,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,fractions h be5 *ang$ f 8d_/d0 =mat to s+le "* fractions1 e4g4 #a_/b -- 4 ,h[ev]1 unusual fractions _c be conv]t$ & are left un*ang$4 ,if ! unusual fraction occurs inside a table1 !n all fractions 9 t table reta9 ! orig9al =mat1 = consi/5t appe>ance4 ,,mon?ly ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,college ,,( ,,wa%+ton ,,pullman1 ,,wa%+ton ,,volume ,,iv ,,decemb]1 #aiba ,,numb] #g ,! ,use ( ,ropes & ,tackle ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,dana ,speciali/ 9 ,exp]im5tal ,eng9e]+ & ,w4 ,a4 ,,pe>l ,in/ructor 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,illu/ration ,,eng9e]+ ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #h ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,h4 ,v4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,director #aibb ,ent]$ z second-class matt] ,septemb] #e1 #aiai1 at ! po/(fice at ,pullman1 ,wa%41 "u ,act ( ,aug4 #bd1 #aiab ,! ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ( ! ,/ate ,college ( ,wa%+ton 0 e/abli%$ on ! au?ority ( ! act pass$ by ! fir/ ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton1 ,m>* #bh?1 #ahij1 :i* e/abli%$ a 8,/ate ,agricultural ,college & ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce01 & in/ruct$ its commission 8to fur!r ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce to indu/rial pursuits40 ,! _s ( ?is act has be5 foll[$ out = _m ye>s by ! ,eng9e]+ ,/aff1 :i* has c>ri$ on exp]im5tal inve/igations & publi%$ ! results 9 ! =m ( bullet9s4 ,! fir/ adoption ( a def9ite program 9 ,eng9e]+ rese>*1 ) an appropriation = its ma9t5ance1 0 made by ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts1 ,june #ba/1 #aiaa4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by lat] appropriations4 ,9 ,april1 #aiai1 ?is dep>tm5t 0 (ficially designat$1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! scope ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation cov]s rese>* 9 eng9e]+ problems ( g5]al int]e/ to ! citiz5s ( ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! "w ( ! /ation is made available to ! public ?r\gh te*nical reports1 popul> bullet9s1 & public s]vice4 ,! la/ nam$ includes te/s & analyses ( coal1 te/s & analyses ( road mat]ials1 te/+ ( comm]cial /eam pipe cov]+s1 calibration ( electrical in/rum5ts1 te/+ ( /r5g? ( mat]ials1 effici5cy /udies 9 p[] plants1 te/+ ( hydraulic ma*9]y1 te/+ ( small eng9es & motors1 consultation ) reg>d to !ory & design ( exp]im5tal app>atus1 prelim9>y advice to inv5tors1 etc4 ,reque/s = copies ( ! eng9e]+ bullet9s & inquiries = in=mation on eng9e]+ & indu/rial problems %\ld be address$ to ,director1 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,/ate ,college ( ,wa%+ton1 ,pullman1 ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,control ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation is ve/$ 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,/ate ,college ( ,wa%+ton4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,reg5ts ,hon4 ,l\is ,f4 ,h>t1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1 ,olympia ,r4 ,c4 ,mc,croskey1 ,g>field ,adam ,duncan ,dunn1 ,wapato ,edw9 ,a4 ,ritz1 ,walla ,walla ,a4 ,w4 ,davis1 ,spokane ,j4 ,h4 ,hulb]t1 ,mt4 ,v]non ,e4 ,o4 ,holl&1 ,secret>y ,ex-,(ficio1 ,presid5t ,/ate ,college ,pullman ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,/aff ,director1 ,h4 ,v4 ,c>p5t]1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s4 ,exp]im5tal ,eng9e]+1 ,hom] ,j4 ,dana1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s41 ,m4 ,e4 ,electrical ,applications1 ,philip ,s4 ,biegl]1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s41 ,e4 ,e4 ,electrical ,/&>dizations1 ,h>ry ,f4 ,lickey1 ,b4 ,s4 ,automotive ,eng9e]+ ,as*el ,c4 ,abell1 ,b4 ,s4 ,/eam ,eng9e]+1 ,a4 ,r4 ,nott+ham1 ,m4 ,m4 ,e4 ,me*anical ,design1 ,e4 ,b4 ,p>k]1 ,b4 ,s4 ,eng9e]+ ,mat]ials1 ,g4 ,ev]ett ,?orton1 ,b4 ,s4 ,gas ,p[]1 ,william ,a4 ,pe>l1 ,b4 ,s4 ,/eam ,p[]1 ,rob]t ,l4 ,rhoads1 ,m4 ,s4 ,m9+ ,eng9e]+1 ,l\is ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,a4 ,b41 ,m4 ,e4 ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+1 ,*e/] ,g4 ,w>fel1 ,m4 ,e4 ,economic ,geology1 ,olaf ,p4 ,j5k9s1 ,a4 ,b41 ,a4 ,m4 ,irrigation & ,/ructures1 ,osm> ,l4 ,wall]1 ,ph4 ,b41 ,ph4 ,m4 ,municipal ,eng9e]+1 ,morris ,k4 ,snyd]1 ,b4 ,s4 ,highway ,eng9e]+1 ,h[>d ,e4 ,phelps1 ,b4 ,s41 ,c4 ,e4 ,topographical ,eng9e]+1 ,fr$]ic ,w4 ,wel*1 ,b4 ,s41 ,c4 ,e4 ,ar*itectural ,eng9e]+1 ,rudolph ,weav]1 ,b4 ,s4 ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,l4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,b4 ,s4 ,physics1 ,br5ton ,l4 ,/eele1 ,b4 ,a41 ,m4 ,a4 ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,cl>e ,*risman ,todd1 ,b4 ,s41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #e ,,s\rces ,,( ,,mat]ial #g ,,introduction #h ,,knots #i ,,splices #be ,,hit*es #bh ,,la%+s #dc ,,tackle ,,sets #de ,,hoi/s #ec ,,transmission ,,cables #ee ,,textile ,,rope ,,data #eg ,,wire ,,rope ,,data #eh ,,splic+ ,,transmission ,,cables #fb ,,p[] ,,transmission ,,tables #ff ,,li/ ,,( ,,eng9e]+ ,,bullet9s #fh ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,fa/5+ ,knots4 #a4 ,ov]-h& knot4 #b4 ,d\ble knot4 #c4 ,figure #h knot4 #d4 ,d\ble ,figure #h knot4 #e4 ,squ>e knot4 #f4 ,reef knot4 #g4 ,sq4 s]v$ or :ipp$ knot4 #h4 ,slipp$ ,squ>e knot4 #i4 ,op5-h& knot4 #aj4 ,granny knot4 #aa4 ,fi%]man's knot4 #ab4 ,ord9>y knot4 #ac4 ,ord9>y knot :ipp$4 #ad4 ,weav]'s knot4 #ae4 ,haws] knot1 or ,%eet ,b5d4 #af4 ,d\ble ,%eet ,b5d4 #ag4 ,g>rick ,b5d knot4 #ah4 ,half-hit* & :ipp+ knot4 #ai4 ,slip knot4 #bj4 ,b[l9e knot4 #ba4 ,runn+ ,b[l9e knot4 #bb4 ,loop knot4 #bc4 ,tom-fool knot4 #bd4 ,boat knot4 #be4 ,surgeon's knot4 #bf4 ,b[l9e on ! bight4 #bg4 ,spani% ,b[l9e4 #bh4 ,flemi% ,b[l9e4 #bi4 ,haws] knot ) toggle4 ,end+ ,knots4 #cj4 ,:ipp+4 #ca4 ,s+le ,cr[n ,tuck$4 #cb4 ,wall knot ,tuck$4 #cc4 ,mat!w ,walk]4 #cd4 ,d\ble ,wall or ,cr[n knot4 #ce4 ,/ev$ore4 #cf4 ,*a9 knot4 ,%ort5+ ,knots4 #cg4 ,:ipp$ ,%ort5+4 #ch4 ,?ree fold %ort5+4 #ci4 ,%eep%ank4 #dj4 ,%eep%ank = free end rope4 #da4 ,%eep%ank ) toggle4 #db4 ,%eep%ank ends :ipp$4 #dc4 ,b[ ,%ort5+4 ,splices4 #dd4 ,%ort ,splice4 #de4 ,eye ,splice4 #df4 ,long ,splice4 #dg4 ,*a9 ,splice4 #dh4 ,cut ,splice4 ,hit*es4 #di4 ,half hit*4 #ej4 ,timb] hit*4 #ea4 ,clove or ,build]'s hit*4 #eb4 ,roll+ ,hit* 7,a74 #ec4 ,roll+ ,hit* 7,b74 #ed4 ,snubb+ hit*4 #ee4 ,timb] hit* & half-hit*4 #ef4 ,*a9 hit*4 #eg4 ,twi/ hit*4 #eh4 ,twi/ & b[ hit*4 #ei4 ,blackwall hit*4 #fj4 ,l>k's head ) toggle4 #fa4 ,r\nd turn & half-hit*4 #fb4 ,fi%]man's hit*4 #fc4 ,cat's paw hit*4 #fd4 ,slipp]y hit*4 #fe4 ,d\ble ,blackwall4 #ff4 ,slip knot & half-hit*4 #fg4 ,fi%]man's b5d4 #fh4 ,taut l9e hit*4 #fi4 ,jam hit*4 #gj4 ,scaffold hit*4 #ga4 ,/udd+ sail b5d4 #gb4 ,mid%ipman's hit*4 #gc4 ,bale sl+4 #gd4 ,hamburg] hit*4 #ge4 ,sl+ a cask head up4 #gf4 ,well pipe hit*4 #gg4 ,hackamore hit*4 #gh4 ,halt] tie4 #gi4 ,horse hit* or tie4 #hj4 ,mang] ,tie4 #ha4 ,figure #h ,mang] tie4 #hb4 ,h>ness hit*4 #hc4 ,/rap hit* or l9e4 #hd4 ,clevis hit*4 #he4 ,two-man ,diamond hit*4 #hf4 ,two-man ,diamond hit*4 #hg4 ,two-man ,diamond hit*4 #hh4 ,pack]'s knot4 #hi4 ,"o-man ,diamond hit*4 #ij4 ,"o-man ,diamond hit*4 #ia4 ,"o-man ,diamond hit*4 #ib4 ,two-man ,diamond hit*4 #ic4 ,sp> & ,transom la%+4 #id4 ,tripod la%+4 ,tackle ,sets & ,hoi/s4 #ie4 ,s+le ,:ip4 #if4 ,runn+ ,tackle4 #ig4 ,gun ,tackle 7,a74 #ih4 ,gun ,tackle 7,b74 #ii4 ,:ip on ,:ip4 #ajj4 ,luff4 #aja4 ,port ,tackle4 #ajb4 ,d\ble ,luff4 #ajc4 ,s+le ,burton 7,a74 #ajd4 ,s+le ,burton 7,b74 #aje4 ,?ree ,fold ,pur*ase4 #ajf4 ,f\r ,fold ,pur*ase4 #ajg4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,a74 #ajh4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,b74 #aji4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,c74 #aaj4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,d74 #aaa4 ,luff on ,luff4 #aab4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,e74 #aac4 ,ge>$ ,*a9 ,hoi/4 #aad4 ,diff]5tial ,*a9 hoi/4 #aae4 ,*9ese hoi/ or ,cap/an4 #aaf4 ,snat* ,block on ,hay ,rope4 ,transmission ,cables4 #aag4 ,cable splice4 #aah4 ,cable ,splice4 #aai4 ,cable ,splice4 #abj4 ,cable ,splice4 #aba4 ,cable ,splice4 #abb4 ,splic+ ,tools4 #abc4 ,splic+ ,tools4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,mat]ial ,9 ! compilation ( ?is bullet9 free use 0 made ( ! mat]ial giv5 9 ! foll[+ books1 bullet9s1 catalogs1 etc4 ,knott+ & ,splic+ ,ropes & ,cordage1 ,paul ,m4 ,ha%uk--,cassel ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,knots1 ,a4 ,f4 ,aldridge1 ,! ,rudd] ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,knots1 ,splices1 & ,rope ,"w1 ,a4 ,hyatt ,v]ril1--,norman ,w4 ,h5ly ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,rope & its ,use on ! ,f>m1 ,j4 ,b4 ,frior--,ag4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 ,no4 #acf1 ,univ4 ( ,m9n4 ,knots1 ,hit*es & ,splices1 ,h[>d ,w4 ,riley1 ,cornell ,read+ ,c\rses1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 ,/ory ( ,rope1 ,plym\? ,cordage ,co41 ,nor? ,plym\?1 ,mass4 ,rope ,knots & ,hit*es1 ,mac,greggor ,smi?1 ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,univ4 ( ,saskat*ewan1 ,saskatoon1 ,canada4 ,problems 9 ,physics1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t ,committee on ,education & ,special ,tra9+1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,k5t's ,me*anical ,eng9e]s ,h& ,book1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,rope & ,its ,uses1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture & ,me*anic ,arts4 ,am]ican ,wire ,rope1 ,am]ican ,/eel & ,wire ,company4 ,boy ,sc\t ,manual4 ,eng9e] ,field ,manual1 ,fif? ,edition1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,rope ,"w1 ,l4 ,m4 ,roehl1 ,! ,bruce ,publi%+ ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 ,eng9e]4 ,columbia ,knots & ,splices1 ,columbia ,rope ,co41 ,auburn1 ,new ,york4 ,am]ican ,boy ,magaz9e--,july #aiag4 ,,introduction ,ea* ye>1 old indu/ries keep exp&+ & new ones are creat$4 ,9 _m ( ^!1 ! use ( hoi/s1 tackle1 rope transmissions1 etc4 is ev] increas+ 9 ext5t & importance4 ,in=mation on ! selection & use ( ropes & tackles & ! ty+ ( knots is v scatt]+ & incomplete4 ,! purpose ( ?is bullet9 is to collect in=mation f all ! diff]5t s\rces possible & assemble x "u "o cov]1 9 ! hope t x may be valuable to p 9 _m diff]5t fields ( activity4 ,x is n meant to be an advanc$ treatise = ^? :o consid] !mselves already pr(ici5t 9 ! use ( rope & tackle b is design$ z an aid & ref]5ce to ^? less skill$ 9 ! art4 ,a v>iety ( knots & splices are %[n ) occasional sugge/ions z to _! use & application4 ,"s knots tie easily & are v secure b are n s easy to untie2 o!rs are easily & quickly ti$--are secure & yet are n difficult to untie4 ,"s knots are suitable = small cords only1 & o!rs are adapt$ to l>ge %ip's haws]s4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 x is desirable to select ! "r knot = ! job 9 h&4 ,ne>ly e individual at "s "t or o!r has gone camp+4 ,if he *anc$ to select a remote or inaccessible m\nta9 side = a vacation trip1 he probably _h "o or m pack animals to take 9 ! supplies & camp outfit4 ,h[ _m c\ld use ! fam\s ,diamond hit* to fa/5 ! pack on ! horse's back s t x w n %ift or fall (f 9 transit8 ,! desirability ( correct selection ) ref]5ce to ! "w to be done is also true ( tackle sets4 ,"o type ( tackle w give great me*anical advantage1 b requires an excessive am\nt ( rope or requires frequ5t ov]haul+ to complete ! job1 :ile ano!r type1 us+ ! same equipm5t1 w n give su* great me*anical advantage b does n require ov]haul+ s (t5 dur+ ! progress ( ! load4 ,rope is com+ m & m into favor = ! transmission ( p[]--replac+ ge>s & heavy lea!r belts4 ,x is important t ! prop] siz$ %eave :eel be us$ ) a rope ( giv5 diamet] 9 ord] to secure ! longe/ s]vice f ! transmission4 ,x is also important t spe$ be consid]$ 9 ! calculation = necess>y /r5g? to transmit a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[]4 ,x is evid5t f ^! two in/ances alone t x is desirable t ! selection ( a rope transmission %\ld be gov]n$ by ! use ( complete sets ( data on ! subject4 ,"s ( ! knots1 splices1 etc4 %[n 9 ?is bullet9 7 f\nd to h m ?an "o "n1 or 7 call$ by diff]5t names by diff]5t au?ors4 ,9 su* case only ! mo/ commonly us$ t]m 0 select$4 ,,knots ,a k ( knots has sav$ _m a life 9 /orm & wreck1 & if ev]yone knew h[ to tie a knot quickly & securely !re w\ld be few] casualties 9 hotel & simil> fires :]e a false knot 9 ! fire escape rope has slipp$ at ! critical mom5t & plung$ ! victim to ! gr\nd4 ,_m an accid5t has occurr$ ?r\gh a knot or splice be+ improp]ly =m$4 ,ev5 9 ty+ or rop+ a trunk1 few p tie a knot t is secure & quickly made & yet readily undone4 ,h[ _m c tie a t[ rope to a c> s x w be secure & yet is easily unti$ aft] ! c> has be5 haul$ out ( ! mud8 ,or suppose a rope 0 "u /ra9 hold+ a l>ge timb] 9 midair & a /r& 9 ! d]rick guy rope %[s signs ( p>t+4 ,h[ _m c\ld atta* a rope ea* side ( ! weak spot to take ! /ra98 ,! pr9ciple ( a knot is t no two p>ts :i* lie adjac5t %all travel 9 ! same direction if ! knot %\ld slip4 ,knots are employ$ = sev]al purposes1 su* z1 to atta* two rope ends toge!r1 to =m an enl>g$ end on a rope1 to %ort5 a rope )\t cutt+ x1 or to atta* a rope to ano!r rope or object4 ,desirable features ( knots are t !y may be quickly ti$1 easily unti$ & w n slip "u a /ra94 ,9 a numb] ( cases a toggle is us$ ei!r to aid 9 mak+ ! knot or make x easi] to untie aft] a /ra9 has be5 appli$4 ,a numb] ( t]ms are commonly us$ 9 ty+ knots4 ,! 8/&+0 "p is ! pr9cipal portion1 or longe/ "p ( ! rope4 ,! 8bight0 is ! "p curv$1 loop$ or b5t1 :ile work+ or h&l+ ! rope 9 mak+ a knot1 & ! 8end0 is t "p us$ 9 =m+ ! knot or hit*4 ,! loose1 or free end1 ( a rope %\ld be knott$ or :ipp$ to prev5t x f ravel+ :ile 9 use4 ,/r5g? ( ,knots ,if a knot or hit* ( any k9d is ti$ 9 a rope its failure "u /ress is sure to occur at t place4 ,ea* fib] 9 ! /raight "p ( ! rope takes its prop] %>e ( ! load1 b 9 all knots ! rope is cramp$ or has a %ort b5d1 :i* ?r[s an ov]load on ^? fib]s t are on ! outside ( ! b5d & "o fib] aft] ano!r breaks until ! rope is torn ap>t4 ,! %ort] ! b5d 9 ! /&+ rope ! weak] ! knot4 ,! approximate /r5g? ( sev]al types ( knots 9 p]c5t1 ( full /r5g? ( a rope is giv5 9 ! table bel[1 z an av]age ( f\r te/s4 #a4 ,full /r5g? ( dry rope #ajj #b4 ,eye splice ov] an iron ?imble #ij #c4 ,%ort splice 9 rope #hj #d4 ,timb] hit*1 r\nd turn & half hit* #fe #e4 ,b[l9e1 slip knot1 clove hit* #fj #f4 ,squ>e knot1 weav]'s knot1 %eet b5d #ej #g4 ,flemi% loop1 ov]--h& knot #de ,fa/5+ ,knots ,fig4 #a4 ,! ov]-h& knot is ! simple/ ( all knots to make4 ,x is made by pass+ ! lose end ( ! rope ov] ! /&+ "p & back ?r\gh ! loop4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,d\ble knot is made by pass+ ! free end ( ! rope ?r\gh ! loop twice in/ead ( b once z 9 mak+ an ov]-h& knot4 ,?is is us$ = %ort5+ or = a /op on a rope1 & is m easily unti$ ?an ! ov]-h& knot4 ,x is also kn[n z a blood knot1 f its use on :ip la%es by slave driv]s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a2 ,fig4 #b2 ,fig4 #c2 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #c4 ,! ,figure ,eight knot is simil> to ! ov]-h& knot except t ! loose end ( ! rope is pass$ ?r\gh ! loop f ! opposite side4 ,x is commonly us$ to prev5t a rope runn+ ?r\gh an eye or r+ or tackle block4 ,x is also us$ z ! basis = ornam5tal knots1 etc4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! ,d\ble ,figure ,eight knot is made by =m+ a regul> figure eight & !n foll[+ ar\nd ) ! end ( ! o!r rope z %[n4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! ,squ>e knot is probably ! commone/ & mo/ useful ( all knots4 ,x is /rong & does n become jamm$ :5 be+ /ra9$4 ,take ! ends ( ! two ropes & pass ! left end ov] & "u ! "r end1 !n ! "r end ov] & "u ! left4 ,bew>e ( ! granny knot :i* is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! squ>e knot b is sure to slip "u /ra94 ,fig4 #f4 ,! ,reef knot is a slight modification ( ! squ>e knot4 ,x consi/s m]ely ( us+ ! bight ( ! left or "r end in/ead ( ! end itself1 & is ti$ exactly z is ! squ>e knot4 ,?is makes ! knot easy to untie by pull+ ! free end ( ! bight or loop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e2 ,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g2 ,fig4 #h2 ,fig4 #i2 ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #g4 ,if ! ,squ>e or reef knot is us$ to jo9 two ropes ( unequal diamet]1 ! knot is apt to slip unless ! ends ( ! rope are :ipp$ z %[n4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ,squ>e knot jo9+ two ropes ( unequal size is apt to slip ) a result simil> to t %[n4 ,fig4 #i4 ,! ,op5-h& knot is made by ty+ an ov]-h& knot ) two rope ends ly+ p>allel4 ,x is bett] ?an a squ>e knot = jo9+ two ropes ( unequal diamet]4 ,gra9 b9d]s use ?is knot4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! ,granny knot is (t5 mi/ak5 = a squ>e knot & its use %\ld by all means be avoid$ z x is almo/ sure to slip :5 a /ra9 is appli$1 unless ! ends are :ipp$4 ,= l>ge rope1 a granny knot ) ends :ipp$ w hold securely & is easy to untie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa2 ,fig4 #ab2 ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #aa4 ,! ,fi%]man's knot is a simple type ( knot =m$ by two simple ov]-h& knots slipp$ ov] ! /&+ p>ts ( ! two ropes1 & drawn tight4 ,x is valuable = angl]s z ! two l9es may be drawn ap>t by m]ely pull+ on ! loose ends ( ! rope4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! ,ord9>y knot is us$ = fa/5+ two heavy ropes toge!r & is made by =m+ a simple knot ) ! end ( "o rope & !n int]lac+ ! o!r rope ar\nd x1 z %[n4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,:ipp+ ! two ends ( an ,ord9>y knot makes x m secure4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ,weav]'s knot is us$ to jo9 small l9es or ?reads & is made by =m+ a bight 9 "o rope1 pass+ ! end ( ! second rope ar\nd ! bight1 back ov] itself & ?r\gh ! bight4 ,weav]s use ?is knot 9 ty+ brok5 ?reads4 ,:5 pull$ tight1 bo? ends po9t backw>d1 & d n cat* :5 pull$ ?ru ! loom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad2 ,fig4 #ae2 ,fig4 #af2 ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ae4 ,! ,haws] knot or %eet b5d is us$ = jo9+ /iff or heavy ropes & is n to be confus$ ) ! weav]'s knot4 ,x resembles ! b[l9e1 & is easily unti$4 ,fig4 #af4 ,! ,d\ble ,%eet ,b5d is simil> to ! ,haws] knot & is useful = ! same purposes4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! ,g>rick b5d is commonly us$ = jo9+ two heavy haws]s :i* are too /iff to b5d easily4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,ano!r me?od ( jo9+ /iff haws]s is to use ! ,half-hit* & :ipp+4 ,?is is a satisfactory me?od ( mak+ a jo9t to be us$ = a consid]able "t4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,slip knot z %[n is a knot ) _m uses4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! ,b[l9e knot is useful = =m+ a loop on ! end ( a rope4 ,x is us$ frequ5tly by /ockm5 to tie a horse or c[ s t !y w n *oke !mselves4 ,x is always secure & easily unti$4 ,use ?is knot 9 ty+ a t[ rope to a c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah2 ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #ba4 ,! ,runn+ ,b[l9e is us$ = ! same purposes z ! slip knot 9 ,fig4 #ai1 b is mu* m secure4 ,x w always run freely on ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 & is easily unti$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj2 ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,loop knot is useful = mak+ fa/ to ! middle ( a rope :]e ! ends are n free4 ,x w pull tight "u /ra91 & is n easily unti$4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! ,tom-fool knot is =m$ 9 ! middle ( a rope & may be us$ = ! same purpose z ! loop knot1 except 9 ?is case ei!r /&+ "p ( ! rope may be /ra9$ )\t ! knot fail+1 or slipp+4 ,x c be us$ = hold+ hogs4 ,place "o loop ov] ! hog's sn\t & hold onto "o rope4 ,release by pull+ o!r rope4 ,c also be us$ f ! gr\nd = releas+ hoi/+ tackle :i* has be5 us$ on a flag pole or o!r tall object4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bd4 ,! ,boat knot is =m$ by ! aid ( a toggle on a rope ^: ends are n free1 & is us$ = %ort5+ or = /opp+ a r+ on a taut l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc2 ,fig4 #bd2 ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #be4 ,! ,surgeon's knot is a modifi$ =m ( ! squ>e knot1 & if us$ ) smoo? cord1 z 9 ty+ bundles1 x holds v securely4 ,! object ( ! d\ble twi/ is to make ! knot easy to tie )\t hold+ ) ! end ( ! f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bf4 ,b[l9e on ! bight is easily made on ! loop$ "p ( a rope :i* is d\ble4 ,x is us$ :]e a loop is desir$ :i* w n pull tight or *oke & is easily unti$4 ,may be us$ = ca/+ h>ness = horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bg4 ,! ,spani% ,b[l9e is a knot :i* may be made 9 ! middle ( a long rope or 9 a bight at ! end1 & gives two s+le loops t may be ?r[n ov] two sep>ate po/s or bo? ?r[n ov] "o4 ,ei!r loop w hold )\t slipp+ & is easily unti$4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! ,flemi% loop is simil> to ! ,fi%]man's knot1 ,fig4 #aa1 except t x is us$ = =m+ a loop on ! end ( a rope in/ead ( jo9+ two ropes4 ,! loop or eye w n close up :5 /ra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi ,fig4 #bi4 ,! ,haws] knot ) toggle is =m$ exactly ! same z ! regul> ,haws] knot except t ! toggle is ins]t$ = ! purpose ( mak+ x easy to loos5 ! knot aft] a /ra9 has be5 appli$4 ,end+ ,knots ,a gr\p ( knots some:at diff]5t f ^? already describ$1 are ^? us$ = end+ ropes4 ,end+ knots n only s]ve ! purpose ( giv+ a l>ge end on ! rope1 b also take ! place ( :ipp+1 9 t !y prev5t ! rope f unravel+4 ,sometimes an end+ knot is also us$ = its ornam5tal value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #cj4 ,a ,:ipp+ appli$ z %[n is employ$ = keep+ loose ends f fray+ or unravel+1 :]e ! use to :i* ! rope is to be put w n p]mit ( a knot on ! end4 ,/rong cord is us$ = :ipp+4 ,9 splic+ ropes1 ! :ipp+ is remov$ be=e ! splice may be consid]$ complete4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! ,s+le ,cr[n1 tuck$1 makes ! rope end b slightly l>g] ?an ! /&+ "p1 & s]ves to prev5t ! /r&s f unravel+4 ,?is gives a neat appe>+ end4 ,to make ?is type ( knot1 leave ! ends long en\gh s !y c be br\ght d[n & tuck$ "u ! /r&s ( ! /&+ "p4 ,aft] tuck+ !m "u ! fir/ /r&1 z %[n1 halve ea* /r& & tuck x aga9 "u ! next /r& ( ! /&+ "p & cont9ue ?is until ! ends are completely tuck$ ! :ole l5g?1 ?us giv+ a gradual tap] to ! end ( ! rope & also giv+ a knot t w /& by itself4 ,! s+le cr[n n tuck$1 is n a good end+ = a rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca ,fig4 #cb4 ,! ,wall knot is frequ5tly us$ z an end+ knot to prev5t unravel+4 ,x is v satisfactory :]e ! rope does n ne$ to pass ?r\gh a block or hole :i* is b slightly l>g] ?an itself4 ,! ,wall knot may be tuck$ simil> to ! ,cr[n & makes a v secure end+ = a rope4 ,= small ropes unlay ! /r&s back1 ea* ?ree in*es1 & on l>g] ropes 9 proportion4 ,hold ! rope 9 ! left h& ) ! loose /r&s upw>d4 ,) ! "r h& take ! end ( /r& numb] "o & br+ x across ! loose end 9 position ) ! ?umb ( ! left h&1 !n take ! rope1 =m+ a loop & all[+ ! end to hang free4 ,hold /r& numb] two & pass x "u /r& numb] "o & hold x aga9/ ! rope ) ! ?umb ( ! left h&4 ,aga9 ) ! "r h& take /r& numb] ?ree & pass x "u /r& numb] two & up ?r\gh ! fir/ loop =m$4 ,!n draw ea* ( ! /r&s gradually until ! knot is tight5$4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! ,mat!w ,walk] knot or ,/opp] knot is simil> to ! ,wall knot except ! ends are ins]t$ ?r\gh two loops in/ead ( "o z 9 ! ,wall knot4 ,x c readily be made by loosely con/ruct+ ! ,wall knot z expla9$ be=e & cont9u+ z foll[s3 pass ! end numb] "o ?r\gh ! loop ) two1 !n end numb] two ?r\gh ! loop ) ?ree1 & numb] ?ree ?r\gh ! loop ) "o1 !n gradually tight5 ! knot by draw+ 9 a little at a "t on ea* /r&4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! ,d\ble ,wall or ,cr[n knot is made exactly ! same z ! ,s+le ,cr[n or ,wall knot1 b in/ead ( trimm+ (f or tuck+ ! ends 91 !y are c>ri$ ar\nd a second "t1 foll[+ ! lay ( ! fir/ z %[n1 & !n ! knot is pull$ tight4 ,:5 complet$1 ! ends may be tuck$ 9 z 0 done 9 ! ,s+le ,cr[n1 or !y may be trimm$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb2 ,fig4 #cc2 ,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce ,fig4 #ce4 ,! ,/ev$ore knot is simil> to ! ,ov]-h& knot %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 except t ! end ( ! rope is s]v$ ar\nd ! /&+ "p two & half times be=e x is tuck$ ?r\gh ! bight4 ,x is us$ :]e a knot is desir$ to keep ! rope f runn+ ?r\gh a block or hole4 ,%ort5+ ,knots ,a ?ird type ( knots are ^? :i* are us$ :]e a rope is too long & :]e x is awkw>d to h ! free ends hang+ loose or :]e ! ends are 9 use & ! slack mu/ be tak5 up 9 ! middle ( ! rope4 ,^! are kn[n z %ort5+ knots4 ,!y are also sometimes us$ m]ely = ornam5t4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! ,*a9 knot is frequ5tly us$ = %ort5+ & is made by =m+ a runn+ loop1 !n draw+ a bight ( ! rope ?r\gh ! loop1 & a second bight ?r\gh ! fir/ & s on until ! rope has be5 %ort5$ suffici5tly4 ,! free end %\ld !n be fa/5$ by pass+ a toggle or ! end ( ! rope ?r\gh ?is la/ loop4 ,to undo ?is %ort5+ is v simple z all t is necess>y is to ei!r remove ! toggle f ! la/ loop or remove ! end ( ! rope if x 7 us$1 & !n pull on ! free end until ! knot is completely unravel$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,fig4 #cg4 ,! ,:ipp$ ,%ort5+ or ,b5d ,%ort5+ is "o ( ! mo/ easily made & is well adapt$ to heavy ropes :]e a %ort5+ mu/ be made quickly & :]e x is n to )/& a heavy /ra94 ,fig4 #ch4 ,?ree-fold ,%ort5+ is />t$ by mak+ an ,ov]-h& knot & cont9u+ to tuck ! end ?r\gh ! loop ?ree m times1 & draw+ tight4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! ,%eep-%ank or ,dog-%ank z x is sometimes call$1 is "o ( ! mo/ widely us$ ( all %ort5+s4 ,x is made 9 sev]al =ms b ! fir/ =m %[n1 :ile adaptable to fairly /iff ropes1 w n )/& mu* /ra94 ,x is us$ = %ort5+ electric light cords4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,%eep-%ank = free end rope is simil> to ! pla9 ,%eep-%ank except ! free end ( ! rope is pass$ ?r\gh ! loop4 ,?is makes a secure %ort5+1 b x c n be us$ :]e ! ends ( ! rope are n free4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg2 ,fig4 #ch2 ,fig4 #ci2 ,fig4 #dj2 ,fig4 #da ,fig4 #da4 ,a ,%eep-%ank ) toggle1 is a pla9 ,%eep-%ank ) ! toggle ins]t$ z %[n1 & makes ! %ort5+ z secure z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,x is also easily unti$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db ,fig4 #db4 ,%eep-%ank ) ends :ipp$ is ! same z 9 a pla9 ,%eep-%ank except ! loop is :ipp$ to ! /&+ "p ( ! rope4 ,?is makes ! %ort5+ z secure z ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 & ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc ,fig4 #dc4 ,b[-%ort5+ is an ord9>y knot 9 ! middle ( a rope 9 :i* a d\ble b5d has previ\sly be5 made4 ,x is n adapt$ to heavy ropes nor w x /& a heavy /ra9 successfully4 ,,splices ,9 ! use ( ropes1 occasion arises1 _m times1 :]e x is necess>y to jo9 two ends toge!r 9 su* a way t ! union is z /rong z ! re/ ( ! rope & /ill n too l>ge or irregul> to pass ?r\gh a hole or pulley block4 ,knots are unsuitable 9 t !y w n pass ?r\gh a block2 !y are unsightly1 & usually are n z /rong z ! re/ ( ! rope4 ,! me?od ( jo9+ ropes to meet ! above requirem5ts is call$ splic+4 ,!re are two g5]al types ( rope splices kn[n z ! %ort splice & ! long splice4 ,o!r applications ( ! =m] are made 9 ! eye splice & ! cut splice4 ,! long splice is almo/ always us$ 9 splic+ wire rope :i* runs ?r\gh a block or ov] a %eave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd2 ,fig4 #de ,fig4 #dd4 ,! ,%ort-splice is made z foll[s3 ! two ends to be jo9$ are untwi/$ = a few in*es & ! rope is :ipp$ tempor>ily to prev5t fur!r unw9d+4 ,! end ( ea* /r& is also :ipp$ tempor>ily to prev5t unravel+4 ,! /r&s may !n be wax$ if desir$4 ,! two rope ends are !n lock$ toge!r or 8m>ri$0 s t ! /r&s f "o end pass alt]nately betwe5 ^? f ! o!r end4 ,! /r&s f opposite sides are n[ 9 pairs4 ,take two /r&s f opposite sides z /r&s ,a & #a1 tie a simple ov]-h& knot 9 its "r h& =m4 ,simil>ly ) a "r h& knot tie toge!r ! /r&s =m+ ea* ( ! pairs ,b & #b & ,c & #c4 ,draw ! knots tight1 !n pass ea* /r& ( ! rope ov] ! /r& adjac5t to x & "u ! next1 com+ out betwe5 two /r&s z at fir/4 ,repeat until ! ends ( ! /r&s h be5 rea*$--leav+ f half an in* to an in* & a half ( ends hang+ free s t :5 ! rope is put "u repeat$ /ra9 = ! fir/ few days1 ! /ret*+ ( ! splice w n pull ! ends f "u ! la/ /r& "u :i* !y 7 tuck$4 ,aft] a few days s]vice ! free ends may be safely trimm$ ev5 ) ! face ( ! rope4 ,aft] ! splice has be5 complet$ by tuck+ ! ends z above1 remove :ipp+ on /r&s & lay ! splice on ! floor & roll x "u ! foot1 or 9 ! case ( a l>ge rope1 p\nd x ) a mallet to make x r\nd & smoo?4 ,! appe>ance ( ! splice is improv$ if ! /r&s are divid$ 9 half j be=e ! la/ tuck is made1 & "o-half is cut (f :ile ! o!r half is us$ to complete ! splice4 ,?is splice may also be made by simply lay+ ! ropes toge!r & !n tuck+ !m z above )\t fir/ ty+ ! simple ,ov]-h& knots4 ,a skill$ workman frequ5tly disp5ses ) ! :ipp+ 9 mak+ a splice4 ,fig4 #de4 ,an ,eye-splice is s mu* small] & neat] ?an a knott$ eye 9 ! end ( a rope t x is mu* to be pref]r$ to ! latt]4 ,! ,eye-splice is made simil> to ! %ort-splice except t ! /r&s on ! end ( ! rope are unlaid = ! full l5g? ( ! splice4 ,! ends are tuck$ "u1 ov] & "u1 etc41 ! /r&s ( ! /&+ "p ( ! rope4 ,/ret* well & cut (f ! loose ends ( ! /r&s4 ,fig4 #df4 ,long splice4 ,if x is desir$ to unite two rope ends s t ! splices w pass ?r\gh a pulley z readily & smoo?ly z ! rope itself1 :at is kn[n z a ,long splice is us$4 ,?is is be/ suit$ z x does n cause an enl>gem5t 9 ! rope at ! po9t :]e ! splice is made4 ,to make x1 unlay ! ends ( two ropes to ! l5g? ( at lea/ five & a half times ! circumf]5ce ( ! rope4 ,int]lace ! /r&s z = ! ,%ort splice4 ,unlay "o /r& & fill up ! vacant space :i* x leaves ) ! /r& next to x f ! o!r rope end4 ,!n turn ! rope ov] & lay hold ( ! two next /r&s t w come opposite _! respective lays4 ,unlay "o1 fill+ up ! vacant space z be=e1 ) ! o!r4 ,take "o ?ird out ( ea* /r&1 knot ! opposite "o-?irds toge!r & heave !m well 9 place4 ,tuck all six ends once "u adjac5t /r&s & hav+ /ret*$ ! splice well1 cut (f ! ends4 ,! end+ ( successive pairs %\ld occur at int]vals 9 ! splice z %[n1 & n at ! two ends z 9 ! ,%ort splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df2 ,fig4 #dg2 ,fig4 #dh ,fig4 #dg4 ,a ,*a9 splice is us$ = splic+ a rope into a *a9 end :i* is requir$ to travel ?r\gh a block or small op5+4 ,x is also sometimes us$ = mak+ an ord9>y eye 9 ! end ( a rope4 ,f\r or six /r& rope l5ds itself m readily to ?is type ( splice ?an does a ?ree /r& rope4 ,to make a *a9 splice1 unlay ! /r&s m ?an = an eye splice1 !n unlay a little fur!r "o /r& 9 a ?ree /r& rope1 & two /r&s 9 a f\r /r& rope4 ,b5d ! two p>ts toge!r & tie an ,ov]-h& knot s t ! divid$ /r&s w lay toge!r aga94 ,cont9ue to lay ! ends 9 by pass+ !m ?r\gh ! eye4 ,:5 ! eye has be5 completely laid up1 ! rema9+ ends %\ld be tuck$ 9 ! /&+ "p ( ! rope z 9 a v %ort splice4 ,?is makes an eye :i* w n pull out ev5 if ! ends ( ! /r&s are only :ipp$ )\t fir/ tuck+4 ,x is especially valuable 9 =m+ smoo? eyes 9 /eel cable1 )\t ! use ( clamps4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! eye mu/ be made consid]ably long] ?an 9 ! case ( hemp rope4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! ,cut splice is =m$ simil> to ! ,eye splice1 except t ! two rope ends are ext5d$ pa/ ea* o!r & jo9$ into ! /&+ "p ( ! ropes4 ,?is type ( splice is frequ5tly us$ to hold ! r+s 9 rope ladd]s4 ,x c also be us$ :]e x is desir$ to atta* a sp> or rod to ! middle ( a l9e4 ,,hit*es ,! knots s f> describ$ are us$ ma9ly = fa/5+ rope ends toge!r or = end+ a rope4 ,a q diff]5t class ( knots is t us$ = fa/5+ a rope to a /ation>y or solid object4 ,?is type ( knots is kn[n z hit*es4 ,hit*es z well z o!r types ( knots %\ld be easily made1 %\ld n slip "u /ra9s & %\ld be easily unti$4 ,if all ropes 7 ! same size & /iffness x w\ld be possible to select two or ?ree knots :i* w\ld meet all requirem5ts4 ,b1 s9ce ?is is n true & s9ce a knot suitable = a silk5 fi% l9e w n be satisfactory = a %ip's haws]1 we f9d a great v>iety ( knots1 ea* ( :i* is design$ to meet "s special requirem5ts ( s]vice4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations %[ a v>iety ( ! mo/ typical & useful knots us$ on fib] or manila rope4 ,fig4 #di4 ,! ,half-hit* is good only = tempor>y fa/5+s :]e pull is cont9u\s4 ,x is usually us$ z "p ( a m elaborate hit*4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! ,timb]-hit* is v simil> to ! ,half-hit* b is mu* m p]man5t & secure4 ,in/ead ( ! end be+ pass$ "u ! /&+ "p once x is w\nd ar\nd ! /&+ "p ?ree or f\r times z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di2 ,fig4 #ej2 ,fig4 #ea2 ,fig4 #eb ,fig4 #ea4 ,! ,clove1 or ,build]'s-hit*1 is m secure ?an ei!r ( ! above hit*es4 ,x w hold fa/ on a smoo? timb] & is us$ ext5sively by build]s = fa/5+ ! /ag+ to upright po/s4 ,x w hold )\t slipp+ on wet timb]4 ,x is also us$ to make ! scaffold hit*4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! ,roll+-hit* is made by wrapp+ ! rope ?ree or f\r times ar\nd ! object to :i* x is to be fa/5$ & !n mak+ two half-hit*es ar\nd ! /&+ "p ( ! rope4 ,x is !n drawn tight4 ,?is hit* is easily & quickly made & is v secure4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,?is illu/rates ano!r type ( ,roll+-hit* v simil> to ! above b :i* is n z secure "u a heavy /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec2 ,fig4 #ed ,fig4 #ed4 ,! ,snubb+-hit* is made by pass+ ! rope ar\nd ! object to :i* x is desir$ to fa/5 x1 & !n mak+ :at is kn[n z a ,taut-l9e hit*1 ,figure #fh1 ab\t ! /&+ "p ( ! rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee2 ,fig4 #ef ,fig4 #ee4 ,timb]-hit* & ,half-hit* is a comb9ation ( ! two sep>ate hit*es %[n 9 ,fig4 #di & ,fig #ej4 ,x is m secure ?an ei!r us$ alone4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! ,*a9-hit* is a comb9ation ( ! above hit* & two or m half-hit*es4 ,x is us$ = haul+ 9 a l>g] rope or cable ) a t[ l9e1 etc4 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! ,twi/-hit* is m secure ?an ! ,half-hit* & x is suitable only :]e ! /ra9 is cont9u\s4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,twi/-&-b[-hit* is simil> to ! ,simple ,twi/-hit* b is easi] to untie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg2 ,fig4 #eh2 ,fig4 #ei2 ,fig4 #fj2 ,fig4 #fa ,fig4 #ei4 ,! ,blackwall-hit* is widely us$ z illu/rat$4 ,! great] ! /ra9 ! m securely x holds1 b x is unreliable if ! rope is slack4 ,?is hit* c be us$ ) *a9 z well z rope4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! ,l>k's-head ) toggle is easily made & is us$ z a rule :]e x is desir$ to h a type ( hit* :i* is easily & quickly releas$4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,r\nd-turn-&-half-hit* is suitable = a m or less p]man5t me?od ( atta*+ a rope to a r+4 ,:ipp+ ! end to ! /&+ "p ( ! rope makes x q p]man5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb2 ,fig4 #fc2 ,fig4 #fd2 ,fig4 #fe2 ,fig4 #ff ,fig4 #fb4 ,! ,fi%]man's hit* is us$ = fa/5+ l>ge ropes or l9es to r+s & is v simil> to ! hit* %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,x is improv$ by :ipp+ ! free end to ! /&+ "p4 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! ,cat's-paw-hit* is suitable = atta*+ a hook to ! middle "p ( a rope :]e ! ends are n free4 ,/ra9 may be tak5 on ei!r or bo? ends4 ,x is easily releas$4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! ,slipp]y-hit* is easily made1 b has ! objection t x draws v tight "u /ra91 mak+ x h>d to untie4 ,fig4 #fe4 ,! ,d\ble ,blackwall is simil> to ! ,s+le ,blackwall & is us$ = ! same purpose4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! ,slip ,knot & ,half-hit* con/itute a comb9ation t is us$ = ! same purpose z ! ,flemi% loop4 ,x is made by fir/ ty+ a slip knot s t x w run on ! %ort end ( ! rope4 ,!n complete by ty+ a half hit* ) ! %ort end z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg2 ,fig4 #fh ,fig4 #fg4 ,! ,fi%]man's-b5d is simil> to ! ,fi%]man's-hit* except t ! half hit*es are replac$ ) :ipp+4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a ,taut-l9e-hit* is us$ = atta*+ a rope to ano!r rope already "u /ra91 :]e no slack is available = mak+ any o!r hit*4 ,x is n secure unless pull$ v tight4 ,a few ?reads ( hemp or m>l9 s]v$ ab\t ! taut l9e = ! knot to pull aga9/ w improve ! hit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi2 ,fig4 #gj2 ,fig4 #ga2 ,fig4 #gb ,fig4 #fi4 ,! ,jam ,hit* is us$ 9 ty+ up light packages1 su* z bundles ( la?1 small boxes1 rolls ( pap]1 & ! l4 ,x is a hit* t w slide along a cord 9 "o direction1 b w jam & hold aga9/ mov+ ! o!r way & w be f\nd exce$+ly conv5i5t4 ,! ,jam ,hit* w answ] ! requirem5ts provid$ ! cord is l>ge en\gh & ( n too h>d a body nor too smoo? a surface4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! ,scaffold-hit* is v useful = sl++ a scaffold s t x w n turn 9 ! sl+4 ,x is />t$ by mak+ a ,clove hit* ) ! two free ends ( ! rope bel[ ! scaffold4 ,!n draw ea* rope back on itself & up ov] opposite sides ( ! bo>d1 :]e ! %ort end is jo9$ to ! o!r ) a b[l9e4 ,pl5ty ( slack 9 ! ,clove w make x possible to draw ! bight ( ea* end out to ! edge ( ! scaffold z %[n 9 ! left ( ! figure4 ,! two illu/rations at ! "r ( ! figure %[ ano!r me?od ( mak+ a ,scaffold hit*4 ,wrap ! rope ar\nd ! scaffold plank s t x crosses ! top ( ! plank ?ree times4 ,pull ! middle loop z %[n by ! arr[ & fold x d[n ov] ! end ( ! plank1 result+ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration imm$iately to ! left ( ! arr[4 ,?is is complet$ by atta*+ ! free end to ! /&+ "p ) a b[l9e4 ,bo? hit*es are equally good4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,! ,/udd+-sail-b5d is frequ5tly employ$ on %ipbo>d = atta*+ a rope or l9e to a sp>4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! ,mid%ipman's-hit* is some:at simil> to ! ,snubb+ hit* %[n 9 ,figure #ed1 b is p]haps a little easi] to make if ! rope is "u a /ra9 :ile be+ ti$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc2 ,fig4 #gd2 ,fig4 #ge2 ,fig4 #gf ,fig4 #gc4 ,a ,bale-sl+ z %[n is useful :]e x is necess>y to hoi/ an object to :i* x is difficult to atta* ! hoi/+ tackle4 ,x may be us$ on bales1 sacks1 kegs1 etc4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! ,hamburg] hit* is useful 9 connection ) a bale sl+ :i* is too long = ! object x is c>ry+4 ,x is also us$ to balance ! load :]e two sl+s are us$4 ,! sl+ is plac$ ar\nd ! load z 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,!n ) ! loop end ( ! sl+ =m a second loop z %[n4 ,:]e ! two ropes cross />t to tie a squ>e or ,reef knot4 ,draw up ! loops z %[n1 result+ 9 ! ,hamburg] hit*4 ,?is may be adju/$ by runn+ ! knot up or d[n ! rope :ile slack1 b x w n slip "u /ra94 ,fig4 #ge4 ,sl+ = a cask1 head up1 is v useful :]e x is desir$ to hoi/ an op5 b>rel ( wat] or lime or o!r mat]ial4 ,tie an ord9>y knot ov] ! b>rel l5g?wise4 ,!n sep>ate ! two ropes 9 ! middle ( ! twi/$ "p & drop !m ov] ! head ( ! cask or b>rel4 ,fa/5 ! two rope ends toge!r above ! b>rel z %[n ) a b[l9e4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,a ,well ,pipe ,hit* is us$ 9 hoi/+ pipe1 :]e no special clamp is available = atta*+ ! hoi/+ tackle to ! pipe4 ,! hit* %[n w pull tight]1 ! h>d] ! /ra91 & is also easy to untie4 ,pull up all slack possible 9 ! coils :5 =m+ ! hit*1 9 ord] to prev5t slipp+ :5 ! /ra9 is fir/ appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg ,fig4 #gg4 ,! ,hackamore hit* is commonly kn[n & us$ z an em]g5cy rope bridle or halt]1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,among sailors x is kn[n z a runn+ turk's head1 & x may be us$ 9 c>ry+ a jug or o!r vessel ( simil> %ape4 ,:5 us$ = a halt] ab\t tw5ty feet w be requir$4 ,! knot is />t$ by =m+ a bight 9 ! c5t] ( ! rope4 ,proce$ z indicat$ 9 ! successive illu/rations %[n4 ,! result w be a runn+ turk's head4 ,draw toge!r ! two c5t] ropes =m+ a bridle complete ) bit1 nose piece1 head piece & re9s4 ,su* a bridle is n suitable = cont9u\s use1 to be sure1 b x w be f\nd useful 9 an em]g5cy4 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! ,halt] ,tie is a knot pref]r$ by "s p]sons = use 9 hit*+ or 9 ty+ ! halt] rope 9 ! /all4 ,if prop]ly set1 x is secure & may be us$ 9 "s cases 9 place ( ! und]h& b[l9e knot4 ,! halt] tie %\ld nev] be us$ ar\nd a horse's neck1 because if ! tie is n set up correctly x =ms a slip knot & its use might result 9 /rangulation ( ! animal4 ,9 complet+ ! tie draw ! end ?r\gh & set ! knot by pull+ fir/ on ! %ort end4 ,?is is important4 ,if ! long rope is pull$ fir/ & ! k9ks 9 x are /raight5$ out1 ! tie =ms a slip knot1 be+ simply two half hit*es ar\nd ! rope4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,horse-hit* or tie is commonly us$ by f>m]s & /ockm5 to tie a horse or c[ ) a rope1 s x w n *oke itself4 ,tie an ov]h& knot 9 ! /&+ "p ( ! rope & leave op54 ,tie ano!r ov]h& knot or a ,/ev$ore knot 9 ! end ( ! rope4 ,loop ! rope ar\nd ! animal's neck & ins]t ! knott$ end ?r\gh ! op5 ,ov]h& knot4 ,?is hit* w n slip & *oke ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh2 ,fig4 #gi2 ,fig4 #hj2 ,fig4 #ha ,fig4 #hj4 ,! ,mang] tie is us$ = ty+ a horse or o!r animal to a mang] or /an*ion or hit*+ rack4 ,! end ( ! halt] rope is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! mang] ) a bight or loop on ! free end ( ! rope1 tie a slip knot on ! /&+ "p4 ,/ick ! free end ( ! rope ?r\gh ! loop or b[ z %[n4 ,?is knot is easily & quickly ti$1 b "u great /ra9 w pull tight1 mak+ x h>d to untie4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! ,figure ,eight ,mang] ,tie is sup]ior to ! ord9>y ,mang] ,tie 9 t x w n pull tight "u heavy /ra9 su* z w\ld occur if ! animal became fright5$ & attempt$ to break away4 ,pass ! free end ( ! rope ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! mang] or ar\nd ! hit*+ rack4 ,=m a bight or loop ) ! free end ( ! rope & hold ! loop along ! /&+ "p4 ,) ! free end =m ano!r loop & s]ve ar\nd bo? ! fir/ loop & ! /&+ "p4 ,complete ! tie by ins]t+ ! second loop ?r\gh ! fir/ loop & secure by ins]t+ ! free end ( ! rope ?r\gh ! second loop z %[n4 ,?is is easily unti$ by fir/ )draw+ ! free end f ! loop & !n pull+ on same until knot is unti$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb2 ,fig4 #hc2 ,fig4 #hd ,fig4 #hb4 ,! ,h>ness hit* is employ$ = =m+ a loop on a rope 9 su* a way t /ra9 may be appli$ to bo? ends & to ! loop )\t slipp+4 ,/>t to tie an ,ov]-h& knot z %[n4 ,rea* ?r\gh betwe5 ! two twi/$ p>ts & draw ! opposite side ( ! loop ?r\gh1 foll[+ ! arr[4 ,! complet$ h>ness hit* appe>s z %[n4 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! ,/rap hit* or ,l9e knot is us$ to jo9 ! free ends ( two lea!r driv+ l9es on a team4 ,x may be employ$ z an em]g5cy tie = a brok5 l9e or /rap b is n to be recomm5d$ z a p]man5t repair4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,! ,clevis hit* is us$ = =m+ a loop on ! end ( a rope :i* is bo? secure "u /ra9 & easily unti$4 ,! ,diamond ,hit* ,! pres5t age ( high spe$ transportation bo? on l& & wat]1 & 9 ! air z well1 has s]v$ to cr[d pack animal transportation back into ! hills & into ^? few regions :]e rail & sail h n yet p5etrat$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 pack tra9s are fa/ becom+ unkn[n1 & ! skill ( ! pack] is fa/ be+ =gott54 ,! skill ( ! exp]i5c$ pack] is little %ort ( m>vel\s1 :]e he c cat* a m or less wild pack animal & atta* f #ajj to #djj or #ejj p\nds ( /uff to 8 back s securely t x w ride all day )\t com+ (f4 ,diff]5t types ( freight+1 ( c\rse1 gave rise to diff]5t me?ods ( b9d+ on ! load1 b ! m widely us$ 01 no d\bt1 "s =m ( ! fam\s ,diamond ,hit*4 ,! e>ly trapp]s ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company are cr$it$ ) introduc+ ! ,diamond ,hit* among ! ,nor?-,we/ ,indians1 & old trapp]s ( ! p]iod ( #ahdi1 engag$ 9 freight+ to ,cali=nia1 claim t ! ,mexicans us$ x at t "t4 ,diff]5t pack]s h modifi$ & us$ ! ,diamond ,hit* to suit _! ne$s4 ,z an example1 9 r\gh c\ntry :]e !re is frequ5t tr\ble ) pack animals fall+ ) _! load1 "s pack]s tie ! ,diamond ,hit* s t ! f9al knot is on top ( ! animal's back :]e x c be easily rea*$ & loos5$ ) ! animal d[n4 ,"u m favorable conditions1 o!r pack]s use a ,diamond ,hit* 9 :i* ! f9al tie is made on ! side ( ! animal ne> ! c9* hook4 ,9 fact1 out ( a gr\p ( old pack]s f diff]5t localities1 ! probability is t no two w\ld tie ! ,diamond ,hit* alike 9 e p>ticul>4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations ( ! ,diamond ,hit* are %[n only z types actually 9 use by diff]5t m5 9 ! pack+ bus9ess4 ,o!r pack]s may h diff]5t me?ods ( ty+ x m suit$ to ! type ( load !y are h&l+4 ,! cuts %[n repres5t ! appe>ance ( ! ,diamond ,hit* if ! c9* 7 cut "u ! animal's belly & ! pack 7 flatt5$ out & laid on ! floor ) ! ropes undi/urb$4 ,?is me?od cle>ly %[s 9 "o picture all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! hit*1 s t ^? int]e/$ may foll[ x 9 mak+ ! hit* = !mselves4 ,! ,gov]nm5t uses a ,spani% packsaddle1 or :at is kn[n z an ap>ejo--pron\nc$1 ap-pa-ray-ho1 b civilian pack]s (t5 use ! cross tree saddle4 ,x consi/s ( a padd$ bo>d re/+ on ea* side ( ! animal's backbone4 ,^! two padd$ bo>ds are usually fa/5$ toge!r ) two cross trees resembl+ a saw buck4 ,!re are diff]5t me?ods ( plac+ ! load on ! saddle prep>atory to la%+ x fa/ ) ! ,diamond ,hit*4 ,no attempt w be made to give complete in/ructions 9 pack+4 ,! hit*es %[n are giv5 ) ! hope !y w s]ve ! prospective camp] on 8 vacation to a retreat 9 ! hills1 or p]haps satisfy ! int]e/ ( ^? :o h he>d ( ! ,diamond ,hit* b h nev] se5 x ti$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he2 ,fig4 #hf ,! ,two ,man ,diamond ,hit* ,fig4 #he4 ,! ,two ,man ,diamond ,hit* is />t$ by lay+ ! middle ( ! rope l5g?wise ov] ! pack f head to tail ) ! free end ( ! rope at ! head ( ! animal4 ,!n ! c9* hook is ?r[n "u ! animal's belly & caught by ! (f pack]4 ,! ne> pack] ?r[s a bight ov] ! pack & ! (f pack] cat*es x 9 ! c9* hook4 ,! ne> pack] pulls up on ! rope1 mak+ x tight ov] ! pack4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! two ropes ov] ! pack are !n twi/$ "o & a half times & a loop pull$ ?r\gh z %[n4 ,9 ?is case ! loop fir/ =m$ betwe5 ! rope ly+ l5g?wise & ! "p cross+ ! pack is l[]$ ov] ! ne> side ( ! pack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg2 ,fig4 #hh ,fig4 #hg4 ,! hit* is !n complet$ by ! (f pack]1 z %[n4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "o-man hit* & ! two-man hit* is t !y f9i% up on diff]5t sides ( ! animal4 ,9 ! two ,diamond ,hit*es %[n1 ! f9al tight5+ pull is tak5 t[>d ! head ( ! animal4 ,_m pack]s tie ! ,diamond ,hit* s t ! f9al pull is tak5 to re>w>d ( ! animal4 ,?is c be done by lay+ ! middle ( ! rope l5g?wise ( ! pack ) ! end to ! re> in/ead ( t[>d ! front ( ! animal4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! pack]'s knot z %[n consi/s ( a clove hit* made ar\nd a /&+ rope4 ,! second half hit* is made ) a bight in/ead ( ! end ( ! rope4 ,"o or m half hit*es are !n ?r[n ov] ?is loop to make x secure4 ,?is knot1 if pull$ tight 9 mak+1 w hold v securely1 )\t slipp+1 & is easily unti$ by loos5+ ! half hit*es1 & pull+ on ! free end ( ! rope4 ,! ,"o ,man ,diamond ,hit* ,fig4 #hi4 ,! "o man ,diamond ,hit* is employ$ by "o pack] work+ alone & requires t he make two trips ar\nd ! animal 9 ty+ x4 ,! rope is braid$ into a r+ on "o end ( ! c9*4 ,! o!r end ( ! c9* c>ries a hook4 ,/&+ on ! ne> side ( ! animal at its %\ld] he fir/ lays ! middle ( ! rope across ! pack f =w>d to back ) ! free end ( ! rope =w>d4 ,he !n ?r[s ! c9* ov] ! pack & cat*es ! hook "u ! animal's belly4 ,a loop ( ! rope is !n caught "u ! c9* hook & pull$ tight4 ,"s pack]s1 9 us+ ! "o man ,diamond ,hit*1 f9d x helps to hold ! hit* tight if !y take a d\ble turn ar\nd ! hook 9 mak+ ! fir/ tight5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi2 ,fig4 #ij ,fig4 #ij4 ,proce$+ ) ! hit*1 ! two ropes ov] ! pack crosswise are !n twi/$1 lift+ ! =w>d /r& up & back & pull+ ! re> /r& =w>d & "u4 ,two turns are made & !n a loop ( ! rope ly+ =w>d & back ov] ! top ( ! pack is drawn up betwe5 ! two twi/$ ropes z %[n4 ,! loop =m$ on ! (f side betwe5 ! "p crosswise ( ! pack & ! "p ( ! rope cross+ l5g?wise ( ! pack1 is =m$ ov] bo? corn]s ( ! (f side ( ! pack4 ,!n ! loop drawn up betwe5 ! two twi/$ ropes is l[]$ ov] ! corn]s ( ! ne> side ( ! pack4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! f9al /ra9 is tak5 on ! free end ( ! rope pass+ along ! neck ( ! animal & ti$ at ! =w>d po9t ( ! diamond ) a pack]'s knot4 ,if ! animal %\ld fall on ei!r side1 ! knot is easily rea*$ & unti$4 ,! free end ( ! rope is tuck$ "u "s "p ( ! hit* or loop$ ov] ! pack or o!rwise dispos$ (4 ,9 mak+ ! ,diamond ,hit*1 at no "t is ! end ( ! rope pull$ ?r\gh any:]e4 ,?is makes x easy to take (f )\t becom+ sn>l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia2 ,fig4 #ib ,fig4 #ib4 ,! ,diamond ,hit* z m5tion$ above is frequ5tly ti$ s t ! knot occurs on ! side ( ! animal opposite ! c9* hook in/ead ( on top4 ,?is hit* is ti$ s t ! fir/ loop is l[]$ ov] ! re> corn] only ( ! (f side ( ! pack4 ,9 ! two o!r hit*es describ$ above1 ! fir/ loop includ$ bo? corn]s ( ! pack1 & f9i%$ ) a knot on top4 ,! ,diamond ,hit* %[n is ?r[n by two pack]s4 ,,la%+s ,fig4 #ic4 ,to la% a ,transom to an upright ,sp> ) ! transom 9 front ( ! upright4 ,a clove hit* is made ar\nd ! upright a few in*es bel[ ! transom4 ,! la%+ is br\ght "u ! transom1 up 9 front ( x1 horizontally beh9d ! upright1 d[n 9 front ( ! transom1 & back beh9d ! upright at ! level ( ! bottom ( ! transom & above ! clove hit*4 ,! foll[+ turns are kept outside ! previ\s ones on "o sp> & inside on ! o!r1 n rid+ ov] ! turns already made4 ,f\r turns or m are requir$4 ,a c\ple ( frapp+ turns are !n tak5 betwe5 ! sp> & transom1 ar\nd ! la%+1 & ! la%+ is f9i%$ (f ei!r ar\nd "o ( ! sp>s or any "p ( ! la%+ ?r\gh :i* ! rope c be pass$4 ,! f9al clove hit* %\ld nev] be made ar\nd ! sp> on ! side t[>d :i* ! /ress is to come1 z x may jam & be difficult to remove4 ,! la%+ mu/ be well beat5 ) h&spike or pick h&le to tight5 x up4 ,?is is call$ a squ>e la%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic2 ,fig4 #id ,fig4 #id4 ,to la% ?ree sp>s toge!r z = a ,g9 or ,tripod4 ,m>k on ea* sp> ! di/ance f ! butt to ! c5t] ( ! la%+4 ,lay two ( ! sp>s p>allel to ea* o!r ) an int]val a little great] ?an ! diamet]4 ,re/ _! tips on a skid & lay ! ?ird sp> betwe5 !m ) its butt 9 ! opposite direction s t ! m>ks on ! ?ree sp>s w be 9 l9e4 ,make a clove hit* on "o ( ! out] sp>s bel[ ! la%+ & take eight or n9e loose turns ar\nd ! ?ree1 z %[n 9 ,figure #id4 ,take a c\ple ( frapp+ turns betwe5 ea* pair ( sp>s 9 succession & f9i% ) a clove hit* on ! c5tral sp> above ! la%+4 ,pass a sl+ ov] ! la%+ & ! tripod is ready = rais+4 ,,tackle ,,sets ,! use ( block & tackle af=ds at lea/ two advantages to ! us]4 ,"o is ! advantage ( position4 ,! us] may /& on ! gr\nd & pull d[nw>d--! mo/ easy & natural way ( ex]t+ =ce1 :ile ! result+ =ces may be develop$ upw>d z 9 ! case ( a hoi/4 ,! o!r advantage is me*anical4 ,by ! use ( a comb9ation ( l9es & %eaves1 =ce appli$ by ! us] c be multipli$ _m times be=e x is transf]r$ to act ^u ! body4 ,b :]e !re is ga9 9 p\nds =ce appli$1 !re is always a c\nt]act+ loss due to an increase 9 ! di/ance requir$ to apply ! =ce comp>$ ) ! di/ance ! weight or load w travel2 z 9 ,figure #if1 a =ce ( #ajj lbs4 on ! free end ( ! rope w give a resultant on ! object ( #bjj lbs4 7neglect+ loss by friction 9 rope & pulley7 b di/ance travell$ by ! us] w be two feet to "o foot travell$ by ! object4 ,! illu/rations are %[n 9 ea* case ) an arbitr>y =ce ( #ajj lbs4 appli$ to ! free end ( ! rope4 ,! result+ =ce 7neglect+ or disreg>d+ friction7 is !n %[n 9 all p>ts ( ! set4 ,9 actual practice ! friction ( ! %eave & ! resi/ance ( ! rope to b5d+ gives rise to a loss ( ab\t #e ( ! =ce appli$ to ! rope pass+ ?r\gh ea* %eave4 ,= example 9 ,fig4 #ie ! =ce appli$ on ! b>rel w\ld be #ie ( t appli$ to ! free end ( ! rope or #ie lbs4 ,9 ,fig4 #if ! resultant =ce w\ld be #ajj 7#ajj - #e7 #aie lbs4 & 9 ,fig4 #ig1 ! lift on ! armature w\ld be #ahe lbs4 in/ead ( #bjj z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie ,! ropes are also sep>at$ 9 ! illu/rations 9 ord] to %[ ea* "p cle>ly4 ,! ropes are assum$ to pull p>allel to ea* o!r & ! figures repres5t ! p\nds result+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! set "u ^? conditions4 ,! illu/rations %[ "s ( ! mo/ typical applications ( block & tackle = me*anical advantage or advantage ( position or bo?4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! ,s+le ,:ip af=ds only advantage ( position commonly us$ on a crane or d]rick or p]haps = haul+ an object up to a wall or to ! wat]'s edge4 ,!oretical advantage #a3a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if ,fig4 #if4 ,! ,runn+ tackle is simil> to ! ,s+le ,:ip except t ! object to be mov$ is atta*$ at a diff]5t place4 ,?is gives a !oretical advantage ( #b3a4 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! ,gun tackle ,a af=ds an advantage ( position s9ce ! us] /&s on ! gr\nd & pulls d[n & ! resultant =ce is appli$ to ! object v]tically upw>d4 ,!oretical advantage #b3a4 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! gun tackle ,b is ! same z gun tackle ,a except t its application is diff]5t1 giv+ a !oretical advantage ( #c3a4 ,fig4 #ii4 ,:ip-on-:ip multiplies ! me*anical advantage by two1 :]e appli$ z %[n4 ,if inv]t$ & ! top block appli$ to ! load ) ! loop snubb$ ! me*anical advantage w\ld be #d3a4 ,9 bo? cases two s+le blocks are us$4 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,! ,luff tackle has _m applications aside f ! "o %[n4 ,ord9>ily consi/+ ( "o s+le & "o d\ble block & a s+le rope1 x gives a !oretical me*anical advantage ( #d3a 9 ! case %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig2 ,fig4 #ih2 ,fig4 #ii2 ,fig4 #ajj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja2 ,fig4 #ajb ,fig4 #aja4 ,! ,port tackle1 consi/+ ( ,s+le ,:ip & a ,luff tackle may be appli$ :5 ! level ( op]ations *anges f "t to "t & x is undesirable to apply ! am\nt ( rope necess>y to make ! ,luff "p ( ! set long en\gh to s]ve = all levels4 ,a bale sl+ is also %[n 9 use4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,a ,d\ble ,luff tackle has a f\r "p l9e in/ead ( a ?ree "p l9e z 9 ! ,s+le ,luff4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,a ,s+le ,spani% ,burton 7,a7 us+ two s+le blocks & "o rope gives a great] me*anical advantage ?an ! same equipm5t us$ z 9 ,figure #ig1 ! ,gun ,tackle4 ,?is is useful 9 %ift+ c>go1 etc41 :]e ! di/ance hoi/$ 9 n great4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,a ,s+le ,spani% ,burton 7,b7 us+ ?ree s+le blocks & two ropes1 gives ! same hoi/+ range z ! ,type ,a ,burton1 b a great] me*anical advantage4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,?ree ,fold ,pur*ase us+ a six "p l9e1 gives a !oretical me*anical advantage ( #f3a & an actual advantage ( #ejc3a1 assum+ a loss ( #e ( ! =ce on ! rope pass+ ov] ea* %eave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc2 ,fig4 #ajd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje2 ,fig4 #ajf ,fig4 #ajf4 ,f\r ,fold pur*ase us+ two f\r-%eave blocks1 is commonly us$ 9 d]ricks & hoi/s4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! possibility ( us+ f\r two-%eave blocks1 :]e ! l>g] sizes are n available4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! ,d\ble ,burton 7,a71 = "o rope & two s+le blocks & "o d\ble block1 gives a limit$ hoi/+ range :i* is desirable 9 %ift+ heavy weights :5 x is necess>y to lift !m b a small di/ance4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,! ,d\ble ,burton 7,b71 :ile us+ exactly ! same equipm5t z is us$ 9 ,fig4 #ia1 %[s ! l>ge diff]5ces 9 me*anical advantage betwe5 diff]5t me?ods ( ?read+ up ! set4 ,! illu/ration also %[s a box sl+ 9 use4 ,fig4 #aji4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,c71 is a fur!r application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,spani% ,burton1 us+ two ropes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg2 ,fig4 #ajh2 ,fig4 #aji ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj ,fig4 #aaj4 ,d\ble ,burton 7,d71 us+ b "o rope1 illu/rates ! possiblity ( us+ x to great] me*anical advantage ?an w\ld be possible 9 a six fold pur*ase4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is case ! hoi/+ range is less ?an w\ld be possible 9 a six fold pur*ase4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,luff on ,luff illu/rates a common application ( tackle to secure me*anical advantage4 ,x w readily be recogniz$ t ! major tackle mu/ be f\r times z /rong z ! o!r set if bo? are to be us$ any:]e ne> to capacity4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,ano!r ,d\ble ,burton :i* also illu/rates ! possibility ( comb9+ two blocks 9 place ( "o1 ) ! requir$ numb] ( %eaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab ,,*a9 ,,hoi/s ,frequ5t use is made 9 g>ages1 ma*9e %ops & o!r places1 ( a special device = hoi/+ heavy ma*9e p>ts4 ,! app>atus ref]r$ to is kn[n z a *a9 hoi/4 ,^! are built to use *a9 in/ead ( rope & are design$ to op]ate sl[ly1 b ) great me*anical advantage4 ,diff]5t types embody diff]5t design ( movem5ts1 "s be+ m]ely a tra9 ( ge>s atta*$ to a %eave :eel & driv5 by a worm ge>4 ,o!rs employ ! diff]5tial pr9ciple 9 :i* ! hoi/+ *a9 is d\ble1 "o end runn+ ov] a small pulley & ! o!r end runn+ 9 ! opposite direction ov] a l>g] pulley on ! same %aft4 ,z ! small pulley unw9ds "o end ( ! *a9 sl[ly1 ! o!r pulley w9ds up ! o!r end fa/]--?us rais+ ! l[] end ( ! *a9 loop4 ,*a9 hoi/s are made = v>i\s capacities1 & c be built to raise ! load any desir$ di/ance1 m]ely by supply+ *a9 long en\gh4 ,a *a9-hoi/ atta*$ to a travell+ crane makes a v satisfactory equipm5t = a %op :]e heavy p>ts are to be lift$ & transf]r$ & %\ld be us$ :]ev] !re is en\gh su* "w to w>rant ! great] fir/ co/4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,a ,ge>$-*a9-hoi/ %[+ a #a-ton hoi/ manufactur$ by ! ,wright ,mfg4 ,co41 ( ,lisbon1 ,ohio1 us+ two *a9s1 "o = lift+ & ! o!r = op]at+4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,a ,diff]5tial ,*a9 hoi/ us+ a s+le cont9u\s *a9 runn+ ?r\gh a pulley at ! bottom & ov] two diff]5t siz$ :eels fa/5$ on ! same %aft at ! top4 ,z "o unw9ds ! o!r w9ds up & ! diff]5ce 9 diamet] causes "o to w9d up fa/] ?an ! o!r unw9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac2 ,fig4 #aad2 ,fig4 #aae ,fig4 #aae4 ,a ,*9ese hoi/ or ,*9ese cap/an1 9 :i* ! diff]5tial pr9ciple is us$4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! possibility ( quickly apply+ ! pr9ciple to ! hoi/+ ( a well-cas+4 ,x has ! m]it ( be+ *eap & easy to con/ruct & v effici5t 9 develop+ a l>ge me*anical advantage4 ,! necess>y mat]ials c frequ5tly be f\nd ar\nd almo/ any f>m or con/ruction camp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf ,fig4 #aaf4 ,a ,snat* ,block is us$ frequ5tly 9 connection ) hay h&l+ equipm5t on ! f>m4 ,hoi/+ hay f a load$ wagon to ! track locat$ 9 ! peak ( ! b>n1 requires mu* m =ce ?an is requir$ to move ! load along ! track4 ,f !n on1 ! snat* block pulls away f ! knot caus+ ! load to travel on ! c>ri] track twice z fa/ z ! team4 ,! object is to utilize ! direct pull ( ! team :ile elevat+ ! load & increase ! spe$ ( ! load & decrease ! di/ance travell$ by ! team aft] ! load has be5 elevat$ & is to be transf]r$4 ,,transmission ,,cables ,hemp & ,manila ,ropes & cables h _m uses & applications bo? 9 indu/ry & pleasure4 ,haulage1 hoi/+ & ! transmission ( p[] are ?ree ( ! mo/ mod]n applications to :i* ropes & cables h be5 put1 :i* require an intimate k ( _! /r5g? & life 9 s]vice1 9 ord] to secure satisfactory s]vice4 ,= in/ance1 a c]ta9 k9d & size ( rope is suitable = guy l9es b w\ld n be able to compete ) a diff]5t type ( rope 9 s]vice on a rapid hoi/4 ,simil>ly1 a c]ta9 size ( rope is be+ us$ on a rope drive1 b ! p[] load is increas+ to su* a po9t x is necess>y to increase ! size ( transmission rope4 ,if ! %eaves are n increas$ 9 diamet] suitable to ! increas$ size ( rope1 ! acute b5d+ ( ! l>g] rope on ! old %eave :eel w %ort5 its life mat]ially4 ,foll[+ are tables ( /r5g? = a few diff]5t k9ds & sizes ( ropes4 ,x is n ! purpose to make ^! tables complete & exhau/ive 9 scope1 b r to give a g5]al conception ( ! /r5g? to be expect$ ( diff]5t k9ds & sizes ( ropes 9 m common use4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 m complete in=mation on ?is subject %\ld ref] to ! catalogs put out by manufactur]s ( ropes4 ,no accurate rule c be giv5 = calculat+ ! /r5g? ( rope & any table giv+ ! /r5g? w only be approximately correct4 ,f\r-/r& rope has ab\t #af m /r5g? ?an ?ree-/r& rope4 ,t>r+ rope decreases ! /r5g? by ab\t #be because ! high temp]ature ( ! t> injures ! fib]s4 ,! /r5g? ( a rope is decreas$ by age1 exposure & we>4 ,! break+ /r5g? ( a rope is ! weight or pull t w break x4 ,! safe load is ! weight y may put on a rope )\t dang] ( break+ x4 ,! safe load mu/ be v mu* less ?an ! break+ /r5g?1 9 ord] t life & prop]ty may n be endang]$ :5 heavy objects are to be mov$ or lift$4 ,! safe load is usually reg>d$ z #a_/f ( ! break+ /r5g?4 ,! break+ /r5g? & safe load = all ropes mu/ be l>gely a matt] ( good judgm5t & exp]i5ce4 ,calculation ( ,/r5g? ,= new manila rope ! break+ /r5g? 9 p\nds may be f\nd approximately by ! foll[+ rule3 ,squ>e ! diamet]1 measur$ 9 in*es1 & multiply ?is product by #gbjj4 ,result obta9$ f ?is rule may v>y z mu* z #ae f actual te/s4 ,! safe load c be f\nd by divid+ ! break+ /r5g? by #f4 ,hemp rope is approximately #c_/d z /rong z manila s t we use ! foll[+ rule = x3 ,! break+ /r5g? ( hemp rope 9 p\nds is #edjj times ! squ>e ( ! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,! safe load is f\nd by divid+ ! break+ /r5g? by #f z we did = ! manila rope4 ,c>e ( ,rope ,keep rope 9 a dry place1 d n leave x out 9 ! ra94 ,if a rope gets wet1 /ret* x out /raight to dry4 ,d n let ! ends become untwi/$ b fix !m 9 "s way to prev5t x z soon z ! rope is obta9$4 ,a /iff & h>d rope may be made v s(t & flexible by boil+ = a "t 9 pure wat]4 ,?is w ( c\rse remove "s ( ! t> or o!r pres]vative4 ,c[boys treat _! lasso ropes 9 ?is way4 ,uncoil+ ,rope #a4 ,/>t ) ! end f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ! coil4 #b4 ,pull ?is end out & ! rope %\ld uncoil 9 a direction opposite to ! direction ( motion ( ! h&s ( a clock4 #c4 ,if x uncoils 9 ! wrong direction1 turn ! coil ov] & pull ?is same end ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! coil & out on ! o!r side4 #d4 ,if ^! directions are foll[$1 ! rope w come out ( ! coil ) v few k9ks or sn>ls4 ,,size ,,& ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,textile ,,ropes ,ultimate ,/r5g?1 ,lb4 ,work+ ,/r5g?1 ,lbs4 ,diam4 ( ,rope ,in*es ,cotton ,manila ,hemp ,cotton ,manila ,hemp #a1aej #a1ijj #ej #ej #a1hjj #b1ijj #gh #gh #b1fjj #d1ajj #aab #aab #c1ejj #e1ejj #aec #aec #a #d1fjj #g1ajj #bjj #bjj #a #g1bjj #aj1ijj #cab #cab #a #aj1djj #ae1jjj #dej #dej #a #ad1jjj #ai1hjj #fab #fab #b #ah1djj #be1ajj #hjj #hjj ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,manila ,,rope ,diamet] ( ,av]age ,quality ,rope 9 ,in*es ,new ,manila ,rope #b #c_/d #bf #b-a_/b #ba-a_/b #b-a_/d #ah-a_/b #b #ae #a-c_/d #ab-a_/b #a-e_/h #aj #a-a_/b #h-a_/b #a-c_/h #g-a_/b #a-a_/d #f-a_/d #a-a_/h #e-a_/d #a #d #g_/h #c-a_/d #c_/d #b-a_/d #e_/h #b #i_/af #a-a_/b #a_/b #a-a_/e #g_/af #c_/d #c_/h #a_/b #e_/af #c_/h #i_/cb #c_/aj #a_/d #a_/d ,,/eel ,,cables ,! mod]n dem&s ( indu/ry = spe$ & l>ge capacity h call$ = /r5g?s exce$+ t possible to atta9 f hemp or manila ropes1 :i* are n excessive 9 size or co/4 ,z a result1 /eel ropes & cables h be5 develop$ & p]fect$ to a high degree ( /r5g? & dep5dability4 ,! majority ( hoi/s & cranes use /eel rope4 ,logg+ indu/ries dep5d = mo/ "p on /eel cables4 ,cable c>s use special /eel cables :i* 9 _m cases are sev]al miles long4 ,long tramways use light /eel cables1 = long spans :]e manila rope w\ld sc>cely ma9ta9 its own weight4 ,high spe$ pass5g] elevators ma9ta9 safe & dep5dable s]vice day aft] day only ?r\gh ! /r5g? ( ! p]fect$ flexible /eel cable4 ,h[ev]1 z /at$ above1 ea* p>ticul> type ( s]vice calls = "s special type ( cable4 ,! foll[+ tables are n complete b w s]ve to indicate ! scope ( ! field cov]$ by ?is subject4 ,,ca/ ,,/eel ,,rope ,compos$ ( #f /r&s & a hemp c5t]1 #g wires to ! /r& ,approx4 ,prop] ,m9imum ,diamet] ,approximate ,break+ ,work+ ,size ( 9 ,circumf]5ce ,/ra9 9 ,load 9 ,drum or ,in*es 9 ,in*es ,tons ( ,tons ( ,%eave #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 9 ft4 #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #fc #ab4f #aa #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #ec #aj4f #aj #a-a_/d #d #df #i4b #i #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #cg #g4d #h #a #c #ca #f4b #g #g_/h #b-c_/d #bd #d4h #f #c_/d #b-a_/d #ah4f #c4g #e #aa_/af #b-a_/h #ae4d #c4a #d-c_/d #e_/h #b #ac #b4f #d-a_/b #i_/af #a-c_/d #aj #b #d #a_/b #a-a_/b #g4g #a4ed #c-a_/b #g_/af #a-a_/d #e4e #a4aj #c #c_/h #a-a_/h #d4f 4#ib #b-c_/d #e_/af #a #c4e 4#gj #b-a_/d #i_/cb #g_/h #b4e 4#ej #a-c_/d ,,ca/ ,,/eel ,,rope ,compos$ ( #f /r&s & a hemp c5t]1 #ai wires to ! /r& ,approx4 ,prop] ,m9imum ,diamet] ,approximate ,break+ ,work+ ,size ( ( ,rope ,circumf]5ce ,/ra9 9 ,load 9 ,drum or 9 9 ,in*es ,tons ( ,tons ( ,%eave ,in*es #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 9 ft4 #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #baa #db4b #aa #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #agj #cd #aj #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #acc #bf4f #i #b #f-a_/d #ajf #ba4b #h #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #if #ai #h #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #he #ag #g #a-e_/h #e #gb #ad4d #f-a_/b #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #fd #ab4h #f #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #ef #aa4b #e-a_/b #a-a_/d #d #dg #i4d #e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #ch #g4f #d-a_/b #a #c #cj #f #d #g_/h #b-c_/d #bc #d4f #c-a_/b #c_/d #b-a_/d #ag4e #c4e #c #e_/h #b #ab4e #b4e #b-a_/b #i_/af #a-c_/d #aj #b #b-a_/d #a_/b #a-a_/b #h4d #a4fh #b #g_/af #a-a_/d #f4e #a4cj #a-c_/d #c_/h #a-a_/h #dh 4#if #a-a_/b #e_/af #a #c4a 4#fb #a-a_/d #a_/d #c_/d #b4b 4#dd #a ,,ca/ ,,/eel ,,rope ,compos$ ( #f /r&s & a hemp c5t]1 #cg wires to ! /r& ,approx4 ,prop] ,m9imum ,diamet] ,approximate ,break+ ,work+ ,size ( 9 ,circumf]5ce ,/ra9 9 ,load 9 ,drum or ,in*es 9 ,in*es ,tons ( ,tons ( ,%eave #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 9 ft4 #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #bjj #dj #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #afj #cb #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #abe #be #b #f-a_/d #aje #ba #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #hd #ag #a-e_/h #e #ga #ad #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #fc #ab #c-c_/d #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #ee #aa #c-a_/b #a-a_/d #d #de #i #c-a_/d #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #cd #f4h #b-c_/d #a #c #bi #e4h #b-a_/b #g_/h #b-c_/d #bc #d4f #b-a_/d #c_/d #b-a_/d #ag4e #c4e #a-c_/d #e_/h #b #aa4b #b4b #a-c_/d #i_/af #a-c_/d #i4e #a4i #a-a_/b #a_/b #a-a_/b #g4be #a4de #a-a_/d #g_/af #a-a_/d #e4ej #a4aj #a-a_/d #c_/h #a-a_/h #d4bj 4#hd #a ,,ca/ ,,/eel ,,ropes ,,= ,,incl9es ,six /r&s ( #g wires ea*--hemp c5t] ,diam4 ,diamet] ( ,%eaves or ,drums 9 ,feet1 ,%[+ ,p]c5tage ( ,rope ( ,life = ,v>i\s ,diamet]s ,in*es #ajj #ij #hj #ge #fj #ej #be #a-a_/b #af #ad #ab #aa #i #g #d4ge #a-c_/h #ad #ab #aj #h4e #g #f #d4e #a-a_/d #ab #aj #h #g4be #f #e4e #d4be #a-a_/h #aj #h4e #g4ge #g #f #e #d #a #h4e #g4ge #f4ge #f #e #d4e #c4ge #g_/h #g4ge #g #f4be #e4ge #d4e #c4ge #c4b #c_/d #g #f4be #e4e #e #d4be #c4e #b4ge #e_/h #f #e4be #d4e #d #c4be #c #b4e #a_/b #e #d4e #d #c4e #b4ge #b #a4ge ,,ca/ ,,/eel ,,hoi/+ ,,ropes #f /r&s ( #ai wires ea*--hemp c5t] ,diam4 ,diamet] ( ,%eaves or ,drums 9 ,feet1 ,%[+ ,p]c5tage ( ,rope ( ,life = ,v>i\s ,diamet]s ,in*es #ajj #ij #hj #ge #fj #ej #be #a-a_/b #ad #ab #aj #h4e #g #f #d4e #a-c_/h #ab #aj #h #g #f #e4be #d4be #a-a_/d #aj #h4e #g4e #f4ge #e4e #e #d #a-a_/h #i #g4e #f4e #e4e #e #d4e #c4ge #a #h #g #f #e4e #d4e #d #c4ej #g_/h #g4e #f4ge #e4ge #e #d4be #c4e #c #c_/d #e4e #d4e #d #c4ge #c4be #c #b4be #e_/h #d4e #d #c4ge #c4be #c #b4e #b #a_/b #d #c #c #b4ge #b4be #b #a4e #c_/h #c #b #a4e ,,/&>d ,,hoi/+ ,,rope ,six ,/r&s--#ai wires to ! /r&--,"o hemp core ,sw$es ,iron ,approx4 ,prop] ,diam4 ( ,diam4 ,circum- ,approx4 ,/ra9 9 ,work+ ,drum or 9 f]5ce ,weight ,tons ( ,load 9 ,%eave 9 ,in*es 9 ,p] ,foot #bjjj lbs4 ,tons ( 9 ft4 ,in*es #bjjj lbs4 ,advis$ #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #aa4ie #aaa #bb4b #ag #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #i4he #ib #ah4d #ae #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #h #gb #ad4d #ad #b #f-a_/d #f4cj #ee #aa #ab #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #e4ee #ej #aj #ab #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #d4he #dd #h4h #aa #a-e_/h #e #d4ae #ch #g4e #aj #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #c4ee #cc #f4e #i #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #c #bh #e4e #h4e #a-a_/d #d #b4de #bb4h #d4ef #g4e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #b #ah4f #c4gb #g #a #c #a4eh #ad4e #b4ij #f #g_/h #b-c_/d #a4bj #aa4h #b4cf #e4e #c_/d #b-a_/d 4#hi #h4e #a4gj #d4e #e_/h #b 4#fb #f #a4bj #d #i_/af #a-c_/d 4#ej #d4g 4#id #c4e #a_/b #a-a_/b 4#ci #c4i 4#gh #c #g_/af #a-a_/d 4#cj #b4i 4#eh #b4ge #c_/h #a-a_/h 4#bb #b4d 4#dh #b4be #e_/af #a 4#ae #a4e 4#cj #b #a_/d #c_/d 4#aj #a4a 4#bb #a4ej ,crucible ,ca/ ,/eel ,prop] ,diam4 ,circum- ,approx4 ,approx4 ,work+ ,diam4 ( 9 f]5ce ,weight ,/ra9 9 ,load 9 ,drum or ,in*es 9 ,p] ,foot ,tons ( ,tons ( ,%eave 9 ,in*es #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 ft4 ,advis$ #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #aa4ie #baa #db4b #aa #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #i4he #agj #cd #aj #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #h #acc #bf4f #i #b #f-a_/d #f4cj #ajf #ba4b #h #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #e4ee #if #ai #h #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #d4he #he #ag #g #a-e_/h #e #d4ae #gb #ad4d #f4e #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #c4ee #fd #ab4h #f #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #c #ef #aa4f #e4e #a-a_/d #d #b4de #dg #i4d #e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #b #ch #g4f #d4e #a #c #a4eh #cj #f #d #g_/h #b-c_/d #a4bj #bc #d4f #c4e #c_/d #b-a_/d 4#hi #ag4e #c4e #c #e_/h #b 4#fb #ab4e #b4e #b4e #i_/af #a-c_/d 4#ej #aj #b #b4be #a_/b #a-a_/b 4#ci #h4d #a4fh #b #g_/af #a-a_/d 4#cj #f4e #a4cj #a4ge #c_/h #a-a_/h 4#bb #d4h 4#if #a4ej #e_/af #a 4#ae #c4a 4#fb #a4be #a_/d #c_/d 4#aj #b4b 4#dd #a ,pl[ ,/eel ,approx4 ,prop] ,diam4 ( ,diam4 ,circum- ,approx4 ,/ra9 9 ,work+ ,drum or 9 f]5ce ,weight ,tons ( ,load 9 ,%eave 9 ,in*es 9 ,p] ,foot #bjjj lbs4 ,tons ( ft4 ,advis$ ,in*es #bjjj lbs4 #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #aa4ie #bge #ee #aa #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #i4he #bbi #df #aj #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #h #ahf #cg #i #b #f-a_/d #f4cj #adj #bh #h #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #e4ee #abg #be #h #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #d4he #aab #bb #g #a-e_/h #e #d4ae #id #ai #f4e #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #c4ee #hb #af #f #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #c #gb #ad #e4e #a-a_/d #d #b4de #eh #ab #e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #b #dg #i4e #d4e #a #c #a4eh #ch #g4f #d #g_/h #b-c_/d #a4bj #bi #e4h #c4e #c_/d #b-a_/d 4#hi #bc #d4f #c #e_/h #b 4#fb #ae4e #c4a #b4e #i_/af #a-c_/d 4#ej #ab4c #b4d #b4be #a_/b #a-a_/b 4#ci #aj #b #b #g_/af #a-a_/d 4#cj #h #a4f #a4ge #c_/h #a-a_/h 4#bb #e4ge #a4ae #a4ej #e_/af #a 4#ae #c4h 4#gf #a4be #a_/d #c_/d 4#aj #b4fe 4#ec #a ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,wire ,,rope 9 tons ( #b1jjj p\nds ,wire ,transmission ,rope4 ,"o ,hemp core surr\nd$ by six /r&s ( ,diamet] sev5 wires ea* 9 ,in*es ,crucible ,extra ,/rong ,pl[ ,iron ,ca/ ,crucible ,ca/ ,/eel ,/eel ,/eel #b-c_/d #b-a_/b #b-a_/d #b #a-c_/d #a-e_/h #a-a_/b #cb #fc #gc #hb #a-c_/h #bh #ec #fc #gb #a-a_/d #bc #df #ed #fj #a-a_/h #ai #cg #dc #dg #a #ae #ca #ce #ch #g_/h #ab #bd #bh #ca #c_/d #h4h #ah4f #ba #bc #e_/h #f #ac #ad4e #af #i_/af #d4h #aj #aa #ab #a_/b #c4g #g4g #h4he #aj #g_/af #b4f #e4e #f4be #g #c_/h #b4b #d4f #e4be #e4i #e_/af #a4g #c4e #c4ie #d4d #i_/cb #a4b #b4e #b4ie #c4d #a_/d ,wire ,hoi/+ ,rope4 ,"o ,hemp core surr\nd$ by six /r&s ( ,diamet] n9ete5 wires ea* 9 ,in*es ,crucible ,extra ,/rong ,pl[ ,iron ,ca/ ,crucible ,ca/ ,/eel ,/eel ,/eel #b-c_/d #aaa #baa #bdc #bge #b-a_/b #ib #agj #bjj #bbi #b-a_/d #gb #acc #afj #ahf #b #ee #ajf #abc #adj #a-c_/d #dd #he #ii #aab #a-e_/h #ch #gb #hc #id #a-a_/b #cc #fd #gc #hb #a-c_/h #bh #ef #fd #gb #a-a_/d #bb4h #dg #ec #eh #a-a_/h #ah4f #ch #dc #dg #a #ad4e #cj #cd #ch #g_/h #aa4h #bc #bf #bi #c_/d #h4e #ag4e #bj4b #bc #e_/h #f #ab4e #ad #ae4e #i_/af #d4g #aj #aa4b #ab4c #a_/b #c4i #h4d #i4b #aj #g_/af #b4i #f4e #g4be #h #c_/h #b4d #d4h #e4cj #e4ge #e_/af #a4e #c4a #c4ej #c4h #i_/cb #a_/d #a4a #b4b #b4dc #b4fe ,,splic+ ,,transmission ,,cables ,:]ev] wire rope transmissions are us$ x is necess>y to splice ! rope or cable s t x w run smoo?ly ov] ! %eave :eels4 ,= ?is purpose a long splice is inv>iably us$4 7,tak5 f 8,am]ican ,wire ,rope0 publi%$ by ,am]ican ,/eel & ,wire ,company74 ,! tools requir$ are a small m>l9-spike1 nipp+ cutt]s1 & ei!r clamps or a small hemp rope sl+ ) :i* to wrap ar\nd & untwi/ ! rope4 ,if a b5* vise is accessible1 x w be f\nd v conv5i5t = hold+ ! rope4 8,9 splic+ a rope1 a c]ta9 l5g? is us$ up 9 mak+ ! splice4 ,an all[ance ( n less ?an #af feet = in* rope1 & proportionately long] = l>g] sizes1 mu/ be add$ to ! l5g? ( an endless rope1 9 ord]+4 ,! l5g? ( splice relation to ! diamet] ( ! rope is approximately #ej3a40 ,?is extra l5g? is equal to ! di/ance ,,ee 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,! additional l5g? recomm5d$ = mak+ a splice 9 diff]5t sizes ( wire rope is z foll[s3 ,diam4 ( ,rope ,extra ,l5g? ,all[$ = 9 ,in*es ! ,splice1 ,feet #af #af #bj #bd #bh #a #cb #a #cf #a #dj #a #dd ,fig4 #aag4 ,hav+ measur$ c>efully ! l5g? ! rope %\ld be aft] splic+ & m>k$ ! po9ts ,m & ,m1 unlay ! /r&s f ea* end ,e & ,e1 to ,m & ,m1 & cut (f ! hemp c5t] at ,m & ,m4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,fir/4 ,int]lock ! six unlaid /r&s ( ea* end alt]nately1 cutt+ (f ! hemp c5t]s at ,m & ,m1 & draw wire /r&s toge!r1 s t ! po9ts ,m & ,m meet1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag2 ,,fig4 #aah2 ,,fig4 #aai2 ,,fig4 #abj2 ,,fig4 #aba ,fig4 #aai4 ,second4 ,unlay a /r& f "o end1 & foll[+ ! unlay closely1 lay into ! seam or groove x op5s1 ! /r& opposite x belong+ to ! o!r end ( ! rope1 until !re rema9s a l5g? ( /& equal 9 in*es to ! l5g? ( splice ,,ee 9 feet1 e4 g41 ! /raight end ( unlaid /r& ,a on "o-half in* rope equal #af in*es = #af foot splice4 ,!n cut ! o!r /r& to ab\t ! same l5g? f ! po9t ( meet+1 z %[n at ,a4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,?ird4 ,unlay ! adjac5t /r& 9 ! opposite direction1 & foll[+ ! unlay closely1 lay 9 its place ! correspond+ opposite /r&1 cutt+ ! ends z describ$ be=e at ,b4 ,! f\r /r&s are n[ laid 9 place t]m9at+ at ,a & ,b1 ) eight rema9+ at ,m & ,m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,x w be well aft] lay+ ea* pair ( /r&s to tie !m tempor>ily at ! po9ts ,a & ,b4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,pursue ! same c\rse ) ! rema9+ f\r pairs ( opposite /r&s1 /opp+ ea* pair ( /r&s s z to divide ! space betwe5 ,a & ,b into five equal p>ts1 & cutt+ ! ends z be=e4 ,all ! /r&s are n[ laid 9 _! prop] places ) _! respective ends pass+ ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb2 ,,fig4 #abc ,all me?ods ( rope splic+ are id5tical up to ?is po9t2 _! v>iety consi/s 9 ! me?od ( secur+ ! ends4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! complet$ splice ) ends secur$ results 9 a cable ) sc>cely any enl>gem5t at t po9t4 ,a few days' use w make x difficult to discov] at all4 ,! f9al "p ( ! splice is made z foll[s3 8,clamp ! rope ei!r 9 a vise or ) a h& clamp at a po9t to ! left ( ,a 7,fig4 #aai71 & by a h& clamp appli$ ne> ! "r ( ,a op5 up ! rope by untwi/+ suffici5tly to cut ! hemp core at ,a1 & seiz+ x ) nipp]s1 let y\r assi/ant draw x out sl[ly4 ,!n ins]t a m>l9 spike "u ! two ne>e/ /r&s to op5 up ! rope & />t+ ! loose /r& into ! space left vacant by ! hemp c5t]1 rotate ! m>l9 spike s z to run ! /r& into ! c5t]4 ,cut ! hemp core :]e ! /r& ends1 & pu% ! end ( hemp back into its place4 ,remove ! clamps & let ! rope close toge!r ar\nd x4 ,draw out ! hemp core 9 ! opposite direction & lay ! o!r /r& 9 ! c5t] ( ! rope 9 ! same mann]4 ,repeat ! op]ation at ! five rema9+ po9ts1 & hamm] ! rope lightly at ! po9ts :]e ! ends pass ea* o!r at ,a1 ,b1 etc41 ) small wood5 mallets1 & ! splice is complete1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba40 ,a rope splic$ z above w be ne>ly z /rong z ! orig9al rope1 & smoo? ev]y:]e4 ,aft] runn+ a few days1 ! splice1 if well made1 _c be po9t$ out except by ! close exam9ation ( an exp]t4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,if a clamp & vice are n obta9able1 two rope sl+s & %ort wood5 lev]s may be us$ to untwi/ & op5 up ! rope4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,a m>l9 spike is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to sep>ate ! /r&s 9 mak+ a splice 9 /eel cable4 ,,p[] ,,transmitt$ ,,by ,,wire ,,rope ,wire ,rope ,drives ,diam4 ( ,:eel ,no4 ( ,revolutions ,diam4 ( ,horse ,p[] 9 ,feet ,p] ,m9ute ,rope #c #hj #c_/h #c #c #ajj #c_/h #c #a_/b #c #abj #c_/h #d #c #adj #c_/h #d #a_/b #d #hj #c_/h #d #d #ajj #c_/h #e #d #abj #c_/h #f #d #adj #c_/h #g #e #hj #g_/af #i #e #ajj #g_/af #aa #e #abj #g_/af #ac #e #adj #g_/af #ae #f #hj #a_/b #ad #f #ajj #a_/b #ag #f #abj #a_/b #bj #f #adj #a_/b #bc #g #hj #i_/af #bj #g #ajj #i_/af #be #g #abj #i_/af #cj #g #adj #i_/af #ce #h #hj #e_/h #bf #h #ajj #e_/h #cb #h #abj #e_/h #ci #h #adj #e_/h #de #i_/af #dg #i #hj #e_/h #dh #i_/af #eh #i #ajj #e_/h #fj #i_/af #fi #i #abj #e_/h #gc #i_/af #hb #i #adj #e_/h #hd #aj #hj #e_/h #fd #aa_/af #fh #aj #ajj #e_/h #hj #aa_/af #he #aj #abj #e_/h #if #aa_/af #ajb #aj #adj #e_/h #aab #aa_/af #aai #ab #hj #aa_/af #ic #c_/d #ii #ab #ajj #aa_/af #aaf #c_/d #abd #ab #abj #aa_/af #adj #c_/d #adi #ab #abj #g_/h #agc #ad #hj #a #ada #a #a_/h #adh #ad #ajj #a #agf #a #a_/h #ahe ,,m9imum ,,diamet]s ,,( ,,%eaves ,,= ,,p[] ,,transmission ,,by ,,wire ,,ropes 7,all ,dim5sions 9 ,in*es7 ,rope ,/eel ,iron ,diam4 #g-,wire #ai-,wire #g-,wire #ai-,wire #a_/d #bj #ab #dj #bd #e_/af #be #ae #ej #cj #c_/h #cj #ah #fj #cf #g_/af #ce #ba #gj #db #a_/b #dj #bd #hj #dh #i_/af #de #bg #ij #ed #e_/h #ej #cj #ajj #fj #aa_/af #ee #cb #aaj #ff #c_/d #fj #ce #abj #gb #g_/h #gj #da #adj #hd #a #hj #dg #afj #if #a #a_/h #ij #ec #ahj #ajh #a #a_/d #ajj #eh #bjj #abj #a #c_/h #aaj #fd #bbj #acb #a #a_/b #abj #gj #bdj #add ,,diamet] ,,( ,,m9imum ,,%eaves ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,correspond+ ,,to ,a ,,maximum ,,safe ,,work+ ,,t5sion4 ,diam4 ( ,rope ,/eel ,iron 9 ,in*es #g-,wire #ab-,wire #ai-,wire #g-,wire #ab-,wire #ai-,wire #a_/d #ai #ae #aa #ci #ca #bc #e_/af #bd #ai #ad #di #ch #bi #c_/h #bi #bb #ag #ei #df #ce #g_/af #cd #bf #ai #fi #ed #da #a_/b #ch #cj #bb #gi #fa #dg #i_/af #dc #cc #be #hi #fi #eb #e_/h #dh #cg #bh #ii #gg #eh #aa_/af #ec #da #ca #aji #hd #fd #c_/d #eh #dd #cd #aai #ib #gj #g_/h #fg #eb #ci #ach #ajg #ha #a #gg #ei #de #aeh #abc #ic ,,eng9e]+ ,,bullet9s ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ate ,,college ,,( ,,wa%+ton ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation4 #a4 ,sewage ,disposal = ! ,c\ntry ,home4 ,septic tanks & und]gr\nd di/ribution sy/ems4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,wall] & ,m4 ,k4 ,snyd]4 ,m>4 #aiad1 ,july #aiaf4 #b4 ,h[ to ,measure ,wat]4 ,con/ruction ( weirs & tables = same4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,wall]4 ,oct4 #aiae4 #c4 ,wat] ,supply = ! ,c\ntry ,home4 ,wat] ,s\rces1 pumps1 filt]s1 /orage tanks & co/ data4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyd]4 ,jan4 #aiaf 7out ( pr9t74 #d4 ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ( ,e>? ,roads4 ,grades & grad+1 dra9age & dragg+4 ,by ,l4 ,v4 ,edw>ds4 ,april #aiaf4 #e4 ,co/ ( ,pump+ = ,irrigation4 ,co/ ( equipm5t & op]ation ( same1 ) tables ( effici5cy4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,wall]4 ,aug4 #aiaf 7out ( pr9t74 #f4 ,fuel ,economy 9 ,dome/ic ,heat+ & ,cook+4 ,fuel ,tables1 heat+ equipm5t & c>e ( same4 ,by ,b4 ,l4 ,/eele4 ,dec4 #aiag4 #g4 ,?aw+ ,froz5 ,wat] ,pipes ,electrically4 ,me?od ( ,?aw+ & li/ ( equipm5t ne$$4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,dana4 ,oct4 #aiba4 #h4 ,! ,use ( ,ropes & ,tackle4 ,illu/rations ( application to diff]5t jobs4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,dana & ,w4 ,a4 ,pe>l4 ,m>4 #aibb4 #i4 ,well & ,spr+ ,protection4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyd]4 7,9 prep>ation74 #aj4 ,wat] ,purification = ! ,c\ntry ,home4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyd]4 7,9 prep>ation74 #aa4 ,f>m ,wat] ,sy/ems4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyd] & ,h4 ,j4 ,dana4 7,9 prep>ation74 #ab4 ,comm]cial & ,economic ,effici5cy ( ,comm]cial ,pipe ,cov]+s4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,dana4 7,9 prep>ation74 ,illu/ration3 ,me*anics ,arts ,build+--,headqu>t]s ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,! ,/ate ,college ( ,wa%+ton ,f\nd$ & ,ma9ta9$ by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t & ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton ,college ( ,agriculture & ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,f>m ,crops1 ,soils1 ,animal ,husb&ry1 ,dairy ,husb&ry1 ,p\ltry ,husb&ry1 ,horticulture1 ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 ,=e/ry1 ,f>m ,managem5t1 ,plant ,pa?ology1 ,agricultural ,eng9e]+4 ,college ( ,me*anic ,arts & ,eng9e]+ ,ar*itecture1 ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,electrical ,eng9e]+1 ,hydro-,electrical ,eng9e]+1 ,ma!matics1 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,physics4 ,college ( ,sci5ces & ,arts ,*emi/ry1 ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,engli%1 ,economic ,sci5ce & ,hi/ory1 ,=eign ,languages4 ,college ( ,home ,economics ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce ,s*ool ( ,m9es & ,geology ,geology1 ,m9+1 ,metallurgy1 ,metallography4 ,s*ool ( ,education ,s*ool ( ,music & ,f9e ,arts ,music1 ,oral ,expression1 ,dramatic ,art1 ,f9e ,arts4 ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy ,! ,graduate ,s*ool ,dep>tm5t ( ,milit>y ,sci5ce & ,tactics ,dep>tm5t ( ,physical ,education & ,a?letics ,! ,summ] ,session 7six weeks7 ,%ort ,c\rses f "o to twelve weeks1 beg9n+ e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 are (f]$ 9 ,f>m+1 ,gas ,tractors1 ,automobiles1 ,home ,economics1 & ,m9+4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce (f]s ?ree-ye> vocational c\rses 9 agriculture1 horticulture1 me*anic & indu/rial arts1 comm]ce1 & dome/ic economy1 f :i* "y m5 & wom5 c1 if !y desire1 be admitt$ to ! ,fre%man class ( ! ,college4 ,! ,college ,ye> ,beg9s ,monday1 ,septemb] #ah1 #aibb4 ,address all inquiries to3 ,,! ,,regi/r>1 ,pullman1 ,wa%4 ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 "u ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act1 is 9 *>ge ( ! demon/ration & correspond5ce "w 9 ,agriculture1 ,home ,economics1 ,boys & ,girls ,club ,"w1 & ,c\nty ,"w4 ,address3 ,! ,director4 ,! ,division ( ,g5]al ,college ,ext5sion gives correspond5ce c\rses1 organizes ext5sion classes1 supplies lectures & educational motion picture films4 ,address3 ,director4 ,,_m ,,dep>tm5ts ,,publi% ,,special ,,booklets