ,christians of our day1 charmed by the recital of the life and works of these great saints1 and by the sight of the magnificent monuments of the first era of ogival style1 become almost melancholy1 and have a disposition to blame everything new in the world1 and defy their contemporaries or future generations even to imitate the virtues of the age of ,innocent ,,iii4 ,i think this tendency all wrong1 and ,christians who permit themselves to be so carried away1 lack firmness and faith2 for ,christianity cannot decay1 and the more the saints of the past1 the greater the protectors of the church for the future4 ,besides1 it is so easy to regard only the virtues of the thirteenth century1 and ignore the vices4 ,we must remember ,st4 ,anthony was the neighbor and the contemporary of ,ezelin the ,ferocious1 the type of the tyrant of the modern world4 ,frederick ,,ii4 lived in the same age as ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,sicilian ,code was revised fifty years after the peace of ,constance1 at the same time as the ,magna ,charta of ,england4 ,st4 ,thomas d',aquin and ,roger ,bacon are contemporaries of the ,albigenses4 ,you cannot point out in our age an error or a calamity that has not its equal1 or rather its precursor1 in the thirteenth century4 ,caesarism1 vanquished in politics1 was protected by the literary men and the jurists4 ,dante in his old days wrote the ,caesarian treatise1 ,de ,monarchico4 ,it was in the beginning of the fourteenth century1 a hundred years after ,innocent ,,iii41 that the popes1 chased from ,rome and ,italy1 set out for the exile of ,avignon1 which lasted seventy-five years4 ,,iii4 ,a reasonable study of such grandeur and such fall1 the review of which must demonstrate human liberty1 should make us better know our own age1 and love it the more4 ,we possess more elements of material prosperity and material progress1 and we jealously preserve the depository of all the moral truths4 ,we enjoy greater political security1 and the sentiment of right is more general in our day than in any other4 ,what we want1 what has given an expansive power and grandeur and beauty to the thirteenth century1 is a moral unity in the general direction of civil society4 ,our epoch feels its instinct1 it seeks it1 it desires it4 ,people submit to the heaviest sacrifices1 and agitate themselves to obtain what they call their unity4 ,it is a false1 factious1 exterior unity1 ,i know1 but after all1 it is unity4 ,but a true1 living1 and moral unity can only be found in efforts such as ,i have tried to depict2 and moral unity1 which should be the only legitimate aim of a people1 is not established by force1 nor even by the splendor of industrial production1 nor the attractions of an economical well-being4 ,it will only grow as the people liberally accept the direction of the ,christian law4 ,expelled from political constitutions1 ,i see this unity reconstitute itself in the masses4 ,the neighboring democracies should be ,christian4 ,recently we have met a battalion of crusaders1 going to ,rome1 and coming from ,north ,america1 which will soon add to the number of its bishops as many as presided at the ,council of ,nice4 ,to manifest with new clat the fact of ,christianity1 and advance so salutary a movement1 which will perhaps produce moral splendors unknown to the thirteenth century1 we must arm ourselves1 under the buckler of faith1 with the science and rights of the citizen1 as did the great doctors of the thirteenth century4 #cig ,this struggle1 ,i know1 is to-day more difficult1 but therefore more meritorious1 more glorious4 ,nowhere have we the support of governments4 ,i do not complain--,i state a fact2 and perhaps this very support is a defect because it has been so much abused4 ,the purity of the moral struggle of the thirteenth century is tarnished by the religious persecutions4 ,i know the adversaries of the church have exaggerated their intensity2 but ,i know also that never has the church1 as a church1 persecuted1 nor given or proclaimed the right to persecute4 ,besides1 we must not lose sight of the fact that the alliance of church and state was such that a heresy was considered above everything a crime against the state4 ,for example1 we are astonished to see a ,saint ,louis condemn severely the blasphemers of ,god as state criminals2 but we do not consider it extraordinary nowadays to see the blasphemers of a sovereign or minister condemned to prison1 exile1 or transportation4 ,it is necessary to remark that the greater part of the sects of the middle ages proclaimed principles the realization of which would have consequences of great civil and political importance4 ,i defy our contemporary societies1 so proud of their religious tolerance1 to support the worship of the ,mormons1 those pests of our age4 ,only ,christian societies are strong enough to resist such currents of corruption1 to preserve their integrity1 to endure and develop by the side of such sects4 ,christians alone can be tolerant with impunity1 because tolerance for them is not a social necessity1 but a virtue4 ,only they can repeat with ,saint ,augustine3 ,let us convert the heretics1 but let them not be sacrificed4 ,so when we think of the universal blame of which ,st4 ,ambrose and ,st4 ,martin made themselves interpreters1 against the condemnation to death of the ,priscillians1 those ,mormons of the fourteenth century1 we are justly astonished at the rigors exercised in the thirteenth century against the ,albigenses and other sectarians4 ,to-day1 thanks be to ,god1 a religious persecution could not be possible in countries where the ,catholic religion predominates4 ,persecutions are only prevalent among the ,mussulmans of ,asia ,minor or the schismatics of ,poland2 and if the ,protestants of ,ireland or the liberal anti-,catholics of the ,continent have such tendencies1 they devise some form which to them alone appears as progress4 ,for the contest1 then1 we must act as citizens1 and use the pen and the word1 and without truce or relaxation4 ,when ,st4 ,francis ,xavier made in the ,indies his great and admirable spiritual conquests1 destroyed by the ,holland ,protestants and the ,english1 he asked for reinforcements from the superior of his order4 ,especially1 said he1 send me from ,belgium those robust and broad-shouldered men4 ,with such1 this great saint believed himself able to encounter every difficulty4 ,their race is not extinct1 thank ,god2 and it seems to me ,europeans are easier conquered than ,asiatics4 ---------- #cih ,brittany3 ,its ,people and its ,poems4 ,progress is the order of the day2 the very watchword of the nineteenth century4 ,our times are possessed by an ever-active1 restless spirit4 ,here and there only1 in this surging sea1 sheltered havens are found1 where the quiet waters can reflect the fair forms and hues of heaven1 floating above them in the deep and far-off blue4 ,here and there1 out of the beaten track of the world's highways1 lie rich and fertile retreats1 among whose hills and fountains1 woods and mossy stones1 the spirit of the past1 with music on her lips1 poetry in her soul1 and the cross clear and bright on her brow1 still loves to dwell4 ,in scarcely another corner of ,europe is the influence of this spirit so tenacious1 so pervading1 as in ,brittany4 ,nor to those among us who may be descended from1 or linked with1 the original inhabitants of the ,british island1 can ,europe furnish many more interesting studies than this granite promontory--the bulwark of ,france against the wild ,atlantic--and the ,celtic tribes there1 who guard1 even to-day1 their old ,armorica from invasion of the novelties of ,paris in manners and in thought4 ,brittany preserves the same characteristic relations with regard to ,france as ,wales1 ,ireland1 and the ,highlands of ,scotland preserve toward ,england4 ,its geographical position1 its mountains1 and the sea1 have continued to protect it in a great degree from foreign influences4 ,indeed1 this isolation is observable throughout its history4 ,almost from the first1 the ,breton ,celts were the sole occupants of their own corner of the earth4 ,the ,gauls1 the original inhabitants of the country1 were outnumbered and absorbed by the influx of ,british emigrants2 who1 of the same original stock with themselves1 speedily became the dominant sept1 and possessors of the country4 ,the first extensive emigration of the insular ,britons from what is now ,great ,britain into ,armorica1 took place about the year #chc1 by order of the tyrant ,maximin4 ,it was not1 however1 undertaken by compulsion1 but was a willing adventure4 ,the second took place when they fled in great numbers from the ,saxon domination1 after ,a4,d4 #dej1 when ,ambrose and the great ,arthur had fought so bravely and so long1 in vain4 ,this time they were driven from their land1 and as they crossed the sea to find a home with their brethren in ,armorica1 they sorrowfully chanted the psalm which their ,christian bards had translated into their native tongue1 ,thou hast given us1 ,o ,lord1 as sheep for the slaughter2 and thou hast scattered us among the nations4 ,a terrible pestilence with which1 about this time1 various parts of ,britain were visited1 is said to have done more than anything else toward confirming the sway of the ,saxons in ,england1 and diminishing the old ,britons to a mere remnant in the island4 ,they themselves regarded it as a sign that the kingdom was taken from them1 and given by ,god to their enemies4 ,the emigrations thenceforward became so frequent and so numerous that the ,british isle was almost depopulated of its ancient inhabitants2 and ,king ,ina1 of ,wessex1 who was also ,bretwalda1 coming to the throne in ,a4,d4 #fhi1 grieved to lose so many of his subjects1 sent to entreat the emigrants to return4 #cii ,at that period1 they more than equalled the indigenous population of ,armorica1 upon whom they had imposed their own laws and form of government4 ,thus1 in the fifth century1 ,armorica was1 like ,cambria1 divided into small independent states3 those of ,vannes2 ,kerne1 or ,cornouaille2 ,leon2 and ,trguier--all ,celtic in language1 customs1 and laws1 and each division having its own bishop and its own chief4 ,among the chiefs1 one often obtained a predominating power over the rest1 with the title of konan1 or crowned chief4 ,hence1 all the earlier kings of ,armorica of whom we hear in history1 ,meriadek1 ,gradlon1 ,budik1 ,houel1 and others1 were ,britons from the ,island4 ,their bards1 who formed an essential part of every noble family among the ,cambrians1 accompanied them into their adopted country4 ,of this number was ,taliessin1 the prince of the bards1 the prophets1 and the ,druids of the ,west4 ,he took up his abode in the land of the ,venetes1 7,vannes17 near to his friend and brother bard1 ,gildas1 who had emigrated thither1 and who is said to have converted ,taliessin to the ,christian faith4 ,three other celebrated bards of the same period were ,saint ,sulio1 ,hyvarnion1 and ,kian ,gwench'lan4 ,tradition gives the following account of the manner in which ,st4 ,sulio received his vocation4 ,when very young1 he was one day playing with his brothers near the castle of their father1 the lord of ,powys1 when a procession of monks passed by1 led by their abbot1 and chanting1 to the sound of his harp1 the praise of ,god4 ,the sweetness of their hymns so delighted the child1 that1 bidding his brothers return to their sports1 he followed the monks1 in order to learn of them how he might compose beautiful songs4 ,his brothers hastened to tell their father of his flight1 who sent thirty armed men1 with a charge to kill the abbot and to bring back ,sulio4 ,he had1 however1 been sent at once to a monastery in ,armorica1 of which in due time he became prior4 ,the ,welsh1 who call him ,saint ,y ,sulio1 possess a collection of his poems4 ,the ,christian faith won its way more slowly in ,armorica than it had done in ,britain4 ,they who had inherited the harp of the ancient ,druids1 with the mysteries of their religion and the secrets of their knowledge1 were often reluctant to submit to the belief which despoiled them of their priesthood4 ,if ,taliessin1 says ,m4 de la ,villemarqu1 consecrated to ,christ the fruits of a mysterious science1 perfected under the shadow of proscribed altars2 if the monks1 taking the harp in hand1 attracted to the cloister the children of the chiefs2 if the ,christian mother taught her little one in the cradle to sing of him who died upon the cross1 4444 there were1 at the same time1 in the depth of the woods1 dispersed members of the ,druidic colleges1 wandering from hut to hut1 like the fugitive ,druids of the ,isle of ,britain1 who continued to give to the children of ,armorica lessons on the divinity1 as their fathers had been taught2 and they did so with sufficient success to alarm the ,christian teachers1 and oblige them to combat them skilfully with their own weapons4 ,even after paganism had fallen before the cross1 we find curious traces of the ,druidic element scattered here and there in the early poems of ,brittany4 ,her bishops of that period are spoken of as ,christian ,druids1 who grafted the faith of ,christ on the ,druid oak2 and of her poets it is said1 ,they did not break the harp of the ancient bards2 they only changed some of its chords4 #djj ,the most ancient poems preserved in ,brittany which bear evidences of being the scientific compositions of the bards1 are3 ,the ,series1 or the ,druid and the ,child2 ,the ,prediction of ,gwench'lan2 ,the ,submersion of the ,city of ,ys2 ,the ,changeling2 ,the ,wine of the ,gauls2 ,the ,march of ,arthur2 and ,alain the ,fox4 ,these are the last breathings of the learned poetry of the ,bretons of ,armorica4 ,but1 besides the scientific poems of the descendants of the ,druids1 there grew up1 at the same time1 a large amount of popular poetry1 both in ,wales and in ,armorica4 ,as early as the sixth century1 this divided itself into three distinct kinds3 theological1 heroic1 and historical poems2 domestic poems and love-songs2 and poems on religious subjects1 including the versified histories of saints4 ,this whole class of poetry sprang from the people2 it was the expression of their heart1 the echo of their thoughts1 the depository of their history and of their belief4 ,upon this poetry of the people1 both in the ,british island and in ,brittany1 the bards made war4 ,and when1 among the ,bretons1 the popular minstrels overcame the bards1 the ,welsh triads put the ,armoricans in the number of the three peoples which have corrupted the primitive bardism by mixing with it heterogeneous principles4 ,it is only the kler1 7scholar-poets17 the vagabonds1 and the beggars1 says ,taliessin1 who give themselves no trouble4 ,bark not against instruction in the art of verse4 ,silence6 miserable pretenders1 who usurp the name of bards6 ,you know not how to judge between truth and fables6 444 ,as for me1 ,i am diviner and general-in-chief of the bards of the west6 ,gildas is equally energetic in protesting against all who take pleasure in listening to the vociferations of the popular poets of his time4 ,reality and good faith are the two principal qualities inherent in popular poetry in its primitive state4 ,the poet's aim is always to paint faithfully something which actually occurred1 or which he believed did occur4 ,chronicler and novelist1 legendary and sacred psalmodist1 the poet of ,brittany is all this to the mass of the ,breton population--to twelve hundred thousand uneducated persons1 without any other learning than that which they gain from the oral instruction of their clergy4 ,a thoughtful and imaginative people1 full of poetic instinct1 and of the desire of knowledge2 and to whom every event1 possessing a moderate share of interest1 furnishes subject-matter for a song4 ,we will now attempt translations of a portion of the bardic poems which remain to us4 ,we omit the first1 entitled ,ar ,rannoce1 or ,the ,series3 a dialogue between a ,druid and a child who is one of his disciples4 ,its length would unduly prolong the present article2 but1 inasmuch as it conveys an interesting sketch of the cosmogony and theology of the bardic system1 we may find for it a place in some future page4 ,to come1 then1 to the second poem on our list1 ,the ,prophecy of ,gwench'lan4 ,the bard ,kian1 surnamed ,gwench'lan1 or ,pure ,race was born in ,armorica at the beginning of the fifth century1 and was never won to the ,christian faith4 ,his enmity to it1 indeed1 was embittered by the treatment he received at the hands of a foreign prince1 calling himself a ,christian2 who threw the bard into a dungeon1 and1 after depriving him of sight1 left him there to die4 #dja ,during his hard captivity he composed the following poem1 called ,diougan ,gwench'lan1 or ,the ,prophecy of ,gwench'lan1 in which he predicts the fate of his captor1 who was shortly afterward slain in battle fighting against the ,bretons4 ,the composition of this poem is exactly after the pattern of the ancient ,welsh bards4 ,like ,taliessin1 ,gwench'lan believes in the three cycles of being of the ,druidic theology1 and in the doctrine of metempsychosis4 ,i have been born three times1 says ,taliessin4 444 ,i have been dead2 ,i have been alive2 ,i am that which ,i was4 444 ,i have been a wild goat upon the mountains2 ,i have been a spotted cock2 ,i have been a fallow-deer2 now ,i am ,taliessin4 ,like ,lywarc'h-,hen1 he mourns over his old age and decrepitude4 ,he is melancholy1 and a fatalist4 ,like ,aneurin1 who had been made prisoner after the battle of ,kattracz1 and in his captivity composed ,the ,song of ,gododin1 ,gwench'lan sings in his chains and in the darkness of his dungeon4 ,it was not unusual among the bards to compare the leader of the enemy to the wild boar of the woods1 and the champion who withstood him to the war-horse1 or the white horse of the sea4 ,gwench'lan is said to have composed many songs in praise of the warriors of his country--those who marched to battle invoking the ,sun-god1 and1 on returning victorious1 danced in his honor to the ,sword1 ,king of ,battle4 ,a collection of his poems and prophecies was preserved until the ,french revolution1 in the abbey of ,landevenec2 but the ferocious joy with which1 in some fragments that remain1 he contemplates the slaughter of the ,christians in the ,menez ,br1 and the extermination of their faith1 makes their destruction small matter of regret to any but the antiquary4 ,gwench'lan1 however1 continues to be famous throughout ,brittany1 where the remnants of his compositions still are sung2 especially ,the ,prophecy1 of which a part has been translated by ,m4 de ,villemarqu from ,barzaz ,breiz1 7,breton ,ballads47 ,diougan ,gwench'lan4 ,prophecy ,of ,gwench'lan4 ,i4 ,when the sun is setting1 ,when the sea is swelling1 ,i sit upon the threshold of my door4 ,i sang when ,i was young1 ,and still1 grown old1 ,i sing1 ,by night1 by day1 though with sad heart and sore4 ,if my head is bent low1 ,if my trouble presses2 ,it is not causeless care that weighs me down4 ,it is not that ,i fear2 ,i fear not to be slain3 ,for long enough my life has lingered on4 ,when they seek not ,gwench'lan1 ,gwench'lan1 they will find him3 ,but find they shall not1 when they seek for me4 ,yet1 whatsoe'er betide1 ,to me it matters not ,that alone which ought to be1 will be4 ,thrice all must die1 ere rest at last they see4 ,,ii4 ,wild boar1 ,i behold him1 ,from the wood forth comes he2 ,much he drinks2 he hath a wounded foot3 ,his hair is white with age2 ,round him his hungry young ,are howling4 ,bloodstained is his gaping throat4 ,white horse of the sea1 lo6 ,comes to the encounter4 ,the shore for terror trembles 'neath his tread4 ,bright and dazzling he1 ,bright as the sparkling snow2 ,and silver horns are gleaming on his head4 ,foams the water 'neath him1 ,at the thunder-fire ,of those fierce nostrils4 ,sea-horses around ,press1 thick and close as grass ,upon a lakelet's bank4 ,horse of the sea6 strike well6 ,strike--strike him to the ground6 444444 ,,iii4 ,as ,i was sweetly sleeping1 in my cold1 cold tomb4 ,i heard the eagle calling1 at midnight calling1 ,come6 ,rise on your wings1 ,o eaglets6 and all ye birds of heaven4 ,to you1 nor flesh of dogs1 nor sheep1 but ,christians1 shall be given6 ,old raven of the sea1 ,what hold'st thou8--say to me4 ,the chieftain's head ,i bear away3 ,his two red eyes shall be my prey1 ,for taking thy two eyes away4 ,and thou too1 what hast thou1 ,o ,reynard sly8 ,his heart1 which was as false as mine1 have ,i2 ,it sought thy death1 and long hath made thee die4 ,what dost thou by the corner of his mouth1 ,o toad8 ,i wait to seize his soul upon her road1 ,long as ,i live must ,i be her abode4 ,thus he meeteth his reward ,for his crime against the bard ,who dwells no more between ,roch-allaz and ,porz-,gwen'n4 #djb ,the ,submersion of the ,city of ,ys1 or ,is1 presents to us one of those legends which has its counterpart in so many other branches of the ,celtic race4 ,its historical basis is as follows3 ,in the year #ddj1 there reigned in ,armorica ,king ,gradlon-veur1 or the ,great4 ,his capital was the city of ,is1 since destroyed2 and he occasionally consulted a holy man named ,gwenol1 founder and abbot of the first monastery erected in ,armorica4 ,this is all which contemporary and authentic history tell us of this city1 this prince1 and this monk2 but popular tradition1 always more rich than history1 furnishes us with additional particulars4 ,according to this1 the city of ,is was protected from the invasions of the sea by an immense basin or reservoir1 which at high tide received the waters of the ocean1 as formerly the ,lake ,moeris those of the ,nile4 ,this basin had a secret door1 of which the king alone had the key1 and which he opened or closed himself when needed4 ,one night1 while he slept1 the ,princess ,dahut1 wishing to crown the follies of a banquet given to a suitor1 stole the key2 she1 or1 according to another variation of the story1 her suitor1 who was in truth the author of evil under an assumed form1 opened the door1 and1 as had been foretold by ,saint ,gwenol1 submerged the city4 ,this tradition1 adds ,m4 de ,villemarqu1 ascends to the very cradle of the ,celtic race1 and is common to its three great branches1 the ,bretons1 ,welsh1 and ,irish4 ,the ,is of ,armorica is the ,gwaeleod of ,wales1 and the ,neaz of ,ireland2 the name in each instance signifying low or hollow4 ,according to all three1 the daughter of the king is the cause of the catastrophe1 and is punished by being changed into a siren1 after a death by drowning4 ,the ,welsh version of this ballad1 which is apparently of the date of the fifth century1 and composed by the bard ,gwezno1 contains two strophes which are almost literally repeated in the ,armorican4 ,it begins in a way very like the conclusion of the latter4 ,some one comes to awaken the king1 whom the bard calls ,seizenin3 ',seizenin6 arise1 and look6 ,the land of warriors1 the country of ,gwezno1 is overwhelmed by the ocean4' ,the ,welsh sailors in ,cardigan ,bay1 which1 they assure us1 now occupies the submerged territory1 declare that they can see beneath the waters the ruins of ancient edifices4 ,the same is said of the ,bay of ,douarnenez in ,basse-,bretagne4 ,also1 the ,irish fishermen1 at a much earlier epoch1 7according to ,giraldus ,cambrensis17 the middle of the second century1 believed that they could see glimmering under the waters of the lake which covers their city of ,neaz the round towers of ancient days4 ,with regard to the horse of ,gradlon1 ,marie de ,france assures us that1 in struggling through the flood1 the force of the water bore his master off his back2 that the life of ,gradlon was saved by a beneficent fay1 but the horse1 on reaching the land without the king1 became wild with grief4 ,the original tradition says that ,gradlon1 fleeing for his life1 bore his daughter behind him1 when a terrible voice cried three times1 ',push off the demon that sits behind thee4' ,the unhappy king obeyed1 and forthwith the waters were restrained4 ,submersion ,of ,the ,city ,of ,is4 ,i4 ,oh6 hast thou heard--oh6 hast thou heard ,of ,gwenol the rede1 ,which unto ,gradlon1 king of ,is1 ,he spake1 but gat small heed8 ,to earthly love1 ah6 yield thee not1 ,with evil cease to toy2 ,for after pleasure cometh woe1 ,and sorrow follows joy4 ,who bites the flesh of fishes1 soon ,the fishes him shall bite2 ,and he who swallows1 shall himself ,be swallowed up some night4 ,and he who drinks both beer and wine1 ,shall water drink amain3 ,to him who cannot scan my speech ,it soon shall be made plain4 ,,ii4 ,one eve spake ,gradlon1 king of ,is1 ,king ,gradlon thus spake he ,my merry friends1 by your fair leave1 ,a little sleep would we4 #djc ,to-morrow 'twill be time enough-- ,with us this evening stay2 ,but if it be thy mind to sleep1 ,we would not say thee nay4 ,and thereupon her lover spake1 ,full softly whispered he1 ,to ,gradlon's daughter1 ,sweet princess1 ,sweet ,dahut--and the key6 ,hush6 ,i will bear the key away ,that locks the floodgates fast1 ,and ,is shall be within thy power ,ere little time be past4 ,,iii4 ,now1 whosoe'er had seen the king1 ,as on his couch he lay1 ,with admiration had been filled ,at sight of his array4 ,the aged king1 in purple robed1 ,with long and snow-white hair1 ,which o'er his shoulders flowed upon ,his golden collar fair4 ,and whosoe'er had lain in wait ,had spied the princess white1 ,unsandalled1 steal into that room1 ,in silence of the night4 ,she to the king her father crept1 ,sank softly on her knee1 ,loosed from his neck the golden chain1 ,and bore away the key4 ,,iv4 ,he sleepeth on--he sleepeth on1 ,till1 from the plains1 a cry-- ,the deep is o'er us6 ,is overwhelmed ,beneath the waters high6 ,my lord the king1 arise1 arise6 ,to horse6 and swiftly flee4 ,the dykes are burst--the land o'erflowed ,by the triumphant sea4 ,accursed be the treacherous maid ,who opened thus the gate ,after the feast--who drowned the land1 ,and made it desolate6 ,v4 ,oh6 tell me now1 brave forester1 ,the wild-horse hast thou seen ,of ,gradlon8 ,hast thou seen it pass ,along this valley green8 ,the horse of ,gradlon saw ,i not ,at any time pass by2 ,but in deep night 'trip trap' ,i hear1 ,with lightning swiftness fly4 ,say1 hast thou seen1 ,o fisherman6 ,the daughter of the sea1 ,combing her golden hair at noon1 ,where sparkling breakers be8 ,yes1 ,i have seen the mermaid white3 ,she sings among the waves4 ,her songs are plaintive as the sound ,of deeps o'er dead men's graves4 ,we come now to ,the ,changeling2 and here again we trace not so much a resemblance as an all but literal reproduction of an ,irish legend1 known to all readers of ,the ,fairy ,legends of the ,south of ,ireland under the title1 ,the ,brewery of ,egg-shells4 ,it must be confessed1 however1 that the non-,catholic medium through which the ,irish version reaches us1 has deprived it of the religious turn it may possibly have had in the original4 ,our ,lady does not appear in it1 as here in the ,breton ballad4 ,the ,changeling4 ,grieved to the heart is la belle ,marie4 ,where may her ,laoik1 her little one1 be8 ,carried away by the ,korrigan he4 ,forth to the fount as ,i went on a day1 ,safe in his cradle my little one lay2 ,home when ,i came he had vanished away4 ,this wretched monster ,i found in his place4 ,rough1 like a toad1 with a horrible face1 ,dumb1 greedy1 fierce1 like the rest of his race4 ,mary most pure1 on your snow-gleaming throne1 ,in your maternal arms holding your ,son1 ,you are in joy1 while in sorrow ,i moan4 ,your ,holy ,child evermore you are keeping1 ,mine ,i have lost1 whom ,i thought safely sleeping2 ,mother of ,pity1 ah6 pity my weeping6 ,daughter1 my daughter1 oh6 sorrow no more4 ,lost is he not whom you thus would deplore1 ,laoik1 your darling1 short time shall restore4 ,who in an egg-shell shall feign to prepare ,all that ten laborers need for their fare1 ,forces the dwarf into speech1 then and there4 ,when he has spoken1 then whip--whip again6 ,whip1 till he cry out with anger and pain6 ,he will be heard3 and be borne off amain4 ,prithee1 my mother1 what do you8 he cries1 ,what make you1 mother8 he asks in surprise4 ,dwarfling can scarcely believe his own eyes4 ,what am ,i doing1 my son1 would you ken8 ,dinner ,i make1 in this egg-shell1 for ten1 ,ten of the farm-servants1 laboring men4 ,ten6 in an eggshell6 ,the egg ,i have seen ,fresh1 of the oldest white hen that has been3 ,acorn1 whose oak is far-spreading and green4 ,oaks have ,i seen1 widening out from their core1 ,old oaks of ,brzal wood1 rugged and hoar2 ,nothing like this have ,i e'er seen before4 ,too many things hast thou seen1 she replies3 ,flip1 flap6 flip1 flap6--thus upon him she flies4 ,little old man1 now ,i have thee6 she cries4 #djd ,whip not1 nor strike1 but restore him to me2 ,harm hath been none to thy boy1 belle ,marie2 ,king over all in our country is he6 ,when to her home returned ,marie that day1 ,safe in his cradle her own baby lay1 ,sweetly asleep1 as if wearied with play4 ,while she stands gazing1 entranced at the sight1 ,bending to kiss the fair cheeks with delight1 ,laoik1 her lost one1 his eyes opens bright4 ,half rising up1 and with wondering eyes1 ,soft arms outstretched in a dreamy surprise1 ,mother6 how long ,i've been sleeping6 he cries4 ,we will conclude our present instalment from these interesting relics of ,celtic antiquity by a spirit-stirring fragment2 for the reader will perceive that it is incomplete4 ,this is ,arthur's ,march1 7,bale ,arzur17 written1 like the last1 in the ,ies ,kerne1 or dialect of ,cornouaille--,cornu ,galliae--a district of ,brittany4 ,there is a complete change of metre between the parts marked ,i4 and ,,ii42 the former being so arranged1 that the poetical foot composing the lines is of three short syllables following a long one1 and produces a spirited and martial effect1 somewhat like the beat of a modern drum4 ,m4 de ,villemarqu1 from whose ,barzaz ,briez1 or ,breton ,ballads1 we have drawn so largely in these pages1 speaks thus of the ballad before us3 ,the popularity which the name of ,arthur enjoys in ,brittany is one of the most curious phenomena in the history of ,breton fidelity4 ,neither defeat nor exile could make the ,bretons forgetful of ,arthur4 ,his magic renown1 crossing the sea with them1 received new life in ,armorica2 he became there1 as he was in the ,isle of ,britain1 an armed symbol of national liberty2 and the people1 at all periods from the sixth century to our own time1 repeated1 with adaptation to circumstances1 the traditions and the sayings or prophecies of which he was the subject4 ,thus1 whenever war is impending1 they see1 as a warning sign1 the army of ,arthur defiling at break of day over the summit of the ,black ,mountains2 and the poem here given has for twelve centuries been in the mouth of ,bretons armed to defend their hearths and altars4 ,i learnt it from an aged mountaineer named ,mikel ,floc'h1 of ,leuhan1 who told me that he had often sung it when marching against the enemy in the last wars of the west4 ,the last strophe1 which is of later date than the preceding ones1 may in some measure have contributed to save from oblivion the ,march of ,arthur4 ,it is always sung three times over1 and with the greatest enthusiasm4 ,some of the strophes1 breathing the savage vengeance of pagan times1 have been omitted in the ,english translation4 ,they retain in the original so much of the ,cambrian dialect and idiom as to be scarcely in the least understood by the ,bretons who sing them4 ,the ,march ,of ,arthur4 ,i4 ,haste1 haste to the combat6 ,come kinsman1 come brother1 ,come father1 come son1 to the battle speed forth6 ,the brave and the dauntless1 come1 speed one another6 ,come all6 there is work for the warriors of worth4 ,,ii4 ,said to his father1 at day-dawn1 the son of the warrior1 ,horsemen ,i see1 on the far mountain summits1 who gather4 ,horsemen all mounted on war-steeds of gray1 like the mist-wreaths2 ,coursers that snort with the cold on the heights of the mountains4 ,close ranks of six by six3 three by three3 thousands of lances ,flash in the beams of the sun1 to our vale yet unrisen4 ,double ranks follow the banners that wave in the death-wind1 ,measuring nine casts of a sling from the van to the rearward4 ,pendragon's army6 ,i know it6 ,great ,arthur ,pendragon ,leading his warriors1 marches 'mid clouds of the mountain4 ,if it be ,arthur1 then quick to our bows and swift arrows6 ,forward1 and follow him4 ,set the keen death-winged dart flying6 #dje ,e'en as he spake rang the fierce cry of war through the mountains3 ,heart for eye3 head for arm2 death for wound6 through hill and valley4 ,if in such manner we die as befits ,breton ,christians1 ,too soon we cannot sink down on the field of our conflict6 ,if our readers are not yet wearied with details of the ancient poetry of this exceptional part of ,france1 we hope to present them in our next number with further specimens2 including the death of ,lord ,nann from the spells of a malignant ,korrigan1 or ,breton fairy1 and the argument by which a ,breton maiden persisted in choosing the cloister against all the persuasions of a suitor to her hand4 ,both these poems date at least from the sixth century of ,christianity4 ---------- ,indian ,summer4 ,upon the hills the autumn sun ,his radiance pours like golden wine2 ,and low1 sweet music seems to run ,among the tassels of the pine2 ,around us rings the wild bird's scream2 ,above1 an arch of dark-blue sky2 ,while1 like a maiden's summer dream1 ,the mists upon the meadows lie4 ,o peerless ,indian ,summer hours1 ,with bracing morn and slumbrous noon6 ,how pale are ,june's bright1 flaunting flowers ,amid thy wealth of gorgeous bloom4 ,the river ripples softly on1 ,with purple hills upon its breast2 ,and soft cloud-shadows1 floating down1 ,have found a scene of perfect rest4 ,the evening darkens2 from the hills ,the glory fades1 so proudly worn2 ,and in the west serenely fills ,the fair young moon her silver horn2 ,while from the deep'ning blue above ,the stars steal slowly1 singly forth2 ,and night-winds1 like the breath of love1 ,come floating o'er the silent earth4 ,veronica4 ,cornwall ,landing4 ---------- #djf ,creative ,genius of ,catholicity4 ,footnote #acf ,footnote #acf3 ,we take pleasure in presenting in our pages the following able article1 from the pen of the late lamented ,colonel ,james ,monroe4 ,few writers have left behind a testimony more striking of their devotion to our holy faith1 or of their confidence in its elevating social power4 ,it meets living questions of the day with a rare aptitude1 and presents views and applies principles in a manner worthy of attentive and thoughtful consideration4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,if the creative genius of ,catholicity were to be stated from an a priori point of view1 it would reduce itself to the form of an axiom2 for ,catholicity being the body of revealed truth1 confirming and agreeing with truth in every order1 truth being essentially that which is1 7to employ the words of ,bossuet17 ,catholicity must be pre-eminently endowed with the germinative and fruitful spirit of origination4 ,but inasmuch as truth has in this world a clouded scene for her activity1 as effects arise constantly1 and almost invariably1 from an intermixture of causes of a diverse and contending character1 and as the divine1 the human1 and the material elements are incessantly conjoined in action1 it becomes necessary to trace the chain of events and to elucidate the influence of principles4 ,this process does not1 with the mind which is gifted with faith1 arrive at the dignity of the highest proof2 it rather serves to record examples and to collect illustrations4 ,in executing such a process1 the difficulty is1 not to find instances1 but to decide which of them to choose amidst the boundless variety4 ,i think it germane to the subject to compare ,catholic genius with that of the most polished nation of the ,gentile world1 as the two have been displayed under the sensuous relation of form4 ,the ,greeks1 beyond all other people1 possessed a native capability in art1 and there remains of the productions of the ,greek mind enough for a just estimate of its rich capabilities4 ,the models of ,greek genius have won the enthusiastic admiration of mankind1 and they dominate with a strong mastery over all cultivated minds which lack the ,catholic faith4 ,even from their urns1 they rule them still4 ,whatever difficulties language1 poetry1 philosophy1 may labor under from the lapse of time1 that which is tactual and visual needs but to be present to be appreciated4 ,if art be the emanation of a creative spirit2 if it be not1 in its highest sphere1 a copy or an imitation1 then must it be admitted that the evolution of the ,greek orders of architecture1 combining majestic strength1 radiant grace1 and flowery beauty1 embodied in pure and enduring material1 is the loftiest expression of impassioned heathen genius4 ,it is higher than their types of the human form1 because it was wrought without a model and shaped directly from the mind's ideal4 ,the conception is one so strong and great that it has never had a rival outside of ,catholicity--and indeed hardly a respectable imitator4 ,the coarser capability of the ,roman mind not only originated nothing and added nothing to ,greek invention1 but it marred and misapplied that which it undertook to adopt4 ,later copyists have aimed no higher than a restoration of what their masters had created4 #djg ,all that addresses the eye1 and through it the mind1 under form alone1 may be objectively resolved into lines and surfaces1 which may be again subdivided into yet simpler elements4 ,the combinations of these elements--their union1 tangencies1 and contrasts--may be classified1 and may furnish certain deductions which are incontrovertible general conclusions4 ,indeed1 the deduction may become so far generalized as to pass beyond the boundary of the art which suggested it--as the perfection of form is said to annihilate form2 it then arrives at abstract truth1 which seeks its illustration in matter1 without deriving its validity therefrom4 ,this is so far true that the science whose highest deductions fall short of such generalization is yet in a rudimentary condition4 ,footnote #acg ,footnote #acg3 ,as an example1 we may take the principle of beauty as shown in the simplest and least beautiful of the regular curves1 the circular4 ,in the circle variation in direction is combined with identity in the distance from a fixed point4 ,there is1 then1 unity in diversity--a general principle1 of which the circle is but an example4 ,nature1 ever affluent in resources1 varies the tameness of the circle by presenting it to the eye as a right line1 an ellipse1 etc41 according to the point of view4 ,thus again illustrating the law of unity in diversity2 for the knowledge that the figure is still a circle is one1 while the gradations in its appearance are many4 ,in adjusting the elements of form under harmonious combinations1 and in expanding them into imposing dimensions1 the ,greek mind was so subtle and appreciative that it missed nothing1 and exhausted everything within the reach of its science1 unwinding all the links of grace1 without a blunder or an oversight4 ,if the ,gothic architecture had borrowed from the ,greek1 or had simply carried forward into further development the same formative idea1 it might be said that the case was that of the dwarf upon the giant's shoulders1 who sees further than the giant himself4 ,but the fact is entirely otherwise4 ,the projectors and moulders of the ,gothic church architecture found the field of invention limited--as must ever be the case--by preceding invention4 ,the genius1 therefore1 must have been the greater which not only discovered new combinations of excellence1 but anticipated and antedated yet surpassed all predecessors4 ,among tribes of men whom the ,greek styled barbarous emanates a life in art which transcends his highest conception4 ,we encounter fabrics loftier1 broader1 deeper2 the arch which he did not employ is lifted from its circular character into a higher curvature1 and its key-stone boldly stricken out4 ,we find pillars massed1 scalloped1 and filleted2 mouldings of a more graceful contour1 every way flexure of contrast and gradation2 a mazy web of tracery combining lightness1 symmetry1 permanence1 and equilibrium2 in mid air1 a shapely dome1 poised by the daring hand of science1 where the cloud might visit it and the rainbow circle it4 ,all this prodigality of invention and unequalled execution1 springing forth as from an exhaustless fountain1 is not confined to some favored peninsula1 but is common to ,italy1 ,germany1 ,france1 and ,england4 ,the common cause of an effect so uniform and remarkable was the inspiring and elevating influence of the ,one ,catholic faith4 ,i will quote here a ,protestant writer's view of the difference in design between the ,greek and ,gothic building3 ,the essential1 germinal principle of difference between the temple and the cathedral is1 that the former is built for exterior effect1 the latter for interior4 ,on occasions of worship1 the multitude surrounded one edifice1 but filled the other4 ,the temple has1 as regards architectural impression1 really no interior at all2 for the small cella or naos which hid the penetralia entered not at all into the effect of the structure4 ,from this difference in character and design1 the whole diversity between the characters of ,greek and ,gothic forms and decorations may be derived4 ,to the former1 viewed from without1 an aspect of elevated repose must belong2 and all the decorations must be superficial4 ,the elaboration of an impressive and inspiring interior led necessarily to soaring height and a general upwardness of all the courses2 to long-drawn vistas1 side by side2 to grand portals to give entrance1 and a multitude of windows to give light2 and to a general style of decoration1 concave1 receding1 and perspective4 #djh ,the same writer says3 ,if ,england's cathedrals are inferior to those of ,france1 they are more beautiful than anything else in the world4 ,durham and ,ely1 and ,winchester and ,salisbury1 what needs the soul of man more impressive1 glorious1 transcendent1 than these8 ,another competent authority--also a ,protestant--says3 ,there is infinitely more scientific skill displayed in a ,gothic cathedral than in all the buildings of ,greece and ,rome2 nor could these latter have resisted the shock of time so long1 had they not been almost solid masses of stone1 with no more cavity than was indispensably necessary4 ,let us examine the principle of delineation in the human form--that which has ever captivated the efforts of the greatest artists4 ,in the classic execution of the highest human types there is an evident straining after the expression of something above the actual4 ,sir ,charles ,bell has shown that this effect is attained by a refined species of exaggeration4 ,it consists in exaggerating whatever distinguishes man from the animals in enlarging1 for example1 the facial angle4 ,it is a further remove from the animals than man is1 but in the same direction4 ,the ,hercules1 for instance1 is an embodiment of the central form of strength--it is an exaggeration of muscular development4 ,the highest expression is the embodiment of human passion4 ,in this way the ,greeks attained the delineation of the superhuman4 ,under the tutorage of ,catholicity the human lineaments achieved the expression of the supernatural4 ,one was the idealization of nature2 the other the supernaturalization of humanity4 ,of this latter classic art had no conception2 while therefore it may equal or surpass ,catholic art in execution1 it must fall far below in its ideal4 ,footnote #ach ,footnote #ach3 ,in this connection let us record a few remarks from the ablest writers upon the subject4 ,solger has said3 ,philosophy can create nothing3 it can only understand4 ,it can create neither the religious inspiration nor the artistic genius3 but it can detect and bring to light all that is contained therein4 ,hegel1 in stating the relation of art1 religion1 and philosophy1 says3 ,art fulfils its highest mission when it has established itself with religion and philosophy in the one circle common to all1 and is merely a method of revealing the godlike to man1 of giving utterance to the deepest interests1 the most comprehensive truths pertaining to mankind4 ,nations have deposited the most holy1 rich1 and intense of their ideas in works of art1 and art is the key to the philosophy and religion of a nation4 ,schilling1 with his peculiar theory1 says3 ,that artist is to be accounted happy to whom the gods have granted the creative spirit4 ,when the artist recognizes the aspect and being of the indwelling creative idea1 and produces it1 he makes the individual a world in itself1 a species1 an eternal type4 ,not one of these three statements is beyond the reach of cavil or of just exception2 but1 for the purpose in hand1 we see that the first says that philosophy can create nothing2 the second1 that art is a method of revealing the godlike to man1 and of giving utterance to his most holy and intense ideas2 and the third1 that it involves a gift or endowment of the creative spirit4 ,finally1 all art is expression4 ,given a knowledge and mastery of the instruments of expression1 and the thought will determine its character2 the nature of the thought expressed depends upon the conceiving mind2 the highest conception of the mind is the offspring of religious affection1 the ,catholic is the true religion2 therefore the expression of ,catholic genius is the summit of art4 ,it is by no means a necessity that the soul shall express itself under sensuous forms2 but to all outward manifestation a power over the instrument is a condition--in which sense the body is itself an instrumentality4 ,what the soul expresses must be thought--either its own1 or another's--it must either imitate or originate2 imitation is merely repetition1 and is in the power of a mirror4 ,so that what in every art cannot be taught is expression4 #dji ,the highest effort of the soul is spontaneous and original4 ,herein we find the superiority--visible at a glance--of ,catholic architecture over the ,greek orders1 of ,catholic delineations of the human countenance over the finest models of antiquity4 ,we have sufficiently considered the originative character of ,catholicity under the aspect of constructed form4 ,we have contemplated her moulding and shaping matter in her flexible fingers1 and evolving that wilderness of artistic grace and loveliness which1 in the ruins of a ,tintern or ,melrose ,abbey1 compels the admiration1 but defies the rivalry1 of the apostate sons of ,catholic sires4 ,we shall now consider her influence in the building up of states and the organization of societies4 ,christianity took its rise under a universal military despotism4 ,it sustained for three hundred years the superincumbent pressure of a hostile heathen empire4 ,it exhausted the malice and the power of a pagan and brutalized temporal order2 and when the ,roman empire shook the world with its fall1 ,christianity survived the death-throes of that mighty organization4 ,when she rose from the catacombs1 she did not sweep away the temples of the heathen gods2 she drove from those fanes the unclean spirits which so long had dwelt within them2 she rescued them from their demon desecration1 monuments of her triumph1 trophies of her victorious agonies2 she made them the basilicas of her majestic worship4 ,when the fierce tribes from the north poured over ,southern ,europe1 the church preserved what was sound in the ,roman civilization1 instructed the barbarians in agriculture by the example of her laborious monks1 and taught them all the arts of life2 instituted laws and polity2 tempered and restrained tyranny2 planted and nourished the seeds of liberty2 developed civilization and refinement1 and built up the whole grand fabric of ,christendom4 ,in this formation of new states out of new populations1 they did not become perfect exemplars of ,christian ethics and morals1 nor exact exponents of the formative power of ,catholicity4 ,the church encountered in those ages1 as she does in this1 incessant obstacles1 difficulties1 and resistance4 ,whatever was good and admirable in those constitutions came to them from the ,catholic religion and was derived from the papal see4 ,the canon law had1 under the emperors1 tempered and modified the civil code2 and among the new states it operated a beneficial change in the feudal principles4 ,both these systems prescribed for the mass of men an unchristian servitude4 ,enlightened equity and justice1 and equality before the law1 originated in the jurisprudence of the church1 and not in barbarous feudalities1 nor in the capricious and tyrannical decrees of ,roman emperors4 ,there are men in this age and country who profess great love for the people and great regard for the rights of labor1 but who are stanch partisans of the tyrants of the middle age in the contentions which arose between them and the papal see4 ,inherited ill-will blinds them to the fact that the only power in those days which could hold tyranny to an accountability or check kingly license was that of the pope4 ,the exercise of the papal protectorate not only tended to prevent causeless wars1 but it controlled the corrupting influence of royal vices by stamping them with reprobation and1 where needful1 with degradation4 ,it was the bulwark of the feebler states1 the barrier against princely ambition1 and everywhere the advocate1 the friend1 and the defender of the toiling multitude4 #daj ,the new organization of states was to be marked by a characteristic which was also new4 ,human government is ordained of ,god4 ,christianity was to recognize and to exemplify this truth4 ,she was to legitimate and ennoble human government in its own separate order4 ,to effect this in the fullest manner1 there must be an exemplification directly from the personality of the hierarchy2 for1 sacrifice being the most exalted human action1 the priest1 whose office it is to offer sacrifice1 is by his function first among men4 ,the highest recognition must therefore derive from the priesthood4 ,but there would always be something lacking of the highest1 unless the head of the hierarchy were a temporal ruler4 ,the temporal power of the pope is the consecration of human government4 ,unlike others1 he receives no dignity from the office1 but confers grace upon it and upon its order2 and ,christendom1 created by the church1 receives the key-stone of its strength and its crowning symmetry when the first of ,christian priests becomes a ruler among the nations4 ,and consequently1 religion suffers its direst outrage when1 reversing the order1 the temporal power lays its unfaltering hand upon the vessels of the sanctuary4 ,the church not only created the interior coherency of states by introducing just principles into their constitution2 she not only bound them in links of fellowship whose nexus was at ,rome2 she also organized their exterior defence4 ,in uniting ,christendom during the crusades to repel the ,moslem invasion1 the popes caused the reconstruction of systematic and scientific strategy1 which had disappeared with the ,roman legion1 thus furnishing to civilization a needful defence and a desirable superiority1 while at the same time the narrow spirit of the feudal method and its local strifes were rendered obsolete4 ,for a thousand years the struggle begun by ,mohammedan invasion continued to rage on the confines of ,europe4 ,at its early period it penetrated to ,tours in ,france1 where it was checked by ,charles ,martel1 in #gcb4 ,but the triumph was not completed on that wing of ,christendom till the capture of ,granada1 and the annihilation of the ,moorish power in ,spain in the year of the discovery of ,america4 ,on the other border1 the ,turks besieged and took ,belgrade1 and suffered a final repulse at ,vienna from ,john ,sobieski1 ,king of ,poland1 in #afhc4 ,but1 so far as human causes indicate1 the question whether the faith of ,europe should be ,christian or ,moslem was decided in the ,gulf of ,lepanto1 in #aega4 ,these were all ,european battle-fields4 ,the struggle was against an invasion which struck at the existence of ,christianity4 ,the master-spirit which created1 combined1 informed1 and directed the resistance dwelt in the ,vatican4 ,the modern age is distinguished for the intense application of human intelligence to the laws and conditionalities of time1 space1 and matter1 in their triple relations2 and ,providence seems to be permitting to man the reassertion of his dominion over the earth4 ,knowledge is power1 but the right employment of power is virtue2 and unless the moral forces keep pace with the conquests of mind in the realm of matter1 there will ensue antagonisms more destructive than before1 as well as a more profound desolation of the human race4 ,the rectification of the will is of an importance prior and superior to the activity of the intelligence2 and without a religious faith and sanction the fruits of the understanding are but dust and ashes4 #daa ,when we consider the spirit of invention and examine its results1 three great products assume an acknowledged superiority4 ,these are1 the magnet1 with its corollary1 the extension of geographical discovery2 the printing-press in its action upon intelligence2 and gunpowder in its relation to physical forces in war4 ,the magnet can never again point the way to a discovery like that which was achieved by ,columbus2 the art of printing cannot be applied to a higher purpose than that of multiplying copies of the ,holy ,scriptures2 and gunpowder1 which still controls the practice of the art of war1 was never employed upon an occasion so critical to civilization and so momentous in the world's affairs1 as when the cannon of ,don ,john of ,austria won for ,christendom the great fleet-fight of ,lepanto4 ,these three commanding discoveries1 and these their greatest applications1 belong to ,catholic nations and to ,catholic individuals4 ,the ,protestant religions have no part in these discoveries1 because there is an awkward metaphysical axiom which says that the cause must exist before the effect1 and these greatest of inventions all preceded--some of them by centuries--the birth of ,protestantism4 ,some writers have claimed that the inventive spirit began with the dawn of the ,reformation1 at which time1 according to ,robert ,hall1 the nations awoke from the sleep of ages to run a career of virtuous emulation4 ,if this be so1 why is it that later discoveries have not equalled those which we have just specified8 ,according to this theory1 the dawn eclipses the noon-day2 and ,protestantism would seem to belong to that class of things of which the less you have of them the better4 ,the revival of letters is usually dated in the thirteenth century1 and that honor is universally accorded to ,italy4 ,the first bank and the first newspaper are found at ,venice4 ,the ,bible had been published in numerous editions before ,luther began to dogmatize from a printed copy of it in ,saxony4 ,the system of modern commerce took its rise under the papacy1 and ran a brilliant career in the ,italian republics1 and in the free cities of ,germany1 long before the era of the ,protestant religions4 ,columbus had discovered the ,new ,world1 and ,vasco da ,gama had doubled the ,cape of ,good ,hope and marked the pathway to ,india1 before the rise of ,england's commercial greatness4 ,the progress had been installed1 and had achieved such works as these1 before the century in which ,lord ,bacon lived to write his ,inductive ,system of ,philosophy4 ,it would be an incomplete view of the subject if we failed to remark the enduring character of the work which is of ,catholic creation4 ,not like the mutable religions which protest against her2 nor struck with incurable sterility1 like the ,greek schismatic2 nor frozen into lifeless forms1 like those of the ,asiatic world2 the living faith of the church incessantly and indefinitely advances the nation and the individual who faithfully correspond to it4 ,that vitality1 once infused into the pulses of a people1 goes forth from them only with its lifeblood4 ,there is an exemplification of this truth in the persecution which the ,irish people have sustained1 and are sustaining1 at the hands of the ,english government4 ,history presents no parallel to this antagonism of physical power1 on the one hand1 and moral determination on the other4 #dab ,to sustain her wars of aggression1 and to uphold her detestable system of classes and privileged orders1 ,england has taxed everything1 even the air and the light of heaven4 ,this legalized oppression has ground down the ,english laborer and operative1 but it has fallen with crushing cruelty upon the ,irish peasant1 whose country1 in addition to the evil of partial and jealous legislation1 has been compelled to pay tithes to a hostile and hating creed4 ,this merciless system has depopulated the land1 and in the enforced emigration the ,irish peasant has found no powerful government to aid him in his going2 he has paid1 to the last farthing1 the exactions and robberies of ,english domination1 and then has made his own unassisted way1 dogged by an inflicted poverty but with his gallant spirit still unbroken4 ,what has ,england gained by this conflict of centuries with ,ireland8 ,she has sapped her own strength and merited the condemnation of mankind4 ,moral causes control the universe1 and the moral heroism of ,ireland has vanquished every odds and every disaster4 ,a temporal power far greater than that of ,rome when her eagles were invincible has pursued for ages the determined purpose of forcing the people of the sister-island to join in protest and hostility against the ,apostolic ,see4 ,but the imperial monarchy1 the riches1 the splendor1 the craft of ,england have found their master in the stern1 unyielding1 unconquerable fidelity with which the ,irish people have clung to the ,catholic faith4 ,the existence of this hemisphere was made known by agencies altogether ,catholic4 ,the first act of ,columbus on his landing in the ,new ,world1 that of planting a cross upon its soil1 the meaning even of his baptismal name1 was significant4 ,in ,south ,america1 in those self-same years that nations were torn from her communion by the abuse of learning and liberty derived from herself1 ,catholicity was engaged in widening the domain of ,christendom and adding a continent to the faith4 ,i will briefly quote a ,new ,england ,protestant writer in this connection4 ,in the second volume of his ,conquest of ,peru1 ,prescott says3 ,the effort to christianize the heathen is an honorable characteristic of the ,spanish conquests4 ,the ,puritan1 with equal religious zeal1 did comparatively little for the conversion of the ,indian4 ,but the ,spanish missionary1 from first to last1 has shown a keen interest in the spiritual welfare of the natives4 ,under his auspices churches1 on a magnificent scale1 have been erected1 schools for elementary instruction founded1 and every rational means taken to spread the knowledge of religious truth1 while he has carried his solitary mission into remote and almost inaccessible regions1 or gathered his ,indian disciples into communities1 like the good ,las ,casas in ,cuman1 or the ,jesuits in ,california and ,paraguay4 ,at all times the courageous ecclesiastic has been ready to lift his voice against the cruelty of the conqueror1 and when his remonstrances have proved unavailing1 he has still followed to bind up the broken-hearted1 to teach the poor ,indian resignation under his lot1 and light up his dark intellect with the revelation of a holier and happier existence4 ,the same nation which sent forth the hard-hearted conqueror from its bosom sent forth the missionary to do the work of beneficence1 and spread the light of ,christian civilization over the farthest regions of the new world4 ,elsewhere the same historian speaks thus of the ,spanish conqueror of ,mexico3 ,the conversion of the heathen was a predominant motive with ,cortes in his expedition4 ,it was not a vain boast4 ,he would have sacrificed his life for it at any time2 and more than once1 by his indiscreet zeal1 he actually did place his life and the success of his enterprise in jeopardy4 ,it was his great purpose to purify the land from the brutish abominations of the ,aztecs by substituting the religion of ,jesus4 ,this gave to his expedition the character of a crusade4 ,it furnished the best apology for the conquest1 and does more than all other considerations toward enlisting our sympathies on the side of the conquerors4 #dac ,for the benefit of those who have a tender sympathy for the ,incas and ,montezumas1 and naught but execrations for the ,spanish invaders1 it may be remarked that the religions of ,mexico and ,peru were stained with human sacrifices1 followed in the former by cannibalism4 ,the same unerring and irresponsible ,being--ever adjusting the retribution to the crime--who hurls the avalanche from its mountain1 gives its mission to the tempest1 and scourges the city with pestilence1 likewise directs the fearful visitation of the sword1 whether in the hand of a ,joshua1 a ,cyrus1 an ,attila1 or a ,pizarro4 ,on the southern continent ,catholic colonization preserved1 christianized1 and elevated the aboriginal races2 while in the north1 ,protestant colonization swept away even their graves4 ,it is time to consider1 and in a more special manner1 the agency of the ,catholic religion in the formation of this majestic ,republic of the ,united ,states4 ,the fundamental principle upon which our ancestors based their resistance to ,england was1 that they were ,englishmen1 and had lost none of the rights of ,british subjects by being transplanted to these shores4 ,they claimed the system of the common law as an inheritance1 and also all those guarantees which had grown up into that frame-work called the ,english ,constitution4 ,upon this issue they went into the ,revolution1 and upon the same issue ,chatham1 and ,burke1 and others defended the cause of the colonists in the ,british parliament4 ,the definite question1 then1 is1 ,what were those principles1 and whence were they derived8 ,the first declaration of public rights in ,england is the document called ,magna ,charta1 delivered by ,king ,john1 at ,runnymede1 in #abae4 ,this instrument begins as follows3 ,john1 by the grace of ,god ,king of ,england1 ,lord of ,ireland1 ,duke of ,normandy and ,aquitaine1 and ,earl of ,anjou3 ,to the archbishops1 bishops1 abbots1 earls1 barons1 justiciaries of the forests1 sheriffs1 governors1 officers1 and to all bailiffs1 and other his faithful subjects1 ,greeting3 ,know ye that we1 in the presence of ,god1 and for the health of our soul1 and the souls of all our ancestors and heirs1 and the exaltation of his holy church1 and amendment of our kingdom1 by advice of our venerable fathers1 ,stephen1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,primate of all ,england1 and ,cardinal of the ,holy ,roman ,church2 ,henry1 ,archbishop of ,dublin2 ,william1 ,bishop of ,london1 444 have1 in the first place1 granted to ,god1 and by this our present charter1 confirmed for us and our heirs for ever4 ,,art4 ,i4 ,that the ,church of ,england shall be free1 and enjoy her whole rights and privileges inviolable1 etc4 ,many of the articles are occupied with matters relating to feudal tenures1 which1 of course1 are without application to this country4 ,the twentieth article is as follows3 ,,art4 ,,xx4 ,a freeman that is1 a free-holder shall not be amerced for a small fault1 only according to the degree of his fault2 and for a great crime1 in proportion to the heinousness of it1 saving to him his contenement1 means of livelihood2 and after the same manner a merchant1 saving to him his merchandise2 and a villein shall be amerced after the same manner1 saving to him his wainage1 carts1 etc41 if he falls under our mercy2 and none of the aforesaid amerciaments shall be assessed but by the oaths of honest men of the neighborhood4 ,,art4 ,,xxx4 ,no sheriff or bailiff of ours1 or any other1 shall take horses or carts of any freeman for carriage1 without the consent of the said freeman4 ,,art4 ,,xxxi4 ,neither shall we or our bailiffs take any man's timber for our castles or other uses1 unless by the consent of the owner of the timber4 ,,art4 ,,xxxix4 ,no freeman shall be taken or imprisoned1 or disseised1 or outlawed1 or banished1 or any way destroyed2 nor will we condemn him1 or commit him to prison1 unless by the legal judgment of his peers1 or by the law of the land4 #dad ,,art4 ,,xl4 ,to none we will sell1 to none will we deny1 nor delay1 right or justice4 ,,art4 ,,li4 ,and1 as soon as peace is restored1 we will send out of the kingdom all foreign soldiers1 cross-bowmen1 and stipendiaries1 who are come with horses and arms1 to the injury of the kingdom4 ,,art4 ,,lv4 ,all unjust and illegal fines1 and all amerciaments imposed unjustly1 and contrary to the law of the land1 shall be entirely forgiven1 etc4 ,the sixty-third and last article is3 ,,art4 ,,lxiii4 ,wherefore we will1 and firmly enjoin1 that the ,church of ,england be free1 and that all men in our kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid liberties1 rights1 and concessions peaceably1 etc4 ,copies of this charter were found to have been deposited in the cathedrals of ,lincoln1 ,salisbury1 and ,gloucester4 ,when1 in the next reign1 that of ,henry ,,iii41 circumstances required that the charter should be confirmed1 the ceremony was performed by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury and the other bishops4 ,coming before the king1 in ,westminster ,hall1 with tapers in their hands1 they denounced excommunication against the breakers of the charter2 and1 casting down their tapers1 exclaimed1 ,so may all that incur this sentence be extinguished4 ,to which the king responded1 ,so help me ,god1 ,i will keep all these things inviolate4 ,hallam says1 of this great charter3 ,it is still the key-stone of ,english liberty1 and all that has since been obtained is little more than as confirmation or commentary4 ,sir ,james ,mackintosh and ,sir ,william ,blackstone agree essentially with ,hallam4 ,in respect to the merit of obtaining the charter1 ,mr4 ,hallam says3 ,as far as we are guided by historical testimony1 two great men1 the pillars of our church and state1 may be considered as entitled beyond the rest to the glory of this monument--,stephen ,langton1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and ,william1 ,earl of ,pembroke4 ,of the charter1 ,sir ,william ,blackstone says3 ,it protected every individual of the nation in the free enjoyment of his life1 his liberty1 and his property1 unless declared to be forfeited by the judgment of his peers4 ,the ,petition of ,right1 passed in #afbh1 was based confessedly upon ,magna ,charta4 ,its principal provisions are3 #a4 ,that no loan or tax might be levied1 save by consent of parliament4 #b4 ,that no man might be imprisoned but by legal process4 #c4 ,that soldiers might not be quartered on people against their will4 #d4 ,that no commissions be granted for executing martial law4 ,this ,petition of ,right1 in its third article1 quotes entire the thirty-ninth of the charter1 which is there styled the great charter of the liberties of ,england4 ,coke1 who drew up the petition1 in his speech against the king's prerogative1 says3 ,in my opinion1 it weakens ,magna ,charta and all our statutes4 ,the ,bill of ,rights1 passed at the ,revolution of #afhh1 assumes it as the clear duty of the subjects to vindicate and assert their ancient rights and liberties4 ,the ,act of ,settlement declares that the laws of ,england are the birthright of the people thereof4 #dae ,the correspondence and analogy between the principles of the great charter1 together with its successive commentaries and confirmations1 and those upon which the ,american ,revolution rests1 are obvious and striking4 ,we may particularly instance the royal infringements upon the rights of the colonists1 in refusing assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary to the public good2 keeping up standing armies in time of peace without the consent of the legislature2 affecting to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power2 quartering armed troops upon the inhabitants2 imposing taxes upon them without their consent2 depriving them1 in many cases1 of the benefit of trial by jury2 and altering fundamentally the form of their government4 ,without a basis of right principle1 the ,american ,revolution would have been a rebellion against legitimate authority1 and the people would have been deprived of that rectitude of conscience which bore them through the war2 they would have been demoralized by the overthrow of their inbred loyalty1 without which no free government is secure4 ,if there was not a violation of conscience in withdrawing their allegiance to the ,british crown1 it was because they had sovereign rights which were above that allegiance4 ,it was because there was a ,magna ,charta which1 in the words of ,coke1 would brook no sovran4 ,the contest was for those transmitted liberties which the ,american people claimed as a birthright under the ,british ,constitution4 ,nearly six centuries divide #aggf from #abae2 but the gulf is spanned by that arch of immortal principles which was projected by ,cardinal ,stephen ,langton and his ,catholic compeers in the meadow of ,runnymede4 ,in violating the unity of ,christendom in the sixteenth century1 ,england thus outraged the national conscience1 and her disloyalty to the truth that she had inherited for a thousand years was followed by the oppression of her colonies1 which finally led to their separation from her4 ,there was this great principle involved in that contest1 and this great difference in favor of the colonists3 ,england oppressed them1 from her want of ,catholic guidance and restraint and the observance of her own organic principle2 they resisted her on that basis of public right1 and loyalty1 and reason1 which had been embedded in the ,english ,constitution by their common ,catholic ancestry4 ,not for the defence only of those rights1 but for the knowledge of them--for their very existence--were our ancestors indebted to the ,roman ,catholic religion4 ,upon the traditional laws and free principles of the ,english ,constitution1 we have erected an unrivalled system of order and right1 while in ,english hands they have degenerated into a scheme of legalized oppression which is without a parallel among nations claiming to be free4 ,providence1 acting on events1 has so disposed them that ,england's persecution of the faith has transferred the ,catholic population from that country to this1 where with the language are found also the true tradition and the just development of the ,english ,catholic constitution4 ,what is wanted to the perfection of ,american nationality is a firm moral1 that is1 religious foundation4 ,it is easily susceptible of proof that no strong nationality has ever subsisted without such a basis4 ,i do not1 of course1 limit the proposition to the ,christian religion4 ,but the foundation must be the more stable as the religion which underlies and props it is nearer to a conformity with unmixed truth4 ,the first step in our career of greatness was to turn from ,england and to advance toward that unity which she had abandoned--when we seized upon the traditional ,catholic principles and defended them against her attempted despotism4 #daf ,the true course of our national welfare and security lies still in the same direction--toward unity1 and toward the ,catholic ,church4 ,for what is to supply the spiritual needs of this young1 and energetic1 and glorious people8 ,surely not these transmitted and transplanted heresies which have passed into their decline and are tottering in their dotage4 ,the creed which might answer for some bounded island1 a petty electorate1 or a mountain canon1 is too narrow for this continental power1 which needs a religion confederate as its own union and wide as the expansion of its own domain4 ,we have here many difficult and dividing moral questions already pressing for a solution4 ,the fusion of the ,caucasian tribes--already harmonized by the ,catholic traditions1 and never very remotely divided by characteristics--will probably serve but as the origination of a superior race3 at least physiological laws give no ground to fear a deterioration4 ,but we have here a numerous distinct race which must ever remain distinct1 and which increases more rapidly than the white population4 ,i am not aware that history furnishes an instance of the just reconciliation of two distinctly different races of men upon the same soil1 except by the aid of the ,catholic religion4 ,in ,mexico and in ,south ,america the ,catholic religion is establishing such a reconciliation1 and it is the only harmonizing element in those societies4 ,it is impossible to say what peaceful solution of the problem will be reached here2 but the ultimate destiny of the ,african blood planted and rooted on this soil will be either adjudicated upon ,catholic principles1 or else philanthropic theories1 veil them as we may1 will apply to the evil the remedy still worse of civil war4 ,questions like this demand a guide to conscience and a clear and uniform exposition of moral obligations4 ,the ,united ,states government has never denied the due spiritual authority of the ,head of the ,church--has never done aught to infringe his just prerogatives4 ,there has never been enacted here an original or formal protest against the rights of the ,apostolic ,see4 ,this people have never thrown off the claims of the ,catholic religion1 and they have not rejected it4 ,the nation is not under the ban of a misguided defiance of the right spiritual authority4 ,in no sense1 therefore1 has this nation as a nation compromised itself as against those fundamental principles of unity and liberty of which the ,catholic ,church is1 in the spiritual order1 the true and only representative4 ,as from her and her alone it can receive the perpetual impulse of a free1 progressive1 national development1 so in yielding to her influence is it guilty of no inconstancy to its organtic law1 of no infidelity to its historic past4 ,the destiny which it is destined to accomplish in the political depends upon the position which it voluntarily assumes in the moral order1 and this in turn upon the source from which it drinks in the springs of its religious life4 ,it needs but to be true to its origin1 its constitution1 its equity1 and its ancestral virtues to become and to remain the foremost of the nations of the earth4 ,but truth to these necessitates fidelity to her from whom visibly and directly not only they1 but all that is noble and elevating in art or arms or civilization has originated1 and in whom they have found an impregnable defender--the ,catholic ,church1 the ,communion of the ,apostolic ,see4 ---------- #dag ,translated ,from ,the ,historisch-politische ,blaetter4 ,schaff's ,church ,history4 ,in the year #ahed appeared a work of great merit1 entitled ,a ,history of the ,apostolic ,church1 together with a ,general ,introduction to ,church ,history1 from the pen of ,philip ,schaff1 a professor in the ,lutheran ,seminary at ,mercersburg1 and a literary colleague of ,dr4 ,nevin1 called the ,american proto-martyr of the suffering church4 ,at that time1 ,professor ,schaff1 who is a native of ,graubndten1 in ,switzerland1 was making a long stay in ,europe4 ,in the same year he published two other works--,st4 ,augustine1 ,berlin1 #ahed1 pp4 #abi1 a brochure or precursor of the present large work1 and ,america--the ,political1 ,social1 and ,ecclesiastico-,religious ,condition of the ,united ,states1 which is a continuous eulogy of his adopted country4 ,that ,dr4 ,schaff has for thirteen years zealously prosecuted the study of ecclesiastical history1 the unusual size of the work before us sufficiently evinces4 ,it is dated from the ,bible ,house in ,new ,york1 ,january1 #ahfg1 and dedicated to the teachers and friends of the author1 ,august ,tholuck1 ,julius ,mller of ,halle1 ,j4 ,a4 ,dorner of ,berlin1 and ,j4 ,p4 ,lange of ,bonn4 ,from the preface and dedication we learn that ,schaff studied exegesis in ,tbingen under ,dr4 ,schmid1 history under ,dr4 ,bauer1 and attended the lectures on systematic theology of ,dr4 ,dorner4 ,at this time he resided in ,halle1 under the hospitable roof of ,tholuck1 and by him and ,julius ,mller he was encouraged to choose an academical career4 ,since his residence in ,north ,america he has twice visited ,europe1 in #ahed and in #ahfe4 ,his friends frequently wished him to obtain a professor's chair in ,germany1 but he could not determine to separate himself from a land in which since his twenty-fifth year he had found a second home1 and desired his days to close in the noble mediatorship between the ,evangelical ,christianity of the ,german and ,english languages4 ,his book shows that he has defended in ,america1 not altogether unworthily1 the ,german theology--the true1 liberal1 catholic1 and evangelical theology4 ,an ,english translation of the present history of the ancient church1 entitled ,history of the ,christian ,church2 or1 ,history of ,ancient ,christianity1 appeared at the same time4 ,editions of this work were simultaneously published in ,new ,york and ,edinburgh1 in the years #ahei and #ahfb4 ,it is indeed a continuation of ,the ,apostolic ,church1 but1 like it1 a separate work it contains the fruits of twenty years' active labor as professor of church history in ,mercersburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,dr4 ,schaff remained in ,new ,york two years1 for the purpose of availing himself of the use of its larger libraries4 ,here the ,astor ,library was at his command4 #dah ,this library1 founded in the year #ahej1 by the ,german1 ,john ,jacob ,astor1 with a capital of four hundred thousand dollars1 has been extensively increased by his son4 ,it contains in a magnificent building one hundred and fifty thousand carefully selected volumes1 among which are many costly and classic works on all branches of literature4 ,he had also access to the library of the ,union ,theological ,seminary1 which has purchased the ,van ,ess ,library1 7that of the well-known ,catholic ,bible translator17 with a collection of the fathers of the ,church and the great learned compilations2 it has since been increased by the addition of the library of ,e4 ,robinson1 and the productions of recent ,protestant theology4 ,it is worthy of remark that the libraries of our celebrated ,german church historians find their way to ,america4 ,thus1 the ,neander library has been for a length of time in the ,baptist ,seminary at ,rochester2 the ,thilo ,library in ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven2 and the ,niedner ,library in the ,congregationalist ,seminary at ,andover4 ,neander's library1 together with the manuscript of his church history1 are shelved in a separate room at ,rochester4 ,this is unfortunately the customary way in which the important libraries of ,german theologians find their way either to ,england or ,north ,america1 or1 at least1 are sold under the hammer4 ,the author honors the truth when he acknowledges and prefers the older and mostly ,catholic investigators to the labors of ,protestant inquirers4 ,he mentions the ,benedictines in the editions of the fathers of the church1 the ,bollandists in hagiography1 ,mansi and ,hardouin in the collection of the councils1 ,gallandi1 ,dupin1 ,ceillier1 ,oudin1 ,cave1 and ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius in patrology and the history of church literature2 in particular branches he mentions ,tillemont1 ,peteau1 7,petavius17 ,bull1 ,bingham1 and ,walch as his favorite guides4 ,whether he will prepare for the press his numerous manuscripts on the church history of the middle ages and modern times1 the author refers to a distant and indefinite time4 ,it will be done if ,god grants him time and strength4 ,for the present1 his leisure time will be employed with the enlarged ,english edition of ,lange's biblical works4 ,the peculiarity of our author consists in working up and turning to advantage the studies of others4 ,in ,schaff we find little or no independent research1 for which he needs both time and inclination1 but he excels in an exact and erudite employment of that which has been prepared by others4 ,we are not finding fault with this1 but rather approve of and commend it4 ,in more personal and independent investigation1 the present lacks the results of his previous intellectual labors4 ,dr4 ,schaff may make these once more respected2 indeed1 he avails himself more extensively of the labors of ,catholic authors than any other modern ,protestant historian4 ,in a book so rich in its contents1 we are obliged to confine ourselves to a notice of special points only2 we prefer this limitation to an estimate of the general contents1 which of course embrace the ordinary well-known topics4 ,the author treats of the inner life of the church1 monasticism1 ecclesiastical customs1 worship1 and ,christian art more minutely than any of his predecessors4 ,the author discusses more briefly than we expected the two important chapters on the church's care of the poor1 and of prisoners and slaves4 #dai ,the question of slavery is considered in paragraphs #hi and #aeb1 in ,the ,history of the ,apostolic ,church1 paragraph #aac1 and in a separate treatise published in #ahfa1 ,slavery and the ,bible4 ,more than thirty-four years ago1 as ,mhler for the first time treated of this subject1 he could say that he had searched with ardor both large and small works on church history for the purpose of instructing himself on the mode of the abolition of slavery1 but all to no purpose2 so that here he was compelled to open the way himself4 ,frequently since that time this question has been historically treated1 but by no means exhausted4 ,with a few words ,dr4 ,schaff dismisses the important decrees of the ,emperor ,constantine in the years #caf and #cba4 ,he only remarks3 ,constantine facilitated their liberation1 granted ,sunday to them1 and gave ecclesiastics the privilege of emancipating their slaves of their own will and without the witnesses and ceremonies which were otherwise necessary4 ,here he cites ,corpus ,juris1 #a4 i4 art4 #ac1 #a4 #a and #b4 ,the fact is1 that the ,emperor ,constantine issued a command1 ,april #ahth1 #cba1 to ,bishop ,hosius1 of ,cordova1 according to which the liberation of slaves in the ,christian churches should have the same effect as manumission under the ,roman law4 ,the principal law of this decree reads thus3 ,those who liberate their slaves in the bosom of the church are declared to have done this with the same authority as if it were done by the ,roman state1 with her accustomed solemnities4 ,this statute may be found in the ,theodosian ,code1 lib4 iv4 tit4 #g1 ,de ,manumiss4 in ,ecclesia2 ,lex #b1 ,codex ,justin4 ,de his1 qui in ,ecclesia manumittuntur4 ,it is mentioned by ,sozomen in the ,historia ,tripartita1 and by ,nicephorus ,callisti1 vii4 #ah4 ,it does not appear to us that ,dr4 ,schaff has seen the text of the decree2 for this does not refer only to the slaves of ecclesiastics1 but to slaves in general4 ,whoever declared in the church that his slaves had received their liberty1 they were from that fact free4 ,schaff is of the opinion that ,mhler1 7who was also ignorant of this decree17 in his able treatise on the abolition of slavery1 has overestimated the influence of the sermons of ,st4 ,chrysostom on the subject1 and we cannot say that he is entirely incorrect4 ,on the other hand1 the latter raised the question of the so-called inner liberation of the slaves1 that is1 their ,christian treatment1 the solicitude and care of ,christian masters for their servants4 ,the emancipation of slaves who were not prepared for liberty was always injurious to the slaves themselves1 and not at all promotive of the general welfare4 ,dr4 ,schaff treats the life and teaching of ,st4 ,augustine with becoming respect4 ,he does him1 however1 a great injustice when he makes him teach1 after the example of ,tertullian and ,st4 ,cyprian1 ,footnote #aci a symbolical doctrine of the ,last ,supper1 which at the same time includes a real spiritual repast through faith1 and thus in this respect he makes him approach the ,calvinistic or orthodox reformed doctrine4 ,st4 ,augustine a ,calvinist in the doctrine of the ,eucharist6 ,but the few passages which ,dr4 ,schaff advances for this purpose prove directly the faith of ,st4 ,augustine in the real1 not in the symbolical1 presence of ,christ in the sacrament of the altar4 ,in his twenty-sixth tract on ,john we read3 ,who abides not in ,christ1 neither eats his flesh1 nor drinks his blood1 even though he should press with his teeth the sacrament of the body and blood of ,christ4 ,footnote #aci3 ,it is ,dr4 ,schaff1 and not the author of the article1 who attributes this doctrine to the two writers mentioned4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #dbj ,our ,lord says3 ,he who eateth my body1 and drinketh my blood1 abideth in me1 and ,i in him4 7,john vi4 #eg47 ,jesus refers to those who receive it with living faith and devotion1 since the mere corporal partaking of the ,eucharist is no abiding in ,christ2 therefore ,st4 ,augustine could say1 and so can every ,catholic teacher at the present time1 ,who abides not in ,christ1 neither eats 7truly7 his flesh1 nor drinks his blood1 even though he should press with his teeth the sacrament of the body and blood of ,christ4 ,the same doctrine is contained in the familiar hymn1 ,sumunt boni1 sumunt mali1 sorte tamen inoequali1 vitae vel interitus ,footnote #adj ,footnote #adj3 ,the good and the bad receive1 yet with the different lot of life or of destruction4 ,the wicked1 then1 who receive the body1 receive it not to life1 but to judgment1 for ,christ lives not in them4 ,with no better reason can ,schaff adduce the words of ,st4 ,augustine in the preceding tract3 ,why prepare your teeth and your stomach8 ,believe and eat4 ,every ,catholic teacher must declare the same2 it is not the corporal participation1 but the spiritual disposition1 which is faith and love1 which must be impressed upon the mind of the faithful in receiving the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,dr4 ,schaff is quite unfortunate in adducing the passage1 7,de peccator1 meritis et rem4 ii4 #be17 ,although it is not the body of ,christ1 yet it is holy1 since it is a sacrament4 ,the impression is created in the mind of the reader that ,st4 ,augustine here denies in plain words the real presence of ,christ4 ,when we examine more closely1 it is found that the question is not of the ,eucharist at all1 but of the blessed bread called ,eulogia1 and of which catechumens were allowed to partake4 ,the entire passage runs thus3 ,sanctification is not of one mode2 for ,i think that even catechumens are sanctified in a certain way through the sign of ,christ and the prayer of the imposition of hands2 and that which they receive1 although it is not the body of ,christ1 yet it is holy1 more holy than the food by which we are nourished1 since it is a sacrament4 ,here the saint distinguishes three kinds of food4 ,first1 that which is used for sustenance2 second1 the ,eulogia1 or the blessed bread1 which catechumens received after they were set apart for the laying on of hands and blessings--this is called a sacrament2 and third1 the ,eucharistic bread1 which he calls the body of the ,lord4 ,this blessed bread 7which twenty years ago the author saw handed around in ,french churches7 is indeed holier than common bread1 a very sacrament1 or1 as we would say1 a sacramental1 but still it is not the body of the ,lord4 ,the real presence is1 then1 taught in this passage1 and ,schaff would have been guilty of a falsification if he had read it in its proper connection4 ,for his credit let us suppose that he has not done so4 ,we find this quotation in ,professor ,schmid's ,compendium of the ,history of ,dogma1 the first edition of which was often before ,dr4 ,schaff4 ,schmid at least permits the truth to appear 7second edition1 p4 #aji7 when he quotes ,st4 ,augustine saying1 ,that which they receive1 although it is not the body of ,christ1 yet it is holy1 etc4 ,since we find so many passages in ,st4 ,augustine1 which prove his belief in the real presence of our ,lord in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 we are bound to explain the other passages1 in which he speaks of a figurative partaking1 in conformity with them4 #dba ,these defects1 however1 do not prevent us from heartily acknowledging the excellence of ,professor ,schaff's work1 and expressing the hope that the author may employ his undoubted talents in the service of ,christian truth4 ---------- ,penitence4 ,a ,sonnet4 ,a sorrow that for shame had hid her face1 ,soared to ,heaven's gate1 and knelt in penance there ,beneath the dusk cloud of her own wet hair1 ,weeping1 as who would fain some deed erase ,that blots in dread eclipse baptismal grace3 ,like a felled tree with all its branches fair ,she lay--her forehead on the ivory stair-- ,low murmuring1 ,just art ,thou1 but ,i am base4 ,then saw ,i in my spirit's unsealed ken ,how ,heaven's bright hosts thrilled like the gems of morn ,when ,may winds on the incense-bosomed thorn ,the diamonds change to ruby4 ,magdalen ,arose1 and kissed the ,saviour's feet once more1 ,and to that suffering soul his peace and pardon bore4 ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ---------- #dbb ,new ,publications4 ,cradle ,lands4 ,by ,lady ,herbert4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,new-,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 ,we welcome the appearance of this handsome volume with especial heartiness and interest for at least two reasons4 ,it is the first attempt ever made by a ,catholic publisher in this country to produce an illustrated work1 of other than a strictly religious character1 suitable as a holiday gift and valuable at the same time from its intrinsic merit2 and it is one of the few good narratives in the ,english language of travel in the ,holy ,land written by a devout ,catholic1 and filled consequently with a genuine religious spirit4 ,we have had ,christmas books1 annuals1 etc41 some of them excellent in their way2 but their way was rather a narrow one1 and we have never until now attempted to rival the ,protestant publishing-houses on their own ground4 ,cradle ,lands1 however1 is just the book which hundreds of our friends will be glad to buy for presents1 and hundreds more will be glad to have for their own use4 ,it is very handsomely made1 is clearly printed on excellent paper1 and well bound2 and the illustrations1 faithfully reproduced from the ,london edition1 are everything that could be desired4 ,the book is well worth the pains that have been spent on it4 ,lady ,herbert is an experienced traveller2 with a quick eye for whatever is interesting1 and a style sufficiently lively to make her chapters easy reading4 ,she has not the graceful pen of a ,kinglake or a ,curtis2 but she is rarely or never dull1 and her power of description is by no means contemptible4 ,but1 as we said before1 a peculiar interest belongs to her narrative on account of the spirit of ,catholic piety which permeates it--not breaking out inopportunely in religious commonplaces1 but coloring the scenes she paints with a graceful light of faith1 and enticing us to look upon the land of our ,lord not with the eyes of modern scepticism1 but in the devout spirit in which a good ,christian ought to look at it4 ,she travelled with a party of friends from ,egypt through ,palestine1 visiting the holy places1 and afterward passing into ,asia ,minor4 ,she describes not only the venerable relics of the past scattered through those sacred spots1 and the condition of the modern native population1 but the state of ,christianity1 the convents1 schools1 asylums1 and other religious foundations1 in which she appears to have found frequent hospitality4 ,we need not follow her closely over ground which1 in its principal features1 is already familiar to most of our readers2 but1 as specimens of her style1 we shall reproduce a few episodical passages4 ,here is a picture of harem life1 a subject trite enough1 yet always fresh3 ,before leaving ,cairo1 the ,english ladies were invited to spend an evening in the royal harem1 and accordingly1 at eight o'clock1 found themselves in a beautiful garden1 with fountains1 lit by a multitude of variegated lamps1 and were conducted by black eunuchs through trellis-covered walks to a large marble-paved hall1 where about forty ,circassian slaves met them1 and escorted them to a saloon fitted up with divans1 at the end of which reclined the pacha's wives4 ,one of them was singularly beautiful1 and exquisitely dressed in pink velvet and ermine1 and priceless jewels4 ,another very fine figure was that of the mother1 a venerable old princess1 looking exactly like a ,rembrandt just come out of its frame4 ,great respect was paid to her1 and when she came in every one rose4 ,the guests being seated1 or rather squatted1 on the divan1 each was supplied with long pipes1 coffee in exquisitely jewelled cups1 and sweetmeats1 the one succeeding the other without intermission the whole night4 ,the ,circassian slaves1 with folded hands and downcast eyes1 stood before their mistresses to supply their wants4 ,some of them were very pretty1 and dressed with great richness and taste4 ,then began a concert of ,turkish instruments1 which sounded unpleasing to ,english ears1 followed by a dance1 which was graceful and pretty2 but this again followed by a play1 in which half the female slaves were dressed up as men1 and the coarseness of which it is impossible to describe4 ,the wife of the foreign minister kindly acted as interpreter for the ,english ladies1 and through her means some kind of conversation was kept up4 ,but the ignorance of the ladies in the harem is unbelievable4 ,they can neither read nor write2 their whole day is employed in dressing1 bathing1 eating1 drinking1 and smoking4 #dbc ,before the close of the evening1 ,princess ,a----1 addressing herself to the mother of the party1 through her interpreter1 spoke very earnestly and seriously about her daughters1 7then twelve and fourteen years of age17 remonstrating with her on their being still unmarried1 and adding3 ',next ,friday is the most auspicious of all days in the year for betrothal4 ,i will have six of the handsomest and straightest-eyebrowed pachas here for you to choose from4' ,in vain the ,english lady refused the intended honor1 pleading that in her country marriages were not contracted at so early an age1 to say nothing of certain differences of race and of faith6 ,the princess was not to be diverted from her purpose1 and persisted in arranging the whole of the ,friday's ceremonial4 ,let us hope that the young 'straight-eyebrowed pachas' found some other fair ladies1 to console them for the non-appearance of their wished-for ,english brides on the appointed day4 ,the soire lasted till two o'clock in the morning1 when the royalty withdrew2 and the ,english ladies returned home1 feeling the whole time as if they had been seeing a play acted from a scene in the ,arabian ,nights1 so difficult was it to realize that such a kind of existence was possible in the present century4 ,the original plan of our travellers was to proceed from ,cairo across the desert1 but they were afterward obliged to choose an easier route on account of the sickness of one of the party4 ,preparations for the desert journey1 however1 had been made1 and there is a pleasant description of their outfit3 ,at last1 thanks to the kindness of an ,english gentleman long resident in ,cairo1 ,mr4 ,a----1 five tents were got together and pitched1 on approval1 in the square opposite the hotel4 ,one was a gorgeous affair1 sky-blue1 with red-and-white devices all over it1 looking very like the tent of a travelling wild-beast show4 ,but as it was the only large and roomy one1 and was capable of containing the four ladies and their beds and bedding1 it was finally decided to keep it1 and to make it the drawing-room by day1 reserving the more modest ones for the gentlemen of the party1 as well as for the servants and the cooking apparatus4 ,their numbers were so great1 with the 'tent-pitchers' and the other necessary camp-followers1 that our travellers decided to dispense with chairs and tables--rather to the despair of a rheumatic member of the company6--and to content themselves with squatting on their carpets for their meals in true oriental fashion1 and making use of the two wicker-baskets 7which were to sling on each side of the mules1 and contained the one dress for ,sunday allowed to each lady7 for dressing and wash-hand stands4 ,a cord fastened across the tents at night served as a hanging wardrobe1 to prevent their getting wet on the 7sometimes7 damp ground2 some tin jugs and basins1 with a smarter set in brass of a beautiful shape1 7called in ,cairo a 'tisht' and 'ibreek1'7 together with a few 'nargeeleh' pipes for the use of their guests on state occasions1 completed their furnishing arrangements4 ,they had brought from their boats a ',union ,jack1' so as to place themselves under the protection of their country's flag1 and also an elaborate ',wyvern1' the fabrication of which1 in gorgeous green1 with a curly tail1 had afforded them great amusement in their start four months before4 ,this life in tents is a free and charming way of existence1 and1 except in wet weather1 was one of unmixed enjoyment to the whole party4 ,the time spent by the leaders of the expedition in providing these necessary articles was occupied by the younger ones in buying presents in the bazaars3 now struggling through the goldsmiths' quarter1 7the narrowest in all ,cairo17 where you buy your gold by the carat1 and then have it manufactured before your eyes into whatever form you please2 now trying on bright 'kaffirs' made of the pure ,mecca silk1 and generally of brown and yellow shades1 with the 'akgal1' a kind of cord of camel's-hair which binds them round the head2 or else the graceful burnous1 with their beautifully blended colors and soft camel's-hair texture2 or the many bright-colored slippers2 or1 leaving the silk and stuff bazaar1 threading their way through the stalls containing what we should call in ,england 'curiosities1' and selecting the beautiful little silver filagree or enamel cups called 'zarfs1' which hold the delicate1 tiny ,dresden ones within--meant to contain that most delicious of all drinks1 the genuine ,eastern coffee1 made without sugar or milk1 but as unlike the horrible beverage known by that name in ,england as can well be imagined6 #dbd ,in the same stalls were to be found beautiful ,turkish rosaries1 of jasper and agate1 or sweet-scented woods1 with long-shaped bottles of attar of roses1 enamelled 'nargeelehs' and amber-mouthed pipes1 and octagonal little tables made of tortoise-shell inlaid with mother-of-pearl4 ,here is a good story of ,egyptian law-courts3 ,a certain ,french gentleman entrusted an ,englishman with #ij to buy a horse for him4 ,the ,englishman1 accordingly1 gave the money to a native1 whom he considered thoroughly trustworthy1 with orders to go into ,arabia and there purchase the animal4 ,the ,arab1 however1 spent most of the money in his own devices1 and returned to ,cairo1 after a few months1 with a wretched horse1 such as would appear at a ,spanish bull-fight4 ,the ,englishman1 immensely disgusted1 returned the #ij1 to his ,french friend1 simply saying that he had failed in executing his commission2 but he determined to try and recover it from the ,arab4 ,so he went and told the whole matter to the governor of ,cairo1 who appointed his deputy as judge4 ,while the case was being tried1 dinner-time came2 and the judge1 the prosecutor1 and the prisoner1 all sat down together1 and dined in a friendly way4 ,no embarrassment was caused thereby2 but after dinner1 the judge1 turning to the prisoner1 quietly said3 ',can you pay the ,frank gentleman the money you owe him8' ,on receiving a simple reply in the negative1 the judge added1 ',then you had better go off at once to prison1 and delay this gentleman no longer4' ,the ,arab went without a word1 and remained in this miserable place 7for the prisons are infamous7 for two months1 after which his brother took his place for him4 ,finally the money was paid by instalments4 ,with the following beautiful description of a ,good-,friday service at ,jerusalem1 we commend ,lady ,herbert's book to the favor of our readers3 ,it is a beautiful and solemn service1 in which even ,protestants are seen to join with unwonted fervor2 and on this special day it was crowded to excess4 ,when it was over1 the two friends returned to the altar of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 the words and tones of the hymn still lingering in their hearts3 ',jesu6 dulce refugium1 ,spes una te quaerentium4 ,per ,magdalenae meritum ,peccati solve debitum4' ,to those who are sorrowful and desponding at the sense of their own unworthiness and continual shortcomings1 there is a peculiar attraction and help in the thoughts of this saint1 apart from all the rest4 ,the perfections of the ,blessed ,virgin dazzle us by their very brightness1 and make us1 as it were1 despair of following her example4 ,but in the ,magdalen we have the picture of one who1 like us1 was tempted and sinned and fell1 and yet1 by the mercy of ,god and the force of the mighty love he put into her heart1 was forgiven and accepted for the sake of that very love he had infused4 ,presently the ,english stranger rose1 and1 approaching one of the ,franciscan monks1 begged for the benediction of her crucifix and other sacred objects1 according to the short form in use at the shrine of the ,holy ,sepulchre2 a privilege kindly and courteously granted to her4 ,and now the shades of evening are darkening the aisles of the sacred building1 and the pilgrims are gathered in a close and serried mass in the ,chapel of ,calvary1 waiting for the ceremony which is to close the solemn offices of that awful day4 ,by the kindness of the duke1 who had been their companion in the ,via ,crucis1 the two ladies were saved from the crowd1 and conducted by a private staircase from the ,greek chapel to the right of the altar of ,calvary4 ,the whole is soon wrapped in profound darkness1 save where the light is thrown on a crucifix the size of life1 erected close to the fatal spot4 ,you might have fancied yourself alone but for the low murmur and swaying to and fro of the dense crowd kneeling on the floor of the chapel4 ,presently a ,franciscan monk stepped forward1 and1 leaving his brethren prostrate at the foot of the altar1 mounted on a kind of estrade at the back1 and proceeded to detach the figure of our ,blessed ,lord from the cross4 ,as each nail was painfully and slowly drawn out1 he held it up1 exclaiming1 ',ecce1 dulces clavos6' exposing it at the same time to the view of the multitude1 who1 breathless and expectant1 seemed riveted to the spot1 with their upturned faces fixed on the symbol represented to them4 ,the supernatural and majestic stillness and silence of that great mass of human beings was one of the most striking features of the whole scene4 ,presently a ladder was brought1 and the sacred figure lifted down1 as in ,rubens's famous picture of the ',deposition1' into the arms of the monks at the foot of the cross4 #dbe ,as the last nail was detached1 and the head fell forward as of a dead body1 a low deep sob burst from the very souls of the kneeling crowd4 ,tenderly and reverently the ,franciscan fathers wrapped it in fine linen1 and placed it in the arms of the patriarch1 who1 kneeling1 received it1 and carried it down to the ,holy ,sepulchre1 the procession chanting the antiphon1 ',acceperunt ,joseph et ,nicodemus corpus ,jesu2 et ligaverunt illud linteis cum aromatibus1 sicut mos est ,judaeis sepelire4' ,the crowd followed eagerly1 yet reverently1 the body to its last resting-place4 ,it is a representation which might certainly be painful if not conducted throughout with exceeding care4 ,but done as it is at ,jerusalem1 it can but deepen in the minds of all beholders the feelings of intense reverence1 adoration1 and awe with which they draw near to the scene of ,christ's sufferings1 and enable them more perfectly to realize the mystery of that terrible ,passion which he bore for our sakes in his own body on the tree4 ,and with this touching ceremony the day is over2 the crowd of pilgrims disperses1 to meet on the morrow in the same spot for the more consoling offices of ,easter-eve4 ,but in many a heart the memory of this day will never be effaced2 and will1 it is humbly hoped1 bear its life-long fruit in increased devotion to the sacred humanity of their ,lord1 and in greater detestation of those sins which could only be cancelled by so tremendous an atonement4 ------ ,the ,bird4 ,by ,jules ,michelet4 ,with #baj illustrations by ,giacomelli4 ,new ,york3 ,t4 ,nelson ,sons4 #ahfh4 ,it is not often that nature finds so charming an interpreter as ,michelet4 ,he throws around us the very perfume of the flowers2 and his birds not only sing1 but sing to us1 speak to us1 and become our dearest friends4 ,reading1 we forget the close walls of the city1 the weary noise1 the heavy air of overcrowded human life2 we follow the birds in their flight1 drink in their spirit of liberty1 joy1 tenderness1 and love1 till1 with ,michelet1 we almost give them a personality1 a soul4 ,it is difficult to cull from a bed of choice flowers a single specimen1 for one will appeal to us through its beauty of form1 another of color1 another by its delicacy and fragrance2 so here1 where every page is charming1 we know not how to choose between the grandeur and magnificence of the tropical forests1 or the stern and silent melancholy of the polar regions1 or the more home-like charm of scenes that we know4 ,the last1 perhaps1 cannot fail to please4 ,here is his description of an autumnal migration3 ,bright was the morning sky1 but the wind blew from ,la ,vende4 ,my pines bewailed their fate1 and from my afflicted cedar issued a low1 deep voice of mourning4 ,the ground was strewn with fruit1 which we all set to work to gather4 ,gradually the weather grew cloudy1 the sky assumed a dull leaden gray1 the wind sank1 all was death-like4 ,it was then1 at about four o'clock1 that simultaneously arrived1 from all points1 from the wood1 from the ,erdre1 from the city1 from the ,loire1 from the ,svre1 infinite legions1 darkening the day1 which settled on the church roof1 with a myriad voices1 a myriad cries1 debates1 discussions4 ,though1 ignorant of their language1 it was not difficult for us to perceive that they differed among themselves4 ,it may be that the youngest1 beguiled by the warm breath of autumn1 would fain have lingered longer4 ,but the wiser and more experienced travellers insisted upon departure4 ,they prevailed2 the black masses1 moving all at once like a huge cloud1 winged their flight toward the south-east1 probably toward ,italy4 ,they had scarcely accomplished three hundred leagues 7four or five hours' flight7 before all the cataracts of heaven were let loose to deluge the earth2 for a moment we thought it was a flood4 ,sheltered in our house1 which shook with the furious blast1 we admired the wisdom of the winged soothsayers1 which had so prudently anticipated the annual epoch of migration4 ,this book was to the author a sort of oasis2 it was undertaken or rather grew up in the interval of a rest from historical labors2 it was for him a refreshment1 a rest2 and such it could not fail to prove to any one of us in the midst of the weary cares of every-day life4 ,unfortunately1 ,michelet has not interpreted history so successfully as he has nature1 and the results of his labor are far less praiseworthy than the results of his recreation4 #dbf ,the ,bird is most beautifully illustrated by ,giacomelli1 ,dor's collaborateur on his celebrated ,bible4 ------ ,tablets4 ,by ,a4 ,bronson ,alcott4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahfh4 ,no one who has ever enjoyed the pleasure of an interview with the ,orphic ,alcott1 and felt the charm which his rare conversational powers throw around every subject to which they are directed1 can fail to find a renewal of that pleasure while perusing the genial volume which has just emanated from his too infrequent pen4 ,elegant in its external garniture1 it brings upon its pages the faint odor of the roses that bloom on the broad ,concord lawns1 the rustle of the leaves that shelter the secluded nook in which the writer finds the leisure and the peace of age1 the cool air that floats across clear ,walden-water1 filling both library and studio with its bracing breath2 so giving to the reader1 familiar with the scenes amid which these ,tablets were inscribed1 a double satisfaction in the thoughts which they suggest and in the memories which they revive4 ,the book itself consists of two series of essays3 the first1 ,practical2 the second1 ,speculative4 ,the former will most interest the ordinary reader4 ,the latter will be appreciated by few who are not otherwise instructed in the peculiar views of their author4 ,the ,practical essays are entitled ,the ,garden1 ,recreation1 ,fellowship1 ,friendship1 ,culture1 ,books1 ,counsels1 and each is subdivided into different heads4 ,hackneyed as several of these subjects appear to be1 the reader will experience no sense of weariness while following ,mr4 ,alcott over them4 ,were not his ideas original1 the method of the man would be alone sufficient to give an interest of no common order to his well-weighed words4 ,many of his aphorisms are like apples of gold in pictures of silver2 and some deserve to become household truths with all thoughtful men4 ,such is his verdict upon political partisanship on page #adh2 his strong1 courageous plea for individuality on page #ade2 and his high view of education on pages #ajc et seq4 ,from these and various other passages1 which space alone forbids us to distinguish1 we may say that1 if a man's speech is the measure of his culture1 there are few men into whose sphere one can be brought whose kindliness and courtesy1 whose flowing spirits and sprightly wit1 can more captivate and charm than the gray-haired student who sits in the arbors1 groves1 and gardens1 and day by day treasures up on the tablets of his diary the choice things of mankind1 and illustrates them with choice memories of his own4 ,at this period of ,mr4 ,alcott's life1 we anticipated1 in reading his ,tablets1 which speak so charmingly of this world1 finding some light shed on the world to come4 ,it makes us sad to think we found nothing4 ------ ,a ,new ,practical ,hebrew ,grammar1 ,with ,hebrew-,english ,and ,english-,hebrew ,exercises1 ,and ,hebrew ,chrestomathy4 ,by ,solomon ,deutsch1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfh4 ,text-books should be valued according to the perfection of the method adopted1 and the precision and arrangement of details1 rather than on account of abundance of matter or exhaustive explanations4 ,books which contain copious treatises are useful1 and even necessary1 for the master1 but injurious to the advancement of the pupil4 ,the author of the school-book should aim at arranging the elements in the department in which he writes so that the scholar may1 with the least trouble1 acquire a knowledge of the rules1 principles1 and leading features of the subject4 ,students should not be expected to learn everything in school4 ,the professor who aims at imparting a complete knowledge1 or all he may know on a subject1 will confuse his students1 be found too exacting1 and will be finally punished by disappointment4 ,school exercise was very appropriately called disciplina by the ,romans1 a term which implied rather a training in the manner in which the various branches should be studied1 than the attainment of their mastery4 #dbg ,mr4 ,deutsch's ,hebrew course1 according to the principles just enunciated1 is beyond doubt the best schoolbook of its kind that has appeared from the ,american press4 ,rdiger's revision of ,gesenius's ,grammar1 translated from the ,german by ,conant1 is much too extensive for beginners1 and was never intended by its eminent author to fall into the hands of the uninitiated4 ,yet it is commonly used in the colleges and seminaries of this country as an introductory treatise4 ,the same objection should be urged1 in union with others1 against ,green's ,grammar2 while his chrestomathy is more of an exegetical than a grammatical treatise4 ,the student is frequently terrified from the study by the vast array of particulars1 and he who has courage to persevere must learn to shut his eyes to the greater portion of these works1 in order to clearly discern that which is truly valuable in them4 ,mr4 ,deutsch has succeeded1 to a considerable extent1 in giving a concise and lucid exposition of the elements of the ,hebrew language1 but has greatly diminished1 if not destroyed1 the usefulness of his grammar as a class-book by introducing his elaborate system of ,hebrew-,english and ,english-,hebrew exercises4 ,these exercises1 which compose the greater portion of his work1 will be found to be merely cumbersome material1 which will prevent its adoption in the schools4 ,living languages1 or such as are partially so1 might be1 perhaps should be1 learned by acquiring a facility of rendering the phrases of one's mother tongue into those of the language he is endeavoring to acquire2 but it is not easy to understand how such a readiness can be1 or need be1 acquired in ,hebrew1 which is nowhere spoken1 and living in no form if not in its degenerate offspring1 the rabbinic of the ,portuguese1 ,german1 or ,polish ,jews4 ,those who are looking for a concise and lucid exposition of the elements of ,hebrew will not be pleased with ,mr4 ,deutsch's repetition of the nine declensions of nouns1 as given by ,gesenius4 ,this constitutes an additional encumbrance to the work1 not unlike that which would arise in a ,latin grammar from an attempt to form a new declension from each of the various inflections embraced in the third4 ,a ,hebrew course for ,catholic schools has been supplied1 as to the more important part1 and the portion requiring the greater amount of labor1 by ,paul ,l4 ,b4 ,drach1 in his ,catholicum ,lexicon ,hebraicum et ,chaldaicum4 ,mr4 ,drach had been a ,jewish rabbi in ,paris before his conversion to the ,church1 and as he was an eminent oriental scholar1 the last ,pontiff1 ,gregory ,,xvi41 requested him to publish a ,hebrew lexicon for the use of ,catholic schools4 ,his work resulted in a corrected and enlarged edition of ,gesenius' ,lexicon1 from which all ,jewish and rationalistic errors were excluded4 ,it received the special approbation of ,pius ,,ix4 in #ahdg1 and was published by the greatest promoter of ecclesiastical literature in this century1 ,abb ,mign4 ,this is undoubtedly the best work of its kind1 and its complement1 consisting of a grammar and chrestomathy1 is all that is wanting to constitute a course of ,hebrew for the ,catholic schools of this country4 ------ ,the ,new ,adam2 or1 ,ten ,dialogues on our ,redemption and the ,necessity of ,self-,denial4 ,edited by the ,very ,rev4 ,z4 ,druon1 ,v4,g41 and approved by the ,right ,rev4 ,bishop of ,burlington4 ,claremont1 ,n4 ,h4 #ahfh4 ,this little book was first published in ,paris1 ,a4,d4 #affb4 ,from a second and more complete edition1 the present translation was prepared and edited4 ,the subjects of the ,ten ,dialogues are as follows3 ,i4 ,the ,state of ,original ,righteousness4 ,,ii4 ,adam's ,fall4 ,,iii4 ,the ,penance of ,adam and ,eve after their ,fall4 ,,iv4 ,the ,state of ,penance we are in is preferable1 in some respects1 to the earthly ,paradise4 ,v4 ,the ,infinite ,perfection with which ,jesus ,christ1 the new ,adam1 performed the penance imposed on the old ,adam4 ,,vi4 ,self-,denial4 ,,vii4 ,obligation of ,self-,denial4 ,,viii4 ,imitation of the ,self-,denial of ,christ4 ,,ix4 ,scriptural texts concerning ,self-,denial4 ,x4 ,the ,self-,denial of ,jesus ,christ4 ,from this view of its contents1 and the cursory glance we have been able to bestow upon its pages1 we believe it to be1 as its editor claims1 well grounded on the ,holy ,scriptures1 sound in doctrine1 remarkable for its clearness and depth of thought1 full of pious and practical reflections1 instructive1 and1 at the same time1 interesting and pleasing4 ------ #dbh ,the ,life ,of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket1 of ,canterbury4 ,by ,mrs4 ,hope1 author of ,the ,early ,martyrs1 etc4 ,with a ,preface1 by the ,rev4 ,father ,dalgairns1 of the ,london ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 #afmo1 pp4 xxiv41 #cih4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,gates ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,veneration for the memory of ,st4 ,thomas1 of ,canterbury1 has undergone recently a remarkable revival in ,england1 and this meritorious compilation by ,mrs4 ,hope is one of the fruits of it4 ,she has drawn most of her materials from the more elaborate biographies by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles and the ,rev4 ,john ,morris1 and from the ,remains of the ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,froude1 and1 of course makes no pretension to the rank of an original investigator2 but she has done a very serviceable work nevertheless1 and1 upon the whole1 has done it well4 ,her narrative is interesting and rapid4 ,the style possesses the merit--rare with female writers on religious subjects--of directness and simplicity2 the story being unencumbered by either ambitious rhetoric or commonplace reflections4 ,from this reason1 as well as from the care with which she seems to have studied the subject1 the book not only gives us an insight into the saint's personal character1 but leaves on the reader's mind a very clear comprehension of the nature of that long struggle for the rights of the ,church and for the independence of the spiritual order which resulted in his martyrdom1 and which modern historians have done so much to obscure4 ,mrs4 ,hope is rather too fond of telling dreams1 which she apparently half-believes and half does not believe to have been prophetic inspirations1 although most of them were like the answers of the pagan oracles--susceptible of almost any interpretation1 and only to be understood in the light of after-events2 but that is a habit which she borrowed of the mediaeval chroniclers1 and she shares it with a very large class of modern biographers4 ,of course1 ,god may speak to man in a dream as well as in other ways2 but when the dreams are clearly referable to distinct physical causes1 as some of those recorded in this book are1 when1 in fact1 they are just like ordinary nightmares1 the attempt to elevate them to the dignity of supernatural visions is more pious than prudent4 ,the preface1 by ,father ,dalgairns1 comprises a very effective answer to some of the misrepresentations in ,dean ,stanley's life of the saint1 contained in the ,memorials of ,canterbury4 ------ ,vermont ,historical ,gazetteer3 ,a ,magazine embracing a digest of the ,history of each town1 civil1 educational1 religious1 geological1 and literary4 ,edited by ,abby ,maria ,hemenway1 compiler of ,the ,poets and ,poetry of ,vermont4 ,burlington1 ,vt4 #ahfj-ahfh4 ,we have received the first eleven numbers of this magazine4 ,the authoress has evidently endeavored to produce a first-class work of its kind1 and has1 to a great extent1 succeeded4 ,it is to be regretted1 however1 that some of the numbers are printed on inferior paper1 a serious fault in a work of so much local interest and so permanent a character4 ,miss ,hemenway does not content herself with the historical and topographical1 as is usual with the authors who produce most of our local annals4 ,biography and literature form a large portion of her work4 ,art also lends its charm1 and adorns her pages with portraits of distinguished men and representations of memorable scenes4 ,to us the work seems almost exhaustive4 ,the ,green ,mountain ,state has reason to congratulate itself on so laborious and persevering a historian1 and its sons should certainly reward her toil with the most prompt and liberal pecuniary recognition4 ------ #dbi ,gropings ,after ,truth4 ,a ,life ,journey from ,new ,england ,congregationalism to the ,one ,catholic and ,apostolic ,church4 ,by ,joshua ,huntington4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfh4 ,this little work1 which has been some weeks before the public in pamphlet form and already promises to shed light in many dark places in the hearts of candid seekers after truth1 has at last been issued in a permanent and elegant edition4 ,it is with great pleasure that we commend it to our readers1 not only for their own perusal1 but for distribution among their non-,catholic acquaintances and friends4 ,as the ,reverend ,father ,hewit says in his preface1 the impulse toward a new and more vigorous life will be quickened and directed in many souls by the present volume2 and we believe that few whose earlier religious life was similar to that of ,mr4 ,huntington can read the book without misgivings for themselves1 and a longing to discover1 by some means1 that peace and light which the author deems himself to have attained4 ,that ,god will make known this truth and bestow this peace to them and to all others is1 as it should be1 the chief object of our labors and our prayers4 ------ ,an ,outline ,of ,geography ,for ,high ,schools ,and ,families4 ,with an ,atlas4 ,by ,theodore ,s4 ,fay4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,son4 #ahfg4 ,we are inclined to regard this work as a very valuable aid to the study of its subject1 which is treated more scientifically in it than in any other equally elementary book which we have seen4 ,the plan is decidedly original1 and evidently is the result of careful thought1 aided apparently by experience4 ,prominence is given in it to the astronomical and physical aspects of the earth4 ,the political division1 which from its artificial and mutable character is an obstacle to a clear view of geography in its unity1 is kept in the background1 but is by no means neglected4 ,a map showing the changes produced by the war of #ahff may be specially mentioned in this connection4 ,the astronomical part is very full1 and in the main correct2 there are1 however1 a few inaccuracies1 as in the time occupied by light in coming from ,neptune1 and in the statement that the sun could hardly be distinguished in brightness from a fixed star by an observer on that planet4 ,but these are small matters4 ,the explanations in this part are clear and interesting1 and the reticence of the author on points beyond the scope he has proposed to himself is specially commendable4 ,to satisfy the student without misleading or puzzling him is an admirable talent4 ,we doubt the propriety of the items of historical information occasionally introduced2 they seem unnecessary1 and spoil the unity of the work4 ,considering the strength of memory generally possessed in youth1 the advantage claimed by the author that his method makes no direct demand upon this faculty seems doubtful2 but1 as he states in the preface1 the work must be used to be judged2 and the lessons can be memorized if desired4 ,we must protest against the use of small initial letters in the national adjectives2 as british1 french1 etc4 ,the maps deserve the highest praise for their conception and execution4 ------ ,asmodeus ,in ,new ,york4 ,new ,york3 ,longchamp ,co4 #ahfh4 ,this work appeared last year in ,paris1 and is now translated and published in this country by the author4 ,it pretends to give an inside view of ,american society1 and to do this the author picks out all that is bad1 vicious1 and immoral in this country1 ,north and ,south1 and calls this conglomeration ,american ,society4 ,he1 however1 should have told his readers that the first specimen of ,american ,society he presented them was that of one of his own countrywomen6 ,we need hardly say that most of the other characters in the book are as good samples of ,american society as those given in the first chapter4 ------ #dcj ,the ,holy ,communion3 ,its ,philosophy1 ,theology1 and ,practice4 ,by ,john ,bernard ,dalgairns1 ,priest of the ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #ddj4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfh4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has just issued an ,american edition of this work1 which has been for a long time much sought after in this country4 ,we take occasion to recommend it as one of the very best works on its august theme in the ,english language4 ,the most remarkable and original portion of the work is that which treats of the philosophy of transubstantiation4 ,the author has handled this difficult and abstruse matter with masterly ability1 explaining the doctrine of various philosophical schools respecting substance and accidents with clearness and precision1 and has furnished most satisfactory answers to rational objections against the ,catholic dogma4 ,both ,catholics and those who are investigating ,catholic doctrine will find this volume one of great interest and utility4 ------ ,the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,translated into ,english1 with an introduction by the ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahfh4 ,one of the most beautifully executed books which has been issued by the ,catholic press in this country1 printed in the ritualistic style1 with red marginal lines and red edges4 ,the publication of books of devotion which are standard and have the sanction of the ,roman ,church cannot be too much encouraged1 and we cordially congratulate the enterprising publishers who have added this gem to our collection4 ------ ,sydnie ,adriance2 or1 ,trying the ,world4 ,by ,amanda ,m4 ,douglas1 author of ,in ,trust1 ,stephen ,dane1 ,claudia1 etc4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,pp4 #cee4 #ahfi4 ,those who read novels1 and their name is ,legion1 will find this--the latest production of ,miss ,douglas's pen--nowise inferior to its predecessors4 ,while avoiding the sensational characters and incidents1 her language is always pleasing and unaffected4 ------ ,the ,life ,and ,times ,of ,robert ,emmet4 ,by ,r4 ,r4 ,madden1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4 ,a4 ,with numerous ,notes and ,additions1 and a ,portrait on ,steel4 ,also1 ,a ,memoir ,of ,thomas ,addis ,emmet1 with a ,portrait on ,steel4 ,new ,york2 ,p4 ,m4 ,haverty4 ,pp4 #cbh4 #ahfh4 ,few1 if any1 of the ,irish patriots of modern days have a stronger hold on the affection of the people than ,robert ,emmet4 ,perhaps1 with the exception of ,lord ,edward ,fitzgerald1 we might have written none other4 ,his deep love of country1 his abiding trust in her future1 his daring but futile attempt to accomplish her liberation1 his death upon the scaffold1 these were his1 in common with many others1 who are remembered but with gratitude1 not1 like him1 treasured in the popular heart4 ,like our own immortal ,washington--the man is loved1 the patriot revered4 ,this history of his life and times should find readers wherever a friend to liberty dwells2 but for us1 this volume has a special interest1 containing1 as it does1 a ,memoir of ,thomas ,addis ,emmet1 the last twenty-three years of whose life were spent in this city1 and whose monument may be said to form one of the sights of the metropolis4 ,the volume is very neatly got up2 the steel portraits excellent1 both as likenesses and works of art4 ------ #dca ,memoirs ,of ,the ,life ,of ,the ,right ,hon4 ,richard ,brinsley ,sheridan4 ,by ,thomas ,moore4 ,new ,york3 ,w4 ,j4 ,widdleton4 #b vols4 pp4 #cjg1 #cce4 ,moore's ,life of ,sheridan has long since passed beyond the province of the critic4 ,we will1 therefore1 merely call attention to the present edition as being very handsomely got up2 containing1 also1 a very fine portrait of ,sheridan1 after the original painting by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,we ought1 perhaps1 in this connection1 to award a meed of praise to the enterprising publisher for placing within reach of all1 books such as this1 which1 as of standard excellence1 should be1 but were not1 of easy access4 ------ ,the ,poetical ,works ,of ,thomas ,moore4 ,brooklyn and ,new ,york3 ,william ,m4 ,swayne4 ,pp4 #dif4 ,moore's complete works for fifty cents6 ,truly1 a marvel of cheapness4 ,the typography--something unusual in cheap books--is very good4 ------ ,marks's ,first ,lessons ,in ,geometry1 objectively presented and designed for the ,use of ,primary ,classes in ,grammar ,schools1 ,academies1 etc4 ,by ,bernhard ,marks1 ,principal of ,lincoln ,school1 ,san ,francisco4 ,new ,york3 ,ivison1 ,phinney1 ,blakeman ,co4 ,pp4 #aeg4 #ahfi4 ,we can unhesitatingly recommend this little work4 ,we have often felt the need of just such a text-book as this1 and have no doubt its appearance will be hailed with equal pleasure by both teachers and pupils4 ,the style in which it is got up reflects the highest credit on the publishers4 ------ ,a ,thousand ,miles' ,walk ,across ,south ,america4 ,by ,nathaniel ,h4 ,bishop4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,pp4 #caj4 #ahfi4 ,a journey on foot of more than a thousand miles across the ,south ,american continent1 from ,montevideo to ,valparaiso1 could not but furnish to an inquiring mind and an adventurous spirit abundant material for interesting detail and startling incidents1 and of these there is certainly no scarcity in the present volume4 ,there are some portions1 however1 open to objection1 where allusion is made to the religion of the people1 less1 indeed1 it must be confessed1 than we almost1 as a matter of course1 expect from ,protestant tourists in ,catholic countries2 and some attempted caricaturing of the ,irish residents1 which might be deemed insulting if they were not so very puerile4 ,these excepted1 it is a book both useful and entertaining4 ------ ,the ,trotting ,horse ,of ,america-- ,how ,to ,train ,and ,drive ,him4 ,with ,reminiscences ,of ,the ,trotting ,turf4 ,by ,hiram ,woodruff4 ,edited by ,charles ,j4 ,foster1 of ,wilkes's ,spirit of the ,times4 ,including an ,introductory ,notice by ,george ,wilkes1 and a ,biographical ,sketch by the ,editor4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,ford ,co4 ,pp4 #dab4 #ahfh4 ,the papers comprising this work were originally published in ,wilkes's ,spirit of the ,times1 and are a record of the author's forty years' experience in training and driving4 ,while especially intended for those who are interested in the breeding1 training1 etc41 of horses1 there is abundance of matter likely to prove attractive to the general reader2 biographies1 so to speak1 of famous trotters1 whose names are familiar as household words2 and graphic descriptions of the various matches in which they were engaged4 ,in fact1 it is one of those rare books which1 while got up for a special purpose1 and seemingly suited to the few1 overleaps the narrow limits apparently prescribed1 and attracts to itself the favorable notice of the entire community4 ,it makes a very handsome volume1 is neatly bound1 well printed1 and illustrated with a fine steel portrait of the author4 ------ #dcb ,synodus ,dioecesana ,baltimorensis ,septima1 etc4 ,joannes ,murphy1 ,baltimore4 #ahfh4 ,the constitutions adopted at the above ,synod of ,september #c;d1 #ahfh1 were3 #a4 ,of the ,publication of the ,decrees of the ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore4 #b4 ,of the ,officers of the ,archbishopric and the ,government of ,dioceses4 #c4 ,of the ,pastoral ,care of ,souls4 #d4 ,of the ,sacraments4 #e4 ,of ,divine ,worship4 #f4 ,of ,discipline4 ------ ,the ,two ,women4 ,a ,ballad1 written expressly for the ladies of ,wisconsin4 ,by ,delta4 ,milwaukee4 #ahfh4 ,a poem in five parts1 celebrating the creation of ,eve and the motherhood of ,mary4 ------ ,m4 ,duruy's ,history ,of ,france4 ,several esteemed correspondents have written to the editor of this magazine expressing regret at the commendatory notice of the above work1 which appeared in our columns4 ,our judgment and sympathy are entirely with ,mgr4 ,dupanloup in his contest against ,m4 ,duruy respecting religious education4 ,this does not1 however1 affect the question of the value of his book as a secular classic and a manual of political and civil history4 ,in respect to the ecclesiastical portion of the history1 it is very true that the work is deficient2 nevertheless1 it is far superior to the ,english historical works which our readers1 whether ,protestant or ,catholic1 are likely to be familiar with2 and we think that1 in spite of the author's liberalistic bias1 the general tone and effect of the work justifies our recommendation4 ,if any of our correspondents will send us a history of ,france equal to this in other respects1 and at the same time perfectly ,catholic in its spirit1 we will gladly recommend it in preference4 ,we will add1 however1 that it is not for sale at the ,catholic ,publication ,house4 ------ ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will publish ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac on ,november #beth4 ,it will be sold for #be cents a copy4 ,the same ,society will issue1 on ,december #ast1 ,the ,new ,illustrated ,history of ,ireland4 ------ ,mr4 ,donahoe1 ,boston1 has just published ,verses on ,various ,occasions1 by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d4 ------ ,books ,received4 ,from ,d4 ,,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,mental ,science2 a ,compendium of ,psychology1 and the ,history of ,philosophy4 ,designed as a text-book for ,high-,schools and ,colleges4 ,by ,alexander ,bain1 ,m4,a41 ,professor of ,logic and ,mental ,philosophy in the ,university of ,aberdeen1 author of ,the ,senses and the ,intellect1 ,the ,emotions of the ,will1 etc4 etc4 ,pp4 #dbh2 ,appendix1 #ii4 #ahfh4 ------ ,from ,,charles ,,scribner ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,guyot's ,elementary ,geography for ,primary ,classes4 ,felter's ,first ,lessons in ,numbers4 ,an illustrated ,table ,book designed for elementary instruction4 ------ ,footprints ,of ,life2 ,or1 ,faith ,and ,nature ,reconciled4 ,by ,philip ,harvey1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,samuel ,r4 ,wells4 #ahfh4 ------ ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,outlines of the ,history of ,ireland4 ,being the substance of a lecture recently delivered at ,honesdale4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,doherty4 ,in behalf of the ,sunday-schools4 ,pp4 #ce4 ,a new edition of ,carleton's ,valentine ,mc,clutchy4 ---------- #dcc ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,viii41 ,no4 #df ,january1 #ahfi4 ------ ,galileo-,galilei1 ,footnote #ada ,the ,florentine ,astronomer4 #aefd-afdb4 ,footnote #ada3 ,galileo--,the ,roman ,inquisition4 ,cincinnati4 #ahdd4 ,galileo e l',inquisizione4 ,marino-,marini4 ,roma4 #ahej4 ,histoire des ,sciences ,mathmatiques en ,italie4 ,par ,libri4 ,paris4 #ahch4 ,notes on the ,ante-,galilean ,copernicans4 ,prof4 ,de ,morgan4 ,london4 #ahee4 ,opere di ,galileo-,galilei4 ,alberi4 ,firenze4 #ahdb-ahef4 #af vols4 imp4 #hvo4 ,galileo-,galilei1 sa ,vie1 son ,procs et ses ,contemporains4 ,par ,philarte ,chasles4 ,paris4 #ahfb4 ,galileo and the ,inquisition4 ,by ,r4 ,madden4 ,london4 #ahfc4 ,galile1 sa ,vie1 ses ,dcouvertes et ses ,travaux4 ,par le ,dr4 ,max ,parchappe4 ,paris4 #ahff4 ,galile4 ,tragdie de ,m4 ,ponsard4 ,paris4 #ahff4 ,la ,condamnation de ,galile4 ,par ,m4 l',abb ,bouix4 ,arras4 #ahff4 ,articles on ,galileo1 in ,dublin ,review4 #ahch-ahfe4 ,articles on ,galileo1 in ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 #ahda-ahfd4 ,mlanges ,scientifiques et ,littraires4 ,par ,j4 ,b4 ,biot4 #c vols4 ,paris4 #aheh4 ,galile1 les ,droits de la ,science et la ,mthode des ,sciences ,physiques4 ,par ,thomas ,henri ,martin4 ,paris4 #ahfh4 ,even so great a man as ,bacon rejected the theory of ,galileo with scorn4 444 ,bacon had not all the means of arriving at a sound conclusion which are within our reach2 and which secure people who would not have been worthy to mend his pens from falling into his mistakes4 --,macaulay4 ,an ,unwritten ,chapter4 ,galileo's connection with a political party1 unfriendly to religion as well as to the papal government1 is correctly referred to by the ,edinburgh ,review as one of the causes of his difficulties concerning a question upon which ,copernicus met with none whatever4 ,our space will not permit us to treat this interesting chapter of the ,galileo story1 or we might show that not only such a connection1 but ,galileo's associations with the partisans and friends of such men 7and in some cases with the men themselves7 as ,sarpi1 7,fra ,paolo17 ,antonio de ,dominis1 etc4 etc41 contributed powerfully to encourage in him an insulting aggressiveness that even the indulgent admonition of #afaf could not restrain4 ,in various ways1 these men stirred up strife that might otherwise have slumbered1 and instigated ,galileo to fresh infractions of a rule by which he had solemnly promised to abide4 ,they are referred to by the ,north ,british ,review 7,nov41 #ahfj7 in energetic language as the band of sceptics who hounded him on to his ruin4 #dcd ,in like manner1 since we have spoken of the treatment of ,urban at ,galileo's hands1 we cannot1 for want of space1 dwell upon the personal bearing of ,urban toward him after the trial was resolved upon4 ,the law that compelled the trial was as binding upon the pope as upon any layman4 ,it had to be fulfilled2 but so far as ,urban's personal demeanor and acts are evidence1 there was nothing in them1 and nothing in his heart1 but kindness1 forbearance1 and generosity toward the offender2 and it will be remembered that he carried these so far as to allow the decree of the ,inquisition to go forth unsigned and unconfirmed by him4 ,if revenge for any conceived personal affront had actuated him1 he could1 by his signature and approval1 have given that decree a vigor and a value it could never otherwise possess4 ,we resume the thread of our relation1 and proceed to recount the main facts of ,the ,trial4 ,galileo was now summoned to ,rome to answer for his infraction of the injunction of #afaf4 ,the summons was issued ,september #bc;d1 #afcb4 ,there was1 however1 neither hurry nor precipitation2 and after a delay of some months1 caused partly by ,galileo's endeavors to have the trial deferred1 partly by his illness1 and partly by the prevalence of an epidemic in ,florence1 he reached ,rome on the #acth of ,february1 #afcc1 and became the guest of the ,tuscan ambassador4 ,still there appears to have been no haste with the proceedings1 and ,galileo passed his time in perfect freedom1 surrounded by his friends and the attentions of his noble host1 who could not help remarking that this was the first instance he had ever heard of in which a person cited before the ,inquisition--even though they were nobles or bishops or prelates--was not held in strict confinement4 ,when1 at last1 ,galileo's presence at the holy office was absolutely indispensable1 the best and most commodious rooms were placed at his disposition1 and his formal interrogatory commenced ,april #abth4 ,on the termination of this preliminary examination1 he was assigned the more spacious and pleasant apartments of the ,fiscal of the ,inquisition4 ,galileo1 says ,mr4 ,drinkwater1 was treated with unusual consideration2 and ,sir ,david ,brewster states that during the whole trial1 which had now commenced1 ,galileo was treated with the most marked indulgence4 ,on the #bb;d of ,april1 the commissary charged with the conduct of the trial was ready to proceed1 but postponed it on ,galileo's statement that he was suffering from severe pain in his thigh4 ,so matters rested1 until1 on the #cjth1 ,galileo asked for a resumption of the examination1 and presented a complete and utter disavowal of his book and its principles4 ,he declared that1 having again read over his ,dialogues1 in order to examine whether1 contrary to his express intention1 he had inadvertently disobeyed the decree of #afaf1 he found that two arguments were too strongly presented2 that they were not conclusive1 and could be easily refuted4 ,if ,i had to present them now1 he said1 ,i should assuredly do it in terms that would deprive them of the weight they apparently have1 but which in reality they do not possess4 ,his error1 he admitted1 arose from a vain ambition1 pure ignorance and inadvertence3 ,e stato dunque l'error mio1 e lo confesso1 di una vana ambitione1 e di una pura ignoranza e inavertenza4 #dce ,galileo's ,voluntary ,retraction4 ,here the examination closed for the day2 but ,galileo voluntarily returned1 and reopened it with the declaration 7et post paululum rediens dixit7 that he had not held the condemned opinion of the earth's motion1 and that he was ready1 if time were granted him1 to prove it clearly4 ,i will take up1 said he1 the argument in my ,dialogues1 and will refute with all possible energy the arguments presented in favor of that opinion4 ,he closes by reiterating his request to be allowed the opportunity of putting these resolutions in execution3 ,prego dunque questo ,s4 ,tribunals che voglia concorrer meco in questa buona risolutione col concedermi facolt di poterle metter in effetto4 ,it is painful to see a man's convictions so lightly held4 ,why1 all this voluntary proffer is more than was imposed on ,galileo by the decree of #afaf1 and no more than assumed by the decree of #afcc1 not yet pronounced6 ,alas1 poor ,galileo6 ,of such stuff martyrs never yet were made4 ,it seems strange that this phase and these incidents of the trial should never have been commented upon1 as showing the scientific question to be entirely secondary in the estimation of the ,congregation4 ,had that question been the only point or the important point1 this voluntary retraction1 confession of judgment1 plea of guilty1 offer of reparation1 and self-imposed sentence on the part of ,galileo should have been more than sufficient to end the case1 and leave naught for the tribunal to do but to put the self-imposed sentence in legal form4 ,but not so4 ,as ,galileo well knew1 he might have gone on to the end of his life teaching1 in peace and honor1 the astronomy taught by ,copernicus and others for the previous century4 ,copernicanism was not his crime1 and therefore his retraction1 as made1 could not reach his criminal infraction of the decree of #afaf1 and of his own solemn pledges1 nor could it modify the accusation of deception in the matter of the license to print his ,dialogues1 and the improper means taken to obtain that license4 ,the ,trial ,goes ,on4 ,on the same day ,galileo made his voluntary retraction1 he was permitted to return to the palace of the ,tuscan ambassador4 ,on the #ajth of ,may1 he was notified that a further delay of eight days would be allowed him for the preparation of a defence1 when he immediately presented it already prepared1 in a written statement of two pages1 accompanied by the ,bellarmine certificate of #afaf4 ,meanwhile1 the ,congregation deliberated2 and such was the friendly feeling in ,rome toward ,galileo that1 as late as the #bast of ,may1 ,cardinal ,capponi thought he would be acquitted4 ,giuducci asserted it positively1 and ,archbishop ,piccolomini made preparations to take ,galileo with him to ,sienna as his guest4 ,a large mass of documentary evidence1 letters1 reports1 etc41 had accumulated in the case1 and on the #afth of ,june a preliminary decree was entered1 by which ,galileo was enjoined from writing either for or against the theory of the earth's motion1 7injuncto ei ne de cetero scripto vel verbo tractet amplius quovis modo de mobilitate terrae nec de stabilitate soils et e contra etc47 #dcf ,on the #bast of ,june1 ,galileo was interrogated1 and stated in his replies that1 before the decree of #afaf1 he had held both opinions as to the sun or the earth being the centre of the world2 but that since that time1 convinced of the prudence of his superiors1 all doubt had ceased in his mind1 and he had adopted as true and undoubted the opinion of ,ptolemy2 that in his ,dialogues he had explained the proofs that might be urged against one or the other system1 but without deciding for either4 ,to this he was answered that he asserts positively the immobility of the sun and the movement of the earth1 and that he must make up his mind to acknowledge the truth1 or that he should be proceeded against according to the law and the facts of the case1 devenietur contra ipsum ad remedia juris et facti opportuna4 ,again ,galileo replies that he neither holds nor has held that opinion of ,copernicus since he received the order to abandon it4 ,being admonished that1 if he does not tell the truth1 he refuses under penalty of torture1 et ei dicto quod dicat veritaiem alias devenietur ad torturam1 he replies1 ,io son qua per far l'obedienza e non ho tennta questa opinione dopo la determinatione fatta come ho detto1 ,i am here to make my submission4 ,i do not hold and have not held this opinion since the determination taken as ,i have already stated4 ,et cum nihil aliud proceeds the record1 posset haberi in executionem decreti1 habita ejus subscriptione1 remissus fuit ad locum suum4 ,footnote #adb 7,signed7 ,io1 ,galileo-,galilei1 ho deposto come di sopra44 ,footnote #adb3 ,and as nothing else remained to be done1 he signed the record1 and was sent back to his place of abode4 ,on the following day1 7,wednesday1 ,june #bb;d1 #afcc17 ,galileo appeared again before the ,congregation to hear the decree in his case1 and pronounce his abjuration4 ,the ,decree ,footnote #adc ,footnote #adc3 ,so far as it relates to the scientific question1 this decree was suspended by ,benedict ,,xiv41 and repealed in full consistory by ,pius ,,vii4 ,meantime1 his ,dialogues were repeatedly published in ,italy with all the usual ecclesiastical approbations4 ,the edition in the ,astor ,library is that of ,padua1 #agdd1 and shows what we here state4 was based upon and mainly taken up with the recital of the proceedings of #afae1 the injunction of #afaf1 the violation of that injunction1 the effect of the ,bellarmine certificate1 the violation of ,galileo's pledges1 the improper means taken to obtain the license to print his ,dialogues1 and his confessions and excuses4 ,there was no discussion of the scientific question4 ,wherefore1 recites the decree1 as here1 namely1 in the ,bellarmine certificate1 there is no mention made of two particular articles of the said precepts--that is to say1 that you should not teach--doceri--and in any manner--quovis modo--write of the same doctrine1 you argued that it was to be believed that in the course of fourteen or sixteen years those things passed out of your memory1 and that1 on account of the same forgetfulness1 you were silent about that precept when you solicited a license for publishing the said work of yours4 ,and this was not said by you to excuse error1 but1 as it is ascribed1 rather to a vainglorious ambition than to malice4 ,but this very certificate produced by you in your defence rather aggravates the charge against you1 since in it1 it is declared that the said opinion was contrary to ,scripture1 and nevertheless you dared to treat of it1 to defend it1 and even to argue in favor of its probability4 ,neither did that certificate give you the faculty1 as you interpret it1 so artfully and subtly extorted by you1 since you did not make known the prohibition that had been imposed on you4 #dcg ,but as it appeared to us that you did not speak the entire truth with respect to your intention1 we indicated that it was necessary to proceed to a rigorous examination of you1 in which1 without prejudice to the other things which were confessed by you1 and which are deduced against you with respect to your intention1 you answered ,catholically4 ,which things1 therefore1 having duly considered1 and examined into the merits of this cause1 together with the above-mentioned confessions and excuses of yours1 and whatever other matters should be rightly seen and considered1 we come to the following definitive sentence against you3 ,we say1 judge1 and declare that you1 the above-named ,galileo1 on account of those things set forth in the documents of this trial1 and which have been confessed by you as above stated1 have rendered yourself to this holy office vehemently suspected of heresy2 that is1 that you believed and hold that doctrine which is false and contrary to the sacred ,scriptures1 namely1 that the sun is the centre of the orbit of the world1 and that it moves not from east to west1 and that the earth moves1 and is not the centre of the world2 and that an opinion can be held and defended as probable1 after it had been declared and defined as contrary to the sacred ,scriptures4 ,and consequently1 that you have incurred all the censures and penalties by the sacred canons and other general constitutions and particular statutes promulgated against delinquencies of this kind1 from which it is our pleasure that you should be absolved2 provided1 first1 that with a sincere heart and faith1 not feigned1 before us you abjure1 curse1 and detest the above-mentioned errors and heresies1 and every other heresy and error contrary to the ,catholic and ,apostolic ,roman ,church1 by that formula which is presented to you4 ,but lest this grave fault of yours1 and pernicious error and transgression1 should remain unpunished altogether1 and for the time to come that by more caution you should avoid them and be an example to others1 that they should abstain from this sort of crime1 we decree and by public edict prohibit the book of the ,dialogues of ,galileo-,galilei2 we condemn you to the prison of the holy office during our pleasure2 and as a solitary penance1 we prescribe that for three years you shall once a week recite the seven penitential psalms2 reserving to ourselves the power of moderating1 commuting1 or taking away in whole or in part the above-mentioned penalties and penances4 ,and thus we say1 pronounce1 and by sentence declare1 etc4 ,then followed ,galileo's abjuration of his errors and heresies2 that is to say1 abjuration of his error as to the earth's movement1 and of his heresy as to the decisions of the ,congregation4 ,we thus give1 in all their crudity1 and without comment1 the only portion of the trial and the decree at all available to the advocates of the old version of the ,galileo story4 ,let them make the most of it4 ,the ,record ,of ,the ,trial ,of ,galileo1 or the ,procs ,verbal1 still exists in all its original integrity4 ,the history of these documents is singular4 ,the archives of the ,inquisition at ,rome were carried off to ,paris at some time during the reign of ,napoleon4 ,lord ,brougham says in #ahji4 ,m4 ,biot 7who cites ,m4 ,delaborde1 ,directeur des ,archives ,franaises7 says in #ahaa4 #dch ,a ,french translation of the ,galileo trial1 begun by order of ,napoleon1 was completed down to ,april #cjth1 #afcc4 ,just before the ,hundred ,days1 ,louis ,,xviii4 desired to see the documents1 and all the papers connected with the trial were brought to his apartments4 ,his hasty flight from ,paris soon followed1 and the ,,mss4 were forgotten and lost sight of4 ,when the plundered archives were returned to ,rome1 it was found that the ,galileo trial was not among them4 ,reclamation was made1 and it was not until #ahdf that ,louis ,philippe had the documents returned by ,m4 ,rossi4 ,they are now in the ,vatican4 ,in this connection1 it is an interesting fact to note that seventy folio volumes of the archives of the ,inquisition are now in the library of the ,university of ,dublin4 ,the archives at ,rome were plundered a second time in #ahdi1 whether by ,garibaldians or ,french is not known4 ,the plunder was brought to ,paris by a ,french officer1 and there1 in #ahej1 sold to the late ,duke of ,manchester1 who sold them to the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gibbings1 a ,protestant clergyman of the ,irish ,establishment4 ,mr4 ,gibbings again sold them to the late ,dr4 ,wall1 vice-provost of the university1 aided by ,dr4 ,singer1 ,bishop of ,meath1 who presented them to the library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,we return to the ,galileo record4 ,in #ahej1 ,signor ,marino-,marini1 ,prefect of the ,vatican ,archives1 published ,galileo e l',inquizitione4 ,this ,signor ,marini is the same who is so highly spoken of by ,william von ,humboldt4 7,see ,schlesier's ,lives of the ,humboldts47 ,his work originally appeared in the form of a discourse addressed to the ,archaeological ,academy of ,rome4 ,looked for with anxiety1 the book was received with some disappointment4 ,instead of the text1 and the entire text of the trial1 ,signor ,marini gave extracts and fragments1 stating at the same time that the ,french1 who had these documents in their possession so many years1 had not dared to publish them1 because they were disappointed at not finding in them what they sought for4 ,to this it was objected--and the point was well taken--,why1 then1 did not you publish the whole8 ,the truth is1 the choice of ,signor ,marini for the task was unfortunate4 ,an excellent scholar and accomplished man1 he was yet too timid or too narrow-minded for it1 and undertook the function of an advocate rather than the far more important one of a historian4 ,he shrank from the publicity of such passages as1 ,devenietur contra ipsum ad remedia juris et facti opportuna1 ,alias devenietur ad torturam1 as though we were not aware of the universality of the use of torture in all the criminal procedure of all ,europe1 and that the ,inquisition took it not from ecclesiastical1 but from the secular tribunals of the day2 as though we did not only deplore1 but openly reprobate1 the fact1 and as though we did not hold the ,inquisition responsible for the odium it has entailed on the ,catholic ,church1 very much1 we presume1 as any right-minded ,protestant holds star-chambers and ,elizabethan tortures responsible for burdens they find hard to bear4 ,a distinguished ,french writer1 ,m4 ,henri de l',epinois1 expressed his regret to the present prefect of the ,vatican ,archives as to the unsatisfactory manner in which ,sig4 ,marini had presented the ,galileo record1 whereupon the ,rev4 ,father ,theiner immediately offered to place all the documents at his disposition for any examination or publication he might wish to make4 #dci ,the result is ,m4 ,l',epinois's work1 ,galile1 son ,procs1 sa ,condamnation1 d'aprs des ,documens ,indits1 in which are given all the original passages omitted by ,marini4 ,the record of the trial covers two hundred and twenty pages1 and includes1 besides the interrogatories and replies of ,galileo and of several witnesses1 sixty-three letters1 orders1 opinions1 depositions1 etc41 besides the various decrees and ,galileo's defence and abjuration4 ,the interrogatories are all in ,latin1 the answers in ,italian4 ,thus1 for example1 where ,galileo is examined as to the publication of his ,dialogues1 the record runs3 ,interrogate4 ,an si ostenderet sibi dictus liber paratus sit illum recognoscere tanquam suum8 ,respondit4 ,spero di si che mi sara monstrato il libro lo riconoscero4 ,et sibi ostenso uno ex libris ,florentiae impressis1 anno #afcb1 cujus titulus est ,dialogo di ,galileo-,galilei linceo1 in quo agitur de duobus sistematibus mundi1 et per ipsum bene viso et inspecto1 dixit3 lo conosco questo libro benissimo1 et e uno di quelli stampati in ,fiorenza1 et lo conosco come mio e da me composto4 ,interrogatus4 ,an pariter recognoscat omnia et singula in dicto libro contenta tanquam sua8 ,respondit4 ,io conosco questo libro mostratomi1 ch' uno di quelli stampati in ,fiorenza e tutto quello che in esso si contiene lo riconosco come composto da me4 ,e ,pur ,si ,muove6 ,the temptation of the dramatic effect of this phrase has been too strong for writers who should have known better than to give it currency4 ,in the declamation of a school exhibition1 we are not surprised to find it2 but from a serious historian it comes with a bad grace4 ,m4 ,ponsard has1 of course1 preserved it in his drama4 ,it is simply fable1 and like the ,up1 ,guards1 and at them6 of ,lord ,wellington1 un de ces mots de circonstance invents aprs coup4 ,footnote #add ,footnote #add3 ,one of those impromptus composed at leisure4 ,unstable1 timorous1 equivocating1 and supple1 says ,philarte ,chasles1 he never had the heart to exclaim1 ',e pur si muove6' ,he never exhibited that heroical resistance which has been attributed to him4 ,the penitential shirt or sack is also fabulous1 notwithstanding even so distinguished a man as ,cousin speaks of ,galileo as forc d'abjurer genoux1 en chemise1 son plus beau titre de gloire4 ,footnote #ade ,footnote #ade3 ,forced to abjure on his knees1 and clad in a shirt1 his noblest title to greatness4 ,value ,of ,the ,decree4 ,a few words--and but few are needed--as to the common assertion that the ,catholic ,church1 claiming infallibility in matters of faith1 decided the doctrine of the earth's immobility to be a truth affirmed in the ,scriptures4 ,granting the decree of the ,inquisition in the case of ,galileo to have been all that is claimed against it1 it was1 after all1 nothing but a decree of the ,inquisition2 no more1 no less4 ,and first1 what was the ,inquisition8 ,the ,inquisition forms no permanent or essential part of the organization of the ,catholic ,church4 ,it was always a purely local tribunal1 and the original appointment of its officers as quaesitores fidei1 or inquisitors1 seems to have been designed to prevent civil wars on the score of religion4 ,the prevailing sentiment as well as the positive jurisprudence of the middle ages approved the punishment of heresy by temporal penalties4 #ddj ,indeed1 such principles1 abhorrent to us1 seem to have come down out of the so-called dark ages far toward our own time4 ,for full confirmation of this statement1 you may read ,john ,calvin's treatise in defence of persecuting measures1 in which he maintains the lawfulness of putting heretics to death2 and for illustration1 you may peruse the account of his treatment of ,castellio and ,servetus1 who found ,calvin's reasoning of such peculiar strength that they did not survive its application2 or his letter to ,somerset1 7#aedh37 ,you have two kinds of mutineers3 the one are a fanatical people1 who1 under color of the gospel1 would set all to confusion2 the others are stubborn people in the superstition of the ,antichrist of ,rome4 ,these altogether do deserve to be well punished by the sword4 7,see ,froude's ,history of ,england1 vol4 v47 ,charming impartiality6 ,more than a hundred years afterward1 ,calvin's followers embodied his doctrine in their solemn confession of faith1 wherein they say 7,westminster ,confession1 ch4 xxiii47 that the civil magistrate hath authority1 and it is his duty1 to take order1 that all blasphemies and heresies be suppressed4 ,although inquisitors existed in ,italy from the time of ,innocent ,,iv41 their authority was so rarely exercised that it was scarcely known until ,paul ,,iii41 in the year #aede1 organized the ,congregation of the ,inquisition1 consisting of six cardinals4 ,to these were added two more by ,pius ,v4 ,they formed a strictly ecclesiastical tribunal1 charged with matters regarding the integrity of faith throughout the world2 their duty being to examine and censure erroneous propositions1 condemn and proscribe bad books1 inflict ecclesiastical censures on clergymen convicted of error1 and exercise a superintendence over the local tribunals of faith4 ,it still exists1 acts1 and exercises its ecclesiastical attributes4 ,but however powerful to suppress opinion or to exact obedience the ,inquisition might be within the limits of its own special jurisdiction1 we have never yet heard that any decree of any inquisition ever determined a question of faith1 or1 in other words1 ever attempted to usurp the functions of a general council4 ,even ,riccioli1 the original source1 up to within a few years1 of all accounts of the trial and sentence of ,galileo1 and himself one of the strongest theological opponents of the theory of the earth's motion1 expressly protests against the assertion that any declaration whatever had been made on the subject by the church itself4 ,he says3 ,the ,sacred ,congregation of ,cardinals1 taken apart from the ,supreme ,pontiff1 does not make propositions to be of faith1 even though it should actually define them to be of faith1 or the contrary ones heretical4 ,wherefore1 since no definition upon this matter has as yet issued from the ,supreme ,pontiff1 nor from any council directed and approved by him1 it is not yet of faith that the sun moves and the earth stands still by force of the decree of the ,congregation2 but at most and alone1 by the force of the sacred ,scriptures to those to whom it is morally evident that ,god has revealed it4 ,nevertheless1 ,catholics are bound1 in prudence and obedience1 at least so far as not to teach the contrary4 ,and yet1 plain as is this distinction1 men of professedly theological acquirements1 for the sake of inflicting a wound on the church1 systematically ignore it whenever they have a point to make with the ,galileo story4 #dda ,and the distinction is not only plain at the present day1 but was expressly made at the time of ,galileo's trial4 ,it was not in the power of the holy office to declare it 7,galileo's scientific theory7 or any other doctrine heresy2 it would take an ,o,ecumenical ,council for that4 7,letter of ,september #dth1 #afcb3 ,cardinal ,magalotti to ,galileo47 ,even ,descartes1 six months after the trial1 remarks that the decision of the ,inquisition had received the ratification of neither pope nor council4 ,the ,torture4 ,the relators of the torture fable ask us to believe that an old man bending under the weight of seventy years1 after undergoing imprisonment and mental anguish1 suffered the peine forte et dure of torture on the #bast of ,june1 and on the next day was capable of remaining more than an hour on his knees to receive his sentence1 and then1 unaided1 arose1 stamped his foot1 and thundered out1 ,e pur si muove6 ,truly a vigorous performance1 but not more hardy than the story which relates it4 ,no2 these fables can no longer have place in history2 and we know positively that ,galileo1 who1 on the evening of ,june #bdth1 after his three days' detention at the holy office1 7the sentence of imprisonment being immediately commuted by the pope17 was conducted by ,niccolini to the ,villa ,medici1 and who1 on the #fth of ,july1 old as he was1 was able to walk four miles without inconvenience1 could not have been tortured on the #bast of ,june4 ,those who undertake1 says the ,german ,protestant ,von ,reumont1 to accuse the ,inquisition on this point1 are forced to have recourse to fiction4 ,lord ,brougham1 after an examination of the case1 says1 in his ,analytical ,view of the ,principia1 that the supposition of ,galileo having been tortured is entirely disproved by ,galileo's own account of the lenity with which he was treated4 ,biot dismisses the matter thus3 ,,ii y a l une runion d'invraisemblances qui ne permet pas de concevoir raisonnablement un soupon pareil4 ,footnote #adf ,footnote #adf3 ,there is here such a conjunction of improbabilities as to exclude all reasonable possibility of such a suspicion4 ,galileo survived his sentence eight years4 ,is it credible that1 during that long period spent in intimate personal intercourse and literary correspondence with his friend1 no word or hint of complaint of such an outrage as torture should have escaped his lips8 ,castelli was constantly with him to the hour of his death1 and heard no whisper of it4 ,in ,august1 #afch1 writing to ,bernegger1 ,galileo could boast that neither the freedom nor the vigor of his spirit was repressed4 ,three months before his death1 with the certainty of its approach1 he sent for ,torricelli1 and spent long hours in unreserved discourse with him4 ,not a word of torture6 ,finally1 in his last letter1 just three weeks before his death1 to ,beccherini1 he bewails his endurances and his troubles in a spirit that could not and did not fail to unseal his lips for everything he had to say in the spirit of complaint2 but here1 too1 not a word of torture6 ,the majority of the ,french feuilletonists on the ,ponsard drama manifest disappointment at not finding any torture1 and straightway seek solace in such reflections as1 ,ainsi1 ,galile ne fut point mis la torture2 on en a aujourd'hui la pleine certitude46 ,footnote #adg ,footnote #adg3 ,thus1 then1 ,galileo was not put to the torture4 ,of that we now have the fullest certainty4 #ddb ,but the feuilletonist wants to know if the persecutions1 bitterness1 and vexation of every kind to which ,galileo was subjected were not the equivalent of physical torture8 ,and what1 then1 does he take to be the equivalent of the irony1 sarcasm1 ingratitude1 and insult gratuitously heaped upon ,urban1 the kind friend and liberal benefactor of ,galileo8 ,no reasonable doubt can now exist as to the fact that it was not ,galileo's assertion of the hypothesis of the earth's rotation that brought him into trouble4 ,it was his intemperance of language1 impatience of wise counsel1 disregard of sacred obligations1 violation of solemn promises1 and above all1 his insane perversity in dragging the scriptural element into the controversy4 ,of the scores of distinguished adherents1 disciples1 advocates1 and professors of the heliocentric doctrine1 ,galileo alone gave annoyance and created difficulty4 ,to the extent of examining and discussing the question scientifically1 the freedom at ,rome was perfect4 ,but when the point was reached when it was gratuitously thrust into collision with ,scripture1 a degree of demonstration was needed that could not be produced4 ,after ,the ,trial4 ,to complete the chronological statement of events1 it is only necessary to add that on the #fth of ,july ,galileo left ,rome for ,sienna1 where he remained with ,archbishop ,piccolomini1 one of his most intimate friends1 until the month of ,december4 ,he then returned to his own home at ,arcetri1 near ,florence4 ,it was here he received the oft-described and well-known visit of ,milton1 then in the prime of youth4 ,in #afch1 he transferred his residence to ,florence1 where he occupied himself with scientific pursuits1 his negotiation with ,holland for the use of his discovery concerning the longitude1 the publication of his book ,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,scienze at ,leyden1 7#afch17 correspondence with scientific men1 and visits from his friends4 ,he died on the #hth of ,january1 #afdb1 in the seventy-eighth year of his age4 ,the noblest eye1 wrote his friend ,father ,castelli1 announcing his death1 which nature ever made1 is darkened2 an eye so privileged and gifted with such rare powers that it may truly be said to have seen more than the eyes of all that are gone1 and to have opened the eyes of all that are to come4 ,we now pass to the consideration of the exact condition of ,the ,scientific ,question as it existed in #afcc1 leaving1 of course1 aside all discussion of its theological or scriptural connection4 ,without going back so far as ,pythagoras1 the new system in #afcc was not original with ,galileo1 nor even with ,copernicus1 who is said to have received the germ of his new doctrine at ,bologna from the hypothesis of ,dominicus ,maria on the variability of the axis of the earth2 and it would be most interesting1 did space allow1 to review the intellectual struggles of the predecessors 7ad astra7 of the ,polish priest with a theory they felt to be true1 but were powerless to demonstrate even to themselves4 #ddc ,among these men were3 #a4 ,the great mystical theologian1 ,richard of ,st4 ,victor1 who described the true method of physical inquiry in terms which ,francis ,bacon might have adopted4 ,it would not be easy at the present day1 says ,dr4 ,whewell1 7,philosophy of ,discovery1 pp4 #eb-ec17 to give a better account of the object of physical science4 #b4 ,celius ,calcagnini1 7born #adgi17 who published 7,tiraboschi says divolg1 which may or may not mean simply printing7 a work in which he endeavored to prove quod coelum stet1 terra autem moveatur4 #c4 ,cardinal ,cusa1 sometimes called ,nicholas the ,cusan1 an intellectual giant of his time1 the highest expression1 probably1 of the active mental movement that marked the #aeth century4 ,he was equally distinguished in science1 in letters1 and in philosophy1 and in #adcf1 at the ,council of ,basle1 proposed the reform of the calendar afterward carried out by the pope4 ,his knowledge of astronomy was1 for his time1 profound1 and he asserted and published that the sun is at rest1 the earth moves1 7istam terram in veritate moveatur47 ,footnote #adh ,footnote #adh3 ,that heaven is motionless1 but that the earth moves4 #d4 ,novara1 the preceptor of ,copernicus2 for it is certain that ,copernicus found his new doctrine in ,italy4 #e4 ,jerome of ,tallavia1 whose papers are said to have fallen into the hands of ,copernicus4 #f4 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 who1 in #aeaj1 connected his theory of bodies with the earth's motion1 showing1 as ,whewell says1 that the heliocentric doctrines were fermenting in the minds of intelligent men1 and gradually assuming clearness and strength4 ,although ,da ,vinci constructed no system of explanation1 he nevertheless held the motion of the earth1 as appears from one of his manuscripts of the year #aejj4 ,some light may be thrown upon the actual condition of astronomical science during the ,galileo period by a short statement of the arguments most in vogue between ,ptolemaists ,and ,copernicans1 and of what the latter had to present in the way of proof4 ,the ,copernicans contended generally for the greater simplicity of their system1 and the incredibility of the enormous velocity which the sphere of the fixed stars must have if the ancient system be true4 ,to this it was answered that ,god doeth wonders without number4 ,but the earth would corrupt and putrefy without motion1 whereas the heavens are incorruptible4 ,to which the answer was ready that wind would give sufficient motion4 ,but the most movable part of man is underneath1 since he walks with his feet2 whence the most unworthy part of the universe1 the earth1 should be movable4 ,objected that1 if the earth moves1 the head of a man moves faster than his feet4 ,but again1 ,rest is nobler than motion1 and therefore ought to belong to the sun1 the noble body4 ,replied to1 ,for the same reason1 the moon and all the planets ought to rest4 ,again1 ,the lamp of the world ought to be in the centre4 ,answered by1 ,a lamp is frequently hung up from a roof to enlighten the floor4 ,can we fancy1 asked the ,copernicans1 that ,god has not acted on a scheme so impressive and so beautiful as ours8 ,can we fancy1 replied their opponents1 that this earth is constantly in motion1 which we feel to be the stablest of all things8 that our senses are given to deceive us8 that during the greater part of our lives we cling to the earth with our head downward8 #ddd ,finally1 the ,copernicans were utterly silenced by the unanswerable argument of throwing up a stone4 ,would they please explain1 was asked of them1 why1 if the earth moved1 the stone1 being thrown directly upward1 should fall on the spot from which it was thrown8 ,the ,copernicans were silent1 for they could assign no reason4 ,in the sixteenth century1 says ,professor ,de ,morgan1 the wit of man could not imagine how1 if the earth moved1 a stone thrown directly upward would tumble down upon the spot it was thrown from4 ,it was reserved for a man who was born on the same day ,galileo died to furnish the reason4 ,astronomy ,in #afcc4 ,to one seeking for a demonstrated system1 astronomy was then a hopeless chaos of irreconcilable facts--an impenetrable jungle of conflicting theories4 ,that such was the actual condition of the science in ,galileo's day1 we find fully recognized and aptly described by a distinguished ,english ,protestant1 a great name in ,english literature1 who1 himself an exact mathematician and astronomer1 was most active in research and observation precisely during the period of ,galileo's greatest fame4 ,we refer to ,burton1 author of the celebrated ,anatomy of ,melancholy4 ,this remarkable book was written by ,burton during the years extending from #afad to #afba1 when the first edition was published4 ,the subsequent editions of #afbd1 #afbh1 #afcb1 and #afch were all issued during the life of the author1 who died in #afci1 a succession of years precisely covering the period of ,galileo's controversies and trials2 and yet its author1 vicar of ,st4 ,thomas and rector of ,segrave1 7,church of ,england as by law established17 who never misses an opportunity ever so slight of giving ,catholicity a thrust or a stab1 makes 'mere mention' of ,galileo's condemnation thus3 ,these paradoxes of the earth's motion which the ,church of ,rome hath lately condemned as heretical4 ,the truth is1 that in that day the course pursued by the ,congregation at ,rome was generally approved even by ,protestants4 ,in their eyes1 nothing but a paradox was condemned4 ,having exhausted all his proof1 where does ,galileo leave our exact ,english mathematician1 who evidently read and knew of everything published on the subject in his day8 ,why1 ,burton speaks of that main paradox of the earth's motion now so much in question1 and devotes five full pages to a presentation of all the theories then current1 giving ,galileo's as of no more value than the others6 ,he thus sums them up3 ,one offends against natural philosophy1 another against optic principles1 a third against mathematical1 as not answering to astronomical observations4 ,one puts a great space between ,saturn's orb and the eighth sphere1 another too narrow4 ,in his own hypothesis1 he makes the earth as before the universal centre1 the sun to the five upper planets2 to the eighth sphere he ascribes diurnal motion2 eccentrics and epicycles to the seven planets1 which hath been formerly exploded2 and so1 dum vitant stulti vitia1 in contraria currant1 ,footnote #adi as a tinker stops one hole and makes two1 he corrects them1 and doth worse himself3 reforms some and mars all4 ,in the mean time1 the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them1 they hoist the earth up and down like a ball1 make it stand and go at their pleasures3 one saith the sun stands2 another1 he moves2 a third comes in1 taking them all at rebound1 and lest there should any paradox be wanting1 he finds certain spots and clouds in the sun4 444 ,footnote #adi3 ,while they avoid one mistake1 they run into the contrary4 #dde ,and thus they disagree amongst themselves1 old and new1 irreconcilable in their opinions2 thus ,aristarchus1 thus ,hipparchus1 thus ,ptolemaeus1 thus ,albateginus1 thus ,alfraganus1 thus ,tycho1 thus ,ramerus1 thus ,raeslinus1 thus ,fracastorius1 thus ,copernicus and his adherents1 etc4 ,not a word here of ,galileo4 ,the whole chapter is very curious1 and will well repay the trouble of reading4 ,see pages #cbc to #cbi1 ,london edition4 ,notwithstanding his condition of paradox as seen by disinterested men of science1 ,galileo claimed three propositions as settled3 ,first4 ,the system was demonstrated4 ,second4 ,he demonstrated it4 ,third4 ,his was the honor of furnishing the demonstration from the flux and reflux of the tides4 ,to these three propositions it is replied that the system was not at that day demonstrated by ,galileo or by any one else1 and that his tidal argument was worthless4 ,indeed1 a sufficient answer is found in the simple statement1 in which all astronomers must certainly accord1 that before the time of ,sir ,isaac ,newton there was nothing to make the ,copernican system more plausible and reasonable than the ,ptolemaic theory1 because the ,english astronomer first explained the one law on which planetary revolutions depended4 ,the theory of the earth's rotation was1 in #afcc1 barely a matter of induction--strong1 it is true1 yet nothing more than induction4 ,strong1 if the two arguments taken from the phases of ,venus and the satellites of ,jupiter are duly weighed2 but weak without them4 ,the discovery of the satellites of ,jupiter was called by ,herschel the holding turn of the ,copernican system1 but ,galileo had no conception of its value2 he passed it by as insignificant1 and settled down complacently upon the flux and reflux of the tides as the crowning proof4 ,to this proof1 and to no other1 he clung during the citation of #afaf4 ,astronomers express great surprise that ,galileo makes no mention of the belts of ,jupiter1 although they are visible with the aid of the smallest glass4 ,zucchi1 a ,jesuit1 was the first to note them in ,rome1 7#afcj47 ,in like manner1 the discovery of the spots on the sun do not appear to have benefited him in ascertaining the sun's rotation4 ,galile1 says ,arago1 n'a pas non plus la moindre apparence de droit la dcouverte du mouvement de rotation du soleil4 ,on a vu les taches2 aucune consquence de cette observation n'est indique4 ,footnote #aej ,footnote #aej3 ,neither has ,galileo the slightest apparent claim to the discovery of the sun's rotation4 ,the spots are observed1 but no deduction is drawn from the observation4 ,the oversights concerning ,jupiter are the more remarkable as ,galileo's labors in investigation of the satellites were long and exhausting4 ,it is only within a few years that this fact has been ascertained through the discovery by ,professor ,alberi of a long series of observations of the satellites of ,jupiter1 with tables and ephemerides drawn up for the purpose of comparing the longitude4 ,these manuscripts1 described as a mighty monument of his labors--and doubtless they must be1 for all his calculations were necessarily made without the aid of logarithms--were found in the ,pitti ,palace library1 and are published by ,alberi in the fifth volume of his magnificent edition of ,galileo's work4 #ddf ,herschel says that the science of astronomy was yet in its infancy at the period of ,newton's death1 and after all that ,newton had done for it4 ,what1 then1 must we think of its condition in the hands of ,galileo1 with his toy telescope1 his fallacious tidal theory1 and his necessary ignorance of the great discoveries that followed him8 ,in #afah1 he published his ,theory of the ,tides4 ,in #afbc1 he again puts it forward in a letter to ,ingulfi2 and finally devotes the fourth and last day of the ,dialogue to the development of the same argument4 ,nay1 more1 in this dialogue he scoffs at the simplicity of ,kepler1 who has had the temerity1 after his 7,galileo's7 satisfactory explanation of the phenomena1 to listen to such stuff as the occult properties of the moon's influence on the tides1 and other like puerilities6 ,we find by reference to a marginal note in the ,padua edition of the ,dialogues at the ,astor ,library1 that a prelate1 ,girolamo ,borro1 wrote a pamphlet setting forth the theory of the moon's influence on the tides1 and ,simplicio is made to quote him3 ,e ultimamente certo prelato ha publicato un tratello dove dice che la luna vagando per il cielo attrae e solleva verso di se un cumulo d'acqua1 il quale va continualmente seguitanclo1 etc4 ,footnote #aea ,footnote #aea3 ,and lately a certain prelate has published a pamphlet1 in which he says that the moon1 traversing the heavens1 attracts and draws after her a mass of water which continually follows1 etc4 ,here ,sagredo stops him abruptly1 saying1 ,for heaven's sake1 ,signor ,simplicio1 let us have no more of that2 for it is a mere loss of time to listen to it1 as well as to confute it1 and you simply do injustice to your judgment by regarding such or similar puerilities4 ,no wonder1 as ,bailli says1 la foule d'astronomes etaient centre6 ,footnote #aeb ,footnote #aeb3 ,the mass of astronomers were of the contrary opinion4 ,galileo died in profound ignorance of the true tidal theory1 and the credit of pointing it out is ascribed by ,mr4 ,drinkwater to the ,college of ,jesuits at ,coimbra4 ,but more than all this1 ,galileo had already made great mistakes1 and committed errors that were publicly rectified by his contemporaries4 ,thus1 one of the most remarkable astronomical phenomena of the age1 the three comets of #afah1 was totally misunderstood by ,galileo1 who pronounced them atmospheric meteors4 ,the ,jesuit ,grassi1 in his treatise ,de ,tribus ,cometis1 7#afah17 had the merit of explaining what had baffled ,galileo1 who at first held them to be planets moving in vast ellipses around the sun4 ,charity ,for ,all4 ,in referring to these errors of ,galileo1 ,laplace says that it would be unjust to judge him with the same rigor as one who should refuse at present to believe the motion of the earth1 confirmed by the numerous discoveries made in astronomy since that period4 ,and ,john ,quincy ,adams1 in a memorable discourse delivered at ,cincinnati in #ahdc1 says of ,tycho ,brahe1 7who maintained that the earth is immovable in the centre of the universe17 ,the religion of ,tycho in the encounter with his philosophy obtained a triumph honorable to him1 but erroneous in fact4 ,all which maybe very true2 and if ,laplace and ,mr4 ,adams err at all1 they err certainly on the side of charity and kindness4 #ddg ,but are we to have one standard of justice for one class of men1 and a far different one for another class8 ,is that which is excusable in an ,italian and honorable in a ,danish astronomer1 ignorant1 bigoted1 and vile in a cardinal8 ,or is there any good reason why that which in ,denmark is a triumph of religion should in ,rome become a victory of ignorance8 ,tycho ,brahe1 in his day a profound astronomer1 noble and wealthy1 devoting his whole life to science in unremitting observation of the heavens1 with the aid of the most complete and costly apparatus in existence at the time1 might surely be supposed to have reached a safer conclusion than an ignorant churchman4 ,and how1 moreover1 could such a churchman be expected to pin his faith to the sleeve of an astronomer like ,galileo1 whose errors and blunders were frequent and serious1 and who1 when in his conjectures he stumbled upon the truth1 could hardly distinguish it from error1 and was therefore as likely to give a bad as a good reason for his doctrine8 ,or1 as ,m4 ,biot admirably expresses it1 si l'tat imparfait de cette science l'exposait ainsi donner parfois de mauvaises raisons comme bonnes1 il faut pardonner ses adversaires de n'avoir pas pu toujours distinguer les bonnes des mauvaises4 ,footnote #aec ,footnote #aec3 ,if the imperfection of this science thus made him liable to give bad reasons for good1 his adversaries should surely be pardoned for not always being able to distinguish the good from the bad4 ,anti-,catholic controversialists will persist in endowing the ,galileo period with an amount of astronomical and physical science that then had no existence4 ,intelligent1 industrious1 and learned the cardinals of ,galileo's day certainly were2 but it is absurd to attribute to them or to their times a knowledge of the ,copernican system1 as afterward explained by ,kepler1 ,newton1 and two centuries of men of science4 ,kepler's ,laws of the ,universe were not published until #afai1 and even then1 and long years afterward1 who could possibly apply them until ,newton's discoveries gave them force and authority8 ,if our modern sciolists1 who prattle so much about the ignorant and bigoted court of ,rome1 knew enough to be a little modest1 they might take to heart the reflection of the great ,english essayist1 and remember it is no merit of theirs that prevents them from falling into the mistakes of a cardinal whose pens they are not worthy to mend4 ,it certainly was asking a great deal of men that they should abandon settled tradition1 the teachings of authority1 the evidence of their senses1 and the warrant of ,scripture1 as they understood it1 to embrace a strange1 startling1 and incomprehensible doctrine1 in no degree better off in demonstration than the old one4 ,even the weight of scientific authority was in their favor1 as is readily seen when we look at the relative strength of ,copernican and ,anti-,copernican4 ,tycho ,brahe was far from being alone in his dissent from ,copernicus and ,galileo4 ,saving only the bright spot made by ,kepler and a few of his disciples1 all ,germany1 ,france1 and ,england were still in comparative darkness1 and it is difficult to believe that at the period of ,galileo's trial there were as many avowed ,copernicans in all ,europe together as in the single city of ,rome4 ,in ,germany1 the new system was almost universally rejected1 and ,wolfgang ,menzel1 in his ,history of ,germany1 speaks of it as die unter den ,protestanten in ,deutschland noch iminer bezweifelte ,wahrheit des ,copernikanischen ,welt-systems4 ,footnote #aed3 ,footnote #aed3 ,the even yet 7by ,german ,protestants7 contested truth of the ,copernican system4 #ddh ,the frontispiece to ,riccioli's ,almagestum ,novum1 ,astor ,library copy1 published in #afea1 presents a curious illustration of the prevalent estimate of the new doctrines4 ,a figure with a pair of balances is seen weighing the ,tychonian against the ,copernican system1 and the truth of the former is shown by its overwhelming preponderance4 ,riccioli cites fourteen authors who up to that day had written in favor of the ,copernican theory1 and thirty-seven who had written against it4 ,he adduces seventy arguments in favor of the ,tychonian1 and can find but forty-nine in support of the ,copernican2 consequently1 the mere force of numbers proves the improbability of the latter4 ,in ,france1 ,ramus1 the ,huguenot ,royal ,professor at ,paris1 utterly refused the doctrine ten years after the death of ,galileo4 ,thomas ,lydiat1 a distinguished ,english astronomer of his day1 and so good a scholar as to come victorious out of a controversy on chronology with ,scaliger1 openly opposed the ,copernican system in his ,praelectio ,astronomica1 7#afje47 ,in fact1 no man of astronomical acquirements of that day1 and for more than fifty years afterward1 dared risk the success of a book by putting in it anything favoring the ,copernican theory4 ,even as late as #aegj1 we find ,john ,dee1 an ,english ,copernican1 who1 despairing of the ignorant prejudice around him1 would not so much as hint at the existence of the system in his preface to ,billingsley's ,euclid4 ,in ,great ,britain1 the system was discredited by the illustrious ,gilbert4 ,milton1 too1 seems to have doubted it4 ,its most active opponent was ,alexander ,rosse1 a voluminous ,scotch writer1 alluded to in ,hudibras4 ,hume tells us ,lord ,bacon rejected the system of ,copernicus with the most positive disdain4 ,footnote #aee ,it is but fair to say1 though1 that this statement1 like too many of ,hume's1 should be qualified4 ,it is true that in his ,de ,augmentis ,bacon says that the absurdity and complexity of the ,ptolemaic system has driven men to the doctrine of the earth's motion1 which is clearly false1 quod nobis constat falsissimum esse2 but1 on the other hand1 in the ,novum ,organum1 he distinctly speaks of the question of the earth's motion as one to be examined4 ,now1 the latter work1 although published before1 was written after the ,de ,augmentis1 which is less serious and argumentative than the ,novum ,organum4 ,footnote #aee3 ,macaulay should have said1 theory of ,copernicus1 instead of theory of ,galileo4 ,bacon never credited ,galileo with a system1 and did not hold his scientific merits in much esteem4 ,even in #agje1 the ,hon4 ,e4 ,howard published in ,london a work entitled ,copernicans of all ,sorts ,convicted4 ,in #ahjf1 ,mercier1 a ,frenchman1 wrote to prove l'impossibilit des systmes de ,copernic et de ,newton2 and even so recently as #ahbi an individual was found so retrograde as to publish a work entitled ,the ,universe as it is2 wherein the ,hypothesis of the ,earth's ,motion is ,refuted1 etc41 by ,w4 ,woodley4 ,the ,undemonstrated ,problem4 ,and now1 having spied out the nakedness of the astronomic land throughout ,europe1 let us return for a moment to the scientific position of the tribunal that tried ,galileo4 #ddi ,what solid proof was presented to it8 ,none whatever4 ,and those familiar with the history of astronomy will readily recognize the fact that1 so far from seeing in the new opinion a scientific novelty1 they recognized in it substantially the old hypothesis of ,pythagoras1 which1 after obtaining credit for more than five hundred years1 was triumphantly displaced by the ,ptolemaic theory2 which was that the earth is a solid globe at rest in the centre of the universe1 with the various planetary bodies revolving in larger and larger circles1 according to the order of their distances4 ,the new doctrine had not even the form of a system3 ',twas neither shape nor feature4 ,indeed1 as has been truly said1 it was nothing more than a paradox for the support of which its authors had to draw upon their own resources4 ,high astronomical authority1 ,dlambre1 thus sums up the utter absence of proof1 in ,galileo's time1 of the theory of the earth's rotation3 ,what solid reason could induce the ancients to disbelieve the evidence of their senses8 ,yes1 and even despite the immense progress which astronomy has subsequently made1 have the moderns themselves been able to allege any one direct proof of the diurnal motion of the earth1 previous to the voyage of ,richer to ,cayenne1 where he was obliged to shorten his pendulum8 ,have they been able to discover one positive demonstration to the point1 to prove the annual revolution of the earth1 before ,roemer measured the velocity of light1 and ,bradley had observed and calculated the phenomena of the aberration8 ,previous to these discoveries1 and that of universal gravitation1 were not the most decided ,copernicans reduced to mere probabilities8 ,were they not obliged to confine themselves to preaching up the simplicity of the ,copernican system1 as compared with the absurd complexity of that of ,ptolemy8 ,what solid reason1 indeed1 could be given8 ,but ,galileo in his presumption did not consider himself reduced to mere probabilities1 and1 relying on his tidal fallacies and unexplained phenomena1 sought to pass hypothesis for dogma1 and his ipse dixit for demonstration4 ,of the great discoveries enumerated by ,dlambre1 ,galileo was necessarily ignorant1 and we must insist upon the fact that the cardinals and the ,inquisition were equally ignorant of them4 ,there was1 in reality1 no astronomical science in ,galileo's time worth speaking of1 except as we compare it with the astronomy that preceded it1 which is the only fair test of its value4 ,compared with what ,ptolemy knew1 it was twilight4 ,compared with what we know1 it was darkness4 ,it is moderate to say that in #afcc astronomy was in its infancy4 ,to all that was then known1 add ,kepler's magnificent labors1 ,torricelli's discovery1 ,newton's principle of gravitation1 and all the ,english astronomer did for science--come down to the year #agbg1 in which he died1 and what was the condition of astronomical science even then8 ,herschel has told us3 ,the legacy of research which was left us by ,newton was indeed immense4 ,to pursue through all its intricacies the consequences of the law of gravitation2 to account for all the inequalities of the planetary movements1 and the infinitely more complicated and to us more important ones of the moon2 and to give1 what ,newton himself certainly never entertained a conception of1 a demonstration of the stability and permanence of the system under all the accumulated influence of its internal perturbations2 this labor and this triumph were reserved for the succeeding age1 and have been shared in succession by ,clairault1 ,d',alembert1 ,euler1 ,lagrange1 and ,laplace4 ,yet so extensive is this subject1 and so difficult and intricate the purely mathematical inquiries to which it leads1 that another century may yet be required to go through the task4 #dej ,the ,legacy ,of ,research left by ,newton may truly be called immense4 ,and ,herschel does well to modify his statement as to the triumph1 and postpone it yet another century4 ,for it must be borne in mind that no astronomical system is a strictly verifiable fact4 ,the circulation of the blood is a verifiable fact1 and it has been verified4 ,no announcement of the discovery of a new demonstration of its truth could now attract any attention on account of its merits as proof4 ,not so as to the earth's motion4 ,the proofs of that have always been merely referential and cumulative4 ,the final1 the crowning point of demonstration has never been made1 and probably never can be reached4 ,who can say that he ever saw the earth move8 ,hence it is that every successive item of cumulative evidence is hailed with pleasure and excitement4 ,thus was it with ,torricelli's1 ,newton's1 ,richer's1 ,roemer's1 and ,bradley's discoveries2 thus with all the brilliant inventions in mechanics by means of which the illustration and explanations of these discoveries became possible--explanations which1 after all1 not one man in a thousand can understand4 ,post-,galilean ,astronomy4 ,a few words in addition to what we have already said concerning the great discoveries made since ,galileo's time1 and we close4 ,three of these discoveries1 without which the ,copernican theory as to demonstration would be but little better off than the ,ptolemaic1 merit special mention4 ,they are3 ,first4 ,the ,newtonian theory of gravitation4 ,second4 ,the discovery of the shortened pendulum1 showing the diurnal motion of the earth4 ,third4 ,the velocity and aberration of light1 showing the annual motion4 ,it is scarcely necessary to enter into any detail concerning the so generally known1 great1 and universal principle of gravitation4 ,the ,shortened ,pendulum4 ,up to the year #afgb1 no doubt had been entertained of the spherical figure of the earth1 and1 as a consequence1 of the equality of all the degrees of the meridian2 so that one being known1 the whole circumference was determined4 ,in that year1 the ,french ,academy of ,sciences1 then occupied in the measurement of an arc in the meridian1 sent the astronomer ,richer to ,cayenne1 on the coast of ,south ,america1 to make observations of the sun's altitude4 ,in the course of these observations he was surprised to find that a superior clock1 furnished with a pendulum which vibrated seconds1 was found to lose nearly two minutes and a half a day4 ,the astonishment created by the report of this fact in ,france was very great1 particularly after the accuracy of the clock had been fully tested4 #dea ,other scientific men then visited different points on the coasts of ,africa and ,south ,america1 and were convinced of the absolute necessity of shortening the pendulum to make it vibrate seconds in those latitudes4 ,the phenomenon was explained by ,newton in the ,third ,book of his ,principia 7#afhg7--see p4 #dji et seq41 ,american edition--where he shows it to be a necessary consequence of the earth's rotation on its axis1 and of the centrifugal force created by it4 ,that force1 in modifying the gravity1 gives to the earth an oblate spheroidal figure1 more elevated at the equator than on the poles1 and makes bodies fall and pendulums vibrate more slowly in low than in high latitudes4 ,there is1 unfortunately1 such a thing as national jealousy even in science1 and to such a motive only can we ascribe the fact that ,newton's explanation was not accepted in ,france until presented by ,huyghens1 several years afterward1 in a different and less accurate form4 ,the ,velocity ,and ,aberration ,of ,light4 ,in the entire range of scientific literature1 there are few chapters of greater interest than those which recount the rise and gradual development of all the principles involved in the triumphant demonstration of these two beautiful discoveries4 ,they admirably illustrate the total ignorance of ,galileo concerning a problem upon which he experimented with utter failure1 as also the slow pace of scientific progress1 and the necessity of the co-operative efforts of many men and many sciences to perfect it4 ,it required the genius and research of ,roemer1 ,bradley1 ,molyneux1 ,arago1 ,fizeau1 ,foucault1 and ,struve1 joined to the patient experiment and mechanical skill of ,brguet1 ,bessel1 and ,graham--the labor of all these men extending through a period of one hundred and ninety years 7#afgb to #ahfb7--to complete its demonstration4 ,and first1 as to the velocity of light4 ,in #afgb1 ,roemer1 a ,danish astronomer residing in ,france1 began observations on the satellites of ,jupiter and their eclipses1 which resulted in the discovery of progressive transmission of light and the determination of the value of its velocity4 ,up to his day1 it had almost become a fixed principle that the passage of light through space was absolutely instantaneous4 ,from the time of ,galileo1 an immense mass of exact calculations of the eclipses of the first satellite of ,jupiter had been accumulating1 and ,roemer found that at certain times the satellite came out of the shadow later1 and at other times sooner1 than it should have done1 and this variation could not be accounted for on any known principles4 ,remarking that it always came too late from the shadow when the earth in its annual movement was at more than its mean distance from ,jupiter1 and too soon when it was at less1 he formed the conjecture that light requires an appreciable time to traverse space4 ,becoming satisfied of the truth of his theory1 he1 in ,september1 #afgf1 announced to the ,french ,academy of ,sciences that an emersion of the first satellite1 to take place1 on the #afth of ,november following1 would occur ten minutes later than it should according to ordinary calculation4 ,the event verified his prediction4 ,nevertheless1 doubters and cavillers abounded1 and ,roemer's theory was not accepted without dispute4 ,it was claimed that the delays and accelerations in the immersions and emersions1 instead of being attributed to change of position of the observer1 and to the progressive transmission of light1 might be regarded as indicating a real perturbation in the movement of the satellite1 due to a cause not yet discovered4 #deb ,these doubts were removed fifty years later by the ,english astronomer ,bradley1 who discovered the phenomenon of aberration1 which consists in an apparent displacement which all the stars and planets experience on account of the combination of the velocity of the earth with the velocity of light4 ,bradley's discovery was accidental4 ,a superior instrument1 constructed by ,graham1 and destined to observe with the greatest precision the passage of the stars near the zenith1 had been placed at the observatory of ,kew for the purpose by ,molyneux4 ,bradley used this instrument to arrive at some precise data of the annual parallax of the stars4 ,his first observations led him to the discovery of aberration1 the details of which1 of the highest possible interest1 may be found in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,royal ,society1 ,no4 #djf1 ,december1 #agbh4 ,thus confirmed by ,bradley1 ,roemer's progressive transmission of light became an incontestable fact4 ,then followed the experiments projected by ,arago to determine the velocity of light1 7#ahch17 which for eleven years remained a merely ingenious suggestion1 until realized by ,,mm4 ,foucault and ,fizeau4 ,from #ahdj to #ahdb1 ,struve1 in ,russia1 made numerous observations to obtain the exact value of aberration4 ,in #ahef1 the ,institute of ,france awarded to ,m4 ,fizeau1 for his successful demonstration of ,arago's suggestion1 the triennial prize of thirty thousand francs founded by the emperor1 for the work1 or the discovery1 which1 in the opinion of the five academies of the institute1 has done most honor and service to the country4 ,finally1 in #ahfb1 ,m4 ,foucault1 perfecting his apparatus1 measured the velocity of light by an admirable experiment in physics1 which renders not only sensible1 but even measurable1 the time employed by light to run over a path of twenty metres1 7#fe feet #g4d inches17 although this time barely equals #a_/aejjjjjj of a second6 ,and yet1 after all this1 there still remains a doubt as to positive certainty of accuracy in the calculations4 ,the sun's parallax1 calculated from observations of the last transit of ,venus over the disk of the sun in #agfi1 is fixed at #h4eh seconds1 and on this basis is ascertained the distance from the earth to the sun4 ,for reasons too long to detail here1 many distinguished astronomers are not entirely satisfied with the determination of #h4eh seconds1 and prefer to wait for the next transit of ,venus1 in #ahgd1 for a full and satisfactory solution of all doubts on the subject6 ,conclusion ,and ,a ,proposition4 ,thus1 after a lapse of two hundred and thirty-five years1 filled with unremitting labor and triumphant results in the field of astronomical discovery1 it appears from the showing of those most competent to judge that something yet remains to be produced in the way of demonstration of the astronomical system as now accepted4 ,we will not ask those who differ with us concerning the ,galileo question to wait another century--the period assigned by ,sir ,john ,herschel as requisite6 ,herschel gave that opinion in #ahbh1 which would send us to ,a4,d4 #aibh to go through the task4 #dec ,as it might not probably be convenient either for us or for those who differ with us to resume the controversy in that year1 namely1 #aibh1 we will--in the spirit of compromise1 and taking all the rest for granted--content ourselves with and abide by the satisfactory solution promised for #ahgd1 to which period it would seem proper1 on scientific grounds1 to adjourn any attempt to show that a system not yet proved in #ahfh was1 nevertheless1 fully demonstrated in #afcc4 ---------- ,out ,of ,the ,depths ,have ,i ,cried ,unto ,thee ,o ,lord6 ,a ,christmas ,sketch4 ,our blood splashes upward1 ,o our tyrants6 ,and your purple shows your path1 ,but the child's sob curseth deeper in the silence ,than the strong man in his wrath4 ,if wishes were horses1 beggars might ride1 says the proverb4 ,what a pity it is that wishes are not horses6--that at seasons when almost every tongue drops the words1 ,a merry ,christmas6 ,a happy ,new-,year6 the will should not rise and breathe the breath of life into those words2 make them move1 make them work2 put bit and bridle on them1 and direct them to go where they are most needed4 ,wishes might then be made into very excellent horses1 and beggars might ride at least once a year2 might be lifted for a day out of the mire of care and suffering that dulls the light of heaven to their eyes1 and stops out the voices of heaven from their ears2 lifted into a belief in the humanity of man and the mercy of ,god2 might be given a little restful journey into that easy land where the rich dwell every day4 ,there is more truth than poetry in the line1 ,leave us leisure to be good4 ,one who has no time for thought will almost certainly go astray2 and men and women whose lives are spent in fighting the wolf from their doors1 will fight him with whatever comes to hand1 and will sometimes catch up strange weapons4 ,so it might chance that these living wishes may have wings also1 and the beggar's soul may rise as well as his body4 ,i should like to set a regiment of such wishes galloping down ,grind street this coming ,christmas1 and stopping at every door4 ,that was a sorrowful street a few years ago1 and ,i don't know that it has grown merry since4 ,a tall block of tenement-houses walled the northern side from end to end1 leaving off so abruptly that1 had they been written words instead of brick houses1 there would have been a ---- after them4 ,indeed1 if the reader has a fancy for a miserable pun1 he might say that there was a dash after them1 houses being scarce4 ,a very sensitive person1 on looking at that block1 would be likely to straighten himself up1 draw his elbows close to his sides1 and feel as though his nose was unnecessarily large4 ,it is not impossible that he might toe in a little in walking1 unless he reached the next street4 #ded ,not a curve was visible in the whole block1 horizontal and perpendicular reigning supreme4 ,the mean brick front came to the very edge of the sidewalk1 and the windows and doors were as flat as though they had been slapped in the face when in a soft state4 ,every house was precisely like every other house1 and the only way of finding any particular one was by counting doors4 ,these houses toe the mark1 the builder had said when he looked on his completed work1 standing complacently with his hands in his pockets1 and his head a little on one side4 ,toe the mark was the right phrase4 ,the two meagre steps that led to each front door suggested the thought1 and the whole had an air of soul obedience4 ,the tenants in this block were of that pitiable class called decent1 which generally means poor2 too independent to beg1 straining every nerve to live respectably1 and making an extra strain to hide the first one2 people whose eyes get a little wild at the prospect of sickness1 who shudder at the thought of a doctor's bill and workless days1 who sometimes stop their toil for a moment1 and wonder what may be the meaning of such words as ease1 contentment1 pleasure4 ,there were clerks and book-keepers whose families burst out through their incomes in every direction2 starving artists of all sorts2 and the rest1 people who toiled down in the dark1 at the foundations over which soared the marble palaces of the rich1 darkening heaven4 ,these people had got in a way of dressing alike2 they had the same kind of curtains1 and the same plants stretching beseeching shoots toward the tantalizing line of sunshine that let itself down1 slow and golden1 to the middle of the second floor windows1 then drew back over the roofs of the houses opposite1 while little flowers of all colors looked lovingly and reproachfully after it1 cheated so day after day1 but never quite losing faith that some day the bright-winged comforter would come quite down to their hearts4 ,eyes of angels1 to whom these roofs and walls were transparent1 saw1 doubtless1 variety enough under the surface3 aspirations that reached to the house-top and looked over2 aspirations that soared even to the clouds and the stars1 catching a heavenly likeness2 aspirations that stopped not at the stars1 but climbed so high that their flowers and fruitage hung in the unfailing sunlight of heaven beyond reach of earthly hands1 but seen and touched by ineffable hopes ascending and descending4 ,what dark desires crawling upon the earth and covering their own deeds those poor eyes looked upon1 ,i say not2 what hate1 deep and bitter2 what cankering envy and disappointment2 what despair1 that with two tears blotted the universe2 what determination2 what strongly rooted purpose2 what careless philosophy eating its crust with a laugh4 ,let the angels see as they may1 with human eyes we will look into one room1 and find our story there4 ,this room is on the second floor1 and consequently gets its windows half full of sunshine every pleasant afternoon4 ,the furnishing of it shows that the occupants had seen better days2 but those days are long past1 as you can see by the shabbiness of everything4 ,there are evidences of taste1 too1 in a hanging vase of ivy1 a voluble canary1 a few books and pictures2 and everything is clean4 #dee ,it was a bright gloaming in ,december of #ahf-1 when a woman sat alone in this room4 ,she was evidently an invalid1 looking more like a porcelain image than a flesh-and-blood woman1 so white and transparent was she1 so frail the whole make of her4 ,soft light-brown hair faintly sprinkled with gray was dropped beside each thin cheek1 dovelike eyes of an uncertain blue looked sadly out from beneath anxious brows1 and the mouth1 which once must have expressed resolution1 now1 in its comparison1 showed only endurance4 ,this was a woman who had taken up life full of hope and spirit1 but whom life had turned upon with blow after blow1 till finally both hope and spirit were broken4 ,her days of enterprise were over4 ,she sat there with her hands listlessly folded1 her work fallen unnoticed to the floor1 and her eyes flushed with weeping4 ,she had been sitting so an hour1 ever since a visitor had left her2 but1 hearing a step on the stair and a child's voice singing1 she started up1 wiped her eyes1 and mended the fire1 her back turned toward the door as it opened4 ,a little girl of eight years old came in and gave her school-books a toss upon the table1 crying out1 in a boisterous1 healthy voice1 ,o mother6 ,i am starved6 ,give me something to eat4 ,supper will soon be ready1 ,nell1 the mother said gently1 drawing out the table4 ,i can't wait6 cried the child4 ,my stomach is so empty that it feels as if there was a mouse there gnawing4 ,you know we had nothing but bread and butter for dinner1 and ,i do think that's a mean dinner4 ,why don't you have roast beef8 ,i know lots of girls who have it every day4 ,we can't afford it1 the mother said falteringly4 ,beef is very high4 ,well1 what have you got for supper8 demanded the child4 ,you promised us something good4 ,i have nothing but bread and butter1 dear4 ,i couldn't get anything else4 ,well1 ,mother ,lane1 ,i declare if that isn't too bad6 ,and the child flung herself angrily into a chair4 ,we don't have anything fit to eat1 and ,i wish ,i could go and live with somebody that wouldn't starve me4 ,i won't eat bread and butter1 there now6 ,i'm so sick of it that it chokes me4 ,the mother's face took a deeper shade1 and her lip trembled1 but she made no reply2 and ,nell sat angrily kicking her heels against the chair1 and pouting her red lips4 ,mrs4 ,lane knew well how vain is the attempt to teach a child gratitude for the necessaries of life4 ,children are grateful only for that which is superfluous1 taking the rest as a matter of course1 and they are not to be blamed either4 ,for gratitude is a fruit1 and not a flower1 and those budding natures know not yet what it means4 ,after a little while1 another and a louder step sounded on the stairs1 this time accompanied by a whistle2 and the door opened noisily to give admittance to a boy of ten years old1 who also flung his books down1 and opened his cry3 ,mother1 give me some money1 quick6 ,the oysterman is just at the end of the street1 and ,i can get oysters enough for our supper for thirty cents4 ,hurry up1 mother1 or he'll go away6 ,and the boy performed a double-shuffle to relieve his impatience4 ,i can't spare the money1 his mother said faintly4 ,well1 what have you got for supper1 then8 he asked fretfully4 ,the mother made no answer1 and the boy turned to his sister for an explanation4 #def ,bread and butter6 said ,nell1 with an air of ferocious sarcasm4 ,well1 if ,i ever6 pronounced her brother1 standing still with his hands driven emphatically into the uttermost depths of his pockets1 and looking at his mother with an air at once astonished and accusing4 ,if we live like this1 ,i'll run away2 see if ,i don't6 ,she turned upon them with a look that was either desperate or angry4 ,children1 wait till your sister comes home4 ,don't ask me for anything4 ,frank gave the door a bang1 pulled his cap still closer on to his head1 since he ought to have pulled it off1 and taking a seat by the window1 sat kicking his chair in concert with his sister4 ,the mother continued her preparations with the air of a culprit watched by her judges4 ,unheard in this duet of heels1 a softer step ascended the stairs1 and a young lady opened the door and entered1 a smile on her pretty face1 her breath quickened and her color heightened by the run up-stairs1 and waves of yellow hair drawn back from her white forehead4 ,she tossed her hat aside1 and sank into a chair4 ,there1 mother1 ,i do feel tired and hungry1 she said2 then1 catching a glimpse of her mother's face1 started up1 exclaiming1 ,what is the matter8 ,mr4 ,sanborn has been here1 ,mrs4 ,lane answered unsteadily1 without looking up4 ,the daughter's countenance showed her anticipation of evil news4 ,and what of that8 she asked4 ,he has raised the rent1 was the faint answer4 ,how much8 ,eight dollars a month8 ,impossible6 cried the daughter1 flushing with excitement4 ,we pay now all that the three rooms are worth4 ,he knows what my salary is1 and that ,i cannot give any more4 ,he says he can get that for the rooms1 her mother said4 ,then we will go elsewhere6 ,we cannot6 whispered the mother despairingly1 for the first time raising her woeful eyes4 ,every place is full4 ,they are going to tear down houses to widen two or three streets1 and ,mr4 ,sanborn says that people will have to go out of town to live4 ,what are we to do6 exclaimed the girl1 pacing excitedly to and fro4 ,we only just managed to get along before4 ,did you tell him1 mother8 ,i told him everything1 ,anne2 and he said that he was very sorry1 but that his family was an expensive one1 and it cost him a good deal to live2 and1 in short1 that he must have the eight dollars more4 ,he is a villain6 cried ,anne ,lane4 ,and ,i will tell him so4 ,i should think his family was an expensive one4 ,look at their velvets1 and laces1 and silks6 ,look at their pictures and their curtains6 ,one of my scholars told me to-day that ,minnie ,sanborn said they were going to have a ,christmas-tree that will cost five hundred dollars4 ,think of that6 ,and this is the way they pay for it6 ,don't say anything to him1 ,anne1 pleaded her mother1 in a frightened tone4 ,remember1 he is one of the committee1 and can take your school away from you4 ,the young teacher's countenance fell4 ,it was true2 her employment did1 in some measure1 depend on the good-will of this man4 ,she choked with the thought1 then broke out again4 ,the hypocrite6 ,i have seen him at prayer-meetings1 and heard him make long prayers and pious speeches4 #deg ,the mother sighed1 and remained silent4 ,she had been wont to check her daughter's somewhat free animadversions1 and to make an effort1 at least1 to defend them of whom ,anne said1 ,their life laughs through and spits at their creed2 but now the bitter truth came too near4 ,there was a moment of silence1 the children sitting still and awed1 the mother waiting despondently1 while the fatherless girl1 who was the sole dependence of the household1 did some rapid brain-work4 ,you think he really means it1 mother8 she asked1 without pausing in her walk4 ,yes1 there is no hope4 ,i almost went on my knees to him4 ,there the widow's self-control broke down suddenly1 and1 putting her hands over her face1 she burst into a passion of tears4 ,it is a terrible thing to see one's mother cry in that way2 to see her1 who soothed our childish sorrows1 who seemed to us the fountain of all comfort1 herself sorrowing1 while we have no comfort to give4 ,anne ,lane's face grew pale with pain1 and it seemed for a moment that she1 too1 would lose courage4 ,but she was a brave girl1 and love strengthened her4 ,there1 there1 mother6 she said4 ,don't cry6 ,i guess we can make out some way4 ,couldn't we do with two rooms8 ,i could sleep with you and ,nell1 and ,frank could have a pillow out here on the sofa4 ,i thought of that1 the mother sobbed drearily4 ,but he said that the rooms go together4 ,the girl's breath came like that of some wild creature at bay4 ,then we must draw in our expenses somewhere4 ,we must give up our seats in church1 and ,i will do the washing4 ,i meant to do the washing1 dear1 her mother said eagerly4 ,and perhaps ,i might get some work out of the shops4 ,you know ,i have a good deal of time to spare4 ,even as she spoke1 a sharp cough broke through her words1 and her face flushed painfully4 ,no1 mother1 no6 the daughter said1 resolutely holding back her tears4 ,you are not able to work4 ,just leave that to me4 ,washing makes round arms1 and ,i find my elbows getting a little sharp4 ,i can save money and bring the dimples back at the same time4 ,there was a knock at the door1 and their laundress came in1 a sober1 sensible-looking ,irishwoman4 ,good-evening1 ma'am6 ,good-evening1 miss6 ,no1 ,i won't sit down4 ,i must go home and take my young ones off the street1 and give 'em a bit of supper4 ,i just stepped in to see if you want your washing done to-morrow4 ,mrs4 ,lane looked appealingly to her daughter to answer4 ,we are sorry1 ,mrs4 ,conners1 ,anne said1 but we shall have to do our own washing1 this winter4 ,o ,lord6 cried the woman1 leaning against the wall4 ,there is no help for it1 the girl continued1 almost sharply1 feeling that their own distresses were enough for them to bear4 ,our rent has been raised1 and we must save all we can4 ,oh6 what'll ,i do1 at all8 exclaimed the woman1 lifting both hands4 ,why1 the best you can2 just as we do1 was the impatient reply4 ,mrs4 ,conners looked at them attentively1 and for the first time perceived signs of trouble in their faces4 #deh ,the ,lord pity us6 she said4 ,i don't blame you4 ,but my rent is raised1 too4 ,i've got to pay five dollars a month for the rooms ,i have1 and ,i don't know where ,i'll get it4 ,it's little ,i thought to come to this when ,patrick was alive--the ,lord have mercy on him6 ,the last thing he said to me when he went away to ,california was1 ',margaret1 keep up courage1 and don't let the children on the street2 and ,i'll send you money enough to live on2 and ,i'll soon come back and buy us a little farm4' ,and all ,i ever heard of him1 since the day he left me1 is the news of his death4 ,now ,i'll have to take the children and go to the poor-house4 ,all ,i could do last winter only kept their mouths full1 let alone rent4 ,i couldn't put a stitch on them nor me2 and you wouldn't believe how cold ,i am with no stockings to my feet1 and little enough under my rag of a dress4 ,i couldn't buy coal nor wood4 ,the children picked up sticks in the street1 and after my work was over ,i had to go down to the dump1 and pick coal till my back was broke4 ,who is your landlord8 ,mrs4 ,lane asked4 ,mr4 ,mahan--,andrew ,mahan1 that lives in a big house in the square4 ,and he asks five dollars for two rooms in that shanty1 that's squeezed into a bit of a place where nothing else would go4 ,besides1 the house is so old that the rats have ate it half up1 and what's left ,i could carry off on my back in a day4 ,when ,mr4 ,mahan came to-day1 his dog crawled through the door before it was opened4 ,i said to him1 says ,i1 ',sir1 when the wind and the rain take possession of a house1 it belongs to ,god1 and no man has a right to ask rent for it4' ,you see1 ,i was mad4 ,and so was he1 by that same token4 ,but he is an ,irishman1 and a member of your own church1 said ,anne4 ,and why not8 demanded the woman4 ,do you think that ,yankees are the only ones that grind the poor8 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,mahan is rich1 and he lives in style1 and sends his daughters to a convent school in ,montreal4 ,and often ,i've seen him in church1 dressed in his broad-cloths1 and beating his breast1 with his face the length of my arm1 and calling himself a sinner2 and troth1 ,i thought to myself1 'that's true for ye6' ,anne ,lane went into her school-room the next morning with a burning heart1 and it did not soothe her feelings to see ,mr4 ,sanborn1 her landlord1 appear at the door1 a few minutes after1 smilingly escorting a clerical-looking stranger1 who had come to visit the school4 ,mr4 ,sanborn1 though not an educated man1 chose to consider himself a patron of education2 made himself exceedingly consequential in school affairs1 and had now brought a distinguished visitor to see his pet school1 the ,excelsior4 ,anne ,lane had one of the show-classes1 and he began the exhibition with her4 ,commence1 and go on with your exercises just as if there were no one here1 he said1 with a patronizing smile1 after they had taken their seats4 ,this gentleman wishes to see the ordinary daily working of our system4 ,the first exercise was a reading from the ,bible1 and a prayer by the teacher1 and ,anne's fingers were unsteady as she turned over the leaves for a chapter4 ,her eyes sparkled as she caught sight of one1 and her pulses tingled as she read1 her fine1 deliberate enunciation and strong emphasis arresting fully the attention of her hearers3 ,times are not hid from the ,almighty3 but they that know him1 know not his days4 ,some have removed landmarks1 have taken away flocks by force1 and fed them4 #dei ,they have violently robbed the fatherless1 and stripped the poor common people4 ,they have taken their rest at noon among the stores of them1 who after having trodden the wine-presses suffer thirst4 ,out of the cities they have made men to groan2 and ,god will not suffer it to pass unrevenged4 ,cursed be his portion upon the earth3 let him not walk by the way of the vineyards4 ,let him pass from snow-water to excessive heat1 and his sin even to hell4 ,let mercy forget him3 may worms be his sweetness2 let him be remembered no more1 but be broken in pieces like an unfruitful tree4 ,closing the book then1 ,anne ,lane dropped her face into her shaking hands1 and repeated1 almost inaudibly1 the ,lord's prayer4 ,mr4 ,sanborn was not dull1 but he was incredulous4 ,it was almost impossible that this little school-mistress would dare to mean him4 ,yet that new sternness in the young face1 ordinarily so smiling1 the passion in her voice1 with the remembrance of his last interview with ,mrs4 ,lane1 altogether made up a pretty strong case against her4 ,she makes a strange selection from the ,scriptures to read to children1 whispered the stranger to him1 as ,anne hurriedly went through with the first recitations4 ,very strange1 sir6 very strange6 answered the other1 stammering with anger4 ,and what is worse1 it is intended as an insult to me4 ,i have found it necessary to raise the rent of my houses4 ,she is a tenant of mine1 and this is her revenge4 ,i hope1 sir1 that if you have anything to say on the subject1 you will not hesitate to speak freely4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,markham sat and considered the case1 laying down certain points in his mind4 ,firstly1 women should be sweet1 humble1 and modest4 ,secondly1 sweetness1 modesty1 and humility1 with firmness and patience1 should especially characterize a teacher of youth4 ,thirdly1 persons in authority1 clergymen1 school-committee men1 etc41 should be treated with scrupulous respect by all their subordinates4 ,the reverend gentleman put on his spectacles1 the better to see this young woman who had so boldly vetoed his fundamental doctrines4 ,she held herself very erect1 no modest droop whatever2 there was a little flicker of heat-lightning in her eyes1 and a steady1 dark-red spot on each cheek2 moreover1 she had red hair4 ,verdict for the plaintiff4 ,she must have a reprimand1 a warning1 and1 on repetition of the offence1 must be informed that she is no longer considered a suitable person to mould the minds of youth4 ,poor little ,anne ,lane6 ,this great1 stupid1 conceited man did not dream that her aching heart was laden with sweetness as a hive with honey1 and that what he called a sweet woman was a sugar-coated woman4 ,he did not allow that there might be some exceptions to his third rule4 ,the reprimand was delivered pitilessly1 the warning made sufficiently plain then1 the two gentlemen withdrew1 leaving the teacher pale and stunned4 ,the visitor had taken the coldest possible leave1 and ,mr4 ,sanborn had not noticed her at all4 ,oh6 why did ,i yield to anger8 she thought1 in terror and distress4 ,what right have the poor to feelings1 to thoughts8 ,how dare they denounce wrong1 even when they die by it8 ,what was ,i thinking of8 ,a thrill of pain ran through her every nerve at this last question4 #dfj ,she had been thinking all the time of her mother's sobbing words1 ,i almost went on my knees to him6 ,the month crept on toward ,christmas4 ,unknown to her daughter1 ,mrs4 ,lane had spent day after day going about the shops and vainly soliciting work4 ,she had not sufficient clothing to protect her from the weather2 she was weakened by sorrow and anxiety1 and the disease1 which had long been threatening and reaching out for her1 made a final grasp4 ,with a terror1 all the more terrible in that she could not speak of it1 she felt her lungs give way and her breath grow shorter4 ,what would her young children do without her8 ,if she should be long ill1 how were the doctor's bills to be paid8 ,how were the funeral expenses to be met8 ,what crushing burden1 beside the sorrow1 was she going to lay upon the already burdened shoulders of her poor little girl8 ,she only prayed that the blow might fall swiftly4 ,poor people can't afford to die leisurely4 ,one day1 about a week before ,christmas1 ,anne came home and found her mother lying senseless upon the floor4 ,mrs4 ,lane had held up as long as she could1 and now her powers of endurance were gone4 ,but she had her prayer1 for the blow fell swiftly4 ,on ,christmas morning all her troubles passed away4 ,christmas evening came1 and all was still in the house4 ,the neighbors had kindly done what they could1 and two of them sat with the lifeless form of what had once been the mother of these children4 ,frank and ,nell had cried themselves to sleep1 and ,anne was left with the night upon her hands4 ,she could not sleep1 and she could not pray4 ,the faith that comforts in sorrow she knew not4 ,she had wept till her head reeled1 and the air of the house stifled her4 ,i must get out and take the air1 or ,i shall go crazy1 she thought4 ,and1 dressing hastily1 she went out into the bright and frosty night4 ,she wandered aimlessly about the streets1 scarcely knowing where she went2 not caring1 indeed1 so long as she walked and felt the wind in her face4 ,christ on earth8 she thought4 ,i don't believe it6 ,it's all a fable4 ,on her way she met ,mrs4 ,conners1 weeping bitterly4 ,she was going to the watch-house after her little girl4 ,biddy had stolen a turkey from a shop-window1 and a policeman had caught her4 ,it is the first thing the child ever stole1 the poor woman said2 and what made her do it was hunger4 ,we haven't had a taste of meat in the house this month1 and poor ,biddy heard the other girls tell what they had for dinner1 and it made her mad4 ,anne listened as one in a dream1 and went on without a word4 ,presently she came into a sharp glare of light that fell across the sidewalk from a brilliantly illuminated window4 ,she paused to look in1 not because she cared what it was1 but because she longed for distraction4 ,there was a long suite of parlors1 showily if not tastefully furnished1 and filled with a gay company1 many of them children4 ,in the farthest end of the rooms stood a magnificent ,christmas-tree1 decked with colored candles1 flowers1 and fruits1 and hanging full of presents4 ,the company were all assembled about the tree1 and1 as she looked1 a smiling gentleman stepped up1 with the air of a host1 and began to distribute the ,christmas gifts4 ,anne ,lane's heart stood still when she recognized ,mr4 ,sanborn4 #dfa ,o you murderer6 she moaned1 as she sank exhausted on the icy steps4 ,your candles and your flowers are red with my mother's blood6 ,when the ,christmas angels looked down upon the earth that night to see how fared the millions1 to whom in the morning they had sung their song of joy1 their eyes beheld alike the rich man in his parlor and the stricken girl who lay outside his door4 ,did they record of him that he had kept the feast1 and worthily remembered one who came that day to fill the hungry with good things8 ,or did they write against him the fearful judgment which had once already sounded in his ears1 ,let mercy forget him3 ,let him be remembered no more8 ---------- ,the ,general ,convention ,of ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,the ,general ,convention of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 which has just closed its labors1 was looked forward to with much interest by all ,episcopalians4 ,each of the two important sections of which their communion is composed was anxious for a better explanation of some disputed points1 or1 at least1 for a vindication of its own interpretation of doctrine4 ,it was supposed that something would be settled in regard to the many vexed questions of dogma and ritual which perplex the public no less than the members of the church itself4 ,for even the public are interested to know what a church believes and professes1 and especially if that church makes any pretensions to authority4 ,on a careful review1 however1 of the journal1 we believe that1 while a few are gratified1 many are disappointed4 ,some are gratified that no direct attack was allowed against their own favorite opinions2 while both ,high-,churchmen and ,low-,churchmen stand precisely where they stood before1 no nearer each other1 and no better satisfied with the condition of things4 ,moderation1 we are told1 is the characteristic of the ,episcopal ,church1 by which we are led to understand the sweet blending of contrarieties and contradictions1 and the permission to every one to believe what approves itself to his private judgment4 ,catholics can hardly comprehend such a harmony in discord1 or discord in harmony4 ,even candid minds1 with no religious bias1 are unable to appreciate how contrary doctrines can be held in one and the same church1 and by equal authority4 ,our own opinion of this convention is1 that it has accomplished nothing for doctrine1 nothing to heal the disputes of its members1 very little for discipline1 and not very much for the extension of the ,episcopal communion1 although some of the plans proposed are good in themselves4 ,we strongly incline to think that very many ,episcopalians will coincide with our judgment4 ,under these three heads--of doctrine1 discipline1 and church extension--let us briefly review the labors of the convention4 #dfb ,i4 ,it seems that the ,nicene ,creed was under consideration1 and that there was a strong intention to restore it to its original form2 but the ,church ,record says that it was left untouched for the present4 ,if this important and ancient symbol had been altered1 there would have been quite an advance in doctrine4 ,a committee has been appointed to prepare an accurate translation from the original ,greek for the use of the next convention4 ,it therefore bides its time1 when the same body which expunged the ,athanasian ,creed may leave out the proper doctrine of the ,trinity1 or the procession of the ,holy ,ghost from the ,son1 or the communion of saints1 or any other point of ,christian dogma4 ,nevertheless1 by this convention nothing was done on this subject4 ,the project of bracketing those portions of the ,prayer-,book which embody the doctrine of baptismal regeneration was not favored by the committee on canons2 and a motion to refer a proposition for striking out the words1 ,whosesoever sins thou dost remit1 they are remitted1 was very summarily disposed of4 ,it was decided not to alter anything1 to leave regeneration in the baptismal service for the gratification of ,high-,churchmen1 and also the denial of it in the ,articles for the consolation of ,low-,churchmen4 ,this was the wisest course1 and on this point we record with satisfaction1 ,nothing done4 ,as to the ordinal1 the bishops are not obliged to say1 ,whose sins thou dost remit1 etc41 when they do not believe it1 as it is only to be used at option1 and can therefore put the whole offensive doctrine in their pockets4 ,why1 then1 should the wisdom of an ecclesiastical body be disturbed on a mere matter of opinion8 ,here1 again1 nothing was done4 ,so by the convention in both orders1 nothing has been done in the way of doctrine1 save to leave all matters precisely as they were1 in full freedom for both sides4 ,and here an anecdote comes forcibly to our memory which illustrates the moderation and liberty of the ,episcopal communion4 ,a young candidate was under examination for deacon's orders before one of the oldest and wisest of the ,high-,church bishops4 ,how1 said that prelate1 do you receive the ,thirty-nine ,articles8 ,i receive them1 said the candidate1 in such a way as not to contradict the rest of the ,prayer-,book4 ,perfectly right1 replied the bishop2 and moreover1 it is the ,general ,convention which imposes the articles upon you1 and this body is composed of all degrees of churchmen1 from those who hang on the walls of ,rome to those who breathe the atmosphere of ,geneva4 ,between these two extremes1 my son1 you have perfect liberty4 ,and the young man was made a deacon1 and went away rejoicing that he had freedom of conscience and a wide range of opinion1 which he certainly had4 ,but if the ,lower ,house1 consisting of ministers and laymen1 has been so prudent1 the ,upper ,house has terribly committed itself4 ,in the ,catholic ,church the bishops alone are allowed to give judicial opinions in doctrine2 while among the ,episcopalians1 we believe that both houses of the convention are equally authoritative1 and1 that one has a negative upon the other4 ,what the bishops have done1 therefore1 does not propose to bind the conscience of any one1 we presume2 yet certainly their solemn pastoral ought to be received with great respect1 and be considered at least as an indication of the doctrinal position of their church4 ,in this pastoral1 we find some remarkably interesting points1 in regard to which1 though we may say nothing was done1 we cannot say nothing was spoken4 #dfc ,this address to the whole ,episcopalian body asserts first that the incarnate ,god hath committed the great commission wherewith he came into the world to fallible men4 ,what1 then1 is to prevent the utter failure of this great commission1 and the complete ruin of all ,christ's work8 ,to his ministers1 saith the pastoral1 thus weak and subject to error1 he hath given his infallible word1 that1 without peril of misleading their flock1 they may instruct them with all authority by speaking always according to the ,scriptures4 ,who is to know1 then1 that these ministers speak according to the ,scriptures1 especially when they differ one from another8 ,bishop ,lee spoke very plainly at the opening of the convention1 and his interpretation of the ,scriptures gave some offence4 ,common sense pauses for a reply4 ,each one must decide for himself whether his minister speaks according to the ,bible2 and this being granted 7which is the fundamental position of all ,protestant bodies7 we do not see the use of ministers1 much less of bishops1 much less of a council of bishops4 ,christ's great commission1 according to the ,episcopalian prelates1 hinges on the chance that the ,bible will be circulated and rightly interpreted4 ,the history of religion since the ,reformation does not cause us to think much of this chance4 ,the next point asserted in the pastoral is the necessity of communion with the visible church4 ,it is indeed asserted somewhat equivocally1 and with a caveat1 that the proper individuality of every soul must not be merged in its corporate relations to the body of ,christ1 an expression which we do not at all understand4 ,how the merging is to be accomplished we do not see1 unless by some physical process1 and we are very glad the bishops do not recommend it4 ,yet they say that the necessity of membership in the communion of which ,christ is the head1 is a truth of vital importance4 ,we presume they mean here a union with the visible body of ,christ1 for otherwise they would really assert nothing1 since what ,christian denies the necessity of union with ,christ8 ,and again1 where would be the danger of merging an individual in an invisible body8 ,but then comes the great question1 ,where is the body of ,christ1 with which membership is necessary8 ,do the bishops mean to say it is the ,episcopal ,church1 and that it is necessary to belong to their communion in order to be saved8 ,we do not really know what they mean1 but are quite persuaded that they do not intend to unchurch all the rest of mankind1 and hence come to the conclusion that these words are to be taken in a figurative sense1 that having spoken much they have said nothing4 ,now comes the great trouble which oppresses the prelates4 ,the unscriptural and uncatholic pretensions of the ,bishop of ,rome1 as in times past1 so now1 are a fruitful source of error and evil4 ,the pope has done all the mischief1 he did it in the early times1 he did it in the middle ages1 and he will keep doing it now4 ,what is it that he does which is the bar to the restoration of the unity of ,christendom8 ,why1 he fulfils the promise of our ,lord3 ,thou art ,peter1 and on this rock ,i will build my church4 #dfd ,there is no visible body without a head1 and he is that head by the appointment of ,christ4 ,we think the blame ought to be laid upon him who founded the church and made the ,papacy4 ,he made his church to be one1 with one head1 when it seems that he ought to have made it capable of division4 ,the bishops then urge upon their brethren to teach that ,jesus ,christ is the living centre of unity2 that his true vicar is the ,holy ,ghost2 that the visible expression of catholic unity is the apostles' doctrine and fellowship1 the breaking of bread and prayers4 ,is it the ,english language which here we read1 and is it our mother-tongue which thus is made to confuse our minds8 ,if any one understands these phrases1 we compliment him upon his sagacity4 ,we do not honestly believe that the venerable prelate who wrote them knows what he means1 or intends others to know4 ,jesus ,christ is the living centre of unity4 ,certainly2 but we have been speaking of a visible unity1 and ,jesus ,christ is not visible to us4 ,the vicar of ,christ is the ,holy ,ghost1 a singular office for the third person-of the undivided ,trinity1 and he is not visible either4 ,the invisible ,christ has an invisible vicar on earth1 and this is the coequal and coeternal ,spirit6 ,the visible expression of ,catholic unity is the apostles' doctrine and fellowship1 the breaking of bread and prayers4 ,oh6 for the good and honest heart among the ,episcopalians to see that these words are empty sounds which mean nothing at all4 ,where is the apostles' doctrine and fellowship8 ,is it in the ,episcopal ,church alone1 and if not1 where is it8 ,the bishops ought to have said that their doctrine was the apostles'1 that their fellow ship was the apostles'1 or if they had doubts on the point1 they should have told us unequivocally where to find these important and absolutely necessary expressions of catholic unity4 ,we are here reminded of an old negro who in our young days used to speak ,latin fluently2 but as his phrases were made up of plural genitives1 we could only hear the sonorous ,bonorum1 filiorum1 malorum1 optimorum1 without comprehending one single word4 ,in like manner1 with at least the common intelligence which ,god has given us1 we do not comprehend this pastoral1 unless it really means1 in circumlocution1 to say nothing4 ,the bishops then go on to defend the ,anglican reformation1 and hold up to condemnation the attempts made by some ,high-,churchmen to disparage it4 ,and in this connection they especially condemn any doctrine of the ,holy ,eucharist which implies that after consecration the proper nature of bread and wine does not remain1 which localizes in them the bodily presence of our ,lord1 which allows any adoration other than that of ,christ himself4 ,here we do think the prelates have said something1 and we can understand what they mean4 ,we would have preferred that they should have used language more direct1 and without any insinuations4 ,but we understand them to say that the bread and wine are unchanged by their consecration1 and that there is no presence of ,christ at all in the ,eucharist4 ,for as he is very man1 his presence must necessarily be a bodily one1 and must be localized4 ,we ,catholics adore the blessed sacrament only because it is ,christ himself2 because the bread and wine are changed into his body4 #dfe ,the bishops here deny any such presence of ,christ1 and go on to assert that the humanity of our ,lord is only to be found at the right hand of ,god in heaven4 ,for this reason1 very appropriately1 the ceremonies of the ritualists are denounced1 because they are built upon a doctrine which supposes ,christ to be present on the altar4 ,will it now be believed that the organ of the ritualists1 in ,new ,york1 expresses itself pleased with this part of the pastoral8 ,we blush for the insincerity and dishonesty of men who love to call themselves ,catholic priests4 ,they are satisfied with this open denial of any real presence of ,christ in the ,eucharist1 and they will work on with new vigor1 cheered and sustained by the admonitions of their fathers in ,god4 ,if such admonitions cheer them1 what kind of admonition would dishearten them8 ,no1 my friends1 you are not cheered1 nor sustained2 but being determined to make the best of your cause1 you strive to look pleasant4 ,god is the judge4 ,you may deceive yourselves and mislead others1 but you are responsible to him for calling white black1 and black white4 ,on questions of doctrine we find1 then1 that the convention has done nothing1 save that the bishops have asserted1 on their own authority1 that ,christ's commission has been committed to a fallible instrumentality2 that communion with the body of ,christ is necessary1 while no instructions are given as to what and where that body is to be found2 that the pope is the great obstacle to catholic unity2 that the vicar of our ,lord on earth is the ,holy ,ghost2 that the ,anglican reformation is good and to be imitated2 that there is no presence whatever of ,christ in the ,holy ,eucharist2 and that the extravagances of the ritualists are entirely to be condemned4 ,we do not remember any ecclesiastical body which has said more striking things than these2 but as no canons have been made1 we must only take them as the opinions of the bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in #ahfh4 ,,ii4 ,in regard to discipline1 we find that there were discussions on many subjects1 but that very few laws were passed4 ,in the early part of the session1 an attempt was made to change the name of their body from ,general ,convention to ,national ,council1 or something similar4 ,the disputes were quite racy1 one member insisting that convention was a dirty word4 ,but the delegates were unwilling to rebaptize themselves1 and after three or four days the whole thing was dropped4 ,the singing by the boys in surplices1 which we believe is usual in ,trinity chapel1 was so much objected to by some of the members1 that they withdrew from the church during the service1 until the point was conceded and the boys were put away4 ,no canon1 however1 was introduced on this subject4 ,shortly after1 the sessions of the deputies were removed to the church of the ,transfiguration1 where the ,church ,record tells us that the music was led by some of the deputies1 and a beautiful marble altar1 with a large brass cross1 and a pair of candlesticks with candles1 added to the solemnity of the scene4 ,we are glad that our ritualistic friends had such great consolations4 #dff ,the question of adopting the provincial system of the ,catholic ,church1 which would have practically made ,dr4 ,potter an archbishop and ,bishop ,smith a kind of patriarch1 was under consideration1 but finally gave way to the federation of dioceses1 which means1 we believe1 the small convention of a few dioceses1 instead of the large one of them all4 ,the small one is1 however1 to be subject to the large one4 ,a canon was passed that no clergyman shall unite in marriage any divorced persons having a husband or wife living1 except the innocent party in a suit for divorce on the ground of adultery4 ,this is a great advance toward the law promulgated by our ,lord1 ,st4 ,matthew v4 #cb and xix4 #i4 ,the next time they will probably take the whole verse1 and adopt the latter clause1 as well as the former4 ,we congratulate the ,episcopal ,church upon this really serious improvement in a practice pregnant with great evil4 ,some canons were also adopted concerning clerical support and the trials of ministers1 which have no general interest and need not here be enumerated4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,tyng and his friends were quite anxious to get the canon1 in pursuance of which he was admonished1 altered or interpreted2 but after several discussions they failed to accomplish anything favorable to their cause1 the temper of the majority of the convention being adverse to any changes4 ,a slight amendment to what the ,church ,record calls the canon on intrusion was passed1 and the officiating of dissenting ministers is positively forbidden4 ,the most unpleasant part of this matter is that1 in the opinion of the ,low-,churchmen1 the canon is not yet quite clear4 ,they do not understand it as some of their brethren do2 and we are told that1 even during the session of the convention1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,tyng permitted a ,presbyterian minister to preach in his church4 ,a very important improvement was made1 however1 by which ,catholic priests who leave the church1 and desire to become ,episcopalian ministers1 shall be put upon a longer probation4 ,heretofore only six months were necessary2 now a full year is required4 ,we think this change important for the ,episcopal ,church1 because1 as far as our experience goes1 priests1 who put themselves in such a position1 require quite a long period to fit themselves for so honorable a profession4 ,we hope1 for the well-being of the ,protestant ,episcopal ministry1 they will at the next convention extend this probation to six years4 ,they may rest assured they will have no cause to regret it4 ,the subject of ritual attracted considerable attention4 ,various memorials were presented against the innovations of late days1 by which the practices of the ,catholic ,church have been fitted into the ,prayer-,book4 ,it was proposed to prohibit by canon the wearing of other vestments than the surplice1 black stole1 bands1 and gown2 surpliced choirs1 candlesticks1 crucifixes1 super-altars1 bowing at the name of ,jesus1 the use of the sign of the cross1 elevation of the elements or of the alms1 and the use of incense4 ,after some excitement1 the whole matter was referred to the committee on canons1 who1 being divided in opinion1 gave two contradictory reports4 ,the majority report recommends moderation and forbearance1 that every one be careful to do right1 and that then there can be no just cause of offence4 ,in any doubt as to what is right1 reference should be made to the ,ordinary1 whose godly counsel in each diocese should be the rule of opinion4 #dfg ,the minority of the committee were in favor of passing a law forbidding the objectionable practices which we have enumerated4 ,after a very protracted discussion1 neither of the reports was accepted2 but a resolution was adopted which asks the ,house of ,bishops to set forth at the next convention such additional rubrics in the ,book of ,common ,prayer as1 in their judgment1 may be decided necessary2 and that in the meanwhile reference should be made in each case to the diocesan4 ,the ,house of ,bishops replied that1 while they would not think of altering the ,prayer-,book1 they would consider the whole subject1 with a view to action1 if it should be thought expedient at the next convention4 ,thus the whole matter is postponed for three years1 and1 in the interim1 ritualists must seek such dioceses as are favorable to their views4 ,while ,dr4 ,potter has no objection to the use of ,catholic vestments1 we see no reason why ,dr4 ,dix and his friends should not come out at once with the chasuble and the incense4 ,we earnestly hope1 for the cause of honesty and truth1 that they will do so4 ,the case is different under the rgimes of ,bishops ,coxe and ,mc,ilvaine who are seriously opposed to any alterations of the existing ritual4 ,ritualists must migrate to the bishops whose godly counsels will allow them freedom of action4 ,it is true1 as we have seen1 that the pastoral of the whole ,house of ,bishops condemns their practices2 but in spite of this each one of the prelates may have his own counsel1 not having merged his individuality in his corporate relations to the body of ,christ4 ,,iii4 ,it remains to consider what the convention has done in regard to the extension of their own church1 as was its first interest4 ,under this head we can briefly review what was said upon the relations of the ,episcopal ,church to other ,christian bodies1 and the views expressed by the deputies upon the condition and growth of their own communion4 ,in regard to other ,christian denominations1 the ,episcopal ,church is singularly unfortunate4 ,it has communion with no other body of ,christians in the entire world4 ,it objects to the other ,protestant sects1 on the ground that they are irregular1 and refuses to allow any of their ministers to officiate in its churches1 as we have seen by the canon on intrusion4 ,it calls itself a branch of the catholic church1 that is to say1 those who speak for it call it by this title4 ,the other branches are the ,eastern churches and the ,roman ,catholic ,church2 at least1 we are told so by those who say anything on this branch theory4 ,with these other branches the ,episcopal ,church has no communion1 however1 and is not likely to have any4 ,nothing need be said of the ,roman ,church1 for its action and language have always been decided and clear4 ,but the ,eastern branches have condemned the ,anglican doctrine and orders much more plainly than the ,episcopalians have condemned their ,protestant brethren4 ,not one single instance has been found where a ,greek bishop has been willing to give communion to a member of the ,anglican branch1 without the abjuration of his errors2 and the rejection of the orders of the ,english ministers is as unequivocal in the ,east as it is in the ,west4 ,moreover1 the doctrines specially condemned by the ,thirty-nine ,articles are held as firmly in the ,eastern branch as in the ,western4 ,with all due respect1 therefore1 we agree with ,bishop ,lee1 and say that1 if the ,episcopal ,church is not a ,protestant church1 it has no right to be a church at all4 ,why then do our ,high-,church friends hanker after the patronage of the ,greek ,church8 #dfh ,it will not help them any as far as the ,catholics are concerned1 and it will certainly fail to make the disinterested public think any better of their claims4 ,they may go upon their faces before the ,archbishop of ,moscow1 and compromise themselves2 but though like a gentleman he will treat them with courtesy1 he will have a meaner opinion of them1 and in his heart will say1 ,gentlemen1 if you have no feet of your own to stand upon1 it seems to me you had better sit down4 ,the ,high-,churchmen1 who seemed to have had the upper hand in the convention1 have established a committee on church unity4 ,this able body is to labor on this important subject1 with probably the same results as hitherto4 ,no care seems to be given to the thousand ,protestant bodies who came into the world either before or after the ,episcopal ,church4 ,they are out of the question1 and1 if they want religious unity1 must look for it by themselves4 ,but all attention is devoted to the ,east1 where1 if they could get even a passing smile1 as if of recognition1 it would do their hearts good4 ,perhaps now they will get it1 because they have gone so far as to recognize the jurisdiction of the ,greek ,church in ,alaska4 ,the ,church ,record calls this a great advance1 and we suppose it means that they will send no ministers to ,alaska1 because1 if they did1 it would conflict with the authority of the ,greek bishop4 ,this makes it bad for any ,episcopalian who may go up there1 since they will have no church to go to4 ,the ,greek ,church will not admit them to its communion1 and they cannot have any1 of their own4 ,the upholders of the branch-theory must1 however1 put up with this small inconvenience4 ,three years are now to be spent in making an accurate translation of the ,nicene ,creed in the original ,greek4 ,then we expect to see the procession of the ,holy ,ghost from the ,son omitted in the ,prayer-,book4 ,the question is not whether it is true1 or whether the ,scriptures teach it4 ,the only question is1 ,does the ,eastern branch receive it8 ,if it does not1 then it must go4 ,but we venture to inquire if the learned committee has made itself sure that the authorities at ,moscow will be satisfied with this simple concession4 ,we know that there is no evidence like that of sight1 and hence respectfully recommend the authorities of the convention to go to the ,east1 and there ask for a recognition4 ,then1 when three years come around1 we shall hear some positive answer4 ,it would be a pity to alter the ,creed1 without any recompense whatever4 ,sympathy is also expressed with the ,italians who are trying to subvert the temporal power of the pope1 and especially with those priests who would like to reform the ,catholic ,church after the model of the ,anglican communion4 ,one gentleman of much information asked1 in the convention1 if there really was any movement of the kind in ,italy4 ,he said he had read many travels1 and had travelled himself extensively1 and had never seen or heard of any good priests who were disposed to turn ,protestants1 and as for the bad ones1 he had not much faith in them4 ,the committee replied that1 in their opportunities for correspondence1 they had seen much1 and the results would one day appear4 ,we wait in patience1 then1 to see how many good and moral priests will appear in what will probably be called the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in ,italy4 #dfi ,as the ,east1 however1 is nearer to them than the ,united ,states1 and as ,england is somewhat passive1 we would suggest that this new church be placed1 for a time at least1 under the jurisdiction of some ,greek bishop4 ,this will be more convenient1 and less likely to offend1 because the ,greek bishops cannot marry as the ,anglican bishops have power to do4 ,but then a perplexing question will arise4 ,if the ,eastern branch has jurisdiction in ,alaska1 has not the ,roman branch some jurisdiction in ,italy8 ,this is among the perplexities of the branch theory4 ,to plain common sense1 a church with branches is not one church1 and to ,catholics the ultra-,protestant theory is far more tenable4 ,we believe1 therefore1 that the efforts toward church union will only prove more plainly the isolation of the ,episcopal ,church from all other ,christian bodies4 ,we are for the largest liberty possible with truth1 but we are not for falsehood2 and we have a right to demand that a man shall call himself what he is1 and not persist in calling himself what he is not4 ,the view of the state of the church given by the committee is quite a favorable one1 though we do not see that ,episcopalians are largely increasing by conversion4 ,several new dioceses were formed1 which will1 no doubt1 divide labor if they do not multiply population4 ,the most important subject which engrossed the convention was that of education2 and the principle1 so long acted upon by the ,catholic ,church1 was virtually adopted4 ,it was resolved to establish parochial schools wherever possible1 in order to save the young from perversion by the many popular errors of our day4 ,we earnestly hope that this resolution will generally be acted upon4 ,it is quite evident that any denomination which has positive doctrines to teach must take care early to teach its children the principles of faith1 and that a system of education without ,christianity is effectually an infidel system4 ,when the ,episcopalians shall have built their parochial schools1 they will be able to appreciate the labors of ,catholics1 who1 far poorer1 and far more numerous1 have never been willing to trust their children to the public schools4 ,then perhaps they will unite with us in asking the state legislatures for a just proportion of the funds raised by taxation and devoted to the education of the young4 ,we could never see anything but simple justice in this demand4 ,the action of the ,episcopal ,convention1 if carried out1 will be an advance in favor of our practice1 and an argument for the propriety of our claims4 ,the bishops express themselves in their pastoral as anxious to promote the works of mercy and education1 by the establishment of communities of men and women4 ,we understand that such organizations are to be devoted to the service of the poor1 sick1 and ignorant1 and that they are to be modelled after the plan of our ,christian ,brothers or our ,sisters of ,charity and ,mercy4 ,they are to be1 however1 free from ensnaring vows or enforced confessions4 ,the members are to come and go when they please1 and devote themselves to the labors of the community as long as they are disposed1 free to leave1 without scruple1 at any time4 ,we fear that on such principles communities would not hold together long1 nor always act together but we are very desirous that the ,episcopalians should thoroughly try them4 ,confession is to be permitted1 it seems1 when it is not forced2 hence it would appear that the ,house of ,bishops is in favor of voluntary confession for the members of these proposed associations4 #dgj ,any step of this kind is a great advance1 for it leads the earnest mind toward the true ,bride of the ,lamb1 whose clothing is of wrought gold4 ,it is hard to see why voluntary confession should be permitted to these communities and not to the ,episcopalians in general4 ,but perhaps the bishops did not mean to favor sacramental confession1 although they would seem to do so by the language of the pastoral4 ,in this brief summary we have given what seems to us a candid review of the work of the last ,episcopal ,convention1 as it interests ,catholics and the public generally4 ,if at any time there has been anything savoring of the ridiculous or comical in our language1 we beg our reader to refer it to the subject-matter1 and not to any intention of ours4 ,he that makes assumptions of prerogatives to which he has no title will certainly excite the laughter of his neighbors4 ,the historian who simply records facts is in no way to blame4 ,when ,episcopalian ministers call themselves ,catholic priests1 people will innocently laugh3 and perhaps we ourselves1 with all our courtesy1 could not refrain from a smile4 ,in like manner1 when a church isolates itself from all the world by claims which everybody else on earth denies to it1 there is something of the ridiculous in its position1 and1 while we may be pained1 we are at the same time amused4 ,if the committee on church union will only labor a little harder1 and once in a while travel abroad1 they may perhaps open the eyes of not a few4 ,the ,episcopal ,church must work either for us or for ,protestantism4 ,it has no harvest of its own to reap1 and there is no middle ground for the honest mind4 ,it has already sent many a gifted and pure soul to the home of truth and purity1 and we ,catholics are daily gathering in those whom it has led to our gates4 ,we wish it ,god-speed in this work of conversion--in this1 perhaps unintentional1 labor of love4 ,let the so-called ,catholic priests go on1 and unprotestantize and catholicize their flocks4 ,they will never be able to feed the hunger they have excited1 nor satisfy the cravings of the heart in which ,god the ,redeemer is showing the marks of his love4 ,we stand ready for them and their children1 to show them a truth and beauty which are real--a church which is not the work of imagination1 but a living reality1 formed and sustained by the incarnate ,word4 ,god grant that they sport not too long with shadows--that they delay not too long before the portals of ,sion6 ,the night cometh in which no man can work4 ,he that hath ears to hear1 let him hear4 ---------- #dgl ,christmas4 ,god an ,infant--born to-day6 ,born to live1 to die1 for me6 ,bow1 my soul2 adoring say3 ,lord1 ,i live1 ,i die1 for ,thee4 ,humble then1 but fearless1 rise3 ,seek the manger where ,he lies4 ,tread with awe the solemn ground3 ,though a stable mean and rude1 ,wondering angels all around ,throng the seeming solitude3 ,swelling anthems1 as on high1 ,hymn a second ,trinity4 ,footnote #aef ,footnote #aef3 ,jesus1 ,mary1 and ,joseph are called by theologians ,the ,earthly ,trinity4 ,lo1 in bands of swathing wrapt1 ,meekly sleeps a tender ,form3 ,god on bed of straw is lapt6 ,breaths of cattle keep ,him warm6 ,king of glory1 can it be ,thou art thus for love of me8 ,hail1 my ,jesus1 ,lord of might6 ,who in tiny1 helpless hand ,thy creations infinite ,holdest as a grain of sand6 ,hail1 my ,jesus--all my own6 ,mine1 as if but mine alone6 ,god made ,man1 and ,man made ,god-- ,natures ,two in ,person ,one1 ,i adore ,thy ,precious ,blood1 ,pulsing1 burning to atone3 ,i adore ,thy ,sacred ,heart1 ,surest proof of what ,thou art4 #dgb ,hail1 my ,lady--full of grace6 ,maiden ,mother1 hail to thee6 ,poring on the radiant ,face1 ,thine a voiceless ecstasy2 ,yet1 sweet ,mother1 let me dare ,join the worship of thy prayer4 ,mother of ,god--,o wondrous name6 ,bending seraphs hail thee ,queen4 ,mother of ,god--yet still the same ,mary thou hast ever been3 ,still so lowly1 though so great3 ,mortal1 yet immaculate6 ,o'er our exile's troubled sea1 ,thou the star1 no sky shall dim3 ,christ our ,light we owe to thee-- ,him to thee1 and thee to ,him4 ,take my heart1 then3 let it be ,thine in ,him1 and ,his in thee4 ,joseph1 hail--of gentlest power6 ,shadow of the ,father thou3 ,thine to shield in danger's hour ,whom thy presence comforts now4 ,mary trusts to thee her ,child2 ,he1 ,his ,mother undefiled4 ,teach me thou1 then1 how to live ,all for them--my only all2 ,looking to thy arm to give ,help in trial or in fall2 ,till 'tis mine with thee to prove ,what it is to die of love4 ---------- #dgc ,from ,the ,french ,of ,erckmann ,and ,chatrian4 ,the ,invasion2 ,or1 ,yegof ,the ,fool4 ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,at seven o'clock everything was still quiet4 ,from time to time ,dr4 ,lorquin opened a window of the great hall and looked abroad4 ,nothing was stirring2 even the fires had gone out4 ,louise1 seated near her father1 gazed sadly and tenderly upon him4 ,she seemed to fear that she would never again see him1 and her reddened eyes showed that she had been weeping4 ,hullin1 though firm1 showed signs of emotion4 ,the doctor and the ,anabaptist1 both grave and solemn in their manner1 were conversing1 and ,lagarmitte1 behind the stove1 listened thoughtfully to their words4 ,we have not only the right1 but it is our duty to defend ourselves1 the doctor was saying4 ,our fathers cleared these woods and cultivated the land4 ,they are now rightfully ours4 ,doubtless1 answered the ,anabaptist2 but it is written1 ,thou shalt not kill6 ,thou shalt not spill thy brother's blood6 ,catherine ,lefevre1 whom this view of matters annoyed1 turned suddenly from her work1 saying3 ,then if we believed as you do1 we would let the ,germans and ,russians drive us from house and home4 ,your religion is a famous one for thieves6 ,the ,allies ask nothing better1 ,i am sure4 ,i do not wish to insult you1 ,pelsly2 you have been brought up in these notions2 but we will defend you despite yourself4 ,i love to hear of peace1 but not when the enemy is at our doors4 ,pelsly remained mute from astonishment1 and ,doctor ,lorquin could not repress a smile4 ,at the same moment the door opened1 and a sentry entered1 crying3 ,master ,jean-,claude1 come6 ,i believe they are advancing4 ,i am coming1 ,simon1 answered ,hullin1 rising4 ,embrace me1 ,louise4 ,courage1 my child2 fear not1 all will go well4 ,he clasped her to his bosom and his eyes filled with tears4 ,she seemed more dead than living4 ,be sure1 said he to ,catherine1 to let no one go out or approach the windows4 ,he rushed from the house to the edge of the plateau1 and cast his eyes toward ,grandfontaine and ,framont1 thousands of feet below him4 ,the ,germans had arrived the evening before1 a few hours after the ,cossacks4 ,they had passed the night1 to the number of five or six thousand1 in barns1 stables1 or under sheds1 and were now clustering like ants1 pouring from every door in tens and twenties1 and hurrying to buckle on knapsacks1 fasten sabres1 or fix bayonets4 ,others--cavalry--,uhlans1 ,cossacks1 hussars1 in green1 gray1 and blue uniforms1 faced with red or yellow1 with caps of waxed cloth or lamb-skin1 were hastily saddling their horses or rolling their blankets4 #dgd ,trumpets were sounding at every street-corner1 and drummers were tightening their drum-cords4 ,every phase of military life seemed there4 ,a few peasants1 stretching their heads out of their windows1 gazed at all this2 women crowded at the garret-windows1 and innkeepers filled flasks4 ,nothing escaped ,hullin1 and such scenes were not new to him1 but ,lagarmitte was petrified with wonder4 ,how many they are6 he cried4 ,bah6 returned ,hullin2 what does that matter8 ,in my time1 we annihilated three armies of fifty thousand each of that same race in six months1 and we were not one to four4 ,rest easy1 however2 we shall not have to kill all these2 they will fly like hares4 ,you will see4 ,these judicious reflections uttered1 he turned back to the abatis1 and the two followed a path which had been made in the snow a couple of days before4 ,the snow1 hardened by the frost1 had become ice1 and the trees formed an impassable barrier4 ,below lay the ruined road4 ,as he appeared1 ,jean-,claude saw the mountaineers from ,dagsberg in groups1 twenty paces distant from each other1 in round holes like nests which they had dug for themselves4 ,these brave fellows were seated on their haversacks1 their fox-skin caps pulled down over their heads and their muskets between their knees4 ,they had only to rise to view the road fifty yards beneath them at the foot of a very slippery slope4 ,ha1 ,master ,jean-,claude6 ,when is the work to begin8 ,easy1 my boys2 do not be impatient2 in an hour you will have enough to do4 ,so much the better4 ,aim well at the height of the breast1 and don't expose yourselves more than you can help4 ,never fear for us1 ,master ,jean-,claude4 ,do not forget to cease firing when ,lagarmitte winds his horn2 we cannot afford to lose powder4 ,he found ,materne at his post1 lighting his pipe2 the old man's beard was frozen almost solid4 ,they seem to be in no hurry to attack1 said ,jean-,claude4 ,can it be that they will take another route through the mountains8 ,never fear it1 answered the old man4 ,they need the road for their artillery and baggage4 ,listen6 ,the bugles are sounding1 ',boots and saddles4' ,but do you know1 ,hullin1 asked the hunter with a low chuckle1 what ,i saw a while ago in ,grandfontaine8 ,i saw four ,austrians knock old ,dubreuil1 the friend of the ,allies1 down and thrash him well with sticks1 the old wretch6 ,it did my heart good4 ,i suppose he refused some of his wine to his good friends4 ,hullin listened to no more2 for1 happening to cast his eyes to the valley1 he saw a regiment of infantry debouching on the road4 ,beyond1 in the street1 cavalry were advancing1 five or six officers galloping in front4 ,at last6 cried the old soldier1 his face lighting up with a look of fierce determination--at last6 ,and dashing along the line1 he cried3 ,attention1 men of the ,vosges6 ,lagarmitte followed with his bugle4 ,ten minutes after1 when the two1 all breathless1 had reached the pinnacle of the rock1 they saw the enemy's column fifteen hundred feet beneath them1 about three thousand strong1 with their long white coats1 canvas-gaiters1 bear-skin shakos1 and red mustaches1 their young officers1 sword in hand1 curveting in the intervals between the companies1 and from time to time turning round and shouting hoarsely1 ,forvertz6 forvertz6 while above the line the bayonets flashed and glittered in the sun4 #dge ,they were pressing on to the abatis at the pas de charge4 ,old ,materne1 too1 saw the ,germans advancing1 and his keen eyes could even note the individuals of the mass4 ,in a moment he had chosen his quarry4 ,in the middle of the column1 on a tall bay horse1 rode an old officer1 wearing a white peruke1 a three-cornered hat heavily laced with gold1 and a yellow sash4 ,his breast was covered with ribbons1 and his thick black plumes danced merrily as he cantered on4 ,there is my man6 muttered the hunter1 as he slowly brought his piece to his shoulder4 ,a report1 a wreath of white smoke1 and the old officer had disappeared4 ,in a moment the whole line of intrenchments rattled with musketry2 but the ,austrians1 without replying1 pressed steadily upward1 their ranks as regular and well aligned as if they were on parade2 and to speak truth1 many a brave mountaineer1 mayhap the father of a family1 as he saw that forest of bayonets come on1 thought that perhaps he might better have remained at home in his village than have shouldered his rifle for its defence4 ,but as the proverb says1 the wine was drawn1 naught but to drink remained6 ,when two hundred paces from the abatis1 the enemy halted1 and began a rolling fire1 such as the mountain echoes had never before replied to4 ,bullets hailed on every side1 cutting the branches1 scattering the icicles1 and flattening themselves on the rocks2 their continued hiss was like the humming of a swarm of bees4 ,all this did not arrest the fire of the mountaineers1 and soon both sides were buried in thick gray smoke2 but at the end of ten minutes more1 the drums beat out the charge1 and again the mass of bayonets dashed toward the abatis2 and again the cry of ,forvertz6 forvertz6 rang out1 but now nearer and nearer1 until the firm earth trembled beneath the tramp of thousands of feet4 ,materne1 rising to his full height1 with quivering cheeks and flashing eyes1 shouted1 ,up6 up6 ,it was time4 ,many of the ,austrians1 almost all of them students of philosophy1 or law1 or medicine1 gathered from the breweries of ,munich1 ,jena1 and other towns--men who fought against us because they believed that ,napoleon's fall would alone give them freedom--many of these intrepid fellows had clambered on all-fours over the frozen snow and hurled themselves upon the works4 ,but each who climbed the abatis was met by a blow from a clubbed musket1 and flung back among his comrades4 ,then did the strength and bravery of old ,rochart the wood-cutter show themselves4 ,man after man of these children of the ,vaterland did he stretch upon the whitened earth4 ,old ,materne's bayonet ran with blood4 ,the little tailor1 ,riffi1 loaded and fired into the mass with the cool courage of a veteran1 and ,joseph ,larnette1 ,hans ,baumgarten1 whose shoulder was pierced by a ball1 ,daniel ,spitz1 who lost two fingers by a sabre stroke1 and a host of others1 will be for ever honored by their countrymen for their deeds that day4 ,for more than a quarter of an hour the fight was hand to hand4 ,nearly all the students had fallen1 and the others1 veterans accustomed to retiring honorably1 turned to retrace their steps4 #dgf ,at first they retreated slowly2 then faster and faster4 ,their officers urged them to the attack once more1 and seconded their words with blows from the flat of their swords1 but in vain2 bullets poured among them from the abatis1 and soon all order was lost2 the retreat was a wild rout4 ,materne laughed grimly as he gazed after the flying foe1 lately advancing in such proud array1 and shook his rifle above his head in joy4 ,at the bottom of the slope lay hundreds of wounded4 ,the snow was red with blood1 and in the midst of heaps of slain were two young officers yet living1 but crushed beneath the weight of their dead horses4 ,it was horrible6 ,but men are oftentimes savage as the beasts of the forests4 ,not a man among the flushed mountaineers seemed to have a thought for all the misery he saw before him2 it even seemed to rejoice many4 ,little ,riffi1 carried away by a sublime ardor for plunder1 glided down the steep4 ,he had caught a glimpse of a splendid horse1 that of the colonel whom ,materne had shot1 which1 protected by a corner of the rock1 stood safe and sound4 ,you are mine6 cried the tailor1 as he seized the bridle4 ,how astonished my wife ,sapience will be6 ,all the others envied him as he mounted his prize2 but their envy was soon checked when they saw the noble animal dash at full speed toward the ,austrians4 ,the little tailor tugged at the bridle1 and shouted1 and cursed1 and prayed1 but all to no purpose4 ,materne would have fired1 but he feared that in that wild gallop he might kill the man1 and soon ,riffi disappeared among the enemy's bayonets4 ,all thought he would be massacred at once1 but an hour later they saw him pass through the street of ,grandfontaine1 his hands bound behind his back1 and a corporal following with uplifted cane4 ,poor ,riffi6 ,he did not long enjoy his triumph1 and his comrades at length laughed at his sad fate as merrily as if he had been a ,kaiserlik4 ,such is the nature of man2 as long as he feels no ill himself1 the troubles of others affect him little4 ,chapter ,,xv4 ,the mountaineers were wild with exultation2 their triumph knew no bounds1 and they looked upon each other as so many heroes4 ,catherine1 ,louise1 ,doctor ,larquin1 all who had remained at the farm1 rushed out to greet the victors4 ,they scanned the marks of bullets1 gazed at the blood-stained slope2 then the ,doctor ordered ,baumgarten and ,spitz to the hospital1 although the latter insisted on still remaining at his post4 ,louise distributed brandy among the men1 and ,catherine ,lefevre1 standing on the edge of the slope1 gazed at the dead and wounded4 ,there lay old and young1 their faces white as wax1 their eyes wide and staring1 their arms outstretched4 ,some had fallen in attempting to rise1 and the faces of some wore a look of fear as if they yet dreaded these terrible blows which the clubbed rifles had dealt4 ,others had dragged themselves out of the range of fire1 and their route was marked by tracks of blood4 ,many of the wounded seemed resigned to their lot1 and only seeking a place to die2 others gazed wistfully after their regiment1 which they could discern on its way to ,framont--that regiment with which they had quitted their native village1 with which they had till then safely braved the toils and dangers of a long campaign1 but which now abandoned them to die1 far from friends and home1 surrounded by an infuriated foe4 #dgg ,and they thought how a trembling mother or sister would ask their captain or their sergeant1 ,did you know ,hans1 or ,kasper1 or ,nickel1 of the first or second company8 ,and how coldly would come the reply3 ,let me see2 it is very likely4 ,had he not brown hair and blue eyes8 ,yes1 ,i knew him2 we left him in ,france near a little village1 the name of which ,i forget4 ,he was killed by the mountaineers the same day as the stout major1 ,yeri-,peter4 ,a brave fellow6 ,good evening4 ,perhaps1 too1 some among them thought of a pretty ,gretchen or ,lotchen1 who had given them a ribbon1 and wept hot tears at their departure1 and sobbed1 ,i will wait for you1 ,kasper4 ,i will marry no one but you6 ,thou wilt wait long1 poor girl6 ,all this was not very pleasant1 and ,mother ,lefevre's thoughts1 as she gazed1 wandered to ,gaspard4 ,hullin1 however1 soon came with ,lagarmitte to where she stood1 and cried exultantly3 ,hurrah1 boys6 you have seen fire1 and those ,germans yonder will not boast much of this day's work4 ,he ran to embrace ,louise1 and then ran back to ,catherine4 ,are you satisfied1 ,mother ,lefevre8 ,fortune smiles2 but what is the matter8 ,yes1 ,jean-,claude1 ,i am satisfied2 all goes well2 but look yonder upon the road2 what a massacre6 ,war is war1 replied ,hullin gravely4 ,is there no way of helping that poor fellow there--the one looking up at us with his large blue eyes8 ,o heaven6 they pierce my very heart6 ,or that tall1 brown-haired one binding his arm with his handkerchief8 ,impossible1 ,catherine6 ,i am sorry2 but we should have to cut steps in the ice to descend2 and the ,austrians1 who will be back in an hour or two1 would make use of them in their next attack4 ,but we must go and announce our victory through the villages1 and to ,labarbe1 and ,jerome1 and ,piarette4 ,holla6 ,simon1 ,niklo1 ,marchal6 carry the news to our comrades4 ,materne1 see that you look sharp1 and report the least movement4 ,they went together to the farmhouse1 and ,jean-,claude met the reserve as he passed1 and ,marc-,dives on horseback in the midst of his men4 ,the smuggler complained bitterly of having had no part in the fight2 he felt disgraced1 dishonored4 ,bah6 said ,hullin1 so much the better4 ,watch on our right2 if we are attacked there1 you will have enough to do4 ,dives said nothing2 his good humor could not so easily be restored2 nor that of his men--smugglers like himself--who1 wrapped in their mantles1 and with their long rapiers dangling from their sides1 seemed meditating vengeance for what they deemed a slight4 ,hullin1 unable to pacify them1 entered the farm-house4 ,doctor ,lorquin was extracting the ball from the wound of ,baumgarten1 who uttered terrible shrieks4 ,pelsly1 standing at the threshold1 trembled in every limb4 ,jean-,claude demanded paper and ink to send his orders to the posts1 and the poor ,anabaptist had scarcely strength to go for them4 ,the messengers departed1 proud enough to be the bearers of the tidings of the first battle and victory4 #dgh ,a few mountaineers in the great hall were warming themselves at the stove1 and discussing the details of the fight in animated tones4 ,daniel ,spitz had his two fingers amputated1 and sat behind the stove1 his hand wrapped in lint4 ,the men who had been posted behind the abatis before daybreak1 not having yet breakfasted1 were--each with a huge piece of bread and a glass of wine--making up for lost time1 all the time shouting1 gesticulating1 and boasting as much as their full mouths would allow them to1 and every now and then1 when some one would speak of poor ,riffi and his misfortunes1 they were ready to burst their sides laughing4 ,it was eleven o'clock1 when ,marc-,dives rushed into the hall1 crying3 ,hullin6 ,hullin6 ,where is ,hullin8 ,here6 ,follow me--quick6 ,the smuggler spoke in a strange tone4 ,a few moments before1 he was furious at not having taken part in the battle2 now he seemed triumphant4 ,jean-,claude followed1 sorely disquieted1 and the hall was cleared in a minute1 all feeling that ,marc's hurry was of grave portent4 ,to the right of ,donon stretches the ravine of ,minires1 through which roars a torrent which rushes from the mountain-side to the depths of the valley4 ,opposite the plateau defended by the partisans1 and on the other side of the ravine1 five or six hundred feet distant1 rose a sort of terrace with very steep sides1 which ,hullin had not deemed it necessary to occupy1 as he was unwilling to divide his forces1 and saw also that the position could be easily turned under cover of the fir forest1 if the enemy should occupy it4 ,imagine the brave old man's dismay when1 from the farm-house door1 he saw two companies' of ,austrians climbing up the side with two field-pieces1 which1 dragged up by strong ropes1 seemed to hang over the precipice4 ,they were pushing at the wheels1 too1 and in a few moments the guns would be on the flat top4 ,he stood for an instant as if struck by lightning1 and then turned fiercely on ,dives4 ,could you not tell me of this before8 he cried4 ,was it for this ,i ordered you to watch the ravine8 ,our position is turned6 ,our retreat is cut off6 ,you have lost all6 ,all present1 even old ,materne1 shrank from the flashing eyes bent upon the smuggler1 and he1 notwithstanding his usual cool audacity1 could not for some moments reply4 ,be calm1 ,jean-,claude1 said he at last2 it is not so bad as you think4 ,my fellows have yet done nothing1 and as we want cannon1 those shall be ours4 ,fool6 ,has your vanity brought us to this8 ,you must needs fight1 boast--and for this you sacrifice us all6 ,look6 they are coming from ,framont1 too6 ,even as he spoke1 the head of a new column1 much stronger than the first1 appeared1 advancing from ,framont toward the abatis at the double-quick4 ,dives said not a word4 ,hullin1 conquering his rage in the face of danger1 shouted3 ,to your posts1 all6 ,attention1 ,materne6 ,the old hunter bent his head1 listening4 ,marc-,dives had recovered all his coolness4 ,instead of scolding like a woman1 said he1 you had better give me the order to attack those yonder from the cover of the woods4 #dgi ,do so1 in heaven's name1 cried ,hullin4 ,listen1 ,marc6 ,we were victorious1 and your fault has risked all the fruits of our victory4 ,your life shall answer for our success4 ,i accept the terms4 ,the smuggler1 springing upon his horse1 threw his cloak proudly over his shoulder1 and drew his long1 straight blade4 ,his men followed the example4 ,then1 turning to the fifty mountaineers who composed his troop1 ,dives pointed with his sword to the enemy1 and cried3 ,we must have yon height1 boys4 ,the men of ,dagsberg shall never be called braver than those of the ,sarre4 ,forward6 ,the troops dashed on1 and ,hullin1 still pale from the effects of his anger1 shouted after3 ,give them the steel6 ,the tall smuggler1 on his huge and strong steed1 turned his head1 and a laugh broke from his lips4 ,he shook his sword expressively1 and the troops disappeared in the wood4 ,at the same moment the ,austrians1 with their two guns--eight-pounders--reached the level top1 while the ,framont column still pressed up the slope4 ,everything was as before the battle1 save that now the mountaineers were between two fires4 ,they saw the two guns with their rammers and caissons distinctly4 ,a tall1 lean officer1 with broad shoulders and long1 flaxen mustaches1 commanded4 ,in the clear mountain air they seemed almost within reach1 but ,hullin and ,materne knew better2 they were a good six hundred yards away1 further than any rifle could carry4 ,nevertheless1 the old hunter wished to return to the abatis with a clear conscience4 ,he advanced as near as possible to the ravine1 followed by his son ,kasper and a few partisans1 and1 steadying his piece against a tree1 slowly covered the tall officer with the light mustaches4 ,all held their breath lest the aim might be disturbed4 ,the report rang out1 but when ,materne placed the butt of his rifle again on the ground1 to see the effect of his shot1 all was as before4 ,it is strange how age affects the sight1 said he4 ,affects your sight6 cried ,kasper4 ,not a man from the ,vosges to ,switzerland can place a ball at two hundred yards as true as you4 ,the old forester knew it well1 but he did not wish to discourage the others4 ,well1 well1 he replied1 we have no time to dispute about it4 ,the enemy is coming4 ,let every man do his duty4 ,despite these words1 so calm and simple1 ,materne too was sorely troubled4 ,as he entered the trench1 the air seemed full of sounds of dire foreboding1 the rattling of arms1 the steady tramp of a trained multitude4 ,he looked down the steep and saw the ,austrians pressing on1 but this time with long ladders1 to the ends of which great iron hooks were fastened4 ,kasper1 he whispered1 things look ill--ill indeed4 ,give me your hand4 ,i would like to have you and ,frantz near me6 ,remember to do your part like a man4 ,as he spoke1 a heavy shock shook the defences to their foundations1 and a hoarse voice cried1 ,o my ,god6 ,then a fir-tree1 a hundred paces off1 bent slowly and thundered into the abyss4 ,it was the first cannon-shot1 and it had carried off both old ,rochart's legs4 ,another and another followed1 and soon the air was thick with crushed and flying ice1 while the shrieking of the balls struck terror to the stoutest hearts4 ,even old ,materne trembled for a moment2 but his brave heart was soon itself again1 and he cried3 #dhj ,vengeance6 vengeance6 ,victory or death6 ,happily1 the terror of the mountaineers was of short duration4 ,all knew that they must conquer or die4 ,two ladders were already fixed1 despite the hail of bullets1 and the combat was once more foot to foot and hand to hand1 fiercer and bloodier than before4 ,hullin had seen the ladders before ,materne1 and once more his wrath against ,dives arose2 but he knew that anger then availed naught1 and he sent ,lagarmitte to order ,frantz1 who was posted on the other side of ,donon1 to hasten to the farm with half his men4 ,the brave boy1 warned of his father's danger1 lost not a moment1 and already the black slouched hats were seen climbing the mountain-side4 ,jean-,claude1 breathless1 the sweat pouring from his brow1 ran to meet them1 crying3 ,quick1 quick6 or all is lost6 ,he trembled once more with rage1 attributing all their misfortunes to the smuggler4 ,but where was ,marc-,dives8 ,in half an hour he had made his way around the ravine1 and from his steed saw the two companies of ,austrians drawn up at ordered arms1 two hundred paces behind the guns1 which still kept up their fire upon the intrenchments4 ,he turned to the mountaineers1 and in a low voice1 while the thunder of the cannon echoed peal upon peal from the valley1 and the shouts and shrieks and clatter of the assault rose beyond it1 said3 ,comrades1 you will fall upon the infantry with the bayonet4 ,i and my men will do the rest4 ,forward6 ,the whole troop advanced in good order to the edge of the wood1 tall ,piercy of ,soldatenthal at their head4 ,they heard the ,werda ,footnote #aeg of a sentinel4 ,two shots replied2 then the shout of ,vive la ,france6 rang to heaven1 and the brave mountaineers rushed upon the foe like famished wolves upon their prey4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,who goes there8 ,dives1 erect in his stirrups1 looked on and laughed4 ,well done6 he said4 ,charge6 ,the earth shook beneath the shock4 ,neither ,austrians nor partisans fired2 for a while nothing was heard but the clash of bayonets or the dull thud of the clubbed muskets as they fell2 then shrieks and groans and cries of rage arose1 and from time to time a shot rang out4 ,friend and foe were mixed and mingled in the savage fray4 ,the band of smugglers1 sabre in hand1 sat all this while gazing at the fight1 awaiting their leader's signal to engage4 ,it came at last4 ,now is our time1 cried ,marc4 ,one brave blow1 and the guns are ours4 ,and forth from the cover of the wood1 their long mantles floating behind in the wind1 every man1 in his fiery impatience1 bending over his saddle-bow1 and pointing his long1 straight rapier straight forward1 broke the bold riders4 ,the point1 my lads6 the point6 never mind the edge6 shouted ,dives4 ,in a moment they were on the pieces4 ,among ,marc's troop were four old dragoons who had seen the ,spanish wars through1 and two veteran cuirassiers of the guard1 whom love of danger had attached to the smuggler4 ,the rammers and short sabres of the artillerymen could avail but little against their well-aimed thrusts1 each one of which brought a man to the earth4 #dha ,marc's cheek was blackened with the powder of a pistol fired within six inches of his head2 a bullet passed through his hat2 but his course was not staid until his sword pierced the old officer with the light mustache through and through1 at one of the cannons4 ,then1 rising slowly in his saddle until his tall form sat erect1 he gazed around1 and said sententiously3 ,the guns are ours6 ,but the scene was terrible2 the mle on the high plateau2 the shrieks1 the neighing of horses1 or their cries of agony2 the shouts of rage2 men casting away their arms in a wild flight for life1 an inexorable foe pursuing2 beyond the ravine1 ladders crowded with white uniforms and bristling with bayonets2 mountaineers defending themselves with the fierce courage of despair2 the sides of the slope1 the road1 and the foot of the abatis heaped with dead1 or wounded writhing in anguish2 still further away1 the masses of the enemy advancing1 with musket on shoulder1 and officers in the midst urging them on2 old ,materne1 on the crest of the steep1 swinging his clubbed rifle with deadly effect1 and shouting for his son ,frantz1 who was rushing at full speed with his command to the fight2 ,jean-,claude directing the defence2 the deafening musketry1 now in volleys1 now rattling like some terrible hailstorm2 and1 rolling above all1 the vague1 weird echoes of mountain and valley4 ,all this was pressed into that one moment4 ,marc-,dives was not of a contemplative or poetic turn of mind1 however1 and wasted no time in useless reflections upon the horrors of war4 ,a glance showed him the position of affairs1 and1 springing from his horse1 he seized one of the levers of the guns1 and in a moment had aimed the yet loaded piece at the foot of the ladders4 ,then he seized a match and fired4 ,strange cries arose from afar off1 and the smuggler1 gazing through the smoke1 saw a bloody lane in the enemy's ranks4 ,he shook both his hands above his head exultingly1 and a shout of triumph arose from the breastworks4 ,dismount6 he cried to his men4 ,now is our time for action6 ,bring cartridges and balls from your caissons4 ,load6 ,we will sweep the road6 ,ready6 ,fire6 ,the smugglers applied themselves to the work1 and shot after shot tore through the white masses4 ,the fire enfiladed the ranks1 and the tenth discharge was at a flying foe4 ,fire6 fire6 shouted ,marc4 ,and the partisans1 re-enforced by ,frantz1 regained the position they had for a moment lost4 ,and now the mountain-side was covered only with dead1 wounded1 and flying4 ,it was four o'clock in the evening1 and night was falling fast4 ,the last cannon-shot fell in the street of ,grandfontaine1 and1 rebounding1 overturned the chimney of the ,red ,ox4 ,six hundred men had perished4 ,many of the mountaineers had fallen1 but many more of the ,kaiserliks4 ,dives's cannonade had saved all2 for the partisans were not even one against ten1 and the enemy had almost made himself master of their works4 ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,the ,austrians1 crowded in ,grandfontaine1 fled toward ,framont1 on foot and on horseback1 flinging their knapsacks away1 and looking behind as if they feared the mountaineers were in hot pursuit4 #dhb ,in ,grandfontaine1 in a sort of spirit of revenge1 they broke whatever they could lay hands on1 tore out windows1 crushed in doors1 demanded food and drink1 and insulted the people by way of payment4 ,their imprecations and cries1 the commands of their officers1 the complaints of the inhabitants1 the heavy tramp of feet across the bridge of ,framont1 and the agonized neigh of wounded horses1 all rose in a confused murmur to the abatis4 ,on the side of the mountain1 arms1 shakos1 knapsacks1 dead--all the signs of a rout--were alone seen4 ,opposite appeared ,marc-,dives's guns1 ready to open fire anew in case of a new attack4 ,the partisans had gained the day2 but no shout of triumph rose from their intrenchments4 ,their losses had been too cruel4 ,silence had succeeded the tumult of battle--silence1 deep and solemn--and those who had escaped the carnage gazed earnestly at their fellows1 as if wondering to see them yet alive4 ,a few called aloud for friends1 some for brothers1 who replied not4 ,then search began throughout the length of the works for ,jacob1 or ,philippe1 or ,antoine4 ,and the gray shades of night were falling fast over mountain and valley1 and lending a strange mystery to the horrid picture2 and men came and went without knowing one another4 ,materne wiped his bloody bayonet1 and called his boys in hoarse tones3 ,kasper6 ,frantz6 ,and seeing them approach in the half-darkness1 he asked3 ,are you hurt8 ,no4 ,the voice of the old hunter1 harsh as it was1 trembled4 ,we are all three again together2 ,god's mercy be thanked6 he murmured4 ,and he1 who was never known to weep1 embraced his boys1 while the tears rained down his cheeks1 and they1 no less moved1 sobbed like little children4 ,but the old man soon recovered himself and cried with a forced gayety3 ,we have had a rough day1 lads2 let us take a cup of wine--,i am thirsty4 ,throwing a last glance at the bloody slope1 and seeing that the sentries whom ,hullin had stationed at intervals of thirty paces were all at their posts1 the old man led the way to the farm-house4 ,they were passing carefully through the corpse-piled trench1 when a feeble voice exclaimed3 ,is that you1 ,materne8 ,ah poor ,rochart6 ,pardon6 forgive me if ,i hurt you1 said the old hunter1 bending over the wounded man2 how comes it that you are still here8 ,because ,i cannot move hence2 inasmuch as ,i have no legs1 answered the other with a mournful sort of merriment4 ,the three hunters stood silent for a moment1 when the old wood-cutter continued3 ,tell my wife1 ,materne1 that behind the cupboard1 in a stocking1 she will find six crowns4 ,i saved them in case either of us should fall sick2 but ,i have no further need-- ,perhaps--perhaps--you may live yet1 old friend1 interrupted ,materne4 ,we will carry you from here1 at all events4 ,it is not worth while1 returned the wounded man4 ,an hour more1 and you can carry me to my grave4 ,materne1 without replying1 signed to ,frantz to help him1 and together they raised the old wood-cutter from the ground1 despite his wish to be left alone4 ,thus they arrived at the farm-house4 #dhc ,all the wounded who had strength enough to drag themselves to the hospital were there4 ,doctor ,lorquin and a fellow-surgeon1 named ,despois1 who had come during the day to his assistance1 had work enough on hand2 and as ,materne and his sons with their piteous load traversed the dimly-lighted hall1 they heard cries which froze the blood in their veins1 and the dying wood-cutter almost shrieked3 ,why do you bring me here6 ,let me die in peace4 ,they shall not touch me6 ,open the door ,frantz1 said ,materne1 his forehead covered with a cold sweat1 open quick6 ,and as ,frantz pushed open the door1 they saw1 on a large kitchen-table in the middle of the low room1 with its heavy brown rafters1 ,colard1 the younger1 stretched at full length1 six candles around him1 a man holding each arm1 and a bucket beneath4 ,doctor ,lorquin1 his shirt-sleeves rolled up to his elbows1 and a short wide saw in his hand1 was about cutting off the poor fellow's leg1 while ,desbois stood by with a sponge4 ,blood dripped into the bucket1 and ,colard was pale as death4 ,catherine ,lefevre was near1 with a roll of lint1 and seemed firm2 but the furrows in her cheeks were deeper than usual1 and her teeth were tightly set4 ,she gazed on the ground so as not to see the misery around4 ,it is over6 said the doctor at length1 turning round4 ,and casting a glance at the new-comers he added3 ,ah6 you here1 ,father ,rochart8 ,yes2 but you must not touch me4 ,i am done for2 let me die in peace4 ,the doctor took up a candle1 looked for a moment at the old man's wounds1 and said with a grimace3 ,it was time1 my poor ,rochart2 you have lost a great deal of blood1 and if we wait any longer1 it will be too late4 ,do not touch me6 shrieked the old man4 ,i have suffered enough6 ,as you wish4 ,we will pass to another4 ,he looked at the long line of mattresses4 ,the two last were empty1 although deluged with blood4 ,materne and ,kasper placed their charge upon the last1 while ,despois went to another of the wounded men1 saying3 ,it is your turn1 ,nicholas4 ,then they saw tall ,nicholas ,cerf lift a pale face and eyes glittering with fear4 ,give him a glass of brandy1 said the doctor4 ,no1 ,i would rather smoke my pipe4 ,where is your pipe8 ,in my vest4 ,good2 and your tobacco8 ,in my pantaloons pocket4 ,fill his pipe1 ,despois4 ,this man is a brave fellow--,i like to see such4 ,we will take off your arm in two times and three motions4 ,is there no way of preserving it1 ,monsieur ,lorquin--for my poor children's sake8 ,it is their only support4 ,no1 the bone is fractured and will not reunite4 ,light his pipe1 ,despois4 ,now1 ,nicholas1 my man1 smoke1 smoke4 ,the poor fellow seemed after all to have little wish to do so4 ,are you ready8 asked the doctor4 ,yes1 answered the sufferer in a choking voice4 ,good6 ,attention1 ,despois2 sponge6 ,then with a long knife he cut rapidly around the arm4 ,nicholas ground his teeth4 ,the blood spirted2 ,despois tied something4 ,the saw ground for two seconds1 and the arm fell heavily on the floor4 #dhd ,that is what ,i call a well-performed operation1 observed ,lorquin4 ,nicholas was no longer smoking2 the pipe had fallen from his lips4 ,they bound round what remained of his arm with lint1 and replaced him on his mattress4 ,another finished6 ,sponge the table well1 ,despois1 and then for the next1 said the doctor1 washing his hands in a large basin4 ,each time he said1 ,now for the next1 the wounded men groaned with fear4 ,the shrieks they heard and the glittering knives they saw were enough to strike a chill to their hearts2 but what could be done8 ,all the rooms of the farm-house and of the barn were crowded4 ,only the large hall remained clear1 and so the ,doctor could not help operating under the eyes of those who must a little later take their turn4 ,materne could see no more4 ,even the dog1 ,pluto1 who stood behind the doctor1 seemed to tremble at the horrible sight4 ,the old hunter hastened to breathe the cold air without1 and cried3 ,and to think1 my boys1 that this might have happened to us6 ,god is good1 said ,frantz1 and why should we let sights even like these affright us from our duty8 ,we are in his hands4 ,a murmur of voices arose to their right4 ,it is ,marc-,dives and ,hullin1 said ,kasper1 listening4 ,yes1 they have just come from the breastwork they made behind the fir-wood for the cannon1 added ,frantz4 ,they listened again4 ,footsteps approached4 ,you are embarrassed with your three prisoners1 said ,hullin1 in short tones4 ,you return to ,falkenstein to-night2 why can you not take them with you8 ,but where shall ,i put them8 ,parbleu6 ,in the prison of ,abreschwiller2 we cannot keep them here4 ,i understand1 ,jean-,claude4 ,and if they attempt to escape on the way1 ,i will plant my rapier between their shoulders4 ,you must6 ,they reached the door1 and ,hullin1 seeing ,materne1 cried joyously3 ,you here1 old friend8 ,i have been seeking you for an hour4 ,where were you8 ,we were carrying old ,rochart to the hospital4 ,jean-,claude dropped his head sadly2 but his joy at the result of the day's battle soon gained the upper hand1 and he said3 ,yes1 it is mournful1 indeed4 ,but such is the fortune of war4 ,are you or your sons hurt8 ,not a scratch4 ,thank ,heaven6 ,materne1 those who passed through this day's work may well rejoice4 ,yes1 cried ,marc-,dives1 laughing1 ,i saw old ,materne ready to beat a retreat2 without those little cannon-shots1 things would have had a different ending4 ,materne reddened and glanced angrily at the smuggler4 ,it is very possible1 he answered2 but without the cannon-shots at the beginning1 we should not have needed those at the end1 and old ,rochart and fifty brave fellows would yet have legs and arms--a thing which would not have hurt our victory4 ,bah6 interrupted ,hullin1 who saw a dispute likely to arise4 ,quit this discussion4 ,every man has done his duty4 ,then addressing ,materne1 he added3 #dhe ,i have sent a flag of truce to ,framont1 to tell the enemy to remove their wounded4 ,they will arrive in about an hour1 doubtless1 and you must order our outposts to let them advance2 but without arms1 and with torches4 ,if they come otherwise1 fire on them4 ,i will go at once1 replied the old hunter4 ,return with your sons1 and have supper with us at the farm-house1 when you have carried out your orders4 ,very well1 ,jean-,claude4 ,hullin ordered ,frantz and ,kasper to have large bivouac-fires lighted for the night1 and ,marc to have his horses fed and to go at once for more ammunition1 and1 seeing them depart on their way1 he entered the farm-house4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,the ,unity ,of ,scientific ,and ,revealed ,truth4 ,footnote #aeh ,footnote #aeh3 ,a discourse pronounced by the ,archbishop of ,malines on his first pastoral visit to the city and university of ,louvain4 ,i have not been able to come among you as soon as ,i desired4 ,the duties of my office1 and especially the difficulties which always surround one's initiation to a new sphere of duties1 are the causes of this delay4 ,had ,i the leisure1 my first visit after my entrance into this vast diocese would have been to ,louvain--to ,louvain1 so celebrated for its glorious traditions--to ,louvain1 which has ever remained true to them4 ,to the attraction of great historical remembrances are joined in my case ties of a more intimate nature4 ,this pulpit recalls to my mind the days of a ministry which must always be dear to my heart1 and which was far less onerous than that which has replaced it2 for if in those days ,i spoke of the cross1 it was surely without carrying the one which now weighs upon my shoulders4 ,yet it is with joy that ,i address for the first time1 as pastor of their souls1 the children of this city1 twice blessed by the ,church for the signal services she has rendered to the ,christian world1 both by her ancient university1 and by the one which lives again in our time with so much lustre4 ,louvain bears a great title1 because she symbolizes a great thing--the unity of science and faith4 ,how1 then1 my brethren1 can ,i avoid speaking of her1 and of that unity which men now strive to banish from the schools of learning8 ,everywhere it seems as if some invincible power had given the command to expel ,christianity from our schools in the name of science4 ,i gladly seize1 therefore1 the first opportunity which has been offered me to consider this question1 because it deeply interests the living minds of the age1 because it is one of the great cares of our social life1 and because here the two interests are united in one place3 the interests of science1 because ,i speak of ,louvain2 the interests1 of religion1 because ,i speak from this sacred pulpit4 #dhf ,not always in their efforts against the unity of science and religion do we find our opponents frankly declaring war upon ,christianity4 ,no2 its enemies prefer to extinguish it by stratagem4 ,they wisely fear the love of parents for their offspring2 and while they are eager to destroy the faith of the one1 they hope to accomplish their task without the knowledge of the other4 ,it is on this account that they have sought and found the proper word to conceal their design1 and this word is neutrality in teaching4 ,i wish1 then1 to show you two things3 ,first4 ,that neutrality in teaching1 as far as it regards the ,christian religion1 is evidently impossible2 that a teacher must unavoidably declare himself for or against the ,christian faith1 even as ,christ himself said1 ,he that is not for me is against me4 ,second4 ,science cannot declare itself against the ,christian faith without denying itself1 without being unfaithful to its own principle1 which is reason1 and without renouncing the very conditions of a free1 perfect1 and progressive science4 ,may the ,mother of ,science and ,faith1 ,mater ,agnitionis1 obtain for us from the incarnated ,wisdom the light which we need6 ,i4 ,when ,i speak of instruction1 ,i do not intend to designate certain branches of study in particular1 but ,i refer to the whole course of teaching in each of its three degrees4 ,i affirm1 then1 that neutrality in teaching is an evident impossibility1 so far as it regards ,christianity in each of these three degrees1 and more especially in the highest grade of instruction4 ,this could be demonstrated by running over a great number of the various branches of study2 but in order to be more concise1 though not less conclusive1 ,i will speak of only two among them1 history and morals1 upon which no school can be silent4 ,they will suffice to convince you that the school which is not ,christian is necessarily antichristian1 and that it will ever be impossible to be neutral4 ,let us begin with history4 ,if the ,christian religion were a mythology1 certainly we could separate it from the teaching of history1 and banish it to the domain of fable2 but ,christianity before as well as after the ,incarnation is a great historical fact2 nay1 it is the greatest fact of history4 ,this fact is a living one in that religious society which embraces every nation4 ,this living fact speaks and affirms itself divine2 not divine in man who accepts it1 but divine in that which constitutes its essence1 in its doctrine1 in its worship1 and in its doctrinal and sanctifying power4 ,christian teaching affirms that ,christianity is a divine fact4 ,anti-,christian instruction denies it4 ,what1 then1 can neutral instruction be8 ,if it neither affirm nor deny1 necessarily it doubts1 and consequently it must teach doubt4 ,but is not the teaching of doubt formally antichristian8 ,the divine ,author of ,christianity teaches us that1 in the presence of the proofs of his mission1 doubt is inexcusable3 ,if ,i had not come and spoken to them1 they would not have sin3 but now they have no excuse for their sin4 7,john xv4 #bb47 ,we will see1 in a few moments1 why this doubt is inexcusable2 but we only affirm a self-evident truth when we declare neutrality to be impossible1 because he who is not for the faith is necessarily against it1 and to teach doubt is only another way to deny truth4 ,but perhaps it will be said that neutral instruction will say nothing concerning this matter2 that it will pass by the fact of the ,christian religion in silence2 and that1 without relegating it to the domain of mythology1 it will quietly ignore its existence4 #dhg ,now1 the absurdity of this position is still more manifest1 for ,christianity is linked to everything in this world4 ,we cannot take a step in history without meeting with it2 if you search the annals of antiquity1 of the first centuries of the ,christian era1 of the middle ages1 or of modern times1 at every age alike you will see ,christianity before you1 and everywhere it governs all other things from its lofty height4 ,the pretence of silence in this matter is therefore one of two things3 it is either nonsense or it is hypocrisy4 ,it is nonsense when it is said1 as ,i have recently been informed it is in a certain classic work adopted by our schools1 that it will contain no question about sacred history1 nor about the history of the church1 whether of the old or the new alliance1 because these questions are all beyond the scope of history4 ,the chain of facts which a ,bossuet has unrolled in his discourse upon universal history--that marvellous chain of facts beyond the scope of history6 ,the expectation of redemption among all the people of the globe1 which is proved by the universality of expiatory sacrifices1 and by foreshadowings which redemption can alone make intelligible2 the establishment of ,christianity in its last and definite form1 its civilizing influence1 its trials1 its long-continued struggles1 its triumphant existence--these are all beyond the scope of history6 ,this pretended silence1 then1 is not nonsense1 it is hypocrisy2 it is only1 like the neutrality which it defends1 the hollow mask of infidelity4 ,again1 neutrality is not less impossible in the sphere of morals than in history4 ,what is morality8 ,it is the science of duty4 ,by itself1 it is the science of means furnished by reason to overcome our passions4 ,therefore to morals belong these absorbing questions3 ,why have the passions revolted against reason8 ,why does not the same beautiful harmony reign in the moral as in the physical order8 ,why are there1 as it were1 two men within us1 and why do we know what we ought to do1 and why do we follow the opposite8 ,what is the cause of this deep-seated evil1 which is only too well known to us all8 ,what is the remedy for it8 ,where shall we find the strength to conquer this interior revolt8 ,where are the arms with which we can triumph8 ,he who knows not this knows nothing4 ,but faith has positive answers for these fundamental questions4 ,it teaches us that the revolt of passions in human nature is the first result of the revolt of the human mind against ,god2 that the soul1 which did not wish to submit to its ,creator and its ,master1 has rightly suffered the uprising of its own slaves1 the senses and the appetites2 that1 if it would vanquish them1 it must humiliate its pride1 lament its evil deeds1 implore the grace of ,god1 pray to obtain again its lost strength4 ,it teaches us that by prayer we seize familiarly the divine armor1 armaturam ,dei orantes and that only by its aid can we hope to combat and to triumph4 ,this is ,christian teaching4 ,and will not that teaching be antichristian which denies what ,christianity1 in this respect1 declares to be true8 ,certainly it must1 because in the teaching of morals1 to be silent concerning the necessity of grace and of prayer1 by which man freely obtains grace1 is to make an avowed profession of antichristianity4 ,to say nothing of the grace which strengthens our nature2 to say nothing of grace1 which not only strengthens1 but elevates nature above itself2 to say nothing of the life of grace1 as if1 when compared with the physical and intellectual life1 there was not a far more noble life1 which all men have experienced1 since no one is completely abandoned by its merciful inspirations--this is not a neutral course2 it is antichristian1 formally antichristian4 #dhh ,i might prove to you here that instruction upon morals is not only antichristian when it is silent concerning the means given us by faith to conquer these passions1 but also when it refuses to recognize the great motives for fulfilling our duties1 for these motives are so many ,christian truths4 ,i might show1 or rather recall the fact1 that these truths have transformed private and public morality1 that they have begotten modern civilization2 and those are indeed blind and ungrateful who enjoy the fruit of this civilization1 while they would miserably tear the fair tree from the hearts of their ,christian countrymen4 ,but ,i must be satisfied with placing these arguments before you2 and ,i am the more readily contented with this sketch1 because ,i know that it is not requisite to say everything1 in order to be understood4 ,i am convinced that ,i have said enough to make it clear1 both to your reason and to your conscience1 that instruction must be ,christian1 or it will become antichristian2 that science is necessarily either for or against the holy faith2 and that its pretended neutrality is only an unmeaning word4 ,hence it follows that the organization of public instruction on the basis of a deceitful neutrality is in reality the affirmation of antichristianity in the state4 ,footnote #aei ,footnote #aei3 ,in ,belgium1 there is a society which bears the title of ,the ,league of ,instruction4 ,this society is free to organize antichristianity in its schools1 but always defraying its own expenses1 and at its own risk and peril4 ,this society has become dissatisfied1 because its members know that they cannot gain the confidence of the people2 hence they have sought to remove the obstacles by imploring the protection of the state4 ,,ii4 ,it remains for us to see that1 when science declares against the ,christian faith1 it really denies its own principle1 that is to say1 reason4 ,and why8 ,because it is reason which invokes the light of faith1 and it is reason which recognizes it4 ,it is reason which invokes the light of faith4 ,for what is reason8 ,reason is that one of our powers which reaches after truth2 it is that faculty which is ever forcing us to search out the why of things4 ,it has even the same name as its object1 for the reason and the why of anything are one4 ,again1 we only act reasonably when we know why we are acting4 ,even in our most insignificant actions1 we always propose to ourselves an intention1 an end which determines them4 ,in order1 therefore1 to live reasonably1 we must know why4 ,it is necessary to know the why1 or the end1 of life1 so that the first words of our catechism answer the first question of reason4 ,why are you in the world8 ,is it only to go to the cemetery8 ,has man been placed upon the earth only that he may be thrown into a grave8 ,humanity will never accept this doctrine4 ,the generations of the human race kneel at the tombs of their ancestors and protest against this monstrosity--the miserable and absurd system of those who clamorously desire a liberty of the human mind1 which can only terminate in corruption and worms4 ,the human conscience and human reason unite in declaring that life is only a journey1 that its end is beyond the tomb1 and that to die is to attain it4 ,but what do we attain8 ,where do we arrive8 #dhi ,here reason searches1 and trembles while she seeks4 ,she looks1 and feels that she is powerless to penetrate single-handed into the abyss of the future life4 ,the learned and the ignorant are equally baffled1 and can only say1 ,it is necessary to return to the other world1 in order to know what really is done there4 ,the gospel tells us the same2 no one has penetrated the heavens except he who came from them3 ,no one has ascended into heaven1 except he who descended from heaven1 the ,son of ,man who is in heaven4 ,let us try then1 brethren1 to discover what reason asks1 and justly asks4 ,it asks the why of life2 it does not care to exist without knowing why and knowing it with certainty4 ,it can obtain certitude in many other spheres of thought2 but it wishes to be assured upon this far more than upon any other question4 ,let us1 then1 state how reason has certitude in some other matters1 and how it wishes and can attain it in this4 ,we know the things of the exterior world with certainty1 and reason tells as to admit that which is well attested by the senses4 ,we know the things of the interior world1 of that world which is within our own breasts1 because reason tells us to admit what is revealed by our self-consciousness4 ,we know the great mass of truths of the intellectual world with certainty1 for our reason tells us that we must acknowledge the truths proclaimed by evidence4 ,we know that which is passing upon the earth in the present day4 ,we know events which occur in distant quarters of the world1 and we know the facts which are separated from us by long intervals of time1 because our reason tells us that history and the testimony of mankind are reliable grounds of certitude4 ,but that which we wish to know more than all these things is the end of our own existence2 and we wish to know this precisely1 because we are reasonable beings4 ,our reason longs to know more of the meaning of our creation2 it desires to know what is true in regard to our end1 because this truth must be divine and eternal4 ,but to be certain of divine truth1 must not reason be willing to obey the voice of ,god8 ,to be certain of eternal truth1 must we not accept the testimony of eternity8 ,the testimony of ,god was implored in every age1 and from this it comes that faith1 which is the acceptance by human reason of ,god's revelation1 is a constant1 perpetual1 universal fact1 even as the fact of reason itself4 ,it is ridiculous to urge against the truth of revelation the various religions which claim to be revealed2 for the counterfeits of revelation do not prove more against it than the perversion of reason proves against reason4 ,the wanderings of reason do not compel us to deny the truth of human reason1 so neither do the misrepresentations and counterfeits of revelation force us to deny its truth4 ,we have seen1 therefore1 what reason requires2 let us see how it recognizes revelation when it meets with it4 ,there is a certain manner of speaking indifferently of all religions which is used as a cloak to hide the desire to confound them4 ,this is common in the world of letters among men of scanty science4 ,but serious science1 like a sincere conscience1 discovers divine revelation1 in spite of its human alterations1 by certain signs and characteristic marks which are unmistakable4 ,these signs have been multiplied by ,providence with love2 but ,i wish to insist here upon that token which has not only followed past ages in their course1 but has1 if ,i may so speak1 grown with their growth3 that grand characteristic which reveals the author of nature1 and which assures us of the giver of revelation1 is unity4 #dij ,the unity of nature reveals ,god as the creator1 the harmony of the heavens and of the earth recount the glory of their author3 ,the heavens explain the glory of ,god4 ,it is the chant of the unity of space4 ,but the unity of time is not less splendid than the unity of worlds2 it is the harmony of centuries in ,jesus ,christ1 who has revealed ,god as the author of revelation4 ,nature and revelation are1 then1 the two great works in which ,god is revealed by the same sign--queenly and all-powerful unity6 ,the unity of time in ,jesus ,christ1 and in him alone1 is a fact without a parallel2 more easy for us to rejoice in than to depict4 ,yet here is the master-stroke of a great pencil3 ,these are great facts1 clearer than the light of the sun itself1 which make us know that our religion is as old as the world1 and demonstrate that he only could be its author who1 holding all things in his hand1 has been able to begin and continue that which holds all centuries in its embrace4 ,to be expected1 to come1 to be adored by a posterity which will last through every age1 is the character of him whom we adore1 ,jesus ,christ1 yesterday1 to-day1 and to endless ages1 the same4 ,this1 then1 is the manifest sign of divine revelation1 the unity of time in ,jesus ,christ4 ,st4 ,augustine spoke of this sign1 considering it1 however1 under only one of its aspects1 when he answered those persons who envied the good fortune of those who conversed with the risen ,christ3 ,the apostles saw one thing1 but they believed another2 and because they saw1 they believed that which they did not see4 ,they saw ,jesus ,christ risen1 the head of the ,church1 but they did not yet see this body1 this ,universal ,church1 which ,jesus ,christ announced to them1 this marvellous and almost incredible ,catholicity1 extending over every country1 with its unbloody sacrifice of the great invisible ,victim1 with the manifestation of conscience and remission of sins1 with its perpetuity to the end of time1 with its centre of unity established by these words3 ,thou art ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i will build my church1 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it4 ,the apostles saw none of these things1 and how could they believe in such apparently incredible promises8 ,but they were in the presence of the risen ,christ2 they had seen him dead and crucified1 they saw him living and glorious1 and it is from his mouth that they received the promise of that which they did not see4 ,they have seen the head1 says ,st4 ,augustine1 and they have believed in the body2 we see the body1 and we believe in the head4 ,we are like them1 because we see1 and therefore we believe that which we do not see4 ,it is necessary for us to recall here what ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas says upon this point3 ,no one believes1 unless he sees what is necessary to be believed4 ,it is because we are reasonable that we are believers4 ,it is also because we are believers1 we are ,christians2 and it is as ,christians and children of ,catholicity that we love with the same affection faith and science1 the plenitude of science1 the liberty and progress of science4 ,the plenitude of science1 for1 without its harmony with the sphere of faith and the truths which surround our faith1 science must always be incomplete4 #dia ,there is a science to-day which calls itself positive meaning that it is founded on well-attested facts4 ,it is indeed good to rely upon facts4 ,facts should undoubtedly be the basis of natural science4 ,still the natural sciences are not the only ones which should be sustained by facts4 ,the moral order1 as well as the physical1 appears to be a magnificent assemblage of facts4 ,humanity with its reason1 its conscience1 its sublime inclinations1 its immortal yearnings--is not humanity a grand fact8 ,then this great fact must be considered as it really exists1 in its entirety1 and not as mutilated by the false spirit of a system4 ,if the order of facts to which positivism would limit us were the only order1 do you know what humanity would be8 ,an ant which disputes with the grains of sand4 ,but humanity will never allow itself to be thus dishonored4 ,to the moral fact of humanity corresponds that which we have seen triumph over centuries--the fact of revelation4 ,i say it corresponds to them1 because ,christian revelation offers the only satisfactory reply to questions which philosophers have always asked and never answered4 ,i say it corresponds1 because ,christian revelation has alone thrown a flood of light upon the mysteries of the positive state of humanity1 and it alone affirms that it bears a sovereign remedy for the moral disorder of our nature3 ,come to me1 and ,i will refresh you4 ,do we really possess science1 then1 if1 in the presence of these two great facts and of this divine appeal to experience1 we obstinately close our eyes and shut our ears8 ,have we science when1 without investigation1 we assert as the first condition the gratuitous denial of the possibility of the things that were to be examined8 ,what is really this pretended scientific position8 ,it is the attitude of fear4 ,if science would be perfect1 it must investigate every order of facts1 investigate their character1 declare their harmony4 ,it is when it states the harmony of the facts of the natural order with the facts 7,i say facts7 of the supernatural order1 the harmony of the actual condition of the human race with the revelation which enlightens its depths1 then it is that science becomes perfect1 or at least always tends more and more toward perfection4 ,the very names which represent this harmony are1 as you are well aware1 the greatest names of science4 ,but will science be free1 some one asks1 if it is bound by revelation8 ,does it cease to be free because it is bound by nature8 ,that which troubles certain minds on this point is due to a false and pitiable notion of liberty4 ,in what respect is liberty everywhere distinguished from license8 ,in this1 that liberty always moves within the sphere of law1 and license always beyond it4 ,in the order of science1 the law is the truth established4 ,the liberty of science is not1 then1 absolute in its independence1 as has been recently declared by an academician4 ,no2 liberty is not the independence of science1 for it consists precisely in the fact of its dependence upon truth4 ,the servitude of science1 on the contrary1 consists in its dependence upon opinion4 ,indeed1 it is not the freedom of the human mind1 but license1 mother of servitude1 which pretends to-day to reduce everything to opinion4 ,this pretence is the negation of science4 ,to possess science is to know with certainty2 to have only opinions is to doubt2 and to submit to doubt is slavery4 ,the true man of learning never asserts when he is ignorant2 but science does not require less certainty1 and only becomes science when she can attain it4 ,science is therefore science only because the truth controls it1 and by controlling it1 preserves it from the servitude of opinion1 so that this shining sentence of our ,lord concerns also the learned3 ,the truth shall make you free4 #dib ,but does not experience show that in bearing the yoke of truth we are sure to yield to illusions8 ,i answer1 is it not proven that those who resist the evidence of a divine order1 whether in the work of revelation or in the work of nature1 bend beneath every breath that passes1 turning to every wind of doctrine1 yield to every caprice of intellect1 and frame their convictions according to the phrases which are daily set forth by the press of both hemispheres8 ,have you never met with one of these slaves8 ,they are ready to believe anything that is affirmed without evidence1 provided it is contrary to the faith1 and they are willing to accept any theory as a demonstrated fact1 so long as it can be used against ,christianity4 ,what is this but the credulity of incredulity8 ,the notion of progress is not less false among them than that of liberty4 ,do they not say every day that faith is incompatible with progress1 because revelation is immutable8 ,is not nature also immutable8 ,is the immutability of nature an obstacle to the progress of natural science8 ,why1 then1 is the immutability of revelation1 which we have seen clothed with the same divine sign as nature--why1 then1 is this immutability an obstacle to the progress of the moral sciences8 ,is it not concerning the progress of these sacred sciences that ,pius ,,ix4 has recently adopted the words of ,vincent of ,lerins1 and made them his own8 ,progress exists1 and it is very great2 but it is the true progress of faith1 which is not constant change4 ,it must be that the intelligence1 the science1 the wisdom of all ages1 as well as of each one in particular1 of all ages and centuries of the whole church1 should1 like individuals1 increase and make great1 very great progress2 so that posterity may have the good fortune to understand that which antiquity venerated without comprehending2 so that the precious stones of divine dogma may be cut1 exactly adapted1 wisely ornamented1 that they may enrich us with their grace1 their splendor1 and their beauty1 but always of the same kind1 that is to say1 the same doctrine1 in the same sense and with the same substance1 so that1 when we use new terms1 we do not say new things4 ,you understand then1 my brethren1 that the immutability of revelation does not offer a greater obstacle to the progress of sacred science than the immutability of nature places in the way of the natural sciences4 ,the popes were not only the friends of the progress of the sacred sciences2 they were the most ardent supporters of all science1 as well as of the progress of letters and arts4 ,the facts which prove this are so numerous that ,i shall content myself with recalling those which concern you more directly4 ,who founded the universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge in ,england8 ,the popes4 ,who founded the universities of ,paris1 ,bologna1 ,ferrara1 ,salamanca1 ,coimbra1 ,alcala1 ,heidelberg1 ,prague1 ,cologne1 ,vienna1 ,louvain1 and ,copenhagen8 ,again the popes4 ,who instituted the professorships of the ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 and ,chaldaic ,languages at ,paris1 ,oxford1 ,bologna1 and ,salamanca8 ,a pope--,clement ,v4 ,by whom1 during two centuries1 were sustained1 encouraged1 recompensed1 the works of savants which finally led to the knowledge of the system of the world8 ,by the popes and the cardinals of the holy ,roman ,church4 ,this is what those ignore who do not blush to perpetuate the fabulous condemnation of ,galileo by the ,church4 #dic ,neither the ,church nor the sovereign pontiffs have ever condemned ,galileo4 ,galileo was condemned by a tribunal of theologians1 who soon withdrew this condemnation to give astronomy the same liberty which was granted to ,galileo himself1 whose sombre prison is only a romance4 ,where was this system of the movement of the earth adopted by ,copernicus1 and then first taught by ,galileo8 ,at ,rome1 in #adie1 by ,nicholas de ,cusa1 professor in the ,roman ,university1 forty-eight years before the birth of ,copernicus1 and one hundred and thirty-nine before that of ,galileo4 ,nicholas de ,cusa defended at that time this system in a work1 dedicated to his professor1 ,cardinal ,julian ,cesarini4 ,pope ,nicholas ,v4 raised ,nicholas de ,cusa to the cardinalate1 and named him ,bishop of ,brixen1 in ,tyrol4 ,again1 it was at ,rome1 toward the year #aejj1 that ,copernicus explained and defended this system before an audience of two thousand scholars4 ,copernicus was made ,canon of ,knigsberg4 ,celius ,calcagnini1 who taught the system of ,cusa and ,copernicus1 in ,italy1 about #aeah1 was appointed apostolic prothonotary by ,clement ,,viii41 and confirmed in this position of honor by ,paul ,,iii42 it was to ,paul ,,iii4 that ,copernicus dedicated his work ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,caelestium4 ,at last1 when the renowned ,kepler1 who developed and completed the system of ,copernicus1 was on this account persecuted by the ,protestant theologians of ,tbingen1 the ,holy ,see used its utmost endeavors to place in the ,university of ,bologna this savant1 so ,christian in his ideas1 and who had not merely embraced the system of ,galileo1 but had given it an immense weight by the authority of his immortal discoveries4 ,if ,i insist on this episode1 it is because bad faith is stubborn in its efforts to find an argument against the conduct of the popes in the great history of the moral progress of science4 ,the ,church never fears the light4 ,she knows and teaches that the light of reason and the light of faith come from the same source4 ,she knows that one of these truths will never contradict the other1 and that among the proofs of revelation we must not forget its harmony with the sciences4 ,the sects cannot withstand the presence of science2 never has pagan or mussulman become a savant without losing his poor1 bewildering faith4 ,it is not so of the true religion4 ,from ,clement of ,alexandria and ,origen to ,descartes1 ,leibnitz1 ,pascal1 ,kepler1 and ,de ,maistre1 to say nothing of our contemporaries1 science and faith have dwelt together in the greatest minds of ,christendom4 ,continue this glorious tradition1 young men of the ,catholic university1 and remain always worthy of your ,alma ,mater6 ,become truly men1 and you will be men the more powerful and useful the more faithful ,christians you are4 ,and you1 city of ,louvain1 be justly proud of remaining1 through your university1 the object of noble envy to the nations which surround you4 ,ireland has taken you for her model2 ,france and ,catholic ,germany look upon you1 and endeavor that they too may possess something which resembles you4 ,never cease to be yourself1 the city of science and of religion1 that your children1 ever faithful to these two lights1 may be consoled1 during their life and at the hour of death1 by the thought that their love has never divided these two great things which have been united by the infinite wisdom of ,god4 ---------- #did ,the ,story ,of ,marcel1 ,the ,little ,mettray ,colonist4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,wide o'er the brim1 with many a torrent swelled1 ,and the mixed ruin of its banks o'erspread1 ,at last the roused-up river pours along1 ,resistless1 roaring1 dreadful4 ,thomson4 ,the first inundations of the ,loire with which we are acquainted have been made known to us by the celebrated historian and bishop ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 who has left detailed accounts of eight dreadful disasters that occurred in the space of eleven years2 that is1 from #ehj to #eia4 ,in the archives of ,france there is preserved an edict of ,louis le ,debonnaire1 son and successor of ,charlemagne1 who1 touched by the piteous complaints made to him by the inhabitants of ,touraine and ,anjou1 whose harvests were in constant danger from the sudden risings of the river1 ordered the building of dams and embankments1 which1 modified by some of his successors and strengthened by others1 became at last the magnificent structures we behold them at the present day1 between ,blois and ,tours4 ,nevertheless1 the capricious river has never yet during all these long centuries been kept for any time within its bed4 ,its devastations were fearful in #adad1 and again in #afae1 when the sudden melting of the enormous masses of snow which had fallen on the surrounding country during the winter caused so frightful a catastrophe that it has since been known in ,french history as the ,deluge of ,saumur4 ,the beginning of the seventeenth century saw ten risings of the ,loire in ten years2 and the ,duke of ,saint-,simon has left us1 in his celebrated memoirs1 a notice of one in #agjh1 which was the cause of much misery4 ,in more modern times1 ,france has had1 every eight or ten years1 to deplore some dreadful misfortune arising from the same source1 and the more favored portions of that beautiful land have been compelled repeatedly to come to the aid of the ruined population of the basin of the ,loire1 whose farm-houses had been swept away by the flood1 their harvest-fields devastated1 their cattle drowned1 and who1 too often1 alas6 had also had to weep over irreparable losses far more bitter than these--the life of dear ones lost in the surging waters4 ,about five years after ,marcel's admission into the ,mettray ,colony1 one of the most terrible of these visitations overtook the inhabitants of the banks of the picturesque stream4 ,a long continuation of rainy weather had swollen the ,cher and the ,allier1 both tributaries of the ,loire1 and the river1 rising suddenly1 broke through its strong embankments and spread itself over the country4 ,the local authorities1 of every degree and station--prefect1 subprefect1 and mayors--with the soldiers1 engineers1 and townspeople of ,tours1 all hastened to the relief of the drowning villages and farms1 and all did their duty2 but even among these courageous men the young ,colonists distinguished themselves by their energy and self devotion4 #die ,the inundation had commenced in the night1 and when daylight revealed the extent of the disaster1 the director assembled the youths4 ,boys1 cried he1 the ,loire has risen1 the country is under water1 and hundreds of families are in danger of their lives4 ,boys1 the oldest and strongest of you must go and help to save them6 ,the lads looked at one another an instant in silence1 then broke forth in a cry that rang far and near1 ,long live ,demetz6 ,long live our director6 a cry that was a perfect explosion of gratitude and of pride2 for the poor fellows fully comprehended all that their wise and good director meant them to understand--his confidence in their honor1 their honesty1 and their courage4 ,and well they justified his trust in them6 ,more than a hundred were soon actively at work raising dikes and clams1 propping houses1 and carrying succor to the distressed4 ,marcel1 ,polycarpe1 and one of their companions1 a young baker1 named ,priat1 to whom both of them were much attached1 were among the foremost in these labors4 ,they had gone with some others to carry help to a village containing about twenty families2 it was situated only two hundred yards from the river1 and completely surrounded by water4 ,an immense quantity of wood--wrecks from other villages swept away by the flood--drifted about in the streets1 and was dashed incessantly against the water-soaked walls of the houses1 shaking them terribly2 two1 indeed1 had fallen in the night and been washed away4 ,on the roofs1 or leaning from the upper windows of the tottering dwellings1 were to be seen the frightened inhabitants imploring aid2 the mothers holding out their little ones and praying for pity4 ,it was a heart-breaking sight1 and the noise of the ever-rising and surging river1 of the wind and pouring rain1 of the shocks of the drift-wood1 increased the terrors of the scene4 ,nor was it possible to approach near enough to the houses to save any of the unfortunates shrieking for help2 for every boat belonging to the place had either been swamped or had been torn from its moorings by the overwhelming current and carried away4 ,let us run to ,saint-,pierre1 cried ,polycarpe1 after he and his companions had contemplated the fearful spectacle for a few moments with consternation4 ,we may find a boat there6 ,he started off as he spoke1 followed by half a dozen of the ,colonists4 ,marcel did not accompany them1 for he had heard cries of distress from the windmill1 a short distance off1 and had hastened thither with three or four more4 ,the water at this point was quite seven feet deep1 and the building evidently giving way4 ,there seemed to be no possibility of saving the miller and his wife and child1 for the flood rushed so fiercely around the mill that the most experienced swimmer would not have ventured into it4 ,marcel was gazing in hopeless pity at the fated building1 when a man on horseback trotted into the midst of the group of despairing spectators4 ,a sudden thought struck the boy4 ,give me that horse6 cried he2 quick1 give me that horse6 ,what do you mean1 youngster8 asked the man1 somewhat surprised by the imperative tone and unexpected demand of the stranger4 ,for ,god's sake1 lend me your horse2 every moment that we lose may cost a life6 #dif ,as he spoke he turned toward the mill1 where the unfortunate family could be seen at the window1 stretching forth their imploring hands and crying for help4 ,the traveller got off his horse without another word1 and1 quick as lightning1 ,marcel was in the saddle and spurring the animal forward into the water4 ,before his surprised companions well comprehended what he intended to do1 they saw him breasting the furious current and struggling to reach the windmill4 ,they saw him reach it at last1 and then the miller letting down his wife to him by a rope passed under her arms4 ,the poor woman held her child clasped closely to her bosom1 and though she clung to her deliverer with a grasp that almost strangled him1 she seemed to think only of her babe1 whispering to it as ,marcel urged the panting horse back again to the land1 ,thou art saved1 my little one1 thou art saved6 ,the brave boy placed the mother and child in safety in the hands of the admiring spectators of his courage and self-devotion2 then1 without staying for a moment's breathing or rest1 forced his unwilling horse again into the flood4 ,this time the owner of the good beast made some indignant remonstrances4 ,both boy and horse will be lost1 cried he2 they are both1 tired now2 they can never fight against the current6 ,why don't the miller throw himself into the water and swim8 ,he's fresh and the others aren't4 ,suppose he don't know how1 answered one of the bystanders2 and if he did1 do you think he could stem that torrent8 ,why1 he'd be carried down the ,loire to the sea1 just like a piece of straw1 said another4 ,the horse1 the horse1 look how he strains6 he's giving way6 he's lost his footing6 cried half a dozen at this instant4 ,for a moment the strong1 high-spirited animal was hurried along by the foaming1 eddying stream1 then with a mighty effort recovering himself he reached the mill1 and the miller had just time to drop down and cling with a death-grip to the pale1 intrepid rider1 when the building toppled over and was carried away6 ,cries and tears of joy hailed them as they approached the dry land2 the young ,colonists surrounded their heroic companion1 and presently bore him off to ,mettray for a change of clothing and some refreshment2 his trembling frame told how much he needed them4 ,but the family he had saved so gallantly did not let him depart before they had thanked him with tears of gratitude1 while the owner of the noble horse pressed his hand in both of his and swore to be his friend through life4 ,you're a brave fellow1 and ,i honor you1 cried he4 ,i'll be your friend1 and a true one1 or my name's not ,charles ,rodez6 ,the poor miller with his wife and child were taken to a house prepared to receive and succor the unfortunate victims of the inundation4 ,food and warm clothing and beds were here ready for the half-starved and half-drowned families that were arriving continually--poor1 despairing people who had most of them lost their little all1 and some of them a father1 or husband1 or child4 ,scarcely had ,marcel1 cold and wet1 but very happy1 been borne off in triumph by his comrades1 when there appeared on the road1 coming toward the village1 a great truck drawn by two horses1 and loaded with a large boat and its oars4 ,polycarpe and his friend ,priat had been successful in their search1 and were now returning at the head of the little band of ,colonists who had followed them to ,saint-,pierre4 #dig ,the people in the water-logged houses of the village fairly screamed with hope and joy when they saw the procession1 and then the boat taken off and launched4 ,a dozen ,colonists were eager to jump in1 but ,polycarpe and ,priat were given the precedence1 and they1 with another well-grown youth1 presently pushed off into the fast and furious stream4 ,it was hard work to keep clear of the drifting beams that were hurled along1 rather than carried1 by the current through the narrow streets of the village2 harder still to get the boat near enough to each tottering house to take off the frightened family from the roof or out of the windows4 ,once1 indeed1 it came near being swamped1 with eight persons on board1 by the sudden falling of a wall of the house from which they had just been saved4 ,polycarpe's quick eye saw the coming danger in time to give such a vigorous pull with his oar that the boat sprang forward just out of reach of the stones and beams1 but she was so violently rocked by the concussion of the falling materials with the water that it seemed a miracle that she did not capsize4 ,and once1 too1 the brave boy missed his footing as he climbed on a roof to take off a lame old man1 and fell headlong into the water4 ,an admirable swimmer and diver1 he did not lose his presence of mind1 but passed under the boat and came up on the other side2 he was soon hauled in by poor ,priat1 who was more frightened and affected by this accident than by any other event of that terrible day4 ,all day long the work of rescue went on4 ,when the three rowers were exhausted with fatigue1 three others took their places4 ,there was not one among the young ,colonists who hung back or shirked the danger2 not one who did not give proof of courage and ,christian charity4 ,the boat went and came1 until1 at last1 one after another1 all the poor peasants were in safety4 ,when night fell1 not a house of the village was left standing1 but not a life had been lost4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,not always full of leaf1 nor ever spring1 ,not always endless night1 nor yet eternal day2 ,the saddest birds a season find to sing1 ,the roughest storm a calm may soon allay4 ,thus with succeeding turns ,god tempereth all1 ,that man may hope to rise1 and fear to fall4 ,southwell4 ,the services rendered by the young ,colonists during the inundation attracted unusual attention to the ,colony1 and visitors from ,tours1 and even from ,paris1 flocked in numbers to ,mettray every ,thursday and ,sunday4 ,the afternoons of these two days were set apart for the public1 who were permitted to be present at the boys' gymnastic exercises1 and for whose pleasure the band of the military establishment performed its best pieces4 ,on one of these occasions1 about a couple of months after the events we have endeavored to describe in the preceding chapter1 ,marcel remarked a gentleman whose countenance he seemed to remember1 who appeared to be looking at him1 almost examining him1 with much attention4 ,toward the close of the exercises1 he perceived the same gentleman in conversation with one of the head-officers of the place4 ,presently they came to him4 ,marcel1 said the officer1 this gentleman wishes to ask you a few questions4 ,i want to ask you1 my boy1 if you recollect ever to have seen me before6 said the gentleman1 with an encouraging smile4 #dih ,yes1 sir1 replied ,marcel2 ,i believe that ,i have4 ,i think that you are the ,commissary of ,police in the ,rue des ,noyers4 ,i was2 ,i see that ,i am not mistaken either4 ,i never did forget a face that struck me4 ,you are the boy who1 some years since1 found a bag of ,napoleons in the street and brought it to me4 ,am ,i not right8 ,yes1 sir1 said ,marcel1 looking down4 ,well1 my good fellow1 your honesty saved a poor man from a broken heart2 but he was very ill for a long time from the dreadful emotions of that night1 and circumstances prevented my seeking you out immediately1 and so it happened that1 when ,i did go to the address you gave me1 ,i only learnt that the woman with whom you lived was dead1 and no one could tell me anything about you4 ,i suspect that no one would4 ,perhaps ,i was recognized to be the ,commissary of ,police1 and inspired no great confidence4 ,but ,i am glad to see you again1 my boy4 ,i have just learned something of your history1 and ,i rejoice to find that ,i was not mistaken in the opinion ,i formed of you that night that you brought me the bag4 ,i often regretted that you received no reward4 ,i don't know how it happened either4 ,you're a brave fellow1 too1 as well as an honest one1 they tell me4 ,shake hands1 will you8 ,he took ,marcel's hand as he spoke2 the boy burst into tears2 the past returned so vividly to his recollection at that moment2 the commissary's long speech brought back so much that had almost been forgotten1 so much misery and shame and sin1 that the different present overpowered him4 ,the good-natured visitor patted him on the shoulder in a kind1 fatherly manner1 his eyes glistening with sympathy4 ,come1 said he presently1 tell me what you intend to do when you leave the ,colony4 ,i hear that your time will soon be out now4 ,what trade have you learned8 ,i am a gardener1 replied ,marcel4 ,i always loved flowers1 and ,i should like to cultivate them4 ,quite right1 said his new-found friend4 ,well1 ,i shall look out for a place for you4 ,and now1 my boy1 remember that ,i am your friend1 a sincere one1 and be sure to write to me in any emergency4 ,this is my address1 ,m4 de ,morel1 ,rue du ,luxembourg1 ,paris2 take care of this card1 and do not forget to let me know two or three months before you leave the ,colony4 ,he gave ,marcel his card1 with another cordial shake of the hand1 and1 returning to his party1 shortly after left the establishment4 ,marcel had a long talk with the father of the family and ,polycarpe that evening4 ,they both agreed that the promised influence of ,m4 de ,morel was a bright prospect for ,marcel's future career4 ,this friendship1 however1 is not absolutely necessary for your prosperity hereafter1 ,marcel1 said the father4 ,you know well that ,mettray never abandons her children4 ,our good director would find you a suitable situation1 and continue to watch over your interests4 ,but still ,i think you must do as this kind gentleman wishes4 ,it is a pleasant and useful thing to have friends2 one cannot have too many good ones6 ,you will get acquainted with the poor clerk1 very likely1 remarked ,polycarpe4 ,wouldn't you be glad to know him8 ,i should1 ,i think4 ,yes1 ,i think ,i should too1 answered ,marcel thoughtfully4 #dii ,the friends went to bed that night very happy2 ,marcel to dream of that future garden1 the aim of all his ambition1 in which he wandered1 hand in hand with the poor clerk1 until the clarion sounded2 ,polycarpe to fancy himself marching1 drums beating1 colors flying1 at the head of a regiment of ,zouaves6 ,there is not a pleasanter place in ,paris than the ,garden of ,plants--the people's delight and the people's own6 ,who that has seen it in spring can forget its magnificent avenues of linden-trees1 fragrant with the delicious perfume of the tassel-like blossoms2 its grand old chestnut-trees1 covered with spikes of creamy-white or rose-colored flowers2 its lilac-bushes1 its pear-trees1 white with blossoms1 as if they had been snowed on6 ,and then the twitter of birds1 mingled with the bleating of sheep and goats1 and the soft lowing of cows6 ,delightful sights and sounds in the very heart of poor old ,paris1 close by the door of the hospital6 ',tis there that the pale ,parisian workman spends his holiday with his wife and children2 'tis there the little ones learn to love and be gentle to ,god's creatures4 ,how pleasant it is in the warm summer-time1 when the shady avenues are crowded with bands of happy children1 jumping the rope or playing at hide-and-seek behind the thick trunks of the old trees planted by ,buffon1 while their smiling mothers sit near with their sewing4 ,how beautiful then are the gay parterres of bright-colored flowers so skilfully grouped1 so harmoniously contrasted6 ,how interesting the rich botanic garden1 where so many strange exotic plants1 each with its common as well as scientific name legibly inscribed near it1 can be freely and conveniently studied by all6 ,who that has climbed the little hill1 on whose summit stands the ,cedar of ,lebanon1 and rested beneath the glorious spreading branches1 has not felt it a heart-warming sight to watch the crowds of hard-working people rambling with their children amidst the trees and flowers of this magnificent garden2 here stopping to feed the patient elephant1 who seems to pass his life begging for bits of bread2 here contemplating1 with some aversion perhaps1 the clumsy hippopotamus bathing its unwieldy form in its tank2 then making a long pause before the monkeys' palace1 where some twenty of those natural gymnasts excite roars of laughter by their tricks2 and then again before the great cage of the many-colored parrots1 that look to the delighted children like giant flying-flowers8 ,and as they stroll along1 the goats and sheep1 and soft-eyed gazelles and fawns1 that beg by the way1 get each a few crumbs of black bread and many caresses2 and the boys jest en passant with the bear at the bottom of his pit--,old ,martin they call him--and they bribe him to climb the great pole placed expressly for him1 with a bit of crust2 and the little girls pity the eagle as they pass by his narrow grated prison4 ,sitting there under the cedar1 the eye falls almost involuntarily on a group of pretty houses1 nestled together in a corner not far from the ,museums of ,natural ,history4 ,they are the residences of many of the professors attached to the ,garden of ,plants--professors of botany1 of comparative anatomy1 of mineralogy and geology1 of natural history1 etc4--men of world-wide reputations1 whom the privileged inhabitants of ,paris may hear lecture on these various sciences1 in well-ventilated1 well-warmed halls1 twice every week1 for nothing4 #ejj ,in an out of the way nook1 but quite near to the homes of these celebrated men1 there was one quaint1 old-fashioned little house which1 in the spring of the year #ahei1 had been appropriated as the dwelling of one of the head-gardeners1 a young man of great intelligence in his profession1 and who had lately been appointed to the situation4 ,it was a very little house1 it is true1 but large enough for the tenant and his young1 newly-made wife1 who thought it1 for her part1 the sweetest nest ever built4 ,it was covered with climbing roses2 they could scarcely be shut out by the windows and doors1 so that it had received the name of ,the ,house of the ,roses4 ,outside1 it needed no other ornament to be beautiful2 inside1 its charms were neatness1 cheerfulness1 cleanliness1 and quiet4 ,but the afternoon that we present it to our readers the little house was in a bustle1 for wife ,gabrielle and her maid ,marie were preparing a dinner far more elaborate than was usual in that simple household1 and very anxious were the two little women that every dish should be worthy of the occasion1 for the banquet was to feast the return of an old friend from the war in ,italy4 ,the master of the house had but just got home from his daily occupations when there came a vigorous ring at the door1 and he ran to open it4 ,marcel6 ,polycarpe6 ,the two friends threw themselves into each other's arms1 unable to utter another word4 ,how well and happy you look6 exclaimed ,polycarpe at last1 laying his hand caressingly on his friend's shoulder and gazing affectionately at him4 ,and you1 ,polycarpe1 what a tremendous fellow you are with your turban and your great beard6 returned ,marcel1 looking with admiration at the supple1 sinewy form of the handsome ,zouave1 on whose broad chest shone the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,the blushing young wife received her husband's old friend with a cordiality that soon put the soldier quite at his ease1 and by the time the dinner was ended they were chatting together as if they were acquaintances of ten years' standing4 ,now1 ,marcel1 said ,polycarpe1 when the happy trio were quietly seated in the little salon through whose open windows the fresh roses peeped in1 perfuming the soft evening air--now1 ,marcel1 you must tell me something more about yourself than the few letters ,i have received from you have contained4 ,first1 let me tell you something1 ,monsieur ,polycarpe1 cried ,gabrielle4 ,let me tell you that ,i shall be grateful to you1 and love you as a brother to my dying day1 for having saved ,marcel from being a soldier4 ,madam1 replied the ,zouave1 laughing1 you must love me as your brother1 but you owe me no gratitude4 ,why1 ,i had always wished to be a soldier1 and it was the most natural thing in the world that ,i should exchange my good number for ,marcel's bad one4 ,but that drawing for the conscription is really a dreadful ordeal6 ,thank ,god that you have come back to us6 ejaculated ,marcel softly4 ,oh6 that horrible battle of ,solferino6 cried ,gabrielle with a shudder4 ,when ,marcel knew that you had been engaged in it1 ,i thought that he would go distracted1 until he was assured of your safety4 ,he ought to have seen us ,zouaves1 how ready we were for the fight2 not a man among us who would have backed out6 #eja ,it was because ,i knew your impetuosity1 ,polycarpe1 said ,marcel1 that ,i despaired of ever seeing you again4 ,well1 my friend6 said the soldier1 pressing his friend's hand1 here ,i am1 safe and sound1 with two legs and two arms2 there is many a brave man who came back from ,solferino who cannot say that6 ,i have always been lucky1 continued he after a short pause2 ,i entered the army a simple soldier1 without a single friend1 and yet here ,i am with the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor1 and next month ,i shall get my epaulettes6 ,i am not surprised1 not in the least surprised4 ,you acted like a hero in ,italy1 ,i know1 or you would not have been decorated6 ,we shall see you a captain soon6 ,and ,gabrielle clapped her little hands with delight at the thought4 ,come1 ,marcel1 cried ,polycarpe1 laughing1 ,i shall become too vain if ,i listen to your wife any longer4 ,come1 tell me2 when we parted1 you for ,paris1 and ,i for the army1 how did you get on8 ,it will be a twice-told tale to you1 ,polycarpe1 for you must have received my letters6 ,never mind6 ,there are gaps in what ,i know of your doings1 and they must be filled up4 ,well1 then1 after that painful parting with our friends at ,mettray1 ,i proceeded to ,paris1 and went immediately to see ,m4 de ,morel2 he was just as cordial as he had given me reason to believe he would be1 and one of the very first things he did was to take me to see ,gabrielle's father4 ,do you know who he was1 ,monsieur ,polycarpe1 or is that one of the gaps you mentioned8 interrupted ,gabrielle1 smiling4 ,oh6 no1 that is not a gap1 replied the soldier4 ,i know that it was your father who lost the bag of gold ,marcel was so fortunate as to find4 ,what a dreadful remembrance that night is to us all even now6 ,i was very young then1 but ,i can perfectly recollect my poor father's despair1 and my mother's bitter weeping4 ,i have never since heard of a sum of money being found1 without picturing to myself the loser's agony1 and some such scene of wretchedness as ,i witnessed in my own home6 ,monsieur ,tixier received me as if ,i were his son1 continued ,marcel4 ,well1 you were to be6 said ,gabrielle archly4 ,but ,i certainly never should have dared to have thought of such a thing then1 replied her husband1 smiling4 ,i saw ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle sitting at work by her mother's side2 but ,i little dreamt that that fair young girl would ever be my wife6 ,how glad we were to see him1 you can imagine1 ,monsieur ,polycarpe6 ,we had wanted for years to prove our gratitude to him6 ,but you know we had never been able to find him4 ,in the street where he used to live they told father that ,pelagie ,vautrin was dead1 and the family with whom ,marcel lived had moved4 ,you can understand how that happened1 ,polycarpe1 continued ,marcel1 for you know that your unfortunate father was never seen again after that day when we so hastily fled the house4 ,and then your mother and ,loulou left the neighborhood4 ,poor father1 poor mother1 both gone6 sighed the soldier4 ,how often have ,i hoped to possess a decent home of my own that ,i might save them from a miserable old age6 ,they are both gone1 for ,i cannot help believing that my father is dead4 #ejb ,loulou will be a comfort to you2 the good sisters in ,rue ,st4 ,jacques have brought her up well4 ,she is a good1 industrious girl1 and an excellent needlewoman4 ,gabrielle has had her to spend the day with us twice1 and we are very fond of her4 ,madame ,gabrielle1 how can ,i thank you6 ,what kind1 good friends you are to me6 ,the brave ,zouave hid his face for a moment in his hands2 when he raised it1 his cheeks glistened as if they had just been washed with tears4 ,go on1 ,marcel1 what happened after you had made the acquaintance of ,m4 ,tixier8 ,very shortly after1 ,m4 de ,morel succeeded in getting me a place in the staff of gardeners attached to the ,garden of ,plants1 and here ,i have worked steadily on while you have been fighting my battles1 ,polycarpe4 ,you have fought your own1 ,marcel1 and manfully too6 ,happy years they have been--my profession pleased me1 and ,i made many friends1 and as time went on ,i was promoted1 until1 at last1 six months ago1 ,i was appointed one of the head-gardeners1 with a good salary and this little house rent free4 ,and then1 ,monsieur ,polycarpe1 my good father1 who had known for a long time that ,marcel and ,i loved one another dearly1 made him understand that my mother would be happy to call him her son6 ,yes1 when my way was clear before me1 my good friend bestowed on me the best little wife that ever man was blessed with2 and where do you think we went for our wedding trip8 ,where8 ,why1 to ,mettray1 of course1 cried ,polycarpe excitedly4 ,yes1 to ,mettray4 ,we staid with ,rodez at ,tours2 he was very kind to us1 and took us to see all our friends4 ,first of all1 ,priat2 he is foreman to the richest baker in the town1 and is very highly esteemed by his master4 ,he was very glad to see me again1 and we talked a great deal of you and of the ,zouaves4 ,good fellow6 ,i shall go to see him1 one of these days6 exclaimed ,polycarpe4 ,yes1 do4 ,then we went to ,mettray4 ,how my heart beat when ,i caught sight again of the chapel steeple6 ,i saw many new faces1 but our kind director1 and the good abbe1 and the father of our family were there just the same1 all well1 and so glad to see me1 and so glad to know that ,i was prosperous and happy2 and they admired my little wife so much6 ,enough1 enough1 ,marcel6 interrupted ,gabrielle1 brightly blushing and smiling4 ,marcel1 said ,polycarpe after a short silence1 ,i have been on the battle-field1 my comrades falling by hundreds around me1 while ,i was spared2 ,i have seen death in its most fearful shapes1 and human suffering inconceivable to the imagination of those who have not witnessed it1 and ,i have escaped1 unhurt1 untouched2 but ,i declare to you that when the battle was over and the danger past1 ,i never felt that overpowering gratitude that fills my heart when ,i remember ,mettray4 ,for1 after all1 what is physical pain1 what is the loss of this life compared to that corruption of the heart and conscience that was ours when we first entered the ,colony8 ,i do not believe that ,i have ever closed my eyes in sleep since ,i quitted that saving home before praying1 ',god bless the founders of ,mettray6' ---------- #ejc ,protestantism ,a ,failure4 ,footnote #afj ,footnote #afj3 #a4 ,failure of ,protestantism1 and ,catholicism the ,remedy3 ,four ,discourses delivered by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,ewer1 ,d4,d41 in ,christ ,church1 ,fifth avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,reported in the ,new ,york ,times1 #ahfh4 #b4 ,dr4 ,ewer's ,reply to ,dr4 ,adams and ,others1 in ,defence of his ,discourses on the ,failure of ,protestantism1 and ,catholicism the ,remedy4 ,reported in the ,new ,york ,world1 ,november #afth1 #ahfh4 ,dr4 ,ewer is a ,protestant ,episcopal minister of ,christ ,church in this city1 and is1 we are assured1 no ordinary man4 ,afflicted in early life with doubts of the truth of revealed religion1 but subsequently getting the better of them1 he joined the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 became an ,episcopalian minister in ,california1 whence he was called to the pastorate of ,christ ,church in this city4 ,he is1 we are told1 a man of great ability1 of genuine eloquence1 and a true pulpit orator4 ,he appears to be an honest and earnest-minded man1 who took seriously the church pretensions of ,episcopalians1 treated the ,episcopal ,church as a real ,christian church1 in which he might hold1 develop1 and defend what he regarded as real church principles4 ,but he found that he had counted without his host1 that is1 without his vestry1 with whom the principal power in ,episcopalian churches is lodged4 ,his vestry or wardens complained of his preaching1 and censured his doctrine as tending ,romeward1 or as not sufficiently ,protestant4 ,like a brave man1 he answered their complainings by these four discourses1 in which he distinctly asserts the failure of ,protestantism as a religious system1 and ,catholicism as the remedy4 ,nothing could be more startling to a ,protestant congregation1 and it seems to have startled to a considerable extent the whole ,american ,protestant public4 ,but we are bound to say1 if any one imagines that in these discourses ,dr4 ,ewer rejects ,protestantism for the church in communion with the ,roman ,apostolic ,see1 he is very much in error4 ,dr4 ,ewer1 in the train of the ,oxford ,tracts1 the ,puseyites1 and the ,ritualists1 disclaims ,protestantism1 proves unanswerably that it was a blunder1 and is as a religion a disastrous failure2 but the ,catholicity he looks to for a remedy is of a very different stamp from ours1 and whether it be a genuine ,catholicity or not1 he claims to be as far from being a ,romanist as he thinks he is from being a ,protestant4 ,rome1 he says1 failed in the fifteenth century1 as ,protestantism has failed in the nineteenth4 ,that ,protestantism was a sad blunder1 and has proved a disastrous failure1 ,catholics have proved over and over again2 and on this point ,dr4 ,ewer has said no more nor better than they had said before him4 ,he has said no more than was said by the ,oxford men1 or than is said every day by the ,ritualists1 who are so strong in the ,english ,church that its authorities do not dare condemn1 and are obliged to tolerate them4 ,the ,convention of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states1 lately in session in this city1 could not by any means be induced to take any action against them1 or to do anything to favor the party in the church opposed to them4 ,the ,anglican ,church1 or a considerable portion of it1 would1 if it could1 like to get rid of the name of ,protestant1 and assume that of ,catholic4 ,it is growing ashamed of its origin and principles1 and it has many noble members who are doing their best to bring its doctrine and form of worship up to the level of ,catholicity4 #ejd ,dr4 ,ewer indeed says nothing of ,protestantism that all thinking men do not see and know as well as he4 ,protestantism was always more political and national than religious4 ,it originated chiefly with the princes of the sixteenth century1 who were opposed1 for secular reasons1 to the pope1 or wished to frighten him in order to bring him to their terms2 and it relied wholly on the civil power to diffuse1 protect1 and defend it4 ,now1 when the civil powers are abandoning it as no longer necessary to their purposes1 and giving partial or complete liberty to ,catholics1 it is able to make a show of sustaining itself only by forming an intimate alliance with the unbelief and naturalism of the age4 ,it is not an insignificant circumstance that1 when recently the attempt1 for political purposes1 was made in ,england to revive the ,no ,popery cry1 once so effective1 it wholly failed4 ,the ,protestant mind in the ,protestant world is evidently drifting away from the ,reformation1 even if not drifting toward the church4 ,but though the part of ,dr4 ,ewer's discourses which so effectually prove the failure of ,protestantism as a religious system is the part most satisfactory to us1 we must for various reasons confine the remarks we design to make chiefly to the remedy proposed4 ,the error1 nay1 the blunder1 the author assures us1 was in breaking away from the ,one ,holy ,catholic ,church of the ,bible and the ,creed1 and setting up in its place the ,bible interpreted1 by the private spirit or private judgment1 almost inevitably tending to discredit the ,bible1 and to develop in pure rationalism or naturalism2 the remedy1 of course1 must be in the return to this ,one ,catholic ,apostolic ,church with its divinely instituted priesthood1 its august sacrifice1 its sacraments1 sacred rites1 and plenary authority in matters of faith and discipline4 ,this1 if asserted by us1 would be very intelligible to all the world1 and would mean a return to the ,roman ,catholic ,apostolic ,church1 or church in communion with the ,apostolic ,see of ,rome1 the ,see or the ,chair of ,peter4 ,but ,dr4 ,ewer takes great pains to have us understand that this is not his meaning1 and that in rejecting ,protestantism he is far from accepting ,romanism1 or ,roman ,catholicity4 ,the puzzle1 then1 is to determine what1 which1 or where is the ,one ,catholic ,apostolic ,church which he proposes as the remedy of the widespread evils of ,protestantism4 ,is it the ,roman ,church8 ,no4 ,that is a ,catholic ,church1 but not the ,catholic ,church4 ,is it the ,greek or ,oriental ,church8 ,no4 ,that is a catholic church1 but not the ,catholic ,church4 ,is it the ,anglican8 ,no4 ,that1 again1 is a catholic church1 but not the ,catholic ,church4 ,these1 the doctor says1 near the conclusion of his second sermon1 are particular and local churches1 not the one universal church itself1 but holding from it and subordinate to it4 ,where1 then1 is this universal church8 ,he answers1 in the same sermon1 a little further on1 ,we must go deeper and broader than these particular and local churches to find the ,catholic ,church1 down to the great foundation on which the three stand2 down out of the differences of the brothers to the unity of the family1 to find the ground upon which we stand as ,catholics1 not as ,romanists1 not s ,greeks1 not as ,anglicans1 far less as ,episcopalians4 #eje ,but is this catholic church which underlies alike the three particular churches an organ or organism distinct from them1 with a centre of unity1 life1 and authority1 independent of them1 but on which they themselves depend for their church unity1 authority1 and life8 ,not at all4 ,if we understand the author1 the ,catholic ,church is in what these three particular or local churches have in common1 in what they agree in holding1 or what remains after eliminating their differences4 ,in order not to do the author any injustice1 we quote nearly at length1 in his own words1 the answer he gives in his fourth discourse to the question1 ,what is the ,catholic ,church8 ,now1 a church is an organism4 ,the ,catholic ,church must be an organism universal over space and universal back through time to ,christ4 ,suppose1 now1 ,i go to the ,methodists again4 ,i find there an organism2 but in looking back ,i find it was arranged about the time of ,john ,wesley1 one hundred years ago4 ,before his day there was no such church organism4 ,i pass then to the ,presbyterians4 ,there ,i find a different organism4 ,but in looking back ,i find it dates its origin only about three hundred years ago4 ,that will not answer1 then4 ,very well1 ,i try the ,congregationalists1 and1 in fact1 each and all of the modern ,protestant organizations4 ,avowedly they do not1 any of them1 run back into the dreadful mediaeval times--those dark ages4 ,whatever these ,protestant organisms may be1 then1 they must each and all be set aside1 as1 at any rate1 not ,catholic organisms either in space or in time1 and therefore not ,catholic at all4 ,well1 suppose ,i come to our church4 ,i find it1 as an organism1 with its bishops1 priests1 and deacons1 its ritual form of worship1 its altars and sacraments1 its conventions and synods1 its dioceses and parishes1 running back in the history of ,england into mediaeval times2 yea1 still further back through the early days of old ,britain and up even to the apostles4 ,i seem to strike something ,catholic here4 ,but be not in haste4 ,suppose ,i go to the ,roman ,church4 ,i find that ,i can trace its life back also interruptedly to the apostles4 ,suppose ,i go to the ,greek ,church4 ,i find the same peculiarity of continued existence back to the apostles there4 ,here1 then1 in the ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,anglican churches1 we have reached something which it will do at least to pause upon for further investigation4 ,but have a care4 ,when we look a little more closely into the ,anglican organization as a whole and consider it part by part1 and when we examine the ,roman organization in like manner1 and the ,greek1 we find that each of the three differs from the other two in certain respects4 ,rome has a pope and a cultus of ,st4 ,mary the ever-,virgin2 these are not parts of the ,greek 787 or of the ,anglican organisms4 ,though we have paused here1 then1 though the ,catholic ,church must be hereabouts somewhere1 nevertheless1 when we have reached our church1 we have not yet reached the ,catholic ,church we are in search of2 when we go to ,rome1 we have not yet reached that ,catholic ,church2 and equally1 when we go to the ,greeks1 we have not reached the object of our search4 ,for we find that neither of these three organisms1 when taken as a whole1 and in all its minutiae1 is accepted by the other two4 ,shall we go elsewhere1 then8 ,there is nowhere else to go4 ,let us look1 then1 more closely still here4 ,as we examine1 we find that1 although the three--,anglican1 ,greek1 and ,roman-- thus differ in some respects1 they are marvellously alike in all others4 ,all three have a hierarchy of bishops1 priests1 and deacons4 ,all have the holy altar of the tremendous sacrifice as the central object in their churches4 ,all have robed clergy4 ,all have saints' days and identical ecclesiastical seasons4 ,all have a ritual form of worship4 ,all have parishes1 dioceses1 and provinces1 ,all 787 date their life back into the first century4 ,all have stately ceremonials and processions2 the ,greeks the most glorious1 the ,romans less1 and the ,anglicans the least4 ,all acknowledge the authority of general councils4 ,all have the same apostolic succession and the same sacraments4 ,here1 then1 ,i begin to find the ,catholic ,church4 ,those few peculiarities in which the ,greek1 the ,anglican1 and the ,roman differ from each other are merely local2 all those many peculiarities in which the three are at one shape out for me visibly1 solidly1 and sharply the great ,catholic ,church2 one in space as in organism1 and one in time2 to be found equally in ,russia1 and ,italy1 and ,england1 and ,america1 and ,mexico1 and ,germany1 and ,brazil--everywhere2 to be found1 too1 in the nineteenth century1 and equally in mediaeval time1 and also in the earliest days1 unchanged and unchangeable4 #ejf ,and everything in the ,anglican1 ,greek1 and ,roman bodies which the three hold in common1 and which has been held in them1 everywhere1 always1 and by all1 is ,catholic4 ,anything else1 any peculiarity which we have that ,rome and the ,easterns have not1 or which ,rome has1 but the ,greeks and we have not1 or which the ,greeks have1 but ,rome and we have not1 is merely local1 partial1 and not ,catholic4 ,this is explicit enough4 ,take all that any one of the three holds in which the other two agree1 and you have the ,one ,holy ,catholic ,apostolic ,church4 ,eliminate from all three the points in which they differ1 which are assumed to be trifling1 and take their points of agreement1 and you will have what the preacher calls ,catholicism1 and which he proposes as the remedy for the evils of ,protestantism4 ,extend the rule so as to include all professedly ,christian churches1 denominations1 or sects which professedly recognize a ,christian church and a ,christian ministry1 and it will be the view of the ,catholic ,church generally taken by ,protestants4 ,no ,protestant sect has ever had the audacity to claim to be itself alone the visible ,catholic ,church of the ,creed2 and none of the older ,protestant sects deny that there is1 in some sense1 a visible ,catholic ,church4 ,in the early ,protestant teaching1 if not in the later1 there is recognized one visible ,catholic ,church1 which is what all professedly ,christian communions agree in holding1 or which alike underlies them all4 ,in this sense1 ,presbyterians and ,congregationalists1 ,methodists and ,baptists1 ,lutherans and ,calvinists1 have always been as strenuous asserters of the ,catholic ,church and of ,catholicity as is ,dr4 ,ewer himself4 ,we see1 then1 in ,dr4 ,ewer's ,catholicism1 nothing that need startle a ,protestant or especially gratify a ,catholic4 ,in principle1 at least1 he asserts a very common ,protestant doctrine1 and in no sense necessarily breaks1 except in words1 with the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,but be this as it may1 it is certain that ,dr4 ,ewer admits no catholic body or organic centre of unity and catholicity distinct from the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican churches1 and independent of them1 and recognizes no catholicity but what these three churches agree in maintaining and possess in common4 ,neither of them1 he contends1 is by itself alone the ,catholic ,church2 each is a catholic church1 but no one of them is the ,catholic ,church herself4 ,whence1 then1 their quality of catholic churches8 ,particular or local churches are catholic because they hold from1 depend on1 and commune with a catholic centre of unity1 life1 and authority1 which is distinct from and independent of themselves4 ,this is not the case with the three churches named2 they hold from and depend on no common organic centre1 recognize no organic source of life independent of themselves1 are subordinated to no authority not each one's own1 commune with no centre of unity which each one has not in itself1 and not even with one another4 ,they are each complete in themselves1 and are therefore not three inferior churches1 subordinate to one supreme catholic apostolic church1 but1 if churches at all1 three distinct1 separate1 and independent churches4 ,if1 then1 no one of them is the one holy catholic apostolic church1 no one of them is even a catholic church1 and ,dr4 ,ewer fails entirely to recognize any ,catholic ,church at all4 #ejg ,the author is deceived in his assumption that these three churches are particular or local churches1 subordinated to the universal church4 ,st4 ,mary's church1 which is my parish church1 is a catholic church1 if the see of ,rome is the ,catholic ,apostolic ,see2 for it depends on it1 and through the bishop of the diocese communes with that see1 and through that see with every other particular catholic church1 thus establishing in the unity and catholicity of the ,see of ,rome1 or1 as the fathers said1 the ,see of ,peter1 the unity and catholicity of all particular or local churches in communion with it4 ,by coming into communion with ,st4 ,mary's church1 one comes into communion with the one universal church1 is in the catholic communion1 and is a ,catholic2 but nothing of the sort can be affirmed either of the ,greek ,church or of the ,anglican4 ,they acknowledge no subordination to any other organic body in existence2 they depend respectively on no ecclesiastical authority or organic centre independent of themselves2 they commune neither with each other nor with the ,church of ,rome1 which holds them to be both in schism1 and one of them in heresy4 ,certain ,anglican ministers would willingly commune with the ,greek ,church1 but it repels them1 and declares that sect to be not even a church4 ,the three churches named cannot1 then1 be particular churches holding from a common centre of unity1 and ,dr4 ,ewer must take one of them as the ,catholic ,church and exclude the other two1 or have no ,catholic ,church at all4 ,the fact that there are certain points1 if you will1 essential points1 of agreement between these three bodies1 does by no means make them one body4 ,agreement is not identity4 ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states speak the same language2 adopt the same ,common ,law1 which governs their respective courts2 agree to a great extent in their usages1 manners and customs1 and civil institutions2 and throughout they have a far closer resemblance to each other than has the ,anglican ,church to either the ,greek ,church or the ,roman ,church2 and yet1 are they not one nation1 with one national authority1 and having one and the same national life4 ,eliminate from ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey the points in which they differ1 and retain only the points in which they agree1 and would they be one state under one and the same state government8 ,not at all1 because they are separate organizations1 and1 as states1 are each independent of the other4 ,the ,eastern churches were once in communion with ,rome under the supremacy of the ,apostolic ,see1 and then were one with the ,roman ,church2 but having separated from that see1 they are churches in schism indeed1 but de facto independent4 ,there was1 down to the sixteenth century1 a ,catholic ,church in ,england in communion with the ,church of ,rome or the ,apostolic ,see2 but the so-called ,church of ,england is not its continuation1 and1 in the judgment of both the ,roman ,church and the ,greek ,church1 is not a church at all1 for it has no orders1 no priesthood1 no sacrifice2 its so-called bishops and clergymen are only laymen1 but for the most part educated1 refined1 and highly respectable laymen1 devoted to the elegant pursuits of literature and science1 the cultivation of private and public morals1 and the interests and well-being of their families4 ,but not to insist on this at present1 we may affirm that1 even supposing ,anglicans have an episcopate1 and that it resembles the ,greek and ,roman episcopates1 it is no more identical with them than the government of ,great ,britain is identically that of ,italy1 ,prussia1 or ,austria4 ,these three states are all limited monarchies2 they also all have parliamentary governments1 and place the sovereignty in the nation1 not in a particular family4 #ejh ,but they are not one and the same monarchy1 nor one and the same government1 for they are politically separate and independent4 ,it will not do to answer this by saying that each of these three episcopates hold equally from ,jesus ,christ1 and are one in him2 for that would either suppose the church to be in her unity and catholicity invisible1 and without any visible organ or manifestation2 or else that ,christ has three churches1 or three bodies1 which the author can admit no more than we1 for he professes to hold or believe ,,one ,holy ,catholic ,apostolic ,visible ,church4 ,in the beginning of the extract from ,dr4 ,ewer's fourth discourse1 the church is declared to be an organism4 ,an organism1 we need not tell a man like him1 is a living body1 not a simple aggregation of parts1 or an organization which1 having no life in itself1 depends on the mechanical1 electric1 or chemical arrangement of its several parts4 ,in every living body or organism1 there is and must be--as the older physiologists1 and even the most recent and eminent1 like ,m4 ,virchow1 of ,berlin1 and ,m4 ,claude ,bernard1 of ,paris1 tell us1 and by their researches and discoveries have proved--an original central cell1 from which the whole organism proceeds1 in which its vital principle inheres1 and which is the type1 creator1 originator1 and director of all its vital phenomena4 ,the whole life1 evolution1 and course of the organism is originated and determined by this original central cell--this germ1 or ovule1 without which no organic life or living body is possible4 ,this primitive cell or germ is never spontaneously generated1 but is always generated by a living organism which precedes and deposits it1 according to the old maxim1 omne vivum ex ovo4 ,footnote #afa ,footnote #afa3 ,see a very learned and scientific essay in ,le ,correspondant1 for ,october #beth1 #ahfh1 ,de l',ide de ,vie dans la ,physiologie ,contemporaine1 by ,dr4 ,chauffard1 known to our readers by a very able essay ,on the ,present ,disputes of ,philosophy1 translated and published in this magazine for ,november last1 though the types made us call him ,dr4 ,chaufaid instead of ,dr4 ,chauffard4 ,it is the origin and law of the unity1 evolution1 or growth of the organism1 and is the type and generator of all the innumerable cells which form the whole cellular system of the entire organism1 whether normal or abnormal4 ,what we insist on here is that there is no organism without this original central cell or germ1 and that this central cell1 whence the unity of the organism is generated by a pre-existing organism1 that is1 by ancestors of the same species1 and is neither self-generated nor made up by any possible mechanical or physico-chemical action or combination of parts1 as ,messrs4 ,virchow and ,bernard have demonstrated4 ,this principle or law of all organic life is universal1 and applies to the church as an organism1 notwithstanding her supernatural character1 as to any of the organisms studied and experimented upon by physiologists in the natural order4 ,the ,creator does not work after one law in the natural order1 and another and diverse or contradictory law in the supernatural order2 and herein we discover the reason of the perfect accord of all the ,creator's works1 the perfect harmony of revelation and real science1 and the aid revelation gives to science1 and1 in return1 the aid that real science gives to the interpretation and clearer understanding of revelation4 ,god is one1 and works always after one and the same law in all orders1 and is never in contradiction with himself4 #eji ,the essential error of the non-catholic church theory is1 that it denies the central cell or germ whence is evolved or produced the whole church organism1 and assumes that the church derives her life from her members1 and that she is constituted in her unity and catholicity as a living body by the combination of the several parts1 or that the central cell is created by the organism1 not the organism by the central or organic cell1 which is as much as to say1 multiplicity can exist without unity to produce it1 or that dead or unliving parts can generate life and activity6 ,no one need be surprised that men of clear heads and logical minds1 trying to remove1 on ,protestant principles1 the discrepancies between science and the ,protestant religion1 should rush into materialism and atheism4 ,the principle the ,protestant adopts in his non-catholic church theory is precisely the principle on which ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer proceeds when he ascribes all the phenomena of life1 or of the living organism1 to the mechanical1 electric1 and chemical arrangement of material atoms4 ,the same principle applied in theology leads inevitably to atheism2 for1 multiplicity given as prior to and independent of unity1 no argument in favor of the divine existence can have any validity1 nay1 no argument to prove that there is a ,god can be conceived4 ,such is the terrible injury the non-catholic or ,protestant church theory has done and is doing to both religion and science4 ,dr4 ,ewer1 no doubt1 intends to reject1 and honestly believes that he has rejected1 this destructive theory1 which1 universally applied1 results in nihilism2 but we fear that he has not4 ,he includes the one catholic church in what he calls the three particular churches--the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican4 ,each of these1 he says1 is a catholic church1 but no one of them is the ,catholic ,church4 ,whence1 then1 do they or can they derive their character of catholic8 ,the ,catholic ,church1 according to him1 is an organism4 ,if an organism1 it must have a central cell1 an organite1 or organic centre1 originated not by itself1 from which all in the organism proceeds1 or in which1 in the language of ,st4 ,cyprian1 all takes its rise1 and therefore on which all the parts depend4 ,this central cell1 which in the church we may call the central see or chair1 and which the fathers1 whether ,greek or ,latin1 call the ,chair of ,peter1 and since it is the origin of all the parts1 is evidently prior to them and independent of them4 ,they do not constitute it1 but it produces1 sustains1 and governs them4 ,on no other conditions is it possible to assert or conceive the unity and catholicity of the church as an organism4 ,particular churches are ,catholic by holding from and communing with this central see or the organic centre1 not otherwise4 ,but ,dr4 ,ewer acknowledges no such central cell or central see4 ,his organism has no organic centre1 and consequently is no organism at all1 but a simple union or confederacy of equal and independent sees4 ,rome1 ,constantinople1 or ,canterbury is no more a central see or organic centre of the church than any other see or diocese1 as ,caesarea1 ,milan1 ,paris1 ,toledo1 ,aberdeen1 ,london1 or ,armagh1 and to be in the unity of the church there is no particular see1 mother and mistress of all the churches1 with which it is necessary to commune4 ,the several sees may agree in their constitution1 doctrine1 liturgy1 and discipline1 but they are not integrated in any church unity or living church organism4 ,this is the theory of the schismatic ,greeks1 and of ,anglicans and ,protestant ,episcopalians1 and is simply the theory of independency1 as much so as that of the ,new ,england ,congregationalists1 but it admits no organic unity4 #eaj ,it is also the theory which ,dr4 ,ewer himself appears to assert and defend4 ,by what authority is he able to pronounce any one of the three churches named a catholic church1 since no one of them holds from a catholic centre1 or a central unity1 for he recognizes no such centre or unity8 ,the only unity of the church he can admit is that formed by the combination of the several parts1 a unity formed from multiplicity4 ,he holds that we need a great catholic reformation1 a combination of the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican churches1 which shall evolve unity from multiplexity4 ,here1 it seems to us1 is an unmistakable recognition1 as the basis of his catholicity1 of the non-catholic church theory1 and a virtual denial of the unity and catholicity of the church2 for from multiplicity can be evolved only totality1 which1 so far from being unity1 excludes it altogether4 ,recognizing no central see1 centre and source of the unity and catholicity of the church1 how can ,dr4 ,ewer determine what churches are in schism or what are in union1 what are catholic and what are not8 ,what criterion of unity and catholicity has he or can he have8 ,he says the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican are catholic1 and he confines the ,catholic ,church to them4 ,but how can he call them catholic1 since they have no common organic centre1 and have no intercommunion8 ,we can find in his discourses no answer to this question but the fact that they have certain things in common4 ,why confine the ,catholic ,church1 then1 to these three alone8 ,why exclude ,methodists1 ,presbyterians1 ,lutherans1 and the ,swiss1 the ,dutch1 and the ,german ,reformed communions8 ,all these have something in common with the ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,anglican communions1 and even profess with them to believe the ,apostles' and ,nicene creeds4 ,the ,methodists have bishops1 priests or elders1 and deacons1 as the ,anglicans1 and adopt the same articles of faith4 ,the churches named have presbyters1 and so have ,presbyterians1 the continental ,reformed1 and the ,lutheran churches2 some of the ,lutheran churches even have bishops4 ,there is something in common between these and the churches the author claims to be catholic4 ,why1 then1 does he exclude them from the list of communions of which the ,catholic ,church is composed8 ,or why1 indeed1 exclude any one who professes to hold the ,christian church and the ,apostles' and ,nicene creeds8 ,and why not reject as non-catholic everything which all these do not agree in holding8 ,does he not say that catholic means all1 not a part1 and why exclude from the all any who acknowledge ,christ as their ,lord and ,master1 and profess to be members of his church8 ,the author has no criterion in the case but his own private judgment1 prejudice1 or caprice4 ,he has no other rule1 having rejected the apostolic or central see1 for interpreting the quod semper1 quod ubique1 et ab omnibus creditur of ,st4 ,vincent of ,lerins4 ,the all with us means all those1 and those only1 who are1 and always have been1 in communion with the central or ,apostolic ,see1 and obedient to its supreme authority2 but ,dr4 ,ewer1 who admits no such see1 has1 and can have1 no authority for not including in the all1 the omnibus1 all who profess to follow ,christ or to hold and practise the ,christian religion4 ,his catholicity is1 then1 the creature of his own private judgment1 prejudice1 or caprice2 and his catholic church is founded on himself1 and is his own arbitrary construction or creation4 ,this is not the rejection of ,protestantism1 but is rather ,protestantism gone to seed4 #eaa ,throughout the whole of ,dr4 ,ewer's reasoning1 except where he is simply following ,catholics in pronouncing and proving ,protestantism a blunder and a failure1 and answerable for the rationalism and unbelief in revealed religion now so prevalent among scientific1 intelligent1 clear-headed1 and honest-minded men1 there is the implied assumption that catholicity precedes the church1 and that we are to determine not what is catholic by the church1 but the ,catholic ,church by what we have1 without her1 determined to be catholic4 ,this is not a ,catholic but a ,protestant method4 ,we must first find the ,one ,catholic ,apostolic ,church1 and from her learn what is catholic1 and who are catholics and who are not4 ,this is the only scientific rule1 if we acknowledge a ,catholic ,church at all4 ,if the ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,anglican churches are no one of them the ,catholic ,church1 they can be catholic1 that is1 be in the catholic organism1 only by communing with the organic centre from which the life1 activity1 and authority of the organism proceeds1 in which is the source and centre of the unity and catholicity of the church4 ,but all particular churches in communion with the organic centre1 and obtaining their life from it1 exist in solido1 and commune with one another4 ,the three churches named do not commune with one another2 they are1 as we have seen1 three distinct1 separate1 and independent bodies1 and foreigners to one another4 ,then only one of them1 if any one of them1 can be a catholic church4 ,the other two must be excluded as non-catholic4 ,what the author has to determine first of all1 since he restricts the ,catholic ,church to the three1 is1 in which of these three is the original1 organic1 or central cell1 or central see1 whence all the others proceed1 or from which they take their rise4 ,but instead of doing this1 he denies that any one of the three is the ,catholic ,church1 and contends that it is all three in what they hold in common or agree in maintaining4 ,the meaning of this is1 that no one of them contains the organic cell1 that there is no central organic see1 as we hold the ,see of ,peter to be1 and therefore no church organism one and catholic4 ,but this is to deny the ,catholic ,church1 not to assert it4 ,in attempting to include in the ,one ,catholic ,apostolic ,church non-catholic and foreign elements1 ,dr4 ,ewer1 therefore1 manifestly loses the ,catholic ,church itself4 ,dr4 ,ewer1 notwithstanding his vigorous onslaught upon ,protestantism1 remains still under the influence of his ,protestant training1 and has not as yet attained to any real conception either of unity or of catholicity4 ,unity is indivisible2 catholicity is illimitable1 or all that is contained in the unity2 and both are independent of space and time4 ,the unity of the church is her original and central organic principle1 or principle of life2 the catholicity of the church is inseparable from her unity1 and consists in the completeness of this organic principle1 and in its being always and everywhere the complete and only principle of church life4 ,the unity of the faith is in the fact that it1 like the church1 has its central principle out of which all in it grows or germinates1 and on which all in it depends2 the catholicity of the faith is in the fact that this faith is complete1 the whole faith1 and is always and everywhere believed and taught by the ,one ,catholic ,church1 is always and everywhere one and the same faith1 always and everywhere the truth of ,god4 ,the catholicity of the church depends in no sense on diffusion in space or the number of her members4 #eab ,the church is catholic1 not because she is universally diffused in space1 but because she is the one only church1 and includes in her organism all that is essential to the church as the church1 or the mystic body of ,christ1 to the entire church life for all men and for all times4 ,catholic means all1 rather than universal1 or universal only because it means all2 and hence the church was as truly catholic on the day of ,pentecost as she is now1 or would be were all nations and all men included in her communion1 as the human race1 in the order of generation1 was as complete and entire when there was no individual but ,adam1 as it will be when the last child is born4 ,time has no effect on either the unity or catholicity of the church2 for she is always living in her unity and catholicity1 an ever-present church1 in herself the same yesterday1 and to-day1 and for ever4 ,she is in time and space1 but not of them1 nor1 in her internal organism1 affected by the accidents of either4 ,the primitive church1 the mediaeval church1 and the church of to-day are identically the same1 and the distinctions these terms imply are distinctions only in things externally related to her1 not in herself4 ,such must be the church if one and catholic1 holy and apostolic4 ,the central life of the church1 the source of all the vitality1 force1 and authority of the organism1 of which--to use the figure we have already so many times used--the central cell is the organ1 and which gives it all its generative force and governing power1 is ,jesus ,christ himself1 who is the forma of the church1 as the soul is the forma of the body1 or its organic principle2 for the church is the body of ,christ1 and is nothing without him1 and if separated from him would instantly die1 as does the body when separated from the soul4 ,but we are treating of the church1 in which the unity of ,christ is made manifest in her visible unity1 and therefore of the visible1 not of the invisible church4 ,that the invisible unity might be manifested1 ,st4 ,cyprian argues1 in his ,de ,unitate ,ecclesiae1 ,christ established a central chair1 the ,chair of ,peter1 whence all might be seen to take its rise from one4 ,this chair1 the visible centre of unity1 is to the church organism1 as we have seen1 what the central or organic cell is to every organism or living body in the natural order2 but ,jesus ,christ1 whom it manifests or represents in the visible order1 is the living force and generative power of the central chair1 as the soul is of the organic cell of the human organism4 ,so much we must affirm of the ,christian church1 if we call it1 as ,dr4 ,ewer does1 an organism4 ,this organic central cell generates or produces not many organisms1 but one only4 ,so the ,chair of ,peter1 the central cell of the church organism1 can generate only one organism4 ,christ has one body and no more4 ,that only can be the ,catholic ,church in which is1 as its centre1 the ,chair of ,peter1 or1 as we have before said1 the organic central see1 which may justly be called the ,holy ,see1 the ,apostolic ,see1 the mother and mistress of all the churches1 as in the living body the original central organic cell is the mother and mistress of all the secondary or inferior cells generated in the evolution of the organism4 ,here1 again1 theology and physiology coincide in principle4 ,we may now ask1 ,does the ,greek schismatic church1 as we call it1 contain this central organic see8 ,certainly not2 for she admits no such see1 or1 if she does1 she confesses that she contains it not1 and the ,roman ,church does4 #eac ,the ,greek schismatic1 as we call him1 recognizes no church unity in the sense we have explained4 ,he recognizes only diocesan1 metropolitan1 or patriarchal unity4 ,does the ,greek ,church1 then1 commune with this central see8 ,no4 ,for it communes with no see or church outside of itself4 ,how is it with the ,anglican ,church8 ,it does not any more than the ,greek ,church claim to possess it4 ,it does not pretend to find it in the see of ,canterbury1 ,york1 ,dublin1 or ,armagh1 and indeed denies both the necessity and existence of such see4 ,she denounces the ,roman see because she claims to be it2 and ,dr4 ,ewer tells us1 in his reply to ,mr4 ,adams1 that the ,protestant ,reformation rendered noble service to the ,anglican ,church by delivering it from papal tyranny and oppression4 ,well1 then1 does the ,anglican ,church commune with the central or organic see1 or ,chair of ,peter8 ,no4 ,for she communes with no see beyond herself4 ,then she is not the1 or even a1 catholic church4 ,there remains1 then1 only the ,roman ,church1 which is and must be the ,one ,holy ,catholic ,apostolic ,church1 if such church there is2 for it can be no other4 ,the reverend doctor's attempt1 then1 to find a catholic church which is not the ,roman ,church1 or a catholicity which is broader and deeper than what he1 as well as other ,protestants1 calls ,romanism1 seems1 like ,protestantism itself1 to have failed4 ,dr4 ,ewer would evade the force of this conclusion1 which the common sense of mankind unhesitatingly accepts1 by resorting to what is known as the branch theory4 ,the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican churches are not one or another of them exclusively the ,catholic ,church1 but they are catholic churches1 because branches of the ,one ,catholic ,church4 ,but branches suppose a trunk4 ,where there is no trunk there are and can be no branches2 for the trunk produces the branches1 not the branches the trunk4 ,where1 then1 is the trunk of which the three churches named are branches1 especially since the author says we are not to look beyond them for the ,catholic ,church8 ,we let him answer in his own words3 ,permit me to close this part of my discourse by an illustration of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we will take1 for the sake of simplicity1 a tree4 ,for eight feet above the soil its trunk stands one and entire4 ,somewhere along the ninth foot the trunk branches into two main limbs4 ,we will call the eastern the ,greek limb1 and the western we will call the ,latin4 ,six feet further out on the ,latin limb1 that is to say1 fifteen feet from ground1 that western limb subdivides into two vast branches4 ,the outmost of the two we will call the ,anglican branch1 the other we will call the ,roman4 ,these two branches and the ,greek limb run up to a height of nineteen and a half feet from the ground4 ,there they are1 the three great boughs1 each with its foliage1 ,anglican at the west1 ,roman in the centre1 ,greek at the east4 ,if now you shield your vision from all but the top of the tree1 there will appear to you to be three disconnected tufts of vegetation2 but lo6 the foliage and the flowers are the same4 ,but remove now the shield from before your eyes1 and behold in the whole tree a symbol of the ,catholic ,church--one organism from root to summit4 ,this assumes that the trunk is the primitive undivided church1 or the church prior to the separation of the ,eastern churches from the jurisdiction of the ,roman see4 ,but does that undivided church1 the trunk church1 still exist in its integrity8 ,no4 ,for if it did1 there would be no difficulty4 ,it ceased to exist in the ninth century1 and now there is no undivided church4 ,then that has fallen into the past4 ,then there is no present living trunk1 but branches only4 ,branches of a trunk that has ceased to live can be only dead branches4 ,the alleged branches communicate with no living root1 and have no intercommunion2 they therefore are not and cannot be one living organism4 ,the author himself half concedes it1 for he continues3 #ead ,a church that is one like the trunk of that tree for the first nine centuries--that the ,western subdividing at the fifteenth century into ,anglican and ,roman4 ,as a fact1 the unity of the organism is not broken2 intercommunion between its three parts is simply suspended for a time--suspended until that differentiation shall take place in ,god's one church which1 as ,herbert ,spencer so admirably shows1 is the law of all growth2 a differentiation which means1 in its last issue1 not a complete sundering1 but the eventual unity of multiplexity1 the harmony of co-ordinate parts4 ,did it not mix the metaphor somewhat1 ,i would go on and complete the illustration by supposing sundry branches of this tree to be cut off from time to time and inserted into vases of water standing round about the great tree4 ,being without root1 those cut longest ago are all dead2 while only the most recently cut are green with a deceptive life1 themselves soon to wither and die4 ,these cut branches1 standing trunkless and rootless about the living tree1 would be apt symbols of the ,protestant sects4 ,we have found1 then1 what the ,catholic ,church is4 ,there can be no suspension of intercommunion of the branches so long as their communion with the root1 or organic cell1 through the trunk1 is not suspended2 for through communion with that they intercommune4 ,but any interruption of that communion is not only the suspension1 but the extinction of intercommunion4 ,the restoration of intercommunion once extinct cannot be affected except by a living reunion of each with the root or organic cell of the organism4 ,probably1 then1 the author has been too hasty in exclaiming1 ,we have found what the ,catholic ,church is4 ,he seems to us to have found neither unity nor catholicity4 ,dr4 ,ewer seems to forget that the church never has been and never can be divided4 ,has not he himself said that she is one1 and does he need to be told that one is indivisible1 or that its division would be its death8 ,the tree with successive branches which he adduces in illustration is1 no doubt1 a living organism2 but it can illustrate only the unity and catholicity of the central and ruling see1 and the particular churches holding from it4 ,branch churches are admissible only as particular churches produced by and dependent on the organic centre1 or apostolic see1 mother and mistress of all the churches of the organism4 ,but we have already shown that the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican churches are not particular churches1 for they are independent bodies1 subordinate to or dependent on no organic centre which each has not in itself4 ,as the ,catholic ,church is one1 not three1 and as we have shown that it is neither the separated ,greek ,church nor the ,anglican1 it must be the ,roman ,see and its dependent churches1 in which is the primitive1 original1 productive1 and creative life of the church1 since1 as we have seen1 it can be no other4 ,we have refuted the branch theory in refuting the author's assumption that the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican churches hold from and are subordinate to the one universal church1 which1 as independent of them1 has no existence4 ,the failure of the author to find the ,catholic ,church is due to the fact that1 from first to last1 though he calls the church one1 he really recognizes no church unity1 since he recognizes no visible centre of unity whence emanates all her life1 activity1 and authority4 ,till the ninth century the ,east and ,west were united1 and the church was one2 but it had no centre of unity at ,rome any more than at ,antioch1 at ,alexandria1 or ,constantinople1 in the successor of ,st4 ,peter in the ,see of ,rome any more than in any other patriarch or bishop4 #eae ,hence no church could be convicted of schism1 unless its bishop refused to commune with another1 or another refused to commune with him2 but which was the schismatic was indeterminable1 unless the whole church should come together in ,general ,council and settle the question by vote4 ,this is the author's theory of unity1 a unity which has no visible centre4 ,it is the common ,anglican theory1 and appears to some extent to be that of the schismatical ,greeks4 ,but this theory makes the unity of the church a mere collective federative unity1 or an aggregation of parts1 which is simply no unity at all1 and at best only a union4 ,the unity of the church implies that all in the church proceeds from unity1 and is generated1 upheld1 and controlled by it4 ,the unity is the origin of the whole organism1 and what does not proceed from it or grow out of it is abnormal--a tumor1 or an excrescence to be exscinded4 ,hence the impossibility of arriving at the unity of the church by aggregating the parts which have lost it or have it not4 ,it is impossible to assert the unity of the church without asserting a central see1 and its bishop as its visible manifestation4 ,there is1 we repeat1 no organism without the central cell1 and no visible organism without a visible centre of unity4 ,the author would do well to study anew the treatise ,de ,unitate ,ecclesiae of ,st4 ,cyprian1 to which we have already referred4 ,there is and can be no visible unity of the church without a central see1 the centre and origin of unity1 life1 and authority2 and when you have found that see1 you have found the ,catholic ,church1 but not till then4 ,every see1 or particular or local church in communion with that see2 and dependent on it1 is in the unity of the church and catholic2 and every one not in communion with it is out of unity and not catholic1 nor any part of the ,catholic body4 ,admitting that there is the ,catholic ,church1 the only question to be settled is1 ,which is that ,see8 ,reduced to this point1 the controversy is virtually ended4 ,there is and never has been but one claimant4 ,rome has always claimed it1 and nobody in the world has ever pretended or pretends that it is any other4 ,constantinople and ,canterbury have disputed the supremacy over the whole church of its pontiff2 but neither claims nor ever has claimed to be itself the central organic see1 the visible centre of the church organism1 and organ of its life and authority4 ,with no recognized central and ruling see with which all1 in order to be in unity1 must commune1 and with only particular1 or rather independent and isolated1 churches in existence1 without any intercommunion one with another1 and all of which1 as separate and independent churches1 have failed1 how can those several branches1 which are only trunkless1 be restored1 unity evolved from multiplexity1 and intercommunion re-established8 ,if there is an organic see1 the centre of unity1 mother and mistress of all the churches1 particular churches that have failed can easily be restored if they wish4 ,they have only to abjure their schism or heresy1 be reconciled with that see1 submit to its authority1 and receive its teaching4 ,they are thus reincorporated by the mercy of ,god into the church organism1 and participate in its unity and the life that flows from it4 ,but on the author's church theory1 we can see no possible way in which the separate bodies can be restored to the unity of the church4 #eaf ,unity cannot be constructed or reconstructed from multiplicity2 for there can be no multiplicity where there is no unity4 ,multiplicity depends on unity1 which creates or generates and sustains it4 ,suppose we grant for the moment the ,catholic ,church is no one of the three churches1 yet is not separable from or independent of them1 and1 in fact1 underlies them1 but inorganic1 or having only these for its organs4 ,how shall they be brought into organic unity8 ,by a ,general ,council8 ,where is the authority to convoke it1 to determine who may or who may not sit in it1 and to confirm its acts8 ,you say1 ,summon all the bishops of the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican bodies4 ,but who has authority to summon them1 and why summon these and no others8 ,who shall say8 ,it is the same question we have had up before4 ,why extend or why confine the ,catholic ,church to the three churches named8 ,where there is no recognized centre of authority1 that is to say1 no recognized authority1 there is authority to admit or to exclude4 ,it is necessary that authority define which is the ,catholic ,church1 before you can say what organizations it includes or excludes1 or what prelates or ministers have the right to be summoned as ,catholic prelates or ministers1 and what not4 ,a nation disorganized1 as the author assumes the church now is1 though he trusts only temporarily1 can reorganize itself2 for the political sovereignty resides always in the nation1 or1 as we say1 in modern times1 in the people4 ,the people1 as the nation1 possess1 under ,god1 or rather from him1 the sovereign power to govern themselves1 which they can neither alienate nor be deprived of so long as they exist as an independent nation or sovereign political community4 ,when the old government which1 as legal1 held from them1 is broken up or dissolved1 they have the inherent right to come together in such way as they choose or can1 and reconstitute government or power in such manner and vest it in such hands as they judge best4 ,but the church disorganized cannot reorganize itself2 for the organic power does not vest in the church as the faithful or the ,christian people4 ,authority in the church is not created1 constituted1 or delegated by the ,christian people1 nor does it in any sense hold from them4 ,church power or authority comes immediately from ,god to the central see1 and from that see radiates through the whole body2 for the author agrees with us that the church is an organism4 ,hence we recognize the ,council of ,constance as a ,general ,council only after it was convoked by ,gregory ,,xii41 who was1 in our judgment1 the true ,bishop of the ,apostolic ,see1 and hold legal only the acts confirmed by ,martin ,v4 ,the disorganization of the church is1 then1 its dissolution or death4 ,it has no power to raise itself from the dead4 ,if the central see could really fail1 the whole organism would fail4 ,the church is indefectible through the indefectibility of the ,holy ,see1 and that is indefectible because it is ,peter's ,see1 and our ,lord promised ,peter that1 however ,satan might try him1 his faith should not fail3 ,satan has desired to sift thee as wheat2 but ,i have prayed the ,father that thy faith fail not4 ,the prayer of ,christ cannot be unanswered1 and is a promise4 ,the attacks on the ,holy ,see have been violent and continual1 but they have never been successful4 ,our ,lord's prayer has been effective1 and ,peter's faith has never failed4 ,no doubt there is the full authority to teach and to govern in the church2 but this authority is not derived from the faithful nor distributed equally among them1 but resides primarily and in its plenitude in the ,holy ,see1 and therefore in the bishop of that see1 or the pope1 ,peter's successor1 in whom ,peter lives and continues to teach and govern the whole church4 #eag ,all ,catholic bishops depend on him1 and receive from him their jurisdiction1 and by authority from ,god through him govern their respective dioceses4 ,the church is papal in its essential constitution1 not simply episcopal2 for we have seen that it is an organism1 and can be an organism only as proceeding from an organic centre1 or central see1 on which its unity and catholicity depend4 ,the ,apostolic ,see cannot be separated from the ,sedens2 for without him it is empty1 incapable of thinking1 speaking1 or acting4 ,it is1 then1 it seems to us1 as utterly impossible to assert the church as really one and catholic1 without asserting the pope1 or supreme pastor1 as it would be to assert an organism without asserting a central organic cell4 ,the failure of the pope would be the failure of the whole church organism1 with no power of reorganization or reconstruction left--an important point in which the church and the nation differ4 ,the overlooking of this point of difference is the reason why our catholicizing ,anglicans suppose that the church1 though disorganized1 is able to reorganize herself4 ,the reorganized church1 if effected1 would be a human organization1 not a divine organism as created by our ,lord himself4 ,but the church1 as we have seen1 has never been disorganized1 and could not be without ceasing to exist1 and cease to exist it cannot1 if catholic4 ,the organic centre from which the whole organism is evolved and directed has remained at ,rome ever since ,peter transferred thither his chair from ,antioch1 and the particular churches holding from it and continuing subject to it are integral elements of the catholic organism1 which is as perfect1 as complete1 and as entire as it was when the ,oriental churches acknowledged and submitted to the supremacy of the successor of ,peter1 or when the church in ,england was in full communion with the ,apostolic ,see of ,rome4 ,the separation of these from the ,roman communion1 though it destroyed their unity and catholicity1 did not break the unity and catholicity of the organism2 it only placed them outside of that organism1 and cut them off from the central see1 the source of all organic church life4 ,the revolt of the ,anglo-,american ,colonies from ,great ,britain1 in #aggf1 and the ,declaration of their ,independence of the mother-country1 did not break her unity or authority as a nation1 and indeed did not even deprive her of any of her rights over them1 though it enfeebled her power to govern them1 till she herself acknowledged them to be independent states4 ,the author seems to suppose that the ,greeks and ,anglicans1 in separating from ,rome1 broke the unity of the church1 and carried away with them each a portion of her catholicity1 so that there now can be no ,one ,catholic ,church existing in organic unity and catholicity1 save in reminiscence and in potentia1 unless these two bodies are reunited with ,rome in one and the same communion4 ,but the ,greeks and ,anglicans had both for centuries recognized the authority of the ,apostolic ,see1 as the centre of unity and source of jurisdiction4 ,when the ,greeks separated from that see and refused to obey it1 they took from it neither its organic unity nor its catholicity2 they only cut themselves off and deprived themselves of both4 ,the same may be said of ,anglicans in separating from ,rome and declaring themselves independent4 #eah ,they deprived themselves of unity and catholicity1 but left the original church organism in all its integrity1 and only placed themselves outside of it4 ,the separation in both cases deprived the church of a portion of her population1 and diminished her external power and grandeur1 but took away none of her rights and prerogatives1 and in no respect impaired1 as we have already said1 the unity or catholicity of her internal organism4 ,all that can be said is that the separated ,oriental churches and ,anglicans1 not the church1 have lost unity and catholicity1 and have ceased to be ,catholics1 even when agreeing with the church in her dogmas and her external rites and ceremonies4 ,there is1 then1 on the side of the church1 no broken unity to be healed1 or lost catholicity to be restored4 ,if the ,oriental churches wish to regain unity and catholicity1 all they have to do is to submit to the jurisdiction of the ,apostolic ,see1 and renew their communion with the mother and mistress of all the churches4 ,not having lost their church organization1 and having retained valid orders or the priesthood and the august sacrifice1 they can return in their corporate capacity4 ,there is in their case only a schism to be healed4 ,the ,anglicans and ,episcopalians stand on a different footing2 for they have not even so much as a schismatic church1 since the ,episcopalians hold from the ,anglicans1 and the ,anglicans from the state4 ,they have no orders1 no priesthood1 no sacrifice1 no sacraments--except baptism1 and even pagans can administer that--no church character at all1 if we look at the facts in the case1 and therefore1 like all ,protestants1 can be admitted to the unity of the church only on individual profession and submission4 ,there is much for those out of unity to do to recover it and to effect the union in the ,catholic communion of all who profess to be ,christians1 but nothing to render the church herself one and catholic4 ,her unity and catholicity are already established and unalterable1 and so are the terms of communion and the conditions of church life4 ,no grand combination1 then1 is needed to restore a divided and disorganized church4 ,but if the church were disorganized and a restoration needed1 no possible combination of the several disorganized parts would or could effect it4 ,the disorganization could not take place without the loss by the whole organism of the organic centre1 and that1 once lost1 can be recovered only by an original creation1 by our ,lord1 of a new church organism1 which1 even if it were done1 would not restore us the ,catholic ,church2 for it would not be a church existing uninterruptedly from the beginning1 and there would be a time since the ,incarnation when it did not subsist1 and when there was no church4 ,the author assumes that unity may be evolved from multiplexity1 which is ,protestant1 not ,catholic philosophy2 without unity there can be1 as we have said1 no multiplicity1 as without the universal there can be no particulars4 ,the universal precedes the particulars and generates them1 and when it goes they go with it4 ,unity precedes multiplicity1 and produces1 sustains1 and directs it4 ,this is implied in every argument used1 or that can be used1 by philosophers and theologians1 to prove the existence of ,god and his providence4 ,atheism results from the assumption that multiplicity may exist by itself1 independently of unity2 pantheism1 from the assumption that unity is a dead1 abstract unity1 like that of the old ,eleatics1 not a concrete1 living1 and effective unity1 and the denial that unity creates multiplicity4 #eai ,physiology is refuting both by its discoveries1 confirming what has always been affirmed in principle by traditional science1 the fact that there is no organism or living body1 in either the animal or vegetable world1 without the original central cell1 born of ancestors1 which creates or generates and directs all the vital phenomena1 normal or abnormal1 of the organism1 as has already been stated1 thus placing science and the teaching of the church in harmony4 ,dr4 ,ewer probably does not in his own mind absolutely deny the present unity on which depends the catholicity of the church2 but he supposes it is in some way involved in multiplicity1 so that it needs not to be created1 but to be evoked from the existing multiplexity which now obscures it and prevents its effectiveness4 ,but this we have shown is not and cannot be the case1 because the unity not only produces1 but directs or governs the manifold phenomena of the church1 and must therefore be always distinct from and independent of them4 ,also1 because so long as unity and catholicity remain1 no disorganization or confusion requiring their evolution can take place1 except in the parts exuded or thrown off by the organism1 severed or exscinded from it1 that is1 only in what is outside of the ,one ,catholic ,church1 and forming no part of the catholic body4 ,that schismatics and heretics lack unity and catholicity1 is1 of course1 true2 but they cannot obtain either by an evolution from such organization as they may have retained when the separation took place1 or may have subsequently formed for themselves1 but must do it1 if at all1 by a return to the organic centre1 where both are and have never ceased to be1 on the terms and conditions the ,holy ,see prescribes4 ,dr4 ,ewer maintains that the ,catholic ,church is restricted to the ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,anglican ,churches1 and consists in what these have in common or agree in holding4 ,these1 he maintains1 have all failed1 have taught and still teach grievous errors1 set up false claims1 and one or more of them at least have fallen into superstitious practices2 yet he contends that the universal church has not failed4 ,but as the universal church has no organic existence independent of these1 has no organs of speech or action1 no personality but in them1 how1 if he is right in his theory1 can he maintain that the whole church has not failed8 ,if he held that the unity and catholicity of the church were in the central or organic see1 he might hold that particular churches have failed1 and that the ,one ,catholic ,church has not failed4 ,then he could assert1 as we do1 that the organism remains1 acts1 teaches1 and governs through its own infallible organs1 in its own individuality1 or the supreme pontiff who is its personality or person4 ,but on his theory1 the failure of each of the three parts which comprise the whole church1 it seems to us1 must carry with it the failure of the whole4 ,dr4 ,ewer's difficulty would seem to grow out of his wish to be a ,catholic and remain in the ,anglican or ,episcopalian communion in which he is a minister1 or to return from ,protestantism to ,catholicity without any change of position4 ,this would be possible1 if holding1 on private judgment1 ,catholic dogmas1 and observing1 on no authority1 ,catholic forms of worship1 constituted one a member of the ,catholic ,church4 ,but he should understand that what he wishes is impracticable1 and that all his efforts are labor lost4 #ebj ,so long as a man is in a communion separated from the present actual living unity of the church1 he can become a ,catholic only by leaving it1 or by its corporate return to the ,holy ,see and submission to the supreme pontiff4 ,a corporate return is practicable in the case of the ,eastern churches2 but even in them the individual who is personally aware of the schismatic character of his church should abandon it for unity at once without waiting for its corporate return2 but in the case of ,anglicans and ,episcopalians1 as in the case of all ,protestant communions1 the return must be individual and personal4 ,we are surprised at ,dr4 ,ewer's statement that the ,greek ,church has no cultus of ,st4 ,mary ever-,virgin1 as we are that many ,anglicans1 like ,dr4 ,pusey1 who object to the ,roman ,church on account of that cultus1 should seek communion with the schismatic ,greeks1 with whom that cultus is pushed to an extreme far beyond anything in the ,latin ,church4 ,the truth is1 that all that offends ,protestants in the ,church of ,rome1 except the papacy1 exists in even a more offensive form in the ,greek schismatic ,church4 ,the schismatic ,greek bishops exercise over their flocks a tyranny which is impracticable in the ,roman ,church1 where the papal authority restricts that of bishops and tempers their administration of their dioceses4 ,but it is time to bring our remarks to a close4 ,we are unable to recognize the ,catholicity we profess in that proposed by ,dr4 ,ewer4 ,the one holy catholic apostolic church he sets forth does not appear to us to be the church of the fathers1 nor the one of which we are an affectionate if an unworthy son4 ,in our judgment1 ,dr4 ,ewer is still in the ,protestant family1 and following private judgment as his rule1 though denouncing it4 ,he has not grasped the central1 or1 as ,dr4 ,channing would say1 the seminal principle of the ,catholic ,church4 ,yet he seems to be well disposed1 and to be seeking it1 and has made large strides toward it4 ,we think his discourses are not only brilliant1 bold1 and energetic1 but fitted to have great influence in turning the public mind toward the ,catholic ,church4 ,we have given our reasons why we do not admit that he has as yet found that church2 but still we think his discourses will help many to find it1 though he himself may not find it4 ,he has1 as yet1 strong prejudices against the ,church of ,rome1 and is undeniably anti-papal4 ,but still there can be no doubt that he would like to feel himself a ,catholic1 and have done once for all with ,protestantism4 ,dr4 ,ewer stands not alone4 ,there are large numbers in his communion1 and other ,protestant communions1 who think and feel as he does1 who1 from the top of ,mount ,pisgah1 have obtained--if not the clear vision ,moses had--at least some glimpses1 more or less confused1 of the promised land1 and are attracted and charmed by what they see of it4 ,we have a feeling of respectful tenderness toward these men1 and of great sympathy with their trials and struggles4 ,while we must tell them the truth in firm and manly tones1 treat them as men1 not as children1 we would1 on no account1 say or do anything to wound their susceptibilities1 or to create an impression that we do not take a deep and lively interest in their efforts to arrive at ,catholicity4 ,the spirit is working in them to bring them to light and life4 ,they are not against us1 and to some extent are with us4 ,we would1 for their sakes1 they were wholly with us1 and we never cease to pray ,god that they may find the haven of security and rest it has pleased him that we should find for ourselves4 #eba ,we once were one of their number1 thought and felt with them1 struggled with them1 and we can have for them only words of encouragement and hope4 ,in what we have said we have had only the desire to assist them to find and understand the ,one ,holy ,catholic ,apostolic ,church4 ---------- ,the ,evening ,primrose4 ,of twilight and fresh dews1 ,most odorous flower1 thou art the child2 ,adorning evening's pensive hues ,with splendors mild4 ,a vesper acolyte1 ,born1 but for this one night1 ,to swing thy golden censer of perfume1 ,while stars the tranquil firmament illume1 ,for heaven's delight4 ,thy term of service1 fleet1 ,creative wish doth meet2 ,a swift existence2 but which this rare grace ,of ceaseless worship1 filling life's brief space1 ,crowns as complete4 ,thy blissful vigil keep1 ,rapt flower1 while others sleep3 ,adoring angels claim thee from above ,a dear companion in their task of love2 ,and ,i would fain present1 ,with worshipful intent1 ,thy dewy blossoms on my evening shrine2 ,a contrite homage2 sighing to repair1 ,with the accepted incense of thy prayer1 ,for sloth like mine4 ---------- #ebb ,heremore-,brandon2 ,or1 ,the ,fortunes ,of ,a ,newsboy4 ,howe'er it be1 it seems to me ',tis only noble to be good2 ,kind hearts are more than coronets1 ,and simple faith than ,norman blood4 ,chapter ,i4 ,four little boys3 two of them had soft fair hair1 and were dressed in the finest cloth2 the other two had very bushy heads1 and were dressed in whatever they could get4 ,it was early ,christmas morning1 and the two rich boys were sitting by the window of a handsome brown-stone house1 and they had each a stocking plump full of dainties2 the two poor boys were calling the morning papers on the stone-cold sidewalk1 and if they had any stockings at all1 you may be very sure they were plump full of holes4 ,an't he funny1 remarked the smaller of the two in the house1 looking at the larger of the two in the street2 an't he too funny6 ,and between laughing and eating1 little ,fred came near choking himself4 ,see his old coat1 ,josie1 it trails like ,aunt ,ellie's blue dress6 ,and such a queer old hat2 don't it make you laugh1 ,josie8 ,i have seen so many of 'em1 explained ,josie4 ,what are you laughing at1 ,fred1 asked their sister ,mary1 coming up to them4 ,those newsboys1 he answered1 and imitated their ,times1 ',erald1 ,tribune6 ,here's the ',erald1 ,times1 ,tribune6 so perfectly that their father thought it was a real newsboy calling1 and cried out to them from another room to hurry up and bring a ,herald1 at which command the children rushed eagerly into the hall1 and tugged with their united strength to open the doors1 each anxious to be the first to speak to the odd-looking newsboys1 and also to be the fortunate one to take the paper to their father4 ,in the mean time1 the two newsboys had not been unmindful of the faces behind the plated window4 ,i say1 ,jim1 said the big boy1 who was about twelve or thirteen years old1 did you ever see the beat of that young 'un there8 ,don't you choke yerself1 youngster1 f'fear you'd cheat a friend from doing that same when you're growed up4--,ere's the ',erald6 ,tribune6 ,times6--,george6 ,jim1 ,i wish to thunder there'd some new papers come up4 ,an't yer tired allers a hollerin' out them same old tunes8--,times6 ',erald6 ,tribune6--,how d'ye s'pose a feller'd feel to wake up some of these yere mornin's in one o' them big houses8 ,heerd tell of stranger things 'n that1 ,dick1 replied ,jim1 who read the weekly papers4 ',turn again1 ,whittington1 ,lord-,mayor of ,london1' as the cat said6 ,turned out true1 too4 ,you'd better get a cat1 ,jim1 you're such a stunnin' feller2 shouldn't wonder if you'd turn out alderman some of these days6 ,at which1 for no apparent reason1 ,dick laughed until every rag was fluttering4 ,they wants a paper2 better 'tend to yer business1 answered ,jim1 at which the other newsboy instantly grew grave1 and1 shuffling his old shoes across the street1 mounted the steps where the children were waiting and calling for him4 #ebc ,i want a ,new ,york ,herald1 said ,fred very grandly4 ,han't got no ',eralds1 answered the newsboy4 ,fred rushed into the house saying1 ,his ,heralds are all gone4 ,tribune1 then1 and don't keep the door open1 instructed the rough voice from some invisible spot4 ,mary shut the door all but a little crack4 ,papa wanted a ,herald1 she said2 you ought to have one when my papa wants it4 ,thought ,i had1 but couldn't help it2 ',erald's got a great speech to-day1 and ,i've sold 'em all4 ,do you sell papers every day8 ,mary asked4 ,the bushy head made a sort of bow1 as the poor newsboy looked at the fair-haired little girl on the stoop1 who condescended to question him4 ,yes1 miss1 he answered1 since ever ,i wasn't bigger'n a grasshopper4 ,an't he funny8 said ,fred4 ,don't you get tired8 asked ,mary4 ,well1 ,i can't say ,i doesn't1 'specially sometimes4 ,an't you glad it's ,christmas8 ,josie asked1 as questions seemed the fashion4 ,i kinder am1 replied the newsboy4 ,did you have many presents8 questioned ,mary4 ,me8 ,bless you1 who'd give 'em to me1 miss8 ,didn't you hang up your stocking last night8 ,fred asked4 ,the newsboy seemed much amused at the question2 for it was plain that he could hardly keep from laughing right out4 ,well1 no1 ,i didn't1 he answered4 ,don't think things would stick in one long1 if ,i did6 ,do you put your money in a savings bank8 ,by and by you'd have enough to build a house maybe1 if you were careful1 said ,josie4 ,jim and me likes takin' it out in eatin' best1 answered ,dick4 ,why don't you bring me that paper8 cried their father's voice4 ,and the two boys ran hastily into the house4 ,you may have my candy1 said ,mary in a stately way4 ,i can have plenty more4 ,and she put her store of dainty ,french candy into the boy's hand1 and1 while he was still looking at her in amazement1 followed her brothers into the house and shut the door4 ,just you pinch me1 ,jim1 ,dick said1 joining his companion4 ,drive in hearty1 now4 ,an't ,i asleep8 ,well1 ,i dunno2 what yer got there8 ,she give it to me4 ,who's that8 ,her on the steps2 didn't you see her8 ,you tell that to the marines6 ,guess you took it4 ,no1 ,i didn't1 ,dick said indignantly4 ,i never took nothin' as warn't mine yet4 ,let's have a look1 said ,jem1 reaching out his hand for the package2 but ,dick would not let him touch it4 ,i'm going to keep it always to remember her1 he said4 ,guess you want ter eat it yerself1 ,jem said4 ,i wouldn't be so mean4 ,i an't gen'rally called mean1 ,dick answered with great dignity4 ,don't you wonder1 ,jim1 said ,dick1 as they made friends and passed on--don't it seem curious how some folks is rich and purty like them there1 and others is poor and ugly like me and you1 ,jim8 ,george6 speak for yerself1 if ye like4 ,guess ,i'd pass in a crowd1 if ,i'd the fine fixin's6 #ebd ,s'posin' me and you had dandified coats and yeller gloves1 and the fixin's to match1 s'pose anybody'd know we was newsboys8 ,dick asked thoughtfully4 ,i rayther think1 said ,jim1 we'd be a deal sight handsomer'n some of them chaps as has 'em now4 ,let's save our money and try it1 ,jim4 ',nuff said1 answered ,jim1 laughing4 ,and the newsboys in their queer garments1 and with their light hearts1 passed out of sight of ,mr4 ,brandon's brown-stone house and fair-haired children4 ,but not out of all remembrance4 ,the children had a party that ,christmas afternoon2 and when they were tired of romping1 and were seated around the room1 the girls playing with their dolls2 the ,catholic ones telling the others in low voices about the flowers and lights1 and the wonderful manger which they had seen at ,mass that morning2 and the boys eagerly listening to the stories of faraway lands1 which one of the older people was telling1 little ,mary knelt in an arm-chair1 and looked out of the window at the people hurrying through the driving rain and snow1 and at the street-lamps glaring through the wet and cold4 ,her kind little heart had been very light1 and a strange joyousness had surrounded her all day1 making her more gentle than ever1 so that she had not spoken one hasty word1 or once hesitated to take the lowest part in any of the plays4 ,though she did not know it1 the little infant ,jesus had smiled on her that morning when she was kind to the poor1 homeless newsboy2 and now she understood--for charity had enlarged her mind--more distinctly than she ever had before1 that there were many cold and desolate children for whom there were no earthly glad tidings that day1 yet who were as much ,god's own as the little ones grouped around her father's pleasant parlors4 ,then1 just as she did the best she could1 and prayed in her heart for the children of the poor1 she thought she saw the newsboy to whom she had spoken in the morning standing close to the railing by the window2 but before she could be sure of it1 the servant lighted the gas2 she heard the children calling her for a new game1 and she ran lightly away4 ,but there was one crouched in the cold outside1 who wondered at the sudden light and glow within2 and as the bewildered newsboy saw her dancing past the lighted windows1 it seemed to him that it was not so far1 after all1 to the heaven and the angels of whom he had heard2 for the glad tidings had come to ,dick1 even ,dick1 and they woke up the good1 the will to do right1 which is in every heart1 and which did not sleep again in him1 even when the little1 uncared-for1 outcast head rested on the stone steps that ,christmas night4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,very little idea had poor ,dick of right or wrong4 ,no fond mother took him to her heart when he was a toddling wee one1 just big enough to half understand1 and between her kisses told him of angels and saints1 of heroes and martyrs1 and of that ,queen ,mother up in heaven1 dearer than them all1 who never forgot those who once had loved her1 and of the beautiful world with its flowers and fruits1 its great rivers and high mountains1 its delicious green and its glorious blue1 which a good ,father had given to men for their enjoyment4 ,no loving sister1 with bright eyes and tender voice1 tossed him in her strong young arms1 and sang to him how knights and warriors1 the great and good of earth1 and loved of heaven1 had all been children once like him1 only never half so sweet and dear4 #ebe ,no noble father1 true in the midst of trials1 ever watched with anxious care that those little feet should walk only in the straight and narrow path4 ,so it was a hard thing for poor ,dick1 when he rubbed his brown hands through his bushy1 uncombed hair the next morning1 and pushed the worn old hat over his still sleepy eyes1 to know just what to do to find the temple of ,fortune4 ,at times1 though1 he had followed the crowd of noisy boys and girls whom you may see around the doors of any ,catholic church at about nine o'clock on ,sunday mornings1 and had listened with a critical air1 and slightly supercilious1 from some dark corner near the door1 to the talking and the prayers which he did not wholly understand1 but portions of which he did once or twice take into his inner consciousness and fully approve4 ,in some way1 he then seemed to feel that which made him less rough in all his answers1 readier in all his responses to the call for papers1 not always gently called for2 and1 though he knew not why1 there were fewer wicked words on his lips that day than for many a day before4 ,it happened that he kept his eyes open and grew thoughtful1 and did not forget his wish to be better2 so that1 from being a newsboy1 he became an errand-boy in a book-store1 where he learned to be honest and to tell the truth1 which was a rapid advance in his education2 for you know it is more than some people have learned who have lived to be six times ,dick's age4 ,sometimes a little lady came to that very store to choose her picture-books and ,christmas stories2 and it was his place to open the door for her2 or perhaps some one would call out1 ,dick1 a chair for this lady1 and then he was as happy as a prince4 ,sometimes he would be sent home with her purchases1 and mounted the steps1 entered her father's house1 and always felt good again2 for always the same picture of a little girl in blue1 with fair hair1 and her hands full of dainty ,french candy1 and a ragged newsboy1 dirty and amazed1 would be there before him4 ,christmas had come and gone more than once1 and it was coming again1 when ,dick turned up the gas in a mere closet of a room very high up in a dingy boarding-house1 and made a ghost of a fire in an old rusty stove4 ,it wouldn't seem to us a very enlivening prospect2 for the room was but slightly furnished1 and the stove smoked1 while the wind beat at the not overclean windows1 on which there were no curtains to shut out the dark and cold4 ,but ,dick seemed to think it something very luxurious2 for he rubbed his hands before the blue apology for a flame1 and sat down on the broken wooden stool1 with as much zest as that with which ,i have seen grand people sink into a great arm-chair after a walk4 ,christmas eve again1 he said to the fire1 for it was his only companion4 ,let me look at you1 ,mr4 ,coals1 and see what pictures you have for me to-night4 ,how many nights1 worse nights than this1 ,i have been glad to crouch under an old shed1 or in some alley1 and now to think1 thanks to the good ,god1 ,i have a fire of my own6 ,poor little bare feet on the icy pavement to-night1 ,i wish ,i had you round my jolly old stove4 ,when ,i am rich1 ,i will6 ,then he laughed at the idea4 ,but ,i won't wait until ,i am rich1 or ,i would never deserve to have the chance4 ,how are you1 ,dick8 said a cheery voice1 though deep and rough1 at the door4 ,and a man came into the room1 which either his figure1 or his coat1 or his voice1 or the flute under his arm1 seemed to fill to such an extent that the very corners were crowded4 #ebf ,how are you1 ,dick8 ,it's blowing a hurricane outside1 and you're as cold as ,greenland here4 ,it may do for you1 but not for me2 old blood is thin1 my boy1 old blood is thin4 ,at which ,dick laughed heartily1 while putting more coal on the fire2 for ,carl ,stoffs was in the prime of life1 hale and hearty1 weighing at least two hundred pounds1 ,i am sure1 and with a round face1 very red1 but also very solemn1 for ,carl ,stoffs was a ,german every inch of him4 ,the stove grew very red also under his vigorous hands2 but whether from anger or by reflection ,i will not attempt to say4 ,and now1 he said1 seating himself on the wooden chair1 ,dick having given it up to his guest1 while he occupied a box instead--and now1 how are you1 boy8 ,ready for merry ,christmas1 eh8 ,you'll come to us to-morrow1 so says my wife4 ,in ,america1 you all do mind your wives2 mine tells me to bring you4 ,then ,i must1 ,i know1 ,dick said1 looking at the other1 who was near three times his size4 ,i would have a poor chance in opposing you6 ,but ,carl ,stoffs knew well how gratefully the friendless boy accepted the thoughtful invitation4 ,now1 shall we have some music1 said he1 as he drew out his flute1 and1 without waiting an answer1 put it to his mouth1 and brought forth such rich1 full tones from the instrument that ,dick1 as he stared at the now bright fire1 seemed to be in a land of enchantment4 ,you are the only man1 from the queen of ,england down1 whom ,i really envy1 said ,dick1 in one of the pauses4 ,you can have music whenever you wish it2 ,i am only a beggar1 grateful for every note thrown in my way4 ,were you out1 last night8 ,yes1 all night in ,fourteenth street1 at the rich ,brandons4 ,madam is very gay1 this winter4 ,i wish ,i were a musician1 said ,dick4 ,it must be jolly to see all the dancing and the bright dresses6 ,and the pretty ladies1 eh8 who don't mind you no more than if you were a stick or a stone4 ,indeed1 my boy1 you'd soon get tired of it2 it seems so grand at first1 the beautiful picture all in motion2 but your eyes--they ache after a little4 ,too much light1 my boy1 too much light4 ,and the musician went long journeys up and down his wonderful flute before he spoke again4 ,they'll go music-mad over some fool at the piano2 but you play until your own music makes you wild1 and never one thinks or cares about you4 ,last night1 ,i played only for one4 ,she was always dancing1 and she seemed to go on the wings of the music just as it said to her go4 ,i was not tired last night4 ,awaiting no answer1 he turned again to his flute1 and all through the dingy1 crowded house rang a joyous ,gloria in excelsis4 ,rough captives of labor heard it1 and answered to it1 knowing well the glad tidings1 the most glorious ever sung1 and yet sung to kings and shepherds alike4 ,the old sinners heard it1 and thought of the strange days when even they were young and innocent4 ,finis1 cried the ,german1 rising slowly1 and putting on his shaggy overcoat4 ,i promised my wife that ,i would be home at nine1 and1 as do all the people here1 ,i mind my wife2 but it is one inconvenient thing4 ,you will come to us after ,mass1 to-morrow8 ,you are too good to me4 ,when ,i am rich1 perhaps ,i shall know how to thank you4 #ebg ,you should think yourself rich now4 ,you are young2 there is no riches like that4 ,i wish ,i were older1 though1 sighed ,dick4 ,never say that1 never1 never4 ,the poorest youth is better than the richest age1 said the ,german earnestly4 ,i shouldn't wonder if ,mr4 ,stoffs had just found his first gray hair1 and was speaking under its influence4 ,at all events1 he did not convince ,dick1 who said1 with equal earnestness and more quickness3 ,i must say it3 every day seems too long1 every hour goes too slowly1 until ,i can get at my life's work4 ,this waiting for it kills me4 ,my friend1 do you call this waiting8 laughed the ,german4 ,was it waiting and doing nothing that changed you from-- ,but think1 interrupted ,dick1 of what ought to have-been4 ,some day--some day ,i will get my hand to the plough1 you'll see6 ,at least1 a little ashamed of the seeming conceit1 ,i hope you will4 ,and what makes you care8 ,i think it's born in us all to like to be active--to be doing something4 ,indeed1 it's about the only legacy my poor parents left me4 ,it may be1 for ,i know nothing of them1 that they were just the same as other people1 out of whom bitter poverty has taken all pride and ambition2 but ,i can't think it1 somehow4 ,do you really know nothing of them8 ,nothing4 ,i have a little sealed box1 with an injunction on the outside of it that ,i am not to open it until ,i am of age4 ,i don't know where ,i first got it1 nor from whom it came4 ,it may be some trick to tease me for years1 and disappoint me at last1 for all ,i know2 and still ,i have always kept it1 for it is all ,i have4 ,and ,i think it came from them4 ,it may tell you something wonderful1 said his visitor1 laughing4 ,for it was easy for him to understand that some young mother1 who even in her poverty had found the means of reading and believing stones of princes in disguise1 and countesses in cellars1 disowned and disinherited1 all for true love's sake1 had made a mystery of leaving a lock of her hair1 and perhaps a cheap wedding-ring1 to her boy2 and he could not forbear a little ridicule of the folly4 ,it may tell you something wonderful4 ,if it gives you possession of half of ,new ,york1 don't forget your friends1 will you1 ,dick8 ,and then1 buttoned up to his chin1 and with his cap covering half his face1 and looking just like ,santa ,claus1 ,carl ,stoffs bundled his cherished flute under his arm1 and obediently went home to his wife4 ,dick lingered a moment1 after he left1 before closing the door4 ,the room was not wholly his own2 but his companion had a father and a mother in ,new ,jersey1 and he had gone home to them1 with something in his pockets for the children's ,christmas2 so for that night ,dick was in undisputed possession4 ,the passages were dark and cold2 the snow had got through some of the broken windows1 and lay in several little hills on the entry floor2 the sash rattled1 and ,dick shivered1 as he stood irresolute at the door of his room4 ,but the irresolution did not last long4 ,he bundled up1 as well as his scanty wardrobe permitted1 closed the door firmly behind him1 and went down the creaking1 broken stairs1 and through the dreary passages1 where he could see the snow huddling up to the dark window-panes1 as if it were a white bird trying to get in and beating its wings against the dirty glass4 ,dick had not far to walk1 after leaving the house1 before he found that which he had come out to find--somebody without a shelter from the storm4 #ebh ,and ,i should not wonder if any night1 however bitter and cold1 that you or ,i should take a notion to go out on the same errand1 we should not have to go far for equal success1 and that even if we started from the most delightful dwelling-place in all ,new ,york4 ,under the remains of some broken steps1 or more truly by the side of them1 for they were too broken to shelter a kitten1 two dark figures were lying close together4 ,in one of the pauses of the storm1 when the street-lamp had a chance to shine a little1 ,dick could see that the figures were those of two boys asleep4 ,he did not wait long to rouse them4 ,one woke up at once1 cross1 and1 if ,i must tell the truth1 with some very wicked words on his lips4 ,get up1 and come with me1 said ,dick4 ,what yer want 'long o' me8 ,i an't doing nothin'1 he muttered4 ,i know that2 but ,i will give you a better place to sleep in4 ,come4 ,bad words again4 ,i an't done nothin' to you4 ,le' me 'lone4 ,i want you to come home with me4 ,did you ever hear of a newsboy called ,big ,dick8 ,that's me4 ,i an't afeard o' nothin'4 ,h'ere goes6 ,and the poor little fellow1 still believing the other was chaffing1 got on his feet4 ,do you want t'other8 ,he an't worth nothin'1 but he'll keep dark4 ,yes1 both of you4 ,hurry him up2 it is a terrible night4 ,come along1 ,joe4 ,where's yer spunk8 ,i an't afeard o' nothin'4 ,there's nothing to be afraid of1 said ,dick1 as gently as the roaring storm would let him4 ,don't talk now1 but come on4 ,i'll take you to a room with a fire in it1 added ,dick1 in spite of himself feeling that he was bon prince to the little newsboys4 ,come on1 ,joe1 urged the other1 dragging and pushing the little newsboy1 who was hardly more than a baby1 but who seemed to whimper1 sleepy and frightened1 as no doubt he was1 until1 as quietly as the old stairs would permit1 and almost holding their breath1 they followed ,dick to his room4 ,an't this bully1 now8 said ,jack in an undertone1 when he stood before the fire in the lighted room1 and ,joe1 with round1 staring eyes1 but not a word of complaint or fear1 had been put on the wooden chair4 ,i say1 now1 ,joe an't much1 but he'll never blab2 but ,i'se all right4 ,what yer want us to do1 now1 sir8 ,to get warm1 answered ,dick4 ,i was once a newsboy1 and slept under stoops and sheds1 like the rest of them2 but now ,i've got a fire of my own1 and ,i wanted company2 so ,i went out and got you and ,joe1 and now make yourselves at home for tonight4 ,here's some crackers and cheese1 and when you've had something to eat you can go to sleep here4 ,it's better than out there1 isn't it8 ,the newsboy stared at ,dick1 and grunted something which sounded very much as if he did not believe a word that his host had said4 ,the other sat silent1 stolid1 and seemingly ready to hear anything4 ,he ate his share of the crackers and cheese greedily1 but with a watchful eye on the giver4 ,the warmth1 however1 soon proved too much for his vigilance1 and1 though his eyes were still fixed on ,dick's face1 they were heavy and expressionless4 ,at last1 ,dick took him up1 undressed him1 and laid him in his bed in the corner2 and then1 for the first time1 ,joe's tongue was loosened4 ,there1 now1 he said1 as he lay exactly as ,dick had placed him1 ,i are dead and gone at last4 ,twasn't no lies about t'other world2 they wasn't a foolin' on us1 after all4 ,here an't no more ,heralds and ,tribunes4 ,i are dead and gone at last6 ,and so rejoicing1 ,joe's eyes closed securely1 and it is likely he dreamt of angels1 if he dreamt at all1 until morning came4 #ebi ,he an't much1 said ,jack1 whom this act of ,dick's1 together with the fire and the food1 had made less incredulous and more confidential4 ,he's a soft 'un2 he an't got the right pluck4 ,he'll never be nobody4 ,is he your brother8 asked ,dick4 ,do yer think ,i'd have him for my brother8 ,he's a youngster1 come from nobody don't know where4 ,he was fetching up in my quarters last winter1 and didn't know his name nor nothin'2 so we gives him a start1 us fellers1 and he's stuck on to me ever since4 ,then ,dick asked more about his new friend's life1 and told him a little his own1 and a story or two that he thought suited to his understanding2 and1 having won the child to believe a little in his good intentions1 had the satisfaction of seeing him at his ease1 and willing to go to sleep with ,joe in the corner4 ,when this was accomplished1 ,dick put out the fire and the light1 and lay down on the floor to sleep soundly and well1 until the joy-bells from the great city churches should wake his guests and himself to the glad tidings that ,christmas had come again4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,and now ,i am sure you are satisfied that ,dick was on the right road1 acting religion as fast as he learned it2 trying to be all he knew--to live a truthful1 generous1 self-respecting life4 ,he had little help1 you know1 and1 if he followed that crowd that ,i told you of oftener than before1 and heard much that enabled him to take whole books into his inner consciousness which would otherwise have been a dead letter to him1 he was not one to make a flourish of trumpets about it1 or to dream of complaining that the world would not stand still until he got up to it4 ,he had but one intimate friend1 it is true2 but he was a friend you and ,i might be glad to win2 a friend who never argued or lectured1 but only quietly built his life on the only true foundation--the true faith--and then left it to show for itself4 ,so1 simply trusting in whatever was good1 yet so fierce against whatever was evil1 scornful of everything wrong and weak1 practising as well as believing1 you may be sure ,carl ,staffs would never have held out his honest hand to ,dick1 if ,dick were not worthy of it4 ,and this makes me think great things of my hero1 of whom scarcely anybody thought at all4 ,he had his place in ,ames ,harden's store1 and he had his talks1 too1 now with one person1 now with another1 and perhaps thought of things he heard4 ,he was only a boy yet1 and had his follies1 without doubt1 fancying at times that there was something in him1 if circumstances would only draw it out1 which would prove him a great deal worthier of high places than those now occupying them4 ,i am not sure but that1 if he had had a country-home1 he might sometimes have lain down under the trees1 and1 while watching in a dreamy way the clouds sailing down to the west1 and the vigilant stars coming out to guard the earth in the sun's absence1 and listening to the wind among the trees1 the twittering of some wakeful bird1 or the rustling of some grand old river1 he might have had yearnings no one could explain1 and not have felt the sky too far to climb or the river too deep to fathom2 for ,dick's was only a boy's heart1 that had still to learn that we cannot go from the ,broadway pavement to ,trinity spire in one step4 #ecj ,even in his city home1 if home it could be called1 it may be that1 just after he had been to church with ,carl1 he had glowed with the thought that he--even he--might some day be a ,loyola or a ,francis ,xavier1 for the thoughts of youth are long1 long thoughts4 ,but as yet his life consciously held but one romance--one dream of earth4 ,there were few to care for him2 but there was a little girl once who had made ,christmas memorable to him1 and ,dick had not forgotten her4 ,she had grown a beautiful young lady now1 in ,dick's eyes1 though to all others she was merely a thin1 dark school-girl4 ,they still lived in the handsome house on ,fourteenth street1 and ,carl ,stoffs and his band played for many a dance there1 although ,i am sorry to say that1 even after a ,new ,year's party1 ,dick had to be sent more than once to ,mr4 ,brandon's office with a little bill1 due to ,ames ,harden1 mostly for school-books1 novels1 and gilt annuals4 ,but then that was no fault of ,mary's1 you know4 ,mr4 ,brandon was not a pleasant man to go to with a bill1 or for much of anything in the money line4 ,the deuce take it1 my dear6 he often said to his wife4 ,are you bent on ruining me8 ,don't be silly1 ,charley1 love1 the dauntless little woman would say1 not in the least disturbed by the angry voice and black brow that were so terrible to ,dick4 ,for people of our position1 we live very shabbily4 ,hang our position6 ,i tell you1 madam1 we are going the road to beggary2 we are1 indeed4 ,o ,charles6 do be quiet1 was her ready answer4 ,i am so sick of that sort of stuff4 ,then be sick of it1 this dreadful man would exclaim2 for ,i'll tell it to you every day and every hour1 until it gets through your silly head4 ,money6 money6 money6 ,i never hear anything else in this house4 ,i've sold myself for it1 body and soul1 and much good it has done me6 ,i'll not give you a penny1 madam2 not a penny4 ,but that was all talk2 for1 of course1 he had to give his wife1 who was a nice little body1 very sweet and good-tempered1 but rather fond of the good things of this world1 whatever she had set her heart upon having4 ,if papa should be right-- ,mary would sometimes urge4 ,nonsense6 they all say the same thing2 why shouldn't they8 ,if ,i didn't spend your father's money in making things pleasant at home1 he'd be spending it on clubs1 or whatever it is which uses up their money when they have the spending of it all to themselves4 ,you'll have a husband1 likely enough1 one of these days1 who'll scold for every pocket-handkerchief you buy2 but you won't mind it4 ,they must scold about something1 you know1 dear4 ,o mamma6 ,i'd never live a day--if-- ,at which sentence1 never completed1 ,mrs4 ,brandon would laugh1 and the subject would be dropped for the present2 but1 of course1 after such scenes1 ,mr4 ,brandon wouldn't be very amiable to a boy like ,dick with a bill in his hand4 ,but ,dick to him was a mere machine1 belonging to a store over the way1 and as such he treated him1 with as little malice in his hard words as if he were swearing at a table or chair4 ,to ,dick1 ,mr4 ,brandon was ,mary's father1 and that meant a great deal2 ,dick could never talk openly to him1 nor stand in his presence quite as he did in the presence of other men4 #eca ,for1 though ,dick had never been outside the city limits1 and had never seen a hill1 nor a field of corn1 he was a trifle romantic1 ,i am afraid1 after all4 ,yes1 it is true that he grew to be almost a man without having ever climbed a hill or seen a field of grain4 ,but there was a good time coming4 ,dick1 said ,carl ,stoffs1 that true and faithful friend--,dick1 would you like to go to the country8 ,would ,i like to go to the country8 he repeated1 finding no words of his own to say1 so great was his bewilderment at such a question--,would ,i like to go to the country8 ,any time you're ready1 said the ,german1 seating himself4 ,take your time to answer1 my lad4 ,what would ,i do in the country8 ,i was never there in my life6 ,and you don't look more pleased than though ,i'd asked you to go to--to--the end of the world4 ,i have often wished to see the country1 returned ,dick1 in the tone in which we might wish to see ,china if we had nothing else to do2 but ,i don't see my way to doing so at present4 ,i do believe1 ,dick1 that you have lined the walls with gold pieces1 you are so miserly of your time1 and so stuck to this old place4 ,come now1 we shall take you to the country1 my wife and ,i4 ,now1 to think there should be one on earth who never saw the green fields and the woods6 ,it is to me a very odd thing6 ,you are the blind man who never saw the sun1 and does not think the sun worth seeing4 ,oh6 no1 indeed2 not so bad as that2 but-- ,then you shall go4 ,my sister has a house1 with room for many1 and we have taken half1 keeping one room for you4 ,come and take your week with us4 ,but1 ,mr4 ,stoffs1 ,i intended during that week to read so much to take long walks about the city--and ,mrs4 ,stoffs-- ,my wife sent me2 ,i would not of myself have such a blind man with me1 to read1 to study1 to walk2 how can you in the city now8 ,you will be wild when you have been once with us4 ,you will go to-day with me--,i will be waiting for you at my place at five4 ,will you come8 ,indeed-- ,you will come4 ,and1 in truth1 ,mr4 ,stoffs had previously said so much of that wonderful land in which he was now living that ,dick could not resist his last appeal1 and afraid and shy as he well might be1 having never spent twenty-four hours in a home circle in his life1 he gave his promise to be at the appointed place of meeting in good time for the train4 ,but when the magnetism of his friend's presence was taken from him1 ,dick's heart grew heavy in his breast4 ,if it had been to go to another city1 or on a matter of business1 ,dick's excitement would have been delightful2 but the country1 of which he knew nothing1 and of which he had such strange fancies1 picked up he could not tell where1 that was another thing4 ,city boys always laughed at country people when they came to the city--they had such queer ways--and yet--and yet--he felt strange and shy about going among them4 ,perhaps he felt that the tables would be turned on him there1 and that his ways would be as queer in their eyes as theirs had been in his2 perhaps he felt the full force of the homely old saying that a cock can crow best in his own farm-yard4 #ecb ,but1 as the day wore on1 ,dick's spirits rose2 he thought of all the stories he had read of fresh country life2 a poem or two of cows and brooks came vaguely among his thoughts1 and by the time he reached his little room1 and began to pack his not abundant wardrobe1 he was eager for the first glance at the country4 ,then1 may the ,lord's blessing go with you1 said his kind but very slovenly landlady4 ,i hope you'll come back as brown as a berry1 sir4 ,i was two year in the country once1 and1 though ,i won't say ,i'd like it for always1 yet my heart do get to wishing these days for a sight o' the flowers and the fields4 ,you'll mind the fruit1 sir1 and the dews o' night2 there does be great dews fallin'1 and a deal of ague1 ,i'm told4 ,good-by to you4 ,and ,dick said good-by to her with something like emotion2 for it was his first good-by to any one1 and the woman had been good to him1 and if her hair was in a blouse1 and her garments ill made and not clean1 ,dick was not startled1 for he had never seen them otherwise4 ,then he walked on to meet ,mr4 ,stoffs1 and found he was nearly an hour before the time4 ,it seemed as if the moment of departure would never come2 but it did1 at last1 and1 as in a sort of dream1 the dusty city youth was whirled by cottages nestling among proud1 protecting trees1 past the green hills1 and through fields all rich with ripening grain1 until the panting train pulled up between a pile of stones and a little yellow station-house1 with a narrow platform running beside it4 ,now1 then1 here we are6 said the ,german1 and took up his bundles and basket2 for who ever saw a ,carl ,stoffs in the cars that had not a bundle and basket1 and a quantity of household furniture besides8 ,this last ,dick took in charge1 and so laden the two made their way out of the cars4 ,around the little yellow station-house dodged two splendid bays with silver harness1 that were being driven rapidly round a corner close to the narrow platform1 and went out into the dusty road2 for sidewalks there were none4 ,soon the sound of carriage-wheels made them turn aside1 and ,dick stumbled1 as he walked for the first time on the soft green grass4 ,when you take a mountain lassie to ,rome and show her ,st4 ,peter's1 she is not enthusiastic2 indeed1 she is terribly disappointed4 ,she expected something so much greater than her mountains1 so much brighter than her green valleys4 ,if ,dick was disappointed when he put his foot on nature's velvet carpet and found it only caused him to stumble1 ,i cannot say4 ,i think he felt surprised that a brook beside the way and far blue hills before him wrought no emotion within him4 ,fortunately ,carl asked no raptures4 ,that was the ,brandons' turnout1 he said in a prosaic way1 as ,dick recovered his footing1 and returned to the road4 ,is that so8 asked ,dick4 ,do they live here8 ,yes1 said ,carl1 and a fine place it is too2 but ,i think the man's going too fast4 ,then ,dick was thoughtful for a minute or two1 pitying the daughter1 if it were so2 but it is hard to think that a man's family are near to want when his stylish carriage has just turned you out of the road1 and the pity soon seemed misplaced4 #ecc ,the walk seemed long to ,dick2 he did1 indeed1 enjoy the cool breeze1 fresher and purer than any he had ever felt before but he had his own baggage and ,carl's curtain-rods besides1 and he was used to pavements4 ,they had already passed many fine houses1 with lawns and carriage-ways1 shaded by great trees in front of them1 and now and again a little house1 with flowers and clustering vines1 and groups on the porches2 but ,carl's steps lingered at none4 ,at last they turned out of the dusty road into a shaded lane1 a veritable lane1 as new to ,dick as the ,paris ,boulevards would be to ,mrs4 ,partington2 two or three more cottages1 smaller and not so much garden-room1 and then ,carl said3 ,eh6 but ,i'm glad to get home6 ,come here1 ,will6 ,come1 boys6 ,the last call seemed to fill the lane with children4 ,they might have come down from the trees1 or up from the earth1 for all ,dick could tell2 but at the sound of ,carl's voice the place was alive--big boys and little boys1 great girls and small girls1 all round and fat1 brown-eyed and yellow-haired1 with all manner of greetings1 gathered around the travellers1 eagerly drew their baggage from their hands1 and with baskets1 bags1 bundles1 and curtain-rods1 made a grand triumphal procession before them1 shouting1 laughing1 pushing against each other1 the big ones stumbling over the little ones1 and yet nobody hurt4 ,a few steps more and a rustic gate was opened and some one came and stood under the archway of evergreen branches1 intertwined with some drooping vines4 ,she was facing the ,west1 looking down the lane1 shading her eyes with her hand1 although the sun was almost down4 ,just for a moment she stood in the bright sunset glow1 under the green archway1 shading her brown eyes from the light1 looking down the shadowy lane2 and1 as she so stood1 she seemed a very fair and graceful girl indeed4 ,an instant more and the children1 in the importance of their mission as baggage-carriers1 pushed past her1 and she retreated with them toward the house4 ,come1 ,rose6 ,here we are6 called ,carl to her4 ,and she turned and met them as they reached the gate4 ,you are welcome1 she said to ,dick when he was introduced at the gate4 ,you are welcome1 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 coming toward them from the porch4 ,you are welcome1 repeated ,mrs4 ,alaine1 at the door4 ,and ,dick had not a word of answer to any one of them4 ,they were to him as grand as princesses and as gracious as queens1 as they came forth to receive him and bid him welcome to their little cottage2 and ,dick was not used to courts or to queens and princesses1 so he could only bow and shake the hands so cordially extended to him4 ,i am afraid my hero was not at all happy for the first few minutes that he sat on the stoop between ,mrs4 ,stoffs and ,mrs4 ,alaine1 not knowing what answer to make to even their simplest remark1 and that he was much relieved when they joined their voices to the hubbub the children were making around ,carl4 ,such shyness as ,dick's is very painful to the spectators1 as well as to the embarrassed one2 but1 then1 there's this to be said about it1 when it is once entirely conquered it never can come back again1 and ,i fancy there are some very nice people in the world1 now very self-possessed and perfectly well-bred1 who would give much to feel again the awkwardness and embarrassment which1 once upon a time1 caused them such keen annoyance4 #ecd ,the women pitied ,dick1 but liked him none the less for the color that would come into his face and the hesitation of his replies2 but their feeling for the stranger was greater than any pleasure to themselves1 and so it was not long before they went into the house with the declared intention of getting tea4 ,but going into the house was not going away altogether1 for the room which served for parlor1 library1 sitting-room1 dining-room1 and all1 had a low window opening on the stoop1 and ,carl and ,dick could see them well1 and speak1 if they chose1 without raising their voices1 as they went-back and forth from the table to the closet1 and from the closet to the table1 not to mention innumerable visits to ,carl's basket1 which seemed a pantry in itself4 ,the children ran in and out1 and one jolly little one1 called ,trot1 who was as round as a dumpling1 and was too young to be shy for very long1 informed ,dick she was glad he had come1 for they were to have sweet-cakes for tea4 ,occasionally ,rose would come and stand at the window and say something to tease ,uncle ,carl1 who was not slow to give her as good as he got4 ,thus gradually ,dick became more at ease1 and began to distinguish a difference in the tones of the children's voices1 and to take note of the strange ,sunday-like stillness which1 except for the merry noises in the house1 was complete1 and1 to him1 wonderful4 ,i think a tea-table is one of the nicest sights in the world4 ,if there is a grain of poetry in a woman1 and ,i believe that there is no woman without a grain of poetry in her1 it will surely1 mark my words1 however rough and prosaic she may be1 come out about tea-time4 ,that was a very pretty tea-table at which ,dick took his place that evening2 there was no silver nor ,china1 and there was1 perhaps1 too great an abundance of good things2 but it startled ,dick1 and ,i contend that it was nice and pretty1 if only for the reason that it had a clean table-cloth1 a bunch of flowers1 and every dish in its proper place4 ,mrs4 ,alaine1 who was only a feminine edition of her brother ,carl1 sat at the head of the table1 in a clean calico dress1 with a white collar and a blue ribbon4 ,she had a child on each side of her1 whose glee1 at the prospect of sweet-cakes and peaches 7out of ,carl's basket7 after they had eaten their bread and butter1 she tried to moderate with a smiling1 ,hush1 children6 ,what will ,mr4 ,heremore think of you8 ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 who had also a round flat face1 and was dressed in a clean calico1 with white collar and a knot of pink ribbons1 ,dick had seen many times before1 and dearly loved the good humor that bubbled all over her face whenever she spoke4 ,she also had a child on each side of her1 whose audible whispers about the good things coming she answered and mysteriously increased by promises of the same again another day4 ,but opposite ,dick was a face that was not round nor especially good-humored2 for the two children under charge of ,rose were the least repressible of the whole flock1 and they tried her slender stock of patience sorely2 especially1 as she said afterward to her mother1 with many blushes and half crying at the recollection1 as they would say such things right before the strange gentleman6 ,rose had a pretty blue muslin1 with a tiny bit of lace around the neck1 for her raiment1 and there was a something red1 green1 brown1 blue1 pink1 or yellow1 that fluttered here and there before ,dick's eyes whenever she moved to help the children1 or turned her young face1 with its flitting colors1 toward him4 #ece ,but whether it were a ribbon1 or a blush1 or the hue of her hair1 or an aureole around her head1 and whether it were no color at all1 or all colors together1 or a rainbow out of the clouds1 ,i do not think ,dick had1 for one moment1 a definite idea--at least1 while it was flitting before his eyes4 ,after tea1 ,carl took out his pipe1 and settled into his big chair on the porch2 and the children1 having got somewhat over their awe of the stranger1 volunteered to take him down the lane1 and show him where there had been a robin's nest last spring1 an expedition1 however1 that was vetoed by ,carl on the ground that you couldn't see even a robin's nest in the dark4 ,then ,rose came out to tease ,uncle ,carl again2 but1 forgetting her purpose1 stood where the light from within seemed to set her in glory1 like the angels in pictures2 and by and by1 it came about1 no one knew how1 that her shrine was vacant1 and she1 a very nice little girl with her hands in the pockets--very impracticable pockets they were--of her muslin apron1 was telling ,dick1 with the children as prompters and commentators1 the full particulars of the finding of the robin's nest1 and what work she had had to keep the children from bringing sorrow and dismay to the hearts of the parent robins by stealing away their little ones4 ,then1 as the moon rose1 there was no reason why the children should not take ,dick down the lane to show to him the tree where the nest had been2 and then it was needful that he should know just how far it was from sister ,rose's window1 and yet how quickly1 on hearing the shouts of rejoicing1 she had come to ,mrs4 ,robin's assistance4 ,then it was so funny to see a man who had never climbed a tree1 that it was needful two or three should go up one to show how it is done4 ,then1 too1 there were lightning-bugs by the million around them1 and as ,dick had never seen anything like them1 unless it was fire-crackers on ,fourth of ,july night1 they had to catch several for his investigation4 ,when ,rose told how those little things are really the people of the forest1 who are so timid they do not dare to come out in the daytime1 but do all their praying by night1 and have always been good friends to children1 showing them their way home when lost1 and driving away the ghosts that would frighten the wanderers1 then the children opened their brown hands and let them fly away1 promising never to make prisoners of them again4 ,and so1 though ,dick still felt strange and shy1 it was not in such an unpleasant way as when he sat on the porch trying to answer ,mrs4 ,alaine and ,mrs4 ,stoffs when they spoke to him4 ,when1 at last1 he closed his eyes that night1 he was half ready to admit that the country might almost be the enchanted land some people had made it out to be4 ---------- #ecf ,letter ,apostolic ,of ,our ,holy ,father ,the ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,to ,all ,protestants ,and ,other ,non-catholics4 ,to ,all ,protestants ,and ,other ,non-,catholics1 ,pius ,,ix41 ,pope3 ,you already know that ,we1 having been elevated1 notwithstanding our unworthiness1 to this ,chair of ,peter1 and therefore invested with the supreme government and guardianship of the whole ,catholic ,church by ,christ our ,lord1 have judged it reasonable to summon to ,us ,our ,venerable ,brethren the ,bishops of the whole earth1 and to unite them together1 to celebrate1 next year1 an ,o,ecumenical ,council2 so that in concert with these our ,venerable brethren who are called to share in our cares1 we may take those steps which seem most opportune and necessary1 to disperse the darkness of the numerous pestilential errors which everywhere rage to the increasing overthrow and the intoxication of many souls2 and also to confirm and increase daily more and more among the ,christian people entrusted to our watchfulness the dominion of true ,faith1 ,justice1 and the ,peace of ,god4 ,confidently relying on the close ties and most loving union which in so marked a way unite to ,ourselves and to this ,holy ,see these our ,venerable ,brethren1 who1 through all the time of our ,supreme ,pontificate1 have never failed to give to ,ourselves and this ,holy ,see the clearest tokens of their love and veneration2 ,we have the firm hope that this ,o,ecumenical ,council1 summoned by ,us at this time1 will produce1 by the inspirations of ,divine ,grace1 as other ,general ,councils in past ages have done1 abundant fruits of benediction1 to the greater glory of ,god1 and the eternal salvation of men4 ,sustained by this hope1 and roused and urged by the love of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who gave his life for the whole human race1 ,we cannot restrain ,ourselves1 on the occasion of the future ,council1 from addressing our ,apostolic and paternal words to all those who1 whilst they acknowledge the same ,jesus ,christ as the ,redeemer1 and glory in the name of ,christian1 yet do not profess the true faith of ,christ or hold to and follow the ,communion of the ,catholic ,church4 ,and we do this to warn1 and conjure1 and beseech them with all the warmth of our zeal and in all charity1 that they may consider and seriously examine whether they follow the path marked out for them by ,jesus ,christ our ,lord1 and which leads to ,eternal ,salvation4 ,no one can deny or doubt that ,jesus ,christ himself1 in order to apply the fruits of his redemption to all generations of men1 built his only church in this world on ,peter2 that is to say1 the ,church1 ,one1 ,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolic2 and that he gave him all the power necessary to preserve the deposit of ,faith whole and inviolable1 and to teach the same ,faith to all kindreds1 and peoples1 and nations2 so that all men who through baptism become members of his mystical body1 and of that new life of grace1 without which no one can ever attain to life eternal1 may always be preserved and perfected in them2 and this church1 which is his mystical ,body1 may always in its own nature remain firm and immovable to the consummation of ages1 that it may flourish1 and supply to all its children all the means of ,salvation4 ,now1 whoever will carefully examine and reflect upon the condition of the various religious societies divided among themselves1 and separated from the ,catholic ,church1 which from the days of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ and his ,apostles has ever exercised1 by its lawful pastors1 and still does exercise1 the divine power committed to it by this same ,lord2 will easily satisfy himself that none of these societies1 singly nor all together1 are in any way or form that one ,catholic ,church which our ,lord founded and built1 and which he chose should be2 and that he cannot1 by any means1 say that these societies are members or parts of that ,church1 since they are visibly separated from catholic unity4 #ecg ,for such like societies1 being destitute of that living authority established by ,god1 which especially teaches men what is of ,faith1 what the rule of morals1 and guides them in everything that relates to eternal life1 are always varying in their doctrines1 and this changing and instability is increasing4 ,every one therefore must perfectly understand1 and clearly and evidently see1 that such societies are distinctly opposite to the church instituted by our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 for in that church truth must always continue firm and inaccessible to change1 so as to preserve absolutely inviolate the deposit confided to her1 for the guardianship of which the presence and aid of the ,holy ,ghost has been1 promised to her for ever4 ,every one also knows that from these divergent doctrines and opinions1 social schisms have had their birth1 which have again generated within themselves sects and communions without number1 which spread themselves continually to the great injury of ,christian and civil society4 ,indeed1 whoever observes that religion is the foundation of human society1 must perceive and confess the great influence which this division of principles1 this opposition1 this strife of religious societies among themselves1 must have on civil society1 and with what force this denial of the authority established by ,god1 to determine the belief of the human mind1 and direct the actions of men as well in private as in social life1 has fostered1 spread1 and supported those deplorable changes of times and circumstances1 those troubles which at this day overwhelm and afflict almost all peoples4 ,let all those1 then1 who do not profess the unity and truth of the ,catholic ,church1 avail themselves of the opportunity of this ,council1 in which the ,catholic ,church1 to which their forefathers belonged1 affords a new proof of her close unity and her invincible vitality1 and let them satisfy the longings of their hearts1 and liberate themselves from that state in which they cannot be assured of their own salvation4 ,let them unceasingly offer fervent prayers to the ,god of ,mercy1 that he will throw down the wall of separation1 that he will scatter the darkness of error1 and that he will lead them back to the ,holy ,mother ,church1 in whose bosom their fathers found the salutary pastures of life1 in whom alone the whole doctrine of ,jesus ,christ is preserved and handed down1 and the mysteries of heavenly grace dispensed4 ,for ,ourself1 to whom the same ,christ our ,lord has entrusted the charge of the supreme ,apostolic ministry1 and who must1 therefore1 fulfil with the greatest zeal all the functions of a good ,pastor1 and love with a paternal love1 and embrace in our charity all men1 wherever dispersed over the earth1 ,we address this letter to all ,christians separated from ,us1 and ,we again exhort and conjure them quickly to return to the one fold of ,christ4 ,for ,we ardently desire their salvation in ,jesus ,christ1 and ,we fear to have one day to render account to him who is our ,judge1 if ,we do not show them1 and if we do not give them1 as far as is in our power1 the sure means to know the way which leads to eternal salvation4 ,in all our prayers1 beseeching and giving thanks1 we cease not1 day or night1 to ask earnestly and humbly for them1 of the ,eternal ,pastor of souls1 the abundance of light and heavenly grace4 ,and since1 notwithstanding our unworthiness1 ,we are his ,vicar upon ,earth1 with outstretched hands ,we wait1 in the most ardent desire1 the return of our erring sons to the ,catholic ,church1 so that ,we may receive them with love into the mansion of our ,heavenly ,father1 and enrich them with his unspeakable treasures4 ,on this longed-for return to the truth and unity of the ,catholic ,church depends not only the salvation of individuals1 but still more ,christian society2 the whole world cannot enjoy true peace unless it becomes one ,fold under one ,shepherd4 ,given at ,st4 ,peter's1 in ,rome1 the #acth day of ,september1 #ahfh1 and the twenty-third year of our ,pontificate4 ,the remarks which follow are extracted from ,the ,london ,saturday ,review3 ,the ,pope ,and ,the ,general ,council4 ,we read the ,pope's ,address to all ,protestants and non-,catholics at some disadvantage4 ,it reaches us only through a ,french version1 furnished to the ,moniteur1 and published in that journal of ,monday4 ,and we may1 in the first place1 complain to ,his ,holiness of the slovenly and parsimonious way in which he discharges the function so dear to him4 ,he expatiates on his zeal for all ,christian souls1 and he is assured that he shall have to give account for us all at the ,great ,day4 ,he1 the ,good ,shepherd--such is his title1 and we ought perhaps to write it1 ,his1 entrusted to him by ,christ ,himself our ,lord--is bound by the charge of his ,supreme ,apostolic ,ministry to embrace in his paternal charity all men in the whole world1 and therefore he addresses this letter to all ,christians separated from him4 ,so lofty a purpose might have justified some care in carrying it out4 ,but what has ,his ,holiness done that his epistle should reach his erring people8 ,does he expect that the whole human race is bound to read the ,government journal of ,rome8 ,is his conscience satisfied that his tremendous responsibility is fulfilled by the cheap and easy method of publishing his behests in an obscure newspaper1 and leaving to those most concerned to find out1 as they can1 what so nearly concerns their eternal salvation1 through the medium of unauthorized versions and newspaper reports8 #ech ,this is the difficulty of a ,vicar of ,christ who has heavenly functions to discharge1 and only human means to work with4 ,as it is quite certain1 as things stand1 that the awful words which concern the immortal destinies of every human being who names the name of ,christ will not reach one in a hundred thousand of them1 it seems to follow that if the ,pope has these duties toward all mankind1 he ought to have been entrusted with an archangelic trumpet to address himself to so very large an audience4 ,it is a sad come-down from the appeal urbi et orbi to have to hoist it up in a penny ,dublin paper4 ,who knows how many the ,pope would not influence if he would be at the trouble of addressing us by some such mundane instrumentality as the penny post8 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 for example2 has he1 as courtesy would seem to require1 received in any authoritative way this communication from ,rome1 or heaven1 or wherever it was indited8 ,we say it with all respect1 that the ,pope's address was calculated not so much to attract as to repel4 ,he does not condescend to argue2 although he assures us that we are enveloped in a cloud of error1 he is at no pains to dissipate it2 with a bold petitio princitii he sonorously assumes the very point at issue--the point1 be it added1 at issue not only between him and his bishops on the one hand1 and the imposing ranks of the vast oriental church1 our own church1 and the vast ,protestant communities of ,europe and ,america1 on the other1 but the point which has been most keenly debated by the theologians and canonists of the western obedience4 ,the ,pope's address rests upon one1 and upon only one1 huge assumption4 ,it is that the ,pope1 in his single capacity as monarch and autocrat of the church1 advanced to the supreme government of the whole ,catholic ,church1 has the inherent right of prescribing the faith of the church2 that he is the one and supreme legislator as well as administrator4 ,this is what even the church of ,rome has not yet formally decreed1 even by the easy method which a few years ago decreed the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,ultra-montanism--or1 in other words1 and to express it generally1 the personal infallibility and supreme authority of the pope--is not yet de fide4 ,but this is what the ,pope assumes2 and it is most likely as a step toward what it is understood will be the next ,roman development of doctrine1 and probably the end aimed at in summoning this so-called oecumenical council that the ,pope1 in his letter1 takes up the position of autocrat4 ,he addresses us1 but it is only to assist his next move as regards his own subjects1 and to help to settle the vexed question which his predecessors have found to be so inconvenient when denied by ,bossuet1 ,de ,marca1 ,van ,espen1 and the ,doctors of the ,sorbonne1 to say nothing of the ,councils of ,constance and ,basle4 ,in the mean time let us see what it is the ,pope in his exuberant charity offers us4 ,it is1 we regret to say1 extremely little4 ,he bids us stay at home and pray to be united2 at least we hope that he goes as far as this4 ,but as he cannot count much upon the efficacy of the prayers of obstinate heretics1 it would be perhaps nearer to the truth if we said that all that the ,pope has to say is to invite us to return to his fold4 ,the ,vatican ,eirenicon is of the simplest--no conditions1 no explanations1 no discussion of difficulties1 no healing of wounds1 no solemn canvassing of controversies1 no arguments4 ,return first1 and discuss afterward1 when there is nothing to discuss4 ,might we venture to hint to ,archbishop ,manning who is polite enough to consider the present attitude of the ,church of ,england toward ,pius ,,ix4 as exactly similar to the state of things as between ,gregory ,i4 and the ,pagans and ,goths and ,arians of his time--that even ,arius got a hearing1 and was allowed his say8 ,not so with us4 ,there is a controversy between ,rome and those whom ,rome calls non-,catholics1 as to the1 not primacy1 but exclusive autocracy of the ,see of ,rome4 ,there is only one way of deciding it--rix est ubi tu pulsas1 ego vapulo tantum4 ,all that we have to do is to be kicked1 and submit4 ,this is good schoolmaster's language2 but1 as far as we remember1 it is not the old way of dealing with even heresy and schism4 ,the huge series of councils might have been reduced to a single and very portable volume1 had this mode of settling controversy been the church's old and compendious method4 ,one misunderstanding1 or misrepresentation1 it seems to be well at once to remove4 ,the ,westminster ,gazette--writing1 we hope1 without having read the ,pope's address speaks of it as an invitation to those to whom it is addressed to repair to the ,o,ecumenical ,council of #ahfi1 adding that the church will ever be ready to offer explanations1 and to labor to remove obstacles to reunion4 ,this is just what the ,pope does not do4 ,he does not invite non-,catholics1 either in any corporate or private capacity1 to repair to ,rome4 ,he simply says that he will pray for them1 and bids them be reconciled4 #eci ,invitation there is none2 offers of explanation there are none4 ,we are seriously to lay to heart our condition1 and give it up4 ,we are invited to conform1 and nothing else4 ,to the council neither our bishops nor pastors are asked4 ,and this is the more noticeable because the ,orientals are invited4 ,we raise our voice once more to you1 and with all the power of our soul we pray you1 we conjure you to come to this ,council1 as your ancestors came to the ,council of ,lyons and to the ,council of ,florence4 ,such is ,his ,holiness's language to the ,oriental bishops1 as we find it in his ,apostolic letter of ,september #hth1 translated in the ,westminster ,gazette4 ,this ,florentine precedent will hardily be reassuring to the ,orientals2 and though1 after all1 the summons to them is substantially only what the summons to us is1 as the ,pope in either case takes up the same position--that of the exclusive supremacy of the ,see of ,peter1 and denies that the ,eastern bishops are really bishops till they have submitted to him--yet we must remind not only the ,westminster ,gazette but the ,univers1 that their statement that the ,pope has issued anything like an invitation to attend the council1 or rather his council1 to all those whose separation dates from the sixteenth century1 is simply untrue4 ,even if we had been asked1 and even were it announced that we should have ample liberty to state our case1 we say1 as ,laud said more than two centuries ago1 ,to what end freedom of speech1 since they are resolved to alter nothing8 ,the following report of the action of the ,new ,school ,presbyterian ,synod of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey we clip from the columns of one of the daily papers3 ,the ,presbyterians ,and ,the ,pope4 ,the following memorial and resolutions were presented by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,adams3 ,whereas1 ,the ,pope of ,rome1 called ,pius the ,ninth1 did1 on the #acth day of ,september1 in the year of our ,lord #ahfh1 issue a certain letter1 a proclamation addressed to all ,protestants and non-,catholics throughout the world1 the import of which is to unite and urge all persons and organizations thus designated to hasten to return to the only fold1 meaning the ,church of ,rome4 ,whereas1 ,the said ,pope in the said letter1 called paternal and apostolic1 has in an unwonted manner1 as if pleading at the bar of public opinion1 assigned several and various reasons for its preparation and publication4 ,whereas1 ,among the reasons so mentioned are the assertion of his own supremacy over the human conscience as the vicar of ,jesus1 and the authority to govern the persuasions of the human intellect and to direct the actions of men in private and social life1 as also this1 that the rejection of this authority and protest against it by so many has promoted and nourished those perturbations in human affairs1 in this our day1 which the said ,pope pronounces miserable and grievous1 but which must be regarded by every friend of his species as eminently hopeful and auspicious4 ,whereas1 ,all such claims and assertions on the part of the ,pope of ,rome are to the last degree unfounded in fact1 contrary to the truth1 reason1 ,scripture1 and the whole genius of ,christianity1 and1 if allowed1 would prove subversive to all human rights and liberties4 ,whereas1 ,recent movements1 especially in ,austria and ,spain1 nations long in subjection to the monstrous pretensions of the ,papacy1 command the prompt recognition1 sympathy1 and support of all friends of humanity1 freedom1 and religion throughout the land2 therefore1 be it ,resolved1 ,that the facts here recorded furnish and present a proper and fitting occasion for all ,protestant churches throughout ,christendom1 each in the mode which its own wisdom shall suggest1 to prepare and set forth for general distribution1 through the same channels which the ,pope himself has chosen1 a suitable response to his letter1 which response shall contain a statement of the reasons why his claims can in no wise be recognized1 as inconsistent with a catholicity more catholic than ,rome the authority of infallible ,scripture and the glorious supremacy of ,jesus ,christ4 ,resolved1 ,that a committee be appointed by the ,synod1 whose duty it shall be to consider the expediency of corresponding with other ,protestant bodies in this country and in ,europe as to the propriety of such timely action for the furtherance of free ,biblical ,protestant ,christianity4 ,resolved1 ,that it be referred to the same committee1 if they deem it wise1 to prepare and publish a reply to the said letter of the ,pope1 which shall be regarded as an expression of the sentiments of this ,synod concerning the matters therein contained as of vital importance to all civil and religious liberty throughout the world1 and to the salvation of the human race4 #edj ,it was suggested that a committee consisting of three ministers and three elders1 be appointed to carry out the objects of the resolutions4 ,dr4 ,cox wanted to see the committee larger4 ,it was an important subject1 and we want names on the document which will encourage our brothers in ,england and in all parts of ,europe4 ,the following committee was appointed to take the whole subject into consideration3 ,rev4 ,william ,adams1 ,d4,d41 ,rev4 ,henry ,b4 ,smith1 ,d4,d41 ,rev4 ,roswell ,d4 ,hitchcock1 ,d4,d41 ,rev4 ,jonathan ,f4 ,stearns1 ,d4,d41 ,rev4 ,edwin ,f4 ,hatfield1 ,d4,d41 ,rev4 ,samuel ,t4 ,spear1 ,d4,d41 ,rev4 ,george ,l4 ,prentiss1 ,d4,d41 ,hon4 ,william ,e4 ,dodge1 ,professor ,theodore ,w4 ,dwight1 ,,ll4,d41 ,hon4 ,daniel ,haines1 ,hon4 ,edward ,a4 ,lambert1 ,j4 ,b4 ,pinneo1 ,esq41 ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ,esq41 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 ,esq4 ,we subjoin another report of the action of the central authority of the ,evangelical ,church of ,prussia1 from ,the ,new ,york ,herald3 ,the ,berlin ,evangelical ,consistory ,on ,the ,pontifical ,letter4 ,the pastoral letter in connection with his oecumenical circular addressed by ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 to non-,catholic ,christians has roused ,prussian evangelic church authority4 ,the following circular has been addressed to its consistories3 ,an open letter of the #acth ult41 by the chief of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 is directed to all ,protestants1 thus including the members of our ,evangelical ,state ,church4 ,as this document contains1 besides unjust accusations1 many expressions of respect and kindness toward ,protestants1 we are ready and willing to consider it as a pledge of friendly and peaceable relations for the future between both confessions for the sake of the state and its citizens1 and for the efficiency and triumph of ,christian truth4 ,every sincere evangelic ,christian acknowledges the duty of loving other confessions and deplores the separation in the church1 especially among members of a common country4 ,but as the chief of another church undertakes in the said letter to demand1 with assumed authority1 from the members of ours a renunciation of their cherished creed1 founded upon the inviolable word of ,god1 and a retractation of evangelical truth won by the blessed ,reformation1 without offering on his part the least prospect of a reconciliation on the basis of evangelical truth1 we must decidedly reject his action as an unjustifiable trespass upon our church1 and in so doing we are sure of the agreement of all ,evangelicals4 ,an appeal to the members of our church not to heed this voice may be deemed unnecessary2 but it is proper to keep still more in mind1 opposed to such pretensions1 the numerous members of our persuasions who in the midst of ,roman ,catholicism are exposed to the temptations of infidelity toward the ,evangelical creed2 therefore1 to procure the means for preaching to them1 giving them the sacraments1 the ,evangelical school and pastoral care1 collections are directed soon to be made in all our churches4 ,the royal consistories will communicate this to the ministers of the dioceses1 who on the days of collection on the following ,sundays are to make proper mention of it to their congregations4 ,there was also an announcement in the papers that some sort of a letter to the ,pope was proposed by members of the late ,general ,convention of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 although we do not know what came of the affair eventually4 ,we must give justice to one portion of the comments of the ,saturday ,review1 namely1 that which refers to the publication of the pontifical letter4 ,it is a matter of great inconvenience to ,catholics throughout the world1 that the publication of important official documents at ,rome is so tardy and insufficient4 ,this is a defect which ought to be1 and we hope will be1 remedied4 ,we have not yet seen the ,latin text of the letter addressed by the ,sovereign ,pontiff to ,protestants1 and have been obliged to take a translation of it which is not remarkably well-executed1 and in which we have corrected forty-seven typographical errors1 from an ,english ,catholic newspaper4 ,the ,english translations of the grand and dignified pontifical documents which are sent forth by the ,holy ,see1 are generally wretched1 and make them appear to readers who are unacquainted with the originals in a very unfavorable light4 #eda ,it seems to us that it would have added very much to the effect of the ,holy ,father's paternal address to his erring and strayed children1 if authentic copies had been at once sent to all the bishops1 with a command to publish both the original ,latin text1 and also a translation authorized by themselves1 with their own official counter-signature appended1 for the benefit of all ,christians within their several dioceses4 ,as it is1 however1 the letter of the ,holy ,father has become very generally known through the indirect channel of the newspapers1 and has not failed to produce a great sensation4 ,it is just such an admonition as the head of the ,church1 who is conscious that his authority to teach the world is indubitable1 might be expected to issue4 ,it is in the style and manner which become the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ speaking to all the baptized1 who1 by virtue of their baptism1 are lawfully subject to his pastoral jurisdiction4 ,the ,pope speaks as one having authority1 and must necessarily do so1 just as our ,lord and the ,apostles did1 because he knows that he has authority1 and that the evidence of his authority is so plain and clear1 that at least all the educated pastors and teachers of the different ,christian sects are capable of perceiving it and bound to acknowledge it4 ,the ,saturday ,review complains that the ,pope does not argue on the subject1 or adduce reasons to convince those who reject his authority4 ,this is a most unreasonable objection4 ,how would it be possible1 within the limits of a brief letter1 to address arguments1 at length1 to all the hundred and one different sorts of ,protestants8 ,the letter is not destitute of that kind and amount of argument which are alone suitable in a document of the kind4 ,it appeals to the manifest fact that ,protestants are divided among a multitude of differing sects and doctrines1 without any principle of unity or certain criterion of truth2 whereas the ,catholic ,church1 in communion with the ,see of ,peter1 possesses that unity and universality which are the sure and evident marks of the presence of the ,holy ,spirit within her body1 leading her perpetually into all truth1 according to the promise of ,christ4 ,our ,lord1 when he demanded the obedience of faith under the peril of eternal damnation from all his hearers1 did not enter into long arguments4 ,he presented brief and simple reasons in an authoritative manner to his auditors1 and appealed to the evidences by which his divine mission was attested from heaven4 ,in like manner the ,holy ,father1 who is ,christ's vicegerent upon the earth1 affirms his own authority1 commands submission to his teaching1 and presents a simple1 obvious argument addressed to the reason and conscience of all men1 which they have the means of easily verifying if they will4 ,the affirmation of his authority1 and the command or exhortation to submit to it1 are not made gratuitously1 and do not rest upon a mere personal declaration of the ,pontiff1 to which men are to yield an assent which is blind1 unreasoning1 or destitute of solid motives4 ,the motives are not expressed explicitly and at length in the letter2 but they are appealed to as existing within the reach of those who are addressed1 and the claim of submission is based upon them4 ,the ,holy ,father speaks as the head of a communion embracing almost two thirds of all ,christendom1 which has existed in an unbroken continuity of doctrine and organization from remote antiquity1 with the entire united moral force of all the bishops1 doctors1 and saints of the church in the present and the past ages1 to back and support him4 ,he speaks to those whose ancestors acknowledged his authority1 and who have been severed from his communion by a violent revolution1 whose justification three centuries have not been able to establish2 but whose condemnation has been unmistakably pronounced by the disastrous results it has produced4 #edb ,he has1 therefore1 a prima-facie claim of prescription1 possession1 and general acknowledgment in his favor1 which gives an immense moral weight to his utterance4 ,moreover1 he speaks after having for three hundred years argued the whole case between himself and ,protestants in the most thorough and complete manner1 by the means of the theologians and writers of the ,catholic ,church1 whose works are accessible in all languages4 ,his bishops and priests are everywhere to be found1 ready to argue and explain the doctrines of the church for the benefit of all those who desire it4 ,at the council itself1 instructions and conferences in various languages will be given upon all the points of controversy by the ablest and most learned preachers of all nations1 and theologians will be ready to give private conferences to those who desire them4 ,it cannot be said1 therefore1 that the ,holy ,father shuts out inquiry1 argument1 or discussion2 for he does everything to invite and favor them1 and by his act in summoning a council1 and challenging the attention of the whole world1 throws open all the doors and windows of the church to the light of all the intelligence of ,christendom4 ,the reviewer complains1 moreover1 that the ,pope claims an authority above that which is admitted by a school of ,catholic theologians1 or even required by any formal pontifical decree to be acknowledged as of obligatory doctrine4 ,this is an utterly reckless and baseless assertion4 ,whatever may be the teaching of ,van ,espen1 ,von ,hontheim1 ,richer1 and other court canonists and lawyers1 whose erroneous and schismatical doctrine is condemned rejected in every ,catholic school1 ,bossuet1 ,de ,marca1 and all orthodox ,gallicans have always recognized and supported every whit of that authority which is affirmed or implied in the pontifical letter4 ,as for the schismatical ,orientals1 who are supposed to be aggrieved by the terms of the invitation which the ,pope has extended to them to attend the council1 they are forced1 in consistency with the doctrine they have evermore admitted1 to acknowledge the primacy of the ,roman ,pontiff1 and his right to call an oecumenical council4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 although some of the bishops of his synod are said to have favored the acceptance of the ,pope's invitation1 has refused even to receive the letter containing it4 ,the ,armenian ,patriarch will probably follow suit1 and the ,synod of ,st4 ,petersburg1 which is only a bureau of the imperial government1 will1 of course1 not only reject the invitation to the council in the most decisive manner1 but will put forth the entire political influence which ,russia possesses in the ,east to hinder the ,oriental prelates from attending4 ,this line of conduct1 however1 is totally inconsistent with the principles and professions of the ,eastern communions4 ,they all recognize the primacy of the ,roman bishop1 and his right to convoke a council4 ,they acknowledge that their separation from the ,western church is an abnormal condition1 and that all portions of ,christendom ought to be in unity4 ,their refusal to attend the council will therefore be a condemnation of themselves1 and will manifest most clearly the schismatical spirit by which they are actuated4 ,it may be said that the terms on which they are invited are such that they cannot attend4 #edc ,the gist of this excuse is1 that the ,pope demands a submission to his supremacy which they cannot admit4 ,this1 however1 does not really excuse them4 ,admit1 for the sake of argument1 that the ,roman ,church has usurped a supremacy which does not belong to it1 and is really to blame for the existing schism4 ,they are invited to attend the council and sit in it as bishops4 ,if they are confident of the justice of their cause1 why do not they embrace the opportunity to send their patriarchs1 metropolitans1 and fifty or a hundred of their principal bishops1 together with their most learned archimandrites and theologians1 and the diplomatic representatives of ,russia and ,greece1 who may argue their cause before the council and in presence of all ,christendom4 ,if they had any moral force at all1 now would be the opportunity to show it4 ,but they have none1 and therefore they dare not go1 and by their open manifestation of cowardice and utter recklessness of the common good of ,christendom1 they will give a death-blow to their own cause4 ,the ,pope is blamed for not having invited the ,protestant bishops to attend the council4 ,it is impossible for him to invite them1 because it is impossible for him to recognize their episcopal character4 ,the ,orientals themselves would not sit with them in council as fellow-bishops4 ,their claim even to an exterior succession is so extremely doubtful that at the highest it has only probability in its favor4 ,aside from all question1 moreover1 concerning the alleged fact of ,parker's consecration by ,barlow1 and of the consecration of ,barlow himself1 the essential defect of form in the ,english ordinal of ,queen ,elizabeth must prevent the recognition of any true episcopal succession in the ,protestant ,episcopal ,churches4 ,this is no reason1 however1 why the ,protestant bishops should not make an attempt to gain a hearing and present their claim before the council4 ,they cannot be admitted to the council as bishops1 but they might1 and no doubt would1 be received with courtesy and urbanity as distinguished personages1 and as representatives of some millions of baptized ,christians4 ,do they believe themselves to be a portion of the ,catholic episcopate8 ,one of their most learned divines1 ,palmer1 to say nothing of many others1 acknowledges that the ,roman ,bishop1 when he is in communion with the whole ,catholic ,church1 is the centre of unity and the presiding bishop of all ,christendom4 ,why1 then1 do they not depute a large body of their number to go to the council1 attended by their most learned theologians1 and ask for a hearing8 ,nothing could give them a better chance of manifesting the full strength of their position1 and bringing into the light all the justice there is in their cause1 than such a demonstration as this1 if they only had courage1 independence1 and concert of action enough to make it4 ,we would say the same of other ,protestant communions making no pretension to any ,episcopal succession4 ,they very generally profess a desire for union among ,christians4 ,surely there must be some basis upon which this union is possible4 ,those who profess that ,jesus ,christ has established a religion1 given a revelation1 taught a doctrine and way of salvation1 must admit that there is some way of ascertaining with certainty what ,christianity really is1 and refuting the claims of every kind of pseudo-,christianity4 ,why can they not make a bold and generous effort1 then1 to bring the matter to a test1 send their representatives to ,rome1 and try to have at least some beginning of a conference respecting the cause of dissension and disunion8 #edd ,we are glad to see the action taken by the ,presbyterians of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey and the ,evangelicals of ,berlin4 ,we could have wished that the former had exhibited equal courtesy and amenity in their language with the latter4 ,however1 we let that pass4 ,what we desire above all things is1 that attention should be drawn to the letter of the ,holy ,father1 and to the great and vital matters which it presents4 ,our ,protestant brethren can do us1 in this respect1 a much greater service than we can do ourselves4 ,their resolutions1 replies1 discussions1 and indignant denials of the authority of the successor of ,peter only bring before the minds of the multitude more distinctly and universally the claim which he makes to be heard and reverenced as the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,this is precisely what we desire4 ,we do not ask1 and the ,holy ,father has never demanded1 that those who are separated from his communion should submit to his authority without having just and adequate reasons presented before their minds4 ,we ask only that they lay aside their inherited prejudices1 and that animosity which is their result2 examine1 inquire1 and weigh calmly1 with a pure desire to know the truth1 and with prayer to ,god1 the evidence of the supreme authority bequeathed to the ,roman ,pontiff by ,st4 ,peter1 the ,prince of the ,apostles4 ,it is idle to pretend that the claims of the ,roman ,see are unworthy of a hearing1 and can be set aside by a simple denial4 ,there is no other human being except the ,pope who has the slightest claim to call himself the ,father of all the faithful1 or who would dream of doing it4 ,whoever should attempt it would receive no attention1 but would be disregarded as an idiot4 ,no church1 even1 however large its numbers1 can gain any general attention to its pretensions of possessing that doctrine and polity which are truly apostolic1 or its invitations to the rest of ,christendom to conform to its peculiar type of ,christianity4 ,the ,pope alone compels the attention of the world when he speaks4 ,the emphatic protests which his majestic and paternal admonitions to all ,christians to return to the fold of unity call forth1 are themselves witnesses to the immense power which he possesses as the successor of ,st4 ,peter and the heir of that promise which was made by ,jesus ,christ3 ,thou art ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i will build my church2 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it3 and ,i will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven2 whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven1 and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven4 ,there is no humiliation in being admonished and instructed by the voice of one who is the inheritor of such a promise1 or in being invited to return under the guidance of such a majestic and ancient pastoral authority4 ,it is not in the spirit of pride or disdain that we urge upon our fellow-,christians the duty of returning to the bosom of the ,mother ,church4 ,we ardently desire that they may be our brethren1 united with us in faith and fellowship1 sharers with us in the glorious privilege of ,catholic communion1 and in the noble work of propagating ,christianity throughout the world4 ,we desire to judge as favorably as possible of the motives and intentions of those who1 with mistaken zeal1 repulse the earnest and paternal exhortations of the ,father of ,christendom1 and trust that when they have more calmly and thoroughly investigated the grounds of their separation1 many of them will obey the voice of truth and conscience1 and retrace the path which led their ancestors away from the doctrine and fold of the successor of ,st4 ,peter4 #ede ,we are not sanguine enough to expect that the approaching ,council of the ,vatican will be followed by the immediate and universal return of all ,christians to ,catholic unity4 ,we have no doubt1 however1 that it will mark a great epoch in ecclesiastical and human history1 and1 like the ,council of ,trent1 will inaugurate a new period of progression and triumph for the church4 ,to what extent the separated ,christians of the ,east and ,west will become reconciled to the ,catholic ,church1 we will not venture to predict2 but we will hazard a prophecy that within the next half-century the great mass of those who are not reabsorbed into catholicity will have melted away into some form of infidelity1 or have been swept up by some new false religion which is openly anti-,christian4 ,what course the body of the ,protestant clergy will take remains to be seen2 but if they are not wise enough to anticipate and lead the movement which must inevitably bring back the most religious portion of their people to the unity of the ,see of ,st4 ,peter1 they will be left behind by it1 and will ere long find themselves without flocks and without churches4 ---------- ,sonnet 7,,xiii47 ,from ,the ,vita ,nuova ,of ,dante ,alighieri4 ,so gentle seems my lady and so pure ,when she greets any one1 that scarce the eye ,such modesty and brightness can endure1 ,and the tongue1 trembling1 falters in reply4 ,she hears2 but heeds not1 people praise her worth-- ,some in their speech1 and many with a pen-- ,but meekly moves1 as if sent down to earth ,to show another miracle to men6 ,and such a pleasure from her presence grows ,on him who gazeth1 while she passeth by-- ,a sense of sweetness that no mortal knows ,who hath not felt it--that the soul's repose ,is woke to worship1 and a spirit flows ,forth from her face that seems to whisper1 ,sigh6 ,t4 ,w4 ,p4 ---------- #edf ,christmas ,gifts4 ,a pleasantly-furnished parlor1 looking out upon noble trees and gray shrubbery4 ,within1 books1 pictures1 portfolios1 and a superb piano4 ,at the piano a lovely girl of twenty summers1 whose face1 figure1 and fair white hands give token that no care1 or sorrow1 or labor has ever reached her4 ,a footfall on the piazza startles her2 the bell rings1 and is answered4 ,george6 ,isabel6 ,and in another moment brother and sister are locked in each other's arms4 ,he put her from him a little1 and looked in her face4 ,you are more than ever ,bella1 he said1 while two or three times he kissed her fair forehead4 ,how is my mother8 ,didn't ,i hear some strains of ,mozart's ',twelfth' as ,i came into the gate8 ,yes1 ,i was just playing the ,agnus ,dei4 ,mother is nicely2 and ,i was enjoying my music immensely2 for it is the first day in two or three weeks that ,i have been allowed to touch the piano4 ,why8 ,because mother has been so sick4 ,don't look so frightened2 she is quite well now4 ,did you know you had a little sister up-stairs8 ,no1 indeed6 he exclaimed1 with an expression of delight1 at which ,isabel laughed again1 while she went on to say3 ,mother was so nervous1 and so excited by the storms and shipwrecks that the papers were full of1 that for nights and nights she did not sleep at all1 and the doctor was afraid she would die or lose her reason2 but for some time past she has slept1 and now she seems quite recovered4 ,let us go to her--can ,i go up8 ,just then a little girl of six years came into the room1 with wide expectant eyes1 and1 ,mother says-- ,ah6 little one1 said the young man caressingly1 do you remember brother ,george8 ,yes1 indeed ,i do4 ,then give me a hug1 said he1 folding her in his arms1 and then releasing her4 ,it is a long time since you saw me4 ,i should not wonder if you had forgotten me4 ,but ,i have not forgotten you2 and mother says1 she went on1 dancing up and down in great glee1 if it's brother ,george1 you're to come right up-stairs2 only you mustn't make a noise for the sake of the baby4 ,what did you bring me8 ,if you have a baby1 you ought not to expect me to bring you anything4 ,isn't the baby enough8 ,she smiled rather doubtfully1 and trotted on before them up-stairs4 ,isabel1 said ,george1 wait a minute4 ,then1 as if something in his sister's face failed to invite the meditated confidence1 he asked1 as they slowly ascended the stairs1 their hands locked1 ,is ,philip here8 ,no2 he will not be here till next ,monday--the ,monday before ,christmas4 ,and you are to be married-- ,on ,christmas eve2 how glad ,i am you've come6 ,is my father well8 ,yes2 he will be so sorry not to have met you at the wharf2 but he had to go to ,w---- on ,thursday1 and will not be home till evening4 #edg ,they entered ,mrs4 ,hartland's room1 and the son1 so hardly parted from1 so anxiously and long expected1 was pressed to his mother's heart4 ,my darling boy1 you are indeed a ,christmas gift4 ,yes1 dear mother1 we ought to have been back long ago2 sometimes ,i was afraid ,i should never get back to you4 ,besides that hurricane off the ,cape1 which obliged us to put in for repairs1 we have had very heavy weather since we crossed the line4 ,but ,i have accomplished the business father sent me to do1 thank ,god1 and am with you all once more4 ,are ,mary and ,fanny well8 ,yes1 they have gone out to buy ,christmas presents1 and ,robert with them4 ,and ,charlie8 ,is spending a few days with ,aunt ,ellen1 and will come back with them on ,monday for the wedding and for ,christmas4 ,o mother dear6 said ,isabel1 whom was your letter from8 ,from ,aunt ,ann4 ,they are all well1 and are coming on ,monday4 ,and ,lucy and ,jane8 ,yes4 ,but1 my darling mother1 exclaimed ,george1 with a look of distress1 you will be perfectly worn out with all this company4 ,mother has nothing to do with that1 said ,isabel2 we take care of that4 ,if mother takes care of the baby1 that is all we expect of her2 and ,mrs4 ,reilly is to stay till ,philip and ,i are off4 ,and how is this dear little ,christmas present8 said ,george1 stooping tenderly over the sleeping infant4 ,lovely1 said his mother1 smiling4 ,as lovely1 said ,isabel1 with a slight laugh1 as such little nuisances ever are4 ,why1 ,bella dear1 don't you love her8 asked ,george4 ,oh6 yes1 to be sure1 ,i love her2 but ,i don't see the use of her2 nobody wants her4 ,i beg your pardon1 dear1 ,i want her1 interrupted her mother4 ,oh6 yes1 mother1 ,i don't mean that2 ,i know you want her1 and ,i am sure ,i am glad you have her2 only ,i mean to say that she has chosen to come at the most inconvenient time possible1 as babies always do2 and that there is no place here for a baby1 and that she deranges everything2 and turns the whole house upside down2 and ,i think babies are a nuisance2 and then ,kate is six years old1 and we had no right to expect any more babies2 and there were enough of us without her2 and ,i am just going to be married1 and it all seems so odd and queer4 ,mother laughed1 and seemed to think it not at all odd and queer1 nor yet did she take to heart ,isabel's repugnances2 but ,george said musingly3 ,and yet you are going to be married yourself next week8 ,that is precisely why it is such a nuisance1 said ,isabel4 ,would there have been enough of us without her1 said her mother1 if brother ,george had never come back1 as for so long a time we feared he would not8 ,there are never enough of us without ,george1 replied ,isabel1 reddening1 partly from vexation1 and partly from the consciousness that the brother1 of whom she was so fond and proud1 was regarding her1 she really did not know why1 with something like surprise and disappointment4 ,just then the baby stirred1 woke1 was taken up1 admired1 discussed1 and caressed1 and in the midst of a consultation as to what her name should be1 a noise of feet and voices was heard in the hall below4 #edh ,by a mutual instinct that mothers room should be spared the disturbance of too noisy greetings1 the young people ran down-stairs4 ,there were tender embraces on the part of the girls1 more vehement and tumultuous ones from ,bob1 and confused cries of1 ,are we not glad to see you6 and ,how long you staid6 and ,we thought you would never come back6 with ,i was in danger of never coming back2 and ,how you have grown6 and ,how pretty you are6 at which ,mary and ,fanny laughed and blushed4 ,i say1 old fellow1 cried ,bob1 hadn't you a terrible time8 were you frightened8 ,i hadn't time to be frightened1 returned ,george1 there was too much to do4 ,what could you do8 ,not so much as a sailor1 of course2 but every one can do something--every one who is cool and not afraid4 ,by ,jove6 but ,i should think 'twould be fun6 only ,i should be afraid2 ,i shouldn't like to go to the bottom4 ,no1 most of us would object to that4 ,i wish you wouldn't say 'by ,jove1' ,robert1 said ,isabel2 ,i wish you wouldn't take up expressions from your school-fellows that you never hear at home4 ,isabel isn't fond of foreign importations1 said ,fanny4 ,yes1 she is1 though1 retorted ,robert wisely1 what is she made of1 from top to toe1 but foreign importations8 ,amid the general laugh which followed this thrust1 ,mrs4 ,hartland's voice was heard at the head of the stairs3 ,fanny6 brother ,george will want to go to his room2 is it ready for him8 ,yes1 mother1 it is all ready2 ,i will go and see4 ,you will have plenty of time1 ,george2 for dinner is half an hour later to-day1 on account of father4 ,not long after this1 there was a thundering rap at ,george's door1 which opened and admitted his youngest brother1 a lad of ten years4 ,why1 ,charlie1 boy1 he exclaimed1 as the lithe little fellow sprang into his arms1 ,i didn't expect you2 ,i thought you weren't coming till ,monday4 ,no1 ,i wasn't2 but father saw by the paper that the ship was in1 and ,i told ,aunt ,ellen ,i couldn't stay any longer4 ,you've grown a head taller since ,i saw you4 ,i should think ,i'd had time enough to grow2 how long have you been gone8 ,fourteen months2 but let's go down and see father4 ,but1 ,george1 said the little boy1 looking round the room1 do let me come back and chum with you now4 ,i've slept with ,robert ever since you went away1 and ,i like it very well with ,robert1 but ,i'd rather come back to you1 mayn't ,i8 ,certainly you shall1 if mother and ,robert agree to it4 ,and ,charlie made one leap to the first landing1 another to the second1 and with a third bound reached his father's door4 ,a gay party assembled at dinner4 ,mother came down for the first time1 to honor her boy's return4 ,mr4 ,hartland said a long1 earnest grace1 thanking ,god for the bounties spread before them less than for the return of the long-absent1 and for their joyful reunion4 ,the girls were looking their prettiest1 the boys full of glee4 ,all being more talkative than hungry1 they discussed home affairs1 family affairs1 the voyage1 the tropics1 and ,valparaiso1 until ,charlie1 tired of his chair1 pushed it back1 and began turning summersets over the floor1 by way of digesting his dinner4 #edi ,a general move followed2 father and ,george exchanged a few sentences on business matters in a low voice to which nobody listened1 and the young man left the room4 ,presently he returned with a bulky envelope1 which he gave his father1 saying3 ,there are the papers1 sir2 ,i think you will find the whole matter very clearly stated1 and the affair satisfactorily arranged4 ,mr4 ,hartland took the bundle1 and1 placing himself at a side table1 turned the drop-light conveniently and began to open and read4 ,at this signal the rest of the party moved into the parlor2 mamma was placed in the most comfortable chair1 and the young people were presently absorbed in a conversational and philosophical game4 ,how long the wits of all of them had been on the strain1 not one of them could have guessed1 when1 just as ,robert was insisting that the article under discussion must be red clover1 and that it must be found chiefly in icebergs1 or else both ,fanny and ,george had made wrong answers1 suddenly their father's tall figure loomed up before them4 ,his usually calm face was slightly tremulous4 ,we never can be thankful enough1 my dear boy1 he began abruptly1 and his voice trembled also1 to have you among us once more2 and ,i must say ,i am very proud at the manner in which you have managed this business4 ,george blushed1 mamma's eyes filled with tears1 and ,charlie1 who for the last half-hour had been so sleepy that he was of no use except to make a laugh at his own expense1 rubbed his eyes and looked up4 ,george is a trump6 said he sententiously4 ,this was a great relief to papa1 who fairly looked as if he would have liked to cry himself1 and the hubbub of voices and inquiries which followed was quieted by ,isabel placing herself at the piano1 and beginning the same strain from ,mozart's ,twelfth which had charmed her brother on entering the gate4 ,george stood over the piano and again looked at ,isabel1 as if he were half inclined to tell her something1 but refrained2 and ,isabel was too much occupied with her own plans and prospects to indulge an indiscreet curiosity4 ,the next day ,mr4 ,hartland having established himself in the library soon after breakfast1 and the younger members of the family having gone out on their ,christmas errands1 ,mrs4 ,hartland bethought herself to go and see if her son's room were supplied with all things necessary to his comfort4 ,the door was open1 and ,george and ,isabel were both there1 gaily chatting and laughing1 amid a confused medley of books1 papers1 clothes1 and odd nicknacks1 to which ,george was busily adding1 as he pulled pile after pile from his trunk4 ,isabel glanced from one object to another1 with the idle curiosity and eagerness begotten of such occupation2 but seeing her mother approach1 she made haste to clear the rocking-chair and place a footstool for her feet4 ,tell mother about that curious little pipe1 she said4 ,yes1 but let her see it first2 isn't it odd8 said he1 showing it4 ,i thought of giving it to ,robert1 he is so fond of oddities2 and see1 mother1 is not this shagreen case pretty1 with the silver trimmings1 and that quaint old medallion on the cover8 ,it will do to keep your needles and thimble in4 #eej ,yes1 and scissors1 and a good-sized spool of cotton2 it will do nicely to take to the sewing society1 mother dear4 ,and here is a box which ,i thought of giving to father1 returned ,george1 only he never takes snuff1 producing a beautiful amber snuff-box1 mounted and lined with gold4 ,exquisite6 he could keep postage-stamps in it1 suggested ,isabel4 ,that would do very well for you girls1 who only write three or four letters a week2 ,i have something else that will please father much better4 ,and he brought from his trunk a dagger of fine metal1 curiously wrought in arabesque1 the massive handle also richly carved and inlaid4 ,while her mother was admiring the workmanship of the dangerous little weapon1 ,bell took up1 one after another1 the books upon the table1 most of them old acquaintances1 travelling companions1 taken from home and brought home again4 ,as she listened to the story of the pipe1 mamma observed in ,isabel's hand a little1 well-thumbed book which attracted her attention4 ,what book is that1 dear8 she asked1 as the story ended4 ,a prayer-book1 said ,isabel4 ,an ,episcopal prayer-book8 ,no1 said ,george1 a ,catholic4 ,what do you have that for8 said ,mrs4 ,hartland1 with a mingled expression of surprise1 contempt1 and indignation4 ,because ,i want it1 he returned1 smiling4 ,what do you want it for8 she exclaimed1 instantly alarmed at his look and tone4 ,because1 dear mother1 ,i want it to use2 ,i am a ,roman ,catholic4 ,a ,roman ,catholic6 ,you might as well plunge this dagger into my heart1 said his mother1 as tell me that4 ,dearly as ,i love you1 ,i would much rather see you dead and buried4 ,and ,i1 said ,george quietly1 would much rather be dead and buried than ever be a ,protestant again4 ,what infatuation6 ,but how came you to be a ,catholic1 and what put it into your head to change your religion8 ,george began to tell her of an acquaintance formed on the outward voyage with a ,catholic priest1 who was bound for the same port as himself2 of the inexplicable attraction which drew him to this man2 of the charm of his conversation and manners2 of their discussions2 of the books which he lent him2 of his tender and fatherly advice and instructions--here ,mrs4 ,hartland interposed an expression of impatience and contempt--in short1 dear mother1 pursued the young man earnestly and quietly1 ,i became perfectly convinced that the ,catholic religion is the only true religion2 and as ,i did not choose to risk my salvation by living any longer without it1 ,i was received into the church before ,i left ,valparaiso4 ,well1 ,i feel as if all the happiness of my life were blighted4 ,i am sorry you feel so1 dear mother2 ,i am grieved to pain you1 but there was no help for it2 you would not have me violate my conscience4 ,there is such a thing as an ill-enlightened conscience4 ,that's so1 my dear mother1 said he1 with something more than his old bright smile1 and ,i am sure that when you have heard fairly stated the arguments which have influenced me-- ,i don't want to hear any arguments or any reasons2 ,i would rather die than be a ,catholic2 it is a bad sign when young people begin to think themselves wiser than their elders4 #eea ,so it is1 dear mother2 but you did not repulse ,grace ,estabrook with that argument when she left the ,unitarian church and began to come to yours1 against the wishes of both her parents4 ,i don't wish to hear anything about it1 or to talk or argue2 the whole subject is hateful to me4 ,you have given us all the dagger1 my son1 said she1 placing it upon the table1 and rising1 she went below to communicate to ,mr4 ,hartland the sad intelligence4 ,the allusion to the dagger affected ,george very sensibly1 and he dreaded to go down-stairs or meet his father and sisters2 but having at last made the effort1 he was immensely relieved to find every one as kind as usual4 ,his father's face was pale and excited1 but he said nothing2 ,bob stared at him rather saucily1 as if he were a phenomenon2 and the rest of the family evidently regarded him as an amiable dupe4 ,this was hard1 but endurable4 ,his spirits rose1 he romped with the little ones1 capped verses with his sisters1 and convinced every one that his self-respect was in no way diminished by the slender appreciation put upon his faith4 ,there were1 of course1 not wanting arguments and persuasions to lure him back to the faith of the family2 but ,george was not a fellow having once in his life met with positive truth1 to abandon it afterward for a mere negation4 ,after dinner1 some of the novelties which he had brought home were produced3 the dagger1 which his father accepted and admired1 without seeming seriously wounded by it2 a collection of shells1 a set of corals1 and some exquisite little articles of mother-of-pearl4 ,kate fished out of his pocket a necklace1 as she called it1 of garnet beads1 not running all together1 but separated occasionally by little bits of gold chain1 with a gold medal pendent from it4 ,isn't this a reward of merit8 exclaimed she2 is this for me1 brother ,george8 may ,i have it8 ,yes1 said ,george1 laughing1 you may have it4 ,but it would not go over her head1 and it had no clasp to fasten round her neck2 then she tried it on for a bracelet1 but it would fall off4 ,in short1 it was not meant to wear1 nor for an ornament at all1 but for something else2 and as she twirled it rather uneasily over her fingers1 not knowing exactly what to do with it1 ,george took it from her1 and replaced it with a carnelian necklace which he clasped round her white throat4 ,kate was contented to see the little garnet beads slip back into her brother's pocket1 with the assurance that she should see them as often as she wished1 not1 however1 till they had been curiously examined and inquired into by ,charlie and ,fanny4 ,they are to say8 said ,fanny1 with great curiosity1 how do you say them8 ,but before ,george could answer the question1 the baby was brought in1 and the subject dropped4 ,the little one was petted1 praised1 and passed from hand to hand with an affectionate eagerness which showed plainly that she was not generally considered a nuisance1 and at last all protested that it was high time she had a name4 ,i shall not call her ,bridget1 to please ,george1 said mamma4 ,but it would not please me1 dear mother1 to have you call her ,bridget4 ,i see no more propriety in calling her ,bridget than in calling her ,eulalie1 or ,genevieve1 or ,inez4 ,i think ,i will call her ,elizabeth ,tudor2 she was a good ,protestant4 #eeb ,i doubt very much ,elizabeth's being what you would call a good ,protestant1 returned ,george merrily2 but if you call baby after her1 ,i shall immediately put her under the protection of ,st4 ,elizabeth4 ,who was ,st4 ,elizabeth8 asked ,fanny4 ,she was a ,hungarian princess1 and very pious4 ,she washed the saints' feet and tended the sick and poor with her own hands4 ,if it was a boy1 ,i would call him ,cranmer1 said mamma4 ,i guess not1 said ,mr4 ,hartland2 ,i should have something to say about that4 ,you might call her ,jezebel1 or ,bathsheba1 suggested ,robert2 ,i dare say they were both genuine ,protestants4 ,there was frequently an uncertainty as to how ,robert's missiles were intended to fall2 and whether his barbed arrows were sped in innocence or with malice aforethought was a point in regard to which the most unlimited private judgment was conceded to every member of the family4 ,of course1 nobody laughed at this sally1 though ,isabel bit her lip to keep from smiling1 and ,george said1 ,why not call her ,annie1 after ,aunt ,ann8 ,i have been thinking of that1 said mamma1 only ,isabel thinks it is such a homespun name4 ,i like homespun names1 said papa4 ,isabel liked ,blanche1 and ,fanny suggested ,margaret4 ,robert thought ,schwartz would be more appropriate than ,blanche4 ,george said any name was good that was in the calendar4 ,robert said ,charlotte ,corday was in the calendar4 ,george thought not1 and after a brisk discussion and sundry pros and cons1 it was decided to call the little one ,annie4 ,and ,st4 ,anne was the mother of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 whispered ,george to ,isabel1 as he opened the piano for her4 ,christmas gifts not appreciated1 said ,george1 turning round at the head of the first flight of stairs to bid ,isabel good night4 ,what do you mean8 said ,bell4 ,i mean the dear little sister in there1 pointing to his mother's room1 whom you think a little nuisance4 ,psha6 said ,isabel4 ,and ,i here1 too1 he went on1 who should have been under the water rather than have come home a ,catholic4 ,and the gift of faith1 he said seriously1 which ,god has bestowed upon me1 and which my friends would wish me to throw away or trample under foot1 and the guardianship of saints and angels1 which people mock at4 ,baby can hardly be called a ,christmas present1 said ,bell1 since she is four weeks old1 and ,christmas is not until next ,thursday4 ,not precisely4 ,nor your gift of faith1 as you call it1 since you became a ,catholic1 you say1 before leaving ,valparaiso4 ,not as we usually speak2 but every blessing comes to us really because of the ,incarnation1 and so any blessing which we have particularly to be thankful for may be gratefully regarded as a ,christmas gift4 ,well1 it must be owned1 said ,isabel1 that you bring your ideas1 like the wise woman in the ,proverbs1 from afar4 ,george went on quietly without smiling4 ,there will be more ,christmas gifts next ,thursday4 ,i dare say1 said ,bell1 though her face demanded an explanation4 ,father and mother will have another son1 and we all shall have another brother1 and you will have one who in some sort will stand to you in the place of ,god4 #eec ,bell colored and was silent4 ,if she had chosen to speak1 she would have said that of all her brother's far-fetched ideas this was the oddest1 and one which she was little likely to appreciate4 ,she certainly had not regarded ,philip at all in that light1 or as a gift from ,god any way4 ,she returned her brother's good night1 and1 going into her own room1 meditated how ,george was always the same incomprehensible fellow1 always gay and full of life1 and yet always taking seriously what every one said in temper or in fun1 or by vanity1 or for effect1 as if an idle word signified4 ,with every one else in the house she did pretty much as she pleased2 but ,george always contrived to manage her1 and had done so ever since she was born4 ,he had a quiet1 serious way of talking to her1 as if he were twenty years her senior1 which was not flattering to ,bell's vanity2 yet she loved him so very much1 she was not at all sure that she loved ,philip better4 ,well1 ,george1 said ,robert on ,saturday night1 ,i suppose you are not going to church to-morrow with us8 ,probably not1 said ,george4 ,i suppose you will go to ,st4 ,lawrence's1 over here1 with servant-girls1 and stable-men1 and rag-pickers2 won't it be a sweet crowd6 ,do be quiet1 ,robert1 said his father1 what difference does it make whom you go to church with8 ,mother1 said ,fanny1 may ,i go to church with brother ,george tomorrow8 ,no1 ,fanny1 you may not1 said ,mrs4 ,hartland shortly1 and you are not to ask for such a thing4 ,the ,catholic religion is the religion of the devil1 and ,i don't want you to know anything about it1 or to hear or think anything about it4 ,i would rather you were dead and buried than that you should be ,catholics1 any of you4 ,poor ,fanny looked dismayed1 and ,robert and ,mary laughed irreverently2 but ,mr4 ,hartland said mildly1 ,if the ,catholic religion were the religion of the devil1 my dear1 ,i think there is nothing gained by saying so4 ,and when the children had dispersed for the night1 and he was alone again with ,mrs4 ,hartland1 he said3 ,george has been led away by his imagination2 and your vehement opposition will only strengthen him2 let him alone1 and he will get over this4 ,in due time ,philip made his appearance4 ,he was a gay1 spirited1 handsome fellow--a great favorite with every one1 and especially with ,george1 whose classmate he had been4 ,the ,shirleys and ,hartlands had been intimate for many years1 having moved in the same society1 inherited the same religious opinions1 and imbibed by association the same ideas4 ,mr4 ,shirley was a man of great wealth1 and was still living2 but ,philip had just inherited a fine property from the uncle after whom he was named1 so that he was as rich as he needed to be now1 with a prospect of as much again hereafter4 ,indeed1 as ,mrs4 ,hartland rather proudly said1 ,it was precisely the connection which they had most desired for ,isabel4 ,and yet1 such as ,philip was1 it was not strange1 perhaps1 that ,george's idea of the ,christmas gift should seem to ,isabel far-fetched4 ,but it is not so1 ,george reasoned1 for you all say that marriages are made in heaven1 and ,st4 ,james says that ',every best gift1 and every perfect gift1 is from above1 and cometh down from the ,father of lights4' #eed ,christmas eve arrived1 and1 according to the programme1 the young people were married4 ,the wedding was furnished with guests1 and it may be taken for granted at once that everything was planned and carried out in the most approved style1 since ,isabel had the supreme dictatorship4 ,george was first groomsman1 and the others were selected from the list of ,belle's inconsolable admirers4 ,little ,kate was the smallest bridesmaid1 and went through her part with serious gravity1 evidently believing that she was assisting at a solemn function4 ,the bride and groom were pronounced the handsomest couple1 and so forth2 the cake and the weather were delicious4 ,philip certainly appreciated his ,christmas gift1 and thought himself a happy man4 ,he had always considered ,belle the prettiest girl in ,p----1 as she was certainly one of the cleverest2 he was perfectly persuaded that she was equally good and beautiful1 and he had the grace to think that his own wealth1 with his other advantages1 did no more than place him upon a par with her4 ,certainly1 ,isabel's prospects of happiness were very fair4 ,and so she passed away to adorn a new house1 very much missed by all at the old1 and by none more than by ,mary1 who succeeded to the place and honors of elder sister1 though confessedly by no means so beautiful1 brilliant1 or clever as ,miss ,hartland that was4 ,but ,mary was a good girl1 played and sang very sweetly1 and was always ready to gratify her father with those simple ballads in which he chiefly delighted4 ,home was quieter1 but perhaps scarcely less happy1 and home happiness was constantly augmented by the pleasure of anticipating ,isabel's visits4 ,if ,mr4 ,hartland really expected ,george to get over his love for and belief in the ,catholic religion1 he was evidently doomed to disappointment2 for1 to all appearance1 it every day penetrated more and more the very substance of his being1 though he had always been so sincerely religious that his external conduct was modified by it less than might have been supposed4 ,fanny never repeated her preposterous request for permission to go to church with brother ,george2 but she was perpetually slipping into his room1 peeping into his books1 admiring his little pictures and statuettes1 trying1 in fact1 with a girl's insatiable curiosity1 to discover why the forbidden fruit was so unspeakably poisonous4 ,she incurred repeated scoldings for her restless inquest2 and1 after being reproved the twentieth time for taking possession of brother ,george's books and carrying them off into her own room1 she fairly disconcerted her mother by indignantly inquiring1 ,why they had no 'creed1' and what right the people who first started the ,protestant religion had to hide away the ',apostles' ,creed' from everybody1 so that hundreds of persons who thought themselves ,christians1 and meant to be ,christians1 lived and died without ever knowing there was any 'creed4' ,poor ,mrs4 ,hartland was completely nonplussed2 she knew nothing about creeds herself1 but she hesitatingly suggested that they had a form of covenant4 ,this1 ,fanny insisted1 was not the least like the ,creed1 and her mother1 having no other forces in reserve1 took refuge in the usual invective1 and assured her daughter in the most solemn manner that she would prefer to see her in her grave rather than have her imbibe her brother ,george's sentiments4 #eee ,fanny1 of course1 was obliged to go to ,george for a satisfactory answer to her question1 and having learned from him the gradual process by which the first ,protestantism had dwindled down into ,new ,england ,congregationalism1 her reverence for the system in which she had been brought up was not increased4 ,meanwhile1 almost another year has passed away4 ,little ,annie ,hartland is creeping about the carpet1 or pushing herself round with a chair1 and1 under great persuasion and generous bribery1 making some diffident attempts to talk4 ,isabel has been at home some weeks1 and is domiciled in her own old room4 ,philip's visits are frequent1 but short and uncertain1 for though a rich he is by no means an idle man4 ,all are improving the last beautiful days of autumn1 in anticipation of the disagreeable weather of settled winter4 ,fanny1 especially1 who was fond of riding and a capital horsewoman1 rode almost every afternoon1 sometimes without any escort1 and sometimes accompanied by ,robert1 who was very proud of the elegant figure his sister made on her spirited yet gentle horse4 ,on one of the loveliest of these days1 as ,george1 returning from a long walk1 was sauntering up the drive1 he was startled at seeing ,robert upon the lower end of the piazza without a hat1 trembling1 and excessively pale4 ,do you know8 did you see her8 he asked1 quivering with excitement1 and without waiting for an answer1 ,fan--she's been thrown--and mother says she's been terribly hurt4 ,where was she8 who was with her8 is she here8 ,in mother's room4 ,where were you that you did not see it8 ,i have been in the other direction1 up toward the academy4 ,has ,philip come8 ,yes1 he came just before ,fan was hurt4 ,george went up-stairs1 and found ,fanny quite insensible4 ,the poor child was settled in her mother's room1 out of the way of ,isabel1 whose little boy was only a week old1 and from whom the sad news was to be kept as long as possible4 ,for some days it seemed very doubtful whether ,fanny would recover2 but her youth prevailed1 and at last the doctor pronounced that1 with great care1 she would be perfectly restored1 though she would scarcely be able to leave the house before spring4 ,during this interval ,belle1 who was rapidly convalescing1 had repeatedly asked for ,fanny1 and wondered so much that she did not come to her room that it was at last no longer possible to conceal her sister's injury4 ,isabel's excitement and agitation were at first extreme2 but the assurance that the invalid was now doing well soon soothed and cheered her1 and she pleased herself that before long she could go into her mother's room and show ,fanny her beautiful baby4 ,he is four weeks old to-morrow1 said ,isabel1 and the doctor says ,i may go down-stairs to-morrow4 ,poor dear little ,fanny6 ,i wonder when she will be able to go out8 ,do you know1 ,george1 ,i think1 considering all that has been said on several occasions about preferring that we should be dead and buried rather than that we should be this and that1 we all ought to be very thankful that ,fanny was not killed outright8 ,of course4 ,i wonder if mother ever thought of it8 #eef ,but ,george made no reply2 only1 after a few minutes1 he said3 ,you ought to have this dear little fellow baptized1 now1 while ,philip is here4 ,o clear6 said ,isabel1 we don't dream of having him baptized till spring2 it is too cold2 and ,philip is going to-morrow evening4 ,annie was almost six months old before she was baptized4 ,i know1 but it is very wrong2 most ,catholic children are baptized before they are ten days old4 ,oh6 yes1 ,i know you think it is necessary4 ,if it is not necessary1 ,i don't see why you do it at all4 ,why1 it is a pious observance1 said ,isabel4 ,what hurry is there8 besides1 we can't have him baptized now1 for ,philip and ,i have not agreed what to call him4 ,and while you are debating that point1 you run the risk of having him die without being baptized at all4 ,i don't think there is any danger4 ,he is as well as he can be4 ,and mother's little--,i forget what his name was--died without being baptized at all1 and ,i don't believe it makes any difference4 ,just as ,i told you last year1 ,belle1 said ,george1 smiling1 gifts despised2 you place a sacrament instituted by our blessed ,saviour himself on the same footing with grace at table2 a pious observance1 of course2 to be attended to1 no doubt1 when one is not in too much of a hurry4 ,isabel half smiled2 but she was too proud and happy1 and too busy petting her darling1 to regard much the drift of her brother's words4 ,at that moment ,philip came in to get the baby to show ,fanny1 and the three adjourned into their mother's room1 ,philip carrying the baby1 of whom he was evidently very proud4 ,there are most too many of you1 said ,mrs4 ,hartland2 but she could not choose which to dismiss1 so they all went in4 ,i don't let ,fanny hold levees1 but you need not stay long4 ,fanny was very fond of babies1 and they made her examine his beautiful eyes and forehead and dimpled chin2 and then ,belle called her sister's attention to the exquisitely embroidered dress which she herself had worked4 ,i wonder how long it will be before ,i shall be able to work another1 said ,fanny1 with a patient smile4 ,you will soon be well enough1 dear ,fanny1 for me to come and read to you1 said ,george4 ,oh6 yes1 ,i shall enjoy that2 and if ,belle is going down-stairs to-morrow1 she can play a little1 and if the doors are left open1 ,i shall hear4 ,yes1 and ,mary can play to you2 for ,i shall be carrying ,belle off pretty soon1 said ,philip4 ,no1 indeed1 said mamma1 she can't go till after ,christmas2 so you will have to come back and spend ,christmas with us4 ,it will be a great drawback to our ,christmas1 having ,fanny upstairs1 said ,isabel4 ,yes1 returned mamma2 but if she recovers1 we shall have no reason to complain4 ,i have been telling ,isabel that she ought to have the baby baptized while ,philip is here1 said ,george4 ,nonsense1 ,george6 replied his mother2 nobody thinks as you do1 and why will you be forcing your peculiar notions upon us8 ,and so the suggestion passed and was thought of no more4 ,put him down and let me kiss him1 said ,fanny2 dear little fellow6 ,i wish ,i could take him4 ,but she knew it was impossible1 and she made no objection when1 after a few minutes1 ,mrs4 ,hartland put them all out of the room4 #eeg ,that evening1 when the baby was put to bed1 ,mrs4 ,hartland thought he seemed dull2 but this was natural enough2 nurse said he was sleepy4 ,he slept very well and was bright in the morning1 but toward night became dull again4 ,another day brought no improvement1 and ,mrs4 ,hartland became uneasy4 ,she consulted the doctor1 and strictly followed his suggestions1 but the symptoms were only aggravated4 ,she did not like to show ,belle her anxiety1 and proposed taking the baby herself into ,fanny's vacant room1 in order1 she said1 that ,isabel need not be disturbed4 ,for two nights she watched and tended him1 hardly sleeping herself until daylight1 when she suffered ,mrs4 ,reilly to take her place4 ,mrs4 ,reilly was a kind1 prudent1 motherly woman1 and very fond of ,mrs4 ,hartland's children1 most of whom had been washed and dressed by her for the first time in their lives4 ,she was also a ,catholic4 ,the second night ,george sat in his room till very late1 reading4 ,shortly before midnight1 he went to bed1 and slept uneasily for two or three hours1 then rose1 and finding that it wanted some minutes to four o'clock1 he dressed1 and resumed his reading1 listening the while till some one in the house should stir4 ,soon after the great hall-clock struck five1 ,mrs4 ,reilly left ,isabel's room very softly1 and went into ,fanny's to take the baby4 ,george waited until he heard his mother pass from the little room into her own1 and close the door4 ,then he went down-stairs and into ,fanny's room1 where ,mrs4 ,reilly sat with the poor little suffering child upon her lap4 ,is there any change8 he asked4 ,she shook her head4 ,he'll not live till night1 ,mr4 ,george1 she whispered4 ,poor ,miss ,belle6 what will she do8 ,mrs4 ,reilly could not get over her habit of calling3 ,isabel ,miss ,belle4 ,did you ever baptize a child1 ,mrs4 ,reilly8 ,indeed ,i have1 sir4 ,then you can do it once more1 said he1 smiling sadly4 ,we must not let this child die without baptism4 ,and he poured water into the basin1 and brought it to her4 ,and the humble ,irish nurse performed those sacred acts which1 by the power of the ,word made flesh1 sanctify the soul4 ,george replaced the basin1 kissed the little creature upon whose head the baptismal water was still glistening1 and returned to his own room as silently as he came4 ,isabel slept heavily and uneasily1 and woke unrefreshed and with a vague sense of apprehension4 ,she rose on hearing the bell ring for family prayers1 and hearing her brothers go down-stairs she dressed languidly and went into the next room4 ,the babe still lay upon the pillow in the nurse's lap1 and1 although the breakfast-bell had already rung1 ,mary was sitting in the window1 looking silently and with folded arms at the sick child4 ,why1 he seems so sick1 said ,isabel1 with a tone and look of pain and alarm4 ,yes1 said ,mary1 he is very sick4 ,mary had always helped her mother more than ,belle in taking care of the little ones1 and she knew better than her sister how to judge of illness4 ,isabel asked several questions1 to which ,mrs4 ,reilly gave only the most vague and cautious answers4 ,the faint ring of silver was heard in the hall4 ,there is your breakfast1 ,belle1 dear1 said ,mary1 go into your own room and take some coffee2 you ought not to be standing about here without having taken anything4 ,o dear6 said ,isabel1 ,i don't want any breakfast4 ,i wonder when ,philip will come1 and what will he say to see the baby so sick8 #eeh ,after a few moments1 she followed her sister's advice4 ,mechanically she put the sugar and cream into the coffee1 and had just drunk it off1 and pushed away the little stand1 when the door opened and ,philip entered4 ,where is he8 and his face of agony and consternation told all4 ,he had been sent for1 and she knew why4 ,oh6 no1 no1 they don't think he will die1 cried ,isabel passionately1 throwing herself into ,philip's arms2 they don't think he will die6 ,o my darling6 my baby6 my beautiful boy6 ,and she rushed into the next room4 ,her grief was terrible to witness1 and ,philip had to command himself4 ,he has changed a good deal since daylight1 said ,mrs4 ,reilly1 looking up at ,philip2 but she was sorry she had looked1 and hastily turned her eyes again upon the child4 ,presently ,mrs4 ,hartland came in1 and insisted that ,philip should go down and have some breakfast1 and he felt bound to obey4 ,isabel was stunned4 ,it had never entered her head that he could die2 he was so strong and bright and beautiful1 and he was hers4 ,she threw herself helplessly upon the couch1 and cared for nothing4 ,by and by she remembered that now she could see him for a little while1 but that soon she could see him no more1 and she rose and went into the room4 ,george and ,philip were both there4 ,the quiet little form lay sweetly1 as in sleep1 upon the white counterpane of ,fanny's cot4 ,death had only beautified him4 ,the tiny waxen hands clasped upon the breast1 almost as white as the white rosebud they enfolded1 the smile of beatitude upon the face1 the beautiful forehead1 the closed eyes with their long lashes--no pain1 no sorrow1 the ineffable peace there1 contrasting with the tumult of agony in her own soul1 brought the tears to ,belle's eyes4 ,george could not help thinking of his own little brother1 just about as old1 whom1 years ago1 he had seen lying in the same way in that very room1 upon whose head the baptismal water had never fallen2 and he thought ,isabel very happy4 ,and thus was laid away1 till the morning of the resurrection1 the fair casket which had enclosed1 for so short a time1 a beautiful soul4 ,isabel's room was neatly set in order4 ,it was the brightest and prettiest chamber in the house1 but it looked empty and desolate1 though the family inclined to congregate there1 every one wishing to do something to comfort their poor sister4 ,it is five weeks to-day since my little darling was born1 said ,isabel2 how proud and happy ,i was only a week ago1 showing him to ,fanny4 ,george seemed in a reverie1 but after a moment he said1 ,and it is a year to-day since ,i returned from ,valparaiso4 ,belle fixed a look of anguish upon her brother's face1 and then wept bitterly1 until having stopped1 apparently from mere exhaustion1 she said1 ,i have been properly punished4 ,what do you mean1 ,belle dear8 ,i mean ,i have been punished for making so light of one little life1 or rather1 for my own life-long selfishness1 said she1 looking at ,annie who was playing upon the carpet4 ,george looked at ,isabel with much concern and tenderness1 but said nothing4 #eei ,i deserve to be punished1 ,i know1 ,george4 ,i have been perfectly selfish4 ,i have thought more1 all my life long1 about dress and vanity and pleasure than about anything else in the world4 ,i have been a member of the church and have had a class in the ,sunday-school1 and ,i have thought myself a very good ,christian2 but ,i have really occupied all my life in thinking how ,i should contrive to look prettier and to dress better than others1 and to secure my personal gratification4 ,and ,i have always thought everything a nuisance that has stood in my way4 ,when the dear baby came1 ,i have been thinking ever since he was born how ,i should dress him and make him look pretty--and now the body that ,i thought so much of-- ,she stopped and sobbed again4 ,don't make yourself so unhappy1 my darling sister1 said ,george tenderly1 as he rose and kissed her4 ,she seemed soothed1 and presently ceased weeping4 ,and for my ,christmas gift this year1 ,i have that little grave4 ,dear ,belle1 you must not be too hard upon yourself2 the gifts of ,god are as many as the sands upon the sea-shore1 and one honest sight of one's self is a ,christmas gift worth having4 ,even if we think we are punished1 his chastisements are always gifts1 if we know how to receive them2 my dear sister1 isn't it so8 ,i have heard so times enough from the pulpit1 said ,belle1 through her tears2 but you know1 ,george1 ,i have never thought about those things4 ,and then1 my baby's soul1 which ,i cared so little about--dear ,george1 do you really think it makes any difference8 ,what1 dear8 ,whether he was baptized or not8 ,i don't think anything about it1 my darling sister2 ,i know that it makes all the difference between going instantly to the heaven of heavens1 where ,god is1 and staying1 perhaps for ever and ever1 in a place which1 though not an unhappy place1 is by no means so happy as the very presence-chamber of the ,king of kings4 ,but you need not grieve about that2 for he was baptized1 and your little darling has gone to keep a joyful ,christmas in heaven4 ,and then he told ,belle how he came down that morning1 and how ,mrs4 ,reilly had baptized the child4 ,isabel listened and wept and seemed comforted4 ,i am sure ,i thank you1 dear ,george1 you are always so kind and thoughtful4 ,i know father and mother don't think it makes the least difference in the world1 and ,i don't know why ,i should trouble myself about it2 but still1 now that ,i have lost him1 ,i can't bear to think that anything was left undone which could have been done to his possible advantage4 ,and then ,philip--,philip is a great deal better than ,i am2 ,i have thought very often1 ,george1 of what you said last year about ,philip being a gift to me--a gift from ,god2 he really is very good1 and he seemed to feel so badly because baby was not baptized4 ,our blessed ,saviour has given us the sacrament of baptism for something1 no doubt1 said ,george1 and it is taking considerable upon ourselves1 short-sighted creatures as we are1 to pronounce that it is of no consequence to any one1 even to a babe a day old4 ,but you must be comforted now1 my darling sister1 and remember that ,god has given you this year for your ,christmas gift1 not merely that little grave1 but a spotless soul before his throne1 who will never cease to pray for you and ,philip until you are so happy as to arrive there yourselves4 ,then bending over her1 he made the sign of the cross on her fair forehead1 and in his heart invoked on her those ,christmas benedictions which faith alone can give4 ---------- #efj ,the ,american ,college ,in ,rome4 ,we design1 in the few following re to call the attention of our readers to a work which is in process of execution in this country at present1 to secure an endowment for the ,american ,college in the ,eternal ,city4 ,in the earnest appeal which will be found at the end of this article1 made by the most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,baltimore and the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,philadelphia1 in the name of their brethren of the ,episcopate1 to the more wealthy among our ,american ,catholics1 the reasons are plainly stated why this should be done4 ,the voice of our prelates is to us the voice of ,god2 and we believe that we are furthering the designs of his providence in sustaining this institution1 which was founded by the ,holy ,father for the benefit of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ,we have had the college in ,rome for some years1 and we are now called upon to decide whether we shall permit it to be closed for want of proper support1 and thus show that we are not able to appreciate the gift of his ,holiness1 to maintain the ,college when he has given the building1 to do our share when he has so generously done his4 ,the prelates have placed the whole question with admirable practical wisdom before us4 ,their plan is both grand and feasible1 and is characterized by that energy of purpose1 zeal for religion1 and attachment to the real progress of the church1 which eminently distinguish the hierarchy1 the clergy1 and the faithful of the ,united ,states4 ,it is not necessary to recapitulate the arguments which are contained in the circular1 for they speak for themselves4 ,reference1 however1 may be briefly made to some of the immense advantages which are enjoyed by the young ,levites brought up in the centre of unity1 as ,samuel of old within the precincts of the temple4 ,in the first place1 the constant presence of the visible head of the church upon earth reminds them continually of our blessed ,lord's promises to his first ,vicar1 so perfectly fulfilled in the long line of his successors1 the gates of hell continually striving but never prevailing against them1 and excites in their hearts that true devotion to the ,holy ,see which is the surest test of orthodoxy1 as it is the most perfect safeguard against error4 ,wherever they turn1 they behold the evidences of the victory achieved by the faith of ,christ over paganism and infidelity4 ,the despised cross has fully conquered4 ,the student in ,rome is continually reminded of the immense revolution which took place first in ,rome1 when ,constantine embraced the faith of ,christ1 and the ,caesars gave place to the pontiffs1 and heathen temples were converted to the worship of the one true ,god1 and ,rome became the centre of another empire grander far than the one of which she was the centre before1 which stretches from sea to sea1 and from the river to the ends of the earth4 ,there is something1 moreover1 in the atmosphere of ,rome provocative of study2 nor is there wanting that generous competition which serves to awaken every energy in the endeavor to excel in the various departments of learning4 ,rome is1 in this sense1 an intellectual arena in which contend bright intellects from all parts of the known world1 whose powers are brought out and strengthened by their very exercise4 #efa ,not only are there many advantages to be enjoyed there in a literary and intellectual point of view1 but even greater in a spiritual4 ,where else are the great festivals of our holy religion celebrated with the splendor and magnificence that they are there8 ,where else is ,god awarded the first place1 and religion paramount8 ,where else is devotion to the blessed sacrament practised as it is in ,rome8 ,to say nothing of the countless masses1 of the churches open from early dawn to dusk2 the kneeling worshippers2 no day in the year but what1 in the beautiful devotion of the ,forty ,hours1 the blessed sacrament is exposed to the adoration of the faithful--now here1 now there--the ,son of ,god upon his earthly throne2 lights burning as they burn nowhere else2 and the silent throng adoring1 worshipping1 thanking1 praying4 ,then the intense devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 the ,madonna at every street corner1 in every shop1 in every house1 and the light which love and reverence have lighted1 burning before it4 ,it has well been said that the business of ,rome is prayer4 ,what an advantage for one who must labor in a country like ours1 filled with every form of religious error1 to have these memories to fall back upon1 to encourage him in the midst of the contradiction of these dogmas of our holy faith in which he has to dwell1 to stimulate both himself and the flock committed to his care to imitate the example of fervent piety and devotion which ,rome sets to the world4 ,how powerful there1 too1 the example of the saints6 ,nowhere else so much as in ,rome does the truth spoken by the apostle1 that we are the fellow-citizens of the saints and the domestics of ,god1 come home to us2 we seem to stand in their footsteps1 from the martyrs who laid down their lives during the fearful persecutions of the first three centuries to the confessors and virgins almost of our own day4 ,there lie1 side by side1 the bodies of the great apostles1 ,peter and ,paul2 of ,peter1 who received from our blessed ,lord the charge of the sheep and lambs of his flock2 of ,paul1 miraculously converted to faith in ,him whose followers he had persecuted2 who1 in turn1 became the great instrument in the hands of ,god of preaching that holy faith and leading thousands to embrace it4 ,there1 in that amphitheatre1 the martyrs were torn in pieces by wild beasts from the ,libyan deserts4 ,there1 in those catacombs1 their bodies were reverently laid4 ,here1 one martyr after another suffered4 ,there is the resting-place of ,lawrence1 of ,sebastian1 of ,agnes1 of ,cecily4 ,here lived those holy popes whose names are found in the calendars of the saints2 and1 to come nearer home to our own day1 there ,st4 ,ignatius lived2 here ,st4 ,aloysius and ,st4 ,stanislaus ,kostka passed their angelic lives1 and breathed out their pure souls to ,god4 ,this was the home of ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 the apostle of ,rome2 here he preached1 said mass1 and heard confession4 ,but the list is too long1 and we must stop4 ,let the examples given suffice4 ,there can be no question of the advantages of such influences as these upon the lives of those who are surrounded by them1 and specially upon those who are to be consecrated to ,god in the service of his sanctuary4 #efb ,another point must be remembered1 and that is1 that as ,rome is to us what ,jerusalem was1 under the old dispensation1 in a certain sense1 the place whither the tribes of the earth go up1 so it is very desirable that every nation should have a college there which should serve as a kind of headquarters to represent them1 and to which persons coming from that nation could go1 and feel that they were at home4 ,thus1 the ,englishman naturally finds his way to the ,english college1 the ,irishman to the ,irish1 and so on2 and he finds those there who can speak to him in his own tongue1 and to whom he can apply for advice and information4 ,again1 at ,rome are the limina apostolorum1 which every bishop is bound to visit at certain periods of his episcopate4 ,we have now between forty and fifty bishops in this country1 and from time to time they go thither1 as ,paul did to see ,peter1 to expose to the ,chief ,pastor the condition of their flocks1 to consult with him1 and to obtain for themselves and their flocks the blessing of the ,vicar of our ,lord upon earth4 ,during the late gathering at ,rome1 fourteen of our bishops were lodged at the ,american ,college4 ,during the coming council there should be more2 and at other than these special times there will be sometimes one1 sometimes another of our bishops there1 not for himself1 but for us2 and this alone should be a strong argument why the college should be sustained1 that as the bishops of other nations have homes in ,rome1 so ours should have one too4 ,there can be no doubt1 then1 about the advantages of the college and the importance of maintaining it4 ,it involves an outlay of money1 but the return will be sure and great4 ,there is no more pressing need at the present time than that which this college1 with many others1 supplies1 namely1 an increased number of priests4 ,there are five millions of ,catholics in this country1 and it is impossible that with so many to prevent it1 and specially of the class now called upon1 the necessity of closing the college should occur4 ,we are proud of our country1 of its lakes1 and its rivers1 and its mountains1 surpassed nowhere in the world4 ,let us not be content with these natural excellences which are not of our making1 but come to us from the hand of ,god4 ,let us try to excel in those things which are under our control--in virtue1 in learning1 and in all that makes man great and good2 and in this particular instance let us try to excel the other nations in our college in ,rome4 ,let it be a model in discipline1 in spirit1 and in intellectual culture4 ,let us try to make it the leading college in this respect1 and also in the number of students4 ,in this point let it be second only to the ,propaganda4 ,let us not be satisfied until we have it fully established1 and at least a hundred students within its walls4 ,that this may be accomplished1 we call the attention of our readers to the appeal1 and trust that every one who is able will take part in this great undertaking to the utmost of his ability4 ,appeal ,to ,the ,more ,wealthy ,among ,the ,catholics ,of ,the ,united ,states4 ,beloved ,children ,in ,christ3 ,you are aware that some years ago the cluster of ,national ,colleges in ,rome was increased by one1 and that one was the ,college representing our own nation4 ,almost every nation had previously been represented there3 the ,irish1 the ,english1 the ,scotch1 the ,french1 the ,germans1 the ,south ,americans1 etc4 ,at last the deficiency was supplied1 through the munificence of our beloved ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 who generously bestowed a spacious and centrally located site for the purpose4 ,our ,college was opened1 and it has already trained a number of priests for the ,american ,mission2 while it has also been a place to which ,americans in ,rome1 no matter what their faith1 might resort1 and feel that they were at home4 #efc ,unfortunately1 however1 sufficient means were not provided1 at the commencement1 to establish the ,college on a solid basis2 and after struggling on for some years1 it is now in imminent danger of being closed4 ,it would be one thing never to have had the ,college1 but it is another altogether to have had it and to lose it4 ,this latter contingency1 besides being a great disgrace to us1 would be also an irreparable loss to the country4 ,the late ,plenary ,council ordered a general collection for the relief of the immediate wants of the ,college2 nor is it our intention to supersede this collection1 but rather to aid it toward effectually accomplishing the object in view4 ,this collection will still be necessary to pay debts already incurred1 and to provide for pressing needs4 ,but1 in addition to the general collection1 which we hope will soon be taken up1 it has been suggested to propose to our wealthier ,catholics1 for their imitation in this matter1 the noble example of their forefathers in the faith1 who did great things for religion and for ,god4 ,instances of this occur in ,rome itself1 where1 besides several other colleges for various nationalities1 founded principally by the munificence of particular wealthy ,catholics to rear up priests for their respective countries1 the ,english ,college1 since such a blessing to the ,english nation1 was founded by ,ina and by ,offa1 ,saxon princes1 first as a resting-place for ,english pilgrims1 and then as a nursery to train up priests for the ,english ,mission4 ,in those days1 kings and princes1 and men of wealth willingly founded and endowed churches1 colleges1 asylums1 hospitals1 institutions of religion1 learning1 and charity1 whose very ruins1 in lands where they have been allowed to go to ruin1 are monuments of former ,catholic munificence while they are a reproach to our own degenerate days4 ,it has been thought that1 at this juncture1 this glorious example of our ancestors would be promptly imitated2 and that an appeal made to those ,catholics in this country1 whom ,god has blessed with abundant means1 to come to the rescue1 and not only to save the ,college1 but to put it at once on a sound and substantial basis1 would not be made in vain1 but would be generously responded to4 ,it is with this view1 that we make our earnest appeal to you at this time1 and propose a plan which1 we think1 with your co-operation1 will be successful in speedily founding and endowing the ,american ,college in ,rome4 ,we urge the matter upon you the more strongly1 as next year the great ,general ,council is to be convened in ,rome1 and we are to meet the bishops of the whole world in one of those grand assemblies which mark an era in the history of the ,universal ,church4 ,to the ,councils of ,nice1 ,ephesus1 ,chalcedon1 ,lateran1 ,lyons1 ,florence1 and ,trent1 is to be added that of the ,vatican4 ,let us1 before we go to the ,holy ,city1 have the consolation of knowing that1 through your munificence1 we have a college there to which we can proudly point1 as bishops of a great ,catholic people2 let us be spared the disgrace of going thither to find its doors closed1 and its name blotted out from the list of ,national ,colleges existing in the ,eternal ,city4 ,we confidently appeal to you as ,catholics and as ,americans1 loving your religion and your country1 that this may not be so4 ,surely1 the means with which ,god has blessed you can be applied to no higher or holier purpose than this2 nor can there be any which will draw down upon you and your families a more abundant blessing of heaven4 ,the prayers and holy sacrifices which will be cheerfully offered up in your behalf by those who1 through your bounty1 will be trained up for the holy ministry1 cannot fail to draw down upon you heaven's choicest benedictions4 ,our plan1 then1 is briefly this3 ,we wish to raise from #bej1jjj to #cjj1jjj4 ,we have appointed1 as our agent in the matter1 the ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,doane1 ,chancellor of the ,diocese of ,newark1 to visit all the principal dioceses of the ,united ,states1 and call upon those who are most able1 to contribute their subscriptions4 ,we propose that of these generous contributors to a noble work there should be three classes3 #a4 ,founders ,of ,burses2 who will contribute1 once for all1 five thousand dollars in currency1 yielding something over two hundred dollars1 in gold1 of yearly interest2 and who will have the right of selecting1 from those who will be recommended and approved of their respective bishops for this purpose1 one student of the ,college for ever4 #b4 ,patrons2 who will contribute one thousand dollars1 once for all1 and will be entitled to send a student1 approved of by the bishop1 for three years4 #c4 ,life ,members2 who1 by contributing five hundred dollars1 will share in the holy sacrifices and prayers of the ,college and of the students4 ,the names of all these three classes will be enrolled1 and placed in a handsome frame1 to be kept in the ,chapel of the ,american ,college2 and solemn high mass will be celebrated for them in ,rome twice a year--once for the living and once for the deceased benefactors2 besides the private masses which the priests educated at the ,college will feel impelled by gratitude to offer up frequently for their respective patrons and benefactors and their families4 #efd ,this plan1 if zealously and efficiently carried out1 will1 we are convinced1 accomplish the desired result in very short time4 ,one ,catholic gentleman in ,baltimore has already founded a ,burse1 and others will follow his good example4 ,we believe that we can safely calculate on the following amounts to be realized in the ,united ,states1 under the three heads above named3 ,twenty ,burses1 at #e1jjj---- #ajj1jjj ,one ,hundred ,patrons1 at #a1jjj---- #ajj1jjj ,one ,hundred ,life ,members1 at #ejj4---- #ej1jjj ,total #bej1jjj ,the reverend father to whom we have entrusted this important matter1 and in whose zeal and efficiency we have the utmost confidence1 will call upon you during the course of the coming winter4 ,you will1 we are quite sure1 receive him worthily1 as our representative2 and you will enable him1 we trust1 to return to us with fresh and abundant proofs of your well-known generosity and self-sacrifice1 and with an ample and sufficient sum not only to save1 but to endow1 and render perpetual for all time1 our ,american ,college in ,rome4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 and ,chairman of ,metropolitans4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wood1 ,bishop of ,philadelphia1 ,chairman ,executive ,committee of ,bishops1 and ,treasurer4 ,baltimore1 ,feast of the ,presentation of the ,blessed ,virgin1 #ahfh4 ,letter ,of ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,doane4 ,having been appointed by the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 and the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,philadelphia1 as ,chairmen respectively of ,metropolitans1 and of the ,executive ,committee of ,bishops1 who have charge of the affairs of the ,american ,college in ,rome1 with the duty of endeavoring to raise an endowment fund for the ,college1 ,i have1 with the consent of my own bishop1 accepted the trust which they have confided to me1 and propose to enter upon the work at once4 ,before ,christmas ,i hope to visit1 with the consent of the ,archbishops and ,bishops of those ,sees1 ,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 ,albany1 ,boston1 and ,hartford2 during the holidays1 ,new-,york1 ,brooklyn1 and ,newark2 and about the middle of ,january to start for the ,north1 ,west1 and ,south4 ,love for ,rome1 and the desire to make some little return for the many blessings ,i received while a student in one of the ,national ,colleges there1 7the ,american ,college not having then been founded17 by trying to procure the same blessings to others2 and love for my country1 with the desire to see preserved for her1 in the very heart of the ,eternal ,city1 a place where some of her young ,levites may grow up in the schools of ,rome1 under the shadow of ,st4 ,peter's1 and in the immediate presence of the ,vicar of our ,lord upon earth1 are the motives which prompt me to undertake this arduous duty4 ,that it may succeed1 ,i earnestly beg the prayers of the faithful1 the generous and zealous co-operation of all in the good work1 and remembrance on the part of my fathers and brethren at the altar of ,god in the daily sacrifice4 ,g4 ,h4 ,doane4 ---------- #efe ,catholicity ,and ,pantheism4 ,number ,three4 ,the ,problem ,of ,multiplicity4 ,in the development of the ,catholic idea of ,god1 which we have given in the previous number1 we have met with no opposition from pantheism4 ,here1 however1 it raises the most difficult as well as the most sublime and profound question which can be proposed to human intelligence--the problem of multiplicity4 ,we shall let a pantheist propose it in his own words4 ,it will be remembered that the last of the attributes which we vindicated as belonging to the infinite was that of absolute unity4 ,this attribute gives rise to the problem4 ,what is unity1 says ,cousin1 taken by itself8 ,a unity indivisible1 a dead unity1 a unity which1 resting in the depths of its absolute existence1 and never developing itself1 is1 for itself1 as if it were not4 ,in the same manner1 what is variety without unity8 ,a variety which1 not being referable to a unity1 can never form a totality1 or any collection whatever1 is a series of indefinite quantities1 of each of which one cannot say that it is itself and not another1 for this would suppose that it is one2 that is1 it would suppose the idea of unity2 so that1 without unity1 variety also is as if it were not4 ,behold what variety or unity isolated would produce2 the one is necessary to the other in order to exist with true existence2 with that existence1 which is neither multiple1 various1 mobile1 or negative existence2 nor that absolute1 eternal1 infinite existence1 which is1 as it were1 the negation of existence4 ,every true existence1 every reality1 is in the union of these two elements2 although1 essentially1 the one may be superior and anterior to the other4 ,you cannot separate variety from unity1 nor unity from variety2 they necessarily coexist4 ,but how do they coexist8 ,unity is anterior to multiplicity2 how then has unity been able to admit multiplicity8 ,footnote #afb ,footnote #afb3 ,cousin's ,history of ,modern ,philosophy4 ,again3 ,reason1 in whatever way it may occupy itself1 can conceive nothing1 except under the condition of two ideas1 which preside over the exercise of its activity2 the idea of the unit1 and the idea of the multiple2 of the finite and the infinite2 of being and of appearing2 of substance and of phenomenon2 of absolute cause and of secondary causes2 of the absolute and of the relative2 of the necessary and of the contingent2 of immensity and of space1 of eternity and of time4 ,analysis1 in bringing together all these propositions1 in bringing together1 for example1 all their first terms1 identifies them2 it equally identifies all the second terms1 so that1 of all these propositions compared and combined1 it forms a single proposition1 a single formula1 which is the formula itself of thought1 and which you can express1 according to the case1 by the unit and by the multiple1 the absolute being and the relative being1 unity and variety1 etc4 ,finally1 the two terms of this formula1 so comprehensive1 do not constitute a dualism in which the first term is on one side1 the second on the other1 without any other relation than that of being perceived at the same time by reason4 #eff ,the relation concerning them is quite otherwise essential1 unity being eternity1 etc42 the first term of the formula is cause also1 and absolute cause2 and1 so far as absolute cause1 it cannot avoid developing itself in the second term1 multiplicity1 the finite and the relative4 ,the result of all this is1 that the two terms1 as well as the relation of generation which draws the second from the first1 and which1 without cessation1 refers to it1 are the three integral elements of reason4 ,it is not in the power of reason1 in its boldest abstractions1 to separate any one of these three terms from the others4 ,try to take away unity1 and variety alone is no longer susceptible of addition--it is even no longer comprehensible2 or1 try to take away variety1 and you have an immovable unity--a unity which does not make itself manifest1 and which1 of itself1 is not a thought2 all thought expressing itself in a proposition1 and a single term not sufficing for a proposition2 in short1 take away the relation which intimately connects variety and unity1 and you destroy the necessary tie of the two terms of every proposition4 ,we may then regard it as an incontestable point1 that these three terms are distinct but inseparable1 and that they constitute at the same time a triplicity and an indivisible unity4 ,footnote #afc ,footnote #afc3 ,lecture ,fifth4 ,as the reader may have observed1 ,cousin raises the problem of multiplicity4 ,he expresses it under a logical form1 but the problem is a metaphysical one1 and hence applicable to all orders1 logical as well as ontological4 ,it is raised by all pantheists1 whose words we abstain from quoting for brevity's sake2 and so far as the problem itself is concerned1 it is a legitimate one2 and every one1 who has thought deeply on these matters1 and is not satisfied with merely looking at the surface of things1 must accept it4 ,let us put it in its clearest light4 ,the infinite1 considered merely as unity1 actuality1 7all words which mean the same thing17 can be known neither to itself nor to any other intelligence4 ,it cannot be known to itself4 ,for to know implies thought1 and thought is absolutely impossible without a duality of knowing and of being known1 of subject and of object4 ,it implies an intelligence1 an object1 and a relation between the two4 ,if1 then1 there is no multiplicity in the infinite1 it cannot know itself4 ,it is1 for itself1 as if it were not2 for what is a being which cannot know itself8 ,nor can it be known to any other intelligence2 for mere existence1 pure unity does not convey any idea necessary to satisfy the intelligence4 ,moreover1 the mere existence and unity of an object does not make it1 on that account1 intelligible4 ,for an object to be intelligible1 it is required that it should be able to act on the intelligence1 such being the condition of intelligibility4 ,footnote #afd ,now1 action implies already a multiplicity1 a subject and the action4 ,therefore1 if the infinite were mere pure unity1 it could not be intelligible to any intelligence4 ,but in the supposition that there is a kind of multiplicity in the infinite1 how would multiplicity be reconciled with unity8 ,how would these two terms agree8 ,footnote #afd3 ,see ,balmes's ,fundamental ,philosophy1 on ,intelligibility4 ,multiplicity seems to be a necessary condition of the infinite1 without which it would not be intelligible either to itself or to others4 ,absolute unity seems also to be a necessary attribute of the infinite1 and yet these two necessary conditions seem to exclude each other4 ,how then must we bring them together8 #efg ,this is the problem to be solved2 the grandest and most sublime problem of philosophy2 which has occupied every school of philosophy since man began to turn his mind to philosophical researches4 ,the two great antagonists1 pantheism and catholicity1 give an answer to the problem1 and it is the province of this article to discuss the two solutions1 and see which of them can stand the test of logic1 and really answer the problem instead of destroying it4 ,we shall enter upon the discussion1 after premising a few remarks necessary to the right understanding of the discussion4 ,the first remark which we shall make is to call the attention of the reader to the absolute necessity for the existence of the problem4 ,it is not pantheism1 nor ,catholicity1 which arbitrarily raises the problem2 it exists in the very essence of being1 in the very essence of intelligibility4 ,those philosophers who cannot see it may have taken a cursory glance over some pages of what purports to be philosophy1 but they never understood a word of that which really deserves the name of that sublime science4 ,we make this remark for two different reasons3 ,first1 in order to close the door to all the objections raised against the problem4 ,for if it is demonstrated that a multiplicity is required in the infinite1 then to raise objections against it only shows want of philosophic depth1 but does not prove anything against the existence of the problem4 ,we shall return to this subject4 ,the second reason is a consequence of the first1 to wit1 that should we find that the answer to the problem is not as clear and evident as we might desire1 we must not1 on that account1 reject the problem1 but should be satisfied with the light that is afforded4 ,this is but reasonable4 ,deny the problem we cannot4 ,it follows then that we must be satisfied with an answer which1 whilst it saves the problem1 throws as much light on it as is possible1 under the circumstances4 ,pantheistic ,solution ,of ,the ,problem ,of ,multiplicity ,and ,unity ,in ,the ,infinite4 ,pantheism arrives at infinite unity by eliminating from it all possible determination1 definition1 reality1 ideality1 thought1 will1 consciousness2 and rising from abstraction to abstraction1 from elimination to elimination1 from a more limited indefiniteness to a higher and broader and less restricted one1 up to mere simple1 unalloyed abstraction and unity4 ,all pantheists follow the same process in order to arrive at unity4 ,cousin calls it dead1 immovable1 inconceivable2 a thing existing as if it were not2 the ,being--,unreality of ,hegel4 ,but ascended to such a summit1 all multiplicity eliminated1 and pure unalloyed unity once found1 how is multiplicity to be reconstructed8 ,with the greatest ease in the world4 ,pantheists make this ,being--nothing unfold and develop itself like a silkworm2 alleging1 as a reason for such development1 an intrinsic necessity of nature1 an imperative instinct which broods in its bosom4 ,thus they reconstruct multiplicity by making the ,infinite become finite1 cosmos1 matter1 spirit1 humanity1 etc4 ,let us hear ,cousin3 ,this is the fundamental vice of ancient and modern theories2 they place unity on one side1 and multiplicity on the other2 the infinite and the finite in such an opposition that the passage from one to the other seems impossible4 #efh ,and1 after having remarked that this was the error of the school of ,elea1 he continues3 ,immensity or unity of space1 eternity or unity of time1 unity of numbers1 unity of perfection1 the ideal of all beauty1 the ,infinite1 the absolute substance1 being itself1 is a cause also1 not a relative1 contingent1 finite cause1 but an absolute cause4 ,now1 being an absolute cause1 it cannot avoid passing into action4 ,if being1 in itself alone1 is given as absolute substance without causality1 the world is impossible2 but if being in itself is also a cause and an absolute cause1 movement and the world naturally follow4 ,the true absolute is not pure being in itself2 it is power and cause taken absolutely1 which consequently creates absolutely1 and1 in developing itself1 produces all that you see around you4 ,we quote ,cousin in preference to others on account of his lucidity of style and expressions2 but every one acquainted with the systems of the ,german pantheists knows that their answer to the problem of multiplicity is substantially the same4 ,we refer the reader1 in confirmation of our assertion1 to the excellent lectures on the systems of the ,german ,pantheists1 of ,heinrich ,moritz ,chalybus1 professor at the ,university of ,kiel4 ,now1 does the answer resolve the problem8 ,does it really conciliate unity with multiplicity in the ,infinite8 ,does it really maintain intact the two terms of the problem8 ,we think that it does not1 and maintain that it destroys both terms of the problem4 ,the leading idea and principle of ,pantheism is that unity is becoming multiplicity4 ,it is an existence in a continual ex-sistere in an emergence and manifestation4 ,footnote #afe ,footnote #afe3 ,chalybus' ,lectures1 etc4 ,now1 who can fail to perceive that if unity is such1 that is1 unity when it is merely potential1 when it has only the power of becoming1 of passing into multiplicity1 it is doubtless destroyed as soon as it passes from the power into the act2 or1 in other words1 it is destroyed as unity when it becomes multiplicity8 ,strip this idea of a potential unity becoming actual multiplicity1 strip it of all the logical phantasmagoria with which it has been adorned1 especially by pantheists of the ,german school1 which phantasmagoria can only impose upon the simple1 and you can see1 as clearly as that two and two make four1 that the whole thing amounts to nothing but to this2 that unity vanishes as soon as it becomes multiplicity4 ,it is with a special intention that we have made use of the simile of the silkworm4 ,this poor creature too1 like the unity of the pantheists1 has an instinct given it by ,god1 of unfolding and developing itself1 and the effect of its operation is the silk which serves to set off the beauty of man4 ,but unfortunately1 the process of development exhausts the little creature2 for when it is completed1 the poor creature dies1 and its development is its death1 and its production is its shroud2 yet1 it has this advantage over the unity of the pantheists1 that its remains continue to exist1 whereas their unity evaporates completely in multiplicity4 ,to speak more seriously1 it is perfectly evident to every mind1 that the answer of the pantheists destroys the very problem it undertakes to solve4 ,unity is unity so long as it is a potency1 a power of becoming2 it vanishes as soon as it becomes multiplicity4 ,add to this1 that their unity1 to be infinite1 must remain undefined1 potential1 and in the possibility of becoming2 such being their idea of the ,infinite4 #efi ,for which reason they eliminate from it every limitation1 all individuality1 all thought1 all consciousness4 ,the natural consequence of this principle must be that it remains infinite so long as it is wrapped up in its vagueness and indefiniteness4 ,let it come forth from its indefiniteness1 let it become definite1 limited1 concrete1 and its infinity together with its unity is gone4 ,it evaporates in the finite forms it assumes4 ,on the other hand1 let it remain absorbed in its indefiniteness1 in its abstractiveness1 and consequently1 in its infinity1 and multiplicity can no longer be conceived4 ,it is absurd then to speak of multiplicity in the ,infinite of the ,pantheists1 since it is clear that1 when it assumes multiplicity1 it can no longer be either infinite or one2 and when it remains infinite it cannot be conceived as multiple4 ,all this we have said1 conceding the premises of pantheism4 ,but we have1 in the first article1 demonstrated the following principles3 #ast4 ,if the pantheists take their unity in the sense of a pure abstraction1 a transient act1 the elements of which do not last one single instant1 it is in that case an absolute nonentity1 an utter unreality1 and then it is useless to speak of multiplicity1 since ex nihilo nihil fit4 #b;d4 ,or1 they suppose their unity as something really existing1 having the power of gradual development1 and in that case we have demonstrated that such a being could not develop itself without the aid of a foreign being4 ,the premises of pantheism then being false1 the solution of the problem falls to the ground independently of its intrinsic value1 if it have any1 which we have shown it has not4 ,pantheism cannot answer the problem of multiplicity4 ,how can we then attain to its solution8 ,we answer3 the ,catholic ,church resolves it1 giving such an explanation of it as the finite and limited intellect of man may reasonably expect4 ,for the ,catholic ,church does not pretend to give such a solution of the problem as to enable us thoroughly to understand it4 ,she proceeds from two premises1 to wit1 that ,god is infinite1 and that man1 necessarily distinct from ,god1 is finite1 and therefore endowed only with finite intelligence4 ,that these premises are true1 appears evident from the demonstration we have already given1 in which we have shown that the pantheistic idea of the infinite is the idea of finite being when it is not taken as meaning only an abstraction1 a pure mathematical point4 ,the ideas of the infinite and the finite exist1 and therefore there must be also objects corresponding to these ideas4 ,we shall return to this subject in a following number4 ,from these two ideas of the finite and the ,infinite1 it follows that man can never comprehend ,god2 or1 in other words1 that the intelligence of man1 with the relation to ,god as its object1 must find mysteries or truths above and beyond its capacity4 ,for1 as it is absurd to shut up a body of large size in a body of much more limited size1 supposing the present conditions of bodies not suspended1 so it is absurd to suppose that the intellect of man1 limited and finite1 could grasp or take in ,god1 who is infinite4 ,we are aware of the opposition which is made by many to mysteries or super-intelligible truths2 but we insist upon it1 that all such opposition would vanish1 if men would study philosophy more deeply and more assiduously4 ,why1 a real philosopher1 one who has sounded the depths of creation1 and plunged into the profundity of the great ideas of being1 of substance1 of the absolute1 of the infinite1 the finite and the relative1 into the ideas of eternity1 of immensity1 of immutability1 of space and time1 into the ideas of cause1 of action1 of movement2 one who has entered into the labyrinth of his soul1 and tried to catch the flying phenomena of its life1 and to analyze all the fibres of its consciousness2 such a one meets1 at every step1 with mysteries1 and the more he digs into them1 the profounder and the wider is the abyss lying at his feet4 #egj ,if we should meet with a man denying mysteries1 and desirous to engage in a discussion1 we would beg of him to go and first study the alphabet of philosophy4 ,the problem1 then1 proposing the reconciliation of unity with multiplicity in the ,infinite1 is held by the ,catholic ,church as a mystery1 a truth which cannot be thoroughly understood by the human mind4 ,but1 notwithstanding all this1 the solution which ,catholic doctrine affords1 though a mystery1 is clear enough to be perceived1 and distinct enough to make us see through the agreement of the two terms of the problem2 so that1 through the help of the ,catholic ,church1 we shall have all the light thrown upon the problem in question which man may reasonably expect1 seeing that the object of the problem is the ,infinite1 and the intellect apprehending it only limited and finite4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,philip ,,ii4 ,of ,spain4 ,by ,charles ,gayarr4 ,author of the ,history of ,louisiana under the ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,american ,domination4 ,with an ,introductory ,letter by ,george ,bancroft4 ,new ,york4 #ahff4 ,w4 ,j4 ,widdleton4 #hvo1 pp4 viii4 iv4 #cff4 ,mr4 ,gayarr is not unknown among ,american authors4 ,of ,spanish origin1 born and nurtured in ,louisiana1 he has connected his name with the history of that ,state by his devotion to its annals4 ,laborious research has enabled him to give to the world three volumes1 comprising the history of ,louisiana1 under ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,american domination4 ,unfortunately1 the first volume was taken up rather as a romance of history2 and in the treatment of his subject imagination is allowed a scope that the stricter schools of history deny that faculty4 ,imbued to no small extent with the petty philosophism of the worst age of ,france1 he seldom fails to give the ,church1 where it enters his historic paintings1 darker colors than truth will warrant4 ,his present work is not a life of ,philip ,,ii4 ,it is a series of studies1 not complete enough1 indeed1 to form a character of that great and singular ruler1 who made ,spain a great power in ,europe1 but failed to bequeath to his successors the ability and statecraft that enabled him to maintain the influence of the peninsula in ,european affairs4 ,mr4 ,gayarr's studies are disconnected1 involve repetitions1 and fail to give us the salient points which mainly need discussion and examination4 ,he begins with the death of ,philip2 then treats of his religious policy2 his love of art2 his reign in general2 ,antonio ,perez2 the ,cortes during his reign2 literature4 ,the point of view may be inferred from ,mr4 ,bancroft's remark1 that the present work is written with a mind superior to the influences of superstition--an idea we have already expressed in somewhat different terms1 vocabularies differing slightly1 as ,saul of ,tarsus notes1 in giving the estimate made by the most civilized and enlightened people of his day in regard to the cross4 #ega ,philip as ruler of ,spain1 ,portugal1 and the ,indies2 ,philip and the ,low ,countries2 ,philip in his relations with foreign countries2 ,philip and the ,inquisition in ,spain2 ,philip and his family1 here were indeed themes to discuss1 to examine by the aid of the soundest authorities4 ,had ,mr4 ,gayarr done this in true historic spirit1 his work1 whatever the judgment at which he arrived1 would have been of real value to every thinking man4 ,as it is1 we cannot say that we see any necessity or utility for the work4 ,in ,prescott there is at least a complete picture and an array of authority4 ,gayarr gives neither1 and can scarcely be read without obtaining false views--without the facts which in ,prescott often enable you to see the fallacy of statements based really on erroneous arguments4 ---- ,recollections ,of ,a ,busy ,life4 ,by ,horace ,greeley4 ,new ,york4 ,j4 ,b4 ,ford and ,company4 #ahfh4 ,the autobiographical papers1 which compose the larger part of this volume1 were originally published in a weekly journal of this city1 and have probably attracted the attention of many thousands of readers4 ,they are now issued in a permanent form1 under ,mr4 ,greeley's personal supervision1 and will take their place among the standard works of ,american biography4 ,whatever may be said or thought of the religious and political principles from time to time professed and advocated by the ,editor of ,the ,tribune1 no man can deny to him the character of an earnest1 outspoken1 indefatigable supporter of what1 at the moment1 he believes to be just and right4 ,the manner in which he braved a public opinion thoroughly tyrannical1 both at the opening and close of the late war1 sufficiently attests his independence of spirit and his fidelity to the dictates of his own judgment4 ,one interest1 however1 attaches to ,mr4 ,greeley1 chiefly as a man who1 from the humblest beginnings1 has raised himself1 by his own exertions1 to one of the most influential and honorable positions in this country4 ,the story of his projects and reverses1 of his perseverance and his triumphs1 is well told in the volume before us1 and will serve to encourage and refresh the hearts of many young men1 whose struggles after influence and honest wealth are meeting with continual disappointment4 ,in the hurry of preparing this work for the press1 ,mr4 ,greeley has fallen into an historical error which should certainly be corrected4 ,in his opening chapter he informs us that1 in #afda1 during the insurrection which occurred in the province of ,ulster in ,ireland1 against the ,british power1 #dj1jjj ,protestant settlers were speedily massacred1 with small regard to age or sex4 ,the number who actually suffered in that rebellion has been variously estimated by historians not favorable toward ,ireland or her people4 ,sir ,john ,temple fixes it at #aej1jjj2 ,milton1 in his ,eiconoclastes1 at #aed1jjj for one province alone2 ,clarendon puts the number at #dj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,greeley follows ,clarendon1 but with equal reliability he might have taken ,temple or ,milton for his authority4 ,he might also have stated with the former1 that ,hundreds of the ghosts of ,protestants1 that were drowned by the rebels at ,portadown ,bridge1 were seen in the river1 bolt upright1 and were heard to cry out for revenge on these rebels4 ,one of these ghosts was seen with hands lifted up1 and standing in that posture from ,december #bith to the latter end of the following ,lent4 ,for additional testimony about the presence of the ghosts1 he might have called upon ,dr4 ,maxwell1 the ,protestant ,bishop of ,kilmore4 ,but if instead of relying upon such ghostly authorities1 ,mr4 ,greeley had consulted a little work1 entitled ,memoir of ,ireland1 ,native and ,saxon1 written by ,daniel ,o',connell1 and published by ,greeley ,mc,elrath in #ahdd1 he would have seen that1 in #afda1 there were less than #bjj1jjj ,protestants in the entire island1 and that the number massacred 787 in its most northern province failed to reach any thousands whatever4 ,he would also have discovered that in these insurrections it was the ,catholics who suffered1 and not ,protestants1 as1 for instance1 at ,island ,magee4 #egb ,mr4 ,greeley is too wise and liberal a man wilfully to repeat so stale a calumny1 and he is not so inconsistent as to contradict1 in #ahfh1 the statements of a work which he deemed worthy of public confidence in #ahdd4 ,while1 therefore1 we point out the error1 we impute no malice to the writer2 to whom1 in view of his constant activity1 some inaccuracies may be pardoned4 ,but the injury inflicted by his mistake is not lessened by its thoughtlessness1 and the least that can be done to remedy the evil is to correct the error in the next edition1 should one be ever issued4 ---- ,the ,ideal ,in ,art4 ,by ,h4 ,taine4 ,translated by ,j4 ,durand4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,the object of these two lectures1 first delivered by ,m4 ,taine to the students of the ,school of ,fine ,arts in ,paris1 and now published in an ,american translation by ,messrs4 ,leypoldt ,holt1 is to erect a standard of criticism in art1 independent of the taste and fancy of the individual critic1 and so based upon established principles as to be worthy of the name of a law4 ,to our mind1 the distinguished author has approached1 if not attained1 success4 ,the fundamental rule with which he starts1 distinguishes between that mechanical skill by which the production of the artist is made a faithful representation of his own ideal1 and that artistic genius by which the loftiness and grandeur of the ideal is itself determined4 ,he then proceeds to measure the ideal itself1 and1 upon the purity and elevation of this1 bases the standing of the artist and the merit of his works4 ,a complete sketch of ,m4 ,taine's system would necessitate a reproduction of the work itself4 ,in his volume there are no wasted words2 and while1 perhaps1 not altogether intelligible to the utterly unlearned in art1 the treatise which he gives us will serve to stimulate the reader to an inquiry which cannot fail to improve his taste in literature as well as in the peculiar domain which it professes to explore4 ,we especially welcome this volume at this time1 because of the opportunities which are now afforded for a study of the principles of ,m4 ,taine1 in connection with the great schools of ,italian art themselves4 ,in the ,jarves ,collection1 now at ,yale ,college1 may be found paintings of representative masters1 from the dawn of ,italian art to the commencement of its decline4 ,hundreds of visitors have examined this treasure-house of painting1 and thousands more should follow their example4 ,and we venture to suggest that a careful study of the work before us will render1 at least in the case of cultivated persons1 what would otherwise have been a mere visit of curiosity1 a most valuable lesson on that ideal in art in which the true artists of every age have given the measure of their own genius and the pledge of their artistic immortality4 ---- ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 for the ,united ,states1 for the ,year of our ,lord #ahfi4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 ,this is the first attempt by any ,catholic publisher in this country to get up an ,almanac suitable for ,catholic families4 ,it contains a complete calendar for the year #ahfi1 with a variety of other matter both useful and entertaining4 ,the illustrations1 nineteen in number1 are excellent4 ,we are glad to be able to state that it is the intention of the ,society to issue such an almanac every year1 and we hope that this first attempt may meet with the success which it so well deserves4 ,it should be found in every ,catholic household in the ,united ,states4 ,almanacs have become almost a necessity1 and are looked for as regularly as the new year4 ,it is1 then1 highly important that an almanac1 to say the least1 should contain nothing objectionable to morals1 and this cannot be said of too many frequently met with1 which are only mere advertising mediums for quack medicines1 etc4 ,we hope ,the ,catholic ,family ,almanac will henceforth supersede all such trashy productions--which no father of a family should allow to endanger the faith and morality of his children4 ,the excuse heretofore urged for their presence in the house1 that there was no ,catholic family almanac to be had1 is no longer valid4 ---- #egc ,criminal ,abortion3 ,its ,nature1 its ,evidence1 and its ,law4 ,by ,horatio ,r4 ,storer1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,b41 and ,franklin ,fiske ,heard4 ,boston3 ,little1 ,brown ,company4 #ahfh4 ,this subject is here brought before the public in a manner proportioned to its importance2 and ,dr4 ,storer1 for his indefatigable efforts in ferreting out the statistics of this crime1 and his outspoken honest opinions1 deserves the thanks of the ,american people4 ,the evidence adduced in support of the author's assertions is so conclusive that the question suggests itself1 ,whither are we drifting8 ,in a note on page #gd1 the moral effect of the ,catholic religion is shown in preventing this slaughter of the innocents1 but the author fails to suggest the general dissemination of the religion throughout the country as a means of checking this rapidly growing evil4 ,book ,,ii4 gives ample extracts from the ,common and ,state ,laws on the subject1 as well as quotations from ,english reports1 which are not generally accessible even to the legal profession in this country1 making the work an indispensable addition to the library of every lawyer and physician in the country4 ---- ,the ,knowledge ,and ,love ,of ,jesus ,christ4 ,by the ,rev4 ,father ,st4 ,jure1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea1 #ci ,barclay street4 ,st4 ,jure was one of the best spiritual writers in ,france of the early part of the seventeenth century1 and this is one of his best works4 ,it is full of solid thought and learning1 as well as of the purest and warmest piety4 ,i cannot1 therefore1 be too highly recommended as a book for spiritual reading1 well adapted to the wants of the most intelligent and highly educated persons1 and approved by the judgment of the most enlightened men in the church for two centuries4 ,the translation was made by the accomplished authoress of the ,life of ,catharine ,macaulay1 and the publisher has issued it in a very good style4 ---- ,o',shea's ,popular ,juvenile ,library4 ,second ,series4 #abvols4 ,illustrated4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahfh4 ,this series is an acceptable addition to our rapidly increasing list of ,catholic juveniles4 ,the titles of the volumes it contains are as follows3 ,the ,generous ,enemy1 and other stories2 ,anna's ,vacation1 and other stories2 ,the ,beggar's ,will1 and other stories2 ,bertrand du ,guesclin2 ,kasem the ,miser1 and other stories2 ,the ,blind ,grandfather1 and other stories2 ,trifles2 ,the ,true ,son1 and other stories2 ,marian's ,history2 ,patience ,removes ,mountains1 and other tales2 ,the ,best ,dowry1 and other tales4 ---- ,rural ,poems1 by ,william ,barnes4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahfi4 ,these poems have received unqualified praise by ,english critics in the principal literary reviews4 ,it is said of them that they are in a high degree pleasant and novel2 invested with a simple beauty1 clothed in homely1 healthy language1 etc4 ,we might1 and do1 say the same of the renowned ,melodies of ,mother ,goose1 whose ,poems the greater part of the present collection very much resembles4 ,who will not be forcibly reminded of ,ride a cock-horse to ,banbury ,cross by the following verses8 ,bright was the morning and bright was the moon1 ,bright was the forenoon and bright was the noon1 ,bright was the road down the sunshiny ridge1 ,bright was the water and bright was the bridge3 ,bright in the light were two eyes in my sight1 ,on the road that ,i took up to ,brenbury tower4 ,the eyes at my side were my ,fanny's1 my bride1 ,the day of my wedding1 my wedding's gay hour4 #egd ,we think that if the author had been an ,american1 the ,english critics would have laughed at him4 ,the book is elegantly published1 with good illustrations1 and would make a nice holiday present for children4 ---- ,beginning ,german4 ,lessons introductory to the ,study of the ,german ,language4 ,with a ,vocabulary1 ,select ,phrases for ,german ,conversation1 and ,reading ,lessons4 ,by ,dr4 ,emil ,otto1 ,professor of ,modern ,languages and ,lecturer at the ,university of ,heidelberg4 ,first ,american ,edition4 ,with additional reading matter and notes1 arranged by ,l4 ,pylodet4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,dr4 ,otto deserves a great deal of praise for the attention that he has shown to the wants of the student4 ,in the above work he has carefully collected all the necessary matter for the commencement of a systematic study of the ,german4 ,the book has been prepared for young persons2 but contrary to the usual method1 ,dr4 ,otto does not overtask the memory of the learner with endless vocabularies1 which serve only to hide the important parts4 ,he first explains the alphabet1 and also ,german accentuation and punctuation4 ,next he gives a thorough drill upon each of the parts of speech1 and by the aid of foot-notes1 gradually places before the student the salient points of the ,german grammar4 ,after which comes select phrases and reading lessons4 ,the vocabularies in nearly all ,french and ,german grammars are made up of the most foolish and impracticable sentences that could possibly be invented2 and ,dr4 ,otto cannot put forth the claim of originality for his selection of sentences4 ,the partitive sense and the possessive case create an immense amount of confusion in the minds of those who plan ,german methods1 and they accordingly attempt to perpetuate their trouble by filling their exercises with childish and improbable examples4 ,dr4 ,otto forms no exception to the general custom4 ,the rules given at the bottom of the pages in regard to declensions1 are spread over so many pages that they will not be of much assistance1 and the student will be obliged to turn at once to the synopsis of ,german ,grammar1 which the book also contains1 if he desires to thoroughly understand this part of the ,german4 ,the reading lessons are simple and well selected2 but there is no necessity for the abundant notes which are appended4 ,on the whole1 this is a very excellent work3 being far in advance of the ,german text-books that are so much used in the schools of this city1 by serving to impress upon the minds of the learner a true regard for the grammatical formation of their own language4 ---- ,the ,little ,gypsy4 ,by ,elie ,sauvage4 ,illustrated by ,lorenz ,frlich4 ,translated from the ,french by ,i4 ,m4 ,lyster4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,pp4 #acc4 #ahfh4 ,this is a charming little story--one that we can heartily recommend1 both from its intrinsic merits and the beautiful manner in which it is got up1 as a suitable ,christmas present4 ---- ,verses ,on ,various ,occasions4 ,boston4 ,published by ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahfh4 ,on the reception of the ,english edition of this exquisite volume1 we called the attention of our readers to the true ,catholic beauty and fervor of the poems which it contains4 ,the edition by ,mr4 ,donahoe is elegantly printed on toned paper1 and faultlessly bound4 ,we can think of no more appropriate book for a ,christmas gift than this4 ---- ,the ,calamities ,and ,quarrels ,of ,authors3 with some ,inquiries respecting their ,moral and ,literary ,characters1 and ,memoirs for our ,literary ,history4 ,by ,isaac ,disraeli4 ,edited by his ,son1 the ,right ,hon4 ,b4 ,disraeli4 ,new ,york3 ,w4 ,j4 ,widdleton4 #b vols4 pp4 #cdi1 #daa4 #ahfh4 #ege ,these two volumes complete an edition in nine volumes of the writings of the elder ,disraeli4 ,his works are too well known to need1 even if the limited space at our disposal this month permitted1 an extended notice4 ---- ,twentieth ,annual ,report ,of ,the ,regents ,of ,the ,university ,of ,the ,state ,of ,new ,york1 ,on ,the ,condition ,of ,the ,state ,cabinet ,of ,natural ,history1 ,and ,the ,historical ,and ,antiquarian ,collection ,annexed ,thereto4 ,albany3 ,van ,benthuysen and ,sons' ,printing ,house4 #ahfh4 ,the study of ,natural ,history is in its infancy in the ,united ,states1 yet it is encouraging to know that there are a few earnest men who continue their investigations in spite of the almost universal indifference upon the subject4 ,it is not so much because there are no men of science to determine the species of our fauna1 as that there is a general lack of attention to these questions4 ,perhaps one of the most gratifying features of the present ,report is the indication of a newly-awakened interest among our citizens4 ,a large number of types have been presented to the ,museum by private collectors2 among the more interesting of these is the skeleton of a ,mastodon found recently at ,cohoes4 ,this animal has been imbedded in such an unusual stratum of rock1 and in such a peculiar manner1 that the learned ,curator of the ,cabinet believes it will afford a valuable guide in determining its natural history and geological relations4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institute has generously presented more than two thousand specimens to the collection of shells4 ,these1 as will be seen from the catalogues given1 are of great value1 because they embrace almost exclusively species from distant quarters of the globe1 and which consequently can only be obtained through some ,state institution4 ,however1 the zealous efforts of the ,curator and ,regents seem to be much impeded by the want of proper cases for the display and arrangement of specimens4 ,a similar difficulty was experienced by the ,society of ,natural ,history in this city2 they at one time possessed a large and interesting collection of insects1 which were packed in boxes and stored in the basement of the ,medical ,college of the ,new ,york ,university4 ,the destruction of that building by fire has relieved the officers of the society from any further trouble concerning them4 ,it is to be hoped that a similar fate does not await the ,state ,collection1 but that the modest request of the trustees for a small appropriation will be granted at the present session of the ,legislature4 ,the catalogue of books scarcely numbers a hundred volumes1 and does not merit the name of a library4 ,this is a serious obstacle in the way of those who are charged with the duty of classifying the specimens sent to them1 but one which the ,regents of the ,cabinet anticipate to see gradually removed4 ,the statement of the necessities and financial condition of the ,state ,cabinet is followed by an essay of ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,wilson1 of ,hobart ,college1 on ,local ,climatology4 ,this is chiefly interesting because of a new theory accounting for the cold weather of winter4 ,of course1 one of the principal reasons why the temperature is lower in winter than in summer is because the days of winter are several hours shorter4 ,but the sun's heating power is also determined by its altitude4 ,herschel and ,pouillet have demonstrated that a large proportion of the sun's rays are absorbed by passing through the atmosphere1 or rather by the moisture in the atmosphere1 so that only about seventy-five per cent of its heat reaches the earth4 ,hence1 it is evident that the temperature will vary1 not only for places of different latitudes1 but also at the same place at different seasons of the year1 and during the different hours of the day4 ,still1 the mere fact of the absorption of heat does not explain the difference of temperature4 ,heat absorbed always increases the temperature of the absorbing body1 except when the heat becomes latent by passing from a solid to a fluid1 or from a fluid to a gaseous state4 #egf ,as an atmosphere does not change the form of the heat1 it would itself be increased in temperature1 and consequently the influence of the heat would be felt in precisely the same degree as if it were conducted directly to the earth4 ,but this difficulty is removed by ,prof4 ,wilson1 who claims that the atmosphere has the same power of reflecting as of absorbing heat2 hence the heat is never transmitted beyond the outer boundary of our atmosphere1 but is immediately reflected into space1 and loses its influence upon anything within the power of our observation4 ,the decrease of heat has long been known to depend greatly upon the sun's altitude4 ,it varies with what is commonly termed the sine of the sun's altitude4 ,it is worthy to be remarked1 therefore1 that on this theory the decrease of heat will depend upon the angle at which the sun's rays strike the atmosphere1 and hence it must always1 as in fact it does1 coincide with the sun's height4 ,the result of ,prof4 ,hall's labor for the year is seen in several elaborate notices upon the ,palaeontology of the ,state4 ,those who feel interested in this enticing department of ,natural ,history will take pleasure in the clear analysis of certain families and genera described in the ,report4 ,the effort to aid beginners in this study1 as seen in the monogram upon the ,graptolites1 is particularly commendable4 ,these sciences cannot make any substantial progress until they are brought down to the capacity of learned men engaged in other pursuits1 because they all depend upon the careful observation of phenomena which require the united attention of many individuals4 ,hence1 all domestic contributions to the determining of the species of our own fauna should be sufficiently elementary to be understood by amateurs in the science4 ,and to the want of such works as these may fairly be attributed the fact1 that many young men begin to investigate the various branches of natural science1 but very few persevere4 ,the volume is increased in value by a number of well-executed plates1 which appear to be accurate copies of the specimens in ,prof4 ,hall's collection4 ,it shows1 at least1 that he recognizes their importance in conveying scientific knowledge4 ,a figure skilfully drawn will frequently determine a species in a moment's comparison1 which would have cost many hours' careful study of the descriptions of even the most accurate and painstaking observer4 ---- ,beginner's ,french ,reader4 ,short and ,easy ,pieces in ,prose and ,verse1 with a complete ,vocabulary4 ,arranged by ,l4 ,pylodet4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 ,this little book seems to be very well adapted to fully carry out the end indicated by its title-page4 ---- ,,messrs4 ,,john ,,murphy ,co4 have just published a small volume containing the life of ,john ,m4 ,costelloe1 or ,the ,beauty of ,virtue1 exemplified in an ,american ,youth4 ,the author simply proposes to lay before the reader the virtues of a young man who passed seventeen years of his short life in the peaceful seclusion of his home1 and the remaining two and a half in the quiet routine of a college1 and who1 therefore1 could have practised only what ,st4 ,francis of ,sales calls 'little virtues4' ---- ,books ,received4 ,from ,,charles ,,scribner ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,madame ,thrse2 or1 ,the ,volunteers of '#ih4 ,by ,,mm4 ,erckman-,chatrian4 ,translated from the thirteenth edition1 with ten full-page illustrations4 ,from ,,patrick ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,le ,petit ,catchisme de ,quebec4 ,the ,farleyes of ,farleye3 or1 ,faithful and ,true4 ,by ,rev4 ,thomas ,j4 ,potter1 ,all ,hallows ,college1 ,dublin4 ,from ,,lee ,,shepard1 ,boston3 ,dr4 ,howell's ,family4 ,by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,b4 ,goodwin4 ,hillsboro ,farms4 ,by ,sophia ,dickinson ,cobb4 ,the ,mimic ,stage4 ,a series of ,dramas1 ,comedies1 ,burlesques1 and ,farces1 for ,public ,exhibitions and ,private ,theatricals4 ,by ,george ,m4 ,baker4 ,from ,,leypoldt ,,holt1 ,new ,york3 ,madame de ,beaupr4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,jenkin4 ,from ,,john ,,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,purgatorian ,consoler4 ,a manual of prayers1 containing a selection of devotional exercises originally prepared for the use of the members of the ,purgatorian ,archconfraternity2 enlarged and adapted to general use by a ,redemptorist ,father4 ,published with the approbation of the ,most ,reverend the ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,the ,visitation ,manual3 ,a collection of prayers and instructions1 compiled according to the ,spiritual ,directory and ,spirit of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 founder of the ,religious ,order of the ,visitation of ,b4 ,v4 ,mary4 ,published with the approbation of the ,most ,reverend ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 #ahfi4 ---------- #egg ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #dg4 ,february1 #ahfi4 ,cardinal ,ximenes4 ,the greatness of ,cardinal ,ximenes has weathered the storms of time4 ,it has spread far beyond the people by whom it was first recognized and proclaimed4 ,all ,europe has done it homage1 and the whole civilized world hails it with gratitude and joy4 ,it is a small thing in comparison to excel as a prelate1 a statesman1 a general1 or a man of letters2 but to shine foremost in each and all of these capacities1 as did ,ximenes1 to make a lasting impression on the age in a fourfold character1 and to mould anew the destinies of a nation in virtue of it1 have been the lot of few1 and scarcely the ambition of any4 ,ximenes de ,cisneros is part of the ,spaniard's nationality4 ,they admire1 they love him1 they boast of him2 and so lately as ,april1 #aheg1 they assembled in vast numbers in the city of ,alcal to deposit his remains in the ,iglesia ,magistral1 just #cdj years after his decease4 ,the precious memoirs left by ,gomez have never been employed with greater effect than by ,dr4 ,von ,hefele1 who1 from these--the basis of all lives of ,ximenes--and from a variety of collateral sources1 has produced a complete and most valuable history of the illustrious cardinal4 ,like many eminent prelates in the ,catholic ,church1 ,ximenes was a self-made man4 ,he was born at ,tordelaguna--a small town--in #adcf4 ,his father1 though of noble descent1 was comparatively poor1 and collected tithes for the king4 ,his mother likewise came of a valiant stock decayed in fortune2 so that ,ximenes enjoyed on both sides the advantage of gentle blood4 ,from an early age he was destined for the ,church2 at ,alcal he was well schooled1 and at ,salamanca he studied canon and civil law1 theology1 and the ,scriptures4 ,it was here that his love of biblical lore first displayed itself1 and gave promise of that abundant growth which afterward made the name of ,ximenes famous in the literary world4 ,poverty was his good angel4 ,it urged him to exertion1 and he supported himself at the university by giving lessons4 ,then1 having taken his bachelor's degree in canon and civil law1 he boldly turned his face toward ,rome1 and resolved to better his fortune1 if possible1 in the heart of ,christendom4 #egh ,twice on the way he was plundered by robbers1 and but for the kindness of a former school-fellow would have been stopped at ,aix1 in ,provence1 and compelled to return1 minus money1 clothes1 and horse4 ,to ,rome1 however1 he came1 and worked steadily in the ecclesiastical courts during six years1 till his father died1 and he was recalled to ,spain to perform a parent's part to his bereaved family4 ,happily he carried in his pocket an expectative letter1 by which the pope granted him the first vacant benefice in the diocese of ,toledo4 ,the right of bestowing benefices in this manner had often been questioned1 often resisted2 but with such controversies ,ximenes had nothing to do4 ,it was not till the ,council of ,trent that ,gratia ,expectativae were finally suppressed2 ,footnote #aff and it was clearly his interest to obtain a living from the holy father1 if he could1 according to established precedent4 ,uzeda soon fell vacant1 and though ,ximenes laid claim to it immediately1 ,carillo1 the archbishop1 was in no degree inclined to yield it to him4 ,the more ,ximenes pressed his claim1 the more stoutly ,carillo resisted1 and the result was that the claimant1 though backed by papal authority1 soon found himself a prisoner in the very parish of which he sought to be pastor4 ,nothing could break his iron resolution1 and being removed to the fortress of ,santorcaz1 he there spent six years in confinement1 till the archbishop1 wearied by his firm and constant refusal to forego his claim1 at length yielding the point1 restored him to liberty1 and confirmed him in possession of the benefice4 ,footnote #aff3 ,sess4 xxiv4 cap4 #ai4 ,his constant study of the ,scriptures could not escape observation1 and he was often referred to as an authority in ,hebrew and ,chaldee4 ,being made vicar of the diocese of ,sigenza1 and agent for the estates of a nobleman who had been taken prisoner by the ,moors1 ,ximenes sighed for retirement1 and entered as a novice a convent of the ,franciscan order4 ,but his interior life was still disturbed4 ,numbers resorted to him for counsel and instruction4 ,he prayed to be sent to some more lonely retreat1 and accordingly found his home in a small convent near ,toledo1 called after our ,lady of ,castaar4 ,it stood in the midst of a forest of chestnuts1 and here1 like an anchorite of old1 he built a hermitage and supported life on herbs and roots1 with water from the neighboring rill4 ,though a scourge was in his hand and a hair-shirt on his body1 the ,bible he so prized was before him1 angels surrounded him1 and the ,holy ,ghost established within him a reign of serenity and light4 ,according to the rule of the ,franciscans1 he was1 ere long1 again removed4 ,he became guardian of the convent of ,salzeda1 and it was here1 in his fifty-sixth year1 that his career1 so far as it concerns history1 began4 ,a confessor was required for the devout and beautiful ,queen ,isabella1 and ,cardinal ,mendoza1 who had been ,bishop of ,sigenza1 and knew ,ximenes well1 recommended him as the fitting person to guide her conscience4 ,being summoned to court on pretence of business1 the ,franciscan recluse was introduced1 as it were by accident1 into the royal presence4 ,isabella was charmed by his candor1 his modesty1 and native dignity4 ,in vain he declined the office for which he was designed4 ,the queen would take no refusal1 but consented to his residing still in his monastery1 away from the splendor and temptations of a court4 ,he strove to avoid interference in politics1 but ,isabella so much the more applied for his advice in the affairs of state4 #egi ,thus influence over others is often given to those whose only aim is to acquire the mastery over themselves4 ,not long after being made confessor to the queen1 ,ximenes was elected ,provincial of the ,franciscan order for ,old and ,new ,castile4 ,he made his visitations on foot1 begged his way like any other of his brethren1 and often lived on raw roots4 ,the order had relaxed its original strictness1 and was divided into ,conventuals and ,observantines1 of whom the latter only adhered to the letter and spirit of their founder's laws4 ,the report1 therefore1 which the provincial had to make to his royal mistress was anything but favorable1 and he consequently became himself an object of calumny and dislike to those whose vices he sought to correct4 ,many of the ,conventuals who would not reform were ejected from their sanctuaries by his order1 and his conflict with evil was silently and surely preparing him for the high post of ,archbishop of ,toledo1 ,primate of ,spain1 and ,chancellor of ,castile4 ,this see had generally been filled by one of noble birth1 and ,ferdinand was anxious to bestow it on his natural son1 ,alfonso1 ,bishop of ,saragossa4 ,but ,isabella was strong in her resolve to promote ,ximenes4 ,on ,good ,friday1 #adie1 she sent for her confessor1 and placed a paper in his hands4 ,it was addressed by his holiness ,alexander ,,vi41 ,to our venerable brother1 ,francisco ,ximenes de ,cisneros1 ,archbishop-elect of ,toledo4 ,as he read this the friar turned pale4 ,it cannot be meant for me1 he said1 and abruptly left the apartment1 dropping the packet4 ,come1 brother1 he exclaimed to his companion1 we must be gone in haste4 ,but the royal messengers overtook him on the road to ,ocaa1 trudging along bravely in the noontide heat4 ,he was flying from an archbishopric with #hj1jjj ducats a year1 from power and influence second only to that of the king1 and from towns and fortresses with numerous vassals4 ,no arguments could induce him to accept these earthly goods4 ,during six months he persisted in refusing them1 and yielded at last only in obedience to a command from the sovereign pontiff4 ,he was now in his sixtieth year4 ,in ,october1 #adie1 he was solemnly consecrated in presence of the two sovereigns1 and when1 after the ceremony1 he came to do them homage1 he said3 ,i come to kiss the hands of your majesties1 not because they have raised me to the first see in ,spain1 but because ,i hope they will assist me in supporting the burden which they have placed on my shoulders4 ,ximenes was1 on the whole1 the model of a prelate2 and accordingly we see in him modesty and self-confidence singularly combined4 ,in the well-balanced mind they react upon each other and produce each other4 ,hence1 humility is the source of moral power4 ,no silver adorned ,ximenes's table1 no ornaments hung on his walls4 ,his garment was the habit of ,st4 ,francis1 his food was coarse1 his journeys were made on foot or on a mule's back1 and his palace was turned into a cloister4 ,but many persons cavilled at this austerity and ascribed it to spiritual pride4 ,the pope thought it undesirable in the case of a primate of ,spain1 and exhorted ,ximenes1 by letter1 to conform outwardly to the dignity of his state of life in his dress1 attendants1 and everything else relating to the promotion of that respect due to his authority4 #ehj ,in private1 however1 ,ximenes continued as mortified as before4 ,the hair-shirt was next his skin1 and he mended with his own hand the coarse garments concealed by the silks and furs of office4 ,the sumptuous bed1 adorned with ivory1 purple1 and gold1 which stood in the palace1 was never used by him2 he slept1 though1 his attendants knew it not1 on the bare floor1 and thus1 by night and day1 he kept up in his own person a ceaseless protest against the prevailing luxury of the times4 ,he feared the seduction of wealth1 and was ever on his guard against the temptations of his princely domain1 consisting of fifteen cities1 besides many villages and towns4 ,but if any presumed on his unworldly habits1 and thought that he must be pliant because he was devout1 they were soon disabused of their mistake4 ,he refused1 at the outset of his primacy1 to make any appointments at the instance of great men1 and declared that he was willing at any time to return to his convent and his beads2 but that no personal considerations should ever operate with him in distributing the honors of the ,church4 ,even the brother of ,cardinal ,mendoza was unable to obtain from ,ximenes the confirmation of his appointment to the governorship of ,cazorla1 and his relations1 highly incensed1 could gain no redress from the queen4 ,having thus established his own independence and freed himself from importunate suitors1 ,ximenes saluted ,don ,pedro de ,mendoza one day by the title of ,adelantado of ,cazorla1 saying that1 as no suspicion of sinister influence could now attach to him1 he was happy to restore ,don ,pedro to a post for which he knew him to be qualified4 ,in the biographies of ,gomez and ,quintanilla1 of ,oviedo and ,robles1 ,marsollier1 ,flchier1 ,baudier1 ,von ,hefele1 and ,barrett1 a number of such anecdotes may be found1 illustrating the diocesan life of ,ximenes1 his wonderful penetration1 piety1 and zeal4 ,but these1 for the most part1 we must pass over1 and dwell rather on those events in his career with which the history of his country is concerned4 ,several years had passed since the last ,moorish king in ,spain had been defeated and stripped of his dominions4 ,the genius of ,washington ,irving1 the research of ,prescott1 and the fancy of ,southey and ,bulwer have found full scope in detailing the history of the war of ,granada1 the surprise of ,zahara1 the exploits of the ,marquis of ,cadiz1 the fierce resistance of the ,moors1 and the capture of ,alhama4 ,but the ,moors1 though conquered1 had reason to be satisfied with the terms of the victors4 ,they were allowed by treaty to retain their mosques and mode of worship1 their property1 laws1 commerce1 and civil tribunals4 ,they had some privileges of which even the ,spaniards were deprived2 and if1 during the governorship of ,tendilla and the archbishopric of ,talavera1 the ,moors of ,granada were brought under various ,catholic influences1 they could not complain of any force or severity being employed by those who sought to convert them4 ,talavera1 indeed1 whom ,ximenes had succeeded as confessor to the queen1 was ceaseless in his efforts for their salvation4 ,he learned ,arabic at an advanced age1 and required his clergy also to do the same4 ,he caused portions of the ,scriptures1 ,liturgy1 and ,catechism to be translated1 and so recommended the religion he professed by his consistent life and amiable temper that ,mohammedanism in ,granada melted away before the genial light of the gospel1 and the ,moors themselves came to love and revere the ,christian bishop1 whom they called ,the ,great ,alfaqui1 or ,doctor4 #eha ,thus far all was progressing hopefully1 when1 in #adii1 ,ximenes was invited by the ,catholic sovereigns to assist ,talavera in his important mission4 ,in addition to the means already employed1 ,ximenes resorted to a large distribution of presents4 ,in order1 says ,von ,hefele1 that his instructions might make some impression on their sensual minds1 he did not hesitate to make the ,moorish priests and doctors agreeable presents1 consisting chiefly of costly articles of dress and silks4 ,for this object he encumbered the revenues of his see for many years4 ,footnote #afg ,conversions followed in great numbers1 and ,ximenes baptized in one day #djjj persons4 ,many of the mosques were converted into churches1 and the sound of bells for ,mass and vespers was heard continually in the midst of a ,moslem population4 ,but this success produced a reaction4 ,the ,moors who were zealous for the false prophet raised a clamor against the archbishop and the government4 ,the most noisy were arrested by ,ximenes's order1 but in the height of his zeal he overstepped the bounds of the treaty which the government had made with the ,moors1 by trying to impose on the prisoners the obligation of receiving instruction from his chaplains in the ,christian religion4 ,those who refused he even punished very severely4 ,footnote #afh ,footnote #afg3 ,von ,hefele1 translated by ,canon ,dalton1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #afh3 ,id4 p4 #fd4 ,among those who were thus imprisoned was a noble ,moor named ,zegri1 who had distinguished himself in the recent wars4 ,being obliged to fast several days and wear heavy irons1 he suddenly declared that ,allah had appeared to him in a vision and commanded him to embrace the ,christian faith4 ,certain it is that during the remainder of his life he attached himself to ,ximenes with constant fidelity1 and gave undeniable proofs of the sincerity of his conversion4 ,encouraged by this signal success1 ,ximenes became more and more averse to dilatory measures4 ,he believed that ,providence designed the extinction of ,islamism in ,spain1 and that he should best co-operate with the divine will by prompt and energetic steps4 ,some thousand copies of the ,koran and other religious books were delivered up to him by the ,moorish alfaquis1 and committed to the flames in the public square4 ,works on medicine only escaped1 and these were afterward placed in the library of the university which he founded at ,alcal4 ,the children of those ,christians who had become renegades were taken from their parents and received into the ,church1 for ,ximenes would not suffer a treaty1 which he perhaps considered too temporizing1 to stand in the way of rescuing souls from error and converting an entire people4 ,about the end of the year #adii1 a terrible outbreak checked for a time the progress of evangelization4 ,salzedo1 the archbishop's major-domo1 was sent by his master into the city with another servant and an officer of justice to seize the daughter of an apostate from ,christianity4 ,the young woman1 however1 raised a cry against the violation of the treaty2 the ,moors rushed to her aid2 the officer of justice was killed by a stone2 and the major-domo escaped a like fate only by secreting himself under the bed of an old ,moorish woman who offered him assistance4 ,the ,albaycin1 or ,moslem quarter of the city1 containing #e1jjj dwellings1 rose in arms4 ,the palace of ,ximenes was the object of their attack1 and they cried for the blood of him whom a few days before they had extolled with praises4 #ehb ,the archbishop's friends urged him to fly to the fortress by a secret passage4 ,but they knew not the temper of the man whom they counselled4 ,he would never1 he said1 desert his servants in the hour of danger4 ,all night he was engaged with them in repelling the ,moors' assaults1 and in the morning the ,count of ,tendilla arrived from the ,alhambra with an armed force1 and rescued ,ximenes from imminent peril4 ,the outbreak1 however1 was not so easily subdued4 ,the herald sent by the count to the rebels was murdered1 and his staff of office was broken in contempt4 ,nine days this frantic resistance continued1 though without even a remote prospect of ultimate success4 ,ximenes tried in vain to soothe the raging multitude2 but the milder archbishop1 ,talavera1 going forth with his cross and a single chaplain1 like ,pope ,leo when he encountered ,attila1 the crowd of rebels became appeased1 and pressed round him to kiss his garment's hem4 ,the governor ,tendilla then appeared before them in a civil attire1 threw his scarlet bonnet among the crowd1 promised his influence to obtain the royal pardon1 and left his wife and two children as hostages in the ,albaycin4 ,meanwhile1 ,ximenes1 on the third day of the revolt1 sent to the sovereigns at ,seville an account of what had happened4 ,his messenger was an ,ethiopian slave--one of the telegraphic wires of those days--who could run fifty leagues in forty-eight hours4 ,but the slave got drunk on the way1 and arrived in ,seville five days after he was despatched1 instead of two4 ,reports frightfully exaggerated had reached the king and queen4 ,the court was in a panic4 ,ximenes was blamed for his indiscretion2 and ,ferdinand1 who had not forgotten the preference given to ,ximenes over ,alfonso of ,aragon1 his natural son1 bitterly reproached ,isabella for having raised an incompetent monk to the see of ,toledo4 ,but the archbishop soon appeared to plead his own cause4 ,the king and queen were not only satisfied with his explanations1 but thanked him for his services1 and assented to his proposal that the inhabitants of the ,albaycin should be punished for high treason1 unless they purchased their pardon by being baptized4 ,the treaty made with the ,moors was thought to be annulled by the violence of the ,moslems themselves4 ,those who persisted in their errors retired to the mountains or crossed over into ,barbary2 but by far the greater part of the ,moors embraced ,christianity1 and the number of the converts is computed at about #fj1jjj4 ,ximenes and ,talavera together catechised the people1 working in perfect harmony1 except in reference to the translation of the ,bible into ,arabic4 ,talavera wished to make the version complete1 while ,ximenes1 on the contrary1 was of opinion that the ,scriptures should be preserved in the ancient languages hallowed by being used in the inscriptions on the cross4 ,to place the ,bible in the vulgar tongue in the hands of neophytes and ignorant persons was1 he believed1 to cast pearls before swine1 and would certainly issue in spiritual revolt4 ,but the friendship of the two prelates remained unbroken1 and ,talavera declared that the triumphs of ,ximenes exceeded those of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 since they had conquered only the soil1 while he had won the souls of ,granada4 ,there can be no doubt that in the mass of converts there were many unworthy persons who afterward disgraced their profession4 ,it will always be thus when worldly advantages are held out to proselytes2 but ,ximenes knew that this would be the case1 and was prepared to meet the evil with appropriate remedies4 ,he believed that good on the whole would result from his decisive measures2 that many1 to say the least1 of the conversions would be sincere1 and that the children of the converts in general would be educated in the true religion4 #ehc ,we do not criticise his conduct1 neither do we altogether set it up as exemplary4 ,it was more suitable to his time and country than it would be to ours2 and having recorded it faithfully1 our work is done4 ,by whatever means accomplished1 the result has been a happy one4 ,islamism1 after many spasmodic attempts at revival1 has died out of ,spain1 and the cause of ,european morality and civilization has been saved from its most formidable enemy4 ,ximenes was in his sixty-fourth year when extreme activity brought on a severe illness and endangered his life4 ,every day his energies were divided between the sovereigns who required his counsel and aid1 and the converts1 chiefs1 and others who listened to his instructions4 ,the king and queen evinced the greatest concern for him when smitten down with fever1 and removed him from the fortress of the ,alhambra1 which was exposed to the wind1 to the royal summer-house of ,xeneralifa4 ,isabella in particular bestowed on the venerable prelate her utmost care4 ,he was soon able to walk along the banks of the ,darro and enjoy its pure and bracing air1 soon able to return to his beloved ,alcal1 where he was founding the university which has made his name blessed for ever2 while the queen1 so much younger than himself1 who had raised him so high1 and from whose sympathy and protection he had so much to expect1 the queen who was the mirror of every virtue1 the shield of the innocent1 and an avenging sword to the wicked1 ,footnote #afi was ere long ,footnote #agj to be called away from her earthly throne1 and leave her aged and faithful servant to fight his way in the midst of those who understood him less perfectly and prized him less highly than she had done4 ,footnote #afi3 ,peter ,martyr1 ,epist4 #bgi4 ,footnote #agj3 ,november #bfth1 #aejd4 ,he was engaged1 at this time1 in a great work4 ,the new university1 founded by him at ,alcal in #aejj1 became the rival of ,salamanca1 and was called by the ,spaniards the eighth wonder of the world4 ,from the moment he was made ,archbishop of ,toledo1 he resolved to devote its immense revenues to the construction of this seat of learning4 ,the spot was pleasant1 the air pure1 and the site of the ancient ,complutum was hallowed in the eyes of all whose sympathies were with the past4 ,gonsalvo ,zegri1 the converted ,moor1 assisted at laying the foundation-stone2 and ,ximenes obtained from his royal patrons an annual grant and sundry privileges for the projected establishment4 ,thither ,ximenes repaired1 as to his fondest occupation1 whenever the duties of state and of his diocese permitted4 ,often he might be seen on the ground1 with the rule in his hand1 taking measurements of the works1 and encouraging the laborers by his example and by suitable rewards4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 issued a brief authorizing the endowment1 and ,leo ,x4 afterward augmented the liberties of the new foundation4 ,the ,college of ,san ,ildefonso stood at its head2 in #aejh1 several students arrived1 and #cc professors with #ab priests were installed1 who answered in their numbers to the years of our ,lord's life and his college of apostles4 ,schools were attached for boarders1 lectures and disputations were set on foot1 classes were formed1 scholarships founded1 examinations publicly conducted1 and diplomas conferred4 ,the intellect of the students was exercised in every branch of knowledge--in the ancient languages1 including ,hebrew1 in theology1 canon law1 medicine1 anatomy1 surgery1 philosophy1 moral philosophy1 mathematics1 rhetoric1 and grammar4 #ehd ,the physical sciences were as yet little known and barely studied4 ,theology spread its arms widely beneath and around all attainable knowledge4 ,in #aead1 ,king ,ferdinand visited the university1 attended some of the lectures1 and expressed his admiration of the grandeur and beauty of the buildings4 ,they were but a feeble sign of the mental fabrics which ,ximenes was raising to the honor of ,spain and for her service4 ,patriotism blended in him with religion1 and helped to make him what he was4 ,some years after the death of ,ximenes1 ,francis ,i41 of ,france1 on visiting ,alcal1 is reported to have said3 ,your cardinal has undertaken and accomplished a work ,i myself could not attempt4 ,the ,university of ,paris1 which is the pride of my kingdom1 is the work of many sovereigns4 ,but ,ximenes alone has founded one like it4 ,it was by a ruthless decree that this grand and famous seat of learning was finally broken up1 in #ahej1 by the creation of a central university and the sale of the buildings to the ,count de ,quinto4 ,footnote #aga ,the inhabitants resolved at least to save the rich tomb of the illustrious cardinal1 and the translation of his remains was effected with great solemnity on the #bgth of ,april1 #aheg4 ,footnote #aga3 ,l',univers1 ,june #fth1 #aheg4 ,it was in this university that ,ximenes published that noble ,polyglot by which he earned the praise and gratitude of all biblical students4 ,the text of the sacred ,scriptures had become deplorably corrupt at the commencement of the fifteenth century1 owing to the inattention or ignorance of copyists4 ,but the invention of printing gave a new impetus to every branch of learning1 and promised biblical scholars great advantages in their study of the ,bible4 ,from the year #adfb to #aejj no less than eighty editions of the ,vulgate appeared2 and the zeal of ,jews in amending the ,hebrew text became an invaluable assistance to the labors of ,christians in the same field4 ,the constant perversion of the meaning of ,scripture by those who were aliens to the ,church made it increasingly necessary to study the ,bible in its original languages1 so as to be able to refute the impudent assertions of upstart divines4 ,hence ,ximenes1 whose designs were naturally grand1 formed the intention not only of raising a new university1 but of publishing a new edition of the ,scriptures in their original tongues1 and of thus restoring in some measure the lost ,hexapla of ,origen4 ,no translation1 he held1 could perfectly represent the original1 and the ,,mss4 of the ,latin ,vulgate were painfully discrepant4 ,it was needful1 therefore1 to go back to the prime sources1 and correct the books of the ,old ,testament by the ,hebrew text1 and those of the ,new ,testament by the ,greek text4 ,footnote #agb ,footnote #agb3 ,prolegomena to the ,polyglot4 ,having thus resolved to revive the dormant study of ,holy ,writ1 ,ximenes's next step was to procure assistance from learned men1 and access to the most ancient ,,mss4 ,several ,jewish converts were enlisted1 and1 besides other professors1 a ,greek named ,demetrius ,ducas4 ,they were all handsomely paid and stimulated to the utmost exertion4 ,make haste1 my friends1 ,ximenes would say2 for1 as all things in this world are transient1 you may lose me or ,i may lose you4 ,let us work together while we can4 ,enormous sums were spent by him in the purchase of ,,mss41 and some were lent to him by ,pope ,leo ,x41 who honored him as sincerely as he loved the fine arts4 #ehe ,to these loans ,ximenes refers in the introduction to the ,polyglot4 ,it is calculated by ,gomez that nearly #be1jjj sterling 7#ej1jjj ducats#abe1jjj7 were spent in bringing the work to a conclusion4 ,the sale bore no proportion to the publishing expenses1 as #fjj copies only were struck off1 and these1 though consisting of six folios1 were sold at six and a half ducats each4 ,the price of the copies still in existence varies according to the state in which they have been preserved2 but it ranges from #dj to #ge4 ,the ,polyglot occupied fifteen years in its completion1 and the ,new ,testament1 which forms the sixth volume of the work1 appeared first in order of time4 ,the ,greek1 being without the accents1 has a strange appearance1 but the editors excuse themselves on the ground of the accents not having been used by the ancient ,greeks1 nor by the original writers of the ,new ,testament4 ,the volume1 on the whole1 is beautifully printed1 while the grammar and lexicon which accompanies it made it a valuable means of promoting the study of ,greek4 ,the ,pentateuch appeared in ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 and ,greek1 together with three ,latin translations4 ,the roots of difficult words in the ,hebrew and ,chaldaic texts are given in the margin1 and this is no mean assistance to beginners in studying these languages1 in which the radical meaning pervades all the derivatives in so marked a degree4 ,altogether1 it was a boon to mankind1 munificent in its cost1 noble in its design1 beautiful in execution1 and as profound in scholarship as it could be in the age in which it saw the light4 ,when ,john ,brocario1 the printer's son1 brought the last sheets to the cardinal in his best attire1 ,ximenes raised his eyes to heaven with great joy1 and exclaimed3 ,i give thee thanks1 ,o ,god most high6 that thou hast brought to a long-wished-for end the work ,i undertook in thy name4 ,only four months later his eyes were closed in death4 ,the ,complutensian ,polyglot became very useful in preparing subsequent editions of the ,scriptures2 and though the labors of ,griesbach1 ,buxtorf1 ,michaelis1 and other critics have thrown its authority into the shade1 it was an important link in the chain which has issued in the present comparative purity of sacred texts4 ,all real scholars award it cheerfully their meed of praise1 and the charges brought against it by ,wetstein and ,semler have been amply refuted4 ,it is an astonishing production1 considering the disadvantages under which its compilers lay1 that they had not access to the best and most ancient ,,mss41 and that the ,codex ,vaticanus was not within their reach4 ,what ,,mss4 were really used we shall never know2 for1 besides that many were returned to their owners after the ,polyglot was completed1 others1 which had been purchased1 were sold in #agdi as waste-paper to a rocket-maker named ,torzo6 ,as the reform of the ,franciscan order was the first glory of the hermit of ,castaar1 and the foundation of a great university the second1 so the ,bible of ,alcal will ever be regarded as the third durable monument of ,ximenes's vast and varied powers4 ,but his literary labors were not confined to ,holy ,writ4 ,he set on foot a complete edition of the works of ,aristotle2 and though his death interrupted the design1 he was able to bring out many other useful books1 in ,latin and ,spanish1 for the use of the learned and the instruction of the people4 ,the demand for such works was then steadily increasing1 and the supply not being equal to it1 there was difficulty in finding on sale1 fifty years later1 a single copy of the volumes ,ximenes had edited4 #ehf ,ecclesiastical music-books also1 which had hitherto been in manuscript1 were published by him1 and distributed through the churches of his diocese1 so that the ,gregorian chant1 to which he was strongly attached1 might be better known and practised4 ,nor did he forget works on agriculture1 being desirous of promoting in every way the welfare of his kind4 ,finding among the ,,mss4 in the library of ,toledo a number of liturgies in old ,gothic characters1 he conceived a design of rescuing from destruction the ,mozarabic or ,mixt-,arabic rite4 ,its use was long confined to ,toledo and to some parishes where ,christians lived under ,moorish dominion4 ,then1 in course of time1 the ,mozarabic families having died out1 and the reign of the ,moors being at an end1 the ,gregorian rite superseded the old ,gothic one1 and the memory of it was kept alive only by occasional use on certain festivals4 ,it was evidently desirable1 for the sake of history and literature1 to collate the ,,mss4 of this ancient liturgy1 and preserve it in a printed form for future generations4 ,this task ,ximenes accomplished in a manner worthy of his comprehensive genius4 ,he printed a number of ,mozarabic missals and breviaries1 changing the ,gothic characters into ,castilian1 and erected a chapel in his cathedral where the ,mozarabic ,mass might be said daily4 ,he founded a college of thirteen priests1 who should recite the canonical hours1 and perform other functions according to this liturgy4 ,robles himself1 ,ximenes's biographer1 was one of these chaplains4 ,this foundation gave rise to others of the same kind in ,salamanca and ,valladolid4 ,they have fully answered the purpose of the founder1 and ,mozarabic missals can easily be purchased at the present day4 ,the obstacles which ,ximenes had to overcome in reforming his diocese were very serious1 but he encountered them with the utmost firmness4 ,the bishops enjoyed at that period immense revenues1 the benefices of priests were richly endowed1 and the clergy were too numerous1 lax in morals1 and often extremely ignorant4 ,the corruption of the ,castilian court was scandalous1 and the natural children of kings and princes were constantly elevated to episcopal sees4 ,the monasteries were changed into abodes of luxury1 and it needed a queen like ,isabella1 and a primate like ,ximenes1 to stem the tide of licentiousness4 ,his first effort was to reform the lives and habits of his chapter1 and in this attempt he was opposed by a canon named ,albornoz1 whom he caused to be arrested on his way to ,rome and cast into prison4 ,severe measures were indispensable in the state of society then existing4 ,his own life as a bishop was strict in the extreme4 ,he shunned all intercourse with women1 and sitting always with a ,bible open before him1 he had no time for idle and intrusive visitors4 ,his charities made him beloved by the poor1 and all the decrees issued by the synods under his presidency tended to revive the spirit and the forms of true religion4 ,the strict rule of the ,observantines was introduced into the ,franciscan order1 and those who would not conform to it were expelled from the country4 ,the valiant reformer raised up enemies enough by his courage and zeal2 but honest intentions such as his and force of character only triumph the more signally by being opposed4 ,his friends pointed to his works of mercy as the best answer to the calumnies of petty foes4 #ehg ,he raised twelve churches2 he founded four hospitals and eight monasteries2 he fed thirty poor persons daily at his palace1 visited the hospitals1 and pensioned desolate widows4 ,would his enemies1 even if they had possessed the means1 have done the like8 ,when ,isabella died1 ,ximenes1 holding in one hand the archbishop's cross1 grasped in the other the sceptre of state4 ,joanna1 the consort of ,philip the ,fair1 who inherited the crown of ,castile1 had become the prey of a disordered imagination4 ,her husband would not reside in ,spain1 and she would not consent to live there without him4 ,isabella had foreseen her incompetency and probable absence4 ,she had appointed ,ferdinand of ,aragon1 her own husband1 ,regent of ,castile1 till her grandson ,charles should have attained his twentieth year4 ,the nobles of ,castile factiously resisted this wise provision2 and though ,ferdinand acted with prudence and moderation1 though he caused his daughter ,joanna1 with ,philip her husband1 to be proclaimed sovereigns1 and contented himself with administering the affairs of state in their absence1 a struggle ensued in which ,ximenes sided constantly with ,ferdinand1 and adhered closely to the terms of ,isabella's will4 ,philip prepared an army to drive his father-in-law from ,castile1 while ,joanna wrote to him requesting that he would not resign the government1 and surrendering her rights to him in the most earnest and affectionate terms4 ,by the wisdom and resolution of ,ximenes1 the rupture between ,philip and ,ferdinand was partially healed4 ,he mediated between them with admirable finesse1 and his success was the more remarkable because he found in ,philip a faithless1 wrong-headed1 and vindictive man1 the slave of passion and the dupe of evil counsellors2 while the confidence reposed in him by ,ferdinand was not always complete1 nor equal at any time to that placed in him by the virtuous and noble ,isabella4 ,with his consent ,philip was allowed to have his own way1 and to govern ,castile without the assistance of ,ferdinand4 ,but ,philip was removed from this world in the flower of his age1 and thus the path was opened for ,ximenes becoming ,regent of ,castile4 ,he was by this time thoroughly conversant with the affairs of state4 ,every ,thursday he gave an audience to the king's chief ministers1 and heard from them the most important matters which were next day to be brought before the council4 ,on ,friday he gave these matters again his careful consideration1 and then handed in a report respecting them to the king4 ,it was in ,september1 #aejf1 that ,philip died after a short illness1 and ,ximenes1 with several others1 was chosen provisional administrator of the kingdom4 ,his powers were soon increased1 and exalted above those of his colleagues4 ,he had a difficult part to play1 for the ,castilian nobles were passionate and intriguing1 and the disconsolate widow ,joanna refused to endorse his authority as regent4 ,she sat nearly all day long in a dark chamber1 with her face resting on her hand1 silent1 bitter1 and sorrowful1 listening only at intervals to sweet music which nursed her melancholy4 ,these eccentricities ended in total derangement4 ,she disinterred her husband's corpse at ,miraflors1 contrary to the laws of the church and to ,philip's will1 and ordered it to be conveyed before her by torch-light to the town of ,torquemada4 ,endless funereal ceremonies were performed1 and fantastic images of death and grief were multiplied in virtue of her diseased imagination4 #ehh ,she insisted on residing in a little town where her court and attendants could scarcely find a cabin-roof to screen them from sun and storm4 ,in ,august1 #aejg1 the unhappy queen1 wild and haggard in appearance1 attended by the corpse of her royal husband1 met her father ,ferdinand at ,tortols4 ,with her consent he assumed the reins of government1 and ,ximenes resigned his powers into the hands of the king4 ,his services had been great1 and ,ferdinand was too noble to leave them unrewarded4 ,the archbishop was named ,cardinal and ,grand-,inquisitor of ,castile and ,leon4 ,never was a cardinal's hat bestowed at ,rome with greater satisfaction2 and the important office of grand-inquisitor1 which was attached to the higher dignity1 will be estimated more correctly after a few observations4 ,it was the opinion of ,st4 ,augustine1 who herein followed that of ,st4 ,ambrose and ,st4 ,leo1 that persons ought not to be put to death for heresy1 but the great doctor did not disapprove of force being employed to restrain and correct heresy4 ,this opinion became the basis of the civil laws of ,theodosius ,,ii4 and ,valentinian ,,iii42 but in the middle ages the alliance between church and state was much closer than it had been in earlier years1 and it was usual to punish obstinate heresy as a twofold crime worthy of death4 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas defends this as reasonable1 but ,st4 ,bernard was in favor of a more lenient policy4 ,ecclesiastical tribunals were established in which cases of heresy were tried1 and the civil magistrates were required by law to carry into effect the judgment of bishops4 ,papal legates also1 like ,peter de ,castelnau1 were often entrusted with inquisitorial powers4 ,the ,council of ,toulouse1 in #abbi1 issued various decrees relative to the suppression of heresy1 ,footnote #agc and may thus be considered as founding the first inquisition4 ,footnote #agd ,the ,dominicans especially were employed in the work of extirpating heresy1 and but for the exertions of such men the nations of ,europe would have been overrun with ,manichaeism and various other forms of pestilent error4 ,the ,jews settled in ,spain1 penetrated in disguise every branch of society1 and strove in every age to ,judaize the people4 ,the inquisition was directed in a particular manner against this subtle influence1 and the peculiar nature of the evil required peculiar remedies and antidotes4 ,it was ,judaism in the church that it labored to extirpate1 and not the race of ,israel dwelling in the ,peninsula4 ,footnote #agc3 ,harduin1 tome vii4 pp4 #agc-agh4 ,footnote #agd3 ,von ,hefele1 p4 #bhf4 ,the inquisitors of ,seville took office in #adha1 and were appointed by the sovereigns ,ferdinand and ,isabella4 ,nothing was more natural than that they should seek to rid the body politic of a gangrene so fatal as secret ,judaism4 ,yet ,sixtus ,,iv4 had occasion to rebuke the royal inquisitors for their needless severity and to take measures for the mitigation of their sentences4 ,but the tribunal was placed more and more under the control of the state1 and whether clergymen or laymen were employed1 they were alike subservient to the ,spanish government4 ,in #adib1 when1 by a memorable edict1 the ,jews were ordered to quit ,spain1 unless they submitted to be baptized1 the sphere of the inquisition's labors became greatly enlarged in consequence of the increased number of ,jews who professed ,christianity from worldly motives alone4 ,the ,moriscos also1 or baptized ,moors1 came within the sphere of its action2 and it was introduced into ,granada by the advice of the second grand-inquisitor1 ,deza1 in order to prevent their relapsing into ,islamism4 #ehi ,the sovereigns of ,castile and ,aragon promoted the inquisition for other motives besides those here alluded to4 ,they used it as an instrument for consolidating their own power and breaking that of the clergy and nobles4 ,piombal1 at a later period1 did the same in ,portugal4 ,hence it was popular with the lower classes1 detested by the aristocracy1 and often censured by popes4 ,to these facts ,ranke and ,balmez abundantly testify1 and their evidence is confirmed by that of ,henry ,leo1 ,guizot1 ,havemann1 ,lenormant1 ,de ,maistre1 and ,spittler4 ,the falsehoods of ,llorente respecting the inquisition have been fully exposed1 and those who sift the matter thoroughly will find that it was latterly more a political than a religious institution2 that the cruelties it exercised have been enormously exaggerated2 that it was in accordance with principles universally recognized in its day2 that its punishments1 however severe1 were in keeping with the ordinary penal laws2 that the popes constantly endeavored to mitigate its decrees2 that ,gregory ,,xiii41 ,paul ,,iii41 ,pius ,,iv41 and ,innocent ,,xii41 in particular1 reclaimed against its rigors2 that its intentions were good on the whole2 its proceedings tempered with mercy2 and that ,ximenes1 the third grand-inquisitor1 conducted himself in that office with moderation and humanity1 provided for the instruction of ,jewish and ,moorish converts1 and adopted every expedient to diminish the number of judicial cases reserved for the tribunal of the inquisition4 ,footnote #age ,footnote #age3 ,von ,hefele1 p4 #chg4 ,he caused ,lucero1 the cruel inquisitor of ,cordova1 to be arrested1 tried1 and deposed from his high functions4 ,he protected ,lebrija1 ,vergara1 and other learned men from envious aspersions1 and kept a strict watch over the officers of the inquisition1 lest they should exceed their instructions or abuse their power4 ,he endeavored1 but without success in ,ferdinand's lifetime1 to exclude laymen from the council1 and thus free the tribunal as far as possible from state influence4 ,the number of those who suffered punishment under his rgime has been greatly exaggerated by ,llorente2 and if he introduced the inquisition into ,oran1 ,america1 and the ,canary ,isles1 it must be remembered that its jurisdiction extended over the old ,christians settled there1 and not over the natives4 ,in reviewing ,ximenes's conduct in such matters1 we must never lose sight of the fact that absolute unity of religion was then the aim of all ,catholic governments1 whereas circumstances are now altered1 and the question of religious liberty1 though the same in the abstract1 is wholly changed in its practical application4 ,but the scene now changes4 ,we have seen the hermit of ,castaar doff his cowl to wear a mitre1 found the ,university of ,alcal1 edit the famous ,polyglot1 and rule as regent the kingdom of ,castile4 ,we shall now behold him mount a war-charger1 place himself at the head of an army1 and lead it to victory on the coasts of ,africa4 ,we shall admire and wonder at the versatility of his genius1 and the resolution and activity which no difficulties could break nor advancing years slacken4 ,it would be easy to point out resemblances between ,ximenes and the fiery ,chatham1 nor can we wonder that the latter statesman admired the former more than any other character in history4 ,footnote #agf ,footnote #agf3 ,horace ,walpole's ,george ,,ii4 p4 iii4 #ai4 #eij ,the cardinal had a double reason for advising ,ferdinand to employ the troops which ,gonsalvo de ,cordova had led to victory in ,italy1 in the conquest of some stronghold on the ,african coast4 ,mazarquivir was taken in #aeje1 and ,ximenes1 expanding his designs as usual1 conceived a vaster project for a new crusade and the recovery of the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,it had been for ages the favorite and oft-baffled scheme of popes and ,christian princes4 ,it seemed to realize every hope of ,catholic domination in ,europe1 and to involve the downfall of ,islamism4 ,the idea was as glorious as the accomplishment would be useful to humanity4 ,it was the cause of civilization against barbarism1 and of truth against error4 ,but the strife between ,philip and ,ferdinand1 already referred to1 completely frustrated it1 and the loss of ,mazarquivir1 in #aejg1 supplied ,ximenes with an opportunity of opposing ,mohammedanism nearer home and under more urgent circumstances4 ,at his earnest request a fleet was fitted out for the conquest of ,oran4 ,that city was strongly fortified1 rich and powerful1 and in its harbors were a multitude of cruisers1 ever ready to sweep the shores of the ,mediterranean and carry off their victims to be sold as slaves4 ,though in his seventy-second year1 though hampered by the infirmities common at such an age1 ,ximenes resolved to march in person to the conquest of this place1 and to furnish the means required for the expedition out of his own revenues4 ,he would thus1 he thought1 be able to pursue his own plans with greater freedom1 and exempt the king from responsibility and loss which he might not be able or willing to incur4 ,there were those who sneered at the cardinal's girding on his sword1 and murmured that he had better tell his beads1 but ,ferdinand knew well the temper of his mind4 ,he willingly placed at his disposal all the forces that could be raised1 and gave him a large number of blank papers1 signed only with the royal manual1 to be filled up as the great cardinal might think proper4 ,fourteen thousand men were soon under arms1 and ,count ,pedro ,navarro was appointed by ,ximenes commander of the forces4 ,a titular bishop was at the head of one division1 and all the generals were distinguished for their valor4 ,during some years ,ximenes had been husbanding his resources for some such enterprise1 and subsidies flowed in from other churches and dioceses4 ,intrigues and jealousies delayed for awhile the sailing of the expedition4 ,navarro strove to obtain the sole command4 ,ferdinand was often wavering4 ,a mutiny broke out in the army4 ,the soldiers demanded their pay in advance4 ,but the voice of the cardinal calmed the storm1 and the soldiers1 being promised a part of their pay as soon as they had embarked1 hastened to the ships with the merry sound of trumpets4 ,on the #afth of ,may1 #aeji1 the fleet weighed anchor4 ,ten galleys1 eighty large transports1 and many smaller vessels traversed the straits1 and on the following day--the ,feast of the ,ascension--,ximenes with his fleet and army anchored in the port of ,mazarquivir4 ,he passed the night in giving his instructions2 and though his health and strength were impaired by age1 toil1 and study1 his energy filled the troops with confidence and enthusiasm4 ,he summoned ,navarro before him1 and entrusted the conduct of the army to him alone1 yet the relative positions of the cardinal and the commander were not1 after all1 clearly defined #eia ,the lines were formed in order of battle1 when a striking scene presented itself4 ,oran was to be attacked by sea and land4 ,a mendicant friar was transformed into a chieftain and a hero4 ,forth he rode1 mounted on a mule1 with a sword belted over his pontifical robes4 ,many ecclesiastics surrounded him4 ,canons and priests were his body-guard4 ,swords and scimitars hung from their girdles1 and before them rode a giant ,franciscan on a white charger1 bearing the primate's silver cross and the arms of the house of ,cisneros4 ,the hymn ,vexilla regis prodeunt rose to heaven as the cavalcade advanced2 and the cardinal1 riding along the ranks1 imposed silence and harangued the troops4 ,his words were few1 but full of fire4 ,the mothers of ,spain1 he said1 whose children had been dragged into slavery1 were prostrate at that moment before the altar of ,god1 praying for success to his soldiers' arms4 ,he desired to share their danger1 remembering how many bishops who had preceded him in the see of ,toledo had died gloriously on the battle-field4 ,officers and men were excited to the utmost by ,ximenes's address1 but when he was about to place himself at their head1 they entreated him with one voice not to expose so precious a life4 ,he retired1 therefore1 within the fortress of ,mazarquivir1 and there1 in the oratory of ,st4 ,michael1 implored the ,god of battles to crown his troops with victory4 ,scarcely had he entered the fort1 when the folly of ,navarro compelled the cardinal to interfere4 ,the commander had ordered the cavalry to remain inactive1 because the country was so hilly1 and if ,ximenes had not resolutely insisted on their supporting the foot-soldiers1 the day would probably have been lost4 ,with like energy ,ximenes condemned any delay as criminal1 and prevented ,navarro from deferring the combat1 as he proposed1 to the next day1 when the arrival of the chief-vizier of ,tremesen with strong re-enforcements would have been dangerous1 if not fatal1 to the ,spaniards' prospect of success4 ,the infantry1 therefore1 in four battalions1 advanced immediately up the sides of the sierra1 shouting1 ,santiago1 ,santiago6 ,a shower of stones and arrows was hurled on them by the ,moors1 and the position was obstinately disputed4 ,but a battery of guns playing on the enemy's flank1 they wavered and fled1 while the ,spaniards1 in spite of contrary orders1 pursued and slaughtered them with great havoc4 ,the fleet1 meanwhile1 bombarded the city1 and1 though ill provided with ladders1 the ,christian troops scaled the walls1 planted their colors1 and with loud cries of ,santiago y ,ximenes6 opened the gates to their comrades4 ,in vain did their general call them off from the work of carnage4 ,no age or sex was spared2 till at last1 weary with plunder and butchery1 they sank down in the streets1 and slept beside the corpses of their foes4 ,four thousand ,moors were said to have fallen1 and only thirty ,spaniards4 ,the booty was counted at half a million of gold ducats4 ,the cardinal spent the night in praising ,god1 and the next day1 proceeding by sea to ,oran1 made a solemn entry4 ,the troops hailed him as the conqueror1 but he was heard to say aloud1 ,non nobis1 ,domine1 sed nomini tuo da gloriam4 ,he set at liberty three hundred ,christian captives2 and when the entire spoil of the city was presented to him1 he reserved nothing for himself1 but set apart a portion for the king1 and divided the rest among his troops4 ,sixty pieces of cannon fell into his hands1 and it seemed little less than a miracle that a place so defended should have been taken in a few hours4 #eib ,others affirmed that there had been traitors among the inhabitants1 and that ,ximenes had gained over to his side some persons who acted as spies and gave him secret intelligence4 ,the mosques were soon converted into churches1 and a branch of the inquisition was established1 lest convert ,jews should hasten from ,spain to ,oran and renounce the ,christian religion with impunity4 ,it now became a question whether the war should be pushed further into ,africa4 ,the people of ,tremesen1 stung to madness by the fall of ,oran1 had massacred the ,christian merchants and slaughtered even the ,jews4 ,but ,navarro had grown jealous of ,ximenes1 and scorned to obey orders issued by a monk4 ,he informed the cardinal that his power expired with the siege of ,oran1 and that1 if he remained with the army any longer1 he would be treated as a private individual4 ,to this indignity ,ximenes would not submit1 yet he had no desire to continue in ,africa4 ,a letter of ,ferdinand's1 which he saw by chance1 instructed ,navarro to detain him there as long as might be needful2 and he suspected that the king wished him to languish and die on a foreign shore4 ,he knew that ,ferdinand could ill bear to see the glory of ,gonsalvo de ,cordova1 the great captain1 and his special friend1 to be obscured by that of a general in a monk's cowl1 but he was not disposed to gratify his royal master by dying before his time4 ,just a week after he had landed1 the cardinal set sail on his return4 ,he remained seven days at ,carthagena2 established a line of transports to run between it and ,oran1 and then departed for ,alcal1 where he made his entry with a sort of military triumph4 ,a part of the walls had been broken down for him to pass through1 but this honor he declined1 and contented himself with entering through the usual gate1 preceded by ,moorish slaves leading camels laden with booty4 ,the keys of ,oran1 chandeliers from the mosques1 banners1 and ,arabic ,,mss4 on medicine and astrology were presented to the university2 and a tablet was placed in the ,mozarabic chapel of the cathedral of ,toledo1 with an inscription recording the success of the expedition4 ,some of these curiosities are still shown to visitors in the cathedral2 but the fame of ,ximenes has little need of such memorials4 ,as a martial expedition was an enterprise least to be expected of him1 so it is that which marks him most prominently on the page of history4 ,the capture of ,oran led to further conquests on the coasts of ,africa2 yet1 after all1 the declining power of ,spain made it difficult to retain what she had acquired1 and impossible to extend her dominions4 ,in #agij1 after a dreadful earthquake1 ,oran fell into the hands of the ,dey of ,algiers4 ,since then1 it has been annexed to the ,french empire1 under conditions more favorable to civilization than it enjoyed under ,spanish rule4 ,one of the conditions attached by ,ximenes to the conquest of ,oran had been that it should either be annexed to the archbishopric of ,toledo1 or that the expenses he might incur should be refunded from the treasury4 ,cabals1 however1 were raised against him4 ,he was charged with having enriched himself1 and the promised conditions seemed likely to stay unfulfilled4 ,he persisted in his claim1 wrote to ,ferdinand on the subject1 and was mortified by seeing a commission appointed to examine his private apartments1 in order to ascertain what part of the spoils he had reserved for himself4 #eic ,the account-book1 which he handed to the commissioner1 was the only reply he made to this indignity4 ,not long after1 the king proposed that he should exchange the archbishopric of ,toledo for that of ,zaragoza1 and yield the primacy to ,ferdinand's natural son1 a brave warrior and able politician1 but a worldly prelate4 ,to this unworthy proposal ,ximenes made answer that he would never exchange his see for any other4 ,he was willing to return to the poverty of a cloister1 but if he held any see at all it should be that one over which ,providence had appointed him to rule4 ,cold and capricious as ,ferdinand was sometimes toward the cardinal1 he treated him with the same respect as ever when his own interests or those of the state seemed to require it4 ,when he had espoused the cause of ,julius ,,ii4 against the ,king of ,france1 he sent for ,ximenes to meet him at ,seville and aid him with his counsels4 ,it was in the depth of winter1 but the cardinal promptly obeyed the summons4 ,he admired the bold attitude assumed by the pope1 and heartily sympathized with his efforts to recover the territories which had been torn from the ,church1 to extend the temporal sovereignty of the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 to compel his vassals to obey him1 and to humble the power of ,venice1 then mistress of almost all his seaports4 ,he saw with satisfaction the blows inflicted on the pride and insolence of the ,baglionis and ,bentivoglios1 and he approved of the ,league of ,cambray1 by which ,julius ,,ii41 ,louis ,,xii41 the ,emperor of ,germany1 and the ,king of ,spain bound themselves to enfeeble ,venice and avenge the injuries she had done to the domains of the ,church4 ,but ,ximenes1 though he concurred in the papal policy as regards ,venice1 shared also the fears of the sovereign pontiff lest ,france should extend her possessions in the north of ,italy4 ,he justified ,julius ,,ii4 in withdrawing from the ,league into which he had entered1 and was prepared to afford him every assistance in resisting the arrogance of ,louis ,,xii4 when he seized on ,bologna and convened a council at ,pisa1 in defiance of the ,holy ,see4 ,the adhesion of ,ferdinand and ,ximenes encouraged ,pope ,julius to form an alliance with ,venice1 and thus to oppose the united forces of the ,emperor ,maximilian and ,louis ,,xii4 ,under the auspices of these princes a schismatical council dared to assemble at ,pisa1 and afterward at ,milan4 ,seven insubordinate cardinals and twenty bishops1 chiefly ,french1 were present at the opening1 and in the eighth and ninth sessions they audaciously declared ,julius ,,ii4 deposed4 ,but a general council1 convened by the pope1 met in the ,lateran in #aeab1 condemned these schismatical proceedings1 and restored the wavering to obedience4 ,even ,maximilian deserted the ,king of ,france1 and ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england sided with ,ferdinand against the pope's enemies4 ,it may here be mentioned that ,ximenes was averse to the distribution of indulgences under ,julius ,,ii4 and ,leo ,x4 for the completion of ,st4 ,peter's in ,rome4 ,the ground on which he disapproved of it was1 that the relaxation of temporal punishment which these indulgences conferred might weaken and disturb ecclesiastical discipline4 ,devoutly submissive as he was to the ,holy ,see1 he nevertheless1 as ,gomez relates1 advised ,ferdinand to enact a law by which all papal bulls should1 before publication1 be submitted to a minister of state4 ,his object was to guard against abuses1 since dispensations were often obtained too easily from ,rome4 #eid ,during ,ferdinand's last illness1 ,ximenes occupied a prominent post in the affairs of state2 and on one occasion1 when the sovereign was absent from ,castile1 the government was entrusted to him1 in concert with the royal council4 ,it was1 therefore1 natural that1 when the king died1 he should be appointed regent during the minority of ,charles ,v4 ,ferdinand had1 it is true1 objected to him as too austere1 but he yielded to the advice of others1 and consented to the appointment immediately before receiving the last sacraments4 ,it was1 he thought1 an advantage in his case not to have been born of a noble family1 since he could on that account conduct the administration with greater impartiality4 ,thus1 on the #bc;d of ,january1 #aeaf1 ,ximenes became once more the ruler of a nation daily rising in importance4 ,another claimant of supreme power appeared on the scene4 ,this was ,dean ,hadrian1 afterward pope1 who had been tutor to ,prince ,charles1 and who produced a document signed by the prince1 authorizing him to assume the regency of ,castile in the event of ,ferdinand's demise4 ,the legal decision on the question was unfavorable to ,hadrian's claim2 but ,ximenes1 wishing to avoid disputes1 consented to rule conjointly with his rival until ,charles himself should decide by which of the two he would be represented4 ,nothing could exceed the promptitude and energy of the cardinal's measures4 ,if an insurrection broke out1 troops were despatched instantly to suppress it4 ,madrid was in the neighborhood of his own vassals1 and he therefore chose it as the seat of government1 lest he might in some other place be exposed to the violence of interfering grandees4 ,the authority given in the first instance to ,ximenes was fully confirmed by ,charles1 and in a letter which he addressed to the cardinal he declared that the most excellent clause he had found in his grandfather's will was that by which ,ximenes was invested with the government of the kingdom and the administration of justice4 ,the fame of the consummate wisdom1 experience1 and eminent virtues of the cardinal had reached1 he said1 even ,flanders2 and he therefore enjoined on all the members of his family1 the nobles and prelates1 to recognize him as regent4 ,to ,hadrian the prince assigned a subordinate post1 and every arrangement was made with due regard to the rights of the unhappy ,queen ,joanna1 whose derangement made her practically a cipher1 though nominally supreme ruler4 ,her name preceded that of her son ,charles in all public documents2 but the prince was proclaimed ,king of ,castile by order of ,ximenes4 ,it was not until ,charles arrived in ,spain that the ,cortes of ,aragon consented to recognize his title as king of that country also4 ,the height of power is generally the height of discomfort4 ,many of the nobles combined to harass ,ximenes1 and incite the people to rebel against a monk of base extraction4 ,they questioned his authority1 and decided on sending messengers to ,flanders to demand his dismissal4 ,the cardinal1 however1 was fully apprised of all their plans2 and it is said by ,gomez that1 when some of them waited on him to ask for the documents in virtue of which he held the regency1 he took them to the window1 and showing them a park of artillery1 said1 ,these are the powers by which ,i govern ,castile according to the king's will and command4 #eie ,he took1 indeed1 if ,peter ,martyr can be credited1 great interest and pleasure in military affairs4 ,he had heard ,ferdinand expatiate on the advantages of a militia as opposed to an army recruited from different countries2 and now that he was wielding dictatorial power1 he resolved to put the scheme in execution4 ,he conferred with the senate1 and issued a proclamation inviting the enlistment of volunteers4 ,they were1 with the exception of officers and musicians1 to serve without pay1 but in return they were exempted from taxes1 socages1 and all other charges4 ,immediate success attended this measure4 ,thirty thousand citizens were speedily enrolled1 and were daily drilled in public4 ,the compliments paid to ,ximenes by ambassadors1 and the envious cavillings of foreign princes1 sufficiently proved the wisdom of this organization4 ,it encountered great opposition from the nobles1 but1 being endorsed by the special approval of ,charles1 it triumphed ultimately over every obstacle4 ,ximenes's attention1 at the same time1 was turned to the maritime power of the kingdom4 ,he added twenty trireme galleys to the navy1 and put the entire fleet in movement against the ,moors and pirates who infested the ,spanish coasts4 ,the seas were thus cleared of ,red ,rovers1 and ,pope ,leo ,x4 congratulated the cardinal on the success of his marine administration4 ,his government was assailed on all sides1 but the great churchman was never at a loss4 ,whether he had to meet invading forces on the frontier1 or suppress rebellion in the interior1 he was in the highest degree prompt and resolute2 he struck terror into his foes1 and earned the absent sovereign's warmest gratitude4 ,he was equally attentive to the details of government and to its general aims4 ,he caused exact accounts to be drawn up of the revenues1 finances1 and laws of the three military orders2 and was preparing similar documents relative to the kingdom at large when arrested in his labors by the hand of death4 ,to relieve the royal treasury he suppressed numerous sinecures1 beginning with those held by his own friends1 and remonstrated with ,charles on his lavish expenditure4 ,successful as ,ximenes had been in the capture of ,oran1 it was his misfortune afterward to be foiled and worsted by a robber4 ,the name of ,horac ,barbarossa was feared throughout the ,mediterranean4 ,he was scarcely twenty years of age when a pirate-fleet of forty galleys sailed under his command4 ,though a cannon-ball carried off his left arm in an attack on ,bugia in #aeae1 he returned to the assault1 took the citadel1 and put the entire ,christian garrison to death4 ,he roused the fanaticism of the ,moslems1 and excited them to throw off the ,spanish yoke4 ,the ,king of ,algiers sought his aid against the ,spaniards2 but the treacherous pirate murdered his friend in a bath1 seized the throne1 and refused to pay tribute to ,spain4 ,he also took the ,king of ,tunis prisoner1 and put him to death4 ,a talkative and bragging general1 named ,vera1 was sent by ,ximenes with #hjjj men to reduce this brigand and usurper to subjection4 ,but he was too strong and skilful for the blundering ,vera4 ,the ,spanish expedition utterly failed1 and the two-armed general who could not beat the one-armed buccaneer was an object of ridicule and scorn to women and children when he returned to ,spain4 #eif ,the conquest of ,granada had been the means of bringing into public notice two of the greatest men of that or any other age4 ,the appointment of ,talavera to the see of ,granada led to ,ximenes being summoned to court to fill his place as confessor to the queen2 and in the joy felt by ,isabella at the final victory over the ,moors in ,spain she granted ,columbus the vessels he had solicited during many years4 ,in ,march1 #adic1 the glorious adventurer returned from the far ,west1 and brought with him numerous proofs of the extent and importance of his distant discoveries4 ,the natives whom he had on board his ships increased the desire of ,ferdinand and ,isabella to impart the blessings of ,christianity to their new subjects2 and ,ximenes1 then occupied with the conversion of the ,spanish ,moors1 was anxious to co-operate with the sovereigns for the repression of crime and cruelty in the ,american colonies1 and in the instruction of the caciques and the ,indian tribes in the faith of the gospel4 ,it is well known how long and how miserably these pious designs were frustrated by the barbarity of ,spanish governors1 the rapacity and license of ,spanish sailors1 convicts1 and settlers4 ,it is not surprising that the cacique ,hatuey vowed he would rather not go to heaven if the ,spaniards were there4 ,the royal decrees respecting slavery had been hesitating and contradictory2 nor were the religious orders in the ,new ,world agreed as to the practice that should be pursued4 ,some of the governors allowed the natives to be treated as slaves1 while others received orders from the home government to limit slavery to the case of cannibals4 ,when ,ximenes became regent1 he carefully investigated the matter1 heard a number of witnesses1 and formed his own resolution independently of other counsellors4 ,the principal caciques were to be called together1 and informed1 in the name of ,queen ,isabella and her son ,charles1 that they were free subjects1 and that1 though the tribes would be required to pay a certain tribute1 their rights1 liberties1 and interests would be protected4 ,the caciques would rule in the several territories and villages in conjunction with a priest and royal administrator2 religion would be taught1 civilization promoted1 merciful laws introduced1 and traffic in slaves1 whether ,indian or negro1 strictly forbidden4 ,it was found by subsequent experience that these wise and merciful regulations were too good for the purpose required2 that it would be dangerous to emancipate the ,indians suddenly2 and that it could only be done after a sufficient number of negro slaves had been imported from ,africa4 ,the authority of ,ximenes during the latter part of his regency was disputed1 not merely by factious nobles1 but also by ,dean ,hadrian and the ,seigneur de la ,chaux4 ,they sought to establish a triumvirate1 and reduce ,ximenes to a second-rate power4 ,but the cardinal receiving some papers to which they had first affixed their signatures1 he immediately ordered fresh copies to be made1 and signed them himself only4 ,from that time neither ,la ,chaux nor ,hadrian was ever allowed to sign a decree4 ,they complained1 indeed1 to the king1 but with little effect4 ,ximenes paid no attention to the remonstrance of the royal ambassador1 and the affair ended by his exclusive authority being recognized and approved4 #eig ,the machinations of his enemies ceased only with his life4 ,to the last1 intrigues1 jealousies1 and calumnies hedged in his path with thorns4 ,in ,august1 #aeag1 it is said1 an attempt was made to poison him2 and it would have succeeded had not his servant1 according to custom1 first tasted every dish set before him1 and fallen seriously ill at ,bozeguillas4 ,his health was failing fast when ,charles arrived from ,flanders1 and the courtiers used every artifice to prevent his having an interview with the young prince4 ,they feared the influence of his genius and experience1 and hoped that death might speedily rid them of his presence4 ,issuing vigorous orders daily for the government of the state1 he calmly awaited the arrival of the king1 and of his own approaching end1 in the monastery of ,aguilera4 ,there he renewed and corrected the will by which he left the bulk of his vast property to the ,university of ,alcal4 ,he often blessed ,god for enabling him to say that he had never knowingly injured any man1 but had administered justice even-handed4 ,the peace of his own conscience did not preserve him from the persecution and insults of his enemies4 ,they even indulged their spite by the paltry annoyance of quartering his servants in a neighboring village1 instead of their being under the same roof with their master1 when1 wrapped in furs1 he took his last journey to meet ,charles1 and welcome him to his kingdom and throne4 ,from the sovereign himself he received a heartless letter1 thanking him for all his great services1 and expressing a hope that they should meet at ,mojados2 but after their meeting1 he suggested that the cardinal should be relieved of his arduous duties2 in other words1 that he should share no longer in the conduct of public affairs4 ,this cruel letter is thought by many writers to have hastened ,ximenes's death1 while others are of opinion that it was never delivered to him1 and that he was thus spared a wanton addition to the pangs of dying4 ,ximenes died in all respects the death of the righteous4 ,the language of contrition and praise was on his lips1 and the crucifix in his hand4 ,he recommended the ,university of ,alcal to the king in his last moments1 together with the monasteries he had founded4 ,he expired1 exclaiming1 ,in te1 ,domine1 speravi on ,sunday1 the #hth of ,november1 #aeag1 in the eighty-second year of his age4 ,all the surrounding country hastened to kiss his hands while his body lay in state4 ,the corpse was embalmed1 and conveyed by slow stages1 and amid the blaze of numberless torches1 to ,torrelaguna1 his birthplace1 and afterward to ,alcal1 the city of his adoption4 ,arriving there on the ,feast of ,st4 ,eugene1 the first ,archbishop of ,toledo1 the day was celebrated yearly from that time by a funeral service and panegyric in honor of ,ximenes4 ,fifty-eight years after the university was founded1 his monument was enclosed in bronze tablets1 on which the chief events in his career were represented4 ,thus1 by sermons1 by external images1 by tradition1 and by history1 the memory of this remarkable man was kept alive4 ,posterity became indulgent to his defects4 ,they were specks in a blaze of light4 ,heroism and saintdom encircled his memory with effulgent halos4 ,his person became familiar to the ,spaniard's eye3 his tall1 thin frame1 his aquiline nose1 his high forehead1 his piercing1 deep-set eyes1 and those two prominent eye-teeth which gained him the nickname of the elephant4 ,according to the custom of the time1 he kept a jester1 and his dwarf's jokes diverted him when depressed with violent headaches1 or worn with the affairs of state and opposition of factious men4 ,study was his delight4 ,he never felt too old to learn1 and he frequently assisted at public disputations4 #eih ,prayer lay at the root of his greatness2 it regulated his ambition1 tamed his impetuosity1 and filled him with the love of justice4 ,it made him severe toward himself1 firm and fearless1 equally capable of wielding a sceptre of iron and a pastoral crook4 ,you may search as you will for historical parallels1 but ,ximenes is the only prime-minister in the world who was held to be a saint by the people he ruled1 and the only primate who has acquired lasting renown in such varied characters as ascetic1 soldier1 chieftain1 scholar1 man of letters1 statesman1 reformer1 and regent4 ---------- ,from ,la ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,the ,ignorance ,of ,the ,middle ,ages4 ,a recent and famous circular respecting the education of women has called attention to the public schools of ,france1 and the revolutionary journals have unanimously profited by the opportunity to load past ages with sarcasm and irony4 ,it is because there is a question of religion in this case1 as in all the principal incidents of the time4 ,the antichristian press is but little interested in the degree of knowledge diffused in the middle ages1 or in the pretended degradation of the people of ,rome2 ,footnote #agg but under these deceitful pretexts is concealed a design1 persistently and ardently pursued--the annihilation of ,christianity4 ,christianity must be put down because it is now the only force that strongly resists unruly passions1 and because modern barbarians1 eager to possess the goods they covet1 wish to submit no longer to any obstacle or delay4 ,footnote #agg3 ,the degradation of which an editor of the ,journal des ,dbats 7,m4 ,j4 ,janin7 wrote in #ahcf3 ,talk to me of the enslaved country of the ,holy ,father as free6 ,let not ,christians be deceived by the hypocritical protestations of respect uttered by this enemy1 to whom falsehood is a jest4 ,let them not grow weary of countermining the subterranean attacks carried on against the city4 ,for each assault let there be a sortie2 for each new battery1 a new bastion6 ,resources are not wanting2 we possess facts1 works1 men1 the testimony of history1 and even the admission of our enemies1 and we are sure victory will be ours in the end4 ,a former essay ,footnote #agh depicted the savage brutality of the barbarous nations converted to ,christianity1 their passions1 their vices1 their ferocity1 and their excesses4 ,we will now show what the church did in one particular to subdue1 civilize1 and elevate them1 by diffusing with unparalleled munificence the most extended1 the most general and complete course of instruction ever given to the world2 how1 in the most troublous times--in the tenth century1 for example--the church was the inviolable guardian of the productions of the human mind2 what ardor for knowledge it excited in these men1 but recently so violent and so material2 and besides its saints1 what learned men1 it formed--what great men1 full of talent and genius6 ,footnote #agh3 ,les ,barbares et le ,moyen ,age1 ,revue du ,monde ,cath41 of ,aug4 #aj and ,sept4 #aj1 #ahfg4 #eii ,i4 ,christian ,antiquity4 ,some writers1 having lost the spirit of ,christianity1 have denied that ,christian antiquity had a taste for science and literature1 and have stigmatized the middle ages as dark4 ,if they had been ,christians1 they would have known that this accusation is as erroneous as it is injurious--was contrary to the very principles of ,christianity4 ,pagan society1 established1 with a view to this life1 for the well-being of a few1 kept the people in ignorance in order to keep them in servitude4 ,ignorance1 by rendering men material1 disposes them to servility and strengthens tyranny4 ,it had academies for the free-born1 but not for the slave4 ,why trouble themselves about the minds of those miserable creatures who were incapable of good1 of evil1 and of virtue1 who were called speaking instruments and chattels8 ,it had philosophers1 poets1 and learned men1 but no popular schools2 for it loved science and not man4 ,the first principle of ,christianity1 on the contrary1 is love4 ,love is without narrowness3 it does not repel1 it attracts3 it is not exclusive1 it is all-embracing3 it seeketh not its own1 it is generously and openly diffusive1 it searches out and summons the whole world3 ,venite ad me omnes4 ,christianity knows only one race of men who are all equal4 ,its other name is ,catholicism1 universality4 ,it has but one object1 which is supernatural--to lead men to ,god4 ,in order that man may aspire to this sublime end1 he must be made free--cui liber1 est liber--must be enlightened1 that he may comprehend the ,supreme ,intelligence that created him4 ,christianity breathes into man that ardent love of knowledge ,footnote #agi which buoys up his wings3 it lights up before him a perspective extending to the very confines of heaven4 ,the more fully man comprehends in what way ,god has established everything in number1 weight1 and measure1 the more ardent is his love for him1 says a simple nun ,footnote #ahj of the middle ages1 beautifully expressing the idea of the church4 ,this is the reason why ,christianity has patronized science1 and diffused and cultivated it4 ,footnote #agi3 ,j4 de ,maistre1 ,du ,pape1 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,roswitha1 ,paphnuce4 ,as soon as ,christianity had a foothold in the world1 instead of turning toward a few1 like the philosophers1 it addresses all--the poor who had been despised1 the lowly who had been made use of1 and the slaves who had not been counted4 ,the door of knowledge was opened wide to plebeians4 ,we teach philosophy to fullers and shoemakers1 says ,st4 ,chrysostom4 ,from the depths of the catacombs1 where they were obliged to conceal themselves1 the first pontiffs1 whose lives for three centuries terminated by martyrdom1 founded schools in every parish of ,rome1 and ordered the priests to assemble the children of the country in order to instruct them4 ,what1 then1 was the result when ,christianity1 issuing from the bowels of the earth1 bloomed forth in freedom8 ,there were schools everywhere1 monastic schools1 schools in the priests' houses1 ,footnote #aha episcopal schools1 established by ,gregory the ,great1 and schools at the entrance of churches1 7as in the portico of the cathedral of ,lucca1 in the eighth century47 ,footnote #aha3 ,a council of the sixteenth century speaks of schools in the priests' houses4 #fjj ,the decrees of councils1 the decretals of popes1 attest the desire of distributing to all the food of the mind1 and of multiplying schools4 ,footnote #ahb ,and who were their first masters8 ,the priests1 bishops1 and doctors of the church4 ,it is our duty1 7it is a pope who speaks17 to endeavor to dispel ignorance4 ,footnote #ahc ,ulphidas1 a bishop of the fifth century1 translated the ,bible into the language of the ,goths1 for the instruction of the barbarians2 and at a later period1 ,albertus ,magnus and ,st4 ,bonaventura composed abridgments of the ,scriptures for the poor1 called the ,bible of the ,poor1 ,biblia ,pauperum4 ,if the important knowledge of reading and writing was spread among the people1 it was owing to the church1 says ,st4 ,simon the ,reformer4 ,footnote #ahd ,footnote #ahb3 ,report of the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 ,m4 ,duruy1 #ahfe4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,innocent ,,iii4 at the ,council of #abae4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,la ,science de l',histoire4 ,and how did the church bestow it8 ,gratuitously1 to all who could not pay for it4 ,the church is truly democratic1 according to the modern expression1 or rather1 it is an institution of charity2 gratuitous instruction is its conception which it put into execution4 7,ventura47 ,listen to its councils3 ,every cathedral and every church that has the means is obliged to found a professorship of theology for ecclesiastics1 and provide a master for the gratuitous instruction of the poor1 according to the ancient customs4 ,footnote #ahe ,it is thus it understood obligatory instruction1 not imposed on those who received it1 which would be tyranny1 but exacted from those who gave it1 which was an act of virtue4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,the ,council of ,constantinople in #fhj2 then the ,councils of ,lateran in #aagi and #abae1 and the ,council of ,lyons in #abde4 ,in the eighth century ,theodolphus1 ,bishop of ,orleans1 wrote to his priests3 ,exact no pay for the instruction of children1 and receive nothing1 except what is offered voluntarily and through affection1 by the parents4 ,but was it elementary knowledge alone8 ,does the church disdain literature1 which a father calls the ornament and consolation of the wretchedness of man--polite literature1 the humanities par excellence1 because they sustain humanity in the combat of life8 ,certainly not2 the church found the pagan world powerful and renowned for its attainments in literature1 the sciences1 and the arts2 it would not leave to that world its superiority2 it would also become the patron of knowledge1 because that would aid in the progress of truth4 ,we ought1 says ,st4 ,basil1 to study the profane sciences before penetrating the mysteries of sacred knowledge1 that we may become accustomed to their radiance4 ,footnote #ahf ,the church exhorted its children to the acquirement of knowledge2 nay1 it even wished itself to excel therein1 and it succeeded so as to terrify its enemies1 as in the case of ,julian the ,apostate1 who1 to crush the church1 undertook to prohibit it from studying the sciences4 ,where shall we find men more learned than ,clement of ,alexandria1 who fathomed and explained the origin of pagan mythology2 ,st4 ,basil and the two ,gregorys1 who1 pupils of the ,athenian school1 acquired there the eloquence in which they equalled ,demosthenes2 ,st4 ,augustine1 whose work1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 is the compendium of all knowledge1 philosophy1 literature1 science1 and the entire history of the world2 and ,origen1 before whom the most celebrated masters of the ,east rose up and ceased to teach1 intimidated by his presence8 ,we are not afraid1 says ,st4 ,jerome1 of any kind of comparison6 ,footnote #ahf3 ,discourse on the ,utility of reading ,profane ,literature4 ,see also ,st4 ,gregory of ,nazianzen1 ,discourse at the ,funeral of ,st4 ,basil4 #fja ,the church thus continues3 ,study1 wrote ,cassiodorus1 in the fifth century1 to his monks--study ,galen1 ,hippocrates1 ,dioscorides1 and the other authors you find in the library4 ,the course of study at ,salernum was pursued by a great number of clerics1 priests1 and bishops3 ,footnote #ahg priests learned history1 grammar1 ,greek1 and geometry at the school in the basilica of ,lateran4 ,footnote #ahh ,footnote #ahg3 ,daremberg1 ,cours de #ahff sur l',histoire de la ,medecine4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,and in the ,benedictine monasteries4 ,where did the ,greek artists1 driven out by iconoclasts1 take refuge8 ,in ,rome1 under the protection of the popes4 ,who were the first historians of the ,west8 ,priests and bishops3 ,gregory of ,tours1 ,fredegarius1 ,eginhard1 ,odo1 and ,flodoard4 ,there is an ecclesiastical tone throughout the entire ,merovingian literature--the legends1 hymns1 and chronicles4 ,footnote #ahi ,even the poets1 ,fortunatus and ,sidonius ,apollinaris1 are priests familiar with the works of antiquity4 ,i am engaged1 wrote ,alcuin to ,charlemagne1 in giving instruction to some by drawing from the fount of ,holy ,writ1 and intoxicating others with the old wine of the ancient schools4 ,and for what purpose8 ,he continues3 ,in order that the church may profit by the increase of knowledge4 ,finally1 when a pope1 great through his genius and his sanctity--,gregory ,,vii4--was inspired with the noble ambition of christianizing the world1 he called science to his aid1 revived the ancient canons that instituted schools for the liberal arts in the vicinity of cathedrals2 ,footnote #aij desiring a saintly clergy1 he wished them also learned4 ,footnote #aia ,footnote #ahi3 ,d',espinay1 ,influence of ,canon ,law on ,french ,legislation4 ,footnote #aij3 ,innocent ,,iii4 continued the work2 he extended the obligation of acquiring knowledge among the priests4 ,the bishop will ascertain1 says he1 the capacity of those on whom he confers holy orders4 ,it is better to have a few who are learned to serve the altar than many who are ignorant4 ,and in our own day the ,roman ,college gives gratuitous instruction in the classics and in the higher sciences1 theology1 philosophy1 law1 medicine1 astronomy1 etc41 which does not prevent the revolutionary journals from declaring the pontifical government an enemy of progress and of light4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ozanam1 ,le ,christianisme chez les ,barbares4 ,and it is so truly the spirit of ,christianity that schools are multiplied in proportion to its diffusion4 ,clovis hardly received baptism when schools were established even in his palace2 ,footnote #aib the more fully kings were imbued with a ,christian spirit1 the more letters were protected and honored4 ,theodosius1 who almost attained to sanctity by his penitence1 decreed that masters1 after teaching twenty years1 should be ennobled with the title of count1 and be on an equality with the lieutenants of the prefect of the pretorian guards2 and ,charlemagne1 the great ,christian emperor1 established under his eye an academy1 which1 we are told1 was called the ,palatial ,school3 the palace was consecrated to science1 and its true name would have been the ,scholastic ,palace4 ,footnote #aic ,footnote #aib3 ,dom ,pitra1 ,rapport sur une ,mission scientifique1 #ahej4 ,footnote #aic3 ,dom ,pitra1 ,histoire de ,st4 ,lger1 ix4 ,,ii4 ,the ,tenth ,century4 ,we are not contradicted4 ,yes1 in the first centuries the church favored knowledge2 but there is an exception3 from the ninth to the eleventh century1 letters almost entirely disappeared1 the light of knowledge was obscured1 and this epoch is justly called the night of the middle ages4 ,it is not so2 a multitude of witnesses prove how unfounded is this prejudice4 ,footnote #aid ,footnote #aid3 ,that is to say1 the erudite men who have carefully studied this confused epoch and have arrived at the same conclusion1 whatever their philosophical opinions3 ,littr and ,ozanam1 ,daremberg and ,villemain1 ,renan and ,dantier1 ,hallam and ,berrington1 etc1 #fjb ,letters never perished4 ,in the sanguinary tumult1 the royal offspring of intelligence was saved by a pious hand1 and protected that it might be restored some day to the world-- great1 powerful1 and fit to reign4 ,footnote #aie ,footnote #aie3 ,in the tenth century1 we include the end of the ninth and the beginning of the eleventh1 as men who lived at the end of the seventeenth century and the commencement of the nineteenth are considered as belonging to the eighteenth2 ,fontenelle and ,delille1 for example4 ,charlemagne was hardly laid in his tomb at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 when his lords1 barons1 counts1 dukes1 and the inferior leaders dispersed and established in a thousand places their divided rule2 furious and devastating wars overwhelmed the people and spread terror in every heart through the country2 there was no longer peace1 security1 or leisure4 ,were intellectual pursuits suspended during that time8 ,no4 ,throughout ,europe1 then a field of battle1 sheltered in the valleys and intrenched on the summits of the mountains1 were fortresses1 which became the asylum of knowledge1 with an army resolved to defend it--monks in their convents4 ,italy was like a camp with a reserve corps of instruction3 there soldiers were formed and organized and drilled in the use of all kinds of arms2 the ,benedictines of ,monte ,casino1 where ancient literature was constantly studied1 ,footnote #aif the ecclesiastical schools of ,modena1 the episcopal schools of ,milan1 the school of jurisprudence at ,lucca1 of rhetoric at ,ravenna1 of literature at ,verona1 of the seven arts at ,parma1 of grammar at ,pavia1 and1 in the midst1 ,rome1 guardian of the heritage of ancient traditions and the seat of the papacy1 which has always surpassed all other nations in learning4 ,footnote #aig ,footnote #aif3 ,and a great number of other religious houses2 as late as the seventeenth century there were more than three hundred4 ,footnote #aig3 ,villemain1 ,histoire de la4 ,littrature au ,moyen ,age1 lesson xx4 ,beyond the ,alps1 traverse ,provence1 almost ,italian1 ,languedoc1 also half ,roman in learning and in language1 on the banks of the ,loire you will find these abbeys1 famous as seats of learning3 ,fleury1 ,st4 ,benoit1 and ,ligug1 7near ,poitiers27 and proceeding to the north1 ,ferrire1 ,saint ,wandrille1 ,luxeuil1 ,corbie1 and ,le ,bec1 7in the eleventh century47 ,from ,lyons you could see1 far away on the mountain-heights of ,switzerland1 ,reichnau1 whose garrison was re-enforced by foreigners who crossed the water1 7,irish monks17 and ,st4 ,gall1 whose monks quote the ,iliad4 ,in ,spain1 ,christians did not strive in valor alone with the ,moors2 they vied in learning with the ,arabs1 and studied and translated their works4 ,the mle was universal4 ,luitprand1 an ,englishman1 who took part in it1 as well as ,gerbert1 a ,frenchman1 heard ten languages spoken there2 among others1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 ,greek1 and ,latin4 ,footnote #aih ,footnote #aih3 ,greek by merchants1 ,hebrew by the ,jews1 ,arabic everywhere1 while ,latin is the foundation of the national tongue4 ,cross the ,channel3 in ,england at every step are colleges and seminaries3 that far-off murmur comes from the seven thousand students of ,armagh1 in ,ireland4 ,and if you penetrate the wilds of ,germany1 among the ,saxons but just converted1 you will discover the advanced posts--the school of ,fulden1 founded by ,st4 ,boniface2 ,new ,corbie on the ,weser1 where1 at a later day1 were found the five books of the ,annals of ,tacitus2 and what is more1 a convent of learned nuns--the ,monastery of ,roswitha4 ,this is the main army1 and it is not without support4 ,the leaders of the people and the directors of souls do not abandon these valiant troops4 ,kings1 when they have the power and the leisure1 send them reenforcements3 there are the schools of ,eugene ,,ii4 for the study of the liberal arts2 of grammar under ,lothaire in ,france of jurisprudence at ,angers2 of ,edward the ,confessor in ,england4 ,it is not till the time of ,henry of ,germany that princes are unmindful of them4 ,he would not listen to the petition of a poet for schools of belles-lettres and law4 ,these are the scattered forts that support and bind together the main army4 #fjc ,but perhaps they are destitute of arms and have no arsenals and ammunition8 ,what1 then1 are all these books of medicine dating from the seventh to the tenth century1 accumulated in all the convents8 ,footnote #aii--the celebrated libraries of ,ferrire and ,bobbio1 which owned ,aristotle and ,demosthenes2 of ,reichnau1 which in #hej possessed four hundred volumes catalogued2 the ,greek manuscripts of the tenth and eleventh centuries discovered at ,rome1 ,verona1 ,monte ,casino1 ,footnote #bjj and at ,tournay3,footnote #bja the copies of ancient authors1 made in the ninth and tenth centuries by the monks of ,st4 ,gall8 ,footnote #bjb ,do you not hear resounding the most illustrious names--of poets1 historians1 philosophers1 and orators--,homer1 ,seneca1 ,ovid1 ,sallust1 and ,pliny8 ,footnote #bjc ,this one1 like a watchman who calls for help from the mountain-heights1 7,lupus1 abbot of ,ferrire to ,pope ,benedict ,,iii417 requests the loan of the ,orator of ,cicero1 the ,institutions of ,quintilian1 and a commentary of ,terence2 another 7see ,life of ,st4 ,columba7 quotes ,titus ,livius2 others 7see ,acts of the ,saints7 quote ,horace2 treaties are fortified with passages from ,cicero2 ,footnote #bjd and there is not a barbarous chronicle in which there are not lightning-like flashes from the inspired lines of ,virgil4 ,footnote #bje ,footnote #aii3 ,dander1 ,missions scientifiques4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,renan1 ,missions scientifiques4 ,footnote #bja3 ,dom ,pitra1 ibid4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,dander1 ibid4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,there are proofs1 says ,daremberg1 that the ,franks of the age of ,charlemagne read ,pliny4 ,these books were not lost1 but preserved in the convents4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,dom ,pitra1 ,missions scientifiques4 ,footnote #bje3 ,see ,villemain1 ,histoire de la ,littrature du ,moyen ,age1 lesson x4 ,they do not lack arms1 and they make use of them4 ,they have captains--leaders who are capable1 learned1 and indefatigable4 ,they are well known3 ,abbo1 abbot of ,fleury-sur-,loire1 who is called the ,alcuin of the tenth century1 who wrote a history of the popes1 on philosophy1 physics1 and astronomy1 and the commander of a numerous corps of more than five thousand students1 among whom is one who translated ,euclid2 ,footnote #bjf ,flodoard1 author of ,la ,chronique de ,france2 the thirty-two professors of belles-lettres at ,salernum2 ,st4 ,fulbert and ,henry of ,auxerre1 in ,france2 ,elphege at ,monte ,casino2 in ,spain1 ,petrus ,alphonsus1 who compares the literature of ,france with that of his own country2 ,footnote #bjg in ,england1 ,odo and ,st4 ,dunstan1 a geometrician1 musician1 painter1 and sculptor2,footnote #bjh and finally1 that wonderful man1 who made the tour of the world of learning and was familiar with every part of it--mathematics1 mechanics1 astronomy1 literature1 and philosophy--at once a prince of the church and of science-- ,gerbert4 ,footnote #bji ,footnote #bjf3 ,there is a second ,abbo in the tenth century-- a monk also1 and a poet4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,in his book ,de ,disciplina ,cleri4 ,see ,dom ,pitria1 ,histoire de ,st4 ,lger4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,berrington1 ,history of ,literature in the ,ninth and ,tenth ,centuries4 ,footnote #bji3 ,gaillard1 in his ,histoire de ,charlemagne1 gives a list of masters who succeeded each other without interruption from ,alcuin till the twelfth century4 ,but1 blockaded in their fortresses by barbarism1 brigandage1 and tyranny1 what important deeds could they achieve1 what feats of arms1 what expeditions8 ,in the first place1 they held their position by keeping the ramparts in constant repair4 #fjd ,in the scriptorium of every abbey1 a numerous detachment of patient copyists1 bending all day over manuscripts1 transcribed the holy books and the masterpieces of antiquity1 and rendered eminent service to the arts1 to letters1 and to history by preserving and keeping in order the store of munitions which otherwise would have been squandered and for ever lost4 ,at the same time1 watchful sentinels on the walls observed all that was passing in the world without1 and made an exact report of it2 that is to say1 they drew up those chronicles1 charters1 and cartularies in which were recorded facts1 names1 contracts1 donations1 and the changes in the countries in which they lived1 among the people they directed1 in the lands they cultivated1 the sovereigns who ruled over them1 and the conquerors who despoiled them4 ,footnote #baj ,footnote #baj3 ,it is sufficient to mention the ,polyptique of the abbot ,irminon1 7tenth century17 and the numerous cartularies that have been published within half a century4 ,and that the descriptions might be complete1 painters illuminated the margins of the vellum manuscripts1 supplying by delicate and faithful miniatures in the brightest colors what was wanting in the text1 general details respecting the splendor of the vestments1 the sculptures on the walls and the ornaments of the houses1 thus bequeathing to posterity a lively and true portrayal of their time4 ,and the whole makes up the immense and inexhaustible treasure where we find depicted the manners1 customs1 classes of society1 the nature of the soil1 and facts respecting the tillers of the earth1 their lords1 and the church1 forming the moral1 industrial1 and agricultural history of all ,christendom4 ,these transcripts1 chronicles1 and paintings are the magazines1 casemates1 and bastions without which the citadel of letters and science would have been dismantled and rendered uninhabitable for generations to come6 ,they did not confine themselves to this2 nothing was neglected that should occupy a well-organized army2 first1 regular exercise1 which makes the soldier active1 robust1 and ready for any duty2 the study of the liberal arts1 divided into two classes for the recruits and the veterans3 the quadrivium1 7arithmetic1 geometry1 music1 and astronomy17 and the trivium 7grammar1 rhetoric1 and dialectics4 ,footnote #baa 7 ,these labors were carried on in the interior of the fortress4 ,they also made expeditions and sallies to keep the ways of access clear--commentaries upon authors1 variations of texts1 7as the commentaries on the ,fasti of ,ovid1 ,footnote #bab the treatise ,de ,senectute1 with different readings of the same text1 ,footnote #bac and numerous manuscripts with ,greek annotations4,footnote #bad7 ,they undertook sieges1 for a translation may be called a siege2 everywhere you could find real workshops for translating ,greek authors into ,latin1 such as books of medicine1 7,galen1 ,hippocrates1 and ,oribasus17 the fathers1 7the ,homilies of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom17 and the principal ancient authors1 ,footnote #bae 7the ,logic of ,aristotle47 ,under the guidance of the leaders already named1 they went forth to daily combat and even to fight great battles2 in the schools1 colleges1 monasteries1 and public lectures1 professors1 doctors1 and students ,footnote #baf stimulated the public mind2 they touched on every science1 and treated1 under the names of nominalism and realism1 of all those questions about which man is continually agitated--his nature1 his origin1 his relations with ,god1 and his destiny2 ,footnote #baa3 ,mentioned by ,roswitha in the tenth century4 ,footnote #bab3 ,found at ,reichnau by ,m4 ,dantier4 ,footnote #bac3 ,at ,mr4 ,philipps's in ,england1 by ,dom ,pitra4 ,footnote #bad3 ,at ,monte ,casino1 by ,m4 ,renan4 ,footnote #bae3 ,see ,daremberg1 ibid4 ,a proof1 says ,m4 ,littr1 in ,les ,barbares et le ,moyen ,age1 that during the ,merovingian and ,carlovingian periods the ,greek filiation of the sciences was preserved4 ,as to medical science1 he adds1 it is evidently not a simple question of medicine4 ,footnote #baf3 ,branger1 ,lanfranc1 ,roscelin1 etc4 #fje struggles constantly renewed1 in which they fought furiously and displayed all their strength by quotations from authors1 allusions to celebrated events and to sayings of antiquity1 7for example1 the sarcasm of ,julian to the ,christians1 mentioned by ,roswitha2 ,footnote #bag the veil given by a king of ,england to the ,abbey of ,croyland1 on which was embroidered the ,ruin of ,troy2 ,footnote #bah the ,latin war hymn chanted at ,modena1 which alludes to the devotedness of ,codrus2 ,footnote #bai7 brilliant tournaments in which1 like knights of prowess1 some endeavored to distinguish themselves by a display of erudition better suited1 it might seem1 to the refined age of the sixteenth century than to the tenth4 ,they signed acts written in ,greek2 ,footnote #bbj in ,latin verse2 ,footnote #bba they wrote the lives of the saints in ,french verse2 ,footnote #bbb the kings of ,england prided themselves on the name of ,greek text2 they spoke ,greek in ordinary intercourse4 ,footnote #bbc ,these knights of science1 like the paladins in the combats with giants1 displayed wondrous feats4 ,i am over shoes in ,cicero's ,rhetoric1 writes ,ingulphus1 ,abbot of ,croyland4 ,footnote #bbd ,footnote #bag3 ,christians should congratulate themselves on being deprived of their riches1 for ,christ said3 ,every one of you that doth not renounce all that he possesseth cannot be my disciple4 ,see the ,gallicanus4 ,footnote #bah3 ,see ,darboy1 ,life of ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury4 ,footnote #bai3 ,a ,latin hymn was also chanted at ,pisa1 in the eleventh century1 to celebrate a victory over the ,saracens4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,at ,poitiers1 at the end of the ninth century4 ,footnote #bba3 ,at ,sienna4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,in #ajej1 ,thibaud de ,vernon1 canon at ,rouen4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,the monks of ,england and ,ireland4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,tenth century4 ,they did not confine themselves to the defensive4 ,in studying the ancient writers they were inspired to imitate them1 and they went forth into the open field and vied in a thousand works of the imagination--fiction1 poetry--7hymns1 poems of the eleventh century1 and history47 ,what is more1 they undertook fatiguing and dangerous expeditions into far-off and almost unknown countries-- archaeology1 which had not then a name1 7see the valuable manuscripts of the tenth century1 discovered by ,mabillon at ,einsiedeln1 which treat of ,roman inscriptions27 cosmography1 in which they divined truths of the highest importance4 ,the ,irish monk ,virgilius taught in ,bohemia the antipodes1 and consequently that the earth is round4 ,he was not comprehended3 they supposed him to believe there were other lands under our earth1 with another sun1 another moon1 and inhabitants for whom ,christ did not die1 and he was excommunicated4 ,he went to ,rome1 where he was permitted to explain his theory2 the pope withdrew his anathema and elevated him to the episcopacy4 ,footnote #bbe ,finally1 the drama1 into which was infused a new and original character4 ,whilst the monk ,virgilius taught the true form of the earth1 the nun ,roswitha composed her tragedies1 the first specimens of the ,christian drama1 at once full of the reminiscences of antiquity and the spirit of the gospel4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,quatrefages1 ,peuplement de l',amrique1 which proves3 #a4 ,the geographical knowledge of the times4 #b4 ,the perpetuity of tradition4 #c4 ,the intercourse of different nations4 #d4 ,the tolerance of the church4 ,bouillet1 in his ,dictionnaire universelle d',histoire et de ,gographie1 is deceived on this point4 ,you will see by all this activity1 this animation1 and these names1 that the tenth century has been unjustly accused of barbarism 7,magnin7--that age in which there was such a taste for classical studies that many ,christians1 says ,roswitha1 preferred the vanity of pagan books to the utility of the ,holy ,scriptures1 on account of the elegance of their style1 and that1 far from meriting the appellation of the ,iron ,age1 it should rather be called a great centre of light4 ,footnote #bbf ,footnote #bbf3 ,dom ,pitra1 ,rapport sur une ,mission scientifique4 ,to all these works add the memoir of ,ozanam1 ,des ,ecoles et de l',instruction publique en ,italie au ,temps barbares1 in which he clearly demonstrates that letters never ceased to be cultivated4 #fjf ,when we look down from the lofty elevation of the nineteenth century1 which is called the age of progress1 into this deep gulf of the middle ages--the ninth1 tenth1 and eleventh centuries--we are not astonished at its darkness1 but by the brilliant rays that issue from it4 ,it is not an abyss4 ,at the first glance there seem to be only a few points of light2 but the eye is soon attracted by a multitude of peaks everywhere rising up with brilliant summits and resplendent glaciers sparkling with radiant light4 ,we are astonished and give ourselves up to admiration1 in the words of the poet who1 perceiving the ,alps afar off1 thinks that ,ces monts glacs ,ne sont qu'affreux dserts1 rochers1 torrents1 abmes1 but who1 when he reaches them1 ,y trouve1 ravi1 ,de l'ombre1 des rayons1 des solitudes vertes1 ,des vergers pleins de dons1 des chaumires ouvertes ,a l'hospitalit4 444 ,des coteaux aux flancs d'or1 de limpides valles1 ,et des lacs toils des feux du firmament ,footnote #bbg --finds the hospitality of the church1 the solitude of monasteries1 and the firmament of ,christianity6 ,footnote #bbg3 ,lamartine4 ,,iii4 ,intercourse ,of ,nations4 ,doubt is still displayed4 ,there are other objections4 ,noblemen did not know how to read1 women lived in ignorance2 how could knowledge be diffused when people within fortified walls and the narrow limits of their territories could with so much difficulty hold communication with each other8 ,there is a false idea of the middle ages4 ,it is imagined that men1 so independent and so wilful1 remained stationary and shut up in their fortresses without endeavoring to see and know each other4 ,it is precisely the contrary4 ,there was a constant and ardent desire for intercourse which caused nations to mingle and exchange languages1 ideas1 and customs4 ,what was the consequence of the incessant wars1 if not to lead men of the ,north to the ,south1 those of the ,east to the ,west1 the people of ,normandy to ,naples and to ,england1 the ,britons of ,armorica into ,great ,britain1 and vice versa1 7from the fifth to the eleventh century27 ,footnote #bbh the ,burgundians into ,lusitania1 where they founded the kingdom of ,portugal1 7,henry of ,burgundy1 in the eleventh century1 accompanied by knights and troubadours78 ,and then the varied and extensive commerce of the great cities of ,france and of the rich and industrious ,flemish cities1 whose ports1 filled with vessels from every land1 resounded1 as we are told by the chroniclers1 with the sounds of all languages8 ,and the celebrated fairs1 ,beaucaire1 ,novgorod1 and the ,landit1 7at ,st4 ,denis17 rallying-points for the merchants of ,europe1 ,egypt1 ,asia1 and the islands of the ,levant--and which were the universal expositions of the productions of the middle ages8 ,the bold enterprises of the ,italian republics1 powerful through commerce1 which owned vessels enough to transport the entire army of the crusaders1 and which owned a part of the ,east--the ,genoese1 the faubourgs of ,constantinople2 the ,pisans1 several ports in ,syria2 the ,venetians1 the ,morea and ,crete1 the ,archipelago2 which trafficked not only with the rest of ,europe1 but with the coast of ,barbary1 ,tunis1 and ,morocco1 ,footnote #bbi in fact1 with the interior of ,asia1 into which its adventurous citizens penetrated1 7as in the case of ,marco ,polo and several others17 and with the extreme ,east1 which the nineteenth century has only just discovered1 if we may dare say so1 and allied with the rest of the world4 ,footnote #bcj ,footnote #bbh3 ,la ,villemarqu1 ,discours au ,congrs celtigue de ,saint-,brieuc1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,malastrie1 ,missions scientifiques4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,the ,venetian ,sanuto penetrated as far as ,cambodia2 a goldsmith of ,paris settled in ,china2 merchants from ,breslau and ,poland met ,genoese1 ,pisan1 and ,venetian merchants in the interior of ,tartary1 etc4 ,see ,le ,bas1 ,prcis de l',histoire du ,moyen ,age4 #fjg ,the love of knowledge also drew nations together4 ,learned men did not hesitate to undertake long journeys1 to cross the ,alps1 the ,pyrenees1 and the sea1 that they might pursue their studies in ,italy1 7as ,fortunatus at ,ravenna in the sixth century17 obtain books on medicine1 7,richer in the eleventh century17 ,footnote #bca meet ,english students in ,spain1 7,peter the ,venerable in the twelfth century17 hold converse with some doctor at ,bologna1 or some monk in a monastery of the ,apennines4 ,how could there be no intercourse between the universities of ,salamanca1 of ,pavia1 of ,oxford1 and of ,paris1 when the same questions were discussed at them all2 when the metaphysical heresies which sprang from one were refuted in another five hundred leagues distant2 ,footnote #bcb when the masters and pupils of ,germany1 ,england1 ,spain1 ,france1 and ,italy flocked to these schools2 from ,france to ,padua1 from ,england to ,valencia1 and from all countries to ,paris1 where1 almost at the same time1 disputations were carried on by ,englishmen1 ,italians1 ,irishmen1 and ,germans1 who were to be known as ,dante1 ,duns ,scotus1 ,roger ,bacon1 ,brunetto ,latini1 ,albertus ,magnus1 ,alexander of ,hales1 and ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas8 ,footnote #bca3 ,daremberg1 ibid4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,and there were such close relations between the factions in ,france and those of ,england1 that1 in the fourteenth century1 the revolutionary movements in ,paris coincided with those in ,london4 ,see ,naudet1 ,conjuration d ,etienne ,marcel4 ,it has been said that for literature to flourish1 a nation must be invigorated by powerful and varied deeds3 ,footnote #bcc at what epoch was there a more stirring and varied life than in the middle ages8 ,footnote #bcc3 ,madame de ,stal4 ,follow the continued journeys of the poet-historian ,froissart to and fro in every direction1 in ,france and without1 now at the foot of the ,pyrenees at the ,chateau de ,foix1 and now in ,italy1 where1 at ,milan1 he meets another poet1 ,chaucer of ,england1 who had come to visit ,genoa1 ,padua1 etc4 ,from ,brittany he goes to ,flanders1 and even to ,zealand1 where he forms a friendship with a ,portuguese lord4 ,he thinks nothing of crossing the water2 he goes to ,england repeatedly1 dwells there1 and penetrates even to ,scotland1 then an unknown land4 ,he traverses ,france from one end to the other2 is in ,spain to-day and to-morrow in ,germany4 ,would you not think you were reading the life of a modern individual8 ,he is called a chronicler3 a chronicler indeed1 and after the manner of the men of our own time2 like them1 chronicler and tourist1 traversing earth and sea to participate in festivities1 witness battles1 and mingle in courts4 ,footnote #bcd ,footnote #bcd3 ,but with this difference3 he did not travel in a cushioned car going at the rate of forty miles an hour1 but on horseback1 at a good round trot1 with spurs on his heels and his luggage behind4 ,yes1 kings1 conquerors1 and those in pursuit of adventures took long journeys with their armed followers1 their vehicles1 machines1 and engines of war2 princes1 nobles1 and warriors traversed ,europe1 escorted by brilliant cavalcades1 upon their steeds and palfreys2 merchants landed on foreign shores1 the winds swelling the sails of their vessels2 even learned men crossed the water and the mountains to add to their knowledge2 conquerors to found empires1 princes to strengthen their power by alliances1 and merchants to gain wealth4 ,but there were men who surpassed all these who were borne by chariots1 vessels1 and noble horses--the pilgrims who went on foot4 #fjh ,crowds1 in constant succession1 of men1 women1 and children1 from all countries1 undertook these pilgrimages to hundreds of holy places in ,flanders1 ,spain1 ,rome1 7where1 says ,villani1 the jubilee of #acjj led more than two hundred thousand pilgrims17 and1 above all1 to the ,holy ,land1 which led to the wonderful outpouring of all ,europe into ,asia and ,africa for three centuries--the crusades1 during which the ,west was brought into contact with ,egypt1 and through ,egypt with ,india2 through ,constantinople1 where the ,latins founded an empire that lasted more than fifty years1 with the ,greeks1 and through them with the chefs-d'oeuvre of pagan and ,christian antiquity1 and from whom they obtained books1 manuscripts1 agricultural implements1 and a knowledge of industrial pursuits literature1 and the arts4 ,footnote #bce ,footnote #bce3 ,they brought back1 among other books1 ,aristotle's works on metaphysics1 and cane1 millet1 camel's-hair stuffs1 etc4 ,and the monks1 what long journeys they made in the world6 ,carried away by zeal for religion1 they dispersed in every direction to preach the gospel2 some to ,prussia1 ,poland1 and the extremities of ,europe--to ,norway2 others from ,greece1 ,egypt1 and ,syria to ,ireland2 others still 7in the time of ,st4 ,louis7 into ,tartary1 and even into ,china1 where they found traces of ,christianity left there by other monks who had preceded them4 ,they went still farther beyond ,ireland and ,norway into ,iceland1 and from ,iceland 7,st4 ,brandan in the eighth century7 into an unknown land1 peopled by strange men1 clad with the skins of marine animals1 where they built monasteries and churches1 whence they penetrated still farther into the interior1 even as far as ,mexico perhaps1 leaving behind them an ineffaceable remembrance1 thus being the first to discover ,footnote #bcf and inhabit the country to which they did not give its present name1 but which was really the southern extremity of the ,new ,world which1 four centuries after1 ,columbus discovered1 and which is called ,america4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,when1 in the eleventh century1 the ,scandinavians landed in ,greenland1 the ,esquimaux told them that at the south there were white men clad in long black robes1 who walked chanting and carrying banners before them2 they were the monks who1 in the eighth century1 had set sail for ,iceland1 and had been thrown by the wind on the ,american coast4 7,ozanam1 ,le ,christianisme chez les ,barbares47 ,dom ,pitra 7,histoire de ,st4 ,lger7 mentions a book of the sixteenth century on the voyages of the ,benedictines into ,america--doubtless these monks lost among the savages1 who left those signs of ,christianity1 crosses1 a kind of baptism1 etc41 which were afterward found1 and which otherwise would be inexplicable4 ,it was neither thirst for riches1 nor love of conquest1 nor longing for power1 nor even enthusiasm for knowledge1 that induced them to undertake these extensive1 dangerous1 and fruitful enterprises2 they were inspired by a more sublime sentiment--the love of ,god and of souls--the desire of devoting themselves to ,god1 and of leading to him new followers out of strange nations4 ,,iv4 ,woman ,there is no mark more distinctive of the character of individuals or nations than the treatment of woman4 ,christianity emancipated woman2 it brought her forth from the obscurity to which she had been banished1 and taking her by the hand1 introduced her into the social world1 and gave her a place beside man1 that she might receive the spiritual aliment which would develop her mind1 as well as elevate her soul4 ,taught by the example of ,christ1 the most eloquent and learned of the fathers--those philosophers of no sect--,jerome1 ,gregory of ,nazianzen1 ,augustine1 ,paulinus1 and ,basil1 address numerous letters to women--to women1 so disdained by paganism that not a single letter to a woman is to be found in all the correspondence of ,cicero4 ,footnote #bcg ,footnote #bcg3 ,and of ,pliny4 ,if ,seneca composed two treatises1 ,de ,consolatione1 for ,marcia and ,helvia it was because his ideas were modified by contact with ,christianity4 ,and ,i see herein a proof1 which has not been sufficiently noticed1 of his knowledge of the ,christian doctrine or of his acquaintance with ,st4 ,paul4 #fji ,but it may be said that these women who showed themselves worthy of holding converse with such great men read and wrote ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew1 and belonged to the highest ,roman society4 ,there are no women who are not noble4 ,the church opened schools for women where they received the same instructions as men4 ,footnote #bch ,footnote #bch3 ,dom ,pitra1 ,histoire de ,st4 ,lger1 vi4 ,there is1 from the time of the illustrious patrician ladies who followed ,st4 ,jerome into the desert1 ,st4 ,paula1 ,st4 ,eustochium1 etc41 ,footnote #bci3 an uninterrupted list of nuns1 of abbesses1 whom the church reveres as saints1 and who might be claimed by the literary world on account of their attainments4 ,for example1 ,st4 ,radegonde1 7in the sixth century17 who introduced into the monastery of ,st4 ,croix1 at ,poitiers1 the rule of ,st4 ,caesarius1 which obliged all the nuns to the study of letters1 that is to say1 ,latin1 the fathers1 canonical law1 history1 cosmography1 etc41 to devote two hours a day to reading besides that which they listened to during labor and their meals1 and to the transcribing of books1 etc4 etc42 ,lioba1 at ,bischofsheim1 in ,germany1 the mistress of a school in a barbarous country who only left her books to pray2 ,footnote #bdj ,footnote #bci3 ,and ,marcella1 ,blezilla1 ,paulina4 ,fabiola1 7of the family of ,fabii17 ,furia1 7of the family of ,camillus1 ,melania1 ,marcellina1 etc47 ,footnote #bdj3 ,see ,dom ,pitra1 ib4 ,he mentions ,st4 ,aldegondes1 ,st4 ,anstrude1 etc4 ,the monastery of ,lioba1 he says1 was like a normal school with respect to the other schools springing up in ,germany4 ,st4 ,bertille1 at ,chelles2 ,st4 ,gertrude1 in ,belgium1 7seventh century17 who sent to ,ireland and to ,italy for books2 and those poor women who studied theology under ,st4 ,boniface1 7eighth century27 and ,roswitha1 whose dramatic works display not only the inventive imagination of the poet1 but a learning rare among women of any age1 shown by her quotations from the ancient poets1 the historical facts she mentions1 her knowledge of foreign languages1 etc4 ,footnote #bda ,a ,gerbert and a ,roswitha are sufficient to redeem a whole century from the charge of ignorance and barbarism2 and if nuns in the heart of ,germany made such attainments in literature1 what must have been the women of the age of ,charlemagne1 of ,st4 ,bernard1 and of ,st4 ,louis8 ,then the daughters and nieces of the emperor took lessons of ,alcuin3 a queen sang the sweet serenity of the cloister in graceful ,latin verse2 ,footnote #bdb a young girl of ,paris had for her teacher one of the most celebrated professors of her time2 ,footnote #bdc and then was drawn up a course of studies in which were prescribed1 such as these3 ,footnote #bdd ,footnote #bda3 ,spanish particularly1 proved by the ,hispanismes in her style1 pointed out by her learned editor1 ,magnin4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,richarde1 wife of ,charles le ,gros4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,helose1 and doubtless she was not the only one among the bourgeoisie of ,paris4 ,recall also the learned nun mentioned in the beginning of ,du ,guesclin's life1 who1 in predicting his success1 removed1 as it were1 the obstacles to his glorious career4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,boutaric1 ,vie et ,o,euvres de ,pierre du ,bois1 in the memoirs of the ,academy of ,inscriptions1 #ahfd4 ,children of both sexes1 from five to twelve years of age3 reading1 7in the ,psalter17 singing1 grammar1 moral distichs1 7of ,cato17 and1 a little later1 ,latin1 which they will learn to speak4 ,young girls3 natural history1 surgery1 medicine1 logic1 ,latin1 and the oriental languages--a plan drawn up in the dark and ignorant middle ages1 which could not be easily pursued even in this age1 distinguished and enlightened by the romances of so many women of genius6 #faj ,we need not wait till the time of ,clemence ,isaure 7fourteenth century7 to find a woman whom ,christianity had imbued with taste and a delicate poetical nature4 ,history1 chronicles1 and ballads have opened to us the chateaux where1 whilst the mail-clad baron and his armed followers fought without1 his wife1 seated in some deep embrasure1 would cast a glance from time to time through the narrow window upon the varied landscape1 and then resume1 in the large1 open volume before her1 the fabulous and heroic exploits of knights and brave men among the paynim and giants2 where1 at nightfall1 in the midst of her servants and followers1 she listened smilingly and thoughtfully to some wandering troubadour singing of war1 of love1 and of tournaments1 and relating his adventures--a charming picture which allies the romantic chatelaine--passing by the elegant and trifling ladies of the court of the ,restoration--with the strong-minded women of the seventeenth century1 so captivating and so learned1 who read philosophical treatises1 spoke several languages1 studied the doctors and fathers of the church1 and who are considered by the world as models of wit1 taste1 elegance1 and grace3 ,longueville1 ,montausier1 ,lafayette1 ,rambouillet1 ,jacqueline ,pascal1 ,maintenon1 and ,svign6 ,v4 ,the ,nobility4 ,but it is necessary to make a painful avowal4 ,in the midst of the general diffusion of knowledge in monasteries1 schools1 universities1 towns1 boroughs1 and villages1 and even among the poor and lowly1 there is one class of society which remained during all the middle ages in shameful ignorance--the nobility4 ,the kings1 however1 who issued from its ranks1 and who in all ages prided themselves on the name of gentleman1 were an exception4 ,the sons of ,clovis were the first pupils of the school established in his palace and directed by his chaplain4 ,this example was perpetuated4 ,the princes of the ,merovingian dynasty pursued their studies in the monasteries1 and literary habits became so congenial to them that1 in some instances1 they were carried to excess and became a kind of mania1 as in the case of the prince called the ,clerc couronn4 7,chilperic47 ,as to ,charlemagne1 who spoke the ,latin language1 understood ,greek1 made astronomical calculations1 brought professors from ,italy1 7,peter of ,pisa and ,paul the ,hellenist deacon17 and founded the first academy and the first university1 it is useless to insist on him1 for he is universally acknowledged to be at once a hero1 a learned man1 and a saint4 ,nor are the literary tastes of the most eminent sovereigns denied1 as ,alfred the ,great1 the translator of ,a,esop and commentator of ,bede2 ,charles le ,chauve1 who had ,aristotle and ,plato explained to him by masters from ,constantinople2 ,alfonso the ,wise1 astronomer1 legislator1 and historian2 ,robert the ,pious2 ,otto ,,ii41 who appointed ,gerbert1 the wisest man of the age1 tutor to his son2 ,frederick ,,ii41 who spoke ,german1 ,french1 ,arabic1 ,latin1 and ,greek2 and ,philip ,augustus1 the patron of literature and the arts1 who1 for that age1 was as magnificent as ,louis ,,xiv4 ,footnote #bde ,footnote #bde3 ,villemain1 ibid4 #faa ,and later than the twelfth century1 is it astonishing that ,st4 ,louis admitted ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin to his table1 where1 in his presence1 were discussed the highest questions of philosophy8 ,that the rule of study drawn up for ,john1 son of ,philip of ,valois1 included ,latin and several languages8 ,footnote #bdf ,that ,charles ,v4 collected at the ,louvre a library of considerable size1 and that his brothers1 the dukes of ,burgundy and ,berri1 carried away by love for the arts1 ordered miniatures1 which are admirable paintings1 from the celebrated painters1 ,memling1 ,van ,eyck1 and ,jean ,fouquet8 ,but we are approaching the time of the ,restoration1 and consequently all these facts prove nothing4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,in a memoir addressed to the queen in #accd and composed of one hundred and six articles1 the unknown author gives the king's daily rule of life as follows3 ,rise at six all the year round--,mass at seven--business till ten--supper at six--to bed at ten--to have his son taught several languages1 even ,latin1 to fit him to travel4 ,but were these enlightened1 well-informed1 and even learned monarchs satisfied with their own attainments1 and did they live in their courts among brutal1 ignorant1 and coarse warriors who could only talk of combats and gallantry8 ,no2 it is well known that their principal vassals1 the minor sovereigns1 especially those of ,southern ,france1 where the learning of ,rome was diffused1 were not wholly unlettered4 ,in the ninth century1 there was the son of a ,count 7,maguelonne7 ,st4 ,benedict of ,amiane1 who was at the head of all the monasteries in ,france1 and who compared1 modified1 and wrote commentaries on the rules of the various religious orders--,greek as well as ,latin2 ,foulques1 ,count of ,anjou1 in the tenth century--yes1 in the tenth century1 that darkest period of the middle ages--understood ,aristotle and ,cicero1 as has been proved1 and in the following century1 when the leaders of the crusades assembled at ,jerusalem to draw up a code of laws--a civil and political code--charter of citizenship1 etc41 they evidently understood not only the general customs1 but ,roman law2 and several of them 7,iselin1 etc47 were no less proficients in the law than valiant knights2 ,footnote #bdg finally1 if the muse of ,france would trace its ancestry back to former times1 it would find two princes1 ,william of ,poitiers and ,thibaut of ,champagne4 ,it is right1 then1 to leave out the testimony of sovereigns4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,robertson1 in his introduction to the ,history of ,charles ,v41 is mistaken when he says the middle ages were ignorant of ,roman law until the twelfth century4 ,roman law was not revived by the discovery of a copy of the ,pandects at ,amalfi3 it was always known and practised3 it was cited at the tribunals1 and generally known during all the middle ages1 as demonstrated by ,savigny1 ,histoire du ,droit romain au ,moyen ,age4 ,see also ,fauriel1 ,histoire des ,populations mridionales4 ,history also certifies a very singular fact3 the leaders1 the leudes1 under the ,merovingians1 sent their children to the school at the palace to be initiated in palatial learning4 ,there they underwent examinations1 studied the fathers1 history1 law1 religious dogmas1 received degrees1 etc4 ,this fact is thus explained3 these young men were hostages that the king kept at court to insure the fealty of their fathers1 no doubt2 and the consequence of this truly barbarous idea was to convert a prison into a school and an academy6 ,there was another custom almost as singular3 these young men are represented as travelling1 even in the earliest ages1 in the various countries of ,europe--,france1 ,spain1 and ,italy--and in the ,east4 ,yes1 notwithstanding the insecurity of the routes1 it was the fashion in the seventh century to send young ,englishmen to ,france to be reared1 and even in many cases across the ,alps to ,rome1 ,padua1 etc4 ,some went to complete their education in ,greece1 and1 after the establishment of the ,latin ,empire1 at ,constantinople4 ,these young men apparently belonged to wealthy and noble families4 #fab ,and we would recall the fact that in the schools directed by ,clement1 a ,scotchman1 ,charlemagne assembled--strange idea6--a great number of children of all classes from the highest to the lowest rank2 ,footnote #bdh that among the pupils of ,lanfranc1 at the abbey of ,bec1 were a great number of the children of lords and barons1 and1 among others1 ,william1 ,duke of ,normandy1 and that son of an ,italian nobleman who1 later1 was known as ,pope ,alexander ,,ii4 ,it would appear that these young men did not allow the faculties they had developed to remain unproductive and useless1 from the fact that the earliest poets were princes and nobles4 ,but then1 poetry is the offspring of the imagination and of genius1 and the ,french race1 particularly in the ,south1 are so richly gifted therewith6 ,footnote #bdh3 ,the monk of ,st4 ,gall1 mentioned by ,phil4 le ,bas1 ibid4 ,what is more surprising1 the first ,french historians were two lords3 ,villehardoin in the twelfth century1 and ,joinville in the thirteenth--historians not without culture4 ,there are in their language elegance1 distinction1 and ,attic wit4 ,they mention1 en passant1 and without affectation1 names and facts that attest varied knowledge1 and their style is so perfect that competent writers have concluded that the nobility moulded the ,french language to history and poetry--the ideal and the practical6 ,footnote #bdi ,it is probably to these studious habits and this inclination for intellectual pursuits1 perpetuated for ages like a tradition1 is due the delicate and correct taste peculiar to the ,french nobility of the last two centuries1 and the noble ambition of the great lords who have not been satisfied with protecting the arts1 but have deemed it an honor to have their historical names inscribed on the list of the academies1 have striven to acquire a knowledge of letters1 to excel in it1 and to add to the lustre of their descent brilliancy of talent and the glory reserved for intellectual labors4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,villemain1 ibid41 ,lop4 ,delisle1 ,a4 de la ,borderie1 ,marchegay4 ,see also ,aud1 ,mmoires de la ,socit d',emulation de la ,vende1 and the works already mentioned of ,boutaric1 ,littr1 ,pierre ,clmnent1 etc4 ,finally--for we must collect testimony for the acquittal of the accused--since the judgment has been so severe1 the most conscientious and erudite men of modern times1 having traversed the middle ages and returned laden with documents1 declare that1 among the numberless titles that passed through their hands1 they never met this formula1 so often mentioned3 this one1 being a nobleman1 attests his inability to sign his name4 ,yet in spite of these proofs1 these attestations1 and the authority of the witnesses1 there is one fact beyond doubt1 the absolute ignorance of the nobility of the middle ages1 and we are forced1 to our great regret1 to conclude that this opinion must be accepted as a historical fact of the same class1 and as clearly proved1 as the so well authenticated facts of ,sixtus ,v4 throwing away his crutches as soon as he was elected ,pope1 ,gilles de ,raiz slaughtering his wives like ,bluebeard1 ,charles ,v4 participating in his own funeral rites at ,st4 ,just1 ,marie de ,medicis dying of hunger in a garret at ,cologne1 and ,galileo imprisoned in a dungeon of the ,inquisition6 #fac ,,vi4 ,character ,of ,the ,knowledge ,of ,the ,middle ,ages4 ,the language of a people is ,one of the ,signs that mark its progress ,or decay4 ,if the genius of a language is fully developed1 the nation is in its apogee2 if it is not developed1 or if it is losing its purity1 the nation is progressing or declining4 ,this is a truth remarked by one of the most active minds of the last century4 ,in the thirteenth century1 says ,rivarol1 the ,french language had more nearly attained a certain perfection than in the sixteenth4 ,footnote #bej ,he is astonished3 he finds the fact very extraordinary1 but he does not explain it4 ,the explanation is easy4 ,the ,french language was much nearer perfection in the thirteenth than in the sixteenth century1 because society was more firmly established4 ,the sixteenth century was an age of transition1 the dawn of a great era--an avenue leading to a large city which we pass through1 but in which we do not linger4 ,the men of that time1 without being aware of it1 were preparing for the future4 ,they collected materials for building from the remains of antiquity and the attempts of foreigners2 they imitated and did not invent4 ,consequently their language was obscure and loaded with foreign idioms and antiquated expressions2 it was neither bold1 nor expressive1 nor clear2 it was ornamented1 rich1 and redundant2 it was overladen like a tree not pruned2 the fruit was hidden by an excess of foliage4 ,a great wind--the agitation of civil war-- shook off this exuberant foliage and the fruit appeared2 the sun of the seventeenth century warmed and colored it with its rays2 then it ripened1 and the ,french language attained its definite form and became immortal4 ,footnote #bej3 ,in his ,discours sur l',universalit de la ,langue ,franaise1 always to the point1 and often profound1 a writer of our time goes still further3 ,the language was fully developed and equal to our own1 says ,m4 ,villemain1 ,histoire de la ,litrature du ,moyen ,age1 lesson x4 ,the language of the thirteenth century was as complete and perfect as it could be4 ,at that period were laid the foundations of ,christian science4 ,footnote #bea ,doubtless1 each age adding to the knowledge of mankind1 that science was not as extended as now1 but it had the essential qualities of true science3 it was analytical2 it constantly applied this axiom1 which is the condition of progress3 ,multm1 non multa4 ,everything corresponds3 the science of the ,egyptians was on a level with their arts2 their philosophy was as complex as their religion was mysterious4 ,it was the same in the middle ages4 ,they possessed the true religion1 had right views of philosophy1 attained to eminence in the arts1 and made accurate scientific observations4 ,and late researches have shown that they greatly extended the knowledge they inherited from antiquity4 ,footnote #beb ,their alchemists and physicians were not charlatans4 ,the general principles of ,albertus ,magnus and the ,jewish and ,arabian physicians of ,spain and ,asia harmonize with those of modern science4 ,they were ignorant of certain phenomena1 as a certain skill was wanting to the artists of the time2 but this ignorance can no more be raised as an objection than against the learned men of our time for not knowing the scientific discoveries of a thousand years hence4 ,it is not extent of knowledge that stamps an epoch as great1 but the use it makes of it1 and the logical conclusions it draws from its principles4 ,footnote #bea3 ,la ,raison ,catholique et la ,raison philosophe1 ii41 by ,ventura4 ,footnote #beb3 ,littr1 ibid4 #fad ,the science of the middle ages was eminently logical1 for it had its source in a mountain whose summit rises to heaven--in theology--whence it flows in streams upon all minds4 ,theology1 it has been said1 ,footnote #bec is only the expression of an idea3 it is much more1 it is the sublime end of thought--the first of all sciences1 the science par excellence--the science of ,god4 ,the sceptre of science belongs to ,europe only because it had its source in theology1 ,footnote #bed which occupied every mind in the middle ages--the greatest as well as the narrowest minds--which1 dwelling on great things1 became great4 ,it prompted them to other attainments4 ,to climb to the heights of knowledge1 they had to lay hold of the asperities of the mountain and of all the branches of science one after another2 of jurisprudence1 civil law--the branch nearest the surface of the earth2 then of the physical sciences2 afterward of geometry1 algebra1 astronomy1 and the still higher branches1 canon law and philosophy6 ,footnote #bee ,footnote #bec3 ,villemain1 ,histoire de la ,littrature da ,moyen ,age1 lesson xviii4 ,he evidently does not comprehend the influence of theology1 for he adds1 ,as in another age the public mind is expressed by politics1 the theology of one epoch is the philosophy of another4 ,footnote #bed3 ,j4 de ,maistre4 ,footnote #bee3 ,the ,oxford students and those of other universities studied at the same time civil and canon law4 ,and above all1 and mingled with all1 literature2 for letters are the expression of the mind itself--the universal mind--whilst the sciences require only a partial application of it4 ,footnote #bef ,in the literature of a people are embodied its ideas1 manners1 arts1 industrial pursuits1 worship1 and its whole life4 ,by it man traverses countries and ages1 imbibes their spirit1 and strengthens his mind more than by any other study4 ,thence the incessant study of ancient literature1 which1 in the thirteenth century1 was more generally diffused than ever4 ,latin1 the language of tradition and of the church1 the original language of the present dominant nations of ,france1 ,italy1 ,spain1 and even ,england1 7,latin was spoken in ,england until the fourteenth century1 and a great number of words in the ,english language is derived from the ,latin17 was understood by all classes2 discussions in ,latin were carried on in universities1 and grammar and ,latin were taught in the village schools4 ,footnote #beg ,they were constantly making researches2 ,villani at ,rome read ,lucan1 ,virgil1 ,valerius ,maximus2 the scholars of ,cambridge wrote commentaries on ,cicero4 ,in ,france1 ,sallust and ,titus ,livius were translated1 soon followed by ,caesar1 ,ovid1 and ,suetonius1 7under ,charles ,v47 ,greek became more universally known after the taking of ,constantinople by the crusaders2 ,aristotle was translated into ,latin by ,michael ,scott1 and bishops in ,italy wrote homilies in the language of ,chrysostom4 ,footnote #beh ,theologians1 philosophers1 and poets were nourished by the valuable and concise remains of antiquity2 ,dante1 ,petrarch1 ,boccaccio1 as well as the ,franciscan lyrics and the ,romance of the ,rose4 ,all the works of that time are full of ancient reminiscences4 ,footnote #bef3 ,expression of ,napoleon ,i4 ,footnote #beg3 ,lop4 ,delisle1 ,les ,classes agricoles en ,normandie au treizime sicle4 ,footnote #beh3 ,manuscripts seen by ,m4 ,renan1 in the ,vatican4 ,missions scientifiques4 #fae ,nevertheless1 they did not neglect other languages4 ,in the great intercourse of nations there was an exchange of idioms4 ,how much is proved respecting that intercourse and the knowledge of languages1 by the single fact that the ,archbishop of ,toledo1 at the ,council of ,lateran in #abae1 delivered a discourse in ,latin1 and then repeated it for the laity in ,spanish1 ,french1 and ,german4 ,but they did not restrict themselves to the ,european languages4 ,why should not the learned men who went to seek knowledge from the ,jews and the ,moors1 and studied ,aristotle as often from the ,arabian commentators as from the original works1 endeavor to acquire the language of those they so often came in contact with8 and the adventurers who crossed the deserts into the heart of ,asia2 and the ,italian republics that traded with ,africa2 the ambassadors that kings sent to the ,khan of ,tartary2 the merchants who daily saw1 landing in their ports and mingling in their fairs1 the turbans1 pelisses1 and caftans of merchants from ,cairo1 ,aleppo1 ,bagdad1 ,novgorod1 and ,sarmacand8 ,besides1 the oriental languages had never been neglected4 ,in the sixth century1 ,king ,gontran1 at his entrance into ,orleans1 was addressed in ,latin1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 and ,syriac4 ,footnote #bei ,in the crowded schools of the eighth century were studied all languages1 even the oriental1 says ,dom ,pitra4 ,from the tenth century the pilgrimages to the ,holy ,land and the crusades made the language of the ,saracens 7,arabic7 familiar to a great number4 ,but there was a still stronger reason which led to the acquisition of the ,eastern languages--the conversion of the infidels4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see ,gregory of ,tours4 ,the course of study already mentioned was inspired by a great idea--,christian in its nature--the conquest of the ,east by the infusion of ,christianity2 regeneration by civilization1 to use the modern expression4 ,the noble mind that conceived it wished to continue the work of the crusades by diffusing the doctrines1 opinions1 and arts of ,christendom3 after arms1 the sciences4 ,france1 in its enthusiasm for proselyting1 wished to send on a mission of priests1 artisans1 physicians1 women1 entire families1 in fact1 a whole colony4 ,these people would establish themselves in the ,holy ,land1 colonize it1 found a ,christian race1 and from that sacred spot--from ,mount ,zion--diverge on every side1 into ,africa as well as ,asia1 into ,egypt1 ,mesopotamia1 ,persia1 and ,arabia2 mingle among the people enveloped in darkness1 7the term is just in this case17 influence them by their actions1 morals1 intelligence and good deeds1 and accomplish in that age--the thirteenth century--the providential work that ,europe1 without entirely knowing what it is effecting1 is realizing in our day--the transformation of the rest of the world1 the union of savage1 barbarous1 and brutal people into a universal nation who will be guided by the spirit of the gospel4 ,footnote #bfj ,footnote #bfj3 ,abel de ,rmusat1 ,mmoire sur les ,relations des ,princes ,chrtiens avec les ,empereurs ,moguls1 quoted by ,m4 ,guizot1 ,histoire de la ,civilization en ,europe4 ,it was in order to prepare laborers for this sublime enterprise that this plan of studies1 as varied as extended1 was prepared4 ,do you not see all it supposes--the comprehension of the authors1 schools1 and men capable of applying the plan8 ,and it did not remain a mere project2 it began to be executed4 ,the ,university of ,paris proposed to establish a professorship of the ,tartar language4 ,it was not done till a later day1 because the university only acts with a view to science2 but the church did not delay1 prompted by a more noble motive4 ,at ,rome it taught the oriental languages in its colleges2 at ,paris1 the monks of ,st4 ,pre de-,chartres1 at the annual expense of one thousand francs1 opened1 for the space of three years1 a school for young men from the ,east1 who returned to their country carrying with them the acquirements of the ,west and the eternal truths of religion4 ,footnote #bfa ,footnote #bfa3 ,cartulary of ,st4 ,pre de ,chartres4 #faf ,the councils 7that of ,vienna in #acaa7 decreed that the oriental languages4 should be taught at ,paris1 ,salamanca1 ,bologna1 ,oxford1 and all the great universities4 ,the church wishes to diffuse knowledge in order to evangelize the world2 it arms men with science that they may be more powerful1 and it pushes them forward in the career of learning1 that1 at the end1 they may find ,god4 ,,vii4 ,ardor ,for ,learning4 ,and the church has always found disciples eager to listen to its instructions4 ,the very barbarians1 it has been remarked1 were not averse to study2 they had1 on the contrary1 that innate taste for letters which distinguishes the ,germanic race4 ,the ,franks were easily instructed2 they mingled among the ,gauls of the ,south in the course of rhetoric and poetry1 7at ,bordeaux in the fifth and sixth centuries27 ,st4 ,medard1 ,bede1 and ,mici counted them by thousands in their schools4 ,when the twelfth century opened more numerous schools1 an immense crowd hastened to them4 ,it was an invasion of recruits1 who wished to learn the use of the arms of knowledge1 in ,england1 ,germany1 and ,italy2 at ,milan there were eighty masters who were laymen2 ,france above all1 displayed its characteristic ardor4 ,at ,paris1 colleges were founded one after another2 two at the end of the twelfth century1 fifteen in the thirteenth and fourteenth2 one half of ,paris was transformed into schools4 ,that of the ,canons of ,notre ,dame extended from the church to the ,petit-,pont2 then it passed over the left bank and ascended the mountain ,footnote #bfb --the mountain that has preserved the name of ,quartier ,latin--the true realm of science imagined by the poets1 where lived1 in close proximity1 turbulent bands of students from every land1 in groups1 according to their nations and languages4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,vict4 le ,clerc1 ,histoire de la ,litterature au treizime sicle4 ,foreigners ,footnote #bfc proclaimed ,paris the centre of knowledge1 and1 in a right and elevated sense1 the leader of ,europe4 ,there was then some merit in the pursuit of knowledge4 ,the name of one of the streets of ,paris1 the ,rue du ,fouare1 so-called from the straw and hay upon which they seated themselves1 bears witness to the ardor of these students of the dark ages1 less anxious for their ease than to obtain knowledge4 ,they rewarded their own masters1 and valued no expense to obtain those most renowned2 they sent to all parts of ,europe for them1 and gave them a position often ten times more valuable than that of the professors of our time4 ,footnote #bfd ,footnote #bfc3 ,john of ,salisbury1 ,dante1 ,brunetto ,latini1 etc4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,le ,play1 ,rforme sociale1 7#dg17 and ,mateucci1 ,les ,universites d',italie1 7,revue des ,cours scientifiques1 #ahfg47 ,it was difficult for many to contribute their share in all this expense1 in addition to the cost of living in a large city2 but in the hope of acquiring the knowledge1 the poorer subjected themselves to the most painful sacrifices4 ,the romance of ,gil ,blas depicts the young men of the ,university of ,salamanca as valets and students4 ,what existed in ,spain in the eighteenth century was the condition of many students of the middle ages4 ,yes1 they reduced themselves to servitude to obtain degrees1 and made themselves valets to gain their daily bread--a noble servitude for which they did not blush1 which put the body in subjection1 and left the mind free1 showing the superiority of mind over matter2 it was a voluntary humiliation1 which1 for a time1 put the indigent scholar beneath the rich1 but aided him to attain in the world the place due to intelligence and knowledge1 to rise to the level of the most powerful1 and often to the most eminent dignities of the church and state--to the councils of kings and the purple of cardinals4 #fag ,and what ardent scholars6 ,it was the age of the schoolmen4 ,scholastic learning1 afterward so disdained by forgetfulness or ignorance1 was the animated1 living1 and natural form which gave expression to the passionate love of those young men for study4 ,those descendants of the ,franks rushed forward with the same eagerness as to battle to share in the close reasoning1 the logic that contended so fiercely1 that made every effort and climbed tooth and nail to obtain a position strongly contested4 ,what valiant armies6 what soldiers in these tournaments that are like combats6 ,footnote #bfe ,but what captains also6 what leaders6 what masters6 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,st4 ,bonaventura1 ,albertus ,magnus--at once theologians1 philosophers1 moralists1 politicians1 writers on political economy1 and savants6 ,what a trio in one century and at the same period6 ,footnote #bfe3 ,bonald4 ,but do you know what took place in the thirteenth century at the course of ,albertus ,magnus8 ,not hundreds but thousands of pupils hastened to his lessons4 ,footnote #bff ,footnote #bff3 ,it was the same throughout the middle ages4 ,at ,bologna there were1 in the thirteenth century1 ten thousand pupils at the law school2 in the eleventh century1 they came from every land to attend the instructions of ,abelard2 he counted several thousand auditors1 and among them twenty cardinals and fifty bishops4 ,we could multiply these examples indefinitely4 ,it was not ardor that animated them1 but enthusiasm2 an apartment was not required to contain them1 but a square6 ,no enclosure would have sufficed for such a multitude4 ,a great commotion forced the master to leave his chair--a commotion such as is rarely seen in our days1 in which the crowd cried to their teacher1 ,away from here6 ,exi6 ,foras6--a respectful uprising in which the master is proud to obey2 he descends from his chair into the midst of the crowd1 which is roaring like the sea1 and is borne away by a thousand arms to a large square1 where1 on an elevation of stone1 he can overlook the countless human heads which extend back to the houses and fill up the openings of the streets1 but which are now motionless1 attentive1 and mute before the sound of a single voice that enchains them4 ,o barbarous generation6 ,o age of darkness in which a master required the open air of heaven and the paved square for a classroom6 ,compare the literary dilettantism of a few hundred young men enclosed within the walls of an amphitheatre of a hundred feet1 with the ardent thirst of this crowd1 which required not a jar1 but a whole river1 to satisfy its thirst for knowledge1 and which has left a proof of its eager desire in the capital and in the language1 the name of the square into which so many students crowded to hear their master--the ,place ,maubert1 ,magni ,alberti--the ,square of the great ,albert6 ,we see how erroneous is the opinion that attributes to the epoch between the middle of the fifteenth and the middle of the seventeenth centuries the revival of letters and the arts4 ,letters were not revived2 they still existed and enlightened the world4 ,the great agitation of the ,reformation is often represented as having contributed to literary and scientific development1 says ,m4 ,a4 ,maury1 a writer not suspected of partiality to the middle ages4 ,this is not absolutely true4 #fah ,the contests to which it gave rise retarded for a time the diffusion of knowledge2 many monasteries1 libraries1 and schools were suppressed1 which had been1 up to that time1 the great sources of light4 ,christian historians were the first to become suspicious of error and to point it out4 ,hurter1 the great ,german historian1 says3 ,only superficial minds that disdain the study of documents and are blinded by the pretended superiority of our epoch1 or by systematic hatred1 dare accuse the church of having favored ignorance4 ,footnote #bfg ,all truly learned men soon became of the same mind4 ,one of them1 who has made the middle ages his study for twenty years1 cannot restrain his indignation3 ,our historians1 even those who are considered the best1 dwelling on the grossest conjectures and influenced by obsolete prejudices1 without thinking of verifying1 still less of rectifying1 old assertions1 have summed up the whole history of the first part of the middle ages in these two words1 ignorance and superstition2 but it is to themselves1 he adds severely1 and not to the ages they have misunderstood and calumniated1 that these two words should be applied4 ,footnote #bfh ,the idea of progress is not a pagan idea1 says ,ozanam4 ,footnote #bfi ,footnote #bfg3 ,history of ,innocent ,,iii41 book xxi4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,daremberg1 ,cours of #ahfg2 and to the support of his opinions he brings ,guizot1 ,dom ,pitra1 ,ozanam1 ,heeren1 etc4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,histoire de la ,civilisation an cinquime sicle1 chap4 iv4 ,the doctrine of progress is as old as the gospel2 and the author of ,les ,etudes sur les ,barbares et le ,moyen ,age confirms this3 ,the people of the middle ages felt the necessity of knowledge2 they studied and labored conscientiously and energetically1 and marked each age by important developments4 ,the more carefully we examine those ages1 the better shall we understand the extent of knowledge in the church4 ,the most eminent men of those times--who does not know them8--are bishops1 monks1 and popes3 ,gerbert1 ,st4 ,bernard1 ,innocent ,,iii41 and ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 who can only be compared to ,aristotle2 the most original writers--who does not forget it8--are priests3 ,froissart1 ,petrarch1 and later1 ,calderon1 ,lope de ,vega1 and ,tirso de ,molina2 the greatest poet of the middle ages1 ,dante1 was he not a theologian8 ,cimabue1 who revived the art of painting1 was he not reared among the ,dominicans of ,florence8 ,was not the first press in ,paris set up at the ,sorbonne8 ,the best informed class of men were so incontestably the clergy that the names of priest and savant were confounded4 ,the word clergie in the middle ages signified learned4 ,footnote #bgj ,the church takes the highest rank in the world of science4 ,it does not acquire knowledge for itself alone1 but to diffuse everywhere1 that the whole earth may be enlightened4 ,like the sun1 it is a great centre diffusing the light it derives from ,god--its eternal source6 ,footnote #bgj3 ,j4 de ,maistre1 ,du ,pape1 ii4 #af4 ---------- #fai ,from ,the ,french ,of ,erckmann ,and ,chatrian4 ,the ,invasion2 ,or1 ,yegof ,the ,fool4 ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,at the end of a dark passage through the house was the farmyard1 to which five or six well-worn steps descended4 ,to the left were the barn and the press2 and to the right1 the stables and the dove-cote1 the dark shape of the last standing sharply outlined against the gray1 misty sky4 ,opposite the door was the wash-house4 ,not a sound was heard4 ,hullin1 after the wild and stormy day1 was impressed with the deep silence4 ,he gazed at the tufts of straw hanging between the rafters of the barn1 the harrows1 the ploughs1 the carts1 half hidden in the gloom of the sheds1 with an indefinable feeling of calmness and satisfaction4 ,fowl were roosting along the wall1 and a cat fled by like a flash1 and disappeared in the cellar4 ,hullin seemed waking from a dream4 ,after a few moments of silent reverie1 he turned slowly toward the wash-house1 the three windows of which shone through the darkness4 ,the kitchen of the farm-house was not large enough to prepare food for three or four hundred men1 and the work had been carried thither4 ,master ,jean-,claude heard the childish voice of ,louise giving orders in a tone so resolute that it astonished him4 ,come1 come1 ,katel1 hurry4 ,it is nearly time for supper1 and the poor fellows must be hungry4 ,just to think--fighting since seven this morning1 and not eating a morsel6 ,here1 ,lessele1 move yourself4 ,salt6 pepper6 ,jean-,claude's heart beat at that voice4 ,he could not avoid peering through the glass before entering4 ,the kitchen was large but low1 and with white-washed walls4 ,a huge fire of beech-logs crackled and blazed upon the hearth1 in the midst of which appeared the black sides of an immense pot4 ,the chimney1 high and narrow1 was scarcely large enough to carry off the billows of smoke that arose4 ,near the fire was the graceful figure of ,louise1 lit up by the brightest tints that flashed from the hearth1 bustling1 active1 coming1 going1 tasting sauces1 trying the meat1 approving1 and criticising4 ,the two daughters of the ,anabaptist1 one tall1 dried up1 and pale1 with large1 flat feet1 cased in great shoes1 hair bound with black ribbons into a little knot1 and a long gown of blue stuff hanging down to her heels2 the other1 chubby1 and waddling along much like a goose1 formed a strange contrast with her4 ,the good ,anabaptist himself1 seated at the end of the room upon a wooden chair1 with feet crossed1 cotton cap pulled well down upon his head1 and hands plunged into the depths of the pockets of his blouse1 gazed on all that passed with an air of wonderment1 and from time to time ejaculated sententiously3 ,lessele1 ,katel1 do as you are told1 my children4 ,let this be for your instruction2 you have yet seen nothing of the world4 ,walk quicker4 #fbj ,yes1 yes1 you must move1 added ,louise4 ,what would become of us if we meditated days and weeks about putting a little seasoning in a sauce8 ,you1 ,lessele1 are the tallest2 unhook that bundle of onions from the ceiling4 ,and the tall girl obeyed4 ,hullin was proud and happy as a prince4 ,how she makes them mind6 he chuckled4 ,what a little dragoon she is6 a very puss-in-boots6 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 ,and he waited full five minutes before entering4 ,louise flung down the spoon she held1 and rushed to him1 crying3 ,father ,jean-,claude6 papa ,jean-,claude6 ,you are not hurt8 you are not wounded8 ,poor ,hullin could not speak for a moment4 ,he folded her tenderly in his arms1 and at length replied1 in a voice whose tremor he could not repress3 ,no1 ,louise1 no2 ,i am well and happy4 ,sit down1 ,jean-,claude1 said the ,anabaptist1 seeing how his emotion affected him4 ,here1 take my chair4 ,hullin seated himself1 and ,louise1 placing her hands upon his shoulders1 burst into tears4 ,what is the matter1 my child8 asked the old man in wonder4 ,a moment ago you were brave enough4 ,yes1 ,i made believe1 but ,i was very frightened4 ,i thought--,i thought1 ',why does he not come8' ,then a sudden whim seemed to enter her little head2 she seized her father's hand1 and cried1 laughing through her tears3 ,let us dance1 papa ,jean-,claude6 ,come1 dance6 ,and she pulled him around the room4 ,hullin1 smiling in spite of himself1 turned to the ,anabaptist1 who saw all that passed without a change in his grave visage1 and said3 ,we are somewhat foolish1 ,louise and ,i2 but don't let that astonish you1 ,pelsly4 ,it does not1 ,master ,hullin4 ,did not ,king ,david dance when he had smitten the ,philistines hip and thigh8 ,jean-,claude1 rather astounded at his resemblance to ,king ,david1 made no reply4 ,well1 ,louise1 said he1 you were frightened during the battle1 were you8 ,yes1 at first2 the cannon-shots and the din were fearful6 ,but afterward ,i only thought of you and mother ,lefevre4 ,then she took him by the hand1 and1 leading him to a regiment of pots1 kettles1 and pans1 ranged around the fire1 enumerated her forces with the air of a conqueror3 ,here is the beef2 here is ,general ,jean-,claude's supper2 and here is broth for the wounded4 ,but that is not all4 ,here is our bread1 she added1 showing him a long pile of loaves on the table1 and she was dragging him to the oven1 when ,catherine ,lefevre entered4 ,it is time to set the table1 cried the old woman4 ,everybody is waiting4 ,come1 ,katel1 spread the cloth4 ,the stout girl departed1 running2 all followed to the great hall1 where ,doctors ,lorquin and ,despois1 ,marc-,dives1 and ,materne and his two sons1 impatiently awaited the meal4 ,how are the wounded1 doctor8 cried ,hullin4 ,rest easy1 ,master ,jean-,claude2 all are cared for4 ,you have given us a hard day's work2 but the weather is favorable1 and fever or mortification need not be feared4 ,everything looks well4 #fba ,katel1 ,lessele1 and ,louise soon entered1 bearing an enormous soup-dish1 and two magnificent rounds of beef1 which they placed upon the table4 ,sharp appetites left scant room for ceremony1 and soon the rattling of knives and opening of bottles alone were heard4 ,without1 the broad flames from the bivouac-fires flashed on the window-panes1 and showed the mountaineers doing full justice to ,louise's cheer4 ,at nine o'clock ,marc-,dives started for ,falkenstein with his prisoners4 ,at ten1 all in the house1 or around the fires1 were sleeping1 and no sound broke the stillness save the passage of the rounds and the challenge of the sentries4 ,so ended the first day in which the mountaineers proved that the spirit of their fathers had not degenerated in them4 ,but other and not less stern trials were soon to follow those already past2 for throughout man's life one obstacle is overcome only to make way for another4 ,the world is like a stormy sea3 wave follows wave1 from age to age1 in a flow that eternity alone may stay4 ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,during the entire battle1 until nightfall1 the people of ,grandfontaine saw the fool1 ,yegof1 standing on the summit of ,little ,donon1 his crown upon his head1 his sceptre waving in his hand4 ,there he stood1 like a ,merovingian king1 issuing his orders to his imaginary armies4 ,what feelings shook him as he saw the ,germans beaten back1 routed1 no man may say4 ,at the last echo of the cannon he disappeared4 ,whither had he gone8 ,this is what the people of ,tiefenbach say3 ,at the time of which ,i speak1 two strange beings--sisters--lived on the ,bocksberg4 ,one was called ,little ,kateline2 the other ,tall ,berbel4 ,these two ragged creatures made their home in the cavern of ,luitprand1 so named1 as old chronicles aver1 from the fact that the ,king of the ,germani1 before descending into ,alsace1 buried beneath its immense vault of red stone the barbarian chiefs who had fallen at ,blutfeld4 ,the hot spring1 which always bubbles and streams from the middle of the cave1 secured the sisters from the fierce cold of mountain winters1 and ,daniel ,horn1 of ,tiefenbach1 the wood-cutter1 had the charity to close the main entrance from without with great heaps of broom and brushwood4 ,at the side of the hot spring was another spring1 cold as ice and clear as crystal4 ,kateline always drank at this spring1 and was not more than four feet in height2 but what she lacked in length she made up in rotund breadth2 and her wondering look1 round eyes1 and enormous throat1 gave her the appearance of a meditative matronly hen4 ,every ,sunday she bore an osier basket to the village of ,tiefenbach1 and the good people there filled it with cooked potatoes1 loaves of bread1 and sometimes1 on holidays1 with cakes and other remnants of their festivities4 ,then the poor creature would make her way back to the cave1 breathless1 laughing1 chattering1 rejoicing4 ,but ,tall ,berbel was ever careful not to drink at the cold spring4 ,she was bony1 fleshless as a bat1 and had lost an eye2 her nose was flat1 her ears large1 and her single orb sparkled like a coal2 she lived upon the fruits of her sister's sallies4 ,she never left ,bocksberg4 ,but in ,july1 when the heat was greatest1 standing upon the height1 she shook a withered thistle over the grain of those who had not regularly filled ,kateline's basket2 and fearful tempests1 or hail1 or swarms of rats or field-mice1 ruined the budding harvest4 ,the spells of ,berbel were feared like pestilence2 she was everywhere known as the ,wetterhexe1 or storm-witch1 while little ,kateline was esteemed the good fairy of ,tiefenbach4 ,in this way ,berbel lived in idleness1 and ,kateline begged food for both4 #fbb ,unfortunately for the two sisters1 ,yegof had for some years previously established his winter residence in the cavern of ,luitprand4 ,thence he departed in the spring1 to visit his numberless castles and to count his feudatories1 as far as ,geierstein in the ,hundsruck4 ,every year1 toward the end of ,november1 after the first snows1 he arrived with his raven--an event which the storm-witch always bitterly bemoaned4 ,again thy plaints1 he was wont to say1 as he tranquilly installed himself in the most comfortable spot the cave afforded2 do you not both live upon my domains8 ,i am very good to suffer two valkyrs ,footnote #bga useless in the ,valhalla of my fathers1 to remain here4 ,footnote #bga3 ,maidens of ,odin1 whom he sends to every battlefield to decide who shall fall and who shall be victorious4 ,they also wait upon the heroes in ,valhalla4 ,then would ,berbel1 aroused to fury1 overwhelm him with reproach and insult1 and ,kateline look offended2 but he1 careless of the storm he raised1 would only light his old boxwood pipe1 and relate his far-off wanderings among the souls of the ,german warriors1 who1 for sixteen centuries1 lay buried in the cavern1 calling them by name1 and speaking to them as to men yet living4 ,you may imagine with what delight ,berbel and ,kateline looked forward to the coming of the fool with his dismal tales4 ,but this year1 ,yegof had not come1 and the sisters believed him dead1 and duly rejoiced over the prospect of seeing him no more4 ,nevertheless1 the ,wetterhexe had observed the agitation in the valleys1 the crowds of men1 musket on shoulder1 leaving ,falkenstein and ,donon4 ,surely1 something strange had happened2 and the sorceress1 calling to mind that the preceding year ,yegof had related to the spirits of his warriors how his countless armies would soon invade the land1 felt a vague uneasiness4 ,she would fain have learned the cause of the movement around her2 but ,kateline having made her tour the ,sunday before1 would not again budge from her home for an empire1 and no one ever climbed to the cavern4 ,in this frame of mind ,berbel came and went1 wandered restlessly about the cave1 growing hourly more uneasy and irritable4 ,but during ,saturday she had enough to think on4 ,from nine o'clock in the morning1 heavy and deep peals rang like thunder over the mountain side1 and awoke the thousand echoes of the valleys2 far away toward ,donon rapid flashes crossed what sky appeared between the peaks2 and as night approached1 yet louder sounds rolled through every gorge1 and the hollow voices of ,hengst1 of ,gantzle1 ,giromani and ,grossmann replied4 ,what can all this be8 asked ,berbel of herself1 can the day of doom have come8 ,then returning to the cavern and finding ,kateline huddled in a corner munching a potato1 she shook her rudely and hissed3 ,idiot6 hearest thou nothing8 ,fearest thou nothing8 ,carest thou for nothing but eating and drinking8 ,she dashed the potato furiously to the ground1 and sat herself trembling by the hot spring1 which sent its grey vapors to the roof4 ,half an hour later1 the darkness growing deeper1 and the cold intense1 she lighted a fire of brushwood1 which threw its pale flashes over the vault of red stone1 and pierced to the end of the cavern1 where ,kateline slept with her feet buried in a heap of straw1 and her chin resting on her knees4 #fbc ,without1 all noise had ceased4 ,the storm-witch pulled aside the briars at the entrance1 and gazed down the mountain side2 then she returned to her post by the fire1 her thin lips set tightly together1 and her eyelids closed2 she drew an old woolen coverlet over her knees1 and seemed to sleep4 ,no sound broke the stillness but the dripping of the condensed steam falling from the vault back to its source with a melancholy plash4 ,so lasted the silence for hours4 ,midnight was nearing1 when suddenly the sound of footsteps1 mingled with discordant noises1 started ,berbel from her slumber4 ,she listened1 and heard the cry of a human voice4 ,she arose trembling1 and1 armed with a huge thorn branch1 glided to the opening2 there1 pushing aside the briars1 she saw in the moonlight the fool ,yegof advancing alone1 but writhing as if in agony1 and beating the air with his sceptre1 as if thousands of invisible beings surrounded him4 ,to the rescue1 ,roug1 ,bld1 ,adelrick6 he shouted in tones that pierced the cold air like the clangor of an iron bell1 his matted beard and hair waving the while1 and his dog-skin cloak folded like a buckler around his left arm2 to the rescue6 ,follow me to the death6 ,see you not who are coming1 cleaving the skies like eagles8 ,on1 men of the red beards6 ,crush this race of dogs6 ,ah6 ,minan1 ,rochart1 are ye here8 ,and then he called with savage shouts1 upon all the dead of ,donon1 defying them as if they were really there2 then he recoiled step by step1 still striking the air1 hurling curses1 urging unseen armies to the fight1 and struggling as if surrounded by foes4 ,a cold sweat poured from ,berbel's brow1 she felt her hair rise upon her head1 and she would have fled2 but at the moment a strange murmuring arose within the cave1 and1 to her horror1 she saw the hot spring boiling fiercely1 and masses of vapor rising from it and advancing to the entrance of the cave4 ,like phantoms the thick clouds came slowly on1 and suddenly ,yegof appeared1 crying in a husky voice1 ,at last ye have heard me6 ye are come6 ,with a bound he darted to the opening4 ,the icy air filled the vault1 and the vapors pouring forth1 twisted and wreathed beneath the vast vault of heaven1 as if the dead of to-day and those of long gone centuries had begun a never-ending conflict4 ,the pale moonbeams shed a weird light over ,yegof's face and form1 as he stood with flashing eyes and sceptre outstretched1 and beard falling over his breast1 saluting each phantom and calling it by name4 ,all hail1 ,bld6 ,hail to thee1 ,roug6 and to ye all1 brave warriors6 ,the hour which for centuries you have awaited is at hand2 the eagles are whetting their beaks2 the earth thirsts for blood6 ,remember ,blutfeld6 ,berbel's senses had almost left her2 fear alone kept her standing2 but soon the last clouds escaped from the cavern and melted in the limitless blue4 ,yegof entered the vault and sat upon the ground near the hot spring1 his head resting upon his hands1 and his elbows on his knees1 gazing with haggard eyes on the bubbling waters4 ,kateline awoke sobbing1 and the storm-witch1 more dead than alive1 observed the fool from the darkest nook of the cave4 #fbd ,they have all arisen from their graves1 cried he suddenly2 all6 all6 not one remains behind4 ,they will give life to the hearts of my young warriors1 and teach them to despise death6 ,he raised his face4 ,a crushing sorrow seemed settled there4 ,o woman6 he said1 fixing his eyes upon the ,wetterhexe with a wolfish glare1 ,o thou descendant of the ,valkyrs1 but who at the festal board hast never filled the deep cups of the warriors with mead1 nor placed before them the smoking flesh of the boar ,serimar1 what canst thou do8 ,canst spin winding-sheets8 ,to thy task then6 ,spin night and day1 for thousands of bold warriors are stretched upon the snow4 ,they fought valiantly4 ,they did their work well1 but the hour had not yet come4 ,now the ravens feed upon their flesh6 ,then in ungovernable fury1 seizing his crown with both hands1 and tearing it from his head1 although with it came away handfuls of hair1 he shouted3 ,accursed tribe6 ,will ye ever bar our way6 ,but for ye we had long since conquered ,europe2 ay1 we of the red beards had been masters of the world4 ,and ,i humbled myself before this race of dogs6 ,i asked his daughter of one of them1 instead of bearing her off as the wolf does the lamb6 ,ah ,huldrix6 ,huldrix6 ,listen1 ,valkyr1 he suddenly added in a low tone1 listen6 ,he raised his finger solemnly4 ,the ,wetterhexe listened2 a blast arose without1 and shook the old frost-laden forest4 ,how often had the sorceress heard that sound before1 during the long winter nights1 without giving it a thought4 ,now1 she was afraid4 ,and while she stood trembling1 a hoarse cry smote her ear1 and the raven ,hans1 sweeping beneath the rock1 flew in circles round and round the cavern1 flapping his wings as if in terror1 and croaking mournfully4 ,yegof became pale as death4 ,vod6 ,vod6 he cried in despairing tones1 what has thy son ,luitprand done to thee8 ,why choose him rather than another8 ,and for some seconds he seemed to have swooned2 but soon1 as if carried away by a savage enthusiasm1 brandishing his sceptre1 he darted from the cavern4 ,wetterhexe1 standing in the opening1 followed him with an anxious eye4 ,he strode straight onward1 with outstretched neck1 like a wild beast rushing at its prey4 ,hans flew before1 and they disappeared in the gorge of ,blutfeld4 ,chapter ,,xix4 ,toward two o'clock that night the snow began to fall1 and at daybreak it rested inches deep upon the men at the bivouacs4 ,the ,germans had left ,grandfontaine1 ,framont1 and even ,schirmeck1 and black spots far away on the plains of ,alsace showed where their battalions were in full retreat4 ,hullin1 roused at early dawn1 inspected the bivouacs2 he stopped for a few minutes to gaze at the plateau--the scene of ,dives's charge at the cannon pointed down the mountain side1 the partisans stretched around the fires1 and the pacing sentries2 then satisfied that all was well1 he returned to the farm-house where ,catherine and ,louise were yet sleeping4 ,the gray morning was entering at the windows4 ,a few wounded1 whom the fires of fever had already seized1 shrieked loudly for their wives and children4 ,then the hum of many voices arose1 and at last ,catherine and ,louise appeared1 and saw ,jean-,claude seated in a corner of a window2 ashamed to be thought more devoted to slumber than he1 they hastened to bid him good morning4 #fbe ,well6 said ,catherine inquiringly4 ,they are gone1 and we are masters of the road4 ,this assurance did not seem sufficient for the old woman4 ,she gazed through the windows1 and saw the ,austrians far off in ,alsace4 ,still her face bore the impress of an indefinable uneasiness4 ,between eight and nine o'clock1 ,father ,saumaize1 the priest of the village of ,charmes1 arrived4 ,a few mountaineers then descended to the foot of the slope1 and collected the dead who lay there so thick4 ,then a long trench was dug1 to the right of the farm-house1 in which partisans and ,kaiserliks1 in their blouses1 their slouched hats1 their shakos1 and their uniforms1 were ranged side by side4 ,the good priest1 a tall old man1 with locks white as snow1 read the ancient prayers for the dead in that rapid and mysterious voice which pierces the very depths of the soul1 and seems to summon long-past generations to greet the new-comers to their realms--which calls so vividly to the hearts of the living thoughts of the darkness and terrors of the grave1 and of the light and mercy beyond4 ,all day wagons and sleds kept carrying the wounded to their villages2 for ,doctor ,lorquin1 fearing to increase their excitement1 was forced to yield to their cries and prayers that they might again see their homes4 ,toward evening ,catherine and ,hullin found themselves alone in the great hall2 ,louise had gone to prepare supper4 ,great flakes of snow still continued to fall without1 and from time to time a sled departed silently bearing its wounded owner buried in straw1 sometimes a man1 sometimes a woman1 leading a horse by the bridle4 ,catherine1 seated at the table1 folded bandages with an absent air4 ,what ails you1 ,mother ,lefevre8 asked ,jean-,claude4 ,ever since morning you have been sad and thoughtful4 ,is this your rejoicing over victory8 ,the old woman looked up1 and slowly pushing the linen from her1 replied3 ,true1 ,jean-,claude2 ,i am anxious4 ,anxious8 ,about what8 ,the enemy is in full retreat1 and ,frantz ,materne1 whom ,i sent to watch them1 and all ,pivrette's and ,jerome's and ,labarbe's couriers report that they are returning to ,mutzig4 ,old ,materne and ,kasper1 after having buried the dead1 learned at ,grandfontaine that not a white coat is to be seen toward ,saint ,blaize-la-,roche4 ,all this proves that our dragoons of the ,spanish wars gave them a warm reception on the ,senones road1 and they fear to be turned by way of ,schirmeck4 ,i see no reason for uneasiness1 ,catherine4 ,and ,hullin gazed at her with a look of inquiry4 ,you will laugh at me again1 ,jean-,claude1 said she2 ,i have had a dream4 ,a dream6 ,yes2 the same that ,i dreamed at ,bois-de-,chnes4 ,her voice grew louder1 and1 before ,hullin could interrupt1 she continued half angrily3 #fbf ,say what you will1 ,jean-,claude1 a great peril hangs over us4 ,yes1 yes1 all this seems senseless1 and is only a dream1 but it was not a dream2 it was what had passed and what ,i saw again and recognized in my sleep4 ,listen6 ,we were as we were to-day--after a great victory--where ,i know not--in a sort of huge wooden hut1 crossed by strong beams and defended by palisades4 ,we were secure and careless4 ,all whom ,i saw around me ,i knew4 ,there were you1 ,marc ,dives1 ,old ,duchne1 and many others--old men long since dead--my father and old ,hugo ,rochart of ,harberg1 the uncle of him who has just died1 all in gray blouses1 and with long beards and bare necks4 ,we were rejoicing and drinking from great vessels of red earth1 when a cry arose1 ',the enemy are returning6' ,and ,yegof on horseback1 his beard streaming in the wind1 his crown surrounded with spikes1 an axe in his hand1 and his eyes glittering like a wolfs1 appeared before me4 ,i rushed at him with a stake2 he awaited me1 and ,i saw no more4 ,but ,i felt a sharp pain at my throat2 a cold blast struck my face1 and it seemed as if my head were swinging at the end of a cord4 ,yegof had hung it to his saddle and was galloping away4 ,the old woman ended her story in such a tone of belief that brave ,jean-,claude shuddered4 ,there were a few moments of silence2 then ,hullin1 rousing himself1 replied3 ,it was but a dream4 ,i1 too1 often have horrible ones4 ,it was the noise1 the shrieks1 the terror of yesterday tormenting you1 ,catherine4 ,no6 she answered firmly1 as she resumed her work2 it was not that4 ,in good truth1 during the whole of the battle--even when the cannon thundered upon us--,i feared nothing2 ,i was sure we would be victorious1 for that too ,i had seen4 ,but now ,i fear6 ,but the ,austrians have evacuated ,schirmeck2 all the line of the ,vosges is defended2 we have more men than we need1 and still more are arriving every moment4 ,no matter6 ,hullin shrugged his shoulders4 ,come1 come1 ,catherine6 ,you are feverish4 ,try to calm yourself and dispel such gloomy thoughts4 ,i laugh at all these dreams as ,i would at the ,grand ,turk with his pipe and blue stockings4 ,we have men1 munitions1 and defences1 and these are better than the rosiest-colored dreams4 ,you mock me1 ,jean-,claude4 ,no2 but to hear a woman of sound sense1 of courage and determination1 talk as you do1 makes one indeed think of ,yegof1 who boasts that he has been living sixteen hundred years4 ,who knows8 said the old woman obstinately4 ,he may remember what others have forgotten4 ,hullin proceeded to relate his conversation of the day before with ,yegof1 at the bivouac1 thinking thus to disperse her gloom2 but seeing that she was inclined to agree with the fool on the score of the sixteen centuries1 the good man at length ceased1 and paced the room with bowed head and anxious brow4 ,she is becoming mad1 he thought2 another shock1 and her mind is gone4 ,catherine1 after a silence1 seemed about again to speak1 when ,louise tripped into the room1 crying3 ,mamma ,lefevre1 ,mamma ,lefevre1 a letter from ,gaspard6 ,then the old woman1 whose lips had been pressed tight together in her indignation at ,hullin's ridicule1 lifted her head1 and the sharp lines of her face softened4 ,she took the letter and gazing at the red seal1 said to the young girl3 ,kiss me1 ,louise2 it bears good tidings4 #fbg ,hullin drew near1 glad that something had happened to distract ,catherine's thoughts1 and ,brainstein1 the postman1 his heavy shoes covered with snow and his hands resting upon his staff1 stood with a weary and careworn air at the door4 ,catherine put on her spectacles1 opened the letter slowly1 notwithstanding the impatient glances of ,jean-,claude and ,louise1 and read aloud3 ,this1 my dear mother1 is to inform you that all goes well1 and ,i arrived ,tuesday evening at ,phalsbourg1 just as they were closing the gates4 ,the ,cossacks were already on the ,saverne side1 and skirmishing was kept up all night with their advance4 ,the next day a flag of truce summoned us to surrender the place4 ,the commandant ,meunier told the bearer to go and hang himself1 and1 three days after1 a storm of shell and canister began to hail upon the city4 ,the ,russians have three batteries2 but the hot shot do the most harm4 ,they set fire to the houses and when the flames appear1 showers of canister prevent our putting them out4 ,the women and children keep within the blockhouse2 the citizens fight with us on the ramparts4 ,they are brave men1 and among them are some veterans of the ,sambre-and-,meuse1 of ,italy and ,egypt1 who have not forgotten how to work the guns4 ,it makes me sad to see their grey moustaches falling on the cannon as they aim4 ,i will answer for it1 they waste no powder2 but it is hard to see men1 who have made the world tremble1 forced in their old age to defend their own homes and hearths4 ,hard indeed1 said ,catherine1 drying her eyes4 ,it makes my heart bleed to think of it4 ,she continued3 ,the day before yesterday the governor decided to attack the tile-kiln4 ,you must know that these ,russians break the ice to bathe in platoons of twenty or thirty1 and afterward dry themselves there at the fire4 ,about four in the afternoon1 as evening was coming on1 we made a sally through the arsenal postern1 passing through the covered ways and filing along the path leading to the kiln4 ,ten minutes after1 we began a rolling fire on it1 and the ,russians had scarcely time to seize their muskets and cartridge-boxes1 and1 half-dressed1 to form ranks upon the snow4 ,nevertheless1 they were ten times more numerous than we1 and began a movement to the right1 on the little chapel of ,saint ,john1 so as to surround us1 when the guns of the arsenal opened a fire upon them1 the like of which ,i never saw before1 sweeping them down in long lanes4 ,in less than a quarter of an hour they were in full flight to ,quatre-,vents1 without waiting to pick up their coats1 their officers at their head1 and round-shot from the town acting as file-closers4 ,father ,jean-,claude would have laughed at their predicament4 ,at night-fall we returned to the city1 after destroying the kiln1 and throwing two eight-pounders we captured into its well4 ,so ended our first sortie4 ,i write you from ,bois-de-,chnes1 which we have reached on a foraging expedition4 ,the siege may last months4 ,i should have told you that the ,allies are passing through the valley of ,dosenheim to ,weschem1 and flooding the roads to ,paris by thousands4 ,ah6 if ,god would only give the emperor the victory in ,lorraine or ,champagne1 not one of them would return4 ,but the trumpets are sounding the recall1 and we have gathered a goodly number of oxen and cows and goats4 ,we may have to fight our way back4 ,farewell1 my dear mother1 and ,louise1 and ,father ,jean-,claude4 ,you are ever in my thoughts and my heart4 #fbh ,catherine's eyes grew moist as she finished4 ,what a brave fellow he is6 she murmured2 he knows only his duty4 ,well6 well6 ,do you hear1 ,louise1 how he remembers you8 ,louise threw herself into the old woman's arms1 and ,mother ,catherine1 despite the firmness of her character1 could not restrain two great tears1 which coursed down her furrowed cheeks2 but she was soon herself again4 ,come1 come6 said she2 all is well4 ,come ,brainstein1 eat a morsel of bread and take a glass of wine1 and here is a crown for your trouble2 ,i wish ,i could give as much every week for such a letter4 ,the postman1 well pleased at her bounty1 followed her1 and ,jean-,claude hastened to question him as to the enemy's movements2 but he learned nothing new1 except that the ,allies were besieging ,bitche1 and ,lutzelstein1 and that they had lost some hundreds of men in attempting to force the defile of ,graufthal4 ,chapter ,,xx4 ,about ten o'clock that night ,catherine ,lefevre and ,louise1 after having bid ,hullin good-night1 retired to their chamber1 which was situated over the great hall4 ,in this room were two huge feather beds1 with red and blue striped curtains rising to the ceiling4 ,sleep-well1 my child1 said the old woman4 ,i can no longer bear up against my weariness4 ,she threw herself upon her bed1 and in a few minutes was in a deep slumber4 ,louise did not delay following her example4 ,this lasted mayhap two hours1 when a fearful tumult broke upon them4 ,to arms6 to arms6 shouted fifty voices4 ,they are on us6 ,to arms6 ,shots resounded1 and the tramp of hurrying feet mingled with cries of alarm2 but above all was heard ,hullin's voice giving orders in short1 resolute1 ringing tones1 and to the left of the farm1 from the gorges of ,grosmann rose a deep heavy murmur like that of an approaching storm4 ,louise6 hearest thou1 ,louise8 cried ,catherine4 ,yes1 yes4 ,great ,heaven6 it is terrible8 ,catherine sprang from her bed4 ,arise1 my child1 she cried2 dress quickly4 ,the shots redoubled and the windows were lit up as if by constant flashes of lightning4 ,attention6 shouted the voice of ,materne4 ,they heard the neighing of a horse without1 and the rush of many feet below in the passage1 the yard1 and in front of the house1 which shook to its foundations4 ,suddenly shots were fired from the hall on the ground floor4 ,a heavy step sounded on the stairs2 the door opened1 and ,hullin1 pale1 his hair disordered and his lips quivering1 appeared1 bearing a lantern4 ,hasten1 he cried1 we have not a moment to lose4 ,what has happened8 asked ,catherine4 ,the firing became louder and louder4 ,is this a time to explain8 he shouted4 ,come on6 ,the old woman covered her head with her hood and descended the stairs with ,louise4 ,by the fitful light of the shots1 they saw ,materne1 bare-necked1 and his son ,kasper1 firing from the doorway on the abatis1 while ten others behind them loaded and passed the muskets to them4 ,three or four corpses1 lying against the broken wall1 added to the horrors of the fight1 and thick smoke hung among the rafters4 #fbi ,as he reached the stairs1 ,hullin cried3 ,here they are1 ,heaven be thanked6 ,and the brave fellows below shouted3 ,courage6 courage1 ,mother ,lefevre6 ,then the poor old woman1 whose stout heart seemed at last broken1 burst into tears4 ,she leaned heavily on ,jean-,claude's shoulder2 but he lifted her like a feather and ran from the house1 skirting the wall to the right4 ,louise followed1 sobbing4 ,they could hear nothing but the whistling of bullets1 or their dull thud as they flattened themselves on the rough east wall1 scattering the plaster in showers1 or as they hurled the tiles from the roof4 ,in front1 not three hundred paces distant1 they saw a line of white uniforms1 lighted up by their own fire in the black darkness4 ,these the mountaineers on the other side of the ravine of ,minires were assailing in flank4 ,hullin turned the corner of the house2 there all was darkness1 and they could scarcely distinguish ,doctor ,lorquin1 on horseback1 before a sledge1 swinging a long cavalry sabre in his hand and bearing two horse-pistols in his belt1 and ,frantz ,materne1 with a dozen men1 the butt of his rifle resting on his foot and his lips foaming with rage4 ,hullin seated ,catherine in the sledge and ,louise by her side4 ,here at last6 cried the doctor1 ,god be thanked6 ,and ,frantz ,materne added3 ,if it were not for you1 ,mother ,lefevre1 you may be sure that not one of us would quit the plateau tonight2 but for you-- ,at this moment1 a tall gaunt fellow1 passed at full speed1 shrieking as he ran3 ,they are upon us6 ,every one for himself4 ,hullin grew pale4 ,it is the miller of ,harberg1 he muttered1 grinding his teeth4 ,traitor6 ,frantz said nothing1 but brought his rifle to his shoulder1 aimed and fired4 ,louise saw the coward fling his arms in the air and fall face downward on the snow4 ,frantz1 with a strange smile1 reloaded his piece4 ,comrades6 said ,hullin2 here is your mother2 she who gave you powder and food that you might defend your homes2 and here is my child4 ,save them6 ,and all answered3 ,we will save them or die with them4 ,and remember to warn ,dives to remain at ,falkenstein until further orders4 ,we shall not fail4 ,then forward1 doctor1 forward1 cried the brave old man4 ,and you1 ,hullins8 asked ,catherine4 ,my place is here4 ,our position must be defended to the death4 ,father ,jean-,claude6 cried ,louise1 stretching her arms toward him4 ,but he had1 already turned the corner2 the doctor whipped up his horse2 the sledge crunched the snow1 and behind it ,frantz ,materne and his men1 their rifles on their shoulders1 strode on1 while the roll and clatter of the musketry continued4 ,the old mistress of ,bois-de-,chnes1 remembering her dream1 was silent4 ,louise dried her tears and threw a last long gaze on the plateau1 which was lighted up as if by a fire4 ,the horse galloped beneath the blows of the doctor1 so that the mountaineers of the escort could scarcely keep up with it2 but it was long ere the tumult1 the shouts of battle1 the clatter and crash of the shots1 and the whistling of the balls1 cutting through the branches of the trees1 and growing more and more indistinct1 were heard no more2 then all seemed vanished like a dream4 #fcj ,the sledge had reached the other slope of the mountain and darted like an arrow through the darkness4 ,the tramp of the horse's hoofs1 the hard-drawn breath of the escort1 and from time to time the call of the doctor1 ,ho1 ,bruno1 old fellow6 alone broke the deep stillness4 ,a rush of ice-cold air1 rolling up from the valley of the ,sarre1 bore from afar1 like a sigh1 the never-ending plaint of the torrents and woods4 ,the moon broke through a cloud and looked down on the dark forests of ,blanru1 with their tall1 snow-laden firs4 ,a few moments after1 the sledge reached a corner of the woods1 and ,doctor ,lorquin1 turning in his saddle1 cried3 ,now1 ,frantz1 what are we to do8 ,the path turns to the hills of ,saint-,quirin1 and here is another going down to ,blanru4 ,which shall we take8 ,frantz and the men of the escort drew near4 ,as they were then on the western side of the ,donon1 they began to catch glimpses once more of the ,german fusilade1 and occasionally they heard the crash of a cannon-shot echo through the abysses4 ,the path to the hills of ,saint-,quirin1 replied ,frantz1 is shorter if we wish to stop at ,bois-de-,chnes2 we shall gain at least three quarters of an hour by it4 ,yes1 said the doctor1 but we risk being taken by the ,kaiserliks who now hold the defile of the ,sarre4 ,they are already masters of the heights1 and they have doubtless sent detachments to the ,sarre-,ridge in order to turn ,donon4 ,let us1 take the ,blanru path then1 answered ,frantz2 it is longer1 but safer4 ,the sledge descended the mountain side to the left1 along the skirts of the wood4 ,the partisans in single file1 their rifles slung on their backs1 marched upon the top of the slope1 and the doctor1 on horseback1 in the narrow way1 broke through the snowdrifts4 ,above hung the long fir branches1 burying road and travellers in deep shadow1 beyond which streamed the pale moonlight4 ,the scene was picturesque and majestic1 and under other circumstances ,catherine would have wondered at its weird beauty1 and ,louise would not have failed to admire the long icicles glittering like spars of crystal where the moonbeams fell2 but now their hearts were full of unrest and fear1 and soon the sledge entered the deep gorge1 whence they could see no light but that which flooded the mountain peaks4 ,thus they pushed on in silence until at length ,catherine1 rousing herself from the gloomy thoughts in which she seemed plunged1 spoke4 ,doctor ,lorquin1 now that you have us at the bottom of ,blanru1 will you explain why we have thus been carried off8 ,jean-,claude seized me1 threw me on this truss of straw1 and here ,i am4 ,ho1 ,bruno6 cried the doctor4 ,then he answered gravely3 ,to-night1 ,mother ,catherine1 the greatest of evils has befallen us4 ,it cannot be laid to ,jean-,claude2 for by the fault of another we have lost the fruit of all our blood and toil4 ,by whose fault8 ,labarbe's1 who did not guard the defile of ,blutfeld4 ,he died afterward doing his duty like a man2 but his death could not repair his fault2 and if ,pivrette does not arrive in time to support ,hullin1 all is lost4 ,we must then abandon the road and retreat4 #fca ,what6 ,blutfeld in possession of the enemy4 ,yes1 ,mother ,catherine4 ,but who would have thought that the ,germans would have entered it8 ,a defile almost impracticable for infantry1 surrounded by pointed rocks1 where the herdsmen themselves can scarcely descend with their flocks and goats8 ,well1 they passed through it1 two by two1 turned ,roche-,creuse1 crushed ,labarbe1 and then fell upon ,jerome1 who defended himself like a lion until nine at night1 but finally had to take to the woods and leave the road to the ,kaiserliks4 ,that is the whole story1 and it is fearful enough4 ,some one must have been cowardly and treacherous enough to have guided the enemy to our rear--to have delivered us over bound hand and foot4 ,o the wretch6 cried the doctor in a trembling voice2 ,i am not revengeful1 but if ever he falls under my hand1 how ,i will dissect him6 ,ho1 ,bruno6 ,ho1 boy6 ,the partisans still maintained their steady shadowy march1 and no word was spoken4 ,the horse again began a gallop1 but soon slackened his pace and breathed heavily4 ,mother ,lefevre was once more buried in thought4 ,i begin to understand1 said she at length2 we were attacked tonight in front and flank4 ,just so1 ,catherine2 and1 by good fortune1 ten minutes before the attack1 one of ,marc-,dives's men--the smuggler ,zimmer1 an old dragoon--arrived at full speed to warn us4 ,if he had not come1 we were lost4 ,he fell among our outposts after having passed through a detachment of ,cossacks on the plateau of ,grosmann4 ,the poor fellow had received a terrible sabre-thrust1 and the blood was pouring from his wound4 ,and what did he say8 asked the old woman4 ,he had only time to cry1 ',to arms6 ,we are turned6 ,jerome sent me--,labarbe is dead--the ,germans passed through ,blutfeld6' ,he was a brave man6 murmured ,catherine4 ,yes1 a brave man6 replied ,frantz1 drooping his head4 ,all became silent1 and thus for a long time the sledge kept on through the narrow1 winding valley4 ,from time to time they were forced to stop1 so deep was the snow1 and then three or four mountaineers took the horse by the bridle and pulled him on4 ,no matter1 exclaimed ,catherine1 emerging from her reverie1 ,hullin might have told me-- ,but if he had told you of the two attacks1 interrupted the doctor1 you would not have come away4 ,and who dare hinder my doing as ,i wish8 ,if it pleased me to descend from this sledge1 am ,i not free to do so8 ,i had forgiven ,jean-,claude--,i repent having done so6 ,o ,mother ,lefevre6 cried ,louise2 if he should be killed1 while you speak thus6 ,she is right1 poor child6 thought ,catherine-- ,and she continued3 ,i said ,i repent of forgiving him2 but he is a brave man1 to whom ,i can wish no ill4 ,i forgive him with all my heart4 ,in his place ,i would have done as he has done4 #fcb ,two or three hundred yards further on1 they entered the defile of the ,rocks4 ,the snow had ceased falling and the moon shone brilliantly from between two great black and white clouds4 ,the narrow gorge1 bordered by pointed rocks1 seemed to unroll its length to their view1 and on its sides high firs rose1 until lost in distance4 ,nothing broke the deep quiet of the woods2 human turmoil seemed indeed far away4 ,so profound was the silence that they heard every step of the horse in the soft snow1 and even his weary breathing4 ,frantz ,materne halted from time to time1 cast a glance over the dark mountain sides1 and then hastened to overtake the others4 ,and valleys succeeded valleys2 the sled ascended1 descended1 turned to right and to left1 and the partisans1 with their cold blue bayonets fixed1 followed steadily after4 ,thus toward three in the morning they had reached the field of ,brimbelles1 where even yet may be seen an old oak standing in a turn of the valley4 ,on the other side1 to the left1 in the midst of bushes white with snow1 behind its little wall of loose stones and the palings of its little garden1 the lodge of ,cuny1 the forester1 began to outline itself against the mountain side1 with its three bee-hives in a row on a plank1 its old knotty vine climbing to the roof1 and its little branch of fir hung over the door by way of sign2 for in that solitude ,cuny joined to his avocation of forester that of innkeeper4 ,here1 as the road runs along the edge of a bank several feet above the field1 and the moon was obscured by a thick cloud1 the doctor1 fearing lest the sledge should be overset1 halted beneath the oak4 ,another hour will see us to the end of our journey1 ,mother ,lefevre1 said he2 so be of good cheer--we have now plenty of time4 ,ay1 said ,frantz2 the worst is over1 and we can breathe the horse4 ,the whole party gathered around the sledge1 and the doctor dismounted4 ,a few produced flint and steel to light their pipes1 but nothing was said2 all were thinking of ,donon4 ,could ,jean-,claude hold his own until the arrival of ,pivrette8 ,so many painful thoughts weighed upon the mind of each that no one cared to speak4 ,they were some five minutes under the old oak when the cloud slowly passed away and the pale moonlight streamed down the gorge4 ,but what is that yonder1 between the two firs8 ,a beam of light falls upon it--upon a tall dark figure on horseback2 it is a ,cossack with his lambskin cap1 and long lance hanging backward under his arm1 slowly advancing2 ,frantz had already aimed1 when behind appeared another lance1 and another1 and in the depths of the forest1 under the deep blue sky1 the little group saw only swallow-tailed pennons waving1 lances flashing1 and ,cossacks advancing straight on toward the sledge1 but without hurry1 some looking around1 others leaning forward in their saddles like people seeking something4 ,they numbered more than thirty4 ,catherine and ,louise gazed upon each other4 ,another minute and the savages would be upon them4 ,the mountaineers seemed stupefied4 ,they could not turn the sledge in the narrow way1 and on one side was the steep slope to the field1 on the other1 the steep mountain side4 ,the old woman1 in an agony of fear1 seized ,louise's arm and whispered in trembling tones3 ,let us fly to the woods6 ,she tried to spring from the sled1 but her shoe came off in the straw4 ,suddenly1 one of the ,cossacks uttered a guttural exclamation which ran all along their line4 ,we are discovered6 cried ,doctor ,lorquin1 drawing his sabre4 ,scarcely had he spoken1 when twelve shots lit up the path4 ,wild yells replied4 ,the ,cossacks left the road and dashed with loose rein over the field1 fleeing like deer1 to the forest lodge4 #fcc ,there they go1 cried the doctor2 we are safe6 ,but the brave surgeon was too hasty in his conclusion2 the ,cossacks1 describing a circle in their career1 massed their force1 and then1 with lance in rest1 bending over their horses' necks1 came right on the partisans1 shouting ,hurrah6 hurrah6 ,frantz and the others threw themselves before the sledge4 ,it was a terrible moment4 ,lance grated against bayonet2 cries of rage replied to curses4 ,beneath the old oak1 through the branches of which only a few scattered moonbeams fell1 rearing horses1 with manes erect1 struggled up from the field to the path1 bearing barbarous riders with blazing eyes and uplifted arms1 striking furiously1 advancing1 recoiling1 uttering yells that1 might chill the stoutest hearts4 ,louise and the old mistress of ,bois-de-,chnes stood erect in the sledge1 pale as death4 ,doctor ,lorquin1 before them1 parried1 lunged1 and struck1 crying the while3 ,down1 down6 ,morbleu6 ,lie down6 ,but they heard him not4 ,louise1 in the midst of the tumult1 thought only of protecting ,catherine1 and ,catherine--imagine her horror when she saw ,yegof1 on a tall1 bony horse1 among the assailants--,yegof1 his crown upon his head1 his unkempt beard and dogskin mantle floating on the wind1 and a lance in his hand4 ,she saw him there plainly1 as if it were broad day1 flourishing his long weapon not ten paces from her1 and she saw his gleaming eyes fixed on hers4 ,the most resolute souls seem often utterly broken by the pursuit of a relentless and inflexible fate4 ,what was to be done8 ,submit--yield to that fate4 ,the old woman believed herself doomed2 she saw the mingled combat--men striking and falling in the clear moonlight2 she saw riderless horses dashing over the field2 she saw the attic window of the forester's lodge open1 and old ,cuny aim without daring to fire into the mass4 ,she saw all these things with strange distinctness1 but she kept repeating to herself1 ,the fool has returned2 whatever may happen1 he will hang my head to his saddle-bow4 ,my dream is true--true6 ,and indeed1 everything seemed to justify her fears4 ,the mountaineers1 too feeble in numbers1 began to give way4 ,soon1 like a whirlwind1 the ,cossacks burst upon the road1 and a lance's point passed through the old woman's hair1 so that she felt the cold steel pass across her neck4 ,o wretches6 wretches6 she cried1 as she fell to the bottom of the sledge1 still holding1 however1 the reins in both hands4 ,doctor ,lorquin1 too1 had fallen upon the sledge4 ,frantz and the others1 surrounded by twenty ,cossacks1 could render no assistance4 ,louise felt a hand grasp her shoulder--the hand of the fool1 mounted on his tall steed4 ,at this supreme moment1 the poor girl1 crazed with fear1 uttered a shriek of distress2 then she saw something flash in the darkness2 it was the barrels of ,lorquin's pistols1 and1 quick as lightning1 she had torn them from the doctor's belt4 ,both flashed at once1 burning ,yegof's beard1 and sending their bullets crashing through the skull of a ,cossack who was bending toward her4 ,she seized ,catherine's whip1 and standing erect1 pale as a corpse1 struck the horse's flanks with all her might4 ,the animal bounded from the blow1 and the sledge dashed through the bushes2 it bent to the right--to the left2 then there was a shock2 ,catherine1 ,louise1 sledge and straw1 rolled clown the steep road-side in the snow4 ,the horse stopped short1 flung back on his haunches and his mouth full of bloody foam4 ,he had struck against an oak4 #fcd ,swift as was their fall1 ,louise had seen some shadows pass like the wind behind the copse4 ,she heard a terrible voice--the voice of ,dives--shout1 ,forward6 ,point6 point6 ,it seemed but an illusion--a mingled vision1 such as at our latest hour passes before our glazing eyes2 but as she rose1 the poor girl doubted it not2 sabres were clashing twenty paces from her1 behind a curtain of trees1 and ,marc's voice still rang on the night3 ,bravely1 boys1 bravely6 ,no quarter6 ,then she saw a dozen ,cossacks climbing the slope opposite1 in the midst of the bushes1 like hares1 and through an opening beneath1 ,yegof flying across the valley1 in the clear moonlight like a frightened bird4 ,several shots resounded1 but they did not reach the fool2 and standing erect in his stirrups while his horse kept on at his utmost speed1 he turned in the saddle1 shook his lance defiantly1 and shouted a ,hurrah6 in a voice like that of a heron escaping the eagle's talons4 ,two more shots flashed from the forester's lodge2 a rag flew from the fool's waist1 but he still held on his course1 again and again hoarsely shouting his ,hurrah6 as he followed the path his comrades had taken4 ,and then the vision vanished4 ,when ,louise again became conscious1 ,catherine was standing beside her4 ,they gazed for a moment at each other1 and then embraced in an ecstasy of joy4 ,saved6 saved6 murmured ,catherine1 and they wept in each other's arms4 ,you bore yourself well and bravely1 said the old woman4 ,jean-,claude1 ,gaspard1 and ,i may well be proud of you4 ,louise trembled from head to foot4 ,the danger passed1 her gentle nature asserted itself1 and she could not understand her courage of a few moments before4 ,then1 finding themselves more composed1 they tried to reach the road1 when they saw the doctor and five or six partisans coming to meet them4 ,ah6 you needn't cry1 ,louise1 said ,lorquin2 you are a dragoon1 a little ,amazon4 ,your heart seems now in your throat1 but we saw all4 ,and1 by the by1 where are my pistols8 ,as he spoke1 the thicket separated1 and tall ,marc-,dives1 his sabre hanging from his wrist1 appeared1 crying1 ,ha6 ,mother ,catherine6 ,what a time8 ,what luck that ,i happened to be on hand6 ,how those beggars would have plundered you6 ,yes1 returned the old woman1 pushing her gray hair beneath her hood1 it was indeed fortunate4 ,i believe you4 ,not more than ten minutes ago ,i reached ,father ,cuny's with my wagon4 ',do not go to ,donon1' said he2 'for the last hour the sky above it has been red2 they are fighting there6' ',do you think so8' said ,i4 ',ma foi6 yes1' he replied4 ',then ,joson will go ahead as a scout1 and we will empty a glass while we wait for his return4' ,scarcely had ,joson started1 when ,i heard shouts as if the fiends had broken loose4 ',what is the matter1 ,cuny8' ,i cried4 ,he did not know1 so we pushed open the door and there saw the fight4 ,ha6 we did not wait long4 ,i was on ,fox at a bound1 and then1 ',forward6' was the word4 ,what luck6 #fce ,ah6 said ,catherine1 if we were only sure that matters were going as well on ,donon1 we might indeed rejoice4 ,yes2 ,frantz told me all about it2 something is always going wrong1 answered ,marc4 ,but here we are standing in the snow4 ,let us hope that ,pivrette will not let his comrades be crushed1 and let us empty our glasses which are yet half full4 ,four other smugglers came up1 saying that the villain ,yegof was likely to return with a swarm of thieves like himself4 ,very true1 replied ,dives4 ,we will return to ,falkenstein1 since ,jean-,claude so orders2 but we cannot bring our wagon with us2 it would hinder our crossing the country1 and in an hour all those wretches will be upon us4 ,but let us go to ,cuny's4 ,catherine and ,louise will not object to a cup of wine1 nor will the others4 ,it will put back your hearts in the right place4 ,ho6 ,bruno6 ,he took his horse by the bridle4 ,two wounded men were placed on the sledge4 ,two others killed1 with seven or eight ,cossacks1 lay stretched upon the snow4 ,they left them as they were1 and all entered the old forester's house4 ,frantz was beginning to console himself for not being on ,donon4 ,he had run two ,cossacks through the body1 and the sight of the lodge put him in good humor4 ,before the door stood the wagon1 laden with cartridges4 ,cuny came out crying1 ,welcome1 ,mother ,lefevre4 ,what a night for women to be out6 ,be seated4 ,what is going on yonder8 ,while they hastily emptied a bottle1 everything had to be again explained4 ,the good old man1 dressed in a simple jacket and green knee-breeches1 his face wrinkled and his head bald1 listened with staring eyes1 ever and anon clasping his hands as he cried1 ,great ,god6 good ,god6 in what days do we live6 ,we cannot travel the high roads without fear of being attacked4 ,it is worse than the old stories of the ,swedes6 ,and he shook his head4 ,come1 said ,dives1 time presses2 forward6 ,all went out2 the smugglers drove the wagon1 which contained several thousands of cartridges and two little casks of brandy1 three hundred paces off1 to the middle of the valley1 and there unharnessed the horses4 ,forward1 forward6 cried ,marc2 we will overtake you in a few minutes4 ,but what are you going to do with the wagon8 asked ,frantz4 ,since we have not time to bring it to ,falkenstein1 we had better leave it under ,cuny's shed than to abandon it in the middle of the road4 ,yes1 and have the poor old man hung when the ,cossacks return1 as they will in less than an hour1 replied ,dives4 ,do not trouble yourself2 ,i have a notion in my head4 ,frantz rejoined the party around the sledge1 who had gone on some distance4 ,soon they passed the sawmill of ,marquis1 and struck straight to the right1 to reach the farm-house of ,bois-de-,chnes1 the high chimney of which appeared over the plateau1 three quarters of a league away4 ,when they were on the crest of the hill1 ,marc-,dives and his men came up1 shouting1 ,halt6 ,stop a moment4 ,look yonder6 ,and all1 turning their eyes to the bottom of the gorge1 saw the ,cossacks caracoling about the wagon to the number of two or three hundred4 ,they are coming6 ,let us fly6 cried ,louise4 ,wait a moment1 replied the smuggler2 we have nothing to fear4 #fcf ,he was yet speaking1 when a sheet of flame spread its purple wings from one mountain to the other1 lighting the woods to their topmost branches1 and the rocks1 and the forester's lodge fifteen hundred feet below2 then followed a crash that shook the earth4 ,and while with dazzled eyes they gazed at each other1 mute with horror1 ,marc's peal of laughter mingled in the sound that yet rang in their ears4 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 he shouted2 ,i knew the beggars would gather round the wagon to drink my brandy1 and that the match would have time to reach the powder4 ,do you think they will follow us further8 ,their limbs adorn the firs4 ,so perish all of their kind who have crossed the ,rhine6 ,the entire party1 partisans1 the doctor1 everyone1 had become silent4 ,so many fearful scenes1 scenes which common life knows not1 gave all food for endless thought4 ,each one murmured to himself1 ,why must men thus torture1 tear1 ruin one another8 ,why should they thus hate each other8 ,and what ferocious spirit urges them to such deeds1 if not the spirit of evil1 the archdemon himself8 ,dives alone and his men were unmoved1 and galloped on laughing and applauding what had been done4 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 cried the tall smuggler2 ,i never saw such a joke6 ,i could laugh a thousand years at it4 ,then he became gloomy1 and said1 ,yegof is at the bottom of all this4 ,one must be blind not to see that it was he who guided the ,germans to ,blutfeld4 ,i would be sorry if he were finished by a piece of my wagon2 ,i have something better in store for him4 ,all that ,i wish is1 that he may remain sound and healthy until ,i meet him some day in a corner of the woods4 ,let it be one1 ten1 or twenty years--only let it come6 ,the longer ,i wait1 the keener will be my appetite2 good morsels are best cold1 like wild-boar's cheek in white wine4 ,he said all this with a good-humored air2 but those who knew him knew that beneath that lay danger for ,yegof4 ,half an hour after1 all reached the field of ,bois-de-,chnes4 ---------- ,inscription ,on ,a ,door4 ,written ,by ,theodulphus1 ,bishop ,of ,orleans1 ,a4,d4 #hbj4 ,pauperibus pateat1 ,praesul1 tua janua semper1 ,cum miseris ,christus intrat et ipse simul4 ,deque tuis epulis pascatur pauper egenus1 ,ut conviva queas lectus adesse ,deo4 ,translation4 ,set wide thy portals ever to the poor1 ,so ,christ shall enter with them at thy door4 ,and let the poor be feasted from thy board1 ,so mayest thou1 blessed1 banquet with thy ,lord4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b4 ---------- #fcg ,poor ,mara6 ,the celebrated ,rosenthal1 in ,germany1 was the retreat where ,goethe passed so many hours of leisure when a student4 ,it was indeed a valley of roses1 especially in early summer1 when flowers are most abundant1 and the tender green of the rich foliage is freshest and brightest4 ,it was a lovely afternoon1 but not sultry2 a large awning was spread for temporary use2 and just in the shade of a group of trees was set out a table with refreshments4 ,a dozen seats were arranged round it1 evidently for a small and select company4 ,ere long1 carriages drove up1 and some ladies alighted1 and began to arrange the collation4 ,two of them were the wife and daughter of ,doles1 the musician2 they brought flowers which they had gathered1 and decorated the table1 placing a wreath of roses and laurels over the seat destined to be occupied by their honored guest1 no less a person than ,mozart1 who had come to give his last concert in ,leipsic4 ,the rest of the company soon joined them2 and it would be interesting1 had we space1 to relate the conversation that formed the most delightful part of their entertainment4 ,they were a few choice spirits1 met to enjoy the society of ,mozart in an hour sacred to friendship4 ,there was no lack of humor and mirth2 indeed1 the composer would have acted at variance with his character had he not beguiled even the gravest by his amusing sallies2 but the themes of their discourse were the musical masters of the world1 and the state and prospect of their art4 ,oh6 could we only entice you to live here1 said one of the company to the great composer4 ,no2 the atmosphere does not suit me1 replied ,mozart2 the reserve would chill my efforts1 for ,i live upon the love of those who suffer me to do as ,i please4 ,some other time1 perhaps1 ,i may come to ,leipsic2 just now ,vienna is the place for me4 ,by the way1 what think you of ,bonn8 ,you cannot think of ,bonn for a residence8 ,not ,i4 ,had you asked me where art had the least chance of spreading her wings for a bold flight--where she was most securely chained down and forbidden to soar1 ,i should have answered1 ',bonn4' ,but that unpromising city has produced one of the greatest geniuses of our day4 ,who8 who8 eagerly demanded several among the company4 ,a lad1 a mere lad1 who has been under the tutelage of the elector's masters1 and shocked them all by his musical eccentricities4 ,they were ready to give him up in disgust4 ,he came to me just before ,i left ,vienna2 modest1 abashed1 doubting his own genius1 but eager to learn his fate from my lips4 ,i gave him one of my most difficult pieces2 he executed it in a manner so spirited1 so admirable--carried away by the music1 which entered his very soul1 forgetful of his faint-heartedness--full of inspiration6 ',twas an artist1 ,i assure you2 a true and noble one1 and ,i told him so4 ,his name8 ,louis von ,beethoven4 ,i know his father well1 said ,hiller4 #fch ,then you know one who has given the world a treasure6 ,for1 mark me1 railed at as he may be for refusing to follow in the beaten path1 decried for his contempt of ordinary rules1 the lad ,beethoven will rise to a splendid fame6 ,but his forte will be sacred music4 ,the conversation turned to the works of ,bach and ,handel4 ,as the sun declined westward1 the company rose and returned to the city4 ,when they had left the grounds1 a figure came forward from the concealment of the foliage1 and walked pensively to and fro4 ,he had heard most of the conversation unobserved4 ,it was the artist ,mara1 a violoncellist of great merit--famous1 indeed--but ruined by dissipation4 ,his wife had left him in despair of reforming his intemperate habits2 his friends had deserted him2 all was gone but his love of art2 and that had brought him to see the great ,mozart4 ,well1 well1 he said to himself1 ,i have heard and know him now4 ,his taste is the same with mine2 he glories in ,handel and old ,sebastian4 ,ah6 that music in my dream4 ,he struck his forehead4 ,but ,i can keep nothing in my head2 ,mara-- ,mara--non e pen com era prima6 ,if 'twere not for this vertigo1 this throbbing that ,i feel whenever ,i strive to collect my thoughts and fix them on an idea2 if ,i could but grasp the conception1 oh6 'twould be glorious6 ,the spirit of art had not yet left the degraded being it had once inspired2 but how sad were the struggles of the soul against her painful and contaminating bonds6 ,why1 resumed the soliloquist--why was ,i not invited to make one among the company assembled here to welcome the great chapel-master8 ,i1 too1 am a famous artist2 ,i can appreciate music2 the public have pronounced me entitled to rank among the first4 ,but nobody will associate with ,mara in the day-time6 ,it is only at night1 at the midnight revels1 where such grave ones as the director scorn to appear1 that ,mara1 like a bird of evil omen1 is permitted to show his face4 ,then they shout and clap for me1 and call me a merry fellow2 and ,i am the merriest of them all6 ,but ,i do not like such welcome4 ,i would rather be reasonable if ,i could1 and the wine would let me4 ,the wine6 ,am ,i a slave to that8 ,ha1 a slave6 ,alas6 it is so2 wine is my master2 and he is jealous of every other1 and beats me when ,i rebel1 till ,i cry mercy1 and crouch at his feet again4 ,oh6 if ,i had a friend strong enough to get me out of his clutches4 ,but ,i have no friends--none1 not even ,gertrude4 ,she has left me2 and there is no one at home now even to reproach me when ,i come back drunk1 or make a noise in the house over the table with a companion or two4 ,heinrich--no2 he laughs and makes game of me like the rest4 ,i am sick of this miserable life2 ,i am tired of being laughed at and shunned2 ,i will put an end to it all1 and then they will say once again1 ',poor ,mara6' ,with a sudden start the wretched man rushed away1 and was presently hid among the branches of the trees4 ,a whistle was heard just then1 and a lad1 walking briskly1 followed1 hallooing after him4 ,he came just in time4 ,a stream1 a branch of the ,pleysse1 watered the bottom of the valley2 ,mara was about to throw himself into it in the deepest spot1 when his arm was caught by his pursuer4 ,what the mischief are you about8 ,let me alone6 cried ,mara1 struggling4 ,do you mean to be drowned8 #fci ,yes2 that is just what ,i want4 ,i came here for that purpose2 and what have you to say against it1 ,friedrich8 ,nothing1 if your fancy runs that way1 replied the lad1 laughing2 only you have plenty of leisure for it hereafter1 and just now you are wanted4 ,wanted8 ,yes2 ,i came to look for you4 ,who wants the poor drunkard ,mara8 ,they want you at ,breithoff's1 tonight1 at the supper given to ,mozart after the concert2 and you must bring your instrument2 we are to have some rare fun4 ,come1 if you are obedient1 you shall go with me to the concert4 ,mozart's concert6 ,surprised and pleased that some of his acquaintances had remembered him1 ,mara suffered himself to be led away by his companion4 ,the concert was a splendid one1 and attended by all the taste and fashion of ,leipsic4 ,the orchestra was admirable1 the singers were full of spirit and good humor1 the audience delighted1 the composer gratified and thankful4 ,mozart thanked the performers in a brief speech1 and as soon as the concert was at an end was led off in triumph by the connoisseurs1 his friends4 ,magnificent beyond expectation was the entertainment prepared1 and attended by many among the wealthy and the noble1 as well as the most distinguished artists4 ,the revelry was prolonged beyond midnight1 and1 as the guests became warmed with good cheer1 we are bound to record that the conversation lost its rational tone1 and that comical sallies and uproarious laughter began to usurp the place of critical discourse4 ,they had songs from all who were musical2 ,mara1 among the rest1 was brought in1 dressed in a fantastic but slovenly manner1 and made to play for the amusement of the company4 ,when he had played several pieces1 the younger guests began to put their practical jokes upon him1 and provoke him to imitate the noises of different animals on his violoncello4 ,mara entered into all their fun1 convulsing them with his grotesque speeches and gestures1 drinking glass after glass1 till1 at last1 he fell back quite overpowered and insensible4 ,then his juvenile tormentors painted his face and clipped his mustaches1 and tricked him out in finery that gave him the look of a candidate for ,bedlam1 and had him carried to his own house1 laughing to imagine what his sensations would be1 next morning1 when he should discover how ludicrously he had been disfigured4 ,in short1 the whole party were considerably beyond the bounds of propriety and sound judgment1 ,mozart included4 ,it was considerably after noon1 the next day1 that poor ,mara1 the victim of those merciless revellers1 might be seen sitting disconsolately in his deserted home4 ,he had no heart even to be enraged at the cruelties practised on him4 ,pale as death1 his eyes sunken and bloodshot1 his limbs shivering1 sat this miserable wretch1 dressed in the same mockery of finery which had been heaped upon him in wicked sport4 ,the door soon opened1 and ,mozart entered4 ,at sight of the composer1 ,mara rose and mechanically returned his salutation4 ,mozart looked grave and sad4 ,you are much the worse for last night's dissipation1 my good fellow1 said he4 ,ah ,master ,mozart6 said the violoncellist1 with a faint smile1 it is too good of you to visit such a dog as poor ,mara4 #fdj ,i have something to say to you1 friend1 answered the composer1 in a voice of emotion4 ,in the first place1 let me thank you for your music1 last night4 ,the bewildered artist passed his hand across his forehead4 ,i say1 let me thank you4 ,it is long since ,i have heard such music4 ,you were pleased with it8 asked ,mara1 looking up1 while a beam of joy shot into the darkness of his soul4 ,pleased8 ,it was noble--heart-stirring6 ,i must own ,i did not expect such from you4 ,i expected to be shocked1 but ,i was charmed4 ,and when you played the air from ,idomenio--sacr6 but it went to my soul4 ,i have never had my music so thoroughly appreciated--so admirably executed4 ,mara1 you are a master of your art6 ,i reverence you6 ,you8 repeated the artist1 drawing his breath quickly4 ,yes2 ,i own you for my brother1 and so ,i told them all1 last night4 ,the poor man gave a leap and seized the master by both hands2 rapture had penetrated his inmost heart4 ,oh6 you make me very happy1 faltered he4 ,i am glad of it1 for now ,i am going to say something painful4 ,mara hung his head4 ,nay1 ,i reproach myself as much as you4 ,we both behaved ill1 last night2 we both forgot the dignity of the artist and the man4 ,again the poor violoncellist looked bewildered4 ,we forgot that such as we are set up for an example to the uninitiated1 and yielded to the tempter wine6 ,art--our mother--has reason to blush for us4 ,for me1 cried ,mara1 deeply moved2 but not for you4 ,yes1 for me1 repeated ,mozart1 and for all who were there4 ,it was a shameful scene4 ,what1 he continued1 with rising indignation--what would the true friends of art have thought of such beastly orgies1 celebrated in her name8 ,why1 they would have said1 perhaps1 ',these men are wild fellows1 but we must let them have their way2 we owe the fine music they give us to their free living2 they must have stimulants to compose or play well4' ,no1 no1 no6 it is base to malign the holy science we love4 ,such excesses but unfit us for work4 ,i have never owed a good thought to the bottle4 ,i tell you1 ,i hate myself for last night's foolery4 ,ah master1 you who are so far above me8 sighed ,mara4 ,and lo1 here the wreck of a noble being6 said the composer1 in a low voice and with much bitterness2 then resuming3 ,listen to me1 ,mara4 ,you have been your own enemy1 but your fall is not wholly your own work4 ,you are wondrously gifted2 you can be1 you shall be1 snatched from ruin4 ,you can1 you shall1 rise above those who would trample on you now2 become renowned and beloved1 and leave an honored name to posterity4 ,you have given me a lesson1 ,mara--a lesson which ,i shall remember my life long--which ,i shall teach to others4 ,you have done me good--,i will do something for you4 ,come with me to ,vienna4 ,the poor violoncellist had eagerly listened to the words of him he so venerated--whom he looked on as a superior being4 ,while he talked to him as an equal1 while he acknowledged his genius1 lamented his faults1 and gave him hope that all was not yet lost1 the spirit of the degraded creature revived within him4 ,it was the waking of his mind's energies2 the struggle of the soul for life against the lethargy of a mortal malady4 ,life triumphed6 ,mara was once more a man2 but overcome by the conflict and by the last generous offer1 he sank back1 bowed his face upon his hands1 and wept aloud4 #fda ,come1 cried ,mozart1 after a pause1 during which his own eyes moistened--come1 we have no time to lose4 ,i go out to-night by the evening post for ,vienna2 you must accompany me4 ,take this purse1 put your dress in order1 and make haste4 ,i will call for you at eight4 ,be ready then4 ,not a word more4 ,and forcing a well-filled purse into his trembling hands1 the master hastened away too quickly to hear a word of thanks from the man he had saved from worse than death4 ,the great composer was early summoned from this and many other works of mercy and benevolence4 ,but if this noble design was unaccomplished1 at least good seed was sown1 and ,mara placed once more within view of the goal of virtuous hope4 ,rescued from the mire of degradation1 he might1 by perseverance1 have won the prize2 if he did not1 the fault was wholly his own4 ,whatever the termination of his career1 the moral lesson is for us the same4 ---------- ,discipline4 ,a block of marble caught the glance ,of ,buonarotti's eyes1 ,which brightened in their solemn deeps1 ,like meteor-lighted skies4 ,and one who stood beside him listened1 ,smiling as he heard2 ,for1 ,i will make an angel of it6 ,was the sculptor's word4 ,and soon mallet and chisel sharp ,the stubborn block assailed1 ,and blow by blow1 and pang by pang1 ,the prisoner unveiled4 ,a brow was lifted1 high and pure2 ,the wak'ning eyes outshone2 ,and as the master sharply wrought1 ,a smile broke through the stone6 #fdb ,beneath the chisel's edge1 the hair ,escaped in floating rings2 ,and1 plume by plume1 was slowly freed ,the sweep of half-furled wings4 ,the stately bust and graceful limbs ,their marble fetters shed1 ,and where the shapeless block had been1 ,an angel stood instead6 ,o blows that smite6 ,o hurts that pierce ,this shrinking heart of mine6 ,what are ye but the ,master's tools ,forming a work divine8 ,o hope that crumbles to my feet6 ,o joy that mocks1 and flies6 ,what are ye but the clogs that bind ,my spirit from the skies8 ,sculptor of souls6 ,i lift to thee ,encumbered heart and hands3 ,spare not the chisel6 set me free1 ,however dear the bands4 ,how blest1 if all these seeming ills ,which draw my thoughts to thee ,should only prove that thou wilt make ,an angel out of me6 ---------- #fdc ,from ,the ,german ,of ,dr4 ,b4 ,werneke4 ,the ,teachings ,of ,statistics ,concerning ,the ,freedom ,of ,the ,human ,will4 ,the enemies of ,christianity are1 in our days1 making war upon its dogmas more fiercely and more generally than at any previous period4 ,materialism--the teachings of which may be summed up in the following propositions3 ,there exists no ,god as a spiritual1 immaterial personality2 there exists no spirit as a supersensible1 self-existent1 immortal substance--is finding its way into every rank of society4 ,by clothing it in a popular garb1 its advocates are meeting with no small degree of success in making converts to its errors1 even among the working classes and the deluded proltaires who have a dread of labor4 ,materialism no longer goes to the trouble of exhibiting itself in the guise of a well-connected philosophical system3 it prefers the more insidious method of appearing only occasionally1 in writings and speeches whose theme is of quite another nature4 ,it puts on an appearance of science and of devotion to genuine progress2 and herein consists its principal danger4 ,when doctrines1 opposed to faith1 are secreted in works on natural science1 and placed side by side with evident facts1 there must necessarily result a strong temptation for the unwary to look upon them all as undeniable truths4 ,the science of moral statistics is one of those that have been most recently perverted to the purposes of materialism4 ,the founder of this science is ,quetelet1 the celebrated ,belgian astronomer and statistician4 ,he first observed that1 by considering large masses of men during a long period1 a certain uniformity in the manner of their accomplishment could be traced1 in such voluntary acts as come under the observation of statisticians1 more especially in marriages1 suicides1 and crimes4 ,he even reached the conclusion that acts elicited under the influence of free-will occur with a greater degree of regularity than events which depend exclusively on the influence of physical causes4 ,this discovery was pursued still further4 ,observations were made upon different nationalities1 the results were compared1 and upon their evidence it was thought justifiable to speak of a law of nature by which all human acts were supposed to be controlled4 ,this new law could not but be hailed with pleasure by the disciples of materialism4 ,they immediately took it up and adduced it as evidence in favor of their doctrines4 ,it requires but a small amount of perception to see that1 if all human acts are controlled by a law of nature1 there cannot be any free-will4 ,the denial of free-will implies the elimination of one of the essential faculties of the human soul1 and it1 at the same time1 shakes ,christianity to its foundation44 ,for1 if everything is subjected to an immutable necessity1 sin and grace1 redemption and sanctification1 need no longer be mentioned4 #fdd ,it is well worth our while to subject the new doctrine1 founded on the evidence of moral statistics1 to an examination and to test its tenability4 ,we propose to do this in the following pages4 ,before entering1 however1 into the assertions and inferences of the materialists1 it will be expedient to state a few of the principal results of the science of moral statistics1 so that the reader may see the method by which such unexpected and surprising conclusions have been reached1 and may thus be enabled to form a judgment for himself4 ,a glance at the statistical tables which record the sum-total of marriages contracted in a single country reveals in reality that their number is nearly the same1 year after year4 ,even in so-called anomalous marriages1 that is1 marriages in which a young man allies himself to a woman much older than himself and vice versa1 as well as in marriages between widows and widowers1 there seems to be a certain uniformity4 ,thus1 if we take ,belgium1 with a population of about four and a half millions1 we find the total number of marriages1 from the year #ahdd to the year #ahec1 running as follows3 #bi1cbf1 #bi1baj1 #be1fgj1 #bd1ade1 #bh1fef1 #ca1ghh1 #cc1gfb1 #cc1afi1 #ca1bea1 #cj1fcf4 ,during the same years1 the number of marriages between men of #cj years and under1 with women of #cj years and under1 stands thus3 #ac1jbd1 #ac1aeg1 #aa1egh1 #aj1gdi1 #ab1fdb1 #ac1icc1 #ad1ddj1 #ad1ccg1 #ac1dhh1 #ac1afa4 ,anomalous marriages1 between men of #cj years and less1 and women of from #de to #fj years1 likewise evince a perceptible regularity during the same years3 #abi1 #ajb1 #aah1 #ih1 #aja1 #adj1 #acj1 #abh1 #ajd1 #aae4 ,on the other hand1 marriages between men of #fj years and over1 and women of #cj years and under1 during the same series of years3 #da1 #cf1 #cc1 #db1 #dd1 #dg1 #di1 #db1 #ci1 #cb4 ,these figures are sufficient for an illustration4 ,the result is similar in the case of other countries4 ,if we consider1 the age at which marriage is contracted1 we discover considerable uniformity in a single country1 but wide differences in different countries4 ,the following table exhibits what percentage of men and women contract marriages in the different countries1 at the different ages indicated3 ,under #bj #bj-be #be-cj #cj-ce #ce-dj #dj-hj ,in ,england ,men #b #df #bf #aa #e #aj ,women #ab #ej #bj #h #d #f ,in ,france ,men #b #bg #cc #ah #i #aa ,women #ai #ch #bb #aj #e #f ,in ,norway ,men #a #bc #ci #bj #h #i ,women #e #ce #cc #ad #f #g ,in ,bavaria ,men #j #ab #cb #ch #ch #ah ,women #d #be #cb #bi #bi #aj ,these figures show that in ,england #gb per cent of the men marry between the ages of #bj and #cj years2 in ,france1 #fj per cent2 in ,norway1 #fb per cent2 in ,bavaria1 however1 only #dd per cent4 ,in ,england1 #hb per cent of the women contract marriage at and under the age of #cj years1 whilst in ,bavaria the percentage is only #fa4 ,it is hardly to be supposed that what ,quetelet calls la tendance an mariage 7the tendency toward marriage7 is less strong in ,bavaria than in ,england3 we may only infer that the conditions which render marriage practicable are more easily realized in ,england than in ,bavaria1 and a single glance at both these countries will show that such is really the case4 ,we shall now give a few figures from the statistics of suicide4 ,the following table contains the annual aggregate of suicides1 during a period of twenty years3 #fde ,france ,belgium ,denmark ,austria ,prussia ,saxony #ahcf #bcdj #ahi #bda #adcf #bad #ahcg #bddc #afe #bfi #ecd #aejb #bfd #ahch #behf #afg #bib #adec #bfa #ahci #bgdg #aib #big #dhf #adgd #bdf #ahdj #bgeb #bjd #bfa #eej #adhj #ccf #ahda #bhad #bdj #ccg #afcj #bij #ahdb #bhff #bbj #cag #ehg #aeih #cbh #ahdc #cjbj #bdb #cja #ehh #agbj #dbj #ahdd #bigc #bee #bhe #aege #cce #ahde #cjhb #baf #bij #eif #agjj #cch #ahdf #cjab #bdg #cgf #faa #agjg #cgc #ahdg #cjdg #bea #cde #aheb #cgg #ahdh #ccja #bgh #cje #afdi #cih #ahdi #cehc #bge #ccg #deb #aebg #cbh #ahej #ceif #cdj #ded #agdc #cij #ahea #ceih #afe #dja #eeb #ahaf #djb #aheb #cfgf #aej #dbf #fcg #bjgc #ecj #ahec #cdae #afa #dai #gje #aidb #dca #ahed #cgjj #ahi #cfc #ggj #baih #edg #ahee #chaj #aff #cii #bcea #efh ,making all possible allowance for increased population in each of these countries throughout the space of twenty years1 and for greater accuracy in the later records than in the earlier ones1 it still remains incontestable that in civilized countries suicide is on the increase1 and that this increase exceeds that of the population4 ,by taking the annual proportion to a million of inhabitants1 we shall perceive that this crime is more frequent in some countries than in others4 ,the following figures comprise the period from #ahef to #ahff3 ,in ,france1 to one million of inhabitants1 there occurred yearly #aaa suicides2 in ,belgium1 #dg2 in ,denmark1 #bgf2 in ,austria1 #fd2 in ,prussia1 #abb2 in ,saxony1 #bde2 in ,bavaria1 #gb2 in ,hanover1 #acg2 in ,wrtemberg1 #he2 in ,baden1 #ajh2 in ,hesse1 #acd2 in ,mecklenburg1 #afb2 in ,nassau1 #ajb2 in ,portugal1 #g2 in ,england and ,wales1 #fe2 in ,hungary1 #cj2 in ,dalmatia1 #aa2 in ,europe generally1 #hd4 ,very notable differences may be observed in these figures4 ,the degree of intellectual culture and social refinement is about the same in ,saxony as in ,belgium1 yet these two countries stand widely apart on the record of suicides1 even if it be allowed that the estimate for ,belgium is somewhat too low4 ,there can be no doubt that religion exercises a decided influence in this matter4 ,saxony is a ,protestant country1 whilst ,belgium is ,catholic4 ,similar divergences exist in favor of ,austria when compared with ,prussia1 and of ,bavaria compared with ,hanover4 ,suicides are far more frequent amongst ,protestants than amongst ,catholics4 ,the latter possess in their faith far more remedies against temptation to suicide than the former are able to obtain from theirs4 ,a ,protestant despairs more readily than a ,catholic4 ,these remarks apply only to countries at large4 ,the great metropolises1 which may properly be designated hot-beds of suicide1 must be taken as exceptions1 because in them practical religion easily dies out and cannot exercise its usual influence4 ,in the year #ahfe1 when ,paris had a population of #a1hfc1jjj inhabitants1 there were #gjf cases of suicide1 that is1 one to every #bfch2 in ,vienna1 with a population of #eej1jjj inhabitants1 there were #aaj cases1 that is1 one for every #ejjj2 in ,london1 with #c1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 there were #bfg1 that is1 one for every #aa1gae2 and in ,new ,york1 population #a1jie1jjj1 #cf cases of suicide1 one to every #bh1jjj inhabitants4 ,accordingly1 the greatest number of suicides is committed in ,paris1 where reign the highest degree of social culture and the most rigorous police surveillance1 and the smallest number occurs in ,new ,york1 the seat of the greatest social and political liberty4 ,we may here state1 as a general rule1 that high intellectual culture is not a preventive of suicide4 ,observation shows1 on the contrary1 that it is comparatively most frequent in countries where the enlightenment of the population has attained the highest point1 and that it occurs far oftener in cities than in rural districts4 #fdf ,this fact is unmistakable evidence that moral improvement is not keeping pace with intellectual progress1 and that governments1 whilst furthering the latter with increasing zeal1 are not bestowing sufficient care on the former4 ,from the year #ahbf to the year #ahfj1 suicides increased #acj per cent in ,france1 whilst the population increased but #ac per cent4 ,this astounding circumstance has been looked upon as attributable to the advancement of industry and the progress of science and popular education2 and no doubt justly1 if we consider how much more frequently suicide is committed in the enlightened northern and eastern departments of ,france than in the less progressive southern and western4 ,something similar is noticeable in ,germany4 ,saxony and its neighboring provinces rank undeniably as high in general education as any state in ,germany2 but it is also to be remarked that they furnish the largest number of cases of suicide2 whilst in the ,tyrol1 ,old ,bavaria1 and other provinces of a lower grade of general education1 the number is considerably less4 ,and if1 in the ,catholic parts of the ,rhenish provinces and in ,westphalia1 which are not behind ,saxony in general culture1 suicides are of less frequent occurrence1 we are only justified in attributing the difference to the happy influence of the ,catholic religion4 ,quite a peculiar discovery from statistics1 and one that at first thought is rather astonishing1 is the fact that the number of suicides increases with the advance of age1 and that the proportion appears to be equal in the two sexes4 ,it seems that indifference about life and recklessness about the dread future become greater as the years of life pass by4 ,this1 however1 may be psychologically accounted for without inventing for the purpose a general law1 according to which suicides are supposed to be apportioned to the various ages of human life4 ,we will now cast a glance at the statistics of crimes4 ,accurate records upon this subject1 published in ,england1 ,belgium1 and ,france during a series of years1 afford us ample material for this investigation4 ,similar records1 commenced at a later period1 have been kept in the ,netherlands1 in ,bavaria1 in ,baden and other states2 and since #ahed1 the ,prussian ,ministry of ,justice has1 every second or third year1 published a thorough report of the proceedings of the criminal courts of that kingdom4 ,it is impracticable1 however1 to establish a comparison between different countries on this point1 as very notable differences exist between them with respect to their laws and their administration of justice4 ,we are consequently compelled to confine our observations to one country4 ,we choose ,prussia as it was before #ahff1 because its various provinces present a variety of forms of religion1 nationalities1 degrees of education1 industry1 and commerce1 which affords an excellent opportunity for instituting comparisons4 ,moreover1 the same code is everywhere in use1 excepting in the ,rhenish provinces1 where the ,napoleonic is established4 ,the following table exhibits the number of criminals1 with their religious professions1 as arraigned before the criminal courts of ,prussia from #ahee to #ahfb3 ,accused4 ,evangelicals4 ,catholics4 ,jews4 #ahee #hjhi #dgdc #cbde #hd #ahef #hgbb #eaaf #ceji #hg #aheg #fbfj #cfeh #bdic #aje #aheh #diie #cjch #ahgj #ha #ahei #eaib #cjhc #bjbd #hb #ahfj #ebhc #cafd #bjbh #he #ahfa #egbj #ccjh #bcai #hh #ahfb #efij #cchb #bcbg #gf ,average #fbdd #cfhf #bdgg #hf #fdg ,on an average1 from eighteen to nineteen per cent of the accused were every year pronounced not guilty4 ,it might naturally be expected that1 in the case of special crimes1 the ratio of those acquitted to those condemned would vary greatly4 ,thus1 of #ajj accused of theft1 an average of #f was acquitted2 of serious injury done to the person1 an average of #be2 of murder1 about #af2 of violation of official obligations1 about #cf2 of perjury1 upward of #da4 ,by calculating what proportion of the accused from #ahei to #ahfb belonged to each of the above-mentioned religious denominations1 we find that of the ,jews there was one accused for every #bigh inhabitants2 one ,catholic for every #cjhg1 and one ,protestant for every #cdae4 ,hence1 the accused were most numerous amongst the ,jews2 least numerous amongst the ,protestants4 ,the unfavorable position here assigned to the ,catholics is accounted for by the fact that large figures refer to the eastern provinces of ,prussia1 which are inhabited in a great measure by ,catholic ,sclaves1 with little culture and very much impoverished4 ,a considerable difference is observable in the provinces4 ,the average of a period of four years 7#ahei-ahfb7 counts #a accused for every #bcde in ,silesia1 #bejc in ,posen1 #bhec in ,brandenburg1 #caja in ,prussia proper1 #djef in ,pomerania1 #ddcf in ,saxony1 #dhfc in ,westphalia1 #ejie in the ,rhenish province4 ,the eastern provinces present a sadder condition than the western4 ,unfortunately the statistical tables give us no information concerning the nationality of the accused4 ,but1 if we confine our investigation to ,rhineland and ,westphalia1 where the population is purely ,german1 the result will be found altogether in favor of ,catholicity4 ,the census of these two provinces1 including ,hohenzollern1 amounted in #ahfa to #a1dgd1ebj ,protestants and #c1cac1gji ,catholics4 ,during a term of five years1 7#aheh-ahfb17 #adfc ,evangelicals and #cach ,catholics appeared before the tribunals1 making #a for #ejce ,evangelicals and #a for #ebhj ,catholics4 ,whence we infer that nationality1 want of education1 and poverty produce effects in the eastern provinces which cannot be found where ,catholics and ,protestants are on an equality in those respects4 ,the comparison seems to be specially favorable to the ,catholic provinces when the infliction of punishment upon the guilty is considered4 ,for great offences1 the punishment is penitentiary2 for less offences1 imprisonment4 ,now1 although in #ahee the number of accused was much greater amongst the ,catholics than amongst the ,protestants1 nevertheless there was but one penitentiary culprit for #hdcj inhabitants in ,rhineland and ,westphalia1 whilst in the ,protestant provinces there was #a for #dagi4 ,hence1 the number of penitentiary culprits in these latter being double argues likewise greater crimes4 ,the foregoing statistics of criminals1 considered with respect to creed1 enable us to form a conclusion in regard to the influence of the particular form of religion upon the dispositions of men4 ,amongst ,catholics1 the crimes peculiar to youth seem to predominate1 whilst amongst ,protestants they are the crimes of mature and of advanced age4 ,the former appear to decrease with the advance of intellectual culture and improvement in temporal welfare1 whilst the latter1 on the contrary1 appear to become more numerous4 #fdh ,further figures might be given showing that the majority of criminals belong to the laboring classes1 and that the incentives to crime are want and absence of training amongst the working people1 and dissipation and luxury in higher ranks of society4 ,we will1 however1 content ourselves with what has been stated1 and proceed to discuss the conclusions which materialists draw from such data4 ,at the present day1 materialists conclude1 from such facts and figures as these1 that the volition of man is not free4 ,they pretend that it is impossible to explain the regularity with which acts1 seemingly voluntary and deliberate1 are elicited1 unless we accept the conclusion that free will is a mere fiction of the imagination1 and that science inevitably forces us to the conviction that all human acts depend on what they designate a law of nature4 ,they say that such a degree of order in the occurrence of human acts could not possibly result from the unbiased power of self-determination4 ,they reject the distinction between nature and man as a being partly spiritual1 and consider him as a purely material product of nature1 subjected1 like animals1 plants1 and minerals1 to general laws1 without the power of exercising the slightest influence on his own destiny4 ,and this outcry against free-will is raised by men in every department of science1 by naturalists1 philosophers1 historians1 physicians1 and jurists4 ,says ,buckle1 in his ,history of ,english ,civilization1 speaking of the evidences of moral statistics3 ,in certain conditions of society a large proportion of men must put an end to their own existence4 ,such is the general law4 ,the special inquiry as to who is to commit the crime depends1 of course1 upon particular laws1 which1 in their united energies1 must obey the general law to which they are subordinate4 ,and the force of the higher law is so irresistible that neither the attachment to life nor the dread of the future can to any degree hinder its execution4 ,dankwart declares boldly3 ,man is not a free agent4 ,he is just as little responsible for any of his deeds as a stone which1 in obedience to the law of gravitation1 falls upon one's head4 ,the criminal act was the necessary development of a law of nature4 ,what are we to say in reply to these attacks8 ,are the facts of statistics really so decisive and convincing as to compel us to abandon the time-honored dogma of ,free-,will1 to which the noblest and loftiest minds of all ages have so tenaciously adhered8 ,can those imposing arrays of figures operate in us to the conviction that1 when a man contracts marriage1 commits a crime1 puts an end to his own life1 or performs any other act1 he necessarily follows a universal law of nature1 and cannot1 therefore1 be held responsible for his deed8 ,do the acts of men enter into the economy of nature like ebb and flow of tide1 day and night1 summer and winter8 ,it is not our purpose to enter into deep philosophical disquisitions on free-will4 ,its materialist adversaries ignore all philosophical speculation4 ,they occupy themselves exclusively with facts--visible1 palpable facts--and upon this vantage-ground we intend to oppose them4 ,our task1 then1 in the present instance1 is to demonstrate that the conclusions drawn from the given premises are unwarranted and erroneous2 that the regularity in the recurrence of certain acts can be satisfactorily accounted for by other causes1 without having recourse to a mysterious law of nature2 and lastly1 that there are many facts which1 even without free-will1 are problems not less difficult to solve4 #fdi ,in examining the method by which our adversaries draw inferences from facts1 we shall find that their logic is in contradiction to all the laws of correct thinking4 ,not all acts are free1 therefore some acts are not free1 is a proper conclusion2 but some acts are not free1 therefore all acts are not free2 who would admit such a conclusion8 ,as an illustration1 let us take another example from statistics4 ,according to the testimony of statistics1 of #ijh1jjj families in ,belgium1 only #hi1fcj were in good circumstances in the year #aheg4 #cgc1jjj were in a very straitened condition2 #ddf1jjj were in downright misery4 ,in all probability1 the same relative situation may be found existing through a series of years4 ,now1 what would the enemies of free-will say to the following reasoning3 ,in ,belgium1 the masses are in poverty1 therefore all ,belgians are poor2 affluence does not exist at all in ,belgium8 ,is not the following reasoning of theirs identically the same3 ,in marriages1 suicides1 crimes1 and other human acts1 the influence of free-will is imperceptible1 as shown by statistics2 therefore1 these acts are not free2 therefore1 the influence of free-will is impossible in all acts2 there is no free-will at all8 ,we might even1 for argument's sake1 grant--which1 of course1 we do not--that the above-mentioned acts are not free1 without thereby doing away with free-will in numberless other human acts4 ,but this is not the only logical blunder made by our opponents4 ,they infer from the deed to the volition4 ,the deed is not free1 therefore neither is the volition4 ,do the deed and the volition always correspond so perfectly that we may1 under all circumstances1 infer from the former to the latter8 ,the very fact that in trials before courts extenuating circumstances are so strongly insisted upon1 is proof positive that the deed and the volition are not always identical4 ,it is a long way from deliberation to decision1 and from decision to execution4 ,we may not more infer from the deed to the volition than from the volition to the deed4 ,how absurd to infer from the volition to the deed6 ,and should the reverse be more logical8 ,what does experience show--in trials1 for example8 ,a man is murdered1 for instance4 ,in one case1 the evidence shows that the murderer had harbored his dark design for years1 until finally a favorable moment presented itself for the execution4 ,in another case1 it will appear that1 in a casual quarrel1 a man dealt a mortal blow to another1 perhaps even to his friend1 without intending to do it6 ,the criminal courts of all countries present multitudes of such instances4 ,it is the statistician's province to note the deed1 but not the volition2 and hence1 sound logic will never permit inferences in regard to the volition to be drawn from statistical facts4 ,let us now examine the foundation on which arguments against the freedom of man's will are based4 ,this foundation is the regularity with which the aforesaid acts have been observed to recur1 as if within the range of a higher and wider law4 ,how have statisticians discovered this regularity8 ,evidently only by summing up facts as they took place within a period of some duration1 and over an extensive range of territory1 a process by which the actual differences were entirely put out of sight4 ,we learned above that1 from #ahee to #ahfb1 a yearly average of #fbdd criminals was arraigned before the criminal courts of ,prussia4 ,but particular years fall wide of this average figure4 ,thus1 in #ahef1 the number was #hgbb1 that is1 #bejj more than the average2 in #aheh1 the number was #diie1 that is1 more than #acjj less than the average2 and the total of the difference of these years1 #chjj4 #fej ,it would seem that this might as truthfully be called irregularity as regularity4 ,if1 in ,prussia1 crimes are merely the necessary consequences of a natural law1 and of political and social circumstances1 can it be reasonably believed that these underwent so great a change in the space of two years that the number of crimes was diminished by one half8 ,it is impossible to draw from such premises conclusions strong enough to uproot convictions planted as deeply in the human breast as is that of the freedom of man's will4 ,external circumstances may indeed have undergone changes within two years1 still these changes are not sufficient of themselves to account for such variations in statistical figures as we have above quoted4 ,these can be accounted for only by taking into consideration the freedom of the human will1 which may be influenced1 in a measure1 by external circumstances1 but not necessarily controlled4 ,but grant that a certain regularity is perceptible in human acts4 ,undoubtedly #hgbb and #diie come nearer to the average figure1 #fbdd1 than would #abjj and #ejj4 ,still the regularity may be explained without subjecting all human acts to the influence of a law of necessity4 ,it is on account of the point of view from which statisticians examine facts that their regularity appears so remarkably great1 and their differences so immaterially small4 ,we will illustrate what we mean by a comparison4 ,by standing on the brink of a river1 we hear the plashing and perceive the motion of its waters4 ,by going to a mountain-top1 at a distance from the stream1 we neither hear a sound nor observe a motion4 ,now1 could we1 whilst standing on the mountain-top1 reasonably say1 ,before1 as we stood on the brink of the stream1 we imagined that the water was in motion and produced a sound but in this elevated position1 from which we see the stream for miles1 we discover that we were mistaken2 the stream is evidently silent and without motion8 ,where lies the mistake in this instance8 and where the truth8 ,is not the case of the statistician the same8 ,if1 viewing things from his elevated stand-point1 he fails to recognize the free-will of the individual1 is the cause to be found in the absence of all free volition1 or is it not rather owing to his having taken too high a stand-point8 ,in order to obtain correct information concerning the material creation1 we must enter into details1 and carefully examine single specimens2 hence the importance of the microscope in natural sciences4 ,and why shall we pass by the individual altogether1 and generalize our observations1 when we undertake the study of moral phenomena8 ,surely1 there can be no reason for proceeding thus4 ,no man looking from a high tower upon a flock of sheep can expect to obtain accurate knowledge of their animal nature and conformation4 ,quetelet1 the founder of the science of moral statistics1 and its most talented representative1 expresses himself as follows upon the question at issue3 ,i do not believe that1 in view of such evidences1 the freedom of the human will can be denied4 ,i only think that it is greatly limited1 and1 in social affairs1 plays the rle of an accidental cause4 ,accordingly1 by not considering individual cases1 and by taking things summarily and in bulk1 it will appear that the influences of accidental causes neutralize each other in such a manner as to let none but real causes1 in virtue of which society exists1 appear4 #fea ,the ,supreme ,being has wisely put limits to our moral powers1 as well as to the physical1 in order to hinder man from encroaching upon his eternal laws4 ,the possibility of founding a science of moral statistics1 and of drawing useful inferences from it1 depends mainly on the fact that1 as soon as observations are made upon a large number of individuals1 the human will retires and manifests no perceptible influence4 ,the action of the free-will of man is1 in reality1 confined within very narrow limits4 ,the less a man knows1 the fewer must be the objects of his volition and of his desire4 ,most men have1 in this respect1 but a very narrow range4 ,it is the poor and the illiterate who everywhere compose the bulk of the population1 and it is this bulk precisely that the statistician is obliged to consider4 ,the power of execution is still more limited4 ,for executing1 ability and means are required1 which1 however1 in innumerable instances1 are found insufficient4 ,but even though the will and the power to execute be limited1 freedom of volition may still exist4 ,for we speak of the freedom of a merely human will1 and man is by nature a limited1 not an infinite1 being4 ,the freedom of man's will can be made available only within the limits placed about the individual4 ,the individual can will only that which he has knowledge of1 and do that which he has the means to do4 ,nero once wished that the whole ,roman people had but one head1 that at a single blow he might strike it off4 ,it was simply the wish of a tyrant gone crazy4 ,it is pretty nearly the same with free-will as with unencumbered bodily motion4 ,we have it in our power to wander in every direction upon the globe1 but the globe itself we cannot leave4 ,it revolves about the centre of the planetary system1 and carries us with it in its career4 ,in the same manner can we possess freedom of volition and of doing2 but step beyond the limits of our nature we cannot1 and for this very reason1 says ,quetelet1 does the influence of free-will disappear when larger groups become the object of observation4 ,the transition from the will to the deed depends on the objective possibility of accomplishing the deed4 ,external circumstances must be considered2 at times they are favorable1 at times again they are unfavorable4 ,any man can elevate his thoughts to ,god4 ,the will becomes the deed forthwith4 ,but raising his hands in prayer is quite another thing4 ,this can be done only by a man who has the free use of his members4 ,we may infer from a glance at the statistics of marriages and crimes1 how much the execution of the will depends upon external circumstances4 ,we quoted above that1 among every #aj1jjj inhabitants1 there are usually #hg marriages in ,prussia1 #hb in ,saxony1 and only #ff in ,bavaria4 ,now the question arises1 ,is there less inclination to marriage amongst young people in ,saxony and ,bavaria than in ,prussia1 or does the law of necessity1 supposed to control such events1 cease to be in force when it reaches the boundaries of ,bavaria8 ,not at all4 ,the difference is simply this4 ,in ,prussia it only requires two parties1 a bride and a groom1 for a marriage contract1 whilst in ,bavaria it requires three1 a bride1 a groom1 and a functionary of the police department1 and1 as everybody knows1 it is harder for three to come to an agreement than for two4 ,besides these legal hinderances1 there are many others that oppose the will to marry4 ,we have only to look about to notice them4 #feb ,one man may have the will to marry1 but cannot find a suitable match2 another may not be able to obtain the consent of his parents2 a third may not have a sufficient livelihood2 a fourth may be prevented from marriage by war1 by sickness or any other cause4 ,they all may have the will to get married1 but external circumstances do not permit it4 ,external circumstances exert a similar influence upon crimes4 ,statistics show that five times more men than women are arraigned for crimes4 ,are we to suppose hence that women are so much better than men8 ,hardly4 ,the number of women criminally disposed cannot surely be much less than that of men2 but women want the ability1 the means1 and the adventurous spirit necessary to carry out their evil designs4 ,in years of famine1 as the number of marriages decreases1 that of theft increases4 ,in ,france1 in #ahdf1 a year of plenty1 #ca1gfh persons were convicted of larceny4 ,in #ahdg1 a year of scarcity1 the figure rose to #da1fbf1 and the year after1 it fell again to #cj1jjj4 ,similar facts might be quoted for ,england4 ,what becomes of the law of nature in presence of such evidences8 ,starvation is something exceedingly natural1 if you will2 but if a man prefers starving to stealing1 he will not be dragged before the tribunals4 ,in #ahcf and #ahcg1 there was great distress in ,england1 during which many died of starvation4 ,many had not the will to prolong their lives by stealing1 many others had not the chance4 ,no statistical record can acquaint us with the ratio of those who had not the will1 to those who had not the chance2 whence we are authorized to argue that no inference can be drawn from such records regarding the will of men4 ,it is incontestable that the individual is greatly influenced by the social1 moral1 religious1 domestic1 and intellectual circumstances in which he happens to be placed4 ,still it cannot be conceded that these circumstances do away with the freedom of man's will4 ,true enough1 men permit themselves to be controlled1 in a great measure1 by the circumscribed relations of private life1 but they do so for the very purpose of remaining in those relations4 ,there are many cases in which men see no motive for withdrawing from under the influence of existing circumstances4 ,sacrifices are even made to existing circumstances in order that they may continue the same4 ,as for instance1 in the case of tax-paying4 ,we may complain loudly of the burden of taxes1 still we pay them4 ,should we have a mind not to pay them1 we leave the country for another less oppressed4 ,the man that remains pays his taxes unwillingly indeed1 yet of his own free-will4 ,unwillingness does not preclude free-will4 ,the narrower the circumstances1 the more limited the education1 the lower the rank of a man1 the greater are his efforts to accommodate himself to circumstances2 and vice versa1 the greater his wealth and the higher his education1 the more independent is he4 ,in ,european countries1 a son usually adopts the profession of his father4 ,the son of a farmer becomes a farmer1 and the son of a mechanic becomes a mechanic4 ,statisticians might easily adduce imposing columns of figures to prove this1 and the enemies of free-will might call it a law of necessity4 ,yet what multitudes of exceptions are there not8 ,thousands submit to the circumstances that surround them at their birth1 nevertheless there will always be a few who will not submit4 ,these will struggle and push their way into the highest positions of life4 #fec ,when nature and natural laws are alone in operation1 and there is no interference on the part of man1 natural circumstances continue the same during centuries4 ,at the present time the ,amazon river presents about the same appearance as when the first white men paddled their frail canoe along its luxuriant banks4 ,the hand of man has made but few changes4 ,but within the same space of time the ,mississippi and its tributaries have undergone the most astonishing changes4 ,flourishing towns now occupy the former pasture-ground of the buffalo1 and where the alligator once held undisturbed possession1 are now to be seen golden acres of corn and snowy fields of cotton4 ,it would be hard to recognize in the ,germania of ,tacitus the ,germany of the present day4 ,soil and climate have both undergone changes4 ,were men controlled by laws of necessity like the rest of creatures1 they never would have been able to effect these modifications of physical nature4 ,there is a principle in man which other creatures want4 ,together with understanding1 he is endowed with a free-will whose action is always perceptible where man engages in an unusual struggle with nature4 ,much ado is made about the influence of the social1 domestic1 and religious condition of the masses upon the individual4 ,it is said that his action is necessarily directed and controlled by this influence4 ,but we would know who creates these particular conditions--who brings them about--and who changes them8 ,everybody knows that elephants are very sagacious animals4 ,but the elephants employed nowadays in ,india for the chase and other purposes are not a whit more sagacious nor a whit less stupid than those which ,king ,porus employed in the war against ,alexander the ,great1 #bjjj years ago4 ,had elephants been endowed with understanding and free-will1 they would1 in all probability1 have made some little progress within #bjjj years4 ,we never speak of intellect1 morals1 and religion when animals are the subject of consideration2 we only speak of their natural condition1 and this circumstance alone shows that we must not look upon man as a mere part of material nature1 under the same necessary laws4 ,so far as the body is concerned1 he belongs to material nature1 and undergoes its influence2 but1 as to the spirit1 he rises above nature1 and for this very reason1 enters into a contest with nature1 and triumphs4 ,the fertile marshes of ,holland and ,friesland are not a gift from the ocean1 but man has wrested them from the ocean2 they are the creation of his mind and invincible strength of will4 ,we several times before made mention of the happy influence of ,catholicity upon its adherents4 ,most ,catholics1 it is true1 belong to the communion by virtue of their descent from ,catholic parents1 and1 thus far1 this may be called a natural circumstance4 ,but this same circumstance is brought about by the deliberate and free will of thousands of persons who in ,england1 ,germany1 and ,america are annually returning to the old church4 ,somebody might perhaps imagine a conversion-law1 according to which a certain number of ,protestants must inevitably become ,catholics every year4 ,it seems to us that the science of moral statistics has been turned against the dogma of free-will1 chiefly because statisticians have directed their attention to such facts only as are most immediately under the control of external circumstances4 ,had they selected other facts1 the result would not have led men so easily to form conclusions opposed to the freedom of the human will4 #fed ,we will give an example4 ,france is a ,catholic country4 ,there are #ce1jjj1jjj of ,catholics in ,france4 ,it is customary amongst ,catholics to go to confession4 ,we suppose it would not be putting the figure too high if we said that about #ajj1jjj1jjj confessions are heard annually in ,france4 ,every statistician will readily grant that in ,france1 and in every ,catholic country1 the aggregate of the confessions will be nearly alike for different years--and that the proportions of men and women1 and the variances for the different seasons1 months1 days1 etc41 will present a decided appearance of regularity4 ,now1 would ,buckle be ready to say3 ,in the present condition of ,france1 one hundred millions of confessions must take place every year4 ,this is the general law4 ,the particular inquiry as to who is to go to confession depends1 of course1 on special laws whose united forces must1 however1 obey the general laws to which they are subordinate4 ,and the force of the general law is so irresistible1 that neither fear of the priest nor the impenitence of man can exert the slightest influence for the hinderance of its action8 ,we are inclined to think the materialistic historian would have hesitated a while before ranging confession under the economy of nature4 ,before concluding1 there are two more facts which we beg permission simply to state4 ,materialists believe in facts4 ,they say that there is no effect without a cause1 and that the effect corresponds with the cause4 ,now1 it is an undeniable fact1 that every man that has attained the use of reason believes his will to be free4 ,how will materialists account for this fact8 ,the belief in the freedom of the will is an effect--the effect of what8--of real necessity8 ,we thought the effect should correspond with the cause4 ,for centuries men have believed their will free1 and for centuries criminals have been held responsible for their deeds1 and have been punished--and lo6 now the statistician does away with free-will altogether6 ,it is plain that this mode of blotting out free-will is merely a cunning but erroneous piece of calculation4 ,the second fact is this3 ,as often as a reaction follows upon a period of greater political and social freedom in a state1 it has been remarked that at once the number of births decreases and that of deaths increases4 ,it was the case in ,france in #ahed1 and in ,prussia in #ahee4 ,from this fact we infer that liberty is the atmosphere that suits the nature of populations best1 and furthers their increase most4 ,if this is the case1 can we1 in consequence of the mistaken evidences of statistics1 refuse individual man the faculty of free-will1 which must be the basis and condition of every other kind of liberty8 ,certainly not4 ,one more observation4 ,the free-will of man is one of the fundamental dogmas of ,christian1 and in particular1 of ,catholic faith4 ,we have seen what can be advanced against it on the evidence of moral statistics4 ,but the case of statistics is like that of many other sciences4 ,its results1 at first1 appear opposed to ,catholic faith1 and the enemies of the church begin to shout with joy at the victory of ,science over ,superstition4 ,but when more closely inspected1 the new facts and developments are not only nowhere in contradiction to faith1 but are often found to agree with and even to aid in substantiating it4 ---------- #fee ,from ,the ,french ,of ,marie ,jenna4 ,the ,volunteers ,for ,pius ,,ix4 ,both from ,rome and ,france these men have earned a radiant crown of merit2 ,as they drew their sword of fire1 all hell1 with trembling1 saw its flashings4 ,what their name8 ,one--,christians6 ,fear no more when such have come to guard thee1 ,throne and home of ,pius6 ,on they came1 those boasters1 fed by ,rapine1 armed by drivelling ,folly1 ,eager to profane with blood-stained hands the apostolic altar4 ,they were met4 ,and now1 as ever1 at thy gates1 ,o holy ,city6 ,hate by ,love is conquered4 ,at thy pure and sacred majesty they dared1 ,o holy ,pontiff6 ,dared to mock with cries defiant2 and like wolves for blood were thirsting-- ,thine6 ,no1 never6 ,thou hast drunk enough of ,suffering's bitter chalice4 ,father6 look--thy children6 ,these for thee have gladly quitted wives and mothers1 home and country3 ,when the clamorous dastards cried1 ,down with the ,pope6 then these1 uprising1 ,clutched their arms1 and shoulder unto shoulder marched4 ,fear not6 they shouted1 ,we will come and save thee6 ,in their faces gleamed the sacred fire that burns in breasts of ,frenchmen6 ,if but one of them should fall--for thee the boon of life disdaining-- ,from their country's borders there would rise upon the morrow morning ,thousands to avenge them4 ,only that one day1 at least1 the ,christian phalanx--serried closely1 ,so that heart may beat to heart--could know that thou hast gazed upon them2 ,only that the ,holy ,church in prayer their names will once remember1 ,death they gladly welcome4 ,holy ,father1 keep thy double sceptre and thy stainless glory6 ,rome is spared to thee and thou to ,rome4 ,not yet1 ,o sacred exile6 ,heaven will claim thee soon enough1 and then1 bereaved of thy dear presence1 ,we shall be the exiles4 #fef ,yes2 the ,christian world has sworn that thou from ,rome shalt not be driven1 ,as a gage it sends these dauntless heroes forward to thy rescue4 ,look upon them4 ,mark that steady tread1 those eyes that flash forth victory4 ,raise thy hand and bless them6 ,on to triumph1 cavaliers of ,christ6 ,yea1 ,lord1 for thee they conquer1 ,when they overcome the enemies of him who represents thee4 ,count this faithful band1 ,o ,thou who in thine hour of dereliction ,saw all thine desert thee6 ,you whose dear and sacred memory is upon our hearts engraven-- ,you1 who were the elder brethren of this youthful band of heroes-- ,you1 who bore the white cross banner till the hands of all fell lifeless ,at ,castelfidardo-- ,you were there6 ,and more than one of these beheld your glorious spirits ,hovering o'er them as they proudly fell and yielded up their life-blood1 ,waiting with the crowns and palms prepared for such as should be honored ,so to die and conquer4 ,happy ye1 ,o chosen ones6 your death is fruitful4 ,ever passing ,through the world the ,church broadcasts her seed in sadness2 ,harvesting in turn with overflowing hands upon the places ,sown with blood of martyrs4 ,mothers1 wives1 they come not back1 the nearest1 dearest that have left you6 ,weep6 ,he also wept4 ,but ponder well the words that ,he has spoken3 ,greater love no man may show for him he loves than dying for him4 ,even thus they loved ,him6 ,weep6 but sing a song of triumph as the bitter tears are flowing4 ,blest are ye who1 in his temple1 humbly kneeling at the altar1 ,there can offer him a sacrificial incense of such sorrow ,with such glory mingled6 ---------- #feg ,catholicity ,and ,pantheism4 ,number ,four4 ,the ,blessed ,trinity1 ,or ,multiplicity ,in ,the ,infinite4 ,general ,idea ,of ,the ,blessed ,trinity4 ,catholic doctrine admits that the most pure1 simple1 and undivided unity of the ,godhead lies in its nature2 but that this most simple nature is terminated by three real1 distinct subsistences or persons1 who form the only true and living ,infinite4 ,how this answer affords the solution of the problem will be seen in the course of this treatise1 in which we shall endeavor to develop the idea of the church in a scientific form4 ,but1 before we proceed to analyze it1 we feel obliged to develop it in a cursory manner1 in order to enable the reader to follow us in the analysis to which it will be subjected4 ,we say1 then1 that the essence of ,god1 absolutely simple1 is terminated by three real1 distinct1 opposite subsistences1 which are a primary unbegotten activity1 a begotten intelligibility1 an aspired goodness2 all three in a state of personality4 ,for this primary1 unborn activity in the state of personality1 in whom the whole ,godhead resides1 by understanding himself1 begets a most faithful conception of himself1 an intellectual utterance1 a word or logos4 ,now1 the nature or essence of intellectual conception or logos1 consists in being the object conceived in the state of intelligibility4 ,it follows1 then1 that the conception of the primary activity1 in whom the fulness of the ,godhead resides1 is1 in consequence1 the ,godhead itself in the state of intelligibility1 whilst the conceiver is the ,godhead itself1 in the state of intelligent activity4 ,under this last respect1 to wit1 of intelligent activity and of intelligibility1 the conceiver and the conception are necessarily related to each other2 a relation which arises from an opposition of origin1 since the conceiver1 as such1 originating the conception1 is necessarily opposed to it1 and the conception1 as such1 by being conceived1 is necessarily opposed to the conceiver4 ,in this sense they are necessarily distinct from each other4 ,it follows from this that each one has a concreteness of his own1 a termination or a state1 by whatever name it may be called2 which concreteness is incommunicable to the other1 and hence each one has the ownership of himself1 and therefore is a person4 ,for the first is the whole ,godhead under the termination of unborn intellectual activity1 which termination is strictly his own and incommunicable4 ,the second is the fulness of the ,godhead1 under the termination of intelligibility or conception1 which belongs to him alone1 and is likewise incommunicable4 ,but because in both resides the whole identical ,godhead1 though under a distinct1 opposite1 and relative termination1 they are both one and the same ,god4 ,god conceiver and ,god conceived are1 then1 in nature and essence1 one and the same2 whilst as the conceiver and the conceived1 they are two distinct persons2 and in this sense1 there is a necessary duality in the infinite4 #feh ,this duality is brought into harmony and unity by the production of a third termination1 the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the conceiver and the conceived necessarily love each other4 ,this is the result of a metaphysical law of the act of intelligence1 including subject and object2 since to intelligence an object produces an inclination or attraction in the subject toward it4 ,now the two persons in the ,godhead intelligence each other2 therefore they love each other4 ,it is1 again1 the nature of love that the object loved should abide in the subject loving1 in a state of feeling or an actively attractive state1 a state which human language cannot utter4 ,the best expression we can find is1 that the object should abide in the subject in the capacity of beatifying it4 ,the ,godhead1 under the termination of conceiver1 loves the ,godhead under the termination of conceived2 and1 vice versa1 the ,godhead1 under the termination of conceived1 loves the ,godhead under the termination of conceiver4 ,the result of this operation is a third termination of the ,godhead--the ,godhead under the termination of love1 goodness1 or bliss1 proceeding from the other two terminations1 the conceiver and the conceived4 ,this new termination being distinct from the two former1 and opposed to them1 inasmuch as it originates from them1 is consequently its own1 incommunicable to the others1 and hence a person4 ,but as it is the same identical ,godhead1 under the termination of love1 the three are but one and the same ,god4 ,without these terminations or triplicity in the ,infinite1 the ,god cannot exist or live4 ,for what is a being without the knowledge of himself and without love8 ,what is life but action8 and action without a term originated is a contradiction in terms4 ,the ,godhead must1 then1 intelligence and love himself4 ,the result of this are three terminations in the ,godhead2 a primary1 unbegotten activity1 a begotten intelligibility1 an aspired goodness4 ,that these three terminations do not break the unity of the ,infinite will be manifest from the analysis to which we shall subject them4 ,we shall now proceed to vindicate the personality of the three terminations against a class of disguised pantheists--disguised even to themselves--that is1 the ,unitarians4 ,why should these three terminations in the ,godhead be persons8 ,could not the ,godhead understand and love itself without supposing three personalities8 ,we answer that without the admission of three persons in the ,godhead1 we should necessarily fall into the pantheistic theory concerning ,god4 ,the ,unitarians will concede to us that ,god must understand and love himself4 ,without this he were inconceivable4 ,now1 we beg the ,unitarians to tell us what this intelligence and love are8 ,are they only passing and transient acts or modifications1 or are they faculties and attributes8 ,what are they8 ,besides essence and nature1 which includes substance1 our minds cannot conceive any other categories than the following3 #ast4 ,attributes or perfections4 #b;d4 ,faculties4 #c;d4 ,acts of the faculties or modifications4 #dth4 ,subsistence and personality4 ,now1 excluding subsistence and personality1 the understanding and love of the ,godhead must be either an attribute or faculty1 or a transient act1 or both of these together4 #fei ,the ,unitarians may demur at so many distinctions2 but we would beg them to observe that when we see the most sacred dogmas1 nay1 the very pivot of knowledge1 attacked by a flimsy and proud philosophy1 we have a right to descend into the depths of science1 and ask of the flimsy and boastful philosophy what it means when it attacks so sweepingly and so confidently4 ,this remark has been forced from us by reading the following words of ,channing3 ,we believe in the doctrine of ,god's unity1 or that there is one ,god1 one only4 ,to this truth we give infinite importance1 and we feel ourselves bound to take heed lest any man spoil us of it by vain 787 philosophy4 ,this proposition1 that there is one ,god1 seems to us exceedingly plain4 ,we understand by it that there is one being1 one mind1 one person1 one intelligent agent1 and one only1 to whom underived and infinite perfections and dominion belong4 ,we conceive that these words could have conveyed no other meaning to the simple and uncultivated people1 who were set apart to be the depositories of this great truth1 and who were utterly incapable of understanding those hair-breadth distinctions between being and person1 which the sagacity of other ages has discovered4 ,we have read very few passages of other authors in which we find as much magisterial tone1 sweeping assertion1 profound ignorance of true philosophy1 confusion worse confounded1 as in these few lines of ,channing4 ,is it possible that ,dr4 ,channing should call a hair-breadth distinction1 that which lies between essence and nature1 and personality8 ,we suspect that the distinction between these terms being so nice1 ,dr4 ,channing never apprehended it2 and without this elementary apprehension of the most fundamental notions of ontology1 ,dr4 ,channing should have kept his peace1 and never have written a book touching mysteries1 held and defended even unto death by thousands of the sublimest1 the profoundest1 and the most universal geniuses of ,christianity2 such men as ,s4 ,athanasius1 ,s4 ,justin1 ,s4 ,irenaeus1 ,s4 ,hilary1 ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,s4 ,chrysostom1 ,s4 ,jerome1 ,s4 ,fulgentius1 ,s4 ,thomas1 ,bossuet1 ,fnlon1 ,pascal1 ,leibnitz1 etc4 ,before the testimony of such intellects1 even the self-assurance of ,dr4 ,channing should have hesitated4 ,dr4 ,channing1 then1 along with all those who hold his opinion1 will be kind enough to tell us what they mean by ,god being one mind1 one person1 one intelligent agent4 ,are these things attributes1 faculties1 or acts8 ,let us define the terms1 that the distinction which exists between them may be more manifest4 ,an attribute or perfection is a partial conception of our minds1 of a certain nature1 and more particularly of the ,infinite4 ,the idea of the infinite implies all perfections4 ,but as our limited minds cannot apprehend all that is contained in that idea at one intellectual glance1 we are forced to apprehend it partially1 and to divide it mentally1 and to consider each side apart4 ,the ideas or notions corresponding to all these apprehensions of the infinite1 we call perfections or attributes4 ,but let it be distinctly understood2 ontologically1 that is1 in the order of reality1 they do not exist out of1 and are not distinct from1 the essence of the ,infinite4 ,a faculty is the capacity of development in a being4 ,an act is the transition from capacity into movement4 ,now1 before we close with the ,unitarians1 we shall give the definition of individuality and personality as carefully and intelligibly as we can4 #ffj ,that last termination or complement of a being1 which makes it a unit1 in se1 separated or at least distinct from all other beings1 which makes it sui juris and incommunicable to all others1 constitutes what ontology calls individuality4 ,to illustrate this definition1 let us suppose our body in the two different states to which it is subject1 when it is united to our soul1 and when it is separated from it4 ,it is evident that when my body is yet united to the soul1 it is a corporal substance1 but not an individuality1 because it has none of those elements necessary to constitute individuality4 ,it is not a unit in se1 neither is it separated from any other being1 because it is united to the soul1 and hence it is communicable2 and above all1 it is not sui juris1 since the soul possesses it as its most intimate and most subordinate organ and instrument4 ,let us take the other state of our body1 when the soul has left it4 ,by this very fact1 the body becomes an individuality1 that is to say1 a unit in se1 distinct and separated from any other being1 sui juris1 and incommunicable4 ,so true is this1 that should that body in such a state1 undergo any change1 or do what we might improperly call an action1 that change or action would be attributed to it1 and to it alone4 ,for instance1 suppose that body should fall and crush by its weight some living creature1 we should say that body has killed that creature1 because it is an individuality2 whereas1 suppose that same body1 possessed of the soul1 falling at night out of bed1 should kill by its weight that living creature1 we could no longer say that body has killed1 but we should say that man fell last night out of his bed1 and killed1 for instance1 his child2 because the union of the body with the soul as its most intimate organ1 deprives it of its individuality1 and consequently of solidarity4 ,personality adds to individuality the element of intelligence1 and consequently of self-consciousness4 ,a person1 therefore1 is a substance1 possessed of intelligence and self-consciousness1 forming a unit in se1 and hence being distinct from all others1 having the ownership of himself1 sui juris1 and being the principle of imputability for all his actions4 ,if these notions1 on which depend the whole field of ontology1 which are the foundation of morality1 of all social and political rights of man1 on which the very bliss and ultimate perfection of man rest--if such notions are hair-breadth distinctions1 we thank ,god that we are endowed with intelligence enough to apprehend them2 else1 were a man to-morrow to force us into slavery1 on the plea that we are only things1 and not persons1 we should be at a loss how to stop him1 not being able1 like ,channing1 to apprehend our own personality1 that supreme gift which makes us feel master and owner of ourselves and accountable for our actions4 ,having premised these notions1 we say the ,unitarians1 who grant that the ,infinite is endowed with intelligence and will1 must admit one of these three things3 either the intelligence and will are perfections or attributes1 or they are faculties1 or they are persons4 ,if they admit them to be perfections1 they divide the ,infinite2 if they admit them to be faculties1 they fall into pantheism4 ,this is what we are going to prove in the following propositions4 ,first proposition3 ,if intelligence and will were admitted to be mere perfections in ,god1 the admission would imply a division in ,god and a breaking up of the ,infinite4 #ffa ,before we proceed to prove this proposition1 we premise that in the argument we take intelligence and will in action1 and not in potentiality2 in other words1 we take them as acts1 and not as faculties4 ,the reason is because1 as we shall prove1 there can be no faculties or potentiality in the ,infinite4 ,this premised1 we lay down the undoubted ontological truth that between intelligence in act and the conception or interior logos1 the result of intelligencing1 there is and must be a real distinction4 ,in other words1 the intellect in act and the conception of the intellect necessarily imply a duality4 ,the reason of this is evident4 ,first1 because between the intellect in action and conception there is necessarily an opposition4 ,the intellect in act1 is such1 inasmuch as it is not conception1 and vice versa4 ,now1 a real opposition implies1 necessarily1 a real distinction4 ,again1 the conception or interior logos is to the intellect in action as the effect is to its cause1 or1 better1 as the consequence is to its principle4 ,if1 therefore1 there were no real distinction between the intellect and the conception1 there would be no real distinction between the effect and its cause1 the principle and its consequence4 ,hence1 thinking and thought are necessarily distinct4 ,what is true of the act of thinking and of thought is true of the will and its volition1 for the same reason4 ,hence it is evident that the intellect in action1 thought or the conception1 the will in action and its volition1 are necessarily distinct by their very ontological nature and relation4 ,it follows1 then1 that if we admit them to be mere perfections of the ,infinite1 we would imply a real distinction in the essence of the ,infinite1 in other words1 a duality of essence2 because a perfection in the ,infinite is identical with essence1 since we have said that perfections have no real existence in re1 and are only partial conceptions of our minds1 which cannot take in the ,infinite at one intellectual glance4 ,intelligence in action and conception1 therefore1 being considered as perfections1 would be identical with the essence2 and they requiring1 in force of their metaphysical nature1 a real distinction1 the distinction would fall upon the essence of the ,infinite4 ,any one versed in ontology will perceive this truth at a glance4 ,hence1 ,unitarians cannot say that the intelligence and the conception of the intelligence1 the will and love in the ,infinite1 are mere perfections1 without admitting a real distinction in the essence of the ,infinite1 and thus admitting a multiplicity of ,infinites1 which is absurd4 ,second proposition3 ,if ,unitarians rank the intellect and thought1 the will and its volition1 of the infinite among faculties1 they then fall into pantheism4 ,ontology1 as we have said1 defines a faculty to be a force of development by union with its object4 ,its notion implies three elements3 #a4 ,a force residing dormant in a being4 #b4 ,an object4 #c4 ,a union of the force with the object1 to render the development actual4 ,applying this idea to the subject in question1 every one can see at a glance that a faculty cannot be predicated of the ,infinite without falling into pantheism4 ,for it would be to admit in ,god a force of development1 a capacity of unfolding1 of actualizing himself4 #ffb ,now1 every faculty of development necessarily begins1 from the minimum degree of actuality1 to travel by progressive stages of unfolding to an indefinite maximum of progression4 ,hence1 in the supposition1 we should be forced to admit that ,god started from the minimum of life and action1 and that he travelled through numberless stages of development1 and will travel indefinitely through higher stages in the direction of a maximum of progress never to be attained4 ,now1 this is almost verbatim the pantheistic theory of ,hegel4 ,every one who has read ,hegel will have observed that his idea of the ,infinite coincides perfectly with the above4 ,for he starts from a minimum of reality1 the ,being1 ,idea1 which1 through a necessary interior movement1 becomes matter1 organism1 animality1 intelligence1 etc4 ,it would not do for ,unitarians to say that the argument does not apply to their system1 since they admit a substance already existing and perfect as to being1 only endowed with faculties4 ,for1 in the supposition1 they would admit a finite1 not an infinite being4 ,in a finite being we can conceive one already perfect in the order of existence1 with faculties or force of accidental development4 ,but we cannot say the same of the ,infinite4 ,the positive infinite1 so to speak1 is essentially actuality itself2 hence1 perfection itself1 all terms which exclude and eliminate every possibility of development4 ,if it be not that it must be the ,infinite of pantheism1 a mere abstraction and unreality4 ,from what we have said1 we conclude3 ,first1 that the mystery of the ,trinity is essentially necessary to the idea of ,god2 that there can be no conception of ,infinite actuality but through the supposition of three distinct terminations of the same essence4 ,secondly1 that ,unitarians are absolutely powerless before pantheism2 nay1 that their system is disguised pantheism2 and that by holding fast only to the unity of ,god1 they sap the very foundation of the reality of the ,infinite4 ,the ,infinite is essentially living4 ,a living ,god is essentially conceiving himself by intellect4 ,a subjective conception necessarily implies an objective conception4 ,these two are absolutely and necessarily opposed to each other1 and hence1 really distinct4 ,again1 a living ,god1 who necessarily conceives himself1 necessarily loves himself through his conception4 ,again1 subjective love necessarily implies an objective love1 and the two are essentially opposed1 and hence distinct4 ,thus we have three real distinct relations in the ,infinite1 a conceiver1 a conception1 and love4 ,on the one hand1 these three relations cannot be either perfections or faculties2 on the other1 they cannot be denied of the ,infinite without destroying the very idea of the ,infinite4 ,it follows1 then1 that they should be three terminations of the same essence4 ,the act of intelligence in ,god is so actual and perfect as to be in the very same state of personality intelligence itself4 ,the production of this act is also so actual and perfect as to be conception itself1 a personality distinct from the first4 ,love1 the necessary production of both the intelligence and the conception1 is also so actual and perfect1 as to be love itself in a state of personality1 three distinct subsistences of the same one infinite essence4 ---------- #ffc ,heremore-,brandon2 ,or1 ,the ,fortunes ,of ,a ,newsboy4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,in the beautiful dawn ,dick awoke1 hardly remembering where he was1 and almost frightened at the wonderful absence of many noises which had never before failed to greet his waking4 ,not knowing whether it were very late or very early1 ,dick took the safest view of the subject1 and hurriedly dressed himself2 then1 cautiously opening his door1 he looked out to see if there was any sign to guide his further movements3 ,all was silent around him2 but the hall door stood wide open1 letting in a square of golden sunshine at the foot of the stairs4 ,he went carefully and noiselessly down1 and found himself1 when he reached the porch1 in a flood of glorious light4 ,the flowers that hung above the porch were sparkling in it1 for the dew was yet fresh on all the world2 a thousand birds were carolling songs of exultation from every tree1 while the cool1 fragrant morning air came to him in the freshest1 purest breezes that ever were known4 ,even the pebbles1 from which the sun had not yet kissed away a single dew-drop1 were sparkling like jewels as ,dick approached them on his way to the little rustic gate under the evergreen arch4 ,he stood leaning over it a long time1 looking down the cool1 shadowy lane1 his heart joining in the joyous morning hymn of nature1 for the first time heard4 ,he was standing by the gate1 enjoying all1 when new voices reached his ears--human voices--and the children all at once came rushing from the garden at the back of the house1 in a tumult of delight1 surrounding him almost before they were aware of his presence1 so intent were they upon their mission to the village4 ,me doing to the 'tore6 exclaimed little ,trot1 rubbing her hands4 ,me dot a pocket4 ,which double hint ,dick took at once by putting pennies in the pocket1 much to her delight and the older ones' annoyance4 ,for shame1 ,trot6 said ,will1 that's as bad as asking2 and you can't go to the store either2 you'll get wet1 the grass is all wet4 ',tan't no good for girls2 you stay home4 ,whereupon ,trot rubbed her brown little fists in her eyes1 and loudly bewailed her misery in being only a girl1 showing also that she had a will of her own that by no means acknowledged this big boy as its lord and master4 ,dick attempted to show him that whereas ,trot's dress was already a finger deep with wet from the long grass through which she had been tramping all the morning so far1 it couldn't make much difference if it got a little wetter4 ,but ,will was firm1 and ,trot inappeasable1 until1 much to our hero's relief1 the noise brought out ,rose1 who was greatly ashamed of ,trot for making such a time before the strange gentleman1 and very firmly decided for ,will4 ,in some magic way she sent the boy portion unencumbered by any of the weaker sex1 on their way rejoicing1 found something for the girls to do1 and took ,trot's hand so resolutely that not a sob was ventured by that small maiden1 so that there was again peace in the land4 #ffd ,then came breakfast1 with a further display of clean calico1 a great deal of laughing and merry talk1 but in a less leisurely way than at tea1 for the day's work was before not behind them4 ,breakfast finished1 the children1 our hero1 ,rose1 and ,rose's bosom friend1 ,clara ,hays1 were sent off to pick berries in the woods4 ,half the morning they were in getting started2 for everybody spoke at once1 and everybody hurried and detained everybody else4 ,there were at least a dozen false starts4 ,as soon as seven got to the gate1 ,trot and ,minnie were reported missing2 no sooner were ,trot and ,minnie secured1 than some one else was out of the way4 ,but at last they got fairly off1 and went down the lane in great glee2 the children swinging their pails and baskets in advance1 and running back every two minutes to give some valuable information about the road or the woods or the berries1 or something equally important4 ,rose1 ,clara1 and ,dick brought up the rear in a manner that showed they had a becoming sense of the responsibility thrown upon them as the elders of the party4 ,what they did all day in the woods1 how many brooks they crossed1 who fell in and was fished out with much laughter2 how little ,trot got in everybody's way1 and ate the others' berries as fast as they were picked2 how the children met other children on the road2 how often all parties rested1 and teased each other1 and compared the quantity each had picked2 and whether ,dick1 who had soon got over his awkwardness1 put his berries into ,clara's pail or into ,rose's basket1 ,i am not able to relate4 ,i only know they returned at evening very noisy and very tired2 and that ,rose had a larger stock than any other one of the whole party2 and that as she took off her broad-brimmed straw hat1 and pushed back the moist curls from her face1 this young lady did not go up at once to wash off the purple berry stains from her hands1 and to put on the pretty blue muslin with its tiny bit of lace around the neck1 but lingered to hear the children1 each interrupting the other1 until they were nearly all talking at once1 tell ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,stoffs and ,mrs4 ,alaine the day's adventures4 ,dick1 too1 had somewhat to relate1 and glanced at ,rose while he told it1 although it was only what the children had told twice over already1 how ,mr4 ,dick--it had come to that with the children--didn't know a turkey from a goose1 and had called things by their wrong names all day2 whereat ,rose laughed with the rest1 and then ran up to bathe her glowing cheeks in time to help get tea4 ,when she came down1 she found the children in the same eager excitement1 following the two women from kitchen to cellar1 from the closet to the table1 still telling about the big snake they were sure they had seen run across the path just before them1 and the rabbits1 and what ,minnie had said1 and ,will had done1 and ,charley had thought2 to all which the listeners gave an attentive ear1 laughing when there was need1 and surprised at the proper moment4 ,at tea1 the day in the woods continued to furnish food for animated discussion1 and neither ,rose nor ,dick looked as if the subject were a tiresome one4 ,and how did my little ,trot get along8 asked ,uncle ,carl2 but ,trot1 who was tired1 and cross1 and impatient for her piece of cake1 made no answer4 ,trot tumbled into the water1 said ,will2 she always tumbles in4 #ffe ,then ,trot who couldn't bear to be teased1 looked as if she were about to cry1 but was appeased by a word or two from ,rose1 and ,carl asked who pulled her out4 ,oh6 ,i did1 answered ,will readily2 ,i and ,mr4 ,dick4 ,i see that ,mr4 ,dick is very good to you1 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 with a kind smile toward our hero1 who colored and looked his delight4 ,i don't think we can get along without ,mr4 ,dick any more1 can we8 ,the children declared they could not1 and ,dick was as pleased as if he had just taken a degree2 but ,rose said nothing about the matter4 ,well1 that was a merry1 merry week2 there were so many things needed1 and such long walks were required through the woods1 and over the hills1 and even down to the beach1 in order to procure them1 while every errand took all day to perform1 that ,dick learned to walk on the soft grass without stumbling2 even to loiter slowly along by ,rose's side1 not often looking to see where he placed his feet2 and the children were such good tutors that he learned the names of the birds and animals and insects that came in his way1 and knew where there had been the best cherries in the spring1 where there would be the best place for nutting in the fall1 and when the grapes would be ripe1 ,if only he could be here6 ,if only he could be here6 ,but a week is only a week1 and it will end1 if it has a life-time in its seven days4 ,the last day had come1 and they all knew it2 there had been a better dinner4 ,mr4 ,dick's last dinner with us1 you know1 they had said to each other2 and something more than sweet-cakes and peaches for tea1 for to-morrow ,mr4 ,dick will not be here4 ,but1 for all their consideration1 ,mr4 ,dick hardly knew that night if he were eating sweet-cakes or bitter bread4 ,it was a very quiet evening that followed the last tea at ,carlton4 ,the children were more silent than usual2 even ,trot was not proof against the indescribable feeling that settles over a group from which one is about to take his departure4 ,she climbed into ,dick's lap1 and--an uncommon thing with that restless maiden--did not offer to leave her position all those long twilight hours4 ,when ,miss ,brandon rode by--as ,i forgot to state she did at twilight every evening--her beautiful pony1 her long dress1 her hat with its drooping feather1 her veil fluttering in the evening breeze1 her buff gauntlets1 and her silver-handled riding-whip--things which had set the whole flock in commotion before--were hardly commented upon4 ,when ,mr4 ,irving1 so tall and princely1 left her side for a moment1 and1 coming close to the gate1 called after ,will1 it was found ,rose had forgotten the usual bouquet of flowers for the ladies1 and had to beg the gentleman to wait4 ,rose felt very guilty2 but ,dick endeavored to console her by saying that1 without doubt1 ,mr4 ,irving was glad to have a little more time with such a beautiful young lady as ,miss ,brandon2 and then fell to praising ,miss ,mary vehemently--how beautiful she was1 how gracious and pleasant to all1 and yet always remembering she was a grand young lady4 ,rose thought it very easy to be good and pleasant when people are rich and beautiful2 and then ,dick tried to comfort her again1 and perhaps with better success than before2 for her only answer was a silent act of contrition for the envious thought that had flitted across her mind4 ,then1 still in silence1 she cut the flowers that she could hardly more than guess at in the gathering twilight4 #fff ,dick was silent1 too2 and yet there was a great deal he would like to have said1 even though he little suspected that all he had so far made clear to her was that ,miss ,brandon was to him like an angel in a picture1 or a heroine in some old romance1 and that1 beside her silent act of contrition1 poor little ,rose's heart had given one great throb1 and had then made an act of resignation beside4 ,but ,dick found voice to ask for a good-by flower1 which ,rose gave2 and it may be there were spoken then a few words of more solemn meaning1 such as will come when two people1 young and fresh1 find their skies suddenly glowing above them1 and their hearts full of grateful praise to ,god1 who has made life so sweet4 ,and it may be that little ,rose1 who said her prayers so regularly for all sinners and for all who are tempted1 said a few broken1 bashful words1 exhorting ,dick to goodness even in the midst of the snares of the great city1 and that he eagerly caught the words as they fell1 promised her never to forget them1 and inwardly made a quick cry for ,god's grace to let him die then rather than do aught to offend him who had showered such blessings upon him4 ,it may be1 too1 that ,rose--the simple-hearted maiden--was sure he would never break the promise1 and that their good-by there was a request and a promise each to pray for the other4 ,but if so1 it was not said in long paragraphs1 with flowing periods2 for ,rose was too conscientious to detain ,mr4 ,irving a moment longer than needful4 ,but ,i am afraid ,rose had to make another act of contrition that night2 for when ,will brought her the money for the flowers--the garden was her own--she would not take it1 but told him to divide it among the children1 himself1 of course1 included4 ,dick thought it very generous of her2 but ,i have my own opinion about that4 ,too soon for all the last good-nights were said1 and ,dick knew he had spent out his last evening in ,carlton for who could tell how long8 ,yet his dreams were not sad4 ,if he did not actually believe he was riding on a splendid great horse1 by the side of a fair damsel on a white pony1 down the shadowy lane1 into the broad road of the future2 that he had given ,carl a home for life1 and a load of toys to the children1 with1 perhaps1 an uplifting of his heart1 and a readiness to bear1 whatever life should bring him worthy of a faithful ,christian1 ,i think it was something very like it4 ,the next morning there was a hurried breakfast1 after which they all went to the little yellow station-house to see him off1 and waved their hats and handkerchiefs until the train was out of sight4 ,a little longer1 and they had returned in a rambling procession home1 each with some remembrance of him to tell the other1 while he was in the city at work once more1 but as a different ,dick ,heremore from the one who had said goodby1 not without emotion1 to his slovenly landlady4 #ffg ,chapter v4 ,when ,christmas came around again1 and made the first break in the routine of his life after his ever-memorable visit to the country1 ,dick1 now no longer a follower at a distance of that ,sunday morning crowd1 but a devout and well-instructed ,catholic1 to whom all the glory and grandeur of the ,christmas lights and flowers1 the music and the bells1 were no longer mysteries2 after hearing the grand high mass--not the only one he had heard that day--turned down ,fourteenth street1 according to the custom of many years1 in order that he might pass the ,brandons' house1 which had ever held a charm for him1 since on its broad steps he had first seen the beauty and loveliness of charity4 ,but he was not thinking just then of ,miss ,brandon1 nor of his newsboy days1 nor yet of the fast approaching hour when he should present himself at ,carl ,stoffs's table1 in a quarter of the city very different from this1 where he was to eat his piece of ,christmas turkey4 ,his thoughts1 ,i am afraid1 will seem wild ones2 but he was young1 it was ,christmas-day1 he had just come from that glorious mass1 and the world seemed so small and easy to conquer to one who had heard the glad tidings1 so that he may be forgiven for dreaming1 in a less prosaic and unspiritual manner than ,i can tell you1 of a time when he would eat his ,christmas dinner neither at a boarding-house nor at another man's board1 but would carve his own ,christmas turkey1 at his own table4 ,of whatever he was thinking1 he did not fail to notice the house1 and to glance upward when he came to the stoop where he--was it really he1 that rough1 shaggy1 ragged little newsboy1 ignorant and dirty8--where he had1 for the first time in his hard young life1 heard a voice address him kindly2 and his glance changed to a steady gaze of surprise when his eye caught a name on the door-plate that was not ,brandon4 ,he looked at the number--that was all right1 but the old name was gone4 ,he was perplexed1 and walked absently backward and forward for several moments4 ,then ,mr4 ,stoffs was right1 he said1 and he 7meaning ,mr4 ,brandon7 has had to come down a peg or two1 or he would not have given up his house at this season4 ,i wonder where they have gone now4 ,he remembered1 at this moment1 that none of the family had been at ,ames ,harden's during the whole fall1 and that he had not seen ,miss ,brandon since she and ,mr4 ,irving had ridden down the lane for the flowers that ,rose had forgotten to have ready at the usual hour4 ,it so happened that1 remembering the neglected flowers1 why they had been forgotten1 and how the negligence had been repaired1 ,dick's thoughts strayed from the graceful figure of the beautiful lady1 who had seemed to him more magnificent and gentle than a vision1 and turned to another figure1 not tall nor stately--to another face1 not grand nor graciously sweet4 ,but when he met ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 almost the first words he said were1 ,i went by the house on ,fourteenth street to-day1 and ,mr4 ,brandon's name was off the door4 ,i had not heard of their going away4 ,it's long ago1 though1 said ,mr4 ,stoffs4 ,is it any difficulty made them leave their old house8 asked ,dick4 ,there's been no end of difficulties1 answered the ,german1 puffing out great clouds of smoke between every sentence4 ,things were bad enough last summer1 and when ,mrs4 ,brandon died-- ,mrs4 ,brandon dead6 exclaimed ,dick4 ,oh6 ,i forgot that was after you left2 it was quite an excitement4 ,the horses ran away one night--those same stylish bays of which she was so proud--when she and her daughter were returning from some party1 and she was dead before morning4 ,and ,miss ,brandon8 ,dick could hardly ask1 his terror of the answer was so great4 #ffh ,miss ,brandon1 answered ,mr4 ,stoffs in a formal way1 and puffing out greater clouds of smoke than ever1 ,miss ,brandon was ill for some days1 and they were afraid would never get over the shock2 your fine ladies are so nervous6 ,miss ,brandon is not that kind1 said ,dick hastily1 vexed by the contemptuous tone of his friend's remark4 ,and ,i don't believe fine ladies are any more--more--fussy than others4 ,i suppose you know them well enough to be a certain judge1 said ,carl1 who seemed in a very ugly humor4 ,of course ,i don't know one in the world1 answered ,dick1 with considerable animation and a deeper color in his face4 ,but ,i can't see the good of always running down people1 just because they happen to be richer than ourselves4 ,hush6 now1 interposed ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 as her husband was about answering1 or no dinner shall you have this day4 ,i will not let you two quarrel4 ,you were going to tell me about ,mr4 ,brandon's difficulties1 suggested ,dick very gently1 after both he and ,mr4 ,stoffs had assured their peacemaker that they were never in better humor toward each other4 ,you were going to tell me about ,mr4 ,brandon's difficulties4 ,yes4 ,his wife she died1 and it was found he had used all her money and had lost it1 as he had his own2 there was a failure and everything was sold out1 and so--there's an end of him4 ,did he leave ,new-,york8 ,i don't know4 ,who asks what has become of a one-time rich man after the bubble has burst8 ,i think ,i heard he wanted some situation to start life again1 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs4 ,poor man6 ,mrs4 ,stoffs was right4 ,mr4 ,brandon had tried to start again2 but he had been a hard man in his days of prosperity1 and an unfaithful man1 or he would not be as he was now2 and so1 many who heartily pitied him and his family for their fall1 and who would willingly have given them assistance out of their own pockets1 did not feel justified in giving him a position that could be better filled by some man in whom they could trust4 ,thus among all his rich friends1 not one of whom felt unkindly toward him1 there was none to push him a plank with which to save himself from drowning4 ,dick had learned all that his hosts could tell1 and knowing well how fearfully rapid is a man's fall when once he is over the precipice of failure1 his heart was heavier than it had ever been for troubles of his own4 ,he sought to sustain his part in the conversation1 feeling that a silent guest seems selfish and ungrateful1 and tried to laugh as heartily at his friend's jokes as ever2 but it was not without an effort1 and his friends were keen and saw that he was troubled4 ,i do not like it1 ,carl grunted in his deepest tones1 that ,christmas night after ,dick had gone and the children were asleep2 ,i do not like it4 ,you must not think too hardly of him1 answered ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 who1 with that sort of perception women obtain when they become wives1 knew her husband referred to ,dick's troubled manner1 the anxious way in which he had asked about ,miss ,brandon1 and his hot resenting of ,carl's careless words4 ,you are too hard on him1 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 not because she did not equally dislike it all1 but because there would be no conversation between them if old married folks were always to agree4 #ffi ,fine ladies1 indeed6 muttered ,mr4 ,stoffs1 puffing away harder than ever4 ,miss ,brandon--what for should he care if ,miss ,brandon was hurt1 more than for any other lady8 ,she is poor enough now1 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs musingly4 ,it would not be so strange now2 and under her breath she sighed1 ,poor ,rose6 ,not that he has one thought of such a thing1 ,carl went on consistently2 you women always get such ideas into your heads4 ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 being an experienced wife1 raised no question about the ownership of the ideas1 whatever they were1 but sat looking into the fire for a long time before she spoke again1 and then it was to say1 ,after all1 ,i am glad we were too poor to have ,rose come up for ,christmas4 ,if she would not be satisfied with what we had1 so am ,i1 grumbled ,mr4 ,stoffs4 ,i was not thinking of that1 answered his wife mildly4 ,i know ,heremore's never such a fool as to be thinking of one so much above him as ,miss ,brandon1 remarked ,mr4 ,stoffs4 ,she is not above him now that they are poor1 answered his wife4 ,it isn't the money that made the difference1 said ,carl rather impatiently1 it's the habits that money gives4 ,that's what is the matter4 ,miss ,brandon may not be half worthy of him1 and yet he would be mad to think of her2 it is misery when people marry out of their rank1 misery to both4 ,but if they love each other8 suggested his wife4 ,that only makes the matter worse2 he knows not her ways4 ,she has a language that is not his2 if they did not care1 they could go their own ways1 and seek their own4 ,i think ,heremore is a great fool2 ,i do6 ,i don't believe he has a thought of such a thing1 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs2 but there was a manifest question in her voice4 ,if he has1 he'll rue the day he thought of it first1 said her husband emphatically2 and there the conversation ended2 but when ,mrs4 ,stoffs wrote again to ,mrs4 ,alaine1 which she did not do for some time--for to write a letter was an event in the honest woman's life--she thought proper to give her sister a hint of that which they had observed2 and ,mrs4 ,alaine1 in her turn1 thought proper to convey the hint1 in the form of information1 to ,rose1 who1 however1 answered readily1 ,love ,miss ,brandon8 ,well1 mamma1 and why shouldn't he8 ,because ,miss ,brandon is not in the same class of life that he is1 dear4 ,i am sure ,mr4 ,heremore is better off than her father is now1 urged ,rose2 for he has a regular salary1 and ,mr4 ,brandon has nothing left1 and nobody will give him any place4 ,no doubt1 my child2 but it is not money that makes the difference4 ,miss ,brandon has her ideas of life now just as she had them when she was rich2 and ,mr4 ,heremore is what he is1 and would not be different if he were suddenly made a millionaire4 ,so ,rose said no more4 ,while ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,stoffs were thus disturbed about him1 ,dick1 unconscious of any cause he had given for their disquietude1 was walking slowly and thoughtfully home4 ,where was that little ,mary with her fair hair and gentle smile this cold ,christmas night8 was the question he kept putting to himself4 ,it was a clear1 bright night1 with the moon shining on the pavements and the frozen earth1 not at all such a night as that during which he had slept by her father's steps1 and there was no fear that her fair head was shelterless2 but still it was very sad to think of her1 whose ,christmas days had been such pleasant ones1 in mourning for her mother1 and perhaps in troubles such as those which men hear1 but shudder to see1 clouding the girlish youth that is so short1 and should be so sunny4 #fgj ,with ,god's help ,i'll find them out before to-morrow night if they are in this city1 said ,dick to himself1 and then walked on more rapidly4 ,and he kept his word1 though not without much trouble2 and within twenty-four hours he stood in front of the wretched boarding-house to which poverty and sickness had already reduced the family that1 a few months before1 had never dreamed of the meaning of want4 ,but though he had found them out and stood before their door1 ,dick had done and could do nothing to lessen their trouble4 ,mr4 ,brandon had not seemed more unapproachable when1 a rich man1 he scowled and said hard words to the ill-dressed errand-boy--than he now did to the simple clerk1 though ,dick himself was richer now than was the once rich merchant4 ,miss ,brandon was1 in his eyes1 now no less a lady1 belonging to a sphere far above him1 than she had been when1 in all the glory of wealth1 youth1 and beauty1 he had seen her ride down to the ,stoffs's cottage to buy flowers for her hair4 ,it seemed to him greater presumption for him to think of approaching her now than it would have been then1 so he passed and repassed her door1 grieved for her trouble1 but more grieved1 if possible1 that he1 with his youth and strength1 should be powerless to give her one grain of comfort4 ,how often and often1 as he had watched her--she all unconscious of him and his grateful reverence--in her days of prosperity1 had he dreamed of her as like some damsel of olden romance in sore distress1 and thought that never had knight rushed more joyously or more potently to the rescue than he would to hers4 ,now his dream had come to pass--she was a damsel in sore distress2 but where was his prancing steed1 his burnished armor1 his ready lance8 ,then1 as he smiled in remembrance of his boyish fancy1 he suddenly thought of ,mr4 ,irving1 the gentleman--just a boy's ideal of a gallant knight--whom he had seen so often with ,miss ,brandon in the country4 ,he recollected well the manly bearing of that perfect gentleman1 whom he and ,rose had looked upon as a veritable ,sir ,launcelot2 he had seen many an act of gentle courtesy shown in a grave1 tender way1 to the fair lady by whose side he always rode2 and where was he now that that fair lady needed her knight as never before8 ,there was nothing morbid or bitter about ,dick4 ,when he asked himself that question1 it was with no thought of the common judgment pronounced upon summer friends4 ,he recognized ,mr4 ,irving's right to aid and comfort the family of his former host4 ,he knew that he had wealth1 position1 character1 and1 of course1 ample influence1 and not for an instant doubted that he would use every means in his power to befriend ,mr4 ,brandon1 if only for the sake of that beautiful daughter whom he so evidently admired4 ,where1 then1 was ,mr4 ,irving8 ,if he had been here1 all this could not have happened4 ,but as ,dick asked himself this1 it did not occur to him that ,mary thought as he thought3 if ,mr4 ,irving had been here1 all this would not have happened4 #fga ,at last ,dick1 fully convinced that he would be guilty of no presumption in speaking his mind to ,mr4 ,irving on this subject1 cheerfully turned his steps homeward1 and resolved that the first moment he had of his own should be spent in seeking ,mr4 ,irving1 and informing him of what he could not now be aware of1 the downfall of the ,brandons4 ,for the fall of the ,brandons1 as he heard from one or two who knew1 had been very great1 very rapid1 and1 it was feared1 was not yet completed4 ,mr4 ,brandon had never held his head up since his failure1 but dragged around1 shabbily dressed1 querulous and half-sick1 dejected and clearly miserable4 ,his two sons had been given very poor situations1 on very niggardly pay1 by a relative in another city1 who1 having always been odiously cringing to ,mr4 ,brandon when he had money1 seemed to delight now in heaping humiliations upon his sons4 ,so great a crime it was in his eyes to be better bred1 better educated1 and more kindly cared for than were his own rude1 blustering1 ignorant boys4 ,if only ,fred and ,joe had been taught whence come adversity and prosperity1 doubtless these humiliations would have been crowns of glory for them2 but theirs had been only a vague1 dreamy sort of faith1 which they never suspected had any application to their real life4 ,i dare say they were very idle1 useless1 self-conceited and aggravating boys2 but ,i can't help feeling sorry for them in their troubles4 ,miss ,brandon1 ,dick was told1 had not recovered her strength since the accident1 and however well she might have been1 with all her accomplishments1 could not have done more than she was now doing3 giving music-lessons to a few persons residing near her new home4 ,but all hope of seeing ,mr4 ,irving faded the first thing the next day2 for ,dick's questions brought the unwelcome information that he had left home in ,october for two years' travel in ,europe1 and ,dick1 of course1 could not presume to write to him4 ---------- ,porter's ,human ,intellect4 ,footnote #bgb ,footnote #bgb3 ,the ,human ,intellect2 with an ,introduction upon ,psychology and the ,soul4 ,by ,noah ,porter1 ,d4,d41 ,clark ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy and ,metaphysics in ,yale ,college4 ,new-,york3 ,scribner ,co4 #ahfh4 #hvo1 pp4 #fgc4 ,this formidable volume is1 unless we except ,professor ,hickok's work on ,rational ,psychology1 the most considerable attempt that has been made among us to construct a philosophy of the human understanding4 ,professor ,porter is able1 patient1 industrious1 and learned4 ,he knows the literature of his subject1 and has no little facility and fairness in seizing and setting forth the commanding points in the views and theories of others2 but1 while he shows great familiarity with metaphysical and psychological questions1 and some justness and delicacy as an analyzer of facts1 he seems to us to lack the true philosophical instinct1 and that synthetic grasp of thought which seizes facts in their principles and genetic relations1 and reduces them to a dialectic whole1 without which one cannot be a philosopher4 #fgb ,the professor's book is a hard1 book for us to read1 and still harder for us to understand4 ,its mechanical aspect1 with three or four different sizes of type on the same page1 is repulsive to us1 and prejudices us against it4 ,it is not absolutely dull1 but it is rather heavy1 and it requires resolution to read it4 ,it has nothing attractive or enlivening1 and it deals so much with particulars and details that it is difficult for the reader to carry what he reads along in his memory4 ,even when we have in our minds what the author actually says1 it is not easy to understand it1 or determine which of several possible meanings he adopts4 ,not that his language1 though seldom exact or precise1 and disfigured occasionally by needless barbarisms1 and a terminology which we hope is not yet in good usage1 is not clear enough for any one accustomed to philosophical studies1 nor is it that his sentences are involved and hard to be construed1 or that his statements1 taken as isolated statements1 are not intelligible2 but it is hard to determine their meaning and value from his point of view1 and in relation to his system as a whole4 ,his book is composed of particulars1 of minute and not seldom commonplace observations1 without any perceptible scientific reduction to the principle which generates1 co-ordinates1 and explains them4 ,it is but fair to the professor to say1 in the outset1 that his book belongs to a class of books which we seldom read and heartily detest4 ,it is not a work of philosophy1 or an attempt even to give us a science of things in their principles and causes1 their progress and destiny1 but merely a ,wissenschaftslehre1 or science of knowing4 ,its problem is not what is or what exists2 but what is knowing1 how do ,i know1 and how do ,i know that ,i know8 ,with all deference to the ,fichteans1 we venture to assert that there is and can be no science of knowing separate from the science of things1 distinct from and independent of the subject knowing4 ,we know1 says all that1 we know that we know1 says4 ,he who knows1 knows that he knows2 and if one were to doubt that knowing is knowing1 we must let him doubt1 for we have only knowing with which to prove that knowing is knowing4 ,we can by no possible anatomical dissection of the eye1 or physiological description of its functions1 explain the secret of external vision4 ,we are told that we see not external objects themselves1 but their pictures painted by the light on the retina1 and it is only by them that we apprehend visible objects4 ,but suppose it so1 it brings us no nearer to the secret of vision4 ,how do we see the picture8 ,how by means of the picture apprehend the external object8 ,yet the man who sees knows he sees1 and all that can be said is1 that to elicit the visual act there must be the visible subject1 the visible object1 and the light which mediates between them and illuminates them both4 ,so is it with intellectual vision4 ,we may ascertain some of the conditions under which we know1 but the knowing itself is to us an inexplicable mystery4 ,no dissection or possible inspection of the soul can explain it1 or throw the least light on it4 ,all that can be said is1 that to the fact of knowledge1 whatever its degree or its region1 there must be the intellective subject1 the intelligible object1 and the intellectual light which places them in mutual relation and illumines alike both subject and object4 ,having said this1 we have said all that can be said4 ,hence works intended to construct the science of science1 or knowledge1 are not only useless1 but worse than useless2 for1 dealing with abstractions which have no existence in nature1 and treating them as if real1 they mislead and perplex the student1 and render obscure and doubtful what without them is clear and certain4 #fgc ,professor ,porter is a psychologist1 and places all the activity in the fact of knowledge on the side of the soul1 even in the intuition of principles1 without which the soul can neither exist1 nor think1 nor feel4 ,his purpose in his ,introduction is to establish the unity and immateriality--spirituality1 he says1 of the soul against the materialists--and to vindicate psychology not only as a science1 but as an inductive science4 ,with regard to the unity and immateriality of the soul1 we hold with the professor1 though they are not provable or demonstrable by his method2 and we recognize great truth and force in his criticisms on materialism1 of which we have to deplore in the scientific world1 and even in popular literature1 the recrudescence4 ,that psychology is1 in a secondary sense1 a science1 we do not deny2 but we do deny that it is either the prima philosophia as the professor asserts1 or an inductive science1 as he endeavors to prove4 ,all the inductive sciences are secondary sciences1 and presuppose a first science1 which is strictly the science of the sciences4 ,induction1 the professor himself maintains1 has need of certain first principles1 or a priori assumptions1 which precede and validate it4 ,how can psychology be the prima philosophia1 or first philosophy1 when it can be constructed only by borrowing its principles from a higher or prior science8 ,or how can it be the first philosophy1 when that would suppose that the principles which the inductive sciences demand to validate the inductive process are contained in and derived from the soul8 ,is the professor prepared to maintain that the soul is the first principle of all the sciences8 ,that would imply that she is the first principle of things1 of reality itself2 for science is of the real1 not of the unreal4 ,but this were pure ,fichteism1 and would put the soul in the place of ,god4 ,the professor would shrink from this4 ,he1 then1 must have made the assertion that psychology is the prima philosophia somewhat hastily1 and without due reflection2 unless indeed he distinguishes between the first principles of science and the first principles of things4 ,the inductive sciences are constructed by induction from the observation and analysis of facts which the soul has the appropriate organs for observing4 ,but psychology is the science of the soul1 its nature1 powers or faculties1 and operations2 and if an inductive science1 it must be constructed by induction from psychical facts observed and analyzed in the soul by the soul herself4 ,the theory is very simple4 ,the soul1 by the external senses1 observes and analyzes the facts of the external world1 and constructs by induction the physical sciences2 by her internal sense1 called consciousness1 she observes and analyzes the world within herself1 and by way of induction from the facts or phenomena she observes1 constructs psychology1 or the science of herself4 ,unhappily for the psychologue1 things do not go so simply4 ,to this theory there are two grave objections3 ,first1 the soul has no internal sense by which she can observe herself1 her acts or states in herself2 and second1 there are no purely psychical facts to be observed4 #fgd ,the professor finds the soul's faculty of observing the facts of the internal world in consciousness1 which he defines to be the power by which the soul knows its own acts and states4 ,but consciousness is not a power or faculty1 but an act of knowing1 and is simply the recognition of the soul by the soul herself as the subject acting4 ,we perceive always1 and all that is before us within the range of our percipient powers2 but we do not always distinguish and note each object perceived1 or recognize the fact that it is we who are the subject perceiving4 ,the fact of consciousness is precisely in the simple perception being so intensified and prolonged that the soul not only apprehends the object1 but recognizes itself as the subject apprehending it4 ,it is not1 as the professor maintains at great length in ,part ,i41 a presentative power2 for it is always a reflex act1 and demands something of memory4 ,but the recognition by the soul in her acts as the subject acting is something very different from the soul observing and analyzing in herself her own powers and faculties4 ,the soul never knows herself in herself2 she only recognizes herself under the relation of subject in her acts4 ,recognizing herself only as subject1 she can never cognize herself as object1 and stand1 as it were1 face to face with herself4 ,she is never her own object in the act of knowing2 for she is all on the side of the subject4 ,she cannot be on one side subject1 and on the other object4 ,only ,god can be his own object2 and his contemplating of himself as object1 theologians show us1 is the ,eternal ,generation of the ,son1 or the ,word4 ,man1 ,st4 ,thomas tells us1 is not intelligible in himself2 for he is not intelligens in himself4 ,if the soul could know herself in herself1 she could be her own object2 if her own object1 she would suffice for herself2 then she would be real1 necessary1 self-existent1 independent being2 that is to say1 the soul would be ,god4 ,we deny not that the soul can know herself as manifested in her acts1 but that she can know herself in herself1 and be the object of her own thought4 ,i can not look into my own eyes1 yet ,i can see my face as reflected in the glass4 ,so the soul knows herself1 and her powers and faculties2 but only as reflected from1 or mirrored in1 the objects in conjunction with which she acts4 ,hence the powers and faculties are not learned by any observation of the soul herself1 but from the object4 ,the soul is a unit1 and acts always as a unit2 but1 though acting always in her unity1 she can act in different directions1 and in relation to different objects1 and it is in this fact that originates the distinction of powers and faculties4 ,the distinction is not in the soul herself1 for she is a unit1 but in the object1 and hence the schoolmen teach us that it is the object that determines the faculty4 ,it is not the soul in herself that we must study in order to ascertain the faculties1 but the soul in her operations1 or the objects in relation with which she acts4 ,we know the soul has the power to know1 by knowing1 to will1 by willing1 to feel1 by feeling4 ,while1 then1 the soul has power to know herself so far as mirrored by the objects1 she has no power to observe and analyze herself in herself1 and therefore no power of direct observation and analysis of the facts from which psychology1 as an inductive science1 must be constructed4 ,but there are no such facts as is assumed to be observed and analyzed4 ,the author speaks of objects which are purely psychical1 which have no existence out of the soul herself2 but there are and can be no facts1 or acts1 produced by the soul's own energy alone4 ,the soul1 for the best of all possible reasons1 never acts alone1 for she does not exist alone4 #fge ,thought1 says ,cousin1 is a fact that is composed of three simultaneous and indissoluble elements1 the subject1 the object1 and the form4 ,the subject is always the soul1 le ,moi1 the object is something not the soul1 le non-,moi1 and the form is always the relation of the two4 ,the object is inseparable from the subject as an element of the thought1 but it exists distinct from and independent of the soul1 and when it is not thought as well as when it is2 otherwise it could not be object1 since the soul is all on the side of the subject4 ,the soul acts only in conjunction with the object1 because she is not sufficient for herself1 and therefore cannot suffice for her own activity4 ,the object1 if passive1 is as if it were not1 and can afford no aid to the fact of thought4 ,it must1 therefore1 be active1 and then the thought will be the joint product of the two activities4 ,it is a grave mistake1 then1 to suppose that the activity in thought is all on the side of the soul4 ,the soul cannot think without the concurrent activity of that which is not the soul4 ,there is no product possible in any order without two factors placed in relation with each other4 ,god1 from the plenitude of his being1 contains both factors in his own essence2 but in creatures they are distinct from and independent of each other4 ,we do not forget the intellectus agens of ,st4 ,thomas1 but it is not quite certain what he meant by it4 ,the holy doctor does not assert it as a faculty of the soul1 and represent its activity as purely psychical4 ,or if it be insisted that he does1 he at least nowhere asserts1 implies1 or intimates that it is active without the concurrence of the object3 for he even goes so far as to maintain that the lower acts only as put in motion by the higher1 and the terrestrial by the celestial4 ,hence the praemotio physica of the ,thomists1 and the necessity in conversion of praevenient grace--gratia praeveniens4 ,but even granting that there is the class of facts alleged1 and that we have the power to observe and analyze them1 as1 in the language of ,cousin1 they pass over the field of consciousness1 we cannot by induction attain to their principle and causes2 for induction itself1 without the first principles of all science1 not supplied by it1 can give us only a classification1 generalization1 an hypothesis1 or an abstract theory1 void of all reality4 ,the universal cannot be concluded1 by way of induction1 from particulars1 any more than particulars can be concluded1 by way of deduction1 from the universal4 ,till validated in the prima philosophia1 or referred to the first principles1 without which the soul can neither act nor exist1 the classifications and generalizations attained to by induction are only facts1 only particulars1 from which no general conclusion can be drawn4 ,science is knowledge indeed2 but the term is generally used in ,english to express the reduction of facts and particulars to their principles and causes4 ,but in all the secondary sciences the principles and causes are themselves only facts1 till carried up to the first principles and causes of all the real and all the knowable4 ,not without reason1 then1 has theology been called the queen of the sciences1 nor without warrant that men1 who do not hold that all change is progress1 maintain that the displacement1 in modern times1 of this queen from her throne has had a deleterious effect on science1 and tended to dissipate and enfeeble the human mind itself4 #fgf ,we have no philosophers nowadays of the nerve of ,plato and ,aristotle1 the great ,christian fathers1 or the mediaeval doctors1 none of whom ever dreamed of separating theology and philosophy4 ,even the men of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had a grasp of thought1 a robust vigor of mind1 and a philosophic insight into the truth of things and their higher relations that you look in vain for in the philosophers of the eighteenth century and of our own4 ,but this by the way4 ,when things are at the worst1 they sometimes mend4 ,psychology1 not psychologism1 is a science1 though not an inductive science1 nor a science that can be attained to by the study of the soul and her phenomena in the bosom of consciousness4 ,the psychologists--those1 we mean1 who adopt the psychological method1 a method seldom adopted before the famous cogito1 ergo sum of ,descartes--seem incapable of comprehending that only the real is cognizable1 and that abstractions are not real but unreal2 and therefore that the first principles of science must be real1 not abstract1 and the first principles of things4 ,thus ,professor ,porter appears to see no real connection between them4 ,true1 he says1 7p4 #fd17 ,knowledge and being are correlatives4 ,there must be being in order that there may be knowledge4 ,there can be no knowledge which is not the knowledge of being4 ,subjectively viewed1 to know implies certainty2 objectively1 it requires reality4 ,an act of knowing in which there is no certainty in the agent1 and no reality in the object1 is impossible in conception and in fact4 ,this would seem to assert that only being can be known1 or that whatever is known is real being1 which is going too far and falling into ontologism4 ,only being is intelligible per se2 but existences which are from being and participate of being1 though not intelligible in or by themselves1 since they do not exist in and by themselves1 may yet be really known by the light of being which creates them4 ,we know by being1 as well as being itself4 ,but be not alarmed4 ,the professor's being1 the only object of knowledge1 his reality without which there is no cognizable object1 is nothing very formidable2 for he tells us1 in smaller type1 on the same page1 that we must distinguish different kinds of objects and different kinds of reality4 ,they may be formed by the mind1 and exist only for the mind that forms them1 or they may exist in fact and space for all minds1 and yet in each case they are equally objects4 ,their reality may be mental and internal1 or material and external1 but in each case it is equally a reality4 ,the thought that darts into the fancy and is gone as soon1 the illusion that crosses the brain of the lunatic1 the vision that frightens the ghost-seer1 the spectrum which the camera paints on the screen1 the reddened landscape seen through a colored lens1 the yellow objects which the jaundiced eye cannot avoid beholding1 each as really exists as does the matter of the solid earth1 or the eternal forces of the cosmical system4 ,the eternal forces of the cosmical system can be only ,god1 who only is eternal4 ,so the illusions of fancy1 the hallucinations of the lunatic1 and the eternal1 self-existent1 necessary being whom we call ,god1 and who names himself ,i ,,am ,,that ,,am1 ,,sum ,,qui ,,sum1 are alike being1 and equally real6 ,the learned author tells us elsewhere that we call by the name being beings of very different kinds and sorts1 owing to the poverty of our language1 which supplies but one name for them4 ,he will permit us to say that we suspect the poverty is not in the language4 #fgg ,we have in the language two words which serve us to mark the precise difference between that which is in1 from1 and by itself alone1 and that which exists in1 from1 and by being4 ,the first is being1 the other is existence4 ,being is properly applied only to ,god1 who is1 not ,supreme ,being1 as is often said1 but the one only being1 the only one that can say1 ,i ,,am ,,that ,,am1 or ,,qui ,,est2 and it shows how strictly language represents the real order that in no tongue can we make an assertion without the verb ,,to ,,be1 that is1 only by being1 that is1 again1 only by ,god himself4 ,existence explains itself4 ,existences are not being1 but1 as the ex implies1 are from being1 that is1 from him in whom is their being1 as ,saint ,paul says1 ,for in him we live1 and move1 and are1 vivimus1 et movemur1 et sumus4 ,reality includes being and all that is from and by being1 or simply being and existences4 ,nothing else is real or conceivable2 for1 apart from ,god and what he creates1 or besides ,god and his creatures1 there is nothing1 and nothing is nothing1 and nothing is not intelligible or cognizable4 ,dr4 ,porter understands by reality or being only what is an object of knowledge1 or of the mind in knowing1 though it may have no existence out of the mind1 or1 as say the schoolmen1 a parte rei4 ,hence1 though the soul is certain that the object exists relatively to her act of knowing1 she is not certain that it is something existing in nature4 ,how1 then1 prove that there is anything to correspond to the mental object1 idea1 or conception8 ,in his ,second ,part1 which treats of the representative power1 he tells us that the objects represented and cognized in the representation are purely psychical1 and exist only in the soul and for the soul alone4 ,these1 then1 do not exist in nature2 they are1 in the ordinary use of the term1 unreal1 illusory1 and chimerical1 as the author himself confesses4 ,if the object of knowledge can be in any instance unreal1 chimerical1 illusory1 or with no existence except in and for the soul itself1 why may it not be so in every instance1 and all our knowledge be an illusion8 ,how prove that in any fact of knowledge there is cognition of an object that exists distinct from and independent of the subject8 ,here is the pons asinorum of exclusive psychologists4 ,there is no crossing the bridge from the subjective to the objective1 for there is no bridge there1 and subject and object must both be given simultaneously in one and the same act1 or neither is given4 ,dr4 ,porter1 indeed1 gives the subjective and what he calls the objective1 together1 in one and the same thought2 but he leaves the way open for the question1 whether the object does or does not exist distinct from and independent of the subject4 ,this is the difficulty one has with ,locke's ,essay on the ,understanding4 ,locke makes ideas the immediate object of the cognitive act2 for he defines them to be that with which the mind is immediately conversant4 ,if the soul can elicit the cognitive act with these ideas1 which it is not pretended are things1 how prove that there is any real world beyond them8 ,it has never been done1 and never can be done2 for we have only the soul1 for whose activity the idea or concept suffices1 with which to do it1 and hence the importance to psychologists of the question1 ,how do we know that we know8 and which they can answer only by a paralogism1 or assuming the reality of knowledge with which to prove knowledge real4 ,for the philosopher there is no such question1 and nothing detracts so much from the philosophical genius of the illustrious ,balmes as his assertion that all philosophy turns on the question of certainty4 #fgh ,the philosopher1 holding that to know is to know1 has1 after knowing1 or having thought the object1 no question of certainty to ask or to answer4 ,the certainty that the object exists in nature is in the fact that the soul thinks it4 ,the object is always a force or activity distinct from and independent of the subject1 and since it is an activity it must be either real being or real existence4 ,the error of the author1 as of all psychologers1 is not in assuming that the soul cannot think without the concurrence of the object1 or that the object is not really object in relation to the soul's cognitive power1 but in supposing that the soul can find the object in that which has no real existence4 ,he assumes that abstractions or mental conceptions1 which have no real existence aside from the concrete or reality from which the mind forms them1 may be real objects of the soul in the fact of knowledge4 ,but no abstractions or conceptions exist a parte rei4 ,there are white things and round things1 but no such existence as whiteness or roundness4 ,these and other abstractions are formed by the mind operating on the concretes1 and taking them under one aspect1 or generalizing a quality they have in common with all concretes of their class1 and paying no heed to anything else in the concrete object4 ,but these abstractions or general conceptions are cognizable and apprehended by the mind only in the apprehension of their concretes1 white or round things4 ,they are1 as abstracted from white things or round things1 no more objects of thought or of thought-knowledge than of sensible perception4 ,we speak of abstractions which are simply nullities1 not of genera and species1 or universals proper1 which are not abstractions but real2 yet even these do not exist apart from the individual4 ,they and their individuals subsist always together in a synthetic relation1 and though distinguishable are never separable4 ,the species is not a mere name1 a mere mental conception or generalization2 it is real1 but exists and is known only as individualized4 ,the unreal is unintelligible1 and1 like all negation1 is intelligible only in the reality denied4 ,the soul1 then1 can think or know only the real1 only real being1 or real existences by the light of real being4 ,if the soul can know only the real1 she can know things only in their real order1 and consequently the order of the real and of the knowable is the same1 and the principles of the real are the principles of science4 ,the soul is an intelligent existence1 and the principles1 causes1 and conditions of her existence are the principles1 causes1 and conditions of her intelligence1 and therefore of her actual knowledge4 ,we have1 then1 only to ascertain the principles of the real to determine the principles of science4 ,the principles of the real are given us in the first verse of ,genesis3 ,in the beginning ,god created heaven and earth1 and in the first article of the ,creed1 ,i believe in one ,god1 maker of heaven and earth1 and all things visible and invisible4 ,or1 as stated in strictly scientific terms1 as affirmed in intuition1 ,being creates existences4 ,the real and necessary being given in the scientific formula or intuition is indeed ,god2 but this is not intuitively known1 and can be known only discursively or by contemplation and reflection4 ,we must not1 then1 in stating the first principles of the real1 and of knowledge as given in intuition1 use the term ,god1 but being4 ,we know by intuition being1 but do not by intuition know that being is ,god4 ,hence the mistake of those who say we have intuition of ,god1 or know by intuition that ,god is4 #fgi ,we have intuition of that which is ,god1 but not that what is given is ,god4 ,ontology is a most essential part of philosophy2 but exclusive ontologists are as much sophists as are exclusive psychologists4 ,the first principles of reality are being1 existence1 and the creative act of being1 whence the ideal formula or judgment1 ,being creates existences4 ,this is the primum in the real order4 ,all that is real and not necessary and self-sufficing being must be from being2 for without real uncreated being there can be nothing1 and existences are something only in so far as they participate of being4 ,things can exist from being1 or hold from it1 only by virtue of its creative act1 which produces them by its own energy from nothing1 and sustains them as existent4 ,there is only the creative act by which existences can proceed from being4 ,emanation1 generation1 evolution1 which have been asserted as the mode of procession of existences1 give nothing really or substantially distinguishable from being4 ,existences1 then1 can really proceed from being only by the creative act1 and1 indeed1 only by the free creative act of being2 for necessary creation is no creation at all1 and can be only a development or evolution of being itself4 ,in theological language1 then1 ,god and creation include all the real2 what is not ,god is creature or existence1 and what is not creature or existence is ,god4 ,there is no reality which is neither ,god nor creature1 no tertium quid between being and existence1 or between existence and nothing4 ,the primum of the real is1 then1 the ideal formula or divine judgment1 ,ens creat existentias1 for it affirms in their principle and their real relation all that is and all that exists4 ,this formula is a proper judgment1 for it has all the terms and relations of a judgment1 subject1 predicate1 and copula4 ,being is the subject1 existences is the predicate1 and the creative act the copula1 which at once unites the predicate to the subject and distinguishes it from it4 ,it is divine1 because it is a priori1 the primum of the real2 and as only the real is intelligible or knowable1 it must precede as its principle1 type1 and condition1 every judgment that can be formed by an existence or creature1 and therefore can be only the judgment of ,god affirming his own being and creating the universe and all things1 visible and invisible1 therein4 ,now1 as the soul can only know the real1 this divine judgment must be not only the primum of the real1 but of the knowable2 and since the soul can know only as she exists1 in the real relations in which she stands1 and knows only by the aid of the object on which she depends for her existence and activity1 it follows that this judgment is the primum scientificum1 or the principle of all real or possible science4 ,is it asked1 ,how is this known or proved1 if not by psychological observation and analysis8 ,the answer is1 by the analysis of thought1 which discloses the divine judgment as its idea1 or necessary and apodictic element4 ,this is not psychologism nor the adoption of the psychological method4 ,psychologism starts from the assumption that thought1 as to the activity that produces it1 whatever may or may not be its object1 is purely psychical1 and that the ontological1 if obtainable at all1 is so by an induction from psychological facts4 ,the first assumption is disproved by the fact just shown1 that thought is not produced or producible by the psychical activity alone1 but by the joint action of the two factors subject and object1 in which both are affirmed4 #fhj ,the other assumption is disposed of by the fact that what is found in the analysis of thought is not particular facts or phenomena from which the first principles are concluded by way of induction1 which could give us only a generalization or abstraction1 but the first principles themselves intuitively given4 ,philosophers generally assert that certain conditions precedent1 or certain ideas a priori1 are necessary to every fact of experience or actual cognition4 ,kant1 in his masterly ,critik der reinen ,vernunft1 calls them sometimes cognitions1 sometimes synthetic judgments1 a priori1 but fails to identify them with the divine judgment1 and holds them to be necessary forms of the subject4 ,cousin asserts them and calls them necessary and absolute ideas1 but fails to identify them with the real1 and even denies that they can be so identified4 ,reid recognized them1 and called them the first principles of human belief1 sometimes the principles of common sense1 after ,father ,bouffier1 which all our actual knowledge presupposes and must take for granted4 ,professor ,porter also recognizes them1 holds them to be intuitively given1 calls them certain necessary assumptions1 first truths or principles without which no science is possible1 but fails to identify them with the divine judgment1 and seems to regard them as abstract principles or ideas1 as if abstractions could subsist without their concretes1 or principles ever be abstract4 ,we deny that they are abstract ideas1 necessary assumptions1 or necessary forms of the understanding or cognitive faculty1 and hold them to be the principles of things1 alike of the real and the knowable1 without which no fact exists and no act of knowledge is possible4 ,they cannot be created by the mind1 nor formed by the mind operating on the concrete objects of existence1 nor in any manner obtained by our own mental activity2 for without them there is no mind1 no mental activity1 no experience4 ,dr4 ,porter1 after ,reid1 ,kant1 ,cousin1 and others1 has clearly seen this1 and conclusively proved it--no philosopher more conclusively--and it is one of the merits of his book4 ,he therefore justly calls them intuitions1 or principles intuitively given2 yet either we do not understand him1 or he regards them as abstract truths or abstract principles4 ,but truths and principles are never abstract1 and only the concrete or real can be intuitively given4 ,those intuitions1 then1 must be either real being or contingent existences2 not the latter1 for they all bear the marks of necessity and universality2 then they must be the real and necessary being1 and therefore the principles of things1 and not simply principles of science4 ,dr4 ,porter makes them real principles in relation to the mental act2 but we do not find that he identifies them with the principles of the real4 ,he doubtless holds that they represent independent truths1 and truths which are the principles of things2 but that he holds them1 as present to the mind1 to be the principles themselves1 we do not find4 ,dr4 ,porter's error in his ,part ,,iv41 in which he discusses and defines intuitions1 and which must be interpreted by the foregoing parts of his work1 appears to us to be precisely in his taking principle to mean the starting-point of the soul in the fact of knowledge1 and distinguishing it from the principle of the real order4 ,he distinguishes between the object in mente and the object in re1 and holds that the former is by no means identical with the latter4 ,he thus supposes a difference between the scientific order and the real1 and therefore that the principle of the one is not necessarily the principle of the other4 #fha ,this is to leave the question still open1 whether there is any real order to respond to the scientific order1 and to cast a doubt on the objective validity of all our knowledge4 ,the divine judgment1 or ideal formula1 we have shown1 is alike the primum raale and the primum scientificum1 and therefore asserts that the principles of the two orders are identical1 and that the scientific must follow the real1 for only the real is knowable4 ,hence science is and must be objectively certain4 ,the intuitive affirmation of the formula1 being creates existences1 creates1 places the soul1 and constitutes her intelligent existence4 ,the author rightly says every thought is a judgment4 ,there is no judgment without the copula1 and the only real copula is the copula of the divine judgment or intuition1 that is1 the creative act of being4 ,being creating the soul is the principle of her existence2 and as we have shown that she can act only as she exists1 the principle of her existence is the principle of her acts1 and therefore of her knowing1 or the fact of knowledge4 ,there is1 then1 no thought or judgment without the creative act for its copula4 ,the two orders1 then1 are united and made identical in principle by the creative act of being4 ,the creative act unites the acts of the soul1 as the soul itself1 to being4 ,the difficulty some minds feel in accepting this conclusion grows out of a misapprehension of the creative act1 which they look upon as a past instead of a present act4 ,the author holds that what is past has ceased to exist1 and that the objects we recall in memory are created a second time4 ,he evidently misapprehends the real character of space and time4 ,these are not existences1 entities1 as say the scholastics1 but simple relations1 with no existence1 no reality1 apart from the relata1 or the related4 ,things do not exist in space and time2 for space and time simply mark their relation to one another of coexistence and succession4 ,past and future are relations that subsist in or among creatures1 and have their origin in the fact that creatures as second causes and in relation to their own acts are progressive4 ,on the side of ,god1 there is no past1 no future2 for his act has no progression1 and is never in potentia ad actum4 ,it is a complete act1 and in it all creatures are completed1 consummated1 in their beginning1 and hence the past and the future are as really existent as what we call the present4 ,the ,creator is not a causa transiens1 that creates the effect and leaves it standing alone1 but a causa manens1 ever present in the effect and creating it4 ,creation is not in space and time1 but originates the relations so-called4 ,the creative act1 therefore1 can never be a past or a future act1 an act that has produced or that will produce the effect1 but an act that produces it always here and now4 ,the act of conservation1 as theologians teach1 is identically the act of creation4 ,god preserves or upholds us in existence by creating us at each instant of our lives4 ,the universe1 with all it contains1 is a present creation4 ,in relation to our acts as our acts or our progressiveness toward our final cause or last end1 the universe was created and will remain as long as the ,creator wills2 but in relation to ,god it is created here and now1 and as newly created at this moment as when the sons of the morning sang together over its production1 by the divine energy alone1 from nothing2 and the song ceases not2 they are now singing it4 #fhb ,there is nothing but this present creative act that stands between existences and nothing4 ,the continuity of our existence is in the fact that ,god creates and does not cease to create us4 ,we have only to eliminate from our minds the conceptions that transport the relations of space and time to the ,creator1 or represent them as relations between ,creator and creature1 where the only relation is that of cause and effect1 and to regard the creative act as having no relations of space and time1 to be able to understand how the divine judgment1 intuitively affirmed1 is at once the principle of the real and of the scientific1 and the creative act1 the copula of being and existence1 is the copula of every judgment or thought1 as is proved by the fact already noted1 that in no language can an assertion be made without the verb to be1 that is1 without ,god4 ,dr4 ,porter1 engaged in constructing not the science of things1 but a science of knowing--a ,wissenschaftslehre--has apparently been content with the intuitions as principles or laws of science1 without seeking to identify them with the real4 ,he is a doctor of divinity1 and cannot intend to deny1 with ,sir ,william ,hamilton and the ,positivists1 that ontology can be any part of human science4 ,the ,positivists1 with whom1 in this respect1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 who has finished the ,scottish school1 fully agrees1 assert that the whole field of science is restricted to positive facts and the induction of their laws1 and that their principles and causes1 the ontological truths1 if such there be1 belong to the unknowable1 thus reducing1 with ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 science to nescience4 ,but though ,dr4 ,porter probably holds that there is an ontological reality1 and knows perfectly well that it cannot be concluded from psychical phenomena1 either by way of induction or of deduction1 he yet seems unable or unwilling to say that the mind has in intuition direct and immediate apprehension of it4 ,the first and necessary truths1 or the necessary assumptions1 as he calls them1 which the mind is compelled to make in knowing particulars1 such as what is1 is1 the same thing cannot both be and not be at the same time1 whatever begins to exist must have a cause1 etc41 are1 in his doctrine1 abstract ideas1 which1 though they may represent a reality beyond themselves--and he tries to prove that they do--are yet not that reality itself4 ,these ideas he states1 indeed1 in an abstract form1 in which they are not real2 but they are all identified in the ideal formula1 or divine judgment1 which is not an abstract but a real1 concrete judgment4 ,he holds them to be intuitions1 indeed2 but intuition1 in his view1 simply stands opposed to discursion1 and he makes it an act of the soul immediately affirming the object1 not the act of the object immediately affirming itself by its own creative act4 ,till being1 in its creative act1 affirms itself1 the soul does not exist2 and the intuitive act is that which creates it1 and creates it intelligent4 ,the intuition cannot1 then1 be the act of the soul1 unless you suppose the soul can act without existing1 or know without intelligence4 ,if we make intuition the act of the soul1 and suppose the necessary truths intuitively given are abstractions or representative ideas1 how can we know that there is any reality represented by them8 ,the old question again3 ,how pass from the subjective to the objective8--from the scientific to the real8 #fhc ,the doctrine of representative ideas comes from the scholastics1 and most probably from the misapprehension of their philosophy4 ,plato maintained that we know by similitude1 which similitude he called idea4 ,no doubt1 ,plato often means by idea something else2 but this is one of the senses in which he uses the term4 ,this idea1 with the peripatetics1 becomes in sensibles the phantasm1 in intelligibles the intelligible species4 ,the intelligible species was assumed as something mediating between the soul and the intelligible object4 ,but though they asserted it as a medium1 they never made it the object cognized4 ,in their language1 it was the objectum quo1 not the objectum quod2 and ,st4 ,thomas teaches expressly that the mind does not terminate in the species1 but attains the intelligible object itself4 ,in this magazine for ,may1 #ahfg1 in an article entitled ,an ,old ,quarrel1 we showed that what the scholastics probably had in mind when they spoke of the intelligible species1 is adequately expressed by what we1 after the analogy of external vision1 call the light1 which illuminates at once the subject and object1 and renders the one cognitive and the other cognizable4 ,this light is not furnished by the mind1 but by being itself light1 and the source of all light1 present in every fact of knowledge in the creative act4 ,the ,scottish school has made away with the phantasms1 and proved that1 in what our author calls sense-perception1 we perceive not a phantasm1 but the real external object itself2 but in the intelligible or supersensible world1 this direct apprehension of the object ,dr4 ,porter appears not to admit4 ,he consciously or unconsciously interposes a mundus logicus between the mind and the mundus physicus4 ,the categories are with him abstract relations1 and logic is a mere formal science4 ,this is evident from ,part ,,iii41 in which he treats of what he calls thought-knowledge4 ,but the categories are not abstract forms of thought1 but real relations of things2 logic is founded in the principle and constitution of things1 not simply in the constitution and laws of the human mind4 ,its type and origin are in being itself1 in the ,most ,holy ,trinity4 ,the creative act is the copula of every strictly logical judgment4 ,the ,creator is logic1 the ,greek text1 or1 as ,plato would say1 logic in itself1 and therefore all the works of ,god are strictly logical1 and form1 mediante his creative act1 a dialectic whole with himself4 ,whatever does not conform to the truth and order of things is illogical1 a sophism2 and every sophism sins against the essence of ,god1 as well as against the constitution of the human mind4 ,psychologism is a huge sophism2 for it assumes that the soul is being1 and can exist and act independently when it is only a created1 dependent existence2 that it is ,god1 when it is only man4 ,satan was the first psychologist we read of4 ,ontologism is also a sophism of very much the same sort4 ,psychologism asserts that man is ,god2 ontologism asserts that ,god is man4 ,this is all the difference between them1 and they terminate at the same point4 ,existences cannot be logically deduced from being1 because being1 sufficing for itself1 cannot be constrained to create either by extrinsic or by intrinsic necessity4 ,existences are not necessarily involved in the very conception of being1 but are contingent1 and dependent on the free-will of the ,creator4 ,god cannot be concluded by induction from psychological facts2 for the universal cannot be concluded from the particular1 nor the necessary from the contingent4 #fhd ,both the ontological primum and the psychological must be given intuitively and in their real synthesis1 or no science of either is possible4 ,the mind must take its starting-point and principle of science from neither separately1 but from the real synthesis of the two1 as in the ideal formula4 ,the attempt to construct an exclusively ontological or an exclusively psychological science is as absurd and as sophistical as the attempt to express a judgment without the copula1 or to construct a syllogism without the middle term4 ,the real copula of the judgment1 the real medius terminus that unites the two extremes of the syllogism1 is the creative act of being4 ,all ,gentile philosophy failed1 because it failed to recognize the creative act4 ,outside of ,judaism1 the tradition of creation was lost in the ancient world4 ,in vain will you seek a recognition of it in ,plato or ,aristotle1 or in any of the old ,gentile philosophers4 ,in its place you find only emanation1 generation1 or formation4 ,the error of the ,gentiles reappears in our modern philosophers1 who--since ,descartes detached philosophy from theology1 of which it is simply the rational element--are endeavoring to construct science and the sciences without the creative act1 and if they escape pantheism or atheism1 it is by the strength of their faith in revelation1 not by the force of their logic4 ,dr4 ,porter really attempts to construct the philosophy of the human intellect1 unconsciously certainly1 on purely atheistic or nihilistic principles2 that is1 without any principles at all4 ,he1 of course1 believes in ,god1 believes that ,god made the world2 but most likely he believes he made it as the watch-maker makes a watch1 so that when wound up and started it will go of itself--till it runs down4 ,this is a very wide-spread error1 and an error that originates with so-called philosophers1 not with the people4 ,hence we find scientific men in large numbers who look upon the world ,god has made as a huge machine2 and now that it is made1 as independent of him1 capable of going ahead on its own hook1 and even able to bind him by its laws1 and deprive him of his freedom of action1 as if it were or could be anything but what he at each moment makes it4 ,he ought1 as a doctor of divinity1 to understand that there can be no science without the efficacious presence of ,god1 who created the soul1 and none without his presence creating it now1 and by his light rendering it intelligent4 ,to construct science without ,god in his creative act as the principle1 is to begin in sophism and end in nihilism4 ,we need hardly say that1 in asserting the divine judgment or ideal formula as the principle of all science1 and as the necessary and apodictic element of every fact of knowledge1 we do not pretend that the mind is able in the first moment of intellectual life to say to itself1 or to others1 ,god creates existences4 ,this is the real formula which expresses in principle the entire real order1 but it is the formula to which the principles given in intuition are reduced by reflection4 ,there are a large number of minds1 and among them our illustrious ,yale ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy and ,metaphysics1 who do not recognize the identity of being with ,god1 or are aware that the intuition is of that which is ,god4 ,a still larger number do not distinguish the so-called necessary ideas from the contingent objects of experience cognizable only by them1 and very few1 even among professors of philosophy1 ever identify these ideas--the necessary1 the universal1 the eternal1 and the immutable--with real being1 or reflect that they cannot subsist as abstractions1 and that the universal1 the eternal1 the immutable1 the necessary1 of which we have intuition in all our mental acts1 is and must be real1 necessary1 universal1 eternal1 and immutable being1 that is to say1 ,god himself4 #fhe ,few reflect far enough to perceive that in intuition the object is real being2 and the number of men who distinctly recognize all the terms of the formula in their real relation is a very small minority1 and every day growing smaller4 ,but the intuition is not1 as ,dr4 ,porter supposes1 of ideas which lie latent or dormant in the mind till occasion wakes them up and calls them into action2 but they are the first principles1 or rather the principles from which the mind proceeds in all its intellectual acts4 ,they are intuitively affirmed to the mind in the creative act1 and are ever present and operative2 but we become aware of them1 distinguish them1 and what they imply or connote1 only by reflection1 by contemplating them as they are held up before the mind1 or sensibly represented to it1 in language4 ,though the formula is really the primum philosophicum1 we attain to it1 or are masters of what is really presented in intuition1 and are able to say1 being is ,god1 and ,god creates existences1 only at the end of philosophy1 or as its last and highest achievement4 ,the principles are given in the very constitution of the mind1 and are present to it from its birth1 or1 if you will1 from the first instant of its conception2 but they are by no means what ,descartes and others have called innate ideas4 ,descartes never understood by idea the intelligible object itself1 but a certain mental representation of it4 ,the idea was held to be rather the image of the thing than the thing itself4 ,it was a tertium quid somewhere between real and unreal1 and was regarded as the medium through which the mind attained to the object4 ,in this sense we recognize no ideas4 ,in the fact of knowledge1 what we know is the object itself1 not its mental representation4 ,we take idea or the ideal in the objective sense1 and understand by it the immediate and the necessary1 permanent1 immutable object of intuition1 and it is identical with what we have called the primum philosophicum1 or divine judgment1 which precedes the mind's own activity4 ,hence we call that judgment the ideal formula4 ,with this view of idea or the ideal1 analogous1 at least1 to one of the senses of ,plato1 from whom we have the word1 it is evident that the ,cartesian doctrine of innate ideas1 which was afterward changed to that of innate faculties1 cannot find in us an advocate4 ,the formula is ideal and apodictic1 but it is not the entire object of the cognitive act4 ,it is that which precedes and renders possible experience1 or what ,kant calls synthetic judgments a posteriori4 ,we have said the soul can know only as she exists1 and that whatever object she depends on for her existence must she depend on for her acts1 and it enters into all her thoughts or facts of knowledge4 ,the soul depends for existence on ,god1 on humanity and nature4 ,in the formula1 we have only the ideal principle of man and nature1 and therefore the ideal formula1 while it furnishes the principle and light which render knowledge possible1 does not supersede experience1 or actual knowledge acquired by the exercise of the soul and her faculties4 ,here the soul proceeds by analysis and synthesis1 by observation and induction1 or deduction1 according to the nature of the subject4 ,we do not quarrel with the inductive sciences1 nor question their utility2 we only maintain that they are not sciences till carried up to the principles of all real science presented to the mind in intuition4 ,induction is proper in constructing the physical sciences1 though frequently improperly applied2 but it is inapplicable1 as my ,lord ,bacon held1 in the construction of philosophy2 for in that we must start from the ideal formula1 and study things in their principles and in their real synthesis4 #fhf ,we have got through only the author's ,introduction1 yet that has brought up nearly all the salient points of his entire volume4 ,here we might stop1 and assuredly should stop1 if we had no higher object in view than to criticise its author1 or simply to refute his psychological method4 ,we believe one of the first steps toward arresting the atheistical or pantheistical tendency of the age1 and of bringing the mind back to truth and the logic of things1 is to set forth and vindicate sound philosophy1 the philosophy which in substance has always been preserved in the ,christian church4 ,to use up an author or to denounce a false system is a small affair4 ,the only solid refutation of error is in presenting the truth it impugns4 ,as there are several questions of importance raised by the author on which we have hardly touched1 we propose to return to the book and consider them at our earliest convenience4 ---------- ,the ,catholic ,view ,of ,public ,education ,in ,the ,united ,states4 ,we republish the following article from ,the ,american ,educational ,monthly1 with the permission of the editor1 on account of the importance of the subject1 the intrinsic value of the article1 and to aid in giving it a wide circulation4 ,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #fhg ,it would be wholly superfluous to address an argument to any portion of the ,american people upon the absolute necessity of popular education4 ,upon that point there is no diversity of opinion4 ,the fundamental principles of our social system rest upon it as a corner-stone2 such as1 that government derives all of its authority1 under ,god1 from the consent of the governed2 the people possess the sovereignty2 public officers are only public servants2 the multitude rules by representation2 ,congress1 the ,president1 and the ,courts are the people--without the people they have no existence2 constitutions and laws are but the well-ordered expression of the public will1 at all times revocable1 in an orderly manner1 and binding upon each citizen as the will of all1 unless the popular decree be against the law of ,god1 when1 of course1 it bind's no man's conscience4 ,hereditary rights1 class privileges1 ancient social divisions1 and distributions of power have all disappeared1 or rather1 have never existed here4 ,even in ,colonial times1 the ,crown was almost a myth1 and cast but a shadowy reflection into the deep waters of the ,hudson and the ,mississippi1 as they rolled on to the sea from the illimitable forests where the moccasined hunter was then as free as the ,red ,indian had been for unrecorded centuries4 ,the ,revolution of '#gf changed the government1 but really left the cardinal points of our ,american civilization very much as it found them4 ,in fact1 our political education is traceable back to the days of ,alfred and ,edward the ,confessor2 for the ,norman king gave us no concession in ,magna ,charta which was unknown to ,saxon liberty4 ,in our ,republic we have only drawn out these principles to their extreme conclusions4 ,we have gone back to the original hypothesis1 that society is an association of equal rights for mutual protection2 and that power1 under ,god1 belongs to the whole body of corporators--that is1 the multitude4 ,from this postulate we are obliged to pass immediately to the axiom that there can be no fit administration of power without knowledge4 ,knowledge may be acquired in several ways4 ,the most direct and impressive is experience4 ,alcuin was master of books2 but ,charlemagne was master of men4 ,the great emperor could not read1 but he possessed the wisdom to govern4 ,who shall say that he was not educated in the highest sense of that vague term8 ,and yet1 it is very clear that knowledge gained only by the slow accretions of experience will not answer the wants and rapid movements of such a republic as ours in the age of steam and electricity4 ,each generation must be trained from the cradle1 and made to possess1 enlarge1 and transmit to its successor all the accumulated knowledge of its predecessor4 ,as no atom of matter perishes1 but is for ever recombining and reproducing2 so every true idea and sound moral sentiment must be made the inheritance of society1 and never cease to exert its power for good among men4 ,not that moral truth can ever change2 for it is now precisely what it has been from all eternity2 nor is it better understood by the divine to-day1 than it was by ,moses when he came down from the mountain2 but the multitude may be made more fully to comprehend and reverence it4 ,christianity1 although specially revealed and miraculously propagated1 did not suddenly conquer and civilize barbarous peoples4 ,it has been eighteen hundred years struggling with the powers of darkness and the corruption of the human heart2 and yet1 alas6 how very1 very far removed are not even the most polished nations from the severe standard of ,christian perfection6 ,see the tyrannies1 the oppressions1 the cruelties1 the wars1 the pride1 the luxury1 the folly and deceit which fill the fairest parts of the earth with mourning1 and drag mankind down into the slough of sin and sorrow6 ,to be sure1 there is a certain stereotyped class of saints and philosophers who cry aloud1 ,compare our enlightened era with the rude times of the crusaders2 or place the nineteenth alongside of the ninth century2 and let the celestial light of our civilization shine down into the abysses of monkish superstition6 ,we shall1 nevertheless1 refuse to close our eyes to those stupendous sins which have supplanted the violent crimes of our ancestors4 ,we shall see how their robber-sword has been put aside for our forger's pen2 how their wild foray has given place to our gigantic stock speculation or bank swindle1 which sweeps widows and orphans1 by the ten thousand1 into utter poverty and despair2 how their fierce lust has been civilized into the decorous forms of the divorce courts2 #fhh how their bold grasping of power has been changed into the arts of the whining demagogue2 how their undisguised plunder of the public treasure in times of civil commotion has been superseded by the adroit peculation and covert bribery of our times of peace2 how their courageous1 rude anger has vanished before the safer and more efficacious process of concealed hatred1 nestling1 like the scorpion1 among the roses of adulation4 ,we certainly shall be obliged to remember these things1 to the great reproach of our times1 and in serious dread of the future2 and we shall feel anxious to go to work to find the cause and the remedy4 ,we are all agreed that education1 that is1 knowledge and moral training1 cannot be dispensed with for an hour--that no nation can be governed safely1 much less govern itself at all1 without a clear head and a sound heart--that1 if governed as a dumb brute1 it will kick against the pricks1 fly in the face of its hard master1 and dash out its foolish brains against the stone wall6 ,it will sing the ,marseillaise and cover its garments with the blood of kings and aristocrats2 until1 having spent its fury1 it will return to its crust and shout ,vive l',empereur6 ,should it attempt to govern itself1 it will become the prey of the infamous men who are the spawn of its own passions4 ,without knowledge1 the nation is either a silent sepulchre1 where all hopes are buried1 or a raging sea1 where they are quickly wrecked4 ,knowledge1 then1 it must have4 ,but what knowledge8 ,shall we say1 knowledge of the arts8 ,ask ,phidias and ,praxiteles if the arts saved ,greece6 ,shall we say1 polite literature8 ,ah6 let the mournful chorus of ,sophocles1 ,a,eschylus and ,euripides give utterance to the sad cries of those old pagan hearts for a higher virtue than the sublimest tragedy could teach them6 ,shall it be the eloquence of the orator or the wisdom of the legislator8 ,we shall hear in the ,philippics how vainly the master of orators appealed to a degenerate race1 and we shall read in the closing annals of ,athens and ,sparta how utterly the wisdom of ,solon and ,lycurgus had failed to save polished and warlike states from the penalty which ,god has affixed to the crimes of nations4 ,shall we take refuge in human philosophy8 ,socrates and the divine ,plato had cast off the degrading superstitions of paganism1 and had proclaimed to their intellectual countrymen the eternity and unity of ,god1 and the immortality of the soul of man4 ,they had most earnestly enjoined upon them the sanctity of all the natural virtues--temperance1 industry1 patience1 courage1 honesty1 benevolence1 patriotism1 continence1 filial duty1 conjugal fidelity2 but what did their philosophy avail8 ,why did it not save the ,grecian states8 ,they went down into the night upon which no sun ever again shone6 ,their ,roman conquerors seized upon the rich treasures of their knowledge4 ,the ,senate listened with rapture to the wisdom of the old ,hellenic sages translated by ,cicero into the noble ,latin tongue4 ,virgil and ,livy sought to inspire the ,roman heart with grand ideas borrowed from the ,greek masters4 ,what did it all avail8 ,the ,roman republic had practised the natural virtues as fully as unregenerated man is capable of doing by the power of vigorous and cultivated reason4 ,what did it avail8 ,they1 too1 went down into the tomb of dead nations2 and a few broken columns remain to mark the seat of their world-wide empire6 #fhi ,it is very manifest1 then1 that intellectual culture1 even when carried to the highest development of which men are capable1 can never subdue their passions1 nor enable them to uphold the civilization to which they may have attained in the freshness of their national life4 ,if this were not so1 then we could not clearly perceive the necessity of the ,christian revelation4 ,if man was self-sustaining1 he would not require the arm of ,god to lean upon4 ,the apothegm of the ,greek sage1 ,know thyself1 was a dead letter4 ,it was precisely to teach a man how to know himself that our ,saviour came4 ,and this is the whole knowledge6 ,no poetry1 oratory1 history1 philosophy1 arts1 or sciences could teach that1 else the world would have learned it four thousand years ago1 and the primitive races would not have perished4 ,even under the ,christian dispensation1 and in very modern times1 men and nations have failed to know themselves1 because they turned their backs on ,christ and placed their hopes in human science and natural virtue4 ,and so we have seen an enlightened nation in our day deify humanity1 refuse to adore ,god1 and prostrate itself before a harlot1 as the high-priestess in the apotheosis of ,reason6 ,we have seen an antichristian conspiracy1 formed of the most learned1 eloquent1 witty1 and fascinating men of modern ,europe1 exerting the highest arts of genius to repaganize the world4 ,we have seen science1 rudely torn from religion1 waging an insane war against the peace of society4 ,that terrific phase of blasphemous infidelity has passed from our immediate view2 but has it left nothing more dangerous behind8 ,we think it has4 ,the mass of mankind shrank with horror from the defiant blasphemy of ,voltaire2 and they recoiled with alarm from the ruin caused by his teachings4 ,we love liberty2 but we dread license1 anarchy1 chaos4 ,man is1 also1 naturally religious4 ,long after he had forgotten the traditions of the patriarchs and had lost ,god in the night of heathen idolatry1 he still clung to ,the instinct of old reverence6 and his wretched soul yearned after its ,creator4 ,the false worship of ,greece and ,rome was the inarticulate cry of a lost people for that true worship which was promised to the ,gentile at the appointed time4 ,false and hideous as it was1 who will not say that it was far preferable to atheism8 ,it was only when the ,epicurean philosophy had destroyed the faith of those people1 that they cast off all moral restraint1 and were swept away in the torrent of their vices4 ,man is naturally religious2 and therefore the world will not long patiently tolerate the presence of blatant infidelity4 ,the danger is not there4 ,he who goes about like a roaring lion1 seeking whom he may devour1 knows very well that mankind is more easily seduced under the forms of virtue than by gross sin4 ,his incarnate agents on earth know this too4 ,hence we find all the world covered over with gossamer nets of seduction6 ,the press teems with books and journals1 not confessedly infidel1 yet working in the interests of infidelity2 fanning the passions and exciting the morbid sensibilities of youth2 teaching religious indifference under the pleasing garb of liberality2 holding up the discipline of the church as hostile to personal freedom2 depicting the doctrines and ceremonies of the ,christian religion as trammels upon mental activity and intellectual progress2 arraying the laity against their pastors2 insisting that to be a humane man1 an honest and industrious worker1 a faithful friend1 a good husband and father1 a patriotic citizen1 is to be all and to do all that the highest ,christian morality can require or the welfare of the human race demand2 asserting that the specific dogmas of the ,christian faith1 with perhaps one or two exceptions1 are not essential1 and may be rejected without concern2 receiving with indifference and polite complacency either the divinity or the humanity of ,christ2 and accepting him as a ,god-,saviour1 a man-prophet1 or a harmless1 self-deluded impostor1 as your fancy may please to dictate2 in a word1 deifying man1 and making this world1 with its wealth1 its pleasures1 its pride and pomp1 its power and magnificence1 its civilization and nationalities1 the sole object of his anxiety and love4 #fij ,such1 we say1 is the growing evil of this nineteenth century1 which is so scornful of the dark ages2 an evil infinitely more subtile and destructive than the rage or gibes of ,voltaire4 ,this poison has gone through the chilled blood of renegade old men1 destroying the religious vitality which had sustained their faith from the baptismal font to the very edge of the grave2 how must it not1 therefore1 affect the hot veins of inexperienced youth1 whose generous impulses are their greatest peril6 ,see how1 in those ,european revolutions gotten up by avowed enemies of religion1 the students of the universities flock to the standards of infidelity1 with the seductive cry of ,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity6 ,they enlist1 with enthusiasm1 under what they believe to be the consecrated banner of inalienable human rights--their young1 sympathetic hearts are justly moved by the sufferings of the toiling millions caused by unequal laws--their sense of justice and human brotherhood is outraged at the sight of domineering classes who monopolize the blessings of government--they see very clearly all the existing wrongs1 but they do not see the practicable and wise remedies2 and when they hear prudent voices counselling patience1 and reminding them that the evil works of centuries1 like old forest trees1 have deep roots1 and cannot be rudely torn out of the bosom of society without endangering its life1 they cry out in their enthusiasm1 ,these are the voices of the enemies of the people1 the voices of priests and aristocrats1 away with them to the guillotine6 ,only too late do they experience the retribution which ,god invariably visits upon those who presumptuously seek to drive the chariot of his ,providence6 ,not one word of what we have said is inapplicable to our own land4 ,we live1 move1 and have our whole being in the midst of these same perils4 ,steam1 electricity1 commerce1 and emigration have made us a part of the great ,european family4 ,every throb of their heart is felt in our own bosom4 ,we are of their blood and civilization4 ,we have their laws and their religion4 ,we are nurtured by their science and literature4 ,from us they have received more thorough ideas of democratic freedom1 but from them we have derived all else that constitutes the intellectual life of man4 ,it would be the height of folly in us to despise the lessons of their experience4 ,our children should be carefully instructed in all of it4 ,they have a difficult task to perform in perpetuating our institutions as they were shaped by the fathers of the ,republic4 ,they must be well trained in the knowledge necessary for that purpose4 ,from what has already been said it will be at once understood that we do not mean human science alone1 nor principally4 ,the beginning of wisdom is the fear of the ,lord4 #fia ,this brings us to the consideration of the immediate subject of this article2 which can now1 we think1 be briefly stated2 inasmuch as the foundation has been properly laid1 if our views are correct as to the principles which we have presented4 ,enlightened rulers all over ,europe have been profoundly impressed with the lessons of this and the last century4 ,it was once believed by monarchs that to enlighten their subjects would be to imperil their thrones4 ,it is now very clearly seen that the divinity which doth hedge a king has long ceased to be an oracle to the people4 ,the ,french emperor erects his dynasty upon popular suffrage4 ,hereditary right has come down from its ancient pedestal to accept from the people the confirmation of its authority4 ,it is now too evident for further doubt that no ruler can rule modern nations by any appeal to the mausoleum of his ancestors4 ,the garish light of the sun has penetrated every royal tomb1 and has altogether annihilated the mystery which once filled the hearts of nations with awe and unquestioning obedience4 ,public opinion now rules the ruler4 ,kings and their ministers have now to elect between intelligent and virtuous opinion on the one hand1 or revolutionary passions on the other4 ,the wisest of them1 therefore1 are hastening to educate the people2 and they are striving above all things to make such education distinctly ,christian1 and not simply moral2 for they well remember the fate of all nations who have staked their salvation upon the sufficiency of the natural virtues4 ,while kings are doing this to preserve the shadow of their royalty from the aggressive spirit of the age1 we1 in this chosen land1 are doing or aiming to do the same thing1 in order that we may rear successive generations of virtuous and enlightened heirs to the rich inheritance of our constitutional democratic freedom4 ,ours should be much the easier task2 as we labor for no dynasty1 but strive only to make a nation capable of self-preservation4 ,we are no less in earnest than the kings2 and we may surely examine their work and see what is good in it4 ,the kings tried the pagan idea of intellectual culture adorned with the glittering generalities of moral philosophy2 and they added to it the maxims of the ,christian gospel1 whenever that could be done without getting entangled in the conflicting creeds of the numerous sects4 ,the school was like ,plato's lecture-room1 only that the sacred voice of the evangelist was heard occasionally in such passages as do not distinctly set forth faith and doctrine1 about which the scholars could differ4 ,sectarianism1 as it is called1 had to be excluded1 of course1 in a mixed system of popular education1 wherein freedom of conscience was conceded to be a sacred right and proselytism was disavowed4 ,the result was twofold3 first1 tens of thousands of children were deprived of distinct religious instruction and doctrinal knowledge2 and secondly1 in countries where the ,roman ,catholic population was large1 though in a minority1 other tens of thousands were left without secular education1 because their parents would not permit them to be brought up in habits of indifferentism1 which means practical infidelity1 or trained in knowledge hostile to their religious faith4 ,prussia1 though she is the very embodiment and representative of ,protestant ,europe1 soon came to the conclusion that this would not do--that education must be ,christian--that it must be doctrinal and conducive to religious practices--that1 as all could not or would not believe alike1 each should have full opportunity to be reared in his own faith1 to learn its doctrines and to fulfil its duties and discipline--and1 therefore1 that enlightened government established the denominational system1 giving to each creed practical equality before the law1 a separate school organization1 7wherever numbers made it practicable17 and a ratable share of the public school-fund2 reserving to the government only a general supervision1 so as to secure a faithful application of the public money1 and to enforce a proper compliance with the educational standard4 ,the public schools are organized so that every citizen shall obtain the complete education of his child1 in the faith and practice of his own church4 ,all difficulties have disappeared1 and perfect harmony prevails4 #fib ,in ,france1 by the last census1 the population was thirty-seven millions1 divided about as follows3 #dhj1jjj ,calvinists1 #bfg1jjj ,lutherans1 #cj1jjj of other ,protestant sects1 and #gc1jjj ,jews2 the remaining thirty-six millions being either practically or nominally ,catholic4 ,although the dissenters from the national faith are less than one million1 that government has provided for them1 at the public expense1 separate primary schools1 where each sect is at full liberty to teach its own doctrines4 ,there are likewise three seminaries for the higher education of ,lutherans and ,calvinists4 ,austria also supports schools1 colleges1 and universities for a ,protestant minority4 ,the ,british ,government has likewise adopted the same principle of public education for the ,catholics and the ,protestant dissenters of ,england2 while1 with her traditional and malignant hatred of the ,irish people1 she still denies them the justice which she extends to all of her other subjects1 at home or in the colonies1 even to the ,hindoos and ,mohammedans of her ,indian empire6 ,and thus the most powerful and enlightened nations have decided that ,christian civilization cannot be maintained upon pagan ideas2 and that the safety of every commonwealth depends upon the ,christian education of the people4 ,they have also clearly seen that doctrines1 discipline1 morals1 and the religious atmosphere must be kept united1 and made to penetrate and surround the school at all times2 and that1 however greatly the ,christian denominations may differ from each other1 or even err in their belief1 it is far better for society that their youth should be instructed in some form of ,christian doctrine1 than be left to perish in the dreary and soul-destroying wastes of deism4 ,experience has proved to them that moral teaching1 with biblical illustrations1 as the piety of ,joseph1 the heroism of ,judith1 the penitence of ,david1 will not suffice to establish the ,christian faith in young hearts1 or to quiet the doubts of inquiring minds4 ,the subtle ,gibbon1 mocking the cross of ,christ1 will confront the testimony of the martyrs with the heroes of pagan history4 ,voltaire did the same for the ,french youth of the last century1 to their destruction4 ,no4 ,the experience of wise governments is this3 that morals must be based upon faith1 and faith made efficient in deeds of practical virtue2 for faith worketh by charity4 ,and another experience is this1 which is best given in the very words of the eminent ,protestant statesman and historian1 ,m4 ,guizot3 ,in order to make popular education truly good and socially useful1 it must be fundamentally religions4 ,i do not simply mean by this1 that religious instruction should hold its place in popular education and that the practices of religion should enter into it2 for a nation is not religiously educated by such petty and mechanical devices2 it is necessary that national education should be given and received in the midst of a religious atmosphere1 and that religions impressions and religious observances should penetrate into all its parts4 ,religion is not a study or an exercise to be restricted to a certain place and a certain hour2 it is a faith and a law1 which ought to be felt everywhere1 and which after this manner alone can exercise all its beneficial influence upon our minds and our lives4 #fic ,the meaning of which is1 that not a moment of the hours of school should be left without the religious influence4 ,it is the constant inhalation of the air which preserves our physical vitality4 ,it is the religious atmosphere which supports the young soul4 ,religion cannot be made a study or an exercise to be restricted to a certain place and a certain hour4 ,it will not do to devote six days in the week to science1 and to depend upon the ,sunday-school for the religious training of the child4 ,m4 ,guizot is right4 ,the enlightened governments of ,europe have accepted his wisdom and reduced it to practice in their great national school-systems4 ,now1 the ,catholics of the ,united ,states have said no more than that2 have asked no more than that2 and yet1 a wild cry of anger has been raised against them at times1 as though they were the avowed enemies of all popular education4 ,they pay their full quota of the public taxes which create the school-fund1 and yet they possess1 to-day1 in proportion to their wealth and numbers1 more parochial schools1 seminaries1 academies1 colleges1 and universities1 established and sustained exclusively by their own private resources1 than any other denomination of ,christians in this country6 ,certainly this is no evidence of hostility to education6 ,and why have they made these wonderful efforts1 these unprecedented sacrifices8 ,it is because they believe in the truth uttered by ,m4 ,guizot4 ,it is because they believe in the truth established by all history4 ,it is because they believe in the truth accepted and acted upon by enlightened men and governments of this age4 ,it is because they know that revealed religion is to human science what eternity is to time4 ,it is because they know that the salvation of souls is more precious to ,christ than the knowledge of all the astronomers4 ,it is because they know that the welfare of nations is impossible without ,god4 ,and yet1 they fully understand how religion has called science to her side as an honored handmaid2 how learning1 chastened by humility1 conduces to ,christian advancement2 how the knowledge of good and evil 7the fruit of the forbidden tree7 may yet be made to honor ,god1 when the sanctified soul rejects the evil and embraces the good4 ,therefore the ,catholic people desire denominational education1 as it is called4 ,that is the general view of the question2 but there is a particular view1 not to be overlooked1 and which we will now briefly consider4 ,the most marked distinction between pagan and ,christian society is to be found in the relations which the state bears to the family4 ,scarcely was the ,lacedaemonian boy released from his mother's apron-string1 when the state seized him with an iron hand4 ,the state was thenceforth his father and his mother4 ,the sanctities and duties of the family were annihilated4 ,body and soul1 he belonged to the ,moloch of ,power4 ,private conscience was no more than a piece of coin in circulation2 it was a part of the public property4 ,christ restored the family as it existed in ,adam and ,eve4 ,christian civilization denies that the state can destroy the family4 #fid ,the family is primary2 the father the head2 the mother the helpmate2 the children in subjection1 and for whom the parents shall give an account to the ,father in heaven4 ,the ,christian state has no authority1 by divine or human appointment1 to invade this trust4 ,it has1 therefore1 no mission either to coerce conscience or to dictate the education of it4 ,it is the duty of the state in every way to facilitate1 but it cannot arbitrarily control the mental and moral training of the people's children4 ,that right and that responsibility are domestical1 and belong to the parent4 ,now1 the ,catholic parent is aware that there are between his creed and all others the widest and most irreconcilable differences1 and that it is impossible to open the ,new ,testament1 at almost any page1 without forthwith encountering the prime difficulty4 ,to read the ,bible1 without note or comment1 to young children1 is to abandon them to dangerous speculation1 or to leave them dry and barren of all ,christian knowledge4 ,in mixed schools there is no other recourse2 because it is impossible to make any comment upon any doctrinal teaching of ,christ and his apostles1 without trenching upon the conscientious opinions of some one or other of the listeners4 ,the ,father and ,i are one2 ,the ,father is greater than ,i2 here at once we have the ,unitarian and the ,trinitarian at a dead-lock6 ,this is my body2 ,it is the spirit which quickeneth1 the flesh profiteth nothing2 here we have the primitive ,lutheran1 who believed in the real presence1 7consubstantially17 and his ,calvinistic coadjutor in reform squarely at issue6 ,unless you be born again of water and the ,holy ,ghost1 etc42 here we have the ,baptist and the ,quaker very seriously divided in opinion4 ,nevertheless1 widely as they differ the one from the other1 there is a fundamental assimilation between all the ,protestant sects1 which may render it possible for them to unite in one educational organization2 and yet1 we find many of the most enlightened and earnest among the ,protestant clergy of ,america now zealously advocating the denominational system1 such as we find in the ,european countries above referred to4 ,they believe that education should be distinctly based upon doctrinal religion2 and they are liberal enough to insist1 that1 by natural right1 as well as by the constitutional guarantees of our free country1 no doctrine adverse to the faith of a parent may lawfully be forced or surreptitiously imposed upon his child4 ,it is well known1 however1 that1 between the ,catholic faith and all ,protestant creeds1 there is a gulf which cannot be bridged over4 ,it would1 therefore1 be simply impossible to adopt any religious teaching whatever in mixed schools without at once interfering with ,catholic conscience4 ,no such teaching is attempted1 as a general rule1 we believe1 in the public schools of the ,united ,states2 and hence we have only a vague announcement of moral precepts1 the utter futility and barrenness of which we have already alluded to4 ,catholics1 agreeing with very many enlightened and zealous ,protestants1 believe that secular education administered in that way is not only vain1 but eminently pernicious2 that it is fast undermining the ,christian faith of this nation2 that it is rapidly filling the land with rationalism2 that it is destroying the authority of the ,holy ,scriptures2 that it is educating men who prefix ,reverend and affix ,d4,d4 to their names1 the more effectually to preach covert infidelity to ,christian congregations2 that1 instead of the saving morality of the gospel of ,christ1 which rests upon revealed mysteries and supernatural gifts1 it is offering us that same old array of the natural virtues or qualities which pierced1 like broken reeds1 the sides of all heathen nations4 #fie ,and more than this1 ,catholics know by painful experience1 that history cannot be compiled1 travels written1 poetry1 oratory1 or romance inflicted upon a credulous public1 without the stereotyped assaults upon the doctrines1 discipline1 and historical life of their church4 ,from ,walter ,scott to ,peter ,parley1 and from ,hume1 ,gibbon1 and ,macaulay1 to the mechanical compilers of cheap school-literature1 it is the same story1 told a thousand times oftener than it is refuted2 so that the ,english language1 for the last two centuries1 may be said1 without exaggeration1 to have waged war against the ,catholic ,church4 ,indeed1 so far as ,european history is considered1 the difficulty must always be insurmountable2 since it would always be impossible for the ,catholic and ,protestant to accept the same history of the ,reformation or of the ,papal ,see1 or the political1 social1 and moral events resulting from or in any degree connected with those two great centres and controlling causes4 ,who could write a political history of ,christendom for the last three hundred years and omit all mention of ,luther and the ,pope8 ,and how is any school compendium of such history to be devised for the use of the ,catholic and ,protestant child alike8 ,and if history be philosophy teaching by example1 shall we expel it from our educational plan altogether8 ,or shall we oblige the ,protestant child to study the ,catholic version of history1 and vice-versa8 ,certainly1 it is quite as just and politic to oblige the one as the other6 ,shall the majority control this8 ,who gave majority any such power or right8 ,with us1 the majority controls the state2 and we have seen that the state becomes a usurper when it attempts this6 ,we are quite sure that1 if the ,catholics were the majority2 in the ,united ,states1 and were to attempt such an injustice1 our ,protestant brethren would cry out against it1 and appeal to the wise and liberal examples of ,prussia and ,england1 ,france and ,austria6 ,now1 is it not always as unwise1 as it is unjust1 to make a minority taste the bitterness of oppression8 ,men governed by the law of divine charity will bear it meekly1 and seek to return good for evil2 but all men are not docile2 and majorities change sides rapidly and often in this fleeting world6 ,is it not wiser and more politic1 even in mere regard to social interests1 that all institutions1 intended for the welfare of the people1 should be firmly based upon exact and equal justice8 ,this would place them under the protection of fixed habit1 which in a nation is as strong as nature2 and it would save them from the mutations of society4 ,the strong of one generation may be the weak of the next2 and we see this occurring with political parties within the brief spaces of presidential terms4 ,hence we wisely inculcate moderation and justice in political majorities1 under the law of retribution4 ,profoundly impressed with these views1 and impelled by this commanding sense of duty1 our ,catholic people have created a vast network of schools over the country1 at a price which the world knows little of--the sacrifice which the poor man makes1 who curtails the wheaten loaf that he may give to his child the spiritual bread6 ,ah6 how many humble cottages and dreary tenement-houses could testify to that6 #fif ,there are six millions of them here now2 and still they come1 from the deserted hearths beyond the seas4 ,they are upright1 industrious1 and love the new land like the old6 ,in war1 they shoulder the musket2 in peace1 they are found filling every avenue of labor and enterprise4 ,they contribute millions to the public revenue1 and hundreds of millions to the productive industry of the country4 ,their own welfare and the highest interests of the country demand that their children and their children's children should be well instructed in secular learning1 and thoroughly grounded in moral and religious knowledge4 ,as we have shown1 they cannot avail themselves of the public school system1 as now organized1 though they contribute largely to its support by their taxes4 ,they do not desire to interfere with that system1 as it seems at present to meet the wants1 or at least the views1 of their ,protestant fellow-citizens2 and they are1 therefore1 not opposed to the common schools in the sense in which they have been represented to be4 ,they simply ask that they may be allowed to participate in the only way open to them1 that is1 by the apportionment to them of a ratable part of the fund1 in aid of their existing schools1 and of such others as their numbers1 in any given locality1 may properly enable them to establish1 subject to the limited supervision of the state1 as we have before explained4 ,we need go no further than ,canada to witness this system operating harmoniously and to the best advantage4 ,the argument generally used against it is1 that this would destroy the unity and efficiency of the whole4 ,why is it not so in ,prussia1 ,austria1 ,france1 ,england1 and the ,british ,colonies8 ,besides1 the ,catholic populations in this country are very much aggregated1 as in ,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 ,milwaukee1 and in the large agricultural settlements throughout the ,north-,western ,states4 ,certainly1 in such localities there could be no difficulty4 ,it is contemplated by the school law that all these are to be educated4 ,then1 why can they not be permitted to organize separate schools1 as in the countries referred to8 ,such organization would be an integral part of the whole system2 and the cost would be precisely the same4 ,in fact1 we learn from the ,reports of ,assistant ,superintendents ,jones and ,calkins1 made to ,hon4 ,s4 ,s4 ,randall1 the ,city ,superintendent1 and also from his ,report made to the ,hon4 ,board of ,education1 in ,december1 #ahff1 that the school room provided in the city of ,new ,york 7especially in the primary department7 is altogether inadequate2 and yet we know that tens of thousands of ,catholic children could easily be cared for1 if the means were afforded those who1 even now1 with the scantiest resources1 are erecting parochial schools all over the city4 ,it would be impossible in a brief article to enter into details4 ,our purpose has been rather to set this question before a liberal public in its great leading aspects1 as we are quite willing to trust to the wisdom and experience of our legislators to devise the proper plan and specifications4 ,they will be at no loss for precedents4 ,the statute-books of half a dozen countries may be consulted profitably4 ,all we ask is1 that this momentous question may be candidly considered and justly and generously disposed of4 ,we hope that the day has gone by when such a question as this shall be met with passionate declamation or the obsolete cry of no popery4 #fig ,disraeli has failed to stem the tide of popular reform in ,england by reviving the insane clamor of ,lord ,george ,gordon4 ,the world has outgrown such narrow bigotry4 ,vital questions1 affecting the conscience and the rights of multitudes of men1 and deeply involving the welfare of nations1 must henceforth be settled by calm and just decisions4 ,christendom will tolerate nothing else now4 ,and surely1 this free and wise ,republic will not be the last to put into practice those principles of equality before the law1 justice1 and generous confidence in human nature1 which it published to all the down-trodden nationalities of the earth1 almost a century ago1 over the signatures of ,hancock1 ,livingston1 and ,carroll of ,carrollton4 ---------- ,the ,eclipse ,of ,the ,sun ,of ,august #ah1 #ahfh4 ,a ,report ,addressed ,by ,m4 ,janssen ,to ,the ,marshal ,of ,france1 ,president ,of ,the ,bureau ,of ,longitudes4 ,calcutta1 ,november #c1 #ahfh4 ,m4 ,le ,marchal ,et ,ministre3 ,i have the honor of addressing to you1 as ,president of the ,bureau of ,longitudes1 my report on the eclipse of the #ahth of last ,august1 and upon some subsequent observations1 which led me to the discovery of a method of observing the solar protuberances when the sun is not eclipsed4 ,i will beg you to have the kindness to communicate this to the ,bureau4 ,i have the honor to be1 etc4 etc41 ,janssen4 ,mr4 ,president3 ,i had the privilege of writing to you on the #aith of ,september last1 to give you a brief account of my expedition4 ,i am now able to furnish you with a more complete report of my observations during the great eclipse of the #ahth of ,august4 ,the steamer of the ,messageries ,imperiales1 in which ,i left ,france1 landed me1 on the #afth of ,july1 at ,madras1 where ,i was received by the ,english authorities with great courtesy4 ,lord ,napier1 the governor of the province1 gave me passage to ,masulipatam upon a government boat4 ,mr4 ,grahame1 an assistant collector1 was sent with me to remove any difficulties which ,i might meet with in the interior4 ,on arriving1 ,i had to select my station4 ,a chart of the eclipse shows that the central line1 after crossing the ,bay of ,bengal1 enters the peninsula of ,india at ,masulipatam1 and crossing the great plains formed by the delta of the ,kistna1 passes into a hilly country1 containing several chains of mountains1 on the frontier of the independent state of ,nizzam4 ,after receiving and considering much information on the subject1 ,i determined to choose the city of ,guntoor1 situated on this central line1 half-way between the mountains and the sea4 ,i thus avoided the sea-fogs1 very frequent at ,masulipatam1 as well as the clouds which often hang about lofty peaks4 #fih ,guntoor is quite an important place1 being the centre of a large cotton trade4 ,this cotton comes mostly from ,nizzam1 and is shipped to ,europe from the ports of ,cocanada and ,masulipatam4 ,several ,french merchants1 with their families1 live at ,guntoor2 they are descended1 generally speaking1 from those ancient and numerous families which in former times were the glory of our beautiful ,indian colonies4 ,my observatory was at the residence of ,m4 ,jules ,lefaucheur1 who was so kind as to place at my disposal all the first story of his house1 which is in the highest and best part of the city4 ,the rooms of this first story communicated with a large terrace1 upon which ,i erected a temporary structure suitable for the observations intended4 ,the instruments were several achromatic lenses of six inches aperture1 and a ,foucault telescope of twenty-one centimetres4 ,the former were all mounted upon one stand4 ,the general movement was given by a mechanism constructed by ,messrs4 ,brunner ,bros41 which enabled one to follow the sun by a simple rotation4 ,the apparatus was furnished with finders of two and two and three quarter inches aperture1 which were themselves good astronomical glasses4 ,in spectral analysis1 these finders have a peculiar importance2 for by means of them the precise point of the object under examination is known1 to which the slit of the spectroscope in the principal telescope is directed4 ,it is therefore necessary that the cross-wires1 or in general the sights placed in the field of the finder1 should correspond with great exactness with the slit of the spectral apparatus1 and ,i had1 of course1 taken great care to secure this essential point4 ,special micrometers were also provided1 to measure rapidly the height and angle of position of the protuberances4 ,as for the spectroscopes1 ,i had chosen them of different magnifying powers1 so as to answer to the different requirements of the various phenomena4 ,finally1 the apparatus carried1 at the eye-piece end1 screens of black cloth1 forming a dark chamber1 in order to preserve the sensibility of the eye4 ,besides these instruments1 intended for the principal observations1 ,i had brought a full set of very delicate thermometers1 made with great skill by ,m4 ,baudin2 also some portable spy-glasses1 hygrometers1 barometers1 etc4 ,thus ,i was able to turn to account the kindness of ,,mm4 ,jules1 ,arthur1 and ,william ,lefaucheur1 who offered their services for the subsidiary work4 ,m4 ,jules1 who is a good draughtsman1 undertook to sketch the eclipse4 ,an excellent telescope1 of three inches aperture1 furnished with cross-wires1 was assigned to his use2 he practised with it the representation of the expected phenomena by means of artificial imitations of eclipses4 ,the thermometric observations were given to ,m4 ,arthur1 who was also directed to ascertain the brilliancy of the protuberances and of the corona at the moment of totality1 by a very simple photometric process4 ,i was assisted in my own operations by ,m4 ,redier1 a young subaltern1 whom the commander of the steamer ,l',imperatrice had supplied to me4 ,the services of ,m4 ,redier1 who has excellent observing qualities1 were very useful to me4 ,the time which remained before the eclipse was employed in preliminary study and practice1 which served to familiarize us with the handling of our instruments1 and suggested to me various improvements in them4 #fii ,the day approached1 but the weather did not promise to be favorable4 ,it had rained for some time all along the coast4 ,these rains were considered as extraordinary and exceptional4 ,fortunately1 they moderated gradually before the #ahth2 and on that day the sun rose unclouded1 and dimmed only by a mist out of which it soon passed2 and at the time when our telescopes showed us that the eclipse began1 it was shining with its full splendor4 ,every one was at his post1 and the observations immediately commenced4 ,during the first phases some thin vapors passed before the sun1 which interfered somewhat with the thermometric measurements2 but1 as the moment of totality approached1 the sky became sufficiently clear4 ,meanwhile the light diminished sensibly1 surrounding objects appearing as if seen by moonlight4 ,the decisive moment was near1 and we waited for it with some anxiety2 this anxiety took nothing from our powers of observation1 it rather stimulated and increased them2 and it was1 besides1 fully justified by the grandeur of the spectacle which nature was preparing for us1 and by the consciousness that the fruits of our thorough preparations and of a long voyage would depend on the use now made of a few minutes4 ,the solar disc was soon reduced to a narrow bright arc1 and we redoubled our attention4 ,the slits of the spectroscopes were kept precisely upon the part of the moon's limb where the last light of the sun would be seen1 so that they would be directed to the lower regions of the solar atmosphere at the moment of contact of the discs4 ,the total obscuration occurred instantaneously1 and the spectral phenomena also changed immediately in a very remarkable manner4 ,two spectra1 formed of five or six very bright lines--red1 yellow1 green1 blue1 and violet--occupied the field in place of the prismatic image of the sun which had just disappeared4 ,these spectra1 about one minute 7of arc7 long1 corresponded line for line1 and were separated by a dark space in which ,i could see no lines4 ,the finder showed that these two spectra were caused by two magnificent protuberances which were now visible on each side of the point of contact4 ,one of them1 that on the left1 was more than three minutes 7or one tenth of the sun's diameter7 in height2 it looked like the flame of a furnace1 rushing violently from the openings of the burning mass within1 and driven by a strong wind4 ,the one to the right presented the appearance of a mass of snowy mountains1 with its base resting on the moon's limb1 and enlightened by a setting sun4 ,these appearances have been carefully drawn by ,m4 ,jules ,lefaucheur4 ,i will therefore only remark before quitting the subject1 which ,i shall have to treat subsequently under a special aspect1 that the preceding observation shows at once3 #ast4 ,the gaseous nature of the protuberances1 7the lines being bright47 #b;d4 ,the general similarity of their chemical composition1 7the spectra corresponding line for line47 #c;d4 ,their chemical species1 7the red and blue lines of their spectrum being no other than the lines ,c and ,f of the solar one1 and belonging1 as is well known1 to hydrogen gas47 ,let us now return to the dark space which separated the spectra of these protuberances4 ,it will be remembered that1 at the moment of the total obscuration1 the slits were tangent to the solar and lunar discs1 and were therefore directed toward the circumsolar regions immediately above the photosphere1 in which regions ,m4 ,kirchhoff's theory places the atmosphere of vapors1 which produces by absorption the dark lines of the solar spectrum4 #gjj ,this atmosphere1 when shining by its own light1 should1 according to the same theory1 give a reversed solar spectrum1 that is to say1 one composed entirely of bright lines4 ,this is what we were expecting and trying to verify1 and it was to make the proof decisive that ,i had used so many precautions4 ,but we have just seen that only the protuberances gave positive or bright-line spectra4 ,now1 it is very certain that1 if an atmosphere formed of the vapors of all the substances which have been found in the sun really existed above the photosphere1 it would have given a spectrum at least as brilliant as that of the protuberances1 which were formed of a gas much less dense and less luminous4 ,it must1 then1 be admitted that1 if this atmosphere exists1 its height is so small that it has escaped notice4 ,i must also add that this result did not much surprise me2 for my investigations on the solar spectrum had led me to doubt the reality of any considerable atmosphere around the sun1 and ,i am more and more inclined to think that the phenomena of elective absorption1 ascribed by the great physicist of ,heidelberg to an atmosphere exterior to the sun1 are clue to the vapors of the photosphere itself1 in which the solid and liquid particles forming the luminous clouds are floating4 ,this view is not merely in harmony with the beautiful theory on the constitution of the photosphere which we owe to ,m4 ,faye1 but even seems to be a necessary deduction from it4 ,in fine1 the eclipse of the #ahth of ,august appears to me to show that the formation of the solar spectrum cannot be explained by the theory heretofore admitted1 and ,i propose a correction to this theory as above indicated4 ,to return to the protuberances4 ,during the total obscuration1 ,i was much impressed by the extreme brilliancy of their spectral lines4 ,the idea immediately occurred to me that they might be seen even when the sun was unobscured2 unfortunately the weather1 which became cloudy after the eclipse1 did not allow me to try the experiment on that day4 ,during the night1 the method and the means presented themselves clearly to my mind4 ,rising the next morning at three1 ,i prepared for these new observations4 ,the sun rose quite clear2 as soon as it had risen from the haze of the horizon1 ,i began to examine it1 placing the slit of the spectroscope1 by means of the finder1 upon the same place where1 the day before1 ,i had seen the protuberances4 ,the slit1 being placed partly on the solar disc and partly outside1 gave1 of course1 two spectra1 that of the sun and that of the protuberances4 ,the brilliancy of the solar spectrum was a great difficulty2 ,i partially avoided it by hiding the yellow1 the green1 and the blue portions1 which were the most brilliant4 ,all my attention was directed to the line ,c1 dark for the sun1 bright for the protuberance1 and which1 coming at a rather faint part of the spectrum1 was seen with comparative ease4 ,i had not examined the right hand or western part of the protuberant region long when ,i suddenly noticed a small bright red line1 forming an exact prolongation of the dark line ,g of the sun4 ,moving the slit so as to sweep methodically the region which ,i was exploring1 this line remained1 but changed its length and its brilliancy in the different parts1 showing a great inequality in the height and brightness of the various parts of the protuberance4 #gja ,this examination was resumed at three different times1 and the bright line always appeared in the same circumstances4 ,m4 ,redier1 who assisted me with much interest in these experiments1 saw it as well as ,i1 and soon we could even predict its appearance by merely knowing what region we were examining4 ,soon after1 ,i ascertained that the line ,f showed itself simultaneously with ,g4 ,in the afternoon1 ,i returned to the region examined in the morning2 the bright lines again showed themselves1 but they indicated great changes in the distribution of the protuberant matter2 the lines broke up sometimes into isolated fragments which would not unite with the principal one1 notwithstanding the shifting of the slit4 ,this suggested the existence of scattered clouds formed during the forenoon4 ,in the region of the great 7or left hand7 protuberance1 ,i found some bright lines1 but their length and arrangement showed that great changes had also occurred here4 ,these first observations already showed that the coincidence of the lines ,g and ,f was real1 and that hydrogen was certainly the most important element in these circumsolar masses4 ,they also established the rapidity of the changes which these bodies undergo1 which cannot be perceived during the short duration of an eclipse4 ,the following days1 ,i availed myself of all the opportunities allowed by the weather to apply and perfect the new method1 at least as far as was permitted by the character of the instruments1 which had not been constructed to suit this new idea4 ,observing very attentively the lines of the protuberances1 ,i have sometimes noticed that they penetrated into the dark lines of the solar spectrum1 showing thus that the protuberance extends over part of the sun's disc4 ,this result was naturally to be expected2 but the interposition of the moon has always made its proof impossible during eclipses4 ,i will also detail here an observation made on the #dth of ,september at a favorable time1 which shows how rapidly the protuberances change their form and position4 ,at #i;h4 #ejm41 the examination of the sun showed a mass of protuberant matter in the lower part of the disc4 ,to determine its shape1 ,i used a method which may be called chronometric1 since time is employed in it as the standard of measure4 ,in this method1 the telescope is placed in a fixed position1 so chosen that by the diurnal movement of the sun all parts of the region to be explored shall come in turn into the field of the spectroscope2 and at determinate times the length and situation of the spectral lines successively produced are noted4 ,the time occupied by the sun's disc in passing before the slit gives the value of a second of time in minutes of arc4 ,this1 combined with the length of the lines estimated in the same unit1 gives the means for a graphic representation of the protuberance4 ,the application of this method to the study of the solar region just mentioned as seen on this occasion1 showed a protuberance extending over about thirty degrees 7or one twelfth7 of the sun's circumference1 ten of which were east of the vertical diameter1 and twenty west4 ,near the extremity of the western part1 a cloud was lying1 distant one and a half minutes1 or one twentieth of the sun's diameter1 from its limb4 ,this cloud1 about two minutes long and one high1 was parallel to the limb4 #gjb ,one hour afterward1 a new drawing showed that the cloud had risen rapidly1 and taken a globular form4 ,but its movements soon became still quicker2 for ten minutes later1 at eleven o'clock1 the globe was enormously extended in a direction perpendicular to the limb and to its previous position4 ,a little mass of matter was also detached from the lower part1 and hung between the sun and the main body of the cloud4 ,thick weather coming on prevented further observations4 ,to resume our remarks4 ,considered in regard to its principle1 the new method is based upon the difference of the spectral properties of the protuberances and of the photosphere4 ,the light of the latter emanates from solid or liquid particles1 which are incandescent1 and is incomparably brighter than that of the former2 so that these have hardly been visible hitherto1 except during eclipses4 ,but the case is quite altered when we use the spectra of these bodies4 ,for the solar light is spread over the whole extent of its spectrum1 and thus much weakened2 while that of the protuberances1 on the contrary1 is condensed into a few lines whose intensity bears some proportion to that of the corresponding solar ones4 ,hence their lines are quite easily seen in the field1 together with those of the sun1 though their ordinary images are entirely effaced by the dazzling light of the photosphere4 ,another very fortunate circumstance for the new method comes to the support of the one just mentioned1 namely1 that the bright lines of the protuberances answer to the dark ones of the solar spectrum4 ,hence they are not only more easily seen in their own proper field1 outside and on the edge of the solar spectrum1 but they can even be followed into the interior of the latter1 and by this means the protuberances can be traced upon the globe of the sun itself4 ,as regards the determination of chemical composition1 the methods followed during total eclipses always carried with them some uncertainty2 since1 in the absence of the sun's light1 graduated scales had to be employed to fix the position of the lines4 ,the new method enables us to compare the two spectra directly4 ,as to the results obtained during the brief period in which this method has been used1 they are as follows3 #ast4 ,that the luminous protuberances observed during total eclipses belong unquestionably to the circumsolar regions4 #b;d4 ,that these bodies are mainly or entirely composed of incandescent hydrogen gas4 #c;d4 ,that they are subject to movements of which no terrestrial phenomenon can give us any idea2 since1 though they are masses of matter having several hundred times the volume of the earth1 they change completely their form and position in the course of a few minutes4 ,such are the principal facts arrived at4 ,i hope1 notwithstanding the state of my eyes--fatigued by protracted experiments upon the subject of light--that ,i shall be able to continue my labors1 and have the honor of submitting the results to the ,bureau4 ,in conclusion1 ,i will add1 that ,i have also had an opportunity to continue my researches on the spectrum of the vapor of water4 ,the climate of ,india1 which is very moist at present1 is quite favorable to these investigations4 ,i am inclined to attribute to this spectrum a continually increasing importance4 ,the whole series of my observations here and at ,paris has made me confident of an elective action upon all the solar rays as far as the extreme violet1 though in the latter such an action is much more difficult to establish with certainty4 ,these experiments will form the subject of a separate communication4 ---------- #gjc ,who ,shall ,take ,care ,of ,the ,poor8 ,first ,article4 ,the duty of caring for the poor1 which ,christ laid upon his church1 has been assumed in modern times by the civil power2 and governments have sought1 by legislative enactments and political machinery1 to fill the place of those ecclesiastical charities which disappeared in the convulsions of the sixteenth century4 ,it is needless to say that their attempts have failed1 and that the problem1 ,who shall take care of the poor8 is still1 in all ,protestant countries1 practically unsolved4 ,we feel1 therefore1 that no apology is necessary for entering upon its discussion here1 and that any light which may be thrown upon the subject by ourselves or others will tend to elucidate one of the most perplexed and difficult social questions of the present age4 ,there are certain fundamental principles which any examination of this subject1 from a ,christian point of view1 must assume1 and in accordance with which all ,christian theories and practice concerning it must proceed4 ,these principles may be thus briefly stated3 ,i4 ,that the care of the poor devolves upon those who continue the mission of ,christ in the redemption of mankind and accept and obey his command1 ,feed my flock2 upon those whose discipline of character1 at once personal and corporate1 enables them to help the helpless1 to reform the vicious1 and to conciliate the dangerous1 while their organization affords a guarantee of persistence in these good works and of the proper use of the means confided to them2 in a word1 upon those who combine the attributes of a providence at once universal and discerning1 with equity in administration and energy in execution4 ,,ii4 ,that the principle of action1 by which this work alone can be effected1 is what may be termed absorbent substitution1 that is1 the voluntary assumption of poverty out of practical sympathy with the poor4 ,,iii4 ,that the legitimate effect of this action is to encourage1 aid1 and guide the poor to help themselves1 and to infuse into them that love for their neighbor which1 by this mediation1 becomes reciprocal4 ,,iv4 ,that the established means by which this work must be performed are1 first3 ,the church in her collective capacity2 second1 the orders of charity2 third1 the variously constituted beneficial societies2 fourth1 the hand of private ,christian charity1 the latter of which1 in the discussion of this question as a public one1 does not1 however1 enter into our consideration4 #gjd ,the three first mentioned are often found united in the same community3 the church1 represented by the congregation1 containing ,sisters of ,charity or ,mercy1 and also assistant orders of pious persons1 who1 though bound by no vows1 work in the world and aid the other orders with their purse and influence4 ,still1 those who take the vows of poverty1 chastity1 and obedience1 and who1 in organized communities1 devote themselves to works of charity1 must be regarded as the most perfect organs of this ,christian work4 ,and these become thus voluntarily poor1 self-denying1 and exclusive1 because not only is the healthy soul fortified and preserved in spiritual power by privation of the pleasures of the senses1 but poverty itself becomes ennobled by the assumption1 and its degradation disappears4 ,treating these principles1 for the present1 as self-evident1 we now inquire3 ,who are our poor1 and how shall they be cared for8 ,upon this question1 the ,catholic ,church cannot limit her providential mission or assume a sectarian attitude4 ,while preaching1 by example1 to the pious and humane of every creed1 the zeal of active charity1 she must extend her benefits to all those who need and seek her1 without favor or distinction4 ,this she must do to be consistent with her own historic record1 and to fulfil the behest of her ,lord4 ,wherever ,christian faith and love exist1 by their works ye shall know them4 ,charity is the test of the ,catholic faith4 ,our ,douay ,catechism says that the first fruit of the ,holy ,ghost is charity4 ,then it tells us what charity means1 in the language of its effects1 namely1 ,to feed the hungry1 to give drink to the thirsty1 to clothe the naked1 to visit and ransom captives1 to harbor the harborless1 to visit the sick1 to bury the dead3 a very matter of fact definition1 but which implies that1 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself4 ,the practice of charity alone can reconcile mankind by dissipating schism1 and by thus re-establishing their unison1 secure the triumph of the ,christian church over the world4 ,this universal unity of spirit employs in its methods of action many distinct organs and corresponding varieties of function1 and the time-honored maxim1 ,una fides1 una domus1 ,one faith1 one house1 and the obedience to constituted authority1 bind in the circle of good-will those orders which1 though each adopts a particular rule and special use1 amicably co-operate in their separation1 like the branches of the same vine4 ,whatever principles of action experience has sanctioned in ,catholic charities1 commend themselves alike to all ,christians4 ,why is it1 asks ,mrs4 ,jameson1 that we see so many women1 carefully educated1 going over to the ,catholic ,church8 ,for no other reason than for the power it gives them to throw their energies into a sphere of definite utility1 under the control of a high religious responsibility4 ,to each of the notable aspects of human affliction corresponds1 in the history of ,christendom1 one or more orders consecrated to its relief1 and1 far from being confined to mere palliative expedients1 organic efforts toward the radical cure of our social evils have been developed under the influence of the ,catholic ,church4 ,distinctive characters of the ,catholic orders1 though not confined to them1 are celibacy and community of property4 ,a bond of union purely spiritual dissolves and replaces those ties which develop the personality of the individual4 #gje ,no fair comparison can be instituted between ,catholic and ,protestant orders of charity1 for the simple reason that marriage and the family1 which perpetuate secular estates by entail or inheritance1 or seek1 in the exchange of love1 an earthly heaven1 act as effectual dissolvents on religious orders consecrated to a special work4 ,the vitality of the ,episcopalian charities1 ,st4 ,john's and ,st4 ,luke's1 is now undergoing this experiment1 to-wit3 ,can the requisite number of efficient nurses and officers be maintained without binding vows8 ,can the service of the order be organized with influences that shall counterpoise the temptations of worldly vanities and interests1 the powerful attraction of the sexes1 and the honorable ambition of becoming one's self a focus of social radiation8 ,of course1 it is not necessary to the effectiveness of a given service that it should always be rendered by the same individuals2 but numbers avail not without discipline2 and1 while relays and successions are allowed1 they must not be too frequent4 ,the sacrifice of personal liberty1 to a certain extent1 is indispensable to the order and efficiency of co-operative charity4 ,hence it is not surprising that the first attempts in ,england to constitute ,episcopalian orders of charity should generally have failed4 ,this impulse was due to the humiliating lesson of the ,crimean war1 when ,sisters of ,charity and ,mercy flocked from all ,europe to the assistance of the ,french sick and wounded1 when similar orders of the ,greek ,church came to befriend the afflicted ,russian soldiers2 but the ,english were perishing miserably1 until their unlooked-for succor by the intervention of ,miss ,florence ,nightingale and her heroic band4 ,the necessity thus apprehended1 to fall back on the institutions of ,catholicity1 has recently occasioned the formation of orders1 who take the vow of chastity1 poverty1 and obedience4 ,sisters of ,mercy and ,sisters of the ,contemplative ,life may be seen in ,london1 repairing to chapel through deserted streets in the early morning hours4 ,will such vows1 unsanctioned by the public opinion of ,protestant countries1 be really binding8 ,how has it proved at ,valle ,cruce8 ,oppressed and alarmed by the increase of pauperism1 and the worse than inefficiency of her poor-rates and secular measures of pauper-relief1 ,england now feels that she has committed something near akin to suicide in the destruction of her religious orders4 ,no longer merry and wise1 her political economists are splitting hairs to find just what pittance may suffice to keep the poor from dying of hunger without making them more comfortable than others whose pride refuses alms1 so as not to set a premium on idleness4 ,the notion popularized by ,cobbett1 says ,herbert ,spencer1 arguing the question1 that every one has a right to a maintenance out of the soil1 leaves those who adopt it in an awkward predicament4 ,do but ask them to specify1 and they are set fast4 ,assent to their principle2 tell them you will assume their title to be valid2 and then1 as a needful preliminary to the liquidation of their claim1 ask for some precise definition of it2 inquire what is a maintenance4 ,they are dumb6 ,is it1 say you1 potatoes and salt1 with rags and a mud cabin8 or is it bread and bacon1 in a two-roomed cottage8 ,will a joint on ,sundays suffice8 or does the demand include meat and malt-liquor daily8 #gjf ,will tea1 coffee1 and tobacco be expected8 and if so1 how many ounces of each8 ,are bare walls and brick floors all that is needed8 or must there be carpets and paper-hanging8 ,are shoes considered essential8 or will the ,scotch practice be approved8 ,shall the clothing be of fustian8 ,if not1 of what quality must the broadcloth be8 ,in short1 just point out where1 between the two extremes of starvation and luxury1 this something called a maintenance lies4 ,how else shall we know whether enough has been awarded1 or whether too much8 ,one thinks that a bare subsistence is all that can fairly be demanded4 ,another hints at something beyond4 ,a third maintains that a few of the enjoyments of life should be provided for4 ,and some of the more consistent1 pushing the doctrine to its legitimate result1 will rest satisfied with nothing short of community of property4 ,what this argument renders most apparent is1 the necessity for an umpire1 or mediatorial power1 between collective society and the individual or family requiring aid1 a power sympathetic alike with those who have more1 and with those who have less1 than necessity demands1 and whose social position shall derive1 from a source superior to either1 a prestige which will inspire confidence in its discretion and give a certain authority to its decisions4 ,if personal beneficence or corporate guarantees suffice for the relief of sufferers1 or to obtain for those able and willing the opportunity of suitable employment1 the mediatorial power will not interfere4 ,if1 on the other hand1 appeal be made to it1 it may act either by the exercise of its own faculties1 or as the trustee of social goods2 a mutual intelligence bureau of higher grade than our ordinary business offices4 ,such a function the ,catholic ,church and its orders of charity fulfilled in ,england1 and may yet fulfil in ,america4 ,mr4 ,john ,stuart ,mill well observes1 that the state cannot undertake to discriminate between the deserving and the undeserving indigent4 ,it owes no more than subsistence to the first1 and can give no less to the last4 ,since it must provide subsistence for the criminal poor while undergoing punishment1 not to do the same for the poor--who have not offended is to give a premium to crime4 ,guardians and overseers are not fit to be trusted to give or withhold other people's money according to their verdict on the morality of the person soliciting it1 and it would show much ignorance of the ways of mankind to suppose that such persons1 even in the almost impossible case of their being qualified1 will take the trouble of ascertaining and sifting the past conduct of a person in distress1 so as to form a rational judgment on it4 ,private charity can make these distinctions1 and1 in bestowing its own money1 is entitled to do so according to its own judgment4 ,it is admitted to be right that human beings should help one another2 and the more so in proportion to the urgency of the need4 ,in all cases of helping1 we distinguish the consequences of the assistance itself1 and the consequences of relying on the assistance4 ,the former are generally beneficial1 but the latter for the most part injurious2 so much so1 in many cases1 as greatly to outweigh the value of the benefit4 ,there are few things more mischievous than that people should rely on the habitual aid of others for the means of subsistence1 and unhappily there is no lesson which they more easily learn4 ,the problem to be solved is1 how to give the greatest amount of needful help with the smallest encouragement to undue reliance on it4 #gjg ,energy and self-dependence are1 however1 liable to be impaired by the absence of help as well as by its excess4 ,it is even more fatal to exertion to have no hope of succeeding by it than to be assured of succeeding without it4 ,when the condition of any one is so disastrous that his energies are paralyzed by discouragement1 assistance is a tonic1 not a sedative4 ,it braces instead of deadening the active faculties1 always provided that the assistance is not such as to dispense with self-help by substituting itself for the person's own labor1 skill1 and prudence1 but is limited to affording him a better hope of attaining success by those legitimate means4 ,this accordingly is a test to which all plans of philanthropy should be brought1 whether intended for the benefit of individuals or of classes1 and whether conducted on the voluntary or the government principle4 ,overlooking the spiritual forces which religious charity brings to bear in elevating the moral tone of character1 ,mr4 ,mill finds the foregoing principles well applied by the ,english ,poor-,law of #ahcd1 because1 while it prevents any person1 except by his own choice1 from dying of hunger1 it leaves their condition as much as possible below that of the poorest who find support for themselves4 ,mr4 ,mill's logic here seems to arrive at the reductio ad absurdum2 for the state of these poorest of the working poor1 whom pride forbids to claim pauper relief1 is too distressing for charity1 acting only below that level1 to be of any avail4 ,usually inclined to the most liberal and humane views1 ,mr4 ,mill has here given way to a ,protestant prejudice1 which regards as ill-advised the more whole-souled ,catholic style of charity4 ,the following extract from ,de ,vere's work shows the contrast1 and affords a good answer to this overcautiousness about doing too much4 ,all depends upon the spirit in which charity is bestowed2 it should be cordial1 not humiliating and distressing3 ,most of the ,sisters are from the class of servants and needle-women2 but there are many who1 having been brought up to enjoy all the comforts and even elegances of life1 have willingly renounced all to make themselves the humblest servants of the poor1 to wash1 and cook1 and beg for those who have been beggars all their lives4 ,the secret of all this lies in this1 that the ,sisters see1 in their poor1 ,jesus ,christ himself1 to wait on whom must be their highest glory4 ,from this1 then1 springs the most delightful interchange of feeling between the ,sisters and their pensioners2 for these poor people reverence with the liveliest gratitude those who seem to them as the angels of ,god sent to redeem them from all their misery and wretchedness1 to comfort their bodies1 and enlighten their souls4 ,the change wrought in the old people after they have been with the ,sisters a little while1 is said to be most remarkable4 ,from being fractious1 complaining1 and idle1 they grow cheerful and contented in the highest degree1 and every one is anxious to do something to contribute to the common stock4 ',our houses1 our ,sisters1' they say--a type of the perfect union which reigns amongst them4 ,everything is done by the ,sisters to cultivate a spirit of cheerfulness2 they are treated as children1 and every opportunity is embraced of making them a little festival4 ,the beautiful simplicity of childhood seems to return in all its fulness to these poor creatures1 whose lives have been spent in vice and misery4 ,from a state approaching to brutality1 they revive even to gayety4 ,well may they say as they do1 ',we never were happy until we came here4' ,on great occasions they sing and dance1 and the ,sisters join with them4 ,when the anniversary of the house of ,rouen was lately celebrated1 the old woman who had been the first pensioner was crowned as the queen of the day1 and her lowly seat decked with flowers1 whilst her aged companions cheered her with the heartiest good will4 #gjh ,the tender regard with which the ,sisters cherish the poor on whom they wait1 calls forth the best feelings of their hearts1 so long dead to every human charity4 ,they respond by the most refreshing cordiality2 but truly hearts could not resist the winning kindness with which they are invariably treated4 ,one little incident may illustrate how above all selfish considerations the law of kindness prevails3 ,one old woman was anxious to be received among the ',little ,sisters' somewhere in ,france4 ,her case well deserved the privilege1 but the old woman insisted on bringing also into the house her hen and her sparrow4 ,without these companions1 she would not enter2 she would rather forego the advantage offered to her4 ,the old woman1 her hen1 and her sparrow were all admitted together1 anything rather than lose an opportunity of doing good4 ,selfishness cannot long exist where such examples of self-denial are ever present in these ,sisters4 ,they take the worst of everything for themselves4 ,even in the longest established houses there are no chairs except for the old people2 the ,sisters 'sit upon their heels4' ,a ,jesuit father1 on one day visiting one of the houses1 found the ,sisters just sitting down to dinner4 ,they had nothing to drink out of but odd and broken vessels1 mustard-pots1 jam-pots1 etc42 all in such a dilapidated condition that the good father hastened off the very first penitent1 who came to him for confession1 with an injunction to buy a dozen of glasses and send them to the house of his ',petites ,sceurs4' ,such is their voluntary poverty6 ,every time a house is opened1 so soon as a sufficient number of poor are collected1 a retreat is preached4 ,the fruits of these retreats1 in those who have been so long absent from the sacraments1 is wonderful4 ,thus the house is furnished with those who serve to set a good example to all those who are afterward admitted4 ,nothing can exceed the gratitude of these poor creatures when reconciled with ,god4 ,they embrace the ,sisters with tears4 ',it is seventy-five years since ,i drew near to ,god1' said one2 'and now ,i am going to receive him to-morrow4' ,a poor barber who had lost the use of his hands through rheumatism1 and1 being unable to exercise his profession1 had fallen into such a state of destitution that he was thankful to accept an asylum in one of the houses of the ',little ,sisters1' was observed1 after his confession1 to be looking at his hands4 ',what are you doing8' was asked of him4 ',i am looking at the finger of ,god1' he replied4 ,this spirit of resignation and gratitude is nearly universal1 and the ,sisters are not without their consolation even in this world4 ,to the special ministry of the ,sisterhoods of ,charity have been assigned the sick1 infirm1 and aged poor1 whom all regard as proper objects of relief and pious care4 ,we have shown1 in our ,october number1 how well they satisfied alike the ,christian and the economic need4 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 in the work there referred to1 ,footnote #bgc has strongly contrasted the conditions of the ,english workhouse system 7which is the same as ours7 with the religious management not only of the sick-poor1 but also of the criminal and most degraded classes4 ,take1 for instance1 the ,austrian prison at ,neudorf4 ,this prison is an experiment which as yet had only had a three years' trial when ,mrs4 ,jameson visited it1 but had already succeeded so well1 both morally and economically1 that the ,austrian government was preparing to organize eleven others on the same plan4 ,it began by the efforts of two humane ladies to find a refuge for those wretched creatures of their own sex who1 after undergoing their term of punishment1 were cast out of the prisons4 ,they obtained the aid of two ,sisters of a religious order in ,france1 devoted to the reformation of lost and depraved women4 ,government soon enlarged their sphere of action1 and confided to them the administration of a prison1 penitentiary1 and hospital1 with several buildings and a large garden4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,sisters of ,charity1 ,catholic and ,protestant4 ,in its management1 ,i found more than two hundred criminals1 separated into three classes4 ,the first class consisted of desperate characters1 the refuse of the prisons at ,vienna1 who are brought under a strong armed guard1 bound hand and foot4 ,their appearance was either stupid1 gross1 and vacant or frightful from the predominance of evil propensities4 ,the second class1 drafted from the first1 were called the penitents1 and showed1 in the expression of their countenances1 an extraordinary change from the newly arrived4 ,they were allowed to assist in the house1 to cook and to wash1 and to work in the garden1 which last was a great boon4 ,there were more than fifty of these1 and they were1 at least1 humanized4 ,the third class were the voluntaries who1 when their term had expired1 preferred remaining in the house and were allowed to do so4 ,part of the profit of their work was retained for their benefit4 #gji ,twelve women1 aided by three chaplains1 a surgeon1 and a physician1 none of whom resided in the establishment1 managed the whole4 ,they had dismissed the soldiers and police-officers1 finding that they needed no other means of constraint than their dignity1 good sense1 patience1 and tenderness4 ,there was as much of frightful physical disease as there was of moral disease1 crime1 and misery4 ,two ,sisters acted as chief nurses and apothecaries4 ,the ventilation and cleanliness were perfect4 ,when ,i expressed my astonishment that so small a number of women could manage such a set of wild and wicked creatures1 the answer was1 ',if we want assistance1 we shall have it2 but it is as easy with our system to manage three hundred as one hundred or as fifty4 ,the power is not in ourselves1 it is granted from above4' ,here men and women were acting together2 and in all the regulations1 religious and sanitary1 there was mutual aid1 mutual respect1 and interchange of experience2 but the ,sisters were subordinate only to the chief civil and ecclesiastical authorities2 the internal administration rested with them4 ,the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor have inspired the following remarks1 which apply to many other orders actively engaged in works of charity3 ,their records demonstrate that religious institutions do1 effectually and cheaply1 what the clumsy and lifeless machinery of the state does at an enormous cost and peril1 with a very questionable preponderance of gain over loss4 ,charity is a religious work1 and these orders are specially qualified1 as religious1 to lead the charity of the country2 they have a special vocation and a supernatural aim2 they unite the strongest motives for individual exertion with the highest development of the co-operative system2 they are free from the impediments of other parties2 what they give establishes no legal or political right1 yet it recognizes a moral claim and provides for a human want4 ,in addressing the statesmen of this country1 we can prove that one thousand dollars a year1 thus wisely spent in well-organized charity1 goes twice as far as two thousand dollars a year spent with a blundering alternation of prodigality and cruelty1 such as characterizes the management of our secular charities4 ,organic bodies contain within themselves a principle of endless adaptation4 ,the church1 herself an organic body1 is the fruitful mother of all such organizations as the moral needs of man require2 nor is there any reason to doubt that she can help the modern pauper as readily as the captives1 the lepers1 and the laborers in mines for whom her mediaeval orders worked4 ,the recent institution of the ',little ,sisters of the ,poor' derives a peculiar interest from the mode in which it approaches that special trial of modern society1 pauperism1 and it may1 with the divine blessing1 advance from its present humble beginning to enterprises which1 alike on the ground of theology and of sound political economy1 are beyond the efforts of the most beneficent governments now existing4 ,the gospels abundantly attest the loving and tender behavior of ,christ toward the poor and the afflicted of every class4 ,it is important to note how lively and loyal is the tradition of this conduct in the ,christian church1 from its earliest periods to our own day4 ,it was a favorite turn in the mediaeval legends of charity that our ,lord should reveal himself1 even in the body1 to those who had1 for his love1 consoled some poor object of compassion4 ,it is written of ,st4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,hungary1 that she kept always near her1 and herself served1 thirteen sick poor1 in memory of ,christ and the twelve apostles4 ,among the sick was a poor little leper named ,helias1 whose condition was so deplorable that no one would take charge of him4 ,elizabeth1 seeing him thus abandoned by all1 felt herself bound to do more for him than for any other2 she took and bathed him herself1 anointed him with a healing balm1 and then laid him in the bed1 even that which she shared with her royal husband4 ,now it happened that the duke returned to the castle whilst ,elizabeth was thus occupied4 ,his mother ran out immediately to meet him1 and when he alighted she said1 ',come with me1 dear son1 and ,i will show thee a pretty doing of thy ,elizabeth4' ',what does this mean8' said the duke4 ',only come1' said she1 'and thou wilt see one she loves much better than thee4' ,then1 taking him by the hand1 she led him to his chamber and to his bed1 and said to him1 ,now look1 dear son1 thy wife puts lepers in thy bed without my being able to prevent her4 #gaj ,she wishes to give thee leprosy1 thou seest it thyself4' ,on hearing these words1 the duke could not repress a certain degree of irritation1 and he quickly raised the covering of his bed2 but1 at the same moment1 the ,most ,high unsealed the eyes of his soul1 and1 in place of the leper1 he saw the figure of ,jesus ,christ crucified extended on his bed4 ,at this sight he remained motionless1 as did his mother1 and began to shed abundant tears without being able at first to utter a word4 ,then1 turning round1 he saw his wife1 who had gently followed in order to calm his wrath against the leper4 ',elizabeth1' said he1 'my dear1 good sister1 ,i pray thee often to give my bed to such guests4 ,i shall always thank thee for this1 and be thou not hindered by any one in the exercise of thy virtue4' ,then he knelt and prayed thus to ,god1 ',lord1 have mercy upon me a poor sinner4 ,i am not worthy to see all these wonders4' ,footnote #bgd ,footnote #bgd3 ,montalembert1 ,life of ,st4 ,elizabeth4 ,for the many illustrations of the wonderful diffusion of benevolence in the early ages of the ,christian church1 in contrast with the truculent spirit of the contemporaneous paganism1 see ,rev4 ,dr4 ,manahan's ,triumph of the ,catholic ,church1 etc4 ,we recall here the mention of ,john1 ,patriarch of ,alexandria1 who asked of his clergy a register of all the poor and destitute in that city4 ,go1 said he1 and get me a full list of my masters4 ,from the ,theodosian code1 it appears that the church owned large vessels1 employed either in bringing to some dioceses provisions for their own flocks1 or in sending help to the most afflicted communities1 from ,egypt even unto ,gaul4 ,the ,cenobites1 or ,monks of the ,desert1 says ,st4 ,augustine1 used to freight these ships of charity with grain1 obtained by them in exchange for the mats and baskets which they manufactured4 ,the vast hospital1 founded by ,st4 ,basil1 of ,cappadocia1 near ,caesarea1 is called by ,st4 ,gregory a new city built for the sick and poor4 ,hospitals were so great an innovation on the customs of the ancient classic world1 that the ,emperor ,julian1 surnamed ,the ,apostate1 tried in vain to introduce them4 ,repelling the ,christian doctrine1 he was sensible of the influence of ,christian charity1 and would fain have engrafted on the pagan stock this fruit of another dispensation4 ,why are the poor and afflicted especially given in charge to the church1 and why does the ,christian see them with quite other eyes than those of mere benevolence8 ,why is ,christ identified1 in his birth and companionship1 with the poor8 ,why are the most suffering classes the first objects of his care and mediation8 ,if it is written that ,he who shall give to one of my disciples only so much as a cup of cold water in my name1 shall not lose his reward1 it is also written that the hungry1 the thirsty1 the stranger1 the naked1 the sick1 the prisoner1 are all our brethren in ,christ4 ,it is by virtue of that susceptibility1 which the exercise of charity develops in us1 that we become consciously members one of another in the body of ,christ4 ,jesus ,christ came to awaken in humanity a conscience including our neighbor1 a conservative instinct embracing the relations of the individual with the species1 unlimited by family1 clan1 or nation2 and which transcends the analysis of a ,malthus1 a ,locke1 or a ,la ,rochefoucauld4 ,footnote #bge ,footnote #bge3 ,that ,sister of the ,poor1 whom you pass in the street with her basket1 and perhaps look down upon as on a creature of inferior grade1 is living closer to the heart of universal love1 is deeper in celestial wisdom than the proud philosopher2 leads a life more heroic in its abnegation and humility than the general with his bloody laurels4 ,this is so1 because the divine influx of life moulds the will and the affections1 and moves the bowels of compassion long before the brain matures its schemes of action4 #gaa ,the suffering persons or classes are the atoms1 the organs1 or the local points where the life of humanity is threatened or compromised2 thither1 with unwonted energy1 must its vital resources be directed2 and how directed8 ,here we find the contrast between the spirit of ,christ and that of pagan or schismatic countries4 ,ignoring the true unity of man1 paganism merely suppressed the effects of misery by suppressing the person of the miserable4 ,it did not consider that the spirit of cruelty1 developed or encouraged in this elimination1 is itself a living cause and propagator of human misery4 ,religious sympathy alone could quicken the intelligence to this perception1 and find something precious in the life of the wretch rescued from his wretchedness2 find beneath the rags1 the dirt1 and the chains1 beneath ignorance1 the vices1 and diseases1 that a man's a man for a' that4 ,again1 ,christianity discerned precious discipline of virtue in the exercise of charity1 and practised it no less for the sake of the giver than that of the receiver4 ,this is a practical commentary on the axiom of human unity or solidarity1 anticipating the fuller light which may be expected from a knowledge of our ulterior destinies4 ,wherever the church has nobly filled her part as the social conscience of ,christendom1 7a function for which the confessional so well adapts her17 she has been the intelligent mediator between those who need to give or to serve1 and those who are really in need2 she has maintained a social equilibrium while averting the jealousies and hatreds of classes1 and by her enlightened and judicious distribution has prevented charity from ministering to vices and imposture4 ,the poor ye shall have always with you4 ,the worst prejudices only will interpret this saying of our ,lord so as to discourage our efforts to eliminate1 from the condition of the poor1 its actual vices1 disgraces1 and miseries4 ,this once effected by means1 the success of which experience has verified1 there remains an honorable poverty due to the disinterested devotions of science1 art1 and social affections1 in which the love of our neighbor1 under divers forms1 absorbs cupidity and the cares of self-preservation4 ,the church has always encouraged vows of voluntary poverty1 and directed the zeal which animated them to ,christian uses4 ,she has permitted the rich to expiate their crimes by sharing their fortunes with the poor1 even by soliciting alms for them2 and we are told that ,roman nobles have been seen1 during this very year1 thus begging in the streets of ,rome4 ,to a noble poverty belong the first years1 and often the whole life1 of the inventor1 of the true artist1 of all whose originality of conception or fidelity to the ideal transcends prudential economy4 ,we may glance but in passing at that ,bohemia1 where floating wrecks mingle in disorder with germinal forces of the social future4 ,in proportion as the constitution of societies shall be perfected in kind and useful labors1 those in whose characters friendship predominates1 whether attached to holy orders like the ,trappists and ,sisters of ,charity1 or simply members of the church of ,christ1 will content themselves with the common minimum1 and work in their elected spheres without care for any other material compensation4 ,to such has ,christ said3 ,take no care what ye shall eat1 or what ye shall drink1 or wherewithal ye shall be clothed1 etc4 ,consider the lilies1 etc4 ,we shall not confound these noble poor with paupers1 a term which comprehends indifferently the victims of misfortune1 of vice1 and of disease2 deficient in faculties either corporeal or mental1 or in consistency of purpose1 principle1 and will4 #gab ,pauperism is not to be regarded as a state of suffering to which the ,christian should be resigned2 far from being an expiation of sin1 it is not only humiliation1 but degradation and perversion1 and owes its parasite existence to the absence or decline of ,christian life4 ,the ,catholic ,church commenced an exterminating war on pauperism in those fraternal associations which sprang from the breath of the ,saviour1 and which its religious orders have never intermitted4 ,disbanded by the persecutions of the ,roman empire1 they rallied to works of charity2 and1 gradually obtaining spiritual ascendency over ,europe1 organized agriculture and the arts of peace4 ,in the sixth century1 the ,benedictines and ,columbans reclaimed the soils of ,europe from their wilderness1 and their peoples from the worst of barbarism4 ,the monasteries and convents1 considered from the point of view of political and social economy1 were agricultural1 scientific1 and domestic associations1 with fields1 gardens1 and orchards1 libraries1 laboratories1 and workshops1 provided with all the means and facilities known in their age and country for the subjection of nature's resources to the progressive evolution of humanity4 ,fusing the nobles and the people1 absorbing1 in the sentiment of our common fatherhood in ,god and brotherhood in ,christ1 the invidious distinctions of caste1 reconciling again in their administration the behests of spiritual culture with the exigencies of material existence and refinement of taste in letters and the arts1 the monastic orders were for ,christendom a most benign providence4 ,their charities never have been limited to the necessities of mere subsistence1 like the secular dolings out of so-called modern charity4 ,hearts must respond to the needs of hearts1 and brains to those of brains2 in other words1 the organization of ,christian charity essentially embraces social life and education1 intellectual and moral culture1 as well as the conditions of labor1 of remuneration1 of lodging1 of clothing1 and nourishment1 comprised in the guarantee of access to the soil4 ,by separating the material from the spiritual elements of charity1 ,christendom retrogrades into paganism2 less brutal1 less ferocious1 the economic 787 workhouse system is colder and still more inhuman than those methods of summary destruction by which ,greece removed her supernumerary helots1 or ,rome her infirm poor4 ,it is not without a mingled shame and fear1 says ,mrs4 ,jameson1 of the ,english workhouse1 that ,i approach this subject4 ,whatever their arrangement and condition1 in one thing ,i found all alike--the want of a proper moral supervision4 ,the most vulgar of human beings are set to rule over the most vulgar2 the pauper is set to manage the pauper2 the ignorant govern the ignorant2 every softening or elevating influence is absent or of rare occurrence1 and every hardening and depraving influence continuous or ever at hand4 ,never did ,i visit any dungeon1 any abode of crime or misery1 in any country1 which left me the same crushing sense of sorrow1 indignation1 and compassion--almost despair--as some of our ,english workhouses4 ,never did ,i see more clearly what must be the inevitable consequences where the feminine and religious influences are ignored2 where what we call charity is worked by a stern1 hard machinery2 where what we mean for good is not bestowed but inflicted on others in a spirit not pitiful1 nor merciful1 but reluctant and adverse1 if not cruel4 ,perhaps those who hear me may not all be aware of the origin of our parish workhouses4 ,they were not designed as penitentiaries1 although they have really become such4 ,they were intended to be religious and charitable institutions1 to supply the place of those conventual hospitals and charities which1 with their revenues1 were suppressed by ,henry ,,viii4 #gac ,the epithet 'charitable' could never be applied to any parish workhouse ,i have seen4 ,our machine-charity is as much charity1 in the ,christian sense1 as the praying-machines of the ,tartars are piety4 ,these institutions are supported by a variable tax1 paid so reluctantly1 with so little sympathy in its purpose1 that the wretched paupers seem to be regarded as a sort of parish locusts1 sent to devour the substance of the rate-payers2 as the natural enemies of those who are taxed for their subsistence1 almost as criminals2 and ,i have no hesitation in saying that the convicts in some of our jails have more charitable and more respectful treatment than the poor in our workhouses4 ,hence1 a notion prevails among the working-classes that it is better to be a criminal than a pauper--better to go to a jail than to a workhouse4 ,between the poor and their so-called guardians1 the bond is anything but charity4 ,a gentleman who had served the office said to me3 ',i am really unfit to be a poor-law guardian2 ,i have some vestige of humanity left in me6' ,under these guardians1 and in immediate contact with the poor1 are a master and a matron1 who keep the accounts1 distribute food and clothing1 and keep order4 ,among them some are respected and loved1 others hated or feared2 some are kindly and intelligent1 others of the lowest grade4 ,in one workhouse the master had been a policeman1 in another the keeper of a small public-house1 in another he had served in the same workhouse as porter4 ,the subordinates are not of a higher grade1 except occasionally the school-master and school-mistress1 whom ,i have sometimes found struggling to perform their duties1 sometimes quite unfitted for them1 and sometimes resigned to routine and despair4 ,in the wards for the old and the sick1 the intense vulgarity1 the melancholy dulness1 mingled with a strange license and levity1 are dreadful4 ,i attribute both to the utter absence of the religious and feminine element4 ,but is there not always a chaplain8 ,the chaplain has seemed to me in such places rather a religious accident than a religious element4 ,when he visits a ward to read and pray once a week1 perhaps there is a decorum in his presence2 the oaths1 the curses1 the vile language cease2 the vulgar strife is silenced1 to recommence the moment his back is turned4 ,i remember one instance in which the chaplain had requested that the poor1 profligate women might be kept out of his way4 ,they had1 indeed1 shown themselves somewhat obstreperous and irreverent4 ,i saw another chaplain of a great workhouse so shabby that ,i should have mistaken him for one of the paupers4 ,in doing his duty1 he would fling a surplice over his dirty1 torn coat1 kneel down at the entrance of a ward1 hurry over two or three prayers1 heard from the few beds nearest to him1 and then off to another ward4 ,the salary for this minister for the sick and poor was twenty pounds a year4 ,this1 then1 is the religious element2 as if religion were not the necessary1 inseparable1 ever-present1 informing spirit of a ,christian charitable institution1 but rather something extraneous and accidental1 to be taken in set doses at set times4 ,this is what our workhouses provide to awaken the faith1 rouse the conscience1 heal the broken spirit1 and light up the stupefied faculties of a thousand unhappy1 ignorant1 debased human beings congregated together4 ,then as to the feminine element in a great and well-ordered workhouse1 under conscientious management1 7to take a favorable specimen17 ,i visited sixteen wards1 in each ward from fifteen to twenty-five sick1 aged1 bedridden1 or helpless poor4 ,in each ward all the assistance given and all the supervision were in the hands of one nurse and a helper1 both chosen from among the pauper women supposed to be the least immoral and drunken4 ,the ages of the nurses might be from sixty-five to eighty years2 the assistants were younger4 ,the number of inmates under medical treatment in the year #ahed in the ,london workhouses was over #ej1jjj1 7omitting one1 the ,marylebone47 ,to these there were #gj paid nurses and #ejj pauper nurses and assistants1 7not more than one fifth of the number requisite for effective nursing1 even if they were all able nurses47 ,as the unpaid pauper nurses have some additional allowance of tea or beer1 it is not unusual for the medical attendant to send such poor feeble old women as require some little indulgence to be nurses in the sick wards4 ,such is the standard of qualification1 and as for their assistants1 ,mrs4 ,jameson found some of them nearly blind and others maimed of a limb4 ,she remembers no cheerful faces2 their features and deportment were melancholy1 or sullen1 or bloated1 or harsh1 and these are the nurses to whom the sick poor are confided6 #gad ,in one workhouse the nurses had a penny a week and extra beer2 in another the allowance had been a shilling a month1 but recently withdrawn by the guardians from motives of economy4 ,the matron told me that while this allowance continued1 she could exercise some control over the nurses1 she could stop their allowance if they did not behave well2 now she has no hold on them6 ,they all drink4 ,whenever it is their turn to go out for a few hours1 they come back intoxicated1 and have to be put to bed in the wards they are set over6 ,mrs4 ,jameson speaks of bribery as the only means by which some of the bedridden patients could obtain help4 ,any little extra allowance of tea or sugar1 left by pitying friends1 went in this way4 ,one nurse made five shillings a week by thus fleecing the poor inmates4 ,those who could not pay this tax were neglected1 and implored in vain to be turned in their beds4 ,the matron knows that these things exist1 but has no power to prevent them2 she knows not what tyranny may be exercised in her absence by her deputies1 for the wretched creatures dare not complain1 knowing how it would be visited upon them4 ,in some workhouses many who can work will not2 in others the inmates are confined to such labor as is degrading1 such as is a punishment in prisons1 which excites no faculty of attention1 or hope1 or sympathy1 which contemplates no improvement1 namely1 picking oakum1 etc41 and this lest there should exist some kind of competition injurious to tradesmen4 ,as to the out-door relief at certain workhouses1 ,mrs4 ,jameson says it was distributed to creatures penned up for hours in foul air1 who waited sullenly for the bread doled out with curses4 ,she complains again here of the system which brings a brutal and vulgar power to bear on vulgarity or brutality1 the bad and defective organization to bear on one bad and defective1 so you increase and multiply and excite1 as in a hot-bed1 all the material of evil instead of neutralizing it with good1 and1 thus leavened1 you turn it out on society to contaminate all around4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,brewer1 a workhouse chaplain1 in his lectures to ladies on practical subjects1 writes of the insensible influence which the mere presence of ladies1 their voice1 their common words1 their ordinary manners1 their thoughts1 all that they carry unconsciously about them1 can exercise on the poor2 but this applies to real ladies1 cultivated1 gentle1 well-born1 well-bred4 ,there are no people more alive to gentle blood and gentle manners than the ,english poor4 ,he confirms in other respects the preceding remarks of ,mrs4 ,jameson1 and says of the children3 ,the disorderly girls and boys of our streets are mainly the produce of the workhouse and the workhouse schools4 ,over them the society has no hold1 because they have been taught to feel that they have nothing in common with their fellow-men4 ,their experience is not of a home or parents1 but of a workhouse and a governor1 of a prison and of a jailer4 ,nature exhibits two contrasted methods for controlling that tendency to increase of population beyond a due proportion to the means of subsistence1 which seems to justify in the eyes of some political economists the partial destruction of the species by war4 ,one of these methods is extermination2 the other1 elevation4 ,malthus says1 in substance3 ,i would share all my having with the poor4 ,i would proclaim this the duty of the rich1 were it possible1 by even enforcing and continuing the most liberal distribution of goods1 while all were working faithfully to increase the yield of the earth as fast as the mouths that consume it would multiply2 but extensive observation and experience proves that1 the easier life is made for the poor1 the faster they increase2 this increase is at a ratio so much greater than the means of subsistence are capable of reaching1 that we should soon be all paupers unless we restrain each local population within the ratio of its provisions4 #gae ,malthus understood that high-toned character and uncommon force of will were essential to the perfection of such restraint4 ,he invokes the influence of the church and of education to this effect4 ,one step further1 however1 in the filiation of ideas would have led him to perceive a supreme harmony in the equilibrium between population and subsistence1 arising out of the perfection of organic types and individual characters2 so that quality is the cure of quantity4 ,if it be true1 as travellers affirm1 that in ,europe the temperate are divided from the intemperate populations by a curve which1 commencing at the eastern extremity of ,france1 intersects ,berlin and terminates at ,sevastopol1 being the northern limit of the vine-growing countries2 then1 a fortiori1 will the greatest temperance be found among peoples whose refinement not only rejects distilled liquors but the coarser qualities of wine1 and will have either the very best or none4 ,this law is universal4 ,compare the order of mammifers1 a high type like man or the elephant1 with a low type like the rabbit or mouse4 ,species are more prolific with each grade in their descent4 ,now compare the order of mammifers with the order of fishes1 passing through the birds and reptiles1 embracing all vertebrate animals2 still the lower are more prolific1 and consequently more subject to destruction4 ,now compare the vertebrate type with the insect1 passing through the articulate4 ,still the same increase of numerical ratio down the scale of life2 and when we reach polyps and plants1 every section1 every bud1 may become a complete organism1 and multiplication takes place by several methods at once--seeds1 tubers1 roots1 suckers1 buds1 etc4 ,follow this law in the science of breeding4 ,even among fish1 the fat and well-conditioned breed but slowly1 and ponds of misery are kept for breeding carps4 ,the history of the turf verifies similar facts in the physiology of the horse4 ,we no longer wonder that the hovels of the suffering poor should swarm with children2 but the analogies of the animal kingdom encourage us to believe that social and industrial procedures1 which convert these children into ,christians and launch them in the path of a general prosperity1 will itself tend to reduce the ratio of their increase by a method more expedient than those of war1 pestilence1 or famine4 ,in conclusion3 ,if the first of these natural methods of checking population be adapted to the world of the fall--a world of selfishness and sin--the other method is adapted to the world of the redemption--a world of ,christian co-operation and love of our neighbor4 ,by the first method1 population is reduced so effectively that the most agreeable portions of the earth's surface remain almost untouched by human culture4 ,when1 by the triumph of true religion1 wars and their consequences cease to vex humanity1 population may increase until it covers the area of the habitable globe1 without danger of starving itself1 without sinking into pauperism4 ,the numerical population of the world may increase while its actual ratio of propagation is diminished1 and is harmonized with its capacity of production4 ,such is the logic of charity1 which in relieving suffering aims at the spiritual elevation of character and the permanent protection of mankind4 ---------- #gaf ,new ,publications4 ,history ,of ,louisiana3 ,the ,american ,domination4 ,by ,charles ,gayarr4 ,new ,york3 ,william ,j4 ,widdleton4 #ahff4 ,this is a handsome #hvo volume of #fic pages1 of which #bej are devoted to the story of the defence of ,new ,orleans by ,general ,jackson1 and #fj pages to a sketch of leading public events from #ahaf to #ahfa4 ,the first chapter opens thus3 ,on the #bjth of ,december1 #ahjc1 the colony of ,louisiana had passed from the domination of ,spain into that of the ,united ,states of ,america1 to which it was delivered by ,france after a short possession of twenty days1 as ,i have related in a former work1 7,history of ,louisiana1 ,spanish ,domination47 ,it is to be regretted1 we think1 that this relation of the cession is not given in the volume before us4 ,the causes1 the antecedents1 the inevitable necessity of the cession1 are all practically ,american1 and1 therefore properly the subject for the opening chapter of the ,american ,domination4 ,we have not seen ,mr4 ,gayarr's preceding volume1 but presume he has well told the story of the cession4 ,it is an interesting one4 ,martin's ,history of ,louisiana was very meagre on that point1 and gave1 if we remember correctly1 little else than the text of the treaty4 ,true1 ,martin's book was completed some forty years ago1 when the author had not at hand the materials that now exist4 ,barb ,marbois's work was not then published4 ,the ,american ,domination1 we venture to suggest1 should have opened with at least a sketch or rsum of the state of facts immediately preceding the cession--the condition of trade between the ,upper ,mississippi and ,new ,orleans1 the order of ,morales1 7,october1 #ahjb7 closing the river1 the supposition throughout the ,west that the action of ,morales was authorized by the ,french government1 the excitement caused by it1 etc4 etc4 ,the ,mississippi to be closed6 ,it would be difficult at this day to convey an idea of the consternation and indignant anger of the inhabitants of the ,ohio and ,mississippi valleys at the announcement4 ,the country was in a blaze of excitement4 ,meetings were held1 resolutions passed1 and1 what was more significant1 rifles were repaired1 powder purchased1 and knives sharpened4 ,when ,germany1 a few years since1 sang and shouted ,sie sollen ihn nicht haben1 den freien ,deutschen ,rhein1 war may or may not have been imminent2 but when the hunters of ,kentucky and the backwoodsmen of ,ohio swore1 as they picked their flint-locks1 ,they sha'n't have the ,mississippi6 the oath meant business4 ,in their eyes the free navigation of the ,father of ,waters is a part of every ,western man's heritage1 ,footnote #bgf and when he clears a farm in the great valley1 the right freely to carry his produce down to the mouth of the ,mississippi is to him simply what the lawyers would call an easement1 passing with the title to his acres4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,no power in the world shall deprive us of this right4--,petition to ,congress4 ,prominent on ,mr4 ,gayarr's pages stands out the figure of ,claiborne1 ,governor of ,louisiana from #ahjd to #ahaf4 ,we rise from the perusal of ,mr4 ,gayarr's book with a higher estimate than ever of this distinguished man4 ,calm1 prudent1 wise1 temperate1 and magnanimous1 ,claiborne is one of the most admirable characters in ,american history4 #gag ,when a virulent libel was published against him1 on which the attorney-general thought it his duty to institute suit1 ,claiborne wrote him a noble letter requesting him to stop the prosecution1 7p4 #bbg47 ,an officer whose hands and motives are pure1 he said1 has nothing to fear from newspaper detraction1 or the invectives of angry and deluded individuals4 ,my conduct in life is the best answer ,i can return to my enemies4 ,it is before the public1 and has secured1 and will1 ,i am certain1 continue to secure me the esteem and confidence of that portion of society whose approbation is desirable to an honest man4 ,the lie of the day gives me no concern4 ,neglected calumny soon expires2 notice it1 and you gratify your calumniators2 prosecute it1 and it acquires consequence2 punish it1 and you enlist in its favor the public sympathy4 ,the story of the heroic defence of ,fort ,bowyer is well and spiritedly told by ,mr4 ,gayarr1 and that of the defence of ,new ,orleans1 in the various skirmishes and battles that for weeks preceded the grand culminating victory of ,january #hth1 is1 for the first time1 clear and intelligible to us4 ,here ,mr4 ,gayarr gives us several pages of nervous and picturesque writing4 ,his description of the night before the battle1 and of the brave but disastrous charge of the ,british troops upon the ,american line1 is excellent in spirit and in detail4 ,mr4 ,gayarr explodes the popular story of the cotton-bale fortifications4 ,there were none4 ,some bales of cotton had been used to form the cheeks of the embrasures of our batteries1 and notwithstanding the popular tradition that our breastworks were lined with it1 this was the only one1 etc4 etc4 7p4 #def47 ,the account of the two colored battalions which rendered such excellent service is interesting1 as also ,mr4 ,gayarr's comments on the celebrated ,british countersign of ,beauty and ,booty4 ,mr4 ,gayarr's history closes with a long paragraph1 somewhat in the same dithyrambic vein that marks the pages of his first volume of ,louisiana4 ,he has1 however1 greatly improved both in style and judicious arrangement of matter1 and1 combining many of the best qualities of the historian with great aptitude of research and study1 has undoubtedly made a mark in literature1 his state may well be proud of1 even though she be amenable to the reproach conveyed by the author at page #cia4 ,it appears that1 in #ahad1 ,governor ,claiborne advised one ,david ,mc,gee in regard to some literary work of the latter3 ,a love of letters has not yet gained an ascendency in ,louisiana1 and ,i would advise you to seek for your production the patronage of some one of the ,northern cities4 ,how bitter1 comments ,mr4 ,gayarr1 is the thought that it is true6 ,how hard it is for the veracity of the ,southern historian to admit that1 even in #ahfd1 a judicious and frank adviser would be compelled to say to a man of letters1 in the language used by ,claiborne in #ahad1 ,i would advise you to seek for your production the patronage of some one of the ,northern cities6 ---- ,memorials ,of ,those ,who ,suffered ,for ,the ,faith ,in ,ireland in the ,sixteenth1 ,seventeenth1 and ,eighteenth ,centuries4 ,by ,myles ,o',reilly1 ,b4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #dfb4 ,an elegant volume1 containing biographies of the martyrs of the ,reformation in ,ireland1 which we intend to notice at length in a future number4 ---- ,lectures ,on ,the ,life1 ,writings1 ,and ,times ,of ,edmund ,burke4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,robertson1 ,esq4 ,london3 ,john ,philp4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,street1 ,new ,york4 #gah ,in this volume1 ,professor ,robertson1 as an extremely conservative monarchist1 and as an enthusiastic admirer of what he calls the old temperate monarchy1 best typified in modern politics by the government of ,england1 the native land of the lecturer1 treats of the history of the life1 writings1 and times of ,edmund ,burke1 the most illustrious ,irishman of the eighteenth century1 and1 in purely civil affairs of all times1 from a monarchical point of view2 and makes his lectures1 which he seems to have designed for a biography of the greatest of ,british orators and statesmen1 really the medium of an exposition of his own peculiar doctrines and opinions in the political relation1 with such incidental notices of the immortal ,burke as were deemed pertinent to the illustration and enforcement of the political speculations of the gifted lecturer1 who appears to live and move in utter awe of the spirit of revolution1 and in utter detestation of the sovereignty of the people and of the republic4 ,the book is of value chiefly as showing how the complex affairs known as constituting the modern world are viewed by an ,englishman of fine culture1 eloquent expression1 and very conservative instincts and sympathies4 ,the book is got out in ,mr4 ,philp's best style2 the paper1 type1 and binding are faultless4 ---- ,sadlier's ,catholic ,directory1 ,almanac1 ,and ,ordo1 for the year of our ,lord #ahfi4 ,this work is published in the same style as heretofore1 and is1 we presume1 about as correct as can be expected of such a publication4 ,there is one improvement1 however1 which could be made at the expense of one cent a copy1 namely1 to sew the book instead of stitching it4 ,the way it is now bound1 several pages are defaced by the large holes punched through the book4 ---- ,a ,practical ,and ,theoretical ,method ,of ,learning ,the ,french ,language4 ,by ,a4 ,biarnois4 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahfh4 ,of all the systems hitherto devised to facilitate the study of the ,french language1 and at the same time offer to the student a method which1 in its development1 will prove attractive to him1 we are inclined to think the present one by ,m4 ,biarnois is in many respects to be preferred4 ,the idea in the invention of most of the modern systems is a good one3 to give the pupil words and phrases before he is taught the rules for their grammatical construction4 ,this is the design proposed by our author1 and after an introductory article on pronunciation he gives us at once a sentence4 ,on nous dit que le ,sultan ,mahmoud1 par ses guerres perptuelles1 au dehors et sa tyrannie l'intrieur1 avait rempli les tats de ses anctres de mine et de desolation2 et avait dpeupl1 l',empire ,persan4 ,this sentence is thoroughly analyzed1 which gives him occasion to explain3 #a4 ,transposition and contractions of pronouns4 #b4 ,the gender and number of substantives4 #c4 ,formation of the feminine of adjectives4 #d4 ,of the plural of adjectives4 #e4 ,place1 elision1 and contraction of the article4 #f4 ,forms of negation4 #g4 ,possessive pronouns4 #h4 ,possessive1 demonstrative1 and indefinite adjectives1 with many grammatical relations of all these4 ,this is followed by an original set of rules to find ,french words to express what we know in ,english1 how to form verbs out of substantives1 and to determine1 without a dictionary1 the conjugation to which each of these verbs belongs4 ,again we have more phrases1 accompanied by running explanatory notes1 and the whole couched in a familiar conversational style which cannot fail of fixing the attention and impressing the memory of the student4 ,the latter half of the work1 under the title ,recapitulation1 takes up the parts of speech in more regular order4 ,we confess that for young beginners we would prefer a certain amount of study in the admirable work of ,dr4 ,emile ,otto1 as revised by ,mr4 ,ferdinand ,bcher for ,english students1 before taking up the method of ,m4 ,biarnois4 ,the latter supposes a considerable advance in the knowledge of the ,english language1 and he is compelled at the very outset to make use of words and phrases which1 to youthful pupils1 might need explanation fully as much as the corresponding ones in ,french4 ,but for students in our colleges1 who have already some notion of ,english or ,latin grammar1 we think this grammar of ,m4 ,biarnois is one of the best1 and in many respects better than any that have come under our notice4 ---- #gai ,tobacco ,and ,alcohol4 ,i4 ,it ,does ,pay ,to ,smoke ,,ii4 ,the ,coming ,man ,will ,drink ,wine4 ,by ,john ,fiske1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,it was hardly possible that ,mr4 ,parton's attack on the smokers and drinkers of this generation should pass without a reply4 ,mr4 ,fiske has sprung into the lists1 while yet the gauntlet of the challenger has scarcely reached the ground1 and has begun the battle with a force and vigor which1 to say the least1 must temporarily startle his opposers4 ,scientifically1 he appears to have the advantage4 ,there is very little of assertion2 very much of authority and argument about him4 ,his manner of dealing with the sweeping statements of his adversary is more effective than courteous4 ,his theory of the value of alcohol and tobacco1 as stimulants for daily use1 is certainly plausible1 and must be welcome to all who either smoke or drink1 or who aspire to do so4 ,physiologically1 also1 it appears sound1 and in accordance with the latest therapeutical discoveries4 ,but it will be indeed a task of difficulty to lead ,mr4 ,parton1 or his sympathizers1 into the belief that either smoking or drinking are profitable to mankind2 a task equalled only by that of bringing smokers and drinkers to observe that golden mean of temperance which even ,mr4 ,fiske admits to be of indispensable necessity4 ,but whatever may be the scientific merits of ,mr4 ,fiske's treatise1 we can but feel that1 morally1 he is on the losing side4 ,the advantages and disadvantages of tobacco and alcohol are to be estimated by their effect upon mankind at large1 as mankind uses and will use them1 and not by the medical influence they exercise when taken by the proper persons1 in proper quantities1 at proper times4 ,many things are per se useful and beneficial which1 as used1 are sources of great injury and destruction4 ,some of these can scarcely be used as they ought by man in general1 but become1 almost inevitably1 the cause of ruin and disorder4 ,to this class we believe that tobacco and alcohol belong4 ,experience seems to teach that their abuse necessarily follows from their use1 and that1 whatever their peculiar beneficial properties1 they have been1 and still are1 among the worst enemies of man4 ,for this reason we regret to see any argument put into the mouths of smokers and drinkers1 whereby they can quiet their own consciences or beguile others into self-indulgence2 and we feel that it were safer and better that the nerve-power of the individual should waste a little faster1 and the stimulus be denied1 than that the misery and wretchedness which tobacco and alcohol have already occasioned should find either an increase or an apology4 ---- ,a ,book ,about ,dominies3 ,being the ,reflections and ,recollections of a ,member of the ,profession4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahfi4 ,but for one fault this were a charming book4 ,there is a freshness and genial warmth about it which is very welcome to the heart of any one who has ever been a boy4 ,the keen appreciation of the boy nature1 of the boy aspirations1 of the boy troubles1 which the dominie1 whose experience is here narrated1 seems to have possessed1 gives a rare relish to his sketches1 and makes his book almost a story of the reader's own youth and school life4 ,for these merits it will be read not once only but often1 and will serve both to maturity and age as a tale of the times of old--a memory of the days of other years4 #gbj ,the fault of which we speak is the tone of religious sentimentalism which runs through the whole book1 and crops out in various flings at positive religious faith1 and in innumerable expressions of an unhealthy1 mawkish1 self-congratulating piety4 ,latitudinarianism is bad enough1 but when it reaches to the open contempt of dogma1 and elevates the undisguised conceit which despises all authority and law above the humility which acknowledges some truth outside its own conclusions1 it becomes the worst possible kind of teaching both for boys and men4 ,it is difficult to realize that the writer of the substance of this book should also be the author of these dangerous and disagreeable sentimentalisms4 ---- ,an ,illustrated ,history ,of ,ireland1 from the ,earliest ,period to the ,present ,time4 ,with several first-class full-page ,engravings of ,historical ,scenes1 designed by ,henry ,doyle1 and engraved by ,george ,hanlon and ,george ,pearson2 together with upward of ,one ,hundred ,woodcuts1 by eminent artists1 illustrating ,antiquities1 ,scenery1 and ,sites of ,remarkable ,events2 and three large ,maps1 one of ,ireland1 and the others of ,family ,homes1 ,statistics1 etc4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,nearly #gjj pages1 extra cloth4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 #ahfi4 ,we are glad to see this new and improved edition of this excellent history of ,ireland4 ,the first edition we noticed at length1 on its appearance1 some months ago2 but the demand for it was so great that it was soon exhausted4 ,the distinguished authoress1 7,sister ,mary ,frances ,clare17 having made several additions and improvements1 presents us with a finely illustrated volume1 worthy of a place on the shelves of every library1 public or private1 in ,america4 ,it is very important that the people of the ,united ,states should study the history of ,ireland intelligently4 ,they have1 as a people1 too long neglected it2 and all the greater portion of them know about ,ireland and her history is that which they have learned out of their school-books1 and vitiated novels4 ,in fact1 our public men1 writers and speakers alike1 have not thought it worth their while to read ,ireland's history2 it was1 to many of them1 a country beneath their notice1 except to slander1 by quoting her history from the biased writers of ,england4 ,but those times are passed4 ,we now have good histories enough4 ,besides1 there is no country of ,europe that has sent so many of her people to populate this country2 her children or their descendants are to be found in every town and hamlet from ,maine to ,oregon4 ,it is therefore incumbent on all ,american citizens1 native or adopted1 to study the history of that ,isle of ancient fame1 whose history is almost as old as that of ,judea4 ,we trust that those who have not yet done so will now procure a copy of this work4 ,apart from its intrinsic merits1 which are manifold1 there is another which is of some importance4 ,it is sold for the benefit of the ,convent of ,poor ,clares1 ,kenmare1 ,ireland1 which institution gives education to hundreds of poor ,irish children4 ---- ,books ,received4 ,from ,ivison1 ,phinney1 ,blakeman ,co43 ,analysis of ,civil ,government3 including a topical and tabular arrangement of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,designed as a class-book for the use of ,grammar1 ,high1 and ,normal ,schools1 ,academies1 and other institutions of learning4 ,by ,calvin ,townsend1 ,counsellor-at-,law4 ,new ,york4 #ahfi4 ,from ,lee ,shepard3 ,gloverson and ,his ,silent ,partners4 ,by ,ralph ,reder4 #ahfi4 ,words of ,hope4 ,that ye sorrow not1 even as others which have no hope4 #ahfi4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co43 ,a ,few ,friends1 and how they ,amused ,themselves4 ,a tale in nine chapters2 containing descriptions of twenty pastimes and games1 and a fancy dress party4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,dodge1 author of ,hans ,brinker and ,the ,irvington ,stories4 #ahfi4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co43 ,songs of ,ireland and other ,lands2 being a collection of the most popular ,irish sentimental and comic songs1 #a vol4 #ahmo4 ,from ,charles ,scribner ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,essays on the ,progress of ,nations1 in ,civilization1 ,productive ,industry1 ,wealth1 and ,population1 etc4 ,by ,ezra ,c4 ,seaman1 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,from ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,mental ,science2 a ,compendium of ,psychology1 and the ,history of ,philosophy4 ,by ,alexander ,bain1 ,m4 ,a4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ---------- #gbagbbgbc ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,viii41 ,no4 #dh4--,march1 #ahfi4 ,an ,apostolic ,letter ,from ,his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,the letter of the ,holy ,father which we publish below1 in ,latin and ,english1 together with one from ,cardinal ,barnabo1 ,prefect of the ,congregation of the ,propaganda1 have just been received from ,rome4 ,the readers of ,the ,catholic ,world1 and those persons especially who have taken an active interest in1 and have generously contributed to1 the establishment of the ,paulist ,congregation1 the ,publication ,society1 and other associated works1 will doubtless feel gratified and encouraged by the approving words with which the ,holy ,father has deigned to give them his sanction and apostolic blessing4 ,these gracious words of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ ought to encourage us all to redoubled efforts for the advancement of our holy religion1 and such1 we trust1 will be their influence4 ,admodum ,r4 ,d43 ,cum ,sanctissimus ,dominus ,noster non levi inter quibus afficitur acerbitates jucunditate ex pluribus nunciis acceperit1 ,d4 ,tuam per ,catholicos ephemerides curam omnem impendere ad religionis nostrae sanctissimae studium fovendum1 ad falsas doctrinas refellendas1 et ad hujus ,apostolicae ,sedis jura tuenda1 aliquod suae paternae dilectionis testimonium voluit exhibere4 ,pergratum proinde erit ,d4 ,tuae literas ,sanctitatis suae hisce adjectas reperire1 quibus factum iri confido ut majori usque studio et alacritate inceptum opus prosequaris4 ,cui quidem benevolae1 quam ,sanctissimus ,pater erga ,te testari voluit1 voluntati propensionis meae significationes addens1 ,deum precor ut ,d4 ,tuae fausta quaeque largiatur4 ,romae1 ex ,aed4 ,s4 ,cong4 de ,prop4 ,fide1 die #e ,januarii1 ,,mdccclxix4 ,d4 ,tuae4 ,addictissimus1 ,al4 ,c4 ,barnabo1 ,pr4 ,transcriber's note3 ,english translation4 ,very ,reverend ,sir3 ,inasmuch as the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 our ,holy ,father the ,pope1 amid his many afflictions1 has received great joy at hearing1 through many different sources1 that your ,reverence is taking such great care to spread the knowledge of our most holy religion through ,catholic publications1 adapted to refute false doctrine and to defend the rights of this ,apostolic ,see1 he has desired to give you a testimony of his paternal affection4 ,accordingly1 it will be most pleasing to your ,reverence to receive1 together with this1 the letter of his ,holiness1 by which ,i trust you may be encouraged to pursue the work you have undertaken with still greater zeal and alacrity4 ,adding to the sentiments of good will which the ,holy ,father declares toward you1 the expression of my own regard1 ,i pray ,god that ,he may grant to your ,reverence every kind of prosperity4 ,rome1 ,office of the ,s4 ,cong4 of the ,propaganda1 ,january #eth1 ,,mdccclxix4 ,most affectionately1 ,al4 ,c4 ,barnabo1 ,,pr4 ---- ,dilecto ,filio1 ,i4 ,t4 ,hecker1 ,presbytero ,ac ,rectori ,missionariorum ,collegii ,a ,s4 ,paulo ,nuncup41 ,neo-eboracum4 ,,pius1 ,,pp4 ,,ix4 ,dilecte ,fili1 salutem et ,apostolicam ,benedictionem4 ,gaudemus1 ,dilecte ,fili1 te tui propositi memorem voce scriptisque constanter adlaborare propagandae ,catholicae religioni dissipandisque errorum tenebris2 ac tibi gratulamur ex animo de incrementis1 quae initis a te operibus accessisse discimus4 ,scilicet confertae illae conciones1 ubi ,catholicam exposuisti doctrinam1 quaeque tui desiderium ita fecerunt aliis1 ut ad nobiliores ac frequentiores inviteris2 existimatio1 quam apud ipsos dissentientes ephemeridi tuae ,,catholic ,,world eruditio et perspicuitas compararunt2 aviditas qua passim expetuntur editi a ,societate ,catholica1 per te coacta1 libelli2 novi sodales1 qui culturae a te susceptae fines latius porrecturi1 dant familiae tuae nomen2 alumni tandem1 qui in idem opus1 se tibi tradunt excolendos1 totidem sunt amplissimi fructus et diserti testes zeli solertiaeque tuae1 ac coelestis illius favoris1 quo coepta tua foecundantur4 ,quod sane facile intelliges quam jucundum ,nobis contingere debeat1 qui id potissimum optamus1 ut evangelium nuncietur omni creaturae1 ut sedentes in umbra mortis ad viam salutis adducantur1 ut demum destructis erroribus universis1 ubique veritatis regnum constituatur1 in quo justitia et pax se invicem osculantes1 humanae familiae reddant ordinis tranquillitatem jamdiu a monstrosis opinionum commentis abactam4 ,dum itaque studia tua1 et eorum1 qui tibi opere1 subsidio1 ingenio opitulantur1 libentissime commendamus1 maximas ,deo gratias agimus1 quod ipsis obsecundare voluerit2 eumque rogamus1 ut gratiae suae virtute1 novos tibi jam currenti veluti stimulos addat1 aliosque atque alios adjutores tibi conciliet1 qui tecum industriam viresque suas conferant in commune ,christiani populi bonum4 ,coelestis vero favoris auspicem1 et paternae nostrae benevolentiae testem ,apostolicam ,benedictionem tibi tuaeque ,missionariorum familiae peramanter impertimus4 ,datum ,romae apud ,s4 ,petrum die #cj ,decembris1 #ahfh1 ,pontificatus ,nostri ,anno ,,xxiii4 ,transcriber's note3 ,english translation4 ,to ,my ,beloved ,son1 ,i4 ,t4 ,hecker1 ,priest ,and ,superior ,of ,the ,missionary ,congregation ,of ,st4 ,paul1 ,new ,york4 ,,pius ,,ix41 ,,pope4 ,beloved ,son1 health and apostolic benediction4 ,we rejoice1 beloved son1 that you1 mindful of your purpose1 labor continually1 by your word and writings1 to spread the ,catholic religion1 and to scatter the darkness of error2 and ,we heartily congratulate you upon the increase which1 as ,we have been informed1 the works undertaken by you have received4 ,undoubtedly those thronged assemblies where you have set forth the ,catholic doctrine1 and have thereby excited in others such a desire to hear you1 that you are invited to address audiences still larger and more notable2 the esteem which your periodical1 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 has1 through its erudition and perspicuity1 acquired1 even among those who differ from us2 the eagerness with which the tracts and books of ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 established by you1 are everywhere sought for2 the new associates who enroll themselves in your congregation to extend more widely the good work you have undertaken2 finally1 the students who offer themselves to you to be educated for the same work1 all these are so many abundant fruits and eloquent witnesses of your zeal and skill1 and of the divine favor through which your undertakings are made fruitful4 ,you will easily understand1 of course1 how gratifying this must be to ,us1 who desire1 above all things1 that the gospel should be preached to every creature2 that those who sit in the shadow of death should be brought into the way of salvation2 that1 in fine1 all errors being destroyed1 the reign of truth should be everywhere established2 in which justice and peace1 kissing each other1 may restore to the human family the tranquillity of order1 so long banished by the extravagances of error4 ,while1 therefore1 ,we most cordially commend your zealous efforts1 and those of your associates who contribute to the success of the same by their labor1 their gifts1 or their talents1 ,we give especial thanks to ,god that ,he has condescended to second them1 and ,we pray ,him that1 by the power of ,his grace1 ,he may stimulate still more your already strenuous exertions2 and may give you more and more associates who1 with you1 shall bestow their industry and strength on the common good of the ,christian people4 ,and as a token of the divine favor1 and an evidence of ,our paternal good will1 ,we impart most affectionately to you1 and to your congregation of missionaries1 ,our apostolic benediction4 ,given at ,rome1 at ,st4 ,peter's1 on the #cjth of ,december1 #ahfh1 in the twenty-third year of ,our ,pontificate4 ,pius ,,ix41 ,pope4 ---------- #gbd ,the ,progress of ,nations4 ,footnote #bgg ,footnote #bgg3 ,essays on ,mm ,progress of ,nations1 in ,civilization1 ,productive ,industry1 ,wealth1 and ,population4 ,by ,ezra ,c4 ,seaman4 ,first and ,second ,series1 #ab mo4 ,,pp4 #fde1 #fei4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfh4 ,the first series of the ,essays which compose these two stout volumes appeared as long ago as #ahdf1 and has now been revised1 amended1 and enlarged1 and1 after being long out of print1 republished in connection with a second collection similar in character and general design4 ,mr4 ,seaman's purpose has been to inquire into the principal causes of the welfare of nations1 such as morality1 education1 personal and political liberty1 commercial1 mechanical1 and agricultural development1 and those natural conditions of climate and geographical position which man has no power to modify1 and to show how these causes have operated at various times and in various countries4 ,to the adequate treatment of so vast a theme1 there should be brought the labor of a life-time1 the learning of a ripe scholar1 and the intellect of a philosopher4 ,mr4 ,seaman1 we must frankly say1 has brought neither of the three4 ,he has attempted what not one man in a thousand would be wise to attempt2 and if he has failed1 he has at any rate failed in very respectable company4 ,the essays are crude and fragmentary4 ,they lack a sustained train of thought and logical connection2 they are encumbered with commonplaces and repetitions2 and the statistical and historical illustrations with which they are thickly interwoven have the disadvantage of being borrowed from sources that convey no weight of authority4 ,citations from incompetent witnesses carry no force1 but rather weaken the effect of an author's statements4 ,the fundamental fault of ,mr4 ,seaman's work is not its raggedness1 however2 but it is the misapprehension1 with which he starts1 of the meaning of his subject4 ,he understands ,progress merely as material prosperity4 ,civilization means nothing in his mind but ,productive ,industry1 ,wealth1 and ,population4 ,that people is the most advanced which owns the most money and wears the best clothes4 ,the destiny of man is commerce and manufactures4 ,the end of civil society is the acquisition of wealth4 ,liberty is good because it leaves man free to invent telegraphs and railroads4 ,government is good because trade would be impossible without it4 ,education is valuable because it stimulates production and regulates industry4 ,religion is respectable because it develops the intellectual faculties1 and teaches us to restrain the appetites whose free indulgence would undermine the constitution or injure our fellow-man4 ,we do not mean to say that ,mr4 ,seaman teaches these doctrines in so many words4 ,he does not know that he teaches them at all4 ,if he ever sees this article1 he will no doubt be shocked at our interpretation of his argument4 ,yet1 pushed to their fair and by no means remote conclusions1 these are the teachings to which his essays amount4 ,he seems to forget that man was created to know and love ,god and promote the divine glory1 and that is the highest state of civilization in which he most perfectly fulfils the end of his creation4 ,there is no true progress except toward this end4 #gbe ,there is no real prosperity1 where this heavenly destiny is lost sight of4 ,there is no education which keeps it not constantly in view4 ,mr4 ,seaman treats religion merely as an agency for the development of civilization1 whereas it is the very essence of civilization itself4 ,he thinks of the worship of ,god as a useful mental exercise1 which sharpens a man's wits and makes him keener at a bargain4 ,one who has practised his brain in theological controversy must of necessity be the clearer-headed when he has to decide between free-trade and protection1 or calculate the rate of exchange and the fluctuations of stocks4 ,but theology is not worship4 ,religion is a matter of the affections as well as the intellect4 ,the unlettered peasant can praise ,god1 and is bound to praise ,god1 no less than the scholar4 ,a purely intellectual religion could not be of divine origin1 since it would only be suitable for a small minority of the human race2 it could not be the great business of every man's life1 as religion must be1 if it is worth anything at all4 ,happiness1 in a future world as well as in this1 says ,mr4 ,seaman1 is the sovereign good of man1 and constitutes the end and chief purpose of his existence4 ,that statement may pass if you understand happiness to consist in the promotion of the divine glory2 but not if you place it in bank-notes and steam-engines4 ,these seem to be the goal of progress in our author's eyes1 and he looks at nothing beyond them4 ,with his false conceptions of the nature of society and religion1 it is not surprising that ,mr4 ,seaman should thoroughly misapprehend the work and purpose of that divinely organized church to which we owe all the true civilization there is in the world1 and all the progress we have ever made4 ,the only thread of thought which can be clearly discerned running through his essays1 is the idea that ,catholicism is the great enemy of civilization4 ,we wish it were quite as clear by what line of argument he purposes to prove it4 ,in one chapter1 the church is an enemy to education because she does not teach the people enough4 ,in another she is the enemy of free thought because she teaches them too much4 ,now her offence is neglect1 now it is overmuch care4 ,we don't see how it can be both4 ,a part1 he says1 and one of the most efficient parts of government in all civilized countries1 consists in the education of the people4 ,and he argues the necessity of education from the fact that the great mass of mankind 444 are guided by imitation1 precedent1 and the instruction of others4 ,they have very few ideas except those which are put into their heads by better educated people1 or are derived directly from the senses4 ,such people in all countries are under the influence and control 444 of the aristocracy1 the clergy1 the members of the learned professions1 and the military and civil officers of government4 ,the policy of the pope and the priesthood1 he complains1 is to retain the masses in a state of ignorance4 ,the ,bible is kept from them2 they are denied the right to read1 and exercise their own individual judgments in matters of religion1 but must allow their priests to read1 think1 and judge for them1 and to form their opinions2 and no efforts are made by the priests to establish common schools1 or to teach the common people anything beyond the catechism1 and the ceremonies and dogmas of religion1 and absolute1 unconditional submission in all things to their priests and rulers4 #gbf ,their whole efforts in matters of education are directed to founding colleges and high-schools1 for training up young men for the priesthood1 and instructing and breathing their opinions into the children and youth of the aristocracy and the wealthy classes4 ,now1 before we go any further1 let us prick a few of the mistakes in this paragraph4 ,there are so many we hardly know how to begin4 #a4 ,the ,bible is not kept from the common people4 ,it is freely circulated in the vernacular1 and our current ,english version is older than the translation of ,king ,james4 ,from the time1 in fact1 when ,bishop ,ulphilas in the fifth century translated the ,bible into the ,gothic tongue1 down to our own day1 it has been the constant practice of the church to supply the faithful with correct translations of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,the use of false and garbled versions is indeed forbidden2 but that is another matter altogether4 #b4 ,catholics are not forbidden to read 7671 nor do their priests claim the right to read and think for them1 or to form their opinions4 ,mr4 ,seaman's statements on these points are so preposterous that in his cooler moments we suppose he is sorry for having made them4 #c4 ,efforts have always been made by our clergy to establish schools for the common people4 ,the first work of the parish priest after he has built his church is to build a school-house4 ,the free education of the children of the poor has the next place in his care to the service of the altar4 ,there is not a step in the whole system of education1 from the alphabet-class to the highest university cursus ,footnote #bgh1 to which the ,catholic ,church does not devote the labor of some religious order or congregation1 blessed and sanctioned and assisted by the supreme ,pontiff4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,transcriber's note3 course ,she does not confine1 she never has confined1 her solicitude to theological studies or the education of the rich4 ,teaching the poor has been the chosen labor and chief glory of hundreds of her saints1 and is now the crowning work of many a flourishing order1 such as the ,sisters of ,charity1 the ,brethren of the ,christian ,schools1 and similar organizations1 the prime object of which1 be it remarked1 is the education not of the upper classes but of the mass of the population4 ,the ,jesuits are more celebrated for their colleges and higher seminaries than for rudimentary schools2 but they too have their primary classes in all places where there is both need and opportunity for them2 and even in their colleges where every student is supposed to pay for his education1 a system of gratuitous instruction is pursued with a delicate secrecy designed to spare the poor scholar any possible mortification4 ,of course it is chiefly the masses who profit by this hidden charity4 ,even ,mr4 ,seaman himself1 in another part of his book1 interrupts his censure of religious orders in general by a confession that many of the communities of monks and nuns have done good by devoting themselves to the education of the young3 if he had not confessed it1 indeed1 he must have been a marvel of ignorance or dishonesty4 ,with the history of the common-school agitation led by ,bishop ,hughes in ,new ,york so fresh in mind1 he must be a bold partisan who would deny our anxiety to keep in the very van of educational progress4 ,the ,catholic demand for a share of the school fund was in reality a demand for the admission of our parochial schools to the common school system of the ,state4 ,we were ready1 nay anxious1 to carry out the ,state programme of instruction to its fullest extent1 and admit the ,state inspectors and examiners to scrutinize our operations whenever they saw fit4 #gbg ,but sectarian bigotry has imposed a double tax upon our efforts for the education of our children1 and rather than we should teach them about ,god opposes our teaching them anything at all4 ,we do the best we can4 ,we pay our tax for the support of the schools we do not approve2 we pay another voluntary tax for such parish schools as our poverty can afford2 and if these are too small to receive our children and too poor to do as much for them as they would be glad to do1 the fault is not ours but the law's1 which deprives us of the aid to which we are justly entitled from the common fund4 ,one thing is clear to every dispassionate observer3 the ,catholics do twice as much for education as any other denomination--nay1 do that which no other denomination would think of attempting4 ,a state system of gratuitous instruction is often referred to as one of the exclusive boons of ,protestantism4 ,well1 in how many of the great countries of the world1 besides our own1 is such a system known8 ,only in ,france and ,austria1 which are ,catholic1 and in ,prussia and ,scotland1 which are ,protestant4 ,protestant ,england has done less for popular education1 and has consequently a more grossly ignorant peasantry than any other country on the globe equally advanced in general civilization4 ,her great universities and grammar-schools are the relics of ,catholic foundations4 ,the half a million of pounds annual income which they enjoy is drawn from ,catholic endowments1 perverted from their ancient uses2 and it is estimated that not more than three-fifths of this sum is actually made available for educational purposes in any way whatever4 ,so shamelessly have these legacies of the ancient faith been misapplied1 that there are masters drawing large salaries for presiding over schools which have no scholars1 and a few years ago it was found that the teachers of #gjh inferior schools and #ce grammar-schools signed their returns with a mark6 ,of late the government has made efforts for a reform1 and the various dissenting sects have also done a great deal in the establishment of denominational schools2 but no general system of popular instruction has yet been devised4 ,popular education in fact is a purely ,catholic idea1 almost as old as ,christianity itself1 and the germ of the modern common-school system was in the bosom of the ancient church4 ,after the introduction of ,christianity1 says ,the ,american ,cyclopaedia1 7art4 ,common ,schools17 and its accession to power1 the duty of the authorities to educate the young was speedily recognized by the bishops and clergy4 ,the object of this education was of course their training in the doctrines of ,christianity1 but it was the first recognition of the duty of giving instruction to the masses4 ,as early as ,a4,d4 #ebi we find the council of ,vaison recommending the establishment of public schools4 ,in #hjj a synod at ,mentz ordered that the parochial priests should have schools in the towns and villages1 that 'the little children of all the faithful should learn letters from them4 ,let them receive and teach these with the utmost charity1 that they themselves may shine for ever4 ,let them receive no remuneration from their scholars1 unless what the parents through charity may voluntarily offer4 ,a council at ,rome in #hcf ordained that there should be three kinds of schools throughout ,christendom3 episcopal1 parochial in towns and villages1 and others wherever there could be found place and opportunity4 ,the ,council of ,lateran in #aagi ordained the establishment of a grammar-school in every cathedral for the gratuitous instruction of the poor4 #gbh ,this ordinance was enlarged and enforced by the ,council of ,lyons in #abde4 ,thus originated the popular or common school as an outgrowth of the ,christian ,church4 ,a council of the #afth century speaks of schools in the priests' houses1 and the decretals abound in mention of popular instruction as one of the first duties of the clergy and one of the traditional and most ancient glories of the church4 ,if the important knowledge of reading and writing was spread among the people1 says the socialist philosopher ,st4 ,simon1 it was owing to the church4 ,if that knowledge1 during the political and social disorders of the middle ages became so difficult of attainment that only a favored few could acquire it1 it was the church alone who kept the sacred flame of learning alive in the schools and the cloisters1 maintained the great universities and grammar classes in the midst of the most turbulent periods2 and when society crystallized again into order1 brought forth the treasure of knowledge which she had guarded so long1 and gave it to the world4 ,footnote #bgi ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,the ,catholic ,world for ,february1 #ahfi-;art4 ,the ,ignorance of the ,middle ,ages4 ,nearly all the most famous institutions of learning in ,europe are of ,catholic foundation4 ,rome is especially well provided with schools1 and the ,roman ,college gives free instruction in the classics and the sciences4 ,and in the face of all these facts--knowing as he must know if he has studied the progress of nations with a particle of intelligence1 that the ,catholic ,church has been the most munificent patron of learning the world ever saw--,mr4 ,seaman has the sublime effrontery to say that no effort has ever been made in any ,catholic country to educate the mass of the people or any of the common classes1 except some few selected by the priests1 to be educated and trained for the ministry1 and that the great body of ,catholics seem to be studiously kept in profound ignorance1 that they may be managed and governed the more easily6 ,it seems to us it would be a good and a just thing if the penalties against malpractice by which the law protects the medical profession from ignorant charlatans could be extended to the profession of literature4 ,there is a graceful compliment to the literature of the ,catholic ,church in ,matthew ,arnold's essay on ,the ,pagan and ,mediaeval ,religious ,sentiment4 ,for the benefit of ,mr4 ,seaman and his class we cite the passage nearly at full length3 ,in spite of all the shocks which the feeling of a good ,catholic has in this ,protestant country inevitably to undergo1 in spite of the contemptuous insensibility to the grandeur of ,rome which he finds so general and so hard to bear1 how much has he to console him1 how many acts of homage to the greatness of his religion1 may he see if he has his eyes open6 ,i will tell him of one of them4 ,let him go1 in ,london1 to that delightful spot1 that ,happy ,island in ,bloomsbury1 the reading-room of the ,british ,museum4 ,let him visit its sacred quarter1 the region where its theological books are placed4 ,i am almost afraid to say what he will find there1 for fear ,mr4 ,spurgeon1 like a second ,caliph ,omar1 should give the library to the flames4 ,he will find an immense ,catholic work1 the collection of the ,abb ,migne1 lording it over that whole region1 reducing to insignificance the feeble ,protestant forces which hang upon its skirts4 ,protestantism is duly represented1 indeed2 ,mr4 ,panizzi knows his business too well to suffer it to be otherwise2 all the varieties of ,protestantism are there2 there is the library of ,anglo-,catholic ,theology1 learned1 decorous1 exemplary1 but a little uninteresting2 there are the works of ,calvin1 rigid1 militant1 menacing2 there are the works of ,dr4 ,chalmers1 the ,scotch thistle1 valiantly doing duty as the rose of ,sharon1 but keeping something very ,scotch about it all the time2 there are the works of ,dr4 ,channing1 the last word of religious philosophy in a land where every one has some culture1 and where superiorities are discountenanced--the flower of moral and intelligent mediocrity4 #gbi ,but how are all these divided against one another1 and how1 though they were all united1 are they dwarfed by the ,catholic leviathan1 their neighbor6 ,majestic in its blue and gold unity1 this fills shelf after shelf and compartment after compartment1 its right mounting up into heaven among the white folios of the ,acta ,sanctorum1 its left plunging down into hell among the yellow octavos of the ,law ,digest4 ,everything is there1 in that immense ,patrologiae ,cursus ,completus1 in that ,encyclopdie ,thologique1 that ,nouvelle ,encyclopdie ,thologique1 that ,troisime ,encyclopdie ,thologique2 religion1 philosophy1 history1 biography1 arts1 sciences1 bibliography1 gossip4 ,the work embraces the whole range of human interests2 like one of the great middle-age cathedrals1 it is in itself a study for a life4 ,like the net in ,scripture1 it drags everything to land1 bad and good1 lay and ecclesiastical1 sacred and profane1 so that it be but matter of human concern4 ,wide-embracing as the power whose product it is6 a power1 for history1 at any rate1 eminently the ,church2 not1 ,i think1 the church of the future1 but indisputably the church of the past1 and in the past1 the church of the multitude4 ,this is why the man of imagination--nay1 and the philosopher1 too1 in spite of her propensity to burn him--will always have a weakness for the ,catholic ,church2 because of the rich treasures of human life which have been stored within her pale4 ,the mention of other religious bodies1 or of their leaders1 at once calls up in our mind the thought of men of a definite type as their adherents2 the mention of ,catholicism suggests no such special following4 ,anglicanism suggests the ,english ,episcopate2 ,calvin's name suggests ,dr4 ,candlish2 ,chalmers's1 the ,duke of ,argyll2 ,channing's1 ,boston ,society2 but ,catholicism suggests --what shall ,i say8--all the pellmell of the men and women of ,shakespeare's plays4 ,this abundance the ,abb ,migne's collection faithfully reflects4 ,people talk of this or that work which they would choose1 if they were to pass their life with only one2 for my part1 ,i think ,i would choose the ,abb ,migne's collection4 ,quicqnid agunt homines--everything1 as ,i have said1 is there4 ,but ,mr4 ,seaman complains1 not only that the ,catholic ,church neglects to teach the people1 but that she neglects to let them alone4 ,not only has she never had any schools1 but she has had too many schools4 ,she has taken no care of education1 and moreover she has meddled officiously with popular instruction when she ought to have confined herself to masses and sermons4 ,the clergy1 being for long ages the only teachers of letters1 science1 philosophy1 and religion1 acquired an influence over men's conduct and opinions which can only be regarded as unfortunate4 ,yet1 a little while ago1 he said that in all conditions of society the majority of mankind are ruled by the thoughts and instructions of others1 and that education is one of the most important parts of government4 ,is it better that this tremendous influence should be exerted by the wisest and most virtuous class1 or by those who are eminent only because they are the most powerful8 ,if any set of men are to mould the opinions of the rest1 should they not be the men who are best qualified by study and by sacred pursuits to exercise that function with intelligence and sincerity8 ,we believe that when the child passes from the hands of the parent1 its best guides are the servants of the church who have devoted themselves to the training of the young in order that they may do good to their fellow creatures and give glory to ,god4 ,mr4 ,seaman would entrust this sacred duty to pot-house politicians1 who covet office for the sake of gain4 ,the theory of a paternal government1 which watches over all our relations in life1 and rears children to be good citizens1 may be all very well2 but we know what governments are in practice1 and petty office-holders are the last men we should want to trust with moulding the opinions of society4 ,there is something too demoralizing in the means by which they generally get their places2 and1 after they have got them1 how many are fit for them8 #gcj ,it is the duty of government to promote education and general culture1 that is very true2 but how this ought to be done is another question4 ,mr4 ,seaman says the proper way is to remove children from the influence of the two institutions which ,god has designed for their guides and educators--the family and the church--and to put them under the control of place-hunters1 who may possibly have a special talent for instruction1 but are just as likely to be fools and rogues4 ,but he has no arguments to support his opinions1 and it is not worth while to answer sheer dogmatism4 ,mr4 ,seaman is not satisfied with once gravely declaring that in all ,roman ,catholic countries education by means of schools and books is confined to the wealthy classes1 and then blaming the priests for interfering with the secular studies of the people instead of confining themselves to religious teaching2 asserting that the ,church has usurped the whole domain of metaphysics and philosophy1 and yet that she has never done anything for education at all2 praising the ,presbyterians of ,scotland for making schools a part of their religious establishment1 so that the young might be instructed in the principles of religion1 grammar1 and the ,latin tongue1 and upbraiding the church because centuries earlier she had done the same thing2 but he returns time and again to the same misstatements and the same contradictions4 ,during the ,dark ,ages1 he says1 coming back again to the ,bible question1 the ,scriptures were in the possession of those only who were learned in the dead languages4 ,they had never been translated into any of the modern languages4 ,a good explanation of this remarkable fact may possibly be that the modern languages1 at the period to which ,mr4 ,seaman refers1 had not yet taken a literary form4 ,he probably means to say that the sacred books had not been translated into the vernacular of any people4 ,if he does1 he makes a great mistake4 ,in the first place1 the ,latin ,vulgate was by no means a sealed volume4 ,that version had been made expressly to render the ,scriptures accessible to all4 ,the tongue into which it was turned was the one most generally understood by whoever had education enough to read any book at all2 and during the so-called ,dark ,ages1 ,latin was still in common use all over the continent of ,europe4 ,it was not then a dead language1 so far as books were concerned1 though in the conversation of common life it had passed out of use4 ,moreover1 as we have already seen1 translations of the ,bible into other languages were made as fast as those languages took shape4 ,translations of the ,new ,testament were made very early into all the tongues then spoken by ,christians4 ,portions of the ,scriptures were turned into ,saxon by ,adhelm1 ,egbert1 the ,venerable ,bede1 and others1 between the #hth and #ajth centuries2 and there was a complete ,english version as early as #abij1 that is to say1 #ij years before ,wycliffe's1 which ,hallam erroneously calls the earliest4 ,the first book printed at ,guttenberg's press was a ,latin ,bible1 and in ,italy1 under the very eye of the church1 there were translations in use in the #aeth century4 ,the popular fable that ,luther first threw open the sacred book to the world is one of the most mischievous falsehoods in history4 ,on almost every page we find errors hardly less monstrous4 ,not one valuable invention1 discovery1 or improvement1 says ,mr4 ,seaman1 during the last three centuries and a half1 has originated where the human mind has been subject to ,catholicism 4444 and the same may be said of jurisprudence1 government1 and science1 as well as the useful arts4 #gca ,the impudence of this assertion is enough to take away one's breath4 ,france1 then1 has done nothing for the arts or for science1 ,catholic ,germany has done nothing1 ,belgium has done nothing1 ,italy has done nothing4 ,nay1 more2 if the ,church for three hundred and fifty years has blighted material progress1 if the ,catholic clergy during that time have1 as our amazingly ignorant author declares1 restrained the human mind from the prosecution of new discoveries in natural science under pretence that the new opinions promulgated were contrary to ,scripture1 and therefore impious and heretical1 how does it happen that the world made any discoveries at all before that period8 ,why1 does ,mr4 ,seaman forget that the art of printing itself1 the greatest invention of all time1 dates from that dark age when the power of the ,church was at its height1 and ,luther had not yet arisen1 and that its first use was in the service of the sanctuary8 ,does he forget that ,copernicus was a ,catholic priest8 that some of the most brilliant of modern discoveries in the positive sciences1 in astronomy1 in medicine1 in natural philosophy1 have emanated from ,catholic ,italy and ,france1 and that the science of jurisprudence1 to which he especially refers1 owes more to those two countries and ,germany than to all the rest of the world8 ,the case of ,galileo1 to which of course he alludes1 has so recently been examined in two elaborate articles in this magazine that we need give but little space to it here4 ,it is enough to say that although the ,florentine philosopher was forbidden to wrest ,scripture to the support of his theory1 and was censured for his disobedience of a solemn obligation to let theology alone and confine himself to science1 the ,church stood throughout his patron and protector1 and the ,pope and the ,cardinals were the most zealous among his disciples4 ,mr4 ,seaman's statement that when ,galileo taught in ,italy the ,copernican system of astronomy as late as the year #afcc1 it was decided by the ,,pope and a ,,council ,,of ,,catholic ,,cardinals ,,and ,,bishops that the doctrine was absurd and heretical1 and he was consigned to the dungeons of the ,,inquisition and compelled to recant and abjure his opinions in order to save his life1 7the capitals and ,italics are ,mr4 ,seaman's17 is a plain up-and-down falsehood4 ,there is no justification of it in any reputable history4 ,the ,pope and a council of ,catholic ,cardinals and ,bishops never pronounced any judgment whatever either upon ,galileo or his doctrines1 and never had anything to do with the affair4 ,the judgment1 such as it was1 expressed merely the opinion of the qualifiers1 or examiners of the ,inquisition--an irresponsible committee attached to a civil tribunal1 whose report carried no theological weight1 and no more represented the doctrine of the ,church1 or the sentiments of ,pope1 ,cardinals1 and ,bishops than the ,munchausenisms of ,mr4 ,seaman represent the sober verdict of history4 ,the ,church is not to be reproached for the blunders of her individual members4 ,moreover1 ,galileo never was consigned to the dungeons of the ,inquisition1 and never was in peril of his life4 ,the course of ,mr4 ,seaman's argument leads him to a sketch of the constitution and history of the church1 and here he wanders in such a maze of error1 that it is bewildering to follow him4 #gcb ,he tells us that the ,pope and the bishops have the most absolute and unlimited power over the inferior clergy1 sending them wherever they choose1 and appointing and removing them at pleasure1 and that the ,pope exercises similar authority over the bishops4 ,has our learned historian ever heard of such a thing as canon law1 which secures to the inferior clergy a perfect immunity from arbitrary interference by their superiors1 and which is in force all over the ,christian world1 except in new countries1 where the church is yet too young to complete her organization8 ,he tells us that the church invented and upholds the doctrine of the divine right of kings1 and teaches that the people are bound to submit passively under all circumstances1 and that no amount or continuance of oppression and tyranny can justify resistance or rebellion in any case whatever4 ,all history contradicts this statement--contradicts it so plainly that we can hardly account for the author's temerity4 ,if we had the patience to read his book straight through1 we should probably find him on some other page blaming the ,popes for encouraging rebellion and insurrection4 ,as it is1 he declares that this tyrannical and despotic doctrine1 444 is the work of the clergy of a comparatively modern period1 and as late as the year #afhb the ,university of ,oxford1 in ,england1 adopted it4 ,we presume ,mr4 ,seaman is aware that ,oxford ,university in #afhb was ,protestant4 ,he tells us that the ,catholic ,church is a cruel and persecuting church1 and refers to the penal statutes against heresy1 which were in force in ,england1 from the #adth to the #afth century1 and under which1 during the reign of ,queen ,mary1 several hundred persons were burned2 but he seems not to know that all denominations1 in those cruel times1 persecuted one another impartially2 that ,henry ,,viii4 had set ,mary the example1 and ,elizabeth was a worthy follower of her father and ,calvin and the continental reformers were as bad as bloody ,mary1 and even the ,protestant settlers of ,america had little conception of the principle of religious freedom1 until it was taught them by the ,catholics of ,maryland4 ,he declares that the persecution of heretical sects during the #dth1 #eth1 and #fth centuries1 and the tyranny of the ecclesiastical aristocracy were the actual causes of the decline of the ,roman empire4 ,this is too much6 ,why1 the commencement of the decline dates from the second century1 and the ,roman ascendency was entirely overthrown by the middle of the fourth2 and during this period of decay1 the church had no power in the state1 but was herself persecuted and driven into the darkness of caverns4 ,we have spoken our mind plainly about this book1 because we think it is one of a class that deserve no mercy4 ,a man who sets himself to write history without consulting even the ordinary sources of historical information commits an offence against truth and against society4 ,ignorance does not excuse him4 ,ignorance in such a case is a crime4 ,of course we do not suppose that ,mr4 ,seaman intentionally makes false statements4 ,but he makes random statements which the slightest examination would have satisfied him were false4 ,he was bound to undertake such an examination1 and not having done it1 he bears the responsibility of the falsehood4 ,the passage we have already cited about ,galileo is a good example of what we mean4 ,there is no color of authority for the erroneous version of the case which ,mr4 ,seaman gives4 #gcc ,he could only have evolved that story out of a vague impression that the ,pope and the ,cardinals had done some very cruel and illiberal thing to the philosopher2 and he must have put it into the words he used1 because he considered those words effective in representing the action of the church in a black aspect4 ,but the errors are very serious ones4 ,they amount to the assertion that the church has declared a scientific fact to be a theological heresy4 ,if this were true1 the church would be no church4 ,not being true1 the words amount to a gross slander4 ,if ,mr4 ,seaman1 having been educated in a prejudice against ,catholics1 and believing that they are cruel and vindictive people who ought to be excluded from good society1 should print a pamphlet1 charging the ,archbishop of ,new ,york and his ,vicar-,general1 and the editors of ,the ,tablet and ,the ,catholic ,world with a conspiracy to torture or murder the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,prime1 the fact that he thought it probable the accusation might be true1 would be no justification1 and would not save him from the consequences of a libel suit4 ,the author who is guilty of slander in writing the history of the past1 cannot be mulcted in damages like the criminal who carelessly destroys a private character2 but he deserves to be placed in the pillory of moral criticism and to be held as a literary outlaw4 ---------- ,the ,silent ,clock4 ,its sounds were hushed by weeping love1 ,a sad heart bade it cease to move1 ,and one long hour of sorrow prove4 ,a heart and it did beat their last1 ,a trembling hand before it passed1 ,and endless silence on it cast4 ,a spectre from the silent lands1 ,a shadow of life's grief it stands1 ,still pleading with uplifted hands1 ,whose awful stillness seems to say2 ,here was the closing of his day-- ,here was the loosing of the clay4 ,forget not one1 of old so dear1 ,lift up your hearts for him in prayer ,as we are ever lifted here4 #gcd ,it shames the soul--that silent clock1 ,its mournful muteness seems to mock ,the love we thought no years could shock4 ,our sighs and tears of fond distress ,have changed to smiles of happiness ,it stands unchanged1 dumb1 motionless6 ,geraldine4 ---------- ,who ,shall ,take ,care ,of ,our ,poor8 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,the point of view in which we propound this problem is that of the adequacy of the ,christian ,church1 by its organic institutions1 to counteract1 in ,america1 those social and political aberrations which1 in the eastern hemisphere1 have developed and maintained the scourge of pauperism4 ,on this question1 history is prophecy2 an incomplete prophecy1 yet containing all the principles of action which a plastic intelligence and fresh inspiration from its fountain life may enable the church to adapt to our present exigencies4 ,under myriad forms and faces1 pauperism is the sphinx that devours every society which cannot1 within a certain time1 find its solution1 unless wars have anticipated its fate4 ,result of international wars1 and source of intestine wars--those irruptions of organized crime--pauperism is the ulcer on the leg of civilization which betrays the impurity of its blood4 ,it behoves us on the threshold of this inquiry to distinguish between accidental impoverishment1 and pauperism as an organic malady1 which develops1 as in ,great ,britain1 pari passu with population and even with the increase of wealth4 ,an earthquake devastates ,peru1 prostrates its cities and destroys its harvests3 its inhabitants suffer the greatest privations1 but having ready access to the soil in that prolific climate1 little or no chronic pauperism will result4 ,the white population of our immense ,south has been recently reduced by war to an extreme distress4 ,flanders1 ,germany1 ,france1 the most prosperous countries of ,europe1 have been scourged still more severely2 yet industrious generations suffice to efface the trace of war4 ,pestilences1 which decimate the population of a country1 yet respect property1 and do not pauperize the survivors1 but the contrary2 for they have freer access to the means of production4 ,but why is it that ,great ,britain--the old monarch of the seas1 with her predatory grasp on the neck of the ,indies1 with all her stupendous machinery of production1 and fearing no enemy from abroad--is rotting with pauperism amid peace and wealth1 perishing like an old eagle1 condemned to starvation by the excessive curvature of his overlapping beak8 #gce ,behold our mother country1 she whose laws and institutions we are now in the main reproducing1 she whose crimes against charity we reorganize by exposing our soil to the cupidity of speculators1 whose pauperism we inherit by emigration1 and whose fate we must share1 as certainly as the same causes produce the same effects1 unless we reform in our youth4 ,one hope1 one faith1 one path of social salvation1 remains for us both and for all the world--namely1 cooperative ,christian association1 that1 baffling pride and greed1 restores to the workman the produce of his work1 and renders the practical love of our neighbor the means of satisfaction for our own needs1 whether of the senses or the soul4 ,now1 ,rochdale and its kindred co-operative enterprises1 whose success is so encouraging in ,england2 the masons and other artisan associations of ,paris1 like the trades co-operations of ,barcelona and the old ,italian cities2 even the ,hanseatic ,league1 so monastic in its discipline--all proceed in direct line from the ,columbans1 the ,cistercians1 and other religious orders of the ,benedictine group1 who initiated the agricultural ,christianity of ,europe4 ,the seed sown in the mediaeval heart did not rot amid that dissolution of society which is called the ,reformation4 ,it has survived the oppressions of aristocracy and capital no longer tempered by monastic orders2 it has survived the internecine competition of our modern proletariat2 and now the same organic type1 under new names1 puts forth its leaf1 buds1 blooms1 and fruits4 ,if we look1 says ,balmes1 at the different systems which ferment in minds devoted to the study of pauperism and its remedies1 we shall always find there association under one form or another4 ,now1 association has been at all times one of the favorite principles of ,catholicity1 which1 by proclaiming unity in faith1 proclaims unity in all things4 ,if we examine the religious institutions characteristic of ,europe in its darkest period of ignorance1 corruption1 and social dissolution1 we observe that the monks of the west were not content with sanctifying themselves2 from the first they influenced society4 ,society had need of strong efforts to preserve its life in the terrible crisis through which it had to pass4 ,the secret of strength is in the union of individual forces1 in association4 ,this secret has been taught to ,european society as by a revelation from heaven4 ,sufficient attention has not perhaps been paid to the merit of the industrial organization1 introduced into ,europe from the earliest ages1 and which became more and more diffused after the twelfth century4 ,we allude to the trades-unions and other associations1 which1 established under the influence of the ,catholic religion1 had pious foundations for the celebration of their feasts1 and for assisting each other in their necessities4 ,we must recognize here that highly effective organizations of labor had taken root in ,europe1 either by the initiative of the religious orders1 7to whom the north owed its civilization17 or in the congenial atmosphere of ,catholicity2 that in this organization1 co-operation1 the ,christian spirit1 had supplanted or prevented internecine competition1 the secular spirit2 that this system of labor rendered pauperism impossible and elevated the working classes to a plane of virtue1 of dignity and prosperity elsewhere unattained2 that it had conquered and kept its ground against feudal oppression and aggression1 by a series of bloodless battles in which wisdom and patience1 self-control and forethought1 perseverance and the love of honorable uses1 vindicated the political superiority of the ,christian principle2 finally that it possessed within itself vigorous reproductive or propagative forces1 and had indeed become the manifest destiny of ,europe at that epoch when schism in the church sowed everywhere hatreds and discord1 and denatured civilization1 substituting the ideal of individualism for that of solidarity4 #gcf ,hence1 incoherence and destructive competition alike in the market as in the church4 ,for labor1 its result is pauperism2 for piety1 despair4 ,besides the religious motives which brought property into the hands of the monks1 there is another title1 remarks ,balmes1 which has always been regarded as one of the most just and legitimate4 ,the monks cultivated waste lands1 dried up marshes1 constructed roads1 restrained rivers within their beds1 and built bridges over them4 ,over a considerable portion of ,europe1 which was in a state of rude nature1 the monasteries founded here and there have been centres of agriculture and the arts of social life4 ,is not he who reclaims the wilderness1 cultivates it1 and fills it with inhabitants1 worthy of preserving large possessions there8 ,the religious and moral influence of the monks contributed greatly1 in early ,european epochs1 to the respect of property as well as persons against attacks which were so frequent in the turbulent ages succeeding the overthrow of the ,roman empire by barbarian nations1 that in some countries almost every castle was a den of robbers1 from which its chief overlooked the country and sallied forth to collect spoils4 ,the man who is constantly obliged to defend his own is also constantly led to usurp the property of others3 the first thing to do to remedy so great an evil was to locate and fix the population by means of agriculture1 and to accustom them to respect property1 not only by reasons drawn from private interest1 but also by the sight of large domains belonging to establishments regarded as inviolable1 and against which a hand could not be raised without sacrilege4 ,thus religious ideas were connected with social ones1 and they slowly prepared an organization which was to be completed in more peaceable times4 ,it is to the protection afforded to farmers by the monasteries in retired places that we owe the dissemination of the people in rural districts1 which would have been otherwise impossible4 ,those who have lived in a country convulsed by war1 like our ,south1 can best appreciate this4 ,mallet 7,history of the ,swiss1 vol4 i4 p4 #aje1 a ,protestant authority7 tells us that the monks softened by their instructions the ferocious manners of the people1 and opposed their credit to the tyranny of the nobility1 who knew no other occupation than war1 and grievously oppressed their neighbors4 ,on this account the government of monks was preferred to theirs4 ,the people sought them for judges1 7that is1 as umpires47 ,it was a usual saying that it was better to be governed by the bishop's crosier than the monarch's sceptre4 ,the kindness and charities performed by the religious orders1 remarks ,cobbett1 7,history of the ,protestant ,reformation17 made them objects of great veneration1 and the rich made them in time the channels of their benevolence to the poor4 ,kings1 queens1 princes1 princesses1 nobles1 and gentlefolk founded monasteries and convents1 that is1 erected the buildings and endowed them with estates for their maintenance4 #gcg ,others--some in the way of atonement for their sins1 and some from a pious motive1 gave while alive1 or bequeathed at their death1 lands1 houses1 or money to monasteries already erected4 ,so that in time the monasteries became the owners of great landed estates2 they had the lordship over innumerable manors1 and had a tenantry of prodigious extent1 especially in ,england1 where the monastic orders were always held in great esteem1 in consequence of ,christianity having been introduced into the kingdom by a community of monks4 ,one of the greatest advantages attending the monasteries in the political economy of the country was that they of necessity caused the revenues of a large part of the lands to be spent on the spot whence those revenues arose4 ,the hospitals and all the other establishments of the kind had the same tendency1 so that the revenues of the land were diffused immediately among the people at large4 ,we all know how the state of a parish changes for the worse when a great land-owner quits his mansion in it1 and leaves that mansion shut up1 and what an effect this has upon the poor-rates4 ,what1 then1 must have been the effect of twenty monasteries in every county1 expending constantly a large part of their incomes on the spot8 ,if ,ireland had still her seven hundred or eight hundred monastic institutions1 there would be no periodical famines and typhus fevers there2 no need of sunset or sunrise laws shutting the people up at night to prevent insurrections2 no projects for preventing the increase of families2 no schemes for getting rid of a surplus population2 no occasion for the people to live on third-rate potatoes--not enough1 at that2 for their nakedness1 their hunger1 their dying of hundreds with starvation1 while their ports are crowded with ships carrying provisions from their shores1 and while an army is fed in the country1 the business of which army is to keep the starving people quiet4 ,sir ,walter ,scott thus exposes the nonsense of the economists on the non-influence of absenteeism4 ,in the year #ahag1 when the poor stood so much in need of employment1 a friend asked the ,duke of ,buccleugh why his grace did not prepare to go to ,london in the spring8 ,by way of answer1 the duke showed him a list of laborers then employed in improvements on his different estates2 the number of whom1 exclusive of his regular establishments1 amounted to nine hundred and forty-seven men1 who1 with those whose support depended on their wages1 would reckon several thousand2 many of whom must have found it difficult to obtain subsistence had the duke not foregone the privilege of his rank in order to provide with more convenience for them4 ,the result of such conduct is twice blessed1 both in the means which it employs and in the end which it attains in the general economy of the country4 ,this anecdote forms a good answer to those theorists who pretend that the residence of proprietors on their estates is1 a matter of indifference to the inhabitants of the district4 ,had the duke been residing and spending his revenues elsewhere1 one-half of these poor people would have wanted employment and food1 and would probably have been little comforted by any metaphysical arguments upon population which could have been presented to their investigation4 ,many such things may be daily heard1 says ,howitt1 of the present ,duke of ,portland4 #gch ,the monks1 whose religious character gave them an extraordinary security1 as they were the first restorers of agriculture1 so they were the first improvers of our gardens4 ,their long pilgrimage from one holy shrine to another1 through ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy1 made them early acquainted with a variety of culinary and medicinal herbs and various fruits1 and amongst the ruins of abbeys we still find a tribe of plants that they have naturalized4 ,lingard1 writing of the consequences of the ,reformation1 tells us that within the realm poverty and discontent generally prevailed4 ,the extension of inclosures1 and the new practice of letting lands at rack-rents1 had driven from their homes numerous families whose fathers had occupied the same farms for several generations1 and the increasing multitudes of the poor began to resort to the more populous towns in search of that relief which had been formerly distributed at the gates of the monasteries4 ,the reformation preachers of the day--,knox1 ,lever1 ,gilpin1 ,latimer--avow that the sufferings of the indigent were treated with indifference by the hard-heartedness of the rich2 while1 in the pursuit of gain1 the most barefaced frauds were justified1 robbers and murderers escaping punishment by the partiality of juries or corruptions of judges4 ,they tell us that church-livings were given to laymen or converted to the use of the patrons1 etc4 ,in dealing with that shameful pauperism1 the annual reports of which ring in the ears of the ,british government--mene1 mene1 tekel1 upharsin which presaged the fall of ,babylon--it behoves us to distinguish the victim poor and the fighting poor4 ,the fighting poor exasperate the evils of poverty by ineffective insurrections against the organized government of the rich4 ,protesting against injustice and maladministration by strikes1 which they cannot sustain1 and which soon leave them at the mercy of the employers they have defied1 they provoke the severity of the laws by disorderly conduct1 by poaching1 robbery1 arson1 etc41 necessitating the maintenance of a numerous and rigorous police1 and even of standing armies4 ,these withdraw great numbers from productive industry1 and double the expenses of government1 which must1 at last1 be borne by the working classes1 however indirect the methods of taxation4 ,it is true that the aristocracy in command of armies could enrich ,england by the spoil of ,india1 or ,spain by that of ,mexico and ,peru2 but these ill-gotten gains have cursed alike the robber and the robbed4 ,no country has ever maintained a real prosperity except by home production and the contentment of its producing classes4 ,the fighting poor1 not organized in armies under the discipline and pay of governments1 but remaining an integral part of the people1 are intimately leagued with the victim poor by family ties1 and even by the imminence of a common fate1 since a wound1 a fit of illness1 a fraud1 the prolonged lack of work1 or other misfortune1 may depress them into pauperism4 ,this class of poor is the most dangerous element of a nation1 and costs in waste and in precautions a great deal more than the sum expended in pauper relief4 ,an administrative method which conciliates this class with the rich1 with the established government and public order1 is evidently master of the situation4 ,this end has been achieved by the religious organization of labor4 #gci ,what the ,catholic ,church once did for ,england1 under military feudalism1 she can do again1 and more1 because the present financial and industrial feudalism is pacific in its tendencies and susceptible of being harmonized with the interests of the church and of labor by co-operative association2 whereas the former feudalism existed for war1 was essentially opposed to the spirit of ,christianity1 to the honor of productive industry1 and the prosperity of the people4 ,now1 what is cure for ,great ,britain may be prevention for ,america1 which undergoes1 like ,england1 the yoke of industrial feudalism4 ,allowing for the category of accidents1 for relief needed by the infirm1 etc41 vastly the larger proportion of pauperism remains to be prevented by opportune employments1 of which the soil serves as the basis4 ,let the religious orders reacquire everywhere1 by all legitimate means1 the control of large bodies of land1 which they shall withhold from speculation1 which they shall either administrate by leases or by direct culture1 and on which they shall establish the arts of fabrication4 ,then they may subdue the world with its own weapons1 commanding capital and labor1 conciliating them in ,christian action1 and producing wealth without sacrificing the producer to the product4 ,they would lease farms or hire workmen according to local and temporary expediency1 but in either case they would constitute1 as of old1 a bulwark between the people and speculators1 and they would reattach the masses by intimate household ties4 ,this begins as of old with the voluntary assumption of social burdens1 especially with the care of the sick and infirm4 ,by organizing a high order of attractive social life at its rural institutions1 where it is so much easier to find healthful work for either sex and every age1 the church will counteract that destructive fascination which the city now exerts over the country-folk4 ,in restoring and upholding an order of yeomanry1 subject to its general administration of agriculture1 but free in a scope of action sufficient to content them1 within a predetermined plan1 the ,catholic ,church would counterpoise the present league of the ,church of ,england with its aristocracy1 as its corporate philanthropies would counterpoise the corporate selfishness of simple business firms4 ,pursuing the noble initiative which the ,jesuit order took in the work of education1 especially in ,paraguay1 it remains for the church to second the views of ,american legislation in the foundation of art and labor-schools1 or agricultural and polytechnic institutes1 for the support of which public lands were appropriated in #ahdb1 although ,minnesota alone has had the wisdom to protest against the malversation of this fund to the comparatively sterile work of our common schools4 ,it is not by any means an unreasonable assumption that1 after a few years of experience and discipline for the teachers1 art and labor-schools1 embracing all the departments of rural and domestic economy with religious and social training1 may be made self-supporting4 ,from that day their popularity will be assured1 and pauperism will be well-nigh eradicated1 together with the vices and crimes which it engenders4 ,the diploma of such an institution might confer either a lease of land or an appointment to some office of social use and profit4 ,the administration of the schools and charities of the church would supply a great many such places4 #gdj ,we shall not ask whether it be not expedient and just to oblige every family1 in so far as it may be competent1 to provide for its own poor1 because modern civilization has not the patriarchal basis1 the family has no such collective unity or substantial existence among us1 as formerly in ,palestine1 or still in the ,arab douar4 ,at most can the family be held responsible for its minors1 since its authority does not extend beyond this class2 but we remark that the largest proportion of pauperism is due to the neglect of efficient education during the years of minority2 so that with the actual population of the world1 and even in the most thickly settled countries1 there need be no such thing as pauperism1 if the productive energies of the whole people received during childhood and youth a practical direction2 while the diplomas of our labor and art-schools conferred valid titles to the use of the soil or other means of remunerative employment4 ,if to organize such education for the children of poor families be regarded as beyond the province of our governments or secular powers1 how much more extravagant must this seem for the children of the rich1 who are1 however1 exposed every day to become poor1 and whose wasteful idleness subtracts so much from the possible resources of mankind8 ,is it not self-evident that the influence of religious organizations has every advantage over secular authority in reforming education while rendering it universal8 ,at once personal and corporate1 they can take an initiative which is refused to governments or which governments decline4 ,now1 as in the middle ages1 in civilized as in savage or barbarous states1 they can restore to labor its religious honor1 they alone can successfully combat the idleness and vices of fashionable dissipation1 they can substitute the arbitrament of ,christian equity for that of fire and sword1 and while pouring oil on our troubled waters1 they can teach by example as well as by precept1 those wholesome restraints which prevent the increase of a local population faster than the means of its subsistence4 ,if pauperism in this country is chiefly exotic1 it is none the less real1 and none the less afflictive or disastrous4 ,if an obvious remedy exist in our vast tracts of unoccupied land1 it is so much the more urgent to organize while directing the tide of emigration by the spirit of ,christianity4 ,by colonizing emigrants under the guidance of religious orders we obviate the twofold evils of their pauperism and their isolation4 ---------- ,the ,iliad ,of ,homer4 ,rendered ,into ,english ,blank ,verse ,by ,edward1 ,earl ,of ,derby4 ,it is our custom1 or that of our time1 to decry classical education4 ,we have a right to do so1 no doubt1 if our unfavorable judgment regarding it is based upon a correct and intelligent estimate of its value1 as a method of training the youthful mind and of disciplining the intellect by the exercise of its nascent power upon works of model taste and unrivalled elegance4 ,submitting classical education to this test1 we cannot glibly join in the outcry against it of those who see in it only a process for acquiring a knowledge of ,greek and ,latin words1 of no earthly use to the possessor or to anybody else4 #gda ,neither1 on the other hand1 would we1 upon such test1 accept it as the only canon of liberal education1 to the exclusion of others that may serve the purpose of instruction with more practical advantage4 ,we would fain offer ,earl ,derby's translation of the ,iliad as an example1 according to our notion1 of the practical process to be followed in studying the classic authors in order to profit by their beauty1 and of the gifts the mind receives from the cultivation of classic literature4 ,not a poet himself1 the noble lord has imbibed into his own plastic mind the conceptions of the sovereign poet in all their poetic beauty and serene grandeur1 and reproduces them for the ,english reader1 shapely moulded1 not distorted nor disfigured4 ,we shall not enter into a comparison of his translation with that of ,pope or ,cowper1 neither shall we discuss the fitness of the metre he has adopted4 ,his own translation1 if argument were wanted1 would compel us to agree with him that he has selected that metre best suited for rendering the ,homeric poem into ,english verse1 and we give him our hearty accord in his condemnation of the ,english hexameter-- a lumbering rhythm1 not inaptly compared1 by some author1 to the noise of pumpkins rolling on a barn-floor4 ,we shall merely show1 by a few extracts1 how he has succeeded in reproducing the conceptions of the poem1 and how happily he has caught1 without imparting any admixture of modern sentiment1 the flowing style in which the poet pours forth1 as it were1 without drawing breath1 his grand melodious strain4 ,his translation is not a dead cast1 but a copy1 and a copy instinct with life4 ,his task was not an easy one2 and when we reflect upon his life and eminent station1 we cannot help thinking that to ordinary men the difficulty would be much enhanced thereby4 ,still1 it redounds the more to the honor of ,english scholarship and ,english statesmanship1 that the foremost among its orators and statesmen1 who1 for more than a quarter of a century1 has borne a large share of the weighty affairs of a vast empire2 who by his talents has helped to solve the thousand vexed questions of modern politics and reform1 could1 during leisure1 withdraw his mind from the absorbing interests of the political arena1 and allow it to repose on the sublime naturalness of the ,iliad1 and float in placid unison with the serene grandeur of ,homer's song4 ,though the translation is truly ,homeric1 yet1 wrought as it is with spirit and genius1 it bears in it something of the mind it springs from4 ,the reader will not fail to discover in the echo of the ,iliad1 so faithfully reflected in its purity1 natural freshness1 and vigor1 something of that splendid eloquence heard amid strife as angry and as fierce as raged between ,agamemnon and ,achilles4 ,in giving quotations1 we shall omit those finer passages that are familiar to most readers1 such as those well-known passages of the ,third ,book1 with their beautiful similes1 that describe the ,greeks assembling and passing in review before their leaders4 ,on these many a youthful and full-grown bard has tried his skill2 but never have we seen them so beautifully rendered as in the translation before us4 ,we select for our readers1 first1 that picture in the ,fourth ,book1 in which all the raging elements of battle are thronged together--the maddening vengeance1 the wrath1 the fury of hostile ranks in the horror of collision--and which commences with the description of #gdb ,discord unappeased1 #ejd ,of blood-stained ,mars the sister and the friend2 ,with humble crest at first1 anon her head1 ,while yet she treads the earth1 affronts the skies4 ,the gage of battle in the midst she threw1 ,strode through the crowd and woe to mortals wrought1 ,when to their midst they came1 together rushed #eaj ,bucklers and lances1 and the furious might ,of mail-clad warriors2 bossy shield on shield ,clattered in conflict2 loud the clamor rose4 ,then rose two mingled shouts and groans of men ,slaying and slain2 the earth ran red with blood1 #eac ,as when descending from the mountain's brow1 ,two wintry torrents from their copious source ,pour downward to the narrow pass1 where meet ,their mingled waters in some deep ravine1 ,their weight of flood2 on the far mountain side #ebj ,the shepherd hears the roar2 so loud arose ,the shouts and yells of those commingling hosts4 ,nothing can give a better idea of the power of the translator than the manner in which he has compressed this passage1 with its bewildering throng of elements1 into the same number of lines as the original4 ,we miss none of the simple grandeur1 none of the directness1 none of the even1 rapid movement so characteristic of ,homer4 ,there is no importation of what belongs not to ,homer into it1 no amplification1 no turning aside from the object1 or indirectness in introducing and depicting every incident in the picture4 ,it is ,homer's strain2 grand1 rapid1 and simple4 ,a few lines further on we have one of those beautiful images by which the poet has a fondness for describing the fall of his young heroes4 ,depicting the death of the stripling ,simoisius1 he sings3 ,prone in the dust he fell2 #eeb ,as some tall poplar1 grown in marshy mead1 ,smooth-stemmed1 with boughs up-springing toward the head4 ,again of young ,gorgythion1 in the ,eighth ,book3 ,down sank his head1 as in a garden sinks ,a ripened poppy charged with vernal rains2 #cej ,so sank his head beneath his helmet's weight4 ,and of ,asius1 in the ,thirteenth ,book3 ,he fell as falls an oak1 or poplar tall1 ,or lofty pine4 ,these passages are placed together as containing some of the poet's favorite and beautiful images1 and as showing how happy the translator has been in rendering them with truthfulness to their natural grace4 ,earl ,derby is not less successful in reproducing the deep tenderness and moving pathos that form a conspicuous feature of the ,iliad4 ,we quote from the ,sixth ,book1 from the affecting scene between ,hector and ,andromache2 but1 instead of ,andromache's words1 so well known through ,pope's translation1 we give the answer of the noble ,hector1 the hero of the ,iliad1 in which1 with soul-felt tenderness1 he seeks to console his desponding wife3 ,footnote #bhj ,footnote #bhj3 ,to illustrate what we mean by the directness1 simplicity1 and even rapid movement of ,homer's verse1 we cite here from a popular ,english poet an extract which1 though not a parallel to the above1 is somewhat kindred2 it is the first at hand1 and will serve our purpose4 ,trust me1 whatever fate my soul may gall1 ,thou at thy woman's choice shall ne'er repine4 ,trust me1 whatever storm on me may fall1 ,this man's true heart shall ward the bolt from thine4 ,hark1 where the bird from yon dark ilex breathes ,soul into night so be thy love to me2 ,look1 when around the bird the ilex wreathes ,still sheltering boughs1 so be my love to thee6 ,o dweller in my heart6 the music thine2 ,and the deep shelter--wilt thou scorn it8 mine4 ,it will be observed1 in reading these exquisite lines1 how complex is the web of thought2 how the artist1 as it were1 lingers to work into it embroidery of words and images borrowed from foreign objects4 ,in ,homer there is nothing but the natural artless flow of feeling2 the even movement1 as it springs from the soul1 is not crossed by shadow or image from any other object1 nor does it diverge this way or that to borrow of other sources in metaphor or comparison1 tone1 color1 or pathos4 ,the movement in ,homer is natural1 direct1 even1 rapid2 and yet this natural1 simple1 deep gush of feeling presents to us a most truthful1 touching1 and expressive picture of a soul overwhelmed with tender love and sorrow commingled1 but facing the stern task of duty4 ,think not1 dear wife1 that by such thoughts as these #eab ,my heart has ne'er been wrung2 but ,i should blush ,to face the men and long-robed dames of ,troy1 ,if1 like a coward1 ,i could shun the fight4 ,nor could my soul the lessons of my youth ,so far forget1 whose boast it still has been ,in the forefront of battle to be found1 ,charged with my father's glory and mine own4 ,yet in my inmost soul too well ,i know #ebj ,the day must come when this our sacred ,troy1 ,and ,priam's race1 and ,priam's royal self1 ,shall in one common ruin be o'erthrown4 ,but not the thoughts of ,troy's impending fate1 ,nor ,hecuba's1 nor royal ,priam's woes1 #ebe #gdc ,nor loss of brethren1 numerous and brave1 ,by hostile hands laid prostrate in the dust1 ,so deeply wring my heart as thoughts of thee1 ,thy days of freedom lost1 and led away ,a weeping captive by some brass-clad ,greek4 #ecj ,haply in ,argos1 at a mistress' beck1 ,condemned to ply the loom1 or water draw ,from ,hypereia's or ,messais' fount4 ,heart wrung1 by stern necessity constrained1 ,then they who see thy tears perchance may say1 #ece ',lo6 this was ,hector's wife1 who1 when they fought ,on plains of ,troy1 was ,ilium's bravest chief6' ,thus may they speak1 and thus thy grief renew ,for loss of him who might have been thy shield ,to rescue thee from slavery's bitter hour4 #edj ,oh6 may ,i sleep in dust ere be condemned ,to hear thy cries and see thee dragged away4 ,the opinion of ,lord ,derby's oratory1 entertained on this side of the ,atlantic1 may tempt those who admire it to think that in this translation his splendid eloquence and vigorous language would have their fitting scope in depicting the scenes of camp and field1 in transmitting1 lifelike1 those angry encounters in the councils of gods and men2 but1 that the most tender and delicate tones of human feeling are not alien to his speech1 is amply proved by the lines we have quoted4 ,the same deep chord of feeling is struck by the words and modulations of this beautiful passage that vibrates in the pathetic language and melody of the ,ionian bard4 ,we add another of those magnificent incidents of the ,iliad1 where the struggle of warriors on the very brink of battle is so grandly described by the poet4 ,in the ,thirteenth ,book1 the ,greeks1 closely massed under the ,ajaces1 ,waited the ,trojan charge1 by ,hector led ,spear close to spear1 and shield by shield o'erlaid1 ,buckler to buckler pressed1 and helm to helm1 ,and man to man1 the horse-hair plumes above1 ,that nodded on the warriors' glittering crests1 ,each other touched1 so closely matched they stood4 ,backward1 by many a stalwart hand1 were drawn ,the spears1 in act to hurl2 their eyes and minds ,turned to the front and eager for the fray4 ,on poured the ,trojan masses2 in the van ,hector straight forward urged his furious course3 ,as some huge boulder1 from its rocky bed ,detached1 and by the wintry torrent's force ,hurled down the cliff's steep face1 when constant rains ,the massive rock's firm hold have undermined1 ,with giant bounds it flies2 the crashing wood ,resounds beneath it1 still it hurries on1 ,until1 arriving at the level plain1 ,its headlong impulse checked1 it rolls no more2 ,so ,hector1 threatening now through ships and tents ,even to the sea to force his murderous way1 ,anon1 confronted by that phalanx firm1 ,halts close before it4 ,this truly fine passage is the perfection of ,homeric poetry4 ,we doubt if pen or brush has ever produced a picture abounding so much in life and action4 ,the marvellous combination of objects presented to view in these lines1 each heightening the effect of the other1 and all blending into one tumultuous action1 stirred by the fiery spirit of war1 gives us a grand and terrific picture4 ,in reading it1 with almost the noise and din and the fray of warring men ringing in the words employed in the translation1 we feel as if we had never before been enabled1 by any ,english version1 to enter into the full spirit of ,homer himself4 ,we give a last quotation from the closing scene of the poem1 where the cry of mourning ,troy is raised over the lifeless body of its brave defender4 ,the wail of his wife and of his mother has been heard2 but there remains one other1 the beauteous ,helen1 whose fatal charms had deluged the plains of ,troy with blood1 had inflicted on the lifeless hero on whom she now gazes in sadness many a day of toil and many an hour of pain1 and now had crowned the heap of ,ilium's sorrows with this last scene of woe4 ,her words of love commingled with self-reproach1 are the highest tribute the poet could pay1 in his closing verse1 to the hero whom1 throughout his song1 he endows with all the noblest traits of son1 of patriot1 of brother1 and of husband4 ,hector1 of all my brethren dearest thou6 ,true1 godlike ,paris claims me as his wife1 ,who bore me hither--would ,i then had died6 ,but twenty years have passed since here ,i came ,and left my native land2 yet ne'er from thee #hie ,i heard one scornful1 one degrading word4 ,and when from others ,i have borne reproach1 ,thy brothers1 sisters1 or thy brothers' wives ,or mother1 7for thy sire was ever kind ,even as a father17 thou hast checked them still ,with kindly feeling and with gentle words3 ,for thee ,i weep1 and for myself no less2 ,for through the breadth of ,troy1 none love me now1 ,none kindly look on me1 but all abhor4 #gdd ,in the portions of ,lord ,derby's translation we have here given1 we have not selected what are universally regarded as the most beautiful passages of the poem4 ,we have selected such passages as from their crowded incidents1 their bewildering throng of objects1 their rapid succession of scenes or deep and tender pathos1 appeared to us the most difficult for the translator to reproduce4 ,we doubt if there be a student of ,homer who will fail to find them a transcript of the poet's meaning1 with almost literal exactness1 as well as a copy of the genius and spirit of the poem4 ,we had purposed selecting some passages which would give our readers a sample of his manner of rendering the ,homeric epithets4 ,the beauty of the few occurring in the above extracts will not escape them4 ,students of ,homer are aware how constantly he appends distinctive epithets to persons1 things1 and places4 ,to translate these wherever they occur would give a strange1 unnatural cast to the poem4 ,the ,english language1 not like the plastic ,greek1 could not bear along the burden of them2 besides1 many of them would require an awkward paraphrase1 which would only add words1 not vividness or distinctness1 to the thought of the poet4 ,lord ,derby has wisely and discriminately dealt with these2 when he renders them1 he does so with so much exactitude and expressive force1 that we feel rise within us1 at this late hour1 a sigh of regret that we had not at our hand his version of them1 when we were students of ,homer4 ,in reading the translation through1 we cannot say where we would have an epithet added that has been omitted1 or where we would have stricken it out where it has been preserved4 ,we said that the translation is a copy of the ,iliad--a copy produced with genius and spirit4 ,it will be read with pleasure by the classical scholar1 to whom it will recall in their freshness and grandeur the scenes of that poem which charmed him in years long past4 ,it will be welcomed by the general reader1 who has not before tasted the charms of ,homer's song1 and who will gratefully acknowledge it as a new treasure to the storehouse of ,english literature4 ,in it--and in the life of the noble author1 whose devotedness to classical literature could not have lived through his busy political life1 did he not in his own inward consciousness ever find the great benefit and elegant pleasure he had gained from it--is furnished for the public at large the strongest argument we know against banishing classical education from our schools and colleges4 ---------- #gde ,lines written by ,theodulphus4 ,translated ,from ,the ,latin4 ,lines ,written ,by ,theodulphus1 ,bishop ,of ,orleans1 ,a4,d4 #hbj1 ,in ,a ,copy ,of ,the ,holy ,scriptures1 ,transcribed ,by ,his ,own ,hand4 ,light of ,god's law6 divesting earth of gloom1 ,more white than snows1 more bright than starry skies1 ,beneath whose radiance good and virtue bloom-- ,from whom all error flies4 ,blest word of ,god6 gift of that wisdom1 whence ,springs life and light6 what worth exceeds thy worth8 ,word that excels all words in sound and sense ,as heaven excels the earth4 ,whate'er of wonders human arts have taught ,have here their fountain--hence derive their force2 ,of all the grand achievements of man's thought ,here wells the living source4 ,by day1 by night here meditate1 here school ,to holiness thy hands1 and lips1 and soul3 ,thou rulest others--be this book the rule ,that shall thyself control4 ,this sharer of thy couch--joy of thine eyes1 ,clasped in thy arms and on thy knees shall rest2 ,thy watcher when soft slumber on thee lies-- ,thy earliest morning guest4 ,be not for knowledge only thy desire2 ,in virtue's presence learning's light is dim3 ,deeds and not words the ,almighty will require-- ,yet offer both to him4 ,by ceaseless study learn1 by actions teach1 ,untiring seek for ,wisdom's pathway here4 ,this meditate1 a light thy heart will reach1 ,and make all fair and clear4 ,who walks a tangled forest's briery way ,by frequent treading makes it broad and plain4 ,and what the quick mind wins from day to day1 ,slow study doth retain4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b4 ---------- #gdf ,from ,the ,french ,of ,erckmann ,and ,chatrian4 ,the ,invasion2 ,or1 ,yegof ,the ,fool4 ,chapter ,,xxi4 ,jerome of ,saint-,quirin had made good his retreat upon the farm-house4 ,who goes there8 cried the sentries1 as the party approached4 ,people of the village of ,charmes1 replied ,marc-,dives in his voice of thunder4 ,they were recognized and allowed to pass4 ,the house was silent2 a sentinel with shouldered arms paced in front of the barn1 where thirty partisans were sleeping upon the straw4 ,catherine1 at sight of the great dark roofs1 the old sheds1 the stables1 the ancient dwelling where her youth had passed1 where the peaceful and laborious lives of her father and her grandfather had tranquilly glided away1 the home which she was perhaps about to leave for ever1 felt a terrible pain at her heart2 but she spoke not of it1 and springing from the sledge1 as she had often done before on her returning from market1 she said3 ,come1 ,louise1 we are home at last2 thanks to ,god4 ,old ,duchene had pushed open the door1 crying1 ,it is ,madame ,lefevre6 ,yes1 it is we4 ,any news from ,jean-,claude8 ,no1 madame4 ,then every one entered the huge kitchen4 ,a few coals yet glowed upon the hearth1 and1 under the immense1 overhanging chimney-piece1 ,jerome of ,saint-,quirin was seated in the shadow1 in his great-coat2 his long-pointed red beard hanging on his breast2 his thick staff between his knees1 and his rifle leaning against the wall4 ,ha6 good morning1 ,jerome6 cried the old woman4 ,good morning1 ,catherine6 answered the grave and solemn chief of ,grossmann4 ,you come from ,donon8 ,yes4 ,things are going ill there1 my poor ,jerome4 ,the ,kaiserliks attacked the farm-house when we left the plateau4 ,we could see only white coats on every side4 ,they began to cross the abatis-- ,then you think ,hullin will be forced to abandon the road8 ,it is possible1 indeed1 if ,pivrette does not come to his assistance4 ,the partisans had neared the fire4 ,marc-,dives bent over the coals to light his pipe2 as he rose1 he cried3 ,jerome1 ,i ask only one thing of you2 ,i know that they fought well where you commanded-- ,they did their duty1 interrupted the shoemaker2 sixty men lie stretched on the side of ,grossmann1 who will bear witness to it on the judgment-day4 ,yes2 but who guided the ,germans8 ,they never could find of themselves the pass of ,blutfeld4 ,it was ,yegof--the fool ,yegof1 replied ,jerome1 and his gray eyes1 surrounded with deep wrinkles and thick white lashes and brows1 glittered through the darkness4 ,are you very sure of it8 ,labarbe's men saw him ascend1 leading the others4 #gdg ,the partisans gazed at each other with angry looks4 ,at the same moment1 ,doctor ,lorquin1 who had remained without to unharness his horse1 pushed open the door1 crying3 ,the battle is lost6 ,here are our men from ,donon4 ,i have heard ,lagarmitte's horn4 ,it is easy to imagine the feelings with which this news was received4 ,every one thought of parent1 friends1 whom perhaps he was never more to see1 and all who were in the kitchen and the barn rushed at once to the fields4 ,then ,robin and ,dubourg1 posted as sentries1 cried3 ,who goes there8 ,france6 replied a voice4 ,and despite the distance1 ,louise1 recognizing her father's voice1 would have fallen had not ,catherine supported her4 ,presently a great number of steps echoed upon the frozen snow1 and ,louise1 no longer able to contain herself1 cried in a trembling voice3 ,father ,jean-,claude6 ,i am coming1 replied ,hullin2 ,i am coming4 ,and my father8 cried ,frantz1 rushing to the sabot-maker4 ,he is with us1 ,frantz4 ,and ,kasper8 ,he has received a little wound1 but it is nothing3 you will see them both4 ,catherine threw herself into ,hullin's arms4 ,o ,jean-,claude6 what a happiness it is to see you again6 ,ay1 replied he in a low tone2 there are many who will never again see those they love4 ,frantz6 cried old ,materne2 hallo6 this way4 ,and on all sides1 in the darkness1 men sought each other1 pressed each other's hands and embraced4 ,others called aloud for ,vielau or ,sapheri1 but no voice replied4 ,then the calls grew hoarse1 strangled1 and finally ceased4 ,the joy of some and the grief of others were in horrible contrast4 ,louise wept hot tears in ,hullin's arms4 ,ah6 ,jean-,claude1 said ,mother ,lefevre2 you have much to learn of your daughter4 ,now ,i will tell you nothing1 but we were attacked-- ,yes1 we will talk of it by and by4 ,time presses1 interrupted ,hullin4 ,the ,donon road is lost2 the ,cossacks may be here at daybreak1 and we have yet many things to do4 ,he entered the farm-house4 ,all followed4 ,duchene had just thrown a fagot upon the fire4 ,those faces1 black with powder1 but still breathing the fire of battle2 those garments1 torn by bayonet-thrusts1 some of them bloody1 advancing from darkness into the full light1 offered a strange spectacle4 ,kasper1 whose handkerchief was bound around his forehead1 had received a sabre-cut2 his bayonet1 blouse1 and high blue cloth gaiters were stained with blood4 ,old ,materne1 thanks to his imperturbable presence of mind1 came safe and sound from the fray4 ,the remnants of the two troops of ,jerome and ,hullin were thus united4 ,they showed the same fierce countenances1 animated by the same energy and desire for vengeance1 save that the last1 worn-out with weariness1 sat wherever they might find room--on the fagots1 the hearth--with their heads bowed upon their hands1 and their elbows resting on their knees4 ,the others looked around1 unable to realize that ,hans1 ,juson1 ,daniel1 had disappeared for ever1 and exchanging questions followed by long periods of silence4 ,materne's two sons held each other by the arms1 as if each feared he would lose his brother1 and their father1 behind them1 leaning against the wall1 gazed on with looks of delight4 #gdh ,they are there2 ,i see them1 he seemed to say4 ,and they are famous fellows1 and both have escaped4 ,the good man coughed1 and when some one came to speak to him about ,pierre1 or ,jacques1 or ,nicolas--of a son or a brother--he replied at random1 ,ay1 ay1 there are a good many stretched out yonder2 but what would you have8 ,war is war4 ,your ,nicolas did his duty4 ,be consoled4 ,and then he thought1 ,my boys are out of the scrape1 and that is the principal thing4 ,catherine set the table with ,louise4 ,soon ,duchene1 returning from the cellar with a cask of wine upon his shoulder1 placed it on the sideboard4 ,he opened it1 and each of the partisans presented his glass1 or cup1 or pitcher1 to the purple fountain1 which gave back the leaping flames on the hearth in a thousand reflections4 ,eat and drink6 cried the old mistress of the house4 ,all is not yet ended2 you will yet need strength4 ,frantz1 hand me down those hams4 ,here are bread and knives4 ,be seated1 my children4 ,frantz1 with his bayonet1 roasted the hams at the fire4 ,benches were brought forward2 the men sat down1 and ate with that keen appetite which neither present grief nor thought of future evil can make mountaineers forget4 ,but all this did not keep sorrow from the hearts of these brave fellows1 and sometimes one1 sometimes another1 would stop1 drop his fork1 and leave the table1 saying1 ,i have had enough4 ,while the partisans thus recruited their strength1 their chiefs met in the neighboring hall to make their last determinations relative to the defence4 ,there were seated round the table1 lighted by a tin lamp1 ,doctor ,lorquin--his great dog ,pluto near him1 watching with uplifted muzzle2 ,jerome in the recess of a window to the right2 ,hullin at the left1 very pale4 ,marc-,dives1 with his elbow on the table and cheek resting in his hand1 sat with his back to the door1 and showed only his brown profile and one of the ends of his long moustache4 ,materne alone was standing1 as was his habit1 leaning against the wall behind ,lorquin's chair1 his rifle resting upon his foot4 ,a murmur of voices came from the kitchen4 ,when ,catherine1 who was called by ,jean-,claude1 entered1 she heard a sort of groan which made her tremble4 ,it was ,hullin speaking4 ,do you think1 he cried1 in a burst of wild grief1 that the fate of those brave sons1 those white-haired fathers1 moved not my heart8 ,would ,i not gladly have died a thousand times that they might live8 ,you know not the woes with which this night has overwhelmed me4 ,to lose life is but little2 but to bear alone the burden of such a trust6 ,he was silent1 but his trembling lip1 the tear that coursed slowly down his cheek1 showed how heavily that trust weighed upon him1 in a position where conscience itself hesitates and seeks support4 ,catherine noiselessly seated herself in the large arm-chair on his left4 ,after a few moments' pause1 ,hullin proceeded more calmly3 ,between eleven o'clock and midnight1 ,zimmer came crying that we were turned2 that the ,germans were coming down from ,grossmann2 ,labarbe was crushed2 ,jerome could hold out no longer4 ,he said no more4 ,what was to be done8 ,could ,i retreat--abandon a position which had cost us so much blood--the ,donon road1 the way to ,paris8 ,i were a wretch indeed to do so2 but ,i had only three hundred against the four thousand at ,grandfontaine1 and ,i know not how many descending the mountain4 #gdi ,but cost what it might1 ,i determined to hold out2 it was our duty to do so4 ,i thought that life is nothing void of honor2 we might all die1 but never would it be said that we yielded the road to ,france6 ,never1 never1 never6 ,his voice again trembled1 and his eyes filled with tears as he added3 ,we held it--for more than two hours--my brave boys held it4 ,i saw them fall2 they died crying1 ',god save ,france6' ,when the battle began1 ,i sent word to ,pivrette4 ,he1 with fifty men1 came up--too late6 too late6 ,the enemy flanked us right and left2 they held three fourths of the plateau1 and we were driven among the firs toward ,blanru1 their fire crashing into our bosoms4 ,all that ,i could do was to collect the wounded who could yet drag themselves along1 and place them under the escort of ,pivrette2 a hundred men joined him4 ,i kept only fifty to occupy ,falkenstein4 ,we cut through the ,germans1 who tried to cut off our retreat4 ,happily the night was dark1 otherwise not one of us would have escaped4 ,we are here1 and all is lost4 ,falkenstein alone remains1 and we are reduced to three hundred4 ,now we must try who will dare the bitter end4 ,i tell you that my burden presses heavily upon me4 ,while the ,donon road was to be defended1 our duty was clear2 every man's life belonged to his country3 but that road is lost2 ten thousand men would be needed to regain it1 and even now the enemy are entering ,lorraine4 ,what is to be done8 ,resist to the last6 replied ,jerome4 ,to the last6 repeated the others4 ,is this your counsel1 ,catherine8 asked ,hullin4 ,ay6 cried the old woman1 with a glance of unconquerable determination4 ,then ,hullin1 in firmer tones1 laid his plan before them3 ,falkenstein is our point of retreat4 ,there is our arsenal2 there are our munitions2 the enemy knows this1 and will attempt to storm it4 ,we must all be there to defend it2 the eyes of all our countrymen must see us2 they will say that ,catherine ,lefevre1 ,jerome1 ,materne and his sons1 ,hullin1 ,doctor ,lorquin1 are there2 that they will not lay down their arms4 ,this will revive the drooping courage of all who have hearts to feel for their country4 ,pivrette will remain in the woods2 his force increasing day by day4 ,the land will be covered with ,cossacks1 with robbers of every kind2 and when the enemy's army has entered ,lorraine1 at my signal ,pivrette will fling himself between ,donon and the road1 and the laggards scattered through the mountains will be caught as in a net4 ,we can also watch our chance to carry off their wagons1 harass their reserves2 and if fortune favors1 as we hope1 when those ,kaiserliks are beaten by our troops in ,lorraine1 we can cut off their retreat4 ,all rose1 and ,hullin1 entering the kitchen1 made this simple speech to the mountaineers3 ,my friends1 we have determined to resist to the last4 ,nevertheless each one is free to do as he pleases1 to lay down his arms and return to his village2 but those who seek vengeance will join us6 ,they will share our last morsel of bread and divide our last cartridge4 ,the old wood-cutter1 ,colon1 rose and replied3 ,hullin1 we are all with you2 we began the fight together1 and together we will end it4 ,ay1 ay6 cried every voice4 #gej ,this is your resolution8 ,then listen6 ,jerome's brother will take command4 ,my brother is dead1 interrupted ,jerome2 he lies on the side of ,grossmann4 ,there was a moment's silence1 and then ,hullin continued3 ,colon1 you will take command of all who remain1 except those who formed the escort of ,catherine ,lefevre4 ,i retain them with me4 ,you will rejoin ,pivrette in the valley of ,blanru4 ,and our munitions8 cried ,marc-,dives4 ,i have brought my wagon with me1 said ,jerome4 ,colon can supply himself from it4 ,let them take the sledge too1 cried ,catherine4 ,the ,cossacks are coming1 and they will steal everything4 ,our people must not go away empty-handed2 let them take with them oxen1 cows1 and goats--everything2 for whatever they take is so much won from the enemy4 ,five minutes after1 the farm-house was a scene of pillage4 ,the sledge was loaded with hams1 smoked meats1 and bread2 the cattle driven from the stables2 the horses harnessed to the great wagon1 and soon the train began its march1 ,robin at the head1 blowing his horn1 and the partisans behind pushing at the wheels4 ,when they had disappeared in the woods1 and silence suddenly succeeded the tumult1 ,catherine1 turning round1 saw ,hullin behind her as pale as a corpse4 ,well1 ,catherine1 he said2 all is finished4 ,we will begin the ascent4 ,frantz1 ,kasper1 and the men of the escort1 ,marc-,dives and ,materne1 awaited them in the kitchen1 resting on their arms4 ,duchene1 said the good old woman1 go down to the village2 they must not ill-treat you on my account4 ,the old servant1 shaking his white head1 replied with eyes full of tears3 ,i might as well die here1 ,madame ,lefevre4 ,it is fifty years since ,i came to this house4 ,do not force me away2 that would kill me4 ,as you will1 my poor ,duchene1 answered ,catherine1 much affected4 ,here are the keys of the house4 ,the old man seated himself on a stool by the hearth1 with eyes fixed and lips parted like one in some sad dream4 ,the others started for ,falkenstein4 ,marc-,dives1 on horseback1 his long blade hanging from his wrist1 formed the rear-guard4 ,frantz and ,hullin1 on the left1 reconnoitered the plateau1 and ,jerome1 on the right1 the valley2 ,materne and the men of the escort surrounded the women4 ,strange6 ,at every threshold1 at every window of the village of ,charmes appeared faces1 young and old1 gazing with curious eyes at the flight of ,mother ,lefevre1 and evil tongues were not wanting4 ,ah6 driven from your nest at last1 they cried4 ,you would meddle with what did not concern you6 ,others muttered aloud that ,catherine had been rich long enough1 and that all had their turn4 ,as for the labor1 the wisdom1 the kindness of heart1 the thousand virtues of the old mistress of ,bois-de-,chnes1 the patriotism of ,jean-,claude1 the courage of ,jerome and the three ,maternes1 the unselfishness of ,doctor ,lorquin1 the devotion of ,marc-,dives--about all these things no one had a word to say3 their owners were beaten6 #gea ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,at the bottom of the valley of ,bouleaux1 two musket-shots from the village of ,charmes1 the little troop began slowly to ascend the path leading to the ancient burg4 ,hullin1 remembering how he had taken the same path when he had gone to buy powder of ,marc-,dives1 could not repress his grief4 ,then1 notwithstanding his visit to ,phalsbourg1 the sight of the wounded from ,hanan and ,leipsic1 the story of the old sergeant1 he despaired not2 he kept all his energy alive1 and never doubted the success of the defence4 ,but now all was lost2 the enemy were descending upon ,lorraine1 and the mountaineers flying4 ,marc-,dives rode along the wall in the snow2 his great horse1 accustomed to the journey1 neighing1 lifting his head and then dropping it beneath his chest4 ,the smuggler turned from time to time to throw a glance at the opposite field of ,bois-de-,chnes4 ,suddenly he cried3 ,ha6 the ,cossacks are showing themselves4 ,at this exclamation the entire party halted to look around4 ,they were already high above the village1 and even the farm4 ,the gray winter dawn was scattering the morning vapors1 and in the hollows of the mountain side they saw a number of those wild horsemen1 pistol in hand1 slowly approaching the old house4 ,they were separated like skirmishers1 and seemed to fear a surprise4 ,a few moments after1 others followed from the valley of ,houx1 then others1 and still others1 all alike standing up in their stirrups to see further4 ,the first1 passing the farm-house and seeing nothing to fear1 flourished their lances and turned half-way round4 ,the rest came up at a gallop1 like rooks following one of their number that rises in the air as if perceiving some prey4 ,in a few seconds the farm was surrounded1 and the door pushed open4 ,another minute and the windows flew out1 shattered to pieces2 furniture1 mattresses1 linen followed from every side of the house at once4 ,catherine1 with lips pressed tightly together1 gazed calmly at all this destruction4 ,for a long while she said nothing2 but suddenly seeing ,yegof strike ,duchene with the shaft of his lance1 and drive him from the house1 she could not restrain a cry of indignation4 ,the wretch6 coward6 to strike a poor old man who can no longer defend himself4 ,ah villain6 if ,i had thee here6 ,come1 ,catherine1 said ,jean-,claude2 we have seen enough1 and the sight does us no good4 ,you are right1 she replied2 let us go4 ,i cannot bear it4 ,as they ascended1 the air grew keener4 ,louise1 the child of the gypsies1 with a little basket of provisions on her arm1 clambered at the head of the troops4 ,the blue sky1 the plains of ,alsace and ,lorraine1 and at the verge of the horizon those of ,champagne1 the boundless immensity of space wherein sight was lost1 inspired an enthusiasm in all4 ,they seemed to have wings1 to pierce the blue air like those great birds that glided from the tree tops over the abysses1 uttering their free and fearless cries4 ,all the wretchedness of the world beneath1 its injustice and its suffering1 were forgotten4 ,louise saw herself a child on the back of her mother--that poor wandering gypsy--and thought1 ,i have never since been happier2 never had less of care2 never laughed so much1 sang so gayly1 and yet we often lacked bread4 ,ah6 those dear days gone6 ,and the words of old songs rang in her ears4 ,as they neared the great red rock1 crusted with its white and black stones1 and hanging over the precipice like the tower of some grand cathedral1 ,louise and ,catherine paused in ecstasy4 #geb ,above1 the sky seemed yet deeper2 the path cut in the rock yet narrower4 ,the valleys stretching on till lost in distance1 the boundless woods1 the far-off lakes of ,lorraine1 the blue ribbon of the ,rhine--all the glorious scene filled them with emotion1 and the old woman said thoughtfully3 ,jean-,claude1 ,he who lifted this rock to heaven1 whose hand hollowed these valleys1 who scattered these forests1 those thickets1 and even these little mosses upon his earth1 will surely render us what we deserve4 ,while they gazed thus1 standing upon the forest terrace of rock1 ,marc had led his horse to a neighboring cavern1 and returned on foot1 saying1 as he climbed before them4 ,be careful2 you may slip4 ,at the same time he showed them1 to the right1 the blue precipice1 with the tops of the fir-trees so far down that they seemed at its base4 ,all were silent until they reached the terrace where the vault began4 ,then they breathed more freely1 and saw in the middle of the passage the smugglers ,brenn1 ,pfeifer1 and ,toubac1 with their great grey cloaks and black slouched hats1 seated by a fire which stretched all along the rock4 ,marc accosted them3 ,here we are6 the ,kaiserliks are victorious4 ,zimmer was killed last night4 ,is ,hexe-,baizel above8 ,yes1 answered ,brenn2 she is making cartridges4 ,they may save us yet1 said ,marc4 ,keep your eyes open1 and if any one ascends1 fire on him4 ,the ,maternes halted at the edge of the rock1 and the three tall men1 with their hat-brims turned up1 their powder-horns at their sides1 their rifles on their shoulders1 and their muscular limbs1 and feet firmly planted on the point of the rock1 stood1 a strange group1 against the blue of the abyss4 ,old ,materne1 with outstretched arm1 pointed far1 very far away1 to an almost imperceptible white spot among the firs1 saying3 ,do you recognize that1 my boys8 ,and all three gazed with half-closed eyes4 ,it is our house1 replied ,kasper4 ,poor ,magredel6 said the old hunter2 how uneasy she must have been for the last week2 how often has she prayed for us6 ,marc-,dives1 who led the party1 uttered a cry of surprise4 ,mother ,lefevre1 said he1 stopping short1 the ,cossacks have set fire to your house6 ,catherine heard this news calmly1 and walked to the edge of the cliff4 ,louise and ,jean-,claude followed her4 ,at the bottom of the abyss stretched a great white cloud1 through which shone what seemed like a spark4 ,that was all2 but from time to time the breeze blew aside the smoke and the fire appeared2 the two high gables1 standing darkly out from the flames1 the ruined barn and the blazing stables2 then all again was hidden4 ,it is nearly finished1 said ,hullin in a low tone4 ,yes1 replied the old mistress of the burning dwelling2 forty years of toil and care are there turning to smoke4 ,but no matter2 they cannot burn my good lands--my fine meadows of the ,eichmath4 ,we will begin to labor once more2 ,gaspard and ,louise will restore all that mischief4 ,i am content4 ,i repent of nothing ,i have done4 ,at the end of a quarter of an hour1 millions of sparks arose1 and all the buildings fell--all save the dark gables4 ,the party again clambered up the path2 and as they reached the highest terrace1 the sharp voice of ,hexe-,baizel was heard3 #gec ,you1 ,catherine6 she cried ,i never thought that you would come to see me in my poor den4 ,baizel and ,catherine ,lefevre had been school-girls together2 there was but little ceremony between them4 ,nor ,i1 replied the latter2 but in misfortune one is glad to find a companion of one's childhood4 ,baizel seemed touched4 ,whatever is here is yours1 ,catherine1 she cried4 ,everything4 ,she pointed to her poor stool1 her broom of green twigs1 and the five or six logs on her hearth4 ,catherine gazed on all in silence for a few moments1 and then said3 ,they are not very grand1 but they are substantial1 and the ,cossacks will not easily burn your house4 ,no1 they will not burn it1 laughed ,hexe-,baizel2 they would need all the trees in the county of ,dabo to only warm the walls4 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 ,the partisans1 after many toils and dangers1 felt the want of repose4 ,each man hastened to place his musket against the wall and stretch himself on the floor4 ,marc-,dives opened the door of the inner cavern for them1 where they were at least sheltered1 and then sallied forth with ,hullin to examine the position4 ,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,on the rock of ,falkenstein1 high in the blue air1 rises a round tower1 the base of which is broken and sunken4 ,this tower1 covered with brambles1 hawthorn1 and myrtle1 seems old as the mountain itself2 it has survived ,french1 ,germans1 and ,swedes4 ,its stones and mortar have become a solid mass1 from which it is almost impossible to break the smallest fragment1 and the whole structure wears a gloomy air of mystery which bears back the mind to ages long past--ages which have no place in the memories of man4 ,here was ,marc-,dives wont to lie in ambush when the wild geese flew south--if he had nothing better to do2 and here sometimes at night-fall1 when their flocks pierced the fogs and swept round in a broad circle before going to rest1 would he bring down two or three of their number--a feat which rejoiced the heart of ,hexe-,baizel1 who wasted no time in preparing them for the spit4 ,here too1 in autumn1 did ,marc often set snares among the bushes1 where the thrushes loved to perch2 and to crown all1 the old tower served him as a storehouse for his winter's stock of wood4 ,how often was ,hexe-,baizel1 when the northern gales blew fierce1 and the crashing of branches and groans of the neighboring forests rose like the dashing of a tempest-tost ocean--how often then was ,hexe-,baizel almost torn from that old tower and hurled to the opposite ,kilberi6 ,but her long fingers held fast to the vines1 and the wind only flapped her coarse hair about her head4 ,dives1 perceiving that his wood1 covered with snow and wet with every rain1 gave more smoke than flame1 made a roof of planks for his storehouse2 and the smuggler relates that1 while laying the rafters1 he found a screech-owl white as snow1 blind and feeble1 but provided with field-mice and bats in abundance4 ,for this reason he called it the ,grandmother of the country1 supposing that all the other birds fed it on account of its extreme old age4 ,toward evening the partisans--placed on the lookout on every terrace of the rock--saw white uniforms appear in the surrounding gorges4 ,masses of men debouched from the depths on all sides at once1 showing an intention to blockade ,falkenstein4 ,marc-,dives seeing this1 became thoughtful4 ,if they surround us1 said he musingly1 we cannot procure provisions2 we must surrender or die of hunger4 #ged ,the enemy's staff were plainly seen on horseback around the spring of the village of ,charmes4 ,there a stout officer was observing the rock through a long field-glass2 behind him was ,yegof1 to whom he turned from time to time to question4 ,the women and children of the village looked on at some distance away1 as if enjoying the scene1 and five or six ,cossacks caracoled about4 ,the smuggler could bear no more2 he took ,hullin aside4 ,look1 said he1 at that long line of shakos glistening along the ,sarre1 and nearer1 those others running like hares through the valley4 ,they are ,kaiserliks1 are they not8 ,well1 what are they going to do1 ,jean-,claude8 ,they are going to surround the mountain4 ,that is clear4 ,how many men do you think they have8 ,from three to four thousand4 ,without counting those in the open country4 ,well1 what would you have ,pivrette do with his three hundred men against that mass of vagabonds8 ,i put the question frankly1 ,hullin6 ,he can do nothing1 replied brave ,jean-,claude simply4 ,the ,germans know that our munitions are at ,falkenstein2 they fear a rising after they enter ,lorraine1 and wish to secure their rear4 ,the enemy's general sees that he cannot overcome us by force2 he has decided to reduce us by famine4 ,all this1 ,marc1 is surely true2 but we are men2 we will do our duty2 we will die here6 ,there was a moment's silence4 ,marc-,dives knit his brows1 but seemed not at all convinced4 ,we will die8 he repeated4 ,i do not see why we should die2 that idea did not enter our heads2 there are too many people who would be glad of it if we did4 ,what would you do8 asked ,hullin shortly2 do you want to surrender8 ,surrender6 cried the smuggler3 do you take me for a coward8 ,then explain4 ,this evening ,i start for ,phalsbourg4 ,i risk my neck passing through the enemy's lines2 but ,i would rather do that than fold my arms and die of hunger4 ,i will enter the city the first sortie that is made1 when ,i will try and reach a gate4 ,the commandant1 ,meunier1 knows me2 ,i have sold him tobacco for the last three years4 ,he1 like you1 served in ,italy and ,egypt4 ,i will show him the state of affairs4 ,i will see ,gaspard ,lefevre4 ,i will fix matters so that they will probably give us a company4 ,if we only get a uniform1 we are saved--do you see1 ,jean-,claude8 ,all of our brave people who are left will join ,pivrette1 and1 in any case1 they can deliver us4 ,that is my idea2 what do you think of it8 ,he gazed at ,hullin1 whose fixed and gloomy eye disturbed him4 ,is it not our only chance8 ,it is an idea1 replied ,jean-,claude at length2 ,i do not oppose it4 ,and looking the smuggler straight in the eyes1 he said3 ,will you swear to do your utmost to enter the city4 ,i swear nothing1 answered ,marc1 his brown cheeks flushing4 ,i leave here all ,i possess--my wife1 my goods1 my comrades1 ,catherine ,lefevre1 and you1 my oldest friend6 ,if ,i do not return1 ,i shall be a traitor2 but if ,i return1 you will explain1 your demand1 ,jean-,claude2 we will clear up this little account between us4 #gee ,marc1 said ,hullin1 forgive me4 ,i have suffered too much2 ,i was wrong2 misfortune has made me distrustful4 ,give me your hand4 ,go2 save us2 save ,catherine2 save my child6 ,i say now to you1 that our only hope lies in you4 ,hullin's voice quivered4 ,dives softened1 but he said3 ,very well1 ,jean-,claude2 but in such a moment you should not have spoken so4 ,never let us again speak of it6 ,i will leave my body on the way or ,i will return to deliver you4 ,i will start to-night4 ,the ,kaiserliks already surround the mountain4 ,no matter2 ,i have a good horse1 and ,i was always lucky4 ,at six o'clock darkness had fallen on every peak4 ,hundreds of fires flashing in the gorges showed where the ,germans were preparing their evening meal4 ,marc-,dives descended1 groping his way4 ,hullin listened for a few seconds to his comrade's footsteps1 and then turned1 buried in thought1 to the old tower1 where he had established his headquarters4 ,he lifted the thick woolen curtain which closed the entrance1 and saw ,catherine1 ,louise1 and the others gathered round a little fire1 which lighted up the grey walls4 ,the old woman1 seated on an oaken block1 her hands clasped around her knees1 gazed fixedly at the flame1 her lips set tightly together1 and her face seemingly tinged with a greenish tint in its extreme pallor4 ,jerome1 standing behind ,catherine1 his folded arms resting on his staff1 touched the slimy roof with his otter-skin cap4 ,all were sad and disheartened4 ,hexe-,baizel1 who was lifting the cover of a great pot1 and ,doctor ,lorquin1 scraping the old wall with the point of his sabre1 alone kept their accustomed looks4 ,here we are1 said the doctor1 returned to the times of the ,triboci4 ,these walls are more than two thousand years old4 ,a fine quantity of water must have flowed from the heights of ,falkenstein and ,grossmann through the ,sarre and the ,rhine since fire was made before in this tower4 ,yes1 replied ,catherine1 as if awakening from a dream1 and many besides us have here suffered cold1 hunger1 want4 ,who knows how many8 ,and when a hundred1 or two or three hundred years shall have passed1 still others may here seek shelter4 ,they1 like us1 will find the walls cold and the floor damp4 ,they will make a little fire1 and gazing on each other as we now gaze1 will ask1 ,who suffered here before us1 and why did they suffer8 ,were they pursued1 hunted as we have been1 that they would fain hide themselves in such a miserable den8 ,and then they will think of by-gone years1 and no one may answer them6 ,jean-,claude drew near4 ,in a few moments1 raising her head she said1 as she looked at him3 ,well1 we are blockaded2 the enemy seeks to reduce us by famine4 ,true1 ,catherine1' #e replied ,hullin4 ,i did not expect that4 ,i counted on an attack2 but the ,kaiserliks are not yet so sure of us as they imagine4 ,dives has just started for ,phalsbourg4 ,he knows the commandant2 and if they only send a hundred men to our succor-- ,we must not rely on it1 interrupted the old woman4 ,marc may be captured or killed2 and even should he succeed in making his way through their lines1 how could he enter ,phalsbourg8 ,you know the city is besieged by the ,russians4 ,all remained silent4 ,hexe-,baizel soon brought some soup1 and the party formed a circle around the great smoking pot4 #gef ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,catherine ,lefevre came forth from the ruin at about seven o'clock in the morning4 ,louise and ,hexe-,baizel were yet sleeping2 but day--the brilliant day of the mountains--already flooded the valleys4 ,far below1 through the blue depths1 forests1 gorges1 rocks1 were outlined like the mosses and pebbles of a lake beneath its crystal waters4 ,not a breath stirred the air1 and ,catherine1 as she surveyed the grandeur of the scene1 felt a sense of peaceful calm--of repose1 greater even than that of sleep1 steal over her4 ,our miseries1 our unrest1 and our sufferings are but of a day1 she thought4 ,why disturb heaven with our groans8 ,why dread the future8 ,all these things endure but a moment4 ,our plaints are as those of a butterfly when the leaves fall2 they do not keep winter away4 ,time must end for all2 we must die that we may be born again4 ,thus mused the old woman1 and she no longer feared what might happen4 ,suddenly a murmur of voices filled her ears2 she turned and saw ,hullin with the three smugglers1 all earnestly talking1 on the opposite side of the plateau4 ,they had not seen her1 so deeply did the subject of their conversation interest them4 ,old ,brenn1 at the edge of the rock1 with a short1 black pipe between his teeth1 his cheeks wrinkled like a withered leaf1 short nose1 grey moustache1 bleared eye-lids1 half-closed over reddish-brown eyes1 and long great-coat sleeves hanging by his sides1 gazed at the different points ,hullin was showing them among the mountains2 and the other two1 wrapped in their gray cloaks1 stepped forward or backward1 shading their eyes with their hands1 in deep attention4 ,catherine walked toward them1 and soon she heard3 ,then you do not think it possible to reach the foot of the mountain8 ,no1 ,jean-,claude2 there is no way of doing so1 answered ,brenn2 those villains know the country thoroughly1 and all the paths are guarded4 ,look6 there is the meadow of ,chevreuils along that lake2 no one ever even thought of watching it2 but see1 they are there4 ,and yonder1 the pass of ,rothstein--a mere goat-path1 where a man is scarcely seen once in ten years--you see a bayonet glisten behind the rock1 do you not8 ,and there1 where ,i have climbed for eight years with my sacks without ever meeting a gendarme1 they hold that too4 ,some fiend must have shown them the defiles4 ,yes1 cried tall ,toubac1 the fiend ,yegof4 ,but1 said ,hullin1 it seems to me that three or four stout men might carry one of those posts4 ,no2 they are supported by each other2 and the first shot fired would bring a regiment upon us1 replied ,brenn4 ,besides1 if we got through1 how could we return with provisions8 ,it is impossible6 ,there were a few moments of silence4 ,nevertheless1 said ,toubac1 if ,hullin wishes it1 we will try all the same4 ,try what8 cried ,brenn4 ,to lose our lives trying to escape1 and leave the others in the toils8 ,but it is all the same to me2 if the others go1 ,i will4 ,but as for talking about returning with provisions1 ,i say it is impossible4 ,which path will you take going1 and which returning8 ,promises will not do here2 we must act up to them4 ,if you know a way1 tell us4 ,for twenty years ,i have beaten the mountain with ,marc4 ,i know every path and pass for ten leagues around2 but ,i see none open now except through the air4 #geg ,hullin turned1 and saw ,mother ,lefevre a few paces away1 listening attentively4 ,you here1 ,catherine6 he exclaimed4 ,our affairs wear an ugly look4 ,yes2 ,i understand4 ,there is no way of getting a supply of provisions4 ,provisions6 said ,brenn1 with a strange smile4 ,do you know1 ,mother ,lefevre1 for how long we are supplied8 ,for a fortnight1 at least1 replied ,catherine4 ,for a week1 said the smuggler1 shaking out the ashes of his pipe on his nail4 ,it is true1 said ,hullin4 ,marc-,dives and ,i believed that an attack would be made on ,falkenstein2 we never thought the enemy would besiege it like a fortress4 ,we were mistaken4 ,and what is to be done8 asked ,catherine1 growing pale4 ,we must reduce each one's ration to half4 ,if ,marc does not return in a fortnight1 we shall have no more4 ,then1 indeed1 we must see what is to be done4 ,so saying1 ,hullin with ,catherine and the smugglers1 their heads drooping1 took the path to the notch4 ,they reached the descent1 when1 thirty feet beneath them1 they saw ,materne climbing breathlessly among the stones1 and dragging himself along by the bushes to increase his speed4 ,well1 cried ,jean-,claude1 what has happened8 ,ah6 there you are4 ,i was going to look for you4 ,one of the enemy's officers is coming along the wall of the old burg1 with a little white flag4 ,he seems to desire a parley4 ,hullin1 directing his steps toward the slope of the rock1 saw1 indeed1 a ,german officer standing upon the wall1 seemingly awaiting a sign to ascend4 ,he was two musket-shots off1 and further away were five or six soldiers1 resting on their arms4 ,after gazing a moment at the group1 ,jean-,claude turned1 saying3 ,it is a flag of truce coming to summon us to surrender4 ,fire on him6 cried ,catherine2 we have no other answer4 ,the others all seemed inclined to do so1 save ,hullin1 who1 without speaking1 descended to the terrace1 where the rest of the partisans were gathered4 ,my friends1 said he1 the enemy sends a flag of truce4 ,we know not what he wants4 ,i suppose it is a summons to lay down our arms2 but it may be something else4 ,frantz and ,kasper will go to meet him4 ,they will bandage his eyes at the foot of the rock1 and lead him hither4 ,no one having any objection to make1 the sons of ,materne slung their carbines on their backs and departed4 ,at the end of about ten minutes the two tall hunters reached the officer2 there was a rapid conference between them1 after which all three began to climb to ,falkenstein4 ,as they ascended1 the uniform of the ,german officer1 and even his features1 could be clearly seen4 ,he was a lean man1 with ashy flaxen hair1 tall1 well knit1 and resolute in movement and appearance4 ,at the foot of the rock ,frantz and ,kasper bandaged his eyes1 and soon their steps were heard beneath the vault4 ,jean-,claude went to meet them1 and himself untied the handkerchief1 saying3 ,you wish to communicate with me1 sir4 ,i am listening4 #geh ,the partisans stood some fifteen paces off4 ,catherine ,lefevre1 nearer1 knitted her brows2 her bony figure1 long1 hooked nose1 the three or four locks of gray hair which fell by chance upon her hollow temples1 and down on her wrinkled cheeks1 her tightly pressed lips1 and fixed gaze1 seemed first to attract the officer's attention2 then the pale and gentle face of ,louise behind her2 then ,jerome1 with his long1 yellow beard and cloak2 and old ,materne leaning on his short rifle4 ,he looked at the others1 and at the high1 red vault1 with its colossal mass of granite hanging over the precipice1 and covered only with a few brambles4 ,hexe-,baizel1 behind ,materne1 her long broom of twigs in her hands1 her outstretched neck and feet1 on the very1 edge of the rock1 seemed to astonish him4 ,he himself was the object of much attention4 ,his attitude and bearing1 long face1 finely-cut bronzed features1 clear gray eye and thin mustache1 the delicacy of his limbs1 hardened by the toils of war1 all bespoke aristocratic lineage2 and he had1 too1 a look of shrewdness mingled with that of the man of the world1 the soldier1 and the diplomatist4 ,but this mutual inspection was only the work of an instant4 ,the officer began1 in good ,french3 ,is it the ,commandant ,hullin that ,i have the honor of addressing8 ,yes1 sir1 replied ,jean-,claude4 ,the officer glanced hesitatingly at the circle around4 ,speak out1 sir1 cried ,hullin2 let all hear you4 ,where honor and our country are the subject1 no one in ,france is out of place2 our women understand the words as well as we4 ,you have some propositions to offer me4 ,in the first place1 on behalf of whom8 ,of the general commanding-in-chief4 ,here is my commission4 ,very good4 ,we are listening1 sir4 ,then the officer1 raising his voice1 proceeded in a firm tone3 ,before ,i begin1 commandant1 permit me to say that you have performed your duty magnificently2 you have forced your foes to admire you4 ,as for duty1 answered ,hullin1 we merely did what we could4 ,yes1 added ,catherine1 in short1 dry tones2 and since our foes admire us on that account1 they will admire us much more in a week or two1 for the war is not yet ended4 ,marc is to come6 ,the officer turned his head toward her1 and stood as if stupefied at the savage earnestness imprinted upon the old woman's features4 ,those are noble sentiments1 said he1 after a few moments' silence2 but humanity has its rights1 and to spill blood uselessly is only doing evil for the sake of evil4 ,then why do you come to our country8 cried ,catherine1 and her voice seemed like the eagle's shriek4 ,begone1 and let us alone6 ,then she added3 ,you make war like robbers3 you steal1 pillage1 burn4 ,you all deserve to be hanged4 ,we ought to throw you over the rock1 for the sake of the example4 ,the officer turned pale1 for the old woman seemed ready to execute her threat2 but he soon recovered himself1 and continued calmly3 ,i know that the ,cossacks set fire to the farm-house opposite this rock4 ,they are pillagers such as follow all armies1 and this one act proves nothing against the discipline of our troops4 ,the ,french soldiery often did the same in ,germany1 and particularly in the ,tyrol2 and1 not satisfied with robbing and burning the villages1 they shot pitilessly all the mountaineers suspected of having taken up arms to defend their homes4 #gei ,we might make reprisals4 ,it is our right to do so2 but we are not barbarians2 we understand that patriotism is grand and noble1 even when wrongly directed4 ,besides1 we do not make war on the ,french people1 but on the ,emperor ,napoleon4 ,therefore1 our general1 on learning of the conduct of the ,cossacks1 publicly punished that act of vandalism1 and moreover1 decided that the proprietor should be indemnified4 ,i ask no indemnity of you1 interrupted ,catherine rudely4 ,i wish to live with my wrong1 and to avenge it6 ,the officer saw the hopelessness of trying to bring the old woman to terms1 and that it was1 besides1 dangerous to reply4 ,he turned1 therefore1 to ,hullin1 and said3 ,i am charged1 commandant1 to offer you the honors of war1 if you consent to surrender your position4 ,you have no provisions1 as we are well aware4 ,a few days from now1 you will be compelled to lay down your arms4 ,the esteem the general bears you alone impelled him to offer you these honorable conditions4 ,longer resistance is useless4 ,we are masters of ,donon2 our corps d'arme is passing into ,lorraine4 ,the campaign will not be decided here2 so that you have no interest in defending a useless position4 ,we wish to spare you the horrors of famine upon this rock4 ,decide1 commandant4 ,hullin turned to the partisans1 and said simply1 ,you have heard4 ,i refuse the conditions2 but ,i will submit1 if all accept the enemy's propositions4 ,we all refuse them1 cried ,jerome4 ,yes2 all1 all6 repeated the others4 ,catherine ,lefevre1 till then so stern1 happened to glance at ,louise1 and then her firmness gave way4 ,she took her by the arm1 and leading her to the officer1 said3 ,we have a child among us2 is there no means of sending her to one of her friends in ,laverne8 ,louise had scarce heard the words when1 throwing herself in ,hullin's arms1 she cried affrightedly1 ,no1 no6 ,i will stay with you1 ,father ,jean-,claude6 ,i will die with you6 ,go1 sir1 said ,hullin1 with bloodless lips1 tell your general what you have seen2 tell him that ,falkenstein we will hold to the death6 ,kasper1 ,frantz1 lead back the officer4 ,the last seemed to hesitate2 but as he was about to speak1 ,catherine1 pale with wrath1 cried1 ,go1 go6 ,you are not yet so sure of us as you think4 ,it is the villain ,yegof who told you we had no provisions2 we have enough for two months1 and in two months our army will have swept you from the earth4 ,traitors will not always flourish1 and then woe to you6 ,as she grew more and more excited1 the officer judged it prudent to withdraw4 ,he returned to his guides1 who again put on the bandage1 and led him to the foot of ,falkenstein4 ,hullin's orders regarding the provisions were carried out the same day2 each one received a half-ration4 ,a sentry was posted in front of ,hexe-,baizel's cavern1 where the food was kept1 and the door barricaded4 ,jean-,claude ordered the distributions to be made in presence of all1 to avoid injustice2 but all these precautions did not save the unhappy patriots from the worst horrors of famine4 #gfj ,chapter ,,xxv4 ,for three days food had been entirely wanting4 ,still ,dives gave no sign4 ,how often during those long days of agony did the mountaineers strain their eyes toward ,phalsbourg6 ,how often did they listen to the low murmur of the breeze1 thinking it bore upon it the sound of the smuggler's footsteps6 ,in the midst of the torments of hunger1 the nineteenth day since the arrival of the partisans on ,falkenstein dragged away4 ,they no longer spoke to each other2 but seated on the earth1 their fleshless faces gazing at vacancy1 they passed hours as in a dream4 ,sometimes they would turn sparkling eyes upon each other1 as if ready to satisfy their hunger at the expense of a comrade's life2 then all would again sink into a gloomy calm4 ,once ,yegof's raven1 winging its way from peak to peak1 came near this scene of misery2 but old ,materne brought his rifle to his shoulder1 and the bird of ill omen flew back at its utmost speed1 uttering mournful cries1 and the old hunter's piece fell harmless4 ,and now1 as if the horrors of hunger were not enough to fill the measure of their misery1 they only opened their lips to accuse or threaten each other4 ,louise was delirious2 her great blue eyes1 instead of living objects1 saw spectres fleeting over them1 sweeping the tree-tops1 and lighting upon the old tower4 ,food--food at last6 would she cry4 ,and then the others1 carried away by fury1 shrieked that she was mocking them1 and bade her beware4 ,jerome alone remained calm and collected2 but the great quantity of snow he had eaten in his pangs kept his body and bony face covered with a cold sweat4 ,dr4 ,lorquin knotted a handkerchief around his waist1 and drew it tighter and tighter1 pretending that he thus satisfied his cravings4 ,he sat against the wall of the tower with closed eyes1 which from hour to hour he opened1 saying1 ,we are at the first1 second1 third period4 ,another day1 and all will be over6 ,then he would deliver dissertations on the ,druids1 on ,odin1 ,brahma1 ,pythagoras1 quoting ,latin and ,greek1 all announcing the approaching transformation of the people of ,harberg into wolves1 foxes1 and all sorts of animals4 ,i1 he cried1 ,i will be a lion6 ,i will eat fifteen pounds of beef a day4 ,but soon recollecting himself1 he continued1 ,no1 ,i would rather be a man4 ,i will preach peace1 brotherly love1 justice6 ,ah my friends6 we suffer for our own faults4 ,what have we been doing on the other side of the ,rhine for the last ten years8 ,by what right did we place masters over those nations8 ,why did we not rather exchange thought1 feeling1 the products of our arts and industry with them8 ,why did we not meet them as brothers1 instead of trying to enslave them8 ,we should have been well received4 ,how they1 poor wretches1 must have suffered during ten years of violence and rapine6 ,now they are avenging themselves4 ,god is just4 ,may the malediction of heaven fall on those who divide nations to oppress them6 ,after a few moments of excitement like this1 he would sink exhausted against the wall1 murmuring3 ,bread6 only a morsel of bread6 #gfa ,materne's boys1 seated among the bushes1 their rifles at their shoulders1 seemed awaiting the sight of game1 which never appeared2 but the thought of their eternal resting-place sustained their expiring strength4 ,a few1 in the agonies of fever1 accused ,jean-,claude of being the author of their misery in bringing them to ,falkenstein4 ,hullin1 with more than human energy1 yet came and went1 watching all that passed in the valleys1 but speaking no word4 ,sometimes he would advance to the very edge of the rock1 with jaws pressed firmly together1 and flashing eyes1 to see ,yegof seated before a great fire on the meadow of ,bois-de-,chnes1 in the middle of a troop of ,cossacks4 ,since the enemy's arrival in the valley of ,charmes1 this had been the fool's constant post2 and from it he seemed to gloat over the agony of his victims4 ,the tortures of hunger in the depths of a dungeon are no doubt terrible2 but beneath the open sky1 with floods of light pouring down on every side1 in view of help1 in view of the thousand resources of nature1 then no tongue can paint their horrors4 ,at the end of this nineteenth day1 between four and five in the evening1 the weather became cloudy2 huge masses of gray vapor rose behind the snowy peak of ,grossmann2 the setting sun1 glowing redly like a ball of iron just taken from the furnace1 threw a few last gleams through the thickening air4 ,deep silence reigned on the rock4 ,louise no longer gave any sign of life2 ,kasper and ,frantz still sat motionless as stones among the bushes4 ,catherine ,lefevre1 huddled on the ground1 clasping her knees within her withered arms1 her features hard and rigid1 her hair hanging over her ashy cheeks1 her eyes haggard1 and lips closed tight as a vice1 seemed some ancient sibyl4 ,she no longer spoke4 ,that evening1 ,hullin1 ,jerome1 old ,materne1 and ,doctor ,lorquin gathered around the old woman1 that all might die together4 ,they were all silent1 and the last glimmer of twilight fell dimly upon the group4 ,to the right1 behind a projection of the rock1 the fires of the ,germans sparkled in the abyss4 ,suddenly the old woman1 starting as from a dream1 murmured a few words1 unintelligible at first4 ,dives is coming6 she continued in a low tone2 ,i see him2 he sallies from the postern--to the right of the arsenal4 ,gaspard follows him1 and-- ,she counted slowly4 ,two hundred and fifty men1 ,national ,guards and soldiers4 ,they cross the fosse2 they mount behind the demi-lune4 ,gaspard is talking to ,marc4 ,what is he saying8 ,she seemed to listen4 ',hasten6 ,ay1 hasten2 never was more need of speed6 ,they are on the glacis6 ,there was a long silence2 then the old woman1 suddenly springing to her feet1 rose to her full height1 and with arms outstretched1 and hair flying wildly about her head1 shouted3 ,courage6 ,strike6 kill6 kill6 kill6 ,she fell heavily to the earth4 ,her terrible cry had awakened all2 it might have awakened the dead4 ,new life seemed breathed into the besieged4 ,something strange and unearthly seemed to fill the air4 ,was it hope8 life8 ,i know not2 but the entire party came crawling up on all fours1 like wild beasts1 holding their breath that they might listen4 ,even ,louise moved slightly1 and raised her head4 ,frantz and ,kasper dragged themselves on their knees1 and strange to say1 ,hullin1 casting his eyes toward ,phalsbourg1 thought he saw the flashes of musketry1 as if a sortie were being made4 #gfb ,catherine resumed her first attitude2 but her cheeks1 lately rigid as a marble mask1 now quivered1 and her eye again grew dreamy4 ,the others listened2 their lives seemed hanging on her lips4 ,thus a quarter of an hour passed1 when she again spoke slowly3 ,they have passed the enemy's lines2 they are hastening to ,lutzelbourg2 ,i see them4 ,gaspard and ,dives are in the van with ,desmarets1 ,ulrich1 ,weber1 and our friends of the city4 ,they are coming6 they are coming6 ,she was again silent4 ,they listened long1 but the vision had vanished4 ,minutes followed minutes that seemed centuries1 when at once ,hexe-,baizel's sharp voice arose3 ,she is a fool6 ,she saw nothing4 ,i know ,marc4 ,he is mocking us4 ,what is it to him if we perish6 ,so long as he has his bottle of wine and his dinner1 and his pipe after1 what does he care8 ,o the villain6 ,then all was silence again1 and the wretches whose hearts were for a moment animated with the hope of speedy deliverance1 again sank back in despair4 ,it was a dream1 thought they3 ,hexe-,baizel is right2 we are doomed to die of hunger4 ,night had fallen4 ,when the moon rose behind the tall firs1 shedding her pale light on the mournful groups1 ,hullin alone watched1 although fever was burning his vitals4 ,he listened to every sound from the gorges4 ,the voices of the ,german sentries called their ,wer da6 ,wer da6 as the rounds passed the bivouacs2 the horses neighed shrilly1 and their grooms shouted4 ,at last1 toward midnight1 the brave old man fell asleep like the others4 ,when he awoke1 the clock of the village of ,charmes was striking four4 ,hullin1 at the sound of its far-off vibrations1 started from his stupor1 opened his eyes1 and1 while he gazed upward trying to collect his senses1 a dim light like the flare of a torch passed before his eyes4 ,fear seized him1 and he muttered3 ,am ,i going mad8 ,the night is dark1 and yet ,i see torches6 ,the flame reappeared2 he saw it more clearly2 he arose and pressed his hand for some seconds upon his brow4 ,at last1 risking a glance1 he saw distinctly a fire on ,giromani1 on the other side of ,blanru1 flinging its red glare in the sky1 and throwing black shadows from the firs on the snow4 ,suddenly he remembered that it was the signal agreed on between ,pivrette and himself to announce an attack2 he trembled from head to foot2 a cold sweat poured from his forehead1 and groping through the darkness like a blind man with arms outstretched1 he stammered3 ,catherine6 ,louise6 ,jerome6 ,but no one answered2 and after wandering thus1 feeling his way1 and often thinking he was moving on when he made not a step1 he fell to the ground on his face crying1 ,my children6 ,catherine6 ,they are coming6 ,we are saved6 ,there was a dull murmur2 it seemed as if the dead were awakening4 ,there was a short peal of laughter4 ,it was ,hexe-,baizel1 crazed through suffering2 then ,catherine cried3 ,hullin6 ,hullin6 ,who spoke8 ,jean-,claude1 overcoming his emotion1 shouted in a firmer voice3 ,jerome1 ,catherine1 ,materne1 all of you6 ,are you dead8 ,do you not see yonder fire on the side of ,blanru8 ,it is ,pivrette coining to our rescue6 #gfc ,at the same instant a crash rolled like a tempest through the gorges of the ,jaegerthal4 ,the trump of judgment could not have produced a greater effect upon the besieged4 ,at once all were awake and listening4 ,it is ,pivrette6 ,it is ,marc6 cried broken voices1 sounding hollow as those of skeletons4 ,they are coming to save us6 ,they tried to rise4 ,some fell back sobbing2 they could no longer weep4 ,a second crash brought all to their feet4 ,it is the volley of a platoon6 cried ,hullin2 our men are firing by platoon too6 ,we have soldiers in line6 ,long live ,france6 ,mother ,catherine was right1 said ,jerome2 the men of ,phalsbourg are coming to help us2 they are descending the hills of the ,sarre1 and ,pivrette is attacking by way of ,blanru4 ,the fusillade was1 in fact1 commencing on both sides at once1 toward the meadows of ,bois-de-,chnes and the heights of ,kilberi4 ,then the two leaders embraced1 and as they groped about in the darkness1 seeking the edge of the rock1 the voice of ,materne shouted3 ,take care6 the precipice is there4 ,they stopped short1 and looked down1 but saw nothing2 a current of cold air1 from the depths beneath1 alone told them of their danger4 ,all the surrounding peaks and valleys were buried in darkness4 ,on the sides of the opposite slope1 the flashes of the musketry glanced like lightning1 now lighting up an aged oak1 or the black outline of a rock1 or mayhap a patch of heather1 covered with forms rushing hither and thither4 ,from the depths1 two thousand feet below1 rose a confused murmur1 the clattering of horse-hoofs1 cries1 commands4 ,now the call of a mountaineer--that prolonged shout which flies from peak to peak--rose like a sigh to ,falkenstein4 ,that is ,marc6 said ,hullin4 ,yes1 it is ,marc cheering us1 replied ,jerome4 ,the others1 near by1 with necks outstretched and hands on the edge of the cliff1 gazed wistfully4 ,the fire continued with a rapidity which told of the desperation of the fight2 but nothing could be seen4 ,how those poor wretches longed for a part in the struggle6 ,with what ardor would they have hurled themselves into the combat6 ,the fear of yet being abandoned--of seeing the retreat of their rescuers--made them speechless4 ,soon day began to break2 the pale dawn shone behind the dark peaks2 a few rays of light fell into the shadowy valleys1 and1 half an hour after1 silvered the mists of their depths4 ,hullin1 glancing through a break in these clouds1 at last understood the state of affairs4 ,the ,germans had lost the heights of ,valtin and the field of ,bois-de-,chnes4 ,they were massed in the valley of ,charmes1 at the foot of ,falkenstein1 one third of the way up the slope1 so that the fire of their adversaries might not plunge from above upon them4 ,opposite the rock1 ,pivrette1 master of ,bois-de-,chnes1 was ordering an abatis to be raised on the descent to the valley4 ,he rushed hither and thither1 his short pipe between his teeth1 his slouched hat pulled down on his ears1 and his rifle slung behind him4 ,the blue axes of the wood-cutters glanced in the rising sun4 ,to the left of the village1 on the side of ,valtin1 in the midst of the heather1 ,marc-,dives1 on a little black horse with a trailing tail1 his long sword hanging from his wrist1 was pointing out the ruins and the old path over which the wood-cutters were wont to drag their trees4 #gfd ,an infantry officer and some ,national ,guards in blue uniforms listened4 ,gaspard ,lefevre alone1 in advance of the group1 leaned on his musket and seemed meditating4 ,his mien told of desperate resolve4 ,at the top of the hill1 two or three hundred men1 in line1 resting on their arms1 gazed on the scene4 ,the sight of the fewness of their defenders chilled the hearts of the besieged2 the more so as the ,germans1 outnumbering them seven or eight to one1 began to form two columns of attack to regain the positions they had lost4 ,their general sent horsemen in every direction with orders1 and the lines of bayonets began to move4 ,the game is up6 muttered ,hullin to ,jerome4 ,what can five or six hundred men do against four thousand in line of battle8 ,the ,phalsbourg people will return home1 saying1 ',we have done our duty6' and ,pivrette will be crushed4 ,all thought the same2 but what filled the measure of their despair was to see a long line of ,cossacks debouch at full speed into the valley of ,charmes1 the fool ,yegof at their head galloping like the wind1 his beard1 the tail of his horse1 his dog-skin and his red hair streaming behind4 ,he gazed at the rock1 and brandished his lance above his head4 ,at the bottom of the valley he spurred toward the enemy's staff4 ,reaching the general1 he made some gestures1 pointing to the other side of the plateau of ,bois-de ,chnes4 ,the villain6 exclaimed ,hullin4 ,see6 he says ,pivrette has no abatis on that side1 and that the mountain must be turned4 ,a column indeed1 began its march at once in the direction shown1 while another pressed on toward the abatis to mask the movement of the first4 ,materne1 cried ,jean-,claude1 is there no means of sending a bullet after yonder fool8 ,the old hunter shook his head4 ,none1 he answered2 it is impossible2 he is not in range4 ,even as he spoke1 ,catherine uttered a wild cry1 a scream like that of a falcon4 ,let us crush them6 she shrieked--crush them as we did at ,blutfeld6 ,and the old woman1 but a moment ago so feeble1 seized a fragment of rock which she lifted with both hands2 then1 with her long gray hair floating in the wind1 her hooked nose bent over her compressed and colorless lips1 and her wrinkled cheeks rigid as iron1 she rushed with firm steps to the edge of the cliff1 and the rock cleft the air4 ,a horrible clamor arose from beneath1 through which could be heard the crash of broken branches2 then the enormous mass rebounded a hundred feet outward--dashed down the steep slope1 again flew out into the open air1 down1 down1 falling full on ,yegof1 and crushing him at the general's feet6 ,all was the work of a moment4 ,catherine1 erect on the edge of the cliff1 laughed a long1 rattling laugh4 ,then the others1 those phantoms1 spectres1 as if a new life had been given them1 dashed over the ruins of the ancient burg1 shrieking3 ,death6 ,death to the ,germans6 ,crush them as we did at ,blutfeld4 ,never did eye behold a scene more terrible4 ,wretches at the gates of the tomb--lean1 fleshless as skeletons found again their strength and their courage4 ,they blenched not2 each man seized his fragment of rock1 hurled it over the precipice1 and rushed back to find another1 without even waiting to see the effect of the one he had thrown4 #gfe ,no pen can paint the terror of the ,kaiserliks as this storm of rocks dashed down upon their heads4 ,all turned as they heard the crashing bushes and trees1 and at first stood gazing as if petrified4 ,raising their eyes1 they saw others1 and still others1 rushing down1 and1 above1 figures like spectres appear and disappear1 hurling missiles of death into the air2 they saw around them their crushed and mangled comrades--lines of fifteen or twenty men stricken down at once4 ,a wild cry echoed from the depths of the valley to the peak of ,falkenstein1 and despite the commands of their leaders1 despite the hail of shot that began to pour from right and left upon them1 the ,germans1 careless whither they went1 fled anywhere--anywhere to avoid the horrid death that smote them there4 ,in the thick of the rout1 however1 the ,austrian general succeeded in rallying a battalion and brought it in good order to the village4 ,calm and collected amid disaster and death1 he seemed worthy his high rank4 ,he turned gloomily1 from time to time1 to gaze on the falling rocks1 which still ploughed bloody furrows through his column4 ,jean-,claude observed him1 and in spite of the intoxication of victory1 and the joy of having escaped the horrors of a death by famine1 the old soldier could not restrain his admiration4 ,look1 he cried to ,jerome1 he does as we did on the retreat from ,donon and ,grossmann4 ,he is the last to retire1 and only yields his ground foot by foot4 ,truly there are brave men of all countries6 ,marc-,dives and ,pivrette1 witnessing this turn of fortune1 descended among the fir-trees to cut off the enemy's retreat2 but the effort was in vain4 ,the battalion1 reduced one half1 formed square behind the village of ,charmes1 and then retreated slowly up the valley of the ,sarre1 halting at times1 like a wounded and hunted wild-boar turning upon his tormentors1 whenever the men of ,pivrette or from ,phalsbourg pressed them too closely4 ,thus ended the great battle of ,falkenstein1 known among the mountains as the ,battle of the ,rocks4 ,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,scarcely had the fight ceased1 when1 toward #h o'clock1 ,marc-,dives1 ,gaspard1 and some thirty mountaineers1 bearing baskets of food1 reached the peak of ,falkenstein4 ,what a spectacle awaited them there6 ,the besieged1 stretched on the earth1 seemed dead4 ,in vain they shook the bodies and shouted in their ears2 no answer came4 ,gaspard ,lefevre1 seeing his mother and ,louise lying motionless with teeth fast locked together1 told ,marc1 in his agony1 that unless they recovered he would blow out his brains with his own musket4 ,marc replied that every one was free to do as he pleased2 but that for his part1 he would do no such thing on ,hexe-,baizel's account4 ,at length1 old ,colon placed his basket on a stone4 ,kasper ,materne suddenly sighed1 opened his eyes1 and1 seeing the food1 began clacking his teeth like a famished fox4 ,they knew what that meant1 and ,marc-,dives passed his flask under the nose of each one1 which was sufficient to resuscitate them4 ,they wanted to devour all the provisions at once2 but ,doctor ,lorquin had sense enough remaining to warn ,marc not to listen to them1 for the least excess would be sure death4 ,each one received1 therefore1 only a small piece of bread1 an egg1 and a glass of wine1 which restored their powers singularly4 ,then they placed ,catherine1 ,louise1 and the entire party on sleds1 and descended to the village4 #gff ,who could describe the enthusiasm and emotion of their friends1 when they saw them arrive1 more meagre than ,lazarus risen from his grave6 ,they were gazed at1 embraced1 hugged1 and every new-comer from ,abreschwiller1 ,dagsberg1 ,saint-,quirin1 or anywhere else1 had to repeat the ceremony4 ,marc-,dives was obliged twenty times to relate the story of his journey to ,phalsbourg4 ,luck had been against the brave smuggler4 ,after having almost by miracle escaped the bullets of the ,kaiserliks1 he fell1 in the valley of ,spartzprod1 into the middle of a troop of ,cossacks1 who robbed him of every thing4 ,then for two weeks he had to roam about the ,russian posts1 which surrounded the city1 drawing the fire of their sentries and running the risk dozens of times of being arrested as a spy1 before he was able to enter the works4 ,then the commandant ,meunier1 fearing from the weakness of the garrison1 at first refused all help1 and it was only at the pressing entreaty of the inhabitants of the city that he at length consented to detach two companies for the purpose4 ,the mountaineers1 listening to this recital1 could not cease admiring the courage of ,marc1 and his perseverance amid so many perils4 ,what would you have me do8 asked the tall smuggler of those loudest in their praises4 ,i only did my duty2 would you have me leave my comrades to perish8 ,i knew that the task was not an easy one2 those rogues of ,cossacks are sharper than custom-house officers2 they scent you a league off like crows2 but no matter1 we got the better of them this time4 ,at the end of five or six days1 all the lately besieged were on their feet again4 ,captain ,vidal1 from ,phalsbourg1 had left twenty-five men at ,falkenstein1 to guard the ammunition4 ,gaspard ,lefevre was of the number1 and the brave fellow came every morning down to the village4 ,the allies had all passed into ,lorraine2 none were seen in ,alsace1 except around the fortresses4 ,soon the news came of the victories of ,champ-,aubert and ,montmirail2 but the evil days had come upon us1 and1 in spite of the heroism of our army and the ,emperor's genius1 the ,germans and ,russians entered ,paris4 ,this was a terrible blow for ,jean-,claude1 ,catherine1 ,materne1 ,jerome1 and all the mountaineers2 but others have related the history of these events2 they form no part of our story4 ,peace concluded1 the old farm-house of ,bois-de-,chnes was rebuilt in the spring2 wood-cutters1 sabot-makers1 masons1 and all the workmen in the country round lent a hand in the work4 ,about the same time1 the army having been disbanded1 ,gaspard trimmed his mustache1 and his marriage with ,louise took place4 ,the wedding-day was all the heroes of ,falkenstein and ,donon gathered1 and the farm-house received them with open doors1 and windows too4 ,each one brought a present to the couple--,jerome1 a pair of little shoes for ,louise2 ,dives1 packages of smuggled tobacco for ,gaspard2 each one according to his means4 ,tables were set even in the barns and sheds4 ,how much wine1 bread1 and meat1 how many pies and puddings were disposed of1 ,i know not2 but what ,i do know is that ,jean-,claude1 filled with gloom since the entry of the allies into ,paris1 cheered upon that day and sang the old song of his youth as gayly as when he set out1 musket on shoulder for ,valmy1 ,jemmapes and ,fleurus4 #gfg ,the echoes of ,falkenstein took up the old patriotic air--the grandest1 noblest ever heard by man4 ,catherine ,lefevre beat time on the table with the handle of her knife2 and if it be true1 as many maintain1 that the dead come to listen when we speak of them1 our slain must indeed have rejoiced1 and the ,king of ,diamonds foamed on his red beard4 ,toward midnight1 ,hullin arose1 and addressing the bridegroom and bride said3 ,you will have brave children2 ,i will dance them on my knees1 and teach them this old song2 and then ,i will follow those who have gone before me4 ,he embraced ,louise1 and linking arms with ,marc-,dives and ,jerome1 went to his own little home1 followed by all the wedding guests singing their grand old song4 ,never was a finer night known2 millions of stars sparkled in the dark blue sky1 and a low murmur arose from the bushes at the foot of the slope where so many brave hearts lay cold4 ,all felt at once rejoiced and sad4 ,at ,jean-,claude's door they shook his hand and gave him good night2 then1 scattering in little parties to right and left1 sought their villages4 ,good-night ,materne1 ,jerome1 ,pivrette1 ,dives1 cried the brave sabot-maker cheerily4 ,his old friends turned and waved their hats1 and said among themselves3 ,there are indeed days when it is a joy to be in this fair world4 ,ah6 if there were no pestilence1 nor war1 nor famine2 if men understood1 loved1 and helped one another2 if wrongs and distrust were unknown--what a paradise would be ours6 ---------- ,porter's ,human ,intellect4 ,footnote #bha ,footnote #bha3 ,the ,human ,intellect2 with an ,introduction upon ,psychology and the ,soul4 ,by ,noah ,porter1 ,d4,d41 ,clark ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy and ,metaphysics in ,yale ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner ,co4 #ahfh4 #hvo1 pp4 #fgc4 ,in returning to consider this elaborate volume more in detail1 we would remark that its author has designed it as a text-book for college students in the class of philosophy1 and has proceeded1 in writing1 on the presumption that they for whom he writes have not the slightest knowledge of the subject4 ,hence his pages are filled with matters which those who have made some proficiency in the science of the human understanding1 and are not wholly ignorant of philosophy1 properly so called1 are already masters of1 and which they cannot even read without great weariness of the body1 and do not deem it worth their while to read at all4 ,they feel that to be able to understand the author1 it is enough to consult his principles and method1 and his definitions of the several topics he takes up and discusses4 ,they have neither the patience to read carefully through a huge volume which is1 nine-tenths of it1 filled with what is for them mere baby-talk4 ,but the author does not1 in composing his work1 begin by stating and defining his theses1 and then proceeding to elucidate and prove them2 but attempts to begin where he supposes the infant begins1 and proceeds as a learner1 not as a master4 #gfh ,consequently1 we are compelled to read his book from the beginning to the end1 or not be sure of his doctrine on any one point4 ,it is true1 the author sometimes attempts definitions1 but they are seldom scientific1 rarely embrace his whole thesis1 and nothing else1 and are pretty sure to mislead the unfortunate reviewer who relies on them4 ,he seldom abides by his own definitions4 ,in one place he defines consciousness a power1 and in another he makes it an act4 ,sense-perception is defined to be the power by which the intellect gains the knowledge of material objects2 then we are told that the object perceived is not the material existence1 but a joint product of the material agent and the sentient organism1 a psychical transcript of the material object2 while in another part of his work we find him denying that what the mind perceives is such transcript1 and refuting1 by plain and solid reasons1 those who maintain that it is4 ,a really scientific definition is a definition per genus et per differentiam2 ,dr4 ,porter sometimes gives the genus and forgets the differentia1 and sometimes gives the differentia without giving the genus4 ,he also adopts a terminology in many respects not familiar to us1 though it may be to others1 without the necessary explanation of the terms he uses3 and even when the terms he uses are such as we are familiar with1 they are used in a sense to which we are not accustomed4 ,we cannot tolerate subject-object1 for subject and object are distinct1 and stand the one over against the other4 ,the subject in thought is never the object1 and the object is never the subject4 ,grammar teaches so much4 ,object-object says no more than simply object4 ,every object is object1 and no object is more or less than object4 ,the object is always real2 for it is causative1 since in the act of thought it resists the subject1 and becomes a counter-pressure4 ,we dislike percepts and concepts2 for they are intended to imply that they exist1 as it were1 independent of the subject and the object1 and that the product of subject and object may itself be object4 ,we protest earnestly1 in the name both of philology and philosophy1 against calling existences1 which are nothing except by the creative act of ,god1 beings1 and still more earnestly against so calling the products of second or third causes4 ,this might pass with the ,gentiles1 who substituted generation for creation1 but is inexcusable in a ,christian philosopher4 ,we know the schoolmen did so1 but they are not to be commended for it4 ,they speak of ens simpliciter1 ens secundum quid1 ens reale1 and ens possibile1 and even of ens rationis1 as if being1 the creations of being1 mental abstractions1 and the creations of fancy and imagination could be all of the same genus or placed in the same category6 ,there is a philosophy in language which can never be disregarded without more or less injury to the philosophy of things4 ,the professor's method and technology render his work exceedingly difficult to be understood without as much study as would be necessary to construct the philosophy of the human mind without it2 and therefore if we should happen at times to miss his meaning1 he must blame himself4 ,he is far more intent on explaining the processes of the mind in knowing than on setting forth what it knows4 ,these processes have no interest for us2 for they really throw no light on the power or fact of knowledge4 ,we want to know what the author means by philosophy1 and what is its value1 and we therefore want him to speak as the professor1 not as the pupil4 #gfi ,we have no disposition to waste our time and weary the flesh1 even1 in reading the mass of stuff which he writes and which tells us nothing we want to know4 ,but enough of this4 ,the professor divides1 not very scientifically1 his work into four parts4 ,part ,i4 treats of ,presentation and ,presentative ,knowledge2 ,part ,,ii41 of ,representation and ,representative ,knowledge2 ,part ,,iii41 of ,thinking and ,thought-,knowledge2 and ,part ,,iv41 of ,intuition and ,intuitive ,knowledge4 ,he says1 p4 #gg1 ,the leading faculties of the intellect are three3 the presentative or observing faculty1 the representative or creative faculty1 and the thinking or generalizing faculty4 ,more briefly1 the faculty of experience1 the faculty of representation1 and the faculty of intelligence4 ,but experience is not a faculty2 it is the result of the exercise of all our faculties1 and a source of intelligence4 ,intelligence1 as a faculty1 is the intellect itself2 as a fact1 it is indistinguishable from experience1 which is improperly restricted by some psychologists of the inductive sort to the knowledge of the external world through the senses1 but extends to all acquired knowledge1 whatever the faculty exercised in acquiring it or the object perceived4 ,the real distinction is not between experience or empirical knowledge and intelligence1 but between empirical knowledge or experience and the ideal principles which are given intuitively by the ,creator1 and neither acquired nor developed by the soul's own action4 ,distinctions should be real1 not arbitrary or abstract4 ,we are able to know objects of various kinds and sorts1 but the knowing is always the same fact1 and by the same cognitive faculty1 whatever the object known1 the order to which it belongs1 or the means and conditions of its cognition4 ,the learned professor's division1 making four sorts of knowledge1 since he makes intuition empirical1 or an act of the soul1 appears to us1 therefore1 without any real foundation4 ,all knowledge or actual knowing is presentative1 and is in all cases by direct contemplation of the object in the light of ideal intuition4 ,demonstration only strips the object of its envelopes1 removes the prohibentia1 and presents it to direct contemplation4 ,in the longest chain of reasoning1 each link is1 in the empirical sense1 intuitively apprehended4 ,the apprehension is always immediate1 and the several mental processes serve only to bring the subject and object together1 face to face4 ,these processes1 however named or whatever their character1 never extend the matter of knowledge beyond the objects presented4 ,the presentative faculty the author subdivides into consciousness and sense-perception4 ,but consciousness is not a presentative faculty1 nor a faculty1 nor a subdivision of a faculty at all4 ,it is simply the recognition of the soul1 as reflected from the object1 of herself as subject4 ,at most1 it simply presents the subject of the thought4 ,sense-perception presents only material or sensible objects4 ,the professor's doctrine is then that of ,locke1 who derives all our ideas from sensation and reflection1 and confines all our knowledge to sensibles with the soul and her operations4 ,reflection only operates on the sense-perceptions without extending the matter of knowledge beyond them4 ,this is pure sensism1 which we are somewhat surprised to find held by an eminent professor in ,yale ,college4 #ggj ,does ,dr4 ,porter know his doctrine is sensism1 and therefore materialistic8 ,he says1 though not truly1 we apprehend the soul in consciousness as a spiritual being1 but is the soul the only non-sensible he means to assert8 ,but1 as we showed in our former article1 the soul recognizes herself only as subject1 and therefore only as the correlative of object4 ,she knows her own operations only in the same correlation4 ,take away the object and you lose the subject or fact of consciousness4 ,this1 we fear1 the professor does4 ,he defines1 p4 #aca1 sense-perception to be an act of objective knowledge1 in which the soul knows and only knows2 but adds1 if the soul knows1 it knows some being as its object4 ,but what being does it affirm8 ,we answer1 ,the being which1 is the joint product of the material agent and the sentient organism4 444 ,in perception proper we do not know the excitant apart1 nor do we know the organism apart1 only the result of their joint action4 ,this we know as an object1 with which the mind is confronted both as a sentient and as a percipient4 ,but as there can be no thought without the conjunction of the intellective subject and the intelligible object1 if the mind does not apprehend 'the material object itself1 there can be no such joint product as pretended1 and1 consequently1 no object at all4 ,the object then vanishes1 and leaves only the subject1 which is1 we need not say1 pure idealism4 ,as the subject is the correlative of object1 and recognizes itself only in thinking the object1 if the object vanishes1 the subject1 too1 must vanish1 and leave behind it only the sensation transforme of ,condillac4 ,but as sensation1 however transformed1 is still sensation1 and as sensations are incapable of standing alone1 or of subsisting without the subject1 the sensations themselves must go1 and nihilism alone remains--the result to which all psychologisms and ontologisms are necessarily tending1 and in which ,sir ,william ,hamilton says all philosophy necessarily ends1 if we may trust a passage which we saw quoted from him not long since in ,the ,new ,englander1 by a ,princeton professor1 in a striking article on ,the ,present ,state of ,philosophy1 in which the writer has well stated the problem presented1 but which he neither solves nor attempts to solve2 a problem1 the solution of which is in the ideal formula1 or the real synthesis of principles of things and of science1 of which he seems never to have heard4 ,the professor draws a proper distinction between sensation as feeling and sensation as perception1 but we cannot agree with him that sensation as feeling is an affection of the soul4 ,those psycho-physiologers make a great mistake who call the body ,the ,house ,i live in4 ,the union of soul and body is too intimate for that4 ,i am not soul1 as distinguished from the body1 nor am ,i body1 as distinguished from the soul2 but ,i am the union of the two4 ,a ,general ,council defines the soul to be forma corporis1 the informing and animating principle of the body4 ,yet there is a distinction between them4 ,we can predicate of the one things which we cannot of the other4 ,there is1 indeed1 no sensation without thought1 or an act of the soul2 but the sensation itself1 as distinguished from the perception1 is felt1 not merely localized1 in the body1 not in the soul4 ,when ,i feel the twinges of the gout1 ,i feel them1 not in my soul1 but in my toe4 ,we must distinguish two classes of affections1 frequently confounded2 the one sensible1 of the body1 the other spiritual1 of the soul4 #gga ,the sensible affections or emotions1 such as joy and grief1 sorrow and delight1 pain and pleasure1 are of the body animated and informed by the soul4 ,they indeed imitate in the sensible order the affections of the soul1 but have in themselves no moral character4 ,hence1 the masters of spiritual life make no account of what is called sensible devotion1 and see in it nothing meritorious1 and no reason why the soul1 in its itinerary to ,god1 should seek it4 ,but very different is the other class1 often called by the same name1 and which may or may not be accompanied by sensible emotion4 ,this difference is at once understood by all who have learned to distinguish between the love of the senses and the love of the soul1 the love ,plato meant when he represented the soul1 in his fine poetical way1 as having two wings1 intelligence and love1 on which it soars to the empyreum4 ,this love1 in one degree1 is chivalric love1 which the knight cherishes for his mistress whom he worships as a distant star2 in a higher degree1 it is heroic love1 a love that braves all dangers for the beloved1 whether friend or country2 in a still higher degree1 and informed by grace1 it is charity or saintly love1 with which the saint burns and is consumed as he contemplates the ,beauty of ,holiness1 or the ,first ,good and the ,first ,fair4 ,this is not sensible love1 and its glory is in struggling against the seductions of the senses1 or the flesh1 and by the grace of ,god winning the victory over them1 and coming off conqueror through ,him who hath loved us and given his life for us4 ,the professor has entered largely into the physiology of the senses1 and the joint action of the soul in the fact of knowledge1 and the process of the mind in forming what he calls percepts2 but as all he says under these heads1 whether true or not true1 throws no light on the intellectual act itself1 we pass it over1 and proceed to his ,part ,,ii41 ,representation and ,representative ,knowledge4 ,representation or the representative power1 the author says1 p4 #bdh1 may be defined in general that is1 the genus the power to recall1 represent1 and reknow objects which have been previously known or experienced in the soul4 ,more briefly1 it is the power to represent objects previously presented to the mind4 ,clearly1 then1 representation adds nothing to the matter previously presented by the presentative power4 ,but the author continues3 ,it is obvious that1 in every act of this power1 the objects of the mind's cognition are furnished by the mind itself1 being produced or created a second time by the mind's own energy1 and presented to the mind's own inspection4 ,it follows that representation1 in its very essence1 is a creative or a self-active power4 ,we cannot say that this is obvious to us4 ,the definition of representation given by the author makes it what1 in the language of mortals1 is called memory2 and we have never learned that memory is a creative power1 or that in memory the mind creates the objects it remembers4 ,to recall or to reknow is not to create4 ,even that the soul is self-active--that is1 capable of acting from itself alone--is by no means obvious2 nay1 is impossible1 unless we take the soul to be the first cause1 instead of merely a second cause2 and1 even if it were self-active1 it would not follow that it creates4 ,god is self-active because self-existent1 or being in its plenitude2 but he is not necessarily a creator4 ,he has infinite scope for his infinite activity in himself1 and he is free to create or not to create as he pleases4 #ggb ,that the mind does not in memory create the objects remembered1 is evident from the fact that the facts remembered are1 as the author himself admits1 facts or objects previously known or experienced4 ,the fact of memory1 or the fact remembered1 is the same fact that was known in presentation1 accompanied by the recognition of it as an object previously present and known1 and not now known for the first time4 ,there is no creation a second time any more than there was the first time1 or when the object was presented4 ,the professor says1 p4 #bea1 ,the objects of the representative power are 4444 mental objects4 ,they are not real things1 nor real percepts1 but the mind's own creations after real things4 ,they are spiritual or psychical1 not material1 entities2 but in many cases1 they concern material beings1 being psychical transcripts of them1 believed to be real or possible4 ,does he mean this as a true description of the facts of memory8 ,probably not4 ,then his definition needs amending1 for it does not include all that he means by representation4 ,his definition includes only memory2 but his description includes1 beside memory1 reflection1 fancy1 and imagination1 things which have nothing in common except the fact that the mind operates in them all on matters which have been previously presented4 ,reflection and memory are in no sense creative faculties2 fancy and imagination are sometimes so called1 but even they do not create their own objects4 ,reflection is the mind operating on the ideal principles re-presented in language1 and in their light1 on the facts of experience in their synthetic relations with them4 ,memory is simply1 as a faculty1 the power to retain and to re-present1 more or less completely and distinctly1 the facts of experience4 ,its objects are those facts themselves1 not a mental representation or transcript of them4 ,the author confounds re-presenting with representation4 ,in the one1 the object previously presented is re-presented1 or presented anew2 in the other1 the object itself is not presented for more elaborate consideration1 but a certain mental transcript1 image1 or resemblance of it1 which is the product of the mind fancying or imagining1 yet is never its object in correlation with which it acts4 ,this distinction alone upsets the author's whole theory of science1 or ,wissenschaftslehre1 and renders worse than useless more than nine-tenths of his volume4 ,his whole theory is vitiated by confounding representation1 in the sense of showing or exhibiting by resemblance or similitude1 with the etymological sense1 that of re-presenting1 and in taking the representation as the object of the soul in the intellectual act1 which it never is4 ,neither reflection nor memory represents1 in his sense of the word1 the objects previously presented2 they only re-present them4 ,in point of fact1 we never know anything by mental representation2 for we either know not at all1 or we know the thing itself4 ,representation only replaces the phantasms and intelligible species of the schoolmen1 for ever made away with1 we had supposed1 by the ,scottish school of ,reid and ,hamilton1 and the professor himself has given excellent reasons for not accepting them4 ,plato1 indeed1 asserts that we know by similitude1 but in a very different sense4 ,the idea is impressed on matter as the seal on wax1 and the impression is a perfect fac-simile of the idea2 and by knowing the impression1 we know the idea impressed4 ,but he never made either the idea or the impress of it on matter the product of the mind itself4 #ggc ,he makes either always objective1 independent of the mind1 and apprehensible by it4 ,in other words1 he never held that the mind creates the similitude by which it knows1 but1 at most1 only that by observation the mind finds it4 ,the peripatetics never1 again1 made their phantasms and intelligible species mental creations1 or represented them as furnished by the mind from its own stock2 but always held them to be independent of the mind1 and furnished to it as the means of apprehending the object4 ,if they had referred their production to the mind itself1 they would have called the species intellective1 not intelligible species4 ,the soul has1 indeed1 the faculty of representation2 but in representing its correlative object1 it is not the representation1 but the thing1 whatever it may be1 that it attempts to represent4 ,the product of the mind may be a representation1 but the object of the mind is not4 ,in all the imitative arts1 as poetry1 painting1 sculpture1 the artist seeks to represent1 but operates always in view of that reality of which he produces the representation or resemblance4 ,the author himself distinguishes memory from representation1 though very indistinctly4 ,representation1 p4 #cjc recalls1 memory recognizes4 ,here he uses representation in the sense of re-presenting2 for what is recalled is not the mental representation or semblance1 but the object itself2 so1 really1 there is no representation in the case1 and the professor should not have treated memory under the head of representation4 ,i see a face1 and ,i shut my eyes and picture it to myself4 ,this is not an act of representation1 but of memory4 ,there is a re-presenting1 but no representation1 in memory2 for1 so far as the fact is not reproduced in memory1 there is no memory1 but simply fancy or imagination4 ,the objects of reflection are simply the objects originally presented with only this difference1 that1 in presentation1 the fact of consciousness is myself as subject knowing1 whereas in reflection it is myself as subject reflecting1 and1 in memory1 myself as subject remembering4 ,fancy and imagination are1 in a loose way1 called creative faculties2 but properly creative they are not4 ,creation is production of substantial existences or things from nothing that is1 without any materials1 by the sole energy of the creator4 ,fancy and imagination can operate only on and with materials which have been or are presented to the mind4 ,fancy is mimetic and simply imitates imagination1 as throughout the universe the lower imitates the higher1 as the universe copies the ,creator1 or seeks to actualize the type in the ,divine mind2 and hence ,st4 ,thomas says1 ,deus similitudo est omnium rerum4 ,god creates all things after the type or ideal in his own mind1 and idea in mente divina nihil est aliud quam essentia ,dei4 ,hence1 man is said to be made after the image and likeness of ,god1 ad imaginem et similitudinem1 though he is not the image of ,god2 for that is the ,eternal ,word1 who1 ,st4 ,paul tells us1 is the brightness of his glory and the express image of his substance1 or being4 7,heb4 i4 #c47 ,fancy is mimetic1 and plays with sensations and sensibles2 but though it combines them in its own way1 as a winged horse1 the objects combined are always objects of experience4 ,imagination is of a higher order than fancy1 and operates on and with objects of experience1 sensibles1 intelligibles1 and the ideal principles intuitively given4 ,it sweeps through the whole range of creation1 descends to hell1 and rises to heaven2 but its objects are always those which have been presented to the mind1 which it can only arrange and combine in new forms of its own4 #ggd ,but the representations it produces are its products1 not its object4 ,in producing them1 the mind has a real object as its correlate1 as in presentation4 ,let the professor1 then1 abandon the absurdity which runs through his book that a mental creation or representation is the object of the soul in producing it4 ,the object of the soul is the object whose activity joined to its own produces it4 ,take the artist4 ,the object in his richest and sublimest productions is the beautiful which he sees1 which is his soul's vision and his soul's love1 and which he seeks to express on canvas1 in a statue1 a temple1 an oration1 a poem1 or a melody4 ,tell us not1 as so many aesthetic writers do1 that the artist projects from his own soul1 or creates the beauty which he struggles to express in his work1 and which he can never express to his satisfaction4 ,the ideal infinitely transcends the expression4 ,the soul contemplates the beautiful1 but does not create it4 ,the beautiful1 as ,plato somewhere says1 is the splendor of the ,good4 ,it is the splendor of the ,true and the ,good1 that is1 of ,god2 though ,gioberti1 in his ,del ,bello1 seems to divorce it from the ideal1 and1 while asserting the reality of the object1 would appear to resolve the beautiful into the subjective impression on the sensibility1 produced by the apprehension of the object1 which supposes that beauty exists only for sensible existences4 ,it is as real as ,god himself1 and as objective as the ideal formula4 ,it is the divine splendor1 inseparable from the ,divine ,being4 ,everything ,god has made participates1 in a higher or lower degree1 of beauty1 because it participates of being2 but beauty itself in its infinity is only in ,god himself1 which exceeds all the power of men and angels to represent4 ,the artist1 by the noetic power of the soul1 which1 if a true artist1 he possesses in a higher degree than ordinary men1 beholds1 contemplates1 and loves it4 ,it is2 as we have just said1 the vision of his soul and the object of his love4 ,he detects it in creatures1 in the region of fancy1 in the mind1 and in the soul itself1 and adores it in the ideal4 ,the power of detecting it in sensibles is fancy2 in the ideal1 is imagination4 ,in seeking to represent it or express it in his productions1 it is the real1 the objective1 he seeks to express or embody4 ,he may form in his mind a representation of it1 but that representation is not the object of the mind in either fancy or imagination1 nor is it a pure mental representation1 not only because it is formed after the real1 but because it is formed only in conjunction with the activity of the real4 ,footnote #bhb ,footnote #bhb3 ,the artist ought always to be highly moral and devout1 but whether so or not depends on the motive with which he acts1 or purpose for which he seeks to embody the beauty he sees4 ,the relation of aesthetics to ethics1 of art to religion is easily understood4 ,art is not1 as some ,germans would persuade us1 religion1 nor is the culture of art true religious worship4 ,art may be licentious1 and is1 when it embodies only the sensual passions and affections of our nature1 and the more so in proportion to the exquisite touch and skill in the execution4 ,in no case can the brilliancy and perfection of the execution atone for the moral deformity of the object represented4 ,art which appeals simply to the senses1 and inspires only sensible devotion1 is not necessarily immoral1 but is not positively moral or religious4 ,but art which seeks to embody or express the ideal1 the splendor of the real1 the true1 the good1 whether as presented in the ideal intuition1 or as participated by the creatures of ,god1 can hardly fail to be moral and religious in its effect as well as in its ideal4 ,god is worshipped in spirit and in truth1 even worshipped in his works1 for he enters into all his works as their cause1 and their being is in him4 ,we praise ,god in his saints1 in all his works of nature or grace4 ,the art is not the worship1 but it is an adjunct to worship1 and hence religion in all ages has called into its service the highest and richest forms of art4 #gge ,these remarks are sufficient to show that all that ,dr4 ,porter says of the faculty of ,representation is1 when not confused or false1 of no moment4 ,he darkens instead of elucidating his subject4 ,we pass on1 therefore1 to his ,part ,,iii41 on ,thinking and ,thought-,knowledge4 ,the mental operations treated by the author under the head of ,thinking and ,thought-knowledge1 are those which ,locke calls by the general name of reflection1 and are conception1 abstraction1 or generalization1 judgment1 reasoning1 deductive and inductive1 and scientific or systematic arrangement4 ,they are not faculties1 but operations of the mind4 ,the proper ,english name for the faculty on which they depend1 so far as usage goes1 is not thought1 nor the power of thought--for every intellectual act1 whether representative or presentative1 is a thought--but understanding or reason4 ,the old word was understanding1 but it is objectionable1 because it includes1 according to present usage1 only the intellectual activity of the soul1 and implies nothing of voluntary activity4 ,reason is the better term2 for it combines both the intellectual and the volitive activity of the soul4 ,the objection of the professor that reason is used for the very highest of the rational functions1 or else in a very indefinite sense for all that distinguishes man from the brute1 does not appear to us to be conclusive4 ,every intellectual act1 the highest as the lowest1 is thought1 an act of one and the same thinking faculty4 ,the objects and conditions of knowledge may vary1 but the faculty of knowledge does not vary with them4 ,reason is not used in a more indefinite sense when used for all that distinguishes man from the brute1 than is thought as used by the professor4 ,man is well defined to be animal rationale1 or rational animal2 but this does not mean that man is animal plus reason1 but the animal transformed by reason2 and hence there is a specific difference between the sort of intelligence which it seems difficult to deny to animals1 and the intelligence of man4 ,all human intelligence is rational1 the product of reason4 ,coleridge and our ,american transcendentalists1 after ,kant1 attempted to distinguish between understanding ,verstand and reason ,vernunft1 and to restrict understanding to that portion of our knowledge which is derived through the senses1 and reason to an order of knowledge that transcends all understanding1 and to which only the gifted few ever attain4 ,but they have not been successful4 ,knowledge of the highest objects1 as of the lowest1 is by the same faculty1 and we may still use reason in its old sense1 as the subjective principle of all the operations the professor calls thinking4 ,the word reason is1 indeed1 used in an objective as well as in a subjective sense4 ,as subjective1 it is a faculty of the soul2 the objective reason is the ideal formula1 and creates and constitutes the subjective reason4 ,cousin distinguishes between the two1 but as between the personal and the impersonal--a mere modal distinction1 not a distinction of substance4 ,he identifies the objective reason with the ,greek text or ,word of ,god1 while it is really identical with the ideal formula1 which embraces both being and existences1 united and distinguished by the creative act of being1 as explained in our former article4 ,this asserts a distinction of subject and of substance between the objective and subjective reason asserted by ,cousin4 ,in the objective reason1 ,god1 in the subjective1 man1 is the actor2 and there is all the difference of substance between them that there is between ,god and man1 or between real1 universal1 and necessary being1 and finite1 contingent existence4 #ggf ,they ought not to be both called by the same name1 and we ourselves rarely so call them4 ,we ourselves call the objective reason the ideal formula1 or1 briefly1 the ideal2 yet good writers and speakers do use the word in both senses4 ,they say1 ,man is endowed with reason1 or has a rational nature1 in which they employ the term subjectively4 ,they say1 also1 of such an assertion1 ,it is unreasonable1 or it is contrary to reason2 that is1 to the truth1 or principle of things1 in which they use it objectively1 as they do when they speak of the principles affirmed in the ideal formula1 and call them the reason1 necessary and absolute ideas1 or the principles of reason2 for nothing necessary or absolute is or can be subjective4 ,we ourselves use the word in a subjective sense1 and understand by it the faculty of reasoning1 or the subjective principle of all our mental operations4 ,it is not a simple power1 but a complex power1 embracing both the percipient and volitive capacities of the soul4 ,in every rational operation of the soul1 there is both perception and volition1 and it is this fact that distinguishes reason from the simple power of perception1 or intellectual apprehension4 ,we see and we look1 and we look that we may see2 we hear and we listen1 and listen that we may hear4 ,the looking and the listening are peculiarly rational acts1 in which the soul voluntarily1 or by an act of the will1 directs her intellectual capacities to a special intellectual purpose or end4 ,this voluntary activity1 or direction of the capacity to know1 must not be confounded with free will2 it is the voluntarium of the theologians1 distinguished1 on the one hand1 from spontaneity1 and on the other1 from the liber arbitrium1 or free will1 which is the faculty of electing or choosing between right and wrong1 and implies1 whichever it chooses1 the power to choose the contrary4 ,it is the principle of all moral accountability4 ,the voluntarium is a simple1 voluntary activity1 or power of directing our attention to this or that intellectual object1 or of using the cognitive power in the service of science4 ,the reason may be defined1 then1 the soul's faculty of using her intellectual and volitive powers for the explication and verification of the knowledge furnished by presentation4 ,with these preliminary remarks we proceed to consider some of the mental operations which give us what ,professor ,porter calls ,thought-,knowledge4 ,we do not question the fact of these operations1 nor their importance in the development of our rational life2 what we deny is1 that they are a power or faculty of the mind1 and that in performing them they are objects of the mind1 or that they add anything to the matter of our knowledge4 ,the professor says1 p4 #chc1 ,the power of thought reason as a capacity faculty for certain psychological processes1 is dependent for its exercise and development on the lower powers of the intellect4 ,these furnish the materials for it to work with and upon4 ,we must apprehend the individual objects by means of the senses and consciousness pure sensism before we can think these objects4 ,so in consciousness and sense-perception we do not think1 and we must apprehend sensibles before we can think them6 ,to intellectually apprehend an object is to think it4 ,intellectual apprehension and thought are one and the same fact4 ,the professor continues1 ,we can classify1 explain1 and methodize only individual things1 and these must first be known by sense and consciousness before they can be united and combined into generals4 #ggg ,here are two errors and one truth4 ,the first error is in regarding consciousness as a cognitive power or faculty1 and the second is in confining the individual things to sensibles1 or the material world4 ,we know in presentative knowledge not only the sensible but the supersensible1 the intelligible1 or ideal4 ,the ideal principles cannot be found1 obtained1 or created by the mind's own activity1 and are apprehended by the mind only as they are given intuitively by the act of the ,creator2 but being given1 they are as really apprehended and known by the mind as any sensible object2 nay1 are what the mind apprehends that is most clear and luminous1 so luminous that it is only by their light that even sensibles are mentally apprehensible or perceptible4 ,the one truth is that the objects of the soul in her operations must first be known either by perception or intuition before they can be classified1 explained1 and methodized4 ,hence the operations of which the author treats under this head do not extend our knowledge of objects4 ,they are all reflective operations1 and reflection can only re-present what has already been presented4 ,the professor is right in maintaining that only individual objects are apprehensible1 if he means that we apprehend things only in individuo or in concreto2 for this is what we have all along been insisting on against him4 ,things are not apprehensible in general1 but in the concrete4 ,hence ,rosmini's mistake in making the first and abiding object of the intellect ens in genere1 which is a mere possible ens1 and no real being at all4 ,it is simply conception or abstraction formed by the mind operating on the intuition of real being1 which never is nor can be abstracted or generalized4 ,yet the author has argued under both presentative knowledge and representative knowledge that the mind1 sometimes with1 and sometimes without1 anything distinct from and independent of itself1 creates its own object2 and that the object1 as well as the act1 may be purely psychical4 ,thus he tells us that in sense-perception we do not perceive the material thing itself1 but the joint product of the material agent and the sentient organism2 and that in representation the object represented may be unreal1 chimerical1 and exist only in the soul1 and for the soul alone4 ,and he dwells with great unction on the relief and advantage one finds in escaping from the real world to the unreal which the soul creates for herself4 ,true1 he says that whatever the object1 real or unreal1 abstract or concrete1 it is apprehensible only as an individual object2 but the unreal1 the chimerical1 the abstract1 is never individual4 ,why does he call conceptions concepts1 if not because he holds the conception is both the act and the object of the mind in conceiving8 ,and does he hold the concept to be always individual1 never general8 ,conception1 in his system1 is always a generalization1 or a general notion1 formed by the mind1 and existing only in the mind4 ,how1 then1 can it be an object of the mind8 ,he says truly the object is individual1 but the concept 7p4 #cia7 is uniformly general4 ,and yet1 in the very first paragraph on the next page1 he calls it an object of cognition6 ,farther on1 he says1 ,the concept is a purely relative object of knowledge1 whatever that may mean2 and in the same section1 section #chi1 he speaks of it as a mental product and mental object4' ,to our understanding1 he thus contradicts himself4 #ggh ,yet we hold that whatever the mind cognizes at all1 it cognizes in the concrete1 as an individual object4 ,and therefore we deny that the ideas of the necessary1 the universal1 of necessary cause1 and the like1 which the author calls intuitions1 and treats as first principles1 necessary assumptions1 abstract ideas1 etc41 are abstractions1 mental conceptions1 or generalizations2 for there are no concretes or individual objects from which they can be abstracted or generalized4 ,as we really apprehend them1 when affirmed in the ideal formula by the divine act1 and as we cannot apprehend what is neither being nor existence1 as the author himself says1 though continually asserting the contrary2 and as every existence is a finite contingent existence1 they must be real1 necessary1 and universal being4 ,they cannot be generalizations of being2 for nothing is conceivable more general and universal than being4 ,being1 taken in its proper sense1 as the ens simpliciter of the schoolmen1 is itself that which is most individual and1 at the same time1 the most general1 the most particular and the most universal4 ,these so-called necessary ideas1 then1 are being2 and in apprehending them as intuitively affirmed1 we do really apprehend being4 ,hence1 as being1 real and necessary being1 is ,god1 whom the theologians call ,ens necessarium et reale1 ,god1 in affirming the ideal formula1 intuitively affirms himself1 and we really apprehend him1 not as he is in himself1 in his essence1 indeed1 but as being1 the ideal or the intelligible1 that is1 as facing our intelligence2 or1 in other words1 we apprehend him as the subject of the judgment1 ,ens creat existentias1 or as the subject of the predicate existences1 united and distinguished by his creative act1 the only real1 as the only possible1 copula4 ,the author makes man the analogon of ,god1 and1 indeed1 ,god in miniature1 or a finite ,god1 and gravely tells us1 p4 #ajj1 that we have only to conceive the limitations of our being removed1 and we have the conception of ,god4 ,but as we are not being1 but existence1 we are finite and limited in our very nature2 remove the limitations1 and we are not ,god1 but nothing4 ,eliminate the finite1 says ,pre ,gratry1 and you have ,god1 in the same way and by the same process that the mathematician has his infinitesimals4 ,but this process of elimination of the finite gives the mathematician only the infinitely less than the finite number or quantity1 and it would give the theologian not the infinitely greater but the infinitely less than the finite existence4 ,besides1 the process could at best give us not ,god in his being1 but a mere abstract ,god1 existing only as a mental generalization4 ,the universal cannot be concluded from the particular1 nor the necessary from the contingent1 because1 without the intuition of the universal and the necessary1 we have and can have no experience of the particular and the contingent--a fact we commend to the consideration of the inductive theologians4 ,as the conception is always general1 it can never be the object of the mind in the fact of thought4 ,it is a product of the mind operating on the individual object or objects with which the mind has thought1 and is never the object itself4 ,the same may be said of generalization1 abstraction1 and every form of reasoning4 ,but if this be so1 in what are conceptions1 abstractions1 etc41 known8 ,if they are known at all1 they must be objects of knowledge2 if not known at all1 how can we think or speak of them8 #ggi ,they are known in knowing their concretes1 as the author himself tells us4 ,as concepts1 abstractions1 generalizations1 or general notions1 they do not exist in nature1 and cannot be known or thought4 ,but they exist as qualities or properties of things1 and are known in knowing the things themselves4 ,thus we know round things2 all round things have the same property of being round2 we may1 then1 consider only this property common to all round things1 and form the general conception of roundness2 but we do not see or apprehend roundness1 and the object of thought is always the round thing4 ,so of all so-called universals that are abstractions1 conceptions1 or generalizations4 ,the object known is the concrete2 the abstraction1 abstracted from it1 being nothing1 is not known or even thought4 ,but ,cousin1 in his ,philosophie ,scholastique1 has very properly distinguished general conceptions or general notions from genera and species4 ,the former are real only in their concretes1 and knowable only in them2 the latter are real1 and actually exist a parte rei4 ,genus has relation to generation1 and is as real as the individual1 for it generates the individual4 ,hence1 we cannot agree with ,leibnitz1 when he makes the genus or species consist in resemblance1 and declares that resemblance real4 ,the individual does not merely mimic the genus1 but is produced by it4 ,the genus is always causative in relation to the species1 and the species1 in relation to the individual4 ,the intelligible is always causative in relation to the sensible1 which copies or imitates it4 ,the genus is not the possibility of individuals1 nor are they its realization4 ,it is not a property or a quality of men as individuals1 for it is1 in the order of second causes1 the cause producing them1 and therefore cannot be generalized from them1 or be a general notion or conception1 like roundness1 the generalization or abstract of round4 ,without the genus there could be no generation1 as without a generator there could be no genus4 ,yet1 though genera and species1 the only universals1 properly so-called1 are1 as the old realists held1 real1 existing a parte rei1 and are distinguishable from the individuals1 as the generator from the generated1 the species from the specificated2 they are not separable1 and do not exist apart from them4 ,adam was an individual1 lived1 acted1 sinned1 repented1 and died1 as an individual man2 yet was he the generic1 as well as individual1 man2 for he was the whole human race1 and the progenitor of all men that have been born or are to be born4 ,but while we adopt1 in relation to genera and species1 the doctrine of the mediaeval realists1 we hold with regard to other so called universals with ,st4 ,thomas1 who says they exist in mente cum fundamento in re4 ,the fundamentum in re of conceptions1 abstractions1 and generalizations is precisely the individual objects apprehended by the mind from which reason abstracts or generalizes them4 ,the only point which we now make against the author is that the object of thought or knowledge is not the conception or notion1 but the object from which the reason forms it2 and that in it nothing is thought beyond that object4 ,philosophy has been divested of its scientific character1 made infinitely perplexing and most difficult to be understood1 as well as utterly worthless1 by being regarded as the science1 not of things1 but of these very conceptions1 abstractions1 and general notions1 which1 apart from their individuals or concretes1 are pure nullities4 #ghj ,we insist on this1 because we wish to see philosophy brought back to the real1 to objects of experience in their relation to the ideal formula2 and our principal quarrel with the professor is1 that his philosophy is not real1 is not the science of realities1 but of conceptions and abstractions4 ,we can hardly pause on what the professor says of judgment and the proposition4 ,we can only remark in passing that every thought1 every perception1 even1 is a judgment--a judgment that the object thought or perceived is real or really exists4 ,every affirmation is a judgment1 and every judgment is an affirmation2 for denials are made only by affirming the truth denied4 ,pure negations are unintelligible1 present no counteraction to the mind1 and cannot be thought4 ,the fool hath said in his heart1 ,god is--not4 ,it is only by asserting that ,god is that we can deny that he is4 ,every negation is the contradiction of what it affirms4 ,so-called negative judgments are really affirmative4 ,we do not mean that denials cannot be made1 for we are constantly making them2 but they can be made only by affirming the truth2 and the denial that transcends the truth affirmed in the denial is simply verbal1 and no real denial at all4 ,universal negation is simply impossible2 and hence when we have shown that any system of philosophy leads logically to nihilism1 or even universal scepticism1 we have refuted it4 ,logicians tell us that of contradictories one must be false2 but it is equally just to say1 that of contradictories one must be true2 for truth cannot contradict itself1 and only truth can contradict falsehood4 ,but we pass on to ,reasoning1 which the professor holds to be mediate judgment1 and to which we hold all the reflective operations of reason may be reduced4 ,what a mediate judgment is1 we do not know4 ,reasoning may be necessary as the means and condition of judging in a certain class of cases1 but the judgment itself is in all cases direct4 ,the error of the professor here1 as throughout the whole of this ,part ,,iii41 and1 indeed1 of his whole treatise1 is that he treats every question from the point of view of conception1 or the general notion1 instead of the point of view of reality1 as he cannot help doing as an inductive psychologist4 ,reasoning is a reflective operation4 ,it operates on the matter presented by ideal intuition and experience2 it clears up1 explains1 verifies1 and classifies what is intuitively affirmed1 together with what experience presents4 ,its instrument is language4 ,we can think without language1 and so far ,de ,bonald was wrong1 unless he understood1 as the professor does1 by thought1 an act of reflection2 but we cannot reflect or reason without language of some sort to re-present to the mind's contemplation the ideal or intelligible intuition4 ,this re-presentation is not an act of the soul herself1 nor the direct and immediate act of the ,creator1 as is the ideal intuition4 ,it is effected only by language in which the ideal or intelligible is embodied and represented1 and of which it is the sensible sign or representation4 ,in other words1 the ideal is an object of reflection only as taught through the medium of language2 for we must bear in mind that man is not pure spirit or pure intelligence1 but spirit united to body1 and that he must have some sort of sensible representation in order to reflect4 #gha ,hence the peripatetic maxim1 nihil est in intellectu1 quod non prius fuerit in sensu1 which does not mean that only sensibles are cognizable1 but that nothing can be reflectively thought1 or as the ,italians say1 re-thought1 7ripensare17 without sensible representation4 ,that ,god is1 can be proved with certainty by reason2 for we have immediate intuition of that which is ,god in the intuition of real and necessary being2 but we cannot reach the conclusion that the intuitively affirmed object really is ,god without reflecting on the intuition1 and this we cannot do unless it is re-presented or held up to our contemplation in language1 or without its being sensibly represented by the word ,god4 ,language is the necessary instrument of reason2 we cannot reason without it1 and only rational existences have language properly so called4 ,no animal deprived of the discourse of reason has even articulation4 ,those philosophers1 or pretended philosophers1 who regard language either as a human invention or as the spontaneous production of human nature1 have never duly considered its office in the development of thought1 and in the rational operations of the soul4 ,men could not have invented language without reflection1 and without language they cannot reflect4 ,it needs language to be able to invent language4 ,the other theory is no better4 ,the soul does not secrete language as the liver secretes bile1 for language has in it more than human nature4 ,the spontaneous productions of nature may be less than nature1 but cannot be more4 ,there is a philosophy in language broader and deeper than human thought1 a philosophy that embraces elements which are known only by revelation1 and which human nature does not contain4 ,all language is modelled after the ideal formula4 ,its essential elements are subject1 predicate1 and copula1 or the noun1 adjective1 and verb4 ,the verb and adjective may be1 and often are1 combined in the same word1 but they can be resolved always into the predicate and copula4 ,the copula is always the verb to be1 or its equivalent in other languages than our own1 and this verb is the only verb in any language4 ,the verb to be is precisely the name of ,god himself1 the ,,sum ,,qui ,,sum4 ,we cannot make1 then1 a single assertion but by the ,divine ,being1 and he enters as the copula into every one of our judgments without which no affirmation can be expressed4 ,but ,god is supernatural1 and is the author of nature2 the ideal formula which is repeated in every judgment is not contained in human nature1 is not in the human mind as in its subject1 but is above our nature1 and by affirming itself creates our nature1 both physical and intellectual4 ,how then could our nature1 operating simply as second cause1 produce spontaneously language which in its essential nature expresses what is beyond and above itself8 ,men1 especially philosophers1 or rather theorizers1 have corrupted and still continue to corrupt language1 as we can see in the book before us2 but we have never yet heard of any one by the spontaneous action of nature secreting or producing a language1 or of any one having a language without being taught it4 ,yet nature is all to-day that it ever was1 and as fresh1 as vigorous1 as prolific4 ,even the fall has not deprived it of any of its primitive faculties1 capacities1 properties1 or tendencies4 ,if language is a spontaneous production of human nature1 we ought to have some instances of children growing up and speaking a rich and philosophical language without having ever learned it4 #ghb ,for ourselves1 we have a huge distrust of all those theories which assume that nature could and did do in the past what she does not and cannot do in the present4 ,our savants employ themselves in seeking the types of domestic animals in the wild races2 why not seek the type of the wild races in the domestic8 ,why suppose man could and once did domesticate races which he finds it difficult1 if not impossible1 to domesticate now8 ,we do not believe much in the modern doctrine of progress1 but we believe just as little in the wonderful superiority of nature and men in ante-historical times1 which is sometimes assumed1 especially by the champions of progress4 ,language is neither a human invention nor a natural production1 but was created by ,god himself and infused into man along with the affirmation of the ideal formula1 when he made him and placed him in the ,garden1 and it has been perpetuated by tradition1 or by being handed down from father or rather mother to child4 ,it comes to us from the hand of the ,creator2 he who made man gave him speech4 ,we can explain the origin of language in no other way1 as we can explain the origin of man only by saying with the catechism1 ,god made him4 ,as language is the instrument of reason1 and re-presents to his contemplation the ideal which the ,creator fitted it to symbolize1 its corruption or confusion has a most disastrous effect on philosophy4 ,it was confounded at ,babel1 and men lost the unity of speech1 and with it the unity of the ideal1 and were dispersed4 ,the ,gentiles lost the unity of language1 and they lost with it the unity of the ideal1 or the copula of the divine judgment1 and labored to explain1 as our modern savants are laboring to explain1 the existence and laws of the universe without the creative act of ,god4 ,language1 corrupted re-presented to the ancient ,gentiles1 and as it does to our modern physiologists and psychologists1 the ideal only in a mutilated form1 and hence the fatal error of ,gentilism and of modern so-called science1 which asserts pantheism4 ,it is necessary1 in order to have a true philosophy1 to have some means of preserving the purity and infallibility of speech1 and at no former period was such means more necessary than it is now4 ,the instrument of reasoning is language2 its form is the syllogism1 which is given in the ideal formula4 ,all the matter of knowledge is given in presentation1 and the syllogism does not advance it2 but it explains1 distinguishes1 arranges it according to the real relations of the objects known1 clears up what is obscure1 and verifies what is uncertain1 doubtful1 by reducing the whole to its principle or principles4 ,the principle and model of the syllogism are in the ideal4 ,being and existences are the extremes1 and the creative act is the medius terminus4 ,the major represents being1 the minor existences1 and the middle term produces the conclusion4 ,to this regular form of the syllogism every form of argument is reducible4 ,if the major is universal1 and the minor is proved1 the conclusion is necessary and apodictic4 ,the modes in which reason operates are two1 deduction and induction1 or analysis and synthesis4 ,induction is simple analysis1 or what ,kant calls analytic judgment1 and simply dissects the subject1 analyzes it1 and brings out to our distinct view what is in it4 ,it is never illative1 but always explicative1 and enables us to distinguish the part in the whole1 the property in the essence1 or the effect in the cause4 #ghc ,dr4 ,porter entirely mistakes it in supposing it to be an imperfect induction4 ,there is nothing inductive in it4 ,induction is what ,kant calls a synthetic judgment a posteriori1 and adds an element not contained in the subject analyzed4 ,in synthetic judgments a posteriori1 the added element is taken from experience2 in synthetic judgments a priori1 the added element is from the ideal formula1 intuitively given1 or rather1 the ideal formula is that into which what ,kant calls synthetic judgments a priori are resolvable4 ,the syllogism is used in deduction and in induction2 yet it is not properly either1 but is productive4 ,as being creates existences1 so the major through the middle term unites the minor to itself and produces the conclusion4 ,such men as ,sir ,william ,hamilton and ,j4 ,stuart ,mill1 who reject the middle term1 and hold the major may be a particular proposition1 are misled by their philosophy1 which excludes the creative act of ,god both from the universe and from science4 ,no man who has a false or defective philosophy can understand logic as a science4 ,pantheism1 which excludes the creative act1 is the supreme sophism4 ,it is not easy to say what ,dr4 ,porter's views of logic1 either as a science or as an art1 really are4 ,the chief complaint against the professor here is1 that he makes reasoning turn on the laws of the mind1 on conceptions1 and general notions1 and reflecting1 as logic1 only the relations and forms of the creations or products of the mind1 instead of the relations and forms of things4 ,he studies everything from the point of view of the mental act1 instead of studying them from the point of view of the ideal intuition1 which is the point of view of ,god himself4 ,he therefore gives in his science1 not things as they are1 but as the mind conceives them4 ,the conceptions and general notions play1 no doubt1 an important part in the process of reasoning1 but they play not the chief part1 nor do they impose upon logic the laws it must follow4 ,the categories are not general conceptions or general notions1 formed by generalizing individuals or particulars4 ,m4 ,cousin assumes that he has reduced them to two1 substance and cause1 or being and phenomenon3 but as with him substance is a necessary cause1 and as phenomenon is only an appearance or mode of substance1 his reduction is really to one1 the category of substance1 which it is needless to say is pure pantheism4 ,they1 however1 may be reduced to the three terms of the ideal formula2 for whatever is conceivable is being1 existence1 or the creative act of being4 ,the categories are not1 then1 merely formal1 simply conceived by the mind cum fundamento in re2 but are the ideal principles of things themselves4 ,take the categories of space and time1 which seem to puzzle the author as they have puzzled many greater and wiser men than he4 ,space is ideal and actual4 ,ideal space is the power or ability of ,god to externize his act1 that is1 to create or act ad extra2 and actual space is the relation of coexistence of his externized acts or creatures4 ,ideal space pertains to being1 is being itself2 actual space being a real relation between creatures1 and1 like all relations1 really existing in the related1 comes under the head of existences1 and is joined to being as well as distinguished from it by the creative act4 ,the reason of space and time is the same4 ,time also is ideal and actual4 ,actual time is the relation of succession1 and ideal time is the ability of ,god to create existences that1 as second causes1 are explicated and completed successively1 or reach their end progressively4 ,ideal time is ,god4 ,actual time is creature1 since all relations really exist in the related4 ,the difficulty which so many eminent men have felt with regard to these two categories1 evidently reducible to the terms of the ideal formula1 grow out of their attempt to abstract them1 the ideal from ,god1 and the actual from the related1 whether existences or events4 ,take away the body and the space remains1 says ,cousin4 ,certainly2 because the intuition of the ability of ,god to externize his act--that is to create--remains4 ,so of time4 ,so of the infinite lines of the geometrician4 ,no actual line is infinite1 and the conception of its infinity is based on the intuition of the infinite power or ability of ,god1 the real ground on which the line1 when conceived to extend beyond the actual1 is projected4 ,there are various other points presented by the learned professor in this part and in ,part ,,iv4 on which we intended to comment1 but we have exhausted our space and the patience of our readers4 ,we have said enough1 however1 to show that he recognizes intuition only as an act of the soul1 and therefore1 however honorable his intention1 since he fails to recognize ideal intuition1 which is the act of ,god1 he fails to get beyond experience1 to extend science beyond the sensible or material world with the operations of the soul on sensations1 and therefore cannot be followed as a safe guide in the philosophy of the human mind4 ,he has learning1 industry1 and even philosophical instincts1 but is ruined by his so-called ,baconian method4 ---------- #ghd ,heremore-,brandon2 ,or1 ,the ,fortunes ,of ,a ,newsboy4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,i could not tell you one half the projects ,dick formed and rejected as entirely hopeless before he at last succeeded in inducing a gentleman who had been very kind to him to make an offer to ,mr4 ,brandon of some place in his office1 which1 while it would not be more than1 with his now broken energies and failing health1 he could easily perform1 if he had the disposition1 would give him something to help him live upon4 ,soon after this offer was made and 7with much grumbling7 finally accepted1 ,dick1 without really seeking it1 found himself becoming known to ,mr4 ,brandon2 and1 thanks to the patience with which he listened to that gentleman's railings against the world1 and his own hard fortunes in it1 taken into favor4 ,it was a very sad sight for a hopeful1 self-respecting1 ,god-fearing ,catholic like ,dick to see this querulous man1 from whom all vigorous spirit seemed to have fled1 brooding over his losses1 instead of holding up his head1 and bravely going forth to make the most of what was left2 a sad thing to hear these miserable repinings in which there was never a thought of gratitude for the long years of comfort and plenty with which ,god had blessed him4 #ghe ,but ,dick bore it patiently1 and sought in every way which his simple experience could devise to draw him from his despondency2 to inspire him with some trust in ,god4 ,it was1 however1 without any apparent success1 other than greater condescension from ,mr4 ,brandon1 who1 at last1 weak and nervous1 would gladly avail himself of ,dick's young strength in his walks home4 ,and so1 in time1 that which had seemed the impossible came to pass very naturally4 ,mr4 ,brandon urged ,dick to enter the house1 and he was received as a guest in ,miss ,brandon's home4 ,home it must be called1 ,i suppose2 though it was a dreary1 desolate room1 with boarding-house stamped in glaring letters all over the grey walls and badly-assorted furniture4 ,even ,dick could realize that it must be a very different home from any which ,miss ,brandon had ever seen before2 for it was far different from the only pretty rooms he had ever entered--those dear1 clean1 sweet rooms at ,mrs4 ,alaine's4 ,mr4 ,heremore1 ,mary1 was his introduction1 accompanied by a patronizing wave of ,mr4 ,brandon's hand4 ,do not be surprised2 you know ,i have never said--not even in his days of prosperity--that he was a gentleman--,mr4 ,heremore1 ,mary2 a young man who has thought it not worth while to be unkind and disrespectful to an old man who has lost every thing4 ,i have heard my father speak of you often1 said ,mary very quietly2 but in such gentle tones that ,dick wondered how any man could count himself poor--knowing her4 ,i really felt very nervous1 ,mr4 ,brandon further explained1 about coming home alone4 ,i have been so very uncomfortable to-day4 ,but that's of no consequence1 of course1 now4 ,i am very glad you brought ,mr4 ,heremore1 ,mary answered readily1 and with more warmth than before2 and ,i am sure he was very careful of you4 ,after that1 conversation became somewhat easier2 although ,dick felt half like an impostor1 and could not do much to second ,miss ,brandon's efforts to make the hour go by pleasantly4 ,she had several albums and scrap-books of engravings with which she tried to entertain him2 but to do his best1 he could think of little else than the languid1 weary manner which had replaced the quick steps and stately sweetness he had known of old4 ,when ,mr4 ,brandon left them for a few minutes1 she turned with animation and said3 ,mr4 ,heremore1 ,i must thank you for your kindness to my father4 ,i would not have him suppose ,i consider it kindness1 but in my heart ,i know it is1 and ,i know you mean it as such4 ,since things have gone wrong with him1 he seems to have changed his whole nature2 he does not appear to have any courage to stand against the tide4 ,i suppose it would have been very different if ,mrs4 ,brandon had lived2 a wife would have kept his spirits up as no one else can4 ,i know1 stammered ,dick1 not knowing what to say under the gaze of her beautiful eyes1 ,i know--that the death of your mother last summer-- ,mrs4 ,brandon1 you mean1 she interrupted in her quietest tones1 that is1 my father's second wife4 ,this ,mrs4 ,brandon was not my mother2 my own mother died long ago4 ,this so coldly that1 for some inexplicable reason1 ,dick fancied she was glad to correct him4 #ghf ,you were in the carriage at the same time1 said ,dick1 feeling that he must say something4 ,yes1 answered ,mary1 but ,i remember little about it2 as soon as we found the horses were running away1 ,mrs4 ,brandon became very much alarmed1 and almost before ,i could say a word to her1 we were thrown out1 and were both picked up senseless4 ,she was not conscious of anything again4 ,all these things together have completely unnerved poor papa1 and ,i really feel very grateful to any one who is interested in him4 ,his old friends have received but little encouragement to visit us here1 although it is only a fancy of papa's1 ,i am sure1 that they feel any difference1 and he is often quite lonely4 ,mr4 ,brandon soon returned1 and seeming to wish his daughter's undivided attention1 ,dick rose and said1 good-night4 ,it need hardly be said that he was after this more enthusiastically devoted to their fortunes than ever before4 ,he spent a few hours there at different times during the winter and spring1 and soon found himself at ease in that dreary room2 but as he knew ,mary better1 his reverence for her1 while it diminished not in the least1 became a deep and fervent feeling1 which kept her always in his thoughts4 ,she1 too1 seemed to regard him with very kindly feelings1 and the sympathy between them was so strong that it bore down many of their differences of association and education1 and each was astonished to find an unexpectedly ready understanding in the other4 ,but as yet ,dick had said nothing of the little girl on the steps who gave him her candy one cold ,christmas morning years ago4 ,once at ,new-,year's1 and again on the #bb;d of ,february1 holidays on which he was free1 ,dick had been down to the cottage in the country1 and had seen ,rose and the boys skate and make snow-houses1 and spent two of the coziest1 happiest evenings of his life around the bright fire1 talking pleasant talk with those dear people1 among whom alone he realized the faintest idea of the word home4 ,now time had gone by so rapidly that he was to spend a whole week there as he had the year before4 ,but not exactly the same2 for the last time he had been there a clear1 bright day in ,february1 when they were all coming home from the skating-pond together--it had chanced that he and ,rose had fallen far in the rear of the children1 who1 having skated since one o'clock in the keen air1 professed themselves ever so hungry1 and1 as ,dick would not hurry with them1 walked off in disgust1 each declaring to the other that they didn't like ,mr4 ,dick1 half so much this time as before2 he was no good at all4 ,what a magnificent day6 ,dick said1 for about the tenth time1 as he tramped by ,rose's side through the crisp snow1 just as the sun was going down in one great glow before them4 ,i think ,i never saw a more splendid winter day in all my life4 ,not thinking of any addition to this speech1 and not being able with truth to contradict it1 ,rose kept on her way1 her neat little boots cutting the snow1 and making1 ,dick thought1 the most delicious music there ever was4 ,rose looked especially charming that afternoon2 from the very crown of her head1 with her wealth of golden hair1 only half hidden by her felt hat1 to the dainty little boots before mentioned1 which her warm skating dress1 looped up1 did not even affect to conceal1 ,rose was charming4 #ghg ,dick thought that her very cloak seemed to nestle more lovingly to her plump figure than another's would2 and as for the tiny muff1 ,uncle ,carl's present1 and the blue silk handkerchief knotted around her neck1 ,dick was certain that ,stewart never sold anything half so pretty4 ,so1 if his lips talked about the weather1 it is hardly surprising that his eyes embraced another subject2 and ,i question if1 when her demure glances met his gaze1 ,rose needed words to tell her its meaning2 for1 after all1 are words1 the dearest and sweetest that come from the lips1 any dearer or sweeter than those the eyes speak8 ,but whatever she knew1 ,rose was a true little woman1 and showed no sign4 ,this is the place where ,mrs4 ,brandon was thrown1 she said1 as they passed a broad street cutting across the narrow road they were following4 ,just by those trees4 ,they say the horses could have been managed only for her screams2 a woman who screams at such a time must have very little sense4 ,i think so1 answered ,dick1 looking sadly toward the place ,rose pointed out4 ,miss ,mary behaved wonderfully well1 continued ,rose1 with one quick look into ,dick's face as they passed on4 ,she was perfectly calm1 and tried to quiet ,mrs4 ,brandon4 ,she was very much hurt herself4 ,yes1 so ,i have heard2 she shows it1 too2 you would hardly recognize her now1 she is so thin and altered4 ,but1 of course1 she is more beautiful for that1 said little1 plump ,rose1 who had a great idea of delicate1 fragile girls4 ,not more beautiful1 exactly1 answered ,dick1 who had not a great idea of delicate1 fragile girls1 but it makes one feel for her more4 ,i know you feel for her very much1 said ,rose4 ,i have always honored her very much1 answered ,dick warmly4 ,it almost seems presumption for me to say ,i feel for her2 but ,i do1 indeed ,i do4 ,i am sure of it1 ,rose responded with great warmth1 and then there was silence for a long time4 ,rose broke it with a little trembling in the first word or two at her own audacity1 but gathering courage as she went on3 ,i knew you did when you were here last summer2 then ,i heard of her father's failure1 and then it seemed more natural2 and--now--,i am very glad for your sake4 ,i hope you will be very happy4 ,i do1 indeed4 ,now1 ,dick was no fool1 and when the strangeness of this speech caused him to look harder than ever into the glowing but demure little face by the side of him1 he felt for the moment a great inclination not to say a word2 for provokingly innocent as she looked1 he did not believe she was at all so ignorant of the real state of things4 ,rose felt the moment's hesitation1 and1 poor little thing1 got frightened at her own conjuring1 which fright so changed the expression of her face that ,dick's hesitation vanished1 and he answered3 ,of course ,i know what you mean1 ,rose1 although it is so strange4 ,i do not think of such a thing--it would be very strange if ,i did4 ,you know better1 don't you1 ,rose8 ,rose looked up with a careless answer1 but thought better of it1 and said nothing4 ,you never did really think it1 did you1 ,rose8 he added1 pursuing his advantage1 and repeating it until there was no escape for ,rose1 who had to answer truthfully1 ,no4 ,she having made this concession1 he made one1 and told her the story of his boyish days1 and of the ,christmas day when he first saw ,mary ,brandon4 #ghh ,he had not felt very easy about ,rose's opinion of much he had to tell her1 and was greatly relieved when he saw all her assumed carelessness depart1 and that she listened to him with earnest sympathy4 ,he was so encouraged by the gentle1 womanly interest she gave him that he did not stop with the history of his boyish days1 but went on to narrate a later experience2 very few words sufficed for this4 ,when he told it1 ,rose understood very well why1 if ,mary ,brandon were a queen upon her throne1 she would be no more than friend or sister to him4 ,after that1 there seemed no more to be said2 for they finished the walk in the still winter twilight almost in silence4 ,that was in ,february1 when ,dick went down to ,carlton to spend ,washington's birthday1 and it inaugurated a new era for ,will4 ,rose had a sudden interest in the post-office1 which was a long walk from the cottage1 and1 in rainy weather or on very busy days1 was beyond her reach4 ,i believe all her spare pennies went into ,will's coffers about that time1 and ,i am sure all her cakes and apples went into his possession2 but1 for all that1 he was an ungrateful page1 and wished there wasn't no post-offices in the world1 which opinion ,will may alter when his own time comes4 ,this was in ,february1 and it was now ,august1 and ,dick was going down for a week1 one whole week in the country4 ,rose was at the gate as she had been a year ago2 but she did not say you are welcome1 as she had said before4 ,the children took him into favor when they found he had not come empty-handed1 but had brought the books for ,will1 the doll for ,trot1 and just such toys for the rest as were most desired2 and though many times in their rambles ,will did have his patience sorely tried by ,mr4 ,dick's everlasting lagging1 he was1 on the whole1 admitted to be an acquisition4 ,i believe1 though1 that ,rose's bosom-friend1 ,clara ,hays1 who was always urged to be of every party1 and sadly neglected when she got there1 was the greatest sufferer2 it is not every day you see lovers who are perfectly well-bred and considerate for everybody4 ,my excuse for ,rose and ,dick is1 that they only had a week1 and a week is such a short time when one is very happy6 ,dick's week was nearly at its end when his birthday1 his twenty-first birthday came1 and his good friends made a little rejoicing for him in their homely way4 ,it was a very beautiful ,august day1 and was celebrated like a holiday by all the family4 ,yet it was not exactly a cloudless day for ,dick1 though it was the first birthday of his that had ever received the slightest notice from any one1 and ought to have made him radiantly happy4 ,he had received a present made for him with her own hands1 with no one could tell how many loving thoughts of him worked in it1 from his own dear ,rose4 ,his little table was covered with the first keepsakes he had ever received from any one1 and still he was not happy4 ,among the treasures on his little table there stood one--which reminds me that ,i should not have called the others the first--from the mother whose face he could not remember1 and what might it not contain8 ,hitherto he had thought but little of the box of which ,carl spoke so slightingly years ago2 but now that the day of opening it had come1 he grew really afraid of it4 ,he remembered stories of vengeance bequeathed from the grave1 of crimes to be expiated by the children of the perpetrators years afterward1 of fearful confessions of sin and sorrow and wrong in countless forms2 and ,dick1 in the first glow of his first joyous days1 did not know how he could bear even a mist upon the rising sun of his happiness4 #ghi ,not until the last thing to-night1 he said finally1 laying down the box and turning away from the table4 ,i will be happy to the last minute1 and he went down to ask ,rose to walk with him in the beautiful twilight after tea4 ,it was earlier than he had thought when he went down1 and ,rose was reading in the shadow of the porch1 or seeming to read1 for a book was in her hand1 and not1 as he supposed1 engaged in getting tea4 ,i did not suppose ,i should find you here1 said ,dick4 ,shall ,i go away8 she asked1 looking up and smiling4 ,yes1 do1 he replied1 sitting by her1 you know there's nothing would please me better4 ,but for all he tried to be gay1 ,rose saw that the shadow she had observed over him all day was deeper than before4 ,dear friend1 she said1 softened and made earnest at once1 something troubles you to-day4 ,yes1 dear ,rose1 ,i am troubled to-day in spite of all the kindness shown me4 ,my little box troubles me2 ,i am afraid to open it4 ,then the best thing is to do it at once1 is it not8 ,one only makes such things worse by thinking about them4 ,i know it4 ,no1 ,i will not open it now2 ,i will have every moment of happiness ,i can first4 ,what happiness can it take from you8 ,you will be yourself still1 let there be in it what there will4 ,our happiness is our own4 ,o ,rose6 ,o ,dick6 if we are good1 are we not happy8 ,and nobody can make us bad against our will4 ,but1 ,rose1 this may tell me something that you--there is my fear1 ,rose1 it may take you away from me4 ,oh6 no1 ,dick1 dear ,dick1 how can anything take me away from you8 ,but even if it did1 you know we always said1 ',if it were for the best4' ,if it were not for the best1 we would not wish it1 would we1 dear8 ,yes1 we could help wishing it2 when the good ,god saw it was not best1 he would give us strength to bear it4 ,i never could bear it1 said ,dick4 ,yes1 you would2 but ,i am not afraid4 ,one should not be afraid of one's own parents4 ,come1 there is a long time before tea4 ,we will go up the hill where no one will interrupt us1 and where we shall be within call if we are wanted4 ,won't you get the box1 ,dick1 and we will open it up there8 that is1 if you want me with you4 ,you make me brave1 dear ,rose4 ,perhaps1 after all1 it is nothing4 ,so he did as she advised2 and1 seated a little back of the house1 the only spot in which there could be five minutes' reading possible1 he broke the seal1 undid the wrapping1 now yellow with age1 while ,rose spoke a word or two of courage1 then turned her head a little away from him1 and you may be sure prayed hard and fast for strength and grace for both to hear whatever of good or of evil was in store for them4 ,inside the wrapper ,dick found a tiny key with which he eagerly unlocked the little mahogany box which was1 perhaps1 to make great revelations to him4 ,then ,rose drew still further away1 from him1 and with a more earnest gaze watched the sun going down to the west2 for they were young1 and many things that you and ,i would count the merest trifles1 were of great importance to them2 neither thought of anything worse than of something which should separate them4 #gij ,poor little ,rose trembled lest he should find a will therein--as she had read in story-books--that would make him too rich and great for her to think of him2 and ,dick1 to whom her love for him had always seemed a wonder--so great was his reverence for her and his own feeling of unworthiness--trembled lest he should find some legacy of disgrace that would make it impossible for him ever to see ,rose again4 ,so in silence and with wordless but earnest prayers1 they sat together in the softening ,august sunlight1 with hearts beating heavily for fear it might be for the last time4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,after all1 there was not much in the mysterious box4 ,a square package1 looking like a letter1 folded in the old style1 and just fitting in the box1 lay uppermost2 upon the outside of which1 in a clear1 round hand1 was written the name ,richard ,heremore4 ,before breaking the seal of this1 ,dick took out two paper boxes1 in each of which was a miniature1 painted on ivory2 he glanced at one1 then with an expression of intense relief1 not unmingled with something of awe1 he1 for the first time1 turned to ,rose4 ,look1 ,rose1 he said1 in a low voice4 ,do you think this is your mother8 she asked1 in a voice even lower and more reverential than his1 after a long1 long look2 for it was a young and beautiful face1 with clear eyes that looked frankly at you1 and that bore in every feature the unmistakable stamp of true womanliness4 ',do you think this is your mother8 ,i cannot tell yet1 said ,dick2 but as this is here1 it's all right2 there's nothing more to dread now6 ,but ,rose did not answer4 ,her quick eyes had seen more than the character2 they had placed the original of that portrait in her proper social sphere1 and that--the highest4 ,the other miniature was of a man somewhat older1 though not more than twenty-five or thirty1 if so much2 but it was a face of less character and less culture4 ,dick showed it to ,rose1 but neither made any comment upon it4 ,dick then broke the seal of the letter1 and again ,rose turned away her face4 ,a few slips of paper fell out as he unfolded the package2 these he gathered up without looking at them1 and then1 calling ,rose's name once more1 he read in a low voice1 from the yellow paper1 his mother's letter3 ,my ,dear ,child3 ,i have put aside a few little things that have been treasures to me1 and as ,i may not live to see the day when ,i can give them to you1 ,i write a few lines with them1 which possibly may come to your eyes some day4 ,a healthy1 ruddy little fellow you are1 creeping around my feet and trying to climb up my dress as ,i write1 and ,i am so weak a woman that ,i may hardly stoop to raise my darling to my lap4 ,it is hard for me1 seeing you so1 to write to you as a man2 and what kind of a man ,i have no way to judge4 ,i fear ,i shall not live long enough to leave any impression of your mother's face upon you2 and what will become of you1 my own dear child1 in this terrible world after ,i am gone1 ,i dare not think4 ,you are so tender and good now that ,i cannot realize that you will change2 but you will have no one to guide you4 ,you put your arms up to me1 your brown1 hard little arms1 as if to beg me not to speak of this1 and ,i will try to believe that ,god will save you through everything2 so that when you read this1 you will be one whom ,i would be proud to own if ,i lived4 #gia ,you are my greatest comfort1 and such a comfort6 ,it seems as if you knew everything1 and could console for everything2 and often ,i think that for you ,i shall in some way find strength to struggle on for a few years more4 ,dear child1 ,i know not how much or how little to tell you4 ,i would like to write volumes for you1 that you might know me in the future days when no father1 mother1 or brother will be near to help you in your troubles4 ,but ,i can only write a little4 ,i have been married five years1 and you are my oldest but not my only child4 ,you have a sweet little sister asleep on the bed4 ,i say the words to you aloud1 and you creep on tiptoe to look at her1 turning and smiling at me as you go4 ,even if she should live after ,i am gone1 which ,i cannot wish for1 ,i cannot tell whether you will be kept together2 if not1 ,i know you will care for her if it is possible1 if only because your dead mother asks it4 ,i cannot believe the wonderful child-love you have for her and me will be permitted to die out1 or that your heart can ever grow hard1 your heart so tender now4 ,there6 kiss the dimpled hand ever so softly and come away1 for you must not wake the darling now4 ,will you love her always1 let what may be her fate8 ,remember always1 she had no mother to guide her4 ,your father ,i have not seen for two years1 since ,mamie was a few months old4 ,i have since heard that he is dead4 ,i know none of his relatives2 for he brought me an entire stranger to ,new ,york three years ago1 and seemed unwilling that ,i should make many acquaintances4 ,i have no relatives whom ,i have ever seen1 in the world1 except my father1 who lives1 or did live1 at ,wiltshire1 in ,maine4 ,i do not know if he is living or not2 ,i have written to him again and again1 but ,i have heard nothing from him4 ,he would have come to me if he were alive1 for he was always devoted to me4 ,i could write you a hundred letters about his love and devotion2 and now1 if ,i could only let him know where ,i am1 he would come to me wherever he might be4 ,i have named you for him4 ,he saw you once when you were a month old2 he came and took me home for the summer2 he loved you dearly1 as he loved me1 and was proud enough of you4 ,if only ,i could put you and ,mamie in his hands now1 how contentedly ,i could die6 ,for this ,i toiled and struggled from the day ,i saw your father last1 until this poverty and sickness have killed all hope4 ,not all hope2 for ,i think every step ,i hear--and ,i hear thousands passing by--that my father has come to me to save me1 to take my darlings under his care1 and to let me die on my own white bed in my own dear room at home4 ,there1 darling1 there's no more to tell4 ,why should ,i tell more8 ,you come of good blood1 my child1 of a brave1 upright race4 ,my child1 my darling1 put your arms tight1 tight around mamma's neck1 and promise for the man that you will be worthy of your name and race4 ,be good1 be true1 be honest4 ,how ,i should blush in my grave1 it seems to me1 if child of mine1 if these dear children1 so pure and innocent1 who cling to me now1 covering me with kisses1 should soil their white souls with falsehood1 deceit1 or dishonesty4 ,god knows what ,i would say4 ,fatherless1 motherless1 ,i must leave my little ones2 no earthly help1 no comfort1 nothing1 only the one hope that will not leave me to my latest breath1 that my father lives1 will find me out1 save me1 and take care of you4 #gib ,it has been hard for me to write this poor1 childish letter2 one poor apple-woman--poor1 yet not so poor as ,i--has been my only friend2 to her ,i have talked for hours of you1 and she has listened earnestly1 and will do her utmost for you two4 ,god will aid her1 ,i know4 ,i will not put any 'good-byes' on paper so little likely ever to be seen by your eyes2 but ,i will kiss you a thousand times1 my darling1 while ,i take one last look at these portraits of your father and me1 you leaning against my knee looking at them too4 ,you1 pure1 unsullied child1 shall cling to me1 and answer1 though you cannot understand1 the promises to be good ,i ask of you to fulfil through all your life4 ,your mother1 ,mary ,heremore ,brandon4 ,brandon6 repeated ,rose and ,dick together1 when he read the signature4 ,then ,dick read the slips of paper that had fallen out of the letter2 they were all the same1 notices of her marriage from different papers3 ,,married4 ,at the residence of the bride's father1 on ,wednesday1 ,may #eth1 ,charles ,brandon1 of ,new-,york1 to ,mary1 only daughter of ,dr4 ,richard ,heremore1 of ,wiltshire1 ,maine4 ,rose looked at ,dick almost with terror in her face4 ,dick knew not how to answer her4 ,it may not be the same1 she said at last4 ,the letter does not seem sure of his death1 suggested ,dick4 ,but you have met him--would he not have noticed your name8 ,i should think so4 ,but it was long ago1 and perhaps he has known others of the name4 ,besides1 ,miss ,brandon--,o ,rose6 if she should be that sister6--,miss ,brandon told me her mother died long ago2 she seemed so proudly to disclaim this ,mrs4 ,brandon1 whom ,i called her mother4 ,how could he be with your father1 if ,mr4 ,brandon is that1 and he not know any thing about you8 ,i cannot understand it4 ,i will go to see him to-morrow4 ,o ,dick6 ,yes1 dear ,rose1 ,i must4 ,i have only two days of vacation left1 and ,i must know all before ,i go back4 ,and then you will not be here for so long8 ,yes1 ,i will1 ,rose2 ,i'll be here if ,i have to walk all night1 see your windows1 and go back before daylight6 ,yes1 ,i will see you4 ,i will not bear all the long separation as ,i did before1 it is too much6 ,now1 may ,i go to-morrow8 ,yes1 ,dick1 you must go4 ,o ,dick6 what a mother she was6 ,i can just see her1 so weak she could not lift little you in her arms2 and yet1 ,i am sure1 giving you a thousand caresses1 and crying over you as she wrote that letter6 ,if she could only see you now6 ,i know she does see me2 but she does not see me as ,i ought to be1 having had such a mother4 ,she is proud of you if she sees you4 ,see how patient she was1 ,rose6 ,she says she is poorer than the poor apple-woman1 and yet no complaint2 and she was not used to trouble1 ,i am sure1 from her face4 ,so sweet and grave as she is6 ,really1 ,richard1 look6 ,upon my word1 ,miss ,brandon has just such eyes6 ,it is so6 ,see6 the same blue-gray eyes1 so clear1 deep1 and looking at you so frankly and graciously2 not with the frankness of a question asked2 but--,i can't describe it--but that calm1 straightforward way ,miss ,mary has when she listens to you2 always as if she would encourage you1 too1 to go on4 ,indeed1 you must go to-morrow6 #gic ,it is so strange1 ,rose4 ,i feel my head almost turning4 ,have we time to read it over once more8 ,i fear not1 for it is already quite late2 but you will tell mamma and ,aunt ,clara about it1 and ,uncle ,carl8 ,oh6 at once2 as soon as ,i can4 ,i shall think of nothing else until to-morrow4 ,rose1 he must have treated her badly1 or she would have given me his name instead of her father's4 ,i think1 perhaps she meant ,brandon to be added4 ,she does not say a word against him2 but she does not praise him4 ,i will make him tell me1 himself1 if he is the man4 ,do you think he is8 ,i am sure of it6 ,and ,miss ,brandon is your sister2 perhaps that is why she spoke to you that ,christmas day1 and why you have always been so attracted to her4 ,how strange it is6 ,will she be sorry to have me for a brother1 ,i wonder8 ,sorry6 ,she will be very proud of you4 ,i wonder how ,i should speak to her4 ,o ,rose1 ,rose6 do say something to steady me2 ,i feel so strange1 and as if ,i were talking so foolishly6 ,you are not talking foolishly1 dear ,dick2 and if you were1 there is only ,rose to hear you1 and shall you not talk as you please to her8 ,thank ,god1 my darling6 this has not separated us4 ,no1 not yet4 ,not yet6 ,what will your new father and your grand sister think of me8 ,well1 ,rose1 wait till ,i ask them6 ,perhaps a grandfather1 too1 said ,rose4 ,i love him already4 ,if he should be living1 that would be something grand1 wouldn't it8 ,you may be sure she loved him4 ,and you may be sure she never let him know until perhaps the very last1 that she was in trouble4 ,women and children never tell their sorrows to those who are entitled to help them4 ,why1 ,rose8 ,oh6 ,i cannot tell you that6 ,i only know it's so4 ,here we are at home4 ,have patience2 for though to-morrow you will have the news1 to night is all ,i have6 ,and no matter what happens1 ,rose1 said ,dick1 as they lingered a moment outside the house1 you will trust me just the same8 ,of course ,i will1 ,rose answered readily4 ,a question and answer that have been given--and falsified--,i wonder how many times since the world began2 falsified1 for even a woman's faith is not without limit2 though ,rose thought it was1 as many had thought before her4 ,of course ,i will2 why should you ask1 ,dick8 ,i don't know2 only that everything seems whirling around with me to-night1 and the only thing that seems clear to me is that ,i must not lose you4 ,it will be your own fault if you do1 said ,rose4 ,but you must not try me too much2 for things might get whirling around with me1 too1 some day1 and ,i should not know faith from want of pride2 so be good4 ,and if it is possible1 ,i must come down at once and tell you how it all ends4 ,if it could only be that ,i could have you close at hand to tell you all6 ,indeed6 ,i am glad1 exclaimed ,rose1 who1 much as she loved ,dick1 could not endure to think of the time when she should have to leave her home4 #gid ,come in1 now4 ,what will ,uncle ,carl say to all this1 ,i wonder8 ,uncle ,carl did not say much1 when1 the children having been sent out to play1 the elders drew their chairs closer around the still standing tea-table1 and listened intently to ,dick's story4 ,the others received it with many exclamations and much wiping of eyes2 but the stolid ,german smoked his big pipe and looked1 or tried to1 as if he had known it all before4 ,i'll know before this time tomorrow if it's the same1 said ,dick1 when the reading was finished1 and many conjectures had been put forward and discussed4 ,it is the strangest thing ever was heard of1 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,alaine1 that he should meet you so often and not know who you were6 ,with your mother's name1 too1 added ,mrs4 ,staffs4 ,perhaps1 after all1 he is not so ignorant1 suggested ,dick4 ,it may be that it was on account of my name he made so much of me4 ,i think he must be devoured with remorse1 ,mrs4 ,alaine said forcibly1 whenever he thinks of his beautiful wife4 ,this ,mrs4 ,brandon couldn't hold a candle to her1 added ,mrs4 ,stoffs4 ,i never saw her1 said ,dick4 ,she was very pretty1 explained ,carl1 speaking unexpectedly4 ,pretty6 cried ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 in great surprise4 ,pretty6 repeated ,mrs4 ,alaine1 with great contempt4 ,pretty6 echoed ,rose1 with great incredulity4 ,why1 ,uncle ,carl1 she was a little doll-baby6 ,she was very pretty1 persisted ,carl4 ,well1 indeed1 if you call such a baby pretty1 ,i give up6 said ,mrs4 ,stoffs4 ,why1 ,mr4 ,dick1 she did not look as if she could say boo to a goose1 and yet she ruled the whole house2 it was her extravagance that ruined the poor man4 ,i think it was his own dishonesty1 said ,carl4 ,o ,uncle ,carl6 remonstrated ,rose1 right before ,mr4 ,richard4 ,we don't know yet that he has anything to do with ',mr4 ,richard1' as you call him2 but ,i'd say it1 if need were1 to the man's own face4 ,his wife may have been a little1 tyrannical1 extravagant fool2 but the more fool he for letting her take other men's money out of his purse4 ,indeed1 ,carl1 that's a thing they'll never say of you1 responded his wife1 laughing4 ,but now come away1 and let ,mr4 ,dick get some rest1 for ,i suppose he'll be off by daylight4 ,i shall1 indeed1 said ,dick4 ,well1 good-night6 ,mr4 ,dick1 you must not let these things keep you awake2 if you find your family out1 it may be the last time you will sleep under our roof4 ,if ,i thought that1 ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 ,i should seek them with a heavy heart2 but nothing can make that so but death1 can it8 ,go to bed1 good people1 grumbled ,carl2 all your noise makes my head ache4 ,he went up with ,dick and had a long conversation with him1 after the rest were asleep4 ,go find ,dr4 ,heremore1 of ,wiltshire1 unless there comes to be no doubt that he is gone away1 or dead1 were his parting words2 he is better worth seeking than any other4 ,you will need money1 and you shall owe me for this4 ,and he gave him a few gold pieces which ,mrs4 ,stoffs1 in the sanctuary of her own room1 had hurriedly and gladly brought out from countless rags1 all tied up in an old stocking1 at her liege lord's command1 for this purpose4 #gie ,but1 ,mr4 ,stoffs1 ,i have1 ,i think1 enough for this4 ,then do not spend mine1 but take it with you for fear of accident4 ,good-night2 do not be fooled by anything ,mr4 ,brandon may say--he's an artful one--but find out all you can about your grandfather2 remember that4 ,so ,dick was left to pass a sleepless1 fevered night1 filled with the strangest fancies1 and perplexed by a thousand fruitless conjectures4 ,at the first glimmering of daylight he was up1 and1 after making a show of eating the substantial breakfast his kind friends had prepared for him1 turned1 without being able to say more than a word or two1 to leave4 ,dood-by1 said ,trot1 sliding down from her chair1 with her bib on1 and her face not over clean1 to get his parting kiss1 as well as to put in a reminder for his return4 ,what 'oo bing ,trot from the 'tore8 ,what do you want1 ,trot8 asked ,dick1 lifting her up4 ,me wants putty tat1 she answered with animation2 dear 'ittle titten6 ,dick promised to do his best1 shook hands silently all around1 tried to laugh at the old shoe ,minnie had ready to throw after him1 at last heard the gate close behind him1 and was alone on his way to the little yellow station-house4 ,he'd better be alone1 ,rose had said when something had been said privately about accompanying him4 ,he has a great deal to think about1 and he can do that best while he is walking in this fresh morning air4 ,o mamma6 she said1 when ,mrs4 ,alaine stood beside her1 after ,dick had passed out of sight1 ,o mamma6 if ,mr4 ,brandon should take it angrily6 ,you may be sure he will not1 replied ,mrs4 ,alaine1 he is so broken down1 he will be very thankful to find a son like our ,dick who will be worth so much to him4 ,he is the most selfish man ever lived1 ,mr4 ,brandon is4 ,well1 ,i wish it were over1 sighed ,rose1 turning back to the house and the day's round of household duties4 ,to ,be ,concluded4 ---------- #gif ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,the ,approaching ,general ,council4 ,by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,bishop ,of ,orleans4 ,the church and the world have been filled with expectation for more than a year4 ,when the catholic bishops were gathered at ,rome to celebrate the eighteenth centenary of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,peter1 and for the solemn canonization of saints1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff declared the necessity of a general council1 and announced1 at the same time1 his intention to convoke it at an early date4 ,the bull of induction has already appeared4 ,on the twenty-ninth day of last ,june1 the feast of the holy apostles ,peter and ,paul1 the ,holy ,father1 by letters addressed to all the bishops of the ,christian world1 fixed the date of the future council1 and summoned the ,episcopate of the ,catholic ,church to ,rome4 ,since that time1 by two truly paternal letters1 the ,holy ,father has invited the ,greek ,bishops1 and our separated brethren of all the protestant communions1 to profit by the future council to undertake again the work of reunion1 already several times attempted by the church1 but which has always been frustrated by the misfortunes and the evils of our day4 ,so it is no longer merely a hope4 ,the first act necessary for the holding of the council is accomplished4 ,the apostolic letters1 known already throughout the world and received everywhere with joy1 even amid the infatuations and the bitter woes of the present time1 have stirred the hearts of the people4 ,all look again to ,rome4 ,even her enemies are attentive as well as astonished1 and they feel that a great event is going to happen4 ,and truly that which is soon to come to pass at ,rome1 and in the church1 is a rare and solemn fact1 a fact of sovereign importance1 perhaps even the greatest event of the century4 ,let no one feel surprised at this language4 ,i am well aware that events of immense importance have marked the beginning and the course of the nineteenth century4 ,profound revolutions have passed over it1 and even yesterday we have seen one of the oldest thrones of ,europe toppling over4 ,enmities and wars have disturbed nations4 ,the old and new world are forced to meet the same difficult problems4 ,yet in this century there is something superior to worldly ambition and the interests of political passions4 ,it is the spiritual interests of the people1 and those supremely important questions1 whose solution brings peace to the soul1 and tells us of the eternal destinies of humanity4 ,it is for such purposes as these that the ,catholic ,church calls her bishops to ,rome4 ,true it is that the church appears to many men as being of little importance2 she seems to occupy only a small place in modern society1 so small1 indeed1 that modern politicians have recommended that she should no longer be taken into consideration4 ,yet the church is1 and must remain1 the most noble power of the world1 because she is the spiritual power2 and ,rome1 the centre of this power--,rome which will soon see within her walls these great sessions of catholicity--will be always1 according to the words of the poet1 the most beautiful and the most holy of things beneath the sun4--,rerum pulcherrima ,roma4 #gig ,what then is the ,catholic ,church1 and what is this council which is going1 within a few months1 to present so grand a spectacle to the world8 ,i propose to follow the example of my venerable colleagues1 who have1 in ,france and in the different parts of ,christendom1 published pastoral instructions on this subject4 ,i will recall to your minds what an ecumenical council is1 to which1 for a long time1 we have not been accustomed4 ,i will state the motives1 inspired from on high1 which have induced the ,holy ,father to take this step1 which is the most considerable and extraordinary of the pontifical government4 ,then we shall see if there is any foundation for the alarm that the announcement of this act has caused among certain badly disposed or feebly enlightened minds3 finally1 ,i will make known what we1 bishops1 priests1 and faithful1 have the right to expect4 ,i4 ,the ,council4 ,god1 says ,bossuet1 has created a work in the midst of us1 which1 separated from every other cause and belonging to him alone1 fills all time and all places1 and bears everywhere in the world the impression of his hand1 the stamp of his authority3 it is ,jesus ,christ and his church4 ,there exists1 then1 in this world1 above all human things1 though at the same time most intimately connected with them1 a spiritual society1 an empire of souls4 ,an empire of a different and divine order1 more heavenly than worldly1 and yet an empire really here below1 a complete society1 having1 like every other society1 its organization1 its laws1 its action1 its life4 ,a society not built up by the hand of man1 but by ,god himself4 ,it does not require the approval of any human being2 for its mission is as sacred as its source1 and it draws from it all its essential rights4 ,a pilgrim in this world and a divine stranger1 as ,bossuet has somewhere said1 and yet a sovereign1 the sovereign of souls1 where she has an inviolable sanctuary4 ,she does not encroach upon the temporal powers1 neither will she abdicate at their suggestion her divine rights4 ,she is happy to meet with their approval1 and she does not disdain their alliance2 but she knows1 when it is necessary1 how to do without them4 ,she does not impede their terrestrial mission1 nor will she consent that they should interfere with her career4 ,a universal society is ,god's church1 which knows no limit of time or barrier of space2 she is the treasure-house of celestial goods1 charged to communicate evangelical truth to men until the end of time2 and1 for this reason1 as well as by her origin and her growth1 she holds in a world which she alone has civilized1 a place which no other power will ever fill4 ,yes1 this marvel exists upon the earth2 among all human1 temporal1 limited1 and constantly changing governments1 there is this spiritual society1 this government of souls1 extending everywhere1 immutable1 without boundaries1 and which is called the ,catholic ,church4 ,if we examine her construction more closely--and we must do this if we wish to understand the meaning of the most solemn of her acts1 the ,ecumenical ,council--we shall see with what divine art ,jesus ,christ has proportioned the means to the end4 #gih ,it is a part of our faith1 that the ,son of ,god has given to men1 not for a time but for the whole duration of time1 for all days1 even to the consummation of the world1 a collection of truths1 of commandments1 and of sacred ordinances4 ,the ,christian society that our ,lord called his church1 ecclesiam meam1 has the guardianship of these divine revelations4 ,a visible society1 because religion should not be an occult thing2 and perpetually visible1 because perpetuity has been promised to it2 in short1 a universal society1 because all men1 without exception1 are called and admitted within her fold4 ,but the divine revelations could not be transmitted unaltered for ages1 if they had been subjected to changing and capricious interpretations of private judgment2 therefore it was indispensable that the doctrinal authority should be sovereign1 that is to say1 it must be infallible4 ,an authority cannot be sovereign in matters of faith1 and demand an interior assent1 without being infallible4 ,this it was that the divine ,founder of ,christianity has wished to do1 and really did1 when1 giving to the apostles their mission1 he pronounced these words1 the last which have fallen from his lips3 ,as the ,father has sent me1 ,i send you4 ,go then and teach all nations1 baptize them in the name of the ,father1 of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 and teach them to observe all the commandments that ,i have given to man3 and behold ,i am with you all days1 even to the consummation of the world4 ,such is1 then1 the essential character of the church2 it is a doctrinal authority1 providentially infallible by the divine assistance1 in all things revealed by ,god4 ,it is easily seen how unity is born of this infallibility2 not an accidental unity1 but a necessary and permanent unity1 because the principle of unity is permanent in the church4 ,the principle of unity1 and besides this1 a centre of unity1 was among the indispensable conditions of a church thus founded4 ,it was necessary that a teaching church1 spread throughout the world1 should have a head1 a centre1 a chief1 in order that it might be united in a single and distinctive body4 ,jesus ,christ has not neglected this necessity2 for among his disciples he chose one whom he invested with certain special privileges1 to whom he entrusted1 according to his divine expression1 the keys of the kingdom of heaven1 whom he called the rock1 the foundation-stone of the edifice1 whom he commanded to confirm his brethren in the faith1 whom he called the pastor of the sheep as well as of the lambs1 that is to say1 the shepherd of the entire fold4 ,this is the hierarchy of the ,catholic ,church4 ,in order to place a perpetual check upon time1 which destroys all things1 and in order to give the necessary support to the human mind1 which is ever changing1 it was1 indeed1 necessary that a religious society should be thus constructed4 ,but a divine hand was required to constitute a society of this kind1 which was composed of frail men2 and these grand characters of unity and authority1 in perpetuity and in catholicity1 are in the church as the shining seal of the powerful hand which has established it4 ,thus it remains firm among men1 and even in spite of universal change4 ,in vain is the natural restlessness of the human mind shocked at the dogmas of our faith1 and heresies succeed to heresies2 ,footnote #bhc this constant movement cannot affect her firm constitution2 she will remain1 as says the apostle1 the pillar and ground of truth--,columna et firmamentum ,veritatis4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,it is necessary that heresies should be4 ,corinth1 xi4 #ai4 ,terrible necessity1 says ,bossuet4 #gii ,such is the ,catholic ,church4 ,an ecumenical council is this ,catholic ,church assembled to do1 with more solemnity1 the same work which1 dispersed1 she does every day4 ,this work is the transmission and authentic interpretation of the dogmatic and moral truths of divine revelation4 ,this is what ,i desire to explain at this time1 so that it may be clearly understood by our contemporaries1 who have long been unaccustomed to these things4 ,my design is not1 indeed1 as you know1 an intention to write so exhaustively that no one else may treat upon the questions connected with the councils of the church4 ,volumes have and could again be written on this subject4 ,but at least there are some necessary notions which require to be explained with precision1 since these matters are not familiar at this day1 and also because1 as on every other topic1 the simple and fundamental ideas are always the most useful4 ,a council is an assemblage of bishops convoked for the purpose of discussing questions concerning the faith1 morals1 and discipline4 ,a council is particular or general2 particular1 if it represents only a part of the church2 general or ecumenical1 when it represents the universal church4 ,a general council1 simply because it represents the whole church1 has the gift of doctrinal infallibility and supreme authority given by ,jesus ,christ to the church herself1 to the body of pastors united to their chief4 ,a particular council has no infallibility4 ,the supreme chief of the church1 the ,pope1 and he only1 has the right of convoking general councils4 ,for the same reason1 the ,pope alone has the right of presiding over their deliberations4 ,and as a question of fact1 it is true that popes1 either personally or by legates1 have presided over every ecumenical council4 ,thus at ,nice1 ,constantinople1 ,ephesus1 ,chalcedon1 as well as at ,trent1 the popes presided by legates4 ,at the councils of ,lateran1 ,lyons1 ,vienna1 and ,florence1 they presided personally4 ,holy ,father1 wrote the fathers of ,chalcedon to ,pope ,st4 ,leo1 you will preside in the midst of the bishops1 who are judges of the faith1 as the chief over the members in the persons of those who hold your place4 ,it is the sovereign pontiff's duty to close the council1 to dissolve it in case of necessity1 and to confirm its decrees4 ,the accord of the bishops and the ,pope is manifestly necessary for the ecumenical character of a council4 ,gathered in council from all quarters of the world1 and having the ,pope at their head1 as witnesses of the faith of their churches1 as judges of the divine law1 ,episcopis judicibus said the fathers of ,chalcedon4 ,defining ,i have subscribed1 ,i have subscribed pronouncing with the holy synod2 ,footnote #bhd thus it was that the bishops of ,chalcedon and ,ephesus1 and also of ,trent1 affixed their signatures4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,definiens subscripsi3 ,subscripsi pronuntians cum sancta synodo4 ,custom governs the exterior forms used in these assemblies4 ,the solemn sessions1 where the decrees are promulgated1 are distinguished from the congregations where they are elaborated2 with what care1 what exactness1 what profound research1 the history of the ,council of ,trent has already shown1 and the coming ,council of ,rome will give us a no less remarkable proof4 ,the ,holy ,father1 indeed1 ever since he took the great resolution of convoking a council1 has been occupied with activity proportioned to the importance of the future assembly4 ,he has used such means as were proper for the head of the church in an ecumenical council4 #hjj ,several commissions or congregations1 composed of learned cardinals1 and of theologians chosen from different nations1 were at once appointed by him1 and are now zealously working upon the questions which will be considered in the council4 ,there is a special congregation upon ,dogma1 one upon ,canon ,law1 one to consider the various questions concerning ,religious ,orders1 one to discuss the relations of ,church and ,state1 and one upon the churches of the ,east4 ,it is the usage of the church1 when the ,pope intends to convene an ecumenical council1 to notify in advance the bishops who bring there not only the authority of their sacred character1 but also the counsels of their experience1 because their dispersion in many different countries has given them great knowledge and a special competency to understand the times and the needs of their people4 ,thus ,pius ,,ix41 in two allocutions1 addressed to the bishops assembled at ,rome1 announced to them the future council4 ,by his last ,bull1 he has called them all there and fixed the precise date1 so that the prelates1 notified and convoked in advance1 may have the time to study the questions at their leisure1 and arrive perfectly prepared at the date indicated by the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,i do not need to add that1 although the ,pope and bishops can add disciplinary laws1 and modify1 more or less1 the canon law1 because these are not by their nature immutable1 that in matters of faith1 it is not the business of councils to make dogmas4 ,dogmas are never made in councils1 but they may be formulated there4 ,all that concerns dogma is learned from the holy ,scriptures and tradition1 and from their authorized interpreters4 ,it is only after these have been thoroughly investigated and discussed1 and after the invocation of the ,holy ,ghost1 that the council declares what has always been1 what is now1 the belief of the church4 ,history counts eighteen ecumenical councils4 ,footnote #bhe ,footnote #bhe3 ,the following is a list of these eighteen ecumenical councils3 #a4 ,nice1 in #cbe1 against ,arius1 who denied the divinity of the ,word4 #b4 ,constantinople1 in #cha1 against ,macedonius1 who attacked the divinity of the ,holy ,ghost4 #c4 ,ephesus1 in #dca1 against ,nestorius1 who erred concerning the ,incarnation1 and refused to give the ,blessed ,virgin the title ,mother of ,god4 #d4 ,chalcedon1 in #dea1 against ,eutyches1 who originated an error1 the opposite of that of ,nestorius4 #e4 ,constantinople1 in #eec1 against the three celebrated chapters which fostered the error of ,nestorius on the ,incarnation4 #f4 ,constantinople in #fhj1 against the ,monothelites1 who continued the error of ,eutyches1 in denying that ,jesus ,christ had a human will4 #g4 ,nice1 in #ghg1 against the ,iconoclasts1 or breakers of images4 #h4 ,constantinople1 in #hfi1 against ,photius1 the author of the ,greek schism4 #i4 ,lateran1 in #aabc1 or the promulgation of peace between the ecclesiastical power and the empire1 after the long quarrels of the ,investitures1 and also for the ,crusades4 #aj4 ,lateran1 in #aaci1 for the reunion of the ,greeks and against the errors of the ,albigenses4 #aa4 ,lateran1 in #aagi1 for different questions of discipline1 and against the heresies of the day4 #ab4 ,lateran1 in #abae1 against the ,vaudois4 #ac4 ,lyons1 in #abde1 for the ,crusade and the troubles with the ,emperor ,frederic4 #ad4 ,lyons1 in #abgd1 for the ,crusade1 and for reunion with the ,greeks4 #ae4 ,vienne1 in #acaa1 for the ,crusade1 and different questions of discipline1 and for the affair of the ,templars4 #af4 ,florence1 in #adci1 for reunion with the ,greeks4 #ag4 ,lateran1 in #aeaa1 against the conventicle of ,pisa4 #ah4 ,trent1 in #aede1 against ,protestantism4 ,several sessions of the ,council of ,constance have also been considered ecumenical4 #hja ,it would be difficult to determine the almost infinite number of particular councils4 ,nothing can show more clearly than do these assemblies the wonderful vitality of the church1 and the power she bears within herself to protect her own existence both against the errors which the human mind is ever producing1 and also against corruption and abuses within the church1 abuses which are unavoidable because of the infirmity of human nature4 ,she is the only society upon the earth where revolutions are not necessary1 and where reform is always possible4 ,there is not one of these many councils but which has a regulation upon discipline at the same time that it has a definition of faith2 and the great ,council of ,trent itself1 without fearing that word1 reform1 which had revolutionized ,europe1 accepted it1 because it belonged to the church1 and accompanied its dogmatic decrees concerning the ,catholic faith with decrees concerning reformation--,de ,reformatione4 ,assembled in ecumenical council the ,pope and bishops thoroughly investigate the situation of affairs in the ,christian republic1 and use fearlessly the remedy for its wounds and its sufferings4 ,thus the immortal youth of the church is renewed1 a more active and vigorous breath of life animates this immense body1 and even society feels its happy influence4 ,it is1 then1 one of these ecumenical assemblies which the ,pope has just convoked4 ,after long meditation upon the needs of the time1 and earnest prayer for ,god's guidance1 the head of the ,catholic ,church has spoken a single word4 ,he has made a solemn sign1 and it is sufficient4 ,from the west and east1 from the north and south1 from every part of the habitable globe1 from every race1 from every tongue1 from every nation1 the chiefs of this great spiritual society1 the dispersed members of this government of souls1 leave their sees to meet at the place appointed by the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,they meet1 not as in human congresses1 to debate concerning peace and war1 conquests and frontiers1 but to treat of souls and their sacred interests1 of things spiritual and eternal4 ,they obey the divine words of ,him who founded the church1 ,go1 therefore1 and teach all nations4 ,they meet to accomplish the most august duty of their sovereign mission--to proclaim1 in a general council of the church1 and1 as it were1 in the very face of human errors1 those truths whose guardianship has been confided to them by ,him who is the ,truth itself4 ,such is the work of an ecumenical council4 ,can there in this world be a greater one8 ,it is now three hundred years since the world has seen one of these assemblies2 even at the beginning of this century they were considered impossible4 ,in modern times1 wrote ,j4 de ,maistre1 less than fifty years ago1 since the civilized world is1 so to speak1 cut up into some sovereignties1 and the world has been so much enlarged by the boldness of our sailors1 an ecumenical council has become a chimera4 ,the political difficulties which so provokingly impeded the ,council of ,trent were remembered1 and it seemed that the present time was yet more unfavorable4 ,it was thought that the modern powers were more defiant and more hostile1 and consequently that the liberty of the church was in greater danger1 her action more circumscribed than ever4 ,but we wronged our century1 and instead of coming before ,god with complaints1 we shall do better to adore his powerful hand1 which1 as an ancient proverb goes1 can write straightly on crooked lines1 and force events to bend themselves1 in spite of man's efforts1 to his eternal designs4 ,a missionary and a traveller1 the church longs to see the road diminish4 ,a preacher and a liberator1 she profits and rejoices over the destruction of fetters4 ,then our age has accomplished these two works1 the suppression of distance1 the breaking down of barriers4 ,i understand the words distance and barriers in the social and political sense1 as well as in a material point of view4 ,it was thought that they would serve only the world's interests1 but they are really allies of the faith2 all this marvellous movement1 which seemed to be contrary to catholic ideas and opposed to the ,catholic ,church1 will turn to her advantage4 #hjb ,the spirit of the age obliges political governments1 whether they be willing or not1 to act more fairly toward the church1 and it has destroyed the old prejudices which even recently have hindered her actions4 ,the holding of an ecumenical council is easier to-day than it would have been in the times of ,philip ,,ii41 ,louis ,,xiv41 or of ,joseph ,,ii4 ,for the convocations of the bishops alone1 says again ,j4 de4 ,maistre1 and to establish legally this convocation1 five or six years would not be sufficient4 ,to-day it has been enough for ,pius ,,ix4 to post his bull upon the walls of the ,lateran2 modern publicity1 in spite of many wishes to the contrary1 carries it to the extremities of the earth4 ,soon1 thanks to the marvellous progress of the sciences and mechanics1 the bishops will hasten to obey the ,pontiff's summons on the wings which steam has given to our vessels and our cars4 ,these have1 as it were1 consumed space4 ,the bishops will come from every free country1 and1 as we hope1 even from those which are not free4 ,and thus--for ,i like to repeat it--this double current of the ideas and of the industry of our time is going1 in the future1 not to serve the material life of man alone1 but also to aid us in the government of souls1 in the highest manifestation of the spiritual life of man1 in the greatest work of ,god's ,holy ,spirit upon the earth4 ,it is just1 as divine ,providence has so willed1 that we should see in this the secret harmony hidden in the depths of things and in the unity of divine works4 ,matter is placed once more at the service of the spiritual1 and the thoughts of man follow the order of ,god's counsels4 ,three times already1 as you are aware1 the bishops have gathered about the vicar of ,jesus ,christ within a few years2 but none of these three great reunions had the character of a council4 ,the glory of resuming the ancient traditions of the church1 so long interrupted1 by the convention of a true ecumenical assembly1 has been reserved to this magnanimous ,pontiff1 so powerful in his mildness1 so calm amid his trials1 and so confident in that ,god who has sustained him and who has manifestly inspired him to undertake the work of summoning the ecumenical council4 ,,ii4 ,the ,programme ,of ,the ,council4 ,and why1 with what thoughts1 has the head of the church called to this great tribunal of catholicity those whom he names as being his venerable brothers1 the bishops of the catholic world1 whose sacred character has called them to partake in his solicitudes8 ,omnes venerabiles fratres totius catholici orbis sacrorum antistites1 qui in solicitudinis nostrae partem vocati sunt4 ,the apostolical letters inform us clearly4 ,it is necessary to read them and to judge the church with equity by her own statement1 not by rancorous or frivolous commentaries4 ,the programme of the future council is thus traced in the bull of the ,sovereign ,pontiff3 ,this ecumenical council will have to examine with the greatest care1 and determine what is best to do in times so difficult and so perverse as these1 for the greater glory of ,god1 for the integrity of the faith1 for the honor of divine worship1 for the eternal salvation of men1 for the discipline of the regular and secular clergy1 for their useful and solid instruction1 for the observance of ecclesiastical laws1 for the reformation of customs1 for the ,christian education of youth1 for general peace and universal concord4 #hjc ,it is necessary for us to use every exertion that1 by ,god's help1 we may separate every evil from the church and from society2 to lead back into the straight way of truth1 justice1 and salvation1 those unfortunate people who have wandered from it2 to repress vice and refute error1 so that our august religion and its salutary doctrine may acquire a new vigor throughout the world1 that it may be extended further every day1 that it regain its empire1 and thus that piety1 honesty1 justice1 charity1 and all ,christian virtues maybe strengthened and flourish for the greatest good of humanity4 ,the entire programme1 all the work of the future council1 is in these words4 ,there are1 then1 two great objects1 the good of the church and the good of human society4 ,this is its object and its only object4 ,but especially does the church assemble her bishops that her interior life may be reanimated1 and1 as the apostle says1 ,to stir up the grace of ,god which is within us4 ,the reason of this is because the church has the wonderful privilege that ,i have already mentioned--she is the only body which possesses the power of perpetually renewing her youth in the course of a perpetual life4 ,it is in virtue of this divine constitution that none of the truths which she has preserved can change1 can be lost1 can be increased--that not even a syllable can be altered or an iota destroyed6 ,one jot or one tittle of the law shall not pass away until all be fulfilled1 said ,jesus ,christ4 ,the church is a living institution composed of men1 borrowing its head and its members from every nation and from all ranks1 always open to receive those who wish to come to her1 and unceasingly increased by the addition of new races of men among her children4 ,a river which has received many streams into its current reflects the objects along its banks and adapts its course to the climate1 and to the country with its irregularities2 so the ,catholic ,church has the gift of accommodating herself to the times1 to the institutions1 and to the requirements of the generations through which she passes and the centuries which she civilizes4 ,and more than this is true1 because in the world she labors perpetually in order that she may ever become more worthy to speak of ,god to men1 and in a way to be heard and understood by them4 ,she is continually examining1 with respect1 and at the same time with sovereign authority1 her disciplinary books1 her laws1 her institutions1 her works1 and especially her members1 distributed in the different grades of the hierarchy4 ,indeed1 we do not believe that we are without faults or blemishes4 ,ah6 should we be astonished1 ,fnlon used to say1 to find in man the relics of humanity6 ,but1 eternal thanks be given to ,god1 we find in the imperishable treasury of truth1 and of the divine laws which we are called to guard1 the means of recognizing our faults and reforming our manners4 ,thus it is especially against ourselves1 or rather for ourselves1 that this council is going to assemble4 ,there will not be one among us to take his seat in this august assembly1 who has not in the early morning bent his knee upon the lowest step of the altar1 bowed his head1 struck his breast1 and said1 ,if ,god is not better known1 if he is not better served than by me1 if the truth suffers violence1 if the poor are not assisted1 if justice is in peril1 ,o ,god6 it is my fault1 it is my fault1 it is my most grievous fault6 ,monarchs of the earth1 who settle the fate of nations with such a frightful boldness1 an examination like this would be good even for you1 if you could only endure it6 #hjd ,o human assemblies1 parliaments1 tribunals1 popular conventions1 do you think that this rigid self-examination1 these confessions1 these scruples1 and these courageous habits of discipline and reform1 will be useless in appeasing blind agitation and arrogant passion1 or in rousing up sleepy routine8 ,when each of us has thus examined1 questioned1 and accused himself1 we shall ask ourselves1 ,what are the obstacles which to-day prevent the propagation of the faith among those who have not yet received it1 and its reestablishment among those who have lost it8 ,we shall revise regulations1 we shall reform abuses1 we shall reestablish forgotten laws1 we shall modify whatever requires modification4 ,under the supreme authority of a common father1 of the bishop of bishops1 the experience of old men1 the zeal of the young1 the inspiration of the holy and the wisdom of the wise1 will all concur in declaring the present condition of the church1 its mission upon the earth1 and its duties in the future4 ,this examination will be made in the most unconstrained and fraternal discussion1 which will soon be followed by solid resolutions1 which will become1 then1 and for centuries1 the rule of the church's life4 ,such will be the first object of the assembly of bishops4 ,an object at once sublime and humble1 one which fills the children of the church with respectful admiration1 and which strikes her enemies with an astonishment that they seek in vain to disguise4 ,yes1 our ministry is so noble1 our assemblies so elevated above other assemblies1 that the language of man contains the involuntary admission of its superiority4 ,if they desire to designate a noble office1 a superior mission1 they call it1 often even with exaggeration1 a priesthood4 ,if they wish to speak of some unusually imposing and solemn gathering1 which will have a place in history1 they say it was a council of kings or legislators4 ,human language has no more lofty words than these3 not that we should pride ourselves upon them1 for our hands have not done these things4 ,they come from ,god1 and the dignity of the words which express them recalls to our humility at once the majesty of our vocation and the formidable extent of our duties4 ,but what is the cause1 in our day and at this hour1 of the retreat of the entire catholic episcopate into the breast of a new cenacle8 ,if ,i may presume to put it thus1 what does this vigil of arms mean8 ,footnote #bhf ,why these preparations1 this work of a great council8 ,why has the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 under the eye of ,god1 and from his inspiration1 judged it proper to call the church together in this second half of the nineteenth century8 ,footnote #bhf3 ,the ,bishop of ,orleans is here referring to the pious custom of the days of chivalry1 which compelled the knight who was to receive his armor for the first time on the following morning to pass the vigil watching in the chapel1 where his future arms were placed upon the altar4 ,it was said of our ,master1 the divine ,saviour of the world1 that he was wounded because of our iniquities4 ,yes1 it is for the iniquities of man1 and for our own1 that we are going to impose such a work upon ourselves4 ,the more dangerous the times are1 the more necessary is it for us to be pure enough to withstand the most formidable conflict1 wise enough to enter into the most stirring discussions1 prepared to engage in the rudest conflicts4 ,and if men ask why we are striving to increase knowledge and charity among ourselves1 we will answer that1 not forgetting ourselves and our own needs1 we are doing it also on their account1 looking earnestly upon their condition1 their aspirations1 and their sufferings1 and with a hearty desire to do them more good4 #hje ,,iii4 ,causes ,of ,the ,council4 ,what is the condition1 then1 to-day1 of the souls and the state of the races which are spread over the surface of the earth8 ,there are few who have not been interested in this question4 ,the ,pope1 looking upon the world and lending his ear to the sound of the struggles of contemporary society1 could not help seeing1 what every one knows1 that now is a time of profound crisis2 or1 as it is expressed in the papal bull1 there are torments which are afflicting at this time both church and society3 ,jam vero omnibus compertum exploratumque est qua horribili tempestate mine jactetur ecclesia1 et quibus quantisque malis ipsa affligatur societas4 ,what is this crisis of the church and the world8 ,if we collect in our mind the course of history and the vast ocean of ages on which we are borne for a moment1 only to be swallowed up in our turn1 you will first answer that this crisis is only an incident of a perpetual crisis1 an interrupted scene of the drama which the destiny of the human race is composing4 ,untried travellers are ever thinking the voyage a long one1 and that the sea has dashing waves and tempests only for them4 ,old sailors know that the ocean is always uncertain and that the storm of to-day has been preceded by many a severe gale4 ,but if we are just1 as well as attentive1 we shall recognize that the crisis of the present time is not a chance one1 and that1 like others which have gone before1 it will not escape the guidance of ,god4 ,i say even1 when ,i remember the profound designs of providence1 that this crisis is not without its grandeur1 that it has both beauty1 laws1 and an end1 just as do those natural phenomena which appear the most confused and disordered4 ,through continual struggles and obstacles1 the evangelical ideal is followed by the church1 who knows where she is going1 and by men1 often without their knowledge4 ,the church1 since her mission is to raise souls to that standard1 is sorrowful here below1 because that ideal is never realized perfectly enough for the glory and happiness of humanity4 ,undoubtedly the industry1 the science1 and the courage which men display to-day should be admitted4 ,within a few hundred years1 vast treasures of science1 wealth1 and power have been developed4 ,in two worlds1 a most wonderful harvest of gifted men have appeared2 artists and orators1 savants and generals1 legislators and publicists1 whose names will be recognized by posterity with well-merited gratitude4 ,yet after we have been just toward the good1 let us be just to the evil1 and acknowledge1 with the august and truthful ,pius ,,ix41 that human society is at this moment profoundly troubled4 ,but do not think that ,i intend to speak of political trouble and of war4 ,i know that ,europe has1 within a few years1 resounded more than once with the shock of battles1 and that at the present moment many feel a dull restlessness4 ,the people are arming and preparing1 it is said1 for gigantic struggles4 ,does the ,sovereign ,pontiff wish to speak of the mighty interests of political affairs1 of questions of nationalities1 of the frontiers of kingdoms1 and of the balance of power8 ,the church is not indeed indifferent to peace or war between nations1 for every day her prayers ascend to heaven for concord between ,christian peoples and ,christian princes4 #hjf ,but yet1 as ,i have already stated1 she does not gather her council to solve these questions2 the pacific assembly at ,rome will meditate neither revolutions nor conquests1 neither leagues of sovereigns nor treaties of nations1 neither the establishment of dynasties nor their downfall4 ,while all ,europe--and1 if we look further1 while the new world as well1 as the old--is trembling at the threatening signs of war and revolution1 at ,rome1 that august centre1 that reserved place1 gathered about the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 around the chair of truth1 the pastors of nations--their feet1 it is true1 upon the earth and on the immovable rock1 but their eyes turned toward heaven--will be occupied with souls1 the needs of souls the eternal salvation of souls2 in one word1 with the highest and permanent interests of humanity4 ,and surely they will do well2 for1 who can disguise it8 are not souls in peril and the faith of whole nations menaced8 ,do you ask1 what new heresy has arisen8 ,from the bosom of the church1 none2 the clergy have never been more closely united in the faith from one end of the world to the other4 ,without the pale of the church the same attacks1 a hundred times repelled and a hundred times renewed1 are levelled against all the points of ,christian doctrine1 but under new forms and a fresh vigor4 ,yet there is more than this4 ,with an impiety which outstrips even the eighteenth century1 the natural truths1 those first principles on which every thing here reposes as its safeguard1 even the natural truths1 are denied or boldly discussed4 ,science is also to have its heresies4 ,there is a schism among the philosophers4 ,reason has to take its turn in assaults which seemed reserved for the faith4 ,strange thing6 ,faith to-day is guarding the treasures of reason1 and serves as their rampart6 ,to-day it is you1 ,o savants1 ,o philosophers1 who have need for us6 ,you have often accused us of having neither science nor intelligence2 but you1 my poor brethren1 who are so wise and so intelligent1 have scarcely been able to defend a single well-known truth6 ,and you1 ,o ,protestants6 who expected to reform the church of ,god1 it is you who to-day need reforming2 it is you who feel most keenly how great an injury is the loss of the blessing of authority6 ,look for a moment at the state of the intelligent minds of our day4 ,where have discordant philosophies led them8 ,for three centuries1 in ,germany1 impetuous minds have risen who1 rejecting the guiding rein of faith1 have shown to the astonished world the audacity1 and at the same time the feebleness1 of reason4 ,this too has quickly been followed by like audacity and feebleness of morals4 ,what has come from the prodigious efforts of talent and erudition8 ,nothing more admirable than the resurrection of every error of pagan times--pantheism1 atheism1 scepticism--and among those who yet cling to some form of religion1 ,christianity has in reality perished because of their many contradictory and ridiculous explanations of its doctrines4 ,thus have ended1 under our own eyes1 eighteen centuries after ,jesus ,christ1 all these wonderful intellectual labors which are the greatest that the world has ever witnessed4 ,and what is the state1 to-day1 of ,france8 ,religious belief is vigorously attacked and even philosophical faith seems ready to disappear4 ,the truths of reason are overthrown1 and a pretended science1 intoxicated with itself1 denies human reason1 and wishes1 in the name of atheism and materialism1 to snatch from man his belief in the immortality of the soul and his faith in ,god4 #hjg ,the most dangerous doctrines concerning morals1 society1 the soul1 the family1 a future life1 and ,god1 are warmly defended by means of journals1 pamphlets1 and even novels4 ,our contemporaries are either wrecked on this sea of errors1 or float1 without a helm or a compass1 at the mercy of every wind of doubt4 ,dark storms are rising in human souls1 and they penetrate the very depths of the masses of the people4 ,at the same time1 there are many misunderstandings in regard to the church1 and consequently there is an animated attack upon her doctrines4 ,when the revolution1 which is now making a tour through ,europe and the rest of the world1 appeared in ,france1 the church was attached by bonds1 which time had forged1 to the old political order4 ,she was carried with that political system into the struggle4 ,hence it comes that men have not been able to distinguish that which belongs to a legitimate state of society1 without being at all necessary to the church1 and that which constitutes the essential principles and immutable spirit of ,christianity4 ,with certain men there is only one feeling toward the church--that of blind and implacable hatred4 ,forgetting eighteen centuries of benefits1 they continue to wage an ungrateful war4 ,the waves of revolution sweep in their course both truth and falsehood1 virtue and crime1 benefits and injuries1 and the church1 because she can make no compromise with error and vice1 must persist in pointing out the illusion of deceitful words and the danger of false doctrines4 ,many stubbornly charge the church with thoughts and doctrines which are not hers4 ,an infidel press and unscrupulous blasphemy against the church strive to separate the people from her fold4 ,we hear1 both in disorderly conventions and in the writings of those journalists who convene them1 the most stupid and reckless assertions against the church mingling with threats of social war4 ,and even in our legislative assemblies this unreasonable enmity appears1 demanding a violent separation of the church and society4 ,and lately1 when the voice of the ,sovereign ,pontiff was raised to describe the overflow of those impious and immoral theories which now inundate us1 how many complaints1 how many unmerited accusations were everywhere made6 ,without caring to understand his meaning1 the ,holy ,father was calumniated4 ,and with grief we saw statesmen1 under the influence of violent passion and without asking or writing for any explanation1 hasten to proclaim an antagonism which1 thank ,god1 does not exist4 ,these hostilities against the church1 while separating from her the people who are deluded1 render the peril in which these contemporary errors would drag us far more formidable4 ,doctrines are not inoffensive2 ,m4 ,de ,bonald promulgated a law of history which is confirmed by constant experience1 when he wrote these forcible words3 ,there are always great disorders where there are great errors1 and great errors where there are great disorders4 ,it is thought that brings forth facts2 storms come from above4 ,and ,i say to men of good faith1 you expected to establish the government of people and the conduct of life on reason alone4 ,this experiment has been tried for three quarters of a century in ,france2 what is the result8 ,are the morals of our people better8 ,is the civil authority respected8 #hjh ,is liberty well established8 ,has war disappeared8 ,or misery8 ,or ignorance8 ,and what can be said of those questions which reason asks with a rare fertility of invention1 but which she cannot answer1 and which concern the very organization of society--questions about labor1 wages1 and workmen8 ,i do not exaggerate when ,i assert that since reason has pretended to reign alone1 she reigns1 like the night star1 over shadows which she cannot dissipate4 ,even in the most civilized countries1 the earth has become an abode of anxiety1 distress1 strife1 and terror4 ,the nineteenth century will soon close1 agitated1 weary1 barren1 and incontestably diseased4 ,rash indeed would be the one who would venture to predict that it would close in glory and not in perdition4 ,,iv4 ,review ,of ,the ,past ,however1 ,i beseech my friends and brethren in the faith not to exaggerate anything4 ,it is permitted to be sad1 ,i repeat1 when we consider the present times2 and ,i should feel bound to consider the soul which is not saddened by these things as possessing very little true nobility4 ,the sons of the nineteenth century1 the men of my day1 have had many enchanting dreams2 we have nourished many generous hopes2 but now we are going to die1 and to die deluded4 ,but what6 is our short life the whole of history8 ,we did not live in the sixteenth century2 we shall not see the twentieth2 but the church lived yesterday1 and she will live to-morrow4 ,if ,i should say what she hopes1 all my prophecies would not be forebodings2 and if ,i should question her memory1 the present times would appear all the brighter by being compared with the past4 ,if we glance at ages which are no more1 shall we find many centuries which did not have their troubles and their dangers8 ,ah6 the discouragement of certain ,catholics calls to mind the sentence of one of the sapiential books3 ,say not3 what thinkest thou is the cause that former times were better than they are now8 for this manner of question is foolish4 ,footnote #bhg ,i was reading a few days since some of the bulls of convocation of the ancient councils of the middle ages4 ,the lamentation of those popes of the misfortunes of their time far exceeds anything which is heard to-day4 ,and1 not to go further back than the ,council of ,trent1 let the church tell us of those times1 for she was present to them4 ,what did she see then8 ,footnote #bhg3 ,eccles4 vii4 #aa4 ,that century was much like ours1 because of its great discoveries1 its appreciation of learning1 and its revival of the arts2 it was like the present century1 also1 in the bad use it made of these gifts4 ,the sixteenth century peopled ,america1 which had been only recently discovered2 abandoned itself to cruel excesses of crime and avarice there1 and introduced the disgrace of human slavery4 ,it received treasures from that country1 and it used them for the corruption of the morals of ,europe4 ,whether we look upon the thrones1 or among the masses of the people1 or even in the church herself1 we find many a sad spectacle4 ,this century was the witness of the crimes of ,henry ,,viii42 ,elizabeth2 ,ivan the ,terrible2 ,christian ,,ii42 the ,medici2 ,charles ,,ix42 and ,henry ,,iii4 ,this century saw the pillaging of ,rome and the siege of ,paris4 #hji ,this century saw the pretended reformation rend the church1 disturb the peace of all ,europe1 and divide ,christians into two parts4 ,if one desires to find out the evils which existed in the church and in society in those days1 let him read the lives of great and holy people of that time2 let him read of ,bartholomew1 of the ,martyrs ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo and ,st4 ,francis of ,sales4 ,i have already mentioned the papal bulls of the middle ages2 but read those of the pontiffs who convoked the ,council of ,trent1 and it will be soon seen that ,adrian ,,vi41 ,paul ,,iii41 ,pius ,,iv41 were then more alarmed at the dangers of the ,christian republic than ,pius ,,ix4 now is4 ,there was tepidity1 disorder1 and scandal2 the clergy poorly organized2 the religious orders much relaxed2 and then1 too1 princes were divided1 the people oppressed1 and war a daily occurrence in every country4 ,and the council which had assembled amid such sad circumstances was compelled to meet in a little village hidden in the mountains of ,tyrol1 and or six years it was at the mercy of temporal princes to suspend or to allow it to proceed2 and thus it was compelled to endure a perpetual conflict4 ,but vain are obstacles to ,god's church6 ,her virtue will triumph over everything4 ,what great works and great men came forth from this council and from the regenerating breath that it breathed over ,christian society6 ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 ,st4 ,theresa1 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 ,st4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,st4 ,jane of ,chautal1 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 and ,st4 ,francis ,regis1 heirs of the spirit of ,st4 ,ignatius and ,st4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,then closely following these canonized saints were such apostolic men as the ,b4 ,peter ,fourrier1 ,cardinal ,berulle1 ,m4 ,olier1 ,m4 ,eucles1 ,m4 ,bourdoise1 the ,abb of ,rauc1 and many others4 ,then too came many congregations1 which were fruitful in showing again the true standard of clerical and religious life1 and in reanimating everywhere the love of study1 regularity1 and charity4 ,such was the universal improvement which the church displayed4 ,this was followed by ,fnlon and ,bossuet and the majestic unity of the seventeenth century4 ,and notwithstanding all the misfortunes that this immortal ,mother of men has had to overcome1 the church has now places of worship in ,jerusalem1 liberty in ,pekin and ,constantinople1 the episcopal hierarchy in ,england and ,holland1 her councils in ,baltimore1 and her missionaries in ,africa1 ,oceanica1 and ,japan4 ,the church rejoices from the very depths of her soul to see that1 although religion has got much to wish for and much to deplore1 still in every part of the world the laws are now more equitable1 the powerful are less oppressive1 the weak are better protected1 the poor more generously assisted1 and slaves are declared free4 ,but when the church turns to that pretended reform which so audaciously rose up against the spouse of ,christ in the sixteenth century1 she finds that its doctrines have almost vanished2 it has run its course and exhausted its arms4 ,how different is the present condition of the ,holy ,church6 ,that church1 whose abuses were so fearful that they could no longer be endured1 to-day presents a ,pope whose eminent virtue compels respect2 her bishops are more numerous and zealous2 her priests faithful1 united1 devoted2 her religious orders1 tempered by the fire of persecution and poverty1 are learned and exemplary4 #haj ,and when this church desires to assemble a council1 it is to ,rome she bids her children come1 by the reliable roads1 the rapid carriages and the facilities of every kind which she owes to the genius1 the justice1 and the resources of modern times4 ,it is well enough known that ,i am not among those who close their eyes and preserve silence in regard to the evils of the day and the many perils which lie in the way of souls4 ,but neither do ,i wish to be ungrateful for the benefits of ,god1 or to refuse to see the power which lends its strength to the church1 and the help which he gives to the good cause1 even in the worst times4 ,nor should it be forgotten that man's duty is to struggle for truth1 and that each century has its task and its difficulty4 ,i pity1 ,i do not execrate1 the present time4 ,i do not despair of the people1 and ,i do not anathematize their rulers4 ,they are not omnipotent1 and they have to contend with many difficulties4 ,i pray for them1 as the ,catholic ,church has always done2 ,i caution them1 both princes and people1 as much as lies within my power1 and ,i ask a loyal and sincere concurrence to the great work of the church1 which is the sanctification and civilization of the world4 ,there are three things which should cause us all the keenest anxiety2 these are1 the destruction of faith1 which has been hastened by the impious direction which scientific and philosophical studies have taken2 the prevailing laxity of morals1 which may fairly be attributed to the thousand new and seductive forms of vice2 and lastly1 the unjust statements which the enemies of religion delight in perpetuating between the church and the masses of the people4 ,these are three diseases which1 by ,god's grace1 will be cured4 ,there are certain persons in whose eyes these three scourges are only the partial results of that which is now1 and has always been1 the greatest of all scourges1 namely1 revolution4 ,i do not like to use this vague and indefinite word which1 like a spectre1 appears and grows formidable at one's will2 but yet it is very true that these evils do foster in the bosom of society a division of mind1 a scorn of ,god and of all authority1 a pride and a hatred1 which are continually threatening these societies with a return to revolutions4 ---------- #haa ,catholicity ,and ,pantheism4 ,number ,five4 ,laws ,according ,to ,which ,the ,mystery ,of ,the ,trinity ,should ,be ,understood4 ,we proceed1 in this article1 to lay down some general laws which govern1 so to speak1 the organism of the life of the infinite4 ,the ignorance or the overlooking of these laws has ever caused those who plunged into the abyss of infinite life to search its genesis1 to fall into one form or other of pantheism1 as will be seen in the course of this article4 ,the first and principal law may be enunciated as follows3 ,no other distinction can be predicated of the infinite1 but that arising from the relative opposition of origin between the terms4 ,footnote #bhh ,footnote #bhh3 ,realis distinctio inter relationes divinas non est nisi ratione oppositionis relativae4 ,s4 ,th41 ,s4 ,t42 qu4 #cj1 art4 ad4 ,we have already demonstrated that the life of the infinite is terminated by three distinct personalities1 which establish a multiplicity in its bosom4 ,a distinction1 therefore1 must be predicated of the infinite4 ,but of what sort8 ,this distinction1 in the first place1 could not fall upon the essence1 without breaking its absolute simplicity4 ,it must1 consequently1 be found among the terminations of the essence1 or personalities4 ,but1 again1 these three persons being possessed of the same identical essence1 and thus participating in all its perfections1 how can they be distinguished1 one from the other8 ,by a real opposition of origin4 ,one person originates2 the other is originated2 as principle and term they are necessarily opposed to each other1 and consequently distinct4 ,this law maintains both the unity and the multiplicity in the infinite4 ,it maintains the unity2 for the law does not require any real distinction between the persons and the essence1 but only a distinction made by our reason to facilitate our apprehension2 hence the three divine persons are truly and essentially the infinite4 ,it maintains multiplicity1 because the three divine persons are opposed on the ground of opposition of origin1 and are consequently distinct4 ,here lies the whole difficulty1 the reader will say2 three things opposed one to another1 and thus distinct from each other1 how are they one in essence8 ,we might reply1 in the first place1 that the possibility of this is grounded on a psychological fact1 which every one accustomed to reflection may easily ascertain4 ,take the operation of the human spirit4 ,man knows himself2 in this fact the me enters twice2 because the me is the subject which knows1 and at the same time the object known4 ,the me knowing is the being in the subjective form2 the me known is the being in the objective form4 ,again1 man loves himself through the idea of himself3 the me here enters three times--the me under the subjective form of knowing and of loving2 the me under the objective form of known2 the me under the objective form of being loved4 #hab ,nevertheless1 all three are one and the same being3 the me under the subjective form knows and loves the me under the objective form2 a multiplicity and a unity which cannot be disputed2 not only because of the testimony of consciousness1 which avers to the fact1 but because on this multiplicity and unity are founded two distinct sciences1 psychology and ideology2 psychology1 which treats of the me as subject1 of its nature and properties2 ideology1 which treats of the product of the me1 or ideas4 ,this operation of man is an image of the genesis of ,god's life4 ,the infinite knows and loves himself4 ,into this fact of his eternal life he enters three times2 the infinite1 so to speak1 as subject knowing and loving himself2 the infinite as object known2 the infinite as object loved4 ,the infinite knowing himself is necessarily opposed to the infinite known1 because it originates him by an intellectual operation2 the infinite known is necessarily opposed to the infinite knowing1 because originated by him4 ,again1 the infinite loving himself and the infinite known 7because the infinite cannot love himself except through the infinite known7 are necessarily opposed to the infinite loved1 because they originate him2 the infinite loved is necessarily opposed to the infinite loving and known1 because emanating from both4 ,this relative opposition of origin causes a real distinction among the terms without breaking the unity of the essence4 ,but1 the better to illustrate this law1 and to show how well it maintains unity and multiplicity in the infinite1 we shall here investigate the metaphysical law of the fact2 that is1 why and how things which are opposed to each other can harmonize and be brought into unity1 in a third thing4 ,we have given an example of the fact in the operation of man2 but let us give a few more instances to generalize it more and more4 ,this fact is observed in both the ideological and ontological orders4 ,first1 as to the order of ideas4 ,two ideas1 which in their own order are opposed to each other1 harmonize and are brought together in a third idea4 ,take1 for instance1 the idea of substance and modification2 substance conveys the idea of something subsisting by itself1 that which requires no being to lean on in order to subsist4 ,it means something standing permanent4 ,the idea of modification is that of something which is not permanent in itself1 but requires another being to lean on1 to cling to1 in order to subsist4 ,the two ideas1 as it appears1 are directly opposed to each other1 since their notions are contradictory2 yet both ideas1 contradictory one to the other in their own order1 agree and are brought into companionship in the common idea of existence1 one existing permanently1 the other existing by leaning on another4 ,moreover1 take the transcendental idea of unity1 truth1 and goodness4 ,unity implies a negation of multiplicity1 something undivided in itself and distinct from others4 ,truth implies a multiplicity1 because it is essentially a relation of an object to an intelligence2 aequatio rei et intellectus1 as ,st4 ,thomas defines it4 ,goodness also implies a multiplicity1 because it is essentially a relation of a being to a tendency or faculty4 ,these three ideas1 contradictory or diverse1 are brought into harmony in the common idea of being2 for every metaphysician knows that unity1 truth1 goodness1 are the transcendental qualities of being1 and are identified with it4 #hac ,the fact is therefore indisputable in the ideological order1 that is1 of ideas contradictory one to another or diverse1 agreeing in a common idea4 ,it is no less true in the order of reality1 because ideology is founded on ontology4 ,take1 for instance1 a body2 it has length1 breadth1 height1 and depth4 ,these qualities of bodies are contrary to each other in their own order1 yet they harmonize in the body4 ,take the forces of attraction and repulsion2 both are contradictory laws1 yet both agree in the same body4 ,man harmonizes and brings together in himself the laws of movement1 of vegetation1 of animality and of intelligence1 which are different and contradictory to each other4 ,and in his spirit1 as we have said before1 he opposes himself as an object to himself1 as subject without breaking the unity of the soul4 ,now wherein lies the reason of this fact8 ,in the ideological order it lies in the universality of ideas2 in the order of reality1 in the intensity of being1 or in the amount of perfection4 ,a universal idea comprehends and harmonizes in itself inferior and more particular ideas1 opposed to or different from each other2 a more perfect being1 or a greater reality harmonizes and brings together inferior realities opposed to and diverse from each other1 for the reason of its very intensity of perfection4 ,a doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas beautifully illustrates this truth4 ,he inquires into the distinction between intelligent and non-intelligent entities1 and1 after having remarked that intelligent beings are distinguished from those not intelligent by this--that the second are only capable of containing their own forms or actuality1 whereas the first1 besides their own actuality1 are capable of receiving the forms or actuality of other things1 because in intelligent beings is found the ideal similitude of the object known1 he alleges1 as a reason for this distinction1 contraction or limitation4 ,from this it appears1 he concludes1 that the nature of unintelligent beings is more contracted and limited1 while the nature of intelligent beings is endowed with the greater extension2 hence the philosopher said that the soul is as it were every thing4 ,footnote #bhi ,footnote #bhi3 ,s4 ,th41 ,s4 ,t42 part1 #a1 qu4 #ad1 art4 #a4 ,this reason1 however1 which accounts for a more general idea or for a greater reality harmonizing in itself particular ideas or lesser realities opposed to each other in their own order1 does not account for an opposition lying in the very bosom of a being4 ,in other words1 when the particular ideas and the lesser realities are taken as opposed to each other1 they are considered distinct and apart from the general idea or greater reality4 ,when they are harmonized in the general idea or greater reality1 their limits and opposition are supposed to be eliminated2 and this is the reason why the harmony becomes possible4 ,but when the opposition is to be found in the same being1 that is to say1 when terms opposed to each other are not distinct from the general idea or greater reality1 but lie in its very bosom1 then what is it that maintains both the opposition of the terms and the unity and simplicity of the being8 ,in this case1 a relation of origin causes the opposition without breaking the unity of the being4 ,the same being supposed subsistent1 being capable of intelligencing itself1 can beget an ideal conception of itself2 in other words1 the same being can exist as object understood in itself1 as subject understanding1 as object loved in itself1 and as subject loving4 ,in this origination1 the relation between the terms originated is true and real2 because the being as subject1 as such1 is really opposed to itself as object1 and truly relative to itself4 #had ,the being could not be subject1 without opposing itself as object to itself as subject4 ,yet this takes place without addition to or subtraction from the unity and the simplicity of the being2 ontologically1 the being is absolutely the same4 ,what prevents us from perceiving this fully and clearly1 is the action of the imagination and the essential condition of our intelligence1 which cannot be exercised except by the help of a sensible phenomenon4 ,thus1 when we strive to perceive a relation1 it is pictured to our imagination as being something real1 a kind of link or chain between the terms related4 ,now1 when it is considered that this is only imaginary1 and that ontologically a relation is nothing more than the attitude1 to speak the language of schoolmen1 of one object toward another1 it is evident that a being1 capable of intelligence and of love1 can oppose itself1 as object1 to itself as subject1 without addition to or diminution from or breaking up of the simplicity of the being4 ,we conclude--particular ideas or lesser realities1 opposed to each other1 can be harmonized in general idea1 or greater realities4 ,the metaphysical reason of this is1 that opposition proceeds often-times from limitation1 and that general idea or greater reality1 by elimination of the limits1 can harmonize things opposed in their own order4 ,this reason is satisfactory when the particular ideas or lesser realities are considered distinct and apart from the general idea or greater reality2 that is1 they are opposed when distinct--the opposition vanishes when identified4 ,but the reason is not satisfactory to explain how there may be terms distinct and opposed to each other in the same being1 without breaking the unity of the being4 ,the law of opposition of origin1 and the relation resulting therefrom1 fully explains and maintains both the multiplicity and the unity in the same being4 ,applying these ideas to the infinite1 it is evident that1 the distinction of the divine personalities taking place according to the law of opposition of origin1 both the multiplicity of persons and the absolute simplicity of the divine essence are maintained4 ,because the distinction of the divine persons is caused by a relation of origin4 ,now1 as we have seen1 a relation of origin neither adds to nor subtracts from the essence2 on the other hand1 the relation between the terms is true and real4 ,consequently1 the law of opposition of origin explains1 as far as human intellect can fathom1 how the distinction of the divine personalities can be maintained without at all detracting from the unity of the essence4 ,it will not do to say that theologians have imagined this law1 to suit their systems4 ,this law is given by the fact of human thought and by the ontological requirements of being4 ,as we have already observed1 being is essentially one1 true1 and good4 ,now these qualities at the same time are identified with being1 because1 when the mind tries to fathom them1 it finds nothing added to being1 and yet are they essentially a relation4 ,here we have identity and distinction1 and nothing can explain it1 as far as the mystery of being can be explained1 except the law of opposition of origin4 ,our readers1 from the above remarks1 may see what becomes of that great objection1 so often urged against the dogma of the trinity1 and so many times disposed of by the doctors of the church1 yet repeated again and again which the same assurance4 #hae ,it is said1 quae sunt idem tertio1 sunt eadem inter se2 that is1 things which are identical with a third thing are identical with each other4 ,now1 the three divine persons1 according to catholic doctrine1 are identical with infinite essence2 therefore they are identical with each other2 that is1 not distinct1 and consequently cannot exist4 ,oftentimes1 in thinking over this objection so triumphantly brought forward1 we have thought of the well-known lines of ,pope3 ,a little learning is a dangerous thing2 ,drink deep1 or taste not the ,pierian spring2 ,those shallow draughts intoxicate the brain1 ,but drinking largely sobers us again4 ,for the principle1 when examined carefully1 does not apply to those cases in which a distinction is predicated of a being caused by a relation to itself4 ,for instance1 upon that principle we might reason thus3 things which are identical with a third thing are identical with each other4 ,but height1 length1 breadth1 and depth are one and the same thing with bodies2 therefore1 are identical among themselves2 and all distinction between height and depth1 length and breadth1 is a pure figment2 and architects1 calculating the proportions of a building1 would do well to remember the principle1 for it would save them considerable time and trouble4 ,again3 unity1 truth1 and goodness are identical with reality4 ,but those things which are identical with a third are identical with each other2 therefore1 unity1 truth1 goodness are identical among themselves1 and it is the same thing to be one1 true1 and good1 as to be4 ,and all the different sciences formed on these relations of being are useless wastes of thought and meditation4 ,moreover1 the thinking and loving subject in man1 the thought and the love1 are identical with the soul2 therefore1 according to the said principle1 there is no distinction between the thinking subject and the thought1 and all ideology and grammar is nothing but useless pastime1 and we could correctly say1 the soul is a thinking subject--the soul is a thought4 ,the truth is1 that the principle applies only to particular cases1 and is by no means general2 because1 as we have demonstrated1 being1 in general1 requires three distinct relations to be conceived1 and which1 remaining distinct among themselves1 are yet identical with being4 ,the infinite being could neither be conceived1 nor be actual1 without three distinct relations1 which must be identical with the essence1 without ceasing to be distinct one from another4 ,if its truth were general and it applied to all cases1 it would abolish all distinction in the infinite being1 and consequently1 abolish its actuality and intelligibility1 and leave it only as an abstraction--the ,hegelian being--nothing4 ,moreover1 that the principle does not apply to the infinite is evident from the very enunciation and meaning of the principle4 ,things which are identical with a third are identical with each other4 ,in the enunciation and in the meaning1 the principle supposes a plurality1 and1 consequently1 a distinction2 for the gist of the principle is to compare a multiplicity to a unity4 ,now1 who does not see that1 if there were not a supreme identity and a supreme multiplicity beyond the sphere and subordination of this principle1 the principle itself would be destroyed8 #haf ,for if it be asked1 what is the origin1 the cause1 and the supreme expression of plurality and distinction1 which this principle supposes1 we must rise to a supreme and typical distinction and identity1 not subject to the principle2 else we could never account for the existence of the principle4 ,the infinite is the supreme identity and the supreme multiplicity1 the cause of all distinction and identity1 and consequently1 to it the principle cannot apply4 ,we conclude1 therefore1 that the first law governing the genesis of ,god's life is the law of opposition of origin1 and that this law accounts both for the unity of essence and the trinity of persons in ,god4 ,we pass to the second law1 which is as follows3 ,in the infinite1 there must be a person who does not proceed from anything1 and who is neither begotten nor made1 but who subsists by himself4 ,the metaphysical reason of this law is1 that there must be a first principle in everything1 both in the ontological and in the ideological orders4 ,in the ontological order1 because if every principle of reality1 if every cause called for the existence of another to explain its existence1 it is evident that there would be a process ad infinitum without explaining anything4 ,for an infinite number of causes1 each requiring another cause to explain their existence1 would multiply1 ad infinitum1 the necessity of first cause1 existing by itself and containing in itself the reason of its existence4 ,in the ideological order1 because every science must have a principle which is not derived from any other1 and which must be taken for granted1 otherwise science would become impossible4 ,ask a proof and a demonstration for every principle1 say of mathematics1 and you will never be able to learn it4 ,thus1 in the genesis of infinite life1 there must be a first person who subsists by himself1 otherwise the life of the infinite becomes impossible4 ,but1 besides this general reason which requires a first person underived from anything1 there is a particular reason1 more closely allied to the subject1 which demonstrates it4 ,because1 if there were not a first person in the infinite1 not proceeding from any other thing1 it would originate either from the essence or from another person4 ,now1 it could not originate from the essence2 because between the principle and its product there is a real opposition of origin2 therefore1 in the supposition1 there would be a real opposition between the essence of the infinite and the first person4 ,now1 the essence in question is infinite1 and only the finite can be opposed to it4 ,the first person1 therefore1 proceeding from the essence1 would be finite and not infinite2 that is1 he would be a creature4 ,moreover1 it would be impossible that the first person should proceed from the essence1 because the essence without subsistence is an abstraction1 and an abstraction could not originate a reality4 ,it could not proceed from another person1 because1 as we have remarked1 this other person1 unless subsisting of himself1 would require another as his principle1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,as a corollary of this law1 it follows that whatever other persons may be supposed to exist in the infinite1 they must originate from the first2 because--no other distinction being possible in the infinite1 but that arising from opposition of origin--it follows that1 if there were other persons in the infinite1 and if they did not originate from the first1 they could not be opposed to it1 and therefore they could not be distinguished from it2 in other words1 they could not exist4 #hag ,a third law governs the life of the infinite2 which1 if possible1 is yet more important than the former two4 ,it is the law of immanence1 which may be expressed in the following formula4 ,the action1 by which the persons in the infinite are originated1 terminates inside of the infinite1 and is permanent1 eternal1 and complete4 ,let it be observed that the action of an agent is always interior to it1 because it is its own movement4 ,but the product of the agent is not always so2 sometimes it is laid inside the agent2 sometimes it terminates outside the agent4 ,in the first case1 the action is called immanent or interior2 in the second1 transient or exterior2 not because the action is not always interior to the subject1 but because the effect or term of the action is exterior or foreign to the subject4 ,the first sense1 then1 in which the law of immanence is to be applied to the infinite is1 that the terms of the action of the first person terminate inside the infinite2 because1 if they were to terminate outside of ,god1 they would be something different from him1 and consequently not divine persons1 but finite beings4 ,but the law has a higher and more important bearing3 it implies that the action by which the divine persons are originated is not transitory1 successive1 and incomplete1 but permanent1 eternal1 and complete2 because ,god is infinite actuality1 or actuality itself4 ,forget for one single moment to apply this law to the genesis of ,god's life1 and you fall at once into pantheism4 ,for suppose the act1 by which the divine persons are originated1 to be transient1 successive1 temporary1 incomplete1 and it would follow at once that ,god is in continual development and explication4 ,for ,he is either complete and perfect1 or on the road to perfection4 ,he is in fieri1 or becoming4 ,and since1 as we have often remarked1 every development consists of different stages of explication1 the last of which is always more perfect than those which precede it1 it would follow that the genesis of ,god's life consists of a successive series of evolutions1 the last of which is always more perfect than that which precedes it4 ,now1 assuming the genesis of ,god's life at one determinate stage1 and travelling backward to arrive at the first stage of explication from which ,he started1 we should pass from a more perfect1 defined1 concrete stage of development1 to one less perfect1 less defined1 less determinate1 and thence to one still less so1 until we should arrive at the most indeterminate1 undefined1 abstract stage of evolution2 at the least being--the being not being1 the first principle of pantheism4 ,but1 keeping in view the law of immanence1 every one can see that ,god's action is supposed at once all perfect1 complete1 and adequate--in one word1 eternal2 and consequently every idea of development1 progress1 and succession is eliminated2 and the consequence is1 that the infinite is at once conceived as being infinite actuality2 the first principle of ,catholic theology--the precise contradictory of pantheism4 ,hence1 according to this law1 the first person is always originating1 and his origination is always perfect2 the others are always originated1 and their existence is always perfect1 adequate1 and complete4 ,we say always and are originated1 not because the expressions convey the idea of eternal actuality and completeness1 but because1 our mind being measured by time1 we can find no better words to exhibit the idea4 ,let this remark be made once for all4 #hah ,a corollary of this law is1 that whatever persons are originated in the infinite1 being within the essence of ,god and terminating in ,him1 they are--the infinite1 because nothing can be added to the infinite4 ,fourth law3 ,in the infinite there are no more than two processions4 ,by processions we mean the origination of one person from another4 ,now1 that in ,god there are no more than two processions will appear evident1 if we consider the proper operation of ,god4 ,god is a spiritual nature2 the proper operation of a spiritual nature is by intelligence and by will2 therefore1 the operation of ,god is by intelligence and by will1 and consequently one origination is by the intelligence1 the other by the will4 ,so far we have given those laws which govern1 in general1 the genesis of ,god's life4 ,we must now proceed to those laws which govern the particular origination of each of the two divine persons4 ,now1 the law governing the origination of the second person is the law of intellectual generation4 ,generation implies the following elements3 #ast1 the production of a living being from a living principle2 #b;d1 identity of nature between the two2 #c;d1 this identity required by the very natural1 essential1 and direct tendency of the action by which the term is produced4 ,it is according to these elements of generative law that the second person in the infinite is produced2 and consequently he is really and truly the ,son of ,god1 as the producer is ,father4 ,for the first person1 whom we have said to be subsisting by himself1 being intelligent activity1 necessarily intelligences himself4 ,he is the ,god-head intelligencing himself4 ,now1 an object understood1 inasmuch as it is understood1 exists in the understanding in an intelligible state2 for to understand means just to apprehend1 to grasp intelligibly that which is understood4 ,the ,godhead1 therefore1 is in himself as the ,godhead understood is in the ,godhead understanding4 ,now1 the object understood existing in the intelligence1 is what is called mental word1 intellectual conception1 and by the ,greeks1 logos4 ,hence in the ,godhead exists the ,godhead as mental word or logos4 ,st4 ,john1 with a sublime expression1 which electrified all the ,platonic philosophers1 began his ,gospel thus3 ,in the beginning 7the ,father7 was the ,word4 ,this ,word of the ,godhead being conceived by an immanent act1 an act which has neither beginning nor end1 which is not power before it is act1 is conceived therefore eternally1 and consequently is coeternal with the conceiver4 ,it is ,god or the infinite2 because the first person1 or intelligent activity1 begets him by an operation which terminates inside himself1 by the law of immanence2 consequently the ,word is identical with his essence1 and is1 therefore1 the infinite4 ,yet is he a distinct person from the first as ,word4 ,for although the intelligent activity and the ,word are both ,god1 yet are they distinct from each other by the law of opposition of origin1 which implies that a term proceeding from a principle is necessarily opposed to it1 and consequently distinct from it4 ,thus the intelligent activity1 as principle1 is necessarily opposed to the ,word as term2 and1 vice versa1 the ,word as term is necessarily opposed to the intelligent activity as principle4 #hai ,in other words1 the intelligent activity could not be what it is1 unless it were the opposite of the ,word1 and this could not be the ,word unless it were the very opposite of intelligent activity4 ,hence1 to be intelligent1 activity belongs so exclusively to the ,first1 as to exclude any other from partaking in that distinctive constituent2 and to be ,word is claimed so exclusively by the ,second1 as to be attributed to no other4 ,the result is a duality of terminations1 possessed of the same infinite nature and its essential attributes1 each having a constituent so exclusively its own as to be altogether incommunicable4 ,now1 two terminations1 possessed of the same infinite nature and its essential attributes1 with a constituent so exclusively their own as to be attributed to no other1 convey the idea of two persons4 ,for what is a person8 ,a spiritual being with a termination of his own1 which makes him distinct from any other1 gives him the ownership of himself and renders him solidary of his action4 ,now1 the intelligent activity is a spiritual being1 since he is the ,godhead2 is possessed of a constituent of his own1 intelligent activity2 has the ownership of himself2 for1 as intelligent activity1 he is himself and no other1 and cannot communicate himself2 and is solidary of his notional action1 that is1 the action which constitutes him what he is3 he is1 therefore1 a person4 ,likewise the ,word is a spiritual nature2 for he is the same ,godhead as to substance2 as a relation or ,word1 he is the owner of himself1 incommunicable1 and solidary of his notional action2 hence1 he is also a person4 ,in other words1 the ,godhead is an infinite spirit2 all that constitutes him1 both substance and terms of relation1 is spirit4 ,consequently1 each term of the divine relation1 as such term1 has an individuality of his own and1 as infinite spirit1 has knowledge and intelligence of himself2 he beholds himself distinct from the other as term of relation1 one with the other as substance4 ,his distinction causes his relative individuality2 consciousness and intelligence of this relative individuality make him a person4 ,here an objection might be raised2 to be a person implies1 necessarily1 to be intelligent1 which is an essential attribute of spiritual being4 ,therefore the ,word also must be intelligent1 otherwise he would have neither knowledge nor consciousness of his individuality4 ,but you have attributed intelligence to the first person as being his particular termination2 therefore how can the ,word be a person1 if intelligence be the particular termination of the first8 ,either the ,word is not intelligent1 and then he cannot be a person1 or intelligence is not the particular termination of the first1 and in that case they cannot be persons1 for they cannot be distinct4 ,the difficulty will vanish if it be observed that we have not attributed intelligence to the first person as his particular termination1 but intelligent activity4 ,a slight attention to the manner according to which the ,word is produced in the infinite1 will illustrate this distinction4 ,the intelligence of the ,godhead is infinite in its activity and actuality1 as well as infinite in its term2 which means that the ,godhead understands itself infinitely1 and an infinite term is the product of this intellection4 ,hence1 once ,god has understood himself and conceived the expression of his intelligence1 the activity is complete and fully terminated2 consequently1 the ,word1 the term of this intelligencing1 has the ,godhead with all its essential attributes communicated to him2 except the activity of intelligencing1 because the activity is complete in the production of the ,word4 #hbj ,in other words1 the act of the first person is eternal1 complete1 and perfect1 by the laws of immanence4 ,its activity is fully and perfectly exercised in engendering the ,word1 hence it cannot be communicated4 ,if it were communicated1 it would argue imperfection and incompleteness in the act and in its term4 ,in the act1 for if any portion of activity remained to be communicated1 the ,godhead would not intelligence himself to the fullest extent of his infinity2 in the term1 because the ,godhead not intelligencing himself to the full extent of his infinity1 the intellectual utterance which would be produced would not fully and perfectly express the object4 ,consequently both would be imperfect1 incomplete1 and potential4 ,this happens in human conception4 ,our mind1 being finite1 that is1 partial and imperfect1 is forced to exert itself partially and conceive various mental words1 which would not be the case if its activity were perfect and complete1 as it is in the infinite4 ,this answers another objection which is brought forward by those who lose sight of the law of immanence in the divine operation4 ,it is said1 ,if the ,word be intelligent1 there is nothing to prevent his engendering another ,word1 and this second1 a third1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,the ,word is intelligent1 but not intelligent activity4 ,when intelligence1 so to speak1 is communicated to him1 it has been exercised in the engendering of himself2 or better1 the eternal immanent act of the intelligent activity communicating intelligence to the ,word1 is continually being exercised in the immanent engendering of the ,word2 therefore it cannot be communicated to him4 ,footnote #bij ,footnote #bij3 ,in ,filio non habet intellectus illam veluti virtutem quia iam habuit actum sibi adequatum4--,suarez1 ,de ,trin41 lib4 #a4 cap4 #g4 v4 #aa4 ,hence that magnificent expression of the ,scripture1 ,semel loquitur ,deus4 ,god speaks but once4 ,but because the activity of engendering another ,word is not communicated to him1 it does not follow that he is not endowed with the act of intelligencing the ,father or himself2 the ,father as his principle1 himself as the product of the ,father4 ,for it is one thing to be intelligent1 another thing to be intelligent principle4 ,to give some examples of this distinction4 ,the architect of a building who has planned it1 is the intelligent principle of the building2 another1 who understands the plan of the building1 is the intelligent beholder of the building4 ,god is the intelligent cause of the world1 man is the intelligent perceiver of the world4 ,there being1 therefore1 a distinction between intelligence as principle or cause1 and intelligence as perception1 one may easily conceive how the ,word in the infinite may be possessed of intelligence1 without being the principle of intelligence4 ,the ,word1 who is one ,godhead with the first person1 a distinct person himself1 is also the substantial image of the first person4 ,because1 in force of the act by which he is uttered1 which is essentially assimilative1 he is produced as the likeness of him whose expression and utterance he is2 and as he is one as to substance with the conceiver1 he is1 consequently1 his substantial image and likeness4 ,we conclude1 therefore1 that the production of the second person in the infinite--resulting in a person1 the substantial image of the conceiver1 in force of the act of intelligencing by which he is produced1 which is essentially assimilative--is governed by the law of generation2 and that1 consequently1 the first person in the infinite is ,father1 and the second1 ,son4 ,thou art my ,son1 to-day ,i have begotten thee4 ,footnote #bia ,footnote #bia3 ,ps4 ii4 #g4 #hba ,the law by which the third person in the infinite is produced1 is different from that which governs the production of the second4 ,the latter takes place according to the law of generation or assimilation2 the former is subject to the law of aspiration1 which must be understood as follows4 ,by his ,word1 the intelligent activity apprehends and conceives his infinite perfection and goodness4 ,for the ,word1 as we have seen1 is nothing but the infinite and most perfect expression or image of the intelligent activity1 and as the intelligent activity is infinite perfection and excellence1 so the ,word is the utterance1 the intellectual reproduction of that excellence and goodness4 ,hence the intelligent activity1 by his ,word1 conceives and utters himself as infinite perception and excellence4 ,but perfection or goodness apprehended is necessarily loved4 ,for goodness1 once apprehended1 awakens the will1 and necessarily inclines it toward itself2 it necessarily attracts and affects it4 ,the intelligent activity1 therefore by apprehending himself through his ,word as infinite perfection and goodness1 necessarily loves himself4 ,love implies the insidence or indwelling of the object loved in the subject loving4 ,the intelligent activity1 therefore1 who necessarily loves himself through his ,word1 must be as object loved in himself as subject loving4 ,this love as object must be co-eternal with the infinite1 because by the law of immanence which governs the genesis of infinite life1 every origination in the infinite must be co-eternal with the infinite4 ,by the same law also1 it must be identical and one with the infinite2 because love1 being originated by an immanent act1 terminates inside of the infinite1 and is1 therefore1 identical with the infinite4 ,the love as object1 therefore1 is coeternal and identical with the infinite2 it is the infinite4 ,it is distinct from love as subject and from the ,word1 by the law of opposition of origin1 which implies that a term which originates from a principle is necessarily opposed to it1 and consequently distinct4 ,now1 love1 as object in the infinite1 originates from the intelligent activity and from the ,word4 ,the intelligent activity1 by apprehending himself1 as infinite goodness and excellence1 through his ,word1 loves himself4 ,hence1 this love proceeds from both--the intelligent activity1 who conceives his infinite goodness--the ,word1 who represents it1 and makes it intelligible4 ,this love-object is a third person4 ,for1 from what we have said1 it appears that love-object is identical with the infinite1 with the divine essence1 and consequently partakes of all the infinite attributes of the essence2 hence he is a spiritual and intelligent being2 as distinct from both the intelligent activity and the ,word1 he is possessed of a termination exclusively his own1 which makes him the owner of himself incommunicable and solidary of his notional action4 ,hence he is a person4 #hbb ,this third person1 not being originated according to a likeness of nature1 cannot1 like the second person1 be called son4 ,he is the personal and subsisting love of the ,father and of the ,son2 and as the object loved exists in the subject loving1 as inclining1 and in a certain manner as impelling1 the subject toward it1 as raising in the subject an attraction or aspiration toward it1 hence the third person is called the living and subsisting ,spirit of ,god4 ,the better to conceive this distinctive termination of the third term in the infinite1 let us suppose an attraction between two persons4 ,it is needless to remark that we use this term for want of a better and more spiritual one4 ,suppose1 therefore1 an attraction between two persons2 do not make it an accident or modification1 but substantial2 carry it to its utmost perfection1 actualize it ad infinitum2 so that it may be able to return upon itself1 to have consciousness of itself1 to possess and own itself1 and in this sense to feel itself distinct from and independent of all others--and you will have1 as product1 a subsisting or personal attraction1 a third person4 ,such is the idea we can form of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,father beholds himself totally in the ,son as an offspring of himself1 and loves himself in his offspring1 his perfect and substantial expression4 ,the ,son beholds himself totally in the ,father as his author1 and loves the ,father as his principle and origin4 ,this common love1 this mutual attraction1 this aspiration of the ,father toward the ,son1 and of the ,son toward1 the ,father1 being infinite1 is most actual1 perfect1 and complete--a living1 subsisting attraction1 with consciousness and the ownership of himself1 a subsistence personifying their mutual love and binding both in one eternal tie of affection4 ,hence1 by this distinctive constituent of common love1 the ,spirit is the archetype of harmony and order2 since in his personality he brings the opposition existing between the conceiver and the conceived into harmony and unity of love4 ,he is also the archetype of the beautiful1 being the very beauty and loveliness of ,god4 ,beauty1 in its highest metaphysical expression1 is variety reduced to unity1 by order and proportion4 ,now1 the ,spirit harmonizes the reality and the intelligibility of ,god into a unity of love4 ,hence he is the beauty of the ,father and the ,son--their personal and eternal loveliness2 and as such1 the archetype of the beautiful in all orders4 ,he is the very bliss of the infinite1 because bliss is the perfect possession of infinite life4 ,now1 it is in the production of the ,spirit that the genesis of infinite life terminates and is complete4 ,he is1 then1 the expression of the perfect possession and enjoyment of the infinite life--the living ,blessedness of the infinite4 ,the last law which governs the mystery of ,god's life1 and which is a consequence of all the laws we have explained1 is the law of insidence4 ,this implies the indwelling of all the divine persons in each other4 ,it is founded both on the community of essence and the very nature of personalities4 ,for the essence of the three divine persons1 being one and most simple1 it follows that they all meet in it1 and consequently dwell in each other4 ,on the other hand1 what constitutes them persons is essentially a relation4 ,now1 a relation necessarily asks for and includes the relative term4 ,the intelligent activity is such1 because in him dwells the ,word1 his infinite expression4 ,the ,word is such1 because he is the expression of the intelligent activity1 and dwells in him4 ,the ,spirit necessarily dwells in both1 because he is the subsisting aspiration of the activity toward its conception1 and of the conception toward its principle4 #hbc ,believe that the ,father is in me1 and ,i in the ,father4 7,st4 ,john47 ,with these laws1 we conclude the first part of the problem of multiplicity raised by pantheism4 ,it is true1 as pantheism affirms1 that there must be a certain multiplicity in the unity of infinite essence4 ,for1 without a certain multiplicity1 no being can exist or be intelligible4 ,pantheism1 in giving such prominent importance to the problem1 has rendered great service to philosophy and to religion1 and has cut off1 in the very bud1 all those objections raised by the superficial reason of ,arians or anti-trinitarians of old1 or ,unitarians of modern times4 ,but1 as we have seen1 however able in raising the problem1 ,pantheism utterly fails in resolving it2 and1 in its effort to explain the problem1 destroys both the terms to be reconciled4 ,catholicity1 fully conscious of the immense value of the problem1 unflinchingly asserts that it alone has the secret of its solution4 ,without at all assuming to explain away its super-intelligibility1 it lays down such an answer as fully satisfies the mind which can appreciate the importance and the sublimity of the problem1 and follow it into the depths of its explanation4 ,the infinite1 says ,catholicity1 is not infinite as an abstraction or potentiality1 a germ as ,pantheism affirms1 which ceases to be infinite when it passes into multiplicity2 the infinite is actuality itself4 ,this actuality consists in a first personality unborn and unbegotten1 with full consciousness of himself and his infinite perfection4 ,this personality is active intelligence1 and in intelligencing his infinite perfection1 begets a conception1 an intelligible expression of that perfection1 a second person4 ,the active intelligence loves his infinite personality conceived by him in his intelligence4 ,this love is a third personality4 ,three personalities or terminations of one infinite actuality3 a multiplicity in unity2 unity without being broken by multiplicity2 multiplicity without being destroyed by unity4 ,hence the infinite is not a dead1 immovable1 unintelligible unity1 but a living1 actual1 intelligible unity2 because it is unity of nature and a trinity of persons2 because the unity falls in the essence1 the multiplicity1 in the terminations of the essence4 ---------- #hbd ,a ,legend for ,husbands4--#afii4 ,which ,wives1 ,too1 ,may ,read--possibly ,not ,without ,profit4 ,my story is of people that have long since passed away1 so that no one need take it as personal4 ,american travellers sometimes differ--though for my part1 ,i do not see why they should--as to the relative attractions of ,paris and ,london4 ,but they seldom fail to concur in their estimate of ,brussels as one of the most interesting and agreeable cities in ,europe4 ,and really the ,flemish metropolis presents a remarkable variety of attractions4 ,parks1 boulevards1 botanic gardens1 museums1 quaint old streets1 quainter old houses1 libraries1 great pictures1 treasures of ,rubens1 wealth of old ,,mss41 and last1 not least1 grand specimens of middle-age architecture1 such as the ,hotel de ,ville and the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,gudule4 ,indeed1 in mediaeval monuments no country in ,europe is richer than ,belgium4 ,in presence of her grand old cathedrals you can well understand the enthusiasm of those artists who maintain that our age takes entirely too much credit to itself for its encouragement of the fine arts4 ,neither the past nor the present century1 they maintain1 will leave to posterity monuments of such grandeur1 boldness1 beauty1 and originality as have been bequeathed to us by the period that immediately followed the crusades2 and strangely enough1 these bequests of the dark ages can bear any test of critical scrutiny1 even in the full blaze of our nineteenth century enlightenment4 ,will our architectural legacies appear as well in the eyes of future generations8 ,why1 look around you1 said to me a ,flemish artist2 in those days the erection of a costly edifice was not handed over to mere mechanics4 ,the body of it was intrusted to architects4 ,sculptors created its woodwork4 ,carvers executed what is now turned out by machinery2 painters gave you pictures where you now get plaster1 and the ,benvenuto ,cellinis of the day worked their miracles of art in metals which today the blacksmith hammers out at his forge4 ,ah6 that was the golden age of artists1 when the pulpits1 the altars1 the stalls1 and the organ-lofts were monuments2 when furniture1 doors1 chairs1 and tables were poems in wood2 when the family goblets1 the mere handle of a poignard or a sword were chased and embellished2 when exquisite miniatures1 illuminated missals1 and wood engravings made a picture-gallery of the dryest chronicle2 when fresco and encaustic decorated the walls and floors2 when ceilings and beams shone with arabesques1 windows were bright with stained glass2 when1 in short1 all the arts brought their tribute of beauty to a church or to a palace4 ,it was in the fading twilight of these artistic glories that sculpture in wood still flourished among the artists of ancient ,flanders4 ,somewhat thus discoursed to me an enthusiastic young ,belgian painter1 as we stood together admiring that grand work of art1 the carved oak pulpit in the cathedral of ,st4 ,gudule1 at ,brussels4 #hbe ,this pulpit is a work to which the term unique may be applied with scrupulous fidelity4 ,the admiration drawn from you by sculptures in wood elsewhere culminates in presence of this singular creation of genius4 ,no description can adequately place it before you or render it justice4 ,in its exquisite architecture and sculpture1 a poem as grand as that of ,milton is spread out before you4 ,an outline1 only1 the merest outline1 can be attempted to supply description4 ,adam and ,eve apparently sustain the terrestrial globe4 ,an angel chases them from ,paradise1 and ,death pursues them4 ,the life-size figure of ,adam1 in particular1 is admirable4 ,carved in marble1 it would have been something for ,canova to have been proud of4 ,the preacher stands in the concavity of the globe1 which is overshadowed by the branches of the tree of good and evil1 covered with birds and animals characteristically grouped4 ,by the side of ,adam is an eagle2 on that of ,eve1 a peacock and a squirrel4 ,to the top of the tree is attached a canopy upheld by two angels and a female figure symbolical of truth4 ,above stands the ,blessed ,virgin with the infant ,saviour1 who1 with a cross in his hand1 crushes the head of the ,serpent1 whose hideous body1 in huge folds1 twines around the tree4 ,this pulpit was made1 said1 or rather sang1 to me1 the old gray-haired sexton or bedeau1 to the tune in which he had shown the lions of the cathedral for more than thirty years--,this pulpit was made by ,verbruggen1 of ,antwerp1 in #afii1 for the ,jesuits of ,louvain4 ,upon the suppression of their order1 it was presented to this cathedral by the empress ,maria ,theresa4 ,this pulpit-- ,here ,i interrupted him with questions as to ,verbruggen--what was known of him8 ,had he left any other works8 and so on1 to the end of the chapter4 ,all in vain2 ,i could obtain nothing but a negative shake of the head1 and a hint that it was time to close the cathedral doors4 ,my stay in ,brussels was prolonged many weeks2 and besides my attendance on ,sundays1 ,i frequently1 in my rambles between the grand park and what ,mrs4 ,major ,o',dowd calls the ,marchy ,o'flures1 strayed into ,st4 ,gudule to admire the finest specimens of stained glass in the world2 to read the inscriptions on the tombs of the ,dukes of ,brabant1 and to feast my eyes and imagination on the grand old pulpit4 ,in the course of these visits ,i became better acquainted with the bedeau in charge1 and after some persuasion and a few well-timed attentions1 the old man at last acknowledged to me that there was something more than mere names and dates connected with the history of the pulpit4 ,finally1 upon my solemn assurance that ,i was not an ,englishman1 and would not write a book and put him and the pulpit therein1 he promised to tell me all he knew about it4 ,accordingly1 by arrangement with him1 ,i loitered in the cathedral one evening after vespers until the faithful had finished their devotions and left the church4 ,taking a couple of rush-bottom chairs from one of the huge pyramids of them piled up at the lower end of the building1 we seated ourselves just outside the grand portal1 and the old man began his recital4 ,years have since gone by1 and ,i cannot repeat it in his quaint manner2 but1 substantially1 he thus told me the #hbf ,story ,of ,the ,carved ,oak ,pulpit4 ,henry ,verbruggen was heart and soul an artist4 ,gay1 careless1 pleasure-loving1 he appeared to live but for two things2 his art1 first1 and then his amusements4 ,verbruggen married ,martha ,van ,meeren1 the pretty1 the timid1 the good ,martha ,van ,meeren4 ,in the mirage of his artist's enthusiasm her sweetness1 her grace1 her beauty1 made her at first appear to him a sylph1 a muse1 an angel4 ,alas6 though gentle and attractive1 ,martha was1 after all1 only a woman1 of the earth1 earthy4 ,in a quiet1 well-ordered household ,martha would have been a treasure2 but in the eccentric home of the artist she was out of her element4 ,a pattern of neatness and economy1 an accomplished ,flemish house-wife1 a neat domicil and well-spread table possessed for ,martha more attraction than the imaginary world of beauty in which her artist husband revelled1 even when poverty threatened or want oppressed them4 ,poor ,martha6 ,in vain she remonstrated2 in vain she implored4 ,henry would neglect his work2 he would be idle and spend his days at the cabaret1 in the society of those who were even more idle and more dissipated than himself4 ,thus years went on4 ,martha was not happy4 ,a tinge of moroseness shaded the clear sunshine of her usual mildness4 ,occasionally1 too1 she came out of her quiet sadness and found sharp words of reproof for ,henry1 and anger for the companions who kept him from home4 ,and so it came about that soon1 in ,verbruggen's eyes1 ,martha appeared harsh and repulsive4 ,then swiftly followed dispute and recrimination4 ,his early enchantment had disappeared2 ,martha was not the wife for him1 thought ,verbruggen4 ,he should have had one as careless1 as enthusiastic as himself4 ,would such a wife have suited him1 think you--you who know the human heart8 ,meantime things went from bad to worse4 ,verbruggen scarcely came home1 totally neglected his art1 fell into utter idleness and the slough of despond1 and his family was soon reduced to want--almost to beggary4 ,in this crisis--it was in the year #afii--;a ,jesuit father who had heard of ,verbruggen's talent1 called upon him1 supplied him with means1 and ordered a pulpit1 the most beautiful his art could produce1 for the church at ,louvain4 ,surprise1 gratitude1 joy1 enthusiasm1 all contributed to arouse the dormant energies of the artist4 ,he set himself energetically at the composition of a design for his work4 ,i will make1 said he1 of this pulpit my greatest production4 ,it shall be1 he exclaimed1 growing radiant with artistic inspiration1 something that shall display at a glance the history of the ,christian religion4 ,i will place1 thus he mused1 under the terrestrial globe1 ,adam and ,eve the moment after the fatal act of disobedience4 ,this globe shall be the pulpit4 ,around it shall watch the four ,evangelists4 ,over it shall hang the canopy of heaven1 supported on the right by angels1 on the left by ,truth herself4 ,the date-tree shall lend its shade4 ,the long scaly wings of the serpent shall encircle it1 reaching from man on earth to the ,blessed ,virgin in heaven4 ,by the side of man ,i will place the cherubim armed with his flaming sword1 and near ,eve1 young and beautiful1 a hideous figure of ,death4 ,higher up shall be the divine infant1 with one foot on the head of the serpent2 he shall stand by the side of his august mother1 resplendent in her crown of stars1 surrounded by angels1 cherubs1 and seraphs4 #hbg ,yes1 all this and more will ,i do4 ,the very wood shall grow into life under my hands1 and ages yet unborn shall hear of ,henry ,verbruggen of ,antwerp4 ,the artist went at his work with all the enthusiasm of genius1 and had completed the body of the pulpit without placing the ,evangelists according to his original design1 when1 in a moment of malicious spite1 he imagined he would punish ,martha by displaying near ,eve various satirical emblems of her sex's qualities4 ,on the branches1 then1 that entwine the staircase leading up on the side of ,eve1 he placed a peacock1 symbol of pride2 a squirrel1 symbol of destruction2 a cock1 symbol of noise2 and an ape1 image of malice2 of all which defects1 poor ,martha1 as the angels well knew1 was as innocent as an infant4 ,of the statue of ,adam1 ,verbruggen made a chef d'oeuvre--a figure full of dignity and manly beauty4 ,the figure of ,eve is inferior1 and has less grace and animation4 ,and now to complete his sculptured marital spite1 on ,adam's side he carved an eagle1 symbol of genius4 ,thus far had he progressed when poor ,martha sickened and died4 ,in his motherless household ,verbruggen soon discovered the extent of his misfortune1 and learned1 as ,shakespeare has so well told the world1 that ,what we have we prize not to the worth2 ,but being lacked and lost1 ,we then do know its value4 ,and now came the reaction4 ,verbruggen deeply mourned ,martha4 ,he sincerely deplored her4 ,her admirable qualities came fresh upon his memory1 and he bitterly reproached himself for his unkindness and neglect4 ,soon he fell into fits of despondency4 ,discouragement took possession of him1 and his pulpit1 begun with so much energy1 stood unfinished4 ,accustomed to find his home in order1 his table spread1 he soon discovered their loss1 as well as the want of a thousand little attentions and kindnesses which none could now give him2 and in short1 as he was in the high road for discoveries1 we may safely conclude that he found out1 with ,ben ,franklin1 that a lone man is but the half of a pair of scissors4 ,twelve months passed by4 ,verbruggen's friends counselled him to remarry4 ,you are but thirty-six1 said they4 ,you have sincerely mourned ,martha's loss1 and have done full justice to her excellent qualities2 but you can yet do as well1 if not better4 ,there is ,cecily ,van ,eyck1 talented1 a painter1 an artist1 like yourself4 ,your dispositions accord1 and if she consents to have you1 she will be a mother to your little girl and make you an admirable wife4 ,henry listened to his friends1 thought over what they said1 and followed their advice4 ,he became ,cecily's suitor1 and was accepted4 ,now ,cecily ,van ,eyck was very smiling1 very sweet1 very charming2 but ,cecily had a will of her own4 ,scarcely had the honeymoon gone by1 when she enlightened ,henry with some new ideas1 and gave him several very distinct notions as to the proper distribution of domestic power in a household4 ,in a more propitious age ,cecily would have made her mark in a ,sorosis1 and been a leader of the most advanced radical wing of a woman's rights party4 #hbh ,her mastery over ,verbruggen was complete1 and the poor artist even kissed his chains4 ,one day she said to him1 ,what are you doing8 ,your apathy is complained of1 and ,i am taunted with it4 ,remember1 if you please1 that ,van ,eyck is a name not unknown4 ,let me not lose1 ,i pray you1 by changing it for that of ,verbruggen4 ,where is the pulpit1 that chef d'oeuvre you so long since announced8 ,in reply he led her to his studio4 ,cecily had an artist's eye1 and more--a woman's4 ,what mean1 said she1 these emblems by the side of ,eve8 ,the sculptor blushed4 ,when ,i made them1 he answered1 ,i did not know ,cecily ,van ,eyck4 ',tis well4 ,but after these emblems of defects1 which perhaps women have not1 what do you intend to bestow upon your own sex8 ,i had already commenced1 stammered ,verbruggen--you see the eagle4 ',twas perhaps somewhat vain4 ,vain6 ,oh6 no2 not at all4 ,the eagle--a bird of prey and rapine1 the symbol of brutal tyranny--nothing could be fitter4 ,well1 and what further do you intend8 ,verbruggen could find no reply4 ,well1 then1 listen1 continued his wife1 to render full justice to your sex1 near the eagle you will place a fox1 emblem of deceit2 a parrot1 emblem of noisy chatter2 a monkey eating grapes1 symbol of intoxication2 and a jackdaw1 emblem of silly pride4 ,verbruggen executed her orders with a docility most edifying4 ,the pulpit was soon finished1 and1 fortunately for us1 has been preserved intact through years of war and revolution4 ,higher teachings have been proclaimed from it1 but to those who know its story even its dumb wood speaks a salutary lesson4 ,ah sir6 ejaculated the old sexton1 when he had finished the story of the pulpit1 if ,i had known the history of that pulpit before ,i married a second time1 ,i-- ,just then ,i came away4 ---------- ,the ,future ,of ,ritualism4 ,we propose to devote a few pages to the consideration of ,ritualism and its probable future1 because it is an interesting religious movement which is of great importance to many souls1 and because it seems to us to have reached its crisis4 ,a writer in the ,churchman 7an ,episcopalian journal of ,hartford1 ,ct47 wonders that ,catholics take such an interest in his communion and its members4 ,our bishops being no bishops1 he says1 our clergy only decently behaved laymen1 our laity a perverse generation whose only chance of salvation lies in the charitable hope of their invincible ignorance1 surely it is wasting powder and shot upon us to criticise our doings when we are thus only playing at being a church4 ,it is certainly true that in the eyes of the ,catholic ,church1 and also of every ecclesiastical body which has the apostolic succession1 the bishops of the ,episcopal ,church are no bishops1 and the clergy are mere laymen4 #hbi ,it is also true that the extreme ,high-,churchmen are playing at being a church4 ,but cannot the writer understand our zeal for the salvation of souls and our honest desire to help those whose religion is only a logical farce8 ,we assure him that if he does not appreciate our sincerity1 he does injustice to the feelings which should animate every ,christian heart4 ,we see that which every intelligent and unbiased mind can see1 a party in the ,episcopal ,church holding opinions which are suicidal to every species of ,protestantism1 and which lead directly to the ,catholic faith1 and we know that those who belong to this party cannot long continue in their present position4 ,they must come honestly forward to us1 or go backward to lose what little faith they have4 ,is it wonderful that for the love of ,christ we beg them to be truthful to their convictions1 and manly in their profession8 ,is it strange that we attempt to show them that the doctrines they profess to hold have no home in ,protestantism1 and that the church they pretend to venerate is only a fiction of their imagination8 ,in this spirit we write now a few words which will1 we hope1 fall into the hands of ,ritualists1 and help at least some to the knowledge of the truth4 ,let us say at once1 and in all candor1 that our sympathy is with the movement which is called ,ritualism1 and that from its beginning we have earnestly prayed to ,god to bless it to the conversion of many souls4 ,we hope it will go on and prosper1 and be truthfully developed2 for we can think of nothing so fearful as playing church1 when the question is one of salvation4 ,there is1 however1 among some of the leaders of this movement1 a want of honesty and a direct untruthfulness which surprise us greatly4 ,if this dishonesty be not wilful1 it is owing to an obliquity of mind which it is hard to comprehend4 ,the object of this article is to show that ,ritualism can have no standing in the ,episcopal ,church1 and that they who would propagate it had better lay down the weapons of insinuation and falsehood and be brave enough to look the truth full in the face4 ,there is nothing gained by attempting to skulk away under the general meaning of the name which the world has applied to a particular signification4 ,there can be no religion without external ceremonies1 say the ,high-,churchmen1 therefore1 ,ritualism is proper and necessary4 ,this argument is as fallacious as the following ,there is no man without a body1 therefore the negro is a necessity to the human race4 ,the question1 honest friends1 is not whether the religion of ,christ demands ceremonies1 but whether it demands the particular ceremonies advocated at ,st4 ,alban's and other ritualistic churches4 ,and ,ritualism does not mean the adoption of any rites in the service of ,god1 but the use of the peculiar ones which are recommended by the leaders of the movement in the ,episcopal ,church4 ,why1 then1 not say so at once with manliness8 ,a man will make little progress in our day who is afraid to avow his creed4 ,ritualism means a good deal more than mere rites and ceremonies4 ,we do not take our good friends who put on ,catholic vestments as automatons who are dressed up by the tailor to show off his art4 ,they are not so senseless as to play for the benefit of the dress-maker alone4 ,there is doctrine beneath all this external ritual which is intended to show forth the sacrifice of the mass1 and the real presence of our ,lord in the holy ,eucharist4 #hcj ,it includes the whole sacramental system1 and the power of the priesthood4 ,there is little outward distinction between the tenets of the ,ritualists and the creed of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they may pretend to draw a line for the satisfaction of fearful disciples1 but really there is little difference4 ,as far as we can see1 they are willing to accept our faith1 so long as they can enjoy it without submitting to the ,catholic ,church4 ,they go to confession1 and invoke the saints1 and pray for the dead1 and believe in the seven sacraments1 and kneel devoutly before the bread and wine which they elevate for the adoration of the people4 ,you can have1 said a leading ,ritualist of this city1 everything in the ,episcopal ,church which you can find in the ,catholic communion1 and why therefore should you go away from the fold in which you were born8 ,we ought1 therefore1 to define ,ritualism as a movement toward the actual faith and worship of the one church of ,christ1 which were rejected by all ,protestants at the ,reformation4 ,this is its true definition before every honest mind1 and any attempts to hide under generalities1 are attempts at deception4 ,it will perhaps bring our remarks to more clear conclusions1 if we show1 first1 that these doctrines which underlie the whole movement can have no status in the ,episcopal ,church2 secondly1 that any attempts at disguising the truth1 only injure the leaders in their enterprise2 and lastly1 from the indications of the present1 conclude the future of ,ritualism4 ,little time need be spent to persuade any honest mind that the sacramental system can have no home in the ,anglican communion4 ,first of all1 the great body of the people reject it1 and can never be made to accept it1 while they say with sincerity that they see no distinction between it and the teachings of the ,catholic ,church4 ,if it be deemed worth while to profess substantially all the doctrines of ,trent1 why not undo the ,reformation and go back at once to the fold which their forefathers forsook8 ,and1 as ,bishop ,lee remarked at the opening of the late ,episcopal ,convention1 what right had the church organized by ,queen ,elizabeth to set forth articles of faith1 or in fact to be a church at all1 if not on the ,protestant principle of private judgment8 ,the majority of ,episcopalians have the greatest possible aversion to anything that can be called ,romanism1 and will1 as a body1 never allow themselves to be catholicised4 ,in this country there is great liberty of speech1 and great pretensions are easily tolerated2 but when it is understood that such pretensions mean more than words1 the spirit of ,protestantism1 which is the only living thing in the ,episcopal ,communion1 shows itself in full armor4 ,individuals daily come to the one fold of ,christ1 but the body will never move from its hostile attitude4 ,it will stand consistent to its own principle until the hour of dissolution4 ,if any ,ritualist doubts this1 let him actually practise all he preaches1 and openly avow all he believes4 ,his eyes will soon be opened sufficiently to see that the antagonism between himself and his surroundings can never be removed4 ,our friends1 the ,high-,churchmen1 are zealous upholders of church authority2 but where is the authority to which they submit8 ,their own church ought to be an authority to them1 yet we find that its decisions have no weight for their minds4 ,the articles are against them1 and every doctrinal judgment that has been made throughout the history of the controversy is distinctly adverse to their views2 yet they insist on holding on1 and appealing from the stern present to the impossible future4 #hca ,the thirty-nine articles are really the doctrinal standards of the ,english ,church and truly express the belief which formed and animates their communion4 ,when these articles are given up1 if such an event should ever take place1 the ,episcopal brotherhood will commit suicide and vote itself out of existence4 ,these remarkable canons of doctrine condemn the whole sacramental system1 deny any real presence of ,christ in the blessed ,eucharist1 and cut away1 root and branch1 any encouragement which the ,ritualists might find in the other portions of the ,prayer-,book4 ,whatever authority therefore the ,episcopal ,church has1 is most decidedly against the unnatural children who profess great fondness for their mother1 call her by great names which she disowns1 and still never obey her4 ,we have before us a declaration of principles made in the year #ahfg1 in which are contained the very doctrines which the articles condemn1 and which the bishops1 whenever they have spoken1 have rebuked4 ,one sentence particularly pleases us by its great frankness and amiable sincerity4 ,we heartily and loyally obey the authority of our own particular church1 receive every one of her doctrines1 and adopt1 as our own1 her every act of devotion4 ,article xxviii says1 ,the sacrament of the ,lord's supper was not by ,christ's ordinance reserved1 carried about1 lifted up1 or worshipped4 ,the declaration of these loyal children declares that ,christ is really present in the ,holy ,eucharist1 and being present1 is of course to be adored4 ,now1 if the bishops of the ,anglican communion have any right to decide in litigated questions1 they have spoken with sufficient plainness4 ,the ,catholic school in ,england has had a hard road to travel while one after another their favorite positions have been condemned4 ,the last decision of the ,privy ,council is adverse to the ceremonies of ,ritualism1 and of course to the doctrines which underlie them4 ,twenty-eight bishops of the ,american ,episcopal ,church have published an open protest against the new movement1 and the late ,pastoral of the ,convention reasserts the principles of the ,reformation1 denies the presence of our ,lord in the ,eucharist1 and concludes the subject by saying3 ,we would most earnestly deprecate those extravagances in ,ritualism1 recently introduced1 which tend to assimilate our worship to that of a church hostile to our own4 ,and we must urge you to remember that the reverent obedience to their bishops and other chief ministers1 promised by the clergy at their ordination1 would1 if faithfully rendered1 prevent these evils4 ,we are not aware that anything more explicit be required by our friends who love their own particular church so well2 but if the above be not enough1 we imagine they will not wait very long for something more4 ,the most painful feature1 however1 in this movement1 is an apparent want of truthfulness and a disingenuousness which are inconsistent with the earnest desire to know the faith of ,christ4 ,it is very hard to comprehend the course of some of the leaders in this ,catholic revolution1 unless their aim be to maintain a cause without any regard for truth or justice4 ,they are sometimes very insincere in their condemnations of ,romanism before the people1 when in their hearts they must see that they are making dupes of the ignorant4 #hcb ,a very vapid book has been handed to us1 entitled ,conversations on ,ritualism4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson 7,ritualist7 instructs ,mr4 ,brown1 and opens his eyes to see that there is a pure ,catholicity all unknown to ,rome1 and even to the 7beloved7 ,east1 which is now about to revive and do wonders4 ,mr4 ,brown is informed that the ,american ,church has not yet been put together4 ,the elements of which it is composed are floating around2 but so sure as the sun rises some bright day1 the chaos will be one beautiful scene of order and unity1 when all shall think alike1 and the brilliant altars shall blaze with candles and smoke with incense4 ,now1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson doubts if there are many of his bishops and priests who know more than the mere ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 of the real question of the church worship4 ,they will1 however1 be enlightened1 because the world is to see the gorgeous ,ritual without the doctrinal errors and corruptions of ,rome1 and to take a pill which is not to be gilded4 ,puritanism comes in for a terrible malediction4 ,if ever an evil spirit has appeared on the earth1 of such a character as to put men out of patience with its inconsistencies and absurdities1 that spirit is ,puritanism4 ,o ,puritanism1 ,puritanism1 thou that abhorrest pictures and flowers1 stained glass and altar-cloths1 thou that lovest whitewash and blank hard-finish1 with what amazement shalt thou hereafter discern the glories of the heavenly city1 the ,new ,jerusalem6 ,this ,puritanism is a very subtle and persistent poison2 ,i have known it to crop out where least expected2 ,i have even known of mitred heads which seem in some way turned by it4 ,but1 bad as it is1 it is not worse than ,popery1 which good ,mr4 ,brown is taught to distinguish well from ,ritualism4 ,then ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 speaking ex cathedra1 defines what this ,popery is4 ,its errors are the cultus of the ,blessed ,virgin2 adoration of the cross1 images1 and relics2 the doctrine of purgatory1 ,transubstantiation1 ,papal pardons1 indulgences and dispensations1 supererogatory merits1 and forbidding the clergy to marry4 ,pope ,wilson1 who rejects the authority of ,pius ,,ix41 pronounces these doctrines and practices as grave errors4 ,there can be no doubt1 therefore1 of the clearness of his vision1 and discussion were useless and certainly inappropriate4 ,but1 behind the scenes1 what is the practical difference between the ,catholic doctrine condemned1 and the belief symbolized by the ,ritualists8 ,mr4 ,brown has gone home quite satisfied1 and he will not hear our conversation1 and we can afford to talk our honest convictions4 ,the cultus of the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints is nothing more than the devotion which our friend1 ,mr4 ,mackonochie approves under another name4 ,catholics do not adore the cross1 nor images1 nor relics4 ,they treat them with veneration and religious respect1 and so do the ,ritualists4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson prays for his departed friends1 though for the world he would not say out loud ,purgatory4 ,transubstantiation he does not accept1 though he believes that the bread and wine are the body and blood of ,christ1 and to be adored with every outward symbol of devotion4 ,pardons are very good in themselves1 if the ,pope has nothing to do with them2 and as for forbidding the clergy to marry1 he would leave that an open question4 ,many of the ,ritualists have evinced a preference for a single life1 and a desire even to establish convents and monasteries4 ,mr4 ,brown is sleeping quietly on his ,protestant pillow while ,mr4 ,wilson prays before his crucifix1 and is a ,romanist at heart though not in name4 #hcc ,we fear there are many ,mr4 ,browns1 and ,madame ,browns1 and ,misses ,brown1 who are likewise deceived4 ,in religion we would prefer more manliness and outspoken honesty4 ,these ,conversations on ,ritualism are only an example of what we have often seen and heard with much pain4 ,we have great hopes of any man who is truthful2 but when there is a desire to deceive1 and an unwillingness to follow truth to its just conclusions1 there is little chance for argument4 ,but some of the ,ritualists are as unfair toward their own church as they are toward us4 ,it cannot condemn them2 for whatever language it may use1 they will interpret it to suit their own case4 ,when ,tract ,no4 ,,xc4 appeared1 the entire ,english communion scouted its attempt to reconcile the articles with ,catholic doctrine4 ,now1 there is no difficulty in explaining away every objectionable point and making those thirty-nine daggers inoffensive4 ,the ,baptist ,quarterly says3 ,the twenty-fifth article declares1 ',the sacraments were not ordained to be gazed upon1' an unquestionable interdiction of eucharistic adoration4 ,but this1 we are told1 must mean that they are not to be looked upon without reverence and devotion4 ,so article twenty-eight says1 ',the sacrament of the ,lord's supper was not by ,christ's ordinance lifted up or worshipped4' ,this1 it is said1 may mean that elevation may not be practised1 on the ground of its being done by ,christ's ordinance1 but it may be done on some other ground4 ,what may be the casuistry of men who can so defend their principles1 it is difficult for minds accustomed to frank and straightforward actions to comprehend4 ,if the ,privy ,council forbids the practices of the ,ritualists1 the ,church ,record tells us that they must indeed be short-sighted who suppose that the disuse under compulsion of the ritual expression of a doctrine will hinder it from being taught and believed4 ,if the whole house of ,american bishops distinctly deny any presence of the body and blood of ,christ in the ,eucharist1 and forbid any worship of the elements1 on the ground that ,christ is not there1 then these loyal churchmen are cheered1 and take refuge under the incautious use of a term which in one sense might be objected to even by ,catholics4 ,say the bishops1 ,especially do we condemn any doctrine of the holy ,eucharist which implies that1 after consecration1 the proper nature of the elements of bread and wine does not remain2 which localizes in them the bodily presence of our ,lord4 ,the prelates meant to say that our ,lord is not really in the sacrament1 and had no idea of the theological objection which ,catholic doctors might find to the use of the word localize4 ,the ,catechism of the ,council of ,trent tells us that our ,lord is not in the sacrament ut in loco that is1 he is not limited or circumscribed by the ordinary laws of quantity and extension4 ,this is evident1 because our ,lord is present by miracle and according to the conditions of his glorified humanity4 ,when the ,pastoral is examined1 says the ,churchman1 it turns out to be a denial of a physical or carnal presence1 which the writer 7in ,the ,catholic ,world7 not having the fear of the ,council of ,trent before his eyes1 declares must be local4 ,the ,pastoral says nothing about a physical or carnal presence1 the precise meaning of which in high-church casuistry we do not know2 but it denies any bodily presence4 ,now1 if our ,lord's body is there at all1 there is a bodily presence1 and that presence is localized1 that is to say1 he is within the species of bread and wine4 #hcd ,to use the words of ,st4 ,cyril1 ,that which appears to be bread is not bread1 but the body of ,christ2 and that which appears to be wine is not wine1 but the blood of ,christ4 ,it is hard for us to believe that the author of the above stricture on the ,pastoral knows what he means himself4 ,if by physical he means according to the ordinary laws of physics1 he need not beat the air any more4 ,if by carnal he intends to say that our ,lord is not in the ,eucharist1 as when in the days of his sojourn on earth1 he was subject to all the natural conditions of flesh and blood1 he will find no adversary in the ,catholic ,church4 ,the substance of the bread and wine is changed into the substance of the body and blood of ,christ1 and he is in the ,eucharist sacramentally1 but as truly and really as he is at the right hand of the ,father in heaven4 ,two substances cannot coexist at one time in one and the same space1 and so1 according to the plain definition of our creed1 the ,incarnate ,word is miraculously present1 whole and entire in either form1 and under every consecrated host in the world4 ,that the bishops meant to deny distinctly any true presence of ,christ in the sacrament1 is evident enough to any mind1 and we cannot admire the candor of the writer who would try to escape from it by a quibble upon a word whose common acceptation is quite plain4 ,the ,church ,record would have us believe that anything can here be tolerated1 provided you do not use the word ,transubstantiation4 ,but what shall we say of the following language taken from the ,churchman8 ,the ,romish ,church does not1 comparatively speaking1 care one fig for transubstantiation1 the celibacy of the clergy1 the employment of her particular liturgy and ceremonial4 ,she has sacrificed these for dominion in times past4 ,she will do it again4 ,she will explain away transubstantiation1 she will admit the marriage of the clergy1 she will make almost any other concession1 if she can get her penny's worth in return4 ,but one thing she does care about1 and that is the ,pope's supremacy4 ,the author of this famous passage is unsafe in any community1 and ought to be continually watched by detectives4 ,it is easy to write falsehood1 and not very hard to speak it2 but it avails very little those who have the hardihood to use it4 ,we have come to the conclusion1 from a long experience1 that high-churchmen will never be driven from their ground by any decisions of their own church1 and that many of them are exceptions to the ordinary laws of humanity4 ,they are inaccessible to reason4 ,on this ground they will excuse us if we pray the more earnestly for them1 or endeavor to point out to the world their wonderful inconsistency4 ,they advocate a kind of infallibility which1 to be sure1 is not within the reach of any one1 and yet when the ,catholic ,church is called infallible1 they find the very idea inconsistent with their reason4 ,so long as ,rome keeps to itself1 it is grand1 imposing1 and may pass for powerful4 ,but when it appeals to argument and ventures into the province of reason1 it admits the possibility of an adverse conclusion4 ,infallible men must not reason1 they can only pronounce4 ,perhaps it was a hoary head that indited these words in the ,churchman1 or it may have been a young and inexperienced warrior4 ,is there any objection to show the grounds of our faith to one who asks for them1 and may not even the writer of the above enter upon an argument to prove the existence of ,god1 without admitting the possibility of an adverse conclusion8 #hce ,it is something new to us that we can only defend by argument the things that we doubt4 ,we do not reason on the intrinsic credibility of the doctrine proposed to our belief1 but upon the extrinsic evidence that ,god1 the only revealer1 really proposes the doctrine4 ,and we are quite ready to show to any honest mind the proofs that the ,catholic ,church is the one and only church of ,god4 ,nay1 this has been done by our fathers and doctors from the beginning4 ,every ,catholic is infallible so far as his faith goes1 because he relies upon the church which is infallible2 but this does not prevent him from defending by reason the creed which he holds4 ,the same luminous author asks if ,rome will stand equally well the daylight which will be let into her secret places4 ,so also the accusation has been made1 that the ,romish ,church has one set of doctrines for the public and another for the initiated2 that to converts she always showed her best face1 and did not reveal her true features until she had fairly caught them in her iron grasp4 ,in reply to these nursery tales1 meant for crying children only1 we say briefly that ,rome has no secret places whatever2 that the daylight shines in her1 and through her2 and that all she holds and teaches is in her catechism1 which is taught to young and old4 ,any one who wishes to know her creed can easily find it out1 and it is as much in the possession of the unlettered peasant as it is of the learned philosopher4 ,it is barely possible that they who write and speak such silliness as the above may be honest2 but surely1 if they are in their right minds1 there is no excuse for their ignorance4 ,dear ,ritualists1 when you wish to keep your friends or parishioners from going ,romeward1 pray tell the truth2 for when they find out that you have tried to deceive them1 they will all the faster run from a system which cannot bear honesty and plain-dealing4 ,there is another point in which our good friends who like to call themselves ,catholics are manifestly either ill-informed or disingenuous4 ,they profess to see a great distinction between the schismatic ,greek communion and the ,catholic ,church1 and speak as if there were the slightest hope of any intercourse between themselves and the ,eastern sects4 ,the separated ,greeks are certainly in a lifeless state1 owing to their schism and their slavish subjection to the state2 but their standards are as decisive against ,protestantism and the ,english pretensions as even the canons of ,trent4 ,to speak otherwise1 and to represent to an unlettered person that there is any approximation between ,anglicanism and the ,east1 is only an attempt to deceive4 ,the position of the schismatic ,christians of the ,east is quite simple upon our views of ,catholic unity2 but we venture to again urge our brethren of the ,episcopal ,church1 to prosecute their investigations and do something more than pass resolutions such as are every year triumphantly carried at the sessions of the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union4 ,why not quietly wait1 says the ,churchman1 and let us be snubbed8 ,we are quite willing to wait2 but in this day of telegraph and steam improvements1 may we not beg the committee to move a little faster8 ,in the mean time1 we would place in their hands a little manual1 by ,dr4 ,overbeck1 a ,russian priest1 who speaks only the sentiments of his whole communion4 #hcf ,we quote from the ,english edition of his work on ,catholic orthodoxy4 ,speaking in the name of the ,greek ,church1 he says in answer to ,dr4 ,pusey's ,eirenicon1 7page #ig17 ,we do not want your power nor your riches2 these are no baits for us4 ,we are content with our poverty and our pure faith1 which nobody shall sully2 and are we to commune with a church so replete with heresy as the ,english ,church is6 ,are we to expose our only treasure1 our pure faith6 ,you have installed heresy in your pulpits2 you do not cast it out2 nay1 you cannot cast it out1 because your church is historically a ,protestant ,church1 and ,protestants framed your articles which you contrive in vain to unprotestantize4 ,god forbid6 ,no communion with an heretical church6 ,no communion with the ,english ,church--it would be the grave of orthodoxy4 ,again1 7page #hi17 ,the ,orthodox ,church does not recognize the ,english ,church to be achurch1 in her own meaning of the word1 any more than the ,lutheran1 ,reformed1 or any other ,protestant ,church4 ,if we1 nevertheless1 use the term church in the controversy1 it is only a conventional mode of speaking1 while disproving the fact1 and denying the truth of the underlaid idea4 ,the ,english ,church is not1 and never was recognized by any ,catholic ,church4 ,from what we have seen1 the prospects of ,ritualism are not very bright4 ,whatever authority the ,episcopal ,church possesses will undoubtedly be used to prevent its growth and influence4 ,it is quite certain that it can never be grafted upon the service or discipline of a communion whose very existence depends upon its ,protestantism4 ,the bishops are in a directly hostile attitude toward the movement2 and if some of them let it alone1 it is1 perhaps1 because they think that it will the sooner die out4 ,ritualists will go forward to a certain point1 and ,high-,churchmen will stand ungenerously behind to take any advantage of their success1 and to disavow all responsibility when the hour of trouble comes4 ,after a while1 the whole revolution will cease1 and while many will become ,catholics1 others will return to indifference1 and to greater torpidity than at the beginning4 ,already there are signs of division among the movers in the drama4 ,they are not agreed on the question of quantity1 some proposing to go much further ,romeward than others are willing to follow4 ,english ,ritualists are dissatisfied with their ,american friends1 and accuse them of cowardice or want of frankness4 ,the bishops snub them at every opportunity1 the powers of the state fall down upon them1 and they cannot come to any settled conclusion what to do4 ,in this country they can act as they like1 untouched by civil authority1 and yet the whole land can boast of only one or two churches where ceremonies are carried out according to the code4 ,it is doubtful how long these churches can be supported on the voluntary principle4 ,our own judgment is1 that a few years will see the end of a movement which ought to result in many conversions to the ,catholic faith4 ,if there were strict honesty among the leaders1 we should be more hopeful2 but when false statements are constantly made1 and the ,no ,popery cry is held up as a blind by even the advance-guard who wear chasubles and hear confessions1 what encouragement have we for the future8 ,it is so easy to retrace one's steps and to look unconscious of all harm if the tide of battle turns4 ,we know of more than one bishop1 and many ministers in the ,episcopal ,church1 who have recanted their errors with more or less manliness1 and are now in the surgeon's tent1 far away from all danger4 #hcg ,the lawn-sleeves and the fair heritage have proved too much for their faith in things eternal4 ,they who once were ready to accept all the decrees of ,trent and utterly reject the articles of their own church1 have become doctors of divinity1 with large families of children1 and the pangs of conscience have ceased4 ,monasteries well organized have been broken up by the marriage of nearly all the reverend monks1 and communities of sisters have been seriously embarrassed by the drafts the clergy have made upon their number4 ,we mention these facts in sorrow2 for it is a sad proof of the inconsistency of man in matters of religion4 ,why should we expect any more from the ,ritualists than we have realized from their cotemporaries or progenitors8 ,especially1 when we behold among them a self-sufficiency and untruthfulness which have no parallel in ecclesiastical history1 what shall we dare hope8 ,the ,anglican communion can never be unprotestantized4 ,it may in the course of time fall to pieces1 and every living moment within its bosom will help its dissolution4 ,as a body1 it never can take any ,catholic position1 nor wash off the birthmarks which prove its parentage4 ,those who really wish for a divine church and the rites which speak the old unchangeable faith1 will come one by one to the pillar and ground of truth4 ,having tried shadows long enough1 being wearied by playing at church1 and tired of holding up a religion by their own strength1 they will come where ,god hath established his covenant in ,zion and his mercy in ,jerusalem4 ,no honest man can long hold the doctrine of the ,real ,presence and remain away from the altars where alone the ,holy of ,holies can be found4 ,no man can seek to confess his sins and often kneel to one who is afraid to hear him openly1 who presents at best a doubtful code of morals1 and plays1 like a foolish child1 with tools whose proper use he knows not4 ,the end will soon come4 ,the ,catholic ,church would have perished long ago1 if her life had not been the life of ,god1 and no counterfeit of her august creed can survive the changes of time4 ,ritualism will pass away1 and something else will take its place4 ,the ,holy ,spirit of truth speaks through this movement to honest hearts who will hear and obey4 ,many are like the young man in the gospel1 who went away from ,christ because the sacrifice was too great4 ,he was not far from the kingdom of ,god1 neither are our ,ritualistic brethren far distant from the portals of the true ,zion4 ,god grant that they may be not unfaithful to the truth they know1 nor lastingly unwilling in the day of the divine power4 ---------- #hch ,ireland's ,martyrs4 ,footnote #bib ,footnote #bib3 ,memorials of those who suffered for the ,catholic ,faith in ,ireland in the ,sixteenth1 ,seventeenth1 and ,eighteenth ,centuries4 ,collected and edited from the original authorities4 ,by ,myles ,o',reilly1 ,b4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 #abmo1 pp4 #dfb4 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,ireland1 oppressed from the days of the ,norman invasion1 became1 from the time of ,henry ,,viii41 a living martyr2 her sufferings having no parallel in ,europe from the time of the three centuries of persecution under the ,roman emperors4 ,it was not so much the persecution and martyrdom of individuals so much as of a race and nation4 ,hence1 while the ,acts of the ,early ,roman ,martyrs1 formally drawn up1 have long since been collected by ,ruinart2 while a ,challoner1 for ,england1 collected records of the martyrs of the faith in his ,missionary ,priests1 that all-absorbing favorite of our earliest days2 while even the memorials of the missionary martyrs in our own land had been collected1 no one seemed to think of selecting the records of ,ireland's martyred priests from the harrowing tale of the suffering and unconquerably faithful people amid whom they perished4 ,it has been well that this pious task has at last been undertaken1 and so well accomplished4 ,this work of ,mr4 ,o',reilly is a plain1 unvarnished collection of contemporary accounts1 with no attempt to make1 from the simple details given1 a graphic and affecting picture4 ,brief1 too brief1 indeed1 many of these records are2 but further researches1 unexplored archives1 correspondence not hitherto consulted1 will1 we trust1 ere long1 give more extended and edifying memorials of these faithful clergymen1 these bishops1 priests1 secular and regular1 of the ,isle of ,saints4 ,during much of the period of the great ,irish persecution1 during that long interval between #aedj and #agja it was scarcely possible to draw up and send out of ,ireland1 much less preserve in it1 extended accounts of the martyrdom of those who died for the faith4 ,research or inquiry into their births or early lives was out of the question4 ,the chief sources where we can now seek information as to these heroic men are the historical writings of the religious orders who labored in ,ireland4 ,among the ,franciscans1 the great annalist of the order is ,father ,luke ,wadding1 an ,irishman1 who has preserved many valuable accounts relating to his native country4 ,colgan1 another ,irish writer of the same order1 in the preface to the ,acta ,sanctorum ,hiberniae1 gives an account of the death of two of his literary associates1 ,fathers ,fleming and ,ward4 ,de ,burgo1 of the order of ,preachers1 published a well-known work1 ,hibernia ,dominicana1 devoted to the history of his order in ,ireland4 ,the ,jesuit1 ,father ,tanner1 in his ,societas ,jesu ,militans1 records the lives of many of his order who died for the faith in ,ireland1 and1 in another work1 not cited by our author1 his ,mortes ,illustres1 while treating of distinguished ,irish members1 enters into the persecutions of the church in their native land4 #hci ,then there were special works on the various persecutions3 the ,relatio ,persecutionis ,hiberniae1 by ,father ,dominic a ,rosario1 published at ,lisbon in #afee2 ,bruodin's ,propugnaculum ,catholiae ,veritatis1 issued at ,prague in #affi2 ,bishop ,rothe's ,analecta ,sacra ,nova et ,mira de ,rebus ,catholicorum in ,hibernia pro ,fide et ,religione ,gestis1 published at ,cologne1 in #afag1 under the assumed name of ,philadelphus2 and the ,processu ,martyrialis of the same author1 which appeared two years later2 the ,persecutio ,hiberniae1 #afai2 ,morrison's ,threnodia ,hiberno-,catholica1 sive ,planctus ,universalis totius ,cleri et ,populi ,regni ,hiberniae1 published at ,innspruck1 in #afei2 and ,carve's ,lyra1 ,sulzbach1 #afff1 with other works of more general scope4 ,besides these printed works1 ,mr4 ,o',reilly cites several manuscripts preserved in the ,burgundian ,library at ,brussels--,magna ,supplicia1 written about #afjj2 an account of the martyrdom of ,bishop ,dovany in #afab2 ,mooney's account of the ,franciscan ,province in ,ireland2 and unpublished letters of ,irish ,jesuits4 ,the first blows at the ,catholic ,church in ,ireland were struck under ,henry ,,viii4 at the monasteries2 then came the intrusion of men1 as bishops1 who acknowledged that monster as head of the church1 and the expulsion of those who refused to admit this new power in the crown4 ,in the reign of his daughter ,elizabeth came the doctrine that the sovereign1 provided always1 nevertheless1 that he be not a ,catholic1 is not only head of the church1 but empowered to make creeds and a ritual for worship4 ,in a few reigns more came the doctrine that the ,calvinists in a nation are the head of the church and state1 may behead kings1 make and unmake worships and creeds1 and put to death all who gainsay them4 ,the persecution under ,henry was comparatively bloodless2 the plunder was too plentiful for men to stop to slay4 ,only one instance is recorded--that of the beheading of the guardian of the ,franciscan convent at ,monaghan1 and of several of his friars2 but we can scarcely credit that under so sanguinary a tyrant so little blood was shed in ,ireland1 where no scruple ever held back the ,english sword from slaughter1 only a few ,irish families or bloods being recognized as men whom to kill was murder4 ,england had her illustrious martyr1 ,cardinal ,john ,fisher1 ,bishop of ,rochester2 ,ireland in her hierarchy had an illustrious confessor in ,william ,walsh1 ,bishop of ,meath1 a ,cistercian1 born at ,dunboyne1 and a monk in the ,abbey of ,bective1 till its suppression4 ,whatever doubt there may be about the place of his birth and his early history1 there is none whatever as to his eminent virtues1 distinguished abilities1 and the heroic fortitude with which he bore numerous and prolonged sufferings for the faith4 ,his unbending orthodoxy and opposition to the innovations of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,edward ,,vi4 marked him out for promotion after the accession of ,mary1 and accordingly we find him associated with the zealous primate1 ,dr4 ,dowdall1 in the commission to drive from the sanctuary all such as were faithless to their trust4 ,dr4 ,walsh was consecrated about the close of #aeed1 and immediately applied himself with zeal and energy to reform abuses1 and to heal the wounds which during the last two reigns had been inflicted on faith1 morals1 and discipline4 ,the period of his usefulness was1 however1 destined to be brief1 and he had time merely to stimulate his priests and to fortify his diocese when the gathering storm burst over the ,irish church1 and sacrificed the ,bishop of ,meath among its first and noblest victims4 ,queen ,mary died in #aeeh1 and was succeeded by ,elizabeth1 who at once publicly embraced the reformed tenets1 and proceeded to have them enforced on all4 ,in #aefj1 an act was passed1 under the deputyship of the ,earl of ,suffolk1 which ordered all ecclesiastical persons1 judges1 officers1 justices1 mayors1 and all the other queen's officers1 to take the oath of supremacy under penalty of forfeiture1 and also enacted that if any person should1 by writing1 printing1 teaching1 preaching1 by express words1 deed1 or act1 maintain any foreign spiritual jurisdiction1 he should for the first offence forfeit all his goods and suffer one year's imprisonment1 for the second offence should incur the penalty of praemunire1 and for the third be deemed guilty of high treason4 #hdj ,he was first imprisoned in #aefj1 and after a brief respite1 was1 in #aefe1 reconducted to his former prison2 this was 'a subterraneous dungeon1 damp and noisome--not a ray of light penetrated thither2 and for thirteen years this was his unvarying abode4' ,during all that time his food was of the coarsest kind1 and1 with the exception of rare intervals1 when the intercession of some influential friends obtained a momentary relaxation1 he was allowed no occupation that could cheer the tedium of his imprisonment4 ,in all this lengthened martyrdom1 prayer was his resource1 and1 as he himself subsequently avowed1 he often-times passed whole days and nights overwhelmed with heavenly consolations1 so that his dungeon seemed transformed into a paradise of delights4 ,to preclude the possibility of idleness1 he procured a bed made of twisted cords1 and whensoever his mind was fatigued with prayer1 he applied himself to untie those cords1 and often was he well wearied with the exertion before he could reunite them to compose himself to sleep4 ,his persecutors1 overcome by his constancy1 and finding his fervor in spiritual contemplation a continual reproach to their own wickedness1 at length1 about ,christmas1 #aegb1 connived at his escape4 ,reaching the continent1 he died at ,alcala1 in #aegg1 bearing to the grave the marks of his thirteen years' imprisonment4 ,next in importance among the sufferers for the faith was a most remarkable man1 ,david ,wolf1 a native of ,limerick1 a priest of the ,society of ,jesus1 whose labors1 perils1 sufferings of every kind1 while acting as nuncio to the ,pope in ,ireland from #aefj to #aegh1 form the matter for a most interesting volume--not only from the personal interest attaching to a man of his ability1 learning1 and courage1 but from the influence exercised by him in perpetuating the episcopacy1 and1 consequently1 the priesthood and the faith in ,ireland4 ,the first martyr of whom we have any details is the ,franciscan1 ,daniel ,o',duillian1 of the convent of ,youghal1 put to death in #aefi4 ,indictment1 trial1 judge1 or jury seem to have had no part in his cause4 ,father ,mooney thus describes his death as he obtained authentic information within fifty years after its occurrence3 ,when one ,captain ,dudal 7probably ,dowdall7 with his troop were torturing him1 by order of ,lord ,arthur ,grey1 the viceroy1 first they took him to the gate which is called ,trinity ,gate1 and tied his hands behind his back1 and1 having fastened heavy stones to his feet1 thrice pulled him up with ropes from the earth to the top of the tower1 and left him hanging there for a space4 ,at length1 after many insults and tortures1 he was hung with his head down and his feet in the air1 at the mill near the monastery2 and1 hanging there a long time1 while he lived he never uttered an impatient word1 but1 like a good ,christian1 incessantly repeated prayers1 now aloud1 now in a low voice4 ,at length the soldiers were ordered to shoot at him1 as though he were a target2 but yet1 that his sufferings might be the longer and more cruel1 they might not aim at his head or heart1 but as much as they pleased at any other part of his body4 ,after he had received many balls1 one1 with a cruel mercy1 loaded his gun with two balls and shot him through the heart4 ,thus did he receive the glorious crown of martyrdom the #bb;d of ,april1 in the year aforesaid4 ,similar disregard of all law and forms of justice appears in the terrible martyrdom of the ,franciscan ,father ,o',dowd1 who died like ,sir ,john ,nepomucen1 a martyr of the seal of confession4 ,with some other prisoners1 he fell1 in #aegg1 into the hands of the soldiers of ,felton1 then president of ,connaught4 #hda ,they pressed a certain secular1 who was one of their captives1 to tell them something of the plots which they said he had made with others against the queen of ,england2 but he protested he could tell nothing but the truth1 and that there were no plots2 so they determined to hang him4 ,when they said this1 he begged he might be allowed to make his confession to ,father ,o',dowd2 this they granted the more readily that they thought the priest1 if he were tortured1 would reveal what might be told him4 ,as soon as the confession was over1 the secular was hung2 and then they asked the priest1 who was also to be hung1 if he had learned aught of the business in confession4 ,he answered in the negative1 and1 refusing to reveal anything of a confession1 they offered him life and freedom if he would reveal1 and threatened torture if he refused4 ,he answered he could not1 and they immediately knotted a cord round his forehead1 and1 thrusting a piece of wood through it1 slowly twisted it so tightly that at length1 after enduring this torment for a long time1 his skull was broken in1 and1 the brain being crushed1 he died1 ,june #ith1 #aegg4 ,father ,mooney recorded this horrid statement from the lips of some of the very soldiery who perpetrated it4 ,when ,dr4 ,patrick ,o',hely1 ,bishop of ,mayo1 and his companion1 ,father ,cornelius ,o',rorke1 were arrested in the ,county ,kerry1 soon after landing1 they were loaded with chains and imprisoned in ,limerick till ,sir ,william ,drury arrived4 ,the two prisoners were first placed on the rack1 their arms and feet were beaten with hammers1 so that their thigh-bones were broken1 and sharp iron points and needles were cruelly thrust under their nails1 which caused an extreme agony of suffering4 ,for a considerable time they were subjected to these tortures1 which the holy confessors bore patiently for the love of ,christ1 mutually exhorting each other to constancy and perseverance4 ,at length they were taken from the rack1 and hanged from the branches of a neighboring tree4 ,their bodies were left suspended there for fourteen days1 and were used in the interim as a target by the brutal soldiery4 ,here began1 it will be seen1 a sort of process1 or at least arraignment1 torture1 and execution2 although anything like a trial is wanting4 ,but in the fearful deaths of ,rev4 ,daniel ,o',nielan1 7,march #bhth1 #aehj17 ,rev4 ,maurice ,kinrehan1 ,rev4 ,maurice ,scanlan1 and his companions1 ,footnote #bic in the same year1 no pretence of examination was made2 the soldiery either killing them on the spot1 or wreaking on them any and every cruelty that wanton malignity could devise or suggest4 ,footnote #bic3 ,these three in #aehj1 and the three ,franciscans1 of the same names1 nearly and at the same places in #aehb1 must be identical4 ,in the case of the heroic ,cistercian1 ,abbot of ,boyle1 ,father ,gelasius ,o',quillenan1 and his companions1 arrested while in ,dublin1 in #aehj1 there was not the wanton cruelty of lawless soldiers1 or the mere bloodthirstiness of officers accustomed to every barbarity4 ,here the action proceeded from the very highest ,english authority in ,ireland1 in the days of ,lord ,coke1 who tells us in those legal treatises which have come down to us as oracles1 that he never knew of torture having been used in ,england4 ,the abbot and his companions underwent preliminary examinations4 ,john ,o',garvin1 then ,protestant ,dean of ,christ ,church1 was among those who assisted at his first interrogatory1 and1 having proposed many inducements to the abbot 'to abandon the popish creed1' ,gelasius in reply1 reproved him for preferring the deceitful vanities of this world to the lasting joys of eternity1 and exhorted him 'to renounce the errors and iniquity of heresy by which he had hitherto warred against ,god1 and to make amends for the past by joining with him in professing the name of ,christ1 that he might thus become worthy to receive a heavenly crown4' ,the holy abbot and his companion were then subjected to torture1 and1 among their other sufferings1 we find it commemorated that their arms and legs were broken by repeated blows1 and fire was applied to their feet4 ,the only words of ,gelasius during all this torture were1 ',though you should offer me the princedom of ,england1 ,i will not forfeit my eternal reward4' ,sentence of death being passed against them1 they were led out with all possible ignominy to execution4 ,they1 however1 were filled with consolation2 the sight of the joyous sufferers excited the admiration of the assembled multitude1 and many even of the heretics declared that they were more like angels than men4 #hdb ,it was on the #bast ,november1 #aehj1 that they were happily crowned with martyrdom4 ,the garments which they wore1 and the implements of their torture1 were eagerly purchased by the ,catholics1 and cherished by them with religious veneration4 ,nor can it be said that in the use of torture thus used to wring from the ,irish clergy admissions to justify their execution1 the authorities in ,dublin acted without the knowledge or consent of the queen4 ,any such pretext is at once scattered to the winds by ,english records in the case of one of the most illustrious martyrs in the whole honored list of ,ireland's witnesses for the faith--,dermod ,o',hurley1 ,archbishop of ,cashel4 ,the birthplace of this glorious martyr was a little village in the diocese of ,limerick1 less than three miles from that city1 called ,lycodoon1 where his parents lived respectably by farming1 both of tillage and cattle2 they were held in good estimation by their neighbors1 both rich and poor1 especially ,james ,geraldine1 ,earl of ,desmond4 ,having then been raised to the episcopacy by ,gregory ,,xiii41 and named ,archbishop of ,cashel1 he took his route toward ,ireland4 ,at ,waterford he was detected by a ,protestant named ,baal1 on whose information he was pursued to the ,castle of ,slane1 where he had1 indeed1 taken refuge for a time1 but had proceeded further4 ,when ,lord ,slane found himself in danger1 he joined in the pursuit of the archbishop1 and1 overtaking him at ,carrick-on-,suir1 induced him to proceed to ,dublin1 where his arrival is noted by ,archbishop ,loftus and ,sir ,h4 ,wallop1 in a letter to ,robert ,beale1 temporary chief secretary to the queen1 dated ,oct4 #hth1 #aehc1 and still preserved in the ,public ,record ,office in ,london4 ,in a subsequent letter1 on the #ajth of ,december1 addressed to ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 they say3 ,among other letters directed to us1 and brought by this last passage1 we received one from your honor declaring her ,majesty's pleasure for the proceeding with ,dr4 ,hurley by torture or any other severe manner of proceeding to gain his knowledge of all foreign practices against her majesty's state1 wherein we partly forebore to deal till now4 ,then they remark1 for that we want here either rack or other engine of torture to terrify him 444 the ,tower of ,london should be a better school than the ,castle of ,dublin 444 we do wish that we had directions to send him thither4 ,the pretext here was shallow2 there was wit enough in the dominant party in ,ireland to invent any necessary racks4 ,walsingham evidently directed them to proceed in ,dublin1 and himself suggested the mode of torture4 ,on the #gth of ,march1 #aehd1 they again write1 ,we made commission to ,mr4 ,waterhouse and ,mr4 ,secretary ,fenton to put him to the torture such as your honor advised us1 which was1 to toast his feet against the fire with hot boots4 ,what these ,walsingham boots were1 we learn from contemporary statements taken down from eye-witnesses4 ,the executioners placed the archbishop's feet and calves in tin boots filled with oil2 they then fastened his feet in wooden shackles or stocks1 and placed fire under them4 ,the boiling oil so penetrated the feet and legs that morsels of the skin and even flesh fell off and left the bone bare4 ,the officer whose duty it was to preside over the torture1 unused to such unheard-of suffering1 and unable to look upon such an inhuman spectacle1 or to hear the piteous cries of the innocent prelate1 suddenly left his seat and quitted the place4 7,pages #ia-b47 ,all this failed to extort from him anything to justify his arraignment even1 though the torture was continued till the executioners believed life extinct1 and hastily endeavored to restore animation2 for he lost all voice and sense1 and when taken out lay on the ground like dead4 7,ib4 #ic47 #hdc ,the lords justices were in great perplexity4 ,the judges1 on being consulted1 had positively declared that1 as no act of treason had been committed by him in ,ireland1 he could not by law be arraigned4 ,their opinion1 still preserved in the ,public ,record ,office1 is given by our author1 7p4 #aji47 ,again they apply to ,walsingham1 and the whole passage is so curious that we cite it at length3 ,and herein we thought good to remember your honor by way of our opinion that1 considering how obstinate and wilful we find him every way1 if he should be referred to a public trial1 his impudent and clamorous denial might do great harm to the ill-affected here1 who in troth have no small admiration of him4 ,and yet1 having had conference with some of the best lawyers in the land1 we find that they make a scruple to arraign him here1 for that his treasons were committed in foreign parts1 the statute in that behalf being not here as it is in ,england4 ,and therefore we think it not amiss 7if it be allowed of there7 to have him executed by martial law1 against which he can have no just challenge1 for that he hath neither lands nor goods1 and as by that way may be avoided many harms1 which by his presence1 standing at ordinary trial1 and retaining still his former impudence and negative protestations1 he may do to the people4 ,the idea of any man impudently objecting to submit to the honor of being executed by martial law1 when a trial at law must result in his acquittal1 is indeed extraordinary1 and sufficient to disquiet ,christian rulers4 ,elizabeth relieved them4 ,a letter of ,april #bith1 #aehd1 announced her majesty's resolution for the course to beholden with ,hurley1 namely1 that they should proceed to his execution 7if it might be7 by ordinary trial by law1 or otherwise1 by martial law4 ,loftus and ,wallop1 accordingly1 on the #aith of ,june1 #aehd1 gave warrant to the knight-marshal in her majesty's name to do execution upon him4 7,letter ,july #ith1 #aehd47 ,accordingly1 on ,friday before ,trinity-,sunday1 ,hurley--whose wounds had been so skilfully treated by a ,jesuit who was enabled to reach him1 as to enable the holy sufferer to regain sufficient strength to sit up and even rest on his feet--was ordered to prepare for execution4 ,he was taken out at early dawn1 amid the cries of his fellow ,catholic prisoners1 proclaiming his innocence1 one bishop1 who was expiating in fetters a guilty pusillanimity1 exclaiming that he himself1 for the scandal he had given1 deserved to die1 but that the archbishop was an innocent and holy man4 ,he was drawn on a hurdle through the garden gate to a wood near the city1 and there he was hanged on a withey1 calling on ,god1 and forgiving his torturers with all his heart4 ,at evening his body was buried in the half-ruined church of ,st4 ,kevin4 ,so great was the veneration felt for this holy man1 that the church was restored to satisfy the devotion of those who flocked to the spot to recommend themselves to his prayers1 and many of whom averred that miracles were wrought there4 ,elizabeth and the ministers of her godless tyranny1 in thus trampling on law and justice1 had gained nothing toward the advancement of the new doctrines in ,ireland4 ,the death of ,dr4 ,hurley but confirmed the ,irish ,catholics more immovably in the faith4 #hdd ,in another case1 ,dr4 ,richard ,creagh1 ,archbishop of ,armagh1 who escaped from the ,tower of ,london in #aefe1 but1 after two years' labors in ,ireland1 was seized in ,connaught in #aefg1 the government ventured on a trial at law2 but the jury acquitted him4 ,little did this avail3 he was kept a prisoner1 but at last effected his escape1 and1 for a short time1 labored to console the afflicted ,catholics4 ,falling again into the hands of the persecutors1 he was sent to ,england1 and died of poison in the ,tower of ,london1 7,oct4 #adth1 #aehe17 leaving one of the most venerated names in the annals of the ,irish church4 ,another prelate1 ,murlagh ,o',brien1 ,bishop of ,emly1 died the same year in prison1 at ,dublin1 after undergoing tortures4 ,the interesting biography of another martyr1 ,rev4 ,maurice ,kinrechtin1 gives a picture of a ,catholic ,easter during these dark ages in ,ireland that is too touching to omit4 ,it is in a letter from ,father ,robert ,rochfort3 ',i send you an account of the glorious martyrdom of a friend of mine1 ,maurice ,kinrechtin1 a pious priest1 chaplain to the ,earl of ,desmond1 whom you know4 ,he was for this cause taken prisoner by the ,english1 and taken to your native town of ,clonmel1 where he lay in prison for more than a year4 ,on the eve of ,easter1 #aehe1 ,victor ,white1 one of the principal citizens of ,clonmel and a pious ,catholic1 obtained from the head jailer permission for the priest to pass the night in his house2 this the jailer agreed to1 but secretly informed the ,president of ,munster1 an ,english heretic1 who chanced to be in the town1 that1 if he wished1 he might easily seize all the principal citizens while hearing mass in the house of ,mr4 ,white at daybreak2 at the same time he bargained to be paid for his perfidy4 ,at the hour agreed on1 the soldiers rushed into the house and seized on ,victor2 but all the others1 hearing the noise1 tried to escape by the back-doors and windows2 a certain matron1 trying to escape1 fell and broke her arm4 ,the soldiers found the chalice and other things for mass2 they sought everywhere for the priest1 7who had not yet begun the mass17 and came at length to a heap of straw1 under which he lay hid1 and1 thrusting their swords through it1 wounded him in the thigh2 but he preserved silence1 and1 through fear of worse1 concealed his suffering1 and soon after escaped from the town into the country4 ,but the intrepid ,victor 7who1 although he had for this reason suffered much1 could never be induced to attend the conventicles of the heretics7 was thrown into prison because he would not give up the priest1 and would1 no doubt1 have been put to death1 had not ,maurice1 hearing of the danger of his friend1 voluntarily surrendered himself to the president1 showing a friendship truly ,christian4 ,the president upbraided him much1 and1 having sentenced him to death1 offered him his life if he would abjure our ,catholic faith and profess the queen to be head of the church4 ,there came to him also a preacher1 and strove long1 but in vain1 to seduce the martyr2 nor would he on any account betray any of those who had heard his mass1 or to whom he had at any time administered the sacraments4 ,at length he was dragged at the tail of a horse to the place of execution as a traitor4 ,being come there1 he devoutly and learnedly exhorted the people to constancy in the faith4 ,the executioner cut him down from the gallows when yet half alive1 and cut off his sacred head1 and the minister struck it in the face4 ,then the ,catholics by prayers and bribes obtained of the executioners that they should not lacerate his body any further1 and they buried it as honorably as they could4 ,farewell1 and peace in the ,lord1 and be ye imitators--if occasion offers--of the courageous ,maurice ,kinrechtin1 and till then prepare your souls for the trial4 ,your devoted servant1 dated from the ,college of ,st4 ,anthony1 #aehf1 #bjth ,march1 ,robert ,rochfort4 ,thus it went on during the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,the year #aehh witnessed many hanged1 drawn1 and quartered--the ,rev4 ,peter ,miller1 at ,wexford2 ,peter ,meyler1 at ,galway1 and ,maurice ,eustace--both candidates for the priesthood1 the ,franciscan fathers1 ,o',molloy1 ,dogherty1 and ,ferrall1 at ,abbeyleix4 ,the next year another of the same order at ,clonmel4 ,curry1 in his ,civil ,wars in ,ireland1 thus sums up other examples3 #hde ,john ,stephens1 priest1 for that he said mass to ,teague ,mc,hugh1 was hanged and quartered by the ,lord ,burroughs1 in #aeig2 ,thady ,o',boyle1 guardian of the monastery of ,donegal1 was slain by the ,english in his own monastery2 six friars were slain in the monastery of ,moynihigan2 ,john ,o',calyhor and ,bryan ,o',trevor1 of the order of ,st4 ,bernard1 were slain in their own monastery1 ,de ,sancta ,maria1 in ,ulster2 as also ,felimy ,o',hara1 a lay-brother2 so was ,a,eneas ,penny1 parish priest of ,killagh1 slain at the altar in his parish church there2 ,cahill ,mc,goran2 ,rory ,o',donnellan2 ,peter ,mc,quillan2 ,patrick ,o',kenna2 ,george ,power1 vicar-general of the diocese of ,ossory2 ,andrew ,stritch1 of ,limerick2 ,bryan ,o',murihirtagh1 vicar-general of the diocese of ,clonfert2 ,doroghow ,o',molowny1 of ,thomond2 ,john ,kelly1 of ,louth2 ,stephen ,patrick1 of ,annaly2 ,john ,pillis1 friar2 ,rory ,mc,henlea2 ,tirilagh ,mc,inisky1 a lay-brother4 ,all those that come after ,a,eneas ,penny1 together with ,walter ,fernan1 priest1 died in the ,castle of ,dublin1 either through hard usage and restraint or the violence of torture4 ,to whom may be added the ,rev4 ,george ,power2 ,rev4 ,john ,walsh2 ,bishop ,brady1 of ,kilmore1 and his companions1 whose sufferings are here most touchingly given2 the ,rev4 ,donatus ,o',mollony1 so tortured by iron boots and thumbscrews1 as well as the rack--of all which there was now1 apparently1 a full supply in ,ireland--that he died a few hours after4 ,but single executions were not prompt enough4 ,in #afjb1 the authorities intimated that such of the clergy as presented themselves to the magistrates would be allowed to take their departure from the kingdom4 ,forty-two1 secular priests and fathers of the ,dominican and ,cistercian orders1 believing that a ,protestant government would keep faith with ,catholics1 accepted the offer1 and assembling1 as directed1 at ,inniscattery1 were put on board a vessel of war to sail for ,france4 ,but no sooner had they reached the broad ,atlantic1 than the whole of these priests were thrown overboard4 ,on the return of the vessel to port1 great indignation was pretended by the authorities1 and the queen cashiered the officers2 while they were1 in fact1 secretly rewarded4 ,this martyrdom1 fearful for its treachery1 and the number of the priestly victims1 closed1 so to say1 the reign of bloody ,elizabeth4 ,the hatred of ,catholicity was intense2 but yet there was apparent from first to last1 a sense of respect for the opinion of the ,catholic powers1 an attempt to justify the executions by color of law1 or excuse them as unintended acts of severity in putting down revolts or conducting military operations4 ,when the son of ,mary1 herself a martyr and sufferer1 ascended the throne1 his accession was hailed by the ,catholic ,irish with a burst of joy4 ,a prince of their own race1 they could regard him with feelings never awakened by former sovereigns of ,england4 ,the memory of his mother would have bound them to him4 ,he might have rendered ,ireland a happy country4 ,led away by this vision1 the ,irish ,catholics openly celebrated the long proscribed worship2 but they soon were rudely awakened from their delusion4 ,the glorious army of martyrs under ,james ,i4 begins with ,redmond ,o',gallagher1 ,bishop of ,derry1 hacked to pieces by a party of horse in #afjd4 ,among all the martyrs of this reign1 however1 the most illustrious was ,cornelius ,o',dovany1 ,bishop of ,down and ,connor1 put to death at ,dublin1 ,february #ast1 #afaa4 ,at an early age he embraced the rule of ,st4 ,francis1 and became a model of piety and patience4 ,raised to the perilous dignity of the episcopate1 he labored strenuously to fulfil its duties4 ,at last1 he was arrested and sent to ,dublin ,castle1 where he nearly perished from want of food and of all comforts4 ,as the persecutors admitted that they could not legally compass his death1 he was at last released4 ,but it was only for a time4 ,seizing as a pretext his presence in the district held by the ,earl of ,tyrone in his rising against the crown1 they again1 in ,june1 #afaa1 committed him to his former prison4 ,he was then brought to trial1 and1 although he pleaded the ,act of ,oblivion1 which clearly covered his case1 the government1 grown wiser in its malice1 packed a jury1 and obtained a verdict4 #hdf ,our author thus describes his martyrdom from contemporary narratives3 ,the #ast of ,february1 at four o'clock in the afternoon1 he was called to mount the cart which1 surrounded by guards1 stood at the prison door4 ,when the holy bishop came in sight of that triumphal chariot1 he sighed and said1 ',my ,lord ,jesus1 for my sake1 went on foot1 bearing his cross1 to the mountain where he suffered2 and must ,i be borne in a cart1 as though unwilling to die for him1 when ,i would hasten with willing feet to that glory8 ,would that ,i might bear my cross and hasten on my feet to meet my ,lord6' ,turning to his fellow-sufferer1 ,patrick1 he said1 ',come1 my brave comrade and worthy soldier of ,christ1 let us imitate his death as best we may who was led to the slaughter as a sheep before the shearer4 ,then bending down and kissing the cart1 he mounted up into it1 and sat down with his back to the horses1 and was thus drawn through the paved streets to the field where the gallows was erected4 ,cornelius1 when he was come to the place of sacrifice1 being solicitous for the constancy of his colleague1 begged that ,patrick might be put to death first2 for he feared lest1 by the sight of his death and the wiles of the ,calvinists1 ,patrick might be induced to yield to human weakness4 ,but as his wish would not be granted1 ,father ,patrick assured the bishop he might lay aside all fear for him4 ',though1' said he1 ',i would desire to die first1 and be strengthened in my agony by your paternal charity1 since we are given up to the will of others1 go1 happy father1 and fear not for my constancy2 aid me by your prayers with ,god1 by whose help ,i am sure that neither death nor life1 nor principalities nor powers1 nor things present nor things to come1 nor any other creature1 shall separate me from the love of ,christ1 or from my companionship with you4' ,rejoiced at these words1 ,cornelius threw himself on his knees1 but had only breathed a hasty prayer 7which yet reached ,god in heaven7 when the councillors1 the captain and guard called out to make an end quickly4 ,the field1 situated to the north of the city1 which would easily hold #cjjj persons1 was crowded4 ,the executioner was an ,englishman and a ,protestant1 7for no ,irishman could be found who would stain himself with the blood of the bishop17 who was condemned to death for robbery1 and was promised his life for acting as executioner on this occasion4 ,yet1 though he had thus purchased his life1 he was touched with reverence and compassion for the gray hairs of the bishop1 and prayed his pardon1 and with trembling hands adjusted the noose4 ,the moment the bishop mounted the first step of the ladder1 and his head was seen above the crowd1 a great shout and groans burst from all the spectators4 ,then the minister ,challoner1 furious at the cries of pity raised by the people1 said to the bishop3 ',why delude ye the ignorant people8 ,why end ye your life with a lie1 and a vain boast of martyrdom8 ,tell the multitude that ye are traitors1 and that it is for treason and not for religion ye suffer4' ,to these unjust words the bishop answered3 ',far be it from us1 who are about to appear before the tribunal of ,christ1 to impose upon the people4 ,but also far be it from us to confess ourselves guilty of crimes of which our conscience tells us we are innocent4 ,nor yet do we vainly ambition the title of martyrs1 though for us to die for ,christ is gain4 ,you know that you are yourself guilty of that prevarication of which you accuse us2 for but a few hours ago1 sent as you said by the viceroy1 you offered us life and freedom if we would subscribe to your heresy4 ,leave us1 then1 son of darkness1 and calumniate not our innocence4' ,then the minister departed and left the martyrs in peace4 ,as they mounted the middle of the ladder1 again there rose the cry of the people2 and a third time1 when he was about to be thrown off1 the groans of those who beat their breasts rose louder than before4 ,thrice he prayed1 as he stood there3 once for all the bystanders2 secondly1 for the city of ,dublin1 and all the ,catholics of this kingdom1 that they may serve ,god piously1 faithfully1 and perseveringly2 a third time he prayed for all heretics1 and for his persecutors1 that they might be converted from the evil of their ways4 ,the ,bishop's head was hardly cut off when an ,irishman seized it1 and1 rushing into the centre of the crowd1 was never found1 although the viceroy offered a reward of forty pounds of silver4 ,the ,catholics gathered up his blood1 and contended for his garments1 despite the resistance of the soldiery4 #hdg ,the priest ,patrick followed the same road1 singing1 as he mounted the ladder1 the canticle of ,simeon1 ',now1 ,o ,lord6 dismiss thy servant in peace1' and1 after the example of the bishop1 he prayed for the bystanders1 blessed them1 and forgave all his enemies4 ,the rope being put round his neck1 he hung for a short time1 was then cut down half alive1 mutilated1 and cut in pieces4 ,the soldiers1 warned by the loss of the bishop's head1 resisted the unarmed crowd1 who strove to catch the martyr's blood and other relics1 and wounded many4 ,the day after1 the bodies were buried at the gallows' foot1 but in the stillness of the night were removed by the ,catholics to a chapel4 ,we cannot enter on the other sufferers of this reign whose records are carefully collected in the ,memorials4 ,the reign of ,charles ,i4 opens with the deeply interesting life of ,francis ,slingsby1 showing how1 even amid all the terrible persecutions of the church1 ,god called his own elect to the light of his truth1 and endowed them with firmness4 ,he was a son of ,sir ,francis ,slingsby1 an ,english knight settled in ,ireland1 and was born in #afaa4 ,after being educated at ,oxford1 he travelled on the continent1 and at ,rome was converted to the faith2 and1 at the tomb of ,st4 ,aloysius1 firmly resolved to enter the ,society of ,jesus4 ,at the earnest entreaty of his father and mother1 he returned to ,ireland2 but after an interview with ,archbishop ,usher and ,lord ,strafford1 he was thrown into prison4 ,cardinal ,barberini exerted his influence with the queen of ,england1 and1 in ,may1 #afce1 he was admitted to bail4 ,his stay in ,ireland was not fruitless2 for he converted his mother1 his younger brother1 his sister1 and several others4 ,this increased his dangers1 and1 the ,general of the ,society urging him to come at once to ,rome1 he proceeded thither in #afcf2 but learning that his friend ,spreul1 whom he had converted1 and won to the order he himself had chosen1 had been struck down by disease1 he returned to ,ireland1 tended him in his illness1 and then both reached ,rome in #afci4 ,renouncing all his worldly prospects in favor of his brother1 he began his studies1 and1 after his ordination1 entered the novitiate of the ,society of ,jesus in #afda2 but died at ,naples before he could return to ,ireland to labor in the field where his words1 example1 and fetters had preached so eloquently4 ,the sketch of this heroic young man1 and that of ,maurice ,eustace1 son of ,sir ,john ,eustace1 and a novice in the ,society of ,jesus1 who1 returning to his family by permission of his superiors1 was seized1 tried1 hung1 drawn1 and quartered1 on the #ith of ,june1 #aehh1 form a most interesting addition to our biographies1 and show us in ,ireland1 two young imitators of ,st4 ,aloysius and ,st4 ,stanislaus1 whose virtues and example can be held up to the young with the power that flows from the fact that they lived among scenes and trials so familiar to us4 ,when the civil war began between the ,puritans and ,charles ,i41 the persecution1 bitter already under the king1 became fiendish under the ,parliament4 ,hitherto some form1 some limit1 had been observed2 but the ,puritans revelled in blood with all the ferocity of tigers1 and with as little scruple4 ,the ,parliament of ,england resolved1 on the #bdth of ,october1 #afdd1 'that no quarter shall be given to any ,irishman1 or to ayn papist born in ,ireland2' and their historian1 ,borlase1 adds1 ',the orders of ,parliament were excellently well executed4' 7,hist1 of ,rebellion1 p4 #fb47 ,leland and ,warner refer to the letters of the lords-justices for the fact that the soldiers 'slew all persons promiscuously1 not sparing even the women4' ,cromwell declared on landing in ,dublin that no mercy should be shown to the ,irish1 and that they should be dealt with as the ,canaanites in ,joshua's time4 ,it is impossible to estimate the number of ,catholics slain in the ten years from #afdb to #afeb4 ,three bishops and more than #cjj priests were put to death for the faith4 #hdh ,thousands of men1 women1 and children were sold as slaves for the ,west ,indies2 ,sir ,w4 ,petty mentions that six thousand boys and women were thus sold4 7,political ,anatomy of ,ireland1 p4 #ahg47 ,a letter written in #afef1 quoted by ,lingard1 puts the number at #fj1jjj2 as late as #afff there were #ab1jjj ,irish slaves scattered among the ,west ,indian ,islands4 7,letter of ,rev4 ,j4 ,grace1 written in #affi1 ap4 ,moran1 p4 #adg47 #dj1jjj ,irish ,catholics fled to the continent1 and #bj1jjj took refuge in the ,hebrides and other ,scottish islands4 7,moran1 p4 #ii47 ,in a word1 as ,sir ,w4 ,petty writes1 the population of ,ireland in #afda was #a1dff1jjj1 of whom ,catholics were about #a1bdj1jjj2 in #afei1 the whole population was only #ejj1jia1 of whom ,irish were only #dbj1jjj1 so that very nearly or quite one million must have perished4 7,sir ,w4 ,petty1 ,polit4 ,anat4 p4 #ac1 ap4 ,moran1 and ,hardinge's ,census of #afei47 ,in this general and fearful slaughter of priest and people1 records were impossible2 and of many of the priests and religious who perished no trace remains4 ,at the sight of such appalling massacres the mind shrinks back to seek refuge in doubt2 but that doubt vanishes before the records of the butchers1 who1 reeking with slaughter1 asked mankind to admire their work as a mercy of ,god1 and even in our day1 their descendants ask us to praise them as champions of religious freedom4 ,we can scarcely be accused of being too severe in our language when ,merle d',aubign1 a professed eulogist of ,cromwell1 admits that he used a greater severity than had perhaps been exercised by the pagan leaders of antiquity4 ,although1 necessarily1 for many of their victims there are no details whatever1 nevertheless nearly one-fourth of this whole work of ,mr4 ,o',reilly is devoted to memorials of those who perished by the hands of the ,puritans in the brief period of twenty years2 and he might well close it by the formula at the end of each day in the ,roman martyrology1 ,et alibi aliorum plurimorum ,martyrum et ,confessorum1 etc4--,and elsewhere of many other martyrs and confessors1 whose names1 though unrecorded on earth1 are written in the ,book of ,life4 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 ,inchiquin1 and ,coote marked their path in blood4 ,drogheda1 ,wexford1 ,cashel1 ,limerick1 witnessed general massacres1 where neither age nor sex could rouse a spark of human feeling in the insatiate butchers4 ,the intense and cruel fanaticism seems to have been either a diabolical possession or a mental disease4 ,a grandson of ,sir ,charles ,coote1 become ,earl of ,bellomont1 was1 some years after1 made ,governor of ,new ,york and of ,new ,england1 and was strongly suspected of complicity in the piracies of ,captain ,kidd4 ,he certainly showed the fierce anti-,catholic spirit of his father and grandsire1 having introduced and forced through1 both in ,new ,york and ,massachusetts1 laws to punish with imprisonment for life1 or1 on recapture1 with death1 any ,catholic priest entering those colonies4 ,among the more illustrious martyrs we notice the ,most ,rev4 ,malachy ,o',queely1 ,archbishop of ,tuam1 who was overtaken at ,clare1 near ,sligo1 in #afde1 by some ,puritan cavalry4 ,they hacked off his right arm1 and then cruelly mangled his body1 cutting it into small pieces4 ,in #afej1 ,boetius ,egan1 ,bishop of ,ross1 a holy ,franciscan friar1 appointed to that see in #afdg1 on the recommendation of the ,nuncio1 ,rinuccini1 left the retreat in which he had been hidden for months1 to visit some distant and abandoned parts of his diocese1 although ,ludlow's ,puritan bands were laying waste the country4 ,after performing the apostolic duties that had called him forth1 he was returning to his lonely hiding-place1 when he was overtaken by a troop of horse hastening to join ,cromwell in besieging ,clonmel4 #hdi ,the commander of this troop1 ,lord ,broghill1 whom our readers may not recognize as ,robert ,boyle1 subsequently ,earl of ,orrery1 offered him life1 ,if he would deny his faith and join the ,parliamentarians1 but he rejected the temptation with disdain4 ,he was then abandoned to the soldiers' fury1 and1 his arms being first severed from his body1 he was dragged along the ground to a neighboring tree1 and1 being hanged from one of its branches by the reins of his own horse1 happily consummated his earthly course in ,november1 #afej4 ,the fall of ,limerick enabled ,ireton to revel in the blood of ,catholic priests4 ,the martyrs were led by ,terence ,albert ,o',brien1 ,bishop of ,emly1 born in ,limerick in #afjj1 and nurtured piously by a devoted mother4 ,at an early age he entered the order of ,st4 ,dominic1 and1 after pursuing his studies in ,spain1 returned to labor in his native city4 ,in #afdc1 he became provincial of his order1 and attended a general chapter at ,rome4 ,four years afterward1 he was consecrated ,bishop of ,emly1 and labored there earnestly till he joined the rest who took refuge in ,limerick4 ,knowing the fate that was reserved for him1 ,dr4 ,o',brien retired to the pest-house1 in order to devote the last hours of his life to the benefit of his suffering fellow-citizens1 and to preparing himself for death4 ,here he was found by the officers sent to arrest him1 and brought before ,ireton1 who told him he was to be tried by a court-martial1 and imprisoned till the sentence was pronounced4 ,the bishop heard this unmoved1 and when asked did he want counsel1 calmly replied that all he required was his confessor4 ,this boon was granted1 and ,father ,hanrahan1 a member of his own order1 was suffered to pass the whole day and night of the #cjth of ,october in his prison4 ,on the following evening he was led out to execution1 and1 as ,father ,hanrahan related1 walked as joyfully to the place as to a feast4 ,his contemporary1 ,de ,marinis1 relates his execution thus3 ',he went with joy to the place of execution1 and then1 with a serene countenance1 turning to his ,catholic friends1 who stood in the crowd inconsolable and weeping1 he said to them1 ,hold firmly by your faith1 and observe its precepts2 murmur not against the arrangements of ,god's providence1 and thus you will save your souls4 ,weep not at all for me1 but rather pray that in this last trial of death ,i may1 by firmness and constancy1 attain my heavenly reward4 ,the head of the martyr was struck off and placed on a spike on the tower1' 7'which is on the middle of the bridge4'--,a ,rosario17 'and long after seemed to drop fresh blood1 and uncorrupted and unchanged in aspect1 flesh1 or hair--a tribute1 as may be thought1 to that virginal purity which it is universally believed he preserved to the end4' ,thus he went to his reward1 on the vigil of ,all ,saints'1 #afea4 ,de ,marinis and ,a ,rosario relate that the holy bishop summoned ,ireton to the judgment-seat of ,god to answer for his crimes2 and on the #ahth day afterward that bloody persecutor was seized with the plague1 and1 after sixteen days1 expired in great torments4 ,dr4 ,moran mentions that the spot where this holy bishop was martyred is yet pointed out and venerated by the ,catholics of ,limerick4 ,another ,dominican martyr of this scene1 ,father ,james ,wolf1 was an old man1 and preacher-general1 who had before been a long time in prison for the faith1 and in this last persecution was as a wall against the enemies of the faith4 ,he was taken in ,limerick while offering the mass1 and in a few hours afterward was sentenced to be hung1 and brought out into the market square1 where he made a public profession of his faith1 and exhorted the ,catholics to constancy in the religion of their ancestors1 and that with so much ardor that it moved his very enemies4 ,standing on the top step of the ladder1 and about to be swung off1 he joyously exclaimed1 ',we are made a spectacle to ,god and angels and men--of glory to ,god1 of joy to angels1 of contempt to men4' ,having said this1 he was hung1 and so went to his crown4 ,it is a strange fact1 and one that we must regret1 that ,england should owe the final conquest of ,canada to one who should have honored this martyr of his family1 but who was really intensely ,english1 and rivalled ,ireton by his bloody march up the ,st4 ,lawrence1 butchering priests at their own church doors with as little compunction as ,ireton felt for ,father ,james ,wolf4 #hej ,that martyr had a brother ,george1 an officer in the ,irish army4 ,although doomed1 he managed to escape1 and reaching ,england1 finally settled in ,yorkshire4 ,his grandson ,edward fought under ,marlborough1 and rose to the rank of general4 ,his son1 a namesake of the ,limerick martyr1 was ,general ,james ,wolfe1 who died in the arms of victory at ,quebec1 having struck the blow that seemed to crush for ever ,catholicity in ,canada4 ,another bishop1 ,arthur ,magennis1 a ,cistercian1 ,bishop of ,down and ,connor1 was1 in spite of his infirmities and years1 dragged on shipboard1 to be carried to some other land4 ,death was1 however1 the object of his tormentors1 not exile3 and1 as he lingered too long to please their impatience1 they dragged one of the ship's cannon beside his berth1 and1 firing it1 caused such a shock to the invalid that he expired4 ,the clergy who suffered met death in every form4 ,some perished of starvation in the mountain1 like the ,rev4 ,john ,carolan2 some were starved to death in prison1 like the ,dominican father1 ,john ,o',laighlin2 some1 tracked to their hiding-places1 were shot in their caves1 like the ,franciscan father1 ,francis ,sullivan2 some were stoned to death1 and flung into rivers1 like the ,dominican father1 ,john ,flaverty2 many cut down by the roadside1 or shot and hacked to pieces1 like ,stephen ,pettit1 the ,dominican fathers1 ,peter ,costello1 ,dominic ,neagan1 ,lawrence ,o',ferral2 others more deliberately hanged on sea or land1 like the ,franciscan fathers1 ,fergal ,ward1 ,denis ,nelan1 ,rev4 ,peter ,higgins1 the ,dominican ,bonaventure de ,burgo1 and many more2 or drowned at sea1 like the ,trinitarian fathers ,o',conor and ,daly2 or tied to stakes and shot1 like the ,jesuit1 ,father ,bathe1 and his brother at ,drogheda4 ,of the many thousands of ,irish men1 women1 and children who were sold into slavery in the ,west ,indies1 the names of very few have been preserved4 ,among these was ,father ,david ,roche1 ,dominican4 ,full details of this infamous traffic are given by ,prendergast1 ,cromwellian ,settlement4 ,thus1 a government order1 published on ,march #dth1 #afee1 states that1 in the four preceding years1 #fdjj ,irish1 men and women1 boys and maidens1 had been disposed of to the ,english slave-dealers4 ,on the #adth ,september1 #afec1 two ,english merchants1 named ,selleck and ,leader1 signed a contract with the government commissioners1 by which a supply was granted to them of #bej women and #cjj men of the ,irish nation1 to be found within twenty miles of ,cork1 ,youghal1 ,kinsale1 ,waterford1 and ,wexford4 ,roger ,boyle1 ,lord ,broghill1 7afterward ,earl of ,orrery17 deemed it unnecessary to take such trouble in visiting different parts of the kingdom1 and undertook to supply the whole number from the county of ,cork alone2 hence he received an order empowering him to search for and seize upon that number1 'and no person1 being once apprehended1 was to be released but by special order in writing under the hand of ,lord ,broghill4 ,in the month of ,november1 #afee1 all the ,irish of the townland of ,lackagh1 county of ,kildare1 were seized on by the agents of the government4 ,they were only forty-one in number1 and of these four were hanged by sentence of court-martial2 the remaining thirty-seven1 including two priests1 were handed over to ,mr4 ,norton1 a ,bristol merchant1 to be sold as bond-slaves to the sugar-planters at the ,barbadoes4' ,again1 on the #hth ,december1 #afee1 we find a letter from the commissioners to the ,governor of ,barbadoes1 'advising him of the approach of a ship with a cargo of proprietors1 deprived of their lands1 and seized for not transplanting4' ,they add that among them were three priests1 and the commissioners particularly desire that these may be so employed that they may not return again where that sort of people are able to do so much mischief1 having so great an influence over the popish ,irish4 #hea ,of their sufferings at sea our author gives no record2 but ,anderson1 in his ,history of the ,colonial ,church1 7ii4 p4 #eb-c17 describes1 from a petition to ,parliament1 the sufferings of ,english prisoners crowded into close holds amid horses1 sold1 on arriving1 to the most inhuman persons1 and treated worse than beasts2 sleeping in styes1 worse than hogs in ,england1 and many other ways made most miserable beyond expression of ,christian imagination4 ,and nothing in the annals of history will justify the supposition that the ,irish fared better4 ,during long examinations of early records and manuscript matter relating to the colonies which formed the ,american ,union1 no allusion has met our eye relating to any of these priests sold as slaves in ,america by the ,puritans4 ,it is doubtful1 therefore1 whether any ever reached our shores4 ,but it seems to us that researches will yet lead to some clue or trace in the ,west ,india ,islands1 that favorite mart for the ,puritan slave-dealers1 who sold alike there the ,irish ,catholic1 or the ,christian or ,pagan ,indian of ,new ,england4 ,it is1 however1 a curious fact that the first victim of the witchcraft excitement in ,new ,england was one of the ,irish slaves1 a poor woman1 who though able to repeat the ,lord's ,prayer in ,latin and ,irish1 failed to pray in the to her unknown ,english tongue1 was adjudged a witch1 and put to death4 ,of the ,irish transported to ,st4 ,christopher's we find some account in the ,jesuit ,father ,peter ,pelleprat's ,relation des ,missions des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jsus dans les ,isles et dans la ,terre ,ferine de l',amrique ,mridionale1 7,paris1 #afee47 ,part of the island belonged to the ,french1 and ,father ,john ,destriche 7,stritch87 an ,irish member of the ,society1 was sent in #afej1 to the boundary4 ,his long-forsaken countrymen flocked around1 braving all dangers from their cruel task-masters2 and he spent three months hearing confessions1 baptizing1 instructing1 consoling and fortifying with the sacraments these poor exiles4 ,he then1 in the disguise of a merchant1 visited ,montserrat1 which was1 for a time1 an independent ,irish isle1 and so laid down on maps1 and where even the negroes spoke ,irish4 ,but1 at this time of ,puritan rule1 the ,english had reduced them to slavery4 ,here he raised a little chapel in the depth of a forest1 and the ,irish every day1 under pretext of cutting wood1 made their way to the spot1 and1 after giving the day to religion1 cut some wood to carry back4 ,returning to ,st4 ,christopher's1 he found the ,english renewing the persecution4 ,one hundred and twenty-five of the most fervent ,catholics were carried off and set ashore on the barren island of ,crabs or ,boriquen4 ,here some undoubtedly perished of starvation2 a few reached ,st4 ,domingo1 but1 on the refusal of the ,spaniards to receive them1 managed to find transport to ,tortugas1 then in the hands of the ,french4 ,father ,destriche then collected all the ,irish he could1 and conveyed them to ,gaudeloupe1 making excursions from time to time to bring in others to swell this settlement2 and visiting in disguise the various ,english islands4 ,no allusion is made to any priest among these exiles2 but this father was not probably alone4 ,research in this field may yet enlarge the touching memorials which ,mr4 ,o',reilly deserves so great credit for presenting to us4 ,the persecution may be said to close with the ,puritan rule2 ,archbishop ,plunkett1 whose life is well and concisely given1 having been a victim to the infamous fiction of plots in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 and brought to the scaffold by the false testimony of men of his own country and faith4 #heb ,the last of the martyred clergy was the ,dominican ,father ,gerald ,gibbon1 sub-prior of ,kilmallock1 killed by some of ,william ,,iii4's roving cavalry at ,listuahill1 in the ,county of ,kerry1 in #afia4 ,mr4 ,o',reilly has done an excellent work4 ,the records of the lives and deaths of these illustrious men should be familiar to all their countrymen1 not to excite feelings of hostility and vengeance against the descendants of the wrong-doers2 for1 as in the case of ,wolfe1 the later generations fall away at times1 and the priest we revere may trace his descent from a persecutor4 ,but the lives of these martyrs remind us in these days of insidious prosperity1 that we should struggle as manfully against the persecution of religious indifference as they did against the persecution of rack1 and sword1 and halter1 and show that we deem the religion they died for worthy of a life of love and sacrifice4 ---------- ,de ,profundis4 ,o weary1 weary heart1 ,o fainting soul6 ,thy struggle is in vain2 ,the fiery waves of woe that o'er thee roll ,o'erwhelm with fiercest pain4 ,there is for thee no rest1 for thee no peace ,till thought and mem'ry1 life itself shall cease4 ,rest for the weary--words that flatteringly ,promise thy heart relief2 ,the words of peace are meaningless to thee1 ,they mock thy endless grief4 ,think not thy soul from further woe to save1 ,seek not for rest1 or seek it in the grave6 ---- ,sweet rest1 sweet peace4 ,o ,jesu6 thou canst give ,e'en in my mortal woe2 ,thou bidst my struggling1 dying soul to live1 ,and lead'st me gently through ,the waves that dash against my tired feet1 ,to fields of living green and verdure sweet4 ,jesu6 sweet ,jesu6 in my darkest hour ,on thee alone ,i call2 ,though waves may dash and dark'ning skies may lower1 ,and raging storms appall1 ,i heed them not--,i look beyond1 above1 ,and find my refuge in thy ,heart of ,love6 ,k4 ,a4 ---------- #hec ,from ,la ,semaine ,liturgique ,de ,poitiers4 ,the ,legend ,of ,st4 ,michael ,and ,the ,hermit4 ,consummatus in brevi1 explevit tempera multa4 --,book of ,wisdom4 ,a poor but venerable hermit1 wearing the habit1 sandals1 and cord of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 travelled1 from dawn till the going down of the sun1 over the flowery highways of verdant ,normandy1 passing through boroughs and villages1 castles and towers4 ,was he a palmer from the ,holy ,land1 come to rekindle the ardor of noble and valiant men of arms with tales of the woes of the ,christians in ,palestine8 ,no1 the times of ,philip ,augustus and ,louis ,,ix4 had passed away4 ,yet our hermit kept steadily on1 allowing himself not a day of rest but the ,lord's day1 seeking some one or something4 ,what art thou seeking1 pious traveller8 ,thy ardor is greater than that of a knight-errant longing to break a lance in honor of the fair lady whose color he wears4 ,i am seeking a soul1 replies the hermit1 because ,st4 ,michael the ,archangel has made known to me that a throne in the eternal mansions awaits some soul from earth1 a throne of dazzling beauty1 resplendent with sapphires and diamonds1 and the golden palms of the heavenly ,jerusalem4 ,but the soul thus summoned to a throne on high must not be too young4 ,keep on thy way4 ,old men are to be found in every country on the earth4 ,and the hermit kept on his way from the earliest dawn till eventide4 ,at last he finds an aged abbot beneath the ,gothic arches of an old ,benedictine abbey4 ,his reputation for sanctity and his great age1 which was fourscore years1 made our pilgrim hope that he had found the object of his search4 ,so1 on ,sunday1 after the hour of lauds1 the hermit joyfully offered ,st4 ,michael1 on bended knee1 the name of the venerable abbot1 with an account of his exemplary life2 but1 in the evening1 after the hour of compline1 the archangel said unto him1 ,continue thy search4 ,the abbot ,fulgentius1 worthy as he is1 merits not this high reward4 ,that servant of the ,lord is still too young4 ,he is fourscore years of age1 of which sixty-four have been spent in the monastic state and in the same monastery4 ,he has not yet lived twenty years as years are reckoned by the guardian angels4 ,pursue thy way1 good hermit1 and continue thy search4 ,after three months the pilgrim worn by fatigue and prolonged vigils joyfully brought four names to ,st4 ,michael4 ,it will be understood that these names were chosen from among thousands by the zealous pilgrim4 ,the first bright name on the list was that of a ,lord of ,falaise1 illustrious through his ancestors1 and still more so for his own charity4 ,his castle with its square towers1 surrounded by crags1 deep moats1 and high walls1 was always hospitably open to all pilgrims and strangers as well as to the unfortunate4 ,there he himself waited upon them at table1 after having washed their feet with his own hands1 count and baron as he was1 and he never suffered them to depart till he had given them alms and chanted the divine office with them in the nave of his chapel of ,st4 ,prix4 #hed ,a numerous progeny reverenced him1 and all his vassals proclaimed his fatherly kindness4 ,what more could be asked that he might exchange his feudal power for a throne in heaven8 ,the second on the list was the mother of fifteen children1 seven of whom served their king as brave soldiers1 seven others served the altar as priests or monks1 and the remaining one1 a daughter1 had many children1 who were reared under the careful and vigilant eye of their grandmother of pious renown4 ,what more could be asked that she might pass from family honors to a throne in heaven8 ,the third was a noble warrior of the ,knights of ,malta1 covered with wounds and scars gained in the service of ,god4 ,having been made1 at the age of thirteen years1 knight of his order and page of the grand master1 he was appointed1 at the age of twenty-two1 to the command of three war-vessels which he armed at his own expense4 ,he made himself formidable to all the ,turks on the seas of the ,levant4 ,being appointed captain of one of the galleys of ,malta1 our knight took twenty-two vessels from the paynim and delivered many thousand ,christian slaves4 ,the ,emir ,fraycardin1 who held sway over the ,druses of ,mount ,lebanon1 and boasted of his descent from ,baldwin1 ,king of ,jerusalem1 conceived so high an esteem for him that he came forth from the town of ,sayeda to visit him on board of one of his vessels1 and on that occasion gave him a scimitar from ,damascus1 with a scabbard of wrought silver1 inlaid with diamonds and rare pearls1 which our hero presented to the king of ,france1 in presence of the same emir of illustrious memory4 ,the escutcheon of our knight bore a chevron gules1 on a field or1 charged at the bend with a flower-de-luce or1 and surmounted by the silver cross of the ,order of ,malta4 sic ,he seemed truly endowed with valor and sanctity1 which made up for want of age1 for he was only twenty-nine4 ,what more could be asked that he might pass from the midst of combats to the bosom of everlasting peace1 and from the triumphs of victory to a glorious throne in heaven8 ,finally1 the fourth name was that of a widow1 like the prophetess ,anna1 who departed not from the temple of ,jerusalem1 by fasting and prayers serving ,god day and night4 ,like her1 she was devoted to good works1 to the care of the sick1 the help of the infirm1 and the charge of orphans4 ,she was called the eye of the blind1 and the consolation of the afflicted1 and throughout old ,neustria with its green orchards the echoes of the manor-houses and the huts alike knew of the wondrous deeds of good ,dame ,lois4 ,proud of all these names1 the hermit at the early hour of lauds presented the list to ,st4 ,michael2 when evening had brought the hour of compline1 the holy chant being ended1 ,st4 ,michael gave back to the hermit the precious paper1 all perfumed with the incense of paradise1 and said to him3 ,faithful servant1 continue thy search3 all these names are dear and precious in the eyes of ,god2 but they who bear them are still too young4 ,but the sire of ,falaise has seen almost a hundred years pass over his now bald head1 and his beard is whiter than the snows of ,mount ,saint ,bernard6 ,that noble lord of a hundred years is only reckoned fifteen by the calendar of the guardian angels1 replied the archangel4 #hee ,but this mother of fifteen children and twelve grandchildren who are her crown and her glory8 444 ,and the pious widow84444 ,the mother will only be eight years old come the festival of the ,assumption of ,our ,lady1 her holy ,patroness2 and the pious and chaste widow is hardly older than the sire of ,falaise4 ,and the ,knight of ,malta8 ,illustrious and brave above his fellow-knights1 he is only twenty-nine years old according to the record of his baptism2 but these few years have been well employed in defending ,christendom against the infidel ,turks who tremble before his ,damascus blade4 ,the knight has made progress1 it is true1 in the way of real life4 ,he is almost old enough to reign2 but his guardian angel demands yet a space of time before imprinting on his soul the seal of the eternal and heavenly life4 ,go thy way1 and continue thy search4 ,the hermit1 in the silence of his cell1 was terrified to see how hard it was to attain length of years according to the reckoning of the angels2 but he redoubled his zeal to discover the rare treasure demanded by ,st4 ,michael4 ,seven ,sundays having passed away weeping and praying in the undercroft of the church of ,st4 ,gerbold1 shepherd of ,bayeux1 of learned memory1 he saw the archangel with his sword of gold coming toward him resplendent with light4 ,troubled in the depths of his heart1 the hermit said to him humbly3 ,i have only one name to present thee1 and this name offers but little that is worthy of relating2 yet ,i lay it before thee4 ,and he held forth the paper wet with his tears to ,st4 ,michael1 who took it1 smiling meanwhile on the trembling hermit4 ,the paper had hardly been placed in the angel's hands when the sombre crypt was filled with a soft light2 an unknown perfume embalmed the air1 and the hermit1 almost ravished with ecstasy1 at once understood that the chosen one so long sought after was at length found4 444 ,the elect soul rose like a blue vapor above the tower of the church1 above the lofty mountains1 beyond the stars3 it rose luminous and full of majesty1 till it came to the courts of the ,new ,jerusalem to take its place upon the dazzling throne awaiting it among the angels4 ,how old1 then1 is this soul according to the calendar of eternal life8 were the first words addressed ,st4 ,michael by the hermit1 still on his knees4 ,and ,st4 ,michael graciously replied3 ,this saint was only twenty-one years old according to the reckoning on earth1 but he was a hundred by that of the guardian angels who watch over souls4 ,not one hour of his short life was lost for eternity4 ,it was not only not lost1 but--which is necessary to attain length of years that are meritorious and venerable in our eyes--not one hour failed to be reckoned twice or thrice1 and sometimes a hundredfold1 by the merit of his deeds of faith1 hope1 charity1 and mortification4 ,nothing is lost which is pleasing in the eyes of the ,lord4 ,a glass of water given with love in his name becomes a majestic river flowing on for ever and ever2 while a treasure given without love or from human motives is counted as nothing in the great ,book of ,life6 ,to really live1 thou must love ,god while exiled here below1 as we love him in the home of the blessed4 ,thou must also love thy neighbor1 whose soul reflects the image of its ,maker4 ,with these words the angel disappeared1 leaving behind him a long train of light in the dim vaults of the crypt of ,st4 ,gerbold4 #hef ,o ,lord6 cried the hermit grant me a true knowledge of the ,christian life--the only life really worth the name--that at my last hour ,i may not hear resounding above my head the terrible words1 ,too young6 ,teach me1 ,o my ,god6 the value of time1 which is only given us that we may lay up treasures for heaven4 ,time is the money of eternity6 time is the price of the ,saviour's blood6 time1 so fleeting1 which we seek to kill1 and which will surely kill us2 time1 the inflexible tyrant who spares no one6 ,oh6 that ,i might in turn triumph over time by making it serve to the sanctification of my soul and the winning of an eternal crown4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,dissertations1 ,chiefly ,on ,irish ,church ,history4 ,by the late ,rev4 ,matthew ,kelly1 ,d4,d4 ,dublin3 ,james ,duffy4 #ahfi4 ,rev4 ,matthew ,kelly1 a canon of his native diocese of ,ossory1 ,ireland1 and a ,professor in ,maynooth ,college1 was one of the most accomplished of the contemporaries of ,dr4 ,john ,o',donovan1 ,professor ,eugene ,o' ,curry1 ,george ,petrie1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,todd1 ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,renehan1 and the few other truly great ,irish scholars of the past and passing generations4 ,he was a native of ,kilkenny ,city1 and was barely in the forty-fourth year of his age when called to his reward1 ,saturday1 ,october #cjth1 #aheh4 ,he was a very able writer on and investigator of ,irish history1 in all its branches1 particularly in the ecclesiastical and ethnological lines1 of which his editorial labors for the ,celtic and ,archaeological ,societies of ,dublin1 his editions of ,white's and ,o',sullivan's writings relative to ,ireland1 as well as of the ,martyrology of ,tallacht1 and his contributions to the ,dublin ,review1 ,duffy's ,catholic ,magazine1 the ,london ,rambler1 etc41 etc41 have given abundant proof4 ,he is more widely known by general readers through his remarkable translation of ,gosselin's great work1 ,on the ,power of the ,pope during the ,middle ,ages4 ,his friend and fellow-laborer1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,carthy1 has collected from the periodicals named1 chiefly from the ,dublin ,review1 into this volume--for a copy of which we are indebted to the ,catholic ,publication ,society-- several dissertations by the lamented ,dr4 ,kelly1 chiefly on ,irish church history--an examination of which makes us deeply regret that he was not spared to complete the labors in which he was engaged1 and which he had in contemplation at the time of his death--which included nothing less desirable than a new and thorough edition of the ,acta ,sanctorum of ,colgan2 a new edition and a continuation of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,lanigan's ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,ireland2 and the completion of the publication1 under such care as he was capable of bestowing1 of the ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,renehan's ,collections on ,irish ,church ,history4 ,the volume before us should find a place in every private as well as public collection that aims to have represented in it the genuine scholarship of ,ireland4 ---- ,a ,few ,friends1 ,and ,how ,they ,amused ,themselves4 ,a ,tale in nine chapters2 containing descriptions of twenty ,pastimes and ,games and a fancy-dress party4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,dodge1 author of ,hans ,brinker and the ,irvington ,stories4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #heg ,the author in this little book makes a happy effort to revive amongst us again those pleasant1 home-like games that give such a charm to the fireside4 ,many of these pastimes are new1 and all of them interesting and amusing1 requiring enough thought and wit to keep one's faculties in pleasant activity4 ,society1 it is true1 will scarcely condescend to be amused in so simple and cheerful a way2 but as it is a question whether it is ever heartily amused1 we can very well afford to set aside its ruling1 and enjoy ourselves with the pleasant pastimes of our ,few ,friends4 ,a picture-gallery1 such as is described in its pages1 although it might not provoke such artistic and wonderful criticisms as the ,academy of ,design1 would not yet fail to be very amusing4 ,the great charm of these games1 as the author remarks in her preface1 is the bringing together the old and young1 in the common pursuit of pleasure4 ---- ,a ,short ,grammar ,of ,plain ,chant1 for the use of schools1 seminaries1 and religious communities4 ,troy1 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,j4 ,dooley4 #ahfh4 ,it is with the sincerest pleasure we meet with any evidences of a desire to return to the use of the ,gregorian chant in the offices of the church4 ,perfectly rendered1 we know of no modern compositions in figured music which can equal it in fitness or grandeur4 ,the best that can be said of timed music is1 that it is pleasing2 that its varied harmonies delight the ear2 and that in the most worthy of such compositions there are pathetic1 joyous1 and at times sublime expressions4 ,but of the ,gregorian chant only can it be said that it edifies1 compels to prayer and praise1 and never hints at the world1 the flesh1 or the devil4 ,like the sacred vestments of the priest and the solemn ceremonies of ,catholic worship1 it is a part of the outward expression of the church's homage to ,god4 ,it is the befitting song of the sanctuary1 and we are thankful the church has never sanctioned any other4 ,to sing ,gregorian chant as it should be sung is a science of its own2 a fact not a few of our musicians appear to be ignorant of2 and although the present little handbook does not pretend to be a treatise on the subject1 yet it may perhaps be found1 in the present state of our knowledge1 a work better adapted to our wants than a more extended and philosophical treatise would be4 ,it is a first book on chant for beginners1 and gives in a concise form all the preliminary notions upon which a further study may be based4 ,the author has divided it into three parts3 the first treating of the notation of plain chant2 the second1 of the structure and peculiarities of the modes or tones2 and the third1 or psalmody4 ,a convenient appendix has been added containing the different intonations for ,high ,mass and the ,divine ,office4 ,the whole will be found in strict conformity with the ,roman ,missal and ,office ,books1 a matter which we deem of no slight consequence4 ,the author1 we observe1 has followed the ordinary method 7a faulty one1 we think7 in the matter of the division of the ,psalm tones and the corresponding adaptation of the words4 ,according to the system commonly adopted in our choir-books and in works on plain chant hitherto published in this country1 the different mediations and cadences would require at least four different divisions or pointings of the ,psalms4 ,in fact1 the rules laid down by all masters in ,gregorian chant for accentuation and the adaptation of dactylic and monosyllabic words require only one pointing of the ,psalms for all the tones and their various conclusions4 ,we think this important point can be demonstrated1 although it would be out of place here4 ,as a book of first principles of the chant1 we most heartily commend this little volume to those for whose use it has been prepared1 and have no doubt that it will find its way into all our seminaries and religious communities1 and1 we venture to hope as well1 into our schools4 ,to our ,catholic youth the song of the church ought not to be an unintelligible jargon of sound4 ,let us add1 that the effort of the publisher in putting out a work of this kind is deserving of the highest praise1 and we trust will be fully appreciated4 ,the work bears the imprimatur of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,albany4 ---- #heh ,the ,law ,of ,love ,and ,love ,as ,a ,law2 or1 ,moral ,science1 ,theoretical and ,practical4 ,by ,mark ,hopkins1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,president of ,williams ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this volume1 albeit of moderate size and pretensions1 would require an elaborate review to do it justice4 ,the brief notice we bestow on it must not therefore be taken as a criterion of our estimate of its ability1 or as a full and matured judgment upon its doctrines and arguments in detail or in reference to special points4 ,its general scope and tenor of thought and reasoning1 we can say without hesitation1 are in accordance with ,catholic doctrine in respect to those matters which are clearly defined1 and in accordance with that system of moral philosophy which we regard as the soundest and most rational on matters which are open to discussion4 ,the tone and spirit of the work are elevated1 its thought is strong1 its style limpid and tranquil1 its sentiments generally moderate and conservative4 ,the author demolishes the wretched system of utilitarianism and several other sophisms1 by a few blows as quietly yet as effectually given as those of a polar bear4 ,he establishes also the freedom of the will as the necessary condition of obligation1 and thus cuts up ,calvinism root and branch4 ,we should be glad to see a more distinct statement of the absolute right of ,god over his creatures as the author and preserver and sovereign ,lord of the creation1 as the basis of the obligation to obey his laws and those of his delegates even in things indifferent in themselves4 ,this would in no wise conflict with the doctrine of the author that the reason of the eternal law is situated not merely in the free determination of the divine will1 but chiefly and radically in the divine intelligence4 ,the argument proving that all morality is determined by the final cause1 or the relation of human acts to the ultimate end of man and creation1 is admirable4 ,so also is the resolution of all the ends and motives of creation into the amor entis1 which is really the dominant idea in the author's philosophy and forms the character of his book4 ,it is chiefly on account of this noble and elevated view that we take occasion to commend it1 and expect a very great good to be done by it within the circle of the distinguished author's influence4 ---- ,mental ,science4 ,a ,compendium of ,psychology and the ,history of ,philosophy4 ,designed as a text-book for high-schools and colleges4 ,by ,alexander ,bain1 ,m4,a41 ,professor in the ,university of ,aberdeen1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,appletons4 #ahfh4 ,we are willing to believe that this book may contain much valuable information in regard to the history of philosophy1 physiology1 and psychological phenomena4 ,but as a text-book of ,mental ,science1 it is an utter absurdity1 since its fundamental principle destroys all metaphysical certainty4 ,it is the quintessence of the worst and most absurd opinions of the empirical school of ,herbert ,spencer and ,mill1 and therefore simply a dose of intellectual strychnine4 ,for the refutation of this miscalled ,mental ,science1 we refer to all the philosophical articles of this magazine4 ---- ,light ,on ,the ,last ,things4 ,by ,william ,b4 ,hayden4 ,publishing ,house of the ,new ,jerusalem4 #bj ,cooper ,union4 #ahfi4 ,we are rather surprised not to see on the title-page of this book1 published by order of the archangel ,gabriel4 ,it gravely informs us that the ,last ,judgment foretold by ,daniel1 and in the book of ,revelation1 took place as described in that book1 in the ,world of ,spirits1 in the year #ageg1 upon those who had accumulated there since the ,lord's first appearing thus finishing the dispensation in hades4 ,the last judgment once inaugurated1 continues to 'sit1' as expressed in ,daniel2 it constantly proceeds hereafter1 as explained in chapter vii42 the vast accumulation of the evil communities there will no more be allowed2 it takes effect upon the multitudes who arise1 at longest1 in a very few years4 7,p4 #ahh47 #hei ,we are glad to have authentic intelligence of such a gratifying nature4 ,but this is not the best of it4 ,this removed evil influences1 for the most part1 from the intermediate world1 replacing them with good influences4 ,the heavens by the increase of numbers1 and by an increased endowment of love and wisdom from the ,lord1 became more powerful1 and began immediately1 as a consequence1 to shed down their influences more powerfully upon mankind1 the church and the world4 ,and they were moved nearer to men by the ,lord that they might effect this purpose4 ,we shrewdly suspect that our author has taken a moonlight ride on ,mohammed's ,alborac4 ,whoever has the curiosity to seek for a brief and easily readable summary of that fantastic system called ,swedenborgianism will find it in this little volume4 ,in point of credibility and reasonableness the doctrine of the ,new ,jerusalem ,church is about on a level with that of the ,koran and the ,book of ,mormon1 though more elevated and pure in its morality4 ,there was never anything more ridiculous than the pretension of its adepts to be the true gnostics or spiritual men1 and to look down on ,catholics as the psychical or half carnal4 ,their doctrine of the incorporation of the ,godhead is a crude and gross notion incompatible alike with the principles of reason and revelation1 and rendering the formation of either a sound theology or a sound philosophy impossible4 ,the rest of their system is a tissue of dreams and fancies resting on nothing more solid than the imagination of ,swedenborg1 and without the slightest claim on the attention of any reasonable man4 ---- ,life ,of ,the ,blessed ,charles ,spinola1 ,s4,j41 with a sketch of the other ,japanese ,martyrs beatified on the #ith of ,july1 #ahfg4 ,by ,joseph ,brockaert1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york4 ,john ,g4 ,shea4 #ahfi4 ,the subject of this memoir was a ,jesuit missionary in ,japan in the seventeenth century1 illustrious by birth but still more so by his virtue4 ,interwoven with the sketch of his life and martyrdom are many incidents of the history of ,christianity and its glorious confessors in ,japan1 and an interesting account of the recent discovery of many thousands of ,christians who have preserved the faith handed down by their ancestors from the days of persecution until the present time4 ,the history of ,japanese ,christianity will compare with that of the first ages of the church1 and is by itself a sufficient and overwhelming proof of the divine truth of the ,catholic religion4 ,such books as this might be read with profit by every ,catholic and by all who profess the name of ,christ4 ---- ,the ,conscript3 ,a ,story of the ,french ,war of #ahac4 ,by ,,mm4 ,erckmann-,chatrian4 ,translated from the twentieth ,paris edition4 ,with eight full-page illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfi4 ,those of our readers who have already perused this story in our pages1 will doubtless be pleased to learn that it is at length issued in a permanent and separate form4 ,the volume needs no commendation from us2 and we believe that many ,american readers will find in its pages new ideas of war and its horrors1 even although our own battle-fields are yet scarcely green4 ---- ,outlines ,of ,composition4 ,designed to simplify and develop the principles of the ,art by means of ,exercises in the preparation of ,essays1 ,debates1 ,lectures1 and ,orations4 ,for the use of schools1 colleges1 and private students4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,zandee1 and ,t4 ,e4 ,howard1 ,a4,m4 ,boston3 ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier1 and ,oakley ,mason4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,chicago3 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,co4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,hendricks and ,chittenden4 #ahfi4 ,we take pleasure in noticing this ,manual as an effort in the right direction4 ,in all the experience of school-children there is nothing more difficult or perplexing than the art of composition2 and few1 even of the most diligent1 attain to any degree of ease in its exercise until maturer years have taught them the lesson which these outlines are intended to convey1 namely1 that knowledge precedes speech1 and thought goes before expression4 #hfj ,the years which elapse while the young writer is learning what to say1 and how to say it1 will1 in our view1 be materially diminished by the use of such works as this1 and we are glad to see1 by its imprint1 that publishers appreciate its value4 ---- ,gray's ,school ,and ,field ,book ,of ,botany4 ,consisting of ,first ,lessons in ,botany1 and ,field1 ,forest1 and ,garden ,botany1 bound in one volume4 ,by ,asa ,gray1 ,fisher ,professor of ,natural ,history in ,harvard ,university4 ,new ,york3 ,ivison1 ,phinney1 ,blakeman ,co4 ,chicago3 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,co4 #ahfi4 ,the works of ,professor ,gray have been too long before the public and enjoy already too wide a reputation to make necessary any extended notice of this new and collected edition4 ,the volume now before us is a fine octavo of more than #fjj pages1 and contains both the principles of the science1 and the classification and description of various plants1 to the number of nearly three thousand species4 ,the illustrations are very numerous and of superior character2 and the care which is displayed in the revision of the work1 and its adaptation to the latest advancements of science1 as well as the mechanical execution of the book itself1 recommend it to all lovers of the ,field1 the ,forest1 and the ,garden4 ---- ,charlie ,bell1 ,the ,waif ,of ,elm ,island4 ,by ,rev4 ,elijah ,kellogg1 author of ,spartacus to the ,gladiators1 ,good ,old ,times1 etc4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahfh4 pp4 #cbe4 ,this book will assuredly suit those for whose special pleasure it was written4 ,it abounds in stirring incident and thrilling adventure on sea and shore1 which1 though sometimes some what exaggerated1 will not render it less acceptable to its juvenile readers4 ,a good moral lesson1 although not made obtrusively prominent1 is taught in the gratitude of the orphan ,charlie to his kind protectors4 ,how true1 too1 and how boylike his remark to his mother1 on her expressing doubt as to his ability to accomplish a certain project1 ,o mother6 when a boy gets anything in his head1 he is bound to do it1 by hook or by crook4 ---- ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will soon publish a new volume for youth1 entitled1 ,glimpses of ,pleasant ,homes1 by the authoress of the ,life of ,mother ,mc,auley1 etc4 ,it will be beautifully illustrated and got out in the best style of the art4 ,the same ,society will also soon publish ,why ,people do not ,believe2 or1 the ,cause of ,infidelity1 translated from the ,french of ,mgr4 ,lapot1 of ,louvain ,university2 ,not ,yet3 ,a ,story of ,to-,day1 by ,miss ,oxenham2 ,impressions of ,spain1 by ,lady ,herbert1 illustrated2 ,tales for the ,many2 ,the ,life of ,father ,ravignan2 ,aubrey de ,vere's ,irish ,odes2 and the third series of ,illustrated ,sunday-,school ,library1 will be ready in a few days4 ---- ,books ,received4 ,the ,triumph ,of ,faith4 ,a ,lecture delivered in the hall of the ,cooper ,institute1 by the ,rev4 ,thomas ,s4 ,preston1 on the ,first ,anniversary of the ,church of the ,epiphany1 ,sunday evening1 ,january #aj1 #ahfi4 ,new ,york3 ,robert ,coddington1 ,publisher1 #cff ,bowery4 #ahfi4 ---- ,report ,of ,the ,secretary ,of ,the ,treasury ,on ,the ,state ,of ,the ,finances ,for ,the ,year #ahfh4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office4 ---- ,tales of a ,grandfather4 ,by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,bart4 ,second ,series4 ,a4,d4 #afjc to #agjg4 ,w4 ,w4 ,swayne1 ,new ,york and ,brooklyn4