,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,old or antiquated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,fractions have been changed from 8d_/d0 format to single character fractions1 e4g4 #a_/b -- 4 ,however1 unusual fractions cannot be converted and are left unchanged4 ,if the unusual fraction occurs inside a table1 then all fractions in that table retain the original format1 for consistent appearance4 ,,monthly ,,bulletin ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,college ,,of ,,washington ,,pullman1 ,,washington ,,volume ,,iv ,,december1 #aiba ,,number #g ,the ,use of ,ropes and ,tackle ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,dana ,specialist in ,experimental ,engineering and ,w4 ,a4 ,,pearl ,instructor in ,mechanical ,engineering ,illustration ,,engineering ,,bulletin ,,no4 #h ,engineering ,experiment ,station ,h4 ,v4 ,,carpenter1 ,director #aibb ,entered as second-class matter ,september #e1 #aiai1 at the postoffice at ,pullman1 ,wash41 under ,act of ,aug4 #bd1 #aiab ,the ,,engineering ,,experiment ,,station of the ,state ,college of ,washington was established on the authority of the act passed by the first ,legislature of the ,state of ,washington1 ,march #bhth1 #ahij1 which established a 8,state ,agricultural ,college and ,school of ,science01 and instructed its commission 8to further the application of the principles of physical science to industrial pursuits40 ,the spirit of this act has been followed out for many years by the ,engineering ,staff1 which has carried on experimental investigations and published the results in the form of bulletins4 ,the first adoption of a definite program in ,engineering research1 with an appropriation for its maintenance1 was made by the ,board of ,regents1 ,june #bast1 #aiaa4 ,this was followed by later appropriations4 ,in ,april1 #aiai1 this department was officially designated1 ,engineering ,experiment ,station4 ,the scope of the ,engineering ,experiment ,station covers research in engineering problems of general interest to the citizens of the ,state of ,washington4 ,the work of the station is made available to the public through technical reports1 popular bulletins1 and public service4 ,the last named includes tests and analyses of coal1 tests and analyses of road materials1 testing of commercial steam pipe coverings1 calibration of electrical instruments1 testing of strength of materials1 efficiency studies in power plants1 testing of hydraulic machinery1 testing of small engines and motors1 consultation with regard to theory and design of experimental apparatus1 preliminary advice to inventors1 etc4 ,requests for copies of the engineering bulletins and inquiries for information on engineering and industrial problems should be addressed to ,director1 ,the ,engineering ,experiment ,station1 ,state ,college of ,washington1 ,pullman1 ,washington4 ,the ,control of the ,engineering ,experiment ,station is vested in the ,board of ,regents of the ,state ,college of ,washington4 ,,board ,,of ,,regents ,hon4 ,louis ,f4 ,hart1 ,governor of the ,state1 ,olympia ,r4 ,c4 ,mc,croskey1 ,garfield ,adam ,duncan ,dunn1 ,wapato ,edwin ,a4 ,ritz1 ,walla ,walla ,a4 ,w4 ,davis1 ,spokane ,j4 ,h4 ,hulbert1 ,mt4 ,vernon ,e4 ,o4 ,holland1 ,secretary ,ex-,officio1 ,president ,state ,college ,pullman ,,engineering ,,experiment ,,station ,,staff ,director1 ,h4 ,v4 ,carpenter1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s4 ,experimental ,engineering1 ,homer ,j4 ,dana1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s41 ,m4 ,e4 ,electrical ,applications1 ,philip ,s4 ,biegler1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s41 ,e4 ,e4 ,electrical ,standardizations1 ,harry ,f4 ,lickey1 ,b4 ,s4 ,automotive ,engineering ,aschel ,c4 ,abell1 ,b4 ,s4 ,steam ,engineering1 ,a4 ,r4 ,nottingham1 ,m4 ,m4 ,e4 ,mechanical ,design1 ,e4 ,b4 ,parker1 ,b4 ,s4 ,engineering ,materials1 ,g4 ,everett ,thorton1 ,b4 ,s4 ,gas ,power1 ,william ,a4 ,pearl1 ,b4 ,s4 ,steam ,power1 ,robert ,l4 ,rhoads1 ,m4 ,s4 ,mining ,engineering1 ,louis ,o4 ,howard1 ,a4 ,b41 ,m4 ,e4 ,metallurgical ,engineering1 ,chester ,g4 ,warfel1 ,m4 ,e4 ,economic ,geology1 ,olaf ,p4 ,jenkins1 ,a4 ,b41 ,a4 ,m4 ,irrigation and ,structures1 ,osmar ,l4 ,waller1 ,ph4 ,b41 ,ph4 ,m4 ,municipal ,engineering1 ,morris ,k4 ,snyder1 ,b4 ,s4 ,highway ,engineering1 ,howard ,e4 ,phelps1 ,b4 ,s41 ,c4 ,e4 ,topographical ,engineering1 ,frederic ,w4 ,welch1 ,b4 ,s41 ,c4 ,e4 ,architectural ,engineering1 ,rudolph ,weaver1 ,b4 ,s4 ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,l4 ,j4 ,smith1 ,b4 ,s4 ,physics1 ,brenton ,l4 ,steele1 ,b4 ,a41 ,m4 ,a4 ,chemical ,engineering1 ,clare ,chrisman ,todd1 ,b4 ,s41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations #e ,,sources ,,of ,,material #g ,,introduction #h ,,knots #i ,,splices #be ,,hitches #bh ,,lashings #dc ,,tackle ,,sets #de ,,hoists #ec ,,transmission ,,cables #ee ,,textile ,,rope ,,data #eg ,,wire ,,rope ,,data #eh ,,splicing ,,transmission ,,cables #fb ,,power ,,transmission ,,tables #ff ,,list ,,of ,,engineering ,,bulletins #fh ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,fastening ,knots4 #a4 ,over-hand knot4 #b4 ,double knot4 #c4 ,figure #h knot4 #d4 ,double ,figure #h knot4 #e4 ,square knot4 #f4 ,reef knot4 #g4 ,sq4 served or whipped knot4 #h4 ,slipped ,square knot4 #i4 ,open-hand knot4 #aj4 ,granny knot4 #aa4 ,fisherman's knot4 #ab4 ,ordinary knot4 #ac4 ,ordinary knot whipped4 #ad4 ,weaver's knot4 #ae4 ,hawser knot1 or ,sheet ,bend4 #af4 ,double ,sheet ,bend4 #ag4 ,garrick ,bend knot4 #ah4 ,half-hitch and whipping knot4 #ai4 ,slip knot4 #bj4 ,bowline knot4 #ba4 ,running ,bowline knot4 #bb4 ,loop knot4 #bc4 ,tom-fool knot4 #bd4 ,boat knot4 #be4 ,surgeon's knot4 #bf4 ,bowline on the bight4 #bg4 ,spanish ,bowline4 #bh4 ,flemish ,bowline4 #bi4 ,hawser knot with toggle4 ,ending ,knots4 #cj4 ,whipping4 #ca4 ,single ,crown ,tucked4 #cb4 ,wall knot ,tucked4 #cc4 ,matthew ,walker4 #cd4 ,double ,wall or ,crown knot4 #ce4 ,stevedore4 #cf4 ,chain knot4 ,shortening ,knots4 #cg4 ,whipped ,shortening4 #ch4 ,three fold shortening4 #ci4 ,sheepshank4 #dj4 ,sheepshank for free end rope4 #da4 ,sheepshank with toggle4 #db4 ,sheepshank ends whipped4 #dc4 ,bow ,shortening4 ,splices4 #dd4 ,short ,splice4 #de4 ,eye ,splice4 #df4 ,long ,splice4 #dg4 ,chain ,splice4 #dh4 ,cut ,splice4 ,hitches4 #di4 ,half hitch4 #ej4 ,timber hitch4 #ea4 ,clove or ,builder's hitch4 #eb4 ,rolling ,hitch 7,a74 #ec4 ,rolling ,hitch 7,b74 #ed4 ,snubbing hitch4 #ee4 ,timber hitch and half-hitch4 #ef4 ,chain hitch4 #eg4 ,twist hitch4 #eh4 ,twist and bow hitch4 #ei4 ,blackwall hitch4 #fj4 ,lark's head with toggle4 #fa4 ,round turn and half-hitch4 #fb4 ,fisherman's hitch4 #fc4 ,cat's paw hitch4 #fd4 ,slippery hitch4 #fe4 ,double ,blackwall4 #ff4 ,slip knot and half-hitch4 #fg4 ,fisherman's bend4 #fh4 ,taut line hitch4 #fi4 ,jam hitch4 #gj4 ,scaffold hitch4 #ga4 ,studding sail bend4 #gb4 ,midshipman's hitch4 #gc4 ,bale sling4 #gd4 ,hamburger hitch4 #ge4 ,sling a cask head up4 #gf4 ,well pipe hitch4 #gg4 ,hackamore hitch4 #gh4 ,halter tie4 #gi4 ,horse hitch or tie4 #hj4 ,manger ,tie4 #ha4 ,figure #h ,manger tie4 #hb4 ,harness hitch4 #hc4 ,strap hitch or line4 #hd4 ,clevis hitch4 #he4 ,two-man ,diamond hitch4 #hf4 ,two-man ,diamond hitch4 #hg4 ,two-man ,diamond hitch4 #hh4 ,packer's knot4 #hi4 ,one-man ,diamond hitch4 #ij4 ,one-man ,diamond hitch4 #ia4 ,one-man ,diamond hitch4 #ib4 ,two-man ,diamond hitch4 #ic4 ,spar and ,transom lashing4 #id4 ,tripod lashing4 ,tackle ,sets and ,hoists4 #ie4 ,single ,whip4 #if4 ,running ,tackle4 #ig4 ,gun ,tackle 7,a74 #ih4 ,gun ,tackle 7,b74 #ii4 ,whip on ,whip4 #ajj4 ,luff4 #aja4 ,port ,tackle4 #ajb4 ,double ,luff4 #ajc4 ,single ,burton 7,a74 #ajd4 ,single ,burton 7,b74 #aje4 ,three ,fold ,purchase4 #ajf4 ,four ,fold ,purchase4 #ajg4 ,double ,burton 7,a74 #ajh4 ,double ,burton 7,b74 #aji4 ,double ,burton 7,c74 #aaj4 ,double ,burton 7,d74 #aaa4 ,luff on ,luff4 #aab4 ,double ,burton 7,e74 #aac4 ,geared ,chain ,hoist4 #aad4 ,differential ,chain hoist4 #aae4 ,chinese hoist or ,capstan4 #aaf4 ,snatch ,block on ,hay ,rope4 ,transmission ,cables4 #aag4 ,cable splice4 #aah4 ,cable ,splice4 #aai4 ,cable ,splice4 #abj4 ,cable ,splice4 #aba4 ,cable ,splice4 #abb4 ,splicing ,tools4 #abc4 ,splicing ,tools4 ,,sources ,,of ,,material ,in the compilation of this bulletin free use was made of the material given in the following books1 bulletins1 catalogs1 etc4 ,knotting and ,splicing ,ropes and ,cordage1 ,paul ,m4 ,hashuk--,cassel ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,knots1 ,a4 ,f4 ,aldridge1 ,the ,rudder ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,knots1 ,splices1 and ,rope ,work1 ,a4 ,hyatt ,verril1--,norman ,w4 ,henly ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,rope and its ,use on the ,farm1 ,j4 ,b4 ,frior--,ag4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 ,no4 #acf1 ,univ4 of ,minn4 ,knots1 ,hitches and ,splices1 ,howard ,w4 ,riley1 ,cornell ,reading ,courses1 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,story of ,rope1 ,plymouth ,cordage ,co41 ,north ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,rope ,knots and ,hitches1 ,mac,greggor ,smith1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,univ4 of ,saskatchewan1 ,saskatoon1 ,canada4 ,problems in ,physics1 ,war ,department ,committee on ,education and ,special ,training1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,kent's ,mechanical ,engineers ,hand ,book1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,encyclopedia ,britannica4 ,rope and ,its ,uses1 ,iowa ,state ,college of ,agriculture and ,mechanic ,arts4 ,american ,wire ,rope1 ,american ,steel and ,wire ,company4 ,boy ,scout ,manual4 ,engineer ,field ,manual1 ,fifth ,edition1 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,rope ,work1 ,l4 ,m4 ,roehl1 ,the ,bruce ,publishing ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,r4 ,o4 ,t4 ,c4 ,engineer4 ,columbia ,knots and ,splices1 ,columbia ,rope ,co41 ,auburn1 ,new ,york4 ,american ,boy ,magazine--,july #aiag4 ,,introduction ,each year1 old industries keep expanding and new ones are created4 ,in many of these1 the use of hoists1 tackle1 rope transmissions1 etc4 is ever increasing in extent and importance4 ,information on the selection and use of ropes and tackles and the tying of knots is very scattering and incomplete4 ,the purpose of this bulletin is to collect information from all the different sources possible and assemble it under one cover1 in the hope that it may be valuable to people in many different fields of activity4 ,it is not meant to be an advanced treatise for those who consider themselves already proficient in the use of rope and tackle but is designed as an aid and reference to those less skilled in the art4 ,a variety of knots and splices are shown with occasional suggestions as to their use and application4 ,some knots tie easily and are very secure but are not so easy to untie2 others are easily and quickly tied--are secure and yet are not difficult to untie4 ,some knots are suitable for small cords only1 and others are adapted to large ship's hawsers4 ,for these and other reasons1 it is desirable to select the right knot for the job in hand4 ,nearly every individual at some time or other has gone camping4 ,if he chanced to select a remote or inaccessible mountain side for a vacation trip1 he probably had one or more pack animals to take in the supplies and camp outfit4 ,how many could use the famous ,diamond hitch to fasten the pack on the horse's back so that it will not shift or fall off in transit8 ,the desirability of correct selection with reference to the work to be done is also true of tackle sets4 ,one type of tackle will give great mechanical advantage1 but requires an excessive amount of rope or requires frequent overhauling to complete the job1 while another type1 using the same equipment1 will not give such great mechanical advantage but does not require overhauling so often during the progress of the load4 ,rope is coming more and more into favor for the transmission of power--replacing gears and heavy leather belts4 ,it is important that the proper sized sheave wheel be used with a rope of given diameter in order to secure the longest service from the transmission4 ,it is also important that speed be considered in the calculation for necessary strength to transmit a certain amount of power4 ,it is evident from these two instances alone that it is desirable that the selection of a rope transmission should be governed by the use of complete sets of data on the subject4 ,some of the knots1 splices1 etc4 shown in this bulletin were found to have more than one name1 or were called by different names by different authors4 ,in such case only the most commonly used term was selected4 ,,knots ,a knowledge of knots has saved many a life in storm and wreck1 and if everyone knew how to tie a knot quickly and securely there would be fewer casualties in hotel and similar fires where a false knot in the fire escape rope has slipped at the critical moment and plunged the victim to the ground4 ,many an accident has occurred through a knot or splice being improperly formed4 ,even in tying or roping a trunk1 few people tie a knot that is secure and quickly made and yet readily undone4 ,how many can tie a tow rope to a car so it will be secure and yet is easily untied after the car has been hauled out of the mud8 ,or suppose a rope was under strain holding a large timber in midair and a strand in the derrick guy rope shows signs of parting4 ,how many could attach a rope each side of the weak spot to take the strain8 ,the principle of a knot is that no two parts which lie adjacent shall travel in the same direction if the knot should slip4 ,knots are employed for several purposes1 such as1 to attach two rope ends together1 to form an enlarged end on a rope1 to shorten a rope without cutting it1 or to attach a rope to another rope or object4 ,desirable features of knots are that they may be quickly tied1 easily untied and will not slip under a strain4 ,in a number of cases a toggle is used either to aid in making the knot or make it easier to untie after a strain has been applied4 ,a number of terms are commonly used in tying knots4 ,the 8standing0 part is the principal portion1 or longest part of the rope4 ,the 8bight0 is the part curved1 looped or bent1 while working or handling the rope in making a knot1 and the 8end0 is that part used in forming the knot or hitch4 ,the loose1 or free end1 of a rope should be knotted or whipped to prevent it from raveling while in use4 ,strength of ,knots ,if a knot or hitch of any kind is tied in a rope its failure under stress is sure to occur at that place4 ,each fiber in the straight part of the rope takes its proper share of the load1 but in all knots the rope is cramped or has a short bend1 which throws an overload on those fibers that are on the outside of the bend and one fiber after another breaks until the rope is torn apart4 ,the shorter the bend in the standing rope the weaker the knot4 ,the approximate strength of several types of knots in percent1 of full strength of a rope is given in the table below1 as an average of four tests4 #a4 ,full strength of dry rope #ajj #b4 ,eye splice over an iron thimble #ij #c4 ,short splice in rope #hj #d4 ,timber hitch1 round turn and half hitch #fe #e4 ,bowline1 slip knot1 clove hitch #fj #f4 ,square knot1 weaver's knot1 sheet bend #ej #g4 ,flemish loop1 over--hand knot #de ,fastening ,knots ,fig4 #a4 ,the over-hand knot is the simplest of all knots to make4 ,it is made by passing the lose end of the rope over the standing part and back through the loop4 ,fig4 #b4 ,the ,double knot is made by passing the free end of the rope through the loop twice instead of but once as in making an over-hand knot4 ,this is used for shortening or for a stop on a rope1 and is more easily untied than the over-hand knot4 ,it is also known as a blood knot1 from its use on whip lashes by slave drivers1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a2 ,fig4 #b2 ,fig4 #c2 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #c4 ,the ,figure ,eight knot is similar to the over-hand knot except that the loose end of the rope is passed through the loop from the opposite side4 ,it is commonly used to prevent a rope running through an eye or ring or tackle block4 ,it is also used as the basis for ornamental knots1 etc4 ,fig4 #d4 ,the ,double ,figure ,eight knot is made by forming a regular figure eight and then following around with the end of the other rope as shown4 ,fig4 #e4 ,the ,square knot is probably the commonest and most useful of all knots4 ,it is strong and does not become jammed when being strained4 ,take the ends of the two ropes and pass the left end over and under the right end1 then the right end over and under the left4 ,beware of the granny knot which is often mistaken for the square knot but is sure to slip under strain4 ,fig4 #f4 ,the ,reef knot is a slight modification of the square knot4 ,it consists merely of using the bight of the left or right end instead of the end itself1 and is tied exactly as is the square knot4 ,this makes the knot easy to untie by pulling the free end of the bight or loop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e2 ,fig4 #f ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g2 ,fig4 #h2 ,fig4 #i2 ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #g4 ,if the ,square or reef knot is used to join two ropes of unequal diameter1 the knot is apt to slip unless the ends of the rope are whipped as shown4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ,square knot joining two ropes of unequal size is apt to slip with a result similar to that shown4 ,fig4 #i4 ,the ,open-hand knot is made by tying an over-hand knot with two rope ends lying parallel4 ,it is better than a square knot for joining two ropes of unequal diameter4 ,grain binders use this knot4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the ,granny knot is often mistaken for a square knot and its use should by all means be avoided as it is almost sure to slip when a strain is applied1 unless the ends are whipped4 ,for large rope1 a granny knot with ends whipped will hold securely and is easy to untie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa2 ,fig4 #ab2 ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #aa4 ,the ,fisherman's knot is a simple type of knot formed by two simple over-hand knots slipped over the standing parts of the two ropes1 and drawn tight4 ,it is valuable for anglers as the two lines may be drawn apart by merely pulling on the loose ends of the rope4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,the ,ordinary knot is used for fastening two heavy ropes together and is made by forming a simple knot with the end of one rope and then interlacing the other rope around it1 as shown4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,whipping the two ends of an ,ordinary knot makes it more secure4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,the ,weaver's knot is used to join small lines or threads and is made by forming a bight in one rope1 passing the end of the second rope around the bight1 back over itself and through the bight4 ,weavers use this knot in tying broken threads4 ,when pulled tight1 both ends point backward1 and do not catch when pulled thru the loom4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad2 ,fig4 #ae2 ,fig4 #af2 ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ae4 ,the ,hawser knot or sheet bend is used for joining stiff or heavy ropes and is not to be confused with the weaver's knot4 ,it resembles the bowline1 and is easily untied4 ,fig4 #af4 ,the ,double ,sheet ,bend is similar to the ,hawser knot and is useful for the same purposes4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,the ,garrick bend is commonly used for joining two heavy hawsers which are too stiff to bend easily4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,another method of joining stiff hawsers is to use the ,half-hitch and whipping4 ,this is a satisfactory method of making a joint to be used for a considerable time4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,the ,slip knot as shown is a knot with many uses4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,the ,bowline knot is useful for forming a loop on the end of a rope4 ,it is used frequently by stockmen to tie a horse or cow so that they will not choke themselves4 ,it is always secure and easily untied4 ,use this knot in tying a tow rope to a car4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah2 ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #ba4 ,the ,running ,bowline is used for the same purposes as the slip knot in ,fig4 #ai1 but is much more secure4 ,it will always run freely on the standing part of the rope1 and is easily untied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj2 ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,loop knot is useful for making fast to the middle of a rope where the ends are not free4 ,it will pull tight under strain1 and is not easily untied4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,the ,tom-fool knot is formed in the middle of a rope and may be used for the same purpose as the loop knot1 except in this case either standing part of the rope may be strained without the knot failing1 or slipping4 ,it can be used for holding hogs4 ,place one loop over the hog's snout and hold onto one rope4 ,release by pulling other rope4 ,can also be used from the ground for releasing hoisting tackle which has been used on a flag pole or other tall object4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bd4 ,the ,boat knot is formed by the aid of a toggle on a rope whose ends are not free1 and is used for shortening or for stopping a ring on a taut line4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc2 ,fig4 #bd2 ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #be4 ,the ,surgeon's knot is a modified form of the square knot1 and if used with smooth cord1 as in tying bundles1 it holds very securely4 ,the object of the double twist is to make the knot easy to tie without holding with the end of the finger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bf4 ,bowline on the bight is easily made on the looped part of a rope which is double4 ,it is used where a loop is desired which will not pull tight or choke and is easily untied4 ,may be used for casting harness for horses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bg4 ,the ,spanish ,bowline is a knot which may be made in the middle of a long rope or in a bight at the end1 and gives two single loops that may be thrown over two separate posts or both thrown over one4 ,either loop will hold without slipping and is easily untied4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,the ,flemish loop is similar to the ,fisherman's knot1 ,fig4 #aa1 except that it is used for forming a loop on the end of a rope instead of joining two ropes4 ,the loop or eye will not close up when strained4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi ,fig4 #bi4 ,the ,hawser knot with toggle is formed exactly the same as the regular ,hawser knot except that the toggle is inserted for the purpose of making it easy to loosen the knot after a strain has been applied4 ,ending ,knots ,a group of knots somewhat different from those already described1 are those used for ending ropes4 ,ending knots not only serve the purpose of giving a large end on the rope1 but also take the place of whipping1 in that they prevent the rope from unraveling4 ,sometimes an ending knot is also used for its ornamental value4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #cj4 ,a ,whipping applied as shown is employed for keeping loose ends from fraying or unraveling1 where the use to which the rope is to be put will not permit of a knot on the end4 ,strong cord is used for whipping4 ,in splicing ropes1 the whipping is removed before the splice may be considered complete4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,the ,single ,crown1 tucked1 makes the rope end but slightly larger than the standing part1 and serves to prevent the strands from unraveling4 ,this gives a neat appearing end4 ,to make this type of knot1 leave the ends long enough so they can be brought down and tucked under the strands of the standing part4 ,after tucking them under the first strand1 as shown1 halve each strand and tuck it again under the next strand of the standing part and continue this until the ends are completely tucked the whole length1 thus giving a gradual taper to the end of the rope and also giving a knot that will stand by itself4 ,the single crown not tucked1 is not a good ending for a rope4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca ,fig4 #cb4 ,the ,wall knot is frequently used as an ending knot to prevent unraveling4 ,it is very satisfactory where the rope does not need to pass through a block or hole which is but slightly larger than itself4 ,the ,wall knot may be tucked similar to the ,crown and makes a very secure ending for a rope4 ,for small ropes unlay the strands back1 each three inches1 and on larger ropes in proportion4 ,hold the rope in the left hand with the loose strands upward4 ,with the right hand take the end of strand number one and bring it across the loose end in position with the thumb of the left hand1 then take the rope1 forming a loop and allowing the end to hang free4 ,hold strand number two and pass it under strand number one and hold it against the rope with the thumb of the left hand4 ,again with the right hand take strand number three and pass it under strand number two and up through the first loop formed4 ,then draw each of the strands gradually until the knot is tightened4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,the ,matthew ,walker knot or ,stopper knot is similar to the ,wall knot except the ends are inserted through two loops instead of one as in the ,wall knot4 ,it can readily be made by loosely constructing the ,wall knot as explained before and continuing as follows3 pass the end number one through the loop with two1 then end number two through the loop with three1 and number three through the loop with one1 then gradually tighten the knot by drawing in a little at a time on each strand4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,the ,double ,wall or ,crown knot is made exactly the same as the ,single ,crown or ,wall knot1 but instead of trimming off or tucking the ends in1 they are carried around a second time1 following the lay of the first as shown1 and then the knot is pulled tight4 ,when completed1 the ends may be tucked in as was done in the ,single ,crown1 or they may be trimmed off4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb2 ,fig4 #cc2 ,fig4 #cd ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce ,fig4 #ce4 ,the ,stevedore knot is similar to the ,over-hand knot shown in ,fig4 #a1 except that the end of the rope is served around the standing part two and half times before it is tucked through the bight4 ,it is used where a knot is desired to keep the rope from running through a block or hole4 ,shortening ,knots ,a third type of knots are those which are used where a rope is too long and where it is awkward to have the free ends hanging loose or where the ends are in use and the slack must be taken up in the middle of the rope4 ,these are known as shortening knots4 ,they are also sometimes used merely for ornament4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,the ,chain knot is frequently used for shortening and is made by forming a running loop1 then drawing a bight of the rope through the loop1 and a second bight through the first and so on until the rope has been shortened sufficiently4 ,the free end should then be fastened by passing a toggle or the end of the rope through this last loop4 ,to undo this shortening is very simple as all that is necessary is to either remove the toggle from the last loop or remove the end of the rope if it were used1 and then pull on the free end until the knot is completely unraveled4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf ,fig4 #cg4 ,the ,whipped ,shortening or ,bend ,shortening is one of the most easily made and is well adapted to heavy ropes where a shortening must be made quickly and where it is not to withstand a heavy strain4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,three-fold ,shortening is started by making an ,over-hand knot and continuing to tuck the end through the loop three more times1 and drawing tight4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,the ,sheep-shank or ,dog-shank as it is sometimes called1 is one of the most widely used of all shortenings4 ,it is made in several forms but the first form shown1 while adaptable to fairly stiff ropes1 will not withstand much strain4 ,it is used for shortening electric light cords4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,sheep-shank for free end rope is similar to the plain ,sheep-shank except the free end of the rope is passed through the loop4 ,this makes a secure shortening1 but it can not be used where the ends of the rope are not free4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg2 ,fig4 #ch2 ,fig4 #ci2 ,fig4 #dj2 ,fig4 #da ,fig4 #da4 ,a ,sheep-shank with toggle1 is a plain ,sheep-shank with the toggle inserted as shown1 and makes the shortening as secure as that shown in ,fig4 #ch4 ,it is also easily untied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db ,fig4 #db4 ,sheep-shank with ends whipped is the same as in a plain ,sheep-shank except the loop is whipped to the standing part of the rope4 ,this makes the shortening as secure as those shown in ,fig4 #ch1 and ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc ,fig4 #dc4 ,bow-shortening is an ordinary knot in the middle of a rope in which a double bend has previously been made4 ,it is not adapted to heavy ropes nor will it stand a heavy strain successfully4 ,,splices ,in the use of ropes1 occasion arises1 many times1 where it is necessary to join two ends together in such a way that the union is as strong as the rest of the rope and still not too large or irregular to pass through a hole or pulley block4 ,knots are unsuitable in that they will not pass through a block2 they are unsightly1 and usually are not as strong as the rest of the rope4 ,the method of joining ropes to meet the above requirements is called splicing4 ,there are two general types of rope splices known as the short splice and the long splice4 ,other applications of the former are made in the eye splice and the cut splice4 ,the long splice is almost always used in splicing wire rope which runs through a block or over a sheave4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd2 ,fig4 #de ,fig4 #dd4 ,the ,short-splice is made as follows3 the two ends to be joined are untwisted for a few inches and the rope is whipped temporarily to prevent further unwinding4 ,the end of each strand is also whipped temporarily to prevent unraveling4 ,the strands may then be waxed if desired4 ,the two rope ends are then locked together or 8married0 so that the strands from one end pass alternately between those from the other end4 ,the strands from opposite sides are now in pairs4 ,take two strands from opposite sides as strands ,a and #a1 tie a simple over-hand knot in its right hand form4 ,similarly with a right hand knot tie together the strands forming each of the pairs ,b and #b and ,c and #c4 ,draw the knots tight1 then pass each strand of the rope over the strand adjacent to it and under the next1 coming out between two strands as at first4 ,repeat until the ends of the strands have been reached--leaving from half an inch to an inch and a half of ends hanging free so that when the rope is put under repeated strain for the first few days1 the stretching of the splice will not pull the ends from under the last strand under which they were tucked4 ,after a few days service the free ends may be safely trimmed even with the face of the rope4 ,after the splice has been completed by tucking the ends as above1 remove whipping on strands and lay the splice on the floor and roll it under the foot1 or in the case of a large rope1 pound it with a mallet to make it round and smooth4 ,the appearance of the splice is improved if the strands are divided in half just before the last tuck is made1 and one-half is cut off while the other half is used to complete the splice4 ,this splice may also be made by simply laying the ropes together and then tucking them as above without first tying the simple ,over-hand knots4 ,a skilled workman frequently dispenses with the whipping in making a splice4 ,fig4 #de4 ,an ,eye-splice is so much smaller and neater than a knotted eye in the end of a rope that it is much to be preferred to the latter4 ,the ,eye-splice is made similar to the short-splice except that the strands on the end of the rope are unlaid for the full length of the splice4 ,the ends are tucked under1 over and under1 etc41 the strands of the standing part of the rope4 ,stretch well and cut off the loose ends of the strands4 ,fig4 #df4 ,long splice4 ,if it is desired to unite two rope ends so that the splices will pass through a pulley as readily and smoothly as the rope itself1 what is known as a ,long splice is used4 ,this is best suited as it does not cause an enlargement in the rope at the point where the splice is made4 ,to make it1 unlay the ends of two ropes to the length of at least five and a half times the circumference of the rope4 ,interlace the strands as for the ,short splice4 ,unlay one strand and fill up the vacant space which it leaves with the strand next to it from the other rope end4 ,then turn the rope over and lay hold of the two next strands that will come opposite their respective lays4 ,unlay one1 filling up the vacant space as before1 with the other4 ,take one third out of each strand1 knot the opposite one-thirds together and heave them well in place4 ,tuck all six ends once under adjacent strands and having stretched the splice well1 cut off the ends4 ,the ending of successive pairs should occur at intervals in the splice as shown1 and not at the two ends as in the ,short splice4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df2 ,fig4 #dg2 ,fig4 #dh ,fig4 #dg4 ,a ,chain splice is used for splicing a rope into a chain end which is required to travel through a block or small opening4 ,it is also sometimes used for making an ordinary eye in the end of a rope4 ,four or six strand rope lends itself more readily to this type of splice than does a three strand rope4 ,to make a chain splice1 unlay the strands more than for an eye splice1 then unlay a little further one strand in a three strand rope1 and two strands in a four strand rope4 ,bend the two parts together and tie an ,over-hand knot so that the divided strands will lay together again4 ,continue to lay the ends in by passing them through the eye4 ,when the eye has been completely laid up1 the remaining ends should be tucked in the standing part of the rope as in a very short splice4 ,this makes an eye which will not pull out even if the ends of the strands are only whipped without first tucking4 ,it is especially valuable in forming smooth eyes in steel cable1 without the use of clamps4 ,in this case1 however1 the eye must be made considerably longer than in the case of hemp rope4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,the ,cut splice is formed similar to the ,eye splice1 except that the two rope ends are extended past each other and joined into the standing part of the ropes4 ,this type of splice is frequently used to hold the rings in rope ladders4 ,it can also be used where it is desired to attach a spar or rod to the middle of a line4 ,,hitches ,the knots so far described are used mainly for fastening rope ends together or for ending a rope4 ,a quite different class of knots is that used for fastening a rope to a stationary or solid object4 ,this type of knots is known as hitches4 ,hitches as well as other types of knots should be easily made1 should not slip under strains and should be easily untied4 ,if all ropes were the same size and stiffness it would be possible to select two or three knots which would meet all requirements4 ,but1 since this is not true and since a knot suitable for a silken fish line will not be satisfactory for a ship's hawser1 we find a great variety of knots1 each of which is designed to meet some special requirements of service4 ,the following illustrations show a variety of the most typical and useful knots used on fiber or manila rope4 ,fig4 #di4 ,the ,half-hitch is good only for temporary fastenings where pull is continuous4 ,it is usually used as part of a more elaborate hitch4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,the ,timber-hitch is very similar to the ,half-hitch but is much more permanent and secure4 ,instead of the end being passed under the standing part once it is wound around the standing part three or four times as shown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di2 ,fig4 #ej2 ,fig4 #ea2 ,fig4 #eb ,fig4 #ea4 ,the ,clove1 or ,builder's-hitch1 is more secure than either of the above hitches4 ,it will hold fast on a smooth timber and is used extensively by builders for fastening the staging to upright posts4 ,it will hold without slipping on wet timber4 ,it is also used to make the scaffold hitch4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,the ,rolling-hitch is made by wrapping the rope three or four times around the object to which it is to be fastened and then making two half-hitches around the standing part of the rope4 ,it is then drawn tight4 ,this hitch is easily and quickly made and is very secure4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,this illustrates another type of ,rolling-hitch very similar to the above but which is not as secure under a heavy strain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec2 ,fig4 #ed ,fig4 #ed4 ,the ,snubbing-hitch is made by passing the rope around the object to which it is desired to fasten it1 and then making what is known as a ,taut-line hitch1 ,figure #fh1 about the standing part of the rope4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee2 ,fig4 #ef ,fig4 #ee4 ,timber-hitch and ,half-hitch is a combination of the two separate hitches shown in ,fig4 #di and ,fig #ej4 ,it is more secure than either used alone4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,the ,chain-hitch is a combination of the above hitch and two or more half-hitches4 ,it is used for hauling in a larger rope or cable with a tow line1 etc4 ,fig4 #eg4 ,the ,twist-hitch is more secure than the ,half-hitch and it is suitable only where the strain is continuous4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,twist-and-bow-hitch is similar to the ,simple ,twist-hitch but is easier to untie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg2 ,fig4 #eh2 ,fig4 #ei2 ,fig4 #fj2 ,fig4 #fa ,fig4 #ei4 ,the ,blackwall-hitch is widely used as illustrated4 ,the greater the strain the more securely it holds1 but it is unreliable if the rope is slack4 ,this hitch can be used with chain as well as rope4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,the ,lark's-head with toggle is easily made and is used as a rule where it is desired to have a type of hitch which is easily and quickly released4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,round-turn-and-half-hitch is suitable for a more or less permanent method of attaching a rope to a ring4 ,whipping the end to the standing part of the rope makes it quite permanent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb2 ,fig4 #fc2 ,fig4 #fd2 ,fig4 #fe2 ,fig4 #ff ,fig4 #fb4 ,the ,fisherman's hitch is used for fastening large ropes or lines to rings and is very similar to the hitch shown in ,fig4 #fa4 ,it is improved by whipping the free end to the standing part4 ,fig4 #fc4 ,the ,cat's-paw-hitch is suitable for attaching a hook to the middle part of a rope where the ends are not free4 ,strain may be taken on either or both ends4 ,it is easily released4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,the ,slippery-hitch is easily made1 but has the objection that it draws very tight under strain1 making it hard to untie4 ,fig4 #fe4 ,the ,double ,blackwall is similar to the ,single ,blackwall and is used for the same purpose4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,the ,slip ,knot and ,half-hitch constitute a combination that is used for the same purpose as the ,flemish loop4 ,it is made by first tying a slip knot so that it will run on the short end of the rope4 ,then complete by tying a half hitch with the short end as shown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg2 ,fig4 #fh ,fig4 #fg4 ,the ,fisherman's-bend is similar to the ,fisherman's-hitch except that the half hitches are replaced with whipping4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a ,taut-line-hitch is used for attaching a rope to another rope already under strain1 where no slack is available for making any other hitch4 ,it is not secure unless pulled very tight4 ,a few threads of hemp or marlin served about the taut line for the knot to pull against will improve the hitch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi2 ,fig4 #gj2 ,fig4 #ga2 ,fig4 #gb ,fig4 #fi4 ,the ,jam ,hitch is used in tying up light packages1 such as bundles of lath1 small boxes1 rolls of paper1 and the like4 ,it is a hitch that will slide along a cord in one direction1 but will jam and hold against moving the other way and will be found exceedingly convenient4 ,the ,jam ,hitch will answer the requirements provided the cord is large enough and of not too hard a body nor too smooth a surface4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,the ,scaffold-hitch is very useful for slinging a scaffold so that it will not turn in the sling4 ,it is started by making a ,clove hitch with the two free ends of the rope below the scaffold4 ,then draw each rope back on itself and up over opposite sides of the board1 where the short end is joined to the other with a bowline4 ,plenty of slack in the ,clove will make it possible to draw the bight of each end out to the edge of the scaffold as shown in the left of the figure4 ,the two illustrations at the right of the figure show another method of making a ,scaffold hitch4 ,wrap the rope around the scaffold plank so that it crosses the top of the plank three times4 ,pull the middle loop as shown by the arrow and fold it down over the end of the plank1 resulting as shown in the illustration immediately to the left of the arrow4 ,this is completed by attaching the free end to the standing part with a bowline4 ,both hitches are equally good4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,the ,studding-sail-bend is frequently employed on shipboard for attaching a rope or line to a spar4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,the ,midshipman's-hitch is somewhat similar to the ,snubbing hitch shown in ,figure #ed1 but is perhaps a little easier to make if the rope is under a strain while being tied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc2 ,fig4 #gd2 ,fig4 #ge2 ,fig4 #gf ,fig4 #gc4 ,a ,bale-sling as shown is useful where it is necessary to hoist an object to which it is difficult to attach the hoisting tackle4 ,it may be used on bales1 sacks1 kegs1 etc4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,the ,hamburger hitch is useful in connection with a bale sling which is too long for the object it is carrying4 ,it is also used to balance the load where two slings are used4 ,the sling is placed around the load as in ,fig4 #gc4 ,then with the loop end of the sling form a second loop as shown4 ,where the two ropes cross start to tie a square or ,reef knot4 ,draw up the loops as shown1 resulting in the ,hamburger hitch4 ,this may be adjusted by running the knot up or down the rope while slack1 but it will not slip under strain4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,sling for a cask1 head up1 is very useful where it is desired to hoist an open barrel of water or lime or other material4 ,tie an ordinary knot over the barrel lengthwise4 ,then separate the two ropes in the middle of the twisted part and drop them over the head of the cask or barrel4 ,fasten the two rope ends together above the barrel as shown with a bowline4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,a ,well ,pipe ,hitch is used in hoisting pipe1 where no special clamp is available for attaching the hoisting tackle to the pipe4 ,the hitch shown will pull tighter1 the harder the strain1 and is also easy to untie4 ,pull up all slack possible in the coils when forming the hitch1 in order to prevent slipping when the strain is first applied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg ,fig4 #gg4 ,the ,hackamore hitch is commonly known and used as an emergency rope bridle or halter1 in the western part of the ,united ,states4 ,among sailors it is known as a running turk's head1 and it may be used in carrying a jug or other vessel of similar shape4 ,when used for a halter about twenty feet will be required4 ,the knot is started by forming a bight in the center of the rope4 ,proceed as indicated in the successive illustrations shown4 ,the result will be a running turk's head4 ,draw together the two center ropes forming a bridle complete with bit1 nose piece1 head piece and reins4 ,such a bridle is not suitable for continuous use1 to be sure1 but it will be found useful in an emergency4 ,fig4 #gh4 ,the ,halter ,tie is a knot preferred by some persons for use in hitching or in tying the halter rope in the stall4 ,if properly set1 it is secure and may be used in some cases in place of the underhand bowline knot4 ,the halter tie should never be used around a horse's neck1 because if the tie is not set up correctly it forms a slip knot and its use might result in strangulation of the animal4 ,in completing the tie draw the end through and set the knot by pulling first on the short end4 ,this is important4 ,if the long rope is pulled first and the kinks in it are straightened out1 the tie forms a slip knot1 being simply two half hitches around the rope4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,horse-hitch or tie is commonly used by farmers and stockmen to tie a horse or cow with a rope1 so it will not choke itself4 ,tie an overhand knot in the standing part of the rope and leave open4 ,tie another overhand knot or a ,stevedore knot in the end of the rope4 ,loop the rope around the animal's neck and insert the knotted end through the open ,overhand knot4 ,this hitch will not slip and choke the animal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh2 ,fig4 #gi2 ,fig4 #hj2 ,fig4 #ha ,fig4 #hj4 ,the ,manger tie is used for tying a horse or other animal to a manger or stanchion or hitching rack4 ,the end of the halter rope is first passed through the hole in the manger with a bight or loop on the free end of the rope1 tie a slip knot on the standing part4 ,stick the free end of the rope through the loop or bow as shown4 ,this knot is easily and quickly tied1 but under great strain will pull tight1 making it hard to untie4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,the ,figure ,eight ,manger ,tie is superior to the ordinary ,manger ,tie in that it will not pull tight under heavy strain such as would occur if the animal became frightened and attempted to break away4 ,pass the free end of the rope through the hole in the manger or around the hitching rack4 ,form a bight or loop with the free end of the rope and hold the loop along the standing part4 ,with the free end form another loop and serve around both the first loop and the standing part4 ,complete the tie by inserting the second loop through the first loop and secure by inserting the free end of the rope through the second loop as shown4 ,this is easily untied by first withdrawing the free end from the loop and then pulling on same until knot is untied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb2 ,fig4 #hc2 ,fig4 #hd ,fig4 #hb4 ,the ,harness hitch is employed for forming a loop on a rope in such a way that strain may be applied to both ends and to the loop without slipping4 ,start to tie an ,over-hand knot as shown4 ,reach through between the two twisted parts and draw the opposite side of the loop through1 following the arrow4 ,the completed harness hitch appears as shown4 ,fig4 #hc4 ,the ,strap hitch or ,line knot is used to join the free ends of two leather driving lines on a team4 ,it may be employed as an emergency tie for a broken line or strap but is not to be recommended as a permanent repair4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,the ,clevis hitch is used for forming a loop on the end of a rope which is both secure under strain and easily untied4 ,the ,diamond ,hitch ,the present age of high speed transportation both on land and water1 and in the air as well1 has served to crowd pack animal transportation back into the hills and into those few regions where rail and sail have not yet penetrated4 ,as a consequence1 pack trains are fast becoming unknown1 and the skill of the packer is fast being forgotten4 ,the skill of the experienced packer is little short of marvelous1 where he can catch a more or less wild pack animal and attach from #ajj to #djj or #ejj pounds of stuff to his back so securely that it will ride all day without coming off4 ,different types of freighting1 of course1 gave rise to different methods of binding on the load1 but the more widely used was1 no doubt1 some form of the famous ,diamond ,hitch4 ,the early trappers of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company are credited with introducing the ,diamond ,hitch among the ,north-,west ,indians1 and old trappers of the period of #ahdi1 engaged in freighting to ,california1 claim that the ,mexicans used it at that time4 ,different packers have modified and used the ,diamond ,hitch to suit their needs4 ,as an example1 in rough country where there is frequent trouble with pack animals falling with their load1 some packers tie the ,diamond ,hitch so that the final knot is on top of the animal's back where it can be easily reached and loosened with the animal down4 ,under more favorable conditions1 other packers use a ,diamond ,hitch in which the final tie is made on the side of the animal near the cinch hook4 ,in fact1 out of a group of old packers from different localities1 the probability is that no two would tie the ,diamond ,hitch alike in every particular4 ,the following illustrations of the ,diamond ,hitch are shown only as types actually in use by different men in the packing business4 ,other packers may have different methods of tying it more suited to the type of load they are handling4 ,the cuts shown represent the appearance of the ,diamond ,hitch if the cinch were cut under the animal's belly and the pack were flattened out and laid on the floor with the ropes undisturbed4 ,this method clearly shows in one picture all the different parts of the hitch1 so that those interested may follow it in making the hitch for themselves4 ,the ,government uses a ,spanish packsaddle1 or what is known as an aparejo--pronounced1 ap-pa-ray-ho1 but civilian packers often use the cross tree saddle4 ,it consists of a padded board resting on each side of the animal's backbone4 ,these two padded boards are usually fastened together with two cross trees resembling a saw buck4 ,there are different methods of placing the load on the saddle preparatory to lashing it fast with the ,diamond ,hitch4 ,no attempt will be made to give complete instructions in packing4 ,the hitches shown are given with the hope they will serve the prospective camper on his vacation to a retreat in the hills1 or perhaps satisfy the interest of those who have heard of the ,diamond ,hitch but have never seen it tied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he2 ,fig4 #hf ,the ,two ,man ,diamond ,hitch ,fig4 #he4 ,the ,two ,man ,diamond ,hitch is started by laying the middle of the rope lengthwise over the pack from head to tail with the free end of the rope at the head of the animal4 ,then the cinch hook is thrown under the animal's belly and caught by the off packer4 ,the near packer throws a bight over the pack and the off packer catches it in the cinch hook4 ,the near packer pulls up on the rope1 making it tight over the pack4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,the two ropes over the pack are then twisted one and a half times and a loop pulled through as shown4 ,in this case the loop first formed between the rope lying lengthwise and the part crossing the pack is lowered over the near side of the pack4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg2 ,fig4 #hh ,fig4 #hg4 ,the hitch is then completed by the off packer1 as shown4 ,the difference between the one-man hitch and the two-man hitch is that they finish up on different sides of the animal4 ,in the two ,diamond ,hitches shown1 the final tightening pull is taken toward the head of the animal4 ,many packers tie the ,diamond ,hitch so that the final pull is taken to rearward of the animal4 ,this can be done by laying the middle of the rope lengthwise of the pack with the end to the rear instead of toward the front of the animal4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,the packer's knot as shown consists of a clove hitch made around a standing rope4 ,the second half hitch is made with a bight instead of the end of the rope4 ,one or more half hitches are then thrown over this loop to make it secure4 ,this knot1 if pulled tight in making1 will hold very securely1 without slipping1 and is easily untied by loosening the half hitches1 and pulling on the free end of the rope4 ,the ,one ,man ,diamond ,hitch ,fig4 #hi4 ,the one man ,diamond ,hitch is employed by one packer working alone and requires that he make two trips around the animal in tying it4 ,the rope is braided into a ring on one end of the cinch4 ,the other end of the cinch carries a hook4 ,standing on the near side of the animal at its shoulder he first lays the middle of the rope across the pack from forward to back with the free end of the rope forward4 ,he then throws the cinch over the pack and catches the hook under the animal's belly4 ,a loop of the rope is then caught under the cinch hook and pulled tight4 ,some packers1 in using the one man ,diamond ,hitch1 find it helps to hold the hitch tight if they take a double turn around the hook in making the first tightening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi2 ,fig4 #ij ,fig4 #ij4 ,proceeding with the hitch1 the two ropes over the pack crosswise are then twisted1 lifting the forward strand up and back and pulling the rear strand forward and under4 ,two turns are made and then a loop of the rope lying forward and back over the top of the pack is drawn up between the two twisted ropes as shown4 ,the loop formed on the off side between the part crosswise of the pack and the part of the rope crossing lengthwise of the pack1 is formed over both corners of the off side of the pack4 ,then the loop drawn up between the two twisted ropes is lowered over the corners of the near side of the pack4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,the final strain is taken on the free end of the rope passing along the neck of the animal and tied at the forward point of the diamond with a packer's knot4 ,if the animal should fall on either side1 the knot is easily reached and untied4 ,the free end of the rope is tucked under some part of the hitch or looped over the pack or otherwise disposed of4 ,in making the ,diamond ,hitch1 at no time is the end of the rope pulled through anywhere4 ,this makes it easy to take off without becoming snarled4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia2 ,fig4 #ib ,fig4 #ib4 ,the ,diamond ,hitch as mentioned above is frequently tied so that the knot occurs on the side of the animal opposite the cinch hook instead of on top4 ,this hitch is tied so that the first loop is lowered over the rear corner only of the off side of the pack4 ,in the two other hitches described above1 the first loop included both corners of the pack1 and finished with a knot on top4 ,the ,diamond ,hitch shown is thrown by two packers4 ,,lashings ,fig4 #ic4 ,to lash a ,transom to an upright ,spar with the transom in front of the upright4 ,a clove hitch is made around the upright a few inches below the transom4 ,the lashing is brought under the transom1 up in front of it1 horizontally behind the upright1 down in front of the transom1 and back behind the upright at the level of the bottom of the transom and above the clove hitch4 ,the following turns are kept outside the previous ones on one spar and inside on the other1 not riding over the turns already made4 ,four turns or more are required4 ,a couple of frapping turns are then taken between the spar and transom1 around the lashing1 and the lashing is finished off either around one of the spars or any part of the lashing through which the rope can be passed4 ,the final clove hitch should never be made around the spar on the side toward which the stress is to come1 as it may jam and be difficult to remove4 ,the lashing must be well beaten with handspike or pick handle to tighten it up4 ,this is called a square lashing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic2 ,fig4 #id ,fig4 #id4 ,to lash three spars together as for a ,gin or ,tripod4 ,mark on each spar the distance from the butt to the center of the lashing4 ,lay two of the spars parallel to each other with an interval a little greater than the diameter4 ,rest their tips on a skid and lay the third spar between them with its butt in the opposite direction so that the marks on the three spars will be in line4 ,make a clove hitch on one of the outer spars below the lashing and take eight or nine loose turns around the three1 as shown in ,figure #id4 ,take a couple of frapping turns between each pair of spars in succession and finish with a clove hitch on the central spar above the lashing4 ,pass a sling over the lashing and the tripod is ready for raising4 ,,tackle ,,sets ,the use of block and tackle affords at least two advantages to the user4 ,one is the advantage of position4 ,the user may stand on the ground and pull downward--the most easy and natural way of exerting force1 while the resulting forces may be developed upward as in the case of a hoist4 ,the other advantage is mechanical4 ,by the use of a combination of lines and sheaves1 force applied by the user can be multiplied many times before it is transferred to act upon the body4 ,but where there is gain in pounds force applied1 there is always a counteracting loss due to an increase in the distance required to apply the force compared with the distance the weight or load will travel2 as in ,figure #if1 a force of #ajj lbs4 on the free end of the rope will give a resultant on the object of #bjj lbs4 7neglecting loss by friction in rope and pulley7 but distance travelled by the user will be two feet to one foot travelled by the object4 ,the illustrations are shown in each case with an arbitrary force of #ajj lbs4 applied to the free end of the rope4 ,the resulting force 7neglecting or disregarding friction7 is then shown in all parts of the set4 ,in actual practice the friction of the sheave and the resistance of the rope to bending gives rise to a loss of about #e of the force applied to the rope passing through each sheave4 ,for example in ,fig4 #ie the force applied on the barrel would be #ie of that applied to the free end of the rope or #ie lbs4 ,in ,fig4 #if the resultant force would be #ajj 7#ajj - #e7 #aie lbs4 and in ,fig4 #ig1 the lift on the armature would be #ahe lbs4 instead of #bjj as shown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie ,the ropes are also separated in the illustrations in order to show each part clearly4 ,the ropes are assumed to pull parallel to each other and the figures represent the pounds resulting in different parts of the set under those conditions4 ,the illustrations show some of the most typical applications of block and tackle for mechanical advantage or advantage of position or both4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,the ,single ,whip affords only advantage of position commonly used on a crane or derrick or perhaps for hauling an object up to a wall or to the water's edge4 ,theoretical advantage #a3a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if ,fig4 #if4 ,the ,running tackle is similar to the ,single ,whip except that the object to be moved is attached at a different place4 ,this gives a theoretical advantage of #b3a4 ,fig4 #ig4 ,the ,gun tackle ,a affords an advantage of position since the user stands on the ground and pulls down and the resultant force is applied to the object vertically upward4 ,theoretical advantage #b3a4 ,fig4 #ih4 ,the gun tackle ,b is the same as gun tackle ,a except that its application is different1 giving a theoretical advantage of #c3a4 ,fig4 #ii4 ,whip-on-whip multiplies the mechanical advantage by two1 where applied as shown4 ,if inverted and the top block applied to the load with the loop snubbed the mechanical advantage would be #d3a4 ,in both cases two single blocks are used4 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,the ,luff tackle has many applications aside from the one shown4 ,ordinarily consisting of one single and one double block and a single rope1 it gives a theoretical mechanical advantage of #d3a in the case shown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig2 ,fig4 #ih2 ,fig4 #ii2 ,fig4 #ajj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja2 ,fig4 #ajb ,fig4 #aja4 ,the ,port tackle1 consisting of ,single ,whip and a ,luff tackle may be applied when the level of operations changes from time to time and it is undesirable to apply the amount of rope necessary to make the ,luff part of the set long enough to serve for all levels4 ,a bale sling is also shown in use4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,a ,double ,luff tackle has a four part line instead of a three part line as in the ,single ,luff4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,a ,single ,spanish ,burton 7,a7 using two single blocks and one rope gives a greater mechanical advantage than the same equipment used as in ,figure #ig1 the ,gun ,tackle4 ,this is useful in shifting cargo1 etc41 where the distance hoisted in not great4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,a ,single ,spanish ,burton 7,b7 using three single blocks and two ropes1 gives the same hoisting range as the ,type ,a ,burton1 but a greater mechanical advantage4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,three ,fold ,purchase using a six part line1 gives a theoretical mechanical advantage of #f3a and an actual advantage of #ejc3a1 assuming a loss of #e of the force on the rope passing over each sheave4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc2 ,fig4 #ajd ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje2 ,fig4 #ajf ,fig4 #ajf4 ,four ,fold purchase using two four-sheave blocks1 is commonly used in derricks and hoists4 ,the illustration shows the possibility of using four two-sheave blocks1 where the larger sizes are not available4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,the ,double ,burton 7,a71 for one rope and two single blocks and one double block1 gives a limited hoisting range which is desirable in shifting heavy weights when it is necessary to lift them but a small distance4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,the ,double ,burton 7,b71 while using exactly the same equipment as is used in ,fig4 #ia1 shows the large differences in mechanical advantage between different methods of threading up the set4 ,the illustration also shows a box sling in use4 ,fig4 #aji4 ,double ,burton 7,c71 is a further application of the principle of the ,spanish ,burton1 using two ropes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg2 ,fig4 #ajh2 ,fig4 #aji ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj ,fig4 #aaj4 ,double ,burton 7,d71 using but one rope1 illustrates the possiblity of using it to greater mechanical advantage than would be possible in a six fold purchase4 ,however1 in this case the hoisting range is less than would be possible in a six fold purchase4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,luff on ,luff illustrates a common application of tackle to secure mechanical advantage4 ,it will readily be recognized that the major tackle must be four times as strong as the other set if both are to be used anywhere near to capacity4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,another ,double ,burton which also illustrates the possibility of combining two blocks in place of one1 with the required number of sheaves4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab ,,chain ,,hoists ,frequent use is made in garages1 machine shops and other places1 of a special device for hoisting heavy machine parts4 ,the apparatus referred to is known as a chain hoist4 ,these are built to use chain instead of rope and are designed to operate slowly1 but with great mechanical advantage4 ,different types embody different design of movements1 some being merely a train of gears attached to a sheave wheel and driven by a worm gear4 ,others employ the differential principle in which the hoisting chain is double1 one end running over a small pulley and the other end running in the opposite direction over a larger pulley on the same shaft4 ,as the small pulley unwinds one end of the chain slowly1 the other pulley winds up the other end faster--thus raising the lower end of the chain loop4 ,chain hoists are made for various capacities1 and can be built to raise the load any desired distance1 merely by supplying chain long enough4 ,a chain-hoist attached to a travelling crane makes a very satisfactory equipment for a shop where heavy parts are to be lifted and transferred and should be used wherever there is enough such work to warrant the greater first cost4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,a ,geared-chain-hoist showing a #a-ton hoist manufactured by the ,wright ,mfg4 ,co41 of ,lisbon1 ,ohio1 using two chains1 one for lifting and the other for operating4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,a ,differential ,chain hoist using a single continuous chain running through a pulley at the bottom and over two different sized wheels fastened on the same shaft at the top4 ,as one unwinds the other winds up and the difference in diameter causes one to wind up faster than the other unwinds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac2 ,fig4 #aad2 ,fig4 #aae ,fig4 #aae4 ,a ,chinese hoist or ,chinese capstan1 in which the differential principle is used4 ,the illustration shows the possibility of quickly applying the principle to the hoisting of a well-casing4 ,it has the merit of being cheap and easy to construct and very efficient in developing a large mechanical advantage4 ,the necessary materials can frequently be found around almost any farm or construction camp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf ,fig4 #aaf4 ,a ,snatch ,block is used frequently in connection with hay handling equipment on the farm4 ,hoisting hay from a loaded wagon to the track located in the peak of the barn1 requires much more force than is required to move the load along the track4 ,from then on1 the snatch block pulls away from the knot causing the load to travel on the carrier track twice as fast as the team4 ,the object is to utilize the direct pull of the team while elevating the load and increase the speed of the load and decrease the distance travelled by the team after the load has been elevated and is to be transferred4 ,,transmission ,,cables ,hemp and ,manila ,ropes and cables have many uses and applications both in industry and pleasure4 ,haulage1 hoisting and the transmission of power are three of the most modern applications to which ropes and cables have been put1 which require an intimate knowledge of their strength and life in service1 in order to secure satisfactory service4 ,for instance1 a certain kind and size of rope is suitable for guy lines but would not be able to compete with a different type of rope in service on a rapid hoist4 ,similarly1 a certain size of rope is being used on a rope drive1 but the power load is increasing to such a point it is necessary to increase the size of transmission rope4 ,if the sheaves are not increased in diameter suitable to the increased size of rope1 the acute bending of the larger rope on the old sheave wheel will shorten its life materially4 ,following are tables of strength for a few different kinds and sizes of ropes4 ,it is not the purpose to make these tables complete and exhaustive in scope1 but rather to give a general conception of the strength to be expected of different kinds and sizes of ropes in more common use4 ,those interested in more complete information on this subject should refer to the catalogs put out by manufacturers of ropes4 ,no accurate rule can be given for calculating the strength of rope and any table giving the strength will only be approximately correct4 ,four-strand rope has about #af more strength than three-strand rope4 ,tarring rope decreases the strength by about #be because the high temperature of the tar injures the fibers4 ,the strength of a rope is decreased by age1 exposure and wear4 ,the breaking strength of a rope is the weight or pull that will break it4 ,the safe load is the weight you may put on a rope without danger of breaking it4 ,the safe load must be very much less than the breaking strength1 in order that life and property may not be endangered when heavy objects are to be moved or lifted4 ,the safe load is usually regarded as #a_/f of the breaking strength4 ,the breaking strength and safe load for all ropes must be largely a matter of good judgment and experience4 ,calculation of ,strength ,for new manila rope the breaking strength in pounds may be found approximately by the following rule3 ,square the diameter1 measured in inches1 and multiply this product by #gbjj4 ,result obtained from this rule may vary as much as #ae from actual tests4 ,the safe load can be found by dividing the breaking strength by #f4 ,hemp rope is approximately #c_/d as strong as manila so that we use the following rule for it3 ,the breaking strength of hemp rope in pounds is #edjj times the square of the diameter in inches4 ,the safe load is found by dividing the breaking strength by #f as we did for the manila rope4 ,care of ,rope ,keep rope in a dry place1 do not leave it out in the rain4 ,if a rope gets wet1 stretch it out straight to dry4 ,do not let the ends become untwisted but fix them in some way to prevent it as soon as the rope is obtained4 ,a stiff and hard rope may be made very soft and flexible by boiling for a time in pure water4 ,this will of course remove some of the tar or other preservative4 ,cowboys treat their lasso ropes in this way4 ,uncoiling ,rope #a4 ,start with the end found in the center of the coil4 #b4 ,pull this end out and the rope should uncoil in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the hands of a clock4 #c4 ,if it uncoils in the wrong direction1 turn the coil over and pull this same end through the center of the coil and out on the other side4 #d4 ,if these directions are followed1 the rope will come out of the coil with very few kinks or snarls4 ,,size ,,and ,,strength ,,of ,,textile ,,ropes ,ultimate ,strength1 ,lb4 ,working ,strength1 ,lbs4 ,diam4 of ,rope ,inches ,cotton ,manila ,hemp ,cotton ,manila ,hemp #a1aej #a1ijj #ej #ej #a1hjj #b1ijj #gh #gh #b1fjj #d1ajj #aab #aab #c1ejj #e1ejj #aec #aec #a #d1fjj #g1ajj #bjj #bjj #a #g1bjj #aj1ijj #cab #cab #a #aj1djj #ae1jjj #dej #dej #a #ad1jjj #ai1hjj #fab #fab #b #ah1djj #be1ajj #hjj #hjj ,,strength ,,of ,,manila ,,rope ,diameter of ,average ,quality ,rope in ,inches ,new ,manila ,rope #b #c_/d #bf #b-a_/b #ba-a_/b #b-a_/d #ah-a_/b #b #ae #a-c_/d #ab-a_/b #a-e_/h #aj #a-a_/b #h-a_/b #a-c_/h #g-a_/b #a-a_/d #f-a_/d #a-a_/h #e-a_/d #a #d #g_/h #c-a_/d #c_/d #b-a_/d #e_/h #b #i_/af #a-a_/b #a_/b #a-a_/e #g_/af #c_/d #c_/h #a_/b #e_/af #c_/h #i_/cb #c_/aj #a_/d #a_/d ,,steel ,,cables ,the modern demands of industry for speed and large capacity have called for strengths exceeding that possible to attain from hemp or manila ropes1 which are not excessive in size or cost4 ,as a result1 steel ropes and cables have been developed and perfected to a high degree of strength and dependability4 ,the majority of hoists and cranes use steel rope4 ,logging industries depend for most part on steel cables4 ,cable cars use special steel cables which in many cases are several miles long4 ,long tramways use light steel cables1 for long spans where manila rope would scarcely maintain its own weight4 ,high speed passenger elevators maintain safe and dependable service day after day only through the strength of the perfected flexible steel cable4 ,however1 as stated above1 each particular type of service calls for some special type of cable4 ,the following tables are not complete but will serve to indicate the scope of the field covered by this subject4 ,,cast ,,steel ,,rope ,composed of #f strands and a hemp center1 #g wires to the strand ,approx4 ,proper ,minimum ,diameter ,approximate ,breaking ,working ,size of in ,circumference ,strain in ,load in ,drum or ,inches in ,inches ,tons of ,tons of ,sheave #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 in ft4 #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #fc #ab4f #aa #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #ec #aj4f #aj #a-a_/d #d #df #i4b #i #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #cg #g4d #h #a #c #ca #f4b #g #g_/h #b-c_/d #bd #d4h #f #c_/d #b-a_/d #ah4f #c4g #e #aa_/af #b-a_/h #ae4d #c4a #d-c_/d #e_/h #b #ac #b4f #d-a_/b #i_/af #a-c_/d #aj #b #d #a_/b #a-a_/b #g4g #a4ed #c-a_/b #g_/af #a-a_/d #e4e #a4aj #c #c_/h #a-a_/h #d4f 4#ib #b-c_/d #e_/af #a #c4e 4#gj #b-a_/d #i_/cb #g_/h #b4e 4#ej #a-c_/d ,,cast ,,steel ,,rope ,composed of #f strands and a hemp center1 #ai wires to the strand ,approx4 ,proper ,minimum ,diameter ,approximate ,breaking ,working ,size of of ,rope ,circumference ,strain in ,load in ,drum or in in ,inches ,tons of ,tons of ,sheave ,inches #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 in ft4 #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #baa #db4b #aa #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #agj #cd #aj #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #acc #bf4f #i #b #f-a_/d #ajf #ba4b #h #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #if #ai #h #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #he #ag #g #a-e_/h #e #gb #ad4d #f-a_/b #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #fd #ab4h #f #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #ef #aa4b #e-a_/b #a-a_/d #d #dg #i4d #e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #ch #g4f #d-a_/b #a #c #cj #f #d #g_/h #b-c_/d #bc #d4f #c-a_/b #c_/d #b-a_/d #ag4e #c4e #c #e_/h #b #ab4e #b4e #b-a_/b #i_/af #a-c_/d #aj #b #b-a_/d #a_/b #a-a_/b #h4d #a4fh #b #g_/af #a-a_/d #f4e #a4cj #a-c_/d #c_/h #a-a_/h #dh 4#if #a-a_/b #e_/af #a #c4a 4#fb #a-a_/d #a_/d #c_/d #b4b 4#dd #a ,,cast ,,steel ,,rope ,composed of #f strands and a hemp center1 #cg wires to the strand ,approx4 ,proper ,minimum ,diameter ,approximate ,breaking ,working ,size of in ,circumference ,strain in ,load in ,drum or ,inches in ,inches ,tons of ,tons of ,sheave #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 in ft4 #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #bjj #dj #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #afj #cb #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #abe #be #b #f-a_/d #aje #ba #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #hd #ag #a-e_/h #e #ga #ad #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #fc #ab #c-c_/d #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #ee #aa #c-a_/b #a-a_/d #d #de #i #c-a_/d #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #cd #f4h #b-c_/d #a #c #bi #e4h #b-a_/b #g_/h #b-c_/d #bc #d4f #b-a_/d #c_/d #b-a_/d #ag4e #c4e #a-c_/d #e_/h #b #aa4b #b4b #a-c_/d #i_/af #a-c_/d #i4e #a4i #a-a_/b #a_/b #a-a_/b #g4be #a4de #a-a_/d #g_/af #a-a_/d #e4ej #a4aj #a-a_/d #c_/h #a-a_/h #d4bj 4#hd #a ,,cast ,,steel ,,ropes ,,for ,,inclines ,six strands of #g wires each--hemp center ,diam4 ,diameter of ,sheaves or ,drums in ,feet1 ,showing ,percentage of ,rope of ,life for ,various ,diameters ,inches #ajj #ij #hj #ge #fj #ej #be #a-a_/b #af #ad #ab #aa #i #g #d4ge #a-c_/h #ad #ab #aj #h4e #g #f #d4e #a-a_/d #ab #aj #h #g4be #f #e4e #d4be #a-a_/h #aj #h4e #g4ge #g #f #e #d #a #h4e #g4ge #f4ge #f #e #d4e #c4ge #g_/h #g4ge #g #f4be #e4ge #d4e #c4ge #c4b #c_/d #g #f4be #e4e #e #d4be #c4e #b4ge #e_/h #f #e4be #d4e #d #c4be #c #b4e #a_/b #e #d4e #d #c4e #b4ge #b #a4ge ,,cast ,,steel ,,hoisting ,,ropes #f strands of #ai wires each--hemp center ,diam4 ,diameter of ,sheaves or ,drums in ,feet1 ,showing ,percentage of ,rope of ,life for ,various ,diameters ,inches #ajj #ij #hj #ge #fj #ej #be #a-a_/b #ad #ab #aj #h4e #g #f #d4e #a-c_/h #ab #aj #h #g #f #e4be #d4be #a-a_/d #aj #h4e #g4e #f4ge #e4e #e #d #a-a_/h #i #g4e #f4e #e4e #e #d4e #c4ge #a #h #g #f #e4e #d4e #d #c4ej #g_/h #g4e #f4ge #e4ge #e #d4be #c4e #c #c_/d #e4e #d4e #d #c4ge #c4be #c #b4be #e_/h #d4e #d #c4ge #c4be #c #b4e #b #a_/b #d #c #c #b4ge #b4be #b #a4e #c_/h #c #b #a4e ,,standard ,,hoisting ,,rope ,six ,strands--#ai wires to the strand--,one hemp core ,swedes ,iron ,approx4 ,proper ,diam4 of ,diam4 ,circum- ,approx4 ,strain in ,working ,drum or in ference ,weight ,tons of ,load in ,sheave in ,inches in ,per ,foot #bjjj lbs4 ,tons of in ft4 ,inches #bjjj lbs4 ,advised #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #aa4ie #aaa #bb4b #ag #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #i4he #ib #ah4d #ae #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #h #gb #ad4d #ad #b #f-a_/d #f4cj #ee #aa #ab #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #e4ee #ej #aj #ab #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #d4he #dd #h4h #aa #a-e_/h #e #d4ae #ch #g4e #aj #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #c4ee #cc #f4e #i #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #c #bh #e4e #h4e #a-a_/d #d #b4de #bb4h #d4ef #g4e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #b #ah4f #c4gb #g #a #c #a4eh #ad4e #b4ij #f #g_/h #b-c_/d #a4bj #aa4h #b4cf #e4e #c_/d #b-a_/d 4#hi #h4e #a4gj #d4e #e_/h #b 4#fb #f #a4bj #d #i_/af #a-c_/d 4#ej #d4g 4#id #c4e #a_/b #a-a_/b 4#ci #c4i 4#gh #c #g_/af #a-a_/d 4#cj #b4i 4#eh #b4ge #c_/h #a-a_/h 4#bb #b4d 4#dh #b4be #e_/af #a 4#ae #a4e 4#cj #b #a_/d #c_/d 4#aj #a4a 4#bb #a4ej ,crucible ,cast ,steel ,proper ,diam4 ,circum- ,approx4 ,approx4 ,working ,diam4 of in ference ,weight ,strain in ,load in ,drum or ,inches in ,per ,foot ,tons of ,tons of ,sheave in ,inches #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 ft4 ,advised #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #aa4ie #baa #db4b #aa #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #i4he #agj #cd #aj #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #h #acc #bf4f #i #b #f-a_/d #f4cj #ajf #ba4b #h #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #e4ee #if #ai #h #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #d4he #he #ag #g #a-e_/h #e #d4ae #gb #ad4d #f4e #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #c4ee #fd #ab4h #f #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #c #ef #aa4f #e4e #a-a_/d #d #b4de #dg #i4d #e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #b #ch #g4f #d4e #a #c #a4eh #cj #f #d #g_/h #b-c_/d #a4bj #bc #d4f #c4e #c_/d #b-a_/d 4#hi #ag4e #c4e #c #e_/h #b 4#fb #ab4e #b4e #b4e #i_/af #a-c_/d 4#ej #aj #b #b4be #a_/b #a-a_/b 4#ci #h4d #a4fh #b #g_/af #a-a_/d 4#cj #f4e #a4cj #a4ge #c_/h #a-a_/h 4#bb #d4h 4#if #a4ej #e_/af #a 4#ae #c4a 4#fb #a4be #a_/d #c_/d 4#aj #b4b 4#dd #a ,plow ,steel ,approx4 ,proper ,diam4 of ,diam4 ,circum- ,approx4 ,strain in ,working ,drum or in ference ,weight ,tons of ,load in ,sheave in ,inches in ,per ,foot #bjjj lbs4 ,tons of ft4 ,advised ,inches #bjjj lbs4 #b-c_/d #h-e_/h #aa4ie #bge #ee #aa #b-a_/b #g-g_/h #i4he #bbi #df #aj #b-a_/d #g-a_/h #h #ahf #cg #i #b #f-a_/d #f4cj #adj #bh #h #a-g_/h #e-c_/d #e4ee #abg #be #h #a-c_/d #e-a_/b #d4he #aab #bb #g #a-e_/h #e #d4ae #id #ai #f4e #a-a_/b #d-c_/d #c4ee #hb #af #f #a-c_/h #d-a_/d #c #gb #ad #e4e #a-a_/d #d #b4de #eh #ab #e #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #b #dg #i4e #d4e #a #c #a4eh #ch #g4f #d #g_/h #b-c_/d #a4bj #bi #e4h #c4e #c_/d #b-a_/d 4#hi #bc #d4f #c #e_/h #b 4#fb #ae4e #c4a #b4e #i_/af #a-c_/d 4#ej #ab4c #b4d #b4be #a_/b #a-a_/b 4#ci #aj #b #b #g_/af #a-a_/d 4#cj #h #a4f #a4ge #c_/h #a-a_/h 4#bb #e4ge #a4ae #a4ej #e_/af #a 4#ae #c4h 4#gf #a4be #a_/d #c_/d 4#aj #b4fe 4#ec #a ,,strength ,,of ,,wire ,,rope in tons of #b1jjj pounds ,wire ,transmission ,rope4 ,one ,hemp core surrounded by six strands of ,diameter seven wires each in ,inches ,crucible ,extra ,strong ,plow ,iron ,cast ,crucible ,cast ,steel ,steel ,steel #b-c_/d #b-a_/b #b-a_/d #b #a-c_/d #a-e_/h #a-a_/b #cb #fc #gc #hb #a-c_/h #bh #ec #fc #gb #a-a_/d #bc #df #ed #fj #a-a_/h #ai #cg #dc #dg #a #ae #ca #ce #ch #g_/h #ab #bd #bh #ca #c_/d #h4h #ah4f #ba #bc #e_/h #f #ac #ad4e #af #i_/af #d4h #aj #aa #ab #a_/b #c4g #g4g #h4he #aj #g_/af #b4f #e4e #f4be #g #c_/h #b4b #d4f #e4be #e4i #e_/af #a4g #c4e #c4ie #d4d #i_/cb #a4b #b4e #b4ie #c4d #a_/d ,wire ,hoisting ,rope4 ,one ,hemp core surrounded by six strands of ,diameter nineteen wires each in ,inches ,crucible ,extra ,strong ,plow ,iron ,cast ,crucible ,cast ,steel ,steel ,steel #b-c_/d #aaa #baa #bdc #bge #b-a_/b #ib #agj #bjj #bbi #b-a_/d #gb #acc #afj #ahf #b #ee #ajf #abc #adj #a-c_/d #dd #he #ii #aab #a-e_/h #ch #gb #hc #id #a-a_/b #cc #fd #gc #hb #a-c_/h #bh #ef #fd #gb #a-a_/d #bb4h #dg #ec #eh #a-a_/h #ah4f #ch #dc #dg #a #ad4e #cj #cd #ch #g_/h #aa4h #bc #bf #bi #c_/d #h4e #ag4e #bj4b #bc #e_/h #f #ab4e #ad #ae4e #i_/af #d4g #aj #aa4b #ab4c #a_/b #c4i #h4d #i4b #aj #g_/af #b4i #f4e #g4be #h #c_/h #b4d #d4h #e4cj #e4ge #e_/af #a4e #c4a #c4ej #c4h #i_/cb #a_/d #a4a #b4b #b4dc #b4fe ,,splicing ,,transmission ,,cables ,wherever wire rope transmissions are used it is necessary to splice the rope or cable so that it will run smoothly over the sheave wheels4 ,for this purpose a long splice is invariably used4 7,taken from 8,american ,wire ,rope0 published by ,american ,steel and ,wire ,company74 ,the tools required are a small marlin-spike1 nipping cutters1 and either clamps or a small hemp rope sling with which to wrap around and untwist the rope4 ,if a bench vise is accessible1 it will be found very convenient for holding the rope4 8,in splicing a rope1 a certain length is used up in making the splice4 ,an allowance of not less than #af feet for inch rope1 and proportionately longer for larger sizes1 must be added to the length of an endless rope1 in ordering4 ,the length of splice relation to the diameter of the rope is approximately #ej3a40 ,this extra length is equal to the distance ,,ee in ,fig4 #aag4 ,the additional length recommended for making a splice in different sizes of wire rope is as follows3 ,diam4 of ,rope ,extra ,length ,allowed for in ,inches the ,splice1 ,feet #af #af #bj #bd #bh #a #cb #a #cf #a #dj #a #dd ,fig4 #aag4 ,having measured carefully the length the rope should be after splicing and marked the points ,m and ,m1 unlay the strands from each end ,e and ,e1 to ,m and ,m1 and cut off the hemp center at ,m and ,m4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,first4 ,interlock the six unlaid strands of each end alternately1 cutting off the hemp centers at ,m and ,m1 and draw wire strands together1 so that the points ,m and ,m meet1 as shown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag2 ,,fig4 #aah2 ,,fig4 #aai2 ,,fig4 #abj2 ,,fig4 #aba ,fig4 #aai4 ,second4 ,unlay a strand from one end1 and following the unlay closely1 lay into the seam or groove it opens1 the strand opposite it belonging to the other end of the rope1 until there remains a length of stand equal in inches to the length of splice ,,ee in feet1 e4 g41 the straight end of unlaid strand ,a on one-half inch rope equal #af inches for #af foot splice4 ,then cut the other strand to about the same length from the point of meeting1 as shown at ,a4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,third4 ,unlay the adjacent strand in the opposite direction1 and following the unlay closely1 lay in its place the corresponding opposite strand1 cutting the ends as described before at ,b4 ,the four strands are now laid in place terminating at ,a and ,b1 with eight remaining at ,m and ,m as shown in ,fig4 #aai4 ,it will be well after laying each pair of strands to tie them temporarily at the points ,a and ,b4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,pursue the same course with the remaining four pairs of opposite strands1 stopping each pair of strands so as to divide the space between ,a and ,b into five equal parts1 and cutting the ends as before4 ,all the strands are now laid in their proper places with their respective ends passing each other4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb2 ,,fig4 #abc ,all methods of rope splicing are identical up to this point2 their variety consists in the method of securing the ends4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,the completed splice with ends secured results in a cable with scarcely any enlargement at that point4 ,a few days' use will make it difficult to discover at all4 ,the final part of the splice is made as follows3 8,clamp the rope either in a vise or with a hand clamp at a point to the left of ,a 7,fig4 #aai71 and by a hand clamp applied near the right of ,a open up the rope by untwisting sufficiently to cut the hemp core at ,a1 and seizing it with nippers1 let your assistant draw it out slowly4 ,then insert a marlin spike under the two nearest strands to open up the rope and starting the loose strand into the space left vacant by the hemp center1 rotate the marlin spike so as to run the strand into the center4 ,cut the hemp core where the strand ends1 and push the end of hemp back into its place4 ,remove the clamps and let the rope close together around it4 ,draw out the hemp core in the opposite direction and lay the other strand in the center of the rope in the same manner4 ,repeat the operation at the five remaining points1 and hammer the rope lightly at the points where the ends pass each other at ,a1 ,b1 etc41 with small wooden mallets1 and the splice is complete1 as shown in ,fig4 #aba40 ,a rope spliced as above will be nearly as strong as the original rope1 and smooth everywhere4 ,after running a few days1 the splice1 if well made1 cannot be pointed out except by the close examination of an expert4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,if a clamp and vice are not obtainable1 two rope slings and short wooden levers may be used to untwist and open up the rope4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,a marlin spike is absolutely necessary in order to separate the strands in making a splice in steel cable4 ,,power ,,transmitted ,,by ,,wire ,,rope ,wire ,rope ,drives ,diam4 of ,wheel ,no4 of ,revolutions ,diam4 of ,horse ,power in ,feet ,per ,minute ,rope #c #hj #c_/h #c #c #ajj #c_/h #c #a_/b #c #abj #c_/h #d #c #adj #c_/h #d #a_/b #d #hj #c_/h #d #d #ajj #c_/h #e #d #abj #c_/h #f #d #adj #c_/h #g #e #hj #g_/af #i #e #ajj #g_/af #aa #e #abj #g_/af #ac #e #adj #g_/af #ae #f #hj #a_/b #ad #f #ajj #a_/b #ag #f #abj #a_/b #bj #f #adj #a_/b #bc #g #hj #i_/af #bj #g #ajj #i_/af #be #g #abj #i_/af #cj #g #adj #i_/af #ce #h #hj #e_/h #bf #h #ajj #e_/h #cb #h #abj #e_/h #ci #h #adj #e_/h #de #i_/af #dg #i #hj #e_/h #dh #i_/af #eh #i #ajj #e_/h #fj #i_/af #fi #i #abj #e_/h #gc #i_/af #hb #i #adj #e_/h #hd #aj #hj #e_/h #fd #aa_/af #fh #aj #ajj #e_/h #hj #aa_/af #he #aj #abj #e_/h #if #aa_/af #ajb #aj #adj #e_/h #aab #aa_/af #aai #ab #hj #aa_/af #ic #c_/d #ii #ab #ajj #aa_/af #aaf #c_/d #abd #ab #abj #aa_/af #adj #c_/d #adi #ab #abj #g_/h #agc #ad #hj #a #ada #a #a_/h #adh #ad #ajj #a #agf #a #a_/h #ahe ,,minimum ,,diameters ,,of ,,sheaves ,,for ,,power ,,transmission ,,by ,,wire ,,ropes 7,all ,dimensions in ,inches7 ,rope ,steel ,iron ,diam4 #g-,wire #ai-,wire #g-,wire #ai-,wire #a_/d #bj #ab #dj #bd #e_/af #be #ae #ej #cj #c_/h #cj #ah #fj #cf #g_/af #ce #ba #gj #db #a_/b #dj #bd #hj #dh #i_/af #de #bg #ij #ed #e_/h #ej #cj #ajj #fj #aa_/af #ee #cb #aaj #ff #c_/d #fj #ce #abj #gb #g_/h #gj #da #adj #hd #a #hj #dg #afj #if #a #a_/h #ij #ec #ahj #ajh #a #a_/d #ajj #eh #bjj #abj #a #c_/h #aaj #fd #bbj #acb #a #a_/b #abj #gj #bdj #add ,,diameter ,,of ,,minimum ,,sheaves ,,in ,,inches1 ,,corresponding ,,to ,a ,,maximum ,,safe ,,working ,,tension4 ,diam4 of ,rope ,steel ,iron in ,inches #g-,wire #ab-,wire #ai-,wire #g-,wire #ab-,wire #ai-,wire #a_/d #ai #ae #aa #ci #ca #bc #e_/af #bd #ai #ad #di #ch #bi #c_/h #bi #bb #ag #ei #df #ce #g_/af #cd #bf #ai #fi #ed #da #a_/b #ch #cj #bb #gi #fa #dg #i_/af #dc #cc #be #hi #fi #eb #e_/h #dh #cg #bh #ii #gg #eh #aa_/af #ec #da #ca #aji #hd #fd #c_/d #eh #dd #cd #aai #ib #gj #g_/h #fg #eb #ci #ach #ajg #ha #a #gg #ei #de #aeh #abc #ic ,,engineering ,,bulletins ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,state ,,college ,,of ,,washington ,,engineering ,,experiment ,,station4 #a4 ,sewage ,disposal for the ,country ,home4 ,septic tanks and underground distribution systems4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,waller and ,m4 ,k4 ,snyder4 ,mar4 #aiad1 ,july #aiaf4 #b4 ,how to ,measure ,water4 ,construction of weirs and tables for same4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,waller4 ,oct4 #aiae4 #c4 ,water ,supply for the ,country ,home4 ,water ,sources1 pumps1 filters1 storage tanks and cost data4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyder4 ,jan4 #aiaf 7out of print74 #d4 ,construction and ,maintenance of ,earth ,roads4 ,grades and grading1 drainage and dragging4 ,by ,l4 ,v4 ,edwards4 ,april #aiaf4 #e4 ,cost of ,pumping for ,irrigation4 ,cost of equipment and operation of same1 with tables of efficiency4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,waller4 ,aug4 #aiaf 7out of print74 #f4 ,fuel ,economy in ,domestic ,heating and ,cooking4 ,fuel ,tables1 heating equipment and care of same4 ,by ,b4 ,l4 ,steele4 ,dec4 #aiag4 #g4 ,thawing ,frozen ,water ,pipes ,electrically4 ,method of ,thawing and list of equipment needed4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,dana4 ,oct4 #aiba4 #h4 ,the ,use of ,ropes and ,tackle4 ,illustrations of application to different jobs4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,dana and ,w4 ,a4 ,pearl4 ,mar4 #aibb4 #i4 ,well and ,spring ,protection4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyder4 7,in preparation74 #aj4 ,water ,purification for the ,country ,home4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyder4 7,in preparation74 #aa4 ,farm ,water ,systems4 ,by ,m4 ,k4 ,snyder and ,h4 ,j4 ,dana4 7,in preparation74 #ab4 ,commercial and ,economic ,efficiency of ,commercial ,pipe ,coverings4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,dana4 7,in preparation74 ,illustration3 ,mechanics ,arts ,building--,headquarters ,mechanical ,engineering ,experiment ,station ,the ,state ,college of ,washington ,founded and ,maintained by the ,national ,government and the ,state of ,washington ,college of ,agriculture and ,experiment ,station ,farm ,crops1 ,soils1 ,animal ,husbandry1 ,dairy ,husbandry1 ,poultry ,husbandry1 ,horticulture1 ,landscape ,gardening1 ,forestry1 ,farm ,management1 ,plant ,pathology1 ,agricultural ,engineering4 ,college of ,mechanic ,arts and ,engineering ,architecture1 ,civil ,engineering1 ,electrical ,engineering1 ,hydro-,electrical ,engineering1 ,mathematics1 ,mechanical ,engineering1 ,physics4 ,college of ,sciences and ,arts ,chemistry1 ,chemical ,engineering1 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,english1 ,economic ,science and ,history1 ,foreign ,languages4 ,college of ,home ,economics ,college of ,veterinary ,science ,school of ,mines and ,geology ,geology1 ,mining1 ,metallurgy1 ,metallography4 ,school of ,education ,school of ,music and ,fine ,arts ,music1 ,oral ,expression1 ,dramatic ,art1 ,fine ,arts4 ,school of ,pharmacy ,the ,graduate ,school ,department of ,military ,science and ,tactics ,department of ,physical ,education and ,athletics ,the ,summer ,session 7six weeks7 ,short ,courses from one to twelve weeks1 beginning early in ,january1 are offered in ,farming1 ,gas ,tractors1 ,automobiles1 ,home ,economics1 and ,mining4 ,the ,department of ,elementary ,science offers three-year vocational courses in agriculture1 horticulture1 mechanic and industrial arts1 commerce1 and domestic economy1 from which young men and women can1 if they desire1 be admitted to the ,freshman class of the ,college4 ,the ,college ,year ,begins ,monday1 ,september #ah1 #aibb4 ,address all inquiries to3 ,,the ,,registrar1 ,pullman1 ,wash4 ,extension ,service1 under the ,smith-,lever ,act1 is in charge of the demonstration and correspondence work in ,agriculture1 ,home ,economics1 ,boys and ,girls ,club ,work1 and ,county ,work4 ,address3 ,the ,director4 ,the ,division of ,general ,college ,extension gives correspondence courses1 organizes extension classes1 supplies lectures and educational motion picture films4 ,address3 ,director4 ,,many ,,departments ,,publish ,,special ,,booklets