,,the ,,right ,,honourable ,,sir ,,henry
 ,,enfield ,,roscoe  ,p4,c41 ,d4,c4,l41 
,f4,r4,s4     ,illustration3 ,henry ,e4 
,roscoe  ,photo4 ,e4,h4 ,mills4  ,walter
 ,l4 ,colls4 ,sc4                       
,the ,right ,honourable                 
,sir ,henry ,enfield ,roscoe            
,p4,c41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4            
,a ,,biographical ,,sketch              
,,by                      ,,sir ,,edward
 ,,thorpe1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4            
,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4         
#ci ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london       
,,fourth ,,avenue  #cj,,th ,,street1    
,,new ,,york                            
,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,and ,,madras    
#aiaf                           ,all    
rights reserved     ,,advertisement     
,this sketch of the life and activities 
of ,sir ,henry ,enfield ,roscoe is      
based1 to a large extent1 upon an       
obituary notice prepared at the request 
of the ,councils of the ,royal and      
,chemical ,societies1 of which its      
subject was a distinguished member1 with

 a view to publication in their         
respective ,proceedings and             
,transactions4 ,in its present more     
extended form it is offered to a wider  
public as the record of 8a life in civic
 action worn10 and as a slight tribute  
from a grateful pupil1 an attached      
co-worker1 and a lifelong friend to the 
memory of a strenuous high-minded man1  
of large aims and generous impulses1 who
 spent his abilities and energies       
unstintingly in promoting the welfare of
 science and the good of his kind4      
,,contents                              
,,page                                  
,,chapter ,i      ,,william             
,,roscoe--,,henry ,,roscoe              
#a                             ,,chapter
 ,,ii      ,,henry ,,enfield            
,,roscoe--,,birth ,,and ,,education     
#af                                     
,,chapter ,,iii      ,,owens ,,college1 
,,manchester                            
#bh                                     
,,chapter ,,iv      ,,the ,,yorkshire   

,,college                               
#ec                                     
,,chapter ,v      ,,the ,,victoria      
,,university                            
#gg                                     
,,chapter ,,vi      ,,roscoe ,,as ,a    
,,teacher                               
#ig                                     
,,chapter ,,vii      ,,roscoe ,,as ,,an 
,,investigator                          
#aaj                                    
,,chapter ,,viii      ,,roscoe ,,and    
,,chemical ,,literature                 
#ach                                    
,,chapter ,,ix      ,,roscoe ,,and ,,the
 ,,organization ,,of ,,scientific       
,,societies        #adf                 
,,chapter ,x      ,,public              
,,services--,,political ,,and           
,,professional ,,work            #aeb   
,,chapter ,,xi      ,,university ,,of   
,,london--,,eton ,,college--,,university
 ,,college     ,,of ,,dundee--,,scottish
 ,,universities ,,commission--,,royal   
,,commission ,,of ,,the #ahea           

,,exhibition--,,carnegie ,,trust3       
,,scottish ,,universities--,,science    
,,and ,,art ,,department3     ,,science 
,,museums--,,lister ,,institute ,,of    
,,preventive     ,,medicine             
#afa                                    
,,chapter ,,xii      ,,dignities ,,and  
,,honours--,,the ,,deutsche             
,,revue--,,germany     ,,and            
,,england--,,world ,,supremacy ,,or     
,,war                         #age      
,,chapter ,,xiii      ,,home            
,,life--,,lady ,,roscoe--,,woodcote     
,,lodge--,,personal                     
,,characteristics--,,death              
#aij      ,,index                       
#bjd     ,,the ,,right ,,honourable     
,,sir ,,henry ,,enfield ,,roscoe        
,,chapter ,i  ,,william                 
,,roscoe--,,henry ,,roscoe   ,the       
subject of this memoir had no particular
 pride of ancestry4 ,stemmata quid      
faciunt8 ,although with no convictions  
on the subject1 he was willing to       
believe that his line stretched at least

 as far back as ,adam and ,eve1 and he  
doubted whether any man could with      
certainty claim--pace ,darwin--a more   
ancient lineage4#a  ,as he has told us  
in his ,autobiography1 his family was   
one of the many that could not trace its
 origin for more than three or four     
generations back4 ,all he knew was that 
he came of a ,north-country stock1      
members of which--village ,hampdens and 
mute inglorious ,miltons--had been      
settled in the ,county ,palatine and in 
the vicinity of ,liverpool for many     
years4 ,he had a distinguished          
grandfather1 a man of mark and public   
weight in his native town1 and who bears
 an honoured name in our literature4 ,of
 him it is related that when a certain  
,garter ,principal ,king-at-,arms       
desired to trace his pedigree 7which had
 hitherto baffled his researches71 he   
replied that he was a good patriarch1   
and the proper person to begin a family1
 as he had a quiverful of sons4         
8,accordingly the whole descent is      

registered1 and the ,roscoes may now go 
on in scula sculorum4 ,amen40  ,mr4     
,william ,roscoe--,grandfather ,roscoe  
as he was called in the family          
circle--was justly claimed by his       
grandson to be the first man of         
distinction that ,liverpool had         
produced4 ,although more than one       
hundred and fifty years have passed     
since his birth his name still remains  
one of the most prominent in its        
history4 ,his story is one of the       
,romances of ,literature4  ,born in     
#agec1 he was the son of a market       
gardener who kept a bowling-green1      
attached to a tavern1 in what was then a
 rural district of ,liverpool known as  
,mount ,pleasant4 ,he learned to read   
and write1 and that was practically all 
the schooling he received1 for at the   
age of twelve he was required to help   
his father in the cultivation of his    
garden1 and to carry cabbages and       
potatoes on his head to market4 ,but he 
had an insatiable appetite for          

knowledge1 and such leisure as he could 
secure he gave to reading and study4    
,his love of literature led him to take 
service in a bookseller's shop1 but     
finding that his duties were those of a 
drudge1 leaving him little opportunity  
for gratifying his passion1 he articled 
himself when fifteen years old to an    
attorney4 ,he worked hard at his        
profession1 but still found time to     
cultivate the ,muses1 and1 with the     
assistance of a gifted friend of his own
 age who taught languages in a school1  
he read the ,classics and began the     
study of the literature of ,italy4 ,he  
early tried his hand at                 
poetry--imitations of ,goldsmith and    
,shenstone1 or translations from the    
,italian4 ,when he was twenty-four he   
published a long poem--8,mount          
,pleasant0--a characteristically stilted
 eighteenth-century production of no    
great merit and now forgotten1 but which
 on its appearance was praised by ,sir  
,joshua ,reynolds1 less1 perhaps1 for   

its poetry than for its passionate      
protest against the iniquities of 8that 
execrable sum of all villainies commonly
 called the ,african slave trade0--at   
that time one of the sources of the     
commercial prosperity of ,liverpool4    
,the courage of the struggling young    
lawyer in thus inveighing against this  
vicious traffic roused the anger of some
 of the wealthiest and most influential 
of his fellow-citizens4 ,he followed up 
his attack by another poem on the       
8,wrongs of ,africa10 and he had a      
fierce controversy with an apostate     
,roman ,catholic priest who had         
published a sermon on the 8,licitness of
 the ,slave ,trade0 as proved from the  
,bible1 for which he had been formally  
thanked by the ,liverpool ,corporation4 
,the coming of the ,french ,revolution  
was received with enthusiasm by all     
eager lovers of civil and political     
liberty in ,england4 ,roscoe1 who       
welcomed its advent with inspiriting    
songs and odes1 championed its cause in 

pamphlets1 one of them directed against 
,burke1 who had bitterly attacked the   
,jacobins4 ,the ardent young ,liberal   
was now identified with the ,whig party 
in ,liverpool1 and was in frequent      
communication with its ,parliamentary   
chiefs4  ,but he was not at heart a     
politician1 and had but little liking   
for the turmoil and violence of party   
strife4 8,party10 he had declared with  
,pope1 8is the madness of many for the  
gain of a few40 ,his strongest          
inclinations were intellectual1 and as  
his means increased and he was able to  
procure books he became more and more   
drawn to the study of ,italian          
literature and history4 ,the story of   
the rise of the ,medici family1 and     
especially the character and            
achievements of one of its ablest       
members1 ,lorenzo1 surnamed the         
,magnificent1 strongly interested and   
eventually fascinated him4 ,these       
studies bore fruit in his well-known    
8,life of ,lorenzo de' ,medici10        

published in #agif4 ,the work was       
received with a chorus of approval4 ,the
 critics declared there had been nothing
 like it since ,gibbon4 ,horace ,walpole
 was delighted with it4 ,men of taste   
like ,lord ,lansdowne and ,lord ,bristol
 were equally charmed4 ,it even became  
fashionable1 and new editions were      
speedily called for4 ,the book has been 
frequently reprinted1 and was translated
 into ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian4   
,in ,italy it was received with especial
 favour as a noble tribute to the       
national genius4  ,its literary quality 
has gained for it an assured place in   
our literature4 ,as a permanent         
contribution to ,italian history it has 
less merit4 ,it must be admitted it     
lacks features demanded by modern and   
more scientific methods of historical   
treatment4 ,roscoe1 we may assume1 made 
the best possible use of the material   
that was available to him4 ,his business
 prevented him from visiting ,italy1 but
 his friend ,william ,clarke1 who had   

access to ,florentine libraries1        
supplied him with such information as he
 asked for or could obtain4 ,it is      
obvious from the work that what mainly  
interested him was the literary and     
artistic side of ,lorenzo's career1 and 
in particular his influence on ,italian 
art and learning4 ,he had apparently    
less sympathy with1 because he had less 
knowledge of1 his social and political  
activities4 ,he was imperfectly         
acquainted with the influences which    
affected him1 or which at times he      
sought to control4 ,he was sometimes    
uncritical in his use of authorities1   
and his judgment was occasionally at    
fault4 ,but whatever may be its value as
 a serious contribution to history1     
there is no doubt of its merit as a     
piece of literary craftsmanship4 ,it was
 written under the influence of an      
enthusiastic sympathy with and          
admiration for its subject1 to which no 
reader could be wholly insensible1 and  
there is much in ,roscoe's subsequent   

career1 both in his pursuits and in his 
civic activities1 to show that he was   
largely inspired by the example of his  
hero4  ,in #agih appeared his           
translation of ,tansillo's 8,nurse10    
with a dedication to his wife2 and in   
#ahje his 8,life and ,pontificate of    
,leo the ,tenth0--the son of ,lorenzo1  
and the ,pope who saw the rise of the   
,reformation4 ,although this latter book
 brought its author more money1 it was  
less favourably received than his 8,life
 of ,lorenzo10 mainly on account of his 
treatment of the ,reformation4 ,but     
apart from this it is less satisfactory 
as a historical work4 ,his knowledge of 
the contemporary state of intellectual  
,europe was too limited to enable him to
 deal adequately with a subject of so   
wide a scope4 ,nevertheless the book had
 a large sale1 in spite of1 or possibly 
in consequence of1 the fact that the    
,italian translation was placed in the  
8,index40  ,shortly after the           
publication of his first great work     

,roscoe renounced his practice as an    
attorney4 ,having a competent fortune1  
he purchased ,allerton ,hall1 a fine old
 ,jacobean house in a beautiful         
situation on the banks of the ,mersey4  
,he now turned his attention to         
agriculture1 set up a model farm near   
his estate1 cultivated the friendship of
 ,coke of ,holkham1 read papers on      
agricultural subjects to local          
societies1 and worked at the reclamation
 of ,chat ,moss4 ,he also set in order  
the affairs of a banking house in which 
his friend ,clarke1 who lived in ,italy1
 was a partner1 and he thereby became   
involved in its direction and           
management4 ,but he had still leisure   
for literary pursuits4 ,he had one of   
the largest and most valuable private   
libraries in the district1 especially   
rich in ,italian history and literature4
 ,he interested himself in typography   
and induced ,john ,m',creery--a         
well-known printer of his day--to settle
 in ,liverpool1 where his works were    

printed4 ,he was a generous lover of the
 fine arts1 and has the credit of       
discovering the genius of ,john ,gibson1
 the sculptor1 originally an apprentice 
to a marble mason in ,liverpool1 whom he
 sent to ,rome4 ,gibson executed for    
,roscoe a basso-rilievo in terra-cotta1 
now in the ,walker ,gallery in          
,liverpool1 the patron in his turn      
making his protg free of the treasures  
of his library at ,allerton ,hall4 ,it  
was in this way that ,gibson first      
became acquainted with the designs of   
the great ,italian masters4 ,the        
acquaintance thus formed with the       
,roscoe family was continued in the case
 of ,mrs4 ,sandbach1 a granddaughter of 
the ,italian historian1 who possessed   
many of ,gibson's works1 and was in     
frequent correspondence with him4       
,indeed most of the details of ,gibson's
 life were only to be gleaned from his  
letters to ,mrs4 ,sandbach1 who was a   
very accomplished woman of considerable 
literary ability4  ,mr4 ,william ,roscoe

 was fond of horticulture1 and          
interested in botanical pursuits        
generally4 ,in the words of the late    
,professor ,asa ,gray1 he was one of the
 ,patres conscripti of the botany of his
 time1 as the author of a monograph on  
the monandrian plants1 and of other     
contributions on botanical subjects to  
the ,transactions of the ,linnean       
,society4 ,roscoe's influence on the    
intellectual life of his native town may
 be seen in the various educational and 
artistic institutions which he created  
or with which he was concerned in       
founding4 ,in #aggc1 when only twenty   
years of age1 he was one of the         
projectors of a ,society for the        
,encouragement of the ,arts of ,painting
 and ,design1 the first public artistic 
society in ,liverpool4 ,it had only a   
short existence1 but was revived ten    
years later1 and ultimately developed   
into the ,liverpool ,academy1 of which  
,roscoe became ,president4 ,he designed 
and etched the admission card to its    

exhibitions1 contributed drawings and   
read papers to its members4 ,it was the 
first organization of its kind in the   
provinces4 ,it not only encouraged local
 talent1 but served to familiarize      
,liverpool with the work of ,reynolds1  
,gainsborough1 and other notable        
painters of the period4 ,he was a       
founder and ,president of the ,liverpool
 ,literary and ,philosophical ,society2 
an active member of the ,liverpool      
,library1 afterwards known as the       
,lyceum1 and the first public collection
 of books in the town4 ,he was the means
 of establishing the ,liverpool         
,atheneum1 an institution more          
especially concerned with the interests 
of learning and scholarship4 ,his love  
of horticulture led him to take an      
active part in the creation of a public 
,botanic ,garden2 he drew up the plan of
 its administration1 and at its opening 
in #ahjb gave a thoughtful address on   
the obligation which rests upon a       
commercial community to encourage the   

study of abstract science4  ,but perhaps
 ,roscoe's greatest service to          
,liverpool was his share in the         
foundation of its ,royal ,institution4  
,he was chairman of the ,committee which
 drew up the scheme of its              
establishment1 and wrote the ,report for
 publication concerning its objects2 and
 at its opening in #ahag gave an address
 on the part it was calculated to play  
in fostering the connection which ought 
to exist between the intellectual and   
the business life of a city devoted to  
trade4 8,it is to the union10 he        
declared1 8of the pursuits of literature
 with the affairs of the world that we  
are to look for the improvement of both2
 for the stability and foundation of the
 one1 and the grace and ornament of the 
other40 ,he was no less mindful of the  
claims of science3 8imperfect indeed    
would be the civilization of that people
 who1 devoted to the accumulation of    
wealth by industry1 should1 from an     
apprehension of expending their means on

 useless objects1 refuse to encourage   
scientific inquiries40 ,he pointed out  
that all improvements in the mechanical 
arts and in manufactures were to be     
attributed to the labours and           
discoveries of those who had applied    
themselves to the enlargement of the    
boundaries of science4 ,even at that    
time he was able to show that many      
occupations hitherto pursued empirically
 were being practised under a growing   
recognition that they were based on     
scientific principles1 and that it was  
only by a wider appreciation of that    
fact1 combined with increased facilities
 for the acquisition and diffusion of   
scientific knowledge1 that the          
improvement and expansion of such       
industries could be secured4  ,more than
 sixty years afterwards it fell to his  
grandson's lot to dilate upon the same  
theme in the same place1 and to indicate
 how the intervening time of scientific 
and industrial progress had served to   
confirm the wisdom and accuracy of his  

grandfather's insight4  ,mr4 ,william   
,roscoe1 however eminent he might be in 
civic virtue1 was precluded from taking 
any part in the municipal affairs of the
 town1 as he was not a freeman of the   
borough4 ,nor1 for the same reason1 was 
he able to exercise the ,parliamentary  
franchise4 ,but whilst he himself had no
 vote1 there was nothing to prevent the 
voters from sending him to the ,house of
 ,commons as their representative if he 
and they were so minded4 ,in #ahjf a    
swing of the political pendulum brought 
the ,whigs into general favour1 and the 
burgesses of ,liverpool returned him at 
the head of the poll4 ,by speech and    
vote he threw all his influence on the  
side of ,clarkson and ,wilberforce in   
their successful efforts to abolish     
,england's participation in the slave   
trade4 ,although those who sent him to  
the ,legislature must have known his    
views on this subject1 his constituents 
were highly incensed at his action in   
thus seeking to destroy1 as they        

imagined1 one of the chief sources of   
the prosperity of the town4 ,moreover1  
he had added to the enormity of his     
offence by speaking and voting in favour
 of ,catholic ,emancipation4            
,accordingly1 a mixed and muddled mob of
 ardent ,protestants and drunken        
sailors1 crews of slave-ships1 were     
gathered together in order to assail him
 on his return from ,westminster at the 
close of the session4 ,a riot broke out1
 but his friends had taken timely       
precautions1 and he escaped without     
injury4 ,but the ,house of ,commons had 
few attractions for him4 ,he resigned   
his seat1 and nothing would induce him  
to seek re-election4 ,he still          
maintained his interest in the political
 movements of the time1 and became a    
busy pamphleteer1 wrote in favour of the
 abolition of slavery as a logical      
consequence of the abolition of the     
slave trade2 on ,parliamentary reform2  
penal jurisprudence and the treatment of
 criminals2 and on national education4  

,in #ahaf ,roscoe1 whose prosperity had 
been hitherto unbroken1 was overtaken by
 sudden disaster4 ,the downfall of      
,napoleon and the termination of the    
,continental wars were followed by much 
financial unrest1 and a sudden panic    
seized the bank in which he was         
interested4 ,although perfectly         
solvent--its assets exceeded its        
liabilities by more than #fj1jjj--;it   
was impossible to realize these assets  
without grievous loss2 the bank's credit
 had been severely shaken1 and it was   
compelled to stop payment4 ,roscoe      
called the bank's creditors together1   
explained its condition1 and convinced  
the majority that with time its position
 might be restored4 ,after four years of
 anxious efforts to rehabilitate the    
bank he was forced to give up the       
struggle owing to the persistent action 
of a small number1 who insisted on      
preferential treatment1 and he allowed  
himself to be made bankrupt4 ,allerton1 
with its beautiful gardens and ample    

woods1 with all its refinements and     
delights as a home--the home which had  
welcomed guests like ,aikin and his     
daughter ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 ,dr4 ,parr the
 scholar1 ,fuseli the painter1 ,coke of 
,holkham1 ,henry ,brougham1 and many    
others eminent in politics1 learning1   
and scholarship--had to be given up1    
together with all its artistic and      
literary treasures4 ,thanks to the care 
he spent in cataloguing these works for 
sale they realized good prices4 ,friends
 vied with each other in preventing the 
dispersal of the more valuable books and
 pictures4 ,many of the former were     
secured for the ,atheneum1 on condition 
that he should be allowed their use1 and
 they still remain on its shelves4 ,his 
collection of early ,italian paintings  
was presented to the ,royal             
,institution1 and is now in the ,walker 
,art ,gallery4  ,roscoe received an     
honourable discharge4 ,he was now       
sixty-seven years of age4 ,with such    
relics from the wreck of his fortune as 

could be saved he set himself heroically
 to retrieve the disaster which had     
befallen him4 ,literature1 which had    
been the delight of his leisure1 now    
became his sole remaining prop4 ,eleven 
years were still left to him4 ,he       
rearranged the fine library of his      
friend ,coke1 edited an issue of ,pope's
 works1 completed the folio monograph on
 the monandrian plants1 and executed a  
number of other compilations4 ,his old  
age was spent in a serene dignity which 
secured for him the friendship of a     
devoted circle and the universal respect
 of his townsmen4 ,he had a paralytic   
attack a year or so before his death    
which partially incapacitated him4 ,the 
end came peacefully on ,june #cj1 #ahca4
  ,a sitting statue of him by ,chantrey1
 as one of ,liverpool's most            
distinguished citizens1 is in the ,st4  
,george's ,hall1 and his name is        
associated with the chair of ,modern    
,history in the ,university of          
,liverpool4  ,washington ,irving1 in the

 8,sketch-book10 thus spoke of him3     
,those who live only for the world and  
in the world may be cast     down by the
 frowns of adversity2 but a man like    
,roscoe is not     to be overcome by the
 reverses of fortune4 ,they do but drive
     him in upon the resources of his   
own mind4''' ,he lives with             
antiquity and posterity2 with antiquity 
in the sweet communion     of studious  
retirement1 and with posterity in the   
generous     aspirings after future     
renown4''' ,the man of letters who      
speaks     of ,liverpool1 speaks of it  
as the residence of ,roscoe4 ,the       
intelligent traveller who visits it     
inquires where ,roscoe is to     be     
seen4 ,he is the literary landmark of   
the place1 indicating     its existence 
to the distant scholar4 ,he is like     
,pompey's     column at ,alexandria1    
towering alone in classic dignity4      
,henry ,roscoe1 the father of the       
subject of this biography1 was the      
seventh and youngest son of ,mr4        

,william ,roscoe4 ,he was born at       
,allerton ,hall on ,april #ag1 #agii4   
,in physical and mental characteristics 
he more nearly resembled his father than
 did any other member of the family4 ,he
 was educated almost entirely at home1  
and in constant companionship with his  
father1 from whom he acquired a love for
 rare and curious books and a taste for 
literature and art4  ,at the time of the
 panic of #ahaf1 in which his father was
 so deeply involved1 ,henry ,roscoe was 
serving as a clerk in the bank4 ,after  
its collapse he entered a lawyer's      
office1 became a member of the ,inner   
,temple1 and in #ahbf was called to the 
,bar4 ,he had already turned his        
attention to literature1 and was        
supporting himself by his pen4 ,in #ahbe
 he gained a considerable success in    
legal circles by the publication of an  
elaborate treatise on 8,the ,law of     
,actions relating to ,real ,property10  
and by three small volumes entitled     
8,westminster ,hall10 by his 8,law and  

,lawyers10 and other works4  ,in #ahbh  
appeared the first edition of his       
8,digest of the ,law of ,evidence in the
 ,trials of ,actions at the ,nisi ,prius
 ,law10 which in the next ten years ran 
through five editions4 ,during #ahbi and
 #ahcj he produced a 8,digest of the    
,law of ,bills of ,exchange10 which also
 passed through many editions1 and he   
contributed to ,lardner's ,encyclopdia a
 volume of 8,lives of ,eminent ,british 
,lawyers40 ,for some years he was       
engaged in the preparation of           
,parliamentary ,bills1 and under the    
direction of ,mr4 ,gregson drew up the  
original draft of the ,reform ,bills of 
#ahca-ahcb4  ,two years after the death 
of his father1 he produced the 8,life of
 ,william ,roscoe40 ,this work1         
undertaken at the request of the family1
 was no light task1 on account of the   
mass of correspondence1 pamphlets1 etc41
 which had to be dealt with4 ,it was    
completed during three or four months of
 the legal vacation1 when rest and      

change were much needed4 ,he was already
 suffering from overwork1 confinement1  
and lack of exercise1 and this          
additional tax upon his strength and    
nervous energy seriously affected his   
health4  ,between #ahcj and #ahce he    
produced other legal works1 among them1 
8,the ,digest of the ,law of ,evidence  
in ,criminal ,cases10 and a 8,general   
,digest of ,law from #ahce-f10 and he   
contributed to many magazines and       
journals4 ,in ,january #ahcf he         
published his last work1 a pamphlet 8,on
 ,pleading the ,general ,issue40 ,during
 the previous summer the serious state  
of his health compelled him to abandon  
the idea of continuing to live in town4 
,he therefore gave up his house in      
,london and went to reside at ,gateacre1
 near ,liverpool1 in the hope that      
country air and rural life might improve
 his condition4 ,he had been appointed  
in #ahcd ,judge of the ,court of        
,passage1 ,liverpool1 by ,lord          
,brougham1 then ,lord ,chancellor1 and  

from that year until #ahcf he omitted no
 weekly sitting4  ,unfortunately        
persistent ill-health1 aggravated by    
years of overwork and constant strain1  
had taxed to the uttermost a delicate   
constitution1 and in ,march #ahcg1 after
 a few weeks of suffering1 he died at   
the age of thirty-six4  ,but for his    
early death he would certainly have     
risen to high distinction in his        
profession4 ,his talents and learning1  
combined with his moral worth and       
charming personality1 endeared him to   
his family and to a large circle of     
friends4  ,an appreciation by ,henry    
,chorley speaks of him as the most      
gifted of the sons of the ,italian      
historian--of quick sympathy and solid  
judgment1 and with such instant justice 
and strength of decision as belongs to a
 truthful1 acute1 and strong man4       
,certain of his legal books were        
standard works long after his death4    
,somebody once asked ,sir ,henry ,roscoe
 if 8,roscoe on ,evidence0 was any      

connection of his4 8,no nearer than that
 of father10 was the reply4  ,in #ahca  
he married ,maria ,fletcher1 second     
daughter of a respected ,liverpool      
merchant1 and chairman of the ,west     
,indian ,committee1      ,an honest man 
'''     ,broadcloth without and a warm  
heart within1  who also was ruined by   
the failure of a ,liverpool bank4 ,her  
maternal grandfather1 ,dr4 ,william     
,enfield1 author of a 8,history of      
,liverpool0 and of the well-known       
8,speaker10 a man distinguished for     
elegance of taste and sound literary    
judgment1 was the last rector of the    
famous ,warrington ,academy1 where he   
had as colleagues at one time or        
another1 ,joseph ,priestley1 the        
chemist2 ,taylor of ,norwich2 ,aikin1   
the father of ,mrs4 ,barbauld2 ,john    
,reinhold ,forster1 the naturalist to   
one of ,cook's expeditions2 and ,gilbert
 ,wakefield1 the editor of 8,lucretius40
     ,,chapter ,,ii  ,,henry ,,enfield  
,,roscoe--,,birth ,,and ,,education     

,henry ,roscoe brought his young wife to
 #aj ,powis ,place1 ,great ,ormond      
,street1 ,london1 and here on ,january  
#g1 #ahcc1 his only son1 ,henry ,enfield
 ,roscoe1 first saw the light4 ,a       
daughter1 ,harriet1 was born in #ahcf4  
,the young judge had little opportunity 
of making provision for his family1 and 
on his death they were left with very   
straitened means4 ,his widow moved with 
her children into a small cottage at    
,gateacre1 and as she had considerable  
artistic gifts sought to add to her     
slender income by teaching water-colour 
painting at a girls' school in the      
vicinity4 ,she also possessed some of   
the literary power of her distinguished 
grandfather1 and in #ahfh published a   
8,life of ,vittoria ,colonna10 with     
admirable translations of the sonnets4  
,she was a strong1 vigorous character1  
devotedly attached to her son and proud 
of his success in life4 ,her ,manchester
 friends used playfully to refer to her 
as 8the ,mother of ,owens ,college10 and

 the allusion to her association with   
its fortunes gave her pleasure4 ,she was
 always deeply interested in its        
progress and rejoiced in its success4   
,she died at the age of eighty-seven1   
falling 8like autumn fruit that mellowed
 long40  ,young ,roscoe went for a few  
years to a preparatory school in the    
neighbourhood of his home4 ,in #ahdb his
 mother moved her small charges to      
,liverpool1 when he was sent to the     
,high ,school of the ,liverpool         
,institute1 among the earliest of the   
so-called 8modern0 schools4 ,he remained
 here seven years1 taking the usual     
,english subjects--mathematics1 ,french1
 a little ,latin and less ,greek1 and   
some elementary physical science4 ,the  
school was furnished with a chemical    
laboratory--a very unusual provision in 
those days--and in it he obtained his   
first lessons in chemical manipulation  
from ,william ,h4 ,balmain1 the         
discoverer of 8luminous paint0 and of   
boron nitride4 ,balmain1 who was one of 

the early contributors to the then newly
 founded ,chemical ,society1 in his     
published account of the latter         
substance apologizes for his inability  
to state its exact composition1 as he   
was unable to obtain a better balance   
than such as he could construct himself 
8of wood and paper0--a circumstance     
which throws some light upon the means  
of instruction in the laboratory which  
introduced ,roscoe to the study of      
practical chemistry4 ,he always had a   
grateful recollection of his first      
instructor1 whom he described as a      
genial fellow1 and a stimulating and    
original teacher4 ,the boy also came    
under the influence of ,hugo ,reid--a   
noteworthy man1 and of some reputation  
at the time as a writer and teacher of  
natural philosophy--and of ,w4 ,b4      
,hodgson1 an excellent teacher of       
,english1 who afterwards became         
,professor of ,political ,economy in the
 ,university of ,edinburgh4  ,years     
afterwards1 when the 8old boy0 had      

become a person of some consequence in  
the world1 he was invited to distribute 
the prizes at his school1 and told his  
auditors1 in the course of a short      
address1 that he had come across one of 
his school reports1 addressed to his    
mother1 in which it was stated3 8,roscoe
 is a nice boy1 but he looks about him  
too much1 and does not know his         
irregular verbs40 ,he added that he     
thought this early habit of looking     
about him1 which had persistently clung 
to him through life1 had possibly done  
more for him than the irregular verbs4  
,roscoe's mother encouraged his         
inclination towards chemical pursuits by
 providing him with a room at home in   
which he could make his experiments1 and
 such spare cash as he had was devoted  
to the purchase of chemicals and        
apparatus4 ,in this manner he early     
obtained familiarity with the simpler   
operations of practical chemistry and   
laid the foundations of that dexterity  
in manipulation which contributed so    

greatly to his success as a lecturer4   
,roscoe's forbears on both sides were of
 ,presbyterian or ,unitarian stock1 and 
the household naturally moved mainly in 
,nonconformist circles4 ,these comprised
 some of the most respected and cultured
 families in the district--the ,booths1 
,yateses1 ,martineaus1 ,taylors1        
,sandbachs3 all well-known names in     
,lancashire--with some of whom his      
people were connected by marriage4  ,in 
#ahdh he was entered at ,university     
,college1 ,london1 at that time the only
 seat of higher learning and research in
 ,england open to men who were refused  
admittance to the older ,universities on
 denominational grounds4 ,among the     
teachers in ,gower ,street at this      
period were ,de ,morgan1 ,francis       
,newman1 ,malden1 ,sharpey1 ,graham1    
,lindley1 ,williamson1 ,jenner1 and     
,liston4 ,no more remarkable group was  
to be found in any institution for      
higher education in ,england4 ,among    
,roscoe's contemporaries as students    

were ,lister1 ,langton-,sandford1       
,farrer-,herschell1 ,bageot1 ,jessel1   
,richard ,hutton 7who married as first  
and second wives two of his cousins71   
,osler1 ,henry ,thompson1 and ,edward   
,fry--all names afterwards distinguished
 in law1 literature1 and medicine4  ,of 
his teachers at this time1 the one who  
had most influence in shaping his career
 was undoubtedly ,thomas ,graham1 the   
chemist4 ,graham had been elected in    
#ahcg1 largely through the action of    
,lord ,brougham1 as successor to ,edward
 ,turner in what was then known as the  
,university of ,london1 founded some    
nine years previously4 ,although nervous
 and hesitating in manner1 and with     
little fluency of speech1 ,graham was a 
sound and suggestive teacher1 whose     
lectures were characterized by a        
philosophic method of exposition1 and by
 accuracy and breadth of knowledge4     
,these were always carefully prepared   
and well illustrated by experiments4    
,the greater number in the class were1  

of course1 medical students1 for in     
those days there were few followers of  
pure science1 and science faculties and 
degrees in science were unknown4        
,roscoe1 in entering ,graham's          
class-room1 found himself1 as he says1  
in a new world4 ,one indication of the  
eagerness with which he exploited it may
 be gleaned from the circumstance that  
the enthusiastic young tyro at the end  
of the session came out the head of the 
class and gained the silver medal4 ,his 
mother and sister soon followed him to  
town1 and the family lived first in     
,torrington ,square and next in ,camden 
,town1 where his cousin1 ,stanley       
,jevons1 the economist1 and afterwards  
one of his colleagues at ,owens         
,college1 came to reside with them4 ,one
 of his uncles was ,mr4 ,justice        
,crompton1 who had married into the     
,fletcher family1 and was a great friend
 of his father4 ,the judge always took a
 strong paternal interest in his nephew1
 and would have sent him to ,cambridge  

had he been disposed to go there4 ,the  
,crompton cousins were1 he says1 like   
brothers and sisters to him4 ,it was in 
their drawing-room in ,hyde ,park       
,square that he first met ,miss ,lucy   
,potter1 his future wife1 then a girl of
 seventeen4  ,roscoe now elected to     
follow chemistry as a career1 somewhat  
to the dismay of his relatives1 who1 he 
tells us1 imagined he intended 8to open 
a shop with red and blue glass bottles  
in the window10 such being the external 
indications of the calling of a chemist 
in this country4 ,and no wonder they    
were perturbed1 for any one not being   
registered as a 8pharmaceutical         
chemist10 or as a 8chemist and          
druggist10 who should presume to style  
himself a chemist was punishable with a 
fine4 ,liebig was not altogether well   
informed of the facts when he wrote to  
,berzelius that the ,english chemists   
were ashamed to call themselves such    
because the apothecaries had            
appropriated the name4 ,it was not so   

much that they were ashamed as they were
 actually prohibited by law4 ,although  
nearly two generations have passed since
 those days1 it may be doubted whether  
even now the public mind has quite      
grasped the distinction between a       
chemist properly so-called and an       
apothecary4  ,having settled upon his   
life's work1 ,roscoe entered the        
,birkbeck ,laboratory at ,university    
,college1 then under the direction of   
,williamson1 whom ,graham had just      
brought over from ,paris1 where he had  
been working with ,laurent and          
,gerhardt4 ,roscoe had the highest      
appreciation of the genius and power of 
,williamson1 and pays grateful homage to
 his memory in the following extract    
from his ,autobiography3      ,at the   
time ,i entered the laboratory          
,williamson was engaged     in the      
researches which have made his name a   
household word     to chemists all the  
world over4 ,his was a mind of great    
originality1 and his personality was a  

most attractive one4     ,and1 despite  
his physical disabilities--for he lost  
an eye and     the proper use of his    
left arm in early childhood--he was a   
diligent and accurate worker4 ,ardently 
devoted to his science1     he infected 
all who worked under him with the same  
feeling4     ,and his pupils willingly  
own that much of the success that       
they may have met with in after years   
was due to his teaching     and example4
 ,i well remember the feelings of       
interest he     aroused as he each day  
came down to the laboratory brimful     
of new ideas4 ,first it was his         
explanation of the theory of            
etherification1 of which he proved the  
truth by preparing the     mixed ethers1
 thereby ascertaining the general       
constitution of     alcohols and ethers1
 and laying one of the foundation-stones
     of modern chemistry4 ,next it was  
his well-known paper on the             
constitution of salts1 in which he      
enunciated principles which     have    

since been generally adopted4 ,then came
 his views on     atomic motion and     
interchange1 the first definite         
statement of     a series of chemical   
phenomena which in the hands of ,van 't 
,hoff and others have become of the     
highest import4''' ,he clearly          
foresaw the principles upon which the   
modern development of     the           
steam-engine depends1 and though he     
failed for want of     constructive     
skill1 he pointed the way which         
engineers have     since followed with  
conspicuous success4  ,in his second    
year in the ,birkbeck ,laboratory       
,roscoe became ,williamson's private    
assistant1 and took part in his         
researches1 and when ,graham accepted   
the ,mastership of the ,mint1 and       
,williamson succeeded to the chair at   
,university ,college1 ,roscoe was made  
lecture assistant4 ,williamson had the  
idea at that time of publishing an      
abridged translation of ,gerhardt's     
,chimie ,organique1 for the benefit of  

,english students1 which ,roscoe was to 
prepare1 but nothing came of the        
project4  ,graham1 who had been         
commissioned to send out an assayer to  
the ,sydney ,mint1 offered ,roscoe the  
position4 ,the salary was very tempting1
 but as his mother and sister had no    
desire to go to ,australia1 the offer   
was declined1 and his cousin ,stanley   
,jevons1 who had passed through the     
,birkbeck ,laboratory1 was sent in his  
stead4  ,it was in recognition of       
,roscoe's association with ,williamson  
that nearly forty years afterwards he   
was deputed1 on behalf of the           
subscribers1 to present the portrait of 
his master which now hangs in           
,university ,college4  ,roscoe took his 
degree of ,bachelor of ,arts in the     
,university of ,london1 with ,honours in
 chemistry1 in #ahec1 and as he was now 
more than ever determined to follow a   
career of science1 he decided to enlarge
 his experience by a course of study in 
a continental laboratory1 as was then   

the usual custom4 ,of the great leaders 
of ,british chemical science in the     
first half of the nineteenth            
century--,dalton1 ,thomson1 ,davy1      
,faraday1 ,graham--only ,thomson and    
,graham1 and to a limited extent        
,dalton1 were in a position to exert any
 influence as teachers1 and even in     
their case there was little provision of
 instruction in practical chemistry4    
,the older ,english universities had    
practically nothing of the kind2 their  
disciplines offered no encouragement to 
the study of chemical science4 ,the     
university which prides itself on having
 afforded a home to ,boyle extended no  
opportunity to a man to make any        
research unless he found his own        
laboratory and apparatus4 ,dr4 ,liveing 
started the first laboratory for        
students in ,cambridge at his own       
expense in #aheb1 hiring a cottage in   
the town for the purpose4 ,on the other 
hand1 at that time1 thanks to the       
influence of the ,french school of      

chemists2 of ,berzelius in ,sweden2     
,liebig1 ,whler1 ,mitscherlich1 and the 
two ,roses in ,germany1 systematic      
instruction in chemistry was being      
actively pursued on the ,continent1 and 
nearly every leading ,university abroad 
could show a more or less well-equipped 
laboratory1 and a body more or less     
large of eager and enthusiastic         
investigators4 ,accordingly1 at this    
period1 aspirants for chemical fame in  
this country naturally turned to one or 
other of the chemical schools in ,france
 or ,germany to seek there what they    
were unable to find at home4  ,roscoe   
elected to go to ,bunsen1 who had       
recently been called from ,breslau to   
,heidelberg in succession to ,leopold   
,gmelin1 the author of the well-known   
8,handbuch40 ,bunsen had already won for
 himself a ,european reputation by his  
masterly investigation of the cacodyl   
compounds1 by the improvements he had   
effected in gasometric methods1 by his  
investigations on the chemistry of the  

blast-furnace1 his invention of the     
carbon-zinc battery and photometer1 and 
his inquiries into the chemical aspects 
of the volcanic and pseudo-volcanic     
phenomena of ,iceland4  ,it is perhaps  
idle to speculate why ,roscoe should    
have left ,williamson at the most       
fruitful period of his career1 and when1
 under his stimulus1 organic chemistry  
was apparently about to enter upon a    
great development in this country4 ,but 
the probability is that then1 as        
afterwards1 the problems of organic     
chemistry and the purely speculative    
aspects of the science had few          
attractions for him1 and that he saw in 
the many-sided nature of ,bunsen's work1
 in its eminently practical character1  
and the precision of its quantitative   
methods1 much that appealed to his      
inclination towards the operative1 and  
especially the determinative side of    
chemistry1 for ,bunsen was pre-eminently
 a master of manipulation1 as every one 
who aspired to a professional career in 

chemistry and who hoped to direct a     
chemical laboratory fully recognized4   
,roscoe1 with his mother and sister1 who
 elected to keep house for him1 reached 
,heidelberg in the autumn of #ahec with 
an introduction to von ,mohl1 the       
,professor of ,international ,law1 with 
whose family they became well           
acquainted4 ,one of the daughters1 ,anna
 von ,mohl1 was the second wife of      
,helmholtz4 ,by von ,mohl he was made   
known to ,bunsen4      ,i shall never   
forget 7says ,roscoe in his             
,autobiography7 my     first sight of   
him--the man who afterwards became one  
of my     dearest friends1 and to whom  
,i owe more than ,i can tell4''' ,he    
was then at the height of his mental and
 physical powers4 ,he     stood fully   
six feet high1 his manner was simple yet
 dignified1     and his expression one  
of rare intelligence and great kindness4
     ,this first impression of his      
bearing and character only became       
stronger as my knowledge of him         

increased1 and the feelings     of      
respect and affection with which ,i     
regarded him were those     of all with 
whom he came in contact4 ,his singular  
amiability     was not a sign of        
weakness1 but of strength of character4 
,his     modesty was natural and in no  
degree assumed4 ,in his lectures1       
when giving an account of some discovery
 he had made1 or some     new apparatus 
or method of work which he had          
investigated1 ,i     never heard him    
mention himself4 ,it was always 8man hat
 dies     gefunden10 or 8es hat sich so 
herausgestellt40  ,in the cloisters of  
the old monastery which then did duty as
 the ,heidelberg laboratory1 ,roscoe was
 first indoctrinated into the art and   
mystery of quantitative chemical        
analysis1 and he there acquired the     
familiarity with ,bunsen's methods and  
with his system of laboratory           
instruction that he was to turn to such 
signal account in the establishment and 
direction of the ,manchester school of  

chemistry4 ,among his fellow-workers    
were ,lothar ,meyer1 ,pauli1 ,beilstein1
 ,pebal1 ,schischkoff 7a ,russian       
officer who investigated with ,bunsen   
the course of decomposition of fired    
gunpowder71 ,quincke1 ,bahr1 ,landolt1  
,baeyer1 ,loureno1 and1 amongst         
,englishmen1 ,russell1 ,atkinson1 and   
,matthiessen--a group of well-known     
names constituting a striking testimony 
to the influence and power of attraction
 of the great ,german chemist4  ,one of 
,roscoe's earliest quantitative         
exercises was in silicate analysis1 and 
his first published paper1 which        
appeared in ,liebig's ,annalen for      
#ahed1 was a joint production with      
,schnfeld on the composition of certain 
samples of gneiss4  ,at the close of his
 second session he passed his doctor's  
examination summa cum laude1 and then   
embarked upon the well-known inquiry in 
association with ,bunsen on the         
measurement of the chemical action of   
light1 which occupied much of his time  

and energy during the next eight years4 
,in the obituary notices he wrote for   
,nature of ,august #ca1 #ahii1 and for  
the ,proceedings of the ,royal ,society1
 and more especially in the admirable   
,memorial ,lecture which he gave to the 
,chemical ,society1 ,roscoe has done    
full justice to the memory of ,bunsen as
 a great chemist1 pre-eminent as a      
discoverer and teacher1 and lovable as a
 true and noble-hearted man4 ,the       
,memorial ,lecture was reprinted in     
,america by the ,smithsonian ,institute1
 and translated into ,german to be      
prefixed to the collection of ,bunsen's 
works published by the ,society--the    
,bunsen-,gesellschaft--founded in his   
honour4 ,in course of their long and    
uninterrupted friendship he received    
many letters from his illustrious       
master4 ,these1 #abf in number1 were    
suitably bound and presented by him to  
the ,bunsen ,society4  ,roscoe took     
advantage of the opportunity afforded by
 his residence in ,germany to study its 

university system1 and to make himself  
familiar with the general character of  
its working1 and in his vacations he    
sought the acquaintance of its leading  
men of science1 with some of whom he    
contracted lasting friendships4 ,in his 
,autobiography1 written in #aijf1 he    
gives expression to the sentiments of   
respect and esteem with which he        
regarded the ,germany and his ,german   
friends of half a century ago3      ,my 
knowledge of the ,germans and ,germany  
has led me to love     the ,fatherland1 
and1 ,i venture to think1 to understand 
as     well as to respect and admire the
 nation4 ,as to any feelings            
antagonistic to ,england and the        
,english existing in the minds     of   
the many ,germans with whom ,i became   
intimate1 ,i never found     a trace1   
for ,treitschke ,i did not know4 ,all   
with whom ,i ever     came in contact   
expressed a feeling that ,england was   
the old     home of freedom1 that she   
had led the van in securing that        

freedom by gradual and peaceable        
measures1 and1 in short1 that     the   
path in which the ,englishman trod was  
that in which they     wished to follow4
 8,we cannot10 my friends said to me1   
8express     our opinion on political   
matters with the freedom to which you   
in ,england are accustomed4 ,how indeed 
can this be otherwise1     when we are  
governed by an autocratic power which   
believes in     the divine right of     
kings1 and have to submit to a condition
 of     things in which summary         
punishment for #8,majesttsbeleidigung'  
is possible80  ,in the autumn of #ahef  
,roscoe returned to ,london1 and with   
the help of friends set up a private    
laboratory in ,bedford ,place1 ,russell 
,square1 with ,wilhelm ,dittmar to      
assist him in research work4 ,he also   
obtained employment as a science        
lecturer at an army school at ,eltham1  
and did some analytical work on         
ventilation for a ,departmental         
,committee1 the results of which were   

published in a ,blue-book1 and also in  
the ,journal of the ,chemical           
,society4#b  ,the ,london venture was   
very short-lived1 for in the following  
year ,frankland1 the first ,professor of
 ,chemistry in the recently founded     
,owens ,college1 ,manchester1 resigned  
his appointment1 and ,roscoe1 who was   
able to produce satisfactory            
testimonials from ,bunsen1 ,liebig1     
,graham1 ,williamson1 and others1       
offered himself as a candidate for the  
vacant chair and was appointed4         
,,chapter ,,iii  ,,owens ,,college1     
,,manchester   ,owens ,college had its  
origin in a bequest of ,john ,owens1 a  
merchant of ,manchester1 who left the   
bulk of his fortune to trustees to found
 a collegiate institution in            
,manchester1 open to persons of every   
variety of creed and free from every    
religious test4 ,he was born in #agij1  
the son of ,owen ,owens1 a ,flintshire  
man1 who settled in ,manchester in early
 life and established a small business  

as a hat-lining cutter and furrier4     
,some time after #ahae ,owen ,owens took
 his son into partnership1 when the firm
 extended the scope of their business   
and became general merchants1 shipping  
calicoes and coarse woollens to ,china1 
,india1 ,south ,america1 and ,new ,york1
 and importing hides1 wheat1 and other  
produce in return4  ,john ,owens was    
described as possessing a good deal of  
hard-headedness and practical common    
sense1 a keen buyer and a good payer1   
very methodical in his habits and       
operations1 and who acted up to his     
favourite motto1 ,honestas optima       
politia4 ,he was a staunch ,dissenter   
and a 8stalwart0 ,radical1 a shy1 silent
 man1 known only to a few intimates1 a  
misogamist1 if not actually a           
misogynist1 of no great intellectual    
ability1 and with few cultured tastes1  
nor1 so far as can be gathered1         
particularly friendly to learning4      
,there is reason to believe that his    
first intention was to leave the greater

 part of his fortune to his lifelong    
friend and former schoolfellow1 ,george 
,faulkner1 a well-known and prosperous  
,manchester merchant1 who in declining  
it appears to have suggested the idea of
 founding a college in ,manchester4 ,the
 suggestion took root4 ,in developing it
 ,owens seems to have been mainly moved 
by a feeling of bitterness against a    
system which imposed subscription to    
articles and creeds on a young man      
before he could be admitted to the      
ancient ,universities4      ,he was     
determined to break down this injustice 
so far as he was     able2 he therefore 
made the trust subject to 8the          
fundamental     and immutable rule and  
condition ''' that the students1        
professors1 teachers1 and other officers
 and persons connected     with the said
 institution shall not be required to   
make any     declaration as to1 or      
submit to any test whatsoever of1 their 
religious opinions1 and that nothing    
shall be introduced in     the matter or

 mode of education or instruction in    
reference to     any religious or       
theological subject which shall be      
reasonably     offensive to the         
conscience of any student1 or of his    
relations1 guardians1 or friends1 under 
whose immediate care he     shall be40#c
  ,john ,owens died1 unmarried1 in ,july
 #ahdf1 at the age of fifty-five4 ,mr4  
,george ,faulkner1 who had been named as
 one of the executors1 proceeded to     
carry out the provisions of the will4   
,the estate took some years to realize1 
and the accounts were not finally closed
 until #aheg1 when the total sum        
received for the purposes of the college
 amounted to #if1idb--not a very large  
amount considered as endowment1 but     
still sufficient1 viewed from the       
standpoint of the middle of last        
century1 to enable a modest start to be 
made1 with prudent management on the    
part of the trustees1 and a reasonable  
amount of sympathy and goodwill on the  
part of the community that was to be    

benefited4  ,the executors1 without     
waiting for the complete realization of 
the estate1 proceeded to execute the    
provisions of the bequest as regards the
 projected college4 ,in the selection of
 the trustees appointed to carry out his
 intentions ,john ,owens acted with     
sound judgment and a wise liberality4   
,it is evident from the terms of the    
will that he had given considerable     
thought to the character of the         
institution he wished to found4 ,but in 
spite of all his care and of the legal  
skill with which his wishes were        
expressed1 the theological difficulty   
managed to creep in1 and ingenious      
casuists raised doubts and differences  
of opinion concerning the interpretation
 of the testator's will in regard to    
religious instruction4 ,this occasioned 
delay1 and a certain amount of sectarian
 jealousy and unfriendly feeling was    
stirred up which acted prejudicially    
against the new institution for some    
years after its establishment4  ,the    

,college was formally opened in ,march  
#ahea4 ,its first ,principal was ,mr4   
,a4 ,j4 ,scott1 who was ,professor of   
,english ,literature in ,university     
,college when ,roscoe studied there4 ,in
 addition to being ,principal he was    
appointed ,professor of ,logic1 ,mental 
and ,moral ,philosophy1 and ,english    
,language and ,literature4 ,the         
circumstance that he undertook1 with the
 consent of the trustees1 to give       
courses of lectures on 8,the ,influence 
of ,religion in ,relation to the ,life  
of the ,scholar10 was one cause of the  
hubbub which was raised in the town and 
which brought the ,church party to the  
support of the trustees who had         
sanctioned these courses4 ,other        
teachers were ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,greenwood1  
,professor of the ,language and         
,literature of ,greece and ,rome2 ,mr4  
,archibald ,sandeman1 ,professor of     
,mathematics2 ,dr4 ,edward ,frankland1  
,professor of ,chemistry2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4  
,williamson1 ,professor of ,natural     

,history1 ,botany1 and ,geology2 ,mr4   
,t4 ,theodores1 teacher of ,german1     
,hebrew1 and ,oriental languages2 and   
,m4 ,podevin1 teacher of ,french4  ,the 
,college was located in what had been a 
private house1 formerly the residence of
 ,richard ,cobden1 and situated in a    
dreary and somewhat disreputable        
neighbourhood in the vicinity of        
,deansgate1 one of the main             
thoroughfares of the poorer quarters of 
the city4 ,this building was purchased  
from ,mr4 ,cobden by ,mr4 ,george       
,faulkner1 the chairman of the trustees1
 and was subsequently conveyed by him to
 the other trustees as an absolute      
donation for the benefit of the         
,college4 ,as it was unsuited for the   
provision of a chemical laboratory1 the 
trustees determined to erect at the rear
 of the house a building specially      
designed for the purpose2 but as they   
were precluded from using any of the    
corpus of the estate for building1 they 
raised a sum of nearly #aj1jjj for the  

installation of a chemical laboratory   
and lecture theatre1 the formation of a 
library and for general purposes4 ,the  
chemical laboratory1 which was planned  
under the direction of ,dr4 ,frankland1 
could accommodate about fifty workers2  
it was conveniently arranged1 and was   
indeed one of the best of its kind at   
the period of its erection4  ,the       
,college made a fairly auspicious start 
as regards numbers1 but for various     
reasons such popularity as it had       
rapidly declined1 and each succeeding   
session saw a diminished entry4 ,at the 
time ,roscoe joined the students        
numbered only thirty-five1 of whom      
fifteen were working in the chemical    
department4  ,we gather from the reports
 of the professors to the trustees that 
many causes contributed to retard the   
progress of the institution4 ,curiously 
enough1 one of the chief of these was   
what was subsequently considered the    
chief glory of the foundation1 namely1  
its unsectarian character4 ,but another 

and more practical reason was that the  
generally unsatisfactory character of   
the school work of the students         
prevented them from obtaining full      
advantage of the ,college courses4 ,in  
fact1 the training afforded by the      
,college was beyond the desires of the  
people4 ,higher education was not       
considered by ,manchester as requisite  
for the accumulation of wealth4 ,in     
those days lack of education had little 
or no effect on the social position of  
its moneyed men4 ,they were inclined to 
think that a highly educated youth was  
unfitted for the routine work of a      
counting-house and was of little use as 
a salesman on the floor of the          
,exchange4  ,but there were doubtless   
other causes of a different nature4 ,it 
was unfortunate for the ,college that   
the days of its infancy should be cast  
in the troubled times of the ,crimean   
,war and the ,indian ,mutiny--events    
which dislocated trade and affected the 
prosperity of the district4  ,it was    

significant of what the town thought of 
the financial outlook of the ,college   
that the new professor should be refused
 the tenancy of a house when the        
landlord learned that he was one of its 
staff4  ,its ill-success was the subject
 of leading articles in the local press4
 ,the ,manchester ,guardian of ,july #i1
 #aheh1 wrote3 8,explain it as we may1  
the fact is certain that this ,college1 
which eight years ago it was hoped would
 form the nucleus of a ,manchester      
university1 is a mortifying failure40   
,and ,professor ,roscoe was blamed for  
not awarding the ,dalton scholarship    
because he had the hardihood to say that
 none of the laboratory students was    
sufficiently qualified to be worthy of  
it4 ,the ,manchester ,examiner was      
somewhat more appreciative of the       
efforts of the little band who were     
gallantly striving to raise the very low
 standard of middle-class education in  
,manchester at that time4      ,we are  
compelled 7it said7 to look for the     

causes of     non-success elsewhere than
 in the collegiate machinery4 ,if an    
objection can be raised against the     
,college at all1 it is that     such an 
institution is either in advance of our 
felt wants1 or     altogether unsuited  
to the economical conditions of         
,manchester     life4 ,still1 this is   
the fault of the community1 not of the  
,college4 ,the worst that can be said of
 it is that it is too     good for us4  
,this might certainly be said1 in a     
certain sense1 of the first ,principal  
of the ,college4 ,excellent in many     
respects as a man1 and inspiring as a   
teacher1 he was altogether unfitted to  
direct the development of the young and 
struggling institution in such a        
community and at such a time4           
,principal ,scott1 whom ,mrs4 ,oliphant 
described as 8a man whose powerful1     
wilful1 and fastidious mind has produced
 upon all other capable minds an        
impression of force and ability which no
 practical result has yet adequately    

carried out10 had little constructive or
 directive power4 ,earnest1 upright1 and
 conscientious1 he was essentially an   
idealist--almost a visionary--a man of  
words--forceful and even eloquent at    
times--but with no capacity for action4 
,as a thinker he lived a strenuous and  
exhaustive life4 ,although only         
forty-six at the date of his            
appointment1 his constitution1 never    
very robust1 was already undermined and 
his nervous energy impaired4 ,he was    
frequently ill1 and his repeated        
absences from the ,college necessarily  
interfered with his administrative work4
 ,after struggling for six years with   
the duties and responsibilities of a    
position for which circumstances and the
 times in nowise fitted him1 he tendered
 his resignation as ,principal a few    
months before ,roscoe was appointed to  
the chair of ,chemistry and was         
succeeded by ,professor ,greenwood4     
,the public criticism to which the      
,college was subjected was not          

altogether without a salutary effect on 
its policy4 ,it must be remembered that 
it was the first attempt of the kind to 
bring the higher training1 and something
 of the spirit of collegiate life1      
directly within the reach of the        
middle-class youth of a great business  
community1 and it was necessary to have 
some regard to the conditions of the    
district and its special requirements   
and1 it may be added1 even its peculiar 
prejudices4  ,roscoe's antecedents1 his 
associations with ,lancashire1 and his  
knowledge of and sympathy with what is  
strongest and best in the ,lancashire   
character1 made him quick to realize the
 factors upon which the ultimate success
 of the institution depended4 ,it was no
 use for it to set itself athwart the   
economical conditions of the community4 
,young as he was--he was then           
twenty-four--he was perhaps more alive  
to the practical necessities of the     
position than the majority of his       
colleagues4  ,he quickly revealed       

himself as the man of the hour4 ,his    
accession to the ,college at this crisis
 was the turning-point in its career4   
,he brought new vigour and a fresh      
spirit into its policy1 and from that   
time forward its fortunes began steadily
 to mend4  ,as regards his own          
department1 it was his ambition to      
establish at ,owens ,college a school of
 chemistry which should worthily serve  
the interests of the great manufacturing
 district of ,south ,lancashire--the    
largest and most important seat of      
chemical industry in the kingdom4       
,associated with him in this effort1 he 
had as assistants ,frederick ,guthrie1  
who1 on his appointment to the chair of 
,chemistry at the ,royal ,college in    
,mauritius1 was succeeded by ,dittmar1  
and afterwards by ,schorlemmer--all men 
of originality and admirable teachers4  
,schorlemmer spent the greater part of  
his life in ,manchester1 and died in the
 service of the ,college1 latterly as   
,professor of ,organic ,chemistry--the  

first to be so designated in the        
kingdom4 ,his connection with the       
institution is commemorated by the      
association of his name with one of the 
chemical laboratories of the ,victoria  
,university4 ,his co-operation with     
,roscoe in the production of the        
well-known treatise which bears their   
joint names will be referred to later4  
,roscoe from the outset threw himself   
heartily into the educational and       
scientific activities of the community  
in which he was to make his home for the
 next thirty years4 ,he joined the      
,philosophical ,society of              
,manchester--so honourably associated   
with the name and fame of ,dalton4      
,founded in #agha1 the ,society has     
played a worthy part in the intellectual
 life of ,manchester4 ,in the second    
year of its existence one of its        
members--the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,barnes--drew up
 8proposals for establishing in         
,manchester a plan of liberal education 
for young men designed for civil and    

active life1 whether in trade or in any 
of the professions10 which may be said  
to have anticipated the foundation of   
,owens ,college4 ,the management was to 
be free from sectarian exclusiveness4   
8,a plan formed for public utility      
should be generous and enlarged1 so as  
to extend itself as widely as possible  
for the common interest4 ,science and   
arts are of no political or religious   
party40 ,these liberal sentiments       
commended themselves to the ,society1   
who ordered that the paper should 8be   
printed and offered to the consideration
 of the public40 ,the seed fell on stony
 ground at the time and made only a     
feeble attempt to germinate2 two        
generations had to come and go before it
 definitely took root4  ,roscoe quickly 
acquired an influential position in the 
,philosophical ,society4 ,he served for 
many years as its secretary1 and        
ultimately became its president4 ,he was
 the first recipient of its ,dalton     
medal1 awarded to him in recognition of 

his efforts to throw light upon the     
reasoning which led ,dalton to the      
formulation of his great generalization1
 by the publication in association with 
his friend and former pupil1 ,dr4       
,harden1 of 8,a ,new ,view of the       
,origin of ,dalton's ,atomic ,theory0   
7,london3 ,macmillan  ,co41 ,ltd471     
based upon ,dalton's manuscripts and    
laboratory note-books in the possession 
of the ,society4 ,the book will be      
referred to at greater length when      
considering ,roscoe's contributions in  
general to the literature of chemistry4 
,in the ,society at the time ,roscoe    
joined it were several men of scientific
 eminence1 or who played notable parts  
in the industrial life of the           
district--among them ,joule1 ,schunck1  
,fairbairn1 ,w4 ,c4 ,williamson1 ,angus 
,smith1 and ,crace ,calvert4 ,joule1 a  
pupil of ,dalton1 a shy1 retiring man1  
was several times ,president of the     
,society1 and ,roscoe1 who greatly      
admired his character and powers as an  

original thinker1 became one of his most
 intimate friends4 ,in the later years  
of his life ,joule1 who was a member of 
a brewing firm at ,stone in             
,staffordshire1 suffered great reverses 
of fortune1 and was only saved from     
actual poverty by the grant of a ,civil 
,list pension1 which ,roscoe1 with the  
help of ,tyndall1 ,huxley1 and other    
friends of science1 was instrumental in 
obtaining4 ,a letter which ,roscoe wrote
 to the ,times resulted in the creation 
of the ,joule ,memorial ,fund1          
administered by the ,royal ,society4 ,it
 takes the form of an international     
studentship or grant to assist research 
in those branches of physical science   
more immediately connected with ,joule's
 work4 ,with the assistance of ,lord    
,kelvin1 he secured the placing of a    
tablet to ,joule's memory in            
,westminster ,abbey4  ,in the vestibule 
of the ,manchester ,town ,hall a        
life-size marble statue by ,gilbert of  
the discoverer of the ,law of the       

,conservation of ,energy stands opposite
 to a statue of the author of the       
,atomic ,theory4 ,it was unveiled in    
#ahic by ,joule's most intimate         
scientific friend1 ,lord ,kelvin4       
,concerning this unveiling1 ,roscoe     
could occasionally be induced to tell a 
story4 ,in proposing a vote of thanks to
 ,lord ,kelvin1 he stated that one      
inducement that drew him to ,manchester 
was that he might sit at the feet of    
,joule1 whose name was as well known on 
the ,continent as that of ,newton1 but  
he found that all that the ,manchester  
of that day knew of ,joule was his      
,stone ,ales4 ,one of his lady auditors1
 in complimenting him upon his little   
speech1 observed3 8,of course ,i quite  
understood your remark about sitting at 
,dr4 ,joule's feet1 but why make        
allusion to his toe-nails60  ,the visit 
of the ,british ,association to         
,manchester in #ahfa1 when ,roscoe      
served as one of the local secretaries1 
afforded him an excellent opportunity of

 showing his organizing powers and      
business aptitudes4  ,these were still  
further demonstrated in the winter of   
#ahfb1 during the memorable cotton      
famine in ,lancashire1 when he acted as 
one of the secretaries to a committee   
created to provide some form of         
intellectual occupation for the         
thousands of operatives thrown out of   
employment by the stoppage of the staple
 industry of the district4 ,he gave     
lectures1 illustrated by experiments1 on
 subjects likely to attract a           
working-class audience4 ,these were     
highly popular1 and undoubtedly awakened
 a general interest in scientific       
matters in quarters which knew nothing  
of science4 ,their success encouraged   
him to institute the series of ,science 
,lectures for the ,people1 which he     
began in #ahff1 and carried on for      
eleven consecutive winters4 ,in this    
movement he secured the co-operation1   
amongst others1 of ,huxley1 ,carpenter1 
,tyndall1 ,huggins1 ,lord ,avebury1     

,abel1 ,stanley ,jevons1 ,clifford1 and 
,spottiswoode4 ,the lectures were given 
in some of the largest public halls in  
the city1 and were attended by          
thousands4 ,they were published week by 
week as delivered1 and were sold for a  
penny all over the world4  ,in #ahgd the
 writer1 then recently appointed to the 
newly founded ,yorkshire ,college at    
,leeds1 had the privilege of taking part
 in these courses1 when he undertook to 
give some account of the life and work  
of ,joseph ,priestley1 the chemist1 who1
 as already stated1 was a colleague of  
,dr4 ,enfield at the ,warrington        
,academy4  ,mrs4 ,roscoe1 the mother of 
the subject of this memoir1 then an old 
lady of seventy-six1 who had shown the  
writer many kindnesses during his       
student-days at ,owens ,college1 was    
pleased to interest herself in this     
lecture and1 unsolicited1 to write the  
following characteristic and charming   
little sketch of ,priestley and his wife
 as a contribution to the subject4      

#aj ,,york ,,place1 ,,oxford ,,road1    
,november #ab #ahgd4      ,,my ,,dear   
,,professor1      ,i have a few         
particulars at your service for your    
lecture on     ,priestley if you intend 
to sketch his character1 which was a    
fine example for working-men4 ,i should 
be glad to send you the     papers if   
you will return them4 ,you of course    
have ,huxley's     enlarged notice in   
the ,contemporary1 which is very good   
and     full4      ,his poverty1 energy1
 and extreme industry raised him from   
the     humblest condition4 ,his first  
place of ,christian ministry for        
three years was at a small chapel at    
,needham1 and his stipend     only #cj a
 year1 to which he added a small school4
 ,here he     bought a pair of globes   
7made by ,john ,senex1 ,f4,r4,s474 ,when
 he     removed to ,nantwich1 where he  
was minister for three years1     he    
took the globes with him1 and also kept 
a small school4     ,there he bought a  
small air-pump and an electrical machine

     and a few books1 going on with     
preaching1 teaching schools1     and    
learning himself4 ,he says3 8,i was     
barely able1 with the     greatest      
economy1 to keep out of debt--but this  
,i always made a     point of40 7,the   
globes and the first electrical machine 
belong     to friends of mine4--,m4 ,r47
      ,in #agfa he removed to           
,warrington1 where he remained six      
years1 connected with the ,academy      
there4 ,here he married his     wife--a 
most admirable woman--who excelled so   
greatly in ruling     the home that 8it 
allowed him to give his whole time to   
the     prosecution of his studies and  
other duties40 ,her behaviour     during
 the ,persecution and ,emigration to    
,america was above all     praise4 ,she 
said of herself3 8,there is something   
inherent in me     which always makes me
 swim to the top of affliction1 so that 
,i am ready to pop out to the first     
friendly hand that offers               
assistance--otherwise ,i am surprised at

 myself that ,i have borne     it so    
well1 and greatly rejoiced that ,dr4    
,priestley has kept up     under all the
 malignity that attended the riots4 ,our
 property     may be said to be entirely
 destroyed1 the few remains that have   
been picked up so demolished as to be of
 little value40 ,the     loss of books1 
,,mss41 and instruments was valued at   
#aj1jjj4      ,there is an interesting  
chapter on visiting ,priestley's grave  
in ,harriet ,martineau's 8,retrospect of
 ,western ,travel10 vol4     i4 pp4     
#age-ij4 ,also a poetical account of the
 uses of oxygen     by ,george ,dawson  
of ,birmingham1 which ,i cut out for    
you4 ,the     list of all ,priestley's  
works and portraits1 medallions and     
engravings1 as well as remains of other 
kinds1 is given by ,rev4     ,james     
,yates1 and appended to the ,life of    
,priestley by ,hutt4      ,priestley was
 driven from ,england in #agid1 and     
,lavoisier was     guillotined in the   
same year at ,paris after confiscation  

of all     his property2 and it was in  
#ahgd that ,birmingham was 8made to     
eat humble-pie0 by erecting a statue to 
,priestley's memory on     the centenary
 of his great discovery4      ,i hope   
you have made a good beginning at ,leeds
 and will     nevertheless not be too   
busy to read this note and to excuse my 
troubling you4                          
,very truly yours1                      
,,maria ,,roscoe4  ,of the stimulating  
influence of these ,penny ,lectures     
,roscoe received abundant testimony3 in 
after-life he frequently met persons1   
some occupying a high and responsible   
position in commerce and industry1 who  
informed him that they were indebted to 
them for their first interest in        
science4 ,one such person was the late  
,mr4 ,thomas ,parker1 a self-made man1  
and founder of the well-known electrical
 firm of ,elwell-,parker4  ,services    
such as these1 combined with ,roscoe's  
growing popularity and influence1       
necessarily reacted favourably upon the 

fortunes of the ,college1 and it        
steadily grew in favour4 ,the chemical  
department especially increased in      
numbers1 and the laboratory soon became 
inadequate to accommodate the students1 
who came to it from all parts of        
,england1 attracted by its fame as a    
chemical school4  ,the prospects of the 
,college were now so well assured that  
in #ahfe the governing body and the     
professors began to consider the        
desirability of extending its scheme of 
studies1 and1 what at the moment was    
even more urgent1 providing new and     
greatly increased accommodation4 ,owing 
to the adverse state of trade at the    
time1 no immediate steps were possible2 
but in #ahfg a town's meeting resolved  
8,that the time had come for the public 
of the district to unite for the purpose
 of developing the ,college on a more   
comprehensive scale1 and in appropriate 
and convenient buildings40 ,an executive
 committee1 on which ,roscoe was placed1
 was appointed to carry out this and    

certain consequential resolutions4 ,he  
was also required to serve on various   
sub-committees1 dealing with the new    
site1 buildings1 extension and          
rearrangement of courses of study4 ,it  
says much for the influence and weight  
he had now acquired in the counsels of  
the ,college1 and for the confidence    
reposed in his judgment and business    
capacity1 that no other member of the   
staff was called upon to take so large  
and so responsible a share in the       
extension movement4  ,the new           
,constitution as settled by the         
extension committee1 to the extent that 
it modified or enlarged the original    
scheme of the founder1 necessitated an  
application for a ,bill in ,parliament4 
,the action of the ,governing ,body in  
enlarging the scope of the ,college was 
generally approved and was warmly       
supported1 amongst others by ,mr4       
,freeman the historian4 ,he considered  
that the members of the two ancient     
,universities ought to feel1 and he was 

sure that they largely did feel1 a      
special sympathy in the planting of an  
institution like ,owens ,college in such
 a city as ,manchester4      ,it was    
called a college1 but it had really much
 more of the     character of a         
university2 and it was as a new         
university in     ,manchester that he   
was ready and delighted to welcome it4  
,it was a great and noble work which had
 been begun in their     city4''' ,he   
looked then upon ,owens ,college as a   
university rising     in a great city2  
neither did he look on a great city as  
an     unfitting place for a great      
university4 ,as a rule1 the ancient     
universities of ,europe had arisen in   
great cities4 ,owens     ,college1      
unlike most modern institutions1 did not
 begin with     a building4 ,here was a 
college which had been at work for a    
good many years1 and the common         
academical buildings were only     now  
being planned4 ,this was just as it     
should be2 at any rate     it was just  

in the spirit of the old founders4 ,they
 got their     men first1 and let the   
buildings come afterwards4 ,if ,owens   
,college had hitherto to do with        
makeshift buildings1 it was     just    
what the old colleges of ,oxford did for
 a while1 and in     both cases for the 
same reason1 because the college itself1
 the     living members of the college1 
came first in the ideas of the          
founders1 and the material house existed
 for their sake only4  ,the draft of the
 new ,constitution was prepared1 under  
the direction of a sub-committee1 by    
,mr4 ,james ,bryce1 now ,lord ,bryce1   
then ,regius ,professor of ,civil ,law  
at ,oxford1 and formerly ,professor of  
,jurisprudence and ,law at ,owens       
,college4 ,a ,bill was next drafted to  
enable the ,college to procure          
modifications of certain features of    
,john ,owens's foundation1 and ,roscoe  
was requested to sign as one of the     
promoters of the petition for the ,owens
 ,college1 ,manchester1 ,bill1 #ahgj4   

,this ,bill met with a certain amount of
 parliamentary opposition1 mainly in the
 ,house of ,lords1 where it was first   
introduced4 ,it was alleged that it was 
a ,bill for incorporating a non-existent
 charity1 enabling it to annex the      
property of another charity and to set  
aside to a great extent the expressed   
intention of the founder4 ,objections   
also were raised in ,manchester itself  
by the executor of the late chairman of 
trustees1 on the ground that it was     
proposed to include females as students 
of the ,college4 ,the promoters met both
 the parliamentary and local opposition 
with skill and judgment4 ,the ,lords    
passed the second reading by a majority 
of nearly six to one1 and as no         
petitions were lodged against it after  
lying on the table for forty days1 it   
was read a third time and passed4 ,in   
the ,commons the ,bill was read a first 
and second time without opposition4 ,a  
difficulty was threatened in ,committee 
in regard to the inclusion of the words1

 8,a college wherein young persons1     
including if and when the proper        
authorities of the ,college so direct1  
persons of the female sex1 may receive  
instruction40 ,this was stayed by the   
promoters agreeing to accept in lieu the
 words 8such young persons as the proper
 authorities of the ,college may from   
time to time direct0--a sapient         
amendment which made little or no       
essential difference when the inclusion 
of women came to be dealt with as a     
practical question4 ,the ,owens ,college
 ,extension ,act received the royal     
assent in ,july #ahgj4  ,the            
foundation-stone of the first block of  
the new buildings was laid by the ,duke 
of ,devonshire1 the first ,president of 
the ,owens ,college1 on ,september #bc1 
#ahgj4 ,the design of the chemical      
laboratories was wholly inspired by     
,roscoe1 after a careful examination of 
every continental example that might    
furnish suggestions concerning internal 
arrangements and fittings1 the details  

being admirably carried out by the late 
,mr4 ,alfred ,waterhouse1 ,r4,a4 ,it is 
not too much to say that these          
laboratories have served as models for  
practically every chemical laboratory   
which has been subsequently built in    
this country or abroad4  ,roscoe's      
interest in the new buildings was not by
 any means exclusively confined to his  
own department4 ,as a member of the     
building committee he took an active and
 leading part in its work generally4    
,the position he thus acquired may be   
illustrated by the following story4     
,when ,principal ,greenwood was asked   
how many master-keys would be needed by 
the staff1 he replied3 8,three3 one for 
me because ,i'm ,principal2 one for     
,ward as ,pro-,principal1 and one for   
,roscoe because he is ,roscoe40  ,the   
actual incorporation of ,john ,owens's  
trust within the scheme of the extended 
,college could only be effected with the
 sanction of the ,charity               
,commissioners4 ,there was no difficulty

 in the trustees of the original        
,college and the governors of the       
enlarged institution coming to an       
agreement4 ,the difficulty was raised by
 the ,charitable ,trusts ,commissioners1
 and it again arose on the question of  
the 8eternal feminine10 the inclusion of
 women being held to be a departure from
 the expressed objects of ,owens's      
foundation4 ,after a lengthy            
correspondence this and certain other   
points raised by the ,commissioners were
 adjusted1 when a ,confirming ,bill was 
introduced into ,parliament2 it passed  
through both ,houses and received the   
royal assent in ,july #ahga4  ,the      
,owens ,college was now free to develop 
towards that consummation to which all  
friends of education desired it should  
proceed4  ,it had gradually enlarged the
 scheme of its studies so as to include 
nearly every department of learning1    
other than theology1 professed at the   
older universities4 ,it was inevitable  
therefore that sooner or later it should

 seek for university powers4 ,that this 
was to be its goal was clearly foreseen 
by all who were actively engaged in its 
extension4 ,the main difference of      
opinion was as to whether the time was  
opportune4 ,many distinguished friends  
of the ,college1 who had watched its    
development1 were of opinion in the late
 'seventies that it had already attained
 a university position1 and that steps  
should then be taken to make it the     
university of ,manchester4  ,the idea of
 a ,manchester university was not by any
 means new4 ,it was as old1 indeed1 as  
#afdj1 when ,henry ,fairfax1 ,rector of 
,ashton-under-,lyne1 moved his brother1 
the second ,lord ,fairfax1 to petition  
the ,long ,parliament      8for an      
university to be erected at ,manchester1
 as the want of     an university in the
 northern parts of this kingdom1 both in
     this and former ages1 hath been    
apprehended a great prejudice     to the
 kingdom in general1 but a greater      
misery and unhappiness     to these     

countries in particular1 many ripe and  
hopeful wits     being utterly lost for 
want of education1 some being unable1   
others unwilling1 to commit their       
children of tender and     unsettled age
 so far from their own eyes1 to the sole
 care and     tuition of strangers40    
,lord ,fairfax replied that this could  
not be done except by a ,bill in        
,parliament1 8which will be a charge of 
one hundred marks at least #ff #acs4    
#d;d41 too much to be hazarded on so    
great an uncertainty40  ,the successive 
stages in the growth of this conception 
are given in ,mr4 ,joseph ,thompson's   
8,history of ,owens ,college40 ,these   
can only be shortly indicated here4     
,the establishment of a university at   
,manchester was boldly advocated in     
#ahbi by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,whatton1 who     
contemplated the alteration and         
extension of the plan of the existing   
,royal ,institution for the purpose1 and
 drew up a scheme of higher education on
 a wide and liberal basis4 ,mr4 ,whatton

 combated the objections which were     
raised with considerable skill1 but the 
8religious difficulty0 got mixed up with
 the controversy3 it proved             
insurmountable and nothing came of the  
project4 ,in #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,jones 
read a paper before the ,manchester     
,statistical ,society on a plan of a    
university for the town of ,manchester1 
which was subsequently published in     
pamphlet form at the expense of the late
 ,mr4 ,james ,heywood1 ,f4,r4,s41 a     
well-known ,manchester worthy4 ,mr4     
,jones1 who was a member of the         
,university of ,cambridge1 was a strong 
advocate of university reform and of the
 principle of introducing university    
culture into the larger industrial      
centres1 in a form suited to the        
intellectual needs of modern life4 ,an  
attempt was made to put the scheme into 
effect1 but it died of inanition in a   
few months4 ,it is1 however1 interesting
 to note that many details of ,mr4      
,jones's plan foreshadowed what were    

subsequently adopted in the arrangements
 of ,john ,owens's foundation4          
,naturally the idea eventually centred  
itself in this institution4 ,the        
language of the local newspaper ,press  
in the early days of the ,college1 even 
when its fortunes were at their lowest  
ebb1 clearly indicates what was the hope
 and aspiration of the more             
public-spirited and thoughtful of the   
community4 ,as the ,college grew and    
prospered1 their hope was strengthened  
and their aspiration encouraged by      
friends of education from the older     
universities like ,freeman the          
historian1 by men of science like ,lord 
,kelvin1 ,huxley1 and ,brodie1 and by   
public men like ,lord ,bryce and the    
late ,lord ,avebury4  ,with the         
provision of new buildings1 spacious    
class-rooms and admirable laboratories1 
designed by an artist who has left the  
impress of his genius upon some of the  
most noteworthy architectural features  
of the city1 ,manchester now realized   

that it possessed a temple of learning  
of which it might well be proud4 ,and   
there can be little doubt that this fact
 quickened the local feeling in favour  
of the realization of that hope which1  
however faint at times1 had persisted1  
in spite of many disappointments1 for   
more than two hundred years4 ,a few     
months after the ,college had been      
installed in its new premises1 ,roscoe  
and his colleagues1 ,professor          
,ward--now ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,ward1 the      
,master of ,peterhouse1 ,cambridge--who 
was then ,professor of ,history in      
,manchester1 ,principal ,greenwood1 and 
,professor ,morgan1 took the first      
effective steps towards this            
consummation4 ,the historian of ,owens  
,college thus testifies to their action3
      ,it is to the zeal and untiring   
devotion of these four     gentlemen    
7wrote ,mr4 ,joseph ,thompson7 that     
,manchester owes its     university2    
others cordially supported the movement1
 but they1     through five weary years1

 placed their case before the public1   
removed prejudices1 advanced good       
arguments1 and lived down               
opposition4  ,roscoe has himself told   
the story of how he attempted to move   
,lancashire through the local ,press1   
and strove to create a public opinion in
 favour of the project1 for1 as he      
clearly recognized1 without public      
support nothing could be accomplished4  
,he sought to show how the establishment
 of a new university in the ,north would
 benefit the great middle classes of the
 community in which it was placed1 and  
what its influence might be expected to 
be upon the great hives of industry in  
the most densely populated districts of 
the kingdom4 ,it was1 he said1 to be    
8,the ,university of the ,busy10 as     
distinguished from the old universities 
of ,oxford and ,cambridge--8,the        
,universities of the ,wealthy40 ,he     
pointed to the existence of the         
,scottish universities1 and explained   
what their influence had been for       

generations back on the middle and      
poorer classes of their country4 ,was   
not ,lancashire1 with its many populous 
manufacturing towns1 as fully entitled  
to the advantages of a university as the
 cities over the ,border8 ,the time had 
passed for imagining that ,oxford and   
,cambridge1 rich and powerful though    
they were1 could do all that ,england   
legitimately required in the way of the 
highest academic culture4 ,where was the
 evidence that the establishment of     
provincial universities would lower the 
tone of higher education1 or that the   
creation of new avenues to degrees would
 injuriously affect the reputation of   
those symbols of culture8 ,that 8many   
ripe and hopeful wits0 among the youth  
of ,manchester were well qualified for  
and desirous of receiving university    
training1 but who1 for a variety of     
reasons1 could not go to the older      
universities1 was no less true now than 
in ,cromwell's time4 ,moreover1 it must 
be admitted1 there is a great deal in   

the genius loci4 ,that spirit had       
succeeded in developing ,john ,owens's  
foundation into a splendid institution  
suited to the local life and            
requirements4 ,they in ,manchester knew 
what the busy ,north wanted1 but they   
were not quite so sure that the ,dons of
 ,oxford and ,cambridge knew it as well 
as they themselves did4 ,they asked to  
be allowed to work out their own        
salvation in their own way4 ,they were  
already to all intents and purposes a   
university2 their students were         
university students in age and          
education1 and their courses of         
instruction were fully up to university 
standard1 and their yearly entry would  
compare not unfavourably with that of   
many universities in our own and other  
countries4  ,other arguments were       
adduced1 possible objections were       
anticipated and met1 and a strong case  
was established4 ,the senate1 however1  
moved cautiously4 ,they proceeded to    
collect and circulate opinions on the   

propriety of seeking a university       
charter1 and eventually the matter was  
brought before the court of governors1  
who appointed a special committee1 on   
which ,roscoe was placed1 to consider   
and report upon the whole subject4 ,a   
considerable number of persons1 heads of
 colleges1 university teachers1 and     
others eminent in the educational world1
 or who had identified themselves with  
educational movements1 were consulted1  
and with the consent of the writers     
their replies were collected and        
distributed to the leading newspapers   
and journals with a view to elicit      
public opinion4 ,an analysis of the     
general feeling so far as it could be   
ascertained from newspaper and other    
criticism was made by ,roscoe in concert
 with ,principal ,greenwood and         
,professor ,ward1 and laid before the   
special committee4 ,the ,liverpool      
,daily ,post was adverse to the project1
 for reasons which will appear          
subsequently4 ,the late ,lord           

,sherbrooke1 who1 as the ,rt4 ,hon4     
,robert ,lowe1 at that time represented 
the ,university of ,london1 was equally 
condemnatory in the pages of the        
,fortnightly ,review4 ,but the          
preponderating opinion was undoubtedly  
favourable4  ,the committee reported1   
some six months after its appointment1  
to a special meeting of the governors1  
when it was resolved1 with practical    
unanimity1 that it was expedient to take
 such steps as might be calculated to   
promote the success of the proposal to  
seek for the ,owens ,college a charter  
as a university granting degrees4 ,a    
memorial was presented to the ,privy    
,council through the ,lord ,president of
 the ,council 7the ,duke of ,richmond   
and ,gordon71 praying for the grant of a
 charter to the ,college conferring upon
 it the rank of a university1 to be     
called the ,university of ,manchester1  
with power to grant degrees in arts1    
science1 medicine1 and law4 ,the        
memorial was influentially supported by 

eminent men1 who recapitulated the      
arguments which had led the governors to
 their decision2 it was further         
supported by memorials from the         
corporations of the chief towns of      
,lancashire 7,liverpool excepted71 and  
from a number of public bodies and      
educational institutions in the county4 
,the very success of ,owens ,college as 
an educational agency in the town and   
district in which it was situated was1  
for the moment1 the cause of opposition 
to its attempt to obtain for itself     
university powers4 ,other towns1        
conscious of the benefit of such        
institutions1 were seeking to establish 
colleges of the type of ,owens ,college1
 and which it was hoped might ultimately
 develop into universities4 ,leeds had  
founded the ,yorkshire ,college in      
#ahgd4 ,originally started as a science 
college1 and with special reference to  
the educational requirements of the     
industries of the district1 its scope   
had been rapidly enlarged so as to      

include arts and languages4 ,it had     
already established relations with the  
local medical school1 and its           
development as a college was not very   
dissimilar from that of ,owens prior to 
the extension movement4 ,at that time it
 had upwards of four hundred            
students--registered occasional1        
medical1 and evening--with some eighteen
 professors1 instructors1 and           
assistants1 and an income from fees of  
about #a1ejj4 ,the governing body of the
 ,yorkshire ,college1 and others        
interested in its progress1 therefore   
viewed with some apprehension the       
establishment of a degree-granting body 
so close to its own area4 ,the majority 
were not opposed to the creation of     
another university in the north of      
,england1 provided that the interests of
 their own college were safe-guarded4   
,they desired that the charter of the   
contemplated university might be so     
modified as to admit of the inclusion of
 other institutions of collegiate rank  

which might be able to fulfil the       
conditions of incorporation as          
constituent colleges with a definite    
share in its government4 ,this1 indeed1 
was actually contemplated by the        
promoters of the ,manchester            
,university1 but the terms of           
incorporation were1 in the opinion of   
,yorkshire1 not sufficiently well       
defined1 and there were other conditions
 which failed to satisfy local          
aspirations4 ,the friends of the young  
,college were keen and active2 the      
,leeds ,press took up their cause1 and  
public opinion in the district set      
strongly in their favour4  ,as the      
action of the neighbouring county was   
successful in effecting certain         
fundamental modifications in the        
,constitution of the proposed new       
,university1 it may be desirable to give
 some account of the origin and growth  
of the ,yorkshire ,college up to the    
period with which we are now concerned1 
and to point out the reasons which      

seemed to its friends to justify their  
efforts to safeguard its position in the
 interests of the higher education of an
 industrial community hardly less       
populous than that of ,manchester and   
its immediate vicinity4     ,,chapter   
,,iv  ,,the ,,yorkshire ,,college   ,the
 ,yorkshire ,college of ,science1 as it 
was first styled1 had its origin in the 
general movement towards a fuller       
recognition of the duty of the community
 in regard to national education1 of    
which the ,education ,act of #ahgj1 the 
,technical ,instruction ,act of #ahhi1  
and the more comprehensive ,education   
,act of #aijb were at once the signs and
 the practical outcome4 ,the immediate  
cause of the creation of the ,college   
may1 however1 be said to have been found
 in the ,paris ,universal ,exhibition of
 #ahfg4 ,one of the reporters of that   
exhibition was a well-known ,leeds      
merchant1 the late ,mr4 ,thomas ,nussey4
 ,in a report in vol4 iii of the        
,general ,reports1 ,mr4 ,nussey drew    

attention to the great advance that had 
been made since the ,london ,exhibition 
of #ahfb in the quality1 style1 and     
cheapness of production of the foreign  
exhibits4 ,whilst he was of opinion that
 ,great ,britain might still be said to 
maintain its pre-eminent position in the
 woollen industry1 ,leeds and the ,west 
,riding generally had failed in many    
classes to make the best use of their   
opportunities4 ,he proceeded to point   
out to what in his judgment the great   
advance in the character of the         
continental production was due4 ,he     
says3      ,there can be no doubt that  
the ,french1 ,belgian1 and ,prussian    
manufacturers are greatly indebted for  
their progress in this     and many     
other industries to the very superior   
technical     education which their     
manufacturers and workmen obtain by     
means     of the schools instituted for 
special instruction1 not only     in    
design1 but in everything which has any 
relation to each     particular         

manufacture4 ,without education we      
cannot expect     to have skilled       
workmen of the highest class1 and to a  
fair     general education must be added
 a special training under good          
masters in every branch of trade4 ,the  
adoption of similar     schools in      
,britain will before long become a      
necessity1 and the     sooner they are  
established the better4  ,prompt effect 
to these opinions was given by two other
 members of the same family in a        
pamphlet1 published in ,leeds1 entitled3
 8,a ,technical ,institution for ,leeds 
and ,district1 proposed by ,george      
,henry ,nussey and ,arthur ,nussey4     
,leeds3 ,edward ,baines and ,sons1      
#ahfg40 ,this institution was avowedly  
designed to serve the interests of the  
staple industries of the ,west ,riding4 
,its projectors formulated a scheme of  
technical education which should in the 
first place combine the existing ,school
 of ,art with a ,school of ,weaving and 
,design1 and should afford instruction  

in mechanical engineering2 in the       
manufacture and dyeing of woollen and   
worsted goods2 in weaving and designing2
 in the manufacture of linens1 and of   
leather2 in mining1 metallurgy1 and     
building construction4 ,two years later 
they sought to give a practical         
development of their ideas by           
establishing 8,the ,leeds ,art and      
,science ,institute0 in connection with 
the ,science and ,art ,department1      
,south ,kensington4 ,six teachers and   
assistants were engaged and the classes 
were held in the evenings4  ,other      
agencies1 however1 were at work tending 
to the same end4 ,there is a small      
social organization in ,leeds which has 
existed since #ahdi1 known as the       
,conversation ,club1 and which1 with    
less ambitious aims1 has played much the
 same part in the intellectual life of  
the town that the famous ,lunar ,society
 did in that of ,birmingham4 ,in this   
club the idea of an ,educational        
,council for ,leeds took its rise1 and  

out of this grew the ,yorkshire ,board  
of ,education1 of which ,lord ,frederick
 ,cavendish1 ,m4,p41 was ,president1 and
 ,sir ,andrew ,fairbairn1 and ,dr4 ,j4  
,d4 ,heaton1 an active member of the    
,conversation ,club and of the          
,educational ,council1 were             
,vice-,presidents4  ,the work of the    
,board up to the period of which we     
write had been mainly concerned with the
 provision of science classes and       
science teachers1 in connection with    
mechanics' institutions working in      
conjunction with the ,science and ,art  
,department4  ,in #ahfi a meeting of the
 ,general ,council of the ,yorkshire    
,board of ,education was held at the    
,town ,hall1 ,leeds1 with ,lord         
,frederick ,cavendish in the chair4 ,it 
was attended by representatives of the  
more important industries in ,yorkshire1
 as well as by persons interested in    
higher education4 ,a resolution was     
carried 8,that in the opinion of this   
,council it is desirable that a ,college

 of ,science should be established in   
,yorkshire02 and a committee was        
appointed 8to investigate1 consider1 and
 propose the best means of carrying out 
the proposal40 ,members of this         
committee naturally visited1 in the     
first place1 the neighbouring ,owens    
,college1 and gained valuable           
information concerning its rise and     
progress and the nature of its          
operations1 much of which was embodied  
in their report2 others visited ,king's 
,college1 ,london1 in order to inspect  
its ,department of ,applied ,science and
 ,engineering ,workshops4               
,correspondence was also entered into   
with the ,endowed ,schools              
,commissioners1 who held out prospects  
of assistance for ,exhibitions in       
,physical ,science and in the ,secondary
 ,education of ,girls4  ,the ,committee 
presented their report in #ahgb4 ,their 
suggestions were limited by the         
probabilities of realizing them4 ,too   
ambitious a scheme would overreach      

itself3 public support would probably be
 deterred by the very magnitude of the  
effort needed to give effect to it4 ,on 
the other hand1 no attempt would be     
worth making unless it afforded         
reasonable assurance of practical       
benefit4 ,after full consideration the  
,committee recommended the establishment
 of the following professorships3 7#a7  
,mathematics and ,engineering2 7#b7     
,chemistry2 7#c7 ,mining1 ,metallurgy1  
and ,geology2 7#d7 ,experimental        
,philosophy2 and they came to the       
conclusion that the minimum sum required
 for a beginning was #fj1jjj1 which they
 apportioned as follows3 site and       
buildings1 #be1jjj2 endowment1 in       
addition to students' fees1 #be1jjj2    
establishment expenses1 #aj1jjj4  ,the  
,council accepted the report1 and at    
once appealed for subscriptions4 ,sir   
,andrew ,fairbairn headed the list with 
#a1jjj1 followed by like amounts from   
the ,duke of ,devonshire1 ,sir ,titus   
,salt1 ,bart41 ,messrs4 ,beckett  ,co41 

the ,lowmoor ,iron ,company1 and        
,messrs4 ,hargreave and ,nusseys1       
members of which firm had started 8,the 
,leeds ,art and ,science ,institute40   
,the project1 however1 made but slow    
progress3 pecuniary support was         
difficult to secure1 and the ,committee 
were forced to realize that if a start  
was to be made something less than the  
#fj1jjj would have to suffice4 ,it was  
therefore resolved to postpone all      
building operations and1 when a sum of  
#bj1jjj had been raised1 to make a      
beginning in temporary premises4  ,in   
,april #ahgd it was reported that the   
subscription list amounted to #be1jjj1  
and on the #cjth of that month a meeting
 of the subscribers and donors was held 
in ,leeds for the purpose of defining   
the ,constitution of the proposed       
,college and electing a ,board of       
,governors4 ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish 
presided1 and ,dr4 ,heaton made a       
statement explaining the progress of the
 movement1 and the steps it was proposed

 to take in order formally to constitute
 the ,college4 ,in addition to the      
amount subscribed1 the promoters were   
able to announce offers of help in      
money1 as well as in science            
exhibitions1 from the ,endowed ,schools 
,commissioners4 ,the ,clothworkers'     
,company of ,london promised #ejj a year
 to found a ,chair of ,textile ,fabrics4
 ,but ,dr4 ,heaton went on to remark3   
,the work is far from being completed2  
it may be said to be only               
commencing4 ,the governing body have an 
arduous task before     them1 both in   
organizing the ,college and in still    
prosecuting     the canvass for         
subscriptions4 #bj1jjj neither          
represents the     amount to be expected
 from the large and wealthy ,west       
,riding     of ,yorkshire1 nor does it  
approach to the amount necessary to     
give permanency and full efficiency to  
the institution which     we desire to  
establish4 ,although it is proposed to  
commence     operations in a rented     

building1 both because our present means
     would not permit of the purchase of
 a site and erection of     buildings   
thereon1 and because of the long delay  
which would     be occasioned by waiting
 for the completion of a building yet   
to be erected1 it is most desirable1    
indeed essential1 that     the ,college 
should ultimately possess its own       
buildings1     appropriately constructed
 and arranged for carrying on its work  
with the greatest efficiency and        
convenience4 ,we have often     been    
asked if ,government should not assist  
the work we have     in hand4           
,continental ,governments do provide for
 scientific     teaching as applied to  
industry1 and it might be well if       
our own ,government did more to promote 
this great national     work4 ,in this  
country we have always been left to do  
more for     ourselves by individual    
action and by voluntary benevolence2    
and our national self-reliance and      
powers of organization and     practical

 benevolence are no doubt strengthened  
and developed     by our people being   
left to their own resources4 ,but       
inasmuch     as all are interested      
directly or indirectly in the commercial
     prosperity of the nation1 this does
 seem to be an object     towards which 
7when it is once commenced by private   
exertions7     some assistance and      
encouragement by the ,government would  
be     peculiarly appropriate4  ,in the 
early autumn of #ahgd the ,council      
proceeded to appoint the first          
professors of the ,college4 ,the        
committee which drew up the scheme of   
instruction had recommended the         
inclusion of the subject of             
,engineering1 with which should be      
associated the teaching of ,mathematics 
by the same professor4 ,however         
desirable it might be to make provision 
for instruction in the principles of    
,engineering--especially in ,mechanical 
,engineering1 in view of its bearing    
upon one of the most important          

industries of the town and district--the
 ,council1 for various reasons1 were    
unable to give immediate effect to this 
particular recommendation4 ,the subject 
of ,mechanical ,engineering1 to be      
properly taught1 requires the provision 
of workshops1 laboratories1 and an      
installation of costly plant4 ,even if  
the limited resources of the ,college   
had been sufficient at the time to make 
the most modest of beginnings1 the      
temporary premises which had been leased
 would have been unsuitable for the     
purpose4 ,accordingly the authorities1  
with that characteristic ,yorkshire     
caution which takes nothing on trust1   
goes no further than it can plainly     
see--nor1 in the common phrase1 puts out
 its hand further than it can draw it   
back again--decided to limit their      
appointments1 to begin with1 to         
,professorships of 7#a7 ,experimental   
,physics 7with which they associated    
,mathematics72 7#b7 ,geology and        
,mining2 7#c7 ,chemistry4 ,to the first 

,chair they elected the late ,mr4 ,a4   
,w4 ,rcker1 ,fellow of ,brasenose       
,college1 ,oxford1 and a ,demonstrator  
in the ,clarendon                       
,laboratory--afterwards ,sir ,arthur    
,rcker1 ,sec4 ,r4,s41 ,professor of     
,physics in the ,royal ,college of      
,science1 ,london1 and subsequently     
,principal of the reorganized           
,university of ,london4 ,to the second  
they appointed the late ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4    
,green1 formerly ,fellow of ,gonville   
and ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 and a  
distinguished member of the ,geological 
,survey1 who subsequently became        
,professor of ,geology in the           
,university of ,oxford4 ,for the third  
appointment the ,council selected the   
present writer1 who had been a pupil1   
assistant1 and demonstrator under the   
subject of this memoir at ,owens        
,college1 and who1 prior to his         
selection1 had held the ,chair of       
,chemistry in ,anderson's ,college1     
,glasgow1 now merged into the splendidly

 endowed and equipped ,royal ,technical 
,college4  ,the premises in which the   
,college was first housed consisted of a
 disused ,bankruptcy ,court situated in 
,cookridge ,street1 one of the main     
thoroughfares leading out of the town4  
,after a somewhat chequered career the  
building had been partially used as a   
school of cookery1 with the unfortunate 
result that it had been largely consumed
 by a fire just prior to being taken    
over by the ,college authorities4       
,although not so spacious as ,richard   
,cobden's old house in ,quay ,street1   
,manchester1 in which ,owens ,college   
first started1 the ,leeds building1 in  
some respects1 was not ill-adapted to   
the purposes of the limited             
professoriate with which the ,yorkshire 
,college of ,science began its          
operations4 ,at all events1 it          
accommodated without the slightest      
difficulty all the students who sought  
admission to its classes on its opening 
day4  ,the ,college began its work of   

teaching on ,october #bf1               
#ahgd--somewhat later than the normal   
time of opening a session--owing to     
delays in completing the necessary      
structural rearrangements4 ,but as there
 was no yearning anxiety on the part of 
anybody to learn1 no special            
inconvenience or disappointment         
resulted4 ,there was no preliminary     
flourish of trumpets2 hardly so much as 
an opening speech4 ,the initial ceremony
 was as simple as the appointments of   
the ,college were modest4 ,each of the  
three professors in turn gave an        
introductory lecture to an audience     
consisting of the members of the        
,council and such of the friends of the 
embryo institution as cared to attend4  
,some encouraging remarks were made by  
the ,chairman1 and so the ,college was  
launched4 ,but for a time the students  
were few and their advent as far between
 as the visits of angels4  ,still1 as   
the session progressed and the existence
 of the place became gradually known the

 numbers slowly crept up1 and by the end
 of the summer term they had reached    
twenty-four and the students' fees had  
amounted to about #aej4 ,the authorities
 now determined to open the next session
 with an ,inauguration ,ceremony4       
,october #f1 #ahge1 is a red-letter day 
in the history of the ,college1 for on  
that date one of the most notable and   
helpful gatherings ever held in honour  
of the ,college took place4 ,the        
proceedings began at noon1 when the     
,college buildings were inspected by a  
specially invited company2 thereafter   
there was the inevitable public luncheon
 and in the evening a general meeting in
 the ,town ,hall4 ,on each occasion the 
,duke of ,devonshire was in the chair4  
,at the ,college meeting ,lord          
,frederick ,cavendish1 its ,president1  
gave a short account of its origin and  
aims4 ,they were there1 he said1 to take
 care that they did not through         
ignorance waste the natural wealth of   
the county1 or stay the further         

development of the natural qualities of 
its people4 ,wealth1 however1 was not   
much in itself but only as a means4     
,were they quite certain that in the    
great wealthy industrial ,north they had
 made the same progress in intellectual 
culture and refinement as they had in   
wealth8 ,he pointed to the example of   
,owens ,college3 inspired by that       
,college1 they would try in ,yorkshire  
if they could not do something of the   
same sort4  ,at the luncheon similar    
sentiments were uttered by the ,dean of 
,durham1 the ,marquess of ,ripon1 ,canon
 ,robinson1 ,sir ,edward ,baines1 and   
,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,forster4 ,it was1 however1
 at the evening meeting that the real   
success of the day was achieved4 ,the   
,victoria ,hall was filled with a       
typical ,yorkshire crowd--alert1        
receptive1 keenly interested1           
alternately critical and tolerant1 yet  
ready to be swayed by those who knew how
 to reach their intelligence and rouse  
their enthusiasm4 ,the ,duke of         

,devonshire opened the proceedings with 
a dignified and impressive address1     
worthy of his high position as          
,chancellor of the ,university of       
,cambridge and as ,president of the     
,college in the neighbouring city of    
,manchester4 ,he gave a broad and       
comprehensive account of the general    
state of educational activity in the    
country and indicated the directions in 
which it was tending4 ,he pointed to the
 creation of institutions for secondary 
and higher education in our large       
centres of industry as a sign that the  
country was awakening to the fact that  
all our great branches of industry were 
founded on a scientific basis4 ,although
 the education--however indispensable it
 might be--of the eye and the hand could
 only be acquired by actual practice1 it
 could be nothing short of prejudice to 
deny that the education of the intellect
 was also a matter of primary           
importance4 ,the ,duke affected no      
flights of eloquence4 ,his diction was  

simple and unaffected1 and a vein of    
strong1 practical common sense ran      
through the whole of his remarks4 ,his  
presence was not unfamiliar to a ,leeds 
audience1 but they never heard him to   
greater effect1 or1 it may be added1 at 
greater length4 ,his speech was said to 
be the longest he had ever made4  ,the  
late ,lord ,playfair1 who as ,dr4 ,lyon 
,playfair then represented a ,leeds     
constituency1 followed on the same      
theme4 ,he recalled the fact that more  
than a generation had passed since      
standing on a ,leeds platform he had    
acted as interpreter to his friend      
,liebig in warning his audience not to  
pride itself too much upon its          
industrial achievements1 explaining how 
impossible it was for ,england          
permanently to preserve her             
manufacturing supremacy among nations1  
unless she bestowed more attention upon 
the sciences which formed the groundwork
 of her industries4 ,then1 in one of    
those hortatory discourses with which he

 occasionally astonished and delighted  
an ill-informed ,house of ,commons1 he  
poured forth a wealth of facts in       
illustration of the movement in the     
industrial world which had rendered     
these modern colleges an imperative     
necessity4      ,foreign nations had    
seen that their only chance of          
compensating     themselves for our     
advantages in the materials of power and
     strength was to excel us in the    
intelligence and intellect     applied  
to their use in production4 ,they saw   
clearly that     as new forces and their
 application were brought to aid        
industrial production1 human labour was 
relieved from much of     its drudgery1 
and that the conceptions of the brain   
became more     important than the sweat
 of the brow4 ,look to ,switzerland1    
as an example in point4 ,she has no     
coal1 and no seaboard by     which she  
can introduce it4 ,separated from other 
countries     by ice-clad mountains1 and
 hemmed in by hostile tariffs1 she      

still becomes an industrial nation4     
,what has led to her great              
industrial industry8 ,not her           
water-power1 for that she is     only   
beginning to use effectively1 but simply
 the educated     intelligence of her   
whole population4 ,valleys in which a   
few     years ago you only heard the    
tinkling of the bells of cattle as      
they strayed through the pastures are   
now busy with turkey-red     works and  
calico print works4 ,our manufacturers  
shake their     heads sagaciously1 and  
say1 8,this is because the air and water
     of ,switzerland are so well adapted
 for colours40 ,but the true            
explanation is contained in the answer  
of ,opie1 the celebrated     painter1   
who being asked by an ambitious youth   
how he mixed his     colours1 replied   
8,i mix them with my brains1 sir40      
,every part of public education in      
,switzerland is well     co-ordinated   
and organized4 ,at ,zurich1 in addition 
to a     university for general culture1

 there is a technical college     larger
 than ,buckingham ,palace4 ,and so      
,switzerland laughs at     countries    
which look to raw materials as the      
source of their     wealth1 and imports 
cotton from the ,united ,states1 tobacco
 from     ,havana1 silk from ,italy1 and
 sends back to these very markets       
her finished products4 ,again1 look at  
,holland1 which is a     reclaimed      
swamp1 containing no mineral materials  
for industry1     except in a small     
patch at ,limburg4 ,she also compensates
 for     their absence by increasing the
 intellectual factor in labour4         
,every town of #aj1jjj inhabitants has  
its technical school1     supported by  
the municipalities4 ,look at ,germany1  
which1     though it does possess       
valuable raw materials1 cultivates with 
assiduity the intellectual factor of    
production4 ,in war and     in peace her
 population is able to be used to the   
greatest     advantage4 ,europe has     
scarcely yet recovered from its         

amazement     at the sudden development 
of that empire1 though it had been      
laying the foundation for its prosperity
 in the educational     organization    
which she gave herself when the wars of 
,napoleon     taught her the sources of 
her weakness4 ,now1 surely we should    
not close our eyes1 in insular pride1 to
 the means taken by     other countries 
to increase their productive resources4 
,france     fully admits that her recent
 calamities were largely due to a       
want of enlightenment of her people4    
,she is still far ahead of     us in    
technical institutions1 but her general 
and university     education are very   
deficient4 ,if you desire an example of 
a     country which cannot progress     
because of the ignorance of     her     
people1 look at ,spain4 ,when the ,duke 
,st4 ,simon1 once     ,french ,minister 
there1 said1 8,science in ,spain is a   
crime and     ignorance a virtue10 he   
explained in one sentence the cause of  
her misfortunes4 ,a fertile country1    

washed by two great oceans1             
abounding in coal1 iron1 copper1 and    
quicksilver1 is unable to     thrive    
because her people are ignorant4  ,the  
speaker then turned to the case of the  
institution whose formal inauguration   
had been the occasion of his address1   
and he proceeded1 as a practical        
educationist1 to give it and its        
projectors some advice4      ,such      
colleges are likely to receive little   
support until the     middle-class      
schools understand their duty to        
,society by     making ,science part of 
the effective instruction of youth4 ,a  
port constructed for the reception of   
ships1 before the ships     themselves  
are built1 has a dreary time to wait for
 their     arrival1 and so the managers 
of the new ,college must not be         
discouraged because it does not grow    
quickly4  ,nor did he think it would be 
wise1 at least in its infancy1 to give  
to the ,college too much of a technical 
character4      ,teach science well to  

the scholars1 and they will make the    
applications for themselves4 ,good food 
becomes assimilated     to its several  
purposes by digestion4 ,epictetus used  
to say     that though you feed sheep on
 grass1 it is not grass1 but wool       
which grows upon their backs4 ,what the 
,college should aim at     is to        
increase the science and intelligence of
 the community1     and not to teach    
industries which they know a great deal 
better than the professors4 ,the new    
,college is only the local              
expression of a general movement for    
higher education4 ,that     movement has
 no doubt received its primary impulse  
from the     conviction that our        
industrial population ought to be       
educated     in the principles which    
underlie their occupations4 ,but the    
object is higher than this4 ,there is a 
desire to spread culture     throughout 
the country1 and not to concentrate it  
in one or two     favoured localities4  
,the older ,universities are beginning  

to     recognize this fact4 ,cambridge  
had made the bold experiment of         
trying whether1 if the youth of the     
provinces would not go to     her1 they 
would receive educational missionaries  
sent to them4     ,the older            
,universities could do much from their  
wealth and     educational resources4   
,they could easily spread enlightenment 
over ,england if they were earnest in   
the work4      ,no doubt our            
manufacturing and commercial classes    
require     to be mellowed by culture1  
but our ,universities must adapt        
that culture to the wants and spare time
 of busy communities4     ,they cannot  
get hold of our great industrial centres
 in any     permanent way unless they   
raise them in self-respect and          
dignity by giving them an intellectual  
understanding of their     vocations1   
and upon that understanding they may    
engraft as much     polite literature as
 they can4 ,a college of science1 such  
as     we are inaugurating to-day1 is   

admirable in itself1 but it is     not  
complete4 ,perhaps it even focuses the  
light too strongly     on a particular  
spot1 and for this reason it intensifies
 the     darkness around4 ,its directors
 are too enlightened men not to     see 
this1 and ,i am sure they will aid in   
the co-ordination     of your other     
educational resources4 ,the ultimate    
effect of     this may be that you may  
evolve a wider and more comprehensive   
college for higher education4 ,i look to
 that time with hope1     for           
differentiation of our colleges will be 
the best thing for     learning and for 
vigour of intellect4 ,each great        
provincial     town should have a       
college as a centre of intelligence1    
each a     sun capable of warming and   
illuminating a region around it1 not    
merely a moon to cast pale and cold     
beams as a reflection from     a distant
 luminary4  ,subsequent speakers1 in so 
far as they went over the same ground1  
merely ploughed with ,dr4 ,playfair's   

heifer4 ,the ,marquess of ,ripon was not
 discouraged by the small beginnings of 
the undertaking4 ,all the experiences of
 the past showed that those institutions
 which had taken the deepest root1 and  
which had flourished the longest and    
wielded ultimately the most extensive   
influence1 had sprung from small        
beginnings4 ,our ancient universities   
had mainly sprung from individual       
effort1 and from private endowment4 ,we 
were not less wealthy than our ancestors
 who founded them4 ,surely we could do  
now what they did before us4 ,he trusted
 that there was not to be any doubt as  
to the future of this institution4 ,we  
were told that its managers had acted to
 a great extent upon faith2 that they   
had been doing their work partly out of 
capital in the confidence that that     
capital would be repaid them by the good
 sense and generosity of their          
countrymen4  ,of all those who followed1
 and who pleaded the cause of the       
,college1 none was received with greater

 heartiness and enthusiasm than ,mr4 ,w4
 ,e4 ,forster1 and there was none whose 
speech had a deeper or more genuine note
 of sympathy and encouragement4 ,there  
were perhaps special reasons for the    
warmth of the welcome with which he was 
greeted4 ,the political circumstances of
 the time were peculiar1 and ,mr4       
,forster was known to be the undeserved 
victim of them4 ,the ,liberal party was 
then in opposition1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone 
earlier in the year had suddenly thrown 
up his position as its leader4 ,public  
opinion had designated ,mr4 ,forster as 
one of the two or three politicians of  
eminence who might fitly be regarded as 
his successor4 ,but a considerable      
section of the ,nonconformist ,radicals 
never forgave ,mr4 ,forster for his     
action--or what they supposed to be his 
sole action--respecting the religious   
question in the ,education ,act of      
#ahgj4 ,led by the ,birmingham ,league1 
they were determined to make his        
selection as the party leader           

impossible4 ,the ,league party in his   
own constituency of ,bradford passed a  
resolution hostile to his claims4       
,eventually1 rather than divide the     
,liberal party1 ,mr4 ,forster withdrew  
from the contest1 and ,lord ,hartington1
 whom all sections were willing to      
follow1 was chosen4 ,these circumstances
 were well known to everybody in that   
large audience1 and most moderate-minded
 men in it had the fullest sympathy with
 what ,mr4 ,gladstone called 8the       
thoroughly genuine and independent      
character0 whose natural ambition as a  
statesman had been so rudely checked by 
the sectarian rancour of political      
allies4 ,this was his reward for the    
wise and statesmanlike measure of       
#ahgj--one of the finest achievements to
 the credit of the ,liberal party4  ,as 
he stepped to the front of the platform 
to make his contribution to the cause of
 the ,college he was received with round
 after round of applause1 and for some  
minutes he was unable to proceed4 ,men  

instinctively recognized that the effort
 for which he pleaded was but another   
link in the educational chain which he  
had done so much to forge--the ,endowed 
,schools ,act of #ahfi and the great    
,education ,act of #ahgj4 ,his was but a
 short speech1 but each strong1 vigorous
 utterance went home4 ,the ,college was 
to be as its name implied--a county     
institution--not merely of the town in  
which it happened to be situated4 ,they 
might as well at once acknowledge that  
the call which had been made by         
civilization upon civilized people had  
not been so much responded to by        
,england as it had been in some other   
countries4 ,but they had awoke to the   
fact that a call was made upon them4    
,they had a habit of being late1 but not
 too late4  ,this demonstration had an  
immediate effect upon the fortunes of   
the ,college4 ,one practical result was 
a considerable increase in financial    
support4 ,some of those who had already 
given1 gave largely again2 and many     

additional subscribers came forward4    
,the existence of the ,college was made 
known throughout the length and breadth 
of the county4 ,the ,inaugural ,ceremony
 met with a splendid 8press40 ,one of   
the most gratifying features was the    
8uplifting0 tone of the speeches3       
speaker after speaker pointed out what  
should be the true character of the     
institution3 it was not to be a mere    
,trade ,school--not simply a ,technical 
,college but a centre of liberal culture
 and of higher education1 containing    
within it the potentiality of a         
,university discipline4  ,to those who  
had ears to hear1 and an imagination to 
conceive1 the future of the ,college was
 plainly indicated within the first     
twelve months of its existence4 ,it was 
this aspect of its destiny that appealed
 so strongly to that eminent journalist 
and man of letters1 the late ,sir       
,wemyss ,reid1 at that time editing the 
,leeds ,mercury1 and to which he gave   
emphatic expression in those forcible   

leaders so characteristic of his pen4   
,so long as he remained in ,leeds1 ,reid
 proved a staunch friend of the ,college
 and was ever ready to do what he could 
for its welfare4 ,nor was the           
educational press in general at all     
backward in extending a welcome to the  
infant institution3 certain members of  
the teaching staff did yeoman service in
 enlisting its interest and sympathy4   
,the result of this organized effort1 in
 which all concerned--members of the    
,council1 officers1 teachers--worked    
with enthusiasm and unanimity1 was seen 
in the record of the subsequent         
session's work4  ,from this time onward 
the successive ,annual ,reports of the  
,college constitute an unbroken story of
 continued development4 ,it was not1 of 
course1 surprisingly rapid1 but it was  
steady and continuous4 ,the progress of 
the institution was general2 it was to  
be measured by the gradual increase in  
the number of its teachers1 in the      
character and range of their subjects1  

and in the sessional entry of the       
students4 ,it is1 perhaps1 significant  
of the change that a quarter of a       
century had made in the attitude of the 
middle class towards educational matters
 that the growth of the ,yorkshire      
,college1 during its early years1 should
 have been relatively far greater than  
that of ,owens ,college at the          
corresponding period of its existence4  
,but there may have been other factors  
to account for1 or at least to increase1
 the difference4 ,the generally         
acknowledged success to which the       
,manchester foundation had attained at  
the time of the establishment of the    
,leeds ,college may have been1 and      
probably was1 by the force of example   
and desire of emulation1 a potent       
contributory cause4  ,the courses of    
study at ,owens ,college1 so far as     
circumstances and its means would       
permit1 were avowedly based1 at the     
outset1 on the examples of the older    
,universities4 ,the little regard that  

was then paid to ,science by the        
,trustees was indicated by the small    
stipend that was attached to the science
 chairs as compared with those on       
humanity subjects4 ,there was no general
 recognition1 even in the home of       
,dalton1 of the beneficent part that    
science was able to play in the         
industrial life of the district4 ,on the
 other hand1 the ,yorkshire ,college    
started wholly untrammelled by the      
traditions of ancient seats of learning1
 and its counsels were only remotely    
influenced by those who had been nursed 
in them4 ,as its original designation   
implied1 its projectors clearly         
recognized the value of science in      
relation to industry4 ,they founded the 
,college1 indeed1 in the strength of    
their conviction4 ,they began1 in fact1 
at a point to which ,owens ,college had 
arrived when ,roscoe made his influence 
felt upon its policy4  ,it cannot be    
said1 however1 that the educational aims
 of the governing body of the ,leeds    

institution to begin with were very     
sharply defined2 nor was the action of  
the ,council always consistent4 ,this   
was1 perhaps1 inevitable in a body which
 contained no professed educationists4  
,most of its members had everything to  
learn of the technique of education1    
and1 as is not unknown in the history of
 similar institutions1 it was some time 
before the ,council could be induced to 
adopt formal means of availing          
themselves of the knowledge and         
experience of the academic element they 
sought to direct4 ,at the outset there  
was no clear apprehension by them of the
 lines upon which the ,college should   
develop4  ,there were two distinct      
parties in the ,council1 and their views
 occasionally conflicted4 ,the ,college 
had been ostensibly founded to serve the
 industrial interests of the district1  
and the support of many of its wealthy  
manufacturers had been enlisted solely  
on that ground4 ,this fact led a certain
 section of the ,council to attempt to  

impress upon the ,college the character 
of an institute of technology4 ,whilst  
they were willing enough to extend its  
science side so long as it bore directly
 upon industrial needs1 they had but    
little sympathy with the liter          
humaniores1 and all attempts to include 
such subjects were viewed with disfavour
 as a departure from the original       
intentions of the projectors4 ,but the  
majority of the ,council soon came to   
have a higher conception of the true    
functions of the young institution1 and 
it was only the limitations of their    
means--their poverty and not their      
will--that prevented them from          
attempting to realize their ideals4 ,to 
this section the example of ,owens      
,college was1 without doubt1 a constant 
stimulus4 ,it served eventually to      
direct the ,college upon the lines upon 
which it ultimately developed4 ,but for 
a time this diversity of aim on the part
 of the government of the ,college made 
itself manifest with each attempt to    

enlarge its curriculum4  ,fortunately   
the professoriate was of one mind on    
this question1 and their unanimity was  
not without influence on the policy of  
the ,college4 ,they recognized1 of      
course1 that there is no necessary      
antagonism between the two aims4 ,both  
should be developed pari passu3 that is 
a condition demanded by modern          
necessities4 ,it is the essential and   
characteristic feature of the higher    
education of the present time4 ,the     
difficulty was to give practical effect 
to these views under the restrictions   
imposed by the financial circumstances  
of the ,college4 ,but the fact that the 
,staff held them and not only gave      
expression to them1 but sought to       
realize them so far as lay in their     
limited power secured for the           
,professors the appreciation and        
confidence of the governing body1 and   
ultimately obtained for them a          
responsible share in its counsels4  ,in 
the first few years of its existence    

several circumstances conspired to      
enhance the public reputation of the    
,college and to consolidate its         
position4 ,in its second session the    
teaching staff received a great         
accession to its strength by the        
appointment of ,mr4 ,louis ,c4 ,miall as
 ,lecturer in1 and afterwards as        
,professor of ,biology4 ,mr4 ,miall had 
already established a reputation as a   
man of science1 as an able and          
attractive lecturer and a sound and     
experienced teacher4 ,he brought to the 
aid of his colleagues a wise judgment   
and a knowledge of local conditions     
which under the special circumstances   
proved most helpful4 ,his appointment at
 this period was not without its        
significance as an indication of the    
broad and liberal views which the       
majority of the ,council entertained as 
to the scope and functions of the       
,college4 ,it was a wise policy to      
attach to its fortunes all who could in 
any way serve its true interests1       

whether in teaching1 in enlisting public
 sympathy1 or in the management of its  
affairs4  ,at the beginning of the      
following session 7#ahgf7 the           
professors1 who had now formed          
themselves into an ,academic ,board     
holding regular meetings in order to    
discuss the educational affairs of the  
,college1 addressed a memorandum to the 
,council inviting them to consider the  
advisability of extending the curriculum
 so as to include ,literature and       
,classics4 ,they pointed out that they  
had frequent applications from students 
for advice as to obtaining the degrees  
of the ,university of ,london1 or as to 
complying with the requirements for open
 science scholarships at the other      
,universities1 but that1 as at present  
constituted1 the ,college was unable to 
afford the necessary facilities4 ,they  
were of opinion that if the ,college    
were in a position to enable the        
students to obtain the science degrees  
of the ,university of ,london its       

usefulness would be considerably        
increased1 and the wider curriculum     
might be expected to result in an       
augmentation of the yearly entry4 ,the  
,council1 on the whole1 were not        
indisposed to consider the suggestion   
benevolently1 but they regretted they   
were unable to take any action from lack
 of funds4 ,the matter1 however1 was not
 allowed to drop4 ,at that time ,mr4    
,stuart and his syndicate at ,cambridge 
were busy in their attempts to spread   
culture among the hives of industry1 and
 their missionaries were at work in     
,leeds under the auspices of a committee
 of which the late ,bishop of ,truro    
7,dr4 ,gott71 then ,vicar of ,leeds1 and
 the late ,sir ,edward ,baines1 one of  
the truest and most zealous friends the 
,college ever possessed1 were active    
members4 ,these gentlemen approached the
 governing body with a view of          
ascertaining whether some arrangement   
might not be possible whereby the work  
initiated by the ,university ,extension 

,movement could be conducted by the     
,college in a more systematic and       
permanent manner than hitherto1 and they
 undertook on behalf of the ,committee  
to be responsible1 for a term of years1 
for a considerable proportion of the    
money that would be required to give    
effect to the suggestion4 ,the result of
 the negotiation was the establishment  
of ,chairs of ,classical ,literature and
 ,history1 and ,modern ,literature and  
,history1 which were filled1            
respectively1 by the appointment of     
,professor ,john ,marshall1 ,m4,a41 of  
,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 afterwards  
,rector of the ,high ,school1           
,edinburgh1 a distinguished classic1 and
 author of an ,english rendering of the 
8,odes and ,epodes of ,horace10         
8,xenophon ,memorabilia10 and other     
works2 and ,professor ,f4 ,s4 ,pulling1 
,b4,a4 7,oxon74 ,this enlargement of the
 educational work of the ,college       
necessitated a slight but significant   
change in its designation3 henceforward 

it became known simply as the ,yorkshire
 ,college until it was raised to the    
rank of a university1 when it took the  
name of the town in which it was        
situated4  ,the executive of the        
,college now publicly expressed their   
conviction that there is no good reason 
against grouping in one institution the 
studies belonging to liberal culture1   
and systematic instruction in scientific
 and artistic principles and methods as 
applied to staple industries4  ,an event
 of hardly less importance in public    
estimation at this period was the       
purchase of a considerable fraction of  
the site upon which the handsome and    
extensive buildings of the ,university  
now stand4 ,the decision to take this   
step was one of the most momentous      
departures in the history of the        
institution1 and the writer well        
remembers how seriously and with what   
anxiety it was discussed by the small   
body which assembled in the office of   
the legal adviser to the ,college to    

confer with the ,chairman of its        
,finance ,committee on the subject4 ,mr4
 ,francis ,lupton1 who at that period   
held the office1 was an ideal custodian 
of its financial affairs4 ,no man could 
be more prudent in their management3 at 
the same time no one realized more fully
 that an ill-judged parsimony might be  
the worst form of economy1 and that a   
timely expenditure might be the wisest  
investment4 ,the two members of the     
,staff who were present at this         
interview1 with the courage of faith and
 the enthusiasm of conviction1 used     
their best endeavours to incline him to 
sanction what everybody who had         
knowledge of the financial condition of 
the institution could not but regard as 
a most onerous obligation4 ,but in the  
end there was practical unanimity among 
those present as to the expediency and  
opportuneness of the step1 and the event
 proved its wisdom4  ,the               
foundation-stone of the new ,college    
buildings was laid on ,october #bc1     

#ahgg1 by the ,archbishop of ,york4 ,as 
architect the ,council had secured the  
services of the late ,mr4 ,alfred       
,waterhouse1 ,r4,a41 whose experience   
and success in the erection of ,owens   
,college seemed to them the highest     
possible qualification4 ,by the         
generosity of the ,clothworkers'        
,company1 who had voted the sum of      
#aj1jjj for the purpose1 the authorities
 were enabled to take in hand without   
further delay the buildings designed for
 the ,textile ,industries ,department4  
,the publicity given to these           
proceedings greatly strengthened the    
position of the ,college in the county1 
and especially in the ,west ,riding4    
,these events were no doubt such as must
 have come naturally and in the fullness
 of time1 but their advent at this      
particular juncture was possibly        
accelerated by the action of ,owens     
,college in seeking for university      
powers4 ,this movement on the part of   
,manchester had already engaged the     

attention of the ,council of the        
,yorkshire ,college and was watched by  
them with no little apprehension4 ,they 
realized that it was certain to have an 
important bearing upon the question of  
higher education in ,yorkshire1 both    
directly and indirectly1 and that the   
future of the ,yorkshire ,college was   
intimately bound up with it4 ,it was    
therefore all the more necessary to     
prove to the world that ,yorkshire men1 
in their own interests1 were very much  
in earnest about their young            
institution2 that they were determined  
to secure for it the fullest possible   
freedom of development and to extend and
 consolidate its position1 unhampered by
 limitations to which it might          
conceivably be subjected by the presence
 of a relatively rich and powerful      
university close to its own area4  ,in  
the next chapter we purpose to indicate 
briefly the steps which led immediately 
to the foundation of the new university 
in ,manchester and to show how the      

action of the ,yorkshire ,college       
resulted in modifying its ,constitution 
as originally contemplated4             
,,chapter ,v  ,,the ,,victoria          
,,university   ,at the time of this     
movement in favour of the creation of a 
university in ,manchester the writer of 
this memoir was1 as already stated1 a   
member of the teaching staff of the     
,yorkshire ,college1 and was then1 as   
for some years previously1 in constant  
friendly communication with ,roscoe4 ,a 
letter informing him of the feeling in  
,leeds and the district concerning the  
action of ,owens ,college1 and the      
desire of the authorities of the        
,yorkshire ,college that its interests  
should in some way be safeguarded1      
brought the following reply under date  
,january #ca1 #ahgg3      ,thanks for   
the leader1 which ,i had seen4 ,what    
does ,leeds want8     ,a peripatetic    
university8 ,first in ,manchester1 then 
in ,leeds1     then in ,bristol1 next in
 ,newcastle8 ,or will it be content     

with an affiliation scheme8 ,do you want
 to come in now1     incomplete as you  
are1 or will you be content to wait till
 you     are developed into more of a   
two-or three-sided sort of thing8       
,how can the unity of an institution be 
kept up if all kinds     and conditions 
of other institutions claim an equal    
voice in     all the arrangements8 ,in  
short1 would it not be much better for  
,leeds1 and ,bristol and ,newcastle1 to 
have separate universities     as well  
as ,manchester1 than to make a union in 
which there     would not be strength8  
,however1 our proposed scheme will      
provide for the admission and           
representation of other places if       
they like to come in1 but a university1 
like most other things1     must not    
only have a name1 but also a local      
habitation1 and     hence ,i do not see 
how the idea of a wandering minstrel    
kind     of university could possibly   
answer1 and this is what1 ,i take       
it1 the writer of the article 7who was  

he87 means4''' ,i will send     you a   
copy of our proposals as soon as they   
are settled4  ,after the special meeting
 of the governors of the ,owens         
,college1 at which it was decided to    
take steps to obtain a university       
charter1 ,roscoe wrote to the present   
writer as follows under date ,march #bg1
 #ahgg3      ,you may unofficially and  
on your own responsibility state to     
the ,secretary of your ,college that you
 have reason to know     that in the    
proposals to obtain a ,charter to grant 
,degrees the     authorities of this    
,college have added a clause to enable  
other     colleges1 under certain       
conditions1 to enter into union with    
the proposed ,university4      ,we were 
unable to accede to the request to      
forward the     documents officially1 as
 the ,committee on the subject had not  
met4 ,but you may say 7privately7 that  
it is the wish of those     who are     
interested in the movement to make this 
admission of     other colleges an      

essential part of the scheme4      ,this
 to show your ,council that their claims
 will be properly     and fairly        
considered4  ,the following letter1     
dated ,december #e1 #ahgg1 was received 
after the ,manchester deputation to the 
,duke of ,richmond and ,gordon1 when the
 ,lord ,president of the ,council       
suggested some alteration in the        
government of the proposed university1  
which the memorialists considered and   
adopted4      ,at a meeting yesterday of
 the ,university ,sub-,committee a      
more detailed scheme for the proposed   
,constitution was     considered4 ,i    
think you may like to know unofficially 
a few of     the particulars1 bearing in
 mind that it is simply as yet a        
proposal4          7#a7 ,the ,charter to
 be granted to the ,court of ,governors 
of ,owens ,college modified so as to    
give a somewhat         larger          
representation of the ,academical       
,element4          7#b7 ,the            
representation on the ,court1 when      

sitting for         ,university         
purposes1 of any other qualified        
,college         in union with the      
,university to be as follows3 the       
,president1 the ,treasurer or ,chairman 
of the ,council2         the ,principal 
of such ,college2 such proportionate    
numbers of 7a7 the ,senate1 and 7b7 the 
,governing         ,body of such        
,college as may be determined by the    
,university ,court with the sanction of 
the ,lord         ,president of the     
,council4          7#c7 ,the ,executive 
,body of the ,university to consist     
of members nominated by the ,court and  
also1 on the         union of any other 
qualified ,college1 the ,president1     
,treasurer1 or ,chairman1 ,principal and
 the members of         the ,senate of  
such ,colleges nominated on the ,court4 
7#d7 ,the ,court to be summoned for     
,university purposes         as         
distinguished from ,owens ,college      
purposes by the         ,executive ,body
 of the ,university4      ,another point

 of importance to you is this3 ,that    
power shall     be given to the ,court  
of the ,university1 after considering   
the     report of the ,executive ,body  
upon the subject1 to accept the         
application of any other ,college for   
incorporation with the     ,university1 
provided always that the ,court should  
be satisfied3     7#a7 that such        
,college has established a reasonably   
complete     curriculum and possesses a 
reasonably sufficient teaching staff    
in the ,departments of ,arts and        
,science at least2 7#b7 that such       
,college has furnished proofs of its    
means and appliances for     teaching   
being established on a footing of       
permanent security2     7#c7 that such  
,college is under the independent       
control of its     own ,governing ,body2
 and 7#d7 that the admission shall      
receive     the sanction of the ,lord   
,president of the ,council4      ,again1
 power to be given to any such ,college 
to appeal for     final decision to the 

,lord ,president4      ,one other point4
 ,on incorporation the professors of    
such     ,college shall take a          
proportionate share in all the          
examinations of the ,university as      
decided by the ,university     ,court4  
,i hope that these proposals will be    
found to meet your views4  ,meanwhile   
the ,council of the ,yorkshire ,college1
 acting in conjunction with its         
,academic ,board1 had been carefully    
considering the situation4 ,influenced  
to a large extent1 no doubt1 by the     
local ,press1 public feeling in the     
district set strongly in the direction  
of immediate action4 ,although the      
infant institution was barely three     
years old1 there could no longer be any 
doubt that it was already firmly        
implanted in the estimation and regard  
of the community in which it was placed4
 ,indeed1 nothing in its short career up
 to that time stimulated and            
strengthened this regard more than this 
particular crisis in its fortunes4 ,the 

call for sympathy and support which now 
was spread throughout the ,ridings was  
the finest rclame it could possibly     
have4 ,it served to deprive the ,college
 of the last semblance of being a merely
 local foundation2 henceforth it was in 
fact as in name a county organization4  
,in the following ,may a deputation     
arranged by the ,yorkshire ,college     
waited upon the ,lord ,president of the 
,council4 ,the report of the ,council of
 the ,college pointed out that whilst   
the ,owens ,college scheme admitted of  
the admission of other colleges to the  
university1 the provisions that the     
charter should be granted to the ,owens 
,college1 and that the university should
 be named after the ,city of ,manchester
 were very generally considered         
incompatible with the future            
incorporation of institutions in other  
towns4 ,lord ,ripon1 in introducing the 
deputation1 gave forcible expression to 
these views4 ,the memorial was supported
 by representatives of the              

municipalities of the large towns in the
 ,west ,riding and elsewhere in the     
county1 by a number of scientific       
organizations1 and by many eminent      
educational authorities4  ,as the ,owens
 ,college memorialists had already      
expressed their willingness to consider 
favourably the inclusion of other       
colleges1 under reasonable conditions1  
there was little difficulty in opening  
friendly negotiations between the two   
,colleges with the desire on both sides 
to arrive at a satisfactory arrangement4
 ,the ,duke of ,devonshire1 who was a   
liberal supporter of both ,colleges1 and
 had shown great interest in their      
welfare--,lord ,frederick ,cavendish    
being ,president of the ,yorkshire      
,college--convened a conference at      
,devonshire ,house between              
representatives of the two ,colleges1   
when after full discussion the basis of 
a federal scheme was devised4 ,the      
details of this were worked out by      
committees of the two ,colleges4        

,eventually complete agreement was      
arrived at1 and it was decided to       
present a joint memorial from the two   
,colleges praying that ,her ,majesty    
might be advised3  7#a7 ,to create a new
 university1 in which the ,owens        
,college1 ,manchester1 and such other   
institutions as may now or hereafter be 
able to fulfil the conditions of        
incorporation laid down in the ,charter1
 may be incorporated colleges4  7#b7 ,to
 grant to each of such incorporated     
colleges a share in the government of   
the university1 depending only upon its 
magnitude and efficiency1 in accordance 
with the suggested ,constitution4  7#c7 
,to be graciously pleased to allow the  
said university to be called the        
,victoria ,university4  ,in the various 
conferences needed to reach this        
solution the late ,sir ,arthur ,rcker1  
who acted as one of the representatives 
of the ,yorkshire ,college1 took an     
active and leading share1 and it was in 
no small degree due to his tact1        

urbanity1 and diplomatic skill that it  
was secured4  ,in reference to this     
matter the present ,master of           
,peterhouse1 ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,ward1 who was
 at the time ,principal of the ,owens   
,college1 bears the following testimony3
  8,i remember very well how admirably  
he conducted the case of the ,yorkshire 
,college1 which was at first adverse to 
our wishes at ,manchester1 and          
afterwards was conjoined with our own   
application4 ,he had great difficulties 
to contend against2 for the ,yorkshire  
,college seemed to be opposing our      
application for a university charter    
without being able to set up a similar  
claim for itself1 and the federal       
principle to which resort was ultimately
 had was by no means free from          
objections4 ,he had1 if ,i remember     
right1 very effective parliamentary     
support1 especially in the late ,mr4 ,w4
 ,e4 ,forster1 and then1 or afterwards1 
in the late ,lord ,ripon4 ,but he was   
the active representative of ,leeds1 and

 the virtual success of the action of   
the ,college was very largely due to    
him4  8,personally he was a man of great
 charm of manner and a very pleasant as 
well as effective speaker40  ,the       
deputation presenting the joint         
memorials waited upon the ,lord         
,president1 who was accompanied by the  
,marquis of ,salisbury1 on ,may #e1     
#ahgi4 ,it was headed by the ,duke of   
,devonshire1 as president of the ,owens 
,college1 and the ,archbishop of ,york1 
as representing the ,yorkshire ,college1
 and consisted of noblemen and gentlemen
 of influence connected with the two    
counties2 representatives of different  
denominations1 municipalities1          
scientific and educational bodies1 as   
well as other gentlemen interested in   
higher education4 ,it received the      
customary promise 8that the proposal    
should have the most attentive          
consideration of ,her ,majesty's        
,government40  ,the various steps in the
 procedure needed to obtain a royal     

charter are many and devious4 ,they need
 only be indicated by stating that they 
seem expressly designed to afford       
abundant occupation for lawyers4 ,the   
following letter from ,roscoe1 sent to  
the writer from the ,athenum ,club1 and 
dated ,june #ai1 #ahgi1 bears upon this 
point3      ,it is most important that  
you should at once get a ,petition to   
8,the ,queen in ,council0 drawn up and  
sent to the ,parliamentary     ,agents  
for presentation4 ,we are doing so4 ,the
 ,duke of     ,devonshire will sign our 
petition1 and yours in identical terms  
should be signed by the ,archbishop of  
,york and ,lord ,frederick              
,cavendish4      '''      ,the ,council 
meets on the #bfth ,june1 and everything
 must be sent     in before that date4  
,i have seen ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,forster who  
has telegraphed to your     secretary   
this evening4      ,we have the draft of
 our petition at ,owens ,college if you 
wish to consult it4      ,it is most    
important to get this done and to get   

your     ,archbishop to sign4  ,the next
 letter1 so far as regards the ,victoria
 ,university1 requires some explanation4
 ,the then ,chairman of the ,council of 
the ,yorkshire ,college1 the late ,dr4  
,heaton1 was not wholly friendly to the 
idea of a new northern university1 and  
ultimately he dissociated himself from  
his colleagues on this particular       
question4 ,he was never able to persuade
 himself that another university was    
actually needed or was desirable4 ,in   
his judgment the interests of higher    
education1 so far at least as the       
creation of degree-granting bodies could
 serve them1 were sufficiently assured  
in ,england by the existence of the     
universities of ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 and
 ,london4 ,he viewed with considerable  
apprehension the attempt to establish   
rival universities3 he imagined that the
 stress of competition for students     
might lower the standard of scholarship4
 ,above all he was strongly opposed1 in 
what he thought the true interests of   

the medical profession1 to the increase 
in the number of possible avenues to    
practice3 in his opinion there were     
already too many for an efficient       
standard of qualification to be         
maintained4 ,it was perhaps             
characteristic of him to suppose that   
the immediate1 and indeed the ultimate1 
effect of the establishment of the      
university in ,manchester would be not  
to hearten and rouse his colleagues to  
fresh exertions in order to make the    
,leeds ,college worthy to be received as
 a member of the ,university3 on the    
contrary1 he thought that1 by force of  
circumstances1 the enthusiasm of the    
friends of that institution would be    
gradually damped1 and their energy      
proportionally weakened1 as the         
neighbouring ,college grew in power and 
prestige after being raised to the      
dignity of a university4 ,he was        
specially concerned about the future of 
the ,leeds ,medical ,school1 of which he
 had been a member for many years4 ,it  

was well established and had an         
excellent record1 but its position      
would1 he considered1 be undermined and 
its continued existence jeopardized by  
the proximity of a school attached to a 
degree-giving body4 ,he was not able to 
carry his colleagues on the ,council of 
the ,yorkshire ,college with him in his 
view of the probable influence of the   
new ,university on its fortunes4 ,as the
 sequel proved1 he entirely misconceived
 its effect3 so far from weakening the  
energies of its friends1 events showed  
that it acted as the most powerful      
stimulus the ,leeds ,college ever       
received4 ,but ,dr4 ,heaton's authority 
and influence with respect to the       
,medical ,school enabled him to carry   
his point in regard to the proposed     
medical degrees1 and the ,yorkshire     
representatives were instructed to      
disavow any wish that power should be   
sought to grant them4 ,a suggestion to  
send a private message to the ,lord     
,president to this effect was made after

 it had been represented by the legal   
agents that no observations on the draft
 chapter could be received by the ,privy
 ,council4 ,under the circumstances the 
authorities of ,owens ,college were not 
without justification for their         
disappointment and annoyance4      ,in  
the first place ,i would propose to you 
that we should     together do the      
atomic weight of ,titanium4 ,you and ,i 
both     thought of doing it4 ,you are  
busy with other things4''' ,i will      
sketch a method out1 prepare some more  
,ti,cl and send the     proposals to    
you4 ,if you like1 that is4 ,so much for
 private     affairs4      ,now with    
regard to the ,victoria ,university4 ,we
 all have been     much annoyed and     
surprised to find that you at ,leeds1   
having     so far acquiesced in our     
proposals--see memorial1 etc4--now      
at the last moment put in a caveat about
 ,medical ,degrees6     ,this appears to
 us rather too bad4 ,if this move was   
intended     we ought to have had       

previous information of it4 ,if you have
     only now determined on this course 
it is more obviously unfair     to us to
 start the hare now6 ,fancy what the    
,university will     be without such    
power4 ,think of ,glasgow and ,edinburgh
 thus     emasculated4 ,is this what you
 wish us to come to8      ,then ,i think
 that ,r4's proposal to send a private  
message     through your ,president to  
the ,duke of ,richmond still more       
objectionable4 8,openly we agree1 but we
 come to inform     you privately that  
you will please us by striking out the  
provision40 ,this is really what you    
propose to do6 ,this1     coupled with  
the petition from ,liverpool and the    
opposition and     jealousy of other    
,medical ,schools1 may suffice to so    
mutilate     our ,charter that it won't 
be worth having4      ,do see what can  
be done to dissuade your people from    
sending     any such message to the     
,duke4  ,the private message above      
referred to was not sent4 ,at the same  

time ,dr4 ,heaton's views1 backed up as 
they were by the action of the ,college 
of ,surgeons and ,british ,medical      
,association1 and a great number of the 
leading hospital surgeons and teachers  
in ,london and elsewhere1 prevailed1 and
 the application for power to grant     
degrees in medicine and surgery was1 for
 the time at least1 withdrawn1 in the   
expectation that legislative action on  
the general question of medical         
education and qualification was         
contemplated4 ,as no such action was    
taken1 a supplementary charter removing 
the restriction was granted on ,april   
#bj1 #ahhc4  ,the next letter1 under    
date ,february #ad1 #ahhj1 shows a      
further stage in the progress of the    
application4 ,by a then recent ,act it  
had to be laid before both ,houses of   
,parliament for thirty days before any  
report on the subject could be submitted
 to the ,sovereign4      '''      ,by   
the way1 you know1 of course1 that the  
,charter 7unaltered7     is now lying on

 the table of both ,houses1 and if we   
can only     keep everybody quiet it    
will be law in less than thirty days6   
,when are you coming over8  ,the        
,charter was granted by the ,queen in   
,council on ,april #fth1 and was finally
 ratified on ,april #bj1 #ahhj4  ,the   
next letter 7,march #cj1 #ahhj7 shows   
that this event was to be celebrated1 as
 a matter of course1 in the customary   
,british method4      ,i am very sorry  
that you cannot dine with the ,p4,c4,s4 
,president     of the ,chemical         
,society--,roscoe himself on the #afth4 
,i intended     you to have been there  
as ,longstaff medallist6 ,i am asking   
the     officers and some of the        
,council4      ,you must all reserve    
yourselves for ,july #adth or #aeth4    
,the     opening of the ,v4,u4 ,victoria
 ,university and a ,banquet at the      
,town ,hall66  ,the following letter    
7,january #af1 #ahha7 shows how cordial 
the relations between the sister        
,colleges had now become1 thanks to the 

frank and friendly discussion between   
their representatives1 and how loyally  
those in authority at ,owens were       
prepared to carry out the compact3      
,accept my sincere though tardy thanks  
for your beautiful     photograph1 which
 is a marvellous study of volcanic      
action4      ,i have lately heard that  
,p has been making a statement 7on      
whose authority ,i cannot think7 that   
the ,yorkshire ,college     would not be
 allowed to join the ,v4,u4 ,though ,i  
know that you     would take this for   
what it is worth1 ,i think that others  
may     misunderstand1 and ,i think that
 you should inform any one who          
reports such a statement that it is     
wholly without foundation4     ,in the  
first place1 the ,v4,u4 cannot refuse   
even if they desired     to do so4 ,in  
the second1 ,i for one1 and many with me
 if not     all1 will cordially welcome 
any addition to ourselves1 for     those
 who have to work the new ,university   
desire to have other     competent      

persons to help to share their great    
responsibility4  ,roscoe1 in fact1 from 
the very beginning of its career had    
always shown a sympathetic interest in  
the fortunes of the ,yorkshire ,college4
 ,badly housed and poorly endowed at its
 start1 its early struggles and         
difficulties were watched by him with a 
kindly regard1 based1 no doubt1 to some 
extent on the memory of his own         
experiences4 ,he was not unfrequently in
 ,leeds in those days1 and his breezy   
optimism and cheerful confidence that   
things would come right1 in spite of    
checks and disappointments1 were at once
 stimulating and encouraging to the     
small band of young professors who were 
striving to mould the institution       
according to the pattern of that which  
he had himself done so much to fashion4 
,an indication of that interest was     
manifested by his presence1 in ,december
 #ahhj1 at the formal opening of the new
 buildings which the ,college owes to   
the wise liberality of the              

,clothworkers' ,company4 ,at the banquet
 which followed he responded to the     
toast of 8,the ,victoria ,university10  
and expressed1 on behalf of the         
authorities of ,owens ,college1 the hope
 that before long the ,yorkshire        
,college would become one of the        
incorporated ,colleges1 and would help  
the ,owens ,college to uphold the       
dignity and usefulness of the new       
,university4  ,roscoe took a leading    
part in shaping the curriculum of the   
new ,university1 and at the meeting of  
the ,court which settled its general    
lines he might be said to have been the 
mouthpiece of the party which succeeded 
in impressing upon it its characteristic
 features4 ,what had to be considered   
were the needs of great industrial      
communities4 ,what sort of knowledge do 
they desire1 and what should they be    
encouraged to pursue8 ,the discussion   
mainly turned upon the place which the  
classical languages should hold in the  
university courses4 8,compulsory0 ,greek

 was no longer regarded as a practical  
question4 ,should 8compulsory0 ,latin   
also be eliminated8 ,are these ancient  
languages1 or either of them1 still to  
be regarded as an indispensable part of 
a liberal education and an indispensable
 requisite for a degree8 ,the claims of 
the ,classics were not without          
defenders1 but as a local newspaper     
pointed out in a leading article1       
curiously enough it would seem that     
among the stoutest of these were to be  
found some of the very men who might    
have been supposed to be the natural    
champions of the newer learning1 and if 
orthodox academic traditions received a 
rude blow1 it was because they were     
deserted by the very men who had been   
nursed in them4 ,with two exceptions1   
the professorial members of the ,court  
were unanimous in recommending that     
,latin should not be made obligatory for
 a degree4 ,the ,chancellor and ,lord   
,derby supported the contention that    
whatever may be the value as mental food

 and training of the ,classics when     
thoroughly mastered1 the wretched       
minimum of ill-learnt ,latin and        
soon-forgotten ,greek prescribed in     
university examinations as preliminary  
to more serious studies possesses no    
educational value whatever4 ,perhaps the
 argument most decisive with the ,court 
was that given by ,roscoe4 ,he said they
 had to consider the large number of    
persons who came to the ,owens ,college 
for special instruction1 and more       
particularly for engineering and        
mathematics1 but who had never been at  
any school where ,latin was taught4     
,those were the men who carried off the 
best engineering prizes1 and for them it
 was that this door had wisely been kept
 open4 ,they must not be guided by what 
,oxford or ,cambridge had done1 but by  
what was good for their own district and
 what was advisable at the present      
moment4 ,let them remember what a number
 of men such as he had mentioned there  
were in their neighbourhood1 and how    

flourishing were the mathematical       
schools1 and then let them say whether  
they could cut off those schools and men
 from university education4 ,the        
8innovators0 won the day by a majority  
of #b to #a1 and thus effected 8the     
dethronement1 never to rise again1 of   
this mischievous idol40  ,it was amusing
 to notice the perturbation which this  
departure from a time-honoured tradition
 caused in certain scholastic circles   
and among the self-styled 8friends of   
culture40 ,but on the whole the action  
was favourably commented upon by the    
more influential newspapers and leading 
educational journals4 ,it was regarded  
as the inevitable consequence of modern 
necessity1 and of the gradual           
recognition that the traditions of      
medival schoolmen were not sacrosanct or
 necessarily the best adapted to new    
requirements4  ,in drafting the         
,constitution of the new ,university    
power was of course taken in accordance 
with established procedure1 and in      

deference to the democratic tendencies  
of ,british seats of learning1 to form  
the body known as ,convocation1 and     
those of the former students of ,owens  
,college who came within certain        
definitions were made its first members4
  ,it would seem to be the inevitable   
tendency of all ,convocations to play   
the part of a ,parliamentary            
,opposition4 ,their primary duty1 as    
they conceive it1 is to criticize and to
 take an independent view of the policy 
of the university1 as determined by the 
governing or executive powers4 ,no doubt
 such criticism is salutary if wisely   
directed1 but experience has shown that 
it is sometimes factious and            
occasionally obstructive4 ,much1        
therefore1 depends upon the chairman4   
,it was felt by many of the members that
 it was specially important at the      
outset to make a prudent selection if   
,convocation was to secure from the     
beginning its proper influence and      
dignity as a deliberative assembly4 ,the

 ,extreme ,left--there is always such a 
group in such a gathering--had promptly 
proposed ,dr4 ,richard ,marsden         
,pankhurst1 a student of the ,college in
 the ,quay ,street days1 and now mainly 
remembered as the husband and father of 
certain ladies who have distinguished   
themselves in the cause of ,woman       
,suffrage4 ,dr4 ,pankhurst was never    
regarded quite seriously in ,college    
circles--least of all by his former     
associates1 who on a dull evening at the
 ,union would occasionally put him up to
 make a political harangue in the style 
of the ,convention1 when he would       
declaim the most blood-curdling         
sentiments in a highly pitched falsetto1
 with all the fiery eloquence and fervid
 passion of a ,danton or a ,hebert4 ,but
 however powerful the appeals to a      
youthful enthusiasm1 the stones of ,quay
 ,street remained unmoved1 nor was      
,deansgate at any time blocked with     
barricades4  ,later on ,dr4 ,pankhurst  
went to the ,bar1 when he followed in   

the footsteps and sought to better the  
example of a once well-known ,chartist  
orator whose name is well-nigh          
forgotten1 became an active local       
politician1 and made one or two futile  
attempts to gain a parliamentary seat as
 the most extreme of advanced ,radicals4
 ,it was possible1 of course1 that when 
weighted with the responsibilities of   
office ,dr4 ,pankhurst's conduct of the 
chair might have been irreproachable4   
,but the majority of ,convocation were  
not disposed to take the risk4          
,accordingly an 8influentially signed0  
memorial was issued suggesting ,roscoe  
as first chairman4 ,the advantage of    
securing at this early period a chairman
 well acquainted with the work of the   
other co-ordinate bodies of the         
,university was obvious4 ,but there was 
another reason1 as the terms of the     
memorial indicated4 ,the general body of
 the members were anxious to testify    
their appreciation of the services of   
the man who had been so largely         

instrumental in making a ,convocation at
 all possible4      ,by knowledge and   
experience no man was more qualified to 
promote administrative accord than ,dr4 
,roscoe4 ,from him came     the first   
proposal of the new ,university2 and no 
one worked     with greater zeal and    
devotion in the movement1 which after   
a long struggle was so happily          
successful4 ,no sacrifice of     time   
and labour was too great for him1 and   
his forethought     and knowledge of    
business were of untold advantage during
 the     negotiations4  ,the suggestion 
that he should be the first chairman was
 made without ,roscoe's knowledge1 but  
it was so well received that he         
consented to be nominated and was       
elected by a large majority4 ,the       
,intransigeants1 of course1 affirmed    
that they were fighting solely for a    
principle1 and 8as a protest that those 
who teach and train ought not to govern 
and examine and fill all the positions  
in the ,university40 ,they next         

proceeded to move 8a kind of vote of    
censure on the ,executive ,council for  
anticipating the jurisdiction of        
,convocation in arranging for degrees1  
examinations1 and so forth40 ,this was  
met by 8the previous question0 and lost1
 whereupon the meeting proceeded to     
discuss the absorbingly interesting     
subject of academic costume1 and the    
dissident minority melted away4  ,at    
this first meeting the clerk informed   
,convocation that at the next ordinary  
meeting of the ,court the ,council      
proposed to report as to the ,university
 making use of its power to grant       
degrees to persons being at the date of 
the ,university ,charter associates of  
the ,owens ,college4 ,the first         
graduation ceremony of the ,university  
took place in the autumn of #ahhb1 when 
,professor ,ward in presenting the      
,associates said3      ,the ,associates 
of the ,owens ,college1 whom it is my   
privilege to     present to you to-day1 
are spontaneously linking their names   

and reputations with the name and fame  
of our ,university1 and     it seems a  
twice-blessed relationship which on both
 sides is     founded on goodwill4 ,many
 of those whom ,i am about to lead to   
you are men distinguished in letters and
 science1 and in the     several learned
 professions and other occupations to   
which     their lives are devoted4 ,some
 are members of the governing and       
teaching bodies of our own ,university4 
,a great number hold     the degrees of 
other ,universities--of those older     
,universities     from which our own has
 received so many signs of kindly       
and ready sympathy1 or of that great    
examining ,university     without which 
much of the educational progress of the 
last     half-century--without which    
such progress as was made within     the
 walls of ,owens ,college1 would itself 
have lacked its     trustworthiest      
tests4  ,the following letters from     
,roscoe to the writer have reference to 
this function1 which took place in the  

,manchester ,town ,hall--with1 as the   
descriptive reporter stated1 8all the   
ceremony and pageantry that help to cast
 a glamour over the older seats of      
learning40                              
,,manchester1                           
,october #ad1 #ahhb4      ,i write a    
line to say how much we all hope that   
you will run     over on ,november #ast 
to have the degree of the ,v4,u4        
conferred     upon you4 ,it is of       
importance that our best ,associates    
should     show up on the occasion1 and 
,i am particularly anxious that     you 
should not be wanting4 ,the ceremony is 
to be held in the     ,town ,hall1 and  
we hope that ,lord ,derby and ,mr4      
,mundella will be     present4      ,how
 are you getting on8 ,we are full in our
 laboratories and     hard at it4       
,unfortunately1 the recipient of these  
letters 7and of the degree7 was unable  
to be present4 ,he had just succeeded by
 effluxion of time to a position        
formerly held by ,roscoe himself in     

8that great examining ,university0 which
 had in the past so efficiently tested  
the educational progress of ,owens      
,college1 and his official duties kept  
him in ,london4                         
,october #bb1 #ahhb4      ,i think in   
spite of ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,b4,sc4 it would 
be as well if you     would come to have
 the ,v4,u4 degree granted4 ,if you do  
not come1     unpleasant remarks may be 
made as to the cause of your absence4   
,i never supposed you did care for the  
degree as a degree3 it     is simply an 
enrolment of yourself as a bona-fide    
member     of the ,university4''' ,my   
feeling is that all those who have an   
interest in the ,university and who have
 taken active steps in     its          
foundation should not hold aloof on this
 occasion1 but show     that they are   
willing and anxious to support the new  
,university     to the best of their    
power4      ,you took an active part in 
modifying the original lines on         
which we had decided to lay our         

,university1 and ,i think that          
therefore you are1 perhaps1 more bound  
than other people to     help now to    
make it a success on its present        
footing4'''      ,i am very glad you are
 coming to open our ,chemical ,society's
     ,session here on ,friday4 ,i fear  
,i may be away as my ,commission        
,technical ,instruction ,commission     
meets on ,wednesday for some            
consecutive days4 ,if ,i can get back ,i
 will4  ,the time1 perhaps1 has not yet 
arrived to attempt to assess the effect 
on the higher education of the country  
which has followed from the             
establishment of these modern           
universities1 but that it has already   
been very great there can be no         
question4 ,since they are free1 for the 
most part1 from the influence of the    
schoolmen1 and are unhampered by medival
 traditions and the prepossessions of   
the past1 they are the more readily able
 to shape their course in accordance    
with the demands of industrial progress 

and the necessities of modern life4     
,from the circumstance that they are    
nearly all situated in large towns and  
in the midst of industrial communities1 
the study of science is1 as a rule1 a   
prominent feature in their scheme of    
instruction1 and accordingly their      
science faculties are usually strongly  
developed4 ,a spirit of emulation makes 
them all active centres of research1    
especially in physical science and in   
its technical applications1 and their   
aggregate output of original scientific 
inquiry is now very considerable1 and in
 extent and quality compares most       
favourably with that of continental     
nations4 ,their influence upon the      
conduct of those industries which       
ultimately depend upon science is       
already very marked1 and as the number  
of scientifically trained men becomes   
larger1 as the result of their          
instruction1 that influence is bound to 
become still greater4 ,with the         
diffusion of a knowledge of scientific  

principles new applications of science  
to practice will follow1 and these in   
their turn will react upon the          
instruction in the schools of science4  
,the ultimate effect of all this will be
 a still clearer recognition by the     
community that the permanence and       
eventual success of our manufacturing   
industries depends upon the intelligent 
application of science4  ,we are thus   
able to perceive how ,roscoe's action in
 helping on the development of ,owens   
,college on modern lines and in raising 
it eventually to the status of a        
university has reacted1 and is bound    
still further to react1 upon the        
intellectual and material welfare of    
this country4 ,it was the great success 
of the ,manchester ,college as a centre 
for the diffusion of knowledge in its   
own district that incited other towns to
 seek to emulate its example1 and when  
,owens ,college sought for the position 
as a university to which she was        
entitled1 the same spirit of emulation  

quickened the efforts of her friendly   
rivals to make themselves not less      
worthy of such a dignity4  ,of course it
 is not claimed for ,roscoe that he     
actually initiated this remarkable      
movement--a movement which must be      
regarded as one of the most significant 
features of our times2 he shares the    
credit with others4 ,but he certainly   
was one of the mainsprings of it4 ,it   
may be said the time was ripe for the   
step4 ,nevertheless1 it is due to him to
 affirm that he was one of the earliest 
to perceive that fact1 and to take      
occasion boldly by the hand4 ,if he     
cannot justly be said to have actually  
started the action1 he was at least one 
of its most powerful prime movers4      
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,roscoe ,,as ,a        
,,teacher   ,some years before ,owens   
,college attained to the position of a  
university1 several attempts were made  
to induce ,roscoe to sever his          
connection with it4 ,in #ahgj he was    
offered the lectureship on ,chemistry at

 ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital in       
succession to ,dr4 ,matthiessen4  ,the  
following letter under date ,october    
#ad1 #ahgj1 refers to this circumstance3
      '''      ,i have just refused to  
go to ,london again6 ,they wanted me at 
,st4 ,bartholomew's4      ,miller is to 
be succeeded by  1 and it appears that  
this     gentleman has made a compromise
 with the ,new ,school1 and is     to   
adopt ,o  #ab6 ,is not this rich8       
,originality at ,king's was     always  
at a discount1 but then ,orthodoxy      
reigns supreme1 and     this is the     
8,wahre ,jakob10 as they say in ,german6
      ,lockyer is down here visiting    
,stewart1 and ,i had a physical     and 
astronomical party here last night 7my  
wife being away71     at which a large  
number of interesting new observations  
on the     heavenly bodies and on       
science in general were made1 which did 
not conclude until the small hours4     
,i cannot buckle to the new book--but ,i
 have arranged the order     of things  

to my tolerable satisfaction4 ,whether  
it will ever     see the daylight       
remains a mystery4'''  ,two years later 
he was invited to become a candidate for
 the vacant chair of ,chemistry at      
,oxford1 with the promise of a          
fellowship if elected4 ,that he might be
 ,brodie's successor was1 he says1 a    
tempting suggestion1 but on             
consideration he felt he had a wider    
scope1 and the possibility of greater   
usefulness in building up the chemical  
school of ,owens ,college--a decision   
which he had the satisfaction of knowing
 met with the warm approval of ,huxley  
and other friends4  ,roscoe's method of 
working his department was wholly       
modelled on that of ,bunsen1 as those of
 his pupils who subsequently repaired to
 ,heidelberg could testify4 ,a bove     
majori discit arare minor4 ,he gave his 
lectures at the beginning of the working
 day1 after which1 and whilst the       
laboratory men were settling to work1 he
 would retire to his sitting-room to    

glance at his correspondence4 ,he would 
then go round to each in turn1 see what 
had been done since the previous visit1 
and give such directions and advice as  
were necessary4 ,although the students  
worked independently1 and were at       
different stages of progress1 he knew   
precisely how each was occupied4 ,with  
the men engaged on research work1 or    
with preparations1 or on any matter out 
of the usual routine1 he would          
frequently spend a considerable amount  
of time4 ,he always seemed to be as much
 interested in the work as the workers  
themselves1 and was unaffectedly pleased
 with a good analytical result1 a       
well-constructed apparatus1 or a neat   
preparation4 ,his boyish love of        
manipulation1 simply as such1 remained  
with him to the end1 and he somehow     
managed to convey something of his own  
feeling of delight in handling apparatus
 to those he taught4 ,in this lay the   
secret of his power and success as the  
director of a laboratory4 ,although his 

students never forgot that he was the   
professor--he was always 8,doctor0      
,roscoe to them--they realized that he  
was quite on an approachable plane1 and 
a bond of sympathy and of mutual        
understanding was quickly established   
which strengthened into friendship and  
esteem4  ,as a teacher1 tolerant of the 
imperfection of human nature in youth1  
he might pardon stupidity or condone    
carelessness1 but he had no patience    
with anything that savoured of          
pretension or deceit4 ,nothing angered  
him more than to find that an analytical
 result had been 8trimmed0 or 8cooked40 
,he once summarily expelled a young man 
from his laboratory who1 under pretence 
of making a re-determination of an      
atomic weight1 was caught hatching out a
 series of wholly fictitious numbers4   
,and he was amazed at the mentality of a
 minister of religion who failed to     
perceive the heinousness of such a      
crime1 the fact being the good easy man 
thought the procedure was on a par with 

any other mathematical exercise1 and    
therefore liable to error4 ,that young  
man1 it may be added1 in after years    
came to a violent end1 for he was       
lynched for horse-stealing2 the descent 
to ,avernus1 as ,roscoe would point out1
 is easy and inevitable to one of the   
moral obliquity that can juggle with the
 sanctity of experimental figures4  ,the
 ingenuous youth of ,owens in the       
writer's time were not a particularly   
lamb-like lot1 and occasional meutes    
were not unknown1 but disturbances in   
,roscoe's class-room were absolutely    
unheard of4 ,indeed1 such was his       
personal ascendancy that at times his   
assistance was invoked to quell an      
uproar in a neighbouring territory4 ,as 
he stepped into the room and began1     
8,now1 boys1 etc410 he would be received
 with a round of cheers1 and order would
 once more reign in ,warsaw4 ,a word of 
expostulation from him would suffice to 
ensure it4  ,of course1 as the number of
 his pupils increased1 and the          

laboratories became larger and more     
numerous1 it became impossible to give  
so great a share of individual          
attention1 and much had to be delegated 
to demonstrators1 for the most part     
chosen from among senior students who   
were preparing for an academic career1  
and who had themselves been trained by  
him4 ,at the same time he was quite     
alive to the value of 8new blood10 and  
any promising young man who had shown   
aptitude for teaching or ability in     
research was sympathetically considered 
on the occasion of a vacancy4  ,he next 
visited his private laboratory to       
consult with his assistants1 and to     
learn how their work was progressing4   
,as his engagements multiplied1 and the 
calls upon his time increased1 he       
gradually ceased to take any active part
 in the operations when assured of the  
competence of those to whom he had      
entrusted the execution of his plan of  
research4 ,indeed1 he allowed his chosen
 helpers considerable latitude1 if1 as  

usually happened1 they were genuinely   
interested in their work4 ,he had a     
strong belief in the wisdom of giving   
the 'prentice hand 8his head10 as the   
surest way of strengthening any latent  
faculty for original inquiry he might   
possess4 ,he had himself been trained in
 this way1 and he employed the same     
methods in turn4  ,roscoe1 like ,bunsen1
 set no very great value on lecture-room
 teaching1 although he recognized that  
with the majority of students no other  
system is practicable4 ,it no doubt     
serves to afford an aperu of the        
subject1 which is what the average      
attendant at lectures presumably wants4 
,at the same time he spared no pains to 
make his lectures interesting1 and they 
were always admirably illustrated by    
experiments4 ,luckily he had in his     
famulus ,heywood1 a remarkably able     
lecture-assistant1 a skilful            
glass-blower1 and a good mechanician1   
with a talent for devising striking and 
original illustrations4 ,roscoe had a   

good voice1 clear enunciation1 and a    
pleasant1 easy mode of delivery1 but he 
had none of the arts of the             
orator--nothing of the fiery1 impulsive 
manner of his contemporary1 ,hofmann1 or
 the command of polished speech that    
characterized ,kekul4 ,in the           
lecture-room his language was simple and
 direct2 he was an excellent expositor1 
always lucid1 occasionally humorous1 and
 never dull4  ,although organic         
chemistry at his most active period as  
an investigator was experiencing an     
extraordinary development1 and offering 
limitless opportunities of discovery1   
its problems then1 and1 it may be added1
 at no subsequent time1 had more than an
 academic interest for him4 ,the only   
communication dealing with organic      
chemistry with which his name is        
associated is a short note on the       
,spontaneous ,polymerisation of         
,volatile ,hydrocarbons contributed to  
the ,chemical ,society in #ahhe4d  ,the 
paper had its origin in a chance        

observation brought to his notice by a  
tar-distiller1 who had noticed the      
formation1 on standing1 of a white      
crystalline mass among the volatile     
hydrocarbons resulting from the         
decomposition of phenolic substances at 
a red heat4 ,the crystalline substance  
was found to have a molecular formula   
,c,h1 but its real nature and the mode  
of its genesis were not established4    
,organic chemistry was hardly taught at 
,heidelberg in ,roscoe's time1 and then 
only by subordinate professors and      
privat-docenten1 mainly to pharmacists4 
,the effect of this training was seen in
 the subsequent character of his        
teaching4 ,the lectures on organic      
chemistry that he was necessarily       
required to give at ,owens ,college1    
with their limited possibilities of     
experimental illustration1 simply bored 
him4 ,happily he found in ,schorlemmer a
 colleague who was glad to relieve him  
of the duty4 ,schorlemmer was not a     
fluent speaker1 and although he wrote   

our language with ease and accuracy1 he 
never acquired familiarity with the     
mysteries of its pronunciation4 ,but he 
was an excellent teacher1 remarkably    
well-read1 and had an astonishingly     
retentive memory1 and his lectures were 
thoroughly appreciated by the discerning
 student4  ,roscoe continued to direct  
the ,chemical ,department of ,owens     
,college until his election as ,member  
of ,parliament for the ,southern        
,division of ,manchester in the autumn  
of #ahhe1 when he resigned the          
,professorship of ,chemistry4 ,on his   
retirement the ,council recorded its    
strong sense of the eminent services he 
had rendered to the ,college through a  
period of thirty years1 and its         
conviction that to his great attainments
 as a man of science1 his skill and     
success as a teacher and organizer1 his 
widespread reputation1 and his high     
personal qualities1 it was in great     
measure due both that the ,college      
enjoyed so high a rank as a place of    

education1 and that its ,chemistry      
,department in particular had long held 
a position second to that of no other   
academic institution in the ,united     
,kingdom4  ,similar testimony was borne 
by his colleagues when placing his      
portrait by ,burgess in their ,common   
,room1 and by his pupils when offering  
another portrait by ,herkomer to ,lady  
,roscoe4 ,the address accompanying this 
latter gift1 and signed by upwards of   
two hundred old pupils1 was as follows3 
,to ,sir ,henry ,enfield ,roscoe1       
,m4,p41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 
etc41 ,emeritus ,professor of ,chemistry
 in the ,owens ,college1                
,manchester1 ,february #af1 #ahhi4      
,we1 the undersigned students of the    
,owens ,college1 who have     had the   
privilege of being your pupils1 desire  
at the close of     your active work as 
a teacher to offer you some recognition 
of     the value of the services you    
have rendered to your ,college          
during the time you have laboured as one

 of its professors4 ,for     upwards of 
thirty years you have had the control   
and direction     of the chemical       
department of the ,owens ,college4 ,you 
leave     it the best organized and best
 equipped school of chemistry     in the
 kingdom1 numbering its students by     
hundreds1 and the     acknowledged model
 of the many similar institutions which 
the success of your own school has      
called into existence4 ,no     place of 
chemical instruction in the country has 
exercised so     profound an influence  
as that of which you have been the      
moving     and directing force1 and with
 which your name will always be         
connected4 ,its influence on the        
industrial welfare of the     community 
is seen from the number of responsible  
positions held     by your students in  
the district4 ,its influence on         
educational     progress may be judged  
from the number of your pupils who hold 
important positions as teachers of      
chemistry4 ,as a centre of     chemical 

research you have made the ,owens       
,college known all     over the world1  
and your books on chemical science form 
the     standard works1 not only in this
 country1 but in many others4     ,the  
genial and sympathetic interest which   
you always showed in     the lives and  
work of your students is gratefully     
remembered by     all of us1 and it has 
bound us to you by a personal tie such  
as     rarely unites a teacher and his  
students4 ,whilst we have viewed        
with regret the severance of your active
 connection with the     institution for
 which you have done so much1 both in   
moulding     its academical organization
 and in consolidating its work1 we      
trust you may long be spared to continue
 in the wider sphere     of political   
and public life those efforts which have
 already     contributed so largely to  
the intellectual advancement of the     
people of this country4 ,we beg your    
acceptance of the portrait     which    
accompanies this address as a token of  

our affectionate     respect1 and in    
grateful recollection of many kindly    
acts which     have endeared you to us  
all4  ,in a short account which ,roscoe 
compiled for private circulation1 he    
recorded1 with pardonable pride1 the    
rise and progress of the ,chemical      
,department of the ,owens ,college      
during the thirty years he directed it2 
and he indicated the leading principles 
which had guided him in its development4
 ,he recalled the position of the       
,college in #aheg1 when the workers in  
the chemical laboratory were fifteen in 
number4 ,it was only very slowly        
realized that ,science could be made an 
efficient instrument of education1 and  
that such an education was not only     
compatible with1 but was absolutely     
necessary for1 a successful             
manufacturing and industrial career4    
,the fact that the stipend of the       
,professor of ,chemistry was fixed at   
one-half of that given to the other     
chairs showed how the ,governing ,body  

at that time regarded the relative      
importance of that subject1 as compared 
with classics and mathematics4  ,from   
the outset he was firmly convinced that 
the great blot in ,english industrial   
life was a singular want of appreciation
 of one of the essential conditions of  
success1 namely1 a sound training in the
 scientific principles which underlie   
all practice4 ,the fact that the        
intimate connection which ought to exist
 between science and practice was more  
clearly recognized by our continental   
rivals1 was bound in the long run to    
tell against our own manufacturing      
industries4 ,he then shows how he had   
sought to establish a sound and thorough
 course of systematic theoretical and   
practical instruction in chemistry to   
meet the gradual recognition of this    
fact which he was certain would arise   
under the stress of necessity4 ,but1 as 
he points out1 the success of any such  
scheme must ultimately depend upon its  
director4      ,the personal and        

individual attention of the professor is
 the     true secret of success2 it is  
absolutely essential that he     should 
know1 and take an interest in1 the work 
of every man in     his laboratory1     
whether beginning or finishing his      
course4'''     ,it is in the laboratory1
 and there alone1 that chemistry can    
be properly learnt1 and it is by the    
peripatetic teaching of     the         
professor and his demonstrators that the
 student benefits     most4 ,laboratory 
teaching must inculcate method and      
accuracy2     the student must be made  
to understand what he is doing and      
why he does it1 and must gradually      
acquire the power of exact              
observation and of logical inference4   
,all these faculties are     exercised  
and developed by a properly organized   
and thorough     course of qualitative  
chemical analysis1 and no elementary    
course of practical scientific work is  
more useful1 either in     training the 
hand or the head4      ,this1 however1  

presupposes that an explanation of the  
theory     accompanies the practice of  
qualitative analysis1 and that the      
student attends a course of instruction 
in which the reactions     and methods  
of separation are systematically        
explained and     discussed1 as well as 
a general course on theoretical         
chemistry4      ,having thus obtained a 
knowledge of the principles of the      
science1 facility in manipulation1 and  
reliance on his own     powers of       
observation1 the student should begin   
quantitative     analytical work1 in    
which he learns by degrees what         
scientific     accuracy means1 and how  
exact results are to be obtained by     
careful work4 ,constant personal        
supervision of the student     is       
absolutely requisite1 as everything     
depends on the care     with which the  
various operations are carried on1      
working     from recipes without        
superintendence being really valueless4 
,one main object of this course is so to

 teach the pupil as to     give him     
reliance on his own power of exact work2
 to inculcate     habits of neatness and
 order2 to make him aware of sources of 
error1 and to teach him either to       
estimate their amount1 or     how1 if   
possible1 to obviate them4  ,on this    
firm foundation of a competent          
theoretical knowledge of inorganic and  
organic chemistry1 and of a thorough    
practical acquaintance with analysis1   
can alone the proper and higher         
education of the chemist1 whether for   
purely scientific or for technical      
purposes1 be based4 ,it was upon this   
view ,roscoe consistently acted4 ,he    
steadily set his face against any       
practising of rough-and-ready           
works-methods until the student had     
learnt to appreciate the exacter        
processes4 ,it is only when he has      
gained the capacity for judging as to   
the particular applicability of a method
 that he should be permitted to         
compromise between efficiency and speed4

 ,when confidence is based upon         
knowledge and practice1 the special     
circumstances of his position and his   
sense of responsibility1 when engaged in
 technical work1 will enable him to     
determine rightly when such compromise  
is justifiable4  ,as regards instruction
 in applied chemistry1 ,roscoe always   
held that the application can only be   
properly learnt in the factory or works1
 just as a trade cannot be taught in a  
school--unless1 indeed1 the school      
becomes a shop4 ,but there is no reason 
why the scientific principles and       
details of the various industrial       
processes should not be brought to the  
knowledge of the pupil who is intended  
afterwards to conduct such processes4   
,provided a sound scientific basis is   
secured1 such instruction1 given by a   
teacher who has had practical as well as
 theoretical experience1 is of great    
value to the technical student4  ,thanks
 mainly to ,roscoe's example1 these     
principles are nowadays among the       

commonplaces of chemical instruction1   
and are adopted substantially by all    
teachers of experience4 ,that they      
commended themselves to lay minds       
capable of appreciating and judging     
them1 and that the practical results of 
working the ,owens ,college ,chemical   
,department by means of them proved     
satisfactory1 was proved by the steady  
increase in the number of ,roscoe's     
pupils1 session after session1 and by   
the variety of responsible and important
 positions many of these pupils         
subsequently filled4 ,another           
significant feature was the increasing  
public recognition of the meaning and   
value of a sound chemical education as  
shown by the growing willingness of     
parents and of young men themselves to  
devote such an amount of time to their  
studies as would enable them to obtain  
real benefit4 ,he found in the earlier  
years of his experience that the        
prevailing notion of the majority of    
manufacturers 7though there were notable

 exceptions7 was that if the son stayed 
at ,college for six months he could be  
8put up0 to all the necessary           
information to enable him to apply      
chemistry to his business4      ,the    
fathers 7he said7 frequently used to    
come with a story of     this kind3 8,i 
am a calico-printer1 or a dyer1 or a    
brewer1     and ,i want you to teach my 
son chemistry so far1 and only     so   
far1 as it is at once applicable to my  
trade10 and when     informed that      
chemistry as a science must be taught   
before     its applications could be    
understood1 and that his son could      
not for two or three years at least     
begin to work upon the     subjects     
directly bearing on his trade1 he too   
often replied     that if that were the 
system he could not afford time for his 
son to learn on this plan1 and that if  
he could not be taught     at once to   
test his drugs he should prefer to leave
 him in the     works1 where he and his 
father before him had made a great      

many commercial successes with no       
scientific knowledge1 and     where he  
saw no reason to doubt that his son     
would do the     same4 ,the change that 
has come over our manufacturers during  
the last five and twenty years this was 
written in #ahhg has     been           
remarkable1 and now all are1 ,i believe1
 fully awake to     the necessities of  
their position1 and are most desirous of
     improving the scientific knowledge 
not only of themselves and     their    
sons1 but of their managers1 foremen1   
and workpeople4     ,that this is so may
 be proved by the fact that whereas     
formerly     it was difficult to keep   
our students for more than one          
session1 we now find our senior         
laboratory well stocked with     men in 
their third1 fourth1 and even fifth     
years1 working at     advanced subjects 
and becoming 8chemists0 in the highest  
and     best sense of the word4  ,when  
he laid down his office he could point  
to the fact that his laboratories1      

spacious as they were thought to have   
been when first erected1 had been more  
than full during the previous half-dozen
 years4 ,it was calculated that upwards 
of two thousand men had passed through  
his courses4 ,among them were many      
teachers1 technologists1 and            
professional chemists occupying         
responsible and important positions4 ,in
 the list of the ,dalton ,chemical      
,scholars1 and of the ,berkeley         
,fellows1 were to be found names known  
in the literature of science for their  
scientific investigations4 ,indeed1 no  
similar place in the kingdom could show 
such a record of contributions to       
chemical knowledge4 ,under ,roscoe's    
government the ,owens ,college ,chemical
 ,laboratory furnished1 from first to   
last1 two hundred and thirty-five       
original communications1 mainly to the  
,journal of the ,chemical ,society1 or  
the ,proceedings and ,transactions of   
the ,royal ,society4  ,the laboratories 
which ,roscoe designed1 and which are   

known under his name1 have long since   
proved inadequate to accommodate the    
numbers which now flock to the          
,manchester ,school of ,chemistry4      
,after ,schorlemmer's death it was found
 necessary to add to their number1 and  
the new ,schorlemmer laboratories1 of   
eighty-nine working benches1 were built 
for the special study of organic        
chemistry4 ,these were in their turn    
overcrowded1 when ,mr4 ,andrew          
,carnegie1 the well-known ,american     
multi-millionaire1 who never forgets he 
was born on ,british soil1 presented the
 ,university with #aj1jjj to erect      
buildings1 on condition that they should
 be called the ,john ,morley            
,laboratories1 in honour of his friend  
,viscount ,morley of ,blackburn1 the    
eminent historian and statesman1 and now
 ,chancellor of the ,victoria           
,university4  ,on ,october #d1 #aiji1   
,roscoe was requested to open formally  
the new laboratories1 when he remarked3 
8,it was very gratifying to know that   

,mr4 ,carnegie1 who has spent millions  
of money on founding public libraries   
all over the ,english-speaking          
countries1 seemed to be turning his     
attention to the foundation of          
laboratories which1 in my opinion1 was  
of still greater consequence40 ,a       
characteristic remark which those who   
knew the speaker would be quite prepared
 to hear4     ,,chapter ,,vii  ,,roscoe 
,,as ,,an ,,investigator   ,the         
character of ,roscoe's scientific work  
may also be said to have been entirely  
moulded by his ,heidelberg training1 and
 ,bunsen's influence may be traced      
through it to the last4 ,so completely  
was this the case that consciously or   
unconsciously he seemed never to        
contemplate attacking any problem that  
would not have appealed to1 or have been
 appreciated by1 ,bunsen4  ,his first   
research was undoubtedly suggested by   
,bunsen4 ,as already stated1 it resulted
 in the classical investigation on the  
laws regulating photochemical action4   

,it was already known that a mixture of 
equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine  
on exposure to light lost its           
characteristic colour1 and was converted
 into hydrochloric acid1 readily soluble
 in water2 and ,bunsen conceived the    
idea of making this reaction the basis  
of a method of measuring the relative   
amount and activity of those            
light-vibrations which are mainly       
concerned in effecting chemical change4 
,as a matter of fact the idea was not   
new1 for1 unknown to ,bunsen1 it had    
already been adopted by ,draper1 of ,new
 ,york1 who had1 as he states in his    
paper in the ,philosophical ,magazine   
for ,december #ahdc3      invented an   
instrument based upon the same reaction 
for     measuring the chemical force of 
the tithonic rays1 which are     found  
at a maximum in the indigo space1 and   
which from that     point gradually fade
 away to each end of the spectrum4  ,it 
perhaps says little for the assiduity   
with which young ,roscoe read the       

original chemical literature of his time
 that he should only have knowledge of  
,draper's remarkable papers some        
thirteen years after they were published
 in the ,english journals4 ,but it is   
only due to him to say the chemical     
students of ,university ,college in     
those far-off days had fewer            
opportunities of access to original     
literature than they now enjoy4  ,be    
this as it may1 ,roscoe's discomfiture  
at being thus anticipated was of no long
 duration4      ,do not 7wrote ,bunsen7 
let your discovery of ,draper's work    
disconcert you4''' ,it appears to me    
that the value of an     investigation  
is not to be measured by whether        
something is     described in it for the
 first time1 but rather by what means   
and methods a fact is proved beyond     
doubt or cavil1 and in this     respect 
,i think that ,draper has left plenty   
for us to do4  ,after many fruitless    
attempts they succeeded in constructing 
an apparatus in which the defects of    

,draper's 8tithonometer0 were obviated1 
and by which not only accurate          
comparative determinations could be     
made1 but which enabled them to reduce  
the chemical action of light to absolute
 measure4 ,they showed by means of it   
that the amount of chemical action      
produced by light from a constant source
 varied inversely as the square of the  
distance4 ,they studied more accurately 
the phenomena of photochemical          
induction1 discovered by ,draper1 the   
causes which determine its occurrence1  
and the laws which regulate the chemical
 action of light after the induction is 
completed4 ,they proved that the        
absorption of the chemical rays in      
passing through a medium varies directly
 as the intensity of the light1 and that
 the amount transmitted varies          
proportionately with the density of the 
absorbing medium4 ,it was found that for
 a given amount of chemical action      
effected in the mixture of chlorine and 
hydrogen an equivalent quantity of light

 is absorbed1 and that the coefficients 
of extinction of pure chlorine for      
chemical rays from various sources of   
light are very different4 ,they         
established a general and absolute      
standard of comparison for the chemical 
action of light1 and sought to determine
 the quantitative relations of the      
chemical action effected by direct and  
diffused sunlight1 and to investigate   
the laws which regulate the distribution
 on the earth's surface of the chemical 
activity emanating from the sun4 ,they  
also measured the chemical action of the
 constituent parts of the solar         
spectrum4 ,the action on the sensitive  
gas showed the existence of several     
maxima of chemical intensity in the     
spectrum4 ,the greatest action was      
observed between the lines ,g in the    
indigo and ,h in the violet1 whilst     
another maximum was found to be near the
 line ,i in the ultra violet4 ,towards  
the least refrangible end of the        
spectrum the action became imperceptible

 about the line ,d in the orange1 but at
 the other end of the spectrum the      
action was found to extend as far as    
,stokes's line ,u1 or to a distance from
 the line ,h greater than the total     
length of the ordinary visible spectrum4
  ,by investigating the conditions under
 which it was possible to prepare a     
photographic paper of uniform and       
constant sensitiveness1 and ascertaining
 the means by which the darkening of the
 paper on insolation could be accurately
 compared with a standard tint1 it was  
found comparatively easy to construct an
 instrument capable of measuring the    
chemical action of light effected at any
 point on the earth's surface by the    
total sunlight and diffuse daylight     
under the most widely varying           
circumstances of climate and atmospheric
 condition4  ,this joint research1 begun
 in #ahee1 occupied its authors until   
#ahfb4 ,roscoe did the greater part of  
the experimental work1 and after his    
election to the professorship in ,owens 

,college in #aheg he spent his long     
vacations in ,heidelberg in continuing  
the inquiry4 ,the results were          
communicated in a series of memoirs to  
the ,royal ,society and are published in
 the ,philosophical ,transactions4#e    
,subsequently he pursued the subject    
alone or in conjunction with others4 ,in
 a short paper published in #ahfc he    
gave the results of a series of         
measurements of the chemical brightness 
of various portions of the solar disc   
made by means of standard photographic  
paper according to the method described 
by ,bunsen and himself in their last    
communication2#f and in #ahfd he        
described a method of meteorological    
registration of the chemical action of  
total daylight based on a modification  
of that originally used by ,bunsen and  
himself4 ,the account of this method was
 made the ,bakerian ,lecture in #ahfe1  
and is published in the ,philosophical  
,transactions of that year4#g  ,in this 
paper he gives the results of           

consecutive observations on each day for
 nearly a month at about midsummer1 and 
compares the chemical action of light at
 ,manchester at the winter and summer   
solstices1 and the vernal and autumnal  
equinoxes4 ,the wide variation in the   
chemical action of light at different   
periods of the year was illustrated by  
the fact that if the integral of that on
 the shortest day be taken as the unit1 
that upon the equinox will be           
represented by #g1 and that upon the    
longest day by #be4  ,in #ahff he and   
,mr4 ,baxendell contributed a joint note
 to the ,royal ,society on the relative 
chemical intensities of direct sunlight 
and diffuse daylight at different       
altitudes of the sun4 ,they showed from 
observations made at ,manchester and at 
,heidelberg that the ratio of the       
chemical intensity of direct to diffuse 
sunlight for a given altitude at        
different localities is not constant1   
but varies with the transparency of the 
atmosphere1 and that this ratio does not

 in the least correspond with the value 
of visible intensity as estimated by the
 eye1 the action of the atmosphere being
 #agd times greater upon the chemical   
than on the luminous rays when the sun's
 altitude is about #be and #bfd times   
greater when it is #ab4h  ,with a view  
to the introduction of the instrument   
into meteorology1 and as part of the    
routine work of an observatory1 he      
caused a regular series of measurements 
to be made during two years at the ,kew 
,observatory1 under the direction of    
,dr4 ,balfour ,stewart2 and in order to 
gain further knowledge of the variation 
in the chemical action of light in      
different areas of the earth's surface1 
he sent the writer in #ahff to ,par1 on 
the river ,amazon1 #a #bh south of the  
,equator4 ,the selection of this        
particular place arose from the         
circumstance that his cousin1 now the   
,right ,hon4 ,charles ,booth1 was       
proceeding to the ,brazils in connection
 with the establishment of a new line of

 steamers1 and it was arranged that the 
writer should accompany him1 in order   
that he might make photometric          
observations en route1 going and        
returning1 and at the same time make a  
series of determinations of the amount  
of carbon dioxide in sea air1 night and 
day1 with a view of testing the truth of
 an allegation by a ,french chemist1    
that it was subject to a diurnal        
variation1 depending upon the intensity 
of sunlight4  ,the special form of      
apparatus arranged for making           
photometric observations at sea proved  
to be ill-adapted to the purpose4 ,but  
even if its performance had been good1  
the conditions under which it had to be 
employed were incapable of furnishing   
valid results4 ,accordingly the writer  
elected to remain at ,par in order to   
obtain the required observations at that
 place1 until such time as he could     
return by the succeeding steamer4 ,he   
was thus enabled to make a much more    
extensive set of observations than was  

originally contemplated1 and under      
conditions which ensured trustworthy    
measurements4  ,the following letter1   
dated ,may #ab1 #ahff1 and received at  
,par1 refers to these matters4 ,the     
allusion to ,agassiz arose from the     
circumstance that the great naturalist  
was at the time engaged in work on the  
,amazons and its tributaries under the  
auspices of the ,emperor ,dom ,pedro4   
,roscoe himself was busily engaged with 
his vanadium researches4      ,although 
,i was disappointed to find that the    
,augustine     returned without you1 yet
 ,i think that you acted quite rightly  
in staying until the ,jerome returns1 as
 you could not get any     results      
whilst on board4 ,i only hope that your 
health will have     been good1 and that
 you will have enjoyed your stay at     
,par1     and that when you return in   
,august we may have to work out         
plenty of interesting results4      ,i  
send per the ,jerome a second bottle of 
silver solution1 and     some more      

salted paper1 as you may possibly be out
 of both4 ,i     also enclose two or    
three fixed strips1 but not calibrated4 
,these1 in case you are out1 may be     
used1 carefully preserved     and       
calibrated1 on your return4 ,they must  
be carefully marked     before using and
 notice taken in the book of the marks  
on each     strip when employed4        
'''      ,your carbonic acid            
observations are very interesting3 you  
seem to have settled ,lewy completely1  
and ,i hope you will get     some more  
experiments made on your return voyage4 
,could you not manage to make several   
series of daily     observations        
7photochemical7 on your return voyage8  
,it would     not much matter if the    
surface was not perfectly horizontal    
always1 and you could use your pendulum 
concern to steady the     exposed paper 
to a certain extent4 ,perhaps your ship 
does not     give you a sufficiently    
free horizon4 ,however1 you will do what
     is possible4      ,your meeting    

with ,agassiz was very fortunate1 and ,i
 was glad to     hear that the other    
friends whom you found were likely to   
prove     agreeable4      ,we have not  
much news to send you4 ,the book        
8,lessons in     ,elementary ,chemistry0
 is not yet out4 ,i have this day1      
however1 corrected the last proofs of   
the ,index1 and ,i fully     expect that
 it will be ready 7and ,i hope a great  
number sold67     before you arrive     
here4      ,my new assistant ,mr4       
,francis ,jones is a very careful and   
accurate worker4 ,he has with great care
 determined the atomic     weight of    
vanadium by the loss of weight of ,,vo  
in hydrogen1     and curiously enough   
gets exactly ,berzelius's number of     
#fhe6 ,this in two experiments on large 
quantities4 ,we are now     preparing   
pure chloride to try again whether we   
get #fgd 7your     number71 and we have 
got hold of some very queer reactions1  
which ,i can only understand either by  
the presence of another     metal having

 the same 7or nearly7 atomic weight as  
,va1 or else     by the existence of an 
isomeric 7solid7 modification of the    
chloride4 ,however1 time1 ,i hope1 will 
show4      ,my lecture on ,june #ast at 
the ,royal ,institution will1 of        
course1 be shorn of some of its interest
 as ,i cannot tell them     how much    
chemical light there is in the tropics1 
but ,i hope to     have enough to make  
an interesting hour1 and have got some  
nice     experiments to illustrate the  
opalescence of the atmosphere4      ,my 
wife tells me to remind you to be so    
good as to bring her     something      
tropical--some birds' skins would do or 
anything you     see or fancy4 ,only no 
monkeys1 if you please1 for me6 ,i hate 
the animals4      ,your father will     
doubtless send you all the news of the  
times1     as well as local information1
 and so ,i will only add that the       
,laboratory rowing crew were again      
beaten last week4 ,the races     were   
very good--better as regards equality   

than last year4 ,the     umpire1 poor   
,r1 got upset and nearly suffocated in  
the ,irwell     mud6      ,hoping to see
 you safe back at the end of ,july or   
beginning of     ,august4  ,the day     
after this letter was written ,roscoe   
received some of the preliminary results
 of the photometric observations1 so    
that he was enabled to give his ,royal  
,institution audience some idea of the  
amount of chemical light in the tropics4
 ,he made this matter one of the chief  
features of his lecture4      ,i have   
only just time to send what you want    
over to ,liverpool     this afternoon1  
and to acknowledge your letter of ,april
 #adth     with enclosures1 which are   
all very welcome4      '''      ,the    
diffused and direct sun experiments are 
very interesting4     ,they differ in   
toto from the ,heidelberg results4 ,pray
 get     some more at low elevations of 
the sun4      ,i must now close ''' as  
the ,jerome sails early in the morning4 
,p4,s4--,i hope you may be able to get  

one cloudless day before     you leave1 
as the clouds evidently much modify the 
result4 ,it     is almost a pity that   
you did not go out in the vacation for  
,september and ,october1 but it cannot  
be helped now4      ,if you get a       
cloudless day begin early1 take four or 
six sets     of observations 7one at    
noon1 of course7 until late in the      
evening1 so as to get the low           
elevations4  ,the ,kew observations     
showed that the mean chemical intensity 
for hours equidistant from noon is      
practically the same on the same day1   
and that the daily maximum of chemical  
intensity corresponds with the maximum  
of solar altitude4 ,measurements showing
 the daily rise and fall of chemical    
intensity for each of the twenty-four   
months were obtained1 as well as of the 
biennial variation for the same period4 
,it was pointed out that the curve of   
yearly chemical intensity is not        
symmetrical about the vernal and        
autumnal equinoxes4 ,thus for #ajj      

chemically active rays falling at the   
spring equinox at ,kew1 there fell at   
the autumnal equinox #afg rays1 the     
sun's mean altitude being the same1 the 
difference being probably due to the    
greater atmospheric opalescence in the  
spring4  ,the ,par observations were    
interesting from the fact that they were
 the first measurements of photometric  
intensity made within the tropics1 and  
that they served to dispel certain      
fallacies about photographic effects in 
very hot climates at that time current4 
,the observations showed that the       
relation between the sun's altitude and 
chemical intensity may be represented by
 the equation3                     ,c ,i
 a  ,c ,i  const4 a1  where ,c ,i a     
represents the chemical intensity at a  
given altitude a in circular measure1 ,c
 ,i the chemical intensity at the       
altitude #j1 and const4 a a number to be
 calculated from the measurements4      
,comparisons between the observations at
 ,kew and at ,par on the same days in   

,april showed that the daily mean       
chemical intensity at the latter place  
was from ten to fifty times greater than
 at ,kew1 the wide differences being due
 to the enormous and rapid variations in
 intensity from hour to hour which the  
chemically active rays experience in the
 tropics during the rainy season of the 
year4#i  ,the relation between the sun's
 altitude and the chemical intensity of 
daylight was more accurately determined 
by the writer from a long series of     
observations made by ,roscoe's method   
under a cloudless sky near ,lisbon in   
the autumn of #ahfg4 ,the fact was      
confirmed that the direct sunlight is   
robbed of almost all its chemically     
active rays at altitudes below #aj1 and 
that although the chemical intensity for
 the same altitude at different places  
and at different times of the year      
varies according to the varying         
transparency of the atmosphere1 yet the 
relation at the same place between      
altitude and intensity is always        

represented by a straight line4 ,the    
differences in the observed actions for 
equal altitudes1 which may amount to    
more than #ajj per cent4 at different   
places1 and to nearly as much at the    
same place at different times of the    
year1 serve as exact measurements of the
 varying transparency of the atmosphere4
 ,as illustrating the wide differences  
in the daily march of chemical intensity
 at various places1 it was found that1  
when light of unit intensity acting for 
#bd hours is taken as #a1jjj1 the value 
of the mean chemical intensity at ,kew  
is represented by the number #ide1 that 
at ,lisbon by #aaj1 and that at ,par by 
#cacc4aj  ,roscoe's hope that           
measurements of the chemical intensity  
of daylight might become part of the    
regular work of meteorological          
observations has1 unfortunately1 not    
been realized4 ,observations of the     
kind1 no doubt1 consume much time1 and  
if properly conducted require the whole 
service of a skilled assistant4 ,but    

considering the enormously important    
part played by chemically active light  
in the economy of nature1 and more      
particularly in the phenomena of        
vegetable life1 it cannot be doubted    
that a sufficiently long-continued      
series of observations1 systematically  
carried out on a well-considered plan1  
at observatories distributed over the   
earth's surface1 would afford most      
valuable information concerning the     
facts of solar energy1 and incidentally 
serve to elucidate many important       
collateral questions4 ,with the         
assistance of ,mr4 ,horace ,darwin1     
,roscoe made attempts to devise an      
automatic arrangement which should      
minimize the labour of observation1 but 
in the absence of any certain assurance 
that such an instrument would be        
utilized1 the trials were               
discontinued4#aa  ,it has been thought  
desirable1 for the sake of continuity1  
to describe ,roscoe's work on chemical  
photometry1 arising out of his          

association with ,bunsen1 so long as he 
continued to pursue that subject4 ,a    
subsequent paper will1 however1 be      
mentioned later4  ,we must now revert to
 his work when he returned from         
,germany4  ,on leaving ,heidelberg to   
settle again in ,london1 as already     
stated he engaged ,dittmar as research  
assistant1 and they jointly studied1 by 
,bunsen's methods1 the absorption of    
hydrochloric acid and ammonia in        
water1#ab proving that these gases do   
not obey ,dalton and ,henry's law4  ,he 
next attacked1 first with ,dittmar's and
 then with ,schorlemmer's assistance1   
the nature of the aqueous solutions of  
the common volatile acids of constant   
boiling-point1 and showed that although 
the ratio of acid to water is constant  
for a definite boiling-point under a    
particular pressure1 this does not      
necessarily indicate the existence of   
definite hydrates4 ,the composition of  
the hydrated acid on boiling is entirely
 dependent on the pressure under which  

it is heated--a strong solution losing  
acid1 and a weak solution losing water  
until the residue in each case acquires 
a constant composition1 depending upon  
the pressure under which it is          
boiled4#ac  ,in those days ,gmelin's    
8,handbuch0 was the chief repository of 
chemical knowledge--or the want of      
it--and many suggestions as to possible 
profitable fields of inquiry were to be 
gleaned from its pages4 ,one such       
subject was perchloric acid and its     
compounds1 concerning which but little  
was then known beyond the composition of
 potassium perchlorate1 established by  
,stadion as far back as #ahaf4 ,roscoe1 
with ,schorlemmer's assistance1 made a  
fairly complete investigation of        
perchloric acid and its hydrates1 and a 
number of its salts4#ad  ,he narrowly   
escaped a serious accident when working 
with ethyl perchlorate1 first prepared  
in #ahdj by the ,american chemists ,hare
 and ,boye1 and known to be extremely   
unstable4 ,he was engaged in filtering a

 few cubic centimetres of the liquid    
into a test-tube1 when the compound     
exploded with great violence1 and a deep
 hole was bored into the base of the    
filter-stand1 and many hundreds of      
fragments of glass were driven into his 
hand4 ,that filter-stand was long an    
object of interest to visitors in the   
private laboratory of the old ,owens    
,college4#ae  ,the writer subsequently  
prepared thallium perchlorate for him in
 a pure state1 determined its           
composition1 and established its        
isomorphism with the alkaline           
perchlorates1 the crystallographic      
characters of which had been previously 
ascertained by ,kopp4#af  ,but ,roscoe's
 most important contribution to         
inorganic chemistry was unquestionably  
his research upon vanadium and its      
compounds1 which occupied him for the   
greater part of five years4 ,about #ahfe
 his attention was drawn to the         
occurrence of vanadium in some of the   
copper-bearing beds of the ,lower       

,keuper ,sandstone of the ,trias which  
were then being worked at ,alderley     
,edge and ,mottram ,st4 ,andrews in     
,cheshire4 ,he obtained possession of a 
large quantity of a lime precipitate1   
which was found to contain about #b per 
cent4 of vanadic acid4 ,it was a most   
unpromising material1 but eventually a  
method was worked out by which the      
vanadium was extracted as an ammonium   
vanadate3 this on heating yielded       
vanadic acid4 ,great difficulty was met 
with in freeing the vanadic acid from   
accompanying phosphoric acid4 ,even     
small quantities of phosphoric acid     
cause the vanadic acid after fusion to  
solidify as a pitch-like amorphous mass4
 ,it was the writer's privilege to      
assist in the early stages of this      
investigation1 and it fell to his lot to
 carry out the various experiments which
 eventually served to establish the     
composition of the oxides of vanadium1  
the true nature of its volatile         
chloride1 the existence of hitherto     

unknown oxychlorides1 and of the        
mononitride which ,berzelius had        
regarded as the metal1 and lastly to fix
 its real atomic weight and to show that
 it was approximately #af below that    
assumed by ,berzelius4 ,it was only very
 gradually that the true chemical       
relationships of vanadium revealed      
themselves4 ,for a time the indications 
were contradictory and perplexing4 ,the 
first clue was given by ,rammelsberg's  
observation that vanadinite is          
isomorphous with pyromorphite and       
mimetesite--analogously constituted     
minerals containing phosphorus and      
arsenic4 ,the next significant fact to  
be discovered was that by the action of 
a reducing agent it was possible to     
obtain a solution of a vanadium oxide   
which on reoxidation to vanadic acid    
appeared to require as much oxygen as   
,berzelius's vanadium1 regarded as      
metal1 would have needed4 ,when it was  
discovered that the volatile chloride   
which ,berzelius had considered was a   

trichloride and free from oxygen1 in    
reality contained oxygen1 and was       
analogous in constitution to phosphoryl 
chloride1 the whole matter was rapidly  
cleared up1 and the chemical affinities 
of vanadium to phosphorus1 arsenic1 and 
the other members of the trivalent group
 were established4 ,this1 of course1    
necessitated altering the formul of the 
vanadium compounds hitherto described4  
,at the close of the ,college ,session  
#ahff-ahfg1 ,roscoe took away with him  
the laboratory journals containing the  
results of the inquiry as far as it had 
progressed1 and worked at them at       
,roddam ,hall1 near ,alnwick1 which he  
had taken for the ,long ,vacation4  ,the
 following letters have reference to    
this matter3                            
,,roddam1 ,,near ,,alnwick1             
,august #bf1 #ahfg4      ,i write a line
 to say that ,i hope you are getting on 
well and     that ,i shall soon hear    
from you4''' ,i want you very much to   
stay     with me till ,april to settle  

the vanadium and light matters     and  
help me in ,london with my lectures4''' 
,i have at last found     out about     
vanadium4 ,the acid is ,v,o like ,p,o4  
,the chloride     ,v,o,cl like ,p,o,cl  
and the solid chlorides ,v,o,cl1        
,v,o,cl1 etc4     ,this explains the    
isomorphism of the vanadate of lead and 
the     corresponding phosphate and lots
 of other points4 ,it becomes     very  
interesting now4      ,pray write a line
 and say whether you will stay till     
,april1 and     when you will be back4  
,the first paragraph in the next letter 
alludes to the circumstance that the    
present writer had just returned from   
,lisbon1 where he had carried out the   
photometric measurements already        
referred to4                            
,,roddam ,,hall1 ,,near ,,alnwick1      
,september #ab1 #ahfg4      ,i was very 
glad to hear by your note received      
to-day of your     safe arrival and the 
success of your observations4''' ,you   
did     quite right in returning home   

rather than wait indefinitely for       
the ,jerome4 ,the working out of your   
,par and of the ,lisbon     direct and  
diffuse-light experiments will take some
 time and     labour1 but ,i believe the
 results will repay the trouble4'''     
,i have been up to the ,dundee ,british 
,association meeting for     a few days1
 but ,i now1 in all probability1 shall  
stop here1 so     that ,i can at once   
answer your letter4      ,please ask    
,joseph ,heywood to send me per         
book-post ,pogg4     ,ann41 vol4 #ih1 in
 which volume is ,rammelsberg's paper on
 the     isomorphism of vanadates and   
phosphates4 ,there is no doubt in     my
 mind that vanadic acid is ,v,o1 and it 
will be exceedingly     interesting to  
work out the vanadates which must all be
     explained as phosphates4 ,the      
ordinary white ,,nh salt is ,,nh,,vo    
7like ,na,p,o7 and is a meta-vanadate4  
,the bi-vanadates can also     be       
explained1 but all need re-preparation  
and analysis4 ,did ,i     tell you that 

we have now got      ,v,o1 ,v,o1 ,v,o1  
,v,o 7,i wish we had ,v also67          
,v,o,cl1 ,v,o,cl1 ,v,o,cl1 and ,v,o,cl1 
or ,v,o,cl1 ,v,o,cl1 ,v,o,cl      ,at   
,st4 ,andrews ,i saw ,professor ,heddle2
 he has a crystal half     apatite and  
half vanadinite1 and he threw out the   
suggestion     long ago that vanadic    
acid is ,v,o4''' ,i hope you will write 
soon     and let me hear what you have  
to say about my plan4 ,i will then      
write what ,i think of your ideas4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,roddam1                               
,tuesday1 ,september #ag1 #ahfg4      ,i
 have now edited the atomic weight      
determinations by     oxidation1 and    
also the various oxides of vanadium4 ,i 
have     now to do the chlorides4 ,many 
points still remain requiring           
clearing up4          7#a7 ,as regards  
the slow oxidation of the ,v,o          
7,berzelius's suboxide72 a sample made  
on ,november         #ac1 #ahff1        
weighing #jgejg1 weighed on ,june #ab1  

#ahfg1         #jhgcc4 ,this corresponds
 to an oxide higher than ,v,o           
7,v  #ead74 ,now ,i want this oxide and 
tube drying under         the air-pump  
and weighing carefully and keeping for  
further examination 7the weight of tube 
and oxide was         #cfjff on ,june   
#abth last74          7#b7 ,when a      
neutral solution of ,v,o in ,,so,h1 got 
by         zinc reduction1 and          
neutralized by excess of zinc1 is       
exposed to a current of air1 it goes    
brown1 and this         brown colour    
does not alter4 ,analysed by            
permanganate         it would seem to   
contain ,v,o4 ,i want this confirming4  
7#c7 ,try to get sight of a copy of     
,greg and ,lettsom's         8,british  
,mineralogy0 7you can go and call on    
,mr4 ,robt4         ,p4 ,greg1 ,greg    
,bros41 ,chancery ,lane1 and ask him to 
lend         you the book for me74      
,under 8,vanadinite0 you will see       
some mention of ,heddle and his         
observations4 ,i find         nothing   

about him in ,rammelsberg's paper4      
7#d7 ,has ,v,o been prepared by heating 
the suboxide ,v,o         in the air at 
low temperatures8 ,is it green8         
,the thing above all others necessary   
for us now is to get the     metal4 ,we 
must set about this at the beginning of 
the session4      ,if you have time     
before you go away to clear up these    
four     preliminary points ,i shall be 
glad4         99       99       99      
99       99                             
,,roddam1                               
,september #bf1 #ahfg4      ,the first  
thing to do when we begin will be to try
 to get the     metal ,v  #eac by       
forming the ammonio-chloride and        
reducing     the nitride in ammonia4''' 
,if we only can get #je of metal the    
question of atomic weight is settled    
beyond dispute4      ,i have now        
collated all the experiments3 7#a7 ,on  
the oxides     of vanadium2 7#b7 on the 
determination of atomic weight     by   
reduction of ,v,o to ,v,o2 7#c7 on the  

oxychlorides     and determination of   
atomic weight from the chlorine         
determinations4 ,these latter require   
re-calculation as ,i do not     know how
 much should be allowed for as impurity 
in the silver4     ,still1 ,i see       
already that this alteration can be but 
very     slight1 and the numbers agree  
very well1 viz4 7#a7 mean at4 wt4       
from reduction expts4 #eacfb 7probable  
error #jjfh72 7#b7 mean     of #i       
volumetric chlorine determinations of   
the oxytrichloride     #fabh2 7#c7 mean 
of #h weight determinations of chlorine 
#faba1     so that as far as ,i yet see 
the true atomic weight is #eacj4      ,i
 am obliged by your extract from ,greg  
and ,lettsom4 ,when in ,st4     ,andrews
 ,i saw ,professor ,heddle1 and he      
promised to send me some                
crystallized specimens of vanadinite and
 pyromorphite existing     in one       
crystal4      ,i think ,i have got quite
 matter enough for one paper1 but ,i    
should like to have the metal if only in

 sufficient quantity to     oxidize up  
to ,v,o and determine the increase4     
,everything can     be very nicely used1
 and all fits in well2 but1 of course1  
such     a first paper must in some     
points be imperfect4      ,i think it is
 perhaps best that  should give the     
lectures1 as     ,i am sure to want you 
in ,london several ,saturdays--otherwise
 ,i     should have been very glad for  
you to have taken the course4      ,you 
will be back on ,saturday1 ,october     
#eth1 ,i suppose4 ,we must              
re-calculate all the analyses with the  
exact atomic weight4     ,this can soon 
be done1 and ,i should like to get this 
first     part off my hands before long4
      ,i hope you are enjoying this     
splendid autumn weather4      '''       
,as regards the blue oxide got by       
gradual oxidation of ,v,o     7suboxide7
 we have analyses proving it to be      
,v,o--by oxidation4     ,it is very     
possible that the further increase in   
weight is due     to the hydration of   

this oxide4 ,we must wait until the     
green     substance remains constant1   
and we must then determine the     water
 and the ,v,o4  ,roscoe's first memoir  
on the subject was read to the ,royal   
,society on ,december #ai1 #ahfg1 and   
was made the ,bakerian ,lecture of that 
session4#ag ,on ,february #ad1 #ahfh1 he
 gave a ,friday evening discourse at the
 ,royal ,institution 8,on ,vanadium1 one
 of the ,trivalent ,groups of           
,elements10 when the writer acted as his
 lecture-assistant4 ,having arranged the
 experimental illustrations1 the        
assistant spent a spare half-hour in    
wandering through the old laboratories  
in the cellars of the ,institution1     
sacred to the genius and labours of     
,davy and ,faraday4 ,in looking over    
some specimens in a cupboard he came    
upon a small bottle containing ammonium 
vanadate1 labelled 8,sent to me by      
,berzelius4 #ahca10 and on it ,faraday's
 well-known monogram by way of          
signature4 ,a portion of the substance  

was afterwards placed at ,roscoe's      
disposal by the late ,sir ,edward       
,frankland1 at the time ,fullerian      
,professor of ,chemistry4 ,on           
examination it was found to contain     
considerable quantities of phosphoric   
acid1 thus serving to indicate the      
probable cause of the discrepancy       
between the numbers obtained by         
,berzelius and ,roscoe in the course of 
the atomic weight determinations4 ,it   
had been observed that the presence of  
even traces of phosphorus prevents the  
complete reduction in hydrogen of the   
vanadium pentoxide to vanadous oxide4   
,some little time after the appearance  
of the first memoir on vanadium1 the    
writer proceeded to ,heidelberg to study
 under ,bunsen1 to whom at that time    
practically all ,roscoe's senior        
students who were in a position to go to
 ,germany were sent4 ,it had been       
reported in a ,french periodical on     
popular science that ,roscoe had been   
awarded the ,copley medal for his work  

on vanadium1 and of course his former   
assistant had hastened to congratulate  
him on that event4                      
,,camfield ,,place1 ,,hatfield1 ,,herts1
                                        
,september #ac1 #ahfh4      ,in the     
first place let me thank you for your   
letter and     congratulations upon the 
great ,french discovery6 ,many of these 
,parisian wonders have after all turned 
out myths--and this last     is1 ,i     
believe1 no exception--the expression   
8,medaille de ,copley0     is1 so far as
 ,i am aware1 the ,french 7and bad      
,french too67 for     the 8,bakerian    
,lecture40 ,i am1 however1 none the less
 obliged     to you for your good wishes
 on this occasion1 and for all the      
valuable help which in many ways you    
gave me4      '''      ,thanks for your 
news of my dear friend4 ,i have been    
very remiss     in not writing to him4  
,tell him so1 please2 and ask him to    
send     me the first proof-sheets of   
his 8,filtration0 paper for me to       

translate2 unless1 indeed1 you do it    
yourself1 as ,i am sure you     can     
perfectly well4 ,give ,bunsen my kindest
 regards1 and say     that ,i will write
 to him soon4  ,part ,,ii of            
8,researches on ,vanadium10 dealing with
 the chlorides ,v,cl1 ,v,cl1 and ,v,cl1 
and metallic vanadium1 which he obtained
 by heating the dichloride in hydrogen1 
was presented to the ,royal ,society on 
,june #af1 #ahfi1ah and his last memoir1
 treating of the bromides1 and of       
certain of the metallic vanadates1      
including vanadinite which he prepared  
artificially1 on ,april #g1 #ahgj4ai    
,with the mention of a short            
communication1 8,on ,two ,new ,vanadium 
,minerals10 to the ,proceedings of the  
,royal ,society for #ahgf1bj and of a   
lecture on 8,recent ,discoveries about  
,vanadium0 at the ,royal ,institution1  
the foregoing statement includes all    
,roscoe's published contributions to the
 history of vanadium4 ,as regards       
original work1 he handed over the       

subject to his senior students1 and     
under his inspiration and direction a   
considerable number of communications   
from the ,owens ,college ,laboratory    
were made to the ,chemical ,society from
 ,crow 7#ahgf71 ,bedson 7#ahgf71 ,h4    
,baker 7#ahgh71 ,kay 7#ahhj71 ,brierley 
7#ahhf71 ,hall 7#ahhg71 and published in
 the ,transactions of the ,chemical     
,society4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,other noteworthy          
contributions by ,roscoe to inorganic   
chemistry are his study of tungsten     
compounds1 in which he describes for the
 first time the existence of the        
pentachloride ,w,cl and the             
corresponding pentabromide ,w,br1#ba and
 his discovery of uranium pentachloride1
 ,u,cl4#bb  ,these compounds are of     
considerable theoretical interest on    
account of their 8anomalous0 character4 
,he also discovered columbium           
trichloride1 ,cb,cl1 which he found to  
have the remarkable property of         
decomposing carbon dioxide when heated  

in that gas with the formation of       
columbium oxychloride1 ,cb,o,cl1 and    
carbon monoxide--a reaction not         
exhibited by any other metallic chloride
 7,chem4 ,soc4 ,abstracts1 #ahgh1 #bgb71
 and he determined the vapour densities 
of the chlorides of lead and thallium   
which he showed to be normal4#bc  ,an   
examination of the earth metals         
contained in samarskite proved that the 
rare earth-metal announced by           
,delafontaine under the name of         
8philippium0 was a mixture of yttrium   
and terbium4#bd  ,the spark spectrum of 
terbium was at the same time mapped by  
him and ,schuster4 ,an examination of a 
specimen of oxide which ought to contain
 8philippium0 in large quantities if    
that chemical element existed showed no 
conclusive evidence of any other metals 
than yttrium or terbium4#be  ,in #ahhb  
he sent to the ,french ,academy a note  
on a re-determination of the atomic     
weight of carbon by the method of ,dumas
 and ,stas1 using ,cape diamonds1 and   

obtained the value #abjjb 7,o  #af7 as  
the mean of six experiments 7,chem4     
,soc4 ,abstracts1 #ahhb1 #gbd74 ,he also
 showed1 with the assistance of         
,schuster1 that the spectrum of the     
carbon dioxide furnished by the ,south  
,african diamond was identical with that
 furnished by other forms of carbon4    
,so long as he remained in ,manchester  
,roscoe was in the habit of making      
occasional contributions to the meetings
 of the ,literary and ,philosophical    
,society on general or local interest4  
,among these communications were papers 
on arsenic-eating in ,styria2 on a      
crystallizable carbon compound in the   
,alais meteorite2 on the amount of      
carbonic acid in ,manchester air2 on the
 corrosion of leaden hot-water cisterns2
 ,dalton's first table of ,atomic       
,weights1 etc4--all of which are printed
 in the ,proceedings or ,memoirs of the 
,society4  ,roscoe was largely          
instrumental in making spectrum analysis
 first known to ,british men of science 

and the ,british public generally4      
,almost immediately after the           
publication of ,bunsen and ,kirchhoff's 
classical paper in ,poggendorff's       
,annalen1 he translated it for the      
,philosophical ,magazine4 ,he also gave 
many public lectures on the subject1    
beginning with that at the ,royal       
,institution on ,march #a1 #ahfa--one of
 the most successful of the many he     
delivered there4 ,indeed1 there were few
 of our larger towns in which he was not
 invited at one time or other during the
 sixties and early seventies to lecture 
on that astonishing development of      
nineteenth-century science4 ,these      
lectures involved no inconsiderable     
effort4 ,they necessitated much bulky   
and fragile apparatus difficult to      
transport4 ,some of the illustrations   
could only be shown to a large audience 
by means of the electric lantern1 and   
this1 in those days1 needed the         
provision of a large battery of         
,groves's cells2 electricity 8laid-on0  

by a public authority was not then1 as  
now1 almost everywhere available4  ,one 
of these courses of six lectures given  
to the ,society of ,apothecaries of     
,london in #ahfh was subsequently       
published1 with additions1 in an        
admirably illustrated volume which had a
 considerable measure of success--a     
second edition1 still more largely      
augmented owing to the extraordinary    
rapidity with which knowledge on        
celestial chemistry increased1 being    
called for within a year4 ,in the       
preparation of a third and fourth       
edition he was assisted by his friend   
,dr4 ,schuster4 ,as the successive      
editions show1 the rate at which        
literature accumulated round the subject
 was altogether unprecedented in the    
history of scientific discovery4        
,roscoe made an attempt to apply the    
spectroscope to the ,bessemer process of
 steel manufacture1 and for this purpose
 caused a long series of observations to
 be made1 first at ,brown's ,atlas works

 in ,sheffield1 and then at the ,crewe  
works of the ,l4  ,n4,w4 ,railway       
,company1 when a considerable amount of 
information concerning the peculiarities
 of the spectrum of the converter-flame 
was gained1 mainly by the observations  
of ,dr4 ,w4 ,marshall ,watts1 a former  
student and one of his assistants1 who  
took over the subsequent conduct of the 
inquiry4  ,considering his interest in  
the subject1 comparatively little       
original work on spectroscopy was       
published by ,roscoe4  ,the following is
 a list of the inquiries with which he  
was concerned3      8,on the ,effect of 
,increased ,temperature upon the ,nature
 of     the ,light ,emitted by the      
,vapour of ,certain ,metals on ,metallic
     ,compounds40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe   
and ,r4 ,b4 ,clifton4 ,manchester       
,phil4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,,ii4 7#ahfj-ahfb71 
pp4 #bbg-bcj4      8,note on the        
,absorption-spectra of ,potassium and   
,sodium at ,low     ,temperatures40 ,by 
,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,a4 ,schuster4 ,roy4

 ,soc4     ,proc4 ,,xxii4 7#ahgd71 pp4  
#cfb-cfd4      8,on the                 
,absorption-spectra of ,bromine and     
,iodine ,monochloride40     ,by ,h4 ,e4 
,roscoe and ,t4 ,e4 ,thorpe4 ,phil4     
,trans4 ,,clxvii4     7#ahgh71 pp4      
#bjg-bab4      8,note on the ,identity  
of the ,spectra ,obtained from the      
,different ,allotropic ,forms of        
,carbon40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,a4   
,schuster4 ,manchester ,lit4 ,phil4     
,soc4 ,proc4 ,,xix4 7#ahhj71 pp4        
#df-di4      8,the ,spectrum of         
,terbium40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,a4  
,schuster4     ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4      
,,xli4 7#ahhb71 pp4 #bhc-bhg4  ,the only
 attempt he was able to make to         
contribute to our knowledge of the      
chemistry of the sun by spectroscopic   
observations had an unlucky ending4 ,he 
formed one of the members of the        
,government expedition sent to ,sicily  
to observe the total solar eclipse of   
,december #bb1 #ahgj4 ,the following    
letters refer to this subject3          

,,victoria ,,park1 ,,manchester1        
,november #b1 #ahgj4      ,lockyer has  
asked me to go with him in the ,american
 ,eclipse     ,expedition4 ,i have a    
good mind to do so1 but ,i have written 
to say that ,i was not sure that ,i     
could make the observations     alone   
7671 and that it would be very desirable
 that you should     go too6 ,so we     
shall see what comes of it4      ,i am  
unfortunately laid up with an attack of 
gout1 which quite     disables me and   
reduces me to the level of the beasts   
that     perish4 ,however1 ,i hope soon 
to be all right again4      ,i will     
write to ,francis about the ,lisbon     
paper1 which ought     certainly to be  
out4'''      ,did ,schorlemmer write to 
you about your attacking the ,germans   
for attacking the ,french8 ,he was quite
 wild1 and came up to me     in such a  
state of excitement that ,i could       
scarcely understand     what he said4   
,however1 under the influence of cigars 
and a     bottle of sherry he cooled    

down again and perhaps has buried       
his resentment4      ,huxley comes for  
the first of the ,science ,lectures on  
,friday4      ,i am delighted to hear of
 your numbers of evening students1 and  
was much pleased by your ,introductory4 
,i have no doubt that the     laboratory
 will fill too4 ,you must have patience4
         99       99       99       99  
99                                      
,,owens ,,college1 ,,manchester1        
,november #ai1 #ahgj4      ,of course   
you come to ,sicily4''' ,lockyer thinks 
of going on     ,december #hth4 ,perhaps
 ,i may go a day earlier--with you if   
you     can come--and spend twenty-four 
hours in ,heidelberg4      ,i send box1 
stand1 papers1 and all ,i can           
find--except insolation     affairs     
which cannot yet be got out of ,h's     
hands4 ,he shall     have no peace till 
they are ready1 and they shall then be  
sent at once to you4 ,you will be       
responsible for the whole     apparatus 
being in order4 ,look them over         

carefully4''' ,you know     what is     
wanted4  ,unfortunately ,h4,m4,s4       
,psyche1 the vessel conveying the party 
from ,naples1 was wrecked off ,aci      
,reale1 about a couple of miles to the  
north of the classic ,cyclops rocks1 and
 under the shadow of ,etna1 by striking 
a submerged and uncharted rock4 ,the    
ship was badly holed1 and rapidly began 
to fill1 but fortunately the weather was
 fine and the sea calm1 and all were got
 safely on shore4 ,the cliffs were      
scarcely #bjj yards away1 but the       
landing was difficult1 the jagged reefs 
of lava seeming to afford no sure       
footing4 ,eventually all the            
instrumental equipment was also landed1 
in a more or less damaged condition1 but
 much of the personal baggage was lost4 
,a letter written by one of the members 
of the expedition which found its way   
into a ,manchester newspaper thus       
describes the event3      ,we formed    
ourselves into a line to pass the things
 along the     rocks to the prominence  

which we had mounted4''' ,everybody     
worked with a will1 and laboured like   
galley-slaves4 ,the ship     had now    
settled down considerably2 the water was
 up to her     quarter1 and the boats   
pushed off in the expectation that she  
would roll off the reef4 ,by this time  
we had almost stripped     the ship of  
everything easily movable1 and we       
prepared to get     it to a secure      
place4 ,the nearest point habitable was 
,catania1     seven miles to the south1 
and we got the boats ready to take      
ourselves and our things thither4'''    
,roscoe assumed command of     our      
expedition4 ,everybody seemed to look to
 him instinctively4     ,i shall never  
forget the sight of him1 standing1 with 
his     legs apart to steady himself on 
a narrow piece of the lava     rock1    
with his arm stretched out1 giving his  
orders with the     authority of one who
 seemed born to command4 ,as the gig was
     about to push off ,i saw him look  
round1 and when he saw me he            

motioned for me to get into it4''' ,in a
 few hours the remainder     of the     
party arrived1 and shortly afterwards   
the luggage and     apparatus4  ,it was 
arranged that ,roscoe1 assisted by the  
late ,sir ,george ,darwin and ,mr4      
,bowen of ,harrow ,school1 should make  
observations on the spectrum of the     
corona from a position on ,mount ,etna  
as high as the snow would permit4 ,on   
the day before that of the eclipse the  
party had toiled up more than #e1jjj    
feet of the mountain with their         
instruments strapped on the backs of    
half a dozen mules1 to a deserted hut on
 the side of the volcano4 ,the night was
 spent in a storm of rain and snow1 and 
next morning1 in a piercing wind1 the   
instruments were put together with      
benumbed fingers4 ,as the sun was       
gradually covered1 the sky became       
clouded over and the upper part of ,etna
 was completely enveloped in fog1 and   
during the minute of totality a violent 
hailstorm broke over the party1         

rendering all observations impossible4  
,a number of measurements of the        
chemical intensity of daylight during   
the progress of the eclipse were1       
however1 made by the writer at ,catania1
 some little distance away1 by the      
method described by ,roscoe in the      
,bakerian ,lecture for #ahfe4 ,these    
showed that the diminution in the total 
chemical intensity of the sun's light   
during an eclipse is directly           
proportional to the magnitude of the    
obscuration of the solar disc4#bf  ,this
 matter is referred to in the following 
letter4                                 
,june #aa1 #ahga4      ,the results are 
very interesting1 and you have worked   
them out     in an admirable manner4 ,i 
had no idea that so much could be       
made out4      ,i am writing at once to 
,airy and ,lockyer to ask them whether  
we may not send the paper to the ,royal 
,society 7last meeting     on ,thursday 
next7 so as to have it in series with   
our other     papers4      ,i have just 

heard from ,wild1 the director of all   
the ,russian     observatories1 that he 
is anxious to adopt the plan over all   
the ,russias1 and wants an automatic    
arrangement4 ,so ,i am going     in for 
it and hope to get a machine made before
 long4 ,it is     really too important  
to be delayed4      ,you deserve great  
credit for your labours1 and by rights  
the     paper should be yours alone1 but
 perhaps we had better keep             
together4 ,we can do the automatic      
affair also together if you     like4   
,the automatic arrangement alluded to   
has already been mentioned4 ,it was not 
proceeded with4     ,,chapter ,,viii    
,,roscoe ,,and ,,chemical ,,literature  
,roscoe's services to chemistry are to  
be measured as much by his contributions
 to its educational literature as by his
 efforts to enlarge its boundaries by   
original inquiry4 ,for there can be no  
question that his various text-books1   
ranging from the most elementary        
8first-steps0 and primers1 through      

different grades to the most            
comprehensive of treatises1 have proved 
of the greatest service to the teacher1 
and have exercised a profound influence 
in the diffusion of chemical knowledge  
in this country and abroad4  ,his       
8,lessons in ,elementary ,chemistry10   
one of the earliest of ,macmillan's     
series of class text-books1 was first   
published in #ahff1 the fair copy for   
the press being written out with        
characteristic neatness by his wife4    
,its appearance so soon after the       
remarkable report of the ,duke of       
,devonshire's ,commission which had     
awakened widespread attention to the    
almost universal neglect of all science 
teaching in our public schools was most 
timely4 ,the book went through edition  
after edition1 and despite the          
competition of dozens of similar works  
is still a favourite class-book4  ,at   
the suggestion of his friend ,lothar    
,meyer it was translated into ,german by
 ,schorlemmer1 and published by ,vieweg 

,son1 and has been largely used in      
,german schools and colleges4           
,translations have also appeared in     
,russian1 ,italian1 ,hungarian1 ,polish1
 ,swedish1 in modern ,greek1 ,japanese1 
and in one of the ,indian vernaculars1  
,urdu4 ,concerning this last            
translation1 ,roscoe used to tell an    
amusing story4 ,the ,urdu work was      
lithographed1 not printed1 the page     
being nearly twice the size of that of  
the ,english original1 which was a small
 octavo4 ,the illustrations were also   
proportionately magnified1 including    
that showing the length of a decimetre  
and its sub-divisions of centimetres and
 millimetres6  ,still more successful1  
as regards its sale1 was his 8,chemistry
 ,primer10 published in #ahgj1 and      
intended to serve as the first step in  
chemistry in schools4 ,it also was      
widely translated1 editions having      
appeared in ,icelandic1 ,polish1        
,german1 ,italian1 ,japanese1 ,bengali1 
,turkish1 ,malayalam1 and ,tamil4  ,he  

also published two text-books on        
8,inorganic ,chemistry10 one for        
beginners1 in conjunction with ,dr4     
,lunt2 and a larger one for advanced    
students1 in association with ,dr4      
,harden1 each of which has reached a    
second edition4  ,a far more ambitious  
undertaking was the preparation and     
publication of the large 8,treatise on  
,chemistry10 in the writing of which he 
had the invaluable co-operation of his  
colleague ,schorlemmer4 ,the first      
volume appeared in #ahgg4 ,it is so well
 known that no description of it is     
necessary4 ,it is an eminently readable 
work1 admirably printed and beautifully 
illustrated4 ,indeed1 in style and      
appearance it is hardly approached by   
anything of the kind in the language4   
,it was translated into ,german by      
,schorlemmer1 and published by ,vieweg  
,son1 and has now largely replaced the  
time-honoured ,graham-,otto as a        
text-book in ,german colleges and       
technical schools4 ,unfortunately1 owing

 to ,schorlemmer's death in #ahib1 the  
organic section in the ,english edition 
was never finished4 ,it has1 however1   
been completed in the ,german edition   
under the direction of the late         
,professor ,brhl of ,heidelberg--a      
circumstance which would seem to throw  
some light on the comparative position  
of organic chemistry in this country and
 in ,germany4 ,it ought1 however1 to be 
stated that if the whole of the organic 
section were compiled with the same     
attention to historical detail1 and the 
same fullness of information that       
characterizes the inorganic portion1 the
 work would become practically          
unsaleable on account of its size4 ,at  
the time the treatise was planned the   
extraordinary expansion of organic      
chemistry which has occurred during the 
past forty years could hardly have been 
anticipated4 ,it may be1 as old ,thomas 
,fuller wrote1 that 8learning hath      
gained most by those books by which the 
printers have lost40 ,but philanthropy  

is not the first business of publishers4
  ,the inorganic section of the ,english
 work has passed through several        
editions1 and was thoroughly revised and
 largely re-written from time to time   
with the help of numerous collaborators4
 ,the fifth edition on 8,the ,metals and
 their ,compounds0 made its appearance  
in the autumn of #aiac--;and is a goodly
 volume of nearly #a1ejj pages4 ,roscoe1
 then in his eightieth year1 worked hard
 at the revision and read the proofs    
with all the care and diligence he      
expended on the original work4  ,some   
time prior to #ahie he was induced by   
his friend1 the late ,sir ,wemyss ,reid1
 to undertake the editorship of the     
,century ,series of ,biographies of     
,scientific ,men1 projected by ,cassell 
,co4 ,to this he contributed a popular  
account of the life and work of ,dalton 
under the title of 8,john ,dalton and   
the ,rise of ,modern ,chemistry0--a     
little work which he wrote with much    
zest and a thorough appreciation of the 

fine character of the grand old         
,cumbrian ,quaker4  ,mention has already
 been made of the 8,new ,view of        
,dalton's ,atomic ,theory10 which       
,roscoe published in collaboration with 
,dr4 ,harden4 ,this book is of          
considerable interest and value in      
regard to the genesis of a conception   
which marks a turning-point in the      
history of chemistry4 ,from a careful   
study of ,dalton's manuscripts and      
note-books which had been discovered in 
the rooms of the ,literary and          
,philosophical ,society of ,manchester1 
the authors were led to conclusions     
concerning the origin of the atomic     
theory of chemistry which differ        
fundamentally from those which had been 
generally accepted4 ,it had hitherto    
been supposed that it was the           
experimental discovery of the law of    
combination in multiple proportions     
which1 in his search for an explanation 
of this fact1 led ,dalton to the idea   
that chemical combination consists in   

the approximation of atoms of definite  
and characteristic weight1 the theory of
 atoms being adopted to explain the     
facts discovered by chemical analysis4  
,in reality the exact opposite was the  
case4 ,it was the theory of the         
existence of atoms of different weights 
that led ,dalton to the discovery of the
 facts of combination in multiple       
proportions4  ,the late ,dr4 ,debus1    
some two years previously in a pamphlet 
published at ,cassell1 had reached a    
similar conclusion from a study of      
,dalton's published works1 but by a     
different line of argument4 ,as a matter
 of priority there is no doubt that to  
,debus belongs the credit of first      
pointing out that the commonly accepted 
view of the genesis of ,dalton's atomic 
theory is erroneous1 but it is no less  
true that the method of reasoning by    
which he came to that conclusion cannot 
be substantiated even if it is not      
actually disproved by the evidence from 
,dalton's note-books4 ,of course the    

idea of atoms1 that is1 of small        
indivisible particles1 did not1 as is   
popularly supposed1 originate with      
,dalton3 it is older than ,science      
itself4 ,how and where it first arose   
cannot be exactly stated4 ,dr4 ,debus   
attributes it to ,moschus1 a ,phnician  
philosopher living at ,sidon about #aajj
 ,b4,c4 ,it was resuscitated by         
,gassendi in the middle of the          
seventeenth century1 and applied by     
,boyle1 who speaks of it as the         
,phnician philosophy1 to the explanation
 of chemical phenomena4 ,newton made use
 of it to explain ,boyle's law and the  
8spring of air40 ,dalton almost         
certainly derived it from ,newton1 with 
whose corpuscular notions he was quite  
familiar1 and employed it to explain the
 phenomena of diffusion and absorption4 
,he was therefore quite ready to extend 
it to all gaseous phenomena1 and indeed 
to chemical phenomena in general1 to the
 extent that it seemed applicable4  ,it 
has been held that ,dalton anticipated  

,avogadro in assuming that all gases    
contain equal numbers of 8atoms0        
7molecules74 ,dr4 ,debus adopts this    
view1 and assumes that ,dalton in #ahja 
made use of it to explain the phenomena 
of the diffusion of gases1 and that this
 idea1 along with his early experiments 
on nitric oxide and oxygen1 led to his  
atomic theory4 ,roscoe and ,harden1 on  
the other hand1 held that ,dalton never 
definitely held the view that equal     
volumes of gases contain an equal number
 of atoms 7molecules71 nor had such a   
conception any bearing upon his         
explanation of the facts of diffusion4  
,dissatisfied with the theory which he  
did hold 7viz4 the repulsion exerted by 
an atom on all others of its kind1 but  
not on atoms of a different kind71 he   
was led to consider the behaviour of    
atoms of unequal size1 and finding an   
agreement with the observed facts1 he   
then sought for means of determining    
whether or not the atoms were actually  
of unequal size1 and so was led to the  

further developments of the theory4 ,the
 weight of the evidence goes to show    
that ,dalton arrived at his theory in   
the latter half of #ahjc1 and that      
assumption on which it turned was 8that 
no two species of pure elastic fluids   
agree in the size of their particles40  
,there is no clear indication that      
,dalton ever imagined that the simple   
gases were diatomic in structure1 which1
 of course1 is the main point in        
,avogadro's hypothesis4 ,it seems       
necessary to set out this matter in some
 detail as misapprehension appears to   
exist1 especially in ,germany1 as to the
 merits of the controversy which arose  
after the appearance of ,roscoe and     
,harden's work4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,some years after 
he had reached the allotted span1       
,roscoe was induced to think of putting 
his reminiscences on paper4 ,it was at  
no time easy to get him to talk about   
himself1 and the effort of recalling his
 recollections with a view to printing  

them was irksome to him4 ,the           
autobiography consequently made no very 
rapid progress2 it ultimately got into  
something like a tangle1 and was more   
than once on the point of being         
committed to the flames4 ,however1      
during a particularly stormy winter at  
the seaside1 when he was confined to the
 house1 a sustained effort on the part  
of a determined coadjutor got it into   
shape1 and under the title of 8,the     
,life and ,experiences of ,sir ,henry   
,enfield ,roscoe1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41  
,f4,r4,s4 ,written by ,himself10 it was 
published by ,macmillans in the spring  
of #aijf4 ,the book was well received4  
,it was recognized as possessing at     
least two of the main essentials of a   
successful autobiography--something     
worth writing about and the faculty of  
narration4 ,it is written with sincerity
 and directness1 and with1 as one critic
 said1 8a charming simplicity of style  
and thought1 illumined throughout by a  
soft glow of kindly humour0 eminently   

characteristic of its author1 and is of 
interest as a record of a singularly    
full and varied career4 ,the gospel of  
work never had a more strenuous         
disciple4 ,it has historical value also 
as the story of the educational changes1
 particularly in science1 which he      
helped to secure or lived to witness4   
,it reflects many of his noteworthy     
features3 his strong common sense2 his  
straightforwardness and honesty of      
purpose2 his liberality and invincible  
optimism2 his geniality and sense of    
humour4 ,his enjoyment of a good story  
makes him tell it even if he is the     
victim of it4 ,the whole is a pleasing  
picture of a uniformly calm1 contented1 
and successful life--of the life of one 
who was what the ,romans called 8a man  
of good fortune10 that is1 of one whose 
prosperity was not the result of chance 
or accident1 but of wisdom and the      
capacity to bring its aims and efforts  
to a successful ending4     ,,chapter   
,,ix  ,,roscoe ,,and ,,the              

,,organization ,,of ,,scientific        
,,societies   ,roscoe was elected into  
the ,royal ,society in #ahfc1 and served
 on its ,council from #ahgb to #ahgg1   
and again during two subsequent periods1
 viz4 #ahha-ahhc and #ahhh-ahij4 ,he was
 a ,vice-,president in #ahha-ahhb1 and  
again in #ahhh-ahij4 ,he gave two       
,bakerian ,lectures1 viz4 in #ahfe and  
#ahfh1 and was awarded a ,royal ,medal  
in #ahgc 8for his various ,chemical     
,researches1 more especially for his    
,investigations of the ,chemical ,action
 of ,light1 and of the ,combinations of 
,vanadium40  ,he joined the ,chemical   
,society in #ahee1 and was a member of  
its ,council in #ahfj-ahfd1 and again in
 #ahga-ahgc4 ,he was a ,vice-,president 
in #ahgc-ahge1 and again in #ahgg-ahhj1 
and was ,president from #ahhj to #ahhb4 
,his two presidential addresses1        
8abstracts and brief chronicles of the  
time10 dealt mainly with the results of 
chemical inquiry during the preceding   
year1 especially in relation to the     

inorganic section of the science4 ,on   
the first occasion it fell to his duty  
to refer to the death of ,sir ,benjamin 
,c4 ,brodie1 a former secretary and     
president of the ,society1 whose        
friendship1 as his autobiography        
testifies1 he valued 8as that of a true1
 generous1 and noble-hearted man40      
,roscoe was the ,mcenas of the ,chemical
 ,society4 ,indeed1 he may be said to   
have resembled that grand seigneur in   
the simplicity and cordiality which1 as 
the poet tells us1 characterized his    
relations to the men of his circle4     
,certainly no ,fellow of the ,society   
ever showed himself a more beneficent or
 more generous patron4 ,the walls of its
 rooms bear witness to his kindly       
thought and constant remembrance4 ,its  
library has been augmented by gifts from
 him of close upon a thousand volumes1  
including rare alchemical and early     
chemical works1 and of complete sets of 
some of the most valuable of the serial 
publications of the science4  ,it was in

 grateful recognition of this liberal   
and warm-hearted encouragement of the   
objects for which the ,society was      
instituted that his old pupils resolved 
to commemorate his connection with it by
 placing1 on the occasion of his        
eightieth birthday1 his bust in the     
library which he had done so much to    
enrich1 and at the same time to offer a 
replica of ,mr4 ,drury's admirable work 
to his family4  ,roscoe was one of the  
original members of the ,society of     
,chemical ,industry1 and took a leading 
part in establishing it on its present  
basis as a national institution1 with   
local sections in many of our principal 
towns1 and branches in certain of our   
colonies1 and in ,america4 ,how it      
originated may be gleaned from the      
following letter4 ,there had been a     
previous attempt to establish a local   
society with special reference to the   
,south ,lancashire district4 ,but       
,roscoe1 with others of its projectors1 
had conceived the idea of placing it on 

a wider plane1 and the meeting referred 
to was called to ascertain the general  
feeling as to the expediency of the     
action4                                 
,,the ,,owens ,,college1 ,,manchester1  
,april #ac1 '#hj4      ,we are going to 
have a meeting here on ,monday next1 at 
#g     p4m41 of chemical manufacturers  
and others1 to consider the     question
 of the establishment of a ,lancashire  
,chemical ,society1     or of a more    
,general ,institute or ,society of      
,chemical ,engineers4      ,if you can  
come over ,i should be very glad1 as it 
is likely to     be an important meeting
 and your opinion would be of value4    
,i congratulate you 7and ,mrs4 ,thorpe7 
on your completion of the     paper4 ,we
 are to decide1 or begin to decide1     
about the ,chemical     ,society ,medal 
on ,thursday1 and ,i hope it will be    
settled to     your satisfaction4  ,at  
this gathering it was decided to attempt
 to establish a society to subserve the 
general interests of chemical industry  

and not merely those of the ,south      
,lancashire district1 and to call a     
meeting in ,london to discuss the       
project4 ,he presided at this meeting in
 the rooms of the ,chemical ,society    
when the ,society was formally          
inaugurated4 ,he served as its first    
,president1 and was the first chairman  
of its ,manchester section4 ,he opened  
the proceedings of its first annual     
general meeting in #ahha with an account
 of the reasons for the formation of    
such a society2 he indicated its        
proposed scope1 and dwelt upon the many 
advantages to science and industry that 
might be expected to follow its         
creation4 ,what he said then is not less
 pertinent now4 ,perhaps1 indeed1 it is 
even more so4 ,his words were words of  
wisdom and of warning4 ,read in the     
fierce light of current events1 and of  
present disabilities1 we may well       
inquire whether the generation that has 
passed has been as mindful as he had    
hoped it would be of its opportunities4 

,if it had quickened its energies and   
marshalled its forces as he encouraged  
it to do1 we should have been better    
able to meet the strenuous times that   
are now in store for us4 ,for upwards of
 a century--ever since1 indeed1 the     
renascence of chemical science which    
originated with ,lavoisier--far-sighted 
men have been preaching the same story4 
,but to the great majority in this      
country it has been as seed fallen by   
the wayside4 ,not so abroad4 ,thanks    
mainly to a clearer recognition of the  
part that science plays under the       
changing and progressive conditions of  
modern life1 other nations have been    
more heedful3 the seed with them fell   
upon more receptive soil4 ,the          
catastrophe which has overtaken us has  
brought a rude awakening4 ,we are       
beginning to realize the imperfection of
 a system of national education which   
has no adequate relation to present-day 
necessities4  ,roscoe1 one is consoled  
to think1 lived to see the evidence of  

this quickening4 ,the doctrine which he 
preached with an insistency and         
pertinacity that never flagged1 during  
more than half a century1 is now1 under 
the stress of necessity1 coming home to 
men's business and bosoms as it never   
did before4  ,one proof of the          
,society's recognition of its           
indebtedness to its first ,president may
 be seen in the award to him of its     
medal on the occasion of the ,nottingham
 meeting in #aiad4  ,in #aiji he was    
,honorary ,president of the ,seventh    
,international ,congress of ,applied    
,chemistry which met in ,london in that 
year4 ,it was his wish that his friend1 
,dr4 ,ludwig ,mond1 as an eminent       
industrial chemist1 should be appointed 
to that office1 but ,mond declined the  
position and proposed ,roscoe's name    
instead at the preceding meeting in     
,rome4  ,to ,roscoe1 therefore1 fell the
 honour of introducing the ,prince and  
,princess of ,wales--our present ,king  
and ,queen--to the meeting of three     

thousand industrial chemists assembled  
in the ,albert ,hall1 when the ,prince  
welcomed the gathering in a felicitous  
speech4 ,the foreign delegates were     
afterwards received in private audience 
by ,king ,edward ,,vii1 when ,roscoe1 as
 ,honorary ,president1 had the honour of
 presenting them4  ,roscoe's first      
introduction to the ,british            
,association was at the ,glasgow meeting
 in #ahee1 when the late ,lord ,playfair
 was ,president of the ,chemical        
,section1 and when he himself acted as  
the secretary4 ,at this meeting he read 
a paper on the results of a joint       
investigation with ,bunsen on the action
 of light upon chlorine water1 an       
examination and extension of ,wittwer's 
work on the same subject4 ,this was     
subsequently published in the ,journal  
of the ,chemical ,society and in        
,liebig's ,annalen4 ,as already stated1 
he acted as one of the local secretaries
 at the ,manchester meeting of #ahfa1   
when he presented a report jointly with 

the late ,drs4 ,schunck and ,r4 ,angus  
,smith1 8,on the ,condition of          
,manufacturing ,chemistry in the ,south 
,lancashire ,district0 7,brit4 ,assoc4  
,rep4 #ahfa1 pp4 #ajh-abh74 ,at the     
,bath meeting in #ahfd he gave one of   
the evening lectures on the chemical    
action of light4 ,at the ,liverpool     
meeting of #ahgj he presided over the   
,chemistry ,section4  ,then1 as now1    
,france and ,germany were at war1 and   
that fact naturally called for          
reference4 ,but1 ,eheu6 neither the     
cosmopolitan character of ,science to   
which he then alluded1 nor upwards of   
forty years of that comity among those  
interested in ,science and its          
applications which he confidently hoped 
would 8render impossible the breaking   
out of disasters so fatal to the        
progress of ,science and to the welfare 
of humanity60 as he then witnessed1 have
 served to avert an even more fearful   
disaster4 ,the small but living fire    
which he contended would in the end     

surely serve to melt down national      
animosities has been now almost wholly  
extinguished by the arrogant pride and  
lust of power which has obsessed a      
nation claiming to be the most          
enlightened in the world4  ,in #ahhd he 
again served as ,president of the       
,chemical ,section at the meeting in    
,montreal4 ,in #ahhg he was ,president  
of the ,association at the ,manchester  
meeting in that year--an honour he      
prized all the more on account of his   
long association with that city4 ,the   
meeting was notable as being the largest
 held since the foundation of the       
,association1 and was specially         
characterized by the number of foreign  
chemists who were present4 ,he continued
 to take an active interest in the      
affairs of the ,association up to the   
time of his death1 and was a constant   
attendant at the meetings of its        
,council4     ,,chapter ,x  ,,public    
,,services--,,political ,,and           
,,professional ,,work   ,roscoe's       

position in the educational world1 and  
in scientific circles1 coupled with his 
well-known business capacity and sound  
judgment1 frequently led to his being   
invited to place his knowledge and      
experience at the service of the ,state 
in connection with ,royal ,commissions  
and ,departmental ,committees4 ,during  
his tenure of his professorship at      
,manchester he served on two important  
,royal ,commissions2 the first in #ahgf1
 when ,mr4 ,cross1 then ,home           
,secretary1 nominated him as a member of
 ,lord ,aberdare's ,commission on       
,noxious ,vapours1 which led to the     
amended ,alkali ,acts of #ahia and      
#ahib2 the second in #ahha1 when ,mr4   
,a4 ,j4 ,mundella1 then ,vice-,president
 of the ,education ,council1 appointed  
him a member of ,sir ,bernhard          
,samuelson's ,commission on ,technical  
,instruction--one of the most important 
,commissions ever issued by reason of   
its influence on the industrial history 
of this country4 ,roscoe threw himself  

heart and soul into its work4 ,the task 
was thoroughly congenial to him1 for he 
was profoundly convinced of its         
importance4 ,it required long and       
frequent visits abroad in order to      
inquire into the methods of the         
continental trade-schools and           
polytechnics1 and to judge by direct    
observation of their results4 ,the      
preparation of the ,report was a tedious
 and complicated business1 but with the 
help of his colleagues1 whom he invited 
to his holiday-home in the ,lakes1 it   
was gradually1 as he says1 8licked into 
shape10 the last touches to its         
recommendations being made at the       
,chairman's country house in            
,devonshire4  ,during the ten years that
 followed the publication of the        
,report1 ,roscoe1 in common with several
 of his colleagues1 addressed           
innumerable public meetings throughout  
the country in order to make its lessons
 as widely known as possible4 ,the work 
of the ,commission bore fruit in the    

,technical ,instruction ,act of #ahhi1  
and still later and to a greater extent 
in the ,education ,act of #aijb4 ,this  
last measure was preceded by the ,royal 
,commission on ,secondary ,education1 of
 which ,roscoe was a member under the   
chairmanship of the present ,lord       
,bryce4 ,in #ahif he introduced a strong
 and representative deputation to urge  
upon the ,lord ,president of the        
,council the desirability of taking     
steps to enforce its recommendations4   
,it was then intimated that it was the  
intention of the ,government to         
introduce legislation dealing with the  
organization of our secondary           
schools--thus foreshadowing the ,act of 
#aijb4  ,although more than thirty years
 have passed since the ,report of the   
,technical ,instruction ,commission was 
issued1 it may still be read with       
profit4 ,indeed1 the lessons it teaches 
are singularly applicable to the present
 juncture4 ,in spite of what has been   
accomplished1 ,roscoe was far from being

 satisfied with our national position4  
,in #aijf he wrote3      ,much remains  
for us in ,england to accomplish in the 
organization of our secondary and       
scientific training1 in which     our   
competitors are before us1 and of which 
the importance and     the effects are  
well summed up in the following opinion 
of an     eminent ,german manufacturer3 
8,we in ,germany do not care whether    
you in ,england are ,free-traders or    
,protectionists1 but what     we are    
afraid of is that some day your people  
will wake up to     the necessity of    
having a complete system of technical   
and     scientific education1 and then  
with your energetic population1     with
 your insular position1 and with your   
stores of raw     material it will be   
difficult1 or it may be impossible1 for 
us     to compete40  ,in #ahhd a        
knighthood was conferred on him1 as     
stated in ,mr4 ,gladstone's letter when 
intimating the ,queen's pleasure1 8in   
acknowledgment of his distinguished     

service on the ,technical ,education    
,commission40         99       99       
99       99       99  ,roscoe has       
recorded in his autobiography the       
circumstances1 altogether unexpected by 
him1 which led to his introduction to   
active political life4 ,he was elected  
for ,south ,manchester--a constituency  
largely composed of the upper and middle
 class--in #ahhe1 the first ,member of  
,parliament for the division in which   
the ,university is situated and the only
 ,liberal then returned for the city4   
,he held his seat during two succeeding 
elections 7#ahhf and #ahib71 but lost it
 in #ahie1 by a narrow majority1 to the 
,marquis of ,lorne4 ,although frequently
 solicited to re-enter ,parliament he   
felt1 to use his own phrase1 that he    
8had had enough40  ,roscoe was a strong 
and consistent ,liberal1 a member of the
 ,manchester ,school of ,economists1 and
 a devoted adherent of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 
whom he followed in the ,home ,rule     
split4 ,during the greater part of his  

parliamentary career1 that is from #ahhf
 to #ahib1 he sat on the ,opposition    
benches1 and had therefore comparatively
 little opportunity of accomplishing    
much in the way of legislative          
achievement4 ,on questions involving    
scientific matters he could always      
secure the ear of the ,house1 especially
 when these related to the comfort and  
well-being of its members1 as when he   
took in hand the ventilation1 lighting1 
and drainage of the ,palace of          
,westminster4 ,in #ahhh1 and again in   
#ahhi1 he introduced a ,technical       
,education ,bill1 but it failed to reach
 the statute-book4 ,in the latter year1 
however1 the ,government passed the     
,technical ,instruction ,act already    
referred to2 this1 although not wholly  
in accord with the views he had put     
forward1 he gladly accepted as a        
satisfactory instalment4 ,his efforts to
 pass an amending ,bill in the following
 year met with no success4 ,in #ahia the
 ,national ,association for the         

,promotion of ,technical ,education1    
which was founded as a result of the    
,report of the ,royal ,commission of    
#ahha1 entrusted him with a ,bill to    
remove certain disabilities which had   
been found to attend the working of the 
,act of #ahhi1 and this he succeeded in 
carrying4 ,it was one of the few private
 ,bills of the session of #ahia that    
became law4  ,he was frequently called  
upon to serve upon select committees1   
and in his last session he was ,chairman
 of the ,select ,committee on ,weights  
and ,measures which led to ,mr4         
,balfour's ,bill for legalizing the use 
of the metrical system in this country4 
,roscoe was a ,vice-,president of the   
,decimal ,association1 and lost no      
opportunity of advocating the use of a  
system of weights and measures which    
practically every other civilized       
community has found it expedient to     
adopt4 ,the reform of the method of     
holding parliamentary elections1        
continuation schools1 opening museums on

 ,sundays1 the housing of the science   
collections at ,south ,kensington1      
grants to ,university colleges1         
industrial employment in ,ireland1      
limitation of moisture in weaving sheds1
 river pollution--were all questions    
upon which he was able to exercise his  
influence and knowledge1 and most of    
which he lived to see satisfactorily    
settled4 ,but1 on the whole1 he found   
little satisfaction in his parliamentary
 life4 ,there was much in it that was   
irksome and distasteful to a man of his 
active and independent mind4 ,it was    
unfortunate for him that the greater    
part of his political career should have
 to be spent in opposition1 thus        
affording him only limited opportunities
 of initiating legislative action4      
,owing to the political circumstances of
 the time many questions with which he  
was specially qualified to deal never   
came up for consideration4 ,others were 
only discussed for the purpose of       
8marking time10 and he deplored the loss

 of opportunity and waste of effort     
thereby involved4 ,his rejection in     
#ahie1 therefore1 occasioned him no very
 great concern4 ,whatever feeling of    
disappointment he may have felt soon    
passed away1 and he quickly went back to
 his old occupations1 and to pursuits   
more congenial to him than haunting the 
precincts of the ,house of ,commons4    
,the following letter from ,woodcote1   
under date ,july #bj1 #ahie1 affords    
some indication of the way in which he  
regarded the loss of his seat4          
,many thanks for your kind note4 ,as you
 surmise1 ,i do not feel     personally 
much regret at my own defeat4 ,i could  
tell you     something of the way the   
thing was worked4      ,now ,i feel an  
8old freeman10 and able to do much more 
what ,i     like4 ,but this not         
always--for ,i do not see my way just   
now     to accept your invitation4 ,i   
have been worked up with the            
election1 and have to be careful1 so    
that with this1 and with     the present

 uncertainty of weather1 ,i think ,i am 
safer on     entire dry land4      ,we  
are thankful for rain which loveth the  
thirsty land and     makes things green 
again4      ,is it true that the        
8burning bush0 manufactures ,c,h,,oh    
alcohol8 ,if so1 that is really         
interesting4#bg      ,harden and ,i have
 found some most interesting results as 
regards the genesis of the atomic       
theory1 and ,i am going to     work them
 up4      ,how about ,davy8''' ,the     
editor asks for more1 and ,i should be  
pleased to satisfy his maw by giving him
 a lump of ,davy4     ,kindest regards4 
,shortly after his removal to ,london he
 became interested in the sewage problem
 of the ,metropolis1 and was called upon
 to advise the ,metropolitan ,board of  
,works with respect to methods for      
improving the condition of the river    
,thames4 ,in connection with this work  
he established a laboratory1 specially  
equipped for studying its problems1 in  
the ,earl's ,court ,road1 not far from  

his ,london residence4 ,during the year 
#ahhg he was engaged1 with the          
assistance of his former pupil ,mr4     
,harry ,baker1 in reporting to ,lord    
,magheramorne1 the ,chairman of the     
,metropolitan ,board of ,works1 on the  
chemical methods employed for the       
deodorization of sewage 7a7 in the      
metropolitan sewers1 and 7b7 at the     
outfalls4 ,early in #ahhh much larger   
problems were submitted to him3 viz4 the
 purification of the sewage1 the        
disposal of the sludge1 and the effect  
of the discharge of sewage sludge at sea
 on the foreshores of the estuary of the
 ,thames4 ,in connection with these     
subjects he became impressed with the   
importance of obtaining accurate        
scientific methods for determining the  
changes which polluted water experiences
 during its natural purification4 ,some 
of the results of his inquiries he      
published in conjunction with his pupil 
,mr4 ,joseph ,lunt in two memoirs1 one  
8,on ,schtzenberger's ,process for the  

,estimation of ,dissolved ,oxygen in    
,water10 communicated to the ,chemical  
,society in #ahhi1 and published in the 
,transactions1#bh and the other entitled
 8,contributions to the ,chemical       
,bacteriology of ,sewage10 which        
appeared in the ,philosophical          
,transactions of the ,royal ,society4#bi
 ,the former paper contained the results
 of a careful investigation of the      
conditions under which this method is   
alone trustworthy1 and served to explain
 the causes of the discrepancy between  
the statements of previous observers who
 had critically examined it4 ,the latter
 paper gave the results of a protracted 
examination of the chemical and         
bacteriological phenomena of crude      
sewage with the object of ascertaining  
the species of organisms present1 both  
pathogenic and saprophytic1 and of      
determining their chemical              
characteristics4  ,these investigations 
were carried on for more than two years1
 concurrently with the technical and    

outside work required4 ,during this time
 purification works had been established
 at ,crossness and ,barking outfalls1 a 
sludge ship had been provided for the   
disposal of the sewage sludge at sea1   
and the effect of the discharge had been
 studied in the lower reaches and       
estuary of the ,thames1 and a chemical  
survey of the condition of the          
foreshores had been completed4 ,but the 
formation of the ,london ,county        
,council1 with ,lord ,rosebery as the   
first ,chairman1 involved new           
arrangements4 ,this circumstance1       
combined with the death of ,sir ,joseph 
,bazalgette1 the ,chief ,engineer1 and  
the opposition of the ,labour ,party1   
resulted in ,roscoe resigning his post  
as ,scientific ,adviser4  ,mr4 ,lunt    
transferred his services to the ,british
 ,institute of ,preventive ,medicine1   
but ,roscoe continued to carry on his   
laboratory with the assistance of ,mr4  
,frank ,scudder until #ahih4 ,during    
this period he acted as chemical adviser

 to sanitary authorities all over the   
country on questions of sewage          
purification and water-supply2 and was  
frequently consulted by manufacturers on
 works-processes1 and on legal1 patent1 
and trade-mark cases1 and in connection 
with parliamentary inquiries1 e4g4      
humidity and purity of air in textile   
mills1 flashpoint of paraffin oils1 etc4
 ,he was further concerned in the       
promotion of ,bills for the creation of 
rivers boards1 as1 for example1 those of
 the ,mersey and ,irwell and ,west      
,riding4 ,he gave considerable attention
 to the question of the manufacture and 
use of water gas 78carburetted0 and     
8blue0 gas71 and inspected most of the  
water-gas plants then in operation in   
,england and on the ,continent1 sending 
,mr4 ,scudder to visit and report on the
 installations in the principal cities  
of ,america4 ,in #ahih they both gave   
evidence before a ,parliamentary        
,committee on the question of           
restricting the amount of the poisonous 

carbonic oxide in town gas4  ,in #ahia  
,roscoe's services were retained by the 
,mersey and ,irwell ,joint ,committee to
 report on the influence of the various 
manufacturing works in the ,mersey and  
,irwell basins in polluting the streams1
 and as to the best means of preventing 
it4 ,in #ahic the ,committee made the   
position of ,scientific ,adviser a      
permanent appointment1 and established a
 properly equipped laboratory in        
,manchester in connection with its work4
 ,roscoe retained the appointment until 
#aije1 when the frequent journeys to    
attend the meetings of the ,joint       
,committee began to tell upon his       
health1 and at his suggestion ,mr4      
,scudder was appointed to succeed him4  
,the ,london laboratory was given up in 
#aijh4     ,,chapter ,,xi  ,,university 
,,of ,,london--,,eton                   
,,college--,,university ,,college ,,of  
,,dundee--,,scottish ,,universities     
,,commission--,,royal ,,commission ,,of 
,,the #ahea ,,exhibition--,,carnegie    

,,trust3 ,,scottish                     
,,universities--,,science ,,and ,,art   
,,department3 ,,science                 
,,museums--,,lister ,,institute ,,of    
,,preventive ,,medicine   ,roscoe was   
long and honourably connected with the  
,university of ,london4 ,a graduate in  
#ahec1 he acted as examiner in chemistry
 from #ahgd to #ahgh4 ,it was largely   
through his action that practical       
laboratory work was included in the     
curriculum in chemistry for science     
degrees4 ,this not only greatly enhanced
 their status1 but reacted beneficially 
upon the general character of laboratory
 instruction throughout the country4 ,on
 relinquishing parliamentary work he    
became a member of the ,senate1 and took
 part in the movement for the reform of 
the ,university which led incidentally  
to the formation of an association of   
teachers and others for the promotion of
 a so-called ,professorial ,university1 
of which ,huxley was ,president4 ,the   
following letter refers to this         

circumstance3                           
,,manchester1                           
,june #bf1 #ahib4      ,i am delighted  
to hear that ,huxley has joined and is  
to be     ,president of the             
,association4 ,it will give me pleasure 
to act     as a ,vice-,president with   
,jebb4      ,things look very well1 and 
our views must greatly influence the    
,royal ,commission4      ,i will try to 
secure names here4 ,my wife sends a list
 per     parcel post4  ,he made         
proposals with the idea of uniting what 
have come to be called the ,internal and
 ,external sides of the ,university1 and
 in his evidence before ,lord ,cowper's 
,commission he suggested a machinery of 
a less cumbrous and1 as he hoped1 of a  
more satisfactory character than that   
which became law in #ahih4 ,in #ahif he 
succeeded ,sir ,julian ,goldsmid as     
,vice-,chancellor4 ,it was during his   
term of office that the ,act of #ahih1  
which reconstituted the ,university as  
the result of ,earl ,cowper's           

,commission1 was passed4 ,as            
,vice-,chancellor it became his duty to 
watch the progress of the measure1 and  
to use his influence in promoting its   
passage through ,parliament4            
,unfortunately the ,university was as a 
house divided against itself4 ,one      
section of its ,senate1 numerically not 
very strong1 was avowedly hostile to its
 reconstitution as a teaching body4     
,some members of ,convocation acted as  
if their conception of the sole purpose 
of a ,university was the holding of     
examinations and the giving of degrees4 
,their object1 apparently1 was to       
strengthen by all possible means the    
influence of ,convocation2 to make it1  
in fact1 the main controlling power4    
,accordingly1 they used such            
parliamentary support as they could     
command to wreck the ,bill1 or failing  
that1 so to modify its provisions as to 
preserve as far as possible the existing
 constitution of the institution1 and to
 perpetuate its restricted functions4   

,thanks1 however1 to the action and     
alertness of ,lord ,bryce1 ,lord        
,haldane1 ,sir ,w4 ,priestley1 and ,sir 
,john ,gorst1 and the firmness of the   
,government1 the measure was steered    
safely through ,parliament and received 
the ,royal ,assent4  ,the statutory     
commission which followed the           
,university of ,london ,act of #ahih    
reported in #aijj2 its provisions were  
approved by ,parliament in ,june of that
 year1 and the new ,senate held its     
first meeting in the following ,october4
 ,roscoe took an active share in the    
rearrangements consequent on the        
reconstitution of the ,university1 and  
in the changes necessitated by its      
removal from ,burlington ,gardens to the
 buildings of the ,imperial ,institute  
at ,south ,kensington4  ,this last step 
was a somewhat delicate matter4 ,as     
housed in ,burlington ,gardens the      
,university was only moderately well    
provided for as regards                 
examination-rooms and administrative    

offices1 but such laboratories and      
store-rooms as it possessed were wholly 
inadequate for the practical work       
required in the examinations for science
 and medical degrees4 ,the pressure on  
the limited space grew more severe each 
session1 and for some time previous to  
#ahih the necessity of making fresh     
provision had forced itself upon the    
notice of the authorities4 ,the wants of
 the ,university in this respect had    
been freely ventilated in the course of 
the discussion on the ,bill4            
,accordingly1 overtures were made to the
 ,senate to take over some portion of   
the building of the ,imperial ,institute
 as a home for the reconstituted        
,university4 ,the offer was not received
 with any great enthusiasm4 ,the        
,imperial ,institute had not fulfilled  
the anticipations of its projectors2 its
 associations1 to say the least1 were   
not altogether academic1 and this       
circumstance naturally created a        
prejudice against it4 ,moreover1 the    

building itself1 although grandiose in  
design1 and possessing an admirable     
faade1 was rather like the geometrical  
definition of a line--length without    
breadth2 and when that portion of it    
intended to be assigned to the          
,university was measured up1 it was     
actually not much1 if any1 larger in    
superficial area than was available in  
,burlington ,gardens4 ,there was1       
however1 more space in the              
neighbourhood1 and a certain amount of  
rearrangement and new construction was  
possible4 ,moreover1 the authorities of 
the ,science and ,art ,department were  
projecting new laboratories for         
chemistry and physics1 and it was hoped 
that facilities might be granted to the 
,university to enable them1 under       
certain conditions1 to use them1 or some
 portion of them1 for their practical   
examinations in those sciences4 ,but    
objections were raised in regard to the 
geographical position of the building1  
its distance from the main-line         

stations1 etc4 ,its possible association
 with what was styled 8the ,south       
,kensington clique0 was another rock of 
offence4  ,there were possible          
difficulties also with the ,council of  
the ,institute as to the partition of   
the structure1 use of the main entrance1
 etc4 ,but all these matters were       
adjusted eventually by the skill1 tact1 
and firmness of the ,vice-,chancellor1  
with the concurrence of the ,treasury   
and of the ,office of ,works2 and the   
,university entered into the possession 
of the eastern half of the building4    
,not the least of the services which    
,roscoe rendered to the ,university was 
his action with regard to the selection 
of the late ,sir ,arthur ,rcker as its  
first ,principal4 ,it was entirely      
through his efforts that the appointment
 was made4 ,its success1 he says in his 
8,life and ,experiences10 more than     
justified those efforts1 and he always  
spoke of it as the best day's work he   
ever did for the ,university4  ,roscoe  

resigned the ,vice-,chancellorship in   
#aijb1 when he presented to the         
,university the handsome mace which now 
lies on the table during the meetings of
 the ,senate1 and which is used on      
ceremonial occasions4 ,it was so        
employed1 draped in crape1 at the       
memorial service held in ,rosslyn ,hill 
,chapel at his death4  ,he remained a   
member of the ,senate until #aiaj1 when 
age and increasing deafness necessitated
 his retirement4 ,in the resolution of  
condolence which the ,senate passed at  
its first meeting after his death1 they 
recalled with gratitude and admiration  
the great services he had rendered to   
the ,university during the twenty-one   
years of his membership of the ,senate1 
at first as ,fellow and later as one of 
the representatives of ,his ,majesty in 
,council2 and especially the wisdom1    
born of long experience in academic     
administration1 with which he guided the
 ,university during the six years of his
 ,vice-,chancellorship1 which witnessed 

its reconstitution under the ,act of    
#ahih4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,roscoe was a ,fellow of   
,eton ,college1 as a representative of  
the ,royal ,society1 from #ahhi to      
#aiab1 and did what he could during the 
twenty-three years he served on the     
,governing ,body to overcome what he    
terms 8the enormous inertia of this     
ancient machine40 ,he sought to further 
the teaching of physical science in the 
,school by himself giving lectures1 and 
through his efforts it is the richer by 
no less than one large and one small    
physical laboratory1 a physics          
lecture-room1 a workshop1 and two more  
chemical laboratories1 with store-rooms1
 etc4 ,he also reorganized the system of
 teaching1 and introduced graduated     
courses1 which have resulted in an      
all-round improvement4 ,nevertheless1   
the results have not been commensurate  
with all the hard work and enthusiasm he
 put into his efforts4 ,they have been  
largely discounted by factors over which

 he had no control4 ,no one realized    
this more clearly than himself1 and he  
felt keenly the disappointment of his   
hopes1 so much so that more than once he
 considered the advisability of         
resigning his ,fellowship as a protest4 
,he earned the gratitude of the science 
staff by his uniform kindness and       
sympathy1 and by the readiness with     
which he would discuss their            
difficulties with them and help them    
with advice and encouragement4  ,as the 
representative of the ,royal ,society1  
his chief interests lay with the        
teaching of physical science1 but they  
did not rest there4 ,no ,fellow worked  
harder for the general welfare of the   
,school4 ,in order to make himself      
acquainted first-hand with facts        
connected with the subjects to be       
discussed at the meetings of the        
,provost and ,fellows1 he constantly    
visited ,eton4 ,his opinion and advice  
on all sorts of questions were sought   
and respected1 and he has left behind   

him a record of whole-hearted service to
 the ,school that will long be          
remembered with appreciation and        
gratitude4  ,roscoe's experience as an  
educationist1 and his success in        
furthering the development of ,owens    
,college1 naturally caused him to be    
consulted when institutions of a similar
 type were projected1 and he was        
occasionally induced to take part in    
their foundation and government4 ,thus  
he had a large share in the arrangement 
of the curriculum of the ,university    
,college of ,dundee in #ahha1 and he was
 afterwards concerned1 as a member of   
the ,scottish ,universities ,commission1
 in establishing the connection of that 
,college with the ,university of ,st4   
,andrews4 ,he was appointed by the ,duke
 of ,devonshire to a governorship of    
,university ,college1 ,liverpool1 a     
position particularly gratifying to him 
as a member of a distinguished          
,liverpool family4 ,he represented the  
,university of ,london on the ,council  

of ,firth ,college1 ,sheffield1 which   
has since risen to the dignity of a     
university1 and was of service with     
respect to its science curriculum4  ,in 
#ahhh ,roscoe acted as a member of an   
,executive ,commission appointed to     
carry out the provisions of the         
,scottish ,universities ,act4 ,the      
,commission succeeded in devising       
ordinances which in many respects       
revolutionized the systems of the       
,scottish ,universities1 and by         
providing new avenues to degrees are    
destined1 it may be hoped1 to have an   
important effect upon the character of  
scientific education in ,scotland4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,in #ahij he was appointed a member of a
 ,committee along with ,lord ,playfair1 
,lord ,kelvin1 ,professor ,huxley1 ,mr4 
,mundella1 ,sir ,norman ,lockyer1 and   
,dr4 ,william ,garnett1 to advise the   
,commissioners of the #ahea ,exhibition 
on the question of establishing         
scholarships to aid the development of  

scientific education in the             
manufacturing districts of the country4 
,roscoe remained a member of that body  
after it had presented its ,report and  
had been entrusted with the duty of     
putting into operation the scheme which 
had been devised for the distribution   
and regulation of the scholarships4 ,the
 character of these scholarships cannot 
be better described than in his own     
words3--      ,it was decided that these
 should be of a higher order than most  
of those existing2 in fact1 that their  
functions should begin     where the    
ordinary educational curriculum ends1   
this system     having been adopted with
 excellent effect in the ,french cole   
,pratique des ,hautes tudes4 ,in other  
words1 the scholarships     were to be  
entirely confined to research1 and      
strict conditions     were laid down as 
to the capability of the candidate to   
carry     out original investigation4   
,the scholarships were to be #aej     a 
year in value1 tenable for two years1   

and to be limited to     those branches 
of science the knowledge of which is    
specially     important for our national
 industries4 ,the ,commissioners        
from time to time were to select a      
number of institutions     throughout   
the ,empire in which high scientific    
instruction is     given4 ,each         
university or college was to have the   
power of     nominating a student to a  
scholarship on the condition that he    
exhibited a capacity for advancing      
science or its applications2     these  
scholarships1 when awarded1 were to be  
tenable in any     university1 either at
 home or abroad1 or other approved      
institutions4'''      ,the fact that a  
large number of the nominating          
institutions     are situated in the    
colonies1 and that the scholars from    
these institutions come to the          
mother-country to carry out     their   
scientific work1 must exert an important
 influence in     strengthening the     
relations between different parts of the

     ,empire4 ,the value of this system 
is fully appreciated by the             
authorities at home and abroad1 and many
 are the instances in     which men of  
ability1 who would otherwise have been  
unable     to follow a scientific       
career1 or to assist the progress of    
our national industries1 are now coming 
to the front in both     respects4 ,it  
has been well remarked that if1 in the  
course of a     century1 even one       
,faraday should have been discovered1   
the sum     spent would have been amply 
repaid4  ,the policy laid down by the   
original committee has since been       
pursued without essential variation1 and
 what was at first regarded as an       
educational experiment has proved itself
 by the test of time an entirely        
successful undertaking1 and one which   
has served as a model for the           
institution of similar foundations1 both
 in this country and abroad4  ,in       
recognition of the services rendered on 
this committee1 ,roscoe was elected1 in 

#ahia1 a member of the ,royal           
,commission1 and five years afterwards1 
in #ahif1 he became a member of the     
,board of ,management1 and at the same  
time succeeded ,lord ,playfair as       
,chairman of the ,scholarships'         
,committee4  ,as ,chairman1 the control 
and direction of the ,committee's work  
was very largely in his hands1 and the  
care he devoted to every detail of the  
scholarship work undoubtedly contributed
 to the successful operation of the     
scheme4      ,but there was something   
more to value 7says ,mr4 ,evelyn ,shaw1 
who contributes the above particulars7  
than the part he played     in the      
proceedings of the ,committee4 ,the     
charm and sympathy of     his           
personality were felt by so many        
scholars who had occasion     to consult
 him upon their work1 and who often     
afterwards     remembered and were      
grateful for some kind and helpful      
advice4     ,he never failed to watch   
with interest the careers of past       

scholars1 as he regarded their record as
 the most convincing     proof of the   
value of the ,commissioners' ,endowment4
  ,in #aija he consented1 on the        
invitation of ,lord ,elgin1 the         
,chairman1 to join the executive        
committee of the trustees appointed to  
carry out the administration of ,mr4    
,andrew ,carnegie's munificent gift to  
the ,scottish ,universities for the     
benefit of scientific education2 and he 
assisted in the inauguration of a system
 of ,carnegie ,scholarships and         
,fellowships for the encouragement of   
original investigation1 resembling that 
of the ,royal ,commissioners of the     
#ahea ,exhibition4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,roscoe acted as  
chief examiner in chemistry of the      
,science and ,art ,department in        
succession to the late ,sir ,edward     
,frankland1 but resigned the appointment
 on his election to ,parliament4 ,he    
took a great interest in the aims of the
 department1 and worked cordially with  

its administrative officers1 especially 
in the abolition of the old system of   
8payment on results0 for the elementary 
stage of science subjects1 and in       
remodelling organized science schools4  
,the importance of properly housing the 
valuable science collections at ,south  
,kensington was constantly being pressed
 by him upon the ,government4 ,in #aiji 
he accompanied a strong deputation1 and 
presented an influentially signed       
memorial to the ,board of ,education1   
pleading for larger and better          
accommodation for the unique and almost 
priceless exhibits of historically      
important objects which the museum      
possesses1 some of which are absolutely 
irreplaceable4 ,he pointed out how      
valuable such a collection was as an    
adjunct to the systematic teaching of   
science and technology4 ,each model1 or 
piece of apparatus1 or specimen of      
historic interest1 was selected to bring
 into prominence underlying principles1 
or to illustrate various stages of      

industrial progress4 ,in the temporary  
buildings in which the collections were 
placed1 there was not only no room for  
the necessary expansion1 but the objects
 were so crowded together that proper   
arrangement and inspection were         
impossible4 ,what was needed was a      
building adequate to the proper         
exhibition of the present collection1   
and one worthy of ,british ,science4 ,he
 pointed out that one consequence of    
storing the collections in so haphazard 
and unsatisfactory a manner was that    
persons possessing objects of interest  
naturally felt indisposed to present    
them to the nation1 and some of these   
when offered had to be refused through  
want of space4 ,land sufficient for the 
purpose was in the hands of the         
,government1 and the ,royal             
,commissioners for the #ahea            
,exhibition1 so long ago as #ahgh1      
offered to contribute #ajj1jjj towards a
 building for the ,science ,museum4     
,roscoe's arguments were strongly       

supported by other members of the       
deputation1 and ,mr4 ,runciman1 who was 
then at the ,board of ,education1       
expressed himself as convinced by their 
weight1 and as wholly in sympathy with  
the object of the speakers4 ,a          
gratifying result of this action is to  
be seen in the new buildings now in     
course of erection4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,roscoe's high    
appreciation of ,pasteur's work as a    
chemist was1 we may presume1 the        
immediate cause of the great interest   
with which he had followed his          
remarkable discoveries concerning the   
causes and cure of chicken cholera1     
anthrax1 and the silkworm disease--an   
interest quickened1 no doubt1 by the    
fact that he had made the personal      
acquaintance of that distinguished man  
as far back as the early 'sixties4 ,he  
had specially informed himself of the   
working of the ,institut ,pasteur in    
,paris1 and of the anti-rabic treatment1
 and had borne his share in combating   

the mischievous prejudices of those in  
this country who sought to misrepresent 
the character and objects of ,pasteur's 
work4 ,in #ahhf he had used his         
parliamentary influence to induce ,mr4  
,chamberlain1 who was then ,president of
 the ,local ,government ,board1 to      
appoint a ,government ,commission1      
consisting of the late ,lord ,lister1   
,sir ,james ,paget1 ,professor ,ray     
,lankester1 and himself1 with ,sir      
,victor ,horsley as secretary1 to       
inquire and report on the efficacy of   
,pasteur's treatment of hydrophobia4    
,the ,commission came to the conclusion1
 based upon irrefragable proof1 that    
this treatment had been the means of    
saving a large number of lives that     
otherwise would have been sacrificed to 
a dreadful and torturing death4 ,their  
report induced ,sir ,james ,whitehead1  
when ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 to call a 
,mansion ,house meeting for the purpose 
of raising a fund partly to defray the  
cost of sending poor persons1 who may   

need treatment1 to the ,pasteur         
,institute in ,paris1 and partly to     
repay some of our indebtedness to       
,pasteur and his co-workers for having  
treated some two hundred of our         
countrymen gratuitously4 ,the ,royal    
,society requested ,roscoe1 with ,sir   
,james ,paget and ,professor ,lankester1
 to represent them at the ,lord ,mayor's
 meeting1 and they supported the action 
by a formal letter from the ,president4 
,roscoe seized the opportunity of having
 to respond for 8,science0 at a ,royal  
,academy banquet to direct further      
attention to the subject1 and he        
subsequently spoke in the ,house of     
,commons of the great value of          
experiments on living animals in        
opposition to an amendment designed to  
impede the working of the ,vivisection  
,acts4 ,by memorials1 popular lectures1 
and articles in the periodical press1 he
 kept the subject continually before the
 public eye4 ,nor were his colleagues   
less active in instructing and forming  

public opinion4 ,their efforts          
eventually resulted in the establishment
 of an institute in ,london with aims   
similar to those of that in ,paris4     
,thanks to the munificent action of     
,lord ,iveagh1 it has been housed and   
equipped not less worthily than its     
sister foundation4 ,the ,london         
,institute of ,preventive ,medicine now 
bears the honoured name of ,lord        
,lister1 its first ,president4  ,roscoe 
was its ,treasurer from #ahia to #aijd  
and ,chairman from #aijd to #aiab1 and  
again from #aiad to the time of his     
death4 ,the building has now been       
completed at a cost of #bh1jjj1 entirely
 paid out of income1 and there has been 
a gradual and considerable increase in  
the scientific staff and in the volume  
of work done4 ,the formation of the     
,medical ,research ,committee was       
thought by ,roscoe to affect the        
interests of the ,institute1 and he     
considered that it might be better to   
bring about a working arrangement       

between the two bodies4 ,he felt that   
the independent existence of two such   
schemes of research might lead to       
rivalry rather than to co-operation1 and
 that the superior resources of the     
,government ,committee might operate to 
the disadvantage of the ,institute4 ,it 
was also thought that the addition of   
the resources of the ,institute to those
 at the disposal of the ,committee      
together with the union of the two      
scientific staffs would prove a great   
advantage to each and contribute largely
 to the success of both4 ,another more  
practical point was that the            
amalgamation scheme would remove from   
the ,institute the burdensome necessity 
of having to earn money by routine      
diagnosis work in order to provide a    
sufficient income to support the        
scientific work1 and to permit of its   
increase4 ,this contemplated action gave
 rise to a considerable difference of   
opinion4 ,as a question of policy it    
obviously admitted of two sides1 and    

when the matter came up for decision the
 preponderating feeling was to let well 
alone and to allow the ,institute to    
continue to develop along independent   
lines4     ,,chapter ,,xii  ,,dignities 
,,and ,,honours--,,the ,,deutsche       
,,revue--,,germany ,,and                
,,england--,,world ,,supremacy ,,or     
,,war   ,roscoe's services to science   
and to the cause of education were      
widely recognized4 ,he was an honorary  
graduate of many universities at home   
and abroad1 and an honorary or          
corresponding member of many foreign    
scientific societies4 ,he was a         
,d4,c4,l4 of ,oxford2 and ,,ll4,d4 of   
,cambridge 7#ahhc71 ,dublin 7#ahgh71    
,glasgow 7#aija71 and ,montreal 7#ahhd72
 and ,d4,sc4 of ,aberdeen1 ,liverpool1  
and ,victoria4 ,on the occasion of the  
eighth jubilee of the foundation of     
,heidelberg ,university he was made an  
honorary ,m4,d4  ,he served as a member 
of the jury for chemical products of the
 ,english section of the ,french        

,exhibition of #ahgh1 and was made an   
officer of the ,legion of ,honour1 and  
in #ahhi a corresponding member of the  
,french ,institute of the ,academy of   
,sciences4 ,he was an honorary member of
 the ,american ,philosophical ,society  
of ,philadelphia and of the ,new ,york  
,academy of ,sciences2 of the ,chemical 
,society of ,berlin2 of the ,bunsen     
,gesellschaft1 of the ,verein fr        
,naturwissenschaft of ,brunswick1 and of
 the ,physikalische ,verein of          
,frankfort2 a corresponding member of   
the ,bavarian ,academy of ,sciences of  
,munich1 of the ,royal ,society of      
,sciences of ,gttingen1 of the ,royal   
,accad4 ,lincei of ,rome1 and of the    
,academy of ,natural ,science of        
,catania2 a member of the ,leop4 ,carol4
 ,akad4 of ,halle1 and of the ,physiogr4
 ,sllsk of ,lund4 ,he was an honorary   
member of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1   
and of the ,literary and ,philosophical 
,society of ,manchester4 ,in #aiab the  
,franklin ,institute awarded him the    

,elliott ,cresson ,gold ,medal4  ,he was
 sworn of the ,privy ,council in        
#aiji--;an honour which he accepted not 
only as a personal distinction but as a 
recognition of the claims of ,science4  
,but of all the distinctions and marks  
of appreciation he received in the      
course of his long and busy life1 none  
afforded him a truer or more heart-felt 
gratification than the action taken by  
his old pupils in celebrating the       
fiftieth anniversary of the date--,march
 #be1 #ahed--on which he took his       
,heidelberg degree4 ,the warmth and     
cordiality with which the idea of       
commemorating his jubilee was received1 
not only by his former students but by  
every teaching institution1 academic    
body1 and scientific society with which 
he was or had been connected1 was a     
striking testimony to the regard and    
esteem in which he was universally held4
 ,the ,university of ,heidelberg renewed
 its diploma of ,doctor ,philosophi     
,naturalis1 and accompanied it by an    

address from the ,grand ,duke of ,baden1
 ,rector of the ,university1 the        
,pro-,rector1 ,senior ,dean1 and the    
other professors of the ,philosophical  
,faculty4 ,addresses were also sent by  
,university ,college1 ,london1 the      
,victoria ,university1 and the          
,universities of ,london1 ,liverpool1   
,birmingham1 ,wales1 ,scotland1         
,montreal1 ,melbourne1 ,new ,zealand1   
and ,tokyo2 ,king's ,college1 ,london1  
the ,yorkshire ,college1 and the        
,university ,colleges of ,sheffield1    
,newcastle1 and ,dundee2 the ,royal and 
,chemical ,societies1 the ,society of   
,chemical ,industry1 ,british           
,association1 the ,lister and ,pasteur  
,institutes1 and a number of the        
academies and scientific societies of   
,germany1 ,italy1 ,holland1 and         
,america4 ,in addition a large number of
 congratulatory letters and messages    
were received from distinguished        
friends1 chemists1 and physicists       
throughout ,europe1 ,america1 and the   

,british ,dominions beyond the ,seas4   
,the celebration was held on ,april #bb1
 #aijd1 in the beautiful ,whitworth     
,hall of the ,victoria ,university in   
the presence of a large and enthusiastic
 gathering of former students and       
colleagues1 and of friends who had      
journeyed to ,manchester to present     
addresses4  ,of all these addresses1 the
 one1 he says in his autobiography1 that
 touched him most nearly was that from  
his former pupils4 ,it ran as follows3  
,we1 the undersigned1 all of whom have  
the honour to number     ourselves among
 your pupils1 desire on the occasion of 
the     celebration of the ,fiftieth    
,anniversary of the date of your        
graduation as a ,doctor of ,philosophy  
of the ,university of     ,heidelberg to
 offer you our hearty congratulations1  
and to     express our pleasure that you
 are able to be with us in health       
and strength to receive this testimony  
of our gratitude and     esteem4        
,the half-century which has elapsed     

since the day of your ,doctor           
promotion summa-cum-laude1 has witnessed
 an extraordinary     development in    
that branch of natural knowledge to     
which you     have particularly devoted 
yourself4 ,we recall with pride in      
how large a measure your own labours    
have contributed to that     growth--by 
your work as an original investigator1  
by your     literary productions1 by    
your remarkable and almost unexampled   
success as a teacher1 by the influence  
you have exerted in     the organization
 and direction of societies concerned   
with     ,science1 by your unceasing and
 well-directed efforts to     secure for
 ,science its due position in the scheme
 of ,national     ,education and the    
fuller recognition of its relations to  
the     well-being of civilized         
communities4 ,it was your good fortune  
at the outset of your career to come    
under the influence of     illustrious  
chemical philosophers--,graham1         
,williamson1 ,bunsen4     ,your good    

fortune has been our great gain4 ,you   
have not only     worthily upheld the   
traditions associated with such names1  
but     you have inspired others by your
 example4 ,your influence is     to be  
seen in the creation of the great       
,school of ,chemistry     in which you  
have laboured for thirty years1 and in  
which you     taught hundreds of pupils2
 it is equally felt in the many         
similar places throughout this kingdom  
which are modelled upon     the lines   
you indicated1 and which are to-day     
actuated by your     method and example4
      ,we gratefully recall the         
obligations that we are under to     you
 as our teacher1 and we cherish the     
memory of the signal     services you   
have rendered to the ,institution of    
which we     are proud to be members4   
,you came to it in the days of its      
precarious infancy1 you assisted to rear
 it into a vigorous     youth1 sharing  
its aspirations1 and stimulating its    
endeavours2     you behold it now of    

age1 and entering upon a great career4  
,that you should have lived to see and  
enjoy this fruition of     your labours 
is a matter of special gratification to 
us1 as it     must be to you4 ,blessed  
with continuing health and happiness    
may you long be spared to witness its   
growth in prosperity and     usefulness4
  ,to this address he replied3      ,of 
all gratifying and far too flattering   
addresses which ,i am     to-day        
receiving1 none come so near my heart as
 that signed by     three hundred of my 
former students4      ,what can a       
teacher value more than the sympathy and
 good     opinion of his pupils1 and    
this you have given me in full          
measure4      ,if ,i succeeded in       
forming a ,school of ,chemistry at      
,owens1 it     was because1 in the first
 place1 ,i learnt from ,bunsen how the  
foundations of such a school must be    
laid2 secondly1 because ,i              
fortunately secured the co-operation in 
the task of good men     and true1 like 

,schorlemmer and ,dittmar2 and last but 
not least     because ,i was surrounded 
by an ever-increasing band of young     
men imbued with the true scientific     
spirit1 able and anxious to     devote  
themselves to the study and to the      
advancement of their     science4       
,well aware of my own deficiencies1 and 
recognizing the gulf     which lies     
between promise and performance1 ,i     
yield to none     in the personal       
interest which ,i take in your progress 
and     welfare1 and in the affectionate
 remembrance in which ,i hold     each  
and all of you4 ,many1 many thanks4  ,in
 his later years1 and when the physical 
disabilities of age kept him more and   
more indoors1 ,roscoe occupied himself  
in contributing short articles to the   
,deutsche ,revue on academic or         
educational subjects4 ,thus in his first
 article he recalls his ,heidelberg     
experiences1 and dwells upon his        
friendly relations with ,german men of  
science1 dating from the early 'fifties 

of the last century4 ,in a second       
article he describes the rise of the    
,english ,universities--ancient and     
modern--their characteristics and the   
differences in constitution and methods 
between them and the ,german            
,universities4 ,in #aijh an article     
entitled 8,an ,english ,man of ,science 
on the ,friendship of the ,german       
,emperor for ,england and upon the      
relations of ,england and ,germany10    
indicates a certain feeling of anxiety  
at the growing unrest he perceives in   
reference to ,germany's intentions in so
 rapidly increasing the strength of her 
fleet4 ,he follows this up with a longer
 article on 8,the ,peace ,mission of the
 ,sciences10 in which he expands a      
favourite theme to which1 to our grief1 
circumstances have now given the lie    
direct4 ,in quick succession he writes  
letters to the editor on 8,a few words  
concerning ,england and ,germany02      
8,international ,understanding02 8,no   
more ,war in ,europe0--in which he      

strives to remove misapprehension1 and  
to make clear to ,german readers that   
there is no widespread feeling of       
animosity in this country towards the   
,fatherland4  ,the following letter to  
the writer refers to this matter3--     
''' ,has ,anschtz sent you his pamphlet 
on ,couper8 ,it is very     interesting1
 and places ,c4 on a level with         
,kekul4''' ,i am     languishing for    
some scientific converse4 ,i fear no    
chance of     seeing you at present4    
,but ,i should like to6      ,as a      
,zeitvertreib ,i have written a         
political diatribe     entitled 8,es    
soll in ,europa kein mehr ,krieg seyn0  
for the     ,deutsche ,revue4 ,the      
,powers will tremble when they read     
it--which they won't6 ,but the editor is
 pleased and calls me--or     rather1 ,i
 fancy1 his daughter does--8,dearest    
,sir ,henry06  ,under the title of      
8,king ,edward ,,vii the ,peacemaker0 he
 contributed to the same review a short 
article written a few weeks after the   

,king's death1 in which he dilated on   
his high personal qualities1 his merits 
as a ruler1 and his love of order and   
peace4 ,his last communication on       
8,germany and ,england0 the editor      
declined to print1 but it was published 
in ,nord und ,sud1 an old-established   
and well-known fortnightly review of    
good repute4 ,the article is so         
characteristic of the good sense and    
right feeling of its author that it is  
well worthy of reproduction1 apart from 
its interest in relation to the one     
supreme topic of the time4              
,,germany ,,and ,,england4      ,i write
 neither from the point of view of a    
diplomatist nor     of a politician1 but
 simply as a scientific man who1 being  
a ,menschenfreund and ,deutsch-gesinnt  
and anxious to     see differences      
between the nations as between          
individuals     disappear1 asks himself 
the questions1 who are the people who   
are stirring up all this discord2 what  
do they mean2 what do     they want2    

what is their power8 ,we in ,england    
call these men     ,jingoes4 ,in        
,germany1 ,i believe1 they are termed   
,pan-,germans or     ,all-,deutschen4   
,in ,france they are 8,revanchistes10   
and in ,italy     8,irredentisti40      
,what they mean is clear enough2 they   
mean mischief4 ,what     they want is   
not so plain1 for they do not tell us in
 simple     language2 indeed1 ,i doubt  
whether they know themselves4 ,that     
their language1 whether spoken or       
written1 is more or less     dangerous  
to the peace of the world everybody     
admits4 ,what is     their power1 and   
how far that danger goes1 is another    
question4     ,nobody believes that     
their wish to set the nations by the    
ears     is shared by the mass of       
mankind4 ,the general good sense and    
honesty of the people of every          
nationality is a strong bulwark         
against ,chauvinism4 ,and if the true   
opinion of the ,british and     of the  
,german peoples could be obtained who   

can doubt that     it would be in favour
 of peace and good feeling rather than  
of hostility and war8 ,but to err is    
human1 and to be misled     is easy1 so 
that it behoves those who love progress 
and hate     all that opposes progress  
to use all efforts to denounce     and  
destroy ,chauvinism in every country and
 in every form4     ,in ,england        
,jingoism has practically no power4 ,in 
,parliament     certainly none--witness 
the speeches lately delivered in both   
,houses--not one note of ill-feeling    
towards ,germany was heard4     ,on the 
contrary1 the warmest expressions of    
appreciation of     goodwill and        
friendship fell from the lips not only  
of the     members of the present       
,government in ,lords and ,commons1 but 
also from the leaders of the ,opposition
 in both ,houses1 and     the wish for  
an understanding with ,germany was      
universal and     emphatic4      ,in the
 ,british ,press1 with a few            
dishonourable and unimportant           

exceptions1 the same thing may          
truthfully be said4 ,the working        
classes have never been infected by     
anti-,germanism4 ,our     commercial    
men1 who are brought into intimate      
trading relations     with the ,germans1
 desire an ,anglo-,german understanding 
beyond     all other aspirations in the 
sphere of foreign policy4      ,to      
believe that ,england now wishes1 or is 
likely ever to     wish1 to go to war   
with ,germany is a delusion in which    
only     the insane can indulge4 ,what  
on earth1 may well be asked1 can        
,england gain by commencing war with    
,germany8 ,suppose1 for     instance1   
the ,british fleet could bombard and    
destroy ,hamburg2     in what way would 
such an act of vandalism benefit us8 ,in
 no     possible way2 on the contrary1  
we should be cutting our own            
throats1 for is not ,hamburg one of our 
best customers1 merely     to look at   
the transaction from a monetary point of
 view8      ,let me pull down another   

idol4 ,it has been said1 and is still   
believed by many persons who ought to   
know better1 that ,england     is       
jealous of the rising1 or risen1        
world-wide trade of     ,germany1 and is
 determined to stop it in defence of her
 own4     ,that such a view has been    
expressed by certain of my countrymen   
is1 of course1 a fact4 ,but surely this 
is a totally false view4     ,imagine1  
if you can1 ,germany reduced to the     
condition of half     a century ago1    
poor1 disunited1 with little or no      
world-wide     trade4 ,would ,english   
commerce be more flourishing than when1 
as     now1 ,germany is rich1 united1   
and trading the wide world over8        
,certainly not4 ,the richer our         
neighbours and competitors become       
the more will our own trade benefit4 ,a 
man with sixpence in his     pocket is  
not much good as a buyer4 ,with a       
handful of gold he     is a welcome     
customer6 ,what the trade between the   
two countries     was worth fifty years 

ago ,i don't know1 but it must have been
     a mere fraction of what it now     
amounts to1 namely1 over #ajj           
millions sterling a year4      ,is there
 any other point of view from which the 
notion that     ,england can personally 
gain by making war on ,germany can be   
urged8 ,i do not know of one1 and       
perhaps our ,jingoes may even     admit 
this4 ,but say they3 8,if we do not     
declare war ,germany     is certain to  
do so4 ,is it not better for us to      
choose our     own time and occasion    
rather than allow our enemy to take the 
step when the conditions are most       
favourable to them80 ,this              
conclusion is sound provided the        
premises are also sound4 ,does          
,germany intend to declare war or so to 
act as to bring about     a war with    
this country8 ,what is the evidence8    
,certainly if     we are to accept the  
statements of the ,all-,deutschen party 
as representing the opinion of the      
nation at large there are     good      

grounds for believing that war is       
inevitable4 ,but surely     every one   
who knows anything of ,germany and      
,german opinion is     certain that the 
,all-,deutschen have even less power to 
bring     about war than our own        
,jingoes have1 and that their utterances
     represent public opinion in        
,germany to a less extent than those    
of our ,jingoes represent the ,english  
opinion4 ,the debates in     the        
,reichstag1 the speeches of your        
,ministers1 the expressions     in the  
more responsible organs of the ,german  
,press1 and the     outspoken opinion of
 the ,german working classes1 all tell  
the     same tale1 8,we do not want     
war40      ,still there remains in      
,germany a strong and widespread feeling
     of animosity--not to use a harsher 
term--towards ,england4     ,upon what  
is this feeling based8 ,what has        
,england done1 is     doing1 or is going
 to do that should create such a feeling
 of     mistrust and enmity8 ,i have    

never been able to answer this          
question1 and ,i believe it arises out  
of a misunderstanding     and           
misconception2 a sort of revival of the 
old ,french cry of     8,perfide        
,albion40 ,can these ,all-,germans point
 to any one of     the many             
,anglo-,german agreements which have    
been arrived at     from the time when  
,germany began to expand down to the    
present     moment which has not given  
,germany every opportunity to take      
her place in the sun8      ,let me come 
to the point4 ,has ,england interfered  
with ,german     trade8 ,if she has1 she
 has failed egregiously1 for in spite   
of ,england's supposed efforts ,german  
trade has increased     and is          
increasing by leaps and bounds4 ,but    
what signs of     interference has      
,england shown8 ,can your ,pan-,germans 
point to     a single instance8 ,it is  
easy to write fiery articles1 and to    
attribute ill-feeling or jealousy1 to   
say ,germany cannot come     out in the 

sun because ,britain 8rules the waves10 
to assert     that ,englishmen dislike  
and despise the ,germans1 and that we   
are jealous of ,german prosperity4 ,this
 is not only foolish     and unfriendly 
talk1 but it is false from beginning to 
end4     ,instead of endeavouring to    
limit ,german trade our policy of       
the open door has had the effect of     
expanding it enormously4     ,all our   
ports at home and in foreign waters1 all
 our offices1     shops1 and industries 
are open1 and educated ,germans have    
taken great advantage of our policy both
 to their own and to     our immense    
benefit4 ,wherever ,british industry or 
commerce     flourishes there ,german   
merchants or manufacturers are found1   
and there they remain4 ,in our own great
 cities1 in those of our     oversea    
dominions1 as well as in our most       
distant settlements1     the ubiquitous 
,german flourishes1 and is a welcome    
strength     to the community4 ,what    
more can ,england do to assist ,german  

trade and industry than she has done and
 is doing8 ,how can it     with any     
truth be said that ,england stops       
,germany from coming     out into the   
sun8 8,yes10 these ,pan-,germans may    
say1 8we grant     that you are very    
kind1 and give us a helping hand4 ,that 
is1     however1 not good enough for    
,germany4 ,we must stand alone4 ,we     
insist upon having a ,colonial ,empire1 
an ,oversea ,dominion1 a                
,deutschland ber ,see1 as you have in   
,australasia1 ,canada1 and     ,south   
,africa40      ,well1 if these views    
were those of the ,german nation instead
 of     that of a somewhat insignificant
 clique1 and if ,germany were     to    
determine that at all hazards this wish 
must be fulfilled1     the question     
would at once become of grave           
importance1 because     that would mean 
certain war with ,britain1 and probably 
with     the ,united ,states4 ,and for  
this reason ,england being a long       
consolidated great ,power 7,welt        

,macht71 and having had the     command 
of the sea1 and her people having the   
faculty of     successful colonization1 
has1 for the last four hundred years    
at least1 sent forth peaceful armies to 
annex and dwell in the     most fruitful
 and habitable--but uncivilized--parts  
of the world4     ,to such an extent has
 this movement been successful that     
nearly     all the areas of land not    
already occupied by civilized man1      
and capable of being made a permanent   
home by ,europeans1 have     been taken 
over by ,englishmen or ,americans1 so   
that little     space of the kind is    
left for the young and aspiring ,german 
nation to annex4 ,whether for good or   
for evil she has come too     late for  
this game of grab1 unless1 indeed1 she  
is so rash     as to try to take land   
from those now in possession4 ,this1    
of course1 entails war1 and war the     
damage of which--even if     victorious 
on her side--no amount of land or gold  
could even     in a small degree repay4 

,as to the truth of this statement1     
consult the ,credit ,bankers of ,berlin1
 and ask them what would     be the     
condition of the ,berlin ,exchange the  
day after war was     declared between  
,germany and ,england4 ,i1 for my part1 
do not     believe that ,germany or its 
people are gone mad1 or likely to       
become so1 and therefore ,i do not      
believe that ,germany will     ever try 
to wrest from ,england her ,oversea     
,dominions or to     invade the ,new    
,world with the millions of armed men   
necessary     to establish a ,fatherland
 in the ,west4      ,much has lately    
been said about ,germany being          
over-populated4     ,her people increase
 by nearly one million souls yearly4    
8,some     outlet for these millions    
must be found10 say the ,all-,deutsch4  
,is this so clear8 ,the population of   
,germany is not nearly     so dense as  
that of our own country or that of      
,belgium1 and     in both these         
countries the conditions of life are    

quite as     favourable as those in the 
,fatherland4 ,moreover1 is it not true  
that to-day thousands of workers from   
other lands are flocking     to fill new
 posts created by the ever-increasing   
demand for     labour in the ,german    
industries8      ,no6 the high and      
glorious aim and true function of the   
,german     nation is not to try to     
conquer by the 8mailed fist0 either     
on land or sea1 but to show how the     
world may be dominated     by proving to
 mankind the grand results which accrue 
to     civilization when a nation has   
both the power and the     determination
 to carry out its high ideals4 ,no other
 nation     in either the ,old or the   
,new ,world possesses these ideals in   
such high degree1 and is1 therefore1 so 
fully able and so well     fitted to    
take the lead in this new departure as  
the ,german4      ,the old game of war  
is played out4 ,it has become a         
disgraceful     instead of a glorious   
one in the eyes of twentieth-century    

men4 ,we look to ,germany to show how a 
modern state is to be     carried on for
 the greatest good of its own people so 
as to     become an example to the rest4
 ,take the opinions of your great       
men of ,science--men of the stamp of    
,helmholtz--men who looked     forward  
instead of backwards1 and be guided by  
them4 ,ask them     in what is national 
glory to consist in the coming          
centuries4     ,do not pin your faith on
 those who1 like ,treitschke1 argue that
     because war has been1 it must      
continue to be1 men who preach     the  
false doctrine that its influence is a  
purifying one1 and     a saving grace4  
,these views are those of the past4     
,they do not     represent the present1 
still less the future opinion of        
mankind4      ,the time is now ripe1 for
 has not ,dr4 von ,bethmann-,hollweg    
said on the part of the ,german people  
that the national slate     is clean8   
,it will be the greatest wickedness and 
folly of both     nations if this appeal

 to the better feelings of the peoples  
is     not welcomed and acted upon4     
,let ,germany pursue her ideals1 and her
 actions will rule the     world1       
because those ideals and actions make   
for peace and     progress4  ,that there
 was a section--and a not inconsiderable
 section--of the ,german public to whom 
this appeal was not in vain was         
manifested by the publication in        
,stuttgart of a remarkable article on   
8,world ,supremacy or ,war10 written    
under the nom-de-plume of               
8,nostradamus40 ,this so impressed      
,roscoe that he translated it for the   
,british-,german ,friendship ,society--a
 society of influential persons who     
strove to stem the rising tide which    
broke down all barriers on that fateful 
day of ,august #aiad4 ,the purport of   
the article was to point out that the   
true policy of ,germany was to seek an  
alliance with ,england4 ,the writer     
admitted that we were the first to offer
 the hand of friendship1 but that under 

,blow's rgime it was declined4 ,he      
further shows it was this circumstance  
that led ,england to seek alliances     
elsewhere--an action that was not only  
natural but essential to our well-being1
 and wholly due to the short-sighted    
policy of ,germany4 ,the pamphlet is too
 long to be quoted in full1 but a few   
extracts1 read in the light of what is  
happening1 may be of interest4          
,,world ,,supremacy ,,or ,,war4      '''
 ,we have often enough declared that we 
never mean to attack     ,england4 ,does
 any one imagine that a prudent nation  
will     trust to such words when it    
comes to a question for her of to     be
 or not to be8 ,what is it those        
,britons see who have been     following
 with interest for twenty years the     
events which have     taken place in our
 country8 ,a steady and continuous      
increase     of armaments2 a fleet born 
and growing each year more and more     
rapidly2 a ruler who is restlessly      
active--now in the saddle1     now on   

the captain's bridge2 his palace only   
used for sleeping4     ,wherever the    
,kaiser goes his forces are in the      
forefront4     ,exercises1 manuvres1    
mobilization of the fleet1 war games1   
conferences1 and speeches quickly follow
 one another4 ,his     speeches refer   
oftener than needful to the grip of the 
sword1     and at the same time he      
sedulously endeavours to negotiate      
personally with his neighbouring        
,states4 ,such things as the     ,kruger
 telegram and the expedition to         
,tangiers look like froth1     but they 
really hide personal wishes and         
inclinations4 ,thus do     the ,english 
see us4 ,what can they1 what must they  
think of it     all8 ,we are grown to be
 neighbours and yet we arm and arm4 ,our
     trade is protected1 and for        
offensive purposes a fleet will         
arouse little sympathy4 ,have not both  
,holland and ,belgium a     large trade 
and yet no one thinks of wresting it    
from them4      ,against what is        

,germany arming if not against          
,england's command     of the sea8 ,must
 not every ,englishman think so8 ,has   
not their     mistrust been fostered by 
our policy1 by the utterances of our    
men of mark1 by the opinions of our     
,press1 and last but not     least by   
the propaganda of our ,navy ,league8    
,how can a clear-headed people like the 
,english entertain     friendly feelings
 for us in view of these evident proofs 
of our     mistrust8 ,we have driven    
,england into the ,double ,alliance4    
8,he     who is not with me is against  
me40 ,should we not do exactly the      
same8 ,we carry on a sentimental policy1
 play the injured party1     whilst     
suspicion prevents us from being        
open-minded4      ,the ,german ,empire  
ought therefore only to have a fleet    
sufficient for her real needs1 able to  
defend her coasts1 to     act as        
maritime police in the areas of smaller 
,states1 and     to perform convoy duty 
for our troop-ships to our colonies4    

,a larger fleet is in fact either a     
luxury or it is directed     against    
,england4 ,such logic is inexorable4    
,for our centre     of                  
gravity--otherwise than is the case with
 ,england--lies at     home4 ,we are not
 dependent on the importation of        
foodstuffs2     the #e per cent4 of what
 is not grown on our own soil must be   
sacrificed in war4      ,as to our      
commerce1 there will be no dispute4 ,in 
the countries     where our goods are   
sold the ,german merchant is not only a 
necessity but valued as an indispensable
 friend and educator4     ,the merchant 
who is not able to create such a        
position is not     worth having        
battleships near him to back up his     
weaknesses4     ,only the excellence and
 tastefulness of the wares he has to    
sell and the tact and ingenuity of the  
seller1 coupled with a     full         
knowledge of local requirements1 can    
ensure the prosperity     of our        
commerce2 never the mailed fist6 ,this  

cannot be repeated     too often or too 
emphatically4      ,up to now the       
agreement with ,france and ,russia has  
guaranteed     ,england's safety4 ,now  
,england sees that ,france1 relying on  
the     military convention with her two
 friends1 is working seriously     for  
war4 ,she knows that in ,russia the     
voice for war against     ,germany is   
increasing4 ,such a war would weaken    
,england's ,navy2     it would throw a  
hundred and fifty thousand ,englishmen  
on the     battlefield2#cj it would mean
 heavy demands on the country's         
finance and her colonies might make     
threatening movements     against her   
sovereignty4 ,she would also lose her   
best buyer and     seller4 ,europe's    
predominance would be imperilled6       
,these are the weighty reasons why the  
,english ,government are                
trying--even at the eleventh hour--to   
prevent this war4      ,many object that
 the psychological moment will not      
arrive for     this war4 ,internal      

conditions will tend to promote it4     
,never     have the opportunities been  
so favourable for the ,french     and   
,russians to cross swords with us1 and  
to endeavour to     annihilate our      
position as a leading ,power of the     
,continent4      ,france sees her       
population going down year by year4 ,in 
the same     ratio the prospect is      
dwindling for ,france to regain ,alsace 
,lorraine and thereby increase of       
dominion1 population1 and     prestige4 
,the hatred of the conqueror continues  
to blaze2 they     have long since lost 
all respect for us1 and they are longing
     to measure their strength with     
ours4 ,newspapers and leaflets     stir 
up the flame and preach ceterum censeo4 
,the ,republic undoubtedly binds the    
people together more     closely1 and   
will provide more means and men for     
their     armaments than is the case    
with us4 ,and the call will not be in   
vain1 neither are ,alliances nor        
,military ,conventions4 ,russia's       

,army and ,england's fleet1 plus        
#aej1jjj men1 are guaranteed to         
,france4 ,italy is tied up in ,tripoli1 
the ,north ,sea ,canal is     unusable1 
a third of the ,german voters have shown
 themselves as     enemies of the       
,state1 and party disputes have         
demoralized the     nation4 ,when will  
such a concatenation be repeated8       
,and what is the outlook for ,germany8  
,do not let us fear to look the matter  
straight in the face4 ,a     war on     
three sides4 ,our ,navy against three   
,navies1 and a triple     superiority4  
,victory at sea is impossible4 ,however 
much we may     harm our opponents we   
are certain to lose many colonies4 ,on  
the mainland fighting on two flanks4 ,of
 course we cannot deny     it and must  
look at the future coolly4 ,it is idle  
to waste     words about such a war2 let
 us leave talk to others4 ,let us       
look at a favourable solution3 the      
defeat of both opponents4     ,what     
would peace bring us8 ,annexation of    

more ,french or ,russian                
possessions8 ,no rational being could   
think of such a poisoned     gift4      
,and what about overseas and colonies8  
,in foreign parts we shall     have     
nothing more to say1 for our mercantile 
and naval fleet     will be almost      
entirely destroyed4 ,and as for money   
indemnity1     even in case we conquered
 our opponents we cannot hope for       
heavy terms4 ,we shall be glad after    
this blood-letting to     embrace peace 
and to receive a portion of our war     
expenses4 ,we     should have to fight  
hard1 and only through rivers of blood  
and     by straining every nerve can we 
hope to keep our ,empire intact4     ,in
 the #ahgj war against the ,french      
,empire in nearly every case     our    
victories were bought with superior     
losses4 ,and how dear     these         
victories cost us6      ,but not        
numbers1 nor weapons1 nor careful       
preparations in     times of peace are  
going to conquer in the war of the      

future4     ,esprit alone will turn the 
scale1 and to quote the words     of    
,frederick the ,great1 8,the esprit of  
an army lies in its     officers40      
,those officers will have the best      
influence on their     men who have the 
most hardened physique and who are      
trained     each one according to his   
particular bent1 and are able to do     
without comforts and have the natural   
gift of comradeship with     the common 
soldier combined with strict discipline4
 ,they must     evoke the soldiers'     
esteem and dependence and the blind     
trust     which the unselfish care of   
their men will produce4 ,this can     be
 brought about only by placing the      
well-being of the troops     in the     
forefront1 and without the slightest    
consideration on     the officers' part 
for their own advantage1 unselfishly    
sinking     their personality1 rising to
 every situation with courage1 and      
bracing up every weakling or coward     
under their care by their     example4  

,that corps which possesses these       
qualities to the     fullest extent will
 carry victory with their colours1 and  
only     such a set of officers can be  
our salvation4      ,do not let us      
underestimate our opponents4      ,on   
the west we have the ,french ,army with 
a lurking desire     for revenge1 its   
material intelligent and full of        
soldierly     qualities4 ,the sons of   
the ,republic will fight with the same  
courage they did in the #ahgj-ahga      
campaign but under better               
generalship4 ,the ,french have learnt a 
great deal2 may we not     admit this   
to-day8      ,and how is it with us8    
,an admission must be made at a critical
 moment4 ,that moment has     arrived4  
,in the course of time the sober and    
earnest speech and     thought of the   
old ,prussians has become remote4 ,let  
us beware     of overconfidence in      
ourselves4 ,we have a forty years' peace
     behind us1 which is not very good  
for the ,german ,army4 ,so much     for 

us4      ,and what will victory bring   
us8      ,the loss of our ,navy and our 
,colonies1 and our own destruction      
only avoided by a sea of blood4 ,what   
will happen when the     people return  
home1 awakened as to their own character
 and     chastened by a fruitless fight8
 ,we speak of a favourable     result4  
,and if this does not occur8 ,if        
,germany does not win in     the next   
war shall we be bled to death8 ,bismarck
 said this1 and     let us admit it     
openly3 8,in this war we have nothing to
 gain     and everything to lose40      
,he who brings about this war and who   
does not try to obviate     the danger  
is perpetrating the greatest outrage on 
the ,german     nation4 ,he is          
endangering the creation of ,bismarck   
and his     ,king2 he is playing with   
loaded dice4  ,here was a voice crying  
in the wilderness--a prophet without    
honour in his own country6 ,but how true
 are his words6     ,,chapter ,,xiii    
,,home ,,life--,,lady                   

,,roscoe--,,woodcote ,,lodge--,,personal
 ,,characteristics--,,death   ,in #ahfc 
,roscoe married the lady whom he had    
first met in his aunt ,crompton's       
drawing-room in ,hyde ,park             
,square--,lucy1 the youngest member of  
the family of ,edmund ,potter1 ,esq41   
,m4,p4 for ,carlisle1 a well-known      
,manchester merchant and a friend and   
co-worker of ,bright and ,cobden4  ,lady
 ,roscoe was a strong and sincere       
character1 of wide sympathies and       
generous impulses1 with a rich fund of  
common sense1 and a high standard of    
duty and performance4 ,she had many     
intellectual interests and a cultivated 
taste2 was well read1 a good judge of   
literary work1 and an assiduous         
collector of old rare and beautiful     
prints4 ,in the early days of her       
married life1 and at a time when she had
 to work with wet collodion or to       
prepare her own dry plates1 she was     
recognized by experts as a clever       
photographer1 and obtained medals from  

the ,photographic ,society for the      
technical excellence and artistic merit 
of her exhibits4 ,she was an admirable  
hostess1 and all who have had the       
privilege of partaking of her           
hospitality cherish an unfading memory  
of her kindly manner1 her quiet dignity1
 and unfailing tact4 ,time dealt        
tenderly with her2 the additional years 
brought an added charm1 a widened       
sympathy1 and a larger measure of       
gentleness and pity4 ,with her          
healthful1 smiling face and beautiful   
white hair1 her characteristically      
simple dress and the rare lace she      
draped about her head and shoulders1 no 
woman was ever more successful in the   
art of growing old gracefully4 ,she died
 in #aiaj4 ,of this union it was said by
 one who had the best opportunities of  
judging3 8,of the forty-seven years of  
married life one who looked on can say  
there never were two more of one heart  
and mind40 ,the one sorrow of their     
lives--and it was a profound sorrow1 a  

grief that changed the whole current of 
their aspirations--was the death of     
their only son when an undergraduate at 
,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford1 just as he 
was entering on manhood4 ,he was a young
 man of great charm of manner1 of high  
ideals1 and a strong sense of duty and  
responsibility1 and with the ambition to
 serve in a career of public usefulness 
or in some position in which his        
well-marked powers of literary          
expression might be turned to account4  
,two daughters were also born of this   
marriage1 the elder of whom married ,mr4
 ,charles ,e4 ,mallet1 formerly ,m4,p4  
for ,plymouth and ,under-,secretary for 
,war in the last ,liberal ,government4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,nowhere did ,roscoe appear to greater  
advantage than in his home4 ,his        
domestic life was singularly unclouded  
save for the one great sorrow 8that     
failed the bright promise of an early   
day40 ,he had no great anxieties and few
 cares--only the passing ones that      

attend the work of one who strives to do
 with all his might whatsoever his hand 
findeth to do4 ,he was      ,blessed    
with a temper whose unclouded ray       
,can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day4 
,this happy condition of mind was1 no   
doubt1 largely temperamental2 it was    
based upon a calm and equable           
disposition that would have taken       
,fortune's buffets and rewards with     
equal thanks4 ,that there were more     
rewards than buffets was due less to    
,fortune than to himself1 for he was the
 architect of his own career1 and used  
his opportunities wisely4 ,it is true he
 started with advantages--a handsome    
presence1 a well-knit1 manly frame1 a   
frank1 ingenuous manner1 good social    
connections1 and1 after his marriage1 no
 anxieties as to the res angusta domi4  
,he was fond of the society of his      
fellows1 hospitably disposed1 and of a  
warm1 genial nature4 ,indeed he had a   
genius for friendship1 and a boundless  
capacity for sympathy and               

kindness--instinctive1 spontaneous1     
impulsive--the sort of sympathy where   
action follows hard upon the heels of   
inclination1 and the kind of kindness   
which is doubled because it acts        
quickly4 ,innumerable instances of his  
little nameless1 but not unremembered   
acts of kindness and of love might be   
culled from a correspondence which      
stretches over half a century4 ,but one 
characteristic action must suffice3     
#aj ,,bramham ,,gardens1                
,november #be1 #ahic4      ,i heard of  
you yesterday as having been out in a   
bath-chair--poor man6--so ,i came to two
 conclusions3 7#a7 ,that you     had    
been very ill4 7#b7 ,that you were      
better4 ,we have just come     back from
 three hours at ,woodcote1 and ,i said1 
8,i wish ,thorpe     was here40 8,why   
not ask him and his wife to stay here   
next     week80 said my better-half4 ,so
 this ,i now do1 and ,i hope you        
will go there3 the air is lovely3 the   
house is warm4 ,there is     an old     

woman who can cook--and an old man who  
cannot4 ,you could     take one of your 
own maids to wait1 and there is         
everything     ready--beds and          
sitting-rooms1 bread and meat--only no  
whisky4      ,i shall be delighted if   
you will both go there on ,tuesday4     
,there is ,judy the pony and its cart at
 your service1 and ,i can     order a   
closed carriage to take you up4         
,you must take care of yourself4 ,this  
attack ought to be and     will be a    
warning to you not to work on as you    
have done4 ,it is     serious1 and ,i   
am1 with many friends1 anxious you      
should draw     in your horns4 ,really  
your professional work is enough for one
     man1 and what a pile you put on to 
the top of this6      ,let me know1 if  
possible1 to-morrow 7,sunday7 night     
whether you     will go4 ,i am sure you 
would enjoy yourselves1 and ,i will let 
,e know so that all shall be ready4  ,no
 man was more quick to recognize and to 
appreciate merit and worthy motives4 ,of

 strong common sense1 perfectly sincere1
 frank and direct of speech1 of an      
integrity of purpose which was perfectly
 obvious and which admitted of no       
unworthy compromise1 he was1 as they say
 in the quaint forceful ,lancashire     
dialect he loved at times to recall as  
the speech of his forerunners1 his      
eminent grandfather                     
included--8jannock0#ca to the           
backbone--the very type we associate    
with the national character4 ,these     
marks of his personality constituted the
 source of his influence4 ,a            
broad-minded man1 who thought spaciously
 and did things magnanimously1 nature   
intended him to be a leader4 ,his       
example was infectious1 and nowhere was 
it more obvious than at ,owens ,college1
 where the success of his own department
 was a constant stimulus to his         
colleagues4 ,men valued his counsel     
because they trusted his judgment4  ,he 
knew his limitations as a man of        
science4 ,he was too honest and sincere 

to cherish any illusions as to the      
position posterity would assign to him  
as a leader in chemical inquiry4 ,the   
profound respect1 amounting almost to   
reverence1 he had for ,faraday1 ,joule1 
,bunsen1 ,helmholtz--all men he learned 
to know personally--was based upon the  
knowledge that they had reached         
intellectual heights to which he could  
not climb4 ,he had not the studious1    
contemplative habit of his master       
,graham4 ,contact with ,williamson      
kindled no latent faculty for           
speculation4 ,the shibboleths of modern 
chemistry--types1 bonds1 linkages1      
chains1 etc41 etc41 had hardly more real
 meaning for him than they had for      
,bunsen1 to whom they were practically  
unintelligible4 ,it was characteristic  
of both that when1 at ,kekul's          
solicitation1 they jointly attended the 
chemical congress on nomenclature at    
,carlsruhe in #ahfj1 when ,cannizzaro   
brought forward his memorable           
communication concerning the rational   

basis of fixing atomic and molecular    
weights1 they should not have recognized
 its significance4 ,of course they were 
not singular in this respect4 ,the      
revolution did not come at once4        
,avogadro's hypothesis never affected   
,bunsen's teaching2 some years were     
needed before it reached ,manchester1   
and there are still survivals who never 
have been clear why water should be ,,ho
 one year and ,h,o the next4 ,bunsen1   
indeed1 used to say that one new        
chemical fact1 even an unimportant one1 
accurately determined1 was worth a whole
 congress of discussion of matters of   
theory4 ,the truth was ,roscoe1 in      
chemistry as in other matters1 was      
primarily a man of action3 he was       
essentially an 8experimentarian         
philosopher10 as ,hobbes sneeringly     
dubbed the whole of the ,fellows of the 
,royal ,society4 ,a fact absolutely     
ascertained was a definite and permanent
 addition to knowledge2 hypotheses and  
theories were transitory and mutable2   

they have their day and cease to be4    
,but it would be unjust and untrue to   
assume that ,roscoe set no value on     
theory3 he fully recognized that she was
 the handmaid of ,science4 ,he who had  
so carefully studied ,dalton's papers   
and followed the workings of his mind in
 the light of a century's experience1   
could not be unmindful of the worth of a
 fruitful conception4 ,mendelejeff's    
generalization when it was first        
promulgated at once attracted him1 and  
he followed its startling verifications 
with the greatest interest4 ,it was     
always a matter of gratification that   
his detection of the true relations of  
vanadium to the other elements1 just    
prior to the announcement of the ,law of
 ,periodicity1 should have removed at   
least what would have been one apparent 
exception to the universality of its    
truth4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,when ,roscoe first settled
 in ,manchester he lived with his mother
 in the house which had been occupied by

 his predecessor1 the late ,sir ,edward 
,frankland4 ,on his marriage he moved to
 ,victoria ,park1 and subsequently1     
after the birth of his children1 to a   
larger residence which was built for him
 in the same neighbourhood4 ,it was a   
charming1 well-arranged house surrounded
 by a good-sized garden1 and with an    
excellent tennis lawn1 to which his     
colleagues and senior students were     
freely invited on half-holidays during  
the summer months4 ,in those days       
,roscoe was an active player1 his reach 
and length of stride making him a       
formidable opponent4 ,both he and ,lady 
,roscoe were fond of horses1 and for    
some years riding in company with her   
was his usual form of outdoor exercise4 
,occasionally they would plan a driving 
tour together1 and considerable sections
 of ,england and ,wales were explored in
 this way4 ,whilst his children were    
young his long vacations were usually   
spent in the ,lakes or in ,scotland1 or 
at ,mr4 ,edmund ,potter's country seat1 

,camfield ,place1 near ,hatfield4       
,roscoe's long vacations usually meant  
to him either a change of occupation1 or
 the continuance of a piece of literary 
work in new surroundings4 ,many of his  
memoirs were1 in fact1 put together     
during his vacations3 it was only at    
such periods1 when1 free from the       
routine of lecturing1 laboratory        
superintendence and ,college committees1
 that he could count upon the necessary 
freedom from interruption to arrange the
 results of an inquiry4 ,the compilation
 of his smaller text-books was usually  
done at such times4 ,the large treatise 
which he wrote with ,schorlemmer1 and   
which necessarily needed ready access to
 a library rich in serial publications1 
was mainly composed in ,manchester4 ,at 
one period of his career he was a       
frequent contributor to certain of the  
quarterly reviews1 and the early volumes
 of ,nature contain occasional          
communications from his pen4 ,it was a  
point of honour to translate any paper  

of ,bunsen's for the ,philosophical     
,magazine4  ,during the earlier portion 
of his ,parliamentary career he lived in
 ,mrs4 ,potter's town house in ,queen's 
,gate1 until he moved to ,bramham       
,gardens1 ,south ,kensington1 which     
continued to be his ,london house until 
a short time before his death4          
,although he always regarded his thirty 
years at ,owens as his chief work1 the  
thirty years of his ,london life were   
hardly less busy than the time he spent 
in ,manchester4 ,the occupation might   
not be so continuous1 but it was        
certainly more multifarious4 ,ten years 
of ,parliamentary and active political  
life had brought with them new          
activities and fresh demands upon his   
time and energy1 and except for         
occasional periods of enforced idleness 
due to attacks of gout--the only        
constitutional weakness from which he   
suffered1 and which1 as he used ruefully
 to observe1 he had done nothing to     
deserve--he was always busy4 ,he had a  

serious attack of pneumonia in the      
winter of #aijb1 which left him         
enfeebled for a time1 but eventually1   
after a summer in ,mrren and            
,burgenstock and a winter in ,algiers   
and ,sicily1 he seemed to have          
completely shaken off its ill effects4  
,otherwise his sound and vigorous       
constitution kept him free from even    
passing ailments1 and his fourscore     
years were passed with few interruptions
 to his activity from illness4  ,shortly
 after ,roscoe took up his residence in 
,london he sought for some pied--terre  
in the country for the sake of rest and 
change of scene1 and relief from the    
physical and mental strain of continuous
 life in town4 ,in #ahib he was able to 
obtain a delightful place on ,lord      
,lovelace's property in ,surrey1 some   
two dozen miles from ,london4 ,it was   
beautifully situated on the ,north      
,downs1 between ,guildford and ,dorking1
 amidst some of the loveliest scenery in
 the ,south of ,england4 ,he and ,lady  

,roscoe altered it to suit their        
requirements3 he to build a spacious    
study and to provide room for his many  
books1 and she to house her own         
collection which was even more numerous1
 and to accommodate the many works of   
art with which she had surrounded       
herself4 ,roscoe has given a charming   
word-picture in his autobiography of    
this ideal retreat1 to which as the     
years increased they became more and    
more attached4 ,here they had      ,an  
elegant sufficiency1 content1           
,retirement1 rural quiet1 friendship1   
books1     ,ease and alternate labour4  
,here ,lady ,roscoe could indulge to the
 full her taste in gardening1 and the   
cultivation of flowers and flowering    
shrubs became her main outdoor          
occupation4 ,she worked at her hobby    
with all the enthusiasm and skill she   
had formerly displayed in photography1  
and with equal success1 for she made    
,woodcote noted throughout the          
country-side for the choiceness and     

richness of its floral wealth4 ,one who 
knew her well wrote of her3             
,flowers were named after her not so    
much as a criterion of her              
horticultural knowledge1 as a           
recognition of an almost lavish         
generosity to the seedsmen and nursery  
gardeners1 many of whom     were her    
personal friends4  ,attached to the     
property was a home-farm of some seventy
 acres1 which had been allowed to get   
into a very backward state4 ,roscoe1    
with no previous experience of farming1 
resolved to bring it into better        
condition1 and with the help of his     
,westmoreland bailiff he gradually      
succeeded in doing so4 ,the business was
 a constant interest to him4 ,he was    
proud of his cart-horses which gained   
commendation and prizes at the local    
shows2 of his well-bred ,jersey cows2 of
 his breed of ,berkshire pigs--the      
little pigs were a constant source of   
amusement--and of his poultry4 ,he      
records with much satisfaction that     

8our0 field--7he always associated his  
bailiff with these agricultural         
triumphs1 as he always associated his   
co-workers with his scientific          
achievements7--8our field of swedes on  
several occasions received the first    
prize for the best show twenty miles    
round ,guildford40 ,he went round his   
farm as he used to go round his         
laboratory1 and seemed to be on the same
 genial terms with every animal on it as
 he had been with his students4 ,the    
affectionate regard with which he used  
to contemplate an old sow--a most       
prolific creature by the way--was a     
source of much fun to his friends4 ,if  
she did not wholly succeed in 8paying   
the rint10 she doubtless did her best   
towards it1 and so merited and received 
commendation4  ,the hospitality of      
,woodcote is a treasured memory to      
numbers of ,roscoe's friends4 ,few      
week-ends passed without one or more of 
them sharing its pleasures with him4    
,sometimes it would be one of his old   

associates in scientific work1 or a     
political acquaintance1 or a literary   
friend1 or some distinguished man of    
science from abroad4 ,indeed1 few       
foreign scientific men of any note      
passed through ,london without finding  
their way to ,roscoe's hospitable board4
      ,my father 7says ,miss ,roscoe7   
delighted to bring foreigners1     and  
the more heterogeneous they were the    
more he was pleased4     ,i remember one
 luncheon party of late years1          
consisting of a     ,chinaman1 a        
,japanese1 a ,czech1 a ,german1 and our 
three selves1     and the ,occidentals  
were much the quietest of the party4    
,the visitors' book at ,woodcote is a   
possession of no little historical      
interest4  ,in spite of their varied    
delights and restful charm there were   
times when ,roscoe was not wholly       
content to breathe his native air in his
 own grounds3 pigs1 poultry1 and        
potatoes1 as he said1 occasionally lost 
their spell1 and 8the pathetic sadness  

of a garden in autumn0 would drive him  
and ,lady ,roscoe to a sunnier clime4   
,grasse1 ,italy1 ,egypt1 ,sicily1       
,algiers1 ,tunis1 ,biskra were in turn  
visited by them during different        
winters4 ,both he and his wife were fond
 of foreign travel1 and well-written    
books of travel were a constant source  
of interest to her4  ,and so the evening
 of their lives drew to its close4 ,her 
end came swiftly--and with scarce a     
warning4 ,his call was to come five     
years afterwards1 and was to be no less 
sudden and equally unlooked for4  ,in   
the meantime came the ,war1 with all its
 horrors1 griefs1 and anxieties--the    
crushed hopes for the ,peace he had     
struggled to preserve so far as in him  
lay--the unending enmity and bitterness 
he foresaw between two nations that in  
his big heart he had fondly linked      
together as the mightiest humanizing    
forces of the world4 ,it was a real     
grief to him that he should have lived  
to see it all4 ,he frequently thought   

and spoke of his old ,heidelberg        
friends--most of whom had passed        
away--and tried to realize their feeling
 of horror at the spectacle which now   
confronts us4 ,but his ,germany was not 
the ,germany of to-day1 and gradually   
and reluctantly he was compelled to     
admit it4 ,he still continued to occupy 
himself with his customary pursuits--so 
long as recurrent attacks of his        
arch-enemy the gout would permit4 ,he   
read assiduously and took an active     
interest in current topics--the varying 
fortunes of the struggle1 politics1 and 
scientific matters4 ,he preserved1 in   
fact1 all the interests of his life to  
the end4 ,how mentally alert and        
vigorous he remained will be evident    
from the following letters3             
,,woodcote ,,lodge1                     
,,west ,,horsley1 ,,leatherhead1        
,september #bj1 #aiad4      ,i have been
 laid up1 more or less1 since the war   
broke out     with dyspepsia and gout1  
but now ,i am recovering4 ,what are you 

doing1 and when can we meet--which means
 when can you come here8      ,what do  
you say to ,ostwald6 ,i enclose a       
cutting from the     ,westminster--which
 please return1 as ,i am going to book  
it for     future reference4 ,i agree   
with you that his swelled head is       
cracked4      ,what horrors6 ,one can   
scarcely believe that the ,german1 as   
you and ,i have known him1 could have   
assumed such brutal     characteristics 
as we read of4 ,here we are peaceful    
enough1     but thirty young men1       
including ,tom ,huck1 have gone from our
     village of #gjj souls4 ,not bad6   
,our crops are in--hay poor2 oats ditto2
 wheat fair4 ,pigs in     plenty1 but no
 sale during the summer4 ,i find on     
totting up     that during ten          
years--some very bad--of farming my     
average loss     has been #eh per annum1
 which ,i don't think is unsatisfactory1
     as ,i get quite that amount of     
value--beyond market price--in          
having good foodstuffs1 and then        

pleasure in the processes and           
interest in the varying conditions1 and 
in making things go in     a bad        
situation for a farmer4      ,the war is
 not bad for the only commercial        
undertaking ,i have     ever been       
connected with1 for the demand for ,k1  
or rather ,na,cy1     is great owing to 
the disappearance of the ,continental   
supply1     and the ,c4 ,k4 ,co4 are    
increasing the production to fill up the
     void4      ,then ,i am again       
,chairman of the ,lister1 owing to ,b   
declining     to have anything to do    
with a proposal to join the ,national   
,medical ,research ,committee--which the
 ,governing ,body suggest1     and the  
question is to be settled in ,october by
 the vote of the     members of the     
,lister ,institute4 ,so ,i am still     
awake1 though     lame and gouty4       
,give my love to your wife1 and let me  
hear from you4'''      ,what is the name
 of the lame organic chemist who went   
from     ,heidelberg to the ,badische8  

99       99       99       99       99  
,,woodcote ,,lodge1                     
,february #ai1 #aiae4      ''' ,the     
,government have been bamboozled by a   
want of scientific     acumen at the    
head--a not unusual occurrence chez     
nous4 ,thanks     for sending me the    
report4''' ,i am at last downstairs1 and
 more     or less in my right mind as   
well4 ,so ,i feel better1 but ,i do     
not suppose ,i shall be able to go up to
 town and mix with the     gay world1 as
 was my wont1 until the ,march winds are
 over4 ,a     chill with me means six   
weeks indoors1 if not something more    
serious4      ,what ,i need is to have  
some scientific gossip let loose at     
me1 but you in your southern retirement 
are no use at all in     that direction4
 ,has your boat yet been requisitioned  
by the     ,admiralty1 and if so1 do you
 go out in charge1 having1 of           
course1 previously joined the ,navy8    
,we have here received notice to be     
prepared to drive off     somewhere or  

other all our living animals1 horses1   
cows1     calves1 pigs1 and fowls6 ,i   
scarcely know where ,i come in4 ,also   
,i believe we are to destroy all our    
crops1 gathered or not                  
gathered--hay1 potatoes1 corn1 and      
garden vegetables--so that the     ,hun 
may be an hungred6 ,also ,i propose to  
empty my large cellar     of wine either
 down the drain or into the duck-pond1  
like ,sir     ,wilfrid ,lawson4      ,i 
await with anxiety the result of the    
,royal ,society     election4 ,if ,i    
were a betting man ,i should back ,g and
 ,m1     and perhaps my ,r ought to come
 in #aeth4 ,what about the #ajd         
necessarily rejected candidates6 ,is it 
not absurd6         99       99       99
       99       99                      
,,woodcote ,,lodge1                     
,september #ba1 #aiae4      ''' ,my old 
friend ,pattisson1 our ,treasurer at the
 ,lister1 is     dead1 and most of our  
men have joined the war in one or       
other capacity4 ,so much lies on my     

shoulders1 and though     pretty broad1 
they are old1 and ,i feel the           
responsibility of     chairmanship4  ,he
 attended the meeting of the ,lister    
,institute which has been referred to in
 one of his previous letters4 ,the      
result disappointed him1 but as it was  
not wholly unexpected1 it but slightly1 
if at all1 disturbed his usual          
philosophic calm4 ,the death of his     
friend ,rcker1 the first ,principal of  
the ,london ,university1 a man whom he  
greatly respected and admired1 which    
occurred on ,november #ast1 was a far   
more serious blow1 and affected him     
greatly4  ,he had retired to rest at his
 customary hour1 in his usual serene and
 happy condition of mind and health1    
after spending a couple of hours in his 
daughter's society in the drawing-room  
reading or amusing himself1 as was his  
wont1 on the pianola with one of        
,beethoven's sonatas or some other      
classical piece4 ,he had been thinking  
of his approaching birthday1 and had    

suggested a little gathering of a chosen
 few of his old students whom he knew   
would be glad to celebrate it with him4 
,but this was not to be4 ,diis aliter   
visum4 ,shortly after daybreak on the   
morning of ,december #ah1 #aiae1 he was 
seized with an attack of angina         
pectoris1 and passed away with scarcely 
a struggle4 ,with      ,no cold         
gradations of decay1     ,death broke at
 once the vital chain1     ,and freed   
his soul the nearest way4  ,what was    
mortal of him was laid to rest in       
,brookwood ,cemetery in the grave which 
held the cherished partner of his life4 
,,footnotes   #a      ,johnnie ,carnegie
 lais heer1       ,descendit of ,adam   
and ,eve2     ,gif ony con gang hieher1 
,ise willing give him leve4  #b 8,some  
,chemical ,facts ,respecting the        
,atmosphere of ,dwelling-houses40 ,by   
,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 ,x4
 7#aheh71 pp4 #bea-bfh4  #c 8,the ,owens
 ,college3 its ,foundation and ,growth40
 ,by ,joseph ,thompson4 ,manchester3 ,j4

 ,e4 ,cornish4  #d 8,note on the        
,spontaneous ,polymerisation of         
,volatile ,hydrocarbons at the ,ordinary
 ,atmospheric ,temperature40 ,by ,h4 ,e4
 ,roscoe4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,trans4 ,,xlvii4 
7#ahhe71 pp4 #ffi-fga4  #e              
8,photochemical ,researches40 ,by ,r4   
,w4 ,bunsen and ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe3  ,part 
,i4 ,measurement of the chemical action 
of light4 7,phil4 ,trans4 7#aheg71 pp4  
#cee-chj47  ,part ,,ii4 ,phenomena of   
photochemical induction4 7,phil4 ,trans4
 7#aheg71 pp4 #cha-djb47  ,part ,,iii4  
,optical and chemical extinction of the 
chemical rays4 7,phil4 ,trans4 7#aheg71 
pp4 #fja-fbj47  ,part ,,iv4 ,comparative
 and absolute measurement of the        
chemical rays4 ,chemical action of      
diffuse daylight4 ,chemical action of   
direct sunlight4 ,photochemical action  
of the sun compared with that of a      
terrestrial source of light4 ,chemical  
action of the constituent parts of solar
 light4 7,phil4 ,trans4 7#ahei71 pp4    
#hgi-ibf47  ,part ,v4 ,on the direct    

measurement of the chemical action of   
sunlight4 7,phil4 ,trans4 7#ahfc71 pp4  
#aci-afj47  #f 8,on the ,measurement of 
the ,chemical ,brightness of ,various   
,portions of the ,sun's ,disk40 ,by ,h4 
,e4 ,roscoe4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,,xii4  
7#ahfb71 pp4 #fdh-fej4  #g 8,on a       
,method of ,meteorological ,registration
 of the ,chemical ,action of ,total     
,daylight40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4 ,phil4 
,trans4 ,,clv4 7#ahfe71 pp4 #fje-fcb4   
#h 8,note on the ,relative ,chemical    
,intensities of ,direct ,sunlight and   
,diffuse ,daylight at ,different        
,altitudes of the ,sun40 ,by ,h4 ,e4    
,roscoe and ,j4 ,baxendell4 ,roy4 ,soc4 
,proc4 ,,xv4 7#ahfg71 pp4 #bj-bd4  #i   
8,on the ,chemical ,intensity of ,total 
,daylight at ,kew and ,par1 #ahfe-ahfg40
 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4 ,phil4 ,trans4    
,,clvii4 7#ahfg71 pp4 #eee-egj4  #aj    
8,on the ,relation between the ,sun's   
,altitude and the ,chemical ,intensity  
of ,total ,daylight in a ,cloudless     
,sky40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,t4 ,e4  

,thorpe4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,,clx4 7#ahgj71 
pp4 #bji-caf4  #aa 8,on a               
,self-recording ,method of ,measuring   
the ,intensity of the ,chemical ,action 
of ,total ,daylight40 ,by ,h4 ,e4       
,roscoe4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,,xxii4     
7#ahgd71 pp4 #aeh-aei4  #ab 8,on the    
,absorption of ,hydrochloric ,acid and  
,ammonia in ,water40 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4
 ,,xii4 7#ahfj71 pp4 #abh-aea4  #ac 8,on
 the ,composition of the ,aqueous ,acids
 of ,constant ,boiling-point40 ,by ,h4  
,e4 ,roscoe4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 ,,xiii4
 7#ahfa71 pp4 #adf-afd2 ,,xv4 7#ahfb71  
pp4 #bac-baf4  #ad 8,on ,perchloric     
,acid and its ,hydrates40 ,by ,h4 ,e4   
,roscoe4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,,ii4       
7#ahfa71 pp4 #dic-ejc4  #ae 8,note on   
,perchloric ,ether40 ,by ,h4 ,e4        
,roscoe4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 ,,xv4      
7#ahfb71 pp4 #bac-baf4  #af 8,on the    
,isomorphism of ,thallium ,perchlorate  
with the ,potassium and ,ammonium       
,perchlorates40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4    
,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 ,,iv4 7#ahff71 pp4  

#ejd-eje4  #ag 8,researches on          
,vanadium40 ,part ,i4 ,by ,h4 ,e4       
,roscoe4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,,clviii4       
7#ahfh71 pp4 #a-bh4  #ah 8,researches on
 ,vanadium40 ,part ,,ii4 ,by ,h4 ,e4    
,roscoe4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,,clix4 7#ahfi71
 pp4 #fgi-fib4  #ai 8,researches on     
,vanadium40 ,part ,,iii4 ,by ,h4 ,e4    
,roscoe4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,,clx4 7#ahgj71 
pp4 #cag-ccb4  #bj 8,on ,two ,new       
,vanadium ,minerals40 ,by ,h4 ,e4       
,roscoe4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,,xxv4      
7#ahgg71 pp4 #aji-aab4  #ba 8,a ,study  
of ,certain ,tungsten ,compounds40 ,by  
,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4 ,manchester ,lit4      
,phil4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,,xi4 7#ahgb71 pp4  
#gi-ij4  #bb 8,on a ,new ,chloride of   
,uranium40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4 ,chem4  
,soc4 ,jour4 ,,xii4 7#ahgd71 pp4        
#icc-ice4  #bc 8,note on the ,specific  
,gravity of the ,vapours of the         
,chlorides of ,thallium and ,lead40 ,by 
,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4     
,,xxvii4 7#ahgh71 pp4 #dbf-dbh4  #bd 8,a
 ,study of ,some of the ,earth-metals   

contained in ,samarskite40 ,by ,h4 ,e4  
,roscoe4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 ,,xli4     
7#ahhb71 pp4 #bgg-bhb4  #be 8,the       
,spectrum of ,terbium40 ,by ,h4 ,e4     
,roscoe and ,a4 ,schuster4 ,chem4 ,soc4 
,jour4 ,,xli4 7#ahhb71 pp4 #bhc-bhg4    
#bf 8,on the ,measurement of the        
,chemical ,intensity of ,total ,daylight
 made at ,catania during the ,solar     
,eclipse of ,december #bb1 #ahgj40 ,by  
,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,t4 ,e4 ,thorpe4    
,phil4 ,trans4 ,,clxi4 7#ahga71 pp4     
#dfg-dgf4  #bg ,this query refers to the
 circumstance that at the time ,lady    
,roscoe was growing ,dictamnus          
,fraxinella--the so-called 8burning     
bush0--for the writer1 who had          
undertaken to investigate the cause of  
the phenomenon which has given the plant
 its trivial name4 ,the ready           
inflammability was found to be due to   
the accumulation in the vesicles on the 
flower-stems of small quantities of an  
essential oil4  #bh 8,on                
,schtzenberger's ,process for the       

,estimation of ,dissolved ,oxygen in    
,water40 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,joseph
 ,lunt4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,trans4 7#ahhi71   
,,lv4 #eeb4  #bi 8,contributions to the 
,chemical ,bacteriology of ,sewage40 ,by
 ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe and ,joseph ,lunt4     
,phil4 ,trans4 7#ahia71 ,,clxxxii4 pp4  
#fcc-ffd4  #cj ,it has thrown upwards of
 five millions4  #ca ,anglice3 8,fair1  
honest1 straightforward1 upright1       
genuine1 square40 ,wright's 8,english   
,dialect ,dictionary40 ,cf4 ,nodal and  
,milner's 8,lancashire ,glossary40      
,,index     ,absorption of hydrochloric 
acid and ammonia in water1 #aba         
,agassiz1 ,louis1 #aaf    ,alais        
meteorite1 #acb    ,allerton ,hall1 #f  
,arsenic-eating in ,styria1 #acb        
,atomic weights1 ,dalton's first table  
of1 #acb     ,baines1 ,sir ,edward1 #fa1
 #gc    ,bakerian ,lectures1 #aad       
,balmain1 ,william ,h41 #ag    ,barnes1 
,rev4 ,dr41 #cf    ,baxendell1 ,joseph1 
#aad    ,bessemer process1 application  
of spectroscope to1 #acc    ,brhl1      

,professor1 #adj    ,bryce1 ,lord1 #dc  
,bunsen1 ,r4 ,w41 his characteristics1  
#bd1 #bf    ,burning bush1 #aeg         
,carbon dioxide in sea air1 #aae        
,carnegie1 ,mr4 ,andrew1 #aji           
,carnegie ,scholarships and             
,fellowships1 #afi    ,cavendish1 ,lord 
,frederick1 #ee1 #eg1 #fa1 #ha          
,chemical action of light1 #aaj         
8,chemistry ,primer10 #aci    ,chorley1 
,henry1 his appreciation of ,henry      
,roscoe1 #ad    ,clarke1 ,william1 #d1  
#f    ,clothworkers' ,company of        
,london1 #eg1 #ge1 #hh    ,colonna1     
,vittoria1 her life1 by ,maria ,roscoe1 
#af    ,columbium trichloride1 #aha     
,conversation ,club1 ,leeds1 #ee        
,crompton1 ,mr4 ,justice1 #bj           
,darwin1 ,sir ,george1 #acf    ,darwin1 
,horace1 #aba    ,debus1 ,dr4 ,heinrich1
 #adb    ,delafontaine1 ,philippe1 #aca 
,deutsche ,revue1 #agi    ,devonshire1  
,duke of1 #dd1 #fa1 #ha1 #hb            
,dittmar1 ,wilhelm1 #bg-ce1 #aba        
,draper 7of ,new ,york71 #aaj           

,eclipse expedition to ,sicily1 #acd    
,enfield1 ,dr4 ,william1 #ae    ,ethyl  
perchlorate1 #abb    ,eton ,college1    
#afe     ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,andrew1 #ee  
,fairfax1 ,henry1 #df    ,fairfax1      
,lord1 #df    ,faulkner1 ,george1 #bi   
,firth ,college1 ,sheffield1 #afg       
,forster1 ,w4 ,e41 #fa1 #ff1 #hb        
,frankland1 ,sir ,edward1 #abh          
,germany and ,england1 #ahj    ,gibson1 
,john1 sculptor1 #f    ,goldsmid1 ,sir  
,julian1 #afb    ,gott1 ,rev4 ,dr41     
,bishop of ,truro1 #gc    ,graham1      
,thomas1 his characteristics as a       
lecturer1 #ai    ,green1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,h41
 #ei    ,greenwood1 ,principal1 #cd1    
#dd1 #dh1 #ej    ,guthrie1 ,dr4         
,frederick1 #ce     ,harden1 ,dr41 #cf1 
#ada1 #ahi    ,heaton1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d41    
#ee1 #eg1 #hc1 #hf    ,heddle1          
,professor 7of ,st4 ,andrews71 #abf1    
#abg    ,heywood1 ,james1 ,f4,r4,s41 #dg
    ,heywood1 ,joseph1 #aja1 #abf       
,irving1 ,washington1 his appreciation  
of ,william ,roscoe1 #ab     ,jevons1   

,stanley1 #bj    8,john ,dalton and the 
,rise of ,modern ,chemistry10 #ada      
,jones1 ,h4 ,l41 his plan for           
,university of ,manchester1 #dg         
,joule1 ,james ,p41 #cg     ,lead and   
thallium chlorides1 vapour densities of1
 #aca    ,leeds ,educational ,council1  
#ee    8,lessons in ,elementary         
,chemistry10 #ach    ,lister ,institute 
of ,preventive ,medicine1 #aga          
,liveing1 ,dr41 first laboratory in     
,cambridge1 #bc    ,lunt1 ,dr4 ,joseph1 
#aci1 #aeh    ,lupton1 ,francis1 #ge    
,m',creery1 ,john1 #f    ,manchester    
,university1 early attempts to found1   
#de    ,marshall1 ,prof4 ,john1 his     
appointment to the ,yorkshire ,college1 
#gd    ,miall1 ,prof4 ,louis ,c41 his   
appointment to ,yorkshire ,college1 #db 
,morley1 ,viscount1 of ,blackburn1 #aji 
8,new ,view of ,dalton's ,atomic        
,theory10 #ada    ,nussey1 ,arthur1 plan
 for a ,technical ,institution for      
,leeds1 #ed    ,nussey1 ,george ,henry1 
his plan for a ,technical ,institution  

for ,leeds and       ,district1 #ed     
,nussey1 ,thomas1 #ec     ,owens        
,college1 its origin1 #bh2     its      
foundation1 #cj2     its first          
professors1 #ca2     its location1 #ca2 
its growth1 #cb2     its extension1 #da2
     new constitution1 #db2     its     
first attempt to include women1 #dc2    
erection of new buildings1 #dd2     new 
chemical laboratories1 #dd    ,owens1   
,john1 #bh1 #bi    ,owens1 ,owen1 #bh   
,pankhurst1 ,dr4 ,richard ,marsden1 #ia 
,perchloric acid and its hydrates1 #abb 
8,philippium10 #aca    ,photochemical   
induction1 #aaa    ,photometric         
observations at ,par1 #aae2     near    
,lisbon1 #abj    ,playfair1 ,lord1 #fb2 
his address on technical education1 #fc1
 et seq4    ,pulling1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,s41   
his appointment to the ,yorkshire       
,college1 #gd     ,reform ,bills1       
#ahca-ahcb1 drafted by ,henry ,roscoe1  
#ac    ,reid1 ,sir ,wemyss1 his support 
of the ,yorkshire ,college1 #fh1 #ada   
,ripon1 ,lord1 #fa1 #ff1 #hj1 #hb       

,roscoe1 ,henry1 his birth1 #ab2     his
 characteristics1 #ab2     becomes a    
barrister1 #ac2     his legal works1    
#ac2     drafts ,reform ,bills of       
#ahca-ahcb2 his 8,life of ,william      
,roscoe10 #ac2     married ,maria       
,fletcher1 #ae2     becomes ,judge of   
the ,court of ,passage1 #ad2     his    
death1 #ad2     appreciation of him by  
,henry ,chorley1 #ad    ,roscoe1 ,henry 
,enfield1 his birth1 #af2     his       
education1 #ag2     receives his first  
lessons in chemistry from ,william ,h4  
,balmain1 #ag2     enters ,university   
,college1 ,london1 #ah2     connection  
with ,thomas ,graham1 #ai2     elects to
 follow chemistry as a career1 #bj2     
enters ,birkbeck ,laboratory1 #ba2      
his appreciation of ,williamson1 #ba2   
becomes ,williamson's assistant1 #ba2   
is offered an assayership in the ,sydney
 ,mint1 #bb2     takes his degree in the
 ,university of ,london1 #bb2     goes  
to ,bunsen at ,heidelberg1 #bc2     in  
,heidelberg1 #be2     his first         

published paper1 #be2     makes his     
doctor examination1 #be2     memorial   
lecture on ,bunsen1 #be-bf2     studies 
,german ,university system1 #bf2        
returns to ,london1 #bg2     is         
appointed to ,owens ,college1 #bg2      
his work at ,owens1 #cd2     his part in
 shaping the curriculum of the new      
,university1 #ch2     is elected        
,chairman of ,convocation1 #ij2     as a
 teacher1 #ig2     is offered           
lectureship at ,st4 ,bartholomew's      
,hospital1 #ig2     ,chair at ,oxford1  
#ih2     his method of working the      
,chemical ,department at ,owens1 #ih2   
his characteristics as a lecturer1 #aja2
     his portraits by ,burgess and      
,herkomer1 #ajc2     address by         
students1 #ajc2     as an investigator1 
#aaj2     gives his first ,bakerian     
,lecture1 #aad2     studies the         
absorption of hydrochloric acid and     
ammonia in water1 #aba2     perchloric  
acid and its hydrates1 #abb2            
vanadium and its compounds1 #abc2       

gives his second ,bakerian ,lecture1    
#abh2     studies tungsten compounds1   
#acj2     discovers uranium             
pentachloride1 #acj2     discovers      
columbium trichloride1 #aca2            
determines vapour densities of chlorides
 of lead and thallium1 #aca2            
disproves existence of 8philippium10    
#aca2     maps spark spectrum of        
terbium1 #aca2     redetermines the     
atomic weight of carbon1 #aca2          
lectures on spectrum analysis1 #acb2    
papers on spectrum analysis1 #acd2      
,sicilian eclipse expedition1 #acd2     
wreck of ,h4,m4,s4 ,psyche1 #ace2       
8,lessons in ,elementary ,chemistry10   
#ach2     8,chemistry ,primer10 #aci2   
8,treatise on ,chemistry10 #aci2        
8,john ,dalton and the ,rise of ,modern 
,chemistry10 #ada2     8,new ,view of   
,dalton's ,atomic ,theory10 #ada2       
writes his life and experiences1 #add2  
is elected into the ,royal ,society1    
#adf2     is awarded a ,royal ,medal1   
#adf2     joins ,chemical ,society1     

#adf2     is ,president1 #adf2          
8,society of ,chemical ,industry10 #adg2
     receives medal of ,society of      
,chemical ,industry1 #adi2     ,honorary
 ,president of the ,international       
,congress of ,applied       ,chemistry1 
#adi2     ,british ,association1 #aej2  
,british ,association ,president1 #aea2 
member of ,royal ,commissions1 #aeb2    
is knighted1 #aed2     enters           
,parliament1 #aed2     political        
services1 #aee2     chemical adviser to 
,metropolitan ,board of ,works1 #aeg2   
becomes ,vice-,chancellor ,london       
,university1 #afb2     ,fellow of ,eton 
,college1 #afe2     member of ,scottish 
,universities ,commission1 #afg2     of 
,royal ,commission of #ahea ,exhibition1
 #afh2     examiner in the ,science and 
,art ,department1 #agj2     ,lister     
,institute1 #aga2     dignities and     
honours1 #age2     member of ,privy     
,council1 #agf2     his jubilee1 #agg2  
the ,deutsche ,revue1 #agi2     ,germany
 and ,england1 #ahj2     home life1     

#aij2     characteristics1 #aia2        
,woodcote ,lodge1 #aig2     death1 #bjc 
,roscoe1 ,maria1 her marriage1 #ae2     
her 8,life of ,vittoria ,colonna10 #af2 
her characteristics1 #af2     letter    
from1 #ci    ,roscoe1 ,william1 his     
birth1 #b2     his schooling1 #b2       
his love of literature1 #b2     becomes 
an attorney1 #b2     his poem 8,mount   
,pleasant10 #c2     attacks the ,slave  
,trade1 #c2     welcomes the ,french    
,revolution1 #c2     his studies of     
,italian literature1 #d2     his 8,life 
of ,lorenzo de' ,medici10 #d2     his   
translation of ,tansillo's 8,nurse10 #e2
     his 8,life and ,pontificate of ,leo
 the ,tenth10 #e2     purchases         
,allerton ,hall1 #f2     reclamation of 
,chat ,moss1 #f2     his connection with
 ,john ,m',creery1 #f2     his          
protection of ,john ,gibson1 #f2     his
 interest in botany1 #g2     founded    
,society for the ,encouragement of the  
,arts of ,painting and       ,design1 in
 ,liverpool1 #g2     ,liverpool         

,academy1 #g2     ,liverpool ,literary  
and ,philosophical ,society1 #g2        
,liverpool ,lyceum1 #h2     ,liverpool  
,atheneum1 #h2     ,liverpool ,botanic  
,garden1 #h2     ,liverpool ,royal      
,institution1 #h2     is elected member 
for ,liverpool1 #i2     his share in the
 ,abolition of the ,slave ,trade1 #i2   
votes for ,catholic ,emancipation1 #aj2 
riots in ,liverpool1 #aj2     his       
,parliamentary work1 #aj2     failure of
 ,liverpool bank1 #aj2     his monograph
 on the monandrian plants1 #aa2     his 
edition of ,pope's works1 #aa2     his  
death1 #ab2     appreciation of him by  
,washington ,irving1 #ab    ,royal      
,institution1 lecture on amount of      
chemical light in tropics by            
,roscoe1 #aah    ,rcker1 ,sir ,arthur1  
#ei1 #ha1 #afe     ,sandbach1 ,mrs41 #g 
,schorlemmer1 ,carl1 #ce1 #ajb1 #aba1   
#aci    ,schuster1 ,dr4 ,arthur1 #aca1  
#acc    ,science ,lectures for the      
,people1 #ch    ,scott1 ,principal ,a4  
,j41 #cc    ,scottish ,universities     

,commission1 #afg    ,scudder1 ,frank1  
#aei    ,sherbrooke1 ,lord1 #ej         
,spectrum analysis1 #acb    ,spontaneous
 polymerization of volatile             
hydrocarbons1 #aja    ,stewart1 ,dr4    
,balfour1 #aae     ,technical           
,instruction ,commission1 #aec          
,terbium1 spark spectrum of1 #aca       
,thallium perchlorate1 #abc    8,the    
,life and ,experiences of ,sir ,henry   
,e4 ,roscoe10 #add    ,thompson1        
,joseph1 his 8,history of ,owens        
,college10 #bi1 #df1 #dh                
,tithonometer1 #aaa    8,treatise on    
,chemistry10 #aci    ,tungsten          
pentabromide and pentachloride1 #acj    
,university ,college1 ,dundee1 #afg     
,university ,college1 ,liverpool1 #afg  
,university of ,london1 #afa    ,uranium
 pentachloride1 #acj     ,vanadium and  
its compounds1 #abc    ,victoria        
,university1 #gg2     constitution as   
proposed by ,manchester1 #gh2           
objections by ,yorkshire1 #hj2     joint
 memorial in favour of1 #ha2     charter

 granted1 #hf2     associates of ,owens 
,college the first graduates1 #ic       
,walker ,art ,gallery1 ,liverpool1 #aa  
,ward1 ,sir ,a4 ,w41 #dh1 #ej1 #ha      
,waterhouse1 ,alfred1 ,r4,a41 #dd1 #ge  
,watts1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,marshall1 #acc        
,whatton1 ,w4 ,r41 his plans for        
,university of ,manchester1 #df         
,williamson1 ,alexander1 his            
characteristics1 #ba1 #ic    ,world     
,supremacy or ,war1 #ahe    ,wreck of   
,h4,m4,s4 ,psyche1 #ace     ,yorkshire  
,board of ,education1 #ee    ,yorkshire 
,college1 the1 its origin and growth1   
#eh1 et seq42     report of ,yorkshire  
,board of ,education1 #ef2              
foundation of professorships1 #eh2      
its first premises1 #ei2     its        
inauguration ceremony1 #fj2     new     
college buildings1 #ge2     ,council    
considers question of foundation of     
,northern ,university1 #gf1 #gi         
,printed in ,great ,britain by          
,,unwin ,,brothers1 ,,limited1 ,,the    
,,gresham ,,press1 ,,woking ,,and       

,,london