,illu/ration3 ,,m$allion ,,& ,,autograph ,,f ,,monum5t ,,to ,,philipp ,,reis ,,at ,,fri$ri*sdorf4 ,,philipp ,,reis3 ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,telephone4 ,a ,,biographical ,,sket*1 ,,) ,,docum5t>y ,,te/imony1 ,,translations ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tor ,,& ,,contempor>y ,,publications4 ,,by ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,physics ,,9 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,bri/ol4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #ce1 ,,murray ,,/reet4 #ahhc4 ,,preface4 ,! title ( ?is little "w suffici5tly indicates its nature & scope4 ,! lab\r ( prep>+ x has n be5 slight1 & has involv$ ! exp5diture ( mu* "t 9 prosecut+ inquiries bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,g]many among/ ! surviv+ contempor>ies ( ,philipp ,reis4 ,to set =? ! hi/ory ( ?is long-neglect$ inv5tor & ( 8 in/rum5t1 & to e/abli% ^u its own m]its1 )\t special plead+1 & )\t p>tiality1 ! nature ( t mu*-misund]/ood & mu*-abus$ inv5tion1 has be5 ! aim ( ! writ]4 ,! ?\ght t he might ?us be ( s]vice 9 r5d]+ ju/ice to ! memory ( ! dep>t$ wor?y has inspir$ him to 8 task4 ,he has no?+ to ga9 by mak+ ,reis's inv5tion appe> ei!r bett] or worse ?an x really 04 ,he has !re=e pref]r$ to let ! contempor>y docum5ts & ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses speak = !mselves1 & has add$ t :i* seem$ to him desirable 9 ! way ( argum5t 9 ! =m ( f\r app5dices4 ,! au?or's ackn[l$gm5ts are due 9 an especial mann] to ,mr4 ,alb]t ,/etson1 ,a4,m41 ( ,cohasset1 ,massa*usetts1 :o has giv5 him mu* valuable assi/ance 9 ! collection ( in=mation bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :o has also assi/$ 9 ! translation ( "s ( ! contempor>y docum5ts to be f\nd 9 ! "w4 ,to ! fri5ds1 acqua9tances1 & pupils ( ,philipp ,reis1 & especially to ! surviv+ memb]s ( ! family at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 :o h mo/ k9dly furni%$ _m details ( in=mation1 ! au?or w\ld express 8 mo/ cordial ?anks4 ,! te/imony n[ adduc$ z to ! aim ( ,philipp ,reis's inv5tion1 & ! measure ( success :i* he himself atta9$1 is su*1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 & 9 ! op9ion1 he tru/s1 ( all "r-?9k+ p]sons1 to place beyond cavil ! rightfulness ( ! claim :i* ,reis himself put =w>d ( be+ ! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone4 ,full & suffici5t z t te/imony is1 mu* m rema9s z yet unpubli%$4 ,! au?or has1 = example1 be5 p]mitt$ to exam9e a mass ( evid5ce collect$ by ! ,dolbe> ,telephone ,company1 :i* entirely corroborates t :i* is "h pres5t$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 = c]ta9 reasons beyond ! au?or's control1 deem$ well at ! pres5t mom5t to )hold ?is te/imony = a little :ile f publication4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is volume at ! pres5t "t ne$s no apology f ! au?or4 ,he is consci\s t all he c d w add little or no?+ to ! lu/re ) :i* ! "n ( ,philipp ,reis w be h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,:5 ! ,jubilee ( ,philipp ,reis comes to be celebrat$ 9 #ahhd 7,janu>y #g?71 ! _w w f9d out its indebt$ness to ! great man ^: ?\ghts survive him4 ,,philipp ,,reis4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,biography ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tor4 ,compil$ *iefly f pap]s left by ! deceas$1 & f ! biographical notice ( ! late ,pr(essor ,s*5k4 ,philipp ,reis1 or1 z 8 full "n appe>s f 8 autobiographical sket* to h be51 ,johann ,philipp ,reis1 0 born on ! #g? ( ,janu>y1 #ahcd1 at ,gelnhaus51 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,cassel4 ,8 fa!r1 :o belong$ to ! ,evangelical ,*ur*1 0 a ma/] bak]1 b also pursu$ f>m+ to "s ext5t1 z ! circum/ances ( small prov9cial t[ns g5]ally require4 ,z 8 "m _h di$ "y1 8 pat]nal gr&mo!r und]took ! br++ up ( ! boy4 8,:ile my fa!r10 writes ,h]r ,reis1 8/rove con/antly to cultivate my m5tal p[]s by in/ruction conc]n+ ! ?+s :i* surr\nd$ me 7by discuss+ t :i* 0 actually obs]v$71 my gr&mo!r turn$ h] activity to tra9+ my disposition & to ! developm5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts to :i* %e 0 em95tly fitt$ by ! exp]i5ces ( a long life1 by be+ well-read1 & especially by h] gift ( n>ration40 ,on atta9+ 8 six? ye> ! boy 0 s5t to ! common s*ool ( 8 native t[n4 ,8 tea*]s soon recognis$ t he possess$ no ord9>y end[m5ts1 & s\ght to induce 8 fa!r to entru/ him lat] to a high] in/itution ( le>n+4 ,8 fa!r agre$ to ?is2 & ! plan 0 to h be5 c>ri$ out aft] ! boy _h pass$ ! middle-class ( ! common s*ool4 ,h[ ! fa!r contemplat$ ! c>ry+ out ( ! plan is n kn[n2 he di$ ere ! son _h yet complet$ 8 t5? ye>4 ,z a consid]able numb] ( *ildr5 f ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 & its neighb\rhood1 att5d$ t "t ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ne> ,homburg1 ! idea occurr$ to 8 gu>dian & 8 gr&mo!r to entru/ ! boy to ?is s*ool4 ,he ent]$ !re :5 9 8 elev5? ye>4 8,! =eign languages1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 taught 9 ! ,in/itute1 attract$ me specially4 ,! libr>y ( ! ,in/itute1 ri* & well *os5 = its size1 gave my m9d excell5t n\ri%m5t40 ,at ! end ( 8 f\rte5? ye> he _h pass$ ?r\gh ! s*ool1 organis$ z x !n 01 & he n[ w5t to ,hassel's ,in/itute at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,8 delight 9 ! /udy ( language induc$ him to le>n ,lat9 & ,italian4 ,& "h1 also1 ! ta/e = ! /udy ( natural sci5ces & ma!matics appe>s to h be5 awak5$ 9 him4 ,! lively zeal ) :i* he appli$ himself to bo? ^! discipl9es induc$ 8 tea*]s to advise 8 gu>dian t he %\ld all[ ! boy to att5d ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,c>lsruhe1 on f9i%+ 8 c\rse at ! ,in/itute4 8,all ! endeav\rs ( my well-wi%+ tea*]s %att]$ !mselves1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! w ( "o ( my gu>dians1 :o 0 also my uncle4 ,he wi%$ t ,i %\ld foll[ m]cantile pursuits4444 ,i wrote him at t "t t ,i %\ld1 inde$1 be ob$i5t & le>n ! pursuit prescrib$ = me1 b t ,i %\ld 9 any case cont9ue my /udies lat]40 ,on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #ahej1 ,philipp ,reis ent]$ ! col\r e/abli%m5t ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,bey]ba*1 ( ,frank=t1 z an appr5tice4 ,by dilig5ce & punctuality he soon won ! e/eem ( 8 pr9cipal4 ,all 8 leisure "t he be/[$ ^u 8 fur!r education4 ,he took private lessons 9 ma!matics & physics1 & att5d$ ! lectures ( ,pr(essor ,r4 ,bttg]1 on ,me*anics1 at ! ,trade ,s*ool4 ,& s ! end ( 8 appr5tice%ip arriv$4 ,at ! conclusion ( x he ent]$ ! ,in/itute ( ,dr4 ,poppe1 9 ,frank=t4 8,sev]al ( my comrades 9 ?is e/abli%m5t1 "y p ( sixte5 to tw5ty ye>s old1 f\nd x1 z ,i did1 a defect t no natural hi/ory1 hi/ory1 or geography1 0 taught4 ,we det]m9$1 !re=e1 to in/ruct "o ano!r 9 ^! subjects4 ,i und]took geography1 & =m$ f ?is fir/ occasion ( act+ z tea*] ! conviction t ?is 0 my vocation4 ,dr4 ,poppe confirm$ me 9 ?is view & aid$ me by ^w & de$40 ,9 ! ye> #ahea1 :il/ resid5t 9 ,frank=t1 ,reis _h become a memb] ( ! ,physical ,society ( t city4 ,?is ,society1 :i* /ill fl\ri%es1 !n held1 & /ill cont9ues to hold1 its meet+s 9 ! ,s5ck5burg ,museum4 ,lectures 9 ,*emi/ry & ,physics are deliv]$ by resid5t pr(essors 9 regul> c\rses e week ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 "u ! auspices ( ?is ,society2 & e ,saturday ev5+ is devot$ to ! exposition ( rec5t discov]ies or inv5tions 9 ! _w ( physical sci5ce1 a/ronomy1 etc4 ,! mo/ active memb]s ( ?is ,society dur+ ! "t ( ,reis's connection ) x 7 ! late ,pr(essor ,bttg]1 ,pr(essor ,abbe 7n[ ( ,j5a71 & ,dr4 ,oppel1 all ( :om contribut$ _m valuable orig9al memoirs to ! ,jahresb]i*te1 or ,annual ,reports1 publi%$ by ! ,society4 ,among/ its correspond+ & honor>y memb]s x c\nt$ ! names ( all ! be/ sci5tific m5 ( ,g]many1 & also ! names ( ,pr(essor ,f>aday1 ,pr(essor ,/urgeon1 & ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one4 ,d\btless ! discussion ( sci5tific que/ions at ?is ,society greatly influ5c$ "y ,reis4 ,he rema9$ = ?ree ye>s a memb]1 b dropp$ 8 connexion = a "t on leav+ ,frank=t4 ,he subsequ5tly rejo9$ ! ,society 9 ! session ( #ahfj-fa1 rema9+ a memb] until #ahfg1 :5 he f9ally resign$4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahed-e we f9d him mo/ zeal\sly busi$ ) prep>ations = c>ry+ out 8 decision to become a tea*]4 ,9 #ahee1 he w5t ?r\gh 8 ye> ( milit>y s]vice at ,cassel4 ,return+ to ,frank=t1 he work$ away ) 8 cu/om>y & m>vell\s en]gy1 att5d$ lectures on ma!matics & ! sci5ces1 work$ 9 ! laboratory1 & /udi$ books on ,p$agogy4 8,?us prep>$1 ,i set my m9d on go+ to ,heidelb]g 9 ord] to put ! f9i%+ t\* to my education z tea*]4 ,i want$ to settle d[n 9 ,frank=t 9 ?is capacity1 & und]take in/ruction 9 ma!matics & sci5ce 9 ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,!n 9 ! spr+ ( #aheh1 ,i visit$ my =m] ma/]1 ,h(ra? ,g>ni]1 9 :om ,i _h ev] f\nd a fa!rly fri5d4 ,:5 ,i disclos$ to him my int5tions & prospects1 he (f]$ me a po/ 9 8 ,in/itute4 ,p>tly gratitude & atta*m5t1 & p>tly ! ard5t desire to make myself "r quickly useful1 induc$ me to accept ! pr(f]$ po/40 ,9 ! autumn ( ! ye> #aheh he return$ to ,fri$ri*sdorf1 & 9 ,septemb] #ahei he m>ri$ & f\nd$ 8 peaceful home4 ,until ,ea/]1 #ahei1 he _h b few lessons to give2 t he utilis$ e mom5t ( 8 sp>e "t mo/ consci5ti\sly 9 e>ne/ activity & s\nd progress is no?+ m ?an 0 to be expect$ f :at has be5 said above4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is "t t ,reis und]took ! fir/ exp]im5tal rese>*es ( an orig9al nature4 ,work+ almo/ alone1 & )\t any sci5tific guide1 he 0 l$ into l9es ( ?\ght n previ\sly trodd54 ,he _h conceiv$ an idea t electrical =ces c\ld be propagat$ across space )\t any mat]ial conductor 9 ! same way z light is propagat$4 ,he made _m exp]im5ts on ! subject1 ! precise nature ( :i* c nev] n[ be kn[n1 b 9 :i* a l>ge concave mirror 0 employ$ 9 conjunction ) an electroscope & a s\rce ( electrification4 ,! results :i* he obta9$ he embodi$ 9 a pap]1 ( :i* no trace n[ rema9s1 be>+ z its title #8,on ! ,radiation ( ,electricity4' ,?is pap] he s5t 9 #ahei to ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff = ins]tion 9 ,pogg5dorff's well-kn[n #8,annal5 d] ,physik4' ,greatly to 8 disappo9tm5t ! memoir 0 n accept$ by ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff4 ,its rejection 0 a great bl[ to ! s5sitive & highly /rung temp]am5t ( ! "y tea*]2 & z w be se5 0 n )\t its consequ5ces4 ,! o!r piece ( orig9al "w und]tak5 at ?is "t 0 ! rese>* :i* result$ 9 8 great inv5tion--! ,telephone4 ,f ! brief biographical notes writt5 by ! lam5t$ inv5tor 9 #ahfh we extract ! foll[+3-- 8,incit$ !reto by my lessons 9 ,physics 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 ,i attack$ a "w begun mu* e>li] conc]n+ ! organs ( he>+1 & soon _h ! joy to see my pa9s rew>d$ ) success1 s9ce ,i succe$$ 9 inv5t+ an app>atus1 by :i* x is possible to make cle> & evid5t ! functions ( ! organs ( he>+1 b ) :i* also "o c reproduce tones ( all k9ds at any desir$ di/ance by means ( ! galvanic curr5t4 ,i nam$ ! in/rum5t #8,telephon4' ,! recognition ( me on s _m sides1 :i* has tak5 place 9 consequ5ce ( ?is inv5tion1 especially at ! ,naturali/s' ,association 7,v]sammlung ,deuts*] ,natur=s*]7 at ,giess51 has cont9ually help$ to quick5 my ard\r = /udy1 t ,i may %[ myself wor?y ( ! luck t has befall5 me40 ,8 e>lie/ telephones 7 made by 8 own h&s1 9 a little work%op beh9d 8 h\se1 :5ce he laid on wires into an upp] room4 ,he also c>ri$ a wire f ! physical cab9et ( ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute across ! playgr\nd into "o ( ! class-rooms = exp]im5tal telephonic communication2 & a firmly e/abli%$ tradition ( ! s*ool is /ill pres]v$1 t ! boys 7 afraid ( mak+ a noise 9 t class-room = fe> ,h]r ,reis %\ld he> !m 9 8 place among/ 8 fav\rite in/rum5ts4 ,9 #ahfb ,reis s5t once aga9 to ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff a memoir1 ?is "t on ! ,telephone4 ,?is1 9 spite ( ! advocacy ( ,pr(essor ,bttg] & ( ,pr(essor ,mll] ( ,freiburg1 bo? ( :om wrote1 0 decl9$ by ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff1 :o treat$ ! transmission ( spee* by electricity z a my?4 ,reis1 :o 0 conv9c$ t ! rejection 0 because he 0 8only a poor s*oolma/]10 0 m deeply pa9$ ?an ev]4 ,( ! v>i\s public exhibitions ( ! ,telephone giv5 by ,reis 9 ! ye>s #ahfa to #ahfd1 mu* w be f\nd 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is book 9 :i* ! contempor>y notices are repr9t$4 ,! fir/ public lecture 0 9 #ahfa1 be=e ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t 7see p4 #ej71 ! la/ ! above-m5tion$ occasion at ,giess5 7see p4 #ic7 9 #ahfd4 ,by ?is "t ,reis's inv5tion 0 becom+ widely kn[n4 ,9 addition to 8 own lectures on ! subject1 ! ,telephone _h be5 ! subject ( lectures 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 lectur$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,buff 9 ,giess5 twice1 by ,pr(essor ,bttg] bo? 9 ,frank=t & 9 ,/ett92 by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,pick1 by ,pr(essor ,osann ( ,wrtzburg1 by ,pr(essor ,paul ,reis ( ,ma9z1 & by o!rs4 ,9 #ahfc ,reis's ,telephone 0 %[n by ,dr4 ,otto ,volg]1 ,f\nd] & ,presid5t ( ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute 7,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift71 to ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria & to ,k+ ,max ( ,bav>ia1 !n on a visit to ,frank=t4 ,telephones 7 be+ s5t to v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ,physical ,laboratories ( ,muni*1 ,erlang51 ,wiesbad51 ,vi5na1 & ,cologne4 ,!y 7 s5t to di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 to ,london1#a to ,dubl91 to ,tiflis 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,9 ,man*e/]1 be=e ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 ,reis's ,telephone 0 %[n 9 #ahfe by ,pr(essor ,clifton1 :o1 h[ev]1 f n hav+ ,reis's own orig9al memoirs on ! subject be=e him1 utt]ly mi/ook--if ! ,j\rnal ( ,proce$+s be n 9 error--! nature ( ! in/rum5t1 & n kn[+ ! !ory ( vibration ( ! tympanum s beautifully demon/rat$ by ,reis1 imag9$ ! in/rum5t to be a m]e h>monic telegraph = transmitt+ code signals 9 fix$ musical tones6 ,telephones1 too1 7 becom+ an article ( comm]ce &1 good & bad1#b 7 be+ b\ght = ! purpose ( plac+ !m 9 collections ( sci5tific app>atus4 ,! inv5tion 01 h[ev]1 too soon = ! _w4 ,to ,reis's great disappo9tm5t1 ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t took no fur!r notice ( ! inv5tion1 ! lu/re ( :i* %one ^u !m4 ,he resign$ 8 memb]%ip 9 ! ,society 9 ,octob] #ahfg4 ,! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute ( ,frank=t1 to :i* ,reis _h next betak5 himself1 ?\gh elect+ him to ! dignity ( honor>y memb]%ip1 left ! inv5tion aside z a philosophic toy4 ,! ,naturali/s' ,assembly1 includ+ all ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ,g]many1 _h inde$ welcom$ him at ,giess52 b too late4 ,! s5sitive temp]am5t _h met ) too _m rebuffs1 & ! fatal disease ) :i* he 0 already /rick5 told ^u 8 en]gies4 ,9 p>ticul> ! rejection ( 8 e>li] rese>*es _h prey$ ^u 8 disposition4 ,x is n>rat$ by eye-witnesses /ill liv+1 h[1 aft] 8 successful lecture on ! ,telephone at ,giess51 ,reis 0 ask$ by ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff1 :o 0 pres5t1 to write an acc\nt ( 8 in/rum5t = ins]tion 9 ! #8,annal51' to :i* reque/ ,reis's reply 03 8,i* danke ,ihn5 re*t sehr1 ,h]r ,pr(essor2 es i/ zu spt4 ,jetzt w i* ni*t ihn s*ick54 ,me9 ,app>at wird ohne ,bes*reibung 9 d5 ,annal5 bekannt w]d548 ,hmorrhage ( ! lungs & a loss ( voice1 :i* ev5tually became almo/ total1 int]v5$ to incapacitate him = "w1 & especially f work+ ) ! telephone4 ,9 #ahgc he dispos$ ( all 8 in/rum5ts & tools to ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute4 ,to ,h]r ,g>ni] he made ! rem>k t he _h %[$ ! _w ! way to a great inv5tion1 :i* mu/ n[ be left to o!rs to develop4 ,at la/ ! end came4 ,! annual ,report ( ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute = ! academic ye> #ahgc-ahgd conta9s ! foll[+ brief notice ( ! decease & lab\rs ( ,philipp ,reis3-- 8,at fir/ active 9 div]s subjects ( in/ruction1 he soon conc5trat$ 8 :ole faculties ^u in/ruction 9 ,natural ,sci5ce1 ! subject 9 :i* 8 entire ?\ght & "w lay4 ,witnesses ( ?is are n only all !y :o le>n$ to "k him 9 ,frank=t1 9 ! p]iod :5 he 0 prep>+ = 8 vocation z tea*]1 b also 8 colleagues at ! ,in/itute1 8 num]\s pupils1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,naturali/s' ,association 7,natur=s*] ,v]sammlung7 at ,giess51 :o1 recognis+ 8 ke5 insight1 8 p]sev]ance & 8 ri* gifts1 enc\rag$ him to fur!r inve/igations 9 8 newly prop\nd$ !ories4 ,to ! ,association at ,giess5 he br\ght 8 ,telephone4 ,to ! ,association at ,wiesbad51 9 ,septemb] #ahgb1 he int5d$ to exhibit a new +5i\sly con/ruct$ gravity-ma*9e1 b 8 /ate ( heal? made x impossible4 ,?is _h become su* dur+ sev]al ye>s1 t he 0 enabl$ to dis*>ge ! duties ( 8 po/ only by self-control ( a special1 &1 z is g5]ally admitt$1 unusual nature2 & ! practice ( 8 vocation became m difficult :5 8 voice also fail$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgc he 0 oblig$1 dur+ sev]al weeks1 to lay aside 8 tea*+4 ,z by ?is re/ & t ( ! autumn vacation an improvem5t 9 8 condition occurr$1 he acquir$ new hopes ( recov]y1 & resum$ 8 tea*+ 9 ,octob] ) 8 cu/om>y en]gy4 ,b x 0 only ! la/ flick]+ up ( ! expir+ lamp ( life4 ,pulmon>y consumption1 f :i* he _h long suff]$1 laid him 9 ,decemb] ^u ! sickb$1 f :i* aft] long & deep pa9s1 at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgd1 he 0 releas$ by dea?40 ,! clos+ words ( 8 autobiographical notes1 or 8curriculum vit10 z he himself /yl$ !m1 7 ! foll[+3-- 8,z ,i look back ^u my life ,i c inde$ say ) ! ,holy ,scriptures t x has be5 #8lab\r & sorr[4' ,b ,i h also to ?ank ! ,"l t ,he has giv5 me ,8 bless+ 9 my call+ & 9 my family1 & has be/[$ m good ^u me ?an ,i h kn[n h[ to ask ( ,him4 ,! ,"l has help$ hi!rto2 ,he w help yet fur!r40 ,9 #ahgg1 :5 ! ,magneto-,telephones ( ,graham ,bell began to make _! way into ,europe1 ! fri5ds ( ,philipp ,reis 7 n sl[ to reclaim = _! deceas$ comrade ! hon\rs due to him4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahgg1 z ! columns ( ! ,neue ,frankfurt] ,presse %[1 a lecture 0 giv5 ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,telephone1 at ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute1 9 ,frank=t1 by ,dr4 ,volg]1 its ,presid5t1 ! same :o 9 #ahfc _h %[n ! ,telephone to ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria4 ,on t occasion ! ,telephone ( ,reis's own con/ruction1 pres5t$ by him to ! ,in/itute aft] 8 exhibition ( x 9 #ahfb1 0 %[n4 ,e>ly 9 #ahgh a subscription 0 rais$ by memb]s ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t = ! purpose ( erect+ a monum5t to ! memory ( _! =m] colleague4 ,?is monum5t1 be>+ a portrait m$allion1 execut$ by ! sculptor1 ,c>l ,rumpf1 0 duly inaugurat$ on ,sunday1 ,decemb] #h1 #ahgh1 :5 an appropriate address 0 pron\nc$ by ! late ,dr4 ,fleck1 ( ,frank=t4 ,! #8,jahresb]i*t1' ( ! ,physical ,society = #ahgg-gh 7p4 #dd71 conta9s ! foll[+ brief record3-- 8,! ,society has erect$ to ! memory ( its =m] memb]1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone1 ,philipp ,reis 7deceas$ 9 #ahgd71 tea*]1 ( ,fri$ri*sdorf 7see #8,jahresb]i*t1' #ahfj-fa1 pp4 #eg-fd2 & #ahfa-fb1 p4 #ac71 9 ! cemet]y ( t place1 a monum5t :i* 0 inaugurat$ on ! #h? ( ,decemb]1 #ahgh4 ,?is monum5t1 an obelisk ( r$ s&/one1 be>s 9 addition to ! d$ication1 a well-execut$ m$allion portrait ( ,philipp ,reis1 modell$ by ! sculptor1 ,a4 ,c4 ,rumpf1 & execut$ galvanopla/ically by ,g4 v4 ,kress40 ,! inscription on ,reis's monum5t 9 ! ,fri$ri*sdorf ,cemet]y is3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,hi] ,,ruht ,,philipp ,,reis ,,geb4 #g4 ,,janu> #ahcd ,,ge/4 #ad4 ,,janu> #ahgd ,,se9em ,,v]di5/voll5 ,,mitgli$e ,,dem ,,erf9d] ,,des ,,telephons ,,d] ,,physikalis*e ,,v]e9 ,,zu ,,frankfurt-,a-,m4 ,,erri*tet #ahgh ,,pr9cipal ,,dates ,,9 ,,reis',s ,,life4 #ahcd ,janu>y #g ,philipp ,reis born4 #ahej ,m>* #a ,appr5tic$ to ,bey]ba*4 #ahee ,ye> ( ,milit>y ,s]vice at ,cassel4 #aheh ,settl$ 9 ,fri$ri*sdorf4 #ahei ,septemb] #ad ,m>ri$4 #ahfj ,inv5t$ ! ,telephone4 #ahfa ,octob] #bf ,read ,pap] 8,on ,telephony by ! ,galvanic ,curr5t0 be=e ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,novemb] ,read ,pap] to ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 entitl$ 8,explanation ( a new ,!ory conc]n+ ! ,p]ception ( ,*ords & ( ,timbre z a ,cont9uation & ,supplem5t ( ! ,report on ! ,telephone40 #ahfa ,decemb] ,wrote out 8 ,pap] 8,on ,telephony10 z pr9t$ 9 ! #8,jahresb]i*t4' #ahfb ,may #h ,notice 9 #8,didaskalia' ( ,reis's inv5tion4 ,may #aa ,lectur$ & %[$ ! ,telephone to ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute 7,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift7 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,article on ! ,telephone1 communicat$ by ,inspector ,von ,legat to ! ,au/ro-,g]man ,telegraph ,society1 & subsequ5tly pr9t$ 9 its #8,zeits*rift' 7,j\rnal74 #ahfc ,july #d ,%[$ 8 improv$ ,telephone to ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,septemb] #f ,reis's ,telephone %[n to ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria & ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 !n visit+ ,frank=t4 ,sept4 #ag-bd ,meet+ ( ! 8,deuts*] ,natur=s*]0 at ,/ett92 ,reis's ,telephone %[n !re by ,pr(essor ,bttg]4 #ahfd ,febru>y #ac ,meet+ ( ! 8,ob]hessis*e ,gesells*aft fr ,natur- und ,heilkunde0 at ,giess52 ,lecture by ,pr(essor ,buff1 & exhibition by ,reis ( 8 ,telephone4 ,septemb] #ba ,meet+ ( ! 8,deuts*] ,natur=s*]0 at ,giess54 ,reis gave an explanation ( ! ,telephone & ! hi/ory ( its inv5tion1 & exhibit$ x 9 action be=e ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5tific m5 ( ,g]many4 #ahgb ,septemb] ,meet+ ( ! 8,deuts*] ,natur=s*]0 at ,wiesbad52 ,reis ann\nc$ to %[ 8 8,fallmas*9e10 b prev5t$ by ill-heal?4 #ahgd ,janu>y #ad ,philipp ,reis di$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,monum5t to ,philipp ,reis 9 ! ,cemet]y at ,fri$ri*sdorf4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,an autograph lett] ( ,philipp ,reis to ,mr4 ,w4 ,ladd1 ! well-kn[n in/rum5t mak] ( ,beak ,/reet1 ,london1 describ+ 8 telephone1 is /ill pres]v$1 & is n[ 9 possession ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians ( ,london4 ,x is reproduc$ at p4 #ha4 #b ,z to ! diff]5ce 9 quality ( ! in/rum5ts1 see ! te/imony ( ! mak]1 ,alb]t ( ,frank=t1 on p4 #dd4 ,pr(4 ,pisko 7see p4 #aja7 seems to h _h a peculi>ly imp]fect in/rum5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,inv5tor',s ,,app>atus4 ,9 describ+ ! v>i\s =ms successively giv5 by ! inv5tor to 8 app>atus1 z he progress$1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/1 x w be conv5i5t to divide !m into two gr\ps1 viz4 ! ,transmitt]s & ! ,receiv]s4 ,a4--,reis's ,transmitt]s4 ,s f> z c be le>n$1 ,reis con/ruct$ transmitt]s 9 "s t5 or twelve diff]5t =ms4 ,! complete s]ies 9 ?is c\rse ( evolution does n n[ exi/1 b ! pr9cipal =ms /ill rema9 & w be describ$ 9 _! hi/orical ord]4 ,!oretically1 ! la/ 0 no m p]fect ?an ! fir/1 & !y all embody ! same fundam5tal idea3 !y only diff] 9 ! me*anical means ( c>ry+ out to a great] or less degree ( p]fection ! "o common pr9ciple ( imitat+ ! me*anism ( ! human e>1 & apply+ t me*anism to affect or control a curr5t ( electricity by v>y+ ! degree ( contact at a loose jo9t 9 ! circuit4 ,fir/ ,=m4--,,! ,,model ,,e>4 ,naturally en\gh ! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone began ) crude & primitive#c app>atus4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( telephone-transmitt] n[ extant1 0 a r\gh model ( ! human e> c>v$ 9 oak wood1 & ( ! natural size1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! end ( ! ap]ture a 0 clos$ by a ?9 membrane b1 9 imitation ( ! human tympanum4 ,aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! tympanum re/$ ! l[] end ( a little curv$ lev] c d1 ( plat9um wire1 :i* repres5t$ ! 8hamm]0 bone ( ! human e>4 ,?is curv$ lev] 0 atta*$ to ! membrane by a m9ute drop ( seal+-wax1 s t x foll[$ e motion ( ! same4 ,x 0 pivot$ ne> its c5tre by be+ sold]$ to a %ort cross-wire :i* s]v$ z an axis2 ?is axis pass+ on ei!r side ?r\gh a hole 9 a b5t /rip ( t9-plate screw$ to ! back ( ! wood5 e>4 ,! upp] end ( ! curv$ lev] re/$ 9 loose contact aga9/ ! upp] end g ( a v]tical spr+1 ab\t "o in* long1 also ( t9-plate1 be>+ at its summit a sl5d] & resili5t /rip ( plat9um foil4 ,an adju/+-screw1 h1 s]v$ to regulate ! degree ( contact betwe5 ! v]tical spr+ & ! curv$ lev]4 ,! conduct+-wires by :i* ! curr5t ( electricity ent]$ & left ! app>atus 7 connect$ to ! screws by :i* ! two /rips ( t9-plate 7 fix$ to ! e>4 ,9 ord] to make sure t ! curr5t f ! upp] support ( t9 %\ld rea* ! curv$ lev]1 ano!r /rip ( plat9um foil 0 sold]$ on ! side ( ! =m]1 & re/$ lightly aga9/ ! end ( ! wire-axis1 z %[n 9 magnifi$ detail 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,if n[ any words or s\nds ( any k9d 7 utt]$ 9 front ( ! e> ! membrane 0 !reby set into vibrations1 z 9 ! human e>4 ,! little curv$ lev] took up ^! motions precisely z ! 8hamm]0-bone ( ! human e> does2 &1 l ! 8hamm]0-bone1 transf]r$ !m to t ) :i* x 0 9 contact4 ,! result 0 t ! contact ( ! upp] end ( ! lev] 0 caus$ to v>y4 ,) e r>efaction ( ! air ! membrane mov$ =w>d & ! upp] end ( ! little lev] mov$ backw>d & press$ m firmly ?an be=e aga9/ ! spr+1 mak+ bett] contact & all[+ a /rong] curr5t to fl[4 ,at e cond5sation ( ! air ! membrane mov$ backw>ds & ! upp] end ( ! lev] mov$ =w>d s z to press less /rongly ?an be=e aga9/ ! spr+1 !reby mak+ a less complete contact ?an be=e1 & by ?us p>tially int]rupt+ ! passage ( ! curr5t1 caus$ ! curr5t to fl[ less freely4 ,! s\nd waves :i* ent]$ ! e> w\ld 9 ?is fa%ion ?r[ ! electric curr5t1 :i* fl[$ ?r\gh ! po9t ( v>iable contact1 into undulations 9 /r5g?4 ,x w be se5 t ?is pr9ciple ( caus+ ! voice to control ! /r5g? ( ! electric curr5t by caus+ x to op]ate ^u a loose or imp]fect contact1 runs ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,reis's telephonic transmitt]s4 ,9 lat] times su* pieces ( me*anism = v>y+ ! /r5g? ( an electric curr5t h be5 t]m$ curr5t-regulators4#d ,x w\ld n be inappropriate to describe ! me*anism :i* ,reis ?us inv5t$ z a comb9ation ( a tympanum ) an electric curr5t-regulator1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! electric curr5t-regulator be+ ! employm5t ( a loose or imp]fect contact betwe5 two p>ts ( ! conduct+ sy/em1 s arrang$ t ! vibrations ( ! tympanum w\ld alt] ! degree ( contact & !reby int]rupt 9 a correspond+ degree ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,mr4 ,horkheim]1 a =m] pupil ( ,reis1 in=ms me t a mu* l>g] model ( ! e> 0 also con/ruct$ by ,reis4 ,no trace ( ?is is1 h[ev]1 kn[n4 ,second ,=m4--,,t9 ,,tube4 ,! second =m1 a tube con/ruct$ by ,reis himself1 ( t91 is /ill to be se5 9 ! ,physical cab9et ( ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute1 at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,x consi/s ( an auditory tube a1 ) an emb\*ure repres5t+ ! p9na or flap ( ! e>4 ,?is second app>atus %[s also a great simil>ity ) ! arrangem5t ( ! e>1 hav+ ! p9na or e>-flap1 ! auditory passage1 & ! drum-sk9 7a1 b1 c74 ,^u ! bladd] c !re /ill rema9s "s seal+-wax1 by means ( :i* a little /rip ( plat9um1 = ! all-ess5tial loose-contact t controll$ ! curr5t1 _h =m]ly be5 cem5t$ to ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,?ird ,=m4--,,! ,,coll>-,,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! ?ird =m1 also pres]v$ 9 ! collection 9 ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #h1 :i*1 ) ! prec$+1 is tak5 by p]mission f ! pamphlet ( ! late ,pr(essor ,s*5k1 consi/s ( a r\nd t9 box1 ! upp] "p ( :i* fits ^u ! l[] precisely l ! lid ( a coll>-box4 ,ov] ?is lid b1 :i* is #ae c5timetres 9 diamet]1 0 =m]ly /ret*$ ! vibrat+ membrane1 !re be+ also an inn] flange ( metal4 ,into a circul> ap]ture bel[ op5$ an auditory tube a1 ) an emb\*ure repres5t+ ! p9na4 ,! precise arrangem5ts ( ! contact-p>ts ( ?is app>atus are n kn[n4 ,mr4 ,horkheim]1 :o aid$ ,reis 9 8 e>li] exp]im5ts1 has no k ( ?is =m1 :i* he ?9ks 0 made lat] ?an ,june #ahfb4 ,?is is n improbable1 z ! design ) horizontal membrane m ne>ly approa*es t ( ! t5? =m1 ! 8,squ>e-box0 patt]n4 ,f\r? ,=m4--,,! ,,bor$-,,block4 ,! in/rum5t describ$ by ,reis 9 8 pap] 8,on ,telephony10 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 = #ahfj-fa 7see p4 #ej71 comes next 9 ord]4 ,! inv5tor's own description ( ?is telephone 7,fig4 #i7 is z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 8,9 a cube ( wood1 r s t u v w x1 !re is a conical hole a1 clos$ at "o side by ! membrane b 7made ( ! less] inte/9e ( ! pig71 ^u ! middle ( :i* a little /rip ( plat9um is cem5t$ z a conductor or electrode4 ,?is is unit$ ) ! b9d+ screw p4 ,f ! b9d+ screw n !re passes likewise a ?9 /rip ( metal ov] ! middle ( ! membrane1 & t]m9ates "h 9 a little plat9um wire1 :i* /&s at "r-angles to ! l5g? & bread? ( ! /rip4 ,f ! b9d+-screw p a conduct+ wire leads ?r\gh ! batt]y to a di/ant /ation40 ,! id5tical app>atus us$ by ,reis 0 aft]w>ds giv5 by him to ,pr(essor ,bttg]1 :o lat] gave x to ,h(ra? ,dr4 ,?4 ,/e91 ( ,frank=t1 f ^: h&s x has rec5tly pass$ into ! possession ( ! au?or ( ?is "w4 ,x possesses "o feature n %[n 9 ! orig9al cut1 viz4 an adju/+ screw1 h1 :i*1 s f> z ! writ] c le>n1 0 put !re by ,reis himself4 ,!re appe>s no reason to d\bt ?is1 s9ce !re 0 an adju/+ screw 9 ,reis's v e>lie/ =m ( transmitt]1 ! wood5 e>4 ,a section ( ! actual in/rum5t is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fif? ,=m4--,,! ,,holl[ ,,cube4 ,ano!r =m1 a m]e v>iety ( ! prec$+1 is describ$ z foll[s by ,pr(essor ,bttg] 9 8 8,polyte*nis*es ,notizblatt0 7see p4 #fa73-- 8,a little light box1 a sort ( holl[ cube ( wood1 has a l>ge op5+ at its front side & a small "o at ! back ( ! opposite side4 ,! latt] is clos$ ) a v f9e membrane 7( pig's small] inte/9e7 :i* is /ra9$ /iff4 ,a n>r[ spr+y /rip ( plat9um foil1 fix$ at its out] "p to ! wood1 t\*es ! membrane at its middle2 a second plat9um /rip is fa/5$ by "o ( its ends to ! wood at ano!r spot1 & be>s at its o!r end a f9e horizontal spike1 :i* t\*es ! o!r little plat9um /rip :]e x lies ^u ! membrane40 ,six? ,=m4--,,! ,,wood5 ,,cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,ano!r transmitt]1 also a m]e v>iety ( ! ,f\r? ,=m1 has be5 describ$ to me by ,h]r ,pet]1 ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 :o assi/$ ,reis 9 8 e>li] exp]im5ts4 ,fig4 #aa is prep>$ f a r\gh sket* furni%$ me by ! k9dness ( ,k>l ,reis4 ,h]r ,pet] describes ! app>atus z hav+ be5 turn$ out ( a block ( wood by ,reis ^u 8 own la!4 ,! conical hole 0 id5tical ) t ( ,fig4 #i1 b ! surr\nd+ portions ( ! wood 7 cut away1 leav+ a conical m\?-piece4 ,sev5? ,=m4--8,,ho*/ift0 ,,=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! engrav+ pres5t$ bel[ 7,fig4 #ab7 has be5 engrav$ ) ! utmo/ fidelity by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,coop]1 f a photograph l5t to ! au?or by ,erne/ ,horkheim]1 ,esq41 ( ,man*e/]1 a =m] pupil ( ,reis4 ,! orig9al photograph 0 tak5 9 #ahfb1 hav+ be5 s5t by ,reis 9 ,june ( t ye> to ,mr4 ,horkheim]1 :o _h left = ,engl&4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 by ,reis himself ) 8 own cam]a1 ! exposure be+ manag$ by a slight movem5t ( ! foot1 actuat+ a pneumatic contrivance ( ,reis's own inv5tion1 :i* 0 orig9ally design$ to turn ov] ! pages ( a music book at ! piano4 ,reis is "h repres5t$ z hold+ 9 8 h& ! telephone ) :i* he _h a few days prec$+ 7,may #aa1 #ahfb7 a*iev$ su* success at 8 lecture be=e ! ,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift 7,free ,g]man ,in/itute7 9 ,frank=t 7see p4 #ff74 ,?is in/rum5t 0 con/ruct$ by ,reis1 "y ,horkheim] assi/+ him 9 ! con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,horkheim] has v oblig+ly indicat$ f memory ! =m ( ! in/rum5t--b dimly se5 9 ! photograph--9 a sket* f :i* ,fig4 #ac has be5 prep>$4 ,mr4 ,horkheim] adds t ! cone 0 a wood5 "o2 & t ! squ>e pat* beh9d at ! back 01 he ?9ks1 a box to conta9 an electro-magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,eigh? ,=m4--,,lev] ,,=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ,transmitt] describ$ ) s mu* m9ut5ess by ,inspector von ,legat 9 8 ,report on ,reis's ,telephone 9 #ahfb 7see p4 #gj71 diff]s f ! e>lie/ & late/ =ms1 s mu* s t "s h d\bt$ :e!r ?is =m 0 really inv5t$ by ,reis4 ,x is n describ$ any:]e else ?an 9 ,legat's ,report 79 ! 8,zeits*rift0 ( ! ,au/ro-,g]man ,telegraph ,union1 repr9t$ also 9 ,d+l]'s ,j\rnal71 except 9 ,kuhn's ,h&book1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! description is tak5 f ,legat4 ,nev]!less a comp>ison ( ?is in/rum5t 7,fig4 #ad7 ) ! orig9al model ( ! e>1 f :i* ,reis />t$1 w %[ t x embodies no new po9t4 ,!re is1 fir/1 a conical tube to receive ! s\nd1 clos$ at its end ) a tympanum ( membrane4 ,!re is next a curv$ lev]1 c d1 ! l[] end ( :i* re/s aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! membrane4 ,?irdly1 !re is a v]tical spr+1 g1 :i* makes contact lightly aga9/ ! upp] end ( ! curv$ lev]4 ,la/ly1 !re is an adju/+ screw4 ,x may be fur!r po9t$ out t 9 ea* case ! curr5t ent]s 7or leaves1 z ! case may be7 ! lev] at its middle po9t4 ,?is =m ( transmitt] is s closely alli$ inde$ to ! primitive 8e>0 z to be alike 9 e feature save ! ext]nal =m ( ! s\nd-ga!r+ funnel4 ,! only reasonable d\bt is n :e!r x be1 z ,legat ass]ts1 ,reis's transmitt]1 b :e!r x ought n 9 *ronological ord] to rank second4 ,legat's pap] 0 n publi%$1 h[ev]1 till #ahfb1 :il/ ! f\r? =m 0 describ$ by ,reis 9 #ahfa4 ,no trace ( any in/rum5t correspond+ 9 =m to ,fig4 #ad1 save mod]n reproductions f ,legat's draw+1 has be5 f\nd4 ,! in/rum5t held by ,reis 9 8 h& 9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #ab7 is s /rik+ly l ! =m describ$ by ,legat1 t x furni%es an additional reason = accept+ ,legat's /atem5t t ?is transmitt] really is ,reis's inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,n9? ,=m4--,,transitional ,,=m4 ,our k ( ?is =m is d]iv$ solely f in=mation & sket*es suppli$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,horkheim]1 :o assi/$ ,reis 9 its con/ruction4 ,figs4 #ae & #af are engrav$ aft] ,mr4 ,horkheim]'s sket*es4 ,! conical m\?piece 0 ( wood3 ! contact pieces ( plat9um4 ,! po9t c 0 atta*$ to a spr+y slip ( brass1 g1 fix$ across ! wood5 box2 & ! adju/+-screw1 h1 s]v$ to regulate ! degree ( initial pressure at ! po9t ( contact :i* controll$ ! curr5t4 ,t5? ,=m4--,,! ,,squ>e ,,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! la/ =m ( ,reis's ,transmitt] is t :i* has become be/ kn[n1 be+ ! only "o 7except ,fig4 #i7 :i* f\nd its way into ! m>ket4 ,x is "h nam$1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 z ! 8,squ>e ,box0 patt]n4 ,x consi/$ ( a squ>e wood5 box1 hav+ a h+$ lid4 ,fig4 #ag is reproduc$ f ,reis's 8,prospectus0 7see page #he71 :il/ ,fig4 #ah is tak5 f ,pr(4 ,s*5k's biographical pamphlet4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! idea ( ! human e> is /ill c>ri$ out4 ,! t9 funnel1 ) its fl>+ emb\*ure1 /ill repres5ts ! auditory tube & p9na4 ,! tympanum1 no long] at ! v end ( ! tube1 is /ra9$ across a circul> ap]ture 9 ! lid4 ,^u x re/s ! /rip ( plat9um foil :i* s]ves z an electrode1 & re/+ 9 loose contact ) ?is lies ! little angul> piece ( metal :i* ,reis call$ ! 8,hmm]*540 ,above all lay a circul> glass disk 7a cov] to keep out ! du/71 :i* 0 remov$ :5 ! in/rum5t 0 us$4 ,s s5sitive did ?is =m prove itself t x 0 f\nd unnecess>y to speak "r into ! m\?piece1 & ! speak] 9 practice talk$ or sang ) 8 m\? at "s little di/ance v]tically above ! in/rum5t2 a me?od :i* _h ! advantage ( n s soon relax+ ! membrane by ! moi/ure ( ! brea?4 ,! figures %[ also ! auxili>y app>atus atta*$ at ! side1 consi/+ ( a key = int]rupt+ ! circuit 7add$ at fir/ to enable ! exp]im5t]s to s+le out ! 8galvanic tones0 f ! reproduc$ tones1 & lat] appli$1 z ,reis expla9s 9 8 8,prospectus10 on page #hg71 & an electro-magnet to s]ve z a 8call10 by :i* ! li/5] at ! o!r end c\ld signal back to ! transmitt]4 ,?is =m ( in/rum5t1 :i* has be5 s frequ5tly describ$ 9 ! ,text-books ( ,physics1 0 con/ruct$ = sale fir/ by ,alb]t ( ,frank=t1 lat] by ,ladd ( ,london1 ,knig ( ,p>is1 & ,hauck ( ,vi5na4 ,fur!r details conc]n+ x w be f\nd 9 ?is book1 9 ,reis's 8,prospectus10 & 9 o!r contempor>y docum5ts4 ,al?\gh ?is =m is ! "o mo/ commonly ref]r$ to z 8! ,reis ,telephone10 x is evid5t f a consid]ation ( ! entire gr\p ( =ms t ,reis's inv5tion 0 9 no way limit$ to "o individual patt]n ( in/rum5t4 ,= 9 all ^! =ms !re 0 embodi$ "o all-embrac+ pr9ciple2--t ( controll+ ! electric curr5t by ! voice work+ ^u a po9t ( imp]fect contact1 by ! ag5cy ( a tympanum1 !reby op5+ or clos+ ! circuit to a great] or less degree1 & s regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! curr5t4 ,b4--,reis's ,receiv]s4 ,fir/ ,=m4--,,! ,,viol9 ,,receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! fir/ =m ( app>atus us$ by ,reis = receiv+ ! curr5ts f ! transmitt]1 & = reproduc+ audibly t :i* _h be5 spok5 or sung1 consi/$ ( a /eel knitt+-ne$le1 r\nd :i* 0 w\nd a spiral coil ( silk-cov]$ copp]-wire4 ,?is wire1 z ,reis expla9s 9 8 lecture 8,on ,telephony10 0 magnetis$ 9 v>y+ degrees by ! successive curr5ts1 & :5 ?us rapidly magnetis$ & demagnetis$1 emitt$ tones dep5d+ ^u ! frequ5cy1 /r5g?1 etc41 ( ! curr5ts :i* fl[$ r\nd x4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! s\nds x emitt$ requir$ to be /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( a s\nd+-box1 or resonant-case4 ,?is 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance atta9$ by plac+ ! ne$le ^u ! s\nd+-bo>d ( a viol94 ,at ! fir/ trial x 0 /uck loosely into "o ( ! f-%ap$ holes ( ! viol9 7see ,fig4 #ai73 subsequ5tly ! ne$le 0 fix$ by its l[] end to ! bridge ( ! viol94 ,^! details 7 furni%$ by ,h]r ,pet]1 ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 music-tea*] 9 ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute1 to :om ! viol9 belong$1 & :o gave ,reis1 expressly = ?is purpose1 a viol9 ( less value ?an t us$ by himself 9 8 pr(ession4 ,reis1 :o 0 n himself a musician1 & inde$ _h s little ( a musical e> z h>dly to "k "o piece ( music f ano!r1 kept ?is viol9 = ! purpose ( a s\nd+-box4 ,x has n[ pass$ into ! possession ( ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute4 ,x 0 9 ?is =m t ! in/rum5t 0 %[n by ,reis 9 ,octob] #ahfa to ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t4 ,second ,=m4--,,! ,,cig>-,,box ,,receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,lat] a %all[ rectangul> wood5 box 0 sub/itut$ = ! viol91 & ! spiral 0 laid horizontally ^u x 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! date :5 ?is modification 0 made 0 ei!r at ! end ( #ahfa or ! e>ly spr+ ( #ahfb4 ,a cig>-box 0 ! actual s\nd+-box1 & ! ne$le 0 support$ )9 ! coil1 b n t\*+ x1 ) its ends re/+ ^u two wood5 bridges4 ,?ird ,=m4--,,! ,,electro-,,magnet ,,receiv]4 ,?\gh ! precise hi/ory ( ?is =m ( telephonic receiv] is defective1 !re c be little d\bt t x 0 conceiv$ by ,reis among/ 8 e>lie/ rese>*es4 ,:5 !re 7 9 common use s _m electric & telegraphic in/rum5ts 9 :i* an electro-magnet is employ$ to move an armature to & fro1 x is n surpris+ t ,reis %\ld h ?\ght ( avail+ himself ( ?is me?od = reproduc+ ! vibrations ( spee*4 ,speak+ ( ! two p>ts ( 8 inv5tion1 ! ,transmitt] & ! ,receiv]1 ,reis himself says3#e 8,! app>atus nam$ ! #8,telephone1' con/ruct$ by me1 af=ds ! possibility ( evok+ s\nd-vibrations 9 e mann] t may be desir$4 ,electro-magnetism af=ds ! possibility ( call+ into life at any giv5 di/ance vibrations simil> to ! vibrations t h be5 produc$1 & 9 ?is way to give out aga9 9 "o place ! tones t h be5 produc$ 9 ano!r place40 ,a rem>k1 almo/ id5tical ) ?is1 is also made by ,inspector von ,legat 7see p4 #gd7 9 8 ,report on ,reis's ,telephone4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t ! =m ( ?is receiv] is kn[n only f ! figure & description giv5 9 t ,report1 & f ! extract !refrom pr9t$ 9 ,kuhn's #8,h&book' 7see p4 #aji74 ,reis seems to h v soon ab&on$ ?is =m1 & to h return$ to ! ne$le1 surr\nd$ by a coil1 9 pref]5ce to ! electro-magnet4 ,! electro-magnet =m is1 h[ev]1 ( great importance1 because its pr9ciple is a complete & p]fect anticipation ( t ( ! lat] receiv]s ( ,yeates1 ( ,gray1 & ( ,bell1 :o ea*1 l ,reis1 employ$ z receiv] an electro-magnet ! function ( :i* 0 to draw an ela/ically m\nt$ armature backw>ds & =w>ds1 & s to ?r[ x into vibrations correspond+ to ^? imp>t$ to ! transmitt+ app>atus4 ,fig4 #ba %[s ! disposition ( ! electro-magnet1 & ( its vibratory armature ^u a s\nd+-bo>d4 ,?is app>atus 0 a good deal l>g] ?an mo/ ( ,reis's in/rum5ts4 ,! s\nd+-bo>d 0 ne>ly a foot long3 ! coils ( ! electro-magnet 7 six in*es long1 & ov] an in* ?ick4 ,! armature1 a rod ( iron ( elliptical section1 0 affix$ cross-wise at ! end ( a 8light & broad0 v]tical lev]1 ab\t sev5 in*es long1 :i* seems to h be5 made ( wood1 z 9 ,legat's ,report x is also d5om9at$ z a 8plank0 7,balk574 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,f\r? ,=m4--,,! ,,knitt+-,,ne$le ,,receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! f9al =m adopt$ by ,reis = 8 ,reproduc+-app>atus is t commonly kn[n z ! ,knitt+-ne$le ,receiv]4 ,x diff]s only f ! fir/ =m 9 t ! ne$le & its surr\nd+ spiral no long] /& upright on a viol91 b lie horizontally ^u a rectangul> s\nd+-box ( ?9 p9e wood4 ,! coil ( silk-cov]$ copp] wire is w\nd ^u a light wood5 bobb91 in/ead ( be+ twi/$ r\nd ! ne$le itself4 ,two wood5 bridges /& ^u ! s\nd+-box1 & ?r\gh ^! pass ! protrud+ ends ( ! ne$le1 :il/ an upp] box or lid1 h+$ to ! l[] at ! back1 is add$ above4 ,figs4 #bb & #bc %[ ?is =m1 ! =m] be+ reproduc$ f ,reis's own ,prospectus 7see p4 #he71 ! latt] be+ f ,mll]-,p\illet's #8,text-book ( ,physics' 7see p4 #ie74 ,h]r ,alb]t1 me*anician1 ( ,frank=t1 :o made & sold ! ,reis telephones1 says t ! upp] box 0 add$ at 8 sugge/ion4 ,orig9ally x 0 s con/ruct$ 7see ,fig4 #bb71 t :5 clos$ x press$ ^u ! /eel ne$le4 ,9 ! in/rum5ts ( lat] date1 ! not*es :i* fitt$ ov] ! ne$le 7 cut s deeply 7see ,fig4 #bc71 t ! lid did n press ^u ! wire4 ,reis's own in/ructions are 7see p4 #hf7 t ! s\nd is int5sifi$ by firmly press+ ! lid aga9/ ! ne$le1 z 0 done occasionally by ! li/5]s :o press$ _! e>s aga9/ ! lid 9 ord] to he> m di/9ctly4 ,! little key se5 at ! end ( ! s\nd+-box1 9 ,fig4 #bb1 0 us$ = int]rupt+ ! curr5t & s to telegraph back signals to ! transmitt]4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,dr4 ,messel1 ,f4,c4,s41 a =m] pupil ( ,reis1 & an eye-witness ( 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 makes1 9 a lett] to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,f4 ,b>rett1 ! foll[+ v int]e/+ /atem5t3 8,! orig9al telephone 0 ( a mo/ primitive nature4 ,! transmitt+ in/rum5t 0 a bung ( a be]-b>rel holl[$ out1 & a cone =m$ 9 ?is way 0 clos$ ) ! sk9 ( a ,g]man sausage1 :i* did s]vice z a membrane4 ,to ?is 0 fix$ ) a drop ( seal+-wax a little /rip ( plat9um correspond+ to ! hamm] ( ! e>1 & :i* clos$ or op5$ ! electric circuit1 precisely z 9 ! in/rum5ts ( a lat] date4 ,! receiv+ in/rum5t 0 a knitt+ ne$le surr\nd$ ) a coil ( wire & plac$ on a viol9 to s]ve z a s\nd+ bo>d4 ,x a/oni%$ e "o q z mu* z ! m p]fect in/rum5ts ( ,bell n[ d4 ,! in/rum5t ,i h describ$ has n[ pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,telegraph ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t40 ,! in/rum5t n[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,rei*s ,po/-,amt 9 ,b]l9 is n ?is1 b is ! fir/ ( ! 8,improv$0 ,telephones describ$ lat] by ,reis 9 8 8,prospectus0 7see p4 #he71 & is /amp$ 8,philipp ,reis10 8#ahfc10 8,no4 #a40 ,s4,p4,t4 #d ,or sometimes 8t5sion-regulators10 ?\gh ! latt] t]m is ackn[l$g$ by mo/ compet5t electricians to be indescriptive & op5 to objection4 #e ,see ,die ,ges*i*te und ,entwickelung des ,elektris*5 ,f]nspre*wes5s 7issu$ (ficially f ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,po/-(fice1 #ahhj71 p4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,claim ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tor4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 s _m facilities exi/ = ! diffusion ( k1 & :5 e new discov]y & inv5tion is eag]ly welcom$ & imm$iately nois$ abroad to e c\ntry ( ! globe1 x is h>d to believe t ! inv5tor ( an in/rum5t ( ! highe/ sci5tific value1 de/9$ to play an important "p 9 social & comm]cial life1 %\ld h be5 suff]$ to live & die 9 unrecognis$ obscurity4 ,/ill h>d] is x to believe t 8 inv5tion pass$ into almo/ complete oblivion1 unackn[l$g$ by mo/ ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( 8 day & g5]ation4 ,b h>de/ ( all is x to believe t :5 at la/ attempts 7 made to give to him1 ^: "n & fame _h ?us be5 p]mitt$ to langui%1 ! cr$it ( ! spl5did rese>*es 9 :i* he wore 8 life away1 ^? attempts c\ld be met on ! "o h& by an almo/ complete apa?y1 & on ! o!r by a *orus ( d5ial1 n only t any su* inv5tion 0 made1 b t ! inv5tor _h ev] int5d$ to inv5t any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,yet no?+ less ?an ?is has happ5$4 ,philipp ,reis1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone1 ! fir/ to s*eme1 & c>ry out into execution1 an in/rum5t = convey+ to a di/ance by means ( electric curr5ts ! tones ( human spee* & human song1 is no long] among/ ! liv+4 ,he _c reclaim = himself ! hon\rs t h be5 %[]$ ^u ! heads ( o!rs1 :o1 h[ev] wor?y ( ^? hon\rs !y 7--none w d5y t--7 only n ! fir/ to des]ve !m4 ,9 8 quiet grave1 9 ! obscurity ( ! ,g]man village :]e 8 daily "w 0 done1 he sleeps undi/urb$ by ! /rife ( tongues4 ,to him x matt]s no?+ n[1 :e!r 8 g5ius be recognis$ & 8 inv5tion applaud$1 or :e!r ignorance1 & calumny1 & envy1 alike decry bo?4 ,nev]!less1 ! memory ( him & ( 8 "w w live1 & w desc5d to po/]ity z ( "o :om 8 own g5]ation knew n1 ^: peculi> greatness pass$ unhe$$ save by a *os5 few4 ,nor w po/]ity be ! less ready to accord hon\r to him :o 9 8 own day c\ld n ev5 obta9 ju/ice4 ,yet some?+ m ?an a m]e hi/oric ju/ice = ! poor s*oolma/] ( ,fri$ri*sdorf does ! _w owe2 ju/ice to ! great inv5tion t is n[ imp]i%ably associat$ ) 8 "n3 ju/ice to ! /ruggl+ family :om1 in/ead ( enri*+1 x impov]i%$2 &1 n lea/1 ! ju/ice ( pati5ce1 :il/ ! /ory ( 8 life & "w1 & ! words he himself has writt5 !reupon1 are unfold$4 ,! po9t at issue1 & = :i* ju/ice has be5 invok$1 & ( :i* ample pro( is giv5 9 ^! pages1 is n :e!r ,philipp ,reis inv5t$ a telephone--t is n d5i$--b :e!r ,philipp ,reis inv5t$ ! ,telephone4 ,! irony ( fate1 n to say ! curi\s ignorance :i* is (t5 call$ by a less polite "n1 has decre$ by ! m\? ( popul> sci5tific writ]s1 ( em95t eng9e]s1 & ( accompli%$ b>ri/]s1 t ,reis's inv5tion 0 n an in/rum5t = transmitt+ human spee* at all--0 n int5d$ ev5 = ?is--t x 0 a purely musical in/rum5t 9 its inception1 & t x has always s rema9$4 ,^! clev] p]sons beg9 to p]suade !mselves ( ?is view1 & =?) inv5t a "q-begg+ epi!t1 & dub ! in/rum5t z a m]e 8tone-telephone06 ,if "s unprejudic$ p]son v5tures to speak ( ,reis's in/rum5t z hav+1 z a matt] ( hi/ory1 transmitt$ spee*1 all ! contemptu\s reply t he gets f ! em95t somebody1 :o poses z an au?ority = ! mom5t1 is3 ,oh1 b1 y "k1 x 0 only a tone-telephone1 a musical toy1 & :5 "s "o 0 s++ to x y fanci$ y caught ! words ( ! song :i*1 dur+ s++1 7 occasionally project$ along ) ! music4 ,i've always reg>d$ ! acc\nts ( its transmission ( spee* z a good joke2 all x c\ld possibly d 0 occasionally to utt] an articulate noise 9 comb9ation ) a musical tone4 ,besides1 y "k1 ,mr4 ,reis 0 a musical man1 :o only int5d$ x to s+1 & if x spoke x only spoke by accid5t2 b su* an accid5t nev] did or c\ld occur1 because ! con/ruction ( x %[s t x n only did n b c\ld n transmit spee*4 ,if ,mr4 ,reis _h really p5etrat$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! articulat+ telephone1 he w\ld h arrang$ 8 in/rum5ts v diff]5tly2 & !n1 y "k1 if he really _h transmitt$ spee* ! discov]y w\ld h attract$ s mu* att5tion at ! "t4 ,moreov]1 if he _h meant x to talk1 he w\ld h call$ x ! articulat+ telephone1 & n a telephone = transmitt+ tones1 y "k2 no "o be=e ,graham ,bell ev] dream$ ( us+ a tympanum to cat* articulate s\nds1 or _h he done s he w\ld h be5 laugh$ at4 ,to all su* clap-trap z ?is--& !re has be5 en\gh ad nauseam ( su*--! "o reply is sil5ce1 & a mute appeal to ! orig9al writ+s ( ,reis & 8 contempor>ies1 & to ! tangible witness ( inexorable sci5tific facts4 ,all ! mo/ important ( ^! w be f\nd 9 _! appropriate places4 ,!y amply e/abli% ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,i4--,reis's ,telephone 0 expressly int5d$ to transmit spee*4 ,,ii4--,reis's ,telephone1 9 ! h&s ( ,reis & 8 contempor>ies1 did transmit spee*4 ,,iii4--,reis's ,telephone w transmit spee*4 ,be=e proce$+ to discuss ^! ?ree po9ts we w pause = a mom5t1 fir/ to cle> away a lurk+ v]bal fallacy1 !n to po9t out ! p>tial hi/oric ackn[l$gm5t already conc$$ to ,reis's claims4 ,reis did n call 8 in/rum5t an 8articulat+ telephone40 ,nei!r did he call x a 8tone telephone40 ,he call$ x simply 8,! ,telephone0 7,das ,telephon71#f z w be se5 9 8 own fir/ memoir 7p4 #eg74 ,he did speak ( 8 in/rum5t aga9 & aga9 z an in/rum5t 8= reproduc+ tones40 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,g]man ^w ,ton 7plural ,tne7 us$ by ,reis is m ne>ly equival5t to our ,engli% ^w 8s\nd10 & includes articulate z well z musical tones1 unless ! context expressly indicates o!rwise4 ,s t :5 ,reis talk$ ( ! ,reproduction ( ,tones he 0 us+ words :i* did n limit 8 mean+ to musical tones1 z inde$ 8 memoirs %[ 9 o!r ways4 ,he />t$ f a consid]ation ( ! me*anical /ructure ( ! human e>1 & endeav\r$ to con/ruct an in/rum5t on ^? l9es because ! e> c take up all k9ds ( tones4 ,reis 0 n s fooli% z to imag9e t ! con/ruction ( ! human e> 0 solely design$ = musical1 to ! exclusion ( articulate tones4 ,we are n aw>e t ! epi!t1 ,tone-,telephone1 0 ev] appli$ to ,reis's in/rum5ts until x became advisable767 to seek a means ( disp>ag+ an old inv5tion 9 ord] to exalt a new "o4 ,& x is a curi\s po9t t ! true musical 8tone-telephones10 i4e4 in/rum5ts design$ expressly to transmit specific musical tones = ! purpose ( multiple telegraphy1 7 inv5t$ 7by ,v>ley1 ,gray1 ,la ,c\r1 ,graham ,bell1 & ,edison7 long aft] ,reis's ,telephone1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgj & #ahgf4 ,all ^! 7 dep5d5t practically ^u ! tun+-=k sy/em ( vibration1 :]eas ,reis's sy/em 0 bas$ on ! tympanum ( ! e>4 ,to classify ,reis's inv5tion ) ^! w\ld be absurd4 ,hav+ %[n ! fallacy b\nd up 9 ! t]m 8tone-telephone10 we w dismiss ! po9t ) ! rem>k t h5ce=? x w be a wa/e ( "t to argue ) any p]son :o applies t "q-begg+ epi!t to ,reis's inv5tion4 ,p>tial hi/oric ackn[l$gm5ts ( ,reis's claims z inv5tor ( ,! ,telephone h be5 made f "t to "t by ^? be/ qualifi$ to speak4 ,mr4 ,edison1 ! inv5tor ( ! fam\s lamp-black button transmitt]1 :i* he *ri/5$ lat] z 8,! ,c>bon ,telephone10 has himself /at$ 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 inv5tions1#g t he 0 />t$ ^u ?is l9e ( inve/igation by hav+ put into 8 h&1 by ! late ,hon4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,orton1 a manuscript translation ( ,legat's ,report on ,reis's ,telephone1 giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,au/ro-,g]man ,telegraph ,union 7see ,translation1 p4 #gj74 ,s t he 01 !re=e1 aw>e at lea/ ( ?is3 t 9 ,reis's in/rum5ts 8s+le words utt]$1 z 9 read+1 speak+1 & ! l1 7 p]ceptible indi/9ctly1 nev]!less1 "h also ! inflexions ( ! voice1 ! modulations ( int]rogation1 exclamation1 wond]1 comm&1 etc41 atta9$ di/9ct expression40 ,s f> z ,mr4 ,edison is conc]n$1 !re=e1 ,reis is 8 />t+-po9t by 8 own direct av[al4 ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell has n fail$ to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ,reis1 ^: entry 8into ! field ( telephonic rese>*0 he explicitly draws att5tion to by "n1 9 8 8,rese>*es 9 ,electric ,telephony10 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces & ,arts1 9 ,may #ahgf1 & repeat$ almo/ v]batim be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 9 ,novemb] #ahgg4 ,9 ! latt]1 z pr9t$ at ! "t1 ,pr(essor ,bell gave ref]5ces to ! rese>*es ( ,reis1 to ! orig9al pap] 9 ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*nic ,j\rnal' 7see ,translation1 p4 #fa72 to ! p>ticul> pages ( ,kuhn's volume 9 ,k>/5's #8,encyclopdia' 7see p4 #ajf71 9 :i* diagrams & descriptions ( two =ms ( ,reis's ,telephone are giv52 & :]e m5tion is also made ( ! success ) :i* exclamatory & o!r articulate intonations ( ! voice 7 transmitt$ by "o ( ^! in/rum5ts2 & to ,legat's ,report1 m5tion$ above 7& giv5 9 full on p4 #gj74 ,pr(essor ,bell has1 moreov]1 9 judicial exam9ation be=e "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts expressly & c&idly /at$1#h t :il/ ! receiv]s ( 8 own e>ly tone-telephones 7 con/ruct$ s z to respond to "o musical note only1 ! receiv] ( ,reis's in/rum5t1 %[n 9 ,legat's ,report 7z copi$ 9 ,prescott's #8,speak+ ,telephone1' p4 #aj71 & giv5 on p4 #aji ( ?is "w1 0 adapt$ to receive tones ( any pit*1 & n ( "o tone only4 ,x is fur!r important to note t 9 ,pr(essor ,bell's ,briti% ,pat5t he does n lay claim to be ! inv5tor1 b only ! improv] ( an inv5tion3 ! exact title ( 8 pat5t is1 8,improvem5ts 9 ,electric ,telephony 7,transmitt+ or caus+ s\nds = ,telegraph+ ,messages7 & ,telephonic ,app>atus40 ,s f> z ,pr(essor ,bell is conc]n$1 !re=e1 he is guiltless ( /igmatis+ ! ,reis in/rum5t z a m]e 8tone-telephone40 ,pr(essor ,dolbe>1 ! inv5tor ( ! 8,/atic ,receiv]0 =m ( ,telephone1 is /ill m explicit 9 av[+ ,reis's claim4 ,9 ! report ( 8 pap] on 8! ,telephone10 read1 ,m>* #ahhb1 be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ( ,electricians#i we f9d3 8,! speak] c\ld te/ify t ! in/rum5t w\ld talk1 & w\ld talk well4 ,! id5tical in/rum5ts employ$ by ,reis w\ld d t1 s t ,reis's transmitt]s w\ld transmit4 ,secondly1 8 receiv] w\ld receive2 & ,reis did transmit & receive articulate spee* ) su* in/rum5ts40 ,z f> z ,pr(essor ,dolbe> is conc]n$1 !re=e1 he admits 9 unequivocal t]ms ! :ole claim ( ,reis to be ! inv5tor ( ,! ,telephone4 ,c\nt du ,moncel1 au?or ( a "w on ! ,telephone1 :i* has run ?r\gh sev]al editions1 ?\gh he has classifi$ ,reis's in/rum5t z a m]e 8tone-telephone10 has rec5tly admitt$#aj t he 01 until ! ye> #ahhb1 ignorant ( "s ( ,reis's in/rum5ts & ( 8 orig9al pap]s4 ,he has1 moreov]1 add$ ^! words3 8,nev]!less1 x w\ld n be j n to ackn[l$ge t ! ,reis ,telephone =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( all ! o!rs20 also ^! significant l9es3 8,x is probable t 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 ! great] numb] ( mod]n inv5tions1 ! orig9al inv5tor obta9$ only insignificant results1 & t x 0 ! man :o fir/ succe$$ 9 arrang+ 8 app>atus s z to obta9 really /rik+ results t receiv$ ! hon\r ( ! discov]y & r5d]$ x popul>40 ,s f> z ! ,c\nt du ,moncel is conc]n$1 !re=e1 ! claims ( ,philipp ,reis to be ! inv5tor ( ! telephone are admitt$1 ?\gh hesitat+ly1 to be hi/orically j4 ,we n[ return to ! pro( ( ! ?ree po9ts previ\sly enunciat$4 ,i4--,reis's ,telephone 0 expressly int5d$ to transmit spee*4 ,reis's fir/ in/rum5t 0 7see p4 #af7 no?+ else ?an a model ( ! me*anism ( ! human e>4 ,:y did he *oose ?is fundam5tal type :i* runs ?r\gh all 8 in/rum5ts f fir/ to la/8 ,! reason is giv5 9 8 own fir/ memoir 7p4 #ea71 8,h[ c\ld a s+le in/rum5t reproduce at once ! total actions ( all ! organs op]at$ 9 human spee*8 ,?is 0 ev] ! c>d9al "q40 ,reis con/ruct$ 8 in/rum5t !re=e ) int5t to reproduce human spee*4 ,= ?is reason he borr[$ f ! e> ! sugge/ion ( a tympanum4 ,( ! op]ation ( ! tympanum he _h ! mo/ exact & p]fect conception4 ,he says 7p4 #ed71 8,e tone1 & e comb9ation ( tones0--& ?is includes articulate tones1 ( c\rse1 & is j z true ( !m z ( any o!r k9d--8evokes 9 our e>1 if x ent]s x1 vibrations ( ! drum-sk91 ! motions ( :i* may be repres5t$ by a curve40 ,& fur!r3 8,z soon1 !re=e1 z x %all become possible1 at any place & 9 any prescrib$ mann]1 to set up vibrations ^: curves are l ^? ( any giv5 tone1 or comb9ation ( tones1 we %all !n receive ! same impression z t tone or comb9ation ( tones w\ld h produc$ ^u u40 ,aga91 x is cle> t 8 /udy ( ac\/ics l$ him to employ ! tympanum1 because ( its special value 9 respond+ to all ! complex vibrations ( human spee*4 ,x is no less significant t :5 a decade lat] ,v>ley1 ,gray1 & ,bell1 set !mselves to inv5t tone-telephones = ! purpose ( multiple telegraphy1 !y ab&on$ tympanums z be+ unsuitable = tone-telephones1 & 9 lieu !re( employ$ vibrat+ tongues l ^? ( tun+-=ks4 ,reis's use ( ! tympanum _h a v def9ite mean+ !n2 x meant no?+ less ?an ?is3 ,i int5d my in/rum5t to transmit any s\nd t a human e> c he>4 ,t x 0 explicitly )9 8 int5tion to transmit spee* is confirm$ by ano!r passage ( 8 fir/ memoir 7p4 #eh71 :]e9 he rem>ks ) a %ade ( disappo9tm5t t ?\gh 8! consonants are = ! mo/ "p tol]ably di/9ctly reproduc$1 ! v[els are n yet to an equal degree40 ,to 8 own pupils & co-work]s he communicat$ 8 ideas4 ,"o ( ! =m]1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,horkheim]1 n[ ( ,man*e/]1 expressly says 7see p4 #aag7 t ,reis's int5tion 0 to transmit spee*1 & t ! transmission ( music 0 an aft]?\ght adopt$ = ! conv5i5ce ( public exhibition1 j z 0 ! case ) ! public exhibitions ( ,bell's ,telephone fifte5 ye>s lat]4 ,nor did ?is imp]fection cause ,reis to hide 8 int5tions f ! _w4 ,he mode/ly claim$ su* success z he _h obta9$1 & left ! re/4 ,9 #ahfc he drew up a ,prospectus 7giv5 9 ext5so on p4 #he71 :i* 0 pr9t$ to accompany ! in/rum5ts :i* 7 sold2 & ( :i* copies are /ill extant4 ,9 ?is docum5t he says3 8,besides ! human voice1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 !re c also be reproduc$ ! tones ( good organ pipes1 f ,f to c'''1 & ^? ( a piano40 ,9 ?is same ,prospectus 7p4 #hg7 occur ! in/ructions = ! use ( ! signal call by :i* ! li/5] communicates 8 wi%es to ! speak]4 ,^? in/ructions run3 8,"o beat s+2 two beats speak40 ,c any sane p]son d\bt t ,reis int5d$ 8 in/rum5t to transmit spee*1 :5 su* directions /& pr9t$ 9 8 own ,prospectus8 ,legat's ,report 7#ahfb7 speaks ( ,reis's in/rum5t z int5d$ 7see p4 #gg7 to speak1 & fur!r describes ! use ( an elliptic cavity to :i* ! li/5] c apply 8 e>4 ,kuhn 7#ahff7 7see p4 #ajf7 says t ! squ>e-box transmitt] 7,figs4 #ag1 #ah7 did n s5d spee* well1 & compla9s t he c\ld only get f x an indi/+ui%able noise4 ,d\btless he spoke too l\dly1 ,pisko 7#ahfe7 speaks ( ! ,reis in/rum5t z int5d$ = speak+ 7p4 #aje74 ,fur!r1 9 ! lett] :i* ,reis wrote 9 #ahfc to ,mr4 ,w4 ,ladd1 ( ,london1 he expressly emphasises by und]scor+ ! ^w t 8 ,telephone c transmit 8any s\nd0 t is suffici5tly l\d1 & he ref]s to ! speak] & li/5] at ! two ends ( ! l9e z 8! correspond5ts40 ,! only reply h5ce=? possible to any p]son :o %all ass]t t ,reis's ,telephone 0 n expressly int5d$ to transmit articulate spee* is ! good hone/ retort3 impud5tissime m5tiris4 ,,ii4--,reis's ,telephone1 9 ! h&s ( ,reis & 8 contempor>ies1 did transmit spee*4 ,( ! p]=mance ( 8 in/rum5ts ,reis speaks mode/ly & c>efully1 no?+ ext5uat+ ( 8 failures1 no?+ exagg]at+ ( 8 successes4 ,i %all n attempt to be wis] ?an he2 nor seek to make out 8 in/rum5t to h be5 ei!r m p]fect or m reliable ?an he himself knew x to be4 ,! membrane tympanum ( 8 transmitt] 0 liable to become relax$ by ! moi/ure ( ! brea? r5d]+ ! in/rum5t--z ,graham ,bell f\nd fifte5 ye>s lat] ) 8 membrane magneto-transmitt]s--unc]ta9 9 its action4 ,moreov]1 9 "s e>li] =ms ( ,reis's transmitt]1 notably ^? ) a v]tical tympanum1 ! adju/m5t ( ! contact-po9ts t controll$ ! curr5t 0 a matt] ( delicacy requir+ exp]i5ce & practice1 s t casual exp]im5t]s fail$ to obta9 ! results :i* ,reis himself obta9$2#aa !y obta9+ only a noisy sn>l :]e he obta9$ intelligible spee*4 ,la/ly1 ! v delicacy ( ! ess5tial p>ts1 ! conduct+ /rips ( metal :i* lay lightly 9 contact aga9/ "o ano!r1 militat$ aga9/ a uni=mity ( success :5 tri$ ) diff]5t voices1 "s ( :i* 7 too l[ to produce any effect1 o!rs s l\d z to rattle ! delicate contact-pieces 9 a mann] fatal to ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ result4 ,9 spite ( all ^! drawbacks1 :i* 7 n inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t1 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce t ,reis's ,telephone did transmit spee*4 ,reis himself records ?is fact3 7#a47 ,9 #ahfa1 9 8 memoir #8,on ,telephony' 7see p4 #eh71 8,! consonants are = ! mo/ "p tol]ably di/9ctly reproduc$1 b ! v[els n yet 9 an equal degree40 7#b47 ,9 8 #8,prospectus' 7p4 #hf7 ,reis says t ! tones ( organ-pipes & ( ! piano c be reproduc$ z well z ! tones ( ! human voice1 8accord+ to my exp]i5ce40 7#c47 ,! fact is atte/$ by ,inspector ,wilhelm von ,legat1 9 8 ,report 9 ! #8,zeits*rift' 7p4 #gg71 #ahfb4 ,aft] allud+ to ! indi/9ctness ( ! v[els1 he says3 8,s+le words1 utt]$ z 9 read+1 speak+1 & ! l1 7 p]ceptible indi/9ctly1 nev]!less1 "h also ! inflexions ( ! voice1 ! modulations ( int]rogation1 exclamation1 wond]1 comm&1 etc41 atta9$ di/9ct expression40 7#d47 ,pr(essor ,qu9cke1 ( ,heidelb]g1 te/ifies 7see p4 #aac7 t he he>d & und]/ood words spok5 ?r\gh a ,reis ,telephone 9 #ahfd4 7#e47 ,pr(essor ,bttg]1 editor ( ! #8,polyte*nis*es ,notizblatt1' 9 #ahfc says 7see p4 #ij73 8,! exp]im5t]s c\ld ev5 communicate words to "o ano!r1 ?\gh c]ta9ly inde$1 only su* z _h (t5 be5 he>d by !m40 7#f47 ,dr4 ,rudolph ,messel1 an old pupil ( ,reis1 & an eye-witness ( 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 has writt5#ab3 8,!re is n a %ad[ ( a d\bt ab\t ,reis hav+ actually a*iev$ imp]fect articulation4 ,i p]sonally recollect ?is v di/9ctly1 & c\ld f9d y pl5ty m p :o witness$ ! same40 7#g47 ,h]r ,pet]1 a =m] colleague ( ,philipp ,reis1 ^: te/imony w be f\nd on page #abf1 n>rates h[ he d\bt$ ! p[]s ( ! in/rum5t until he _h v]ifi$ !m = himself by speak+ into x words :i* c\ld n possibly be prem$itat$4 7#h47 ,mr4 ,e4 ,horkheim]1 :o aid$ ,reis 9 8 e>li] "w1 ?\gh he left ,g]many :5 ! developm5t ( ! in/rum5t 0 yet v f> f complete1 has ev5 giv5 7see p4 #aag7 a li/ ( ! words & expressions :i* he has he>d transmitt$ by ! e>li] =ms ( ! in/rum5t4 7#i47 ,h]r ,philipp ,s*midt1 bro!r-9-law ( ,philipp ,reis1 & n[ act+-payma/] 9 ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,navy at ,wilhelm%avn1 says3 8he succe$$ f9ally 9 reproduc+ at a di/ance1 words & :ole s5t5ces40 8,!re nev] 0 any und]/&+ betwe5 my bro!r-9-law & myself z to p>ticul> words & s5t5ces3 on ! contr>y1 ^! 7 q spontane\s40 7#aj47 ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,yeates1 ( ,dubl91 :o 9 #ahfe con/ruct$ a modifi$ ,reis ,telephone 7see p4 #abh71 has ?us describ$ ! p]=mance ( ! in/rum5t3 8,be=e dispos+ ( ! app>atus1 ,i %[$ x at ! ,novemb] meet+ 7#ahfe7 ( ! ,dubl9 ,philosophical ,society1 :5 bo? s++ & ! di/9ct articulation ( sev]al words 7 he>d ?r\gh x1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! speak]s' voices cle>ly recognis$40#ac ,x is difficult to conceive h[ te/imony on ?is po9t c\ld be /rong]4 ,f s _m diff]5t s\rces x is alike agre$ t--) ! in/rum5t presumably 9 good adju/m5t--,reis's ,telephone1 9 ! h&s ( ,reis & 8 contempor>ies1 did transmit articulate spee*4 ,,iii4--,reis's ,telephone w transmit spee*4 ,reis's ,telephone consi/s ( two p>ts3 a 8transmitt]10 into :i* ! speak] speaks2 & a 8receiv]10 at :i* ! he>] li/5s4 ,_! v>i\s =ms h be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,all t we are conc]n$ ) at ?is place is1 :e!r ^! in/rum5ts w at ! pres5t day d :at is ass]t$4 ,! writ] has te/$ e =m ( ,reis's transmitt]1 save only "s ( ! t5tative hi/oric =ms %[n 9 ,figs4 #b-h1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 ante1 & has f\nd !m p]fectly compet5t to transmit spee*1 provid$ prop] precautions 7 tak53 namely1 t ! contacts 7 clean & 9 adju/m5t1 t ! tympanum 0 tightly /ret*$1 & t ! speak] did n speak too l\dly3#ad 9 o!r words1 t ! in/rum5ts 7 prop]ly us$4 ,any "o :o wants n to succe$ 9 transmitt+ spee* ) ,reis's transmitt] has only to neglect ^! reasonable precautions4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 difficult to fail4 ,! writ] has also te/$ bo? ! bett]-kn[n =ms ( ,reis's receiv] 7,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc71 & f9ds t bo? are p]fectly compet5t to receive spee* electrically & reproduce x audibly1 bo? v[els & consonants be+ p]fectly di/9ct & articulate1 ?\gh nev] z l\d z 9 m mod]n =ms ( telephone-receiv]4 ,f a /eel wire1 magnetis$1 z prescrib$ by ,reis1 by surr\nd+ x ) a coil ( wire ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes1 ! writ] has obta9$ articulation exce$+ 9 p]fection ( def9ition1 bo? ( v[els & ( consonants1 ! articulation ( any o!r telephone-receiv] he has ev] li/5$ to4 ,p]haps x may be object$ t x is difficult to li/5 to a /eel wire4 ,reis met ?is difficulty 9 8 own way by m\nt+ 8 /eel wire ^u a small s\nd+-box to /r5g!n ! s\nds1 & add$ a flat upp] case aga9/ :i* ! e> ( ! li/5] c be press$1 & :i* c be remov$1 or op5$ z a lid1 :5 a :ole audi5ce is to he> simultane\sly ! tones ( ! in/rum5t :5 work+ 9 a l\d & disagreeable mann]1 z a transmitt] ( ! co>s] vibrations ( a l\dly sung melody4 ,! lid is n want$ = ?is latt] purpose--is an encumbrance2 :i*1 nev]!less1 by its pres5ce proves ! m delicate functions ( ! in/rum5t4 ,reis's in/ructions 9 8 #8,prospectus1' p4 #hf1 are t press+ ?is lid d[n firmly ^u ! /eel core increases ! l\dness ( ! s\nds4 ,any "o :o wants n to succe$ 9 receiv+ spee* ) ,reis's receiv] has1 z be=e1 only to neglect reasonable precautions4 ,he has only to use an imp]fect or bad transmitt]1 or use x c>elessly1 or put ! receiv] to a suffici5t di/ance f 8 e>1 to atta9 ?is result4 ,!re are p :o h fail$ to make ,reis's receiv] receive4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss a doctr9aire objection sometimes rais$1 t x is !oretically impossible = ,reis's in/rum5ts to "w4 ,= ! mom5t we are conc]n$ ) ! practical "q3 ,d !y "w8 ,no "o practically exp]i5c$ 9 telephones1 ev5 if he %\ld d5y t ,reis _h any su* int5tion1 w dispute t !y c n[ be made to transmit spee*4 ,pr(essor ,dolbe>1 himself no mean au?ority on telephones1 te/ifies1 z quot$ above 7p4 #da71 8t ! in/rum5ts w\ld talk1 & w\ld talk well40 ,he w\ld1 inde$1 be a bold man :o w\ld come =w>d to d5y :at c be %[n any day z an exp]im5tal fact3 t ,reis's ,telephone w transmit spee*4 ,we h n[ %[n t ,philipp ,reis 0 ! undisput$ inv5tor ( an in/rum5t :i* he call$ ! ,telephone1 :i* in/rum5t c n[ be us$ to transmit spee*2 :i* 0 !n us$ to transmit spee*2 & :i* 0 inv5t$ on purpose to transmit spee*4 ,s f> ! result ( ! exam9ation into ! facts ( ! case is conclusive en\gh4 ,a m complete case c\ld h>dly be desir$4 ,no hone/ p]son c\ld hesitate = want ( pro(1 ei!r great] 9 am\nt or m direct to ! po9t4 ,nev]!less1 ,i propose 9 ano!r section to g a little fur!r & to prove a te*nical po9t ( highe/ int]e/2 namely1 t !re is n 9 ! ,telephone ,ex*anges ( ,engl& to-day1 any s+le telephone to be f\nd 9 :i* ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,reis's ,telephone are n ! ess5tial & indisp5sable features4 ,^! consid]ations be+1 h[ev]1 ( a /rictly te*nical nature1 w be be/ consid]$ 9 an ,app5dix4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we are able to %[ t ^? in/rum5ts :i* are n[ 9 daily use = transmitt+ spee*1 embody ! two fundam5tal pr9ciples ^u :i* ,reis bas$ ! in/rum5t :i* he call$ 8,das ,telephon10 x w\ld be di%one/ to ! memory ( ! deceas$ inv5tor to claim any?+ less ?an t he 0 ! 8fir/ & true inv5tor0 ( ! ,telephone4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,! "n 8,telephone0 _h already be5 appli$ by ,sir ,c4 ,:eat/one 7#ahca7 to an ac\/ic arrangem5t = transmitt+ s\nds ?r\gh wood5 rods to a di/ant place 9 a purely me*anical mann]4 ,x is ne$less to obs]ve t spee* z well z music c be ?us transmitt$2 & ?\gh ,:eat/one gave telephonic conc]ts1 ?is does n prove 7nor d telephonic conc]ts giv5 ?r\gh ,reis's in/rum5t prove7 t spee* c\ld n be transmitt$ also4 ,! "n 8,f]nspre*]10 n[ us$ 9 ,g]many = ! ,telephone1 0 only sugge/$ 9 #ahgg by ,dr4 ,/ephan1 ,po/ma/] ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 9 ob$i5ce to ! absurd fa%ion :i* has rag$ s9ce #ahga 9 ,g]many ( reject+ words ( classic d]ivation4 #g ,see proce$+s 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,c\rt 7,d[d suit71 ,edison's second answ]1 & ,prescott's #8,! ,speak+ ,telephone1' p4 #bah4 #h ,publi%$ volume ( ,proce$+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 be=e ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 ,evid5ce = ,a4 ,g4 ,bell1 p4 #f4 #i ,proc4 ,soc4 ,telegr4 ,eng94 & ,electr4 vol4 xi4 p4 #acd1 #ahhb4 #aj #8,electrical ,review1' ,july #bb1 #ahhb1 p4 #di4 #aa ,mr4 ,e4 ,alb]t1 ( ! firm ( ,j4 ,w4 ,alb]t & ,sohn1 ( ,frankfurt1 to :om ,reis entru/$ ! manufacture ( ,telephones = public sale1 ?us writes3 8,! mo/ important "p 0 ! membrane1 because ! delicacy ( ! app>atus dep5d$ pr9cipally ^u t "p4 ,z x 0 n possible to make e membrane equally good1 s x came ab\t t in/rum5ts ( diff]5t degrees ( sup]iority came into use1 & v>i\s decisions 7 arriv$ at z to ! ability ( ! in/rum5t to p]=m ! functions = :i* x 0 design$4 ,^? :o happ5$ to h a poor in/rum5t 7 able to he> b little2 :ile ^? :o possess$ a good in/rum5t 7 a/oni%$ at its p]=mances4 ,a good in/rum5t reproduc$ ! words sung into x 9 su* a mann] t n only ! pit* b also ! words ( ! song 7 p]fectly und]/ood1 ev5 :5 ! li/5] 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! song & ! words40 ,m4 ,/4 ,edm1 ( ,p>is1 :o contribut$ to #8,cosmos1' vol4 xxiv4 p4 #cdi1 #ahfd1 an article on ,reis's ,telephone1 ( :i* he _h se5 an example 9 ,knig's ateli]1 said t :5 ! scale 0 sung x ne$$ a tra9$ e> to di/+ui% ! notes amid/ ! noises ( ! receiv]4 ,he mu/ h got hold ( an uncommonly bad transmitt] ) a flabby tympanum to h fail$ s completely4 #ab ,lett] ( ,dr4 ,messel to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,f4 ,b>rett quot$1 9 ,pr(essor ,b>rett's memoir1 #8,on ! ,electric ,telephone1' read ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgg1 to ! ,dubl9 ,royal ,society4 ,vide ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,dubl4 #ahgg4 #ac ,see ,b>rett's #8,telephones ,old & ,new' 7#ahgh71 p4 #ab4 #ad ,see ,reis's own rem>k at bottom ( p4 #eg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,contempor>y ,,docum5ts4 ,! foll[+ docum5ts1 drawn f ! sci5tific lit]ature ( ! "t1 are plac$ 9 *ronological ord]1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ memoir publi%$ by ,philipp ,reis himself1 9 ! ,jahresb]i*t ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t1 = ! ye> #ahfj-fa4 ,e c>e has be5 tak5 t ! translations "h giv5 %all be fai?ful 9 e detail to ! orig9als4 ,all notes & comm5ts by ! translator are di/+ui%$ by be+ enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets4 #a4 ,,on ,,telephony ,,by ,,! ,,galvanic ,,curr5t4 ,by ,,philipp ,,reis4 ,translat$ f ! ,annual ,report 7,jahresb]i*t7 ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 = #ahfj-ahfa4 ,! surpris+ results 9 ! doma9 ( ,telegraphy1 h (t5 already sugge/$ ! "q :e!r x may n also be possible to communicate ! v tones ( spee* direct to a di/ance4 ,rese>*es aim+ 9 ?is direction h n1 h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 able to %[ any tol]ably satisfactory result1 because ! vibrations ( ! m$ia ?r\gh :i* s\nd is conduct$1 soon fall (f s greatly 9 _! int5sity t !y are no long] p]ceptible to our s5ses4 ,a reproduction ( ! tones at "s di/ance by means ( ! galvanic curr5t1 has p]haps be5 contemplat$2 b at all ev5ts ! practical solution ( ?is problem has be5 mo/ d\bt$ by exactly ! v p]sons :o by _! k & res\rces %\ld h be5 enabl$ to grasp ! problem4 ,to "o :o is only sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,physics1 ! problem1 if inde$ he becomes acqua9t$ ) x1 appe>s to (f] f> few] po9ts ( difficulty because he does n =esee mo/ ( !m4 ,?us did ,i1 "s n9e ye>s ago 7) a great p5*ant = :at 0 new1 b ) only too imp]fect k 9 ,physics71 h ! boldness to wi% to solve ! problem m5tion$2 b ,i 0 soon oblig$ to rel9qui% x1 because ! v fir/ inquiry conv9c$ me firmly ( ! impossibility ( ! solution4 ,lat]1 aft] fur!r /udies & mu* exp]i5ce1 ,i p]ceiv$ t my fir/ inve/igation _h be5 v crude & by no means conclusive3 b ,i did n resume ! "q s]i\sly !n1 because ,i did n feel myself suffici5tly develop$ to ov]come ! ob/acles ( ! pa? to be trodd54 ,y\?ful impressions are1 h[ev]1 /rong & n easily effac$4 ,i c\ld n1 9 spite ( e prote/ ( my reason1 bani% f my ?\ghts t fir/ inquiry & its occasion2 & s x happ5$ t1 half )\t int5d+ x1 9 _m a leisure h\r ! y\?ful project 0 tak5 up aga91 ! difficulties & ! means ( vanqui%+ !m 7 weigh$1--& yet n ! fir/ /ep t[>ds an exp]im5t tak54 ,h[ c\ld a s+le in/rum5t reproduce1 at once1 ! total actions ( all ! organs op]at$ 9 human spee*8 ,?is 0 ev] ! c>d9al "q4 ,at la/ ,i came by accid5t to put ! "q 9 ano!r way3 ,h[ does our e> take cognizance ( ! total vibrations ( all ! simultane\sly op]ant organs ( spee*8 ,or1 to put x m g5]ally3 ,h[ d we p]ceive ! vibrations ( sev]al bodies emitt+ s\nds simultane\sly8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we w next see :at mu/ happ5 9 ord] t we may p]ceive a s+le tone4 ,ap>t f our e>1 e tone is no?+ m ?an ! cond5sation & r>efaction ( a body repeat$ sev]al times 9 a second 7at lea/ sev5 to eight times#ae74 ,if ?is occurs 9 ! same m$ium 7! air7 z t ) :i* we are surr\nd$1 !n ! membrane ( our e> w be compress$ t[>d ! drum-cavity by e cond5sation1 s t 9 ! succe$+ r>efaction x moves back 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! vibrations occasion a lift+-up & a fall+-d[n ( ! 8hamm]0 malleus bone ^u ! 8anvil0 incus bone ) ! same velocity1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 occasion an approa* & a recession ( ! atoms ( ! auditory ossicles1 & give rise1 !re=e1 to exactly ! same numb] ( concussions 9 ! fluid ( ! co*la1 9 :i* ! auditory n]ve & its t]m9als are spread out4 ,! great] ! cond5sation ( ! s\nd-conduct+ m$ium at any giv5 mom5t1 ! great] w be ! amplitude ( vibration ( ! membrane & ( ! 8hamm]10 & ! m p[]ful1 !re=e1 ! bl[ on ! 8anvil0 & ! concussion ( ! n]ves ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y action ( ! fluid4 ,! function ( ! organs ( he>+1 !re=e1 is to imp>t fai?fully to ! auditory n]ve1 e cond5sation & r>efaction occurr+ 9 ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! function ( ! auditory n]ve is to br+ to our consci\sness ! vibrations ( matt] result+ at ! giv5 "t1 bo? accord+ to _! numb] & _! magnitude4 ,"h1 fir/1 c]ta9 comb9ations acquire a di/9ct "n3 "h1 fir/ ! vibrations become musical tones or discords 7,mis/ne74 ,t :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! auditory n]ve1 is1 !re=e1 m]ely ! action ( a =ce affect+ our consci\sness1 & z su* may be repres5t$ graphically1 accord+ to its duration & magnitude1 by a curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,let ! l9e a1 b1 indicate any giv5 l5g? ( "t1 & ! curve above ! l9e a cond5sation 771 ! curve bel[ ! l9e a r>efaction 7-71 !n e ord9ate erect$ at ! end ( an abscissa w give accord+ to ! height ( x1 at a mom5t indicat$ by ! position ( ! foot ( ! ord9ate1 ! /r5g? ( ! cond5sation t is caus+ ! drum-sk9 to vibrate4 ,our e> c p]ceive absolutely no?+ m ?an is capable ( be+ repres5t$ by simil> curves1 & ?is me?od is completely suffici5t to br+ be=e our cle> consci\sness e tone & e comb9ation ( tones4 ,if sev]al tones are produc$ at ! same "t1 !n ! m$ium t conducts s\nd is plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( sev]al simultane\s =ces2 & ! two foll[+ laws hold good3-- ,if all ! =ces op]ate 9 ! same s5se1 ! resultant motion is proportional 9 magnitude to ! sum ( ! =ces4 ,if ! =ces op]ate 9 opposite s5ses1 ! resultant motion is proportional 9 magnitude to ! diff]5ce ( ! oppos+ =ces4 ,let u exhibit ! cond5sation-curves = ?ree tones--ea* s+ly 7,table ,i47#af3 !n1 by add+ toge!r ! ord9ates correspond+ to equal absciss1 we c det]m9e new ord9ates & develop a new curve :i* we may call ! comb9ation-curve or resultant curve4 ,n[ ?is gives u j exactly :at our e> p]ceives f ! ?ree simultane\s tones4 ,x ought to cause u z little wond] t a musician c recognize ! ?ree tones1 z t 7z is ! fact7 a p]son conv]sant ) ! sci5ce ( col\r1 c recognize 9 gre51 blue & yell[ t9ts4 ,! comb9ation-curves ( table ,i4 pres5t1 h[ev]1 v little difficulty1 s9ce 9 !m all ! proportions ( ! compon5t curves recur successively4 ,9 *ords consi/+ ( m ?an ?ree tones 7,table ,,ii471 ! proportions ( ! compon5ts are no long] s easy to recognize 9 ! draw+4 ,b x is also difficult to an accompli%$ musician1 9 su* *ords to recognize ! individual notes4 ,table ,,iii4 %[s u a discord4 ,:y discords affect u s unpleasantly ,i leave provisionally to ! contemplation ( ! g5tle read]1 z ,i may p]haps return to ?is po9t 9 ano!r memoir4 ,x foll[s f ! prec$+ t3-- 7#a47 ,e tone & e comb9ation ( tones evokes 9 our e>1 if x ent]s x1 vibrations ( ! drum-sk91 ! motions ( :i* may be repres5t$ by a curve4#ag 7#b47 ,! motions ( ^! vibrations evoke 9 u ! p]ception 7s5sation7 ( ! tone3 & e *ange 9 ! motion mu/ *ange ! s5sation4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z x %all be possible at any place & 9 any prescrib$ mann]1 to set up vibrations ^: curves are l ^? ( any giv5 tone or comb9ation ( tones1 we %all receive ! same impression z t tone or comb9ation ( tones w\ld h produc$ ^u u4#ah ,tak+ my /& on ! prec$+ pr9ciples1 ,i h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an app>atus by means ( :i* ,i am 9 a position to reproduce ! tones ( div]s in/rum5ts1 yes1 & ev5 to a c]ta9 degree ! human voice4 ,x is v simple1 & c be cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! sequel1 by aid ( ! figure3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,9 a cube ( wood1 r s t u v w x1 !re is a conical hole1 a1 clos$ at "o side by ! membrane b 7made ( ! less] inte/9e ( ! pig71 ^u ! middle ( :i* a little /rip ( plat9um is cem5t$ z a conductor ( ! curr5t or electrode4 ,?is is unit$ ) ! b9d+-screw1 p4 ,f ! b9d+-screw n !re passes likewise a ?9 /rip ( metal ov] ! middle ( ! membrane1 & t]m9ates "h 9 a little plat9um wire :i* /&s at "r angles to ! l5g? & bread? ( ! /rip4 ,f ! b9d+-screw1 p1 a conduct+-wire leads ?r\gh ! batt]y to a di/ant /ation1 ends !re 9 a spiral ( copp]-wire1 ov]spun ) silk1 :i* 9 turn passes into a return-wire t leads to ! b9d+-screw1 n4 ,! spiral at ! di/ant /ation is ab\t six in*es long1 consi/s ( six lay]s ( ?9 wire1 & receives into its middle z a core a knitt+-ne$le1 :i* projects ab\t two in*es at ea* side4 ,by ! project+ ends ( ! wire ! spiral re/s ^u two bridges ( a s\nd+-box4 7,?is :ole piece may naturally be replac$ by any app>atus by means ( :i* "o produces ! well-kn[n 8galvanic tones407 ,if n[ tones1 or comb9ations ( tones1 are produc$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! cube1 s t waves ( suffici5t /r5g? ent] ! op5+ a1 !y w set ! membrane b 9 vibration4 ,at ! fir/ cond5sation ! hamm]-%ap$ little wire d w be pu%$ back4 ,at ! succe$+ r>efaction x _c foll[ ! return-vibration ( ! membrane1 & ! curr5t go+ ?r\gh ! little /rip ( plat9um rema9s int]rupt$ s long z until ! membrane1 driv5 by a new cond5sation1 presses ! little /rip 7com+ f p7 aga9/ d once m4 ,9 ?is way ea* s\nd-wave effects an op5+ & a clos+ ( ! curr5t4 ,b at e clos+ ( ! circuit ! atoms ( ! iron ne$le ly+ 9 ! di/ant spiral are pu%$ asund] f "o ano!r4 7,mll]-,p\illet1 #8,lehrbu* d] ,physik1' see p4 #cjd ( vol4 ii4 #e? ed474 ,at ! int]ruption ( ! curr5t ! atoms aga9 attempt to rega9 _! position ( equilibrium4 ,if ?is happ5s !n 9 consequ5ce ( ! action & reaction ( ela/icity & traction1 !y make a c]ta9 numb] ( vibrations1 & yield ! longitud9al tone#ai ( ! ne$le4 ,x happ5s ?us :5 ! int]ruptions & re/orations ( ! curr5t are effect$ relatively sl[ly4 ,b if ^! actions foll[ "o ano!r m rapidly ?an ! oscillations due to ! ela/icity ( ! iron core1 !n ! atoms _c travel _! entire pa?s4 ,! pa?s travell$ ov] become %ort] ! m rapidly ! int]ruptions occur1 & 9 proportion to _! frequ5cy4 ,! iron ne$le emits no long] its longitud9al tone1 b a tone ^: pit* corresponds to ! numb] ( int]ruptions 79 a giv5 "t74 ,b ?is is say+ no?+ less ?an t ! ne$le reproduces ! tone :i* 0 imp>t$ to ! int]rupt+ app>atus4 ,moreov]1 ! /r5g? ( ?is tone is proportional to ! orig9al tone1 = ! /rong] ?is is1 ! great] w be ! movem5t ( ! drum-sk91 ! great] !re=e ! movem5t ( ! little hamm]1 ! great] f9ally ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! circuit rema9s op51 & consequ5tly ! great]1 up to a c]ta9 limit1 ! movem5t ( ! atoms 9 ! reproduc+ wire ! knitt+ ne$le1 :i* we p]ceive z a /rong] vibration1 j z we %\ld h p]ceiv$ ! orig9al wave4 ,s9ce ! l5g? ( ! conduct+ wire may be ext5d$ = ?is purpose1 j z f> z 9 direct telegraphy1 ,i give to my in/rum5t ! "n 8,telephon40 ,z to ! p]=mance atta9$ by ! ,telephone1 let x be rem>k$1 t1 ) its aid1 ,i 0 9 a position to make audible to ! memb]s ( a num]\s assembly 7! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma97 melodies :i* 7 sung 7n v l\dly7 into ! app>atus 9 ano!r h\se 7ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet di/ant7 ) clos$ doors4 ,o!r rese>*es %[ t ! s\nd+-rod i4e4 ! knitt+ ne$le is able to reproduce complete triad *ords 78,dreiklnge07 ( a piano on :i* ! telephone i4e4 ! transmitt] /&s2 & t1 f9ally1 x reproduces equally well ! tones ( o!r in/rum5ts--h>monica1 cl>ionet1 horn1 organ-pipes1 c41 always provid$ t ! tones belong to a c]ta9 range betwe5 ,f & f''#bj4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t 9 all rese>*es x 0 suffici5tly asc]ta9$ t ! direct conduction ( ! s\nd did n come into play4 ,?is po9t may be controll$ v simply by arrang+ at times a good %unt-circuit directly across ! spiral i4e4 to cut ! receiv+ in/rum5t out ( circuit by provid+ ano!r pa? = ! curr5ts ( electricity1 :]eby naturally ! op]ation ( ! latt] mom5t>ily ceases4 ,until n[ x has n be5 possible to reproduce ! tones ( human spee* ) a di/9ctness to satisfy ev]ybody4 ,! consonants are = ! mo/ "p tol]ably di/9ctly reproduc$1 b ! v[els n yet 9 an equal degree4 ,:y ?is is s ,i w endeav\r to expla94 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,willis1 ,helmholtz1 & o!rs1 v[el s\nds c be artificially produc$ by caus+ ! vibrations ( "o body to re9=ce ^? ( ano!r p]iodically1 some:at aft] ! foll[+ s*eme3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,an ela/ic spr+ is set 9 vibration by ! ?ru/ ( ! too? ( a cog-:eel3 ! fir/ sw+ is ! greate/1 & ea* ( ! o!rs is less ?an ! prec$+ "o 7see ,fig4 #bf74 ,aft] sev]al vibrations ( ?is sort 7)\t ! spr+ com+ to re/7 let ano!r ?ru/ be giv5 by ! too?2 ! next sw+ w aga9 be a maximum "o1 & s on4 ,! height or dep? ( ! s\nd produc$ 9 ?is fa%ion dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( vibrations made 9 a giv5 "t2 b ! quality ( ! note dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( v>iations ( amplitude 7,ans*wellung57 occurr+ 9 ! same "t4 ,two v[els ( equal pit* may be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r some:at aft] ! mann] repres5t$ by ! curves 7#a7 7#b73 :ile ! same tone devoid ( any v[el quality1 is repres5t$ by curve 7#c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,our organs ( spee* create ! v[els probably 9 ! same mann] by a comb9$ action ( ! upp] & l[] vocal *ords1 or ( ! latt] & ( ! cavity ( ! m\?4 ,n[ my app>atus gives ! numb] ( ! vibrations1 b ) f> less /r5g? ?an ! orig9al ones2 ?\gh also1 z ,i h cause to ?9k1 always proportional to "o ano!r up to a c]ta9 degree4 ,b because ! vibrations are ?r\gh\t small]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 l>ge & small vibrations is mu* m difficult to recognize ?an 9 ! orig9al waves1 & ! v[el is !re=e m or less indef9ite4 ,:e!r my views ) respect to ! curves repres5t+ comb9ations ( tones are correct1 may p]haps be det]m9$ by aid ( ! new phonautograph describ$ by ,duhamel4 7,see ,vi]ordt's #8,physiology1' p4 #bed47 ,!re may probably rema9 mu* m yet to be done = ! utilisation ( ! telephone 9 practice 7zur praktis*5 ,v]w]?ung des ,telephons74 ,= physics1 h[ev]1 x has already suffici5t int]e/ 9 t x has op5$ out a new field ( lab\r4 ,philipp ,reis4 ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ne> ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 9 ,decemb] #ahfa4 ,?\gh ! =ego+ memoir1 z pr9t$ 9 ! #8,jahresb]i*t1' ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 is dat$ 8,decemb] #ahfa10 x 0 deliv]$ v]bally on ,octob] #bf? prec$+1 z ! #8,proce$+s' ( ! ,society %[4 ,f ! #8,jahresb]i*t' = ! succe$+ ye> we le>n t ?ree weeks aft] ! deliv]y ( ?is communication ,reis made a second communication to ! ,society on a k9dr$ matt]4 ,! entry is z foll[s 7#8,proce$+s' ( ! ,society1 p4 #ac73 8,on ! #af? ,novemb]1 by ! same3 ,explanation ( a new ,!ory conc]n+ ! ,p]ception ( ,*ords & ( ,timbre 7#8,klangf>b5'71 z a ,cont9uation & ,supplem5t ( ! ,memoir on ! ,telephone40 ,s f> z c n[ be le>n$1 ! sub/ance ( ?is communication 0 embodi$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! pap] 8,on ,telephony10 :5 writt5 out 9 ,decemb] = publication4 ,on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #ahfb1 ! =mal ?anks ( ! ,society 7 vot$ to ,reis = ! manuscript :i* he _h contribut$ to ! #8,jahresb]i*t4' ,x is ( int]e/1 moreov]1 to note t ! matt] did n imm$iately drop4 ,pr(essor ,bttg]1 :o z "o ( ! regul> lectur]s ( ! ,physical ,society1 held =tnightly disc\rses on matt]s ( sci5tific novelty1 took occasion on ! #g? ( ,decemb] to recur to ! subject !n attract+ s mu* att5tion4 ,! title ( 8 disc\rse 7see #8,proce$+s' ( ! ,society1 p4 #aa7 0 8,application ( an ,exp]im5t relat+ to ! ,transmission ( ,musical ,tones to any desir$ di/ance by means ( ! ,galvanic ,curr5t40 ,x is n q c]ta9 :e!r ,reis 0 pres5t on ?is occasion4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfc1 appe>$ 9 ,bttg]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,notizblatt' 7,no4 #f ( t ye>7 an article :i* conta9s 9 cond5s$ =m ,bttg]'s disc\rse4 ,?is article 0 copi$ into ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal' = ,may #ahfc4 vol4 clxviii4 p4 #ahe1 & also into ! #8,polyte*nis*es ,c5tralblatt' = ,july #ahfc1 vol4 xxix4 p4 #heh4 ,an extract ( ,reis's own pap]1 cond5s$ f ! #8,jahresb]i*t' by ,dr4 ,roeb] 7n[ ,presid5t ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,b]l971 appe>$ 9 ! #8,b]l9] ,b]i*te' 7i4 e4 ! #8,=ts*ritte d] ,physik'7 = #ahfa1 vol4 xvii4 pp4 #aga-agc4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,reis's pap] 0 !n deem$ wor?y to /& 9 ! pages ( ! #8,=ts*ritte' by ! side ( ! classic rese>*es ( ,?omson on ,regelation1 & ( ,maxwell on ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( ,bttg]'s notice m5tion$ above4 #b4 ,,on ,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,tones ,,to ,a ,,di/ance ,,z ,,f> ,,z ,,desir$1 ,,by ,,! ,,help ,,( ,,electricity 7,,telephony74 ,translat$ f ! orig9al notice by ,pr(essor ,bttg]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,bttg]'s #8,polyte*nis*5 ,notizblatt1' #ahfc1 ,no4 #f1 p4 #ha1 9 ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1' #ahfc1 vol4 clxviii4 p4 #ahe1 & 9 ! #8,polyte*nis*es ,c5tralblatt1' #ahfc1 t4 xxix4 p4 #heh4 ,two decades ago we _h n yet gone beyond ! fir/ attempts to give signals at a great di/ance by ! aid ( electricity4 ,s9ce !n telegraphy has atta9$ su* a complet5ess1 & ! telegraph wire has rea*$ su* a univ]sal ext5sion1 t !re seems little left = ev5 ! bolde/ wi% to desire4 ,n[ !re crops up a fir/ s]i\s rese>* to reproduce tones at any desir$ di/ance by ! aid ( electricity4 ,?is fir/ exp]im5t :i* has be5 cr[n$ ) "s success1 has be5 made by ! tea*] ( ,natural ,sci5ce at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 n f> f ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 ,h]r ,ph4 ,reis1 & has be5 repeat$ 9 ! ,auditorium ( ! ,physical ,society 9 ,frank=t1 be=e num]\s assembl$ memb]s on ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #ahfa4 ,he caus$ melodies to be sung n v l\dly into "o "p ( 8 app>atus1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 a build+ 7! ,brg]-,hospital71 ab\t #cjj feet di/ant1 ) clos$ w9d[s & doors4 ,^! same melodies 7 audible to ! memb]s 9 ! meet+-hall by means ( ! second "p ( ! app>atus4 ,^! wond]ful results 7 atta9$ ) ! foll[+ simple pieces ( app>atus4 ,a little light box1 a sort ( holl[ cube ( wood1 has a l>ge op5+ at its front side1 & a small "o at ! back on ! opposite side4 ,! latt] is clos$ ) a v f9e membrane 7( pig's small]-inte/9e7 :i* is /ra9$ /iff4 ,a n>r[ spr+y /rip ( plat9um foil1 fix$ at its out] "p to ! wood1 t\*es ! membrane at its middle2 a second plat9um /rip is fa/5$ by "o ( its ends to ! wood at ano!r spot1 & be>s at its o!r end a f9e horizontal spike1 :i* t\*es ! o!r little plat9um /rip :]e x lies ^u ! membrane4 ,z is kn[n1 tones arise f r>efactions & cond5sations ( ! air foll[+ quickly aft] "o ano!r4 ,if ^! motions ( ! air1 kn[n z waves1 /rike ^u ! ?9 membrane1 !y press x aga9/ ! little plate ( plat9um ) :i* x is 9 contact1 & imm$iately let x vibrate back aga9 into ! holl[ cube 7or s-call$ artificial e>73 !y act s t ! membrane n[ takes a =m holl[$ t[>d ! cube1 n[ bulg$ t[>d ! outside4 ,! little plate ( plat9um t\*+ x !reby acquires a vibrat+ motion1 s t x n[ is press$ aga9/ ! spike ( ! second plat9um plate1 n[ leaves ! same4 ,if n[ "o little plate ( plat9um be unit$ by a wire ) "o pole ( a voltaic batt]y1 & ! electricity be l$1 by a wire fa/5$ to ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y1 to any desir$ di/ance2 !re c>ri$ ?r\gh a spiral1 ab\t six in*es long1 made ( a six-fold w9d+ ( v ?9 cov]$ copp] wire2 !nce l$ back to ! second plat9um /rip on ! wood5 cube ?r\gh a second insulat$ wire2 !n at e vibration ( ! membrane an int]ruption 9 ! curr5t ( electricity takes place because ! plat9um po9t no long] t\*es ! o!r little /rip ( plat9um4 ,?r\gh ! holl[ ( ! wire-spiral !re is /uck a ?9 iron wire 7a /rong knitt+-ne$le71 :i* is t5 in*es long1 & :i* re/s ^u two bridges ( a s\nd+-bo>d by its ends :i* project on bo? sides ab\t two in*es out ( ! spiral4 ,x is kn[n#ba t if an electric curr5t be l$ ?r\gh a spiral :i* surr\nds an iron rod 9 ! mann] describ$1 at e int]ruption ( ! same a tone is audible aris+ f ! vibration ( ! rod4 ,if ! clos+s & int]ruptions ( ! circuit foll[ "o ano!r relatively sl[ly1 !n !re is produc$ by ! *anges ( position ( ! molecules ( ! rod1 evok$ by ! electricity1 a tone1--! s-call$ longitud9al tone ( ! rod1--:i* is dep5d5t ^u ! l5g? & /\tness ( ! rod4 ,b if ! clos+s & int]ruptions ( ! electric curr5t 9 ! spiral foll[ "o ano!r m rapidly ?an ! vibrations ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( ! iron rod1#bb :i* vibrations are det]m9$ by its ela/icity1 !n ^! p>ticles _c complete _! pa?s1 receive new impacts1 _! vibrations become small]1 b quick]1 & foll[ "o ano!r z frequ5tly z ! int]ruptions4 ,! iron rod !n no long] gives its longitud9al tone1 b a tone1 :i* is high] accord+ z ! int]ruptions are m frequ5t 9 ! giv5 "t1 or l[]1 z !y are less frequ5t4 ,x is kn[n t ! height & dep? ( tones dep5ds only on ! numb] ( air-waves :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 a second4 ,we h se5 above t by ?is is det]m9$ ! numb] ( int]ruptions ( ! electric curr5t ( our app>atus by means ( ! membrane & ! plat9um /rip4 ,! iron wire mu/ !re=e give out ! tone 9 ! same height or dep? z t :i* /ruck ! membrane4 ,n[ s9ce a v f> lead+ ( ! electricity makes x suff] sc>cely any weak5+ 9 prop] app>atus1 x is intelligible t "o c make ! tone :i* acts on ! membrane at "o place audible1 by means ( ! iron rod1 at any desir$ di/ance4 ,t ! tone is made audible at a di/ance by ! electric agitations1 & n by direct conduction ( ! s\nd-waves ?r\gh ! wires is prov$ 9 ! mo/ evid5t way ( all1 because "o in/antly he>s no m ! tone ?r\gh ! spiral :5 a good %ort circuit is made1 z1 = example1 by lay+ ^u ! two wires :i* conduct ! electricity a /rip ( %eet metal "r 9 front ( ! spiral4 ,! reproduc$ tones are1 ( c\rse1 some:at weak] ?an ! orig9al ones1 b ! numb] ( vibrations is simil>4 ,if ?us ! reproduction ( tones 9 exactly simil> height & dep? is easily atta9$1 x is h[ev] difficult = our e>1 amid/ ! always small] vibrations1 to :i* ! dim9i%$ /r5g? ( ! tone is due1 to evaluate exactly ! magnitude ( ! vibrations4 ,b ! "* ( ! tone dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( v>iations ( amplitude 7,ans*wellung571 t is to say1 dep5ds ^u :e!r1 = example1 9 ! tones :i* h simil> pit* & !re=e a simil> numb] ( waves p] second1 ! f\r?1 six?1 eigh?1 t5?1 or sixte5? wave is /rong] ?an ! o!rs4 ,= physici/s h %[n t an ela/ic spr+ is set 9 vibration by ! ?ru/ ( ! tee? ( a cog-:eel2 ! fir/ vibration is ! greate/1 all ^? t foll[ be+ less4 ,if !re comes1 be=e ! spr+ comes to re/1 a fre% ?ru/ f a cog1 !n ! next vibration is aga9 equal to ! greate/ fir/ vibration )\t ! spr+ mak+ any m vibrations on t acc\nt2 & by ?is means v[el-tones may be artificially produc$4 ,"o may also be yet f> remov$ f be+ able to c>ry on a conv]sation ) a fri5d dwell+ a hundr$ miles di/ant1 & recognise 8 voice1 z if he sat ne> u2 b x c no long] be ma9ta9$ t ?is is impossible4 ,inde$ ! probability t ?is w be atta9$#bc is already become z great z ! probability ( ! reproduction ( natural col\rs 9 photography has become ?r\gh ! notable rese>*es ( ,niepce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second public exhibition :i* ,reis made ( ! telephone 01 l ! fir/1 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 b ?is "t be=e a ,society kn[n z ! ,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift1 or ,free ,g]man ,in/itute1 a k9d ( ,a!num ,club = ! city ( ,frank=t1 n[ = _m ye>s e/abli%$ 9 ! well-kn[n h\se :]e ! poet ,goe! 0 born1 9 ! ,grosse ,hirs*grab54 ,9 #ahfb1 h[ev]1 ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute held its meet+s 9 ano!r build+ kn[n z ! ,saalbau4 ,& on ,may ! #aa? ( t ye> ,philipp ,reis lectur$ ^u & exhibit$ ! ,telephone4 ,a j\rnal :i* appe>$ !n1 & /ill appe>s1 9 ,frank=t1 ) ! title ( #8,didaskalia1' devot$ to light lit]>y & arti/ic news1 popul> sci5ce1 & g5]al intellig5ce ( an in=m+ "*1 ord9>ily ins]t$ notices ( ! *ief meet+s ( ! ,ho*/ift4 ,on ?is occasion a prelim9>y p>agraph 0 ins]t$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- #c4 ,,telephony1 i4e4 ,,s\nd-,,transmission4 ,,translation ,,f #8,,didaskalia1' ,,may #h,,?1 #ahfb4 ,! excell5t physici/1 ,mr4 ,phil4 ,reis1 ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 calls by ?is "n 8 surpris+ inv5tion = us+ ! telegraph l9e to transmit really audible tones4 ,our read]s w p]haps rememb] hav+ he>d "s "t s9ce ( ?is inv5tion1 ! fir/ trials ) :i* ,mr4 ,reis p]=m$ "h 9 ! ,physical ,society4 ,s9ce !n ! inv5tion has be5 con/antly develop$1 & w1 no d\bt1 become ( great importance4 ,! lecture :i* foll[$ ?is ann\ncem5t 0 duly giv5 on ! #aa? ( ,may4 ,9 ! ,saalbau !re is a suite ( f\r rooms4 ,! ,lecture to ! assembl$ memb]s ( ! ,ho*/ift 0 deliv]$ 9 ! ,auditorium1 at "o end ( ! suite3 ! wires 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! two int]v5+ rooms to ! f\r? *amb]1 :]e ! transmitt] 0 plac$1 ! doors be+ clos$4 ,! batt]y & wires 7 borr[$ f ! ,physical ,society = ?is occasion1 p]mission = _! use hav+ be5 grant$ on ,may #bnd1 z appe>s 9 a =mal entry 9 ! m9ute-book4 ,! foll[+ notice ( ,reis's disc\rse1 believ$ to h be5 writt5 by ,dr4 ,volg]1 ,f\nd] & fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,ho*/ift1 appe>$ 9 #8,didaskalia' = ,may #ad?4 #d4 ,,translation ,,f #8,,didaskalia1' #ab,,? ,,may1 #ahfb4 ,ye/]day's meet+ ( ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute 0 a v num]\sly att5d$ "o f ! fact t ! subject 9 ! ord] ( bus9ess1 8,telephony by ,transmission ( ! ,galvanic ,curr5t10 z expla9$ by ! inv5tor himself1 ,mr4 ,phil4 ,reis1 excites s great an int]e/ t x rightly des]ves ! mo/ g5]al att5tion4 ,9 a lecture exce$+ly int]e/+1 univ]sally und]/ood1 cle>1 & concise1 ,mr4 ,reis gave a hi/orical outl9e ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( 8 idea ( ! practical possibility ( ! transmission ( tones 9 a galvanic way4 ,8 fir/ attempts 7 mo/ly unsuccessful 9 solv+ ! c>d9al "q prop\nd$ by him4 8,h[ is x possible t a s+le in/rum5t c reproduce at once ! total action ( all ! organs op]at$ 9 human spee*80 ,until f9ally x occurr$ to him to seek ! solution ( ! problem 9 ! "q1 8,h[ does our e> take cognisance ( ! total vibrations ( all ! organs ( spee* act+ at once80 or 8,h[ d we p]ceive ! vibrations ( sev]al bodies s\nd+ at once80 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q ! lectur] w5t m closely into ! anatomy ( ! e> & into ! =mation ( tones 9 g5]al4 ,aft] ?is 0 det]m9$1 he took up aga9 8 exp]im5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! transmission ( tones by means ( galvanism4 ,aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,reis con/ruct$ consid]ably enl>g$ ! p>ts ( ! e> necess>y = he>+1 by :i* x 0 f9ally possible = him to transmit ! tones br\ght to ! me*anically-imitat$ e>4 ,! exp]im5ts by him "s mon?s ago 9 ! ,physical ,society1 71 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all1 exce$+ly pla9 & cle>1 :]eas ! exp]im5t foll[+ ! lecture ( ye/]day 0 less successful4 ,?is 0 due p>tly to ! poor conductivity ( ! wires1 p>tly to ! locality4 ,al?\gh mu* is /ill left to be done = ! practical utilisation 7,v]w]?ung7 ( ! telephone1 yet a new & int]e/+ field ( lab\r is h]eby op5$ to physics4 ,no m complete report ?an ! =ego+ is to be f\nd1 & x is believ$ t ! disc\rse1 :i* l all ^? giv5 by ,reis 0 deliv]$ extempore1 0 nev] committ$ to writ+4 ,its resemblance to ! disc\rse ( ! prec$+ autumn be=e ! ,physical ,society is great2 & inde$ x may be said t all ,reis's disc\rses ^u ! telephone 7 practically id5tical 9 _! cont5ts4 ,a few mon?s aft] ?is lecture1 ,reis pres5t$ a pair ( in/rum5ts1 transmitt] & receiv]1 to ! ,ho*/ift4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 n ! same z ^? us$ by ,reis at 8 lecture1 b 7 ( ! 8improv$0 type1 :il/ ^? us$ by ,reis at 8 lecture to ! ,ho*/ift1 71 s f> z respects ! transmitt] at lea/1 m l ! =m describ$ by ,w4 von ,legat1 & figur$ 9 ,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 ,a2#bd & accord+ to ,mr4 ,horkheim]1 :o help$ ,reis on ?is occasion1 ! transmitt] 0 provid$ ) a conical m\?piece ( wood4 ,! transmitt] pres5t$ lat] by ,reis is ( ! 8squ>e-box0 =m 7,fig4 #ag71 & is /amp$1 8#ahfc1 ,philipp ,reis1 #b10 & ! receiv] is ( ! 8knitt+-ne$le0 =m 7,fig4 #bc74 ,^! in/rum5ts are c>efully pres]v$ by ! ,ho*/ift 9 ! 8,goe!haus10 among/ _! ar*ives 89 ev]la/+ remembrance0 ( ! inv5tor4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 9 #ahfc1 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria & ! late k+ ,max ( ,bav>ia 7 resid+ at ,frankfurt & visit$ ! 8,goe!haus20 & on ?is occasion ,reis's in/rum5ts 7 %[n to ^! di/+ui%$ visitors by ! ,f\nd] & ,presid5t ( ! ,ho*/ift1 ,dr4 ,volg]4 ,9 hon\r ( 8 brilliant inv5tion ,reis 01 %ortly aft] 8 lecture1 elect$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next docum5t 9 ord] is a ,report by ,wilhelm von ,legat1 communicat$ to ! ,au/ro-,g]man ,telegraph ,union 7,v]e97 9 #ahfb1 & pr9t$ 9 ! #8,j\rnal' ( t ,society4 ,x 0 repr9t$ v]batim 9 ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1' = #ahfc1 vol4 clxix4 p4 #bi4 ,?is ,report is ( great importance4 ,x is quot$ by ,graham ,bell1 9 8 e>lie/ acc\nt ( 8 telephone4 ,x 0 ?is ,report1 moreov]1 :i* 9 #ahge or #ahgf1 9 a translat$ manuscript =m1 0 put into ,mr4 ,edison's h&s by ! !n ,presid5t ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 & :i* =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( ,edison's subsequ5t "w4 #e4 ,,on ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,tones ,,9 ,,! ,,electro-,,galvanic ,,way4 ,by ,v4 ,,legat1 ,inspector ( ! ,royal ,prussian ,telegraphs 9 ,cassel4 ,translat$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,au/ro-,g]man ,telegraph ,society 7edit$ by ,dr4 ,brix71 vol4 ix4 p4 #abe1 #ahfb4 7,zeits*rift des deuts*/]rei*is*5 ,telegraph5-,v]e9s1 #ahfb47 ,x might n be un9t]e/+ to make kn[n to wid] circles ! foll[+ ideas conc]n+ ! reproduction ( tones 9 an electro-galvanic way1 :i* h rec5tly be5 put =w>d by ,h]r ,philipp ,reiss sic ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 be=e ! ,physical ,society1 & be=e ! meet+s ( ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute 7,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift7 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma92 also to /ate :at has hi!rto be5 atta9$ 9 ! realisation ( ?is project1 9 ord] t build+ ^u ! collect$ exp]i5ces & ! efficacy ( ! galvanic curr5t1 :at has already be5 made s]viceable to ! human intellect = ! advancem5t ( its correspond5ce1 may 9 ?is respect also be turn$ to pr(it4 ,9 :at is "h ann\nc$ we are conc]n$ n ) ! action ( ! galvanic curr5t 9 mov+ telegraphic app>atus ( :atev] con/ruction = produc+ visible signals1 b ) its application = ! production ( audible signals--( tones6 ,! air-waves1 :i* by _! action )9 our e>s awak5 9 u ! s5sation ( s\nd1 by fir/ ( all sett+ ! drum-sk9 into a vibrat+ motion1 are !nce1 z is kn[n1 convey$ to ! inn] "p ( ! e> & to ! auditory n]ves ly+ !re by a lev] app>atus ( ! mo/ m>vell\s f95ess1--! auditory ossicles 7includ+ 8,hamm]10 8,anvil10 & 8,/irrup074 ,! exp]im5t = ! reproduction ( tones is bas$ ^u ! foll[+3 viz4 to employ an artificial imitation ( ?is lev]-app>atus & to set x 9 motion by ! vibrations ( a membrane l ! drum-sk9 9 ! e>1 & ?us to op5 & close a galvanic circuit :i* is unit$ by a metallic conductor ) a di/ant /ation4 ,be=e ! description ( ! necess>y app>atus is foll[$ out1 x might be necess>y1 h[ev]1 to g back to ! po9t h[ our e> p]ceives ! vibrations ( a giv5 tone1 & ! total vibrations ( all ! tones simultane\sly act+ ^u x2 because by ?is means w be det]m9$ ! v>i\s requisite conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ by ! transmitt+ & receiv+ app>atus = ! solution ( ! problem t has be5 set4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! processes :i* take place 9 ord] t a s+le tone %\ld be p]ceiv$ by ! human e>2 s %all we f9d t ea* tone is ! result ( a cond5sation & r>efaction sev]al times repeat$ 9 a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,if ?is process is go+ on 9 ! same m$ium 7! air7 9 :i* our e> is situat$1 ! membrane w at e cond5sation be =c$ t[>d ! holl[ ( ! drum1 & at e r>efaction w move itself 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! vibrations necessitate a simil> motion ( ! auditory ossicles1 & !reby a transf]5ce to ! auditory n]ves is effect$4 ,! great] ! cond5sation ( a s\nd-conduct+ m$ium at any giv5 mom5t1 ! great] also w be ! amplitude ( vibration ( ! membrane & ( ! auditory ossicles & ( _! action2 & 9 ! conv]se case ! action w be proportionally less4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! function ( ! organs ( he>+ to communicate ) fidelity to ! auditory n]ves e cond5sation & r>efaction occurr+ 9 ! surr\nd+ m$ium2 :il/ x rema9s to be ! function ( ! auditory n]ves to br+ to our consci\sness ! numb] z well z ! magnitude ( ! vibrations ensu+ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,"h 9 our consci\sness a def9ite "n is giv5 to a c]ta9 composition1 & "h ! vibrations br\ght to ! consci\sness become 8tones40 ,t :i* is p]ceiv$ by our auditory n]ves is consequ5tly ! effect ^u our consci\sness ( a =ce :i*1 accord+ to its duration & magnitude1 may = ! sake ( bett] compreh5sion1 be exhibit$ graphically4 ,illu/ration ,let1 = example1 ! l5g? ( ! l9e a b be any def9ite duration ( "t1 & let ! curves above ?is l9e d5ote ! cond5sations 771 & ! curves bel[ ?is l9e ! r>efactions 7-72 !n e ord9ate erect$ at ! extremity ( an abscissa gives u ! /r5g? ( ! cond5sation 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! drum-sk9 vibrates1 at ! mom5t indicat$ by ! position ( ! foot ( ! ord9ate4 ,any?+ m ?an t :i* is exhibit$ 9 ?is way or by simil> curves our e> _c 9 ! lea/ p]ceive1 & ?is is suffici5t to br+ to our consci\sness ea* s+le tone & ea* giv5 comb9ation ( tones4 ,=1 if sev]al tones are produc$ at ! same "t1 ! s\nd-conduct+ m$ium is put "u ! influ5ce ( sev]al simultane\sly act+ =ces :i* are subject to ! laws ( me*anics4 ,if all ! =ces op]ate 9 ! same s5se1 !n ! magnitude ( ! motion is proportional to ! sum ( ! =ces4 ,if ! =ces act 9 opposite directions1 ! magnitude ( ! motion is proportional to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! oppos+ =ces4 ,consequ5tly x is possible out ( ! cond5sation-curves ( sev]al simultane\sly-occurr+ tones to comp\nd1 by ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 a cond5sation-curve :i* exactly expresses t :i* our e> exp]i5ces on ! reception ( ^! simultane\sly-act+ tones4 ,! objection ord9>ily made to ?is1 t a musician1 or ev5 any "o1 is able to he> sep>ately ! s+le tones ( :i* ?is comb9$ curve is built & con/ruct$1 _c be admitt$ z a pro( to ! contr>y2 = "o exp]t 9 ! sci5ce ( col\r w1 = example1 9 ! same way disc]n 9 gre5 a mixture ( yell[ & blue 9 _! v>i\s %ades3 & ! "o ph5om5on equally ) ! o!r may be ref]r$ back to ?is2 t1 to ! p]son conc]n$1 ! factors :i* make up ! product ( t :i* rea*es 8 consci\sness are well kn[n4 ,accord+ to t :i* has be5 already expla9$1 x is easy to con/ruct ! cond5sation-curves ( v>i\s tones1 *ords1 c41 & = ! sake ( cle>ness "s examples foll[3-- ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,i41#be %[s a comb9ation curve ( ?ree tones1 9 :i* all ! proportions ( ! compon5ts recur successively4 ,fig4 #b %[s su* a curve ( m ?an ?ree tones1 9 :i* ! proportions 9 ! draw+ c no long] s evid5tly be giv52 yet ! practis$ musician w\ld "h recognise !m1 ev5 al?\gh 9 practice x might be difficult = him to s+le out1 9 su* *ords1 ! sep>ate tones4 ,?is me?od ( exhibit+ ! action ( tones ^u ! human e> (f]s ! advantage ( a v cle> p]ception ( ! process2 & t :i* is exhibit$ 7,fig4 #c7 %[s also :y a discord mu/ affect our e> unpleasantly4 ,?is app>5t digression f ! aim set =? 0 necess>y 9 ord] to indicate t z soon z x is possible = u to create any:]e1 & 9 any mann] :atev]1 vibrations ^: curves & magnitudes are simil> to ! vibrations ( any giv5 tone1 or ( any giv5 comb9ation ( tones1 we %all h ! same impression z ?is orig9al tone or ?is orig9al comb9ation ( tones w\ld h produc$ ^u u4 ,! app>atus h]eaft] describ$ (f]s ! possibility ( creat+ ^! vibrations 9 e fa%ion t may be desir$1 & ! employm5t ( electro-galvanism gives u ! possibility ( call+ into life1 at any giv5 di/ance1 vibrations simil> to ! vibrations t h be5 produc$1 & 9 ?is way to reproduce at any place ! tones t h be5 orig9at$ at ano!r place4 ,9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,ii41#bf h]e) pres5t$1 ,a is ! transmitt] 7,tonabgeb]71 & ,b ! receiv] 7,tonempfng]71 :i* two in/rum5ts are set up at diff]5t /ations4 ,i make1 h[ev]1 ! prelim9>y rem>k t ! mann] ( jo9+ ! in/rum5ts = int]*angeable use backw>d & =w>d is "h omitt$ = ! sake ( cle>ness1 & ! m s because ! :ole is n "h prop\nd$ z a f9al fact1 b 9 ord] to br+ t :i* has be5 hi!rto accompli%$ to ! k ( a wid] circle4 ,! possibility ( ! work+ ( ! app>atus to a great] di/ance ?an t :i* at pres5t limits 9 practice ! direct work+ ( ! galvanic curr5t may also be left out ( consid]ation1 s9ce ^! po9ts may be easily r5d]$ possible by me*anical precautions1 & d n affect ! ess5tial "p ( ! ph5om5a n[ describ$4 ,let u next turn to ! transmitt]1 ,fig4 ,a4 ,x is put into communication on "o side ) ! metallic conductor lead+ to ! neighb\r+ /ation1 & by means ( ?is ) ! receiv]1 ,fig4 ,b2 on ! o!r side x is connect$1 by means ( ! electro-motive p[]1 ,c1 ) ! e>? or a metallic return-conductor4 ,! transmitt]1 ,fig4 ,a1 consi/s ( a conical tube1 a b1 ( ab\t #ae c5timetres l5g?1 #aj c5timetres 9 ! front1 & #d c5timetres 9 ! back ap]ture4 7,9 ! practical inve/igations x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! *oice ( mat]ial = ?is tube is )\t influ5ce on ! use ( ! app>atus1 & moreov] a great] l5g? ( ! same = ! c]ta9ty ( action ( ! app>atus is )\t effect4 ,a great] wid? ( ! cyl9d] spoils ! usefulness ( ! app>atus2 & x is recomm5d$ t ! int]ior surface be z smoo? z possible47 ,! n>r[ h9d] ap]ture ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ by a membrane1 o1 ( collodion1 & on ! middle ( ! circul> surface =m$ by ?is membrane re/s "o end1 c1 ( ! lev]1 c d1 ! fulcrum 7po9t ( support71 c1 ( :i*1 support$ on a be>+1 rema9s jo9$ to ! metallic conductor4 ,! *oice ( ! l5g? ( ! two arms ( ! lev]1 c e & e d1 is det]m9$ by ! laws ( =ce ( lev]s4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! arm1 c e1 be con/ruct$ long] ?an ! arm e d1 9 ord] to br+ ! smalle/ movem5t at c into action at d ) ! greate/ possible =ce2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is desirable to make ! lev] itself z light z possible1 9 ord] t x may foll[ ! motions ( ! membrane4 ,an unc]ta9 foll[+ ( ! lev]1 c d1 produces impure tones at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,9 ! condition ( re/ ! contact1 d g1 is clos$1 & a delicate spr+1 n1 holds ! lev] firmly 9 ?is position ( re/4 ,! second "p ( ?is app>atus1 ! pill>1 f1 consi/s ( a metallic support1 :i* is unit$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 ,c1 :ile ! second pole ( ! batt]y is c>ri$ to ! metallic conductor ( ! o!r /ation4 ,^u ! support1 f1 !re is a spr+1 g1 ) a contact1 :i* corresponds to ! contact at d ( ! lev] c d1 & ^: position is regulat$ by a screw1 h4 ,9 ord] n to weak5 ! action ( ! app>atus by ! communication ( ! air-waves :i* are produc$ 9 us+ ! app>atus1 aga9/ ! back ( ! membrane1 x is recomm5d$1 9 us+ ! app>atus1 to place ov] ! tube1 a b1 at "r angles to its longitud9al axis1 a scre5 ( ab\t #ej c5timetres diamet]1 :i* fixes tight ^u ! out] surface ( ! tube4 ,! receiv]1 ,fig4 ,b1 consi/s ( an electro-magnet1 m m1 :i* reposes ^u a s\nd+-box1 u w1 & ^: wire coils are respectively connect$ ) ! metallic conductor & ) ! e>? or metallic return-conductor4 ,opposite ! electro-magnet1 m m1 /&s an armature1 :i* is connect$ ) a lev]1 i1 :i* is long z possible1 b light & broad4 ,! lev]1 i1 is fa/5$1 p5dulum-wise1 to ! support1 k1 & its movem5ts are regulat$ by ! screw1 l1 & ! spr+1 p4 ,9 ord] to improve ! action ( ! app>atus1 ?is receiv] c be plac$ 9 "o focus ( an elliptically ar*$ cavity ( correspond+ size1 9 :i* case1 !n1 ! e> ( him :o is li/5+ to ! reproduc$ tones may be plac$ at ! second focus ( ?is cavity4 ,! action ( ! two app>atuses "h describ$1 is ! foll[+3-- ,9 a condition ( re/ ! galvanic circuit is clos$4 ,9 ! app>atus1 ,fig4 ,a1 by speak+ 7s++1 or lead+ into x ! tones ( an in/rum5t7 into ! tube a b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cond5sation & r>efaction ( ! air pres5t 9 ?is tube1 !re w be evok$ a motion ( ! membrane clos+ ! tube at its n>r[ end1 correspond+ to ?is cond5sation or r>efaction4 ,! lev]1 c d1 foll[s ! motion ( ! membrane1 & op5s & closes ! galvanic circuit at d g1 s t by ea* cond5sation ( ! air 9 ! tube an op5+1 & at ea* r>efaction a clos+ ( ! galvanic circuit ensues4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is process1 ! electro-magnet ( ,fig4 ,b 7! receiv]7 w be demagnetis$ & magnetis$ correspond+ly ) ! cond5sations & r>efactions ( ! mass ( air 9 ! tube ,a1 a b ! m\?-piece ( ! transmitt]1 & ! armature belong+ to ! magnet w be set into vibrations simil> to ^? ( ! membrane 9 ! transmitt+ app>atus4 ,! plank1 i1 connect$ ) ! armature1 conveys ^! simil> vibrations to ! air surr\nd+ ! app>atus1 ,fig4 ,b1 :i* f9ally transmits to ! e> ( ! li/5] ! tones ?us produc$4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 deal+ "h ) a propagation ( s\nd ?r\gh ! electric curr5t1 b only ) a transf]5ce to ano!r place ( ! tones t h be5 produc$1 by a l cause be+ br\ght into play at ?is second place1 & a l effect produc$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! prec$+ app>atus reproduces1 inde$1 ! orig9al vibrations 9 equal numb]1 b t equal /r5g? 9 ! reproduc$ vibrations has n yet be5 atta9$1 & ! production ( ^! is res]v$ = a completion ( ! app>atus4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is tempor>y incomplet5ess ( ! app>atus1 is t ! slight] diff]5ces ( ! orig9al vibrations are m difficult to disc]n3 t is to say1 ! v[el appe>s m or less indi/9ct1 ! m s s9ce ea* tone is dep5d5t1 n only on ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! m$ium1 b also on ! cond5sation or r>efaction ( ! same4 ,by ?is x is also expla9$1 t1 9 ! practical inve/igations h]et(ore c>ri$ on1 *ords1 melodies1 etc41 7 transmitt$ ) m>vell\s fidelity2 :ile s+le words utt]$ z 9 read+1 speak+1 & ! l1 7 p]ceptible m indi/9ctly4 ,nev]!less1 "h also ! inflexions ( ! voice1 ! modulations ( int]rogation1 exclamation1 wond]1 comm&1 c41 atta9$ di/9ct expression4 ,!re rema9s no d\bt1 t be=e expect+ a practical utilisation ) s]viceable results 7praktis*e ,v]w]?ung mit ,nutz571 t :i* has be5 "h spok5 ( w require /ill consid]able improvem5t1 & 9 p>ticul> me*anical sci5ce mu/ complete ! app>atus to be us$2 yet ,i am conv9c$ by repeat$ practical exp]im5ts t ! prosecution ( ! subject "h expla9$ is ( ! highe/ !oretical int]e/1 & t our intellig5t c5tury w n miss ! practical utilisation 7,v]w]?ung7 ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is article 0 also repr9t$ v]batim 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 vol4 clxix4 p4 #bi1 #ahfc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a peculi> int]e/ is atta*$ to ! =ego+ article1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! unique nature ( ! in/rum5ts !re9 describ$1 p>tly because ( ! my/]y atta*+ to ! au?or ( ! article4 ,wilhelm von ,legat 0 ,inspector ( ! ,royal ,prussian ,telegraphs at ,cassel4 ,h[ or :5 he became acqua9t$ ) ,philipp ,reis is n kn[n--possibly :il/ ! latt] 0 p]=m+ 8 ye> ( milit>y s]vice at ,cassel 9 #ahee4 ,none ( ,reis's intimate fri5ds or colleagues n[ surviv+ c give any in=mation z to ! nature ( von ,legat's relations ) ,reis1 z n ev5 8 "n is kn[n to !m1 save f ?is ,report4 ,yet he 0 = "o ye> only 7#ahfb71 ! ye> 9 :i* ?is ,report 0 made1 a memb] ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,x is possible t he may h be5 pres5t at ,reis's disc\rse 9 ! prec$+ ,octob]4 ,x is probable t he 0 pres5t at ,reis's subsequ5t disc\rse 9 ,may1 #ahfb1 to ! ,freies ,deuts*es ,ho*/ift4 ,dr4 ,brix1 !n editor ( ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,telegraph ,union1' in=ms me t ,inspector von ,legat bas$ 8 article ^u in=mation d]iv$ direct f ,reis1 :om he knew1 & t ! article 0 submitt$ to ,reis be=e be+ committ$ to ! #8,j\rnal4' ,! p>ticul> =m ( transmitt] describ$ 9 von ,legat's ,report 7see also p4 #be1 ante7 has also "s important po9ts 9 common ) t believ$ to h be5 us$ by ,reis at ! ,ho*/ift4 ,nei!r ( ! specific =ms describ$ by ,inspector von ,legat are n[ kn[n to be extant4 ,inquiries made 9 ,frank=t & 9 ,cassel h fail$ to f9d any trace ( !m4 ,nei!r at ! local ,naturali/s' ,society1 nor any:]e else 9 ,cassel1 did von ,legat describe ! inv5tion4 ,he met ) a tragic end dur+ ! ,bav>ian ,w> 9 #ahff1 9 ! battle ne> ,as*aff5burg1 hav+1 accord+ to "s1 be5 %ot1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 fall5 f 8 horse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next extract is f an article entitl$ #8,telephonie1' :i* appe>$ 9 a j\rnal ( sci5ce publi%$ at ,leipzig1 "u ! title #8,aus d] ,natur4' ,?is article is ess5tially a p>aphrase ( ,reis's memoir read to ! ,physical ,society 9 ! prec$+ ,decemb] 7see p4 #ej71 & conta9s ! same illu/rations1 includ+ a cut ( ! transmitt] id5tical ) ,fig4 #i1 p4 #bj4 #f4 ,,aus ,,d] ,,natur4 7,vol4 xxi4 #ahfb4 ,july-,octob]4 pp4 #dgj-dgd47 8,until n[1 h[ev]1 x 0 n possible to reproduce human spee* ) a di/9ctness suffici5t = e p]son4 ,! consonants are mo/ly tol]ably di/9ctly reproduc$1 b ! v[els n 9 an equal degree40 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t ?is "t !re arose a ,correspond5ce 9 ! #8,deuts*e ,indu/rie ,zeitung' 7#8,g]man ,j\rnal ( ,indu/ry'7 conc]n+ ! telephone4 ,9 ,no4 xvi4 p4 #ahd 7#ahfc71 a correspond5t :o signs himself 8,k0 asks :e!r ! acc\nt ( ! telephone is true8 ,9 ,no4 xviii4 p4 #bjh1 !re is giv5 a brief answ]2 & ,no4 xxii4 conta9s1 on p4 #bci1 an extract f ,legat's ,report1 on ,reis's ,telephone 7see p4 #gj ( ?is "w71 toge!r ) an editorial rem>k to ! effect t he _h receiv$ a lett] f ,h]r ,j4 ,f4 ,quill+1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 :o gives ! in=mation t 9 ! transmission ( s++ 9 ! telephone1 ! s+] c\ld be recogniz$ by 8 voice4 #g4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,society ,,( ,,frank=t-,,on-,,!-,,ma9 7#ahfc74 4442 8& on ! #d? ( ,july1 #ahfc1 by ,mr4 ,philipp ,reis1 tea*]1 ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ,on ! ,transmission ( ,tones to any desir$ ,di/ance1 by ! help ( ,electricity1 ) ! production ( an ,improv$ ,telephone1 & ,exhibition ( ,exp]im5ts !re)40 ,?is 0 ,reis's second occasion ( br++ 8 ,telephone be=e ! ,physical ,society4 ,! in/rum5t _h n[-assum$ ! 8squ>e-box0 patt]n describ$ at p4 #bg ( ?is "w4 #h4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,philipp ,,reis4 ,9 ,july #ahfc1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,ladd1 ! well-kn[n in/rum5t-mak] ( ,london1 b\ght "o ( ,reis's ,telephones ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,alb]t & ,son ( ,frank=t4 ,philipp ,reis wrote to ,mr4 ,ladd ! foll[+ lett] ( in/ructions1 hav+ he>d t ,mr4 ,ladd propos$ to exhibit ! in/rum5t at ! approa*+ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,! autograph lett]1 writt5 9 ,engli%1 is /ill pres]v$1 & has be5 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,ladd to ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ( ,electricians ( ,london4 8,in/itut ,g>ni]1 8,fri$ri*sdorf4 8,de> ,sir6 8,i am v sorry n to h be5 9 ,franc=t :5 y 7 !re at ,mr4 ,alb]t's1 by :om ,i h be5 in=m$ t y h pur*as$ "o ( my newly-inv5t$ in/rum5ts 7,telephons74 ,?\gh ,i w d all 9 my p[] to give y ! mo/ ample explanations on ! subject1 ,i am sure t p]sonal communication w\ld h be5 pref]able2 specially z ,i 0 told1 t y w %[ ! app>atus at y\r next si5tifical meet+ & ?us introduce ! app>atus 9 y\r c\ntry4 8,tunes#bg & s\nds ( any k9d are only br\ght to our conception by ! cond5sations & r>efactions ( air or any o!r m$ium 9 :i* we may f9d ourselves4 ,by e cond5sation ! tympanum ( our e> is press$ inw>ds1 by e r>efaction x is press$ outw>d & ?us ! tympanum p]=ms oscillations l a p5dulum4 ,! small] or great] numb] ( ! oscillations made 9 a second gives u by help ( ! small bones 9 our e> & ! auditory n]ve ! idea ( a high] or l[] tune4 8,x 0 no h>d lab\r1 ei!r to imag9e t any o!r membrane besides t ( our e>1 c\ld be br\ght to make simil> oscillations1 if spann$ 9 a prop] mann] & if tak5 9 good proportions1 or to make use ( ^! oscillations = ! int]ruption ( a galvanic curr5t4 8,h[ev] ^! 7 ! pr9ciples wi* 7sic7 guid$ me 9 my inv5tion4 ,!y 7 suffici5t to induce me to try ! reproduction ( tunes i4e41 tones--see footnote4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 at any di/ance4 ,x w\ld be long to relate all ! fruitless attempts1 ,i made1 until ,i f\nd out ! proportions ( ! in/rum5t & ! necess>y t5sion ( ! membrane4 ,! app>atus y h b\ght1 is n[1 :at may be f\nd mo/ simple1 & works )\t faill+ :5 arrang$ c>efully 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 8,! app>atus consi/s ( two sep>at$ p>ts2 "o = ! s++ /ation ,a1 & ! o!r = ! he>+ /ation ,b4#bh ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bh4 8,! app>atus ,a1 a squ>e box ( wood1 ! cov] ( :i* %[s ! membrane 7c7 on ! outside1 "u glass4 ,9 ! middle ( ! latt] is fix$ a small plat9a plate to :i* a flatt5$ copp] wire is sold]$ on purpose to conduct ! galvanic curr5t4 ,)9 ! c]cle y w fur!r rem>k two screws4 ,"o ( !m is t]m9at$ by a little pit 9 :i* y put a little drop ( quiksilv]2 ! o!r is po9t$4 ,! angle1 :i* y f9d ly+ on ! membrane1 is to be plac$ accord+ to ! lett]s1 ) ! little :ole hole 7a7 on ! po9t 7a7 ! little plat9a foot 7b7 into ! quicksilv] screw1 ! o!r plat9a foot w !n come on ! plat9a plate 9 ! middle ( ! membrane4 8,! galvanic curr5t com+ f ! batt]y 7:i* ,i compose g5]ally ( ?ree or f\r good elem5ts7 is introduc$ at ! conduct+ screw ne> 7b7 :]efrom x proce$s to ! quicksilv]1 ! movable angle1 ! plat9a plate & ! complem5t>y telegraph to#bi ! conduct+ screw 7s74 ,f "h x goes ?r\gh ! conduct] to ! o!r /ation ,b & f !re returns to ! batt]y4 8,! app>atus ,b1 a sonor\s box on ! cov] ( :i* is plac$ ! wire-spiral ) ! /eel axis1 wi* w be magnetic :5 ! curr5t goes ?r\gh ! spiral4 ,a second little box is fix$ on ! fir/ "o1 & laid d[n on ! /eel axis to increase ! int5sity ( ! reproduc$ s\nds4 ,on ! small side ( ! l[] box y w f9d ! correspond5t "p ( ! complem5t>y telegraph4 8,if a p]son s+ at ! /ation ,a1 9 ! tube 7x7 ! vibrations ( air w pass into ! box & move ! membrane above2 !reby ! plat9a foot 7c7 ( ! movable angle w be lift$ up & w ?us op5 ! /ream at e cond5sation ( air 9 ! box4 ,! /ream w be re-e/abli%$ at e r>efaction4 ,= ?is mann] ! /eel axis at /ation ,b w be magnetic once = e full vibration2 & z magnetism nev] ent]s nor leaves a metal )\t di/urb+ ! equilibrium ( ! atoms1 ! /eel-axis at /ation ,b mu/ repeat ! vibrations at /ation ,a & ?us reproduce ! s\nds :i* caus$ !m4 8,any#cj s\nd w be reproduc$1 if /rong en\gh to set ! membrane 9 motion4 8,! little telegraph1 :i* y w f9d on ! side ( ! app>atus is v usefull & agreable = to give signals betwe5 bo? ( ! correspond5ts4 ,at e op5+ ( ! /ream & next foll[+ %utt+ ! /ation ,a w he> a little clap produc$ by ! attraction ( ! /eel spr+4 ,ano!r little clap w be he>d at /ation 7,b7 9 ! wire-spiral4 ,by multiply+ ! claps & produc+ !m 9 diff]5t measures y w be able z well z ,i am to get und]/ood by y\r correspond5t4 8,i am to end1 ,sir1 & ,i hope1 t :at ,i said w be suffici5t to h a fir/ try2 aft]w>d y w get on q alone4 8,i am1 ,sir1 8,y\r mo/ ob$iant ,s]vant1 8,ph4 ,reis4 8,fri$ri*sdorf1 #ac_/g1 #fc40 #i4 ,,reis',s ,,prospectus4 ,! foll[+ 8,prospectus0 ( in/ructions 0 drawn up by ,reis to accompany ! ,telephones :i* 7 sold by ,h]r ,wilh4 ,alb]t ( ,frank=t4 ,! au?or ( ?is book is 9 possession ( orig9al copies1 ( :i* a numb] are extant4 ,! 8,prospectus0 0 also repr9t$ 9 its entirety at page #bda ( ,pr(essor ,pisko's book #8,die neu]5 ,app>ate d] ,aku/ik1' publi%$ at ,vi5na 9 #ahfe4 ,,telephon4 ,ea* app>atus consi/s1 z is se5 f ! above illu/ration1 ( two p>ts3 ! ,telephone prop]1 ,a1 & ! ,reproduction app>atus ,receiv]1 ,c4 ,^! two p>ts are plac$ at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r1 t s++1 or ! tones ( a musical in/rum5t1 c be he>d f "o /ation to ! o!r 9 no way except ?r\gh ! app>atus itself4 ,bo? p>ts are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! batt]y1 ,b1 l ord9>y telegraphs4 ,! batt]y mu/ be capable ( effect+ ! attraction ( ! armature ( ! electromagnet plac$ at ! side ( /ation ,a 7#c-d six-in* ,buns5's elem5ts suffice = sev]al hundr$ feet di/ance74 ,! galvanic curr5t goes !n f ,b to ! screw1 d1 !nce ?r\gh ! copp] /rip to ! little plat9um plate at ! middle ( ! membrane1 !n ?r\gh ! foot1 c1 ( ! angul> piece to ! screw1 b1 9 ^: little concavity a drop ( quicksilv] is put4 ,f "h ! curr5t !n goes ?r\gh ! little telegraph app>atus1 e-f1 !n to ! key ( /ation ,c1 & ?r\gh ! spiral pa/ i back to ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,if n[ suffici5tly /rong tones are produc$ be=e ! s\nd-ap]ture1 ,s1 ! membrane & ! angle-%ap$ little hamm] ly+ ^u x are set 9 motion by ! vibrations2 ! circuit w be once op5$ & aga9 clos$ = ea* full vibration1 & !reby !re w be produc$ 9 ! iron wire ( ! spiral at /ation ,c ! same numb] ( vibrations :i* !re are p]ceiv$ z a tone or comb9ation ( tones 7*ord74 ,by impos+ ! little upp] case 7,ob]k/*57 firmly ^u ! axis ( ! spiral ! tones at ,c are greatly /r5g!n$4 ,besides ! human voice 7accord+ to my exp]i5ce7 !re also c be reproduc$ ! tones ( good organ-pipes f ,f--c' & ^? ( a piano4 ,= ! latt] purpose ,a is plac$ ^u ! s\nd+-bo>d ( ! piano4 7,( ?irte5 triads 7,dreiklnge7 a skill$ exp]im5tor c\ld ) all exactness recognise t574 ,z reg>ds ! telegraph app>atus plac$ at ! side1 x is cle>ly unnecess>y = ! reproduction ( tones1 b x =ms a v agreeable addition = conv5i5t exp]im5t+4 ,by means ( ! same1 x is possible to make oneself und]/ood "r well & c]ta9ly by ! o!r p>ty4 ,?is takes place some:at 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,aft] ! app>atus has be5 completely arrang$1 "o conv9ces oneself ( ! complet5ess ( ! connexion & ! /r5g? ( ! batt]y by op5+ & clos+ ! circuit1 :]eby at ,a ! /roke ( ! armature is he>d1 & at ,c a v di/9ct tick+4 ,by rapid alt]nate op5+ & clos+ at ,a x is ask$ at ,c :e!r "o is ready = exp]im5t+1 :]eupon ,c answ]s 9 ! same mann]4 ,simple signals c by agreem5t be giv5 f bo? /ations by op5+ & clos+ ! circuit "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r times2 = example3-- #a beat ,s+4 #b beats ,speak1 c4 ,i telegraph ! words ?us--t ,i numb] ! lett]s ( ! alphabet & !n transmit _! numb]s-- #a beat a4 #b beats b4 #c c4 #d d4 #e e1 c4 z w\ld accord+ly be designat$ by tw5ty-five beats4 ,?is numb] ( beats w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> wa/eful ( "t1 & w\ld be unc]ta9 9 c\nt+1 :]e=e ,i employ = e five beats a dactyl-beat 7,dactyluss*lag71 & !re results ,illu/ration3-- = e4 ,illu/ration3-- & "o beat = f1 c4 z1 ,illu/ration3-- 1-- 1-- 1-- 1-- :i* is m quickly & easily execut$ & easi] to und]/&4 ,x is /ill bett] if ! lett]s are repres5t$ by numb]s :i* are 9 inv]se proportion to ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce4 ,phil4 ,reis1 ,tea*] at ,l4 ,f4 ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute = boys4 ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ne> ,homburg-by-!-,height1 ,augu/ #ahfc4 ,! =ego+ 8,prospectus0 0 accompani$ by a fur!r docum5t pr9t$ z a po/script by ,reis1 at ! top ( :i* ! figure ( ! in/rum5t 0 repeat$1 & :i* ran z foll[s3-- 8,p4 ,p41 8,s9ce two ye>s ago ,i succe$$ 9 effect+ ! possibility ( ! reproduction ( tones by ! galvanic curr5t1 & 9 sett+ up a conv5i5t app>atus !re=1 ! circum/ance has f\nd su* a recognition f ! mo/ celebrat$ m5 ( sci5ce1 & s _m calls to action h come to me1 t ,i h s9ce /riv5 to improve my orig9ally v incomplete app>atus1 s t ! exp]im5ts might !reby become accessible to o!rs4 8,i am n[ 9 ! position to (f] an app>atus :i* fulfils my expectations1 & ) :i* ea* physici/ may succe$ 9 repeat+ ! int]e/+ exp]im5ts conc]n+ reproduction ( tones at di/ant /ations4 8,i believe ,i %all fulfil ! wi% ( _m if ,i und]take to br+ ^! improv$ in/rum5ts into ! possession ( ! physical cab9ets4 ,s9ce ! prep>ation ( ! same requires a complete acqua9tance ) ! lead+ pr9ciples & a tol]able exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt]1 ,i h decid$ myself to prep>e ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! same1 & to leave ! fa%ion+ ( ! accessory p>ts1 z also ( ! ext]nal adornm5ts1 to ! me*anician4 8,! di/ribution ( ! same ,i h made ov] to ,h]r ,j4 ,wilh4 ,alb]t1 me*anician1 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 & h plac$ him 9 ! position to deliv] ^! in/rum5ts 9 two qualities1 diff]+ only 9 ext]nal adornm5t1 at ! prices ( #ba flor9s & #ad flor9s 7#ab ?al]s & #h ?al]s curr5t71 inclusive ( pack+4 ,moreov]1 ! in/rum5ts c also be obta9$ direct f me at ! same prices1 ^u a ca% remittance ( ! am\nt4 8,ea* app>atus w be te/$ by me be=e s5d+ (f1 & w !n be furni%$ ) my "n1 an ord]-numb]1 & ) ! ye> ( manufacture4 8,fri$ri*sdorf1 ne> ,homburg-by-!-,height1 89 ,augu/ #ahfc4 8,phil4 ,reis1 8,tea*] at ,l4 ,f4 ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute = ,boys40 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> ! telephone 0 %[n by ,pr(4 ,r ,bttg] at ! meet+ ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s' ,association 7,natur=s*]71 :i* met on t occasion at ,/ett94 ,little or no?+ is kn[n ( :at took place at ?is exhibition1 b ,pr(essor von ,feilitzs*1 ( ! neighb\r+ ,univ]sity ( ,greifswald1 has in=m$ ! au?or ( ?is "w t ! ,telephone !re %[n 0 ( ! =m figur$ 9 ,reis's ,prospectus 7p4 #hf71 & t ,reis claim$ at t "t to be able to transmit words by 8 in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! same autumn ! foll[+ notice appe>$ 9 ,bttg]'s #8,notizblatt1' & 0 copi$ !nce into ,d+l]'s #8,j\rnal1' & o!r sci5tific pap]s4 #aj4 ,,on ,,! ,,improv$ ,,telephone4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al notice :i* appe>$ 9 ,bttg]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,notizblatt1' #ahfc1 ,no4 #ae1 p4 #bbe1 & 9 ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1' #ahfc1 vol4 clxix4 p4 #cii4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 on ! #d? ( ,july1 a memb] ( ?is ,society1 ,h]r ,ph4 ,reis1 ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ne> ,homburg-vor-d]-,hhe1 exhibit$ "s ( 8 improv$ ,telephones 7means = ! reproduction ( tones at any desir$ di/ance by ! galvanic curr5t74 ,x is n[ two ye>s s9ce ,h]r ,reis fir/ gave publicity to 8 app>atus1#ca & ?\gh ev5 already at t "t ! p]=mances ( ! same 9 _! simple artless =m 7 capable ( excit+ a/oni%m5t1 yet !y _h !n ! great defect t exp]im5t+ ) !m 0 only possible to ! inv5tor himself4 ,! in/rum5ts exhibit$ 9 ! above-nam$ meet+ sc>cely rem9d$ "o ( ! e>li] ones4 ,h]r ,reis has also /riv5 to give !m a =m pleas+ to ! eye1 s t !y may n[ occupy a wor?y place 9 e ,physical ,cab9et4 ,^! new app>atus may n[ also be h&l$ by e "o ) facility1 & "w ) great c]ta9ty4 ,melodies g5tly sung at a di/ance ( ab\t #cjj feet 7 repeat$ by ! in/rum5t :i* 0 set up1 mu* m di/9ctly ?an previ\sly4 ,! scale 0 reproduc$ especially %>ply4 ,! exp]im5t]s c\ld ev5 communicate words to "o ano!r1 ?\gh c]ta9ly inde$ only su* z _h (t5 be5 he>d by !m4 ,9 ord] moreov] t o!rs :o are less accu/om$ to exp]im5t+ may be able to und]/& "o ano!r ?r\gh ! app>atus1 ! inv5tor has plac$ on ! side ( ! same a little arrangem5t1#cb :i* accord+ to 8 explanation is completely suffici5t1 ! spe$ ( communication ( :i* is inde$ n s great z t ( mod]n ,telegraphs1 b :i* works q c]ta9ly1 & requires no special skill on ! "p ( ! "o exp]im5t+ ) x4 ,we w\ld br+ to ! notice ( g5tlem5 :o are pr(essional physici/s t ! inv5tor ( ^! int]e/+ pieces ( app>atus n[ has !m prep>$ = sale "u 8 ov]sight 7! important p>ts he makes himself71 & ! same c be procur$ f him direct1 or ?r\gh ! me*anician1 ,mr4 ,wilhelm ,alb]t1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 at #ad & at #ba flor9s1 9 two qualities1 diff]+ only 9 ext]nal adornm5t4 ,a review1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,rb] ( ,b]l91 ( ?is & o!r articles relat+ to ! ,telephone appe>$ subsequ5tly 9 ! #8,=ts*ritte d] ,physik1' #ahfc1 p4 #if4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! publicity ?us giv5 to ! ,telephone 0 ! appe>ance ( an article on t in/rum5t1 "u ! title ( 8,d] ,musiktelegraph10 9 a popul> illu/rat$ weekly family pap]1 #8,die ,g>t5laube1' publi%$ at ,leipzig4 ,?is article1 f ! p51 x is believ$1 ( ,dr4 ,oppel ( ,frank=t1 is made up *iefly ( slightly alt]$ extracts f ! previ\sly quot$ docum5ts4 ,! =m ( ! in/rum5t describ$ is id5tical ) t describ$ 9 ,reis's #8,prospectus1' & ! figure giv5 9 ! #8,g>t5laube1' ,no4 #ea1 p4 #hji1 is a repr9t1 app>5tly f ! same wood-block ( ! figure :i* heads ,reis's ,prospectus1 & :i* is reproduc$ on p4 #hf ( ?is "w4 ,! only passage ( fur!r int]e/ is a brief s5t5ce relat+ to ! exhibition ( ! ,telephone at ! ,g]man ,naturali/s' ,assembly at ,/ett9 9 #ahfc1 & is z foll[s3-- #aa4 8,n[ 9 ord] also to give to a /ill wid] circle1 especially to te*nologi/s 7,fa*mnn]n71 ! opportunity ( witness+ ) _! own eyesight ! effici5cy ( ?is app>atus1--lately1 9 fact ess5tially improv$1--,pr(essor ,bttg] ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 exhibit$ sev]al exp]im5ts !re) at ! meet+ ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s 7,natur=s*]7 & ,physicians rec5tly held at ,/ett91 9 ! ,section = ,physics2 :i* exp]im5ts w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 cr[n$ ) /ill great] success if ! place ( meet+ _h be5 9 a less noisy neighb\rhood1 & _h be5 fill$ ) a some:at less num]\s audi5ce40 ,! next extract is a brief record f ! ,report ( a sci5tific society meet+ 9 ,giess51 :i* dur+ ! ,au/ro-,prussian w> ( #ahff _h become disorganis$1 & :i* 9 #ahfg publi%$ a cond5s$ acc\nt ( its proce$+s = ! prec$+ ye>s4 ,among/ ^? proce$+s 0 a lecture by ! late ,pr(essor ,buff1 at :i* ,reis's ,telephone 0 %[n1 & at :i* ,reis himself is believ$ to h be5 pres5t4 #ab4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! #8,,twelf? ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,upp]-,,hessian ,,association ,,= ,,natural ,,& ,,m$ical ,,sci5ce1' 7#8,ob]hessis*e ,gesells*aft fr ,natur und ,heilkunde1'7 ,giess51 ,febru>y #ahfg4 ,p4 #aee4 ,report on ! do+s & condition ( ! ,association f ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahfc1 to ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahfe1 by ,h]r ,gymnasiallehr] ,dr4 ,w4 ,diehl4 444 ,on ! #ac? ( ,febru>y #ahfd1 #8,on ! ,tones ( ! ,magnet1 ) ,application to ! ,telephone1 ) exp]im5ts1' by ,pr(essor ,buff4 ,,exhibition ,,( ,,! ,,telephone ,,to ,,! ,,naturali/s' ,,association ,,( ,,g]many4 7,,deuts*e ,,natur=s*] ,,v]sammlung47 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( all ! public exhibitions giv5 by ,reis ( 8 ,telephone1 0 t :i* took place on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahfd1 at ,giess51 on ! occasion ( ! meet+ ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s' ,association 7,v]sammlung ,deuts*e ,natur=s*]74 ,"h 7 assembl$ all ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ,g]many1 includ+ ! foll[+ di/+ui%$ names1 _m ( :om are /ill liv+3--,pr(4 ,buff 7,giess571 ,pr(4 ,pogg5dorff 7,b]l971 ,pr(4 ,bohn 7,frankfurt-a4-,m41 n[ ( ,as*aff5burg71 ,pr(4 ,jolly 7,muni*71 ,dr4 ,geissl] 7,bonn71 ,pr(4 ,web] 7,gtt+571 ,pr(4 ,plck] 7,bonn71 ,pr(4 ,qu9cke 7,heidelb]g71 ,pr(4 ,dellmann 7,kreutzna*71 ,pr(4 ,bttg] 7,frankfurt-a4-,m4 & ,ma9z71 ,pr(4 ,kekule 7,bonn71 ,pr(4 ,g]la* 7,erlang571 ,dr4 ,j4 ,frick 7,c>lsruhe71 ,dr4 ,f4 ,kohlraus* 7,wrtzburg71 ,pr(4 ,reus* 7,tb+571 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,mll] 7,freiburg71 ,pr(4 ,helmholtz 7,heidelb]g71 ,pr(4 ,melde 7,m>burg71 ,pr(4 ,kopp 7,m>burg71 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h(fmann 7,london1 n[ ( ,b]l971 ,mons4 ,h(mann 7,p>is1 optician71 ,h(ra? ,dr4 ,/e9 7,frankfurt-a4-,m471 ,dr4 ,w4 ,/eeg 7,homburg71 ,mons4 ,h>tnack 7,p>is1 & ( ,pottsdam71 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,wi$emann 7,basel1 n[ ( ,leipzig71 ,e4 ,alb]t 7,frankfurt-a4-,m41 me*anician71 ,dr4 ,?udi*um 7,london71 ,w4 ,s*ultze 7,york1 apo!c>y71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b>n>d ,davis 7,%elton71 ,e4 ,j4 ,*apman 7,london1 *emi/71 ,dr4 ,l4 ,beck 7,london1 *emi/71 ,pr(4 ,*as4 ,j4 ,himes 7,u4,s4,a41 *emi/71 ,e4 ,w4 ,blake 7,new ,hav51 ,u4,s4,a41 /ud5t71 ,c4 ,g4 ,:eel] 7,unit$ ,/ates ,consul 9 ,nrnb]g71 & _m o!rs4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,bohn 7n[ ( ,as*aff5burg7 0 ,secret>y ( ! ,association1 & also ,secret>y ( ! ,section ( ,physics4 ,! meet+s ( ?is ,section 7 held 9 ! ,laboratory ( ,pr(essor ,buff4 ,reis came ov] f ,fri$ri*sdorf accompani$ by 8 "y bro!r-9-law1 ,philipp ,s*midt4 ,a prelim9>y trial on ! morn+ ( t day 0 n v successful1 b at ! aft]noon sitt+1 :5 communications 7 made to ! ,section by ,pr(4 ,buff1 by ,reis himself1 & by ,pr(4 ,pogg5dorff1 ! in/rum5t 0 %[n 9 action ) great success4 ,reis exp\nd$ ! /ory h[ he came to ?9k ( comb9+ ) ! electric curr5t int]ruptor a tympanum 9 imitation ( t ( ! human e>1 n>rat+ 8 rese>*es 9 an unassum+ mann] t won 8 audi5ce completely to him2 & ! p]=mance ( ! in/rum5t 0 receiv$ ) great applause4 ,v>i\s pr(essors essay$ to exp]im5t ) ! in/rum5t1 ) v>y+ degrees ( success accord+ to :e!r _! voices suit$ ! in/rum5t or n4 ,among/ ^! 7 ,pr(4 ,bttg] & ,pr(4 ,qu9cke ( ,heidelb]g1 ^: acc\nt ( ! occasion is to be f\nd on p4 #aab4 ,dr4 ,bohn1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,section1 wrote = ! #8,j\rnal' 7,tagesblatt71 issu$ daily1 ! foll[+ notice4 #ac4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,naturali/s' ,,society1 ,,held ,,at ,,giess5 7#ahfd74 8,aft]noon sitt+ on #ba/ ,septemb]1 #ahfd4 8,pr(4 ,buff speaks ab\t ! tones ( iron & /eel rods :5 magnetis$1 & exhibits ! correspond+ exp]im5ts4 8,dr4 ,reis demon/rates 8 ,telephone1 gives !reupon an explanation & ! hi/ory ( ?is in/rum5t4 8,pr(4 ,pogg5dorff produces tones 9 a metal cyl9d]1 ! slit up edges ( :i* t\* "o ano!r firmly1 & :i* is plac$ loosely r\nd an induction-bobb9 ?r\gh :i* !re goes an int]rupt$ curr5t40 ,?is occasion 0 ! cr[n+ po9t ( ,philipp ,reis's c>e]1 & might h prov$ ( ev5 great] importance b = two causes3 ! inv5tor's prec>i\s heal?1 & ! indiff]5ce ) :i* ! comm]cial _w ( ,g]many view$ ?is great inv5tion4 ,:]e ! ke5 insight ( ,reis contemplat$ ! va/ possibilities op5$ out by ! inv5tion ( a new mode ( int]-communication1 o!rs saw only an +5i\s philosophical toy1 or at be/ a pleas+ illu/ration ( c]ta9 kn[n pr9ciples ( ac\/ic & electric sci5ce4 ,& 9 spite ( ! mom5t>y en?usiasm :i* ! exhibition ( ! ,telephone _h evok$1 ! int]e/ 9 x dw9dl$ away4 ,a few ( ! public j\rnals ( t date1 notic$ ! inv5tion 9 eulogi/ic t]ms & spoke ( ! prospect x af=d$ ( communication betwe5 di/ant fri5ds & ( simultane\s conc]ts be+ giv5 9 diff]5t t[ns1 all transmitt$ telephonically f "o or*e/ra4 ,b ! inv5tion came too e>ly4 ,! public m9d 0 n yet prep>$ to take x up1 & ! en?usiasm di$ away4 ,/ill 9 a few ( ! m important books on ,physics1 ,ac\/ics1 & ,electricity1 ! matt] cont9u$ to receive att5tion4 ,9 ! well-kn[n ,mll]-,p\illet's #8,textbook ( ,physics' 7,lehrbu* d] ,physik7 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,mll]2 9 ! #8,te*nical ,physics' ( ,hessl]1 ( ,vi5na1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,pisko2 9 ,pisko's #8,rec5t ,app>atus ( ,ac\/ics1' & p>ticul>ly 9 ,kuhn's admirable #8,h&book ( ,appli$ ,electricity1' ! ,telephone 0 accept$ z a def9ite conque/ ( sci5ce1 & 0 describ$ & figur$4 ,f ! works nam$ we transcribe ! extracts :i* foll[1 & :i* suffici5tly expla9 !mselves4 #ad4 ,,extract ,,f ,m,,ll]-,,p\illet',s #8,,textbook ,,( ,,physics ,,& ,,meteorology' 7,,lehrbu* ,,d] ,,physik ,,und ,,meteorologie74 ,publi%$ at ,brunswick1 ,six? ed41 #ahfc1 vol4 ii4 page #ceb1 fig4 #cbe2 & ,sev5? ed41 #ahfh1 vol4 ii4 pages #chf-chh1 figs4 #cdh-cej4 ,! foll[+ translation is f ! latt] edition4 8,?is tone 444 has ,reis us$ = ! con/ruction ( 8 ,telephone4 8,figure #cdhcc exhibits ,reis's int]rupt+ app>atus4 ,9 ! lid ( a holl[ cube ( wood ,a1 a circul> op5+ is made1 :i* is clos$ by an ela/ic membrane 7pig's less] inte/9e7 /ra9$ ov] x4 ,^u ! c5tre ( ?is membrane is glu$ a little plate ( plat9um1 :i* /&s 9 conductive communication ) ! clamp+-screw a by means ( a q ?9 little /rip ( metal f 7di/9ctly visible 9 ,fig4 #cdi7 ,fig4 #ca4 8,^u ! middle ( ! little plat9um plate1 re/s a %ort little plat9um p5cil1 :i* is fa/5$ at g to ! "u-side ( ! /rip ( t9-plate h g i1 "o end ( :i*1 h1 re/s ^u ! little metal pill> l1 :ile a little plat9um spike fa/5$ ^u its "u-side at i1 dips into ! holl[ ( ! little metal pill> k1 conta9+ "s quicksilv]4 ,! clamp+-screw b1 is put into conductive communication ) ! little metal pill> k4 8,f "o pole ( ! batt]y !re goes a conduct+-wire to ! clamp+-screw a ( ! int]rupt+ app>atus ,fig4 #cdh ,fig4 #cj1 f ! o!r pole ( ! same !re goes a wire to ! clamp+-screw d ( ! reproduc+ app>atus1 ,fig4 #cej ,fig4 #cb1 :i* is to be pres5tly describ$4 ,! clamp+-screw c1 ( ?is app>atus1 is connect$ by a wire ) b1 ,fig4 #cdh ,fig4 #cj4 ,! clamp+-screws c & d are connect$ ) ! ends ( ! wire ( ! small magnetis+ spiral ,m1 ,fig4 #cej ,fig4 #cb2 ) ! connexion describ$ above1 ! curr5t ( ! curr5t-g5]ator 7batt]y7 goes1 !re=e1 ?r\gh ! spiral ,m4 8,z soon n[ z ! s\nd-waves ( an adequately p[]ful tone ent] ?r\gh ! m\?-piece ,s into ! holl[ cube ,a1 ! ela/ic membrane :i* closes ?is at ! top is set into vibrations4 ,ea* wave ( cond5sation on ent]+ lifts ! little plat9um plate toge!r ) ! little spike :i* sits ^u x2 b if ! membrane sw+s d[nw>ds1 ! t9-piece h g i1 ) ! little spike at i1 _c foll[ x quick en\gh2 !re !re=e occurs "h1 at ea* vibration ( ! membrane1 an int]ruption ( ! curr5t :i* lets itself be recognis$ by a little sp>k appe>+ at ! place ( int]ruption4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 8,n[ 9 ! spiral ,m is /uck a knitt+-ne$le1 :i*1 z ! figure %[s1 is fa/5$ into a s\nd+-bo>d4 ,a lid provid$ ) second s\nd+-bo>d may be clapp$ ov] ! spiral1 & ! tone be !reby greatly /r5g!n$4 8,if n[1 tones are produc$ be=e ! m\?-piece ,s1 :il/ "o s+s into ! same or :il/ "o bl[s organ-pipes1 "o at once he>s at ! reproduc+ app>atus a peculi> creak+ noise :i* is indep5d5t ( ! pit* ( ! tones produc$ at ! int]rupt+ app>atus1 b1 beside ?is1 ^? tones are !mselves reproduc$ by ! /eel wire di/9ctly p]ceptibly1 & inde$ ,reis f\nd t ?is is ! case = all tones betwe5 ,f & f''4 8,9 ,reis's exp]im5ts ! int]rupt+ app>atus 0 #cjj feet di/ant f ! spiral1 & 0 inde$ set up 9 ano!r h\se ) clos$ doors4 ,b s9ce ! l5g? ( ! conduct+ wire c be ext5d$ j z f> z 9 direct telegraphy1 ,reis gave to 8 app>atus ! "n ,telephone 7,jahresb]i*t des physikalis*5 ,v]e9s zu ,frankfurt-a4-,m4 fr #ahfj_/fa740 #ae4 ,,extract ,,f ,,pisko',s #8,,die ,,neu]5 ,,app>ate ,,d] ,,aku/ik4' ,?is book1 #8,! m rec5t ,app>atus ( ,ac\/ics1' by ,dr4 ,francis ,joseph ,pisko1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,gew]bes*ule 9 ,vi5na1 0 publi%$ at ,vi5na 9 #ahfe4 ,at t "t ! novelties 9 ac\/ics 7 ,knig's app>atus = ! graphic /udy ( s\nds1 ,knig's manometric flames1 ,s*affgots*'s s++ flames1 ,helmholtz's #8,rese>*es on ! ,quality ( ,s\nds1' ,duhamel's ,vibrograph1 ,scott & ,knig's ,phonautograph1 & ,reis's ,telephone4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! latt] is m detail$ 9 "s respects ?an any o!r publi%$ at ! "t4 ,page #id4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! 8,,telephon0 ,,( ,,reis4 #ea4 7a47 ,alli$ to ! ,membrane ,phonautograph is ! 8,telephon0 ( ,reis#cd 7,fig4 #cc74 ,^u ! little membrane1 m m1 9 ! middle1 is fa/5$ ) adhesive wax ! r\nd end s ( a light /rip ( plat9um1 n s1 s t ! plat9um /rip c jo9 9 ) all ! vibrations ( ! membrane4 ,v ne> to ! c5tral end1 s1 ( ! little plat9um /rip1 n s1 a plat9um spike /&s1 9 su* a way t x is br\ght into contact1 by ! vibrations ( ! membrane1 ) ! plat9um /rip t vibrates ) ! latt]4 ,suppose n[ t ! out] end1 n1 ( ! plat9um /rip & ! plat9um spike are connect$ ) ! poles ( a galvanic batt]y1 !n1 by ! vibration ( ! membrane ! galvanic curr5t w1 accord+ to ! phase ( ! vibration1 be alt]nately e/abli%$ & int]rupt$4 ,ins]t$ 9 ?is circuit1 an electro-magnetic bell1 or an electro-magnetic telegraph1 w give signals to great di/ances t somebody is speak+2#ce ?\gh1 obvi\sly1 x _c in=m :at is be+ spok54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 7b47 ,z is kn[n1 an iron wire ar\nd :i* fl[ rapidly-int]rupt$ p[]ful galvanic curr5ts1 is !reby ?r[n into tones :i*1 accord+ to circum/ances1 may be longitud9al or transv]se or bo? toge!r4 ,su* an iron wire1 ly+ 9 a multiply+ wire-coil1 ,g1 ,reis ins]t$ at ! second receiv+ /ation1 ,c4 ,! wire emitt$ s\nds :5 ! membrane 0 set into vibrations by s++ or speak+ 7at ,s1 ,fig4 #cc7 into ! holl[ cubical piece ,a4 ,9 ! inve/igations made by me ) ! telephone1 ! rod 7( iron7 nev] alt]$ ! pit* ( its tone ) ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( tones & clangs1 & always gave only ! rhy?m ( ! words sung or spok5 into ! piece ,a 7! transmitt]7 at ,s4 ,usually ! air ( ! song t 0 sung c\ld be recognis$ by its rhy?m4#cf ,! special rese>*es on ^! po9ts foll[ 9 p>agraph #ec4 ,h[ev]1 x is s f> cle> t !re is /ill pl5ty ( "t yet be=e we h ! simultane\s conc]ts1 & ! transmission ( s++ to diff]5t t[ns1 z ! daily newspap]s h sangu9ely expect$4 ,! app>atus ( ,reis is c]ta9ly a 8,telephone0 b n a 8,phonic ,telegraph40 ,! s+le means ( transmission = song & spee*--& t only = mod]ate di/ances--rema9s ! old famili> speak+-tube4 ,nev]!less1 ! exp]im5t ( ,reis mu/ ev] be reckon$ among/ ! mo/ beautiful & int]e/+ ( s*ool-exp]im5ts4 ,& s9ce ! means = ?is are s simple1 ! app>atus ( ,reis w c]ta9ly f9d a spe$y entrance into educational e/abli%m5ts t are only mod]ately end[$4 ,x is easily prov$ t ! tones ( ! wire 9 ! telephone d n arise f ac\/ic conduction1 = by cutt+ out ! coil f ! circuit ! tones imm$iately cease4 #a4 ,! ,telephone ( ,reis orig9ally consi/$ ( a cube ( wood ) a conical bor+4 ,! small] op5+ 0 /ra9$ ov] ) a membrane4 ,a knitt+-ne$le :i* s]v$ = a s\nd+ wire project$ ab\t #b in*es on ea* side ( ! multiply+ coil1 & lay ^u ! two bridges ( a s\nd+-box4 ,! surr\nd+ helix consi/$ ( six lay]s ( ?9 wire4 ,fig4 #cc %[s ! ,telephone z x is con/ruct$ at ! pres5t "t by ! me*anician1 ,alb]t1 9 ,frank=t1 & by ! me*anician1 ,hauck1 9 ,vi5na1 accord+ to ! directions ( ! inv5tor4 99 99 99 99 99 #eb4 ,details ab\t ! ,telephone4 7a47 ,! same 7,fig4 #cc7 consi/s 9 its ess5tials3 #a4 ,( a transmitt]1 ,a2 #b4 ,( a receiv]1 ,c2 #c4 ,( a galvanic batt]y1 ,b1 & la/ly1 #d4 ,( ! conduct+ wires t connect !m4 7b47 ,! transmitt]1 ,a1 is ess5tially a p>allelepip$al body ( wood4 ,! upp] "p1 u x1 ( x is cut out ( "o piece ( wood ) squ>e cross-section1 ! side1 x x1 ( :i* measures #i c5timetres1 & its height1 u x1 #bh c5timetres4 ,?is "p is moveable ^u a h+e on ! l[] little box1 ,a ,a4 ,if ! cov]1 x u1 is laid back1 "o sees t a small circle ( #ci c5timetres diamet] has be5 cut out 9 ! same4 ,into ?is hole passes a brass coll> ) a flange #h millimetres broad1 :i* is furni%$ at "o side ) a groove l a pulley4 ,ov] ! coll> !re is /ret*$ ! membrane1 m m1 by means ( a silk ?read ly+ 9 ! %\ld] ( ! same4 ,?is circul> membrane is surr\nd$ by a wid] circul> ap]ture1 b b1 #he c5timetres4 ,a %ovel-%ap$ little /rip ( plat9um1 n s1 lies 7ov] x7 lead+ to ! brass b9d+-screw1 d1 ) ! circul> "p1 s1 fall+ ^u ! c5tre ( ! membrane4 ,by means ( "s seal+-wax ?is circul> "p is fa/5$ to ! membrane1 & !reby compell$ to take "p 9 ! vibrations ( ! same4 ,! fur!r transmission ( ! galvanic curr5t f ! c5tre takes place by means ( a plat9um or /eel po9t re/+ 9 a cup ( m]cury1 :i* is ext5d$ 9 a screw1 :i* transmits ! curr5t f>!r4 ,! po9t a s]ves z a support = ! angul> hook1 a s b1 :i* 9 g5]al is support$ l a tripod1 9 ord] t ! po9t ( contact1 s1 may rema9 z con/ant z possible4 ,! hook1 a s b1 is simply /ruck ) a hole at a ^u a project+ po9t1 & lies ^u a broad] "u "p4 ,f b ! galvanic circuit proce$s by means ( an ov]spun wire to ! brass key e 7,a1 ,fig4 #cc71 & f !re f>!r 9 ! direction repres5t$ by ! arr[4 ,! l[] "p ,a ,a ( ! transmitt] is put toge!r ( ?9 wood & =ms a p>allelepip$1 ^: height #fh cm41 & ^: wid? #gg cm4 ,an incl9$ m\?piece ( t9 ) funnel-%ap$ op5+ s]ves to receive ! tones4 ,! long] side ( ?is m\?piece measures #fg cm41 ! %ort] #dg cm42 ! long] diamet] ( ! wid5+ measures #gae cm41 ! %ort] diamet] #ge cm41 & f9ally ! diamet] ( ! n>r[ tube #ci cm4 ,x is cle> t1 if necess>y1 ! plat9um /rip c be replac$ by a /rip ( ?9 %eet-brass1 ! plat9um or /eel po9ts by iron4 ,only 9 ?is case ! po9ts ( contact mu/ be (t5] clean$ to a metallic poli%4 7c47 ,! receiv] 7,zei*5geb]7 ,c is 9 g5]al a d\ble resonant box1 ^: upp] "p1 8! cov]10 is moveable ^u two h+es1 & c be laid back4 ,! l5g? ( ?is cov] is #afd cm41 its wid? #ie cm41 & its height #cb cm4 ,! l5g? ( ! l[] box measures #bbi cm41 its wid? #if cm41 & its height #be cm4 ,! "u "p ( ! resonant box be>s two wood5 bridges1 :i* /& ab\t #gd cm4 f ea* o!r1 & :i* s]ves z supports = ! #bae cm4 long1 & #ji cm4 ?ick iron ne$le de/9$ = reproduc+ ! tones4 ,! l5g? ( spiral w\nd ov] ! ne$le1 & design$ = mak+ an electro-magnet ( ! same1 is #ae cm4 ,! wood5 cov]s ( bo? p>ts1 scrap$ z ?9 z possible1 & ! greate/ bread? ( ! circul> holes %[n 9 ! figure1 measures #ac mm4 7d47 ,= a batt]y "o c successfully use a small ,smee's consi/+ ( f\r elem5ts1 or two l>g] ,buns5's cells4 ,! conductor mu/ be at lea/ suffici5tly long t "o _c p]ceive ! tones t are produc$4 ,= correspond5ce betwe5 ! two /ations ! inv5tor has employ$ ! electro-magnetic telegraph arrangem5t1 e v g h1 se5 9 ! me*anism1 & easily und]/ood4 ,an agreem5t 9 ref]5ce to correspond+ signs c be easily arrang$1 & ! simple/ way is to accept ! signals arrang$ by ! inv5tor4 7,see #8,prospectus4'7 ,! receiv] ,c gives1 :5 ! key e is press$1 ! correspond+ telegraphic signals by means ( tones 9 ! rod ,e ,e1 :ile at ! transmitt]1 ,a1 ! electro-magnet v gives ! signals by means ( ! spr+y armature z4 #ec4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,telephone4 7a47 ,z soon z "o br+s ! m\? to ! funnel ,s & s+s1 ! membrane ( ! transmitt]1 ,a1 vibrates 9 a correspond+ mann]1 & ! iron rod1 ,e ,e1 at ! second /ation beg9s to give =? a tone4 ,e "t a sp>k is se5 at ! fir/ /ation s1 ! rod at ! o!r /ation c]ta9ly gives =? a tone4 ,! same is true :5 "o he>s ! peculi>ly sn>l+ tone :i* arises f ! /roke ( ! vibrat+ plat9um /rip aga9/ ! spike ( angul> hook re/+ ^u x4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! sp>ks or ( ! peculi> sn>l+ at ! transmitt] ,a gives ! sign to ! obs]v]s at ! /ation ,a t ! rod 9 ,c is giv+ a tone4 ,tones & melodies :i* 7 sung into ! s\nd ap]ture1 & especially s\nds 9 :i* ! tee? & bones ( ! head also vibrat$ 7s-call$ humm+ tones71 always evok$ a tone 9 ! rod or ne$le ,e ,e1 & inde$1 z already m5tion$ 7 #ea71 )\t *ange 9 ! pit*1 b only ) ! reproduction ( ! rhy?m ( ! respective song or words4 ,! pit* ( ! tone excit$ at ,c 9 ! rod ,e ,e 0 9 ! app>atus at my disposal h2 its /r5g? n v great & its clang sn>ly1 simil> to t ( a lightly s\nd+ re$-:i/le1 some:at l t ( a *ild's wood5 trumpet4 ,! cuticle ly+ ab\t ! he>t ( ! small] & ev5 ! l>g] mammals 7f calves1 c47 makes ! be/ membranes4 ,goldbeat]'s-sk9s reproduce only ! deep] tones4 ,! cov] ( ! s\nd+-box appe>$ 9 my app>atus sup]flu\s1 & inde$ ! tone 0 some:at /rong] )\t ! cov]4 #a4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) ! telephone1 "o mu/ look closely z to :e!r ! ends ( ! plat9um /rip is /ill fa/5$ to ! membrane1 & "o mu/1 if necess>y1 press ^u ! membrane4 ,if ! /rip w no long] /ick1 heat a knife-blade1 t\* a small piece ( seal+ wax ) x1 & c>ry ?us ! melt$ seal+-wax to ! "u side ( ! r\nd end ( ! plat9um-/rip1 n s4 ,!n press x imm$iately on ! membrane1 m m4 ,ph4 ,reis %[$ 8 app>atus 9 v primitive =m = ! fir/ "t 9 ,octob]1 #ahfa1 to ! ,physical ,society at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma92 on ,july #d?1 #ahfc1 be=e ! same society1 he %[$ ! =m repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is "t he exp]im5t$ ^u a di/ance ( #cjj feet4 ,pr(essor ,boettg] br\ght ! app>atus be=e ! ,natur=s*]-,v]sammlung at ,/ett9 7#ahfc7 9 ! section = ,physics4 #af4 ,,hessl]',s #8,,text-,,book ,,( ,,te*nical ,,physics1' vol4 i4 p4 #fdh4 ,next 9 *ronological ord] comes a notice ( ! ,telephone 9 ,hessl]'s #8,lehrbu* d] te*nis*5 ,physik1' edit$ by ,pr(4 ,pisko1 & publi%$ at ,vi5na 9 #ahff4 ,! brief acc\nt giv5 9 ?is "w adds no?+ to ! acc\nts previ\sly giv51 & is evid5tly writt5 by "s p]son ignorant ( ,reis's own "w1 = beside omitt+ all m5tion ( ! transmission ( spee* by ! in/rum5t1 or ( its be+ con/ruct$ ^u ! model ( ! human e>1 ! writ] appe>s n ev5 to "k h[ to spell ,reis's "n1#cg & speaks ( him z 8,reuss40 #ag4 ,,kuhn',s #8,,h&book ,,( ,,appli$ ,,electricity1' 7#8,h&bu* d] ,angew&t5 ,elektricittslehre1' von ,c>l ,kuhn71 be+ vol4 xx4 ( ,k>/5's #8,univ]sal ,encyclopdia ( ,physics' 7,k>/5's #8,allgeme9e ,encyclopdie d] ,physik'74 ,k>/5's #8,encyclopdia ( ,physics1' :i* has be5 = _m ye>s a /&>d "w ( ref]5ce1 bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ?is c\ntry1 consi/s ( a numb] ( volumes1 ea* ( :i* is a complete treatise1 writt5 by ! v highe/ au?orities 9 ,g]many4 ,?us ,helmholtz contribut$ ! volume on ,physiological ,optics1 ,lamont t on ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 :il/ ! names ( ,dr4 ,brix1 ,pr(essor von ,feilitzs*1 & o!rs1 are includ$ among/ ! au?ors4 ,c>l ,kuhn1 :o wrote vol4 xx41 0 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,lyceum ( ,muni*1 & memb] ( ! ,muni* ,academy4 ,kuhn's volume on #8,appli$ ,electricity1' publi%$ 9 #ahff1 is to be f\nd on ! %elves ( almo/ e libr>y ( any pret5sions 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! acc\nt giv5 !re9 ( ,reis's ,telephone is int]e/+1 because x describes two =ms1 bo? ( transmitt] & ( receiv]4 ,9 fact ! descriptions & figures are tak5 almo/ directly f von ,legat's ,report 7p4 #gj71 & f ,reis's ,prospectus 7p4 #hg74 ,! extract translat$ bel[ includes all ! matt] t is ( importance4 ,p4 #ajag4 ,! rese>*es e/abli%$ by ,reis on ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #ahfa1 9 ,frankfurt#ch h already %[n t if ! curr5t int]ruptions foll[ "o ano!r almo/ cont9u\sly & v rapidly1 9 a spiral arrang$ ) a ?9 iron core1 ! iron wire c be set into longitud9al vibrations1 :]eby !re=e ! same is con/ra9$ to reproduce tones ( diff]5t pit*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h foll[s a ref]5ce to ,petr9a's ,electric ,h>monica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! communications made kn[n by ,legat1 x foll[s t 8! ideas conc]n+ ! reproduction ( tones by means ( electro-galvanism :i* 7 put =w>d "s "t s9ce by ,philipp ,reis ( ,fri$ri*sdorf1 be=e ! ,physical ,society1 & ! meet+ ( ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma910 relate to simil> arrangem5ts4 8,:at has hi!rto be5 atta9$ 9 ! realisation ( ?is project10 ,legat ann\nces 9 8 report1 & we extract !refrom only t "p :i* gives an explanation ( ! disposition ( ! telegraphic app>atus1 ) :i* x is said to be possible to produce ! vibrations & ! excitem5t ( tones 9 any desir$ mann]1 & by :i* ! employm5t ( electro-galvanism is said to make x possible 8to call into life at any giv5 di/ance vibrations simil> to ! vibrations t h be5 produc$1 & 9 ?is way to reproduce at any place ! tones t h be5 orig9at$ at ano!r place40 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( ! tone-indicator 7transmetteur7 & ! tone-receiv] 7rcepteur74 ,! tone-indicator 7,fig4 #cd1 p4 #aji7 consi/s ( a conical tube1 a b1 hav+ a l5g? ( ab\t #ae cm41 a front ap]ture ( ab\t #aj cm41 & a back ap]ture ( ab\t #d cm41 ! *oice ( ! mat]ial & ! great] l5g? ( :i* is said to be indiff]5t1 :ile a great] wid? is said to be injuri\s2 ! surface ( ! inn] wall %\ld be z smoo? z possible4 ,! n>r[ back ap]ture ( ! tube is clos$ by a membrane1 o1 ( collodion1 & ^u ! c5tre ( ! circul> surface =m$ by ?is membrane re/s ! "o end1 c1 ( ! lev]1 c d1 ! support+-po9t ( :i*1 e1 be+ held by a support1 rema9s 9 connection ) ! metallic circuit4 ,?is lev]1 ! arm1 c e1 ( :i* mu/ be consid]ably long] ?an c d1 %\ld be z light z possible1 s t x c easily foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! membrane1 because an unc]ta9 foll[+ ( ! lev]1 c d1 w produce impure tones at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,dur+ ! /ate ( re/ ! contact1 d g1 is clos$1 & a weak spr+1 n1 keeps ! lev] 9 ?is /ate ( re/4 ,^u ! metallic support1 f1 :i* is 9 connection ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 !re is a spr+1 g1 ) a contact correspond+ to ! contact ( ! lev]1 c d1 at d1 ! position ( :i* is regulat$ by means ( ! screw1 h4 ,9 ord] t ! effect ( ! app>atus may n be weak5$ by ! produc$ waves ( air communicat+ !mselves t[>ds ! back "p1 a disc 8( ab\t #ej 787 cm4 diamet]1 :i* re/s fix$ly ^u ! ext]ior wall ( ! tube10 is to be plac$ above ! tube1 a b1 at "r angles ) its longitud9al axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! tone-receiv] consi/s ( an electro-magnet1 m m1 :i* re/s ^u a res\nd+-bo>d1 u w1 & ! surr\nd+ coils ( :i* are connect$ ) ! metallic circuit & ! e>?4 ,opposite to ! electro-magnet !re /&s an armature1 :i* is connect$ ) a lev]1 i1 z long z possible b light & broad1 & :i* lev] toge!r ) ! armature1 is fa/5$ l a p5dulum to ! support k2 its movem5ts are regulat$ by ! screw l & ! spr+ q4 8,9 ord] to increase ! effect ( ! app>atus1 ?is tone-receiv] may be plac$ 9 ! "o focus ( an elliptically holl[$ cavity ( suffici5t size1 :ile ! e> ( ! p]son :o li/5s to ! reproduc$ s\nds ought to be plac$ at ! second focus ( ! cavity40 ,! action ( ! two app>atus1 ! g5]al mann] ( connection ( :i* may be se5 f ! illu/rations--at ! "o /ation be+ ! tone-indicator1 at ! o!r ! tone-receiv]--is ! foll[+3--,by speak+ into1 s++1 or conduct+ ! tones ( an in/rum5t into ! tube1 a b1 !re is produc$ 9 ! tone-indicator 7,fig4 #cd7 9 consequ5ce ( ! cond5sation & r>efaction ( ! enclos$ column ( air1 a motion ( ! membrane1 c1 correspond+ to ^! *anges4 ,! lev]1 c d1 foll[s ! movem5ts ( ! membrane1 & op5s or closes ! circuit accord+ z !re occurs a cond5sation or r>efaction ( ! enclos$ air4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! actions1 ! electro-magnet1 m m 7,fig4 #ac71 is correspond+ly demagnetis$ or magnetis$1 & ! armature 7& ! armature-lev]7 belong+ to x is set into vibrations simil> to ^? ( ! membrane ( ! transmitt+ app>atus4 ,by means ( ! lev]1 i1 connect$ ) ! armature1 ! simil> vibrations are transmitt$ to ! surr\nd+ air1 & ^! s\nds ?us produc$ f9ally rea* ! e> ( ! li/5] 7! s\nd+-bo>d increas+ ! effect74 ,z reg>ds ! effectiv5ess ( ?is app>atus1 ! au?or rem>ks t :ile ! simil> numb] ( ! produc$ vibrations is reproduc$ by ! receiv]1 _! orig9al /r5g? has n yet be5 obta9$ by x4 ,= ?is reason also small diff]5ces ( vibration are difficult to he>1 & dur+ ! practical exp]im5ts hi!rto made1 *ords1 melodies1 c41 c\ld be1 x is true1 transmitt$ ) a/oni%+ 787 fidelity1 :ile s+le words 9 read+1 speak+1 c41 7 less di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! re/ ( ! article deals ) ! 8squ>e-box0 transmitt] describ$ 9 ,reis's ,prospectus1 & adds no?+ to ! in=mation already publi%$4 ,?is is ! la/ ( ! contempor>y docum5ts be>+ ^u ! p]=mance ( ,reis's in/rum5ts4 ,f ! prom95t notice obta9$ at ! "t by ! inv5tor1 x is cle> t 8 inv5tion 0 ev5 !n accord$ an hon\rable place among/ ! ackn[l$g$ conque/s ( sci5ce4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ?is body ( evid5ce proves n only ! sub/antial nature ( ,reis's claim1 b t ! claim 0 op5ly recognis$ & all[$ by ! be/ au?orities ( ! "t4 ,! ?+ 0 n done 9 a corn]4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,?is 0 ! numb] =m]ly accept$ on ! au?ority ( ,despretz z ! m9imum numb] ( vibrations t c\ld evoke ! s5sation ( a tone 9 ! human e>4 ,! limit n[ m usually recogniz$ is t ( ,helmholtz1 :o assigns f ?irty to =ty d\ble vibrations p] second z ! m9imum4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #af ,! ?ree plates or tables ) :i* ,reis accompani$ 8 ,memoir1 conta9+ a v>iety ( undulatory curves correspond+ to v>i\s comb9ations ( tones1 bo? ( musical concords & ( dissonant s\nds1 are n repr9t$ 9 ?is book 9 _! entirety4 ,table ,i4 conta9$ ?ree sets1 ! fir/ ( :i* is reproduc$ by photo-li?ography 9 r$uc$ facsimile 9 ,fig4 #dg1 p4 #agc4 ,x 0 also reproduc$ by ,w4 von ,legat 9 8 ,report f :i* ,plate ,i4 at end ( ?is book is copi$1 ,fig4 #a ( t plate be+ ! same z ,fig4 #a ( ,reis's ,table ,i4 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #a1 0 9 l mann] copi$ by ,legat f ! fir/ figure ( ,reis's ,table ,,ii41 & ,fig4 #c ( ,plate ,i41 :i* repres5ts ! curves ( a non-h>moni\s comb9ation is ! same z ,reis's ,table ,,iii41 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 ,reis's ,table ,,iii4 ! irregul> undulations ( ! resultant curve 7 emphasis$ by be+ labell$ #8,dissonanz4'--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ag ,?is is true = spee*-tones z well z = musical tones4 ,ea* k9d ( tone may be repres5t$ by its own *>act]i/ic curve4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ah ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 n only ( ! telephone1 b ( ! phonograph2 & x is wond]ful ) :at cle>ness ,reis _h grasp$ 8 pr9ciple 9 #ahfa4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ai ,t is1 at any s+le demagnetisation ( ! ne$le1 x vibrates & emits ! same tone z if x _h be5 /ruck or me*anically caus$ to vibrate longitud9ally4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #bj ,?is range 0 simply due to ! degree ( t5sion ( ! tympanum2 ano!r tympanum diff]5tly /ret*$1 or ( diff]5t proportions1 w\ld h a diff]5t range accord+ to circum/ances4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ba ,! s-call$ 8galvanic tone0 he>d on op5+ or clos+ ! circuit 0 well-kn[n1 & ,w]!im _h %[n t ?is tone 01 = any giv5 rod ( iron1 id5tical ) its 8longitud9al tone10 i4e4 ! tone produc$ by /rik+ x on ! end s z to produce longitud9al vibrations4 ,b x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 ,reis's rese>*es t su* a rod c\ld take up any tone 9 ob$i5ce to ! vibrations =c$ ^u x by p]iodic int]ruptions 9 ! magnetis+ curr5t 9 ! spiral ( any degree ( rapidity )9 v wide limits4 ,! translator has _h occasion to exam9e ?is po9t1 & has f\nd iron1 /eel1 & cobalt wires v>y+ f #d to #aj in*es 9 l5g?1 includ+ "s us$ by ,reis himself z receiv]s1 to be capable ( tak+ up vibrations f z sl[ z #dj p] second to ! v %rille/ :i/le audible to human e>s1 or exce$+ #cf1jjj p] second4 ,x is sometimes also mi/ak5ly suppos$ t su* a wire c respond only to ! vibrations ( tones t are musical1 n to ^? t are articulate1 includ+ bo? consonants & v[els4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an entire mi/ake4 ,=1 us+ su* a wire z a receiv] 7surr\nd$ by its prop] coil & m\nt$ ) an appropriate s\nd+ bo>d1 or1 bett] /ill1 tympanum71 9 conjunction ) a well-adju/$ transmitt]1 ! articulation transmitt$ surpasses t obta9able ) any ( ! ord9>y magnetic receiv]s 9 di/9ctness1 ?\gh n 9 l\dness4 ,?is discov]y ( ,reis's is ( ! greate/ importance1 especially z "s :o ought to "k bett] h v unju/ly d5i$ ! capability ( ?is "p ( ! app>atus to act z a telephone receiv] = articulate s\nds4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #bb ,?is limit is a mi/ake ( ,pr(essor ,bttg]'s4 ,! longitud9al tone ( an un/ra9$ iron or /eel wire #aj in*es long w\ld be a note ab\t f\r octaves above ! middle c ( ! piano2 :]eas1 9 fact1 any note ( ! :ole piano-gamut d[n to ! l[e/ note1 c be reproduc$ by su* a wire1 z /at$ 9 prec$+ footnote4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #bc ,pr(essor ,bttg] _h n to wait long = ! fulfilm5t to a v l>ge degree ( ?is anticipation2 = )9 six mon?s ,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 9 :i* ?is article appe>$1 conta9$ ,legat's report on ,reis's in/rum5ts1 9 :i* n only 7 v>i\s modifications 9 _! con/ruction made kn[n1 b also ! transmission ( voice-tones1 n yet p]fectly b ) recognisable modulations & intonations1 0 record$4 ,reis _h1 inde$1 succe$$ ne>ly z well z ?is ) 8 fir/ in/rum5t1 z 8 memoir ( #ahfa %[s4 ,see p4 #eh4 #bd ,comp>e #8,die ,ges*i*te und ,entwickelung des ,f]nspre*wes5s1' a pamphlet issu$ (ficially 9 #ahhj f ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,po/-,(fice 9 ,b]l91 p4 #f4 #be ,plate ,,viii4 ( ! orig9al 9 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ( ! ,zeits*rift4 #bf ,plate ,,ix4 ( ! orig9al ,memoir4 #bg ,?is ^w1 z ! context & end+ ( ! p>agraph %[s1 %\ld h be5 spell$ tones4 ,! lett]1 writt5 9 ,engli% by ,reis himself1 is wond]fully free f inaccuracies ( composition2 ! slip "h not$ be+ a mo/ p>donable "o s9ce ! plural ( ! ,g]man 8ton0 is 8tn510 ! v pronunciation ( :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! confusion 9 ! m9d ( "o unaccu/om$ to write 9 ,engli%4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 ?is is ! only piece ( ,engli% composition ev] attempt$ by ,reis4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #bh ,reis "h sket*$ a figure id5tical 9 all its p>ts ) t :i* a =tnight lat] 0 issu$ 9 8 #8,prospectus4' ,8 sket* is reproduc$ 9 facsimile 9 ,fig4 #bh4 #bi ,?is 0 ! little auxili>y signall+ app>atus at ! side ( ! box1 plac$ !re = ! same reasons z ! auxili>y call-bell atta*$ to mod]n telephones4 #cj ,?is ^w is und]scor$ 9 ,reis's orig9al lett]4 #ca ,comp>e ,bttg] ,polyt4 ,notizbl4 #ahfc1 p4 #ha1 ! notice translat$ at p4 #fa prec$+4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #cb ,?is r obscure passage ref]s to ! call-key or communicator fix$ to ! side ( ! in/rum5ts1 & :i* z ! inv5tor expla9s 9 8 ,prospectus 7see p4 #hg71 to be int5d$1 l ! call-bell or communicator ( mod]n telephones1 z a means ( s5d+ signals to ! speak]1 & :i*1 z ! ,prospectus says1 c also be us$--z any call-bell c--= telegraph+ words by a pre-arrang$ code ( signals4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #cc ,fig4 #cj ( ?is book4 #cd ,ref]5ces4 ,telephon von ,reis im ,jahresb]i*t des physikalis*5 ,v]e9s zu ,frankfurt-a4-,m4 fr #ahfj-ahfa1 pag4 #eg bis #fd4 ,mll]-,p\illet1 ,physik1 #ahfc1 #f4 ,auflage1 ,,ii pag4 #ceb1 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,b]l4 ,b]4 fr #ahfa1 xvii4 pag4 #aga bis #agc4 ,d] ,musiktelegraph 9 d] 8,g>t5laube0 #ahfc1 ,nr4 #ea1 pag4 #hjg bis #iji4 ,aus d] ,natur #ahfb1 xxi4 pag4 #dgj bis #dhd2 ,knig's ,catalog1 #ahfe1 pag4 #e4 #ce ,?is "p ( ! app>atus is 9 fact a 8call10 s]v+ precisely ! same function z ! call-bell atta*$ to ord9>y telephones1 by :i* ! subscrib] c be 8call$ up0 to li/5 to ! in/rum5t4 ,x is n )\t importance to obs]ve t ?is function 0 p]fectly well-kn[n at ! "t2 = x 0 gravely argu$ dur+ a =m] telephone law-suit 9 ,engl& t ! pres5ce ( ?is 8signal-call0 at ! side ( ! ,reis ,transmitt] 0 a pro( t x 0 int5d$ to transmit s++ only & n spee*1 or 8else !re w\ld n h be5 t little ,morse-in/rum5t at ! side by :i* to talk06 ,?is sugge/ion is1 h[ev]1 self-evid5tly absurd1 because if ?is _h be5 ! case ! little electromagnetic ,morse telegraph w\ld h be5 fix$1 n on ! side ( ! transmitt] b on t ( ! receiv]4 ,reis himself expla9s ! use ( ! 8call0 7see p4 #hg7 9 8 8,prospectus40--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #cf ,pr(essor ,pisko seems to h got hold ( an unusually un=tunate specim5 ( ! in/rum5t if he c\ld make x nei!r speak nor s+4 ,8 transmitt] mu/ h be5 9 exce$+ly bad condition to fail s completely4 #cg ,?is error has be5 copi$ by ,c\nt du ,moncel1 along ) ! o!r defects ( ! article1 into ! fif? volume ( 8 #8,applications ( ,electricity1' publi%$ 9 #ahgh4 ,x is r amus+ n[ to read1 at p4 #ajf1 ( ,du ,moncel's treatise t 8,heisl]0 7sic7 8pret5ds0 t ! telephone ( 8,reuss10 :i* 8appe>s0 to h be5 inv5t$ 8ant]ior to ! ye> #ahff10 0 capable ( transmitt+ vocal melodies6 ,c\nt du ,moncel1 ?\gh he has s9ce pos$ z an au?ority on ! telephone1 did n 9 #ahgh %9e 9 t capacity1 = on ! v same page ( ! ,c\nt's book may be f\nd ! foll[+ a/\nd+ s5tim5t3--8,if x is true1 z ,sir ,w4 ,?omson has assur$ u1 t at ! ,philadelphia ,exhibition ( #ahgf !re 0 a telegraphic sy/em transmitt+ words1 we may recognize10 c4 ,c\nt du ,moncel has s9ce f\nd out t x is true t !re 0 a ,telephone 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf3 p]haps he w next discov] t 8,reuss0 did1 8ant]ior to ! ye> #ahff10 actually 8appe>0 to transmit n only :at 8,heisl]0 8pret5ds0 he did1 b t he also transmitt$ spok5 words4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ch ,ueb] ,=tpflanzung d] ,tne auf wilkhrli* weite ,entf]nung51 mit ,hlfe d] ,elektricitt 7,telephonie74 ,polyt4 ,j\rn4 clxviii4 #ahe2 aus ,bttg]'s ,notizbl4 #ahfc1 ,nr4 #f4 ,see translation on page #fa4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,witnesses4 #a4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,qu9cke4 #b4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,bohn4 #c4 ,h]r ,lon ,g>ni]4 #d4 ,erne/ ,horkheim]1 ,esq4 #e4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,messel1 ,f4,c4,s4 #f4 ,h]r ,he9ri* ,holt4 #g4 ,h]r ,he9ri* ,f4 ,pet]4 #h4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,m4 ,yeates4 #i4 ,dr4 ,william ,fraz]4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,qu9cke1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,pr(essor ,qu9cke1 ^: "n is s well kn[n 9 connection ) 8 rese>*es 9 molecul> physics & 9 _m problems ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ^? acqua9t$ ) electrical sci5ce1 0 "o ( ^? pres5t at ! ,natur=s*] ,v]sammlung held at ,giess5 9 #ahfd1 :]e ,reis's ,telephone 0 publicly exhibit$ by its inv5tor1 see page #ic1 ante4 ,8 te/imony1 com+ f s high au?ority1 is !re=e ( exceptional value4 8,de> ,sir1 8,i 0 pres5t at ! ,assembly ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s' ,association 7,natur=s*] ,v]sammlung7 held 9 ! ye> #ahfd 9 ,giess51 :5 ,mr4 ,philipp ,reis1 at t "t tea*] 9 ! ,g>ni] ,in/itute at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ne> ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 %[$ & expla9$ to ! assembly ! ,telephone :i* he _h inv5t$4 8,i witness$ ! p]=mance ( ! in/rum5ts1 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! late ,pr(essor ,bttg]1 he>d !m = myself4 8,! app>atus us$ consi/$ ( two p>ts--a transmitt] & a receiv]4 ,! transmitt] 0 a box1 "o side ( :i* 0 furni%$ ) a tube into :i* ! speak+ 0 to be done4 ,at ! top or ! side ( ! box !re 0 a circul> op5+1 cov]$ by a tympanum ( membrane1 ^u :i* 0 fa/5$ a piece ( plat9um4 ,?is piece ( plat9um 0 9 communication ) "o pole ( ! galvanic batt]y4 ,ov] ! membrane1 re/+ ^u ! plat9um1 & 9 contact ) x1 0 a piece ( metal furni%$ ) a plat9um po9t1 also 9 connection ) "o pole ( ! batt]y4 8,! receiv] consi/$ ( a common knitt+ ne$le ( /eel1 surr\nd$ by a magnetis+ coil ( insulat$ wire1 :i* also =m$ a "p ( ! circuit1 ! :ole re/+ on a resonant box4 8,i li/5$ at ! latt] "p ( ! app>atus1 & he>d di/9ctly bo? s++ & talk+4 ,i di/9ctly rememb] hav+ he>d ! words ( ! ,g]man poem1 #8,a*6 du lieb] ,augu/91 ,alles i/ h96'0 c4 8,! memb]s ( ! ,association 7 a/oni%$ & delight$1 & he>tily congratulat$ ,mr4 ,reis ^u ! success ( 8 rese>*es 9 ,telephony4 7,sign$7 8,dr4 ,g4 ,qu9cke1 ,pr(essor4 8,heidelb]g1 #aj? ,m>*1 #ahhc40 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,bohn4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,bohn1 ( ,as*aff5burg1 0 =m]ly ,secret>y to ! ,g]man 8,natur=s*]0 ,association1 0 also ,secret>y to ! ,physical ,section ( ?is ,society 7vide p4 #ic74 ,9 t capacity he _h e opportunity ( kn[+ :at 0 go+ on 9 sci5ce2 h5ce ! foll[+ 7translat$7 lett]1 address$ to ! au?or ( ?is book1 is ( peculi> value4 8,mo/ e/eem$ ,sir1 8,i will+ly answ]1 z well z ,i am able to d s1 ! que/ions put by y4 ,9 ord] to expla9 t my recollections may n h all ! %>pness t might be wi%$1 ,i make ! foll[+ prefatory /atem5t4 ,i h1 ab\t #ahfc1 held num]\s conf]5ces ) ,mr4 ,reis & ) my deceas$ colleague1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,buff1 ( ,giess51 & on ^! occasions h argu$ ! "q h[ x is t ! transmission ( ?\ghts to a di/ance by ! s5sation ( ! e> has a di/9ctly less value ?an transmission by t :i* is writt54444 8,& n[ to y\r que/ions4 ,i 0 n at ,/ett9 9 #ahfc4 ,at ! exp]im5ts at ,giess5 9 ! ,natur=s*] ,assembly on #ba/ ,septemb]1 #ahfd1 ,i 0 pres5t2 ! %ort notice ab\t !m 9 ! j\rnal 7#8,tagesblatt'7 is f my p54 ,i 0 ,secret>y ( ! ,assembly & ( ! ,physical ,section4 ,i rememb]1 h[ev]1 almo/ absolutely no?+ ab\t ^! exp]im5ts4 ,b ,i rememb] well t previ\sly--!re=e probably z e>ly z #ahfc--;hav+ jo9tly made ! exp]im5ts ) ,reis's telephone 9 ,buff's h\se 9 ,giess54444 ,i h myself1 z speak] & z he>]1 at lea/ twice1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,reis1 made ! exp]im5ts4 8,x 0 kn[n to me 79 #ahfc-fd7 t ,reis int5d$ to transmit words1 & c]ta9ly spok5 words z well z ^? sung4 ,my int]e/ 9 ! matt] 01 h[ev]1 a purely sci5tific "o1 n direct$ to ! application z a means ( pr(it4 8,) great att5tion ! s5se ( ! words 0 und]/ood4 ,i h und]/ood su* myself1 )\t kn[+ previ\sly :at w\ld be ! nature ( ! communication ?r\gh ! telephone4 ,words sung1 especially well acc5tuat$ & peculi>ly inton$1 7 some:at bett] 7or r less incompletely7 und]/ood ?an ^? spok5 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,!re 0 inde$ a boy 7son ( ,privy-,c\ncillor ,ih]+1 n[ ( ,gtt+51 !n ( ,giess571 :o 0 kn[n z specially accompli%$ z a speak]4 ,he _h a r h>% ,nor?-,g]man dialect1 & aft] ! fir/ exp]im5ts hit on ! "r way to speak be/1 ess5tial = und]/&+4 ,i myself did n und]/& ,pr(essor ,buff ?r\gh ! telephone4 ,:e!r ! speak] c\ld be recogniz$ by 8 voice ,i d\bt4 ,we knew be=eh& ea* "t :o speaks4 ,yet ,i rememb] t a girl c\ld be di/+ui%$ f t boy by ! voice4 8,! e> 0 at times laid ^u ! box ( ! app>atus1 also ^u ! table :i* support$ ! telephone4 ,!n x 0 attempt$ to he> at a di/ance1 ) ! e> 9 ! air2 9 ?is respect1 :5 s++1 ) good result4 ,at times ! lid 0 tak5 (f1 or ! same 0 connect$ m or less tightly or loosely ) ! l[] "p4 ,! result ( ^! *anges ,i c no long] give ) di/9ctness4444 8,%\ld y desire fur!r in=mation1 ,i am ready to give y x accord+ to my be/ k4 8,ho*a*tungsvoll ergeb5/]1 8,dr4 ,c4 ,bohn4 8,as*aff5burg1 8#aj? ,septemb]1 #ahhb40 99 99 99 99 99 ,lon ,g>ni]4 ,h]r ,lon ,g>ni]1 ,proprietor & ,pr9cipal ( ! ,g>ni] ,in/itute at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 is ! son ( ! late ,burgoma/] ,g>ni]1 :o f\nd$ ! e/abli%m5t1 & :o1 z previ\sly n>rat$1 enc\rag$ ,philipp ,reis 9 8 "w & (f]$ him ! po/ ( tea*] ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,h]r ,lon ,g>ni] owns ! small collection ( in/rum5ts :i* ,reis left beh9d1 & :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,physical ,cab9et atta*$ to ! ,in/itute1 :]e also may be se5 ! gravitation ma*9e--an +5i\s comb9ation ( ! pr9ciples ( ,atwood's & ,mor9's ma*9es--& ! automatic wea!r-record] inv5t$ by ,reis1 bo?1 h[ev]1 v greatly out ( repair4 ,h]r ,g>ni] has furni%$ to a fri5d ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ab\t ,reis & 8 inv5tion4 8,i knew ,philipp ,reis1 n[ deceas$1 dur+ 8 life-"t4444 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahei1 he 0 employ$ by my fa!r1 !n proprietor & director ( ! ,fri$ri*sdorf ,g>ni] ,in/itute1 z tea*] ( ma!matics & natural sci5ces4 ,he employ$ 8 h\rs ( leisure 9 exp]im5t+ = himself 9 a h\se occupi$ by himself1 & 9 :i* he _h e/abli%$ a physical laboratory ) a view ma9ly ( realiz+ an idea :i* he _h conceiv$ sometime be=e ( transmitt+ ! human voice ov] div]s metallic conductors by means ( a galvanic curr5t4444 ,i rememb] especially1 t1 /&+ at ! end ( ! wire or conductor1 ,mr4 ,reis speak+ ?r\gh 8 in/rum5t1 ,i di/9ctly he>d ! words3 #8,gut5 ,morg51 ,h]r ,fis*]' 7,good morn+1 ,mr4 ,fis*]72 #8,i* komme glei*' 7,i am com+ directly72 #8,passe auf6' 7,pay att5tion672 #8,wie viel ,uhr i/ es8' 7,:at o'clock is x872 #8,wie heis/ du8' 7,:at's y\r "n87 ,we (t5 spoke = an h\r at a "t4 ,! di/ance 0 ab\t #aej feet4 8,lon ,g>ni]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,erne/ ,horkheim]1 ,esq4 8,man*e/]1 ,dec4 #b1 #ahhb4 8,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson1 8,de> ,sir1 8,9 reply to y\r fav\r ( #ca/ in/ant1 ,i %all be v happy to give y all ! in=mation ,i c ) respect to ! telephonic exp]im5ts ( my late fri5d & tea*] ,mr4 ,philipp ,reis4 ,i w\ld express my gratification at f9d+ t y are try+ to put my old tea*]'s claims on _! j basis4 ,i h always felt t 9 ?is race = telephonic fame1 8 claims h be5 v coolly put aside or ignor$4 ,t he did inv5t ! ,telephone !re is n ! remote/ d\bt4 ,i 01 ,i ?9k1 a great fav\rite ( 82 & at ! "t 8 assumption 0 t ,i 0 de/9$ = a sci5tific c>e]1 ei!r z a physici/ or a *emi/2 & ,i believe t he said m to me ab\t ! telephone ?an to any "o2 & ,i assi/$ him 9 mo/ ( 8 exp]im5ts prior to ! spr+ ( #ahfb4 8,philipp ,reis int5d$ to transmit spee* by 8 telephone--?is 0 8 *ief aim2 ! transmitt+ ( musical tones be+ only an aft]-?\ght1 work$ out = ! conv5i5ce ( public exhibition 7:i* took place at ! ,physical ,society at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma974 ,i myself sp5t consid]able "t ) him 9 transmitt+ words ?r\gh ! in/rum5ts4 ,we nev] 79 my "t7 got ! l5g? ( transmitt+ complete s5t5ces successfully1 b c]ta9 words1 su* z #8,w] da8' #8gewiss1' #8w>m1' #8kalt1' 7 und\bt$ly transmitt$ )\t previ\s arrangem5t4 ,i believe ,reis made simil> exp]im5ts ) 8 bro!r-9-law4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 8,i recollect ! in/rum5t 9 ! %ape ( ! human e> v well3 x 0 ,reis's e>lie/ =m ( transmitt]4 ,! transmitt] und]w5t a great _m *anges1 ev5 dur+ my "t4 ,! =m y sket* 7,fig4 #i1 p4 #bj7 0 almo/ ! olde/ "o1 & 0 soon sup]s$$ by ! funnel-%ape 7,fig4 #ce74 ,! back 0 always clos$ by a tympanum ( bladd]1 & _m a hundr$ bladd]s 7 /ret*$1 torn1 & disc>d$ dur+ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,i recollect him /at+ to me t he ?\ght a v ?9 metal tympanum w\ld ev5tually become ! prop] ?+1 & "o 0 actually tri$1 coat$ ov] on "o side ) %ellac1 & on ! o!r likewise1 except at ! po9t ( contact 7,fig4 #cf74 ,i believe x 0 made ( v ?9 brass1 b at ! "t ! exp]im5ts 7 n satisfactory4 ,talc 0 also tri$1 b )\t success1 ! plat9um contacts be+ 9 all cases pres]v$4 8,i rememb] v well inde$ ! receiv] ) a /eel wire1 surr\nd$ by silk-cov]$ copp] wire4 ,! fir/ "o 0 plac$ on an empty cig>-box1 arrang$ ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 8,! wire 0 a knitt+-ne$le & ! copp] wire 0 spool$ on a pap] case4 ,illu/ration 8,! spiral 0 support$ by a little block ( wood1 s z to all[ ! knitt+-ne$le n to t\* x any:]e4 ,lat] on a small] cig>-box 0 inv5t$ z a cov]--?us2 7,fig4 #ch7--;hav+ two holes cut into x l ! f-holes 9 a viol94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 8,! practice 0 to place ! e> close to ! receiv]1 m p>ticul>ly s :5 ! transmission ( words 0 attempt$4 8,! spiral 01 dur+ ! e>ly exp]im5ts1 plac$ on a viol9--9 fact1 a viol9 :i* ,i n[ possess 0 sometimes us$1 z x 0 ( a peculi> %ape1 :i* ,reis ?\ght w\ld help ! p[] ( tone4 8,i h already enum]at$ "s ( ! words :i* 7 transmitt$1 b !re 7 _m m2 on "o occasion a song1 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z #8,! ,"y ,recruit' 7,w] w unt] die ,soldat57 0 transmitt$1 ! air & _m ( ! words be+ cle>ly intelligible4 8,i d n recollect see+ ! receiv] %ewn 9 ! woodcut 7,fig4 #ba71 b ,reis (t5 said t he w\ld make su* a "o1 al?\gh ! sket* he made = me !n diff]$ 9 "s details f y\r woodcut4 ,reis int5d$ to keep me fully in=m$ ( all he c\ld a*ieve1 b1 imm$iately aft] leav+ 8 tuition1 ,i fell ill1 & 0 laid up = a v long "t4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,i left = ,engl&1 & !n he di$1 & ,i nev] saw him aga94 ,! electromagnet =m 0 c]ta9ly /rongly 9 8 m9d at ! "t we p>t$1 & he drew _m alt]native sugge/ions on pap]1 :i* h probably be5 de/roy$2 b ! electromagnets 9 all ( !m 7 plac$ upright1 sometimes atta*$ to ! top ( a holl[ box1 & sometimes to ! bottom ( a box arrang$ ?us 7,figs4 #ci1 #dj72 b1 to my recollection1 !y nev] got beyond ! /age ( draw+s1 :atev] he may h done aft] he & ,i p>t$ company4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 8,9 conclusion1 ,i beg to s5d y h]e) a photograph ( ,philipp ,reis 7see ,fig4 #ab1 p4 #bc71 hold+ 9 8 h& ! in/rum5t ,i help$ him to make1 & :i* photograph he took ( himself1 expos+ ! cam]a by a pneumatic arrangem5t ( 8 own1 & :i* =m$ "p ( a little ma*9e :i* he concoct$ = turn+ ov] ! leaves ( music-books4 8,! in/rum5t us$ by ,reis at ! ,physical ,society may h be5 ! squ>e block =m3 ,i believe t ?is cone-=m 0 n q complet$ !n4 ,at ! ,saalbau 7,ho*/ift71 h[ev]1 ,i am sure ! in/rum5t %[n 9 my photograph 0 employ$2 n ) a t9 cone1 b a wood5 "o4 ,i s5d y h]e) a sket* ( :at ,i rememb] t in/rum5t to h be54 ,i am n absolutely c]ta9 :e!r 9 ! in/rum5t !re 0 n an electromagnet introduc$1 b ,i ?9k n4 ,my recollection leads me to suppose t ! electromagnet arrangem5t 0 add$ subsequ5tly4 ,?9k+ x ov] aga91 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ! in/rum5t 9 ! photo mu/ h be5 "o 9 :i* a b5t lev] 0 plac$ beh9d ! tympanum1 & t ! rectangul> pat* se5 above 0 a wood5 cas+ to %elt] ! p>ts4 ,!re may be "s confusion 9 my m9d z to ! position ( ?is box1 b ,i someh[ ?9k ! rectangul> pat* is only "p ( a l>g] box :i* is n app>5t 9 ! photograph4 ,i h no idea :]e ! orig9al in/rum5t is n[1 b ,i %\ld h>dly ?9k x c\ld be 9 exi/5ce4 ,reis us$ to take "s in/rum5ts to pieces to utilise p>ts 9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 & ,i recollect h[ ke5 he us$ to be ab\t ! bits ( plat9um1 :i* he always describ$ z #8e9 sehr ko/b>es ,metall4' ,:at always 0 a great puzzle 0 ! atta*+ ( ! plat9um plate to ! membrane1 :i* he did g5]ally by seal+-wax1 say+ at ! same "t3 #8,es i/ ni*t re*t s1 ab] i* weiss ni*t wie es &]s gema*t w]d5 kann6' 8,believe me1 my de> ,sir1 y\rs truly1 8,erne/ ,horkheim]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,rudolph ,messel4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,dr4 ,rudolph ,messel1 ,f4,c4,s41 address$ to ! au?or ( ?is book1 9 reply to enquiries conc]n+ ,reis & 8 inv5tions1 speaks = itself4 ,dr4 ,messel's lett] diff]s f almo/ all ! o!rs "h repr9t$ 9 hav+ be5 specially writt5 = ! purpose ( be+ ins]t$ 9 ?is volume4--,s4 ,p4 ,t4 8#cf1 ,m>k ,lane1 ,london1 #cj? ,april1 #ahhc4 8,de> ,pr(essor ,?ompson1 8,at la/ ,i f9d a mom5t to comply ) y\r reque/4 ,my k ( ,philipp ,reis dates f #ahfj1 :5 ,i 0 a pupil at ,pr(essor ,g>ni]'s ,s*ool at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 ( :i* s*ool ,reis 0 "o ( ! und]ma/]s4 ,reis1 naturally communicative1 0 v fond ( talk+ to u boys ab\t 8 sci5tific rese>*es4 ,& x 0 on ! occasion ( "o ( our daily walks toge!r t he told me h[1 :5 an appr5tice at ,bey]ba*'s 7col\r-manufactur]71 9 ,frankfurt-a4-,m41 he 0 "o day amus+ himself 9 wat*+ ! behavi\r ( a small magnetic compass4 ,?is compass he f\nd1 on be+ plac$ ne> to ! base ( v>i\s iron columns 9 ! w>eh\se1 0 attract$4 ,di/urb$ by ! entrance ( "o ( ! pr9cipals1 :o imag9$ t ,reis ought to employ 8 "t m pr(itably1 he )drew to a /age :]e he c\ld pursue 8 exp]im5ts unobs]v$4 ,mu* to 8 surprise1 he n[ f\nd t ! pole attract$ by ! base 0 repuls$ at ! top ( ! columns1 :i* obs]vation l$ him to exam9e o!r pieces ( iron on ! premises4 ,he next built up a column ) all ! weights 9 ! w>eh\se1 & hav+ v]ifi$ 8 previ\s obs]vations1 he communicat$ :at he believ$ to be 8 fir/ & great discov]y ei!r to ,pr(essor ,bttg] or to ,dr4 ,oppel4 ,great 0 8 disappo9tm5t to le>n at ?is int]view t he _h unwitt+ly /umbl$ across a well-kn[n physical fact3 b 8 disappo9tm5t /imulat$ 9 him ! desire to le>n m ( ! m>vell\s laws & my/]ies ( nature4 ,t ,reis evok$ a simil> desire 9 ^? ) :om he came 9 contact ne$ n cause surprise1 & ?us x came ab\t t ,horkheim]1 ,k/]1 ,s*midt1 & myself1 soon enjoy$ ! privilege ( private in/ructions 9 physics1 & ( be+ p]mitt$ to witness 8 telephonic exp]im5ts among/ o!rs4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 v "y1 & am sorry t mu* t ,i !n saw & he>d has be5 =gott51 ,reis insi/$ t 8 transmitt] 7:i* he call$ ! #8e>'7 %\ld be capable ( p]=m+ ! functions ( t organ1 & he nev] tir$ ( draw+ diagrams ( ! num]\s curves ( s\nds to expla9 h[ necess>y x 0 t ! transmitt] %\ld foll[ ^! curves be=e p]fect speak+ c\ld be atta9$1 & :i* k9d ( curves ! in/rum5t s f> c\ld reproduce4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts 7 made ) transmitt]s1 exagg]at+ or dim9i%+ ! v>i\s compon5t p>ts ( ! e>4 ,wood5 & metallic app>atus1 r\gh & smoo?1 7 con/ruct$ 9 ord] to f9d out :at 0 ess5tial1 & :at 0 n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 8,"o =m ( transmitt] 0 at t "t con/ruct$ :i* ,i miss among/ ! v>i\s woodcuts y 7 good en\gh to s5d me1 & "o :i* ,reis bas$ great hopes ^u4 ,! in/rum5t 0 v r\gh1 h[ev]1 consi/+ ( a wood5 bung ( a be]-b>rel 7:i* ,i _h holl[$ out = an e>li] telephone--x 0 n turn$ inside l o!rs71 & ?is 0 clos$ ) a membrane4 ,! fav\rite #8,hmm]*5' 0 replac$ by a /raight wire1 fix$ 9 ! usual way ) seal+-wax1 & ! app>atus /ood )9 a sort ( tripod1 membrane d[nw>ds1 ! p9 j t\*+ ! surface ( a drop ( m]cury conta9$ 9 a small cup =m+ "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! circuit4 ,! app>atus />t$ (f ) spl5did results1 b may probably h be5 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( its great unc]ta9ty1 ?us %>+ ! fate ( o!r ( 8 e>li] in/rum5ts4 ,9 my belief x is to ^! me*anical imp]fections1 due pr9cipally to ! want ( suffici5t means at 8 comm&1 t we mu/ look to f9d ! reason :y ,reis's telephone did n come to an e>li] fame4 ,?us ,reis in=m$ me t he int5d$ to exhibit x once at "s sci5tific meet+ at ,cassel1 b not)/&+ a p]fect rehe>sal x 0 impossible to %[ ! work+ to ! audi5ce2 ! failure 0 attribut$ by ,reis to atmosph]ic influ5ce 7/ret*+ ( ! diaphragm71 & he felt mu* griev$ at hav+ lo/ 8 *ance4 ,to make matt]s worse1 ! e>ly transmitt]s _h no adju/+ screws1 & ! contact 0 only regulat$ by a piece ( b5t wire1 & ! #8hamm]' 0 fix$ to ! membrane4 ,philipp ,s*midt %\ld recollect :at ,i /ate1 z _m exp]im5ts 7 made :5 only he1 ,reis1 & myself 7 pres5t1 he be+ at "o & ,i at ! o!r end ( ! app>atus4 ,! wire 0 /ret*$ f ,reis's h\se1 9 ! ma9 road1 ?r\gh ! y>d to a hayl(t1 ne> ! g>d5 or field4 ,we transmitt$ musical s\nds 7organ1 c471 s++ popul> songs 7#8,w] w unt] die ,soldat51' #8,i* hatt' e95 ,kam]ad51' c47 & speak+1 or1 m correctly1 read+4 ,we _h a book1 & 7 to f9d out :at "p ( ! page ! read] 0 j transmitt+4 ,we frequ5tly us$ a sort ( #8,ex]ci] ,reglem5t1' a soldi]s' in/ruction book1 or some?+ ( t sort4 ,i h a di/9ct recollection ( electromagnetic receiv]s be+ us$1 b n ( _! con/ruction1 except t ! use ( "o ( !m 0 accompani$ by a rattl+ & di/urb+ noise4 ,! knitt+-ne$le put 9 ! f ( a viol9 01 h[ev]1 ! m fav\r$ receiv]1 b at ?is "t1 9 ,reis's m9d1 all seem$ to h+e on ! electromagnet1 z x _h be=e1 &1 ,i d>e say1 did aga9 aft]w>ds on ! transmitt]4 ,i left ,fri$ri*sdorf 9 '#fb1 & r>ely saw ,reis aft] t1 except a few times at ,me*anicus ,alb]t's 7:o made "s ( 8 app>atus71 & at ,pr(essor ,bttg]'s1 to :om he introduc$ me4 ,reis att5d$ ,pr(essor ,bttg]'s lectures at ! ,physikalis*] ,v]e91 :5 9 ,frank=t1 prior to 8 settl+ d[n at ,fri$ri*sdorf2 b ,i d n "k t any p>ticul>ly intimate relation exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,dr4 ,poppe1 director ( ! ,gew]bes*ule 7,trade ,s*ool71 n[ deceas$1 on ^: advice he *iefly reli$1 0 !n "o ( 8 m intimate fri5ds1 ,pr(essor ,oppel be+ occasionally consult$ ab\t m intricate ma!matical problems4 ,( ! #8meteorological record]' inv5t$ by ,reis ,i recollect b its exi/5ce1 b no?+ at all ( a #8fall-ma*9e' ( 8 con/ruction4 ,! velocip$e ,i only recollect1 because he l5t x to me = a masqu]ade4 ,at 8 sugge/ion we alt]$ x into a l>ge musical-box1 putt+ ,h]r ,pet] inside1 :o play$ on ! cl>9et :5 ,i turn$ a h&le4 ,dr4 ,kelln] /ates t its *ief m]it consi/$ 9 be+ able to g d[nhill1 & t poor ,reis came back 7uphill7 puff+ away1 dragg+ 8 velocip$e beh9d him4 ,kelln] no d\bt c\ld give valuable in=mation on ,reis's !ory ( electricity1 8 conviction t !re 0 only "o k9d ( electricity1 8 ac\/ic rese>*es1 & ^? on radiation ( electricity1 8 galvanopla/ic exp]im5ts1 c41 c4 8,9 p]sonal appe>ance ,reis 0 n v ref9$1 b he _h a /rik+ c\nt5ance & a v p[]ful look4 ,?\gh occasionally v irritable1 especially ) dunces1 he 0 always w>m-he>t$1 & %[$ great k9dness to ^? :o c>$ to und]/& him4 ,reis's views ( ! telephone may1 ( c\rse1 h *ang$ aft] ,i knew him1 & look+ at 8 lat] in/rum5ts1 "o ( :i* ,i possess1 ,i _c help ?9k+ !y did2 at any rate1 ,i d n see h[1 9 ^! in/rum5ts1 ! curr5t got int]rupt$ at all1 & ! in/rum5ts mu/ h act$ l microphones1 :e!r kn[n or unkn[n to him4 ,:5 li/5+ to ! in/rum5t he frequ5tly said to me1 8,y und]/& x is a #8molekul> ,bewegung' 7molecul> motion74 8,i am sorry t1 ow+ to ! lapse ( "t1 ,i am unable to ?r[ m light on ,reis's orig9al lab\rs 9 a field ( physical sci5ce :i* promis$ s mu* = ! future2 b insuffici5t z are my recollections1 !y may n be )\t public int]e/1 & at any rate ,i am glad ( ?is opportunity ( (f]+ my humble tribute ( reg>d & affection to ! memory ( my old tea*] & fri5d4 8,y\rs truly1 8,rudolph ,messel40 99 99 99 99 99 ,he9ri* ,hold4 ,h]r ,hold1 =m]ly a colleague ( ,philipp ,reis 9 ! ,g>ni] ,in/itute at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 b n[ proprietor ( a lea!r factory 9 ! same place1 0 tea*] ( ma!matics4 ,he 0 9 8 y\ng] days a fell[-/ud5t ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall at ,halle1 & 0 well acqua9t$ ) physical sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,8 intimate connection ) ,reis1 & close k ( ,reis's "w1 enable him to confirm ! te/imony ( o!rs 9 _m important po9ts4 ,to ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson 9 ,bri/ol4 8,e/eem$ ,sir1 8,i h mu* pleasure 9 furni%+ y ) ! foll[+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ my late colleague ,philipp ,reis1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone4 ,he 0 himself educat$ at ! ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute 9 ,fri$ri*sdorf :]e ,i 0 also tea*] ( ma!matics4 ,i knew him v well dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,among 8 num]\s orig9al rese>*es1 8 inv5tion ( ! telephone 0 ! pr9cipal "o4 ,8 idea 0 to reproduce ! tones bo? ( musical in/rum5ts & ( ! human voice by means ( electricity1 us+ a cov]$ wire w\nd 9 a spiral r\nd an iron core1 ! same be+ plac$ ^u a resonant box4 ,9 ?is he succe$$1 inasmu* z ) an app>atus1 :i* he %[$ to ! ,physikalis*] ,v]e9 9 ,frankfurt-a4-,m41 9 ! ye> #ahfa1 he reproduc$ music1 s++1 s+le words & %ort s5t5ces2 all ( :i* 7 di/9ctly audible ov] a %ort di/ance f 8 dwell+-h\se ?r\gh ! y>d to ! b>n4 ,e voice 0 n equally well adapt$ = speak+ into ! app>atus1 nei!r c\ld e e> und]/& ! telephone language equally well4 ,words spok5 sl[ly1 & s++1 bo? 9 a middle tone1 7 ! mo/ easy to reproduce4 ,i help$ ,mr4 ,reis to make _m ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & h spok5 & sung into ! telephone1 ! same be+ g5]ally he>d & und]/ood4 ,i h also he>d & und]/ood %ort s5t5ces :5 ,i 0 /&+ at ! end /ation4 ,a bro!r-9-law ( ,mr4 ,reis1 :o is n[ payma/] 9 ! ,imp]ial ,navy at ,wilhelm%avn1 g5]ally conduct$ ! speak+ & s++ 9 ! telephone4 8,he9ri* ,hold40 99 99 99 99 99 ,he9ri* ,fri$ri* ,pet]4 ,h]r ,pet] is /ill ,music-tea*] 9 ! ,g>ni] ,in/itute1 & has a vivid recollection ( 8 =m] colleague ,philipp ,reis1 & ( ! exp]im5ts ) ! telephone4 8,de> ,sir1 8,! foll[+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ,reis's ,telephone ,i h sev]al times n>rat$4 ,i 0 tea*] ( music 9 ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute at ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,reis inv5t$ ! telephone1 9 ! ye> #ahfa4 ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 8 exp]im5ts1 & visit$ him daily1 giv+ him help & mak+ sugge/ions4 ,8 fir/ idea 0 to imitate ! con/ruction ( ! human e>4 ,he con/ruct$ a funnel-%ap$ in/rum5t1 ! back ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) a sk9 ( is+lass1 ^u :i* 0 fa/5$ a piece ( plat9um1 aga9/ :i* re/$ a plat9um po9t4 ,z receiv] ( ! electric curr5t he us$ a common knitt+-ne$le1 surr\nd$ by a coil ( insulat$ gre5 wire1 :i* 0 at fir/ m]ely laid on a table4 ,at fir/ ! tones 7 v mu* int]f]$ ) by a buzz+ noise4 ,at my sugge/ion he plac$ ! spiral ^u my viol9 z a resonant-box2 :]eupon ! tones 7 p]fectly und]/ood1 ?\gh /ill accompani$ by ! buzz+ noise4 ,he cont9u$ exp]im5t+1 try+ v>i\s k9ds ( membranes1 & made cont9ual improvem5ts 9 ! app>atus4 ,i 0 pres5t & assi/$ at ! exp]im5ts at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 on ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #ahfa2 & aft] ! meet+ broke-up1 ,i saw ! memb]s ( ! ,society z !y came & congratulat$ ,mr4 ,reis on ! success ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,i play$ ^u ! ,engli% horn1 & ,philipp ,s*midt sang4 ,! s++ 0 he>d mu* bett] ?an ! play+4 ,at an exp]im5t :i* we made at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,h(ra? ,dr4 ,mll]1 ,apo!c>y ,mll]1 & ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,s*5k1 =m]ly ,director ( ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute1 an incid5t occurr$ :i* w int]e/ y4 ,s++ 0 at fir/ tri$2 & aft]w>ds 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,philipp ,s*midt1 read long s5t5ces f ,spiess's #8,turnbu*' 7,book ( ,gymna/ics71 :i* s5t5ces ,philipp ,reis1 :o 0 li/5+1 und]/ood p]fectly1 & repeat$ to u4 ,i said to him1 #8,philipp1 y "k t :ole book by he>t2' & ,i 0 unwill+ to believe t 8 exp]im5t c\ld be s successful unless he w\ld repeat = me ! s5t5ces :i* ,i w\ld give him4 ,s ,i !n w5t up into ! room :]e /ood ! telephone1 & purposely utt]$ "s nons5sical s5t5ces1 = in/ance3 #8,die ,sonne i/ von ,kupf]' 7,! sun is made ( copp]71 :i* ,reis und]/ood z1 #8,die ,sonne i/ von ,zuck]' 7,! sun is made ( sug>72 #8,das ,pf]d fris/ ke95 ,gurk5salat' 7,! horse eats no cucumb]-salad72 :i* ,reis und]/ood z #8,das ,pf]d fris/4444' 7,! horse eats 44474 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( ^! exp]im5ts :i* we tri$4 ,^? :o 7 pres5t 7 v greatly a/oni%$1 & 7 conv9c$ t ,reis's inv5tion _h op5$ out a great future4 8,h4 ,f4 ,pet]1 ,musiklehr]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,/eph5 ,mit*ell ,yeates1 ,esq4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,mr4 ,yeates is a well-kn[n in/rum5t-mak] 9 ! city ( ,dubl91 & 9 #ahfe1 pur*as$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,ladd1 ( ,london1 a ,reis's ,telephone ( ! =m %[n 9 ,reis's ,prospectus 7,fig4 #bi74 ,mr4 ,yeates1 aft] a few exp]im5ts1 reject$ ! knitt+-kne$le receiv]1 & replac$ x by ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 :i* consi/$ ( an electromagnet m\nt$ above a s\nd-box1 hav+ a vibrat+ armature furni%$ ) an adju/+ screw to regulate its di/ance f ! poles ( ! electromagnet4 ,?is in/rum5t work$1 ev5 :5 ! armature 0 9 absolute contact ) bo? poles ( ! electromagnet1 & z ! magnet did n dur+ ! exp]im5ts lose its hold on ! armature1 x 0 cle> t ! effects 7 due to alt]ations 9 ! int5sity ( ! magnetism ( ! magnet4 ,! app>atus 0 %ewn at ! ,novemb] meet+ ( ! ,dubl9 ,philosophical ,society1 :5 s++ & words 7 transmitt$4 ,) a c>eful adju/m5t x 0 possible to di/+ui% all ! quality ( ! note sung into ! transmitt] & to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 any two voices4 ,! in/rum5ts 7 !n sold to ! late ,rev4 ,mr4 ,k]nan1 :o 0 !n ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ,clong[es ,wood ,college4 ,! foll[+ rec5t lett] f ,mr4 ,yeates corroborates ! above facts4 8#b1 ,grafton ,/reet1 ,dubl91 8,m>* #a/1 #ahhc4 8,de> ,sir1 8,!re are sev]al resid+ at pres5t 9 ,dubl9 :o 7 pres5t at my telephonic exp]im5ts 9 #ahfe2 ?ree ( !m1 namely1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,fraz]1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,v]ek]1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,tuke1 took an active "p 9 ! exp]im5ts1 & rememb] all ! circum/ances connect$ ) !m4 ,! voice ( ea* 0 in/antly recognis$ 9 ! receiv]2 9 fact1 ?is po9t attract$ special att5tion at ! "t4 8,i _h no k at t "t t ,reis _h us$ an electromagnetic receiv]1 nor did ,i "k t ,reis 0 ! inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t :i* ,i got f ,mr4 ,ladd4 8,! orig9al in/rum5t made by me is1 ,i believe1 /ill 9 ! ,museum at ,clong[es ,wood ,college4 ,! ,presid5t k9dly l5t x to me "s "t ago1 & ,i return$ x to him aga9 aft] %[+ x to ,pr(essor ,b>rett4 ,i h a cut ( ?is receiv]1 :i* ,i w s5d to y if x w be ( any use to y4 8,y\rs truly1 8,s4 ,m4 ,yeates40 99 99 99 99 99 ,william ,fraz]1 ,esq41 ,m4 ,d41 8#bj1 ,h>c\rt ,/reet1 ,dubl91 8,m>* #ac1 #ahhc4 8,de> ,sir1 8,i h a di/9ct recollection ( ! ,telephone4 ,we _h a small private club meet+ once ea* mon? = sci5tific purposes4 ,on ref]r+ to my note-books1 ,i f9d t !re 0 a meet+ on ,?ursday ev5+1 ,octob] #e?1 #ahfe4 ,x 0 held 9 ,nassau ,/reet1 at ! resid5ce ,mr4 ,horatio ,yeates1 n[ 9 ,au/ralia1 & bro!r ( ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,yeates4 ,! ,telephone 0 up/airs1 9 ! ?ird /ory ( ! h\se1 & ! voice he>d 9 ! hall4 ,mr4 ,v]ek]1 ( ! ,bank ( ,irel&1 ,mr4 ,john ,rigby1 ( rifle celebrity1 ! two ,mr4 ,yeates1 &1 ,i ?9k1 ,mr4 ,tuke1 7 pres5t ) myself4 ,!re 7 "s o!rs1 :om ,i _c n[ recollect1 b our club 0 small4 8,rigby sang #8,patrick's ,day' & #8,god save ! ,que51' & v>i\s que/ions 7 ask$ & answ]$4 ,! sep>ate words 7 mo/ di/9ct1 ! s++ less s2 b !re 0 no difficulty 9 recognis+ ! individual :o spoke by 8 voice4 8,be+ mu* int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 ,i got ,mr4 ,yeates to all[ ! app>atus to be %ewn at a ,conv]sazione 7,presbyt]ian ,"y ,m5's7 at ! ,rotunda on ,octob] #ab1 at #h ,p4,m4 ,8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,tuke1 took *>ge ( x t night4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 a side room (f ! ma9 r\nd room ( ! build+s4 8,i exhibit$ at ! ,octob] #e? meet+ ( our club a specim5 t]m$ #8,locu/ gum1' probably d]iv$ f "s ,rob9ia1 b really c tell y no?+ m ab\t x4 ,!re is m]ely a brief note ( x 9 my private memor&a4 8,y\rs1 de> ,sir1 ,believe me v truly1 8,william ,fraz]1 8,fell[ & ,exam9]1 ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 8,irel&1 ,memb] ( ,c\ncil1 ,royal ,iri% 8,academy1 c40 8,silvanus ,p4 ,?ompson1 ,esq41 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,bri/ol40 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,reis',s ,,transmitt]s ,,) ,,rec5t ,,in/rum5ts4 ,any "o :o comp>es toge!r ! _m diff]5t =ms ( ,reis's ,transmitt]s _c fail to notice t amid/ ! great v>iety ( =m1 two ess5tial po9ts are pres]v$ ?r\gh\t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is fundam5tal4 ,^! two ess5tials are1 fir/ly1 ! tympanum to collect ! voice-waves1 &1 secondly1 an electric me*anism1 consi/+ ( two or m p>ts 9 loose or imp]fect contact ) ea* o!r1 & s arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) ! tympanum t ! motions ( ! latt] %\ld alt] ! degree ( contact1 & consequ5tly int]rupt1 to a great] or less degree1 ! curr5t ( electricity fl[+ betwe5 ! contact-pieces4 ,x 0 ( c\rse famili> to all electricians1 long be=e ,reis1 t a bad1 or imp]fect1 or loose contact 9 a circuit (f]$ a resi/ance & int]rupt$ ! fl[ ( an electric curr5t4 ,9 all ord9>y telegraphic & electric app>atus great c>e 0 tak5 to avoid loose & imp]fect contacts by us+ clamp+-screws & solid connectors4 ,b ,reis1 hav+ made up 8 m9d 7see p4 #gg7 t ! action due to ! magnetis+ curr5t mu/ v>y 9 a mann] correspond+ )1 & !re=e proportional to1 ! vibrations ( ! voice1 utilis$ ?is prop]ty ( imp]fect contacts :i* alt] _! resi/ance accord+ to ! degree ( contact1 by arrang+ 8 me*anism s z to apply ! voice to v>y ! degree ( contact4 ,?is 0 ! ess5ce ( 8 transmitt]s4 ,9 o!r words1 he appli$ ! voice to control or mod]ate ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t g5]at$ by a batt]y4 ,8 8int]ruptors0 may !re=e ) propriety be call$ 8electric curr5t contact regulators20 & put into te*nical language1 ! ess5ce ( ?is "p ( 8 inv5tion lay 9 ! comb9ation ) a tympanum ( electric curr5t regulators work+ ^u ! pr9ciple ( v>iable contact4 ,9 ano!r app5dix is discuss$ ! precise nature ( t :i* occurs at a po9t ( v>iable or imp]fect contact1 & :i* results 9 a correspond+ *ange ( electrical resi/ance :5 ! degree ( contact is v>i$4 ,suffice x to say "h t x is impossible to v>y ! degree ( contact betwe5 two bodies :i* are lightly press+ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t is fl[+1 )\t alt]+ ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! curr5t by ?is jo9t 9 ! circuit4 ,if ! two surfaces are press$ toge!r1 s t !re is a good contact1 ! curr5t fl[s m freely1 f9d+ less resi/ance4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 by alt]+ ! pressure or ! am\nt ( surface expos$1 we *ange ! degree ( contact & cause few] atoms ( "o piece to t\* ^? ( ! o!r piece1 ! curr5t meets ) great] ob/ruction & _c fl[ ) su* /r5g? z be=e3 x is p>tially 8int]rupt$10 to use ! expressive t]m employ$ by ,reis4 ,n[ ?is op]ation ( v>y+ ! degree ( pressure 9 ord] to v>y ! resi/ance ( ! int]rupt] or contact regulator1 0 di/9ctly contemplat$ by ,reis4 ,we f9d 8 def9ite in/ructions1 = example 7see p4 #ge71 = arrang+ ! relative l5g?s ( ! two p>ts ( ! curv$ lev] 9 "o ( 8 transmitt]s1 s t ! movem5t ( "o contact-piece may act on ! o!r contact-piece ) ! greate/ possible =ce2 9 o!r words1 he %ort5$ 8 lev] at ! work+ end1 sacrific+ its range ( motion 9 ord] to get a great] range ( pressure at ! contact-po9t4 ,x has (t5 be5 said1 b incorrectly1 t ,reis int5d$ 8 8int]ruptors0 or contact regulators to make & break ! electric circuit abruptly 9 ! mann] ( a telegraphic key work$ by h&4 ,no d\bt 9 ! m\? ( a pr(essional telegraph op]ator ! words 8int]rupt+0 ! circuit1 & 8op5+0 & 8clos+0 ! circuit1 d n[-a-days receive ?is n>r[ te*nical mean+4 ,b ,reis 0 n a pr(essional telegraph op]ator3 he did n 7see p4 #hg7 ev5 "k ! signals ( ! ,morse code1 & x is self-evid5t t he did n use ! t]ms 9 any su* re/rict$ or unnatural s5se z abrupt 8make-&-break10 because he propos$ at ! outset to int]rupt ! curr5t 9 a mann] repres5t$ by ! gradual rise & fall ( a curve1 /at+ emphatically 9 8 v fir/ memoir on telephony 7p4 #ee71 t to reproduce any tone or comb9ation ( tones all t 0 necess>y 0 8to set up vibrations ^: curves are l ^?0 ( ! giv5 tone or comb9ation ( tones4 ,moreov]1 9 ! con/ruction ( almo/ all 8 transmitt]s1 ev5 9 ! v fir/--! model ( ! human e>--he purposely introduc$ c]ta9 p>ts :i* c\ld h no o!r effect ?an to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( complete breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( ! curr5t4 ,9 fact1 in/ead ( us+ rigid supports = 8 int]ruptor1 he m\nt$ "o or bo? ( ! contact-p>ts ) spr+s1 s t "o %\ld foll[ ! movem5t ( ! o!r ) a g5tle pressure nev] am\nt+ to absolute break1 except p]haps 9 ! accid5tal case ( a too l\d %\t4 ,by employ+ ^! foll[+-spr+s1 he introduc$1 9 fact ! elem5t ( ela/icity into 8 int]ruptor2 & cle>ly he introduc$ x = ! v purpose ( avoid+ abrupt break+ ( ! contact4 ,9 ! fir/ =m ,fig4 #e1 p4 #af 7! 8e>071 !re 0 "o spr+2 9 ! f\r? =m1 ,figs4 #i & #aj1 p4 #ba 7! 8bor$ block071 !re 7 two spr+s1 "o ( /eel1 curv$1 & "o1 a /raight b spr+y /rip1 ( copp]2 9 ! eigh? =m 7! 8lev]0 =m71 ,fig4 #ad1 p4 #be1 !re 7 two spr+s2 9 ! n9? =m1 ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #bf1 !re 0 a spr+y /rip ( brass4 ,9 ! f9al =m1 ,figs4 #ag & #ah1 p4 #bg 7! 8squ>e-box0 patt]n71 !re 01 x is true1 a spr+y /rip ( copp]1 b ! light adju/m5t ( contact 0 9 ?is =m obta9$1 n by a spr+1 b by ! in]tia ( ! upp] contact-piece :i* by its own weight press$ g5tly ^u ! l[] contact-piece4 ,9 e "o ( ^! =ms1 except ! la/1 !re 0 moreov] an adju/+-screw to det]m9e ! exact degree ( initial pressure betwe5 ! contact surfaces4 ,d\btless ! difficulty ( adju/+ ?is screw to give ! exact degree ( contact1 enhanc$ z t difficulty 0 9 consequ5ce ( ! liability ( ! membrane\s tympanum to become flaccid by ! moi/ure ( ! brea?1 induc$ ,reis to ?9k t ! lat] =m ( ! app>atus 9 :i* ?is adju/m5t 0 no long] reta9$ w\ld be m easy to use1 or1 z he says 9 8 ,prospectus1 m accessible to o!rs4 ,yet und\bt$ly ! abs5ce ( ! spr+ at ! contacts l$ "s p]sons to fancy t ! in/rum5t 0 int5d$ to be %\t$ or sung to s l\dly t e vibration %\ld make ! upp] contact-piece jump up f ! l[]1 & z ,pr(essor ,mll] ev5 sugge/s 7p4 #ih71 produce a sp>k6 ,b su* a mann] ( us+ ! in/rum5t w\ld entirely defeat ,reis's mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ! int]ruptions %\ld be su* z to correspond to ! undulat+ curve :i* repres5ts ! pressure due to vibration ( ! s\nd-wave2 ! possibility ( repres5t+ ! degree ( pressure by a curve be+ "o ( ! two pr9ciples set =? 9 8 pap] 8on ,telephony0 7p4 #ee71 9 :i* he rem>ks1 t 8,tak+ my /& on ! prec$+ pr9ciples1 ,i h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an app>atus by means ( :i* ,i am 9 a position to reproduce 444 ev5 to a c]ta9 degree ! human voice40 ,reis 0 p]fectly well aw>e1 z 8 curves %[1 t a complicat$ s\nd-wave does n consi/ inv>iably ( "o cond5sation foll[$ by "o r>efaction1 b t !re are all sorts ( degrees ( cond5sation :i* may foll[ "o ano!r1 & all capable ( be+ repres5t$ by a curve4 ,if all s\nds consi/$ ( "o r>efaction foll[+ imm$iately aft] ea* "o cond5sation !re might be "s propriety 9 propos+ t aft] ea* 8make0 ( contact !re %\ld be a 8break0 9 ! s5se ( an abrupt or complete brea* 9 ! cont9uity ( ! curr5t4 ,b1 obvi\sly1 ! fact t "o cond5sation may foll[ ano!r )\t a r>efaction betwe5 7:i* ,reis's curves %[ t he knew7 mu/ be amply suffici5t to prove t on ,reis's own pr9ciple 8 int]ruptor 0 meant to produce v>iations 9 ! degree ( contact 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! v>iations 9 ! degree ( pressure1 :atev] ^! might be4 ,_h he n meant ?is1 he c\ld n h talk$ ab\t 8tak+ 8 /&0 on ! pr9ciple ( repres5t+ v>y+ pressures by an undulatory curve4 ,n[1 f :at has be5 adduc$1 ! foll[+ po9ts are cle>3-- ,fir/ly1 t ! contact-regulator :i* ,reis comb9$ ) ! tympanum 0 meant to int]rupt ! curr5t1 m or less1 accord+ to ! v>y+ movem5ts imp>t$ to x by ! voice4 ,secondly1 t ,reis int5d$ su* int]ruptions or v>iations ( contact to be proportional to1 or to 8correspond0 )1 ! v>iations indicat$ by ! undulatory curve ( v>y+ pressures4 ,?irdly1 t = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! occurr5ce ( abrupt breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( ! circuit1 he us$ spr+s & adju/+ screws1 & 9 "o =m avail$ himself ( ! in]tia ( ! mov+ p>ts to atta9 a simil> end4 ,x is also cle> f 8 own prospectus1 t he 0 aw>e t = ! simpl] & rud] purpose ( transmitt+ musical airs1 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! vibrations is ! only consid]ation & :]e ea* s+le cond5sation is actually foll[$ by a r>efaction1 actual abrupt breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( ! circuit are admissible4 ,reis *ose ?is simple case z ! "o capable ( be+ readily grasp$ by a g5]al audi5ce1 ?\gh x 0 obvi\sly only a p>tial explanation ( ! action ( ! app>atus 9 ! simple/ case t c\ld be pres5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ n[ to "s ( ! m mod]n transmitt]s1 we w inquire h[ f> ,reis's fundam5tal pr9ciples are involv$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,we w fir/ take ,b]l9]'s transmitt]1 ( :i* ,fig4 #dc is a draw+1 reproduc$ f ! sket* 9 ! specification ( 8 ,briti% ,pat5t4 ,?is transmitt] consi/s ( a tympanum ( ?9 metal to collect ! s\nd-waves1 & beh9d x is atta*$ an int]rupt] or curr5t regulator1 id5tical 9 almo/ e respect ) t ( ,reis4 ,"o ( ! contact-pieces1 m>k$ ,e1 circul> 9 =m1 is fix$ to ! c5tre ( ! tympanum1 & vibrates ) x1 precisely z 9 ,reis's late/1 & 9 "s also ( 8 e>li] in/rum5ts4 ,aga9/ ?is !re re/s 9 light contact a second contact-piece1 9 ! =m ( a small blunt spike1 ,f1 screw$ into a %ort arm1 loosely jo9t$ to ! "p ,n1 :]e ! circuit is connect$4 ,z 9 ,reis's late/ transmitt] 7,fig4 #ag1 p4 #bg71 s "h1 ! contact-pieces are kept 9 contact by gravity4 ,:5 any p]son talks to ! tympanum x vibrates1 &1 z a result1 ! degree ( contact betwe5 ! two surfaces is v>i$1 result+ 9 a great] or less int]ruption ( ! curr5t1 ! in]tia ( ! upp] contact-piece1 s]v+ to prev5t complete abrupt 8break0 ( ! circuit1 except "u unusually /rong vibrations4 ,9 fact1 if ! speak] talks too l\dly :5 speak+ into ,b]l9]'s transmitt]1 he w cause abrupt breaks to occur in/ead ( p>tial int]ruptions2 & a rattl+ noise comes 9 to confuse ! spee* at ! receiv+ end ( ! l9e4 ,b ?is is precisely :at occurs 9 a ,reis's transmitt] if "o talks too l\dly to x4 ,x is obvi\s t if ,b]l9]'s transmitt] is a 8make-&-break0 in/rum5t1 s is ,reis's1 because ! pr9ciple ( action is id5tical3 & x is also obvi\s t if ,b]l9]'s in/rum5t is capable ( v>y+ ! resi/ance at ! contact-po9ts by int]rupt+ ! curr5t 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! pressures ( ! air 9 ! s\nd-waves1 s also is ,reis's in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x is a fact t 9 ,b]l9]'s in/rum5t x is usual to make ! contact-pieces1 or "o ( !m1 ( h>d artificial coke-c>bon1 z ?is sub/ance w nei!r fuse nor ru/4 ,b ,b]l9]'s transmitt] w transmit spee* p]fectly if ! contact p>ts be ( brass1 silv]1 plat9um1 c>bon1 or almo/ any o!r good conductor4 ,9 mo/ ( ,reis's in/rum5ts ! contact-pieces 7 usually ( plat9um2 b !y "w q z well if artificial coke-c>bon is sub/itut$4 ,9 fact1 ,reis's pr9ciple ( v>iable & ela/ic contact is applicable to contact-pieces ( any mat]ial t is a good en\gh conductor ( electricity & h>d en\gh = ! purpose4 ,! ma9 improvem5t 9 ,b]l9]'s transmitt] is ! sub/itution ( ! metal tympanum = ! membrane\s "o1 :i* 0 liable to become flabby ) moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,we pass on to ,blake's transmitt]1 :i* is ! "o m g5]ally us$ 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an any o!r4 ,! draw+1 ,fig4 #dd1 ( ?is in/rum5t is tak5 f ! specifications ( ,blake's ,briti% ,pat5t1 & %ews all t conc]ns ! contact-p>ts4 ,x does n %[ ! accessories1 ! induction-coil1 or ! =m ( adju/+ screw & frame peculi> to ?is in/rum5t4 ,inspection ( ! figure %[s t ?is transmitt] consi/s ( a m\?piece 9 ! =m ( a conical hole bor$ ?r\gh a /\t plank ( wood1 & clos$ at ! back by a metal tympanum ( exactly ! same size z t ( ,reis1 beh9d :i* ! int]ruptor is plac$1 precisely z 9 "s ( ,reis's in/rum5ts4 ,9 ?is int]ruptor bo? ! contact-p>ts are support$ on spr+s1 resembl+1 ev5 9 ! curve giv5 to !m1 ! spr+s ,reis us$4 ,! fir/ ( ! contact-pieces is a small metal spike4 ,conc]n+ x ,mr4 ,blake rem>ks 7page #d ( ,specification73--8,x is desirable t x %\ld be =m$ (1 or plat$ )1 "s metal1 l plat9um or nickel1 :i* is n easily corrod$4 ,x may be atta*$ directly to ! diaphragm1 b ,i pref] to support x indep5d5tly1 z %ewn1 ^u a light spr+40 444 8,?is me?od ( support+ ! electrode ensures its contact ) ! o!r electrode "u "s circum/ances :5 o!rwise !y w\ld be liable to be sep>at$ & ! circuit brok540 ,9 fact ?is spr+ s]ves functions precisely id5tical ) ^? ( ! spr+s us$ by ,reis4 ,! second ( ! contact-pieces may be describ$ z a mass ( metal at ! end ( a spr+4 ,( x ! pat5tee rem>ks3--8,?is weight may be ( metal :i* may s]ve directly z ! electrode1 b ,i h obta9$ bett] results by apply+ to x1 at ! po9t ( contact ) ! o!r electrode1 a piece ( gas-coke or a h>d-press$ block ( c>bon40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a mass ( silv] or ( nickel or ( plat9um w transmit talk+ p]fectly1 b ^! metals1 ?\gh bett] conductors1 are m liable to corrode & fuse1 & may require !re=e m frequ5t r5ewal1 ?an gas-coke4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x is immat]ial to ! action ( a ,blake transmitt] :at sub/ance is us$ = ! contact-pieces1 x is cle> t ! pr9ciple ( employ+ an int]ruptor m\nt$ on spr+s is ! real feature ( ! in/rum5t4 ,reis also m\nt$ 8 int]rupt]s ) spr+s1 & = ! v same purpose4 ,! function ( ! weight on ! second spr+ ( ! ,blake transmitt] is to resi/ ! movem5t ( ! tympanum1 & to 8modify by its in]tia ! v>iations ( pressure0 betwe5 ! two contact-pieces4 ,9 o!r words1 x acts p>tly z ,b]l9]'s transmitt]1 by in]tia4 ,s did "o ( ,reis's in/rum5ts1 z we h se54 ,9 ! ,blake in/rum5t !re is ! happy idea ( apply+ bo? ! spr+-pr9ciple & ! in]tia-pr9ciple at once4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is1 if ! speak] %\ts too l\dly into a ,blake transmitt]1 he w cause abrupt breaks betwe5 ! contact-pieces in/ead ( produc+ p>tial int]ruptions 9 ! contact1 & 9 t case spee* w1 z he>d at ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 be spoil$ by a rattl+ noise4 ,x is possible1 also1 ) ,reis's in/rum5ts to spoil ! articulation by %\t+ too l\dly1 & caus+ actual abrupt breaks 9 ! cont9uity4 ,if ,blake's int]ruptor c be work$ z a make-&-break 9 ?is s5se1 s c ,reis's3 = !re is n "o ( ! features :i* is ess5tial to ,blake's in/rum5t t _c be f\nd 9 ,reis's also4 ,by way ( fur!r c>ry+ out ! comp>ison betwe5 ,reis's me?ods ( comb9+ 8 tympanum ) 8 contact-regulator1 & ! me?ods adopt$ by lat] inv5tors1 we give1 9 ,fig4 #de1 t5 comp>ative sket*es1 ! fir/ five ( :i* illu/rate ,reis's me?ods4 ,9 ^! sket*es ! only lib]ty tak5 is t ( repres5t+ no m ( ! in/rum5ts ?an ! actual p>ts want$ 9 ! comp>ison4 ,no4 #a repres5ts ! work+-p>ts ( ,reis's fir/ model e>1 ) its curv$ lev]1 plat9um-tipp$ spr+1 & adju/+ screw4 ,no4 #b %[s ! spr+s1 screw1 & contact-pieces ( ,reis's bor$-block transmitt] 78f\r? =m30 comp>e ,figs #i & #aj1 p4 #ba74 ,no4 #c %[s ! curv$ lev]1 ! spr+s1 & ! adju/+ screw ( ,reis's eigh? transmitt] 78lev]0 =m74 ,no4 #d gives ! work+ p>ts ( ,reis's n9? transmitt]1 describ$ 9 detail on p4 #bg4 ,no4 #e1 9 :i* ! tympanum is plac$ 9 a v]tical position1 m]ely = conv5i5ce ( comp>ison ) ! o!r figures1 %[s ! work+ p>ts ( ,reis's f9al =m ( in/rum5t1 9 :i* gravity & ! in]tia ( ! upp] contact-piece enabl$ him to disp5se ) ! adju/m5t ( spr+ & screw4 ,no4 #f %[s 9 pr(ile ,b]l9]'s transmitt]1 :i* may be in/ructively comp>$ ) ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #g %[s ! work+ "p ( ,blake's transmitt]1 :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) ,nos4 #b & #d3 ev5 ! curve ( ! spr+s imitates t adopt$ by ,reis4 ,nos4 #h1 #i1 & #aj are =ms ( transmitt] devis$ by ,edison4 ,no4 #h is copi$ f ,fig4 #aj ( ! specification ( ,edison's ,briti% ,pat5t4 ,x w be se5 t "h !re is an int]ruptor plac$ on ea* side ( ! tympanum1 & t ea* int]ruptor consi/s ( a %ort spike m\nt$ on a spr+ & furni%$ ) an adju/+-screw4 8,plat9a foil disks10 says ! inv5tor1 are to be secur$ to ea* side ( ! diaphragm1 & aga9/ ^! disks1 z 9 ,reis's in/rum5ts1 press ! contact-po9ts ( ! int]ruptors4 ,! pat5tee also /ates 7p4 #g ( 8 ,specification71 t = ^! contact-po9ts 8any sub/ance n liable to rapid decomposition0 may be us$4 ,?is t]m includes all ! sub/ances us$ by ,reis1 & a great _m o!rs4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t ?is :ole device is no?+ m ?an a ,reis transmitt] ) ! contact p>ts duplicat$4 ,yet ?is in/rum5t 0 int5d$ by ,edison to transmit spee*1 & w1 l ,reis's in/rum5t1 transmit spee* if prop]ly us$4 ,no4 #i ( ! set ( sket*es is tak5 f ,fig4 #be ( ,edison's ,briti% ,specification1 b omits ! induction-coil & o!r accessories1 reta9+ ! p>ts want$ = comp>ison4 ,! pat5tee ?us describes ! p>ts figur$4 8,! t5sion-regulator mean+ !reby ! int]ruptor or contact-regulator is made ( plat9a-foil ^u ! surface ( two s(t rubb] tubes2 "o on ! diaphragm1 ! o!r on ! adju/+-screw40 ,x is int]e/+ to note "h h[ ! +5uity ( ! lat] inv5tor l$ him to v>y ! con/ruction adopt$ by ! orig9al inv5tor 9 sub/itut+ an ela/ic cu%ion ( s(t rubb] = ! spr+s ( ! old] in/rum5ts4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( comb9+ a tympanum ) a contact-regulator1 :i* 0 ,reis's fundam5tal notion1 is "h also ! lead+ idea2 & ! fur!r idea ( obviat+ abrupt breaks 9 ! curr5t by apply+ ela/ic supports is also c>ri$ out4 ,edison ev5 copies ,reis 9 hav+ an adju/+-screw1 & he applies ! v same sub/ance--plat9um foil--:i* ,reis us$ 9 8 v fir/ & 8 v la/ transmitt]4 ,edison's transmitt] transmits spee* v fairly1 ev5 )\t any ( su* lat] accessories z induction-coils2 & :y %\ld x n8 ,x is con/ruct$ on ! v l9es1 nay1 ) details almo/ id5tical ) ^? prescrib$ by ,reis 9 describ+ 8 inv5tion4 ,x embodies ^? fundam5tal ideas :i* ,reis set be=e him :5 he said1 8,tak+ my /& ^u ! prec$+ pr9ciples1 ,i h succe$$40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! la/ ( ! t5 sket*es ( ,fig4 #de is tak5 f ,edison's fir/ ,am]ican ,pat5t specification ,no4 #bjc1jad1 fil$ ,july #bj1 #ahgg1 & %[s a duplicat$ int]rupt] ) spr+s & adju/+-screws comb9$ ) a tympanum4 ,fur!r comm5t on ?is arrangem5t is ne$less1 save to rem>k t 9 ?is pat5t = 8speak+ telegraphs10 ,edison himself describes ! contact-app>atus :i* ,reis t]m$ an 8int]rupt]10 z a 8circuit-clos]10 or 9 ano!r place z 8circuit-break+ connections10 &1 9 8 ,briti% ,pat5t quot$ above1 z a 8t5sion-regulator40 ,x is evid5t t if ,reis c\ld transmit spee* by an int]rupt] :i* clos$ & op5$ ! circuit 7always 9 proportion to ! vibrations7 !re is no reason :y ,edison sev5te5 ye>s aft]w>ds %\ld n accompli% ! same result by a simil> means4 ,b x has lately be5 fa%ionable to d5y t any su* device z an int]rupt] m\nt$ on spr+s c transmit spee* at all6 ,we h n[ comp>$ ) ,reis's transmitt]s sev]al ( ! m mod]n inv5tions4 ,x w\ld be possible to c>ry comp>ison fur!r 7 t c\rse ne$$4 ,we h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to rake up ,edison's n[ disc>d$ lamp-black button transmitt]2 & we h n yet spok5 ( ,crossley's transmitt] nor ( ,!il]'s transmitt]1 nor ( _! p>5t ! ,hughes' microphone1 nor ( doz5s ( o!r =ms4 ,9 "s ( ^! !re is no specific 8tympanum10 b only a s\nd+-bo>d ( p9e-wood1 & 9 mo/ ( !m ! po9ts ( loose-contact1 :]e int]ruption m or less complete may occur1 are multipli$4 ,b !y all come back 9 ! end to ,reis's fundam5tal idea1 namely t ( sett+ ! voice to v>y ! degree ( contact 9 a me*anism :i* he call$ an int]ruptor1 & :i* o!rs h call$ a curr5t-regulator 7or1 less correctly1 a t5sion-regulator7 :i*1 because ! degree ( contact betwe5 its p>ts 0 v>i$1 caus$ ^? p>ts to (f] m or less resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t1 & !reby ?rew x into vibrations correspond+ to ^? ( ! s\nd-wave impress$ ^u ! tympanum4 ,!re is n a practical transmitt] us$ 9 any ( ! telephone ex*anges ( ,great ,brita9 to-day t does n embody ?is pr9ciple4 ,reis did1 inde$1 p5etrate to ! v he>t ! pr9ciples necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 a successful telephone4 ,he 0 ma/] ( ! situation4 ,=1 z 9 e practical transmitt] 9 use to-day1 s 9 8 transmitt]1 !re 0 a loose contact 9 ! circuit s arrang$ t ! voice c\ld act ^u x1 & !reby regulate ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,if y elim9ate ?is "p ( ! app>atus1--screw up ! loose-contacts ( y\r transmitt]s1 s t y\r voices _c affect !m1--:at w y\r telephones be wor?8 ,no3 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! transmitt]--8,das ,telephon0 emphatically z its inv5tor /yl$ x--is v>iable contact2 & t all-ess5tial pr9ciple 0 inv5t$ & appli$ = ! purpose ( transmitt+ spee* by ,philipp ,reis 9 #ahfa4 ,if ?is does n suffice z a claim = ! inv5tion ( ! ,telephone transmitt]1 x may well be wond]$ :at w4 ,we c disp5se ) all o!r features save ?is "o4 ,we c ev5 disp5se ) ! tympanum or diaphragm :i* ,reis introduc$1 & c op]ate on ! contact-p>ts )\t ! int]v5tion ( ?is "p ( ! comb9ation4 ,we c use ! v metals :i* ,reis us$1 & disp5se ) lamp-black & all ! fallaci\s rubbi% t has be5 subsequ5tly devis$ ab\t semi-conductors1 :atev] t t]m may mean4 ,we c ev5 disp5se ) spr+s & adju/+ screws4 ,b ) ! pr9ciple ( v>iable contact we c n disp5se4 ,t :i* alone is indisp5sable ,philipp ,reis discov]$4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,electric ,,resi/ance ,,at ,a ,,po9t ,,( ,,imp]fect ,,contact ,,9 ,a ,,circuit4 ,ev] s9ce electricians _h exp]im5t$ ) voltaic curr5ts1 & especially s9ce ! introduction ( ! electric telegraph1 x _h be5 a famili> fact t a loose or imp]fect contact 9 ! circuit caus$ a resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t & int]rupt$ x m or less completely4 ,to obviate ! occurr5ce ( loose or imp]fect contacts1 b9d+-screws 7 inv5t$2 & _m 7 ! precautions tak5 to make tight contacts at jo9ts 9 ! l9e1 ! resi/ance ( :i* x 0 desirable to ma9ta9 at a m9imum4 ,"y telegraphi/s 7 p>ticul>ly in/ruct$ to press _! keys well d[n 9 signall+1 because a light contact w\ld (f] "s resi/ance :i*1 on an increase ( pressure1 w\ld disappe>4 ,9 fact1 x 0 g5]ally well kn[n t ! resi/ance ( two pieces ( metal or o!r conduct+ mat]ial 9 contact ) "o ano!r might be made to v>y by v>y+ ! goodness or badness ( ! contact ) ! application ( m or less =ce4 ,?is fact 0 kn[n to apply to good conductors1 su* z copp] & o!r metals1 & x 0 kn[n to apply also to non-metallic conductors1 su* z plumbago4 ,plumbago po9ts 7 us$ by ,v>ley = ! contacts ( relays2 x hav+ be5 f\nd t po9ts ( plat9um 7 liable to become fus$ toge!r ) ! passage ( ! curr5t1 & by s /ick+ r5d]$ ! in/rum5t useless4 ,s9ce plumbago 0 kn[n to be infusible1 x 0 hop$ t a plumbago contact w\ld prove m reliable4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! plumbago relay did n turn out s well4 ,true x did n fuse1 or /ick1 or ru/2 b x 0 ev5 m liable ?an plat9um to =m imp]fect contacts1 ! resi/ance ( ! light contact be+ s high t a suffici5t curr5t did n pass4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r o!r non-metallic sub/ances 7 tri$2 probably n1 because ( non-metallic sub/ances plumbago is "o ( ! few t are good conductors4 ,accord+ to ,edison 7,briti% ,pat5t1 ,no4 #gib1 #ahhb71 compress$ graphite is a sub/ance ( great conductivity4 ,accord+ to ,f>aday 7#8,exp4 ,res4' vol4 i4 p4 #bd71 retort-c>bon is an excell5t conductor4 ,bo? graphite & retort-c>bon agree ) ! metals 9 ! prop]ty t ! electric resi/ance (f]$ at a po9t ( contact betwe5 !m v>ies :5 ! pressure at ! contact is v>i$4 ,x is inde$ rem>kable ?r\gh :at wide ranges ( resi/ance ! contact betwe5 two good conductors may v>y4 ,! resi/ance ( contact betwe5 two pieces ( copp] may be made to v>y 9 a p]fectly cont9u\s mann] by *anges ( pressure ?r\gh a range1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 f a small fraction ( "o ohm1 up to a resi/ance ( _m ?\s& ohms4 ,! same is true ( silv]1 brass1 & _m o!r good conductors1 includ+ graphite & retort-coke1 ?\gh ) ! latt] mat]ials ! range ( resi/ances is n s great4 ,) p>tial conductors1 su* z oxide ( manganese1 sulphide ( copp]1 sulphide ( molybd5um1 c41 & ) bad conductors1 su* z lamp-black & sel5ium1 ^: conductivity is millions ( times less ?an t ( graphite1 copp]1 & o!r good conductors1 x is impossible to get equally wide v>iations ( resi/ance1 z ! am\nt ( pressure at a po9t :i* w br+ ! bad conductors into intimacy ( contact1 w n turn !m into good conductors4 ,plat9um be+ 9 ! category ( good conductors1 is among/ ^? sub/ances :i* yield a v wide range ( electrical resi/ances at ! contact-po9ts :i* are submitt$ to v>y+ pressures4 ,) ! v highe/ conductors1 su* z silv] & copp]1 ! electrical range ( contact-resi/ance is high] ?an ) ^? ( less] conductivity1 su* z lead1 plat9um1 graphite1 & retort-coke4 ,b ?\gh ! range ( v>iation 9 electrical resi/ance at contacts is highe/ = ! be/ conductors1 !re comes 9 ano!r elem5t1 namely1 ! range ( di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! contact-pieces1 or ei!r ( !m1 mu/ be mov$ 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh ! range ( v>iations ( resi/ance4 ,?is is q a diff]5t matt]1 = "h ! be/ conductors h ! smalle/ range1 & "s t are n s good a great] range4 ,9 any case ! available range ( motion is v small--to be measur$ 9 m9ute fractions1--million?-p>ts1 p]haps1--( an in*4 ,s f> z exp]im5ts g1 h[ev]1 silv] has ! smalle/ range ( all1 !n gold1 !n copp]4 ,plat9um & nickel h a consid]ably wid] range1 plumbago & retort-coke a /ill wid] "o4 ,x is an extremely difficult matt] to decide :at is ! precise nature ( t :i* goes on at a po9t ( contact betwe5 two conductors :5 ! pressure at ! po9t is alt]$4 ,! pr9cipal sugge/ions hi!rto advanc$ h be5 t ! *ange ( resi/ance obs]v$ is due3-- 7a7 ,to ! m]e *anges 9 ! am\nt ( surface 9 contact4 7b7 ,to a *ange 9 ! resi/ance ( ! sub/ance ( ! conductor itself4 7c7 ,to ! =mation ( a m9ute voltaic 8arc10 or electric dis*>ge4 7d7 ,to ! *ange 9 ! ?ickness ( ! int]v5+ film ( air4 7e7 ,to ! *ange 9 resi/ance ( ! p>ts 9 contact consequ5t on ! evolution ( heat by ! curr5t4 ,x is admitt$ t ?is la/ sugge/ion1 ?\gh x might acc\nt = a diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t sub/ances1 9 s f> z !y diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! effect ( heat ^u _! specific resi/ance1 implies z a prelim9>y fact t ! am\nt ( surface 9 contact %all be v>i$ by ! pressure4 ,no conv9c+ pro( has yet be5 giv5 t ! alleg$ lay] ( air or o!r gases has any real "p to play 9 ! ph5om5a "u discussion4 ,nor c ! hypo!sis1 t m9ute voltaic arcs are =m$ at ! contact be reg>d$ z ei!r prov5 or probable4 ,! only two !ories t h really be5 inve/igat$ are 7a7 & 7b7 ( ! above s]ies4 ,( ^! two 7b7 is c]ta9ly false1 & 7a7 is probably1 at lea/ to a v l>ge ext5t1 true4 ,x is (t5 said by p]sons imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific facts ( ! case1 t c>bon is us$ 9 telephone-transmitt]s1 because ! resi/ance ( t sub/ance v>ies ) ! pressure br\ght to be> ^u x1 :il/ ) metals no su* effect is obs]v$4 ,?is /atem5t1 tak5 broadly1 is simply false4 ,mr4 ,edison has1 inde$1 laid claim to ! 8discov]y0 7vide ,prescott's #8,speak+ ,telephone1' p4 #bbc71 t 8semi-conductors10 includ+ p[d]$ c>bon & plumbago1 v>y _! resi/ance ) pressure4 ,all t ,mr4 ,edison did discov] 0 t c]ta9 sub/ances1 ^: prop]ties ( be+ conductors ( electricity _h be5 kn[n = ye>s1 conduct$ bett] :5 ! contact betwe5 !m 0 screw$ up tightly ?an :5 loose4 ,! exp]im5ts made to te/ ?is alleg$ 8prop]ty0 ( c>bon are absolutely conclusive4 ,! au?or ( ?is book has %[n#ci t :5 a rod ( d5se artificial coke-c>bon1 su* z is us$ 9 _m =ms ( telephone transmitt]s1 su* z ,crossley's = example1 is subject$ to pressure v>y+ f less ?an "o dyne p] squ>e c5timetre up to tw5ty-?ree million times t am\nt1 ! resi/ance ( ! rod did n decrease by s mu* z "o p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,9 ?is case any d\bt t might h be5 introduc$ by v>iable contact 0 elim9at$ at ! outset by tak+ ! precaution ( electro-plat+ ! contacts4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,pr(essors ,nacc>i & ,pagliani1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur91 publi%$ an elaborate s]ies ( rese>*es#dj on ! conductivity ( graphite & ( sev]al v>ieties ( coke-c>bon1 & f\nd1 ev5 ) great *anges ( pressure1 t ! *anges ( electric resi/ance 7 practically too small to be capable ( be+ measur$1 & t ! only *anges 9 resi/ance appreciable 7 due to *anges ( contact4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahhb1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,toml9son communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society#da ! results ( exp]im5ts on a numb] ( electric conductors4 ,! *ange ( conductivity by ! application ( /ress 0 f\nd to be excessively small4 ,= c>bon x 0 less ?an "o-?\s&? "p ( "o p] c5t4 = an increase ( fifte5 lbs4 on ! squ>e in* 9 ! pressure4 ,= iron x 0 slightly great]1 & = lead ne>ly twice z great1 b ) all o!r metals less4 ,if ?is alleg$ prop]ty 7 ! "o on :i* ! action ( telephone transmitt]s dep5d$1 !n lead ought to be twice z good a sub/ance z graphite2 :]eas x is n ne>ly s good4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,f4 ,b>rett1 9 #ahgi1db made "s exp]im5ts on ! buttons ( compress$ lamp-black us$ 9 ,edison's transmitt]1 & f\nd t :5 an intimate contact 0 satisfactorily secur$ at ! beg9n+1 8pressure makes no *ange 9 ! resi/ance40 ,9 ! face ( all ?is precise evid5ce1 x is impossible to ma9ta9 ! !ory t ! electric resi/ance ( plumbago or ( any o!r su* conductor v>ies "u pressure4 ,! only p]son :o has s]i\sly spok5 9 fav\r ( ! !ory is ,pr(essor ,t4 ,c4 ,m5d5hall1 b 9 8 exp]im5ts he took no precautions aga9/ v>iability ( contacts1 s t 8 conclusions are invalid4 ,m rec5tly /ill1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,heaviside & ,mr4 ,%el=d ,bidwell h exp]im5t$ on ! v>iations ( resi/ance at po9ts ( contact4#dc ,mr4 ,heaviside's exp]im5ts 7 conf9$ to contacts betwe5 pieces ( c>bon1 & ?\gh extremely int]e/+ z %[+ t ! resi/ance ( su* contacts are n ! same1 ev5 "u con/ant pressure1 :5 curr5ts ( diff]5t /r5g? are fl[+1 d n ?r[ mu* light on ! g5]al "q1 because !y leave out ! p>allel case ( ! metals4 ,mr4 ,bidwell's v c>eful rese>*es 7 *iefly conf9$ to c>bon & bismu?4 ,! *oice is un=tunate1 because bismu? ! mo/ fusible & wor/ conductor among/ metals 7save only quicksilv]7 is ! "o metal lea/ suit$ = use 9 a telephone transmitt]4 ,mr4 ,bidwell's conclusions1 s f> z !y are comp>ative betwe5 c>bon & 8! metals10 are !re=e necess>ily incomplete4 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,e4 ,hughes1 ^: beautiful inv5tion1 ! ,microphone1 attract$ s mu* att5tion 9 #ahgh1 has lately ?r[n ! weight ( 8 op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! view t ) c>bon contacts ! effect is due *iefly to an electric dis*>ge or arc betwe5 ! loosely-contigu\s p>ts4 ,b ,pr(essor ,hughes's innum]able exp]im5ts entirely upset ! false doctr9e t a 8semi-conductor0 is necess>ily requir$ = ! contact-p>ts4 ,speak+ rec5tly1#dd he has said3 8,i tri$ ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ t 0 a conductor ( electricity spoke40 ,9 #ahgh1 9 a pap] 8,on ! ,physical ,action ( ! ,microphone10 ,pr(essor ,hughes /at$3#de 8! be/ results z reg>ds ! human voice 7 obta9$ f two surfaces ( solid gold40 ,hughes also f\nd c>bon impregnat$ ) quicksilv] 9 its pores to increase its conduct+ p[] to "w bett] ?an non-metallis$ c>bon ( inf]ior conductivity4 ,q lately ,mr4 ,j4 ,munro has con/ruct$ successful transmitt]s ( metal gauze1 hav+ _m po9ts ( loose-contact betwe5 !m4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 mu* ! mo/ probable 9 ! pres5t /ate ( inve/igations1 t ! electric resi/ance ( a contact = telephonic purposes is det]m9$ solely by ! numb] ( molecules 9 contact at ! surface1 & by ! specific conductivity ( ^? molecules4 ,! elem5t ( fusibility comes 9 to spoil ! con/ancy ( ! surfaces 9 action2 & h5ce ! inadmissibility ( g5]al conclusions ) respect to all metals drawn f ! behavi\r ( ! mo/ fusible ( !m4 ,at a m]e po9t 9 contact physically ) ano!r po9t1 !re may be hundr$s or ev5 millions ( molecules 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 all act+ z s _m pa?s = ! fl[ ( ! electric curr5t4 ,an extremely small motion ( approa* or recession may suffice to alt] v greatly ! numb] ( molecules 9 contact1 & ! high] ! specific conductivity ( ! sub/ance1 & ! d5s] its molecules1 ! %ort] ne$ be ! actual range ( motion to br+ ab\t a giv5 v>iation 9 ! resi/ance (f]$4 ,j z 9 a sy/em ( electric lamps 9 p>allel arc1 ! resi/ance ( ! sy/em ( lamps increases :5 ! numb] ( lamps ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t is fl[+ is dim9i%$1 & dim9i%es :5 ! numb] ( lamps connect+ ! p>allel ma9s is increas$2 s x is ) ! molecules at ! two surfaces ( contact4 ,dim9i%+ ! numb] ( molecules 9 contact increases ! resi/ance1 & vice v]s4 ,ea* molecule z x makes contact ) a molecule ( ! opposite surface dim9i%es1 by s mu* relatively to ! numb] ( molecules previ\sly 9 contact1 ! resi/ance betwe5 ! surfaces4 ,ea* molecule z x breaks f contact ) its opposite neighb\r adds to ! resi/ance betwe5 ! contact-surfaces4 ,x may !re=e be t ! v>iations ( resi/ance :i* are obs]v$ at contacts betwe5 all conductors1 f ! be/ to ! wor/1 are all made up1 ?\gh !y appe> to pass ?r\gh gradual & cont9u\s *anges1 ( innum]able m9ute makes-&-breaks ( molecul> contact4 ,! v m9ut5ess ( ea* molecul> make-or-break1 & ! imm5se numb] t actually mu/ occur at e physical 8po9t0 ( contact1 expla9 :y ! effect seems to u cont9u\s4 ,we owe1 moreov]1 to ,mr4 ,edison#df ! exp]im5tal pro( t actual abrupt makes-&-breaks ( contact c produce an undulat+ curr5t :5 !y recur v rapidly4 ,:e!r ! heat+ action ( ! curr5t itself may n also op]ate 9 *ang+ ! conductivity ( ! molecules :i* happ5 at ! mom5t to be 9 contact is ano!r matt]4 ,x may be s2 b if ?is %\ld h]eaft] be demon/rat$1 x w b confirm ! contact-!ory ( ^! actions z a :ole4 ,assum+1 !n1 broadly1 t ! obs]v$ resi/ance at a po9t ( contact is due to ! numb] ( molecules 9 contact & to _! individual resi/ances1 x is evid5t t ! prop]ty ( v>y+ resi/ance at contact ought to be mo/ evid5t1 cet]is p>ibus1 9 ^? sub/ances :i* are ! be/ conductors ( electricity4 ,un=tunately1 ! cet]a are n p>ia1 = ! "q ( fusibility comes 9 to spoil ! comp>ison2 & c>bon1 :i* has less fusibility ?an ! metals1 is commonly cr$it$ ) giv+ a bett] result ?an any4 ,?is common op9ion is1 h[ev]1 bas$ on comp>isons made )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! "q ( range ( motion betwe5 ! p>ts 9 contact1 & )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! po9t t :il/ "s =ms ( c>bon are excell5t conductors1 o!rs d n conduct at all4 ,9 a telephonic transmitt] s arrang$ t ! actual range ( motion %all be v small1 ! metals are j z good z c>bon--"s ( !m bett]4 ,i h he>d f a transmitt] ) contacts ( pure bright silv] bett] articulation ?an ) any c>bon transmitt]4 ,& ?is is exactly :at !ory w\ld lead "o to expect4 ,z to ! sugge/ion t plumbago makes a successful transmitt]1 because x is a 8semi-conductor0--:atev] t t]m may mean#dg--;x is "o ( ^? sugge/ions :i* are peculi>ly fitt$ to cat* ! unsci5tific m9d z af=d+ an easy explanation = an obscure fact2 un=tunately1 l a good _m o!r simil>ly cat*+ sugge/ions1 x is n true4 ,! v be/ conductor--silv]--w s]ve to transmit articulate spee*3 & s w ! "o ( ! v wor/ conductors--lamp-black6 ,s mu* = ?is fallaci\s doctr9e ( semi-conductors6 ,reis us$ = 8 contact-po9ts sub/ances :i*1 by reason ( _! non-liability to fuse or oxidize1 7 cu/om>y 9 electrical app>atus1 & *iefly plat9um4 ,9 8 e>lie/ transmitt] 7model e>71 & 9 8 la/1 plat9um 0 us$4 ,9 8 lev]-=m ( transmitt]1 s m9utely describ$ by von ,legat1 ! mat]ial is n specifi$4 ,! lev]-%ap$ contact-piece 0 to be a conductor1 & z light z possible1 & s9ce all metallic p>ts are p>ticul>ly describ$ z metallic1 :il/ ?is is n s describ$1 ! obvi\s inf]5ce is t ?is 0 non-metallic4 ,! numb] ( light1 non-metallic conductors is s few t ! description practically limits *oice to "s =m ( h>d c>bon4 ,no o!r mat]ials are nam$ by ,reis1 b ,pisko says 7p4 #ajc7 t brass1 /eel1 or iron might be us$ = contacts4 ,any "o ( ^! mat]ials is q compet5t1 :5 made up into prop]ly-adju/$ contact-po9ts1 to v>y ! resi/ance ( a circuit by op5+ & clos+ x 9 proportion to ! vibrations imp>t$ to ! contact-po9ts4 ,t is :at ,reis's transmitt] 0 int5d$ to d1 & did4 ,t is :at all ! mod]n transmitt]s--,blake's1 ,b]l9]'s1 ,crossley's1 ,g[]-,bell's1 ,!il]'s1 ,johnson's1 ,hunn+'s d1 ev5 includ+ ,edison's n[ obsolete lamp-black button transmitt]4 ,mr4 ,%el=d ,bidwell has v well summ>iz$ ! action ( ! curr5t-regulator 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! v>y+ pressure produces alt]ations 9 ! resi/ance at ! po9ts ( contact 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! phases ( ! s\nd-waves1 & ! /r5g? ( a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! sy/em is ?us regulat$ 9 su* a mann] z to fit x = reproduc+ ! orig9al s\nd 9 a telephone40 ,reis con/ruct$ an app>atus consi/+ ( a tympanum 9 comb9ation ) a curr5t-contact-regulator1 or 8int]ruptor10 :i* work$ on ?is pr9ciple ( v>iable contact1 & he call$ x 8,! ,telephone0 7see pp4 #eg1 #he74 ,! v same app>atus we n[-a-days call a 8,telephone-transmitt]10 or simply a 8transmitt]40 ,x is curi\s to note t ,reis seems to h reg>d$ 8 receiv] or 8reproduc+-app>atus0 z no new ?+4 ,he says explicitly 7p4 #ef7 t 8 receiv] might be replac$ by 8any app>atus t produces ! well-kn[n galvanic tones40 8,! ,telephone0 0 ) ,reis emphatically ! transmitt]4 ,bell 9 #ahgf inv5t$ an in/rum5t :i* w\ld act ei!r z transmitt] or receiv]1 & :i*1 ?\gh nev] n[ us$ z transmitt]1 is /ill call$ 8a ,telephone40 ,edison's 8s\nd-telegraph10 or 8telegraphic app>atus op]at$ by s\nd10 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahgg4 ,9 8 specification he nev] call$ 8 transmitt] a 8telephone20 t "n he res]v$ exclusively = 8 receiv]4 ,he f\nd x1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t a ye> lat] to re*ri/5 8 transmitt] z ! 8c>bon telephone10 ?\gh ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 specification nei!r 8c>bon0 nor 8telephone0 are m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! transmitt]6 ,)9 t ye> ,hughes _h br\ght out ano!r in/rum5t--8,! ,microphone0--:i*1 l ,reis's in/rum5t1 embodi$ ! pr9ciple ( v>iable contact4 ,hughes's in/rum5t1 usually con/ruct$ ) contacts made ( loose bits ( coke-c>bon1 0 simply a ,reis's ,telephone m9us ! circul> tympanum2 & ! really important new fact x reveal$1 0 t v m9ute vibrations1 su* z ^? produc$ by ! movem5ts ( an insect1 :5 transmitt$ imm$iately ?r\gh ! wood5 supports1 suffic$ to v>y ! resi/ance ( a telephonic circuit1 ?\gh f> too slight 9 !mselves to affect x if !y _h to be fir/ communicat$ to ! air & !n collect$ by a tympanum4 ,put a specific tympanum to a ,hughes's microphone1 & y get a ,reis's telephone4 ,take away ! tympanum f a ,reis's telephone1 & y get a ,hughes's microphone4 ,hughes is n limit$ to "o mat]ial1 nor is ,reis4 ,b ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! electrical "p ( ea* is id5tical4 ,! ,blake transmitt] 7,fig4 #dd71 & ! ,b]l9] transmitt]1 & also ,ldtge's microphone1#dh :i* 0 ev5 e>li] ?an t ( ,hughes1 are all embodim5ts ( ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple ( v>iable contact :i* ,reis embodi$ 9 8 8,telephone40 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts :i* ,reis made1 & ! _m =ms ( in/rum5ts :i* he devis$1 prove 8 conviction ( ! importance ( 8 inv5tion to h be5 v deeply root$4 ,he _h inde$ p5etrat$ to ! v s\l ( ! matt]4 ,he did n conf9e himself to "o k9d ( tympanum1 he tri$ _m1 n[ ( bladd]1 n[ ( collodion1 n[ ( is+lass1 & n[ ( ?9 metal4 ,he v>i$ ! =ms ( 8 in/rum5ts 9 _m ways1 introduc+ ! elem5t ( ela/icity by spr+s & adju/+-screws4 ,?\gh he *iefly employ$ "o metal = 8 contact-pieces1 he did n limit himself to t "o1 b left u to inf] t ! pr9ciple ( v>iable contact 0 applicable to any good conductor1 metallic or non-metallic4 ,he knew bett]1 inde$1 ?an to limit himself 9 any su* fa%ion2 bett]1 inde$1 ?an "s ( ! em95t p]sons :o are n[ s will+ to ignore 8 claims4 ,mod]n practice has taught u to improve ! tympanum "p ( ,reis's inv5tion1 & to obviate ! inconv5i5ces to :i* a membrane is liable3 9 t "p we h gone beyond ,reis4 ,b 9 ! "q ( contact-po9ts = op5+ & clos+ ! circuit 9 correspond5ce ) ! vibrations1 we are only beg9n+ to f9d h[ mu* ,reis 0 a-head ( u4 ,we h be5 ?r[n (f ! track--bl9d$ p]haps--by ! false trail ( ! 8semi-conductor0 fallacy1 or by ! arbitr>y & unnatural twi/ t has be5 giv5 by telegraphi/s to ,reis's expression1 8op5+ & clos+ ! circuit10 =gett+ t he practically told u t ?is op]ation 0 to be proportional to1 89 correspond5ce )10 ! undulations ( ! tympanum4 ,:5 we succe$ 9 free+ ourselves f ! dom9ance ( ^! lat] ideas1 we %all see h[ mu* we /ill h to le>n f ,philipp ,reis1 & h[ fully & completely he _h grasp$ ! problem ( ! ,telephone4 ,,footnotes3 #ci #8,philosophical ,magaz9e1' ,april #ahhb4 #dj #8,atti del ,r4 ,i/ituto ,v5eto di ,sci5ze1' vol4 vi4 s]4 #e4 #da ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,no4 #bah1 #ahhb4 #db ,see ,proc4 ,roy4 ,dubl4 ,soc4 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahgi4 #dc ,vide #8,! ,electrician1' ,feb4 #aj1 #ahhc4 #dd ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,telegr4 ,eng94 & ,electricians1 vol4 xii4 p4 #acg4 #de ,proc4 ,physical ,soc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bei1 #ahgh4 #df #8,j\rnal ,soc4 ,telegraphic ,eng9e]s1' vol4 iv4 p4 #aag1 #ahgd4 #dg ,! t]m 8semi-conductor0 is v r>ely us$ by electricians1 :o pref] ! t]m 8p>tial conductor0 z be+ m correct4 ,moreov]1 electricians1 f ,f>aday d[nw>ds1 are practically agre$ 9 call+ plumbago a good conductor1 & wor?y ( be+ classifi$ by reason ( its high conductivity along ) ! metals4 ,! sub/ances kn[n z 8semi-conductors0 are ^? giv5 9 ,f]guson's #8,electricity1' p4 #di 7edition ( #ahgc71 namely1 alcohol1 e!r1 dry-wood1 m>ble1 pap]1 /raw1 & ice4 ,masc>t & o!r em95t au?orities agree 9 ?is classification4 ,x w\ld tax ev5 ,mr4 ,edison's unrivall$ +5uity to make ( ^! mat]ials a transmitt] t %\ld alt] its resi/ance by pressure6 #dh ,ldtge's ,g]man ,pat5t1 dat$ ,jan4 #ab1 #ahgh1 describes a 8,univ]sal ,telephone0 9 :i* a tympanum 0 appli$ to convey vibrations to an int]ruptor made ( h>d coke-c>bon4 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,reis',s ,,receiv]s ,,) ,,rec5t ,,in/rum5ts4 ,! receiv]s inv5t$ by ,reis = ! purpose ( reconv]t+ into audible me*anical vibrations ! v>y+ electric curr5ts transmitt$ f ! speak+ end ( ! l9e 7 ( two classes1 viz43 7#a47 ,^? 9 :i* ! magnetic expansion & contraction ( a rod ( /eel or iron1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! v>y+ curr5t1 set up me*anical vibrations & communicat$ !m to a s\nd-bo>d4 7#b47 ,^? 9 :i* ! curr5t by pass+ r\nd ! coils ( an electro-magnet caus$ ! latt] to v>y ! =ce ) :i* x attract$ its armature1 & ?rew ! latt] into correspond+ me*anical vibrations4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples is embodi$ 9 ! 8knitt+-ne$le0 receiv] describ$ above & depict$ 9 figures #bb #bc on page #cc4 ,?is receiv] diff]s :olly f ! lat] in/rum5ts ( ,bell1 & o!rs1 & dep5d$ = its action ^u ! ph5om5on ( magnetic expansion discov]$ by ,page & inve/igat$ by ,j\le4 ,x 0 well kn[n be=e ,reis's "t t :5 a ne$le or b> ( iron 0 magnetis$ x grew long]1 & :5 demagnetis$ x grew %ort]4 ,page detect$ ! fact by ! 8tick0 emitt$ by ! b> dur+ ! act ( magnetisation or demagnetisation4 ,j\le measur$ ! am\nt ( expansion & contraction4 ,to ^! discov]ies ,reis add$ two new facts2 fir/1 t if ! degree ( magnetisation be v>i$ ) rapid fluctuations correspond+ to ^? ( ! s\nd waves impress$ on ! transmitt]1 ! expansion & contraction ( ! rod foll[$ ^! fluctuations fai?fully1 & !re=e emitt$ at ! receiv+ end s\nds simil> to ^? utt]$ at ! transmitt]4 ,secondly1 by employ+ a ne$le ( /eel in/ead ( ! b> ( iron us$ by ,page1 ,reis obta9$ an in/rum5t :i* once us$ c\ld nev] become completely demagnetis$ on ! cessation ( ! curr5t2 x 0 !nce=? a p]man5t magnet1 & all t ! fluctuat+ curr5ts c\ld d 0 to v>y its degree ( magnetisation4 ,reis c>efully expla9$ 9 8 memoir 8,on ,telephony10 h[ ! frequ5cy ( su* fluctuations 9 ! magnetis+ curr5t c\ld act 9 reproduc+ ! pit*1 & fur!r1 h[ ! amplitude ( ! fluctuations set up vibrations ( correspond+ amplitude 9 ! rod3 he add$ ) significance1 t ! quality ( ! reproduc$ note dep5d$ ^u a numb] ( v>iations ( amplitude occurr+ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,8 !ory ( ^! actions 0 t ! atoms 7or p]haps our mod]n ^w molecules w\ld m correctly repres5t :at ,reis spoke ( z atoms7 ( ! rod or ne$le 7 pu%$ asund] f "o ano!r 9 ! act ( magnetisation1 & t on ! cessation ( ! magnetis+ influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 ^! same atoms /rove to return to _! previ\s position ( equilibrium1 & ?us ! oscillations ( ! atoms l$ to ! vibration ( ! ne$le z a :ole4 ,:e!r all ,reis's speculations z to ! behavi\r ( ! atoms "u v>y+ degrees ( magnetis+ =ce are ju/ifi$ 9 ! pres5t aspect ( sci5ce or n1 is1 h[ev]1 n ( any great importance2 ! important po9t is1 t1 :e!r 8 !ory be "r or wrong1 ! in/rum5t he devis$ w p]=m ! function he assign$ to x3 x w reproduce spee*1 n l\dly1 b 9 reality f> m articulately ?an _m ( ! telephonic receiv]s 9 use "u ! names ( ,bell1 ,g[]-,bell1 c4 ,"o v curi\s po9t 9 connection ) ?is 8knitt+-ne$le0 receiv] ( ,reis1 is its extremely bad ac\/ical arrangem5ts4 ,x 0 laid horizontally ^u a small s\nd+-box cov]$ by a lid4 ,if ! end ( ! ne$le _h be5 made to press on ! resonant-bo>d 7z inde$ appe>s to h be5 done at fir/ ) ! viol91 p4 #bi7 ! vibrations w\ld h be5 mu* m directly re9=c$4 ,b :5 m]ely support$ by two wood5 bridges ! direct communication 0 l>gely lo/4 ,! pressure ( ! lid d[nw>ds ^u ! spiral1 z recomm5d$ by ,reis1 is no d\bt an important matt] ac\/ically4 ,x is /range t a man :o _h grappl$ 9 s ma/]ly a way ) ! ac\/ical problem ( ! transmitt]1 & _h solv$ x by con/ruct+ t transmitt] on ! l9es ( ! human e>1 %\ld n h foll[$ out to ! same ext5t ^? v same pr9ciples 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 receiv]4 ,an ext5d$ surface he did employ1 9 ! %ape ( a s\nd+-bo>d2 b x 0 n appli$ 9 ! v be/ mann] 9 ?is in/rum5t4 ,! second pr9ciple appli$ by ,reis 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 telephone-receiv]s1 0 t ( ! electro-magnet4 ,he arrang$ an electro-magnet s t ! fluctuat+ curr5ts pass+ r\nd ! coils set up correspond+ v>iations 9 ! degree ( =ce ) :i* x attract$ its armature ( iron1 & s =c$ ! latt] to execute correspond+ me*anical vibrations4 ,?is pr9ciple is common bo? to ! receiv] ( ,reis1 & to ! lat] receiv]s ( ,yeates1 ,bell1 & ,edison4 ,reis's armature 0 an iron b> ( oval section2 ,yeates's an iron /rip screw$ to a s\nd-bo>d1 ,bell's 0 an iron plate1 & ,edison's an iron plate also4 ,= ! bett] comp>ison ( ,reis's electro-magnetic receiv] ) ^? ( m mod]n date1 we "h pres5t 9 ,fig4 #df a comp>ative view ( a numb] ( diff]5t =ms ( receiv] 9 :i* ,reis's pr9ciple ( caus+ an electro-magnet to set up vibrations 9 an armature is appli$4 ,9 ?is set ( figures1 ,a & ,b are ! sugge/$ =ms m5tion$ 9 ! lett] ( ,mr4 ,horkheim]1 p4 #aai1 & %[ an electro-magnet1 opposite ! poles ( :i* is plac$ an armature 7a b>7 :i* mu/ be ( iron or o!r metal capable ( hav+ magnetism induc$ 9 x1 & :i*1 by reason ( its atta*m5t to an ela/ic spr+1 is capable ( be+ made to oscillate to & fro :5 attract$ ) a v>y+ =ce4 ,reis cle>ly recognis$ ! necessity ( fur!r provid+ a suffici5t res\nd+ surface by means ( :i* ! surr\nd+ air c\ld be set 9 motion3 = 9 ! case ( ^! two sugge/ions ! electro-magnet & its ela/ically-m\nt$ armature 7 plac$ )9 a cig> box4 ,c is a plan ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t previ\sly describ$ & figur$ 9 ,plate ,,ii4 & 9 figures #ba & #cd on pages #cb & #aji4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! electro-magnet 0 horizontal1 ! armature1 a b> ( iron ( oval section 7:i* 9 ! orig9al draw+ 9 plate ,,ii4 appe>s to h be5 9 reality a holl[ b> or tube7 atta*$ to a ?9 lev] describ$ z a plank1 pivot$ l a p5dulum to an upright support1 b prev5t$ by a set-screw & a controll+ spr+ f vibrat+ 9 ! mann] ( a p5dulum4 ,su* an arrangem5t1 9 fact1 vibrates 9 p]fect correspond5ce ) any vibrations t may be =c$ ^u x by ! electro-magnet4 ,! broad flat surface ( ! lev]--he specially direct$ t x %\ld be broad & light--transf]s ! vibrations to ! air1 & is aid$ by ! surface ( ! s\nd+-bo>d on :i* ! app>atus /&s4 ,?is app>atus has1 !re=e1 all ! elem5ts ( a successful receiv]1 except only t its %ape r5d]s x inconv5i5t = portability4 ,b by reason1 fir/ly ( its armature ( iron1 secondly ( ! ela/ic m\nt+ ( t armature1 ?irdly ( ! ext5d$ surface pres5t$1 x is admirably adapt$ to s]ve z an in/rum5t = reproduc+ spee*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #df ,d repres5ts ! excell5t electro-magnetic receiv] devis$ 9 #ahfe by ,yeates 7comp>e ,fig4 #db1 p4 #abh7 to "w ) ! ,reis transmitt]1 & is 9 _m respects id5tical ) ! prec$+ =m4 ,! armature1 a /rip ( iron1 0 atta*$ at "o end by a v /iff /eel spr+ to a p9e-wood s\nd+-bo>d ov] a holl[ box1 f ! base ( :i* rose ! metal pill> :i* support$ ! electro-magnet4 ,?is receiv] also conta9s all ! elem5ts ( a successful receiv]1 ! armature be+ ( a mat]ial capable ( inductive action1 & ela/ically support$2 :il/ ! s\nd-box provid$ adequate surface to communicate ! vibrations to ! air4 ,we n[ come to ! m mod]n in/rum5ts ( ,gray1 ,bell1 & ,edison4 ,s f> ! receiv]s ( ,reis & ( ,yeates 7 int5d$ = reproduc+ any s\nd2 b n[ = ! fir/ "t1 t5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ^! e>ly telephonic receiv]s1 we meet ) in/rum5ts devis$ ) ! express purpose ( receiv+ only c]ta9 select$ tones4 ,= ! purposes ( multiple ac\/ic telegraphy1 t is to say = ! purpose ( signall+ ! 8dots0 & 8da%es0 ( ! ,morse code 9 a numb] ( diff]5t fix$ musical notes1 ea* ( :i* is to be signall$ out & repeat$ by a receiv] adapt$ to vibrate 9 t note alone1 x is cle> t ! in/rum5ts ( ,reis1 adapt$ z !y 7 to transmit & receive any s\nd t a human e> c he>1 w\ld n answ]4 ,accord+ly ^? exp]im5t]s1 :o f ab\t ! ye> #ahgc to ! ye> #ahgj1 appli$ !mselves to multiple telegraphy--=emo/ among/ !m be+ ,mr4 ,eli%a ,gray & ,pr(4 ,graham ,bell--dropp$ ! use ( ! tympanum 9 ! transmitt] & devis$ new transmitt]s & new receiv]s1 9 mo/ ( :i* ! rul+ idea 0 t ( employ+ a vibrat+ tongue or re$1 tun$ up to "o p>ticul> note4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t a receiv] :i*1 l ^? ( ,reis1 is adapt$ to receive any tone1 c also receive a musical note4 ,b = ! op]ation ( 8selective0 reception1 a receiv] mu/ be employ$1 n only tun$ to "o note1 b tun$ to ! v note emitt$ by ! p>ticul> transmitt] ) :i* x is to be 9 correspond5ce4 ,eli%a ,gray f\nd ?is out v e>ly 9 8 rese>*es4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahgc-ddi he 0 transmitt+ musical tones by a sort ( tun+-=k int]ruptor1 & receiv$ !m on an in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #df ,e1 :i* repres5ts a =m ( electro-magnet m\nt$ = ! purpose4 ,x 0 8a common electro-magnet1 hav+ a b> ( iron rigidly fix$ at "o pole1 :i* ext5ds across ! o!r pole1 b does n t\* x by ab\t "o sixty-f\r? "p ( an in*4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is armature a %ort po/ is fa/5$1 & ! :ole is m\nt$ on a box made ( ?9 p9e1 ) op5+s = ac\/ic effects40 ,x 01 9 fact1 v simil> to ,yeates's receiv] j describ$1 & ,gray f\nd x capable ( receiv+ n only simple musical tones b composite tones1 & ev5 h>monies & discords4 ,9 fact1 l ,reis's & ,yeates's receiv]s1 x c\ld receive any?+ t ! transmitt] s5t to x1 ev5 includ+ spee*4 ,n[ ?is did n suit ,gray1 :o wi%$ to h selective receiv]s1 "o to take up note ,a1 ano!r note ,c1 c4 ,accord+ly 9 #ahgj we f9d ,gray tak+ out a fre% pat5t#ej = selective receiv]s1 :i* he also call$ h>monic analys]s1 ea* ( :i* consi/$ ( 8a tun$ b> or re$ suitably atta*$ to an electro-magnet1 & ! :ole m\nt$ ^u a resonant box40 ,fig4 #df ,f is reproduc$ f ,gray's ,briti% pat5t4 8,a vibrat+ tongue re$1 or b>0 ( /eel 8is unit$ ) "o pole ( ! magnet4 ,! free end ( ! re$ passes close to1 b does n t\* ! o!r pole ( ! magnet40 ,gray fur!r says t ! re$ is made ) p>allel sides & tun$ by cutt+ x away at "o po9t1 z ?is mode prev5ts false nodal vibrations f occurr+4 ,selective receiv]s = multiple telegraphy 7 also inv5t$ by ,graham ,bell4 ,! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #df ,i is transcrib$ f ,fig4 #ae ( ,bell's ,specification to 8 ,briti% ,pat5t1 ,no4 #dgfe1 ( ! ye> #ahgf 7dat$ #i? ,decemb]71 :i* ! inv5tor ?us describes3 8,x is pref]able to employ = ?is purpose an electro-magnet ,e1 ,fig4 #ae1 hav+ a coil ^u only "o ( its legs4 ,a /eel spr+ armature ,a is firmly clamp$ by "o extremity to ! uncov]$ leg h ( ! magnet1 & its free end is all[$ to project above ! pole ( ! cov]$ leg40 ,9 fact ! arrangem5t 0 almo/ id5tical )1 b n q z good me*anically z t pat5t$ sev5 mon?s previ\sly by ,gray4 ,! inv5tor fur!r said t a numb] ( ^! in/rum5ts might be plac$ on "o circuit1 & t if "o ( !m 7 set 9 vibration1 only ^? w\ld respond :i* 7 9 unison ) its note2 & fur!r t 8! duration ( ! s\nd may be us$ to indicate ! dot or da% ( ! ,morse alphabet1 & ?us a telegraphic despat* may be indicat$ by alt]nately int]rupt+ & r5ew+ ! s\nd40 ,any?+ m totally diff]5t f ,reis's telephone ?an ^! selective h>monic telegraphs ) _! tun$ tongues c h>dly be imag9$4 ,reis 0 n aim+ at selective h>monic telegraphy2 he want$ 8 "o in/rum5t to transmit e s\nd t a human e> c\ld he>4 ,he did n dream ( us+ a tun$ b> or re$2 8 typical /ructure 0 ! tympanum ( ! e>4 ,9 fact1 z we h se5 above1 ! tun$ re$ or tongue 0 introduc$ into telegraphy = ! purpose ( transmitt+ s+le select$ notes to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,/range ?\gh x may seem1 a tongue receiv] l ^? ( ,graham ,bell & ( ,gray j describ$ c be us$ = receiv+ spee*6 ,x is true1 z ,gray rem>ks1 t a ?ick b> ( /eel1 cut away z describ$1 is be/ adapt$ = its own tone only4 ,b ,bell's ?9 /eel tongue1 ?\gh x has its own fundam5tal note 7& s has e tympanum1 = t matt]7 :5 left free to vibrate 9 its own "t1 w reproduce any o!r note or s\nd t may be =c$ ^u x by ! v>y+ attraction ( ! electro-magnet4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 8free0 & 8=c$0 vibrations4 ,"o ( ! /range/ delusions t has someh[ gr[n up 9 rec5t telephonic discussions is ! almo/ incr$ible proposition t a tongue _c talk because x is a tongue4 ,x w\ld be equally v]aci\s to affirm t an e> 7i4e4 a tympanum7 _c he> because x is an e>4 ,b leav+ h>monic telegraphy & its 8tun$ b>s10 bo? ,gray & ,bell appli$ !mselves to ! old problem ( transmitt+ human spee*4 ,:at 0 _! v fir/ /ep8 ,!y ?rew away _! 8tun$ b>s0 & 8/eel spr+s10 & return$ to ! tympanum6 ,eli%a ,gray devis$ ! receiv] %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 ,g1 tak5 f 8 caveat ( date ,febru>y #ad1 #ahgf4ea ,9 t docum5t ,gray says3 8,my pres5t belief is t ! mo/ effective me?od ( provid+ an app>atus capable ( respond+ to ! v>i\s tones ( ! human voice1 is a tympanum1 drum1 or diaphragm10 /ret*$ across "o end ( a *amb]4 ,he adds t 9 ! receiv] !re is 7see ,fig4 #df1 ,g7 an electro-magnet1 act+ ^u a diaphragm to :i* is atta*$ a piece ( s(t iron1 & :i* diaphragm is /ret*$ across a vocalis+ *amb]4 ,graham ,bell's receiv] 7! ,am]ican specification ( :i* 0 fil$ ! same day z ,gray's caveat7 is %[n 79 ! =m pat5t$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ,dec4 #i1 #ahgf7 9 ,fig4 #df ,h1 :i* is tak5 f ,fig4 #ai ( ,bell's ,briti% pat5t4 8,! armature10 says ! inv5tor1 8is fa/5$ loosely by "o extremity to ! uncov]$ leg1 h1 ( ! electro-magnet ,e1 & its o!r extremity is atta*$ to ! c5tre ( a /ret*$ membrane40 ,! armature1 9 fact1 0 capable ( vibrat+ l a p5dulum on its pivot1 b 0 ela/ically re/ra9$ by its atta*m5t to ! tympanum2 ! armature w\ld !re=e vibrate 9 p]fect correspond5ce ) any vibrations =c$ ^u x by ! electro-magnet4 ,?is in/rum5t z also t ( ,gray1 0 admirably adapt$ to receive spee*1 = x embodi$ ! ?ree ess5tial po9ts :i* ,reis _h already discov]$3 viz41 fir/ly1 t ! armature mu/ be ( iron1 or capable ( be+ act$ ^u by magnetic induction2 secondly1 t x mu/ be ela/ically m\nt$2 ?irdly1 t x %\ld pres5t an ext5d$ surface4 ,bell's =m ( receiv] _h ! advantage ov] ,reis's 7comp>e p4 #aeh71 t its ext5d$ surface 0 a true tympanum ( membrane1 & n a m]e broad ?9 plank4 ,be+ a tympanum1 x !re=e realis$ ,reis's fundam5tal notion ( imitat+ ! human e> m fully ?an ev5 ,reis's own receiv] did4 ,figures #df1 ,j1 ,k1 & ,l repres5t ! m rec5t types ( receiv] ( ,bell & ,edison4 ,fig4 #df ,j is reproduc$ f ,fig4 #bj ( ,bell's ,briti% ,pat5t1 & %[s ! sub/itution ( a ?9 /eel plate1 atta*$ to a frame1 9 front ( ! electro-magnet1 = ! membrane & iron armature4 ,?is =m ( in/rum5t also embodies ,reis's ?ree pr9ciples--b ) ?is improvem5t1 ! armature capable ( inductive action1 ! ela/ic m\nt+1 & ! ext5d$ surface1 are "h all unit$ 9 "o organ1 ! ?9 flexible tympanum ( /eel4 ,ap>t f ?is unification ( p>ts !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ?is =m ( ,bell's receiv]1 t ,reis did n inv5t f\rte5 ye>s be=e4 ,bell's great & mo/ signal improvem5t 0 n ?is beautiful me*anical modification ( ! ,reis receiv]1 b lay 9 ! entirely new sugge/ion to use su* a receiv] z a transmitt] to "w by magneto-electric induction4 ,two ( ,reis's receiv]s 7,fig4 #ba7 if c\pl$ up ) a batt]y w talk toge!r z transmitt] & receiv]3 b ,reis did n "k & nev] sugge/$ ?is4 ,two ( ,yeates's receiv]s 7,fig4 #db7 if c\pl$ up ) a batt]y w talk toge!r z transmitt] & receiv]2 b ,yeates did n "k & nev] sugge/$ ?is4 ,bell did discov] ?is1 & !reby inv5t$ a transmitt] :i*1 ?\gh n[ ab&on$ z a transmitt]1 = want ( l\dness1 0 m reliable ?an ! ant]ior transmitt]s ( ,reis _h be54 ,he made ano!r discov]y1 pres5tly to be allud$ to--t ( putt+ a p]man5t magnet into ! transmitt]1 to enable him to disp5se ) ! batt]y2 b beyond ?is & ! o!r me*anical simplifications previ\sly m5tion$1 all t he discov]$ may be summ$ up by say+ t he f\nd out t a receiv] con/ruct$ on ,reis's pr9ciples c\ld "w z a transmitt] also4 ,t 0 ,bell's really great & important discov]y :i* took all ! _w by /orm at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf4 ,bell subsequ5tly add$ to 8 claims ! sub/itution ( a p]man5t magnet ) an iron pole-piece1 9 place ( ! simple electro-magnet1 ?us enabl+ him to transmit 8 fluctuat+ curr5ts )\t ! tr\ble ( us+ a batt]y1 & ! ,bell transmitt]1 ?us modifi$1 is us$ to ?is day z a receiv]1 ,reis _h 9 8 8knitt+-ne$le0 telephone1 employ$ a p]man5t magnet ( /eel to s]ve z a receiv]1 he _h n1 h[ev]1 appli$ x z ,bell did to attract a plate ( ?9 /eel4 ,fig4 #df1 ,k1 exhibits a =m ( electro-magnetic receiv] describ$ 9 ,edison's ,briti% ,specification1 ,no4 #biji1 #ahgg1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is in/rum5t1 ?\gh pat5t$ sev5 mon?s aft] ,bell's in/rum5t1 diff]s f x 9 no po9t ( importance4 ,its armature 0 a ?9 plate ( iron1 ela/ic1 & hav+ an ext5d$ surface2 be+1 9 fact1 a tympanum4 ,no "o c exam9e ! set ( receiv+ in/rum5ts collect$ 9 ,fig4 #df )\t be+ /ruck ) ! extraord9>y simil>ity ( design :i* p]vades ! entire s]ies4 ,9 e "o ( ! set !re is an electro-magnet1 ! function ( :i* is to set an armature#eb into vibration by attract+ x ) a v>iable =ce4 ,9 e "o ! armature is ( a mat]ial capable ( magnetic induction2 t is to say1 iron1 /eel1 or equival5t mat]ial4 ,9 e "o ( !m ! armature is ei!r ela/ically m\nt$1 or is 9 itself ela/ic4 ,9 e "o ( !m 7save only ! two q rec5t =ms1 ,f & ,i1 :i* 7 int5d$ n to speak1 b to emit only "o fix$ musical note7 !re is an ext5d$ surface 7ei!r a s\nd-bo>d or a tympanum7 to communicate ! vibrations to ! air4 ,la/ly1 e "o ( ^! =ms1 :5 connect$ ) ! l9e ?r\gh :i* ! telephonic curr5ts are be+ transmitt$1 is p]fectly capable ( reproduc+ articulate spee*4 ,b ! inv5tor :o _h ! g5ius to discov] all ^! ess5tial po9ts1 & to comb9e !m 9 an in/rum5t1 & to use x to reproduce articulate spee*1 is surely ! true inv5tor ( ! sy/em4 ,! inv5tor ( ! sy/em embody+ ^! ess5tial po9ts 0 ,philipp ,reis4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,see ,prescott's #8,speak+ ,telephone1' p4 #aeh4 #ej #8,briti% ,pat5t1' ,no4 #ahgd1 ( ! ye> #ahgf 7dat$ #d? ,may74 #ea ,prescott1 #8,speak+ ,telephone1' p4 #bjc4 #eb ,yet ,bell's claim 7,briti% ,pat5t ,specification7 runs3 8,i claim ! production ( any giv5 s\nd or s\nds f ! armature ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t40 ,,app5dix ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,undulatory ,,curr5ts4 8,9 ?is ,specification ! ?ree words #8oscillation1' #8vibration' & #8undulation1' are us$ synonym\sly40--,graham ,bell1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t1 ,no4 #agd1dfe1 fil$ ,feb4 #ad1 #ahgf4 ,9 ! prec$+ app5dices x has be5 demon/rat$ t all t is ess5tial 9 bo? transmitt] & receiv] ( a ,telephonic sy/em 0 to be f\nd exi/+ 9 #ahfc 9 ! ,telephone ( ,reis4 ,!re yet rema9s to be met ! doctr9aire objection t z ,reis nev] explicitly m5tions an undulatory curr5t z di/+ui%$ f an int]mitt5t "o1 he nev] int5d$ to use su* a curr5t4 ,?is objection is advanc$ only by ^? p]sons :o h committ$ !mselves to ! idea t spee* _c be transmitt$ by a transmitt] :i* op5s & closes ! circuit4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,reis did n 9 any ( 8 writ+s explicitly "n an undulatory curr5t3 b x is equally c]ta9 t1 :e!r he m5tion$ x or n1 he bo? us$ "o & int5d$ to use "o4 ,he did n conc]n himself z to ! precise mann] 9 :i* ! curr5t fluctuat$ provid$ only he atta9$ ! end 9 view--namely1 t ! vibrations ( ! armature ( ! receiv] %\ld be simil> to ^? ( ! transmitt]4 ,?is he did lay d[n ) great cle>ness & emphasis z 8 guid+ pr9ciple2 & he c>$ n ab\t ! int]m$iate "q z to h[ ! curr5t did ! "w4 ,he told ! _w t ! electromagnet at ! receiv+ end mu/ be magnetis$ & demagnetis$ correspond+ly ) ! vibrations imp>t$ by ! air to ! tympanum ( 8 transmitt]1 9 ord] t ! armature might be set into vibrations simil> to ^? ( ! speak]'s voice4 ,if ! tympanum ( ! transmitt] vibrat$ or oscillat$ or undulat$--! t]ms are synonym\s--s mu/ ! armature ( ! receiv]4 ,graham ,bell has told u precisely ! same ?+3 8,! curr5t trav]s+ ! coils ( ! electromagnet ,e occasions an increase & dim9ution 9 its int5sity0 t is to say1 magnetises & demagnetises x1 8& ! armature ,a#a is ?r[n into vibration0 444 8& ?us imp>ts to ! air at n#a a facsimile copy ( ! motion ( ! air t act$ ^u ! membrane n40 ,bell agrees !n absolutely 9 e detail ) :at ,reis said on ?is po9t4 ,t s\nd-waves %\ld be transmitt$ by a ,telephone requires inde$ a process ( sev]al /ages4 7#a47 ,! s\nd-waves mu/ /rike ^u ! tympanum ( ! transmitt] & make x undulate1 or1 oscillate1 or vibrate--:i*ev] t]m y please--9 a correspond+ mann]4 7#b47 ,! undulat+ tympanum mu/ act ^u ! circuit1 & ei!r itself induce undulat+ or vibrat+ curr5ts 7,bell's plan1 by magnetic induction71 or else ?r[ a curr5t already fl[+ !re1 into undulations1 or vibrations1 or oscillations 7,reis's plan1 by v>y+ contact-resi/ance71 b 9 ei!r case ^! undulations ( ! curr5t mu/ correspond to ! orig9al undulations ( ! air-waves4 7#c47 ,! undulat+1 or vibrat+1 or oscillat+ curr5t mu/ run r\nd ! coils ( ! electromagnet & cause its magnetic =ce to undulate1 or oscillate1 or vibrate by demagnetis+ x & !n magnetis+ x1 b ?is also mu/ be 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! orig9al undulations4 7#d47 ,fur!r1 ! armature ( ! receiv] mu/ be set into undulations1 or vibrations1 or oscillations correspond+ to ^? ( ! =ce ( ! electromagnet1 & !re=e to ! undulations ( ! curr5t t is magnetis+ & demagnetis+ x1 & !re=e id5tically correspond+ ) ! orig9al undulations ( ! s\nd-waves4 7#e47 ,! armature mu/ communicate its vibrations to ! air & to ! e> ( ! li/5]4 ,( ^! successive /ages ,reis explicitly told ! _w t 8 in/rum5t 0 to d ! fir/ "o & ! la/ ?ree1 & he sev]al times emphasiz$ ! /atem5t1 t ! f9al undulations ( ! la/ /age 7 to be simil> to ! orig9al undulations ( ! fir/ /age4 ,! air at ! li/5+ end1 ! armature ( ! receiv]1 & ! magnetism ( ! magnet1 7 all to be set by ! fluctuations ( ! curr5t into undulations correspond+ ) ^? ( ! tympanum at ! speak]'s end1 & ( ! waves ( 8 voice4 ,x is p]fectly cle> !re=e1 t he reg>d$ z self-evid5t ! int]m$iate /age1 & he did n dwell ^u ! necessity ( ! po9t1 t 8 transmitt+-curr5t mu/ also vibrate1 because ?is 0 obvi\sly s1 & 0 only an int]m$iate matt] ( second>y mom5t4 ,he *ose r to po9t out ! necessity ( unification betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ /ages1 leav+ x to common s5se to see t ! 8int]ruption0 or ! 8op5+ & clos+0 ( ! circuit mu/ be effect$ 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! undulations ( ! impress$ s\nd-wave4 ,_h ! 8int]ruptions0 n be5 ( ! nature ( correspond+ v>iations ( contact1 ! curr5t c\ld n h be5 set into correspond+ vibrations1 & ! armature ( ! electromagnet c\ld n h reproduc$ ! vibrations ( ! transmitt]4 ,cle>ly ,reis's :ole conception ( telephony includ$ z a m9or & int]m$iate /ep ! fact t ! curr5t 01 by ! action ( ! transmitt]1 caus$ to v>y 9 /r5g? 9 correspond5ce ) ! undulations ( ! tympanum--t1 9 fact1 x 0 made to undulate by ! action ( ! tympanum & ( ! int]ruptor :i* op5$ & clos$ ! circuit 9 ob$i5ce to ! undulations ( ! tympanum & 9 proportion to !m4 ,a difficulty has be5 rais$ by telegraph op]ators t op5+ & clos+ ! circuit means op5+ & clos+ ! circuit 9 abrupt alt]nations ( make-&-break4 ,reis nev] said s4 ,reis nev] us$ ! phrase 9 ?is re/rict$ & te*nical s5se4 ,he 0 n a pr(essional telegraphi/1 &1 z po9t$ out 9 ,app5dix ,i41 he s arrang$ 8 contacts ) ! foll[+ spr+s & o!r contrivances1 t ! 8op5+ & clos+0 ( ! circuit %\ld n & c\ld n be abrupt4 ,a ,reis transmitt] is no m a 8make-&-break0 in/rum5t ?an ! ,blake transmitt] is4 ,bo? w give undulatory curr5ts by op5+ & clos+ ! circuit to a great] or less degree1 if spok5 g5tly to4 ,bo? w give abrupt makes-&-breaks ( ! circuit if %\t$ to1 9 spite ( ! foll[+-spr+s1 :i* are us$ to prev5t abrupt int]ruptions4 ,! t]m 8op5+ & clos+0 :i* ,reis appli$ to 8 transmitt]1 is us$ by him 9 exactly ! same way z ! phrase is us$ by eng9e]s 9 describ+ ! action ( ! gov]n+ ?rottle-valve ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,! function ( ! gov]nor1 we are told 9 treatises on eng9e]+1 is to op5 & close ! ?rottle-valve 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! fall or rise ( ! gov]nor-balls4 ,no "o 9 8 s5ses imag9es t ! op5+ & clos+ action "h ref]r$ to means an absolutely abrupt int]mitt5ce 9 ! supply ( /eam4 ,if ! gov]nor-balls rise a little by increase ( spe$1 !re is a correspond+ clos+1 proportionate 9 am\nt to ! am\nt ( rise4 ,if any p]son 7 to impress an oscillatory motion ( rise & fall ^u ! gov]nor1 ! supply ( /eam w\ld be ?r[n into correspond+ undulations4 ,! matt] /&s precisely s ) ,reis's 8int]ruptor0 or 8regulator20 x op5s & closes ! circuit 9 a mann] correspond+ ) ! undulations communicat$ to x4 ,if x did n1 x w\ld violate ! pr9ciple ( correspond5ce s emphatically laid d[n by ,reis4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t ,reis's in/rum5ts1 9 spite ( spr+s & adju/+ screws1 & o!r devices to prev5t abrupt make-&-break occurr+1 7 prone1 by reason ( ! v lightness ( ! p>ts1 to break contact1 if too l\dly spok5 to4 ,!y %>e ?is fault ) ! m p]fect transmitt]s ( ,blake & ,b]l9] :i* are us$ to-day s g5]ally4 ,! undulatory curr5ts ( ^! transmitt]s are1 l ^? ( ,reis's transmitt]s1 liable to an occasional abrupt int]ruption1 :i*1 ?\gh x may n s]i\sly affect ! intelligibility ( ! words1 does1 to "s ext5t1 m> ! p]fection ( ! articulation4 ,/ill1 9 practice1 to judge by ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! telephone ex*anges ( ,great ,brita91 ! ,blake transmitt] ) its liability to make-&-brake abruptly is a m satisfactory in/rum5t ?an ! ,bell transmitt]1 :i* is n us$ at all4 ,n[ ! ,bell transmitt] work+ on ! pr9ciple ( :i* ,bell is ! fir/ & undisput$ inv5tor1 is "o 9 :i* ! degree ( contact 9 ! circuit is nev] *ang$3 = x works by ! pr9ciple ( 8induction10 :]eby curr5ts are set up 9 a circuit t is nev] op5$ or clos$1 ei!r p>tially or :olly4 ,nev]!less ! ,blake transmitt]1 :i* op5s & closes ! circuit 9 proportion to ! undulations ( ! tympanum1 is ! m satisfactory in/rum5t = produc+ ! undulat+ curr5ts requir$ to procure ! all-ess5tial correspond5ce betwe5 ! undulations ( ! tympanum ( ! transmitt] & ^? ( ! armature ( ! receiv]4 ,to sum ! matt] up1 x appe>s t an in/rum5t :i* op5s & closes ! circuit on ,reis's pr9ciple ( transmitt+ is 9 practice a m satisfactory transmitt] ( undulatory curr5ts ?an ,bell's transmitt] :i* _c op5 or close ! circuit 9 ! lea/4 ,reis1 ) 8 in/rum5ts1 transmitt$ spee*--z ,h]r ,hold tells u 7p4 #abf7--:5 ! words spok5 7 n too l\d4 ,t is a pro( t he did really use1 :e!r he knew x or n1 undulatory curr5ts ( electricity3 & an undulatory curr5t is none ! less an undulatory curr5t1 ev5 if occasionally abruptly int]rupt$4 ,a spee* is none ! less a spee*1 ev5 if ! orator sneeze once or twice :ile speak+4 ,nay1 we may g fur!r1 & say t an undulatory curr5t is an undulatory curr5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! f9] ripples ( ! waves are lo/ 9 transmission4 ,?is is :at seems to h be5 ! case ) ,reis's in/rum5ts z !y 7 9 #ahfa & #ahfb4 ,! consonants 7 satisfactorily transmitt$1 & s 7 all musical tones )9 ! range ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b ! f9] ripples ( ! v[els 7 lo/ someh[ 9 transmission4 ,reis1 ^: innate hon\r & mode/y l$ him always r to und]/ate ?an ov]/ate ! facts1 mo/ frankly ackn[l$g$ ?is1 nay ev5 invit$ att5tion to ! fact1 & discuss$ ! imp]fection f a high sci5tific /&po9t4 ,he propos$ to rely = ! correctness ( 8 views ^u ! actual record$ curves ( s\nd-waves1 z tak5 d[n automatically by ! !n newly-inv5t$ phonautograph ( ,scott 7see p4 #fj74 ,x is p]fectly m>vell\s h[ precise 8 views 7 ^u ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! graphic curve or wave-=m ( a s\nd & ! actual s\nd itself2 a precision amply ju/ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce & ! discov]ies ( ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,?is matt] ( repres5t+ s\nds--or r ! v>y+ d5sity ( ! air 9 ! s\nd-wave--by a graphic curve1 0 a vital "o to ,reis4 ,_h he _h a less cle> view ( ! nature ( s\nd-waves ?an t af=d$ by a graphic curve1 ,i d\bt :e!r he w\ld ev] h grasp$ ! problem ( ! telephone--t ! f9al vibrations1 or undulations1 or oscillations ( ! armature 9 ! receiv] mu/ correspond )--mu/ be ! v c\nt]p>t (--^? ( ! tympanum ( ! transmitt]4 ,! cle>ness ) :i* ,reis saw ?is is only surpass$ by ! cle>ness ) :i* he express$ himself ^u x4 ,= him a s\nd 0 simply a complicat$ s]ies ( v>iations 9 ! d5sity ( ! air1 & capable1 9 all its complexity1 ( be+ repres5t$ by ! rise & fall ( an undulatory curve4 8,e tone1 & e comb9ation ( tones1 evokes 9 our e> vibrations 444 ! motions ( :i* may be repres5t$ by a curve0 7p4 #ed74 8,t :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! auditory n]ve 444 may be repres5t$ graphically accord+ to its duration & magnitude by a curve0 444 7p4 #ec74 8,our e> c p]ceive absolutely no?+ m ?an is capable ( be+ repres5t$ by simil> curves0 7p4 #ec74 ,! curves ) :i* he accompani$ 8 orig9al memoir--& n[ reproduc$ 9 facsimile1 f ,legat's plates1 at ! end ( ?is volume--are evid5ce ( ! ?or\ghness ( 8 grasp on ! undulatory pr9ciple4 ,& he explicitly /ates ?is pr9ciple among/ 8! v>i\s requisite conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ by ! transmitt+ & receiv+ app>atus = ! solution ( ! problem t has be5 set0 7,legat's ,report1 p4 #ga74 ,he decl>$ t s soon z x %\ld become possible 8at any place1 & 9 any prescrib$ mann]0 7t is to say1 :e!r by electric undulations or by me*anical undulations1 z 9 ! /r+ ( ! toy telephone1 or by any o!r means71 8to set up vibrations ^: curves are l ^? ( any giv5 tone or comb9ation ( tones10 we %\ld !n receive ! same impression z t tone or comb9ation ( tones w\ld h produc$ ^u u4 ,s mu* = ,reis's pr9ciple ( correspond5ce ( undulations betwe5 ! transmitt] & ! receiv]2 we h se5 h[ cle> & precise1 yet h[ compreh5sive x 01 & h[ ! g5]al proposition necess>ily includ$ )9 itself1 z an int]m$iate /ep1 ! p>ticul> m9or proposition t ! undulations ( ! curr5t mu/ also be 9 correspond5ce ) ! voice4 ,keep+ ^! po9ts 9 m9d1 x is v rem>kable t :5 ,graham ,bell1 f\rte5 ye>s lat]1 foll[$ ,reis 8into ! field ( telephonic rese>*10 he select$ ! v same me?od ( express+ ! relations betwe5 s\nds & ! undulations :i* correspond$ ) !m4 ,to %[ h[ rem>kably 9 agreem5t ! views ( ,reis & ,bell are ^u ?is "q ( repres5t+ by a curve ! undulations :i* correspond to ! voice1 we select ! foll[+ p>agraphs & place !m 9 p>allel columns4 ,reis4 ,t :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! auditory n]ve 444 may be repres5t$ graphically1 accord+ to its duration & magnitude by a curve4--7,memoir #8,on ,telephony' 9 ! ,jahresb]i*t ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frankfurt-a4-,m4 #ahfj-fa1 p4 #ei47 p4 #ec4 ,! height or dep? ( ! s\nd produc$ 444 dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( vibrations made 9 a giv5 "t4--7,ib4 p4 #fc47 p4 #ei4 ,bell4 ,electrical undulations1 induc$ by a body capable ( inductive action1 c be repres5t$ graphically1 )\t error by ! same s9usoidal curve :i* expresses ! vibration ( ! induc+ body itself1 & ! effect ( its vibration ^u ! air2 =1 z /at$ above1 ! rate ( oscillation 9 ! electrical curr5t corresponds to ! rate ( vibration ( ! induc+ body--t is1 to ! pit* ( ! s\nd produc$4--7,specification ( ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,no4 #agd1dfe1 dat$ ,m>* #g1 #ahgf47 ,reis4 ,! great] ! cond5sation ( ! s\nd-conduct+ m$ium at any giv5 mom5t1 ! great] w be ! amplitude ( vibration ( ! membrane4--7,ib4 p4 #eh47 p4 #eb4 ,bell4 ,! int5sity ( ! curr5t v>ies ) ! amplitude ( ! vibration--t is1 ) ! l\dness ( ! s\nd2--7,ib47 ,reis4 444 ea* tone is dep5d5t n only on ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! m$ium1 b also on ! cond5sation or r>efaction ( ! same4--7,legat's ,report1 ,zeits*rift des ,d4-,oe/]r4 ,telegr4 ,v]e9s1 #ahfc1 p4 #abe47 p4 #gg4 ,bell4 & ! pol>ity ( ! curr5t corresponds to ! direction ( ! vibrat+ body1--t is1 to ! cond5sations & r>efactions ( air produc$ by ! vibration4--7,ib47 ,reis4 ,let u exhibit ! cond5sation curves = ?ree tones--ea* s+ly 7,plate ,i73 !n1 by add+ toge!r ! ord9ates correspond+ to equal absciss1 we c det]m9e new ord9ates & develop a new curve :i* we may call ! comb9ation-curve4 ,n[ ?is gives u j exactly :at our e> p]ceives f ! ?ree simultane\s tones4--7,memoir #8,on ,telephony1' p4 #ei47 p4 #ed4 ,bell4 ,! comb9$ effect ( ,a & ,b1 :5 induc$ simultane\sly on ! same circuit1 is express$ by ! curve ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is ! algebraical sum ( ! s9usoidal curves ,a & ,b4 ,?is curve ,a ,b also indicates ! actual motion ( ! air :5 two musical notes consid]$ are s\nd$ simultane\sly4444 7,ib47 ,! electrical movem5t1 l ! a]ial motion1 c be repres5t$ by a s9usoidal curve1 or by ! resultant ( sev]al s9usoidal curves4--7,ib47 ,! v rem>kable agreem5t ( ! prec$+ passages receives a mo/ /rik+ confirmation by comp>+ ! curves respectively drawn by ,reis & by ,bell4 ,^! are facsimil$ bel[1 ,reis's 8comb9ation0-curve 7,fig4 #dg7 f ,plate ,i4 ( 8 ,memoir 7also ,plate ,i4 ( ?is volume71 & ,bell's 8resultant0-curve 7,fig4 #dh7 f ,fig4 #d ( 8 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,specification ,no4 #agd1dfe4 ,! mo/ casual obs]v] _c fail to notice "h t ! ?ree l9es ( undulatory curves ( ,bell's specification are practically id5tical ) ! ?ree l[] l9es ( undulatory curves ( ,reis's memoir4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 9 ea* case introduc$ = ! sake ( %[+ h[ a complex curve corresponds to a comp\nd undulation4 ,reis44 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,bell44 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,f> be x f me ev5 to h9t t ei!r curve 0 plagi>is$ f ! o!r4 ,bell tells u t 8 curve is to repres5t electrical oscillations1 :i*1 he adds1 h ! same curve z t bo? ( ! vibrat+ body & ( ! air4 ,reis tells u t 8 curve is to repres5t ! oscillations ( a tympanum1 or ( ! air1 or ( ! magnetisation ( ! magnet1 or ( ! armature at ! receiv+ end4 ,h[ ! magnetization ( ! electro-magnet 0 made to v>y 8correspond+ly ) ! cond5sations & r>efactions ( ! air10 z repres5t$ by su* a curve1 ,reis did n explicitly say1 b left to ! common s5se ( 8 read]s to inf]4 ,?\gh ! inf]5ce 0 obvi\s1 ,bell1 :o possibly _h n !n read ,reis's rese>*es1 seiz$ ^u ?is int]m$iate /age ( ! process employ$ by ,reis1 & probably q unconsci\s t ,reis _h already employ$ x1 ann\nc$ x z a discov]y ( 8 own2 & !n1 los+ sight ( ! po9t t all t 0 want$ 0 to secure correspond5ce betwe5 ! initial & f9al /age1 he magnifi$ to an absurd & unw>rant$ importance ?is int]m$iate correspond5ce ( ! vibrations ( ! curr5t ) ^? ( ! tympanum1 :i* correspond5ce any "o read+ ,reis's pap]s w\ld "k at once ,reis _h implicitly assum$ & actually employ$ :5 he transmitt$ articulate spee*4 ,if we pass f ! me?od ( graphically repres5t+ undulations by curves1 & proce$ to comp>e ! language 9 :i* ,reis describ$ ! action ( 8 ma*9e 9 reproduc+ ! undulations imp>t$ to ! transmitt]1 ) t 9 :i* ,graham ,bell describ$ ! action ( 8 ma*9e "s f\rte5 ye>s lat]1 we %all f9d#ec an agreem5t ev5 m precise4 ,reis4 ,! electromagnet 444 w be demagnetis$ & magnetis$ correspond+ly ) ! cond5sations & r>efactions ( ! mass ( air1 444 & ! armature 444 w be set into vibrations simil> to ^? ( ! membrane 9 ! transmitt+ app>atus4--7,legat's ,report1 ,zeits*rift1 p4 #abh1 #ahfb47 p4 #gg4 ,bell4 ,! curr5t trav]s+ ! coils ( ! electromagnet ,e1 occasions an increase & dim9ution 9 its int5sity1 & ! armature ,a#a is ?r[n into vibrations 444 & ?us imp>ts to ! air at n#a a facsimile copy ( ! motion ( ! air t act$ ^u ! membrane n4--7,specification ( ,briti% ,pat5t1 ,no4 #dgfe1 ,dec4 #i?1 #ahgf1 p4 #ag47 ,reis4 ,! transmitt]1 ,fig4 ,a1 consi/s ( a conical tube 444 clos$ by a membrane 444 by speak+ 444 into ! tube 444 !re w be evok$ a motion ( ! membrane 444 7op4 cit47 ,bell4 ,a cone ,a is us$ to conv]ge s\nd vibrations ^u ! membrane4 ,:5 a s\nd is utt]$ 9 ! cone ! membrane a is set 9 vibration4444 ,reis4 ,! app>atus 444 (f]s ! possibility ( creat+ ^! vibrations 9 e fa%ion t may be desir$1 & ! employm5t ( electro-galvanism gives u ! possibility ( call+ into life1 at any giv5 di/ance1 vibrations simil> to ! vibrations t h be5 produc$1 & 9 ?is way to reproduce at any place ! tones t h be5 orig9at$ at ano!r place4--7,legat's ,report1 op4 cit47 ,bell4 444 & ?us electrical undulations are creat$ ^u ! circuit ,e b e f g4444 ,! undulatory curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! electromagnet f influ5ces its armature h to copy ! motion ( ! armature c4444 ,^! undulations are simil> 9 =m to ! air undulations caus$ by ! s\nd4 ,reis4 ,z soon !re=e z x %all be possible 444 to set up vibrations ^: curves are l ^? ( any giv5 tone or comb9ation ( tones1 we %all receive ! same impression z t tone or comb9ation ( tones w\ld h produc$ ^u u4--7,memoir #8,on ,telephony1' p4 #fj47 p4 #ee4 ,bell4 --t is1 !y are repres5t$ graphically by simil> curves4444 ,a simil> s\nd to t utt]$ into ,a is !n he>d to proce$ f ,i4--7,specification ( ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t1 ,no4 #agd1dfe47 ,reis4 ,any s\nd w be reproduc$1 if /rong en\gh to set ! membrane 9 motion4--7,lett] to ,mr4 ,ladd1 #ahfc47 p4 #hd4 ,bell4 ,!re are _m o!r uses to :i* ^! in/rum5ts may be put1 su* z 444 ! telegraphic transmission ( noises or s\nds ( any k9d4--7,ib47 ,i w\ld h x und]/ood t :at ,i claim is3--444 ,t5?4 ,9 a sy/em ( electric telegraph or telephony consi/+ ( transmitt+ & receiv+ in/rum5ts unit$ ^u an electric circuit1 ,i claim ! production 9 ! armature ( ea* receiv+ in/rum5t ( any giv5 motion by subject+ said armature to an attraction v>y+ 9 int5sity1 h[ev] su* v>iation may be produc$ 9 ! magnet1 & h5ce ,i claim ! production ( any giv5 s\nd or s\nds f ! armature ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t by subject+ said armature to an attraction v>y+ 9 int5sity 9 su* mann] z to ?r[ ! armature into t =m ( vibration t *>act]izes ! giv5 s\nd or s\nds4--7,specification ( ,briti% ,pat5t1 ,no4 #dgfe1 ,dec4 #i1 #ahgf47 ,reis4 ! armature belong+ to ! magnet w be set into vibrations simil> to ^? ( ! membrane 9 ! transmitt+ app>atus4--7,legat's ,report1 #ahfb47 p4 #gg4 ,"o _c help ?9k+ t "s claims to great inv5tions are j a little 8too previ\s40 ,if x %\ld /ill be said t ,reis's me?od ( transmitt+ spee*1 :e!r x did its "w by undulatory curr5ts or no1 0 av[$ly imp]fect1 & t !re=e su* a claim z t quot$ above is ju/ifi$ by ! subsequ5t inv5tion ( an in/rum5t ! articulation ( :i* 0 m reliable1 let u comp>e :at ea* inv5tor has said ab\t ! imp]fections#ed ( 8 own in/rum5t4 ,reis4 ,t :i* has "h be5 spok5 ( w /ill require consid]able improvem5t1 & 9 p>ticul> me*anical sci5ce mu/ complete ! app>atus to be us$4--7,legat's ,report1 #ahfb47 p4 #gh4 ,bell4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! articulation 0 by any means p]fect4444 ,/ill ! articulation 0 !re1 & ,i recogniz$ ! fact t ! indi/9ctness 0 entirely due to ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5t4--7#8,rese>*es 9 ,telephony1' ,j\rnal ( ,soc4 ( ,telegr4 ,eng9e]s1 ,dec4 #ahgg47 ,if x %\ld be said t ,bell is "h speak+ only ( an e>ly & exp]im5tal =m1 & n ( 8 real inv5tion1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,bell "h ref]s to ! app>atus ) cone & membrane1 id5tical ) t exhibit$ at ,glasg[ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgf1 by ,sir ,william ,?omson 7:o _h receiv$ x f ,bell7 & by him describ$ z ! v 8h>dihood ( inv5tion10 & 8by f> ! greate/ ( all ! m>vels ( ! electric telegraph40 ,x c]ta9ly work$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( undulatory curr5ts1#ee :e!r x articulat$ or n4 ,bell _h himself1 speak+ 9 ,may #ahgf1 be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces ^u 8 rese>*es1 ev5 m explicitly admitt$ ! imp]fections ( 8 own in/rum5t4 ,! effects 7 n suffici5tly di/9ct to admit ( su/a9 ed conv]sation ?r\gh ! wire4 ,inde$1 z a g5]al rule1 ! articulation 0 un9telligible1 except+ :5 famili> s5t5ces 7 employ$4--7,proce$+s ( ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xii4 p4 #g47 ,yet ?is mo/ imp]fect ma*9e1 ( :i* ! articulation 01 z a g5]al rule1 un9telligible1 _h1 two mon?s previ\sly1 _h a pat5t grant$ to x z a new inv5tion1 ! claim be+ = 8! me?od (1 & app>atus =1 transmitt+ vocal or o!r s\nds telegraphically1 z h]e9 describ$1 by caus+ electrical undulations simil> 9 =m to ! vibrations ( ! air accompany+ ! said vocal or o!r s\nds1 sub/antially z set =?40 ,if !n m]e me*anical imp]fections d n make an inv5tion any ! less a true inv5tion capable ( legal recognition1 x w\ld be di%one/ to ! la/ degree to d5y to ,philipp ,reis ! hon\r ( 8 inv5tion1 ( :i* he hone/ly & op5ly /at$ bo? ! successes & ! imp]fections4 ,he told ! _w :at he aim$ at1 & 9 :at measure success _h cr[n$ 8 aims4 ,8 claim to be ! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone he consid]$ to be ju/ifi$ by t measure ( success4 ,if he 0 s f> 9 advance ( 8 "t t ! _w 0 unprep>$ to receive or use ! spl5did discov]y :i* he gave freely to x1 t 0 n 8 fault2 nor does neglect or apa?y make him 9 "o s+le degree ! less entitl$ to ! cr$it ( 8 inv5tions4 ,tulit alt] honores has n unfrequ5tly be5 truly said conc]n+ ! m5 ( g5ius :o h _h ! mis=tune to live 9 advance ( ! age4 ,b po/]ity does n let ! names ( su* truly great ones p]i% 9 ! du/4 ,! inv5tor ( ! ,telephone w be rememb]$ & hon\r$ 9 ! com+ if n 9 ! pres5t age4 ,,s*$ule ,,( ,,au?orities ,key to ,title ( ,"w3 ,a4 #8,jahresb]i*t des ,physikalis*5 ,v]e9s zu ,frankfurt-am-,ma9' ,b4 #8,=ts*ritte d] ,physik' 7,krnig & ,beetz7 ,c4 ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal' ,d4 #8,polyte*nis*es ,c5tral-,blatt'7,s*n$]mann & ,btt*]7 ,e4 ,bttg]'s #8,polyte*nis*es ,notizblatt' ,f4 #8,didaskalia' ,g4 #8,zeits*rift des ,deuts*-,oe/]rei*is*5 ,telegraph5 ,v]e9s' 7,dr4 ,brix7 ,h4 ,kuhn's #8,h&bu* d] angew&t5 ,elektricittslehre' ,i4 ,pisko's #8,die ,neu]5 ,app>ate d] ,aku/ik' ,j4 7,pisko's7 #8,hessl]'s ,lehrbu* d] ,te*nis*5 ,physik' ,k4 ,mll] ,p\illet's #8,lehrbu* d] ,physik' ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,title ,place ( ,date4 ,volume & ,briti% ( ,"w4 ,issue4 ,page4 ,museum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a4 ,frankfurt #ahfj-a p4 #eg ,ac4 #ddbh -a4-,m4 #ahfc p4 #abi ,b4 ,b]l9 #ahfa xvii4 p4 #aga-agc ,ac4 #cgge #ahfc ----8 p4 #if ,c4 ,/uttg>t #ahfc clxviii4 p4 #ahe-ahg ,pp4 #aghj clxix4 p4 #bc clxix4 p4 #cii ,d4 ,cassel #ahfc xxix4 p4 #heh ,pp4 #afae b4 ,e4 ,ma9z #ahfc ,no4 #f ,pp4 #aghg ,no4 #ae ,f4 ,frankfurt #ahfb ,may #h1 ,may #ad 44 -a4-,m4 ,g4 ,b]l9 #ahfb ix4 p4 #abe 44 ,h4 ,leipzig #ahff p4 #ajag-ajba #bbdd i ,i4 ,vi5na #ahfe p4 #id-ajc #hgje cc4 p4 #bda-bdc ,j4 ,vi5na #ahff ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #fdh 44 ,k4 ,brunswick #ahfh ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #chf-chh 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,& ,,ref]5ces4 ,key to ref]5ces3 #a4 ,royal ,society4 #b4 ,ronald's ,libr>y4 #c4 ,in/itution ,civil ,eng9e]s4 #d4 ,royal ,in/itution4 #e4 ,great ,seal ,pat5t ,(fice4 #f4 ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 #g4 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 #h4 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d4 #i4 ,k+'s ,college4 #aj4 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,museum ,libr>y4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,title #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #h4 #i4aj4 ( ,"w4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a4 #ahdf 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 -#ahfj ,b4 x 44 x x #fedf1 x x 44 x x #aah ,e ,c4 x 44 x x #abif1 x 44 44 44 44 #id ,a ,d4 44 44 44 44 #aacb1 44 44 44 44 44 #id ,i ,e4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,f4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,g4 44 44 x 44 #ieaa1 44 44 44 44 44 #bd ,e ,h4 44 x 44 x #acadf1 44 44 #aih e #acc 44 44 #afc ,c ,i4 x 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 x ,j4 44 x 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,i4 44 44 44,a new] 44 x 7,ed4 44 44 x edition #ahgf7 7#ahgb7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,footnotes3 #ec ,9 mak+ ^! comp>isons 9 p>allel columns1 ,i wi% to repudiate 9 ! mo/ emphatic way any s9i/] inf]5ce t might be drawn z to ,graham ,bell's use ( descriptions & curves id5tical 9 s _m po9ts ) ^? ( ,reis4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i believe ,pr(essor ,bell to be incapable ( su* contemptible appropriations1 & ! c&\r ) :i* he has himself invit$ comp>ison by giv+ v>i\s ref]5ces to ,reis's pap]s1 itself precludes su* inf]5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i d n ?9k t at ! date ( ^! quotations ,bell und]/ood ,g]man suffici5tly well to compreh5d ,reis's v precise /atem5t ( ! problem ( ! ,telephone4 ,i simply exhibit ^! p>allel extracts to %[ ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ,reis _h grappl$ ) ! problem ) :i*1 f\rte5 ye>s lat]1 ,bell also grappl$2 & to prove 9 ! mo/ irrefragable mann]1 f ! necess>y id5tity 9 ! t]ms select$ = express+ ! facts ( ! solution ( ! problem1 t ! problem to :i* ea* f\nd a solution 0 id5tical4 ,! circum/ance t does1 h[ev]1 puzzle me1 & :i* does n appe> 9 ^! p>allel extracts1 is t1 :il/ 9 8 orig9al memoir1 ,reis speaks 9 detail ( ! auditory ossicles & _! movem5ts z hav+ sugge/$ 8 transmitt]1 & casually m5tions ! phonautograph ( ,scott 9 support ( 8 views1 ,bell1 9 8 orig9al lecture be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy1 speaks 9 detail ( ,scott's phonautograph z hav+ sugge/$ 8 transmitt]1 & casually ref]s to ! auditory ossicles & _! movem5ts4 #ed ,reis's failures 7 *iefly ) ! v[els1 ,bell's m p>ticul>ly ) ! consonants4 ,reis's contacts 7 liable to break1 & ! foll[+-spr+s ( 8 contact-regulators too little pliable4 ,bell's transmitt] c\ld n op5 & close ! circuit proportionally ) ! motions ( ! tympanum1 & ow+ to ! sluggi%ness due to self-induction 9 ! coils ( 8 telephone1 ! induc$ undulations ( ! curr5t fail$ to come up 9 sudd5ness to ^? ( ! tympanum4 ,9 consequ5ce :ip s\nd$ l :im1 & kiss l ki?1 ev5 9 ! p]fect$ ,bell ,telephones made two ye>s aft] ,bell's fir/ 8improvem5ts0 9 telephony 7 pat5t$4 #ee ,! foll[+ v rem>kable passage occurs 9 ! evid5ce giv5 by ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell conc]n+ ,reis's ,telephones4 7,see publi%$ volume ( #8,proce$+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice be=e ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4' ,evid5ce = ,a4 ,g4 ,bell1 p4 #ad47 ,"q #cg4 8,if a ,reis ,telephone1 made 9 accordance ) ! descriptions publi%$ be=e ! e>lie/ dates ( y\r inv5tion1 w\ld 9 use transmit & receive articulate spee* z p]fectly z ! in/rum5ts did :i* 7 us$ by y on ,june #be1 #ahgf1 at ! ,c5t5nial1 w\ld x be pro( to y t su* ,reis's ,telephones op]at$ by ! use ( undulatory movem5ts ( electricity 9 sub/antially ! same way z y\r in/rum5ts did ^u ! occasion ref]r$ to80 ,answ] by ,bell4 8,! supposition conta9$ 9 ! "q _c be suppos$4 ,7 ! "q put t if ,i 7 to he> an in/rum5t give =? articulate spee* transmitt$ electrically z p]fectly z my in/rum5ts did on ! occasion ref]r$ to 9 ! "q1 ,i w\ld hold ?is z pro( t ! in/rum5t _h be5 op]at$ by undulatory movem5ts ( electricity1 ,i w\ld unhesitat+ly answ]1 ,yes40 ,surely no bett] au?ority is ne$$ to support ! proposition t if ,reis made 8 ,telephone speak1 z he said he did1 he employ$ undulatory curr5ts4 ,,additional ,,pref]5ces ,,conc]n+ ,,reis',s ,,telephone4 ,s*5k's ,philipp ,reis1 d] ,erf9d] des ,telephons1 #ahgh4 ,sack's ,die ,entwickelung d] elektris*5 ,telephonie1 #ahgh4 ,f]guson's ,electricity 7,ed4 #ahfg71 p4 #beg4 ,wi$emann's ,galvanismus 7#ahgd71 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #eih4 ,g>t5laube1 die2 = #ahfc1 ,no4 #ea1 p4 #hjg-hji4 ,aus d] ,natur2 = #ahfb1 xxi4 p4 #dgj-dgd4 ,cosmos1 ,vol4 xxiv4 p4 #cdi 7#ahfd74 ,proc4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/] 7#ahfe71 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahfd4 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 7#ahfc71 p4 #ai4 ,die ,ges*i*te und ,entwickelung des elektris*5 ,f]nspre*wes5s1 #ahhj4 7,(ficially issu$ f ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,po/-,(fice1 ,b]l947 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,plate #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reproduction ,,( ,,tones ,,9 ,,! ,,electro-,,galvanic ,,way4 ,,?os4 ,,kell ,,son4 ,,li? #dj1 ,,k+ ,st4 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 _/ ,,reproduction ,,( ,,tones ,,9 ,,! ,,electro-,,galvanic ,,way4 ,illu/ration ,,?os4 ,,kell ,,son4 ,,li? #dj1 ,,k+ ,st4 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 _/ ,,books ,,relat+ ,,to ,,appli$ ,,sci5ce ,,publi%$ ,,by ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,london3 #af1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #dd1 ,,murray ,,/reet4 ,a ,pocket-,book = ,*emi/s1 ,*emical ,manufactur]s1 ,metallurgi/s1 ,dy]s1 ,di/ill]s1 ,brew]s1 ,sug> ,ref9]s1 ,photograph]s1 ,/ud5ts1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,?omas ,bayley1 ,assoc4 ,r4,c4 ,sc4 ,irel&1 ,analytical & ,consult+ ,*emi/ & ,assay]4 ,second edition1 ) additions1 #dcg pp41 royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 #es4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,atomic ,weights & ,factors--,useful ,data--,*emical ,calculations--,rules = ,indirect ,analysis--,weights & ,measures--,!rmomet]s & ,b>omet]s--,*emical ,physics--,boil+ ,po9ts1 etc4--,solubility ( ,sub/ances--,me?ods ( ,obta9+ ,specific ,gravity--,conv]sion ( ,hydromet]s--,/r5g? ( ,solutions by ,specific ,gravity--,analysis--,gas ,analysis--,wat] ,analysis--,qualitative ,analysis & ,reactions--,volumetric ,analysis--,manipulation--,m9]alogy--,as say+--,alcohol--,be]--,sug> --,miscellane\s ,te*nological matt] relat+ to ,pota%1 ,soda1 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,*lor9e1 ,t> ,products1 ,petroleum1 ,milk1 ,tall[1 ,photography1 ,prices1 ,wages1 ,app5dix1 etc41 etc4 ,! ,me*anician3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction & ,manipulation ( ,tools1 = ! use & in/ruction ( ,"y ,eng9e]s & ,sci5tific ,amateurs1 compris+ ! ,arts ( ,blacksmi?+ & ,=g+2 ! ,con/ruction & ,manufacture ( ,h& ,tools1 & ! v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,us+ & ,gr9d+ !m2 ! ,con/ruction ( ,ma*9e ,tools1 & h[ to "w !m2 ,ma*9e ,fitt+ & ,erection2 description ( ,h& & ,ma*9e ,processes2 ,turn+ & ,screw ,cutt+2 pr9ciples ( ,con/ruct+ & details ( ,mak+ & ,erect+ ,/eam ,eng9es1 & ! v>i\s details ( sett+ out "w1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,cam]on ,knight1 ,eng9e]4 ,conta9+ #aadg illu/rations1 & #cig pages ( lett]-press4 ,?ird edition1 #dto1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,on ,design+ ,belt ,ge>+4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,c[l+ ,wel*1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,eng9e]s1 ,au?or ( #8,design+ ,valve ,ge>+4' ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,a ,h&book ( ,=mul1 ,tables1 & ,memor&a1 = ,ar*itectural ,surveyors & o!rs engag$ 9 ,build+4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,hur/1 ,c4,e4 ,?irte5? edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 #es4 8,x is no disp>agem5t to ! _m excell5t publications we ref] to1 to say t 9 our op9ion ?is little pocket-book ( ,hur/'s is ! v be/ ( !m all1 )\t any exception4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt a recapitulation ( ! cont5ts1 = x appe>s to conta9 almo/ ev]y?+ t anyone connect$ ) build+ c\ld require1 &1 be/ ( all1 made up 9 a compact =m = c>ry+ 9 ! pocket1 measur+ only #e 94 by #c 941 & ab\t 94 ?ick1 9 a limp cov]4 ,we congratulate ! au?or on ! success ( 8 labori\s & practically compil$ little book1 :i* has receiv$ unqualifi$ & des]v$ praise f e pr(essional p]son to :om we h %[n x40--,! ,dubl9 ,build]4 ,! ,cab9et ,mak]2 be+ a ,collection ( ! mo/ approv$ designs 9 ! ,m$ival1 ,l\is-,seize1 & ,old ,engli% /yles1 = ! use ( ,cab9et ,mak]s1 ,c>v]s1 c4 ,by ,r4 ,*>les4 #if plates1 folio1 half-b\nd1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,quantity ,survey+4 ,by ,j4 ,lean+4 ,) #db illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #is4 ,cont5ts3 ,a complete ,explanation ( ! ,london ,practice4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions4 ,ord] ( ,tak+ ,(f4 ,modes ( ,measurem5t ( ! v>i\s ,trades4 ,use & ,wa/e4 ,v5tilation & ,w>m+4 ,cr$its1 ) v>i\s ,examples ( ,treatm5t4 ,abbreviations4 ,squ>+ ! ,dim5sions4 ,ab/ract+1 ) ,examples 9 illu/ration ( ea* ,trade4 ,bill+4 ,examples ( ,preambles to ea* ,trade4 ,=m = a ,bill ( ,quantities4 ,d4 ,bill ( ,cr$its4 ,d4 ,bill = ,alt]native ,e/imate4 ,re/orations & ,repairs1 & ,=m ( ,bill4 ,v>iations be=e ,acceptance ( ,t5d]4 ,errors 9 a ,build]'s ,e/imate4 ,s*$ule ( ,prices4 ,=m ( ,s*$ule ( ,prices4 ,analysis ( ,s*$ule ( ,prices4 ,adju/m5t ( ,acc\nts4 ,=m ( a ,bill ( ,v>iations4 ,rem>ks on ,specifications4 ,prices & ,valuation ( ,"w1 ) ,examples & ,rem>ks ^u ea* ,trade4 ,! ,law z x affects ,quantity ,surveyors1 ) ,law ,reports4 ,tak+ ,(f aft] ! ,old ,me?od4 ,nor!rn ,practice4 ,! ,g5]al ,/atem5t ( ! ,me?ods recomm5d$ by ! ,man*e/] ,society ( ,ar*itects = tak+ ,quantities4 ,examples ( ,collections4 ,examples ( 8,tak+ ,(f0 9 ea* ,trade4 ,rem>ks on ! ,pa/ & ,pres5t ,me?ods ( ,e/imat+4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,heat1 z appli$ to ! ,useful ,arts2 = ! ,use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects1 c4 ,by ,?omas ,box4 ,) #ad plates4 ,?ird edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,descriptive ,treatise on ,ma!matical ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts3 _! con/ruction1 uses1 qualities1 selection1 pres]vation1 & sugge/ions = improvem5ts1 ) h9ts ^u ,draw+ & ,col\r+4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,/anley1 ,m4 ,r4 ,i4 ,fif? edition1 ) num]\s illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,spons' ,ar*itects' & ,build]s' ,pocket-,book ( ,prices & ,memor&a4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,"y1 ,ar*itect4 ,royal #cbmo1 roan1 #ds4 #f;d42 or clo?1 r$ edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,publi%$ annually4 ,t5? edition4 ,n[ ready4 ,long-,span ,railway ,bridges1 compris+ ,inve/igations ( ! ,comp>ative ,!oretical & ,practical ,advantages ( ! v>i\s adopt$ or propos$ ,type ,sy/ems ( ,con/ruction1 ) num]\s ,=mul & ,tables giv+ ! weight ( ,iron or ,/eel requir$ 9 ,bridges f #cjj feet to ! limit+ ,spans2 to :i* are add$ simil> ,inve/igations & ,tables relat+ to ,%ort-span ,railway ,bridges4 ,second & revis$ edition4 ,by ,b4 ,bak]1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,plates1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,elem5t>y ,!ory & ,calculation ( ,iron ,bridges & ,ro(s4 ,by ,augu/ ,ritt]1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,translat$ f ! ?ird ,g]man edition1 by ,h4 ,r4 ,sankey1 ,capt4 ,r4,e4 ,) #ejj illu/rations1 #hvo1 clo?1 #aes4 ,! ,build]'s ,cl]k3 a ,guide to ! ,managem5t ( a ,build]'s ,bus9ess4 ,by ,?omas ,bales4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,c>p5try4 ,by ,?omas ,tr$gold4 ,revis$ f ! orig9al edition1 & p>tly re-writt51 by ,john ,?omas ,hur/4 ,conta9$ 9 #eag pages ( lett]-press1 & illu/rat$ ) #dh plates & #aej wood engrav+s4 ,?ird edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,section ,i4 ,on ! ,equality & ,di/ribution ( ,=ces--,section ,,ii4 ,resi/ance ( ,timb]--,section ,,iii4 ,con/ruction ( ,floors--,section ,,iv4 ,con/ruction ( ,ro(s--,section ,v4 ,con/ruction ( ,domes & ,cupolas--,section ,,vi4 ,con/ruction ( ,p>titions--,section ,,vii4 ,scaffolds1 ,/ag+1 & ,gantries--,section ,,viii4 ,con/ruction ( ,c5tres = ,bridges--,section ,,ix4 ,c(f]-dams1 ,%or+1 & ,/rutt+--,section ,x4 ,wood5 ,bridges & ,viaducts--,section ,,xi4 ,jo9ts1 ,/raps1 & o!r ,fa/5+s--,section ,,xii4 ,timb]4 ,our ,factories1 ,work%ops1 & ,w>eh\ses3 _! ,sanit>y & ,fire-,resi/+ ,arrangem5ts4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,?waite1 ,assoc4 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) #ahc wood engrav+s1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #is4 ,gold3 ,its ,occurr5ce & ,extraction1 embrac+ ! ,geographical & ,geological ,di/ribution & ! ,m9]alogical ,*>act]s ( ,gold-be>+ rocks2 ! peculi> features & modes ( work+ ,%all[ ,plac]s1 ,riv]s1 & ,deep ,leads2 ,hydraulic+2 ! ,r$uction & ,sep>ation ( ,aurif]\s ,qu>tz2 ! treatm5t ( complex ,aurif]\s ores conta9+ o!r metals2 a ,bibliography ( ! subject & a ,gloss>y ( ,te*nical & ,=eign ,t]ms4 ,by ,alfr$ ,g4 ,lock1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) num]\s illu/rations & maps1 #abej pp41 sup]-royal #hvo1 clo?1 #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,progressive ,lessons 9 ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,by ,edw>d ,sang1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 ea* ,"p1 #cs4 ,"p #a4 ,geometry on ,pap]--,"p #b4 ,solidity1 ,weight1 & ,pressure--,"p #c4 ,trigonometry1 ,vision1 & ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,coal ,m9+4 ,by ,george ,g4 ,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,) #hb li?ographic plates4 #b vols41 royal #dto1 clo?1 #cl4 #abs4 ,sug> ,gr[+ & ,ref9+3 a ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ! ,culture ( ,sug>-yield+ ,plants1 & ! ,manufacture1 ,ref9+1 & ,analysis ( ,cane1 ,beet1 ,maple1 ,milk1 ,palm1 ,sorghum1 & ,/>* ,sug>s1 ) copi\s /ati/ics ( _! production & comm]ce1 & a *apt] on ! di/illation ( ,rum4 ,by ,*>les ,g4 ,w>n=d ,lock1 ,f4,l4,s41 c41 & ,g4 ,w4 ,wign] & ,r4 ,h4 ,h>l&1 ,,ff4,c4,s41 ,,ff4,i4,c4 ,) #bje illu/rations1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cjs4 ,spons' ,in=mation = ,colonial ,eng9e]s4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,hur/4 ,demy #hvo1 sew$4 ,no4 #a4 ,ceylon4 ,by ,abraham ,deane1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,introductory ,rem>ks--,natural ,productions--,ar*itecture & ,eng9e]+--,topography1 ,trade1 & ,natural ,hi/ory--,pr9cipal ,/ations--,weights & ,measures1 etc41 etc4 ,no4 #b4 ,s\!rn ,africa1 includ+ ! ,cape ,colony1 ,natal1 & ! ,dut* ,republics4 ,by ,h5ry ,hall1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,i4 ,) ,map4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,g5]al ,description ( ,s\? ,africa--,physical ,geography ) ref]5ce to ,eng9e]+ ,op]ations--,notes on ,lab\r & ,mat]ial 9 ,cape ,colony--,geological ,notes on ,rock ,=mation 9 ,s\? ,africa--,eng9e]+ ,in/rum5ts = ,use 9 ,s\? ,africa--,pr9cipal ,public ,works 9 ,cape ,colony3 ,railways1 ,m\nta9 ,roads & ,passes1 ,h>b\r ,works1 ,bridges1 ,gas ,works1 ,irrigation & ,wat] ,supply1 ,ligh?\ses1 ,dra9age & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,public ,build+s1 ,m9es--,table ( ,woods 9 ,s\? ,africa--,animals us$ = ,draught ,purposes--,/ati/ical ,notes--,table ( ,di/ances--,rates ( ,c>riage1 etc4 ,no4 #c4 ,india4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,danv]s1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) ,map4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,physical ,geography ( ,india--,build+ ,mat]ials--,roads--,railways--,bridges-- ,irrigation--,riv] ,works--,h>b\rs--,ligh?\se ,build+s--,native ,lab\r--,! ,pr9cipal ,trees ( ,india--,money--,weights & ,measures--,gloss>y ( ,indian ,t]ms1 etc4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,ca/+ & ,f\nd+1 includ+ descriptions ( ! mod]n ma*9]y employ$ 9 ! art4 ,by ,n4 ,e4 ,spretson1 ,eng9e]4 ,?ird edition1 ) #hb plates drawn to scale1 #dab pp41 demy #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,! ,cl]k ( ,works3 a ,vade-,mecum = all engag$ 9 ! ,sup]9t5d5ce ( ,build+ ,op]ations4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,hosk9s1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,?ird edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,tropical ,agriculture2 or1 ! ,culture1 ,prep>ation1 ,comm]ce1 & ,consumption ( ! ,pr9cipal ,products ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 z furni%+ ,food1 ,clo?+1 ,m$ic9e1 etc41 & 9 _! relation to ! ,arts & ,manufactures2 =m+ a practical treatise & ,h&book ( ,ref]5ce = ! ,coloni/1 ,manufactur]1 ,m]*ant1 & ,consum]1 on ! ,cultivation1 ,prep>ation = ,%ipm5t1 & ,comm]cial ,value1 etc41 ( ! v>i\s ,sub/ances obta9$ f ,trees & ,plants ent]+ into ! ,husb&ry ( ,tropical & ,sub-,tropical ,regions4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds4 ,second edition1 revis$ & improv$1 #eae pages1 #hvo1 clo?1 #al4 #as4 ,/eel3 its ,hi/ory1 ,manufacture1 & ,uses4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,jeans1 ,secret>y ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute4 #hfj pages & #bd plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cfs4 ,am]ican ,f\ndry ,practice3 ,treat+ ( ,loam1 ,dry ,s&1 & ,gre5 ,s& ,m\ld+1 & conta9+ a ,practical ,treatise ^u ! ,managem5t ( ,cupolas1 & ! ,melt+ ( ,iron4 ,by ,t4 ,d4 ,,we/1 ,practical ,iron ,m\ld] & ,f\ndry ,=eman4 ,second edition1 ) num]\s illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roads4 ,by ,t4 ,,codr+ton1 ,m4,i4,c4,e1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,c\nty ,roads = ,s\? ,wales4 #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,hydraulic ,/eam & ,h& ,p[] ,lift+ & ,press+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,coly]1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,m4,e4 ,) #gc plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,pumps & ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,f4 ,,coly]1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) #bc fold+ plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,tables ( ! ,pr9cipal ,spe$s occurr+ 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 express$ 9 metres 9 a second4 ,by ,p4 ,,ke]ayeff1 ,*ief ,me*anic ( ! ,ob\*(f ,/eel ,works1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 translat$ by ,,s]gius ,,k]n1 ,m4,e4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,gird] ,mak+ & ! ,practice ( ,bridge ,build+ 9 ,wr\ght ,iron1 illu/rat$ by ,examples ( ,bridges1 ,pi]s1 & ,gird] ,"w1 etc41 con/ruct$ at ! ,sk]ne ,iron ,works1 ,d>l+ton1 by ,,edw>d ,,hut*9son1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,m4,e4 ,) #ce plates1 demy #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,spons' ,diction>y ( ,eng9e]+1 ,civil1 ,me*anical1 ,milit>y1 & ,naval2 ) te*nical t]ms 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,spani%1 #cajj pp41 & ne>ly #hjjj engrav+s1 9 sup]-royal #hvo1 9 #h divisions1 #el4 #hs4 ,complete 9 #c vols41 clo?1 #el4 #es4 ,b\nd 9 a sup]ior mann]1 half-morocco1 top edge gilt1 #c vols41 #fl4 #abs4 ,see page #ae4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,orig91 ,progress1 ,prev5tion1 & ,cure ( ,dry ,rot 9 ,timb]2 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,means ( ,pres]v+ ,wood f ,de/ruction by ,sea-,worms1 ,beetles1 ,ants1 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,,all5 ,,britton1 late ,surveyor to ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 etc41 etc4 ,) #aj plates1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,metrical ,tables4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,moleswor?1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cbmo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts4 ,g5]al--,l9e> ,measures--,squ>e ,measures--,cubic ,measures--,measures ( ,capacity--,weights--,comb9ations--,!rmo met]s4 ,a ,h&book ( ,electrical ,te/+4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,kempe1 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s4 ,new edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ) #ha illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,electro-,telegraphy4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,s4 ,,bee*ey1 ,telegraph ,eng9e]4 ,a ,book = ,beg9n]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,h&rail+3 by ! ,squ>e ,cut4 ,by ,,john ,,jones1 ,/aircase ,build]4 ,f\r? edition1 ) sev5 plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,h&rail+3 by ! ,squ>e ,cut4 ,by ,,john ,,jones1 ,/aircase ,build]4 ,"p ,second1 ) eight plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,gas ,consum]'s ,h&y ,book4 ,by ,,william ,,ri*>ds1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #ahmo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,/eam ,pleat+ = ,build+s2 or1 ,h9ts to ,/eam ,fitt]s1 be+ a description ( ,/eam ,heat+ ,app>atus = ,w>m+ & ,v5tilat+ ,private ,h\ses & l>ge ,build+s2 ) ,rem>ks on ,/eam1 ,wat]1 & ,air 9 _! relation to ,heat+2 to :i* are add$ miscellane\s ,tables4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,baldw91 ,/eam ,heat+ ,eng9e]4 ,) _m illu/rations4 ,second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a ,pocket-,book ( ,useful ,=mul & ,memor&a = ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,guil=d ,l4 ,,moleswor?1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,consult+ ,eng9e] to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india = ,/ate ,railways4 ,) num]\s illu/rations1 #gdd pp4 ,tw5ty-fir/ edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 #cbmo1 roan1 #fs4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,survey+1 ,levell+1 etc4--,/r5g? & ,weight ( ,mat]ials--,e>?work1 ,brickwork1 ,masonry1 ,ar*es1 etc4--,/ruts1 ,columns1 ,beams1 & ,trusses--,floor+1 ,ro(+1 & ,ro( ,trusses--,gird]s1 ,bridges1 etc4--,railways & ,roads--,hydraulic ,=mul--,canals1 ,sew]s1 ,wat]works1 ,docks--,irrigation & ,breakwat]s--,gas1 ,v5tilation1 & ,w>m+--,heat1 ,light1 ,col\r1 & ,s\nd--,gravity3 ,c5tres1 ,=ces1 & ,p[]s--,millwork1 ,tee? ( ,:eels1 ,%aft+1 etc4--,work%op ,recipes--,sundry ,ma*9]y--,animal ,p[]--,/eam & ! ,/eam ,eng9e--,wat]-p[]1 ,wat]-:eels1 ,turb9es1 etc4--,w9d & ,w9dmills--,/eam ,navigation1 ,%ip ,build+1 ,tonnage1 etc4--,gunn]y1 ,projectiles1 etc4--,weights1 ,measures1 & ,money--,trigonometry1 ,conic ,sections1 & ,curves--,telegraphy--,m5suration--,tabl es ( ,areas & ,circumf]5ce1 & ,arcs ( ,circles--,log>i?ms1 ,squ>e & ,cube ,roots1 ,p[]s--,reciprocals1 etc4--,useful ,numb]s--,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus--,algebraic ,signs--,telegraphic ,con/ruction & ,=mul4 ,spons' ,tables & ,memor&a = ,eng9e]s2 select$ & arrang$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,,hur/1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( #8,ar*itectural ,surveyors' ,h&book1' #8,hur/'s ,tr$gold's ,c>p5try1#8 etc4 ,fif? edition1 #fdmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 #as42 or 9 clo? case1 #as4 #f;d4 ,?is "w is pr9t$ 9 a pe>l type1 & is s small1 measur+ only #b 94 by #a 94 by 94 ?ick1 t x may be easily c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket4 8,x is c]ta9ly an extremely r>e ?+ = a review] to be call$ ^u to notice a volume measur+ b #b 94 by #a 941 yet ^! dim5sions fai?fully repres5t ! size ( ! h&y little book be=e u4 ,! volume--:i* conta9s #aah pr9t$ pages1 besides a few blank pages = memor&a--is1 9 fact1 a true pocket-book1 adapt$ = be+ c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket1 & conta9+ a f> great] am\nt & v>iety ( in=mation ?an mo/ p w\ld imag9e c\ld be compress$ into s small a space4444 ,! little volume has be5 compil$ ) consid]able c>e & judgm5t1 & we c cordially recomm5d x to our read]s z a useful little pocket companion40--,eng9e]+4 ,analysis1 ,te*nical ,valuation1 ,purification & ,use ( ,coal ,gas4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,b[dit*1 ,m4,a4 ,) wood engrav+s1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,cond5sation ( ,gas--,purification ( ,gas--,light--,measur+--,place ( ,te/+ ,gas--,te/ ,c&les--,! ,/&>d = ,measur+ ,gas-light--,te/ ,burn]s--,te/+ ,gas = ,sulphur--,te/+ ,gas = ,ammonia--,cond5sation by ,brom9e--,gravimetric ,me?od ( tak+ ,specific ,gravity ( ,gas--,c>burett+ or ,naph?aliz+ ,gas--,acetyl5e--,explosions ( ,gas--,gnaw+ ( ,gaspipes by ,rats--,pressure z relat$ to ,public ,light+1 etc4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,natural & ,artificial ,concrete1 its ,v>ieties & ,con/ructive ,adaptations4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,reid1 ,au?or ( ! #8,sci5ce & ,art ( ! ,manufacture ( ,portl& ,cem5t4' ,new ,edition1 ) #ei woodcuts & #e plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #aes4 ,hydrodynamics3 ,treatise relative to ! ,te/+ ( ,wat]-,:eels & ,ma*9]y1 ) v>i\s o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ,hydrodynamics4 ,by ,,james ,,em]son4 ,) num]\s illu/rations1 #cfj pp4 ,?ird edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,gas ,analy/'s ,manual4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,h>tley1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 etc4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,gas ,measurem5t & ,gas ,met] ,te/+4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,h>tley4 ,f\r? edition1 revis$ & ext5d$4 ,illu/rat$1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 ,! ,fr5*-,poli%]s ,manual4 ,by a ,fr5*-,poli%]2 conta9+ ,timb] ,/a9+1 ,wa%+1 ,mat*+1 ,improv+1 ,pa9t+1 ,imitations1 ,directions = ,/a9+1 ,siz+1 ,embody+1 ,smoo?+1 ,_s ,v>ni%+1 ,fr5*-,poli%+1 ,directions = ,repoli%+4 ,?ird edition1 royal #cbmo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,hops1 _! ,cultivation1 ,comm]ce1 & ,uses 9 v>i\s ,c\ntries4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds1 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture & ,di/ribution ( ,coal ,gas4 ,by ,,william ,,ri*>ds4 ,demy #dto1 ) num]\s wood engrav+s & #bi plates1 clo?1 #bhs4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,introduction--,hi/ory ( ,gas ,light+--,*emi/ry ( ,gas ,manufacture1 by ,lewis ,?ompson1 ,esq41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4--,coal1 ) ,analyses1 by ,j4 ,pat]son1 ,lewis ,?ompson1 & ,g4 ,r4 ,hislop4 ,esqrs4--,retorts1 ,iron & ,clay--,retort ,sett+--,hydraulic ,ma9--,cond5s]s--,exhau/]s--,wa%]s & ,scrubb]s--,purifi]s--,purification--,hi /ory ( ,gas ,hold]--,tanks1 ,brick & ,/one1 ,composite1 ,concrete1 ,ca/-iron1 ,comp\nd ,annul> ,wr\ght-iron--,specifications--,gas ,hold]s--,/ation ,met]--,gov]nor--,di/ribution--,ma9s--,g as ,ma!matics1 or ,=mul = ! ,di/ribution ( ,gas1 by ,lewis ,?ompson1 ,esq4--,s]vices--,consum]s' ,met]s--,regulators--,burn]s--,fitt+s--, photomet]--,c>burization ( ,gas--,air ,gas & ,wat] ,gas-,composition ( ,coal ,gas1 by ,lewis ,?ompson1 ,esq4--,analyses ( ,gas--,influ5ce ( ,atmosph]ic ,pressure & ,temp]ature on ,gas--,residual ,products--,app5dix--,description ( ,retort ,sett+s1 ,build+s1 etc41 etc4 ,practical ,geometry & ,eng9e]+ ,draw+2 a ,c\rse ( ,descriptive ,geometry adapt$ to ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,draughtsman1 includ+ ! det]m9ation ( ca/ %ad[s & ,isometric ,projection1 ea* *apt] be+ foll[$ by num]\s examples2 to :i* are add$ rules = ,%ad+1 ,%ade-l9+1 etc41 toge!r ) practical in/ructions z to ! ,l9+1 ,col\r+1 ,pr9t+1 & g5]al treatm5t ( ,eng9e]+ ,draw+s1 ) a *apt] on draw+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,,george ,s4 ,,cl>ke1 ,lieut4 ,r4,e41 ,in/ructor 9 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college4 #bj plates1 #dto1 clo?1 #aes4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,graphic ,/atics4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,k>l ,,von ,,ott1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,g4 ,s4 ,,cl>ke1 ,lieut4 ,r4,e41 ,in/ructor 9 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college4 ,) #ic illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,graphic ,/atics4 ,by ,,george ,,syd5ham ,,cl>ke1 ,lieut4 ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,) #aab illu/rations4 #dto4 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,new ,=mula = ,mean ,velocity ( ,dis*>ge ( ,riv]s & ,canals4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,kutt]4 ,translat$ f articles 9 ! #8,cultur-,+5ieur1' by ,,l[is ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,practical ,hydraulics2 a ,s]ies ( ,rules & ,tables = ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,,box4 ,fif? edition1 num]\s plates1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ,horizontal & ,v]tical ,wat]:eels1 specially design$ = ! use ( op]ative me*anics4 ,by ,,william ,,cull51 ,millwright & ,eng9e]4 ,) #aa plates4 ,second edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 small #dto1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,aid ,book to ,eng9e]+ ,ent]prise ,abroad4 ,by ,,ew+ ,,ma!son1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,! book treats ( ,public ,works & ,eng9e]+ ,ent]prises 9 _! inception & prelim9>y arrangem5t2 ( ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* money is provid$ = _! accompli%m5t2 & ( ! economical & te*nical consid]ations by :i* success or failure is det]m9$4 ,! in=mation necess>y to ! designs ( ,eng9e]s is classifi$1 z are also ^? p>ticul>s by :i* ,contractors may e/imate ! co/ ( works1 & ,capitali/s ! probabilities ( pr(it4 ,illu/rat$1 #b vols41 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,ess5tial ,elem5ts ( ,practical ,me*anics2 bas$ on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,"w1 design$ = ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,oliv] ,byrne =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,college = ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,?ird edition1 ) #adh wood engrav+s1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,h[ ,"w is ,measur$ by a ,unit1 bo? ) & )\t ref]5ce to a ,unit ( ,"t--,*ap4 #b4 ,! ,"w ( ,liv+ ,ag5ts1 ! ,influ5ce ( ,friction1 & introduces "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ,laws ( ,motion--,*ap4 #c4 ,! pr9ciples exp\nd$ 9 ! fir/ & second *apt]s are appli$ to ! ,motion ( ,bodies--,*ap4 #d4 ,! ,transmission ( ,"w by simple ,ma*9es--,*ap4 #e4 ,useful ,propositions & ,rules4 ,! ,practical ,millwright's & ,eng9e]'s ,ready ,reckon]2 or ,tables = f9d+ ! diamet] & p[] ( cog-:eels1 diamet]1 weight1 & p[] ( %afts1 diamet] & /r5g? ( bolts1 etc4 ,by ,?omas ,dixon4 ,f\r? edition1 #abmo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,brew]ies & ,malt+s3 _! ,arrangem5t1 ,con/ruction1 ,ma*9]y1 & ,plant4 ,by ,g4 ,scamell1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,second edition1 revis$1 enl>g$1 & p>tly rewritt5 ,by ,f4 ,coly]1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) #bj plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,/>*1 ,glucose1 ,/>*-,sug>1 & ,dextr9e1 bas$ #jaa ! ,g]man ( ,l4 ,von ,wagn]1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,buda ,pe/h1 & o!r au?orities4 ,by ,julius ,frankel2 edit$ by ,rob]t ,hutt]1 proprietor ( ! ,philadelphia ,/>* ,works4 ,) #eh illu/rations1 #cdd pp41 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,mill-ge>+1 ,:eels1 ,%afts1 ,rigg]s1 etc42 = ! use ( ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,?omas ,box4 ,?ird edition1 ) #aa plates4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,m9+ ,ma*9]y3 a ,descriptive ,treatise on ! ,ma*9]y1 ,tools1 & o!r ,appliances us$ 9 ,m9+4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,mem4 ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,royal #dto1 uni=m ) ! ,au?or's ,treatise on ,coal ,m9+1 conta9+ #ahb plates1 accurately drawn to scale1 ) descriptive text1 9 #b vols41 clo?1 #cl4 #abs4 ,,cont5ts3 ,ma*9]y = ,prospect+1 ,excavat+1 ,haul+1 & ,hoi/+--,v5tilation--,pump+--,treatm5t ( ,m9]al ,products1 includ+ ,gold & ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,t91 & ,lead1 ,iron1 ,coal1 ,sulphur1 ,*9a ,clay1 ,brick ,e>?1 etc4 ,tables = ,sett+ out ,curves = ,railways1 ,canals1 ,roads1 etc41 v>y+ f a radius ( five *a9s to ?ree miles4 ,by ,a4 ,k5n$y & ,r4 ,w4 ,hackwood4 ,illu/rat$1 #cbmo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ! ,manufacture ( ,portl& ,cem5t1 ) obs]vations on "s ( its con/ructive applications4 ,) #ff illu/rations4 ,by ,h5ry ,reid1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( #8,a ,practical ,treatise on ,concrete1' etc41 etc4 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,! ,draughtsman's ,h&book ( ,plan & ,map ,draw+2 includ+ in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( ,eng9e]+1 ,ar*itectural1 & ,me*anical ,draw+s4 ,) num]\s illu/rations 9 ! text1 & #cc plates 7#ae pr9t$ 9 col\rs74 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 #dto1 clo?1 #is4 ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,draw+ ,(fice & its ,furni%+s--,geometrical ,problems--,l9es1 ,dots1 & _! ,comb9ations--,col\rs1 ,%ad+1 ,lett]+1 ,bord]+1 & ,nor? ,po9ts--,scales--,plott+--,civil ,eng9e]s' & ,surveyors' ,plans--,map ,draw+--,me*anical & ,ar*itectural ,draw+--,copy+ & ,r$uc+ ,trigonometrical ,=mul1 etc41 etc4 ,! ,boil]-mak]'s & ,iron ,%ip-build]'s ,companion1 compris+ a s]ies ( orig9al & c>efully calculat$ tables1 ( ! utmo/ utility to p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! iron trades4 ,by ,james ,fod51 au?or ( #8,me*anical ,tables1' etc4 ,second edition revis$1 ) illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,rock ,bla/+3 a ,practical ,treatise on ! means employ$ 9 ,bla/+ ,rocks = ,indu/rial ,purposes4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) #ef illu/rations & #ab plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,sur*>g$ & diff]5t ,=ms ( ,reta9+ ,walls4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,tate4 ,illu/rat$1 #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 ,a ,treatise on ,ropemak+ z practis$ 9 public & private ,rope-y>ds1 ) a ,description ( ! ,manufacture1 ,rules1 ,tables ( ,weights1 etc41 adapt$ to ! ,trade1 ,%ipp+1 ,m9+1 ,railways1 ,build]s1 etc4 ,by ,r4 ,*apman1 =m]ly =eman to ,messrs4 ,hudd>t & ,co41 ,limeh\se1 & late ,ma/] ,ropemak] to ,h4,m4 ,docky>d1 ,dept=d4 ,second edition1 #abmo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,laxton's ,build]s' & ,contractors' ,tables2 = ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,surveyors1 ,build]s1 ,l& ,ag5ts1 & o!rs4 ,bricklay]1 conta9+ #bb tables1 ) ne>ly #cj1jjj calculations4 #dto1 clo?1 #es4 ,laxton's ,build]s' & ,contractors' ,tables4 ,excavator1 ,e>?1 ,l&1 ,wat]1 & ,gas1 conta9+ #ec tables1 ) ne>ly #bd1jjj calculations4 #dto1 clo?1 #es4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+3 a ,guide to ! ,con/ruction ( ,works ( ,sew]age & ,h\se ,dra9age1 ) ,tables = facilitat+ ! calculations ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,by ,baldw9 ,la?am1 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,m4,s41 ,pa/-,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,second edition1 ) num]\s plates & woodcuts1 #hvo1 clo?1 #al4 #ajs4 ,screw ,cutt+ ,tables = ,eng9e]s & ,ma*9i/s1 giv+ ! values ( ! diff]5t tra9s ( ,:eels requir$ to produce ,screws ( any pit*1 calculat$ by ,"l ,l9dsay1 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 etc4 ,royal #hvo1 clo?1 oblong1 #bs4 ,screw ,cutt+ ,tables1 = ! use ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 %[+ ! prop] arrangem5t ( ,:eels = cutt+ ! ,?reads ( ,screws ( any requir$ pit*1 ) a ,table = mak+ ! ,univ]sal ,gas-pipe ,?reads & ,taps4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,m>t91 ,eng9e]4 ,second edition1 royal #hvo1 oblong1 clo?1 #as41 or sew$1 #f;d4 ,a ,treatise on a ,practical ,me?od ( ,design+ ,slide-,valve ,ge>s by ,simple ,geometrical ,con/ruction1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ,euclid's ,elem5ts1 & compris+ ! v>i\s =ms ( ,pla9 ,slide-,valve & ,expansion ,ge>+2 toge!r ) ,/eph5son's1 ,goo*'s1 & ,allan's ,l9k-,motions1 z appli$ ei!r to rev]s+ or to v>iable expansion comb9ations4 ,by ,edw>d ,j4 ,c[l+ ,wel*1 ,memb4 ,in/4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,clean+ & ,sc\r+3 a ,manual = ,dy]s1 ,laundresses1 & = ,dome/ic ,use4 ,by ,s4 ,*ri/oph]4 #ahmo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,a ,h&book ( ,h\se ,sanitation2 = ! use ( all p]sons seek+ a ,heal?y ,home4 ,a repr9t ( ^? portions ( ,mr4 ,bailey-,d5ton's ,lectures on ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 giv5 be=e ! ,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 :i* relat$ to ! 8,dwell+10 enl>g$ & revis$ by 8 ,son1 ,e4 ,f4 ,bailey-,d5ton1 ,c4,e41 ,b4,a4 ,) #adj illu/rations1 #hvo1 clo?1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,valve-,ge>s1 ) special consid]ation ( ! ,l9k-,motions ( ,locomotive ,eng9es4 ,by ,dr4 ,gu/av ,zeun]4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ) ! special p]mission ( ! au?or1 by ,moritz ,mll]4 ,plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,pocket-,book = ,boil] ,mak]s & ,/eam ,us]s1 compris+ a v>iety ( useful in=mation = ,employ] & ,workman1 ,gov]nm5t ,inspectors1 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,surveyors1 ,eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ,works & ,slips1 ,=em5 ( ,manufactories1 & ! g5]al ,/eam-us+ ,public4 ,by ,maurice ,john ,sexton4 ,second edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 #es4 ,! ,/ra9s ^u ,bridge ,gird]s & ,ro( ,trusses1 includ+ ! ,w>r51 ,lattice1 ,trellis1 ,b[/r+1 & o!r ,=ms ( ,gird]s1 ! ,curv$ ,ro(1 & ,simple & ,comp\nd ,trusses4 ,by ,?os4 ,c>gill1 ,c4,e4,b4,a4,t41 ,c4,d41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,) #fd illu/rations1 drawn & work$ out to scale1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs41 #f;d4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 conta9+ ,plans & ,arrangem5ts ( ,details = ,fix$ ,/eam ,eng9es1 ) ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples involv$ 9 ,design & ,con/ruction4 ,by ,ar?ur ,rigg1 ,eng9e]1 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s & ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,demy #dto1 copi\sly illu/rat$ ) woodcuts & #if plates1 9 "o ,volume1 half-b\nd morocco1 #bl4 #bs42 or *eap] edition1 clo?1 #bes4 ,?is "w is n1 9 any s5se1 an elem5t>y treatise1 or hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e1 b is int5d$ to describe examples ( ,fix$ ,/eam ,eng9es )\t ent]+ into ! wide doma9 ( locomotive or m>9e practice4 ,to ?is end illu/rations w be giv5 ( ! mo/ rec5t arrangem5ts ( ,horizontal1 ,v]tical1 ,beam1 ,pump+1 ,w9d+1 ,portable1 ,semi-portable1 ,corliss1 ,all51 ,comp\nd1 & o!r simil> ,eng9es1 by ! mo/ em95t ,firms 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,! laws relat+ to ! action & precautions to be obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s details1 su* z ,cyl9d]s1 ,pi/ons1 ,pi/on-rods1 ,connect+-rods1 ,cross-heads1 ,motion-blocks1 ,ecc5trics1 ,simple1 ,expansion1 ,balanc$1 & ,equilibrium ,slide-valves1 & ,valve-ge>+ w be m9utely dealt )4 ,9 ?is connection w be f\nd articles ^u ! ,velocity ( ,reciprocat+ ,p>ts & ! ,mode ( ,apply+ ! ,indicator1 ,heat & ,expansion ( ,/eam ,gov]nors1 & ! l4 ,x is ! writ]'s desire to draw illu/rations f e possible s\rce1 & give only ^? rules t pres5t practice deems correct4 ,b>l['s ,tables ( ,squ>es1 ,cubes1 ,squ>e ,roots1 ,cube ,roots1 ,reciprocals ( all ,integ] ,numb]s up to #aj1jjj4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,camus 7,m47 ,treatise on ! ,tee? ( ,:eels1 demon/rat+ ! be/ =ms :i* c be giv5 to !m = ! purposes ( ,ma*9]y1 su* z ,mill-"w & ,clock-"w1 & ! art ( f9d+ _! numb]s4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ) details ( ! pres5t practice ( ,millwrights1 ,eng9e ,mak]s1 & o!r ,ma*9i/s1 by ,isaac ,hawk9s4 ,?ird edition1 ) #ah plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,sci5ce ( ,l& & ,eng9e]+ ,survey+1 ,levell+1 ,e/imat+ ,quantities1 etc41 ) a g5]al description ( ! sev]al ,in/rum5ts requir$ = ,survey+1 ,levell+1 ,plott+1 etc4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,m]rett4 ,?ird edition1 #da plates ) illu/rations & tables1 royal #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,pr9cipal ,,cont5ts3 ,"p #a4 ,introduction & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geometry4 ,"p #b4 ,l& ,survey+2 compris+ ,g5]al ,obs]vations--,! ,*a9--,(fsets ,survey+ by ! ,*a9 only--,survey+ ,hilly ,gr\nd--,to ,survey an ,e/ate or ,p>i% by ! ,*a9 only--,survey+ ) ! ,!odolite--,m9+ & ,t[n ,survey+--,railroad ,survey+--,mapp+--,division & ,lay+ out ( ,l&--,obs]vations on ,enclosures--,plane ,trigonometry4 ,"p #c4 ,levell+--,simple & ,comp\nd ,levell+--,! ,level ,book--,p>liam5t>y ,plan & ,section--,levell+ ) a ,!odolite--,gradi5ts--,wood5 ,curves--,to ,lay out a ,railway ,curve--,sett+ out ,wid?s4 ,"p #d4 ,calculat+ ,quantities g5]ally = ,e/imates--,cutt+s & ,embankm5ts--,tunnels--,brickwork--,iron work--,timb] ,measur+4 ,"p #e4 ,description & ,use ( ,in/rum5ts 9 ,survey+ & ,plott+--,! ,improv$ ,dumpy ,level--,tr\ghton's ,level--,! ,prismatic ,compass--,proportional ,compass--,box ,sextant--,v]ni]--,pantagraph--,m]rett's ,improv$ ,quadrant--,improv$ ,computation ,scale--,! ,diagonal ,scale--,/raight ,edge & ,sector4 ,"p #f4 ,log>i?ms ( ,numb]s--,log>i?mic ,s9es & ,co-,s9es1 ,tang5ts & ,co-,tang5ts--,natural ,s9es & ,co-,s9es--,tables = ,e>?work1 = ,sett+ out ,curves1 & = v>i\s ,calculations1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,saws3 ! ,hi/ory1 ,developm5t1 ,action1 ,classification1 & ,comp>ison ( ,saws ( all k9ds4 ,by ,rob]t ,grim%aw4 ,) #bbj illu/rations1 #dto1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,supplem5t to ! above2 conta9+ additional practical matt]1 m especially relat+ to ! =ms ( ,saw ,tee? = special mat]ial & conditions1 & to ! behavi\r ( ,saws "u p>ticul> conditions4 ,) #abj illu/rations1 clo?1 #is4 ,a ,guide = ! ,electric ,te/+ ( ,telegraph ,cables4 ,by ,capt4 ,v4 ,hoskir1 ,royal ,dani% ,eng9e]s4 ,) illu/rations1 second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,lay+ & ,repair+ ,electric ,telegraph ,cables4 ,by ,capt4 ,v4 ,hoskir1 ,royal ,dani% ,eng9e]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,pocket-,book ( ,practical ,rules = ! ,proportions ( ,mod]n ,eng9es & ,boil]s = ,l& & ,m>9e purposes4 ,by ,n4 ,p4 ,burgh4 ,sev5? edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,table ( ,log>i?ms ( ! ,natural ,numb]s1 f #a to #ajh1jjj4 ,by ,*>les ,babbage1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,/]eotyp$ edition1 royal #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,to ensure ! correctness ( ^! ,tables ( ,log>i?ms1 !y 7 comp>$ ) ,callett's1 ,vega's1 ,hutton's1 ,briggs'1 ,g>d9]'s1 & ,taylor's ,tables ( ,log>i?ms1 & c>efully read by n9e diff]5t read]s2 & fur!r1 to remove any possibility ( an error rema9+1 ! /]eotyp$ %eets 7 hung up 9 ! ,hall at ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 & a rew>d (f]$ to anyone :o c\ld f9d an inaccuracy4 ,s correct are ^! ,tables1 t s9ce _! fir/ issue 9 #ahbg no error has be5 discov]$4 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e consid]$ z a ,heat ,eng9e3 a ,treatise on ! ,!ory ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 illu/rat$ by ,diagrams1 ,tables1 & ,examples f ,practice4 ,by ,jas4 ,h4 ,cott]ill1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,appli$ ,me*anics 9 ! ,royal ,naval ,college4 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,practice ( ,h& ,turn+ 9 ,wood1 ,ivory1 ,%ell1 etc41 ) ,in/ructions = ,turn+ su* ,"w 9 ,metal z maybe requir$ 9 ! ,practice ( ,turn+ 9 ,wood1 ,ivory1 etc42 also an ,app5dix on ,ornam5tal ,turn+4 7,a book = beg9n]s47 ,by ,francis ,camp94 ,second edition1 ) wood engrav+s1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,,cont5ts3 ,on ,la!s--,turn+ ,tools--,turn+ ,wood--,drill+--,screw ,cutt+--,miscellane\s ,app>atus & ,processes--,turn+ ,p>ticul> ,=ms--,/a9+--,poli%+--,sp9n+ ,metals--,mat]ials--,ornam5tal ,turn+1 etc4 ,heal? & ,com=t 9 ,h\se ,build+1 or ,v5tilation ) ,w>m ,air by ,self-,act+ ,suction ,p[]1 ) ,review ( ! mode ( ,calculat+ ! ,draught 9 ,hot-,air ,flues1 & ) "s actual ,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,drysdale1 ,m4,d41 & ,j4 ,w4 ,hayw>d1 ,m4,d4 ,second edition1 ) ,supplem5t1 ) plates1 demy #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,wat*work1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,nel?ropp1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) #cb illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,def9itions ( ,words & ,t]ms us$ 9 ,wat*work--,tools--,"t--,hi/orical ,summ>y--,on ,calculations ( ! ,numb]s = ,:eels & ,p9ions2 _! ,proportional ,sizes1 ,tra9s1 etc4--,( ,dial ,:eels1 or ,motion ,"w--,l5g? ( ,"t ( ,go+ )\t ,w9d+ up--,! ,v]ge--,! ,horizontal--,! ,duplex--,! ,lev]--,! ,*ronomet]--,repeat+ ,wat*es--,keyless ,wat*es--,! ,p5dulum1 or ,spiral ,spr+--,comp5sation--,jewell+ ( ,pivot ,holes--,cl]k5well--,fallacies ( ! ,trade--,incapacity ( ,workm5--,h[ to ,*oose & ,use a ,wat*1 etc4 ,spons' ,eng9e]s' & ,contractors ,illu/rat$ ,book ( ,prices ( ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 ,ironwork1 & ,contractors' ,mat]ial2 & ,eng9e]s' ,directory4 ,?ird edition1 #dto1 clo?1 #fs4 ,algebra ,self-,taught4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,higgs1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( #8,a ,h&book ( ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus1' etc4 ,second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,symbols & ! ,signs ( ,op]ation--,! ,equation & ! ,unkn[n ,quantity--,positive & ,negative ,quantities--,multiplication--,involutio n--,expon5ts--,negative ,expon5ts--,roots1 & ! ,use ( ,expon5ts z ,log>i?ms--,log>i?ms--,tables ( ,log>i?ms & ,proportionate ,p>ts--,trans=mation ( ,sy/em ( ,log>i?ms--,common ,uses ( ,common ,log>i?ms--,comp\nd ,multiplication & ! ,b9omial ,!orem--,division1 ,fractions1 & ,ratio--,cont9u$ ,proportion--,! ,s]ies & ! ,summation ( ! ,s]ies--,limit ( ,s]ies--,squ>e & ,cube ,roots--,equations--,li/ ( ,=mul1 etc4 ,,j ,,publi%$4 ,9 sup]-royal #hvo1 #aafh pp41 ) #bdjj illu/rations1 9 #c ,divisions1 clo?1 price #acs4 #f;d4 ea*2 or #a vol41 clo?1 #bl42 or half-morocco1 #bl4 #hs4 ,a ,,supplem5t ,,to ,,spons' ,,diction>y ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 ,civil1 ,me*anical1 ,milit>y & ,naval4 ,edit$ by ,,erne/ ,,spon1 ,memb4 ,soc4 ,eng9e]s4 ,! success :i* has att5d$ ! publication ( #8,,spons' ,,diction>y ,,( ,,eng9e]+' has enc\rag$ ! ,publi%]s to use e ef=t t5d+ to keep ! "w up to ! /&>d ( exi/+ pr(essional k4 ,z ! ,book has n[ be5 "s ye>s be=e ! public )\t addition or revision1 !re are _m subjects ( importance :i*1 ( necessity1 are ei!r n includ$ 9 its pages1 or h be5 treat$ some:at less fully ?an _! pres5t importance dem&s4 ,) ! object1 !re=e1 ( rem$y+ ^! omissions1 ?is ,supplem5t is n[ be+ issu$4 ,ea* subject 9 x is treat$ 9 a ?or\ghly compreh5sive way2 b1 ( c\rse1 )\t repeat+ ! in=mation already includ$ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,! new matt] comprises articles ^u ,abacus1 ,c\nt]s1 ,spe$ ,indicators1 & ,slide ,rule4 ,agricultural ,implem5ts & ,ma*9]y4 ,air ,compressors4 ,animal ,*>coal ,ma*9]y4 ,antimony4 ,axles & ,axle-boxes4 ,b>n ,ma*9]y4 ,belts & ,belt+4 ,bla/+4 ,boil]s4 ,brakes4 ,brick ,ma*9]y4 ,bridges4 ,cages = ,m9es4 ,calculus1 ,diff]5tial & ,integral4 ,canals4 ,c>p5try4 ,ca/ ,iron4 ,cem5t1 ,concrete1 ,limes1 & ,mort>4 ,*imney ,%afts4 ,coal ,cleans+ & ,wa%+4 ,coal ,m9+4 ,coal ,cutt+ ,ma*9es4 ,coke ,ov5s4 ,copp]4 ,docks4 ,dra9age4 ,dr$g+ ,ma*9]y4 ,dynamo-,electric & ,magneto-,electric ,ma*9es4 ,dynamomet]s4 ,electrical ,eng9e]+1 ,telegraphy1 ,electric ,light+ & its practical details1 ,telephones4 ,eng9es1 ,v>ieties (4 ,explosives4 ,fans4 ,f\nd+1 ,m\ld+ & ! practical "w ( ! ,f\ndry4 ,gas1 ,manufacture (4 ,hamm]s1 ,/eam & o!r ,p[]4 ,heat4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,hydraulics4 ,hydro-geology4 ,indicators4 ,iron4 ,lifts1 ,hoi/s1 & ,elevators4 ,ligh?\ses1 ,buoys1 & ,beacons4 ,ma*9e ,tools4 ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction4 ,met]s4 ,ores1 ,ma*9]y & ,processes employ$ to ,dress4 ,pi]s4 ,pile ,driv+4 ,pneumatic ,transmission4 ,pumps4 ,pyromet]s4 ,road ,locomotives4 ,rock ,drills4 ,roll+ ,/ock4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4 ,%aft+4 ,/eel4 ,/eam ,navvy4 ,/one ,ma*9]y4 ,tramways4 ,well ,s9k+4 ,,n[ ,,complete4 ,) ne>ly #aejj illu/rations1 9 sup]-royal #hvo1 9 #e ,divisions1 clo?4 ,divisions #a to #d1 #acs4 #f;d4 ea*2 ,division #e1 #ags4 #f;d42 or #b vols41 clo?1 #c #ajs4 ,,spons' ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,products4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,,w>n=d ,,lock1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,among ! m important ( ! subjects treat$ (1 are ! foll[+3-- ,acids1 #bjg pp4 #bbj figs4 ,alcohol1 #bc pp4 #af figs4 ,alcoholic ,liquors1 #ac pp4 ,alkalies1 #hi pp4 #gh figs4 ,alloys4 ,alum4 ,asphalt4 ,assay+4 ,bev]ages1 #hi pp4 #bi figs4 ,blacks4 ,blea*+ ,p[d]1 #ae pp4 ,blea*+1 #ea pp4 #dh figs4 ,c&les1 #ah pp4 #i figs4 ,c>bon ,bisulphide4 ,celluloid1 #i pp4 ,cem5ts4 ,clay4 ,coal-t> ,products1 #dd pp4 #ad figs4 ,cocoa1 #h pp4 ,c(fee1 #cb pp4 #ac figs4 ,cork1 #h pp4 #ag figs4 ,cotton ,manufactures1 #fb pp4 #eg figs4 ,drugs1 #ch pp4 ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1 #bh pp4 #i figs4 ,dye/uffs1 #af pp4 ,electro-,metallurgy1 #ac pp4 ,explosives1 #bb pp4 #cc figs4 ,fea!rs4 ,fibr\s ,sub/ances1 #ib pp4 #gi figs4 ,floor-clo?1 #af pp4 #ba figs4 ,food ,pres]vation1 #h pp4 ,fruit1 #h pp4 ,fur1 #e pp4 ,gas1 ,coal1 #h pp4 ,gems4 ,glass1 #de pp4 #gg figs4 ,graphite1 #g pp4 ,hair1 #g pp4 ,hair ,manufactures4 ,hats1 #bf pp4 #bf figs4 ,honey4 ,hops4 ,horn4 ,ice1 #aj pp4 #ad figs4 ,indi>ubb] ,manufactures1 #bc pp4 #ag figs4 ,ink1 #ag pp4 ,ivory4 ,jute ,manufactures1 #aa pp4 #aa figs4 ,knitt$ ,fabrics--,hosi]y1 #ae pp4 #ac figs4 ,lace1 #ac pp4 #i figs4 ,lea!r1 #bh pp4 #ca figs4 ,l95 ,manufactures1 #af pp4 #f figs4 ,manures1 #ba pp4 #cj figs4 ,mat*es1 #ag pp4 #ch figs4 ,mordants1 #ac pp4 ,n>cotics1 #dg pp4 ,nuts1 #aj pp4 ,oils & ,fatty ,sub/ances1 #abe pp4 ,pa9t4 ,pap]1 #bf pp4 #bc figs4 ,p>aff91 #h pp4 #f figs4 ,pe>l & ,coral1 #h pp4 ,p]fumes1 #aj pp4 ,photography1 #ac pp4 #bj figs4 ,pigm5ts1 #i pp4 #f figs4 ,pott]y1 #df pp4 #eg figs4 ,pr9t+ & ,engrav+1 #bj pp4 #h figs4 ,rags4 ,res9\s & ,gummy ,sub/ances1 #ge pp4 #af figs4 ,rope1 #af pp4 #ag figs4 ,salt1 #ca pp4 #bc figs4 ,silk1 #h pp4 ,silk ,manufactures1 #i pp4 #aa figs4 ,sk9s1 #e pp4 ,small ,w>es1 #d pp4 ,soap & ,glyc]9e1 #ci pp4 #de figs4 ,spices1 #af pp4 ,sponge1 #e pp4 ,/>*1 #i pp4 #aj figs4 ,sug>1 #aee pp4 #acd figs4 ,sulphur4 ,tann91 #ah pp4 ,tea1 #ab pp4 ,timb]1 #ac pp4 ,v>ni%1 #ae pp4 ,v9eg>1 #e pp4 ,wax1 #e pp4 ,wool1 #b pp4 ,wooll5 ,manufactures1 #es pp4 #ci figs4 ,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,*>+ ,cross4 ,new ,york3 #dd1 ,murray ,/reet4