,,the ,,contemporary ,,science ,,series4 ,,edited ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,,apparitions ,,and ,,thought-,,transference4 ,,apparitions ,,and ,,thought-,,transference3 ,,an ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,evidence ,,for ,,telepathy4 ,,by ,,frank ,,podmore1 ,m4,a4 ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,,warwick ,,lane1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 #ahid4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,introductory #a ,position of the subject--,founding of the ,society for ,psychical ,research--,definition of telepathy--,general difficulties of the inquiry--,special sources of error--,fraud--,hypersthesia--,muscle-re ading--,thought-forms and number-habit4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,experimental ,,transference ,,of ,,simple ,,sensations ,,in ,,the ,,normal ,,state #ah ,transference of ,tastes--,of pain1 by ,mr4 ,m4 ,guthrie and others--,of sounds--,of ideas not definitely classed1 by ,professor ,richet1 the ,american ,society for ,psychical ,research1 ,dr4 ,ochorowicz--,transference of visual images1 by ,dr4 ,blair ,thaw1 ,mr4 ,guthrie1 ,professor ,oliver ,lodge1 ,herr ,max ,dessoir1 ,herr ,schmoll1 ,dr4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 and others4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,experimental ,,transference ,,of ,,simple ,,sensations ,,with ,,hypnotised ,,percipients #eh ,transference of tastes1 by ,dr4 ,azam--,of pain1 by ,edmund ,gurney--,of visual images1 by ,dr4 ,libeault1 ,professor and ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick1 ,dr4 ,gibotteau1 ,dr4 ,blair ,thaw4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,experimental ,,production ,,of ,,movements ,,and ,,other ,,effects #hb ,inhibition of action by silent willing1 by ,edmund ,gurney1 ,professor ,barrett1 and others--,origination of action by silent willing1 by ,dr4 ,blair ,thaw1 ,m4 ,j4 ,h4 ,p41 and others--,planchette-writing1 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,newnham1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,buttemer--,table-tilting1 by the ,author1 by ,professor ,richet--,production of local ansthesia1 by ,edmund ,gurney1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,sidgwick4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,experimental ,,production ,,of ,,telepathic ,,effects ,,at ,a ,,distance #aje ,induction of sleep1 by ,dr4 ,gibert and ,professor ,janet1 ,professor ,richet1 ,dr4 ,dufay--,of hysteria and other effects1 by ,dr4 ,tolosa-,latour1 ,m4 ,j4 ,h4 ,p4--,transference of ideas of sound1 by ,miss ,x41 ,m4 ,j4 ,ch4 ,roux--,of visual images1 by ,miss ,campbell1 ,m4 ,lon ,hennique1 ,mr4 ,kirk1 ,dr4 ,gibotteau4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,general ,,criticism ,,of ,,the ,,evidence ,,for ,,spontaneous ,,thought-,,transference #adc ,on chance coincidence--,misrepresentation--,errors of observation--,errors of inference--,errors of narration--,errors of memory--,pseudo-presentiment--,precautio ns against error--,where are the letters8--,the spontaneous cases as a true natural group4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,transference ,,of ,,ideas ,,and ,,emotions #afa ,transference of pain1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,severn--,of smell1 ,miss ,x4--,of ideas1 ,miss ,x41 ,mrs4 ,barber--,of visual images1 ,mr4 ,haynes1 ,professor ,richet1 ,dr4 ,dupr--,of emotion1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,krebs1 ,dr4 ,n41 ,miss ,y4--,of motor impulses1 ,archdeacon ,bruce1 ,professor ,venturi4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,coincident ,,dreams #ahe ,discussion of the evidence for telepathy derivable from dreams--,chance-coincidence--,simultaneo us dreams1 the ,misses ,bidder--,transference of sensation in dreams1 ,professor ,royce1 ,mrs4 ,harrison--,dreams conveying news of death1 etc41 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t41 ,mr4 ,r4 ,v4 ,boyle1 ,captain ,campbell1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,mr4 ,edward ,a4 ,goodall--,clairvoyant dream1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,on ,,hallucination ,,in ,,general #bjg ,common misconceptions--,hypnotic hallucinations1 experiments by ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr1 ,mr4 ,myers--,point de repre--,post-hypnotic hallucinations1 ,professor ,ligeois1 ,edmund ,gurney--,spontaneous hallucinations1 ,professor ,sidgwick's census--,table showing classification of spontaneous hallucinations--,origin of hallucinations1 sometimes telepathic--,proof of this1 calculation of chance-coincidence1 allowance for defects of memory--,conclusion4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,induced ,,telepathic ,,hallucinations #bbf ,possible misconceptions--,accounts of experiments1 by ,rev4 ,clarence ,godfrey1 ,herr ,wesermann1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,sparks1 and ,a4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cleave1 ,mrs ,b----1 ,dr4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 ,dr4 ,wiltse1 ,mr4 ,kirk4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,spontaneous ,,telepathic ,,hallucinations #bdg ,auditory hallucinations1 ,miss ,clark1 ,mr4 ,william ,tudor--,visual hallucinations--,incompletely developed1 ,countess ,eugenie ,kapnist1 ,miss ,l4 ,caldecott1 ,dr4 ,carat--,completely developed1 ,miss ,berta ,hurly1 ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine1 ,miss ,mabel ,gore ,booth--,hallucinations affecting two senses1 ,rev4 ,matthew ,frost1 ,m4 ,a----4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,collective ,,hallucinations #bfh ,illusions1 epidemic hallucinations1 illusions of memory--,explanations of collective hallucination--,auditory hallucinations1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,cary1 ,miss ,newbold--,visual hallucinations1 ,mrs4 ,greiffenberg1 ,mrs4 ,milman and ,miss ,campbell1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c----1 ,mr4 ,falkinburg1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,s41 ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,jupp--,collective hallucinations with percipients apart1 ,sister ,martha and ,madame ,houdaille1 ,sir ,lawrence ,jones and ,mr4 ,herbert ,jones4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,some ,,less ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,telepathic ,,hallucination #big ,reciprocal cases1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,l4 ,evans and ,miss ---- --,a misinterpreted message1 ,miss ,c4 ,l4 ,hawkins-,dempster--,heteroplastic hallucination1 ,mrs4 ,g----1 ,frances ,reddell1 ,mr4 ,john ,husbands1 ,mr4 ,j---- --,haunted houses1 ,mrs4 ,knott and others1 ,surgeon-,major ,w4 and others4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,on ,,clairvoyance ,,in ,,trance #cbf ,definition of clairvoyance--,accounts of phenomena observed with ,mrs4 ,piper1 by ,professor ,lodge1 ,professor ,w4 ,james1 and others--,accounts of experiments by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,dobbie1 ,dr4 ,wiltse1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,boyd1 ,dr4 ,f----1 ,dr4 ,backman4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,on ,,clairvoyance ,,in ,,the ,,normal ,,state #cea ,observations of ,m4 ,keulemans--,crystal-visions1 ,miss ,x41 ,dr4 ,backman1 ,miss ,a4 and ,sir ,joseph ,barnby--,spontaneous clairvoyance1 ,mrs4 ,paquet1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,marks1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,z4--,clairvoyance in dream1 ,mrs4 ,freese--,clairvoyant perceptivity in an experiment1 ,dr4 ,gibotteau4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,theories ,,and ,,conclusions #cga ,resum1 the proof apparent--,the proof presumptive--,the alleged influence of magnets and metals--,the alleged marvels of spiritualism--,usage of the word telepathy--,on various theories of telepathy--,difficulties of a physical explanation--,value of theory as a guide to investigation--,is telepathy a rudimentary or a vestigial faculty8--,our ignorance stands in the way of a conclusive answer--,imperative need for more facts4 ,,preface4 ,the following pages aim at presenting in brief compass a selection of the evidence upon which the hypothesis of thought-transference1 or telepathy1 is based4 ,it is now more than twelve years since the ,society for ,psychical ,research was founded1 and nearly eight since the publication of ,phantasms of the ,living4 ,both in the periodical ,proceedings of the ,society and in the pages of ,edmund ,gurney's book1#a a large mass of evidence has been laid before the public4 ,but the papers included in the ,proceedings are interspersed with other matter1 some of it too technical for the taste of the general reader2 whilst the two volumes of ,phantasms of the ,living1 which have for some time been out of print1 were too costly for the purse of some1 and too bulky for the patience of others4 ,the attention which1 notwithstanding these drawbacks1 that work excited on its first appearance1 the friendly reception which it met with in many quarters1 and the fact that a considerable edition has been disposed of1 encouraged the hope that a book on somewhat similar lines1 but on a smaller scale1 might be of service to those--and their number has probably increased within the last few years--who take a genuine interest in this inquiry4 ,accordingly in the autumn of #ahib ,i obtained permission from the ,council of the ,society for ,psychical ,research to make full use1 in the compilation of the present work1 not merely of the evidence already published by us1 but of the not inconsiderable mass of unpublished records in the possession of the ,society4 ,it will be seen that the present book has little claim to novelty of design2 but it is not merely an abridged edition of the larger work referred to4 ,on the one hand it has a somewhat wider scope1 and includes accounts of telepathic clairvoyance and other phenomena which did not enter into the scheme of ,mr4 ,gurney's book4 ,on the other hand1 the bulk of the illustrative cases here quoted have been taken from more recent records2 and1 in particular1 certain branches of the experimental work have assumed a quite new importance within the last few years4 ,thus the experiments conducted by ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick at ,brighton have strengthened the demonstration of thought-transference1 and have gone far to solve one or two of the problems connected with the subject2 and the evidence for the experimental production of telepathic effects at a distance has been greatly enlarged by the work of ,,mm4 ,janet and ,gibert1#b ,richet1 ,gibotteau1 ,schrenck-,notzing1 and in this country by ,mr4 ,kirk and others4#c ,it may be added that some of the criticisms called forth by ,phantasms of the ,living1 and our own further researches1 have led us to modify our estimate of the evidence in some directions1 and to strengthen generally the precautions taken against the unconscious warping of testimony4 ,to say1 however1 that the following pages owe much to ,edmund ,gurney is but to acknowledge the obligation which all students of the subject must recognise to his keen and vigorous intellect and his colossal industry4 ,my own debt is a more personal one4 ,to have worked under his guidance1 and to have been stimulated by his example1 was an invaluable schooling in the qualities demanded by an inquiry of this nature4 ,of the living1 ,i owe grateful thanks1 in the first instance1 to ,professor and ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick1 who have read through the whole of the book in typescript1 and have given help and counsel throughout4 ,miss ,alice ,johnson1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers1 the late ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,myers1 ,miss ,porter1 and others have also given me welcome help in various directions4 ,in acknowledging this assistance1 however1 it is right to add that1 though ,i trust in my estimate of the evidence presented1 and in the general tenour of the conclusions suggested1 to find myself1 with few exceptions1 in substantial agreement with my colleagues1 yet ,i have no claim to represent the ,society for ,psychical ,research1 nor right to cloak my own shortcomings with the authority of others4 ,one word more needs to be said4 ,the evidence1 of which samples are presented in the following pages1 is as yet hardly adequate for the establishment of telepathy as a fact in nature1 and leaves much to be desired for the elucidation of the laws under which it operates4 ,any contributions to the problem1 in the shape either of accounts of experiments1 or of recent records of telepathic visions and similar experiences1 will be gladly received by me on behalf of the ,society for ,psychical ,research1 at #ai ,buckingham ,street1 ,adelphi1 ,w4,c4 ,,frank ,,podmore4 ,august #ahid4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,the book actually bore on the title-page the names of ,edmund ,gurney1 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers1 and the present writer4 ,but the division of authorship1 as explained in the ,preface1 was as follows3--,as regards the writing and the views expressed1 ,mr4 ,myers is solely responsible for the ,introduction1 and for the ',note on a ,suggested ,mode of ,psychical ,interaction2' and ,mr4 ,gurney is solely responsible for the remainder of the book4444 ,but the collection1 examination1 and appraisal of evidence has been a joint labour4 ,footnote #b3 ,some account of the earlier experiments by ,,mm4 ,janet and ,gibert was included in the supplementary chapter at the end of the second volume of ,phantasms4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,chapters ,v4 and ,x4 of the present book4 ,,apparitions ,,and ,,thought-,,transference4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory--,,special ,,grounds ,,of ,,caution4 ,it is salutary sometimes to reflect how recent is the growth of our scientific cosmos1 and how brief an interval separates it from the chaos which went before4 ,this may be seen even in ,sciences which deal with matters of common observation4 ,amongst material phenomena the facts of ,geology are assuredly not least calculated to excite the curiosity or impress the imagination of men4 ,yet until the middle of the last century no serious attempt was made to solve the physical problems they presented4 ,the origin of the organic remains embedded in the rocks had indeed formed the subject of speculation ever since the days of ,aristotle4 ,theophrastus had suggested that they were formed by the plastic forces of ,nature4 ,medival astrologers ascribed their formation to planetary influences4 ,and these hypotheses1 with the alternative view of the ,church1 that fossil bones and shells were relics of the ,mosaic ,deluge1 appear to have satisfied the learned of ,europe until the time of ,voltaire1 who reinforced the rationalistic position1 as he conceived it1 by the suggestion that the shells1 at any rate1 had been dropped from the hats of pilgrims returning from the ,holy ,land4 ,yet ,werner and ,hutton were even then preparing to elucidate the causes of stratification and the genesis of the igneous rocks4 ,cuvier in the next generation was to demonstrate the essential analogies of the fossils found in the ,paris basin with living species2 ,agassiz was to investigate the relation of fossil fishes and to show the true nature of their embedded remains4 ,nay1 even in the middle of the present century1 so slow is the growth and spread of organised knowledge1 it was possible for a pious ,scotchman to ascribe the origin of mountain chains to a cataclysm which1 after the fall of ,man1 had broken up and distorted the once symmetrical surface of the earth2#d for a ,dean of ,york to essay to bring the ,medival theory up to date and prove that the whole series of geological strata1 with their varied organic remains1 were formed by volcanic eruptions acting in concert with the ,mosaic ,deluge2#e and for another ,english divine to warn his readers against any sacrilegious meddling with the arcana of the rocks1 because they represented the tentative essays of the ,creator at organic forms--a concealed storehouse of celestial misfits6#f ,the subject-matter of the present inquiry has passed1 or is now passing1 through stages closely similar to those above described4 ,ghosts and warning dreams have been matters of popular belief and interest since the earliest ages known to history1 and are prevalent amongst even the least advanced races at the present time4 ,the ,specularii and ,dr4 ,dee have familiarised us with clairvoyance and crystal vision4 ,many of the alleged marvels of witchcraft were probably due to the agency of hypnotism1 which in later times1 under the various names of mesmerism1 electrobiology1 animal magnetism1 has attracted the curiosity of the unlettered1 and from time to time the serious interest of the learned4 ,these phenomena indeed were made the subject of scientific inquiry1 first in ,france and later in ,england1 during the first half of the present century2 have now again1 after a brief period of eclipse1 been investigated for the last two decades by competent observers on the ,continent1 and are at length winning a recognised footing in scientific circles in this country4 ,yet within the last two or three years we have witnessed the spectacle of more than one medical man1 of some repute in this island1 laughing to scorn all the researches of ,charcot and ,bernheim1 just as their prototypes a generation or two ago ignored the results of ,cuvier and ,agassiz1 and held it an insult to the ,creator to accept the scientific explanation of coprolites4 ,and as regards the other subjects1 to which must be added the alleged marvels of the ,spiritualists1 there have indeed been one or two isolated series of observations by competent inquirers1 but for the most part the learned have held themselves free to ascribe the phenomena without investigation to fraud and hysteria1 and the unlearned to magnetism1 psychic force1 or the ,devil4 ,for whilst men of science1 preoccupied for the most part with other lines of inquiry1 have kept themselves aloof1 the vacant ground was naturally occupied by the ignorant and credulous1 and by those who looked to win a harvest from ignorance and credulity4 ,it is not of course implied that all persons who interested themselves in such matters came under one or other of these categories4 ,there were many sensible men and women amongst them1 but they lacked for the most part the special training necessary for such inquiries1 or they failed through want of co-operation and support4 ,no serious and organised attempt at investigation was made until1 in #ahhb1 the ,society for ,psychical ,research was founded in ,london1 under the presidency of ,professor ,henry ,sidgwick4 ,he and his colleagues were the pioneers in the research1 and their example has been widely followed4 ,two years later an ,american society under the same title 7now a flourishing branch of the ,english society7 was founded in ,boston2 and there are at the present time societies with similar objects at ,berlin1 ,munich1 ,stockholm1 and elsewhere4 ,moreover1 the ,socit de ,psychologie ,physiologique1 which was founded in ,paris1 under the presidency of ,m4 ,charcot1 in #ahhe1 has devoted much attention to some forms of telepathy4 ,but the forces of superstition and charlatanry1 to which this vast territory has been ceded for so long1 have bequeathed an unfortunate legacy to those who would now colonise it in the name of ,science2 and the preliminary difficulties of the undertaking can perhaps most effectually be met by a frank recognition of that fact4 ,on the one hand1 a large number of thinking men have been repelled1 and still feel repulsion1 from a subject whose record is so unsavoury4 ,on the other hand1 the appetite for the marvellous which has been so long unchecked is not easily restrained4 ,the old habits of inaccuracy1 of magnifying the proportions of things1 of confusing surmises with facts1 cannot be eradicated without long and careful discipline4 ,to one writer1 indeed1 those dangers seemed so serious that he solemnly warned the ,society for ,psychical ,research1 at the outset of its career1 against the risk of stimulating into disastrous activity inborn tendencies to superstition1 by even the semblance of an inquiry into these matters4 ,without going to such lengths1 it may be conceded to the critic that even with those who endeavour to apply scientific methods to the investigation the mental attitude is liable to be warped by the environment1 and that here1 as elsewhere1 evil communications may corrupt4 ,as regards the actual investigators this difficulty is growing less serious1 as more men who have received their training in other branches of science are attracted to the inquiry1 and as the affinities of the subject to long-recognised departments of knowledge become daily more apparent4 ,in another direction1 however1 this mental attitude presents still a more or less formidable obstacle4 ,many of the observations on which students of the subject are compelled to rely are derived from persons who have had no training in such habits of accuracy as are required in scientific research4 ,when accounts of the ornithorhynchus first reached this country naturalists laughed at the traveller's tale of a beast with the tail of a beaver and the bill and webbed feet of a duck4 ,in the same way scientific men for long refused to admit the existence of aerolites1 as they now decline to credit the reports of a ,sea ,serpent of colossal proportions4 ,in all these cases1 so long as the alleged facts rest solely on the testimony of men untrained in habits of close observation and accurate reporting1 a suspension of judgment seems to be justified4 ,and if these considerations are valid in ordinary cases1 a much higher degree of caution may be reasonably demanded of investigators who leave the neutral ground of the physical sciences to enter upon a field in which the emotions and sympathies are most keenly engaged1 and in which the incidents narrated may have served to afford support to the dearest hopes and sanction to the deepest convictions of the narrator4 ,so insidious1 in such a case1 is the work of the imagination1 so untrustworthy is the memory1 so various are the sources of error in human testimony1 that it may be doubted whether we should be justified in attaching weight to the phenomena of telepathic hallucination and clairvoyance1 to which a large part of this book is devoted1 if the alleged observations were incapable of experimental verification4 ,certainly in such a case1 though the recipient of an experience of this kind might cherish a private conviction of its significance1 it would hardly be possible for such a view to win general assent4 ,in fact1 however1 the clue to the interpretation of the more striking phenomena1 in the case of which1 since they occur for the most part spontaneously1 direct experiment or even methodical and continuous observation are rarely possible1 is furnished by actual experiment on a smaller scale and with mental affections of a less unusual kind4 ,the thesis which these pages are designed to illustrate and support is briefly3 that communication is possible between mind and mind otherwise than through the known channels of the senses4 ,proof of the existence of such communication1 provisionally called ,thought ,transference or ,telepathy 7from tele at a distance1 and pathos feeling71 will be found in a considerable mass of experiments conducted during the last twelve years by various observers in different ,european countries and in ,america4 ,before proceeding1 in the course of the next four chapters1 to examine this part of the evidence in detail1 it will be well to consider its various defects and sources of error--defects common in some degree to all experiments of which living beings are the subject1 and sources of error for the most part peculiar to this and kindred inquiries4 ,the word experiment in this connection usually1 and rightly1 suggests the most perfect form of experiment1 that in which all the conditions are known1 and in which the results can be predicted both quantitatively and qualitatively4 ,if1 for instance1 we add a certain quantity of nitric acid under given conditions to a certain quantity of benzine1 we know that there will result a certain quantity of a third substance which is unlike either of its constituents in taste1 smell1 and physical properties4 ,or if we burn a given quantity of coal in a particular engine1 we can predict1 within narrow limits of error1 the total amount of energy which will be evolved4 ,that we cannot in the second instance predict with absolute accuracy the amount of energy produced is simply due to the difficulty of measuring with precision all the factors in the case4 ,but when we leave the problems of chemistry and physics and approach the problems of biology1 the difficulties increase a hundredfold4 ,here not only are we unable to measure the various factors1 we cannot even name them4 ,no skill or forethought would have enabled an observer1 from however patient a study of parentage and environment1 to have predicted the appearance1 say1 of ,emanuel ,swedenborg or ,michael ,faraday4 ,of the seven children of ,john ,lamb and his wife it might have seemed easier to conjecture that the majority would not survive childhood1 and that one would become insane1 than that another should take his place amongst those whose writings the world would not willingly let die4 ,and even where1 as in most biological researches1 the results drawn from observation can be to some extent checked and controlled by direct experiment1 generations may elapse before the balance of probabilities on one side or the other becomes so great as to lead to unanimity amongst the inquirers4 ,one of the most interesting1 and certainly not the least important1 of the questions now occupying biologists1 is that of the transmission to the offspring of characters acquired in the lifetime of the individual4 ,observations have been accumulated on the subject since before the days of ,lamarck2 and these observations1 interpreted and confirmed by experiment1 have been adduced and are still held by many as evidence that such transmission occurs4 ,on the other hand1 ,weismann and his followers contend that no such inference can legitimately be drawn from the observations and experiments quoted1 and that the occurrence of such transmission is irreconcilable with what is known of the growth and development of the germ4 ,and for all that has been said and written the opinion of competent biologists is still divided upon the question4 ,but in many biological problems the conditions are much simpler1 and the questions at issue can more readily be brought to the test of experiment4 ,yet even so various unknown factors are included1 and the results obtained are correspondingly difficult of interpretation4 ,no question affects us more nearly than the part played by the several kinds of food in repairing the daily waste of the human body4 ,statistics and analyses have been collected of workhouse1 prison1 and military dietaries2 innumerable experiments have been conducted on fasting men and hypertrophied dogs and rabbits2 and yet the precise function of nitrogenous substances in nutrition is still undetermined4 ,again1 the import of the experiments made during the last few decades by ,goltz1 ,hitzig1 ,ferrier1 ,horsley1 and others on the functions of various areas of the brain substance1 and the exact nature and degree of localisation which those experiments imply1 are still matter of debate amongst the physiologists concerned4 ,to take yet another instance1 and one which has a more intimate bearing upon the experiments to be discussed4 ,some years ago ,dr4 ,charlton ,bastian claimed to have proved experimentally the fact of abiogenesis1 or the generation of living organisms from non-living matter4 ,he had placed various organic infusions in glass tubes1 which were heated to the boiling point and then hermetically sealed4 ,when the tubes were1 after a certain interval1 unsealed1 the contained liquid was found in some cases to be swarming with bacteria4 ,believing that these micro-organisms and their germs were invariably destroyed by the heat of boiling water1 ,dr4 ,bastian saw no other conclusion than that the bacteria were formed directly from the infusion4 ,his conclusions were not accepted by the scientific world4 ,but they were rejected1 not because the fact of abiogenesis was regarded as in itself improbable1 nor yet because ,dr4 ,bastian was unable to indicate by what steps or processes the transformation of an infusion of hay into living organisms of definite and relatively complex structure could be conceived to take place1 but because ,pasteur1 ,tyndall1 and others showed that the germs of some of these micro-organisms are capable of sustaining for some minutes the heat of boiling water2 and further1 that when elaborate precautions were taken1 by filtering and otherwise purifying the air1 tubes containing similar infusions would remain sterile for an indefinite period4 ,the conclusion that under certain conditions thought-transference may occur rests upon reasoning similar to that by which ,dr4 ,bastian sought to establish a theory of abiogenesis4 ,neither the organs by which nor the medium through which the communication is made can be indicated2 nor can we even1 with a few trifling exceptions1 point to the conditions which favour such communication4 ,but ignorance on these points1 though a defect1 is not a defect which in the present state of experimental psychology can be held seriously to weaken the evidence1 much less to invalidate the conclusion4 ,that conclusion rests on the elimination of all other possible causes for the effect produced4 ,but at this point the analogy between the two researches fails4 ,dr4 ,bastian's conjecture was based on a short series of experiments conducted by a single experimenter under one uniform set of conditions4 ,at the first breath of criticism the whole fabric collapsed4 ,the experiments here recorded represent the work of many observers in many countries1 carried on with different subjects under a great variety of conditions4 ,the results have been before the world for about twelve years1 and during that period have been subjected to much adverse and some instructive criticism4 ,but no alternative explanation which has yet been suggested has attained even a momentary plausibility4 ,whether the elimination of all other possible causes is indeed complete1 or whether1 as in ,dr4 ,bastian's case1 there may yet lurk in these experiments some hitherto unsuspected source of error1 the reader will have the opportunity of judging for himself4 ,to assist him in forming a judgment some of the main disturbing causes will be briefly indicated4 7#a7 ,fraud4--,in nearly all the experiments referred to in this book the agent was himself concerned in the inquiry as a matter of scientific interest4 ,but it necessarily happens on occasion that neither agent nor percipient are by education and position absolutely removed from suspicion of trickery in a matter where trickery might to imperfectly educated persons appear almost venial4 ,if any such cases have been admitted1 it is because the precautions taken appear to us to have been adequate4 ,at the same time1 the investigators of the ,society for ,psychical ,research have come across some instances of fraud in cases where they had grounds for assuming good faith1 and it may be useful1 therefore1 to illustrate some of the less obvious methods of acquiring intelligence fraudulently4 ,the conditions of the experiment should of course1 as far as possible1 preclude1 even where there is no ground for suspecting fraud1 communication between the percipient and the agent1 or any one else knowing the idea which it is sought to transfer4 ,in the autumn of #ahhh some experiments were conducted with a person named ,d41 whose antecedents afforded1 it was thought1 justification for the belief that the claims which he put forward were genuine4 ,d4 acted as agent1 the percipient being a subject of his own1 a young woman called ,miss ,n41 who was apparently in a light hypnotic sleep during the experiment4 ,it was soon discovered that the results were obtained by means of a code formed from a combination of ,miss ,n4's breathing with slight noises--a cough or the creak of a boot--made by ,d4 himself4 ,i have seen a somewhat similar code employed in ,prince's ,hall1 ,piccadilly1 where the conjurer stood in the middle of the hall with a coin or other object in his hand1 a description of which he communicated to his confederate on the platform by means of a series of breathings1 deep enough visibly to move his dress-coat up and down on the surface of his white collar1 punctuated by slight movements of head or hand4 ,the novel feature in the first case1 however1 was that the percipient herself furnished the groundwork of the code1 the punctuation alone being given by the conjurer4 ,a still more elaborate form of collusion is described at length by ,bonjean4#g ,in this case the subject1 a young woman named ,lully1 appears to have read the words to be conveyed after the fashion of a deaf mute1 by the motion of the lips of the showman4 ,lully was apparently in a hypnotic trance1 with the eyes fast closed4 ,another form of fraud1 since it does not require the aid of a confederate1 is perhaps worthy of note4 ,some years ago a young ,australian came to this country with a reputation for genuine thought-reading1 based on the successful mystification of some members of a certain ,colonial ,legislature4 ,the writer had a few experiments with this person1 in which several small objects--a knife1 a glass bottle1 etc4--placed in the full light of a shaded lamp1 were correctly named4 ,the object was in each case placed behind the back of the ,thought-reader1 who looked intently at the writer's eyes1 which were in turn fixed upon the brightly illuminated object4 ,experiments made under more usual conditions1 not dictated by the ,thought-reader1 completely failed2 and there can be little doubt that the initial successes were due to the ,thought-reader seeing the image of the object reflected in the agent's cornea4 7#b7 ,hypersthesia4--,but1 after all1 it is rarely necessary to take special precautions against fraud1 for there are dangers to be guarded against of a more subtle kind4 ,there are various1 and as yet imperfectly known methods of communication by which indications may be unconsciously given and as unconsciously received4 ,thus1 to take the last instance1 it is pretty certain that cornea-reading does not always imply fraud1 and that hints may be gained in all good faith from any reflecting surface in the neighbourhood of the experimenter2 or the movements of lips1 larynx1 and even hands and limbs may betray the secret to eye or ear4 ,we know little of the limits of our sensory powers even in normal life2 and we do know that in certain subconscious states--automatic1 hypnotic1 somnambulic--these limits may be greatly exceeded1 and that indications so subtle as frequently to escape the vigilance of trained observers may be seized and interpreted by the hypnotic or automatic subject4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that results which it is possible to attribute to deliberate fraud stand almost necessarily self-condemned4 ,for if the precautions taken by the investigators left such an explanation open1 much more were those precautions insufficient to guard against the subtler modes of communication referred to4 ,it is not the friend whom we know whose eyes must be closed and his ears muffled1 but the ,mr4 ,hyde1 whose lurking presence in each of us we are only now beginning to suspect4 ,there is a case recorded by ,m4 ,bergson1#h in which a hypnotised boy is said to have been able to state correctly the number of the page in a book held by the observer1 by reading the corneal image of the figures4 ,the actual figures were three millimetres high1 and their corneal image is calculated by ,m4 ,bergson to have been ,o4#a mm41 or about #a_/bej of an inch in height6 ,in some other experiments conducted by ,m4 ,bergson with the same subject the acuteness of vision is said to have exceeded even this limit4 ,in another case1 recorded by ,dr4 ,sauvaire1#i a hypnotised subject was able to recognise the ,king of ,clubs1 face downwards1 in two different packs of cards4 ,in the first of these cases the results1 which could not have been attained by the senses under normal conditions1 must apparently be attributed to hypersthesia4 ,instances1 especially of auditory hypersthesia1 are of course quite familiar to those who have studied the phenomena of hypnotism4 ,in ,dr4 ,sauvaire's case1 however1 the power of distinguishing the cards by touch may have been the result of practice4 ,mrs4 ,verrall records 7,proceedings ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dhj7 that she acquired such a power by means of a longish series of experiments2 and ,mr4 ,hudson1 in ,idle ,days in ,patagonia1 tells of a gambler who by careful training had developed the same faculty in a very high degree4 ,it seems probable in the cases described by ,m4 ,bergson and ,dr4 ,sauvaire1 and possible also in the case of ,mr4 ,d4's subject1 that there was no intentional deception1 and that the hypnotised person was not himself aware of the means by which his knowledge was attained4#aj ,the same remark probably applies to the following case1 in which1 though the conditions of vision were certainly unusual1 it seems not clear whether the degree of success attained should be attributed to abnormal sensibility of the eyes1 or to the facility acquired by long practice4 ,in a series of experiments at which the writer assisted1 in #ahhd1 an illiterate youth named ,dick was hypnotised1 a penny was placed over each eye1 and the eyes and surrounding features were elaborately bandaged with strips of sticking-plaster2 a handkerchief being bound over all4 ,under these conditions ,dick named correctly objects held in front of him1 even at a considerable distance1 a little above the level of his eyes4 ,normal vision appeared to be impossible4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hodgson1 however1 repeated the experiment upon himself1 and found after several trials that he also could see objects1 though fitfully and imperfectly1 under the same conditions1 the channel of vision being a small chink in the sticking-plaster on the line where it was fastened to the brow4 7#c7 ,muscle-reading4--,from this last case we may pass to the illustrations of thought-reading given by professional conjurers and others1 where it seems clear that the skill exhibited in the interpretation of unconscious movements and gestures is due rather to long practice and careful observation than to any abnormal extension of faculty4 ,it hardly needs saying that experiments in which contact is permitted between the agent and percipient can rarely be regarded as having evidential value4 ,it has been demonstrated again and again that with the fullest intention of keeping the secret to themselves1 most agents in such circumstances are practically certain to betray it to the professional thought-reader by unconscious movements of some kind4 ,indeed1 it is difficult to place any limit to the degree of susceptibility to slight muscular impressions which may be attained4 ,a careful experimenter has assured the writer that when acting as percipient in some experiments with diagrams the slight movements of the agent's hand resting upon her head gave her in one case a clue to the figure thought of4 ,and ,mr4 ,stuart ,cumberland has exhibited feats still more marvellous before kings and commoners4 ,nor is it necessary1 as already said1 for successful muscle-reading that there should be actual contact in all cases4 ,the eye or the ear can sometimes follow movements of the lips or other parts of the body4 ,but though we can look for little evidence from experiments conducted with contact1 or under conditions which allow of interpretation by gesture1 etc41 and their repetition in this connection can rarely be expected to serve any useful purpose1 it seems worth pointing out that1 if telepathy is a fact1 we should expect to find it operating not merely where1 from the conditions of the experiment1 it must be presumed to be the sole source of communication1 but also as an auxiliary to other more familiar modes of expression4 ,it seems not improbable1 therefore1 that some of the more startling successes of the professional thought-reader and some of the results obtained in the willing game may be due to this cause4 7#d7 ,thought-forms4--,there remains one other source of error to be guarded against4 ,an image--whether of an object1 diagram1 or name--which is chosen by the agent may be correctly described by the percipient simply because their minds are set to move in the same direction4 ,it must be remembered that1 however unexpected and spontaneous they may appear1 ideas do not come by chance1 but have their origin mostly in the previous experience of the thinker4 ,persons living constantly in the same physical and intellectual environment are apt to present a close similarity in their ideas4 ,it would not even be prima facie evidence of thought-transference1 for instance1 if husband and wife1 asked to think of a town or of an acquaintance1 should select the same name4 ,and investigation has shown that our thoughts move in grooves which are determined for us by causes more deep-seated and more general than the accident of particular circumstances4 ,thus it is found that individuals will show a preference for certain figures or certain numbers over others2 and that the preference for some geometrical figures tends to be tolerably constant4 ,the ,american ,society for ,psychical ,research#aa made some interesting observations on this point in #ahhh4 ,blank cards were issued to a large number of persons1 with the request that the recipients would draw on the card ten diagrams4 #eja cards were returned1 and the diagrams inscribed on them were carefully tabulated4 ,it was found that of the #eja persons no less than #bji drew circles1 #agd squares1 #afj equilateral triangles and crosses1 while three only drew wheels1 two candlesticks1 and one each a corkscrew1 a ball1 and a knife4 ,it was found that the simpler geometrical figures#ab occurred not only most frequently but as a general rule early in each series of ten4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that in an experiment the success of the percipient in reproducing a circle1 a square1 or a triangle raises a much fainter presumption of thought-transference than if the object reproduced had been a corkscrew or a pine-apple4 ,but so much was perhaps obvious even without a detailed investigation4 ,from a similar analysis of the guesses made1 it can be shown that some percipients have decided preferences amongst the simple numerals4 ,and in the same way it seems probable that others have a preference for particular cards4 ,an important illustration of the working of the number-habit has been brought forward by ,professor ,e4 ,c4 ,pickering of the ,harvard ,college ,observatory1 ,u4,s4,a4#ac ,a revision of part of the ,argelander ,star-,chart had been undertaken by several observatories1 of which the ,harvard ,observatory was one4 ,for the purposes of the revision the assistant had the ,argelander chart before him1 whilst the observer1 who was in ignorance of the magnitude assigned in the chart1 made an independent estimate of the magnitude of each star4 ,if no thought-transference or other disturbing cause affected the result1 the amount of deviation of the later observations from the earlier in each tenth of a degree of magnitude would be represented by a smooth curve4 ,as a matter of fact1 it was found that the number of cases of complete agreement were much greater1 with some observers more than #ej per cent4 greater1 than they should have been on an estimate of the probabilities4 ,at first sight this excess of the actual over the theoretical numbers suggested the action of thought-transference between the assistant and the observer4 ,but ,professor ,pickering shows1 on a further analysis of the figures1 that almost the whole of the excess was due to the preference of both the earlier and the later observers for #e and #aj over all other fractions of a degree4 ,the practical deduction from this investigation is that in any experiment care should be taken to exclude1 as regards the agent at any rate1 the operation of any diagram or number-habit4#ad ,if an object is thought of1 it should if possible be chosen by lot1 and should not be an object actually present in the room4 ,if a card1 it should be drawn from the pack at random2 if a number1 from a receptacle containing a definite series of numbers2 if a diagram1 it is preferable that it should be taken at random from a set of previously-prepared drawings4 ,it will be seen that in the majority of the cases quoted in the four succeeding chapters these precautions have been observed4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #d3 ,primary and ,present ,state of the ,solar ,system1 by ,p4 ,mc,farlane4 ,edinburgh1 ,thomas ,grant1 circa #ahde4 ,footnote #e3 ,at the meeting of the ,british ,association in #ahdd2 quoted by ,hugh ,miller1 ,testimony of the ,rocks1 pp4 #ceh1 #cei4 ,footnote #f3 ,a ,brief and ,complete ,refutation of the ,antiscriptural ,theory of the ,geologists1 by a ,clergyman of the ,church of ,england4 ,london1 #ahec2 quoted by ,hugh ,miller1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #g3 ,l',hypnotisme et la suggestion mentale4 ,germer ,baillire et ,cie4 ,paris1 pp4 #bfa-caf4 ,footnote #h3 ,revue ,philosophique1 ,nov4 #ahhg1 quoted in ,proceedings of the ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ecb4 ,footnote #i3 ,revue ,philosophique1 ,march #ahhg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,mrs4 ,verrall states that after long practice she lost all consciousness of the means which enabled her to guess1 and saw pictures of the cards4 ,footnote #aa3 ,proceedings of the ,american ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 pp4 #cjb et seq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,no doubt the great preponderance of geometrical figures is in some measure due to the use of the word diagram1 which in ,english would probably suggest to most persons a geometrical diagram4 ,but possibly the word has a different shade of meaning in ,american4 ,it is certain too that a considerable proportion of the persons who filled in the cards were acquainted with the object of the inquiry4 ,footnote #ac3 ,proc4 ,american ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 pp4 #ce-dc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,it is not possible to eliminate the operation of such preferences in the percipient4 ,but if care be taken that the series of things to be guessed is chosen arbitrarily1 the only effect of even a decided preference for particular cards1 numbers1 etc41 on the part of the percipient will be to lessen the number of coincidences due to thought-transference4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,experimental ,,transference ,,of ,,simple ,,sensations ,,in ,,the ,,normal ,,state4 ,it is somewhat remarkable that the facts of thought-transference should only have attracted serious attention within the last two decades4 ,with waking percipients1 indeed1 such phenomena do not seem to occur unsought with sufficient frequency1 or--if we leave on one side for the moment telepathic hallucinations--on a sufficiently striking scale to afford evidence of any transmission of thought or sensation otherwise than through the familiar channels4 ,but the hypnotic state appears to offer peculiar facilities for such transmission1 and hypnotism1 under the name of mesmerism1 has now been closely studied by numerous observers for upwards of a century4 ,the earlier ,french observers1#ae indeed1 occasionally recorded instances of what appears to have been thought-transference between the mesmerist and his subject4 ,but these facts were observed by the way1 in the search for phenomena of another kind2 and no attempt appears to have been made to follow up the clue by means of direct experiment4 ,even the ,english observers of #ahdj and onwards1 though familiar with what they termed community of sensation between the operator and his subject1 appear never to have realised its possible significance4 ,dr4 ,elliotson1 for instance1 describes in the ,zoist 7vol4 v4 pp4 #bdb-bde7 some experiments in which a lady1 mesmerised by himself1 was able to indicate correctly the taste of salt1 cinnamon1 sugar1 ginger1 water1 and pepper1 as ,dr4 ,elliotson placed successively these various substances in his mouth4 ,but he seems to have recorded the results chiefly from curiosity1 and to have regarded them as of little scientific interest compared with the stiffening of a limb1 or the painless performance of an operation under mesmeric ansthesia4 ,dr4 ,esdaile 7,practical ,mesmerism1 p4 #abe71 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,townshend 7,facts in ,mesmerism1 pp4 #fh1 #gb1 #gf1 etc41 etc471 ,professor ,gregory 7,animal ,magnetism1 p4 #bca71 and other writers of that time1 record similar observations4 ,but the subject seems to have been crowded out1 on the one hand1 with the more cautious observers1 by the growing importance of hypnotism as an ansthetic and a curative agency1 on the other by the greater marvels of clairvoyance and spirit communications4 ,it was ,professor ,barrett1 of the ,royal ,college of ,science1 ,dublin1 who1 in a paper read before the ,british ,association at ,glasgow in #ahgf1 first isolated the phenomenon from its somewhat dubious surroundings1 and drew public attention to its importance4 ,up to that time community of sensation or thought-transference seems to have been known only as a rare and fitful accompaniment of the hypnotic trance4 ,but in the course of the correspondence arising out of his paper ,professor ,barrett learnt of several instances where similar phenomena had been observed in the waking state4 ,the ,willing game was just then coming into fashion1 and cases had been observed in which the thing willed had been performed without contact between the performer and the person willing1 and apparently without the possibility of any normal means of communication between them4 ,later1 in the years #ahha-hb1 a long series of experiments1 in which ,professor ,sidgwick1 the late ,professor ,balfour ,stewart1 the late ,edmund ,gurney1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers and others joined with ,professor ,barrett1 seemed to establish the possibility of a new mode of communication4 ,and these earlier results have been confirmed by further experiments continued down to the present time by many observers both in this country and abroad4 ,in the present chapter some account will be given of experiments in the transference of simple ideas and sensations performed with percipients in the ordinary waking state4 ,the next chapter will deal with similar results obtained with hypnotised persons4 ,in ,chapters ,,iv4 and ,v4 results of a more complicated or unusual character will be described and discussed4 ,transference of ,tastes4 ,the particular form of telepathy which first attracted attention to the whole subject1 the transmission to the percipient of impressions of taste and pain experienced by the agent1 appears to have been observed in the normal state very rarely4 ,one such case may be here quoted4 ,in the years #ahhc-he ,mr4 ,malcolm ,guthrie1 ,j4,p41 of ,liverpool1 the then head of a large drapery business in that city1 conducted a long series of experiments with two of his employees1 ,miss ,e4 and ,miss ,r4 ,in ,september #ahhc ,mr4 ,guthrie1 ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney1 and ,mr4 ,myers1 indicated respectively by the initials ,m4 ,g41 ,e4 ,g41 and ,m41 had a series of trials with these percipients in the transference of tastes4 ,the percipients1 who were fully awake1 were blindfolded2 the packets or bottles containing the substances experimented upon were placed beyond the range of possible vision2 and in the case of strongly smelling substances1 either at a distance or outside the room2 and other precautions were taken by the agents1 by keeping the mouth closed and turning the head away1 etc41 in order that the percipients should not become aware by the sense of smell of the nature of the substance experimented with4 ,strict silence was of course observed4 ,it may be conceded that when all possible precautions are taken1 experiments with sapid substances must be inconclusive when the agent is in the same room with the percipient2 since nearly all such substances have an odour1 however faint4 ,in view1 however1 of the extreme sensibility already demonstrated 7see below1 pp4 #bc1 etc47 of these particular percipients to transferred impressions of other kinds1 it seems probable that the results in this case also were actually due to telepathy4 ,the alternative explanation is to attribute to persons in the normal waking state a degree of hypersthesia for which we have no exact parallel even in the records of hypnotism4 ,for to persons of normal susceptibility the odour of a small quantity1 e4g4 of salt or alum1 in the mouth of another person at a distance of two or three feet would certainly be quite inappreciable4 ,no4 #a4--;,by ,,mr4 ,,guthrie ,,and ,,others4 ,september #c1 #ahhc4 ,,expt4 ,,taster4 ,,percipient4 ,,substance4 ,,answers ,,given4 #a ,m4 ,e4 ,vinegar4 ,a sharp and nasty taste4 #b ,m4 ,e4 ,mustard4 ,mustard4 #c ,m4 ,r4 ,do4 ,ammonia4 #d ,m4 ,e4 ,sugar4 ,i still taste the hot taste of the mustard4 ,september #d4 #e ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,worcestershire sauce ,worcestershire sauce4 #f ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,vinegar4 #g ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,port wine ,between eau de ,cologne and beer4 #h ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,raspberry vinegar4 #i ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,bitter aloes ,horrible and bitter4 #aj ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alum ,a taste of ink--of iron--of vinegar4 ,i feel it on my lips--it is as if ,i had been eating alum4 #aa ,m4 ,g4 ,e4 ,alum 7,e4 perceived that ,m4 ,g4 was as not tasting bitter aloes1 ,e4 ,g4 and ,m4 supposed1 but something different4 ,no distinct perception on account of the persistence of the bitter taste47 ,,expt4 ,,taster4 ,,percipient4 ,,substance4 ,,answers ,,given4 #ab ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,nutmeg ,peppermint--no--what you put in puddings--nutmeg4 #ac ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,nutmeg4 #ad ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,r4 ,sugar ,nothing perceived4 #ae ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,nothing perceived4 7,sugar should be tried at an earlier stage in the series1 as1 after the aloes1 we could scarcely taste it ourselves47 #af ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,cayenne pepper ,mustard4 #ag ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,cayenne pepper4 7,after the cayenne we were unable to taste anything further that evening47 ,throughout the next series of experiments the substances were kept outside the room in which the percipients were seated4 ,september #e4 #ah ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,carbonate of ,soda ,nothing perceived4 #ai ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,caraway seeds ,it feels like meal--like a seed loaf--caraway seeds4 7,the substance of the seeds seems to be perceived before their taste47 #bj ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,cloves ,cloves4 #ba ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,citric acid ,nothing felt4 #bb ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,salt4 #bc ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,liquorice ,cloves4 #bd ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,cloves ,cinnamon4 #be ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,acid jujube ,pear drop4 #bf ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,something hard1 which is giving way--acid jujube4 #bg ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,candied ginger ,something sweet and hot4 #bh ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,almond toffy4 7,m4 ,g4 took this ginger in the dark1 and was some time before he realised that it was ginger47 #bi ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,home-made ,noyau4 ,salt4 #cj ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,port wine4 7,this was by far the most strongly smelling of the substances tried2 the scent of kernels being hard to conceal4 ,yet it was named by ,e4 as salt47 #ca ,e4 ,g4 ,m4 ,e4 ,bitter aloes ,bitter4 #cb ,m4 ,g4 ,r4 ,do4 ,nothing felt4 7,proceedings of the ,society for ,psychical ,research1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #c1 #d47 ,further experiments in this direction are much to be desired4 ,but apart from the difficulty above referred to1 experiments of the kind are liable to be tedious and inconclusive because of the inability of most persons to discriminate accurately between one taste and another1 when the guidance of all other senses is lacking4 ,to conduct such experiments to a successful issue1 it would probably be necessary that the percipients should have some preliminary training to enable them to distinguish by taste alone between various salts and pharmaceutical preparations4 ,transference of ,pains4 ,experiments in the transference of pains are not attended with the same difficulties1 nor open to the same evidential objections2 and some interesting trials of this kind with one of the same percipients1 ,miss ,r41 met with a fair amount of success4 ,the experiments were carried on at intervals1 interspersed with experiments of other kinds1 by ,mr4 ,guthrie at ,liverpool during nine months in #ahhd and #ahhe4 ,the percipient on each occasion was blindfolded and seated with her back towards the rest of the party1 who each pinched or otherwise injured themselves in the same part of the body at the same time4 ,the agents in these experiments--the whole series of which is here recorded--were three or more of the following3--,mr4 ,guthrie1 ,professor ,herdman1 ,dr4 ,hicks1 ,dr4 ,hyla ,greves1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,johnson1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,mr4 ,birchall1 ,miss ,redmond1 and on one occasion another lady4 ,the results are given in the following table3-- ,no4 #b4--;,,by ,,mr4 ,,guthrie ,,and ,,others4 #a4--;,back of left hand pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #b4--,lobe of left ear pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #c4--,left wrist pricked4 ,is it in the left hand8 pointing to the back near the little finger4 #d4--,third finger of left hand tightly bound round with wire4 ,a lower joint of that finger was guessed4 #e4--,left wrist scratched with pins4 ,is it in the left wrist1 like being scratched8 #f4--,left ankle pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #g4--,spot behind left ear pricked4 ,no result4 #h4--,right knee pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #i4--,right shoulder pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #aj4--;,hands burned over gas4 ,like a pulling pain 444 then tingling1 like cold and hot alternately1 localised by gesture only4 #aa4--;,end of tongue bitten4 ,is it the lip or the tongue8 #ab4--,palm of left hand pricked4 ,is it a tingling pain in the left hand here8 placing her finger on the palm of the left hand4 #ac4--;,back of neck pricked4 ,is it a pricking of the neck8 #ad4--;,front of left arm above elbow pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #ae4--,spot just above left ankle pricked4 ,rightly localised4 #af4--,spot just above right wrist pricked4 ,i am not quite sure1 but ,i feel a pain in the right arm1 from the thumb upwards to above the wrist4 #ag4--;,inside of left ankle pricked4 ,outside of left ankle guessed4 #ah4--,spot beneath right collar-bone pricked4 ,the exactly corresponding spot on the left side guessed4 #ai4--;,back hair pulled4 ,no result4 #bj4--;,inside of right wrist pricked4 ,right foot guessed4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dbd-deb47 ,transference of ,sounds4 ,it is noteworthy that there is little experimental evidence for the transmission of an auditory impression4 ,occasionally1 in trials with names and cards the nature of the mistakes made has seemed to indicate audition1 as when1 e4g41 three is given for ,queen or ace for eight4 ,but obviously a long series of experiments and a long series of mistakes would be necessary to afford material for any conclusion4 ,sometimes a percipient has stated that he heard the name of the thing thought of2 as1 for instance1 in a case recorded in ,chapter ,v41 where the percipient heard the word gloves before seeing a vision of them4 ,but such cases appear to be rare4 ,experiments with a view to test the transmission of actual sounds could of course only be carried out under special conditions1 of which one would be the separation of the agent from the percipient by a considerable intervening space--and this condition is1 of itself1 found to interfere with success4 ,some evidence1 indeed1 of a quasi-experimental character for the transference of musical sounds at a distance will be given in a later chapter 7,chapter ,v41 ,no4 #cc74 ,experiments with imagined sounds appear to have been rarely tried1 or at least1 successful results have rarely been recorded4#af ,occasionally indeed experimenters have put on record that in thinking of an object they have mentally repeated the name of the object as well as pictured the object itself1 and there are a few cases where the general idea of the object thought of appears to have reached the percipient before the outlines of the form1 which may possibly be explained as due to the reception of an auditory before a visual impression4#ag ,this lack of evidence for auditory transmission is no doubt largely due to a desire on the part of experimenters in the first instance to make the proof of actual thought-transference as complete as possible4 ,experiments with sounds would impose a greater strain upon the agents1 since in most cases they must be imagined sounds4 ,moreover1 in such experiments it would be at once more difficult to estimate with precision degrees of success1 and to preserve a permanent record of the result2 and finally1 the subject thought of would be more easily communicated either fraudulently1 by a code1 or by unconscious indications on the part of the agent4 ,in this connection it is possibly significant that whilst in morbid conditions auditory hallucinations are much commoner than visual1 the proportion appears to be reversed with telepathic hallucinations4 ,it seems probable that the apparent infrequency of auditory transmission may be in part due to the fact that in the modern world the sense of vision is for educated persons the habitual channel for precise or important information4 ,to the ,greek in the time of ,socrates no doubt the ear was the main avenue for all knowledge2 it was the ear that received not merely the current talk of the market-place and the gymnasium1 but the oratory of the law-court1 the literature of the stage1 and the philosophy of the ,schools4 ,but for modern civilised societies the newspaper and the libraries have placed the eye in a position of unquestioned pre-eminence4 ,it seems likely therefore1 apart from all defects in such evidence1 that the agent would find a greater difficulty1 as a rule1 in calling up a vivid representation of a sound than of a vision2 and that the percipient would experience a corresponding difference in the reception and discrimination of the two classes of impressions4 ,transference of ,ideas not definitely classed4 ,experiments by ,,professor ,,richet and others4 ,in the following cases1 where the exact nature of the impression received was not apparently consciously classified by the percipient1 it may be presumed to have been either of a visual or an auditory nature4 ,m4 ,charles ,richet 7,revue ,philosophique1 ,dec4 #ahhd1 ,la suggestion mentale et le calcul des probabilits7 conducted a series of experiments in guessing the suits of cards drawn at random from a pack4 #bibg trials were made3 ten persons besides ,m4 ,richet himself--who acted sometimes as agent and sometimes as percipient--taking part in the experiments4 ,in the #bibg trials the suit was correctly named #ghi times1 the most probable number of correct guesses being #gcb4 ,a similar series of trials was conducted1 on ,edmund ,gurney's initiative1 by some members of the ,s4,p4,r4 and others4 ,there were #ag series1 containing #ag1fec trials1 and #dgfj successes2 the theoretically probable number1 on the assumption that the results were due to chance1 being #ddac4 ,the probability for some cause other than chance deduced from this result is 4#iii1iii1ih1 which represents perhaps a higher degree of probability than the inhabitants of this hemisphere are justified in attaching to the belief that the ensuing night will be followed by another day4#ah ,in a similar series of experiments carried out under the direction of the ,american ,s4,p4,r4 the proportion of successes was little higher than the theoretically probable number4#ai ,but in the absence of details as to the conditions under which the experiments were made1 no unfavourable inference can fairly be drawn from these results4 ,at any rate some very remarkable results were obtained later1 in a series of trials made on the lines laid down by the committee of the ,american ,society4 ,the agent in this case was ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,brown1 the percipient ,nellie ,gallagher1 a domestic lately come from the county of ,northumberland1 in ,new ,brunswick4 ,the experiments appear to have been carried out with great care1 and the results are recorded and analysed at length 7,proc4 ,am4 ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #cbb-cdi74 #cjjj trials were made in guessing the numbers from #j to #i or from #a to #aj inclusive4 ,the order of the digits in each set of #ajj trials was determined by drawing lots4 ,the agent sat at one side of a table1 the percipient at the other side4 ,at first the percipient sat facing the agent1 but after about #ajjj trials had been made her back was turned to the table--and this position was continued to the end4 ,the paper containing the numbers to be guessed was placed in the agent's lap1 out of sight of the percipient4 ,there was no mirror in the room4 ,in the result the digits were correctly named #ehd times1 or nearly twice the probable number1 #cjj4 ,the proportion of the successes steadily increased1 from #age in the first batch of #ajjj trials1 to #aij in the second1 and #bai in the third batch4 ,no4 #c4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,ochorowicz4 ,in the following set of experiments1 made by ,dr4 ,ochorowicz1 ex-,professor of ,psychology and ,natural ,philosophy at the ,university of ,lemberg1 described in his book ,la ,suggestion mentale 7pp4 #fi1 #ge1 #gf71 there are not sufficient indications in most cases to enable a judgment to be formed as to the special form of sense-impression made on the percipient's mind4 ,the percipient was a ,madame ,d41 #gj years of age4 ,she had been shown to be amenable to hypnotism1 but during these experiments she was in a normal condition4 ,she is described as being of strong constitution and in good health2 intelligent above the average1 well read1 and accustomed to literary work4 ,the first experiments with ,madame ,d4 are not quoted here1 not having been conducted1 as ,dr4 ,ochorowicz explains1 under strict conditions4 ,the objects thought of had been selected by the agent1 instead of being taken haphazard1 and the choice had frequently been directly suggested by his surroundings4 ,it seemed possible1 therefore1 to explain the results as due to an unconscious association of ideas common to agent and percipient4 ,dr4 ,ochorowicz1 however1 has shown by his careful analysis of the experiments recorded in the earlier chapters of his book that he is fully aware of the risk of error from this and other causes1 and in the series of the #bnd ,may and the following days he tells us that adequate precautions were taken4 ,an ,object4 #cf4 ,a bust of ,m4 ,n4 ,portrait 444 of a man 444 a bust4 #cg4 ,a fan4 ,something round4 #ch4 ,a key4 ,something made of lead 444 of bronze 444 it is iron4 #ci4 ,a hand holding a ring4 ,something shining1 a diamond 444 a ring4 ,a ,taste4 #dj4 ,acid4 ,sweet4 ,a ,diagram4 #da4 ,a square4 ,something irregular4 #db4 ,a circle4 ,a triangle 444 a circle4 ,a ,letter4 #dc4 ,m4 ,m4 #dd4 ,d4 ,d4 #de4 ,j4 ,j4 #df4 ,b4 ,a1 ,x1 ,r1 ,b4 #dg4 ,o4 ,w1 ,a2 no1 it is an ,o4 #dh4 ,jan4 ,j 444 7go on67 ,jan4 ,third ,series1 ,may #fth1 #ahhe4--,twenty-five experiments were made1 of which1 unfortunately1 ,i have kept no record1 except of the three following1 which impressed me most4 7,the subject had her back to us1 held the pencil and wrote whatever came into her head4 ,we touched her back lightly1 keeping our eyes fixed on the letters we had written47 #di4 ,brabant4 ,bra 444 7,i made a mental effort to help the subject1 without speaking47 ,brabant4 #ej4 ,paris4 ,p 444 aris4 #ea4 ,telephone4 ,t 444 elephone4 ,fourth ,series1 ,may #hth4--,same conditions4 #eb4 ,z4 ,l1 ,p1 ,k1 ,j4 #ec4 ,b4 ,b4 #ed4 ,t4 ,s1 ,t1 ,f4 #ee4 ,n4 ,m1 ,n4 #ef4 ,p4 ,r1 ,z1 ,a4 #eg4 ,y4 ,v1 ,y4 #eh4 ,e4 ,e4 #ei4 ,gustave4 ,f1 ,j1 ,gabriel4 #fj4 ,duch4 ,e1 ,o4 #fa4 ,ba4 ,b1 ,a4 #fb4 ,no4 ,f1 ,k1 ,o4 ,a ,number4 #fc4 #dd4 #f1 #h1 #ab4 #fd4 #b4 #g1 #e1 #i4 7,i told my assistant to imagine the look of the number when written1 and not its sound47 #fe4 #c4 #h1 #c4 #ff4 #g4 #g4 #fg4 #h4 #h2 no1 #j1 #f1 #i4 ,then followed thirteen trials with fantastic figures1 details of which ,dr4 ,ochorowicz does not record4 ,he tells us1 however1 that only five of the representations presented even a general resemblance to the originals4 ,it is to be observed that in this series of experiments contact was not completely excluded in all the trials4 ,but if ,dr4 ,ochorowicz's memory may be relied upon for the statement that the agent looked at the original letters and diagrams1 and not at the percipient's attempts at reproducing them1 the hypothesis of involuntary muscular guidance must be severely strained to account for the results4 ,at any rate1 in the three remaining trials in this series it seems clear that muscle-reading is inadequate as an explanation4 ,a person thought of4 ,subject4 ,answer4 #fh4 ,the percipient4 ,m4 ,o----2 no1 it's myself4 #fi4 ,m4 ,d----4 ,m4 ,d----4 ,an ,image4 #gj4 ,we pictured to ourselves ,i see passing clouds 444 a a crescent moon4 ,m4 light 444 7in a satisfied ,p---- on a background tone7--it is the moon4 of clouds1 ,i in a clear dark blue sky4 ,transference of ,visual ,images4 ,,no4 #d4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,blair ,,thaw4 ,the experiments which follow were made by ,dr4 ,blair ,thaw1 ,m4,d41 of ,new ,york4 ,the series quoted1 which took place on the #bhth of ,april #ahib1 comprises all the trials in which ,dr4 ,thaw was himself the percipient4 ,dr4 ,thaw had his eyes blindfolded and his ears muffled1 and the agent1 ,mrs4 ,thaw1 and ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,wyatt1 who was present but took no part in the agency1 kept silent1 except when it was necessary to state whether an object1 card1 number1 or colour was to be guessed4 ,the objects were in all cases actually looked at by the agent1 the colour being a coloured disc1 and the numbers being printed on separate cards4#bj #ast ,object4 ,,silk ,,pincushion1 in form of ,orange-,red ,apple1 quite round4--,percipient3 ,a ,disc4 ,when asked what colour1 said1 ,red or ,orange4 ,when asked what object1 named ,pincushion4 #bnd ,object4 ,a ,,short ,,lead ,,pencil1 nearly covered by the nickel cover4 ,never seen by percipient4 ,percipient3 ,something white or light4 ,a card4 ,i thought of ,mr4 ,wyatt's silver pencil4 #crd ,object4 ,a ,,dark ,,violet in ,mr4 ,wyatt's button-hole1 but not known to be in the house by percipient4 ,percipient3 ,something dark4 ,not very big4 ,longish4 ,narrow4 ,soft4 ,it can't be a cigarette because it is dark brown4 ,a dirty colour4 ,asked about smell1 said3 ,not strong1 but what you might call pungent2 a clean smell4 ,percipient had not noticed smell before1 though sitting by ,mr4 ,wyatt some time1 but when afterwards told of the violet knew that this was the odour noticed in experiment4 ,asked to spell name1 percipient said3 ,phrygian1 ,phrigid1 or first letter ,v if not ,ph4 #dth ,object4 ,,watch1 dull silver with filigree4 ,percipient3 ,yellow or dirty ivory4 ,not very big4 ,like carving on it4 ,watch is opened by agent1 and percipient is asked what was done4 ,percipient says3 ,you opened it4 ,it is shaped like a butterfly4 ,percipient held finger and thumb of each hand making figure much like that of opened watch4 ,percipient asked to spell it1 said3 ,i get r-i-n-g with a ,w at first4 ,,playing ,,cards4 ,,king ,,spades4--,spades4 ,spot in middle and spots outside4 #g ,spades4 #i ,spades4 #d ,,clubs4--#d ,clubs4 #e ,,spades4--#e ,diamonds4 ,,numbers ,,out ,,of ,,nine ,,digits4 #d4--,percipient said3 ,it stands up straight4 #d4 #f4--,percipient said3 ,those two are too much alike1 only a little gap in one of them4 ,it is either #e or #f4 #c4--c4 #a4--,percipient said3 ,cover up that upper part if it is the #a4 ,it is either #g or #a4 #b4--i1 #h4 ,from acting so much as agent in previous trials1 ,i knew the shapes of these numbers printed on cardboard1 and as agent found the #e and #f too much alike4 ,after looking hard at one of them ,i can hardly tell the difference1 and always cover the upper projection of the ,i because it is so much like a #g4 ,the numbers were printed on separate pieces of cardboard1 and there were about a hundred in the box1 being made for some game4 ,,colours1 ,,chosen ,,at ,,random4 ,chosen4 #ast ,guess4 #bnd ,guess4 ,,bright ,,red ,bright ,red ,,light ,,green ,light ,green ,,yellow ,dark ,blue ,yellow ,,bright ,,yellow ,bright ,yellow ,,dark ,,red ,blue ,dark ,red ,,dark ,,blue ,orange ,dark ,blue ,,orange ,green ,heliotrope ,the percipient himself told the agents to change character of object after each actual failure1 thus getting new sensations4 ,percipient was told to go into next room and get something4 #ast ,object4 ,,silver ,,inkstand chosen4--,percipient says1 ,i think of something1 but it is too bright and easy4 ,it is the silver inkstand4 ,percipient told to get something in next room4 #bnd ,object4 ,a ,,glass ,,candlestick4--,percipient went to right corner of the room and to the cabinet with the object on it1 but could not distinguish which object4 ,percipient had handkerchief off to be able to walk1 but was not followed by agents1 and did not see them4 ,agents found percipient standing with hands over candlestick undecided4 ,from the percipient's descriptions it would seem that the impression here was of a visual nature1 though ,dr4 ,thaw himself says1 ,i cannot describe my sensation as a visualisation of any kind4 ,it seemed rather to be by some wholly subjective process that ,i knew what the agents were looking at4 ,it is not always1 however1 an easy task to analyse one's own sensations2 and1 on the whole1 it seems more probable that there was visualisation1 but of a very faint and ideal kind4 ,no4 #e4--;,by ,,mr4 ,,malcolm ,,guthrie4 ,reference has already been made to the long series of experiments carried on during the years #ahhc-he by ,mr4 ,malcolm ,guthrie of ,liverpool4 ,during a great part of the series he was assisted by ,mr4 ,james ,birchall1 ,hon4 ,sec4 of the ,liverpool ,literary and ,philosophical ,society4 ,professor ,oliver ,lodge1 ,edmund ,gurney1 ,professor ,herdman1 and others co-operated from time to time4 ,throughout there were two percipients only1 ,miss ,r4 and ,miss ,e4 ,the experiments were conducted and the results recorded with great care and thoroughness2 and the whole series1 in its length1 its variety1 and its completeness1 forms perhaps the most important single contribution to the records of experimental thought-transference in the normal state4#ba ,summing up1 in ,july #ahhe1 the results attained1 ,mr4 ,guthrie writes3-- ,we have now a record of #gac experiments1 and ,i recently set myself the task of classifying them into the #d classes of successful1 partially successful1 misdescriptions1 and failures4 ,i endeavoured to work it out in what ,i thought a reasonable way1 but ,i experienced much difficulty in assigning to its proper column each experiment we made4 ,this1 however1 is a task which each student of the subject will be able to undertake for himself according to his own judgment4 ,i do not submit my summary as a basis for calculation of probability4 ,a few successful experiments of a certain kind carry greater weight with them than a large number of another kind2 for some experiments are practically beyond the region of guesses4444 ,the following is a summary of the work done1 classified to the best of my judgment3-- ,,first ,,series4 ,key ,a4 ,nothing perceived4 ,b4 ,complete4 ,c4 ,partial4 ,d4 ,misdescriptions4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,experiments and ,conditions4 ,total4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,visual--,letters1 figures1 and cards-- ,contact #bf #b #ag #d #c ,visual--,letters1 figures1 and cards-- ,non-contact #af #j #i #b #e ,visual--,objects1 colours1 etc4--,contact #ai #f #g #d #b ,do4 do4 ,non-contact #ch #d #bh #f #j ,imagined visual--,non-contact #ah #e #h #b #c ,imagined numbers and names--,contact and ,non-contact #ci #aa #ab #f #aj ,pains--,contact #eb #aj #cj #i #c ,tastes and smells--,contact #id #ai #db #bj #ac ----------------------- #cjb #eg #aec #ec #ci ,diagrams--,contact #cg #g #ah #f #f ,do4 ,non-contact #aah #f #ff #bc #bc ----------------------- #deg #gj #bcg #hb #fh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,there were also #dj diagrams for experimental evenings with strangers1 in series of sixes and sevens1 all misdrawn1 and not fairly to be reckoned in the above4 #deg experiments under proper conditions4 #gj nothing perceived4 --- #chg #cai wholly or partially correct2 #fh misdescriptions #ah per cent4 ,in the second series there were #abc trials2 in #ae cases no impression was received1 and in #ce cases1 or #cb per cent of the remainder1 an incorrect description was given4 ,in the third series1 of #acc trials there were #bd in which no impression was received and #dj failures3 proportion of failures #cg per cent4 ,mr4 ,guthrie attributes this gradual decline in the proportion of successes to the difficulty experienced by both agents and percipients in maintaining the original lively interest in the proceedings4 ,no4 #f4--;,by ,,professor ,,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,subjoined is a detailed description of experiments made on two evenings in #ahhd1 recorded by ,professor ,lodge1#bb which leaves no room for doubt that the impressions received in this instance by the percipient were of a visual nature4 ,the agent on the first evening was ,mr4 ,james ,birchall1 who held the hand of the percipient1 ,miss ,r4 ,the only other person present was ,professor ,lodge4 ,the object was placed sometimes on a wooden screen between the percipient and the agent1 at other times behind the percipient1 whose eyes were bandaged4 ,the bandage1 it should be observed1 was a sufficient precaution against cornea-reading2 but for other purposes no reliance was placed upon it4 ,it is believed that the precautions taken were in all cases adequate to conceal the object from the percipient if her eyes had been uncovered4 ,in the account quoted any remarks made by the agent or ,professor ,lodge are entered between brackets4 ,object--a blue square of silk4--7,now1 it's going to be a colour2 ready47 ,is it green8 7,no47 ,it's something between green and blue4444 ,peacock4 7,what shape87 ,she drew a rhombus4 ,n4,b4--,it is not intended to imply that this was a success by any means1 and it is to be understood that it was only to make a start on the first experiment that so much help was given as is involved in saying it's a colour4 ,when they are simply told an object1 or1 what is much the same1 when nothing is said at all1 the field for guessing is practically infinite4 ,when no remark at starting is recorded none was made1 except such an one as ,now we are ready1 by myself4 ,next object--a key on a black ground4--7,it's an object47 ,in a few seconds she said1 ,it's bright4444 ,it looks like a key4 ,told to draw it1 she drew it just inverted4 ,next object--three gold studs in morocco case4--,is it yellow8444 ,something gold4444 ,something round4444 ,a locket or a watch perhaps4 7,do you see more than one round87 ,yes1 there seem to be more than one4444 ,are there three rounds8444 ,three rings8 7,what do they seem to be set in87 ,something bright like beads4 ,evidently not understanding or attending to the question4 ,told to unblindfold herself and draw1 she drew the three rounds in a row quite correctly1 and then sketched round them absently the outline of the case1 which seemed therefore to have been apparent to her though she had not consciously attended to it4 ,it was an interesting and striking experiment4 ,next object--a pair of scissors standing partly often with their points down4--,is it a bright object8444 ,something long-ways indicating verticality4444 ,a pair of scissors standing up4444 ,a little bit open4 ,time1 about a minute altogether4 ,she then drew her impression1 and it was correct in every particular4 ,the object in this experiment was on a settee behind her1 but its position had to be pointed out to her when1 after the experiment1 she wanted to see it4 ,next object--a drawing of a right-angled triangle on its side4--7,it's a drawing47 ,she drew an isosceles triangle on its side4 ,next--a circle with a cord across it4--,she drew two detached ovals1 one with a cutting line across it4 ,next--a drawing of a ,union ,jack pattern4--,as usual in drawing experiments1 ,miss ,r4 remained silent for perhaps a minute2 then she said1 ,now ,i am ready4 ,i hid the object2 she took off the handkerchief1 and proceeded to draw on paper placed ready in front of her4 ,she this time drew all the lines of the figure except the horizontal middle one4 ,she was obviously much tempted to draw this1 and1 indeed1 began it two or three times faintly1 but ultimately said1 ,no1 ,i'm not sure1 and stopped4 ,illustration3 ,,original4 ,illustration3 ,,reproduction4 ,n4,b4--,the actual drawings made in all the experiments are preserved intact by ,mr4 ,guthrie4 ,,end ,,of ,,sitting4 ,experiments with ,,miss ,r4--,continued4 ,i will now describe an experiment indicating that one agent may be better than another4 ,object--the ,three of ,hearts4--,miss ,e4 and ,mr4 ,birchall both present as agents1 but ,mr4 ,birchall holding percipient's hands at first4 ,is it a black cross 444 a white ground with a black cross on it8 ,mr4 ,birchall now let ,miss ,e4 hold hands instead of himself1 and ,miss ,r4 very soon said1 ,is it a card8 7,right47 ,are there three spots on it8444 ,don't know what they are4444 ,i don't think ,i can get the colour4444 ,they are one above the other1 but they seem three round spots4444 ,i think they're red1 but am not clear4 ,next object--a playing card with a blue anchor painted on it slantwise instead of pips4--,no contact at all this time1 but another lady1 ,miss ,r----d1 who had entered the room1 assisted ,mr4 ,b4 and ,miss ,e4 as agents4 ,is it an anchor8 444 a little on the slant4 7,do you see any colour87 ,colour is black4444 ,it's a nicely drawn anchor4 ,when asked to draw she sketched part of it1 but had evidently half forgotten it1 and not knowing the use of the cross arm1 she could only indicate that there was something more there but she couldn't remember what4 ,her drawing had the right slant exactly4 ,another object--two pairs of coarse lines crossing2 drawn in red chalk1 and set up at some distance from agents4 ,no contact4 ,i only see lines crossing4 ,she saw no colour4 ,she afterwards drew them quite correctly1 but very small4 ,illustration3 ,,originals4 ,illustration3 ,,reproduction4 ,double object4--,it was now that ,i arranged the double object between ,miss ,r----d and ,miss ,e41 who happened to be sitting nearly facing one another4 ,see ,nature1 ,june #abth1 #ahhd4 ,the drawing was a square on one side of the paper1 a cross on the other4 ,miss ,r----d looked at the side with the square on it4 ,miss ,e4 looked at the side with the cross4 ,neither knew what the other was looking at--nor did the percipient know that anything unusual was being tried4 ,mr4 ,birchall was silently asked to take off his attention and he got up and looked out of window before the drawings were brought in1 and during the experiment4 ,there was no contact4 ,very soon ,miss ,r4 said1 ,i see things moving about4444 ,i seem to see two things4444 ,i see first one up there1 and then one down there4444 ,i don't know which to draw4444 ,i can't see either distinctly4 7,well1 anyhow1 draw what you have seen47 ,she took off the bandage and drew first a square1 and then said1 ,then there was the other thing as well 444 afterwards they seemed to go into one1 and she drew a cross inside the square from corner to corner1 adding afterwards1 ,i don't know what made me put it inside4 ,no4 #g4--;,by ,,herr ,,max ,,dessoir4 ,in ,june #ahhe some successful experiments in thought-transference were made by ,herr ,dessoir1 of ,berlin1 author of ,a ,bibliography of ,modern ,hypnotism1 and other works1 with the co-operation of some friends1 ,herren ,weiss1 ,biltz1 and ,sachse4 ,there were in all eighteen trials with diagrams in which ,herr ,dessoir was the percipient4 ,the diagrams which follow--reproduced from the original drawings--were the result of six consecutive trials4 ,they are1 as will be seen1 not completely successful1 but they convey a fair idea of the amount of success attained in the whole series4 ,it should be noted that the impression received by the percipient appears to have been persistent2 and that the second attempt at reproduction1 in five out of the six cases1 was more successful than the first4 ,herr ,dessoir states that he was generally out of the room whilst the figure was being drawn2 he returned at the given signal1 with eyes closely bandaged2 ,i set myself at the table1 and in many instances placed my hands on the table1 and the agent placed his hands on mine2 the hands lay quite still on one another4 ,when an image presented itself to my mind1 the hands were removed 444 and ,i took off the bandage and drew my figure4 ,a full account of these experiments1 and of others conducted by ,herr ,dessoir1 will be found in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iv4 pp4 #aaa-abf2 vol4 v4 pp4 #cee-ceg4 ,illustration3 ,i4 ,,orig4 ,agent3 ,w4 ,s4 ,,rep4 #a4 ,,rep4 #b4 ,while the second reproduction was proceeding1 an interruption occurred which prevented its completion4 ,illustration3 ,,ii4 ,,orig4 ,agent3 ,h4 ,b4 ,,rep4 #a4 ,,rep4 #b4 ,,rep4 #c4 ,,rep4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,,iii4 ,,orig4 ,agent3 ,h4 ,b4 ,,rep4 #a4 ,,rep4 #b4 ,,rep4 #c4 ,the percipient said1 ,it looks like a window4 ,illustration3 ,,iv4 ,,orig4 ,agent3 ,h4 ,b4 ,,rep4 #a4 ,,rep4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,rep4 #c4 ,v4 ,orig4 ,agent3 ,h4 ,b4 ,illustration3 ,,rep4 #a4 ,,rep4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,vi4 ,,orig4 ,,rep4 #a4 ,,rep4 #b4 ,agent3 ,e4 ,w4 ,the percipient said1 ,it looks like a window4 ,no4 #h4--;,by ,,herr ,,schmoll and ,m4 ,,mabire4 ,of more recent experiments with diagrams1 those recorded by ,herr ,anton ,schmoll and ,m4 ,etienne ,mabire are perhaps the most important4#bc ,the experiments took place at ,herr ,schmoll's house1 #aaa ,avenue de ,villiers1 ,paris4 ,in addition to ,herr ,schmoll and ,m4 ,mabire1 ,frau ,schmoll and four or five other persons assisted at one time or another4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers was also present on three occasions4 ,in all about #ajj trials were made with diagrams and real objects 7the actual number of experiments of all kinds was #adh71 full details of which will be found in the original papers4 ,the experiments were made in the evenings1 in a room lighted by a hanging lamp4 ,the agents1 usually three or four in number1 sat at a round table immediately under the lamp1 and fixed their eyes on the diagram or object1 which was placed on the table before them4 ,the percipient1 with his eyes bandaged1 sat in full view of the agents with his back to them in a corner of the room at a distance of about ten feet from the object4 ,silence was maintained during the experiments1 except where otherwise expressly stated4 ,the object or diagram was carefully hidden before the handkerchief was removed from the eyes of the percipient to enable him to draw his impression4 ,in the first nineteen experiments the figure was drawn with the end of a match dipped in ink1 whilst the percipient was in the room4 ,it was not likely1 under the circumstances1 as the match moved almost noiselessly over the paper1 that any indication of the figure drawn could by this means have been given to the percipient4 ,nevertheless1 in the later experiments quoted the precaution was taken to draw the figure whilst the percipient was in another room1 and a soft brush was substituted for the match4 ,the following is a record1 by ,herr ,schmoll1 of the last two evenings of the first series3-- #ah4--;,august #bdth1 #ahhf4 ,agents--,mdlle4 ,louise1 ,frau ,schmoll1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,m4 ,mabire4 ,object 7drawn7-- ,illustration ,result--,m4 ,mabire saw a sort of semicircle like the tail of a comet1 but of spiral construction1 like some of the nebul4 ,what he saw he reproduced in the following manner3-- ,illustration #ai4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,mdlle4 ,louise1 ,m4 ,mabire1 ,frau ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,schmoll4 ,object 7drawn7-- ,illustration ,result--,i see two double lines1 that cross each other at about right angles4 7,pause47 ,the two double lines now appear single1 but like rays of light1 and in the form of an ,x4 7,another pause47 ,now ,i see the upper part of the ,x separated from the lower by a vertical line4 ,i draw3-- ,illustration #bj4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,mdlle4 ,louise1 ,m4 ,mabire1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,frau ,schmoll4 ,object--,a brass weight of #ejj grms4 was placed on the table4 ,illustration ,result--,what ,i see looks like a short piece of candle1 without a candlestick4 ,it must be burning1 for at the upper end ,i see it glitter4 ,remark--,at the upper part of the object1 indicated by the arrow1 bright reflections1 caused by the oblique lighting1 were seen by all the agents 7the weight was rubbed bright74 ,the form seen decidedly resembles the original1 especially the outline4 #ba4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,m4 ,mabire1 ,frau ,schmoll1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,mdlle4 ,louise4 ,object--,my gold watch 7without the chain7 was noiselessly placed before us1 the back turned towards us2 on the face are ,roman numbers4 ,result--,after five minutes3 ,i see a round object1 but ,i cannot describe it more particularly4 7,during the pause that followed1 without causing the slightest noise1 ,i turned the watch round1 so that we saw the face47 ,soon ,mdlle4 ,louise called out3 ,you are certainly looking at the clock over the piano1 for now ,i quite clearly see a clock face with ,roman numbers4 ,the watch1 as was ascertained after the experiment1 was not going at the time4 #bb4--,september #ajth1 #ahhf4 ,agents--,mdlle4 ,louise1 ,m4 ,mabire1 ,frau ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,schmoll4 ,object--,a pamphlet 7in #hvo7 was slantingly placed on the table4 ,result--,completely failed4 ,i saw nothing whatever4 ,remark--,at the beginning of our trials to-day we had neglected to clear the table4 ,the book was surrounded by other objects1 and also badly lighted4 #bc4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,mdlle4 ,louise1 ,m4 ,mabire1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,frau ,schmoll4 ,object--,a piece of candle1 #bj centimetres long1 was placed on the table4 ,result--,after eight minutes3 ,i see it well1 but not clearly enough to say what it is4 ,it is a thin1 long object4 ,how long8 asked ,m4 ,mabire4 ,frau ,schmoll tried by separating her hands to give a measurement1 but could not do it with certainty1 and said1 ,a full hand's length1 about #bj centimetres4 ,begged for a further description1 she said1 ,i see something like a walking-stick1 but at one end there must be gold1 for something shines there4 7,the candle was not burning47 #bd4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,m4 ,mabire1 ,frau ,schmoll1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,mdlle4 ,louise4 ,object--,a ,faience tea-pot was placed on the table3-- ,illustration ,result--,after five minutes3 ,it is not a drawing1 but a real object4 ,i see very clearly a little vase1 a little pot or pan4 #be4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,mdlle4 ,louise1 ,frau ,schmoll1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,m4 ,mabire4 ,object--,the stamp of the firm was placed on the table3-- ,illustration ,result--,after twenty minutes3 ,the picture appears to be rather confused4 ,but ,i believe that ,i see the lower part of a drinking glass4 7,pause47 ,now it has gone again4 7,a pause of five minutes47 ,now ,i see another form1 like two symmetrical ,s-shaped double curves1 placed side by side4 ,then ,m4 ,mabire drew3-- ,illustration ,remark--,apparently the lower part was seen first1 and then the upper4 #bf4--,the same evening4 ,agents--,m4 ,mabire1 ,frau ,schmoll1 ,schmoll4 ,percipient--,mdlle4 ,louise4 ,object--,the double eye-glasses 7pince-nez7 belonging to ,m4 ,mabire were laid on the table4 ,illustration ,result--,after five minutes3 ,i see two curves1 open above1 that do not touch each other4 ,then ,mdlle4 ,louise drew3-- ,illustration ,unfortunately1 the original drawings and reproductions in this series were not preserved4 ,the figures given are facsimile reproductions of those in ,herr ,schmoll's ,,ms4 record1 which were copied at the time on a reduced scale from the actual drawings made by the agent and the percipient respectively4 ,in the second series the actual drawings have been preserved4 ,in the experiments quoted below1 as already stated1 the figure was drawn whilst the percipient was out of the room1 and 7with the exception of ,no4 #eh7 several copies were made of the drawing1 in order that each agent might be able to see the drawing in an upright position1 and that he might be able to place it at the most favourable point of view4 ,the percipient when ready withdrew the bandage from his eyes and1 still seated in the chair with his back to the agents1 executed the reproduction4 ,april #eth1 #ahhg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 of ,percipient4 ,agents4 ,original ,result4 ,trial4 ,drawing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ea ,mdlle4 #d4 ,illustration ,illustration ,louise ,m4 ,mme4 ,d4 ,mdlle4 ,jane4 ,mme4 ,schmoll ,m4 ,schmoll4 ,each agent ,before drawing had a copy the above figure1 of the ,mdlle4 ,louise original4 said1 a terrestrial globe on a support4 #aj minutes4 #eb ,mdlle4 ,jane4 #d4 ,illustration ,illustration ,mdlle4 ,louise in place of ,mdlle4 ,jane4 ,four copies of #aj minutes4 the original were used by the agents4 #ec ,mme4 ,schmoll #c4 ,illustration ,illustration ,three copies ,during the used4 experiment ,mme4 ,schmoll said that she saw a little roof4 #aj minutes4 #ed ,mdlle4 ,jane4 #c4 ,illustration ,illustration ,mme4 ,schmoll #ae minutes4 in place of ,mdlle4 ,jane4 ,three copies used4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,mdlle4 ,jane1 after having seen the original1 said that her first idea had been that of a glass4 ,april #eth1 #ahhg 7continued74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 of ,percipient4 ,agents4 ,original ,result4 ,trial4 ,drawing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ee ,mme4 ,d4 #d4 ,illustration ,illustration ,four copies #aj minutes4 used4 #ef ,m4 ,schmoll4 #d4 ,illustration ,illustration ,mme4 ,d4 in place ,illustration of ,m4 ,schmoll4 ,four copies #aj minutes4 used4 #eg ,a ,failure4 #eh ,mdlle4 ,jane4 #f4 ,illustration ,after five minutes ,mdlle4 ,jane said1 ,i see a cat's head4 ,on being asked to draw what she saw1 she produced the following figure3-- ,this was the ,illustration first time that an animal had been drawn4 #ei ,mdlle4 ,jane4 #f4 ,illustration ,at the end of five minutes1 ,mdlle4 ,jane having said1 it is a head in profile1 a cry of joy unfortunately escaped one of those present4 ,this cry having betrayed to ,this was the ,mdlle4 ,jane that she first time had guessed rightly1 that a head no drawing was made4 had been ,in order to repair drawn4 the wrong as much as possible1 ,mdlle4 ,jane was asked which way the head was turned4 ,to the left1 she replied4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,experiments #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd were failures4 ,no4 #fe was not an experiment with a diagram4 ,april #hth1 #ahhg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 of ,percipient4 ,agents4 ,original ,result4 ,trial4 ,drawing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ff ,mdlle4 #e4 ,illustration ,at the end of a few ,louise4 7plus ,mr4 minutes1 ,mdlle4 ,myers7 ,louise said1 ,i see three fish on a skewer4 ,not being well understood1 she explained1 ,three fish held by a skewer1 that is as they are sold in the fish markets2 but everybody knows that6 ,then she took off her bandage and drew-- ,this figure ,illustration was drawn by ,mr4 ,myers4 #fg ,failure4 #fh ,failure4 #fi ,mdlle4 #e4 ,illustration ,illustration ,louise4 7plus ,mr4 ,myers7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,appended is a statement from ,mdlle4 ,jane ,d41 a young lady of #bj1 who appears to have been one of the most successful percipients in this series3-- ,whenever ,i have taken part in the experiments as percipient1 ,i have endeavoured to expel from my mind all thoughts and images1 and have remained inactive1 with my hands over my eyes1 waiting for the production of an impression2 sometimes ,i have tied up my eyes1 but this plan has not always been successful4 ,at other times the idea of an object has presented itself to me before ,i have seized its form1 but most frequently ,i seemed to see the picture either black on a white ground1 or white on a black ground4 ,in general1 the objects present themselves in an undecided manner1 and pass away very rapidly2 usually ,i only grasp a portion of them4 ,whenever ,i have been most successful1 ,i have remarked that the picture has presented itself to my imagination almost instantaneously4 ,sometimes also ,i have been led to draw an object of which the name was forced on me1 as if by some external influence4 ,,jane ,d4 ,paris1 ,february #agth1 #ahhh4 ,appended are a few facsimiles of the most successful of the above results1 reproduced in the original size4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ea4--,,original4 ,no4 #ea4--,,reproduction4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ec4--,,original4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ec4--,,reproduction4 ,illustration3 ,no #ef4--,,original4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ef4--,,reproduction4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #eh4--,,original4 ,no4 #eh4--,,reproduction4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ff4--,,original4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ff4--,,reproduction4 ,no4 #i4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,von ,,schrenk-,,notzing4 ,baron von ,schrenk-,notzing1 ,m4,d41 of ,munich1 whose work in hypnotism is well known1 carried on a series of experiments with diagrams and numbers1 etc41 in the course of the year #ahij4bd ,space will not permit of our quoting these results in full4 ,the following experiments are selected as being the only three in which the agent and percipient were in different rooms4 ,the percipient1 ,frulein ,a41 was a patient of ,dr4 von ,schrenk-,notzing's1 of rather hysterical temperament2 throughout the experiments she was in a normal condition and fully awake4 ,in these three trials1 which took place between #aj4ab ,p4,m4 and #aj4bc ,p4,m4 on the #aeth ,october #ahij1 ,frulein ,a4 sat on a chair in the agent's study about a yard from the door leading into the adjoining room1 and with her back towards it2 paper and pencil were on the table before her4 ,in the adjoining room1 about #ab feet in a direct line from the percipient1 with the door of communication closed1 ,dr4 von ,schrenk-,notzing stood1 beside a small table1 and drew a rough diagram representing the staff of sculapius and the ,serpent4 ,when the drawing was complete1 to quote ,dr4 ,schrenk-,notzing1 ,i call ',ready8' ,the percipient says1 ',yes4' ,we have been drawing at the same time in different rooms4 ,on returning to the study ,i compare the drawings and see with astonishment that ,frulein ,a4 has drawn a serpent4 ,even the open mouth and the thickened end of the tail in the reproduction agree with the original4 ,the experiment has succeeded in its essential part1 and as regards strictness of conditions ,i think it quite unassailable4 ,unconscious suggestion is absolutely excluded1 when agent and percipient are in different rooms4 ,any corresponding association of ideas seems to me also impossible1 for the idea of the staff of sculapius first occurred to me in the other room4 ,in the study there is no object which could have led up to the idea--no indication which could have pointed out the way4 ,the percipient had1 in fact1 drawn a spiral figure apparently intended to represent a serpent4 ,the two other experiments here referred to were performed in immediate succession1 and under precisely similar conditions1 the time allowed in each case being about two minutes4 ,in the second experiment the agent drew an arrow2 the percipient drew another spiral1 with intersecting loops4 ,in this case1 as the agent points out1 the original idea of the serpent appears to have persisted in the percipient's mind4 ,in the third experiment the agent drew a triangle inscribed in a circle2 also two diameters to the circle1 crossing each other at right angles1 the vertical diameter bisecting the upper angle of the triangle4 ,the agent writes3-- ,the drawing was done in the following way4 ,i began with the triangle1 and then drew the perpendicular on the base4 ,the idea that thereupon occurred to me1 that the figure was too simple1 induced me to add a circle and to prolong the perpendicular to the circumference2 finally ,i added the horizontal diameter4 ,the percipient was drawing at the same time at table b1 sitting on chair #e1 with her back to the closed door of communication4 ,question from the next room1 ',are you ready8' ,answer1 ',stop1' as ,i am about to open the door4 ,then1 ',now4' ,i open the door and enter the room4 ,the two drawings agree except that the circle and the horizontal diameter are wanting4 ,even the perpendicular of the triangle1 which has become obtuse angled1 is prolonged beyond the base1 just as in the original4 ,this prolongation and addition of the perpendicular cannot be explained by any tendency of ideas to recur 7diagram-habit74 ,only the fact that a triangle was drawn might1 taken alone1 be explained in some such way4 ,figures of the original diagrams in this case are given in the ,proceedings of the ,s4,p4,r4 ,some experiments with diagrams1 conducted in ,july #ahij by ,drs4 ,grimaldi and ,fronda1 have been published by ,lombroso4#be ,the subject was a young man of twenty1 subject to hysterical attacks and spontaneous somnambulism4 ,the first experiments were made in the hypnotic state1 with numbers1 and met with only moderate success4 ,later1 however1 the trials were made in the normal state4 ,at the first sitting diagrams were tried4 ,the subject had his eyes firmly bandaged and his ears plugged with cotton wool4 ,the diagrams were drawn at a certain distance 7ad una certa distanza7 from the subject1 and behind him4 ,under these conditions the first five experiments were completely successful2 the subject reproduced in turn a rhomb1 a circle1 a triangle1 an irregular pentagon1 shaped something like the profile of a barn1 and a cone4 ,the next experiment failed1 only a formless scribble being obtained4 ,the subject was much exhausted1 and fell into a semi-cataleptic state as soon as the bandage was removed4 ,some success was obtained in later sittings1 in the guessing of names and in the execution of mental commands4 ,but the experiments had soon to be abandoned1 on account of the health of the percipient4 ,other experiments with diagrams1 in addition to those above referred to1 will be found in the ,proceedings of the ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 i4 pp4 #afa-bae1 by ,mr4 ,gurney1 the writer1 and others2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bjg-baf1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,smith4 ,the paper on ,thought-transference1 etc41 by ,professor ,c4 ,richet1 ,proceedings1 vol4 v4 pp4 #ah-afh1 should also be consulted in this connection4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ae3 ,see1 for instance1 ,puysgur1 ,memoires pour servir l'tablissement du magntisme1 pp4 #bb1 #bi et seq41 and ,pttin1 ,electricit ,animale1 p4 #abg1 etc4 7quoted by ,dr4 ,ochorowicz1 ,de la ,suggestion mentale74 ,footnote #af3 ,some trials were made by ,mr4 ,guthrie with imagined tunes4 ,but they were in no instance successful without contact2 and as obviously the chances of unconscious indications being given1 in any case considerable where tunes are in question1 are much increased by contact1 we should not be justified in regarding successful results1 under such conditions1 as even prima facie due to ,thought-transference4 7,see ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dbf1 #ddg1 #ddh47 ,footnote #ag3 ,see below1 ,chapter ,,iii4--,mrs4 ,sidgwick's experiments4 ,footnote #ah3 ,the calculation is by ,professor ,f4 ,y4 ,edgeworth4 7,see ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii4 p4 #aij47 ,of course the statement in the text must not be taken as indicating the belief of ,mr4 ,edgeworth or the writer or any one else that the above figures demonstrate ,thought-transference as the cause of the results attained4 ,the results may conceivably have been due to some error of observation or of reporting4 ,but the figures are sufficient to prove1 what is here claimed for them1 that some cause must be sought for the results other than chance4 ,footnote #ai3 ,proc4 ,american ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #ag et seq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,dr4 ,thaw's paper1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dbb et seq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,records of these experiments will be found in the ,proc4 of the ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bfc-bhc2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #a-e1 #bd-db1 #ahi-bjj2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dbd-deb4 ,footnote #bb3 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aid-aif4 ,footnote #bc3 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cbd et seq42 vol4 v4 pp4 #afi et seq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 pp4 #c-bb4 ,footnote #be3 ,trasmissione del ,pensiero1 etc41 ,naples1 #ahia4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,experimental ,,transference ,,of ,,simple ,,sensations ,,with ,,hypnotised ,,percipients4 ,as already stated1 the hypnotic state offers peculiar facilities for observing the transmission of thought and sensation4 ,it is possible that the superior susceptibility of the hypnotised percipient is in some measure due simply to the quiescence and freedom from spontaneous mental activity very generally induced by the state of sleep-waking4 ,there are indications1 moreover1 that the hypnotic state itself may present in many cases a specialised manifestation of that rapport which would appear to exist generally between ,agent and ,percipient in thought-transference4 ,but the close association of the telepathic activities with the consciousness which emerges in hypnotism and allied states suggests an explanation of a more general kind1 and may possibly throw light on the evolution of the faculty itself4#bf ,however this may be1 there can be no question that the most remarkable results in experimental telepathy so far recorded are those given in this and the following chapters with hypnotised percipients4 ,transference of ,tastes4 ,the fact that notwithstanding this recognised facility comparatively few observers have experimented with hypnotised subjects1 except in one or two directions1 calls for some explanation4 ,there are1 indeed1 innumerable records of the transmission of sensations of taste and pain in the hypnotic state4 ,the uncertainty attending any experiment in the first direction with subjects in whom special exaltation of any particular sense is not merely possible1 but even under the conditions of the experiments probable1 has been already pointed out4 ,such trials1 conducted with a variety of substances nearly all of which are in some degree odorous1 must necessarily lie under suspicion4 ,to the references quoted in the preceding chapter 7p4 #ba7 and to the experiments of this nature recorded in the ,proceedings of the ,s4,p4,r4#bg it will suffice here to add one further instance1 in which the hypothesis of hypersthesia seems hardly an adequate explanation of the result4 ,in a communication to the ,revue ,philosophique in ,february #ahhi1 ,dr4 ,dufay quotes the following passage from a letter received by him from ,dr4 ,azam1 the veteran historian of ,flida ,x43-- ,no4 #aj4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,azam4 ,i myself1 and ,i believe many other medical men1 have observed cases of this or of a similar nature4 ,i will quote two1 in which ,i think ,i took all necessary precautions before being convinced of their truth4 #ast4 ,about #ahec or #ahed1 ,i had under my care a young woman with confirmed hysteria3 nothing was easier than to put her to sleep by various means4 ,i consider myself entitled to state that1 while holding her hand1 my unspoken thoughts were transferred to her1 but upon this ,i do not insist1 error and fraud being possible4 ,but the transmission of a definite sensation seemed to me to be absolutely certain4 ,this is how ,i proceeded3 ,having put the patient to sleep1 and seated myself by her side1 ,i leaned towards her and dropped my handkerchief behind her chair2 then1 while stooping to lift it up1 ,i quickly put into my mouth a pinch of common salt1 which1 unknown to her1 ,i had beforehand put into the right-hand pocket of my waistcoat4 ,the salt being absolutely without smell1 it was impossible that the patient should have known that ,i had some in my mouth2 but as soon as ,i raised myself again ,i saw her face express disgust1 and she moved her lips about4 ',that is very nasty1' she said2 'why did you put salt into my mouth8' ,i have repeated this experiment several times with other inodorous substances1 and it has always succeeded4 ,i report this fact alone because it seems to me to be certain4 ,transference of ,pain4 ,experiments with sensations of pain1 as has been pointed out1 stand on a different footing4 ,there is no special source of error to be guarded against4 ,the following trials1 conducted by ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney1 with the assistance of the present writer and others1 on two evenings in the early part of #ahhc1 will perhaps suffice to indicate the possibility of such transmission4 ,the percipient was a youth named ,wells1 at the time of the experiments a baker's apprentice4 ,he was hypnotised by ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith4 ,during the trials ,wells was blindfolded1 and ,mr4 ,smith stood behind his chair4 ,on the first evening ,mr4 ,smith held one of the percipient's hands2 and throughout the series it was necessary for ,mr4 ,smith to hold communication with ,wells2 the only words used1 however1 being the simple uniform question1 ,do you feel anything8#bh ,no4 #aa4--;,by ,,edmund ,,gurney4 ,first ,series4 ,january #dth1 #ahhc4 #a4 ,the upper part of ,mr4 ,smith's right arm was pinched continuously4 ,wells1 after an interval of about two minutes1 began to rub the corresponding part on his own body4 #b4 ,back of the neck pinched4 ,same result4 #c4 ,calf of left leg slapped4 ,same result4 #d4 ,lobe of left ear pinched4 ,same result4 #e4 ,outside of left wrist pinched4 ,same result4 #f4 ,upper part of back slapped4 ,same result4 #g4 ,hair pulled4 ,wells localised the pain on his left arm4 #h4 ,right shoulder slapped4 ,the corresponding part was correctly indicated4 #i4 ,outside of left wrist pricked4 ,same result4 #aj4 ,back of neck pricked4 ,same result4 #aa4 ,left toe trodden on4 ,no indication given4 #ab4 ,left ear pricked4 ,the corresponding part was correctly indicated4 #ac4 ,back of left shoulder slapped4 ,same result4 #ad4 ,calf of right leg pinched4 ,wells touched his arm4 #ae4 ,inside of left wrist pricked4 ,the corresponding part was correctly indicated4 #af4 ,neck below right ear pricked4 ,same result4 ,in the next series of these experiments ,wells was blindfolded1 as before2 but in this case a screen was interposed between ,mr4 ,smith and ,wells2 and there was no contact between them4 ,during two or three of the trials ,mr4 ,smith was in an adjoining room1 separated from ,wells by thick curtains4 ,second ,series4 ,april #ajth1 #ahhc4 #ag4 ,upper part of ,mr4 ,smith's left ear pinched4 ,after a lapse of about two minutes1 ,wells cried out1 ,who's pinching me8 and began to rub the corresponding part4 #ah4 ,upper part of ,mr4 ,smith's left arm pinched4 ,wells indicated the corresponding part almost at once4 #ai4 ,mr4 ,smith's right ear pinched4 ,wells struck his own right ear1 after the lapse of about a minute1 as if catching a troublesome fly1 crying out1 ,settled him that time4 #bj4 ,mr4 ,smith's chin was pinched4 ,wells indicated the right part almost immediately4 #ba4 ,the hair at the back of ,mr4 ,smith's head was pulled4 ,no indication4 #bb4 ,back of ,mr4 ,smith's neck pinched4 ,wells pointed1 after a short interval1 to the corresponding part4 #bc4 ,mr4 ,smith's left ear pinched4 ,same result4 ,after this1 ,mr4 ,smith being now in an adjoining room1 ,wells began1 as he said1 to go to sleep2 and said that he didn't want to be bothered4 ,he was partially waked up1 and the experiments were resumed4 ,four experiments with tastes are here omitted4 #bh4 ,mr4 ,smith's right calf pinched4 ,wells was very sulky1 and for a long time refused to speak4 ,at last he violently drew up his right leg1 and began rubbing the calf4 ,after this ,wells became still more sulky1 and refused in the next experiment to give any indication whatever4 ,with considerable acuteness he explained the reasons for his contumacy4 ,i ain't going to tell you1 for if ,i don't tell you1 you won't go on pinching me4 ,you only do it to make me tell4 ,then he added1 in reply to a remonstrance from ,mr4 ,smith1 ,what do you want me to tell for8 they ain't hurting you1 and ,i can stand their pinching4 ,all this time ,mr4 ,smith's left calf was being very severely pinched4 ,to the onlooker the situation was rendered additionally piquant by the fact that the boy1 at the very time when he was apparently acutely sensitive to pain inflicted upon ,mr4 ,smith1 showed no sign of susceptibility when any part of his own person was pretty severely maltreated4 ,the only point in the trials which seems to call for special notice is the failure on two occasions to indicate the seat of pain when the agent's hair was pulled 7#g and #ba74 ,numerous trials with the same and other percipients have shown that this particular experiment rarely succeeds1 possibly because the pain so caused is with many people not of an acute kind4#bi ,transference of ,visual ,images4 ,but when we leave these experiments in the transfer of the less specialised forms of sensation we find that but few observers have paid attention to the phenomena of telepathy in the hypnotic state4 ,probably this is in some measure due to one or two initial difficulties in conducting experiments on such subjects4 ,opening the eyes to permit the subject to reproduce a diagram will in many cases have the effect of wakening him4 ,again1 with some persons it is a matter of difficulty to maintain the exact stage of the hypnotic trance when they are quiescent enough for the alien impression to meet with little risk of disturbance from the subject's own mental activities1 and yet sufficiently alert to prevent them from relapsing1 as was frequently the case with ,wells1 the percipient just referred to1 into a torpid sleep from which no further response could be elicited4 ,but1 after all1 these difficulties when they occur can readily be overcome by the exercise of a little patience4 ,if the study of thought-transference in the hypnotic state has been comparatively neglected1 it is mainly because1 as already suggested1 with most persons the more salient phenomena of the trance--hallucination1 ansthesia1 rigidity1 etc4--have distracted attention from what may ultimately prove to be a more fruitful line of inquiry4 ,for the following record we are indebted to ,dr4 ,libeault1 of ,nancy1 who sent us the account in #ahhf4 ,no4 #ab4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,li,,beault4 ,the first series of experiments were made on the afternoon of the #ajth ,december #ahhe1 in ,dr4 ,libeault's house at ,nancy4 ,there were present1 in addition1 ,madame ,s41 ,dr4 ,brullard1 and ,professor ,ligeois1 who acted as agent1 and ,mademoiselle ,m41 the subject4 ,the subject was hypnotised by ,professor ,ligeois1 and experiments were made with diagrams1 and in two cases the design--a water-bottle 7carafe7 and a table with a drawer and drawer-knob--was reproduced with exactness4 ,precautions had1 of course1 been taken to conceal the original design from the percipient4 ,the account of the seventh and last experiment is quoted in full4 #g4 ,m4 ,ligeois wrote the word mariage1 ,mdlle4 ,m4 then wrote ',monsieur4' ,then she said ',decanter1--no--picture--no4' ,what is the letter8 ',it is an l--no1 it is an m4' ,then after thinking for some minutes1 ',there is an i in the word1 an a after the m--a g--another a--an e--there are six letters--no--seven4' ,when she had found all the letters and their places1 ma iage1 she could not find the letter r4 ,after a few minutes it was suggested to her that she should try combinations with the different consonants1 and finally she wrote mariage4 ,further experiments were made by ,dr4 ,libeault1 in conjunction with ,m4 ,stanislas de ,guaita1 on the #ith ,january #ahhf4 ,the subject in this case was ,mademoiselle ,louise ,l41 who was hypnotised by ,dr4 ,libeault4 ,the first two experiments1 which are not quoted here1 suggest lip-reading or unconscious audition as a possible explanation2 but the third experiment of this series and the two subsequent trials with ,mdlle4 ,camille ,simon present interesting illustrations of a telepathic hallucination superimposed upon a basis of reality4 #c4 ,dr4 ,libeault1 in order that no hint should be given even in a whisper1 wrote on a piece of paper1 ',mademoiselle1 on waking1 will see her black hat transformed into a red one4' ,the paper was first passed round to all the witnesses1 then ,,mm4 ,libeault and ,de ,guaita placed their hands silently on the subject's forehead1 mentally formulating the sentence agreed upon4 ,after being told she would see something unusual in the room1 the young woman was awakened4 ,without a moment's hesitation she fixed her eyes upon the hat1 and with a burst of laughter exclaimed that it was not her hat1 she would have none of it4 ,it was the same shape certainly1 but this farce had lasted long enough--we must really give her back her own4 ',come now1 what difference do you see8' ',you know quite well4 ,you have eyes like me4' ',well what8' ,we had to press her for some time before she would say what change had come over her hat2 surely we were making fun of her4 ,at last she said1 ',you can see for yourselves that it is red4' ,as she refused to take it we were forced to put an end to her hallucination by telling her that her hat would presently resume its usual colour4 ,the doctor breathed on it1 and when it became1 in her eyes1 her own again1 she consented to take it back4 ,directly afterwards she remembered nothing of her hallucination4444 ,nancy1 #ith ,january #ahhf4 ,signed1 ,a4 ,a4 ,,li,,beault4 ,,stanislas ,,de ,,guaita4#cj 99 99 99 99 99 ,we had one very successful experiment with a young girl of about fifteen1 ,mdlle4 ,camille ,simon1 in the presence of ,m4 ,brullard and several other persons4 ,i gave her a mental suggestion that on waking she should see her hat1 which was brown1 changed to yellow4 ,i then put her en rapport with all the others1 and ,i passed round a slip of paper indicating my suggestion1 and asking them to think of the same thing4 ,but1 by a lapse of memory not unusual to me1 ,i did not think after all of the colour which ,i had written down2 ,i had a distinct impression that she would see her hat red4 ,on awaking her ,i told her she would see something representing our common thought4 ,when she was wakened she wondered at the colour of her hat4 ',it was brown1' she said4 ,after having thought for a long time1 she assured us that really it did not look at all the same1 that she could not quite define the colour1 but that it seemed to her a sort of yellow-red4 ,then ,i remembered my aberration4 ,in the present case the others thought of yellow1 ,i of red3 thus the object appeared yellow and red to the awakened somnambule2 which proves that the mental suggestion may be the echo of the thought of many minds4 ,the following experiment1 made with the same subject1 and sent to us by ,dr4 ,libeault on ,june #c1 #ahhf1 is an interesting example of temporary latency of the telepathic impression3-- ,in another experiment with the same young girl it was suggested to her1 mentally1 by several persons that on awaking she would see a black cock walking about the room4 ,for a considerable time after waking1 nearly half-an-hour1 she said nothing1 although ,i told her she would see something4 ,it was about half-an-hour afterwards that1 having gone into the garden and looked by chance into my little courtyard1 she came running back to us to say1 ',ah1 ,i know what ,i was to see3 it was a black cock4 ,this came into my head when ,i was looking at your cock4' ,my cock is greenish-black on the wings1 tail and breast2 everywhere else he is yellowish-white4 ,here we have an idea caused by the sight of a real object associated with a fictitious idea mentally transmitted by the persons present4 ,between the beginning of ,july and the end of ,october #ahhi a series of trials in the transference of numbers was conducted by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,sidgwick1 with the assistance of ,professor ,sidgwick and ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith4 ,the conditions were as follows3--,some small wooden counters1 belonging to a game called ,loto1 and having the numbers from #aj to #ij stamped on them in raised figures1 were placed in a bag4 ,from this bag1 which it will be seen contained #ha numbers in all1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith drew a counter1 placing it in a little wooden box1 the edges of which effectually concealed it from the view of the percipient4 ,the percipient1 who had been previously placed in the hypnotic state by ,mr4 ,smith1 sat with his eyes closed and guessed the number drawn4 ,the remarks1 if any1 made during the experiments1 and the results1 were recorded by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick4 ,after the first few days it was arranged1 in order to avoid all possibility of bias in recording the numbers1 that ,professor ,sidgwick should draw the counter from the bag and hand it to ,mr4 ,smith1 and that ,mrs4 ,sidgwick should be herself ignorant of the number drawn4 ,throughout the experiments1 although eight or more other persons tried to act as agent1 ,mr4 ,smith alone was successful4 ,mr4 ,smith himself failed to produce any result when the percipients were not hypnotised4 ,the following detailed account of part of the experiments on one day1 ,july #fth1 #ahhi1 will give a fair idea of the whole2 but it should be added that in later experiments ,mr4 ,smith kept complete silence1 and that on several occasions a newspaper was placed over ,p4's head4 ,these precautions do not appear to have affected the success of the experiment4 ,the percipient was ,mr4 ,p41 a clerk in a wholesale business1 aged about nineteen1 who had been frequently hypnotised by ,mr4 ,smith1 and now passes into the hypnotic state very quickly1 his eyes turning upwards as he goes off1 before the eyelids close4 ,he is a lively young man1 with a good deal of humour1 and preserves the same character in the sleep-waking state4 ,no4 #ac4--;,by ,,professor and ,,mrs4 ,,sidgwick4 ,,number ,,number ,,guessed1 ,,and ,,remarks4 ,,drawn4 #hg ,s43 ,now1 ,p41 you're going to see numbers4 ,i shall look at them1 and you will see them4 ,p4 7almost immediately73 #hg4 ,you asked me if ,i saw a number4 ,i see an #h and a #g4 7,number put away47 ,p43 ,i see nothing now4 #ai ,p43 #ah4 ,what are those numbers on8 ,i see only the letters like brass numbers on a door2 nothing behind them4 #bd ,p4 7after a pause73 ,i keep on looking4444 ,i see it6 an #h and a #d--hd4 #ce ,p43 ,a #c and a #e--ce4 ,s43 ,how did that look8 ,p43 ,i saw a #c and a #e1 then #ce4 #bh ,p43 #hh4 ,one behind the other1 then one popped forward1 and ,i could see two eights4 7,illustrated it with his fingers47 #bj ,p43 ,i can't see anything yet4 ,s43 ,you will directly4 ,p43 #bc4 ,s43 ,saw that clearly8 ,p43 ,not so plain as the other4 ,s43 ,which did you see best8 ,p43 ,the #b4 ,,number ,,number ,,guessed1 ,,and ,,remarks4 ,,drawn4 #bg ,p43 ,i can see #g1 and ,i think a #c in front of it4 ,i can see the #g4 ,s43 ,make sure of the first figure4 ,p43 ,the #g's gone now4 #dh ,s43 ,here's another one1 ,p4 7,this remark1 though not always recorded1 almost always began each experiment1 until ,july #bgth1 when1 to avoid the possibility of unconscious indications1 ,mr4 ,smith adopted the plan of not speaking at all47 ,p43 ,another two1 you mean4 ,you say another one1 but there are always two4 ,s43 ,yes1 two4 ,p43 ,here it is4 ,you said there were two6 ,there's only one1 an #h4 ,some remarks here not recorded4 ,we think that ,mr4 ,smith said there were two1 and told him to look again4 ,p4 said he saw a #d4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,which came first8 ,p43 ,the #h first1 then the #d to the left1 so that it would have been #dh4 ,i should like to know how you do that trick4 #bj ,p43 ,a #b and an #j2 went away very quickly that time4 #ga ,p43 #ga4 #cf ,p43 #c 444 #cf4 #ge ,p43 ,i might turn round4 ,should ,i see them just the same over there8 7,changed his position so as to sit sideways in the chair1 and looking away from ,mr4 ,smith47 ,s43 ,well1 you might try4 ,p43 ,i don't think ,i see so well this way4 7,he did not move1 however47 ,i see a #g and a #e--ge4 ,why don't you let them both come at once8 ,i believe ,i should see them better if you let me open my eyes4 7,no notice was taken of this47 #ag ,s43 ,now then1 ,p41 here's another4 ,p43 ,put it there at once4 7,then1 after some time37 ,you've only put a #d up4 ,i see #g4 ,s43 ,what's the other figure8 ,p43 #d 444 the #d's gone4 ,s43 ,have a look again4 ,p43 ,i see #a now4 ,s43 ,which way are they arranged8 ,p43 ,the #a first and the #g second4 #eb ,s43 ,here's another4 ,p43 #eb4 ,i saw that at once4 ,i'm sure there's some game about it4 7,he had said something about this before1 when the number was slow in coming4 ,he said ,mr4 ,smith was making game of him1 and pretending to look when he was not looking47 #gf ,p43 #gf4 ,it will be observed that ,p4 always speaks of seeing the figures1 but as a matter of fact his eyes were closed1 or appeared to be closed1 throughout the experiments1 and the pupils1 as already stated1 were introverted1 at least at the commencement of the trance4 ,that the impression was of a visual nature there can be no reasonable doubt4 ,this may have been due to ,mrs4 ,sidgwick's suggestion to the percipient that he would see the figures3 though it seems equally probable that it was owing to the fact that ,mr4 ,smith's impression was a visual one4 ,that the vision in most cases was perfectly distinct seems equally clear4 ,it is difficult to decide whether impressions received under such circumstances1 with the eyes closed1 are properly to be classed as hallucinations4#ca ,that under appropriate conditions the percept was capable of rising to the level of an externalised sensory hallucination1 the following experiments1 which took place later on the same day1 ,july #fth1 seem to show3--,a blank sheet of paper was spread out on the table4 ,p4 was told that he would see numbers on it1 and was then partially awakened and his eyes opened4 ,he was at once told to look at the paper and see what came1 but saw nothing for some time4 ,different stages of the hypnotic trance frequently exhibit different and mutually exclusive memories1 and ,p4 now had evidently forgotten all about the previous state in which he had been guessing numbers1 and appeared so wide awake that it was hard to believe that he was not in a completely normal condition4 ,mr4 ,smith stood behind him4 ,,number ,,drawn4 ,,number ,,seen ,,on ,,the ,,paper1 ,,and ,,remarks4 #ah 444 ,p43 #bc4 ,s43 ,is that what you can see8 ,p43 ,yes 7but he added later that he did not see it properly74 #hg 444 ,p43 ,a #g1 o4 ,oh1 no1 #h1 #gh4 ,funny6 ,i saw a #g and a little o1 and then another came on the top of it1 and made an #h4 #cg 444 ,p43 ,there's a #d1 #g4 ,asked where1 he offered to trace it1#cb and drew #dg in figures #a-a_/b inches long4 ,,number ,,drawn4 ,,number ,,seen ,,on ,,the ,,paper1 ,,and ,,remarks4 #dd ,p43 ,no4 ,i see #e1 #d2 it's gone again4 ,s43 ,all right1 look at it4 ,p43 #de4 ,s43 ,sure8 ,p43 ,there's a #d2--the other's not so clear4 7,then quickly37 ,two fours2 #dd4 ,as he looked one of them disappeared1 and he turned the paper over to look for it on the other side2 then looked back at the place where he saw it before and said1 ,that's funny6 while ,i was looking for that the other one's gone4 ,when looking under the paper he noticed some scribbling on the sheet below and said1 ,has that writing anything to do with it8 ,he seemed puzzled by the figures1 which were apparently genuine externalised hallucinations4 ,he could not make out why they came1 nor why they disappeared4 #cg ,p4 7after long gazing73 #cg4 ,s43 ,is that what you see8 ,p43 ,it's gone4 ,i'm pretty sure ,i saw #cg4 ,mr4 ,smith then looked at the #cg again1 and we told ,p4 to watch whether it came back1 but after a little while he said he thought he saw #bi4 ,similar trials were made with three other subjects1 ,miss ,b41 ,t41 and ,w4 ,in all #fdd trials were made with the agent in the same room with the percipient1 of which #aca were successful1 that is1 both digits were given correctly1 though in #ad out of the #aca cases in reverse order4 ,the chance of success was of course #a in #ha1 and the most probable number of complete successes was therefore #h4 #bah trials were also made with ,mr4 ,smith in a different room from the percipient1 but of these only #i succeeded1 one having its digits reversed2 #h of these successes1 however1 occurred in the course of #aci trials with ,p41 whilst #gi trials with ,t4 yielded only one success4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #abc-agj47 ,as regards the possibility of unconscious indications of the number thought of being given by the agent1 it seems certain that no such clue could have been perceived through the sense of sight or touch1 contact between agent and percipient having been absolutely excluded throughout the experiments4 ,it remains to consider whether any indication could have been given by means of sounds4 ,in the presence of two or more attentive and vigilant witnesses any indications by sounds--e4g41 an unconscious whispering of the number by ,mr4 ,smith--could only have been perceived by persons of abnormal susceptibility4 ,we know1 indeed1 of no precise limit which can be set to the hypersthesia of hypnotised subjects4 ,but1 on the other hand1 hypersthesia of any sense in such subjects is generally the result of suggestion1 direct or indirect1 on the part of the operator2 and in these experiments the only suggestion given--a suggestion apparently acted on throughout--was that they should see the result4 ,since1 indeed1 hypnotised persons are apparently not necessarily aware of the channel by which information reaches them1 this circumstance is not in itself conclusive2 but taken with the fact that no direct suggestion to hear was given1 it tends to make auditory hypersthesia less probable4 ,it is perhaps more important to note that the experimenters1 including ,mr4 ,smith himself1 were fully aware of this source of error1 and on their guard against it2 that no movements of ,mr4 ,smith's lips1 such as must have occurred if he had whispered the number1 were observed2 and that a careful analysis of the failures shows no tendency to mistake one number for another similar in sound--e4g41 four for five1 six for seven1 or five for nine4 ,experiments with ,agent and ,percipient in different ,rooms4 ,illustration ,however1 the later experiments by the same observers1 recorded below1 in which a marked degree of success was obtained with agent and percipient in different rooms1 will no doubt be considered to render untenable any explanation of the kind above indicated4 ,this further series was carried on through the years #ahij-a-b4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 aided by ,miss ,johnson1 conducted the experiments throughout1 with the occasional assistance of ,professor ,sidgwick1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,myers1 and others4 ,the percipients were ,p41 ,t41 ,miss ,b41 and three others1 and ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith was in nearly all cases the agent4 ,some of these experiments1 as in the last series1 were with numbers of two digits2 but the percipient was now in a different room from the agent4 ,at first the trials were carried on in an arch1 fitted up with two floors1 under the ,parade at ,brighton4 ,on the ground-floor was a little lobby1 kitchen1 etc42 on the upper floor a sitting-room about #ae feet square4 ,the staircase1 which1 as shown in the plan subjoined1 led directly out of the upper room1 was not enclosed above1 but had a door below1 which was kept shut during the experiments4 ,the floor of the room above was covered with a thick ,axminster carpet4 ,even so the sound-insulation was not perfect2 but it was found that words spoken in ordinary conversation on one floor were indistinguishable on the other unless the ear was pressed against the door or wall of the staircase4 ,in the experiments carried on at ,mrs4 ,sidgwick's lodgings in ,brighton the percipient sat in the room at a distance from the door1 which was closed1 varying from #i to #ac feet1 and ,mr4 ,smith was in the passage outside1 ,miss ,johnson sitting between him and the door4 ,of course strict silence was observed by the agent4 ,one of the experimenters1 in most cases ,miss ,johnson1 accompanied the agent1 drew the number from the bag1 and noted each as it was drawn4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 of course in ignorance of the number drawn1 sat by the percipient and took notes of his remarks4 ,as in the previous series1 the impressions received by the percipient1 who in the first experiments was ,miss ,b41 appear generally to have been of a visual nature4 ,details of all the trials with ,miss ,b4 as percipient and ,mr4 ,smith as sole agent are given in the following table3-- ,no4 #ad4--;,by ,,mrs4 ,,sidgwick ,,and ,,others4 7#a7 ,,place1 ,,the ,,arch4 ,,percipient ,,upstairs2 ,,agent ,,downstairs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,date #ahij4 ,quite right4 ,digits ,reversed4 ,first ,digit only right4 ,second ,digit only right4 ,wrong4 ,totals4 ,notes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,jan4 #f 44 44 #fcc 44 #b #h ,professor ,barret present #g #a #a #aj #a #d #ag in addition to the usual party4 #h 44 #acd #b 44 #c #f ,this set was done under #aa #a #acd #h 44 #aj #bj very unfavourable #ab #i #a #ac #b #h #cc conditions1 as there were three other percipients ,mar4 #ag #c 44 #b #a #f #ab in the room guessing at #ah #a #a #a #a #d #h the same time1 which was very confusing4 #bb #a 44 #e #a #d #aa ,drs4 ,myers1 ,penrose1 and ,lancaster present in addition to the usual party4 #bc #b 44 #f 44 #aj #ah ,drs4 ,myers and ,rolleston ,july #h 44 44 44 #a #b #c present in addition to #i 44 44 #a #c #b #f the usual party4 ,nov4 #f #a 44 #a #a 44 #c ,dr4 ,myers present4 #aj #a 44 44 44 #b #c ----------------------------------- ,totals #bj #e #ee #aa #eg #adh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#b7 ,,place1 ,,the ,,arch4 ,,percipient ,,downstairs2 ,,agent ,,upstairs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,mar4 #ag 44 44 #d #a #ac #ah #bc 44 44 #b #c #g #ab ,june #af 44 44 #a 44 #b #c ,miss ,mc,kerlie present4 ------------------------------- ,totals 44 44 #g #d #bb #cc ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7#c7 ,,place1 ,,mrs4 ,,sidgwick',s ,,lodgings4 ,,percipient ,,in ,,room1 ,,and ,,agent ,,in ,,passage4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,date #ahij4 ,quite right ,digits reversed4 ,first ,digit only right ,second digit only right ,wrong ,totals ,notes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mar4 #ai44 44 44 #a 44 #b #c ,dec4 #ag44 #b 44 #aa #b #ab #bg ,these guesses were made by table-tilting1 ,miss ,b4 normal1 having her hands on the table4 ,miss ,robertson present on ,december #ag1 #ai1 and #bj47;,a7 #ai44 #b #a #c #a 44 #g #ai44 44 44 44 #a #d #e ,agent in room across passage1 but only one of the two intervening doors closed4 #a #a #b 44 44 #d ,guesses made verbally by ,miss ,b4 hypnotised1 having her #bj hands on the table4 44 44 #a #a #b #d ,guesses tilted by the table1 at the same time as the above4#ce #bj44 #a 44 #a #a #d #g ,miss ,b4 hypnotised1 guessing the usual way4 #a #acf #d #b #f #ad ,guesses made by table-tilting1 ,miss ,b4 normal1 having her hands on the table47,a7 --------------------------------- ,totals #g #c #bc #h #cj #ga --------------------------------- ,totals of 7#a7 7#b77c7 #bg #h #he #bc #aji #beb together ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,it will be seen that in #beb trials the number was guessed quite correctly #bg times1 and with digits in reverse order #h times--the most probable number of complete successes by chance being #c4 ,further1 in the unsuccessful trials the first digit was correctly guessed no fewer than #he times4 ,the proportion of successes in a series of trials carried on during the same period with ,mr4 ,smith in the same room with ,miss ,b4 was1 however1 much higher--viz41 #bi 7three with digits reversed7 out of #adf trials4 ,it is noticeable that in the short series of trials with ,miss ,b4 in the lobby downstairs a very much smaller degree of success was obtained1 a result attributed by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick to the percipient's feeling ill at ease in her surroundings4 ,another noteworthy point is the large proportion of cases in which the first digit was correctly named4#cg ,this disproportion is not found in the trials made with the agent and the percipient in the same room1 and is possibly due1 as suggested by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 to ,mr4 ,smith in all cases concentrating his attention originally on the first digit4 ,when in the same room with the percipient he would hear when the first digit had been named1 and would then turn his attention to the other2 but when out of the room he could not1 of course1 follow the process of guessing4 ,a further series of trials was conducted with the percipient under the same conditions1 except that either ,p4 or ,t4 acted as agents jointly with ,mr4 ,smith4 ,in all #ec trials were made1 resulting in #i complete successes and two with the digits reversed4 ,the proportion of successes1 it will be seen1 is much higher than in the experiments first described2 but the series is too short to allow of a safe conclusion being drawn as to the superior efficacy of collective agency4 ,experiments conducted under similar conditions with four other percipients yielded a slight but appreciable measure of success4 ,a large number of trials--nearly #djj in all--were made with ,miss ,b4 as percipient1 the agent or agents being at a still greater distance--viz41 being either in a separate building1 or with two closed doors and a passage intervening2 but practically no success was obtained4 ,miss ,b4 complained of the numbers being so far off4 ,they are all muddled up1 she said on one occasion2 they seem miles off4 ,it is not easy to account satisfactorily for this failure1 but it may probably be attributed partly to a prejudicial effect exercised by the novel conditions on the agent's or percipient's anticipation of success1 and partly to the tedious waiting inseparable from experiments of this kind1 where there is no ready means of communication at the end of each trial4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #ecf-eeb47 ,transference of ,mental ,pictures4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,sidgwick and ,,miss ,,johnson4 ,later on1 after various trials had been made with little success with letters1 playing cards1 and diagrams1 a series of experiments was made in the transference of mental pictures4 ,there were in all #ajh trials1 with #e percipients--,miss ,b41 ,p41 and ,t41 and two men1 ,whybrew and ,major1 who had been subjects of an itinerant lecturer on ,hypnotism4 ,the method of experiment was as follows3--,a subject for a picture was written down by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick or ,miss ,johnson and handed to ,mr4 ,smith1 who then summoned up a mental representation of the subject suggested1 which he tried to transfer to the percipient4 ,occasionally1 to aid his imagination1 he drew on paper a rough sketch of the subject4 ,during the experiment ,mr4 ,smith was sometimes close to the percipient1 sometimes behind a screen1 sometimes in another room4 ,when in the same room it was occasionally necessary for ,mr4 ,smith1 in order to keep alive the percipient's interest and attention1 to say a few words to him from time to time4 ,these remarks were always recorded4 ,in the earlier experiments the percipient's eyes were open1 and he was given a white card or a crystal to look at2 and he appears to have seen the pictures as if projected on these objects4 ,in the later trials the percipient's eyes were closed1 but this change in the conditions does not appear in any way to have affected the vividness of the impressions4 ,successful experiments were made with all five percipients1 full details of which will be found in the paper referred to4#ch ,it will suffice here to quote a few illustrative cases of success1 complete or partial4 ,the first experiments were made on ,july #ith1 #ahij4 ,miss ,b4 was the percipient4 ,i quote the account of the first two trials3-- ,no4 #ae4 ,the percipient1 being in a hypnotic trance1 had her eyes opened and was given a card and told to look out for a picture which would come on it4 ,the subject1 chosen by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 was a little boy with a ball4 ,mr4 ,smith sat close to ,miss ,b41 but neither spoke to her nor touched her4 ,miss ,b4 presently said3 ,a figure is coming--a little boy4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick asked what he had in his hand1 and ,miss ,b4 replied3 ,a round thing2 a ball1 ,i suppose4 ,for the next experiment ,mr4 ,smith got behind a screen4 ,the subject1 a kitten in a jar1 was again set by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick4 ,miss ,b4 said3 ,something like an old cat--a cat--,i think it's a cat4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,what is the cat doing8 ,miss ,b4 7doubtfully73 ,sitting down4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,is there anything else but a cat8 ,miss ,b43 ,no2 only scratches about4 ,in all #ba experiments of the kind were tried with ,miss ,b41 of which #h1 including the two above recorded1 may be classed as more or less successful4 ,the following experiments were made with ,p4 on ,november #eth1 #ahij4 ,the notes of these cases were taken by ,miss ,johnson1 who was herself ignorant of the subject1 which was chosen by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick4 ,the first experiment on this day was a failure4 ,no4 #af4 ,subject3 ,a black kitten playing with a cork4 ,p43 ,something like a cat2 it's a cat4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,what is it doing8 ,p43 ,something it's been feeding out of--some milk1 is it a saucer8 ,can't see where its other paw is--only see three paws4 ,subject3 ,a sandwich man with advertisement of a play4 ,p4 said3 ,something like letter ,a--stroke there1 then there4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,well1 perhaps it will become clearer4 ,p43 ,something like a head on the top of it2 a ,v upside down8--two legs and then a head4--,a man with two boards--looks like a man that goes about the streets with two boards4 ,i can see a head at the top and the body and legs between the boards4 ,i couldn't see what was written on the boards1 because the edges were turned towards me4 ,mr4 ,smith told us afterwards that he had pictured to himself the man and one board facing him1 thus not corresponding to the impression which ,p4 had4 ,subject3 ,a choir-boy4#ci ,p4 said3 ,edge of card's going a dark colour4 ,somebody dressed up in white1 eh8 ,can see something all white2 edge all black1 and like a figure in the middle4 ,there's his hands up 7making a gesture to show the attitude7 like a ghost or something--you couldn't mistake it for anything but a ghost4 ,it's not getting any better1 it's fading--no1 it's still there4 ,it might frighten any one4 ,he also made remarks about the difficulty of seeing a white figure on a white card 7the blank card he was looking at was white71 which ,mr4 ,smith afterwards said corresponded with his own ideas4 ,subject3 ,a vase with flowers4 7,mr4 ,smith1 still behind ,p41 was looking at a blue flower-pot in the window containing an indiarubber plant47 ,p4 said3 ,i see something round1 like a round ring4 ,i can see some straight things from the round thing4 ,i think it's a glass--it goes up4 ,i'll tell you what it is2 it must be a pot--a flower-pot1 you know1 with things growing in it4 ,i only guessed that1 because you don't see things growing out of a glass4--,it's not clear at the top yet4 ,you see something going up and you can't see the top1 because of the edge of the paper--it's cut off4 ,i don't wonder1 because it's no good wondering what ,mr4 ,smith does1 he does such funny things4 ,i should fancy it might be a geranium1 but there's only sticks1 so you can't tell4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick ,what colour is the pot8 ,p43 ,dark colour1 between terra-cotta and red--dark red you'd call it4 ,here the somewhat confused impression1 apparently corresponding to the struggle of ideas in ,mr4 ,smith's mind between what he was seeing and what he was trying to think of1 is an interesting point4#dj ,in all #ej trials were made with ,p41 #bf with agent and percipient in the same room1 #bd with agent and percipient in different rooms4 ,of the former #ad were successful1 of the latter only one4 ,in the #ce unsuccessful experiments no impression at all was received in #ad cases1 #g of which occurred while agent and percipient were in the same room4 ,two trials with ,whybrew are worth quoting as illustrating the gradual development of the impression4 ,the percipient's eyes were closed during these experiments4 ,the first was made on ,july #aath4 ,no4 #ag4 ,subject3 ,a man riding4 ,mr4 ,smith downstairs with ,miss ,johnson2 ,whybrew1 upstairs with ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 said1 after some remarks on the former pictures3 ,there's another one--,i think it's like the other two--a puzzle to see--if ,i can find the picture4 ,i hope ,i'll be able to see it properly4 ,a kind of a square--square shadow--blowed if ,i can understand what it's meant for--,i don't know what to make out of that4 ,i don't know if that's meant to be the lower part of a pair of legs4 ,do you see a picture8 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,i see something4 ,whybrew3 ,i see them two spots1 but ,i don't know what to make of them4 ,if they're legs1 the body ought to come4--,don't seem to come any brighter1 but there's those two things there1 that look like a pair of legs4 ,here ,mr4 ,smith was asked to come upstairs and talk to him4 ,he told him the picture was coming up closer and that he had turned the gas on to make it brighter4 ,whybrew3 ,there's them pair of legs there4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,yes 7doubtfully74 ,whybrew ,why1 there's another4 ,i never see that other pair before4 ,why1 it's a horse4 ,i expect it's like them penny pictures that you fold over4 ,that horse--that's plain enough2 but what's that other thing8 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,yes1 ,i told you there was something else4 ,whybrew3 ,why1 ,i see what it is now--it's supposed to be a man there1 ,i expect4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,yes4 ,whybrew3 ,riding him4 ,but that ain't so good as the boy and the ball4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick3 ,how is the man dressed8 ,whybrew3 ,ordinary4 ,the second took place on ,july #afth1 #ahia4 ,mr4 ,smith having hypnotised ,whybrew1 sat by him1 but did not speak to him at all after he knew the subject--a man with a barrow of fish--given him by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick4 ,miss ,johnson1 not knowing what the subject was1 carried on the conversation with ,whybrew4 ,he said3 ,it's the shape of a man4 ,yes1 there's a man there4 ,don't know him4 ,he looks like a bloke that sells strawberries4 ,miss ,johnson asked3 ,are there strawberries there8 ,whybrew3 ,that looks like his barrow there4 ,what's he selling of8 ,i believe he's sold out4 ,i can't see anything on his barrow--perhaps he's sold out4 ,there ain't many--a few round things4 ,i expect they're fruit4 ,are they cherries8 ,they look a bit red4 ,aren't they fish8 ,it don't look very much like fish4 ,if they're fish1 some of them hasn't got any heads on4 ,barrow is a bit fishified--it has a tray on4 ,what colour are those things on the barrow8 ,they looked red1 but now they look silvery4 ,he was rather pleased with this picture and asked afterwards if it was for sale4 ,of #ah experiments with ,whybrew #f were successful4 ,of the #ab failures1 #h occurred when agent and percipient were in separate rooms4 ,there were only two cases in which no impression was received--one with the agent in the same room4 ,seven trials were made with ,major1 of which #a was completely and #b partially successful4 ,subjoined is the record of the only complete success1 which occurred on ,july #hth1 #ahia4 ,the percipient was hypnotised and his eyes were closed2 ,mr4 ,smith sat by him1 talking to him and telling him that he was to see a picture4 ,no4 #ah4 ,the subject given was a mouse in a mouse-trap4 ,regarding himself as a man of culture and being generally anxious to exhibit this1 ,major asked if it was to be an old master or a modern pot-boiler4 ,he was told the latter1 and he then discoursed on pot-boilers and how he knew all the subjects of them--mentioning two or three--in a very contemptuous manner4 ,he did not seem to see anything1 however1 and appeared to be expecting to see an artist producing a rapid sketch4 ,then1 when told that the picture was actually there1 he suddenly exclaimed3 ,do you mean that deuced old trap with a mouse8 ,he must have been drawing for the rat vermin people4 ,thirty-two trials were made with ,t41 of which only four were successful--two completely1 one partially1 one completely1 but deferred--i4e41 the subject of the preceding experiment1 a black dog1 came before his vision after the agent had already passed to another subject1 the ,eiffel ,tower4 ,t4 had1 of course1 not been told the subject of the previous experiment4 ,instances of deferred impressions of this kind occurred also with ,miss ,b4 ,a few experiments were tried with another percipient1 a man named ,adams1 but without success2 his own imagination appeared to be so fertile that any telepathic impression must have been crowded out4 ,an analysis of the impressions showed that most of them were reproductions of objects familiar to the percipient1 in certain cases of hallucinations previously imposed upon them in the course of these or other experiments4 ,with some of the successful percipients these spontaneous impressions showed a marked tendency to recur4 ,thus ,p4 had a wrong impression--of an elephant--no less than four times in the course of the experiments2 and ,t4 of a woman and a perambulator three times4 ,one of these coincided with the subject actually set1 and the coincidence may perhaps therefore be attributed to chance4 ,speaking generally1 however1 this tendency to repetition amongst the percipient's native impressions constitutes an additional argument1 if any such is needed1 for attributing the frequent coincidences of the impression with the subject set to some other cause than the automatic association of ideas4 ,an instance of a quasi-experimental character1 which closely resembles the cases above described1 is recorded by ,dr4 ,a4 ,gibotteau3--#da ,no4 #ai4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,gibotteau4 ,madame ,p4 complained of headache4 ,i placed my hand upon her forehead1 and in a few minutes she was in a light hypnotic sleep4 ,without deepening the trance ,i endeavoured to give her a sensation of calm and well-being1 and to procure this sensation for myself in the first place1 ,i called up a picture of the sea1 in which air and water were full of sunlight4 ',i feel a little better1' she said2 'how fresh the air is6' ,i then proceeded to imagine myself walking along the ,boulevard ,saint ,michel1 in a slight rain4 ,i saw the hurrying people and the umbrellas4 ',how strange it is6' said ,madame ,p42 ',i seem to be at the corner of the ,boulevard ,saint ,michel and the ,rue des coles1 in front of the ,caf ,vachette' 7the exact spot ,i pictured72 'it is raining1 there are a great many people1 a hurrying crowd4 ,they are all going up the street1 and ,i with them4 ,the air is very fresh4 ,it gives me a pleasant1 restful feeling4' ,with these words she opened her eyes and gave me further confirmation of her impressions4 ,i should add that this scene took place in the provinces2 ,i had not been in ,paris for some months1 nor ,madame ,p4 for several years4 ,there had been no mention of the subject in the course of our conversation that day4 ,it will be seen that ,dr4 ,gibotteau attempted to transfer to the percipient only the general sensation of calm and rest induced in himself by the imagined scene1 and that the success obtained was therefore of a kind by no means anticipated4 ,another experiment of the same nature is recorded by ,dr4 ,blair ,thaw in the article already referred to 7p4 #ca74 ,the percipient was ,mrs4 ,thaw1 ,dr4 ,thaw and ,mr4 ,wyatt were the agents4 ,we are not told whether in this instance1 as on some other occasions1 the percipient was actually hypnotised1 but judging from previous experiments it may perhaps be inferred that she was at least in a condition called by ,dr4 ,thaw a passive state1 not easy to distinguish from the lighter stages of sleep-waking4 ,the experiment took place on the #bhth ,april #ahib4 ,no4 #bj4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,blair ,,thaw4 #ast ,scene4 ,locomotive running away without engineer tears up station4--,missed4 #bnd ,scene4 ,the first real ,,flying ,,machine going over ,madison ,square ,tower1 and the people watching4--,percipient3 ,i see lots of people4 ,crowds are going to war4 ,they are so excited4 ,are they throwing water8 7,percipient said afterwards she thought it was a fire and that was the reason of the crowd47 ,or sailors pulling at ropes4 ,agent said1 ,what are they doing8 ,percipient3 ,they are all looking up4 ,it is a balloon or some one in trouble up there4 ,agent said1 ,why balloon8 ,percipient3 ,they are all looking up4 ,agent said1 ,i thought of a possible scene in the future4 ,percipient3 ,oh1 it's the first man flying4 ,that's what he's doing up there4 ,agent3 ,where is it8 ,percipient3 ,in the city4 ,an account of a similar instance of the transfer to a hypnotised percipient of an imagined scene has been recorded by ,mr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,clissold and ,mr4 ,auberon ,herbert4#db ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bf3 ,see the discussion on this question in ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,footnote #bg3 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #bbf1 #bda2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ag-ai4 ,footnote #bh3 ,it is a frequent experience that hypnotised subjects are incapable of responding to any voice other than that of the person who has hypnotised them4 ,the difficulty can1 indeed1 generally be removed by asking the hypnotiser to place some other person in rapport with the subject--i4e41 to give the subject the suggestion that he should also be able to hear the person indicated4 ,at this early stage of our experiments it would appear1 however1 that this device had for some reason not been adopted4 ,footnote #bi3 ,cf4 ,no4 #ai in the series of similar trials conducted with ,miss ,relph1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,quoted in ,le ,sommeil ,provoqu1 etc41 by ,dr4 ,libeault1 ,paris1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bie1 #bif4 ,footnote #ca3 ,for such impressions seen with closed eyes ,kandinsky has proposed the name pseudo-hallucinations4 ,footnote #cb3 ,he had been1 on previous occasions1 asked to trace hallucinations4 ,footnote #cc3 ,two of these were given completely right first and then changed4 ,footnote #cd3 ,the first digit of the number drawn was guessed first4 ,footnote #ce3 ,see ,chapter iv41 pp4 #if-ajj4 ,footnote #cf3 ,this was given completely right first and then changed4 ,footnote #cg3 ,as all numbers above #ij were excluded1 and as #j cannot come first1 the first digit should1 by pure chance1 have been correctly named more often than the second2 but the disproportion1 it will be seen1 is far greater than could be thus accounted for4 ,footnote #ch3 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #eed-egg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,this was an idea extremely familiar to ,p41 who had been a chorister and was still connected with the choir of his church4 ,footnote #dj3 ,proceedings ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #efe1 #eff4 ,footnote #da3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ccd1 #cce4 ,footnote #db3 ,see ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fgg1 #fgh4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,experimental ,,production ,,of ,,movements ,,and ,,other ,,effects4 ,in the two preceding chapters we have discussed experiments where the impression received by the percipient may be interpreted as having been a more or less accurate reproduction of the sensation experienced by the agent1 or at most a translation of it into some other simple sensation4 ,there have now to be considered various cases in which the transmission of thought is productive of other results in the percipient than the simple duplication or translation of a sensation4 ,the most usual case is where the telepathic impulse leads to some action on the part of the percipient4 ,it was frequently stated by the older mesmerists#dc that the operator1 by a silent act of will1 could induce a good subject to do or refrain from doing some prescribed or customary action4 ,isolated observations on such a point are little likely to compel belief2 the vanity or the credulity of the recorder may be supposed to have led to his overlooking the negative instances1 and attributing to his own peculiar gifts a result in reality due to chance4 ,but1 following on the clue thus obtained1 the ,committee on ,mesmerism appointed by the ,s4,p4,r4 in #ahhb1 to some of whose work reference has already been made 7,chapter ,,iii41 p4 #fj71 succeeded in obtaining results less open to question4 ,inhibition of ,action by ,silent ,willing4 ,the first experiments of the kind were conducted on our friend ,mr4 ,sidney ,beard1 who was for some time an ,associate of the ,society and took an active interest in its work4 ,mr4 ,beard1 who was easily hypnotised1 would be entranced by ,mr4 ,smith1 and sit in a chair with closed eyes4 ,then1 to quote the account of a single experiment1 a list of twelve ,yeses and ,noes in arbitrary order was written by one of ourselves and put into ,mr4 ,smith's hand1 with directions that he should successively will the subject to respond or not to respond1 in accordance with the list4 ,a tuning-fork was then struck and held at ,mr4 ,beard's ear1 and the question1 ,do you hear8 was asked by one of ourselves4 ,this was done twelve times in succession1 ,mr4 ,beard answering or failing to answer on each occasion in accordance with the yes or no of the written list--that is to say1 with the silent will of the agent4 ,similar trials on other occasions with ,mr4 ,beard were equally successful4 ,the percipient's own account of the matter is as follows3 ,during the experiments of ,january #ast #ahhc1 when ,mr4 ,smith mesmerised me1 ,i did not lose consciousness at any time1 but only experienced a sensation of total numbness in my limbs4 ,when the trial as to whether ,i could hear sounds was made ,i heard the sounds distinctly each time1 but in a large number of instances ,i felt totally unable to acknowledge that ,i heard them4 ,i seemed to know each time whether ,mr4 ,smith wished me to say that ,i heard them2 and as ,i had surrendered my will to his at the commencement of the experiment1 ,i was unable to reassert my power of volition whilst under his influence4 7,proceedings of the ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 i4 p4 #bef47 ,no4 #ba4--;,by ,,professor ,,barrett4 ,further trials of the same kind were carried on in ,november #ahhc by ,professor ,barrett1 at his own house in ,dublin4 ,the hypnotist and agent was again ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith1 the percipient a youth named ,fearnley1 a stranger to ,mr4 ,smith4 ,in the first series of trials ,professor ,barrett asked ,fearnley1 ,now will you open your hand8 at the same time pointing to ,yes or ,no1 written on a card1 and held in sight of ,mr4 ,smith1 but out of view from the percipient4 ,mr4 ,smith1 who was not in contact with the subject1 directed his silent will in accordance with the written indication4 ,in twenty experiments conducted under these conditions there were only three failures4 ,later1 to quote ,professor ,barrett1 ,the experiment was varied as follows3--,the word ',yes' was written on one1 and the word ',no' on the other1 of two precisely similar pieces of card4 ,one or other of these cards was handed to ,mr4 ,smith at my arbitrary pleasure1 care of course being taken that the 'subject' had no opportunity of seeing the card1 even had he been awake4 ,when ',yes' was handed ,mr4 ,smith was silently to will the 'subject' to answer aloud in response to the question asked by me1 ',do you hear me8' ,when ',no' was handed ,mr4 ,smith was to will that no response should be made in reply to the same question4 ,the object of this series of experiments was to note the effect of increasing the distance between the willer and the willed1--the agent and the percipient4 ,in the first instance ,mr4 ,smith was placed three feet from the 'subject1' who remained throughout apparently asleep in an arm-chair in one corner of my study4 ,at three feet apart1 #be trials were successively made1 and in every case the 'subject' responded or did not respond in exact accordance with the silent will of ,mr4 ,smith1 as directed by me4 ,at #f feet apart six similar trials were made without a single failure4 ,at #ab feet apart six more trials were made without a single failure4 ,at #ag feet apart six more trials were made without a single failure4 ,in this last case ,mr4 ,smith had to be placed outside the study door1 which was then closed with the exception of a narrow chink just wide enough to admit of passing a card in or out1 whilst ,i remained in the study observing the 'subject4' ,to avoid any possible indication from the tone in which ,i asked the question1 in all cases except the first dozen experiments1 ,i shuffled the cards face downwards1 and then handed the unknown ',yes' or ',no' to ,mr4 ,smith1 who looked at the card and willed accordingly4 ,i noted down the result1 and then1 and not till then1 looked at the card4 ,a final experiment was made when ,mr4 ,smith was taken across the hall and placed in the dining-room1 at a distance of about #cj feet from the 'subject1' two doors1 both quite closed1 intervening4 ,under these conditions1 three trials were made with success1 the ',yes' response being1 however1 very faint and hardly audible to me1 who returned to the study to ask the usual question after handing the card to the distant operator4 ,at this point1 the 'subject' fell into a deep sleep1 and made no further replies to the questions addressed to him4 ,further trials were made under different conditions1 the results being almost uniformly successful4 ,in interpreting these results there is no justification for assuming direct control by the agent over the organism of the percipient4 ,nor does the current phrase1 endorsed as it is in the first case by the percipient himself1 that the operator's will dominated the will of the subject1 give an adequate account of the matter4 ,when1 as in the case of experiments previously described1 the percipient's impression reproduces the sensation of the agent1 there is nothing to indicate that the impulse transferred directly affects the external organs1 or even the intermediate sensory centres4 ,in the absence of any direct evidence it is at least equally probable that the higher brain centres only are concerned in the transmission in the first instance1 and that the transmitted idea is reflected downwards1 until it actually assumes1 as in some of the experiments recorded with ,p4 and ,miss ,b41 the form of a sensory hallucination4 ,upon this view no fundamental distinction need be drawn between the results before described and those now under discussion4 ,in the latter case the question is not one of transference of will or of a motor or inhibitory impulse4 ,what is actually transferred from the agent is probably only a simple idea4 ,its subsequent translation into action1 or the inhibition of action1 is as much the work of the percipient's mind as1 in the other case1 the transformation of the idea of a number into a visual hallucination4 ,as regards the particular effect produced1 it must be remembered that the prime characteristic of the hypnotic state is its openness to suggestion1 and especially to suggestion coming through a particular channel4 ,it is the establishment of this suggestible state1 which consists essentially in the suppression of the controlling faculties which normally pass judgment on the suggestions received from without1 and select those which are to find response in action1 that ,mr4 ,beard describes as the surrender of his will4 ,so that when ,mr4 ,beard answered our questions he did what his natural courtesy led him to do2 when he maintained silence his tendency to respond to the stimulus of our questions was momentarily overcome by the stronger stimulus of the idea received from the agent4 ,but the superior efficacy of the idea so transferred resulted not from any impulsive quality in the idea itself1 but from the previously established relations between agent and percipient4 ,the fact that experiments of this kind have rarely succeeded in the waking state is no doubt due to the inferior suggestibility of that state4 ,actions originated by ,silent ,willing4 ,in the paper already referred to 7supra1 p4 #ca7 ,dr4 ,blair ,thaw records some experiments which present us with a modification of the ,willing ,game1 but without contact4 ,in most of the experiments the person who was willed to perform a certain action--the nature of which had been previously communicated to the other experimenters in writing--was in the same room as the agents4 ,but the agents did not follow the percipient about the room1 nor did the percipient look at the agents for guidance4 ,the percipient appears to have been awake throughout the experiments1 but it seems probable that her condition was not that of complete normal wakefulness4 ,of #bf experiments conducted under such conditions1 #aj were completely and #ab partially successful4 ,when1 however1 as in this case1 there are several agents1 all of whom are actually watching the movements of the percipient1 it is impossible to feel convinced that no indication by the movements of the eyes or by breathing was given to the percipient to show her whether or not she was moving in the right direction4 ,in the last four trials of the series1 however1 the percipient was willed to fetch an object from another room which was out of sight from the agents1 and it is difficult to conceive that any indication could have been given to her of the object selected4 ,no4 #bb4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,blair ,,thaw4 ,april #gth1 #ahib4 ,mrs4 ,thaw1 ,percipient4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,wyatt and ,dr4 ,thaw1 ,agents4 ,in the next four experiments an object was selected in another room1 and then the percipient sent in for it4 ,no clue was given as to what part of the room4 #ast ,object ,selected4 ,a ,,wooden ,,cupid1 from a corner-piece in room with eight other objects on it4--,percipient first brought a photo from the lower shelf of corner-piece1 then said3 ,it's the wooden ,cupid4 #bnd ,object4 ,,match-,,box on mantel4--,percipient seemed confused at first and brought two photos1 then said3 ,it's the brass match-box on mantel4 #crd ,object4 ,a ,,vellum ,,book on table1 among twenty other books1 chosen2 but a bag under one window was thought of first4--,percipient went to table1 put her hand on the book1 then went to the bag and took it up1 then back to the table and took the vellum book and then the bag1 and appeared with both4 ,percipient was in sight of agents during this time1 but did not see them4 #dth ,object4 ,,book on small table1 among ten others4--,missed4 ,in commenting on these experiments1 ,dr4 ,thaw is himself inclined to attribute some of the results to an indistinct motor impulse of some kind1 leading the percipient near the object4 ,but in the experiments above recorded1 at any rate1 it is sufficient1 probably1 to suppose the transference of the idea of the object4 ,experiments of a somewhat similar nature are recorded by ,dr4 ,ochorowicz 7,la ,suggestion mentale1 pp4 #hd-aag74 ,the subject in this case1 ,madame ,m41 was sunk in the deep hypnotic state 7l'tat aidique71 a condition in which she would usually remain motionless until aroused by the doctor4 ,under these circumstances ,dr4 ,ochorowicz conducted upwards of forty experiments in conveying mental commands1 a large proportion of which were executed by the subject with more or less exactness4 ,these trials have the drawback above indicated1 common to all experiments of the kind with the agent in the same room2 moreover1 each experiment appears to have extended over a considerable period1 and the command--e4g41 to rise from the chair and hand a cake from the table to ,dr4 ,ochorowicz--was frequently executed in stages4 ,in judging of the results1 however1 it should be remembered that ,dr4 ,ochorowicz has elsewhere shown himself to be acute in criticism and accurate in observation4 ,some experiments made by ,dr4 ,gibert on ,madame ,b41 and recorded by ,professor ,pierre ,janet1#dd seem open to a similar objection4 ,dr4 ,gibert communicated the mental command by touching ,madame ,b4's forehead with his own whilst concentrating his thoughts on the ideas to be conveyed4 ,it is difficult to feel sure that the success of the experiment under such conditions was not due to the command having been unconsciously muttered by ,dr4 ,gibert within the hearing of the percipient4 ,in the following account1 however1 thought-transference would seem to be the simplest explanation of the results4 ,the narrator1 unfortunately1 remains anonymous2 he is1 however1 personally known to ,dr4 ,dariex1 the editor of the periodical from which the account is extracted1 and the experiments were obviously conducted with care4#de ,in this case it seems clear1 since the command1 though understood1 was on more than one occasion disobeyed1 that the idea telepathically intruded into the percipient's mind was not necessarily associated with an impulse to action4 ,no4 #bc4--;,by ,j4 ,h4 ,p4 ,on the #fth ,december #ahhg1 having placed ,m4 in a deep trance1 ,i turned my back upon her1 and1 without any gesture or sound whatever1 gave her the following mental order3-- ,when you wake up you are to go and fetch a glass1 put a few drops of ,eau de ,cologne into it1 and bring it to me4 ,on waking up1 ,m4 was visibly preoccupied2 she could not keep still1 and at last came and placed herself in front of me1 exclaiming-- ,what an idea to put in my head6 ,why do you speak so to me8 ,because the idea that ,i have got can only come from you1 and ,i don't wish to obey4 ,don't obey unless you like2 but ,i wish you to tell me at once what you are thinking of4 ,well1 then1 ,i was to go and look for a glass1 put some water in it with some drops of ,eau de ,cologne1 and take it to you2 it is really ridiculous4 ,my order had then been perfectly understood for the first time4 ,from that moment1 ,december #fth1 #ahhg1 till to-day1 with only two or three exceptions1 the mental transmission1 whether in the waking or sleeping state1 has been most vivid4 ,it is only disturbed at certain times1 or when ,m4 is feeling very anxious4 ,on the #ajth of ,december #ahhg1 unknown to ,m41 ,i hid a watch1 that was not going1 behind some books in my bookcase4 ,when she arrived ,i put her to sleep1 and gave her the following mental command3-- ,go and fetch me the watch that is hidden behind some books in the bookcase4 ,i sat in my armchair with ,m4 behind me1 and was careful not to look in the direction where the object was hidden4 ,m4 suddenly got up from her armchair and went straight to the bookcase1 but could not open it2 making energetic movements the while1 whenever she touched the door1 and especially the glass4 ,it is there6 ,it is there6 ,i am certain2 but this glass burns me6 ,i decided to open it myself2 she rushed at my books1 took them out1 and seized the watch1 delighted to have found it4 ,similar trials have been made with commands that one of my friends passed to me1 written beforehand1 and not in the presence of the subject1 and the success has been complete2 but if the person who passes me the order is unknown to her1 she refuses to obey1 saying that the command is not mine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,n41 who was convinced that mental transmission is a fraud1 assured me that ,i should never be able to transmit an order from him to ,m4 ,i invited him to come to my house1 at five o'clock in the evening1 with a command written1 which he was to give me only when ,m4 was asleep1 and outside my study4 ,at #e4aj ,n4 arrived and we went out1 leaving ,m4 in a trance2 when we were separated from my study by the two intervening rooms1 with all the doors shut1 ,n4 pulled out a small paper and said-- ,you will read this command1 we will both come back to ,m41 and without any gestures1 you will communicate it to her4 ,certainly4 ,in the note was written1 ,give the mental command to ,m4 to count out loud from #e to #a2 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b1 #a4 ,we came back to my study2 ,i sat at my desk as usual--,i am in the habit of making notes during the progress of the experiments1 so as to report them with scrupulous accuracy--and ,i sent ,n4's mental command1 while pretending to write4 ,m4 suddenly exclaimed-- ,doubtless1 you imagine that ,i cannot count6 ,i can count from #a to #ej1jjj1 if ,i wish4 ,mental command--,count from #e to #a4 ,no1 ,i will not obey a strange command2 it is not a command of yours4 ,all my efforts were useless2 we had to abandon the experiment4 ,the command was certainly understood2 but ,m4 ,n4 retired1 convinced that it had not been understood1 and that even the trance was a sham6 ,automatic ,writing4 ,sometimes the working of the telepathic impulse is of a more apparently mysterious kind4 ,we have seen that ,mr4 ,beard was fully conscious of the action of a restraining force2 and ,mrs4 ,thaw1 who was in a condition little if at all removed from the normal1 appears also to have been aware of what she was doing1 if perhaps without explicit recognition of her motives at the time of performing the prescribed actions4 ,but in the various cases now to be described the telepathic impulse seems never to have affected the normal consciousness of the percipient at all2 and the results produced through the agency of his organism were due to no recognised volition on his part4 ,the intelligence directing his hand was an intelligence working below and apart from his ordinary life4 ,now this subterranean intelligence presents many points of analogy with the secondary consciousness of the hypnotic subject2 in both states we find indications of thought and will distinct from those of waking life1 and of a memory not shared with that life4 ,moreover1 it has been shown experimentally1 by ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney1#df ,professor ,pierre ,janet1#dg and others1 that the consciousness which makes itself known through planchette is1 in certain persons at any rate1 identical with the consciousness found in the hypnotic trance1 so far as the test of a common memory can be relied upon to prove identity4 ,the superior susceptibility to telepathic influences1 already referred to1 of the hypnotic subject1 may perhaps1 therefore1 in the light of these later experiments1 be found to indicate a superior susceptibility of those parts of the brain whose workings lie below the ordinary consciousness1 and reveal themselves only in the activities of trance and automatism4 ,the following is an illustrative case4 ,the account is derived from contemporary notes1 made by the late ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,newnham1 ,vicar of ,maker1 ,devonport1 of a series of experiments conducted by himself and his wife during eight months in #ahga4dh ,mr4 ,newnham would write1 in a book kept for the purpose1 a question of the purport of which ,mrs4 ,newnham was in ignorance2 and ,mrs4 ,newnham1 holding her hand on a planchette1 would write an answer to the question4 ,the conditions of the experiments are described by ,mr4 ,newnham1 in an account written in #ahhd1 as follows3-- ,no4 #bd4 ,my wife always sat at a small low table1 in a low chair1 leaning backwards4 ,i sat about eight feet distant1 at a rather higher table1 and with my back towards her while writing down the questions4 ,it was absolutely impossible that any gesture1 or play of features1 on my part1 could have been visible or intelligible to her4 ,as a rule she kept her eyes shut2 but never became in the slightest degree hypnotic1 or even naturally drowsy4 ,in all #cji questions with their answers were recorded under these conditions1 before the experiments were finally abandoned on account of their prejudicial effect on ,mrs4 ,newnham's health4 ,the extracts from ,mr4 ,newnham's note-book given below show that ,mrs4 ,newnham throughout had some kind of knowledge1 not always apparently complete1 of the terms of the question4#di ,but she was not herself consciously aware of the purport either of the question or of the answer written through her hand4 ,january #bith4 #ac4 ,is it the operator's brain1 or some external force1 that moves the ,planchette8 ,answer brain or force4 ,a4 ,will4 #ad4 ,is it the will of a living person1 or of an immaterial spirit1 distinct from that person8 ,answer person or spirit4 ,a4 ,wife4 #ae4 ,give first the wife's ,christian name2 then1 my favourite name for her4 7,this was accurately done47 #bg4 ,what is your own name8 ,a4 ,only you4 #bh4 ,we are not quite sure of the meaning of the answer4 ,explain4 ,a4 ,wife4 ,failing to get more than this at the outset1 we returned to the same thought after question #aad2 when1 having been closely pressed on another subject1 we received the curt reply--,told all ,i know4 ,february #ahth4 #aag4 ,who are you that writes1 and has told all you know8 ,a4 ,wife4 #aah4 ,but does no one tell wife what to write8 ,if so1 who8 ,a4 ,spirit4 #aai4 ,whose spirit8 ,a4 ,wife's brain4 #abj4 ,but how does wife's brain know 7certain7 secrets8 ,a4 ,wife's spirit unconsciously guides4 #aba4 ,but how does wife's spirit know things it has never been told8 ,a4 ,no external influence4 #abb4 ,but by what internal influence does it know 7these7 secrets8 ,a4 ,you cannot know4 ,mr4 ,newnham1 who was a ,mason1 took the opportunity on several occasions of questioning the planchette on details of the ,masonic ritual and archology--of which ,mrs4 ,newnham was of course ignorant--with very surprising results4 ,it will be seen from the extracts which follow that ,mrs4 ,newnham's answers showed not only an acquaintance with the terms of the question1 but even a fragmentary knowledge of the correct answer--knowledge which under the circumstances could hardly have been derived elsewhere than from the questioner's brain4 ,march #bfth4 #aff4 ,of what language is the first syllable of the ,great ,triple ,r4,a4 ,word8#ej ,a4 ,don't know4 #afg4 ,yes1 you do4 ,what are the three languages of which the word is composed8 ,a4 ,greek1 ,egyptian1 ,syriac first syllable 7correctly given71 rest unknown4 #afh4 ,write the syllable which is ,syriac4 ,a4 7,first syllable correctly written47 #afi4 ,write the syllable which is ,egyptian4 ,a4 ,second4 #agj4 ,can you not write the syllable itself8 ,a4 ,third ,greek4 #agd4 ,write down the word itself4 ,a4 ,first three and last two letters were written correctly1 but four incorrect letters1 partly borrowed from another word of the same degree1 came in the middle4 #agf4 ,why do you write a word of which ,i know nothing8 ,a4 ,wife tried hard to tell the word1 but could not quite catch it4 #agg4 ,catch it from whom8 ,a4 ,not quite sure4 #agh4 ,not quite sure of what8 ,a4 ,i know nothing4 ,wife doesn't quite know4 #ahb4 ,write out the prayer used at the advancement of a ,mark ,master ,mason4 ,a4 ,almighty ,ruler of the ,universe and ,architect of all worlds1 we beseech ,thee to accept this1 our brother1 whom we have this day received into our most honourable ,company of ,mark ,master ,masons4 ,grant him to be a worthy member of our brotherhood2 and may he be in his own person a perfect mirror of all ,masonic virtues4 ,grant that all our doings may be to ,thy honour and glory1 and to the welfare of all mankind4 ,this prayer was written off instantaneously and very rapidly4 ,it is a very remarkable production indeed4 ,for the benefit of those who are not members of the craft1 ,i may say that no prayer in the slightest degree resembling it is made use of in the ,ritual of any ,masonic degree2 and yet it contains more than one strictly accurate technicality connected with the degree of ,mark ,mason4 ,my wife has never seen any ,masonic prayers1 whether in ,carlile1 or any other real or spurious ,ritual of the ,masonic ,order4 #ahc4 ,i do not know this prayer4 ,where is it to be found8 ,a4 ,old ,american ,ritual4 #ahd4 ,where can ,i get one8 ,a4 ,most likely none in ,england4 #ahe4 ,can you not write the prayer that ,i make use of in my own ,lodge8 ,a4 ,no1 ,i don't know it4 ,we have to remark here not merely the exhibition of a will and an intelligence differing from the writer's normal self1 but the display of a yet more alien disingenuousness4 ,similar evasions and inventions occur more than once in the course of these experiments4 ,indeed1 a certain degree of moral perversity is a frequent and notorious characteristic of automatic expression4 ,some interesting experiments of the same kind were conducted1 in the winter of #ahib-ic1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,buttemer1 of ,emanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 and ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,green4 ,throughout the series the questions were1 as in the preceding case1 written down1 so that the percipient was completely ignorant of their purport4 ,the following is the record of the last experiments of the series4 ,no4 #be4--;,by ,,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,buttemer4 ,february #ahth1 #ahic1 #h ,p4,m4 ,mrs4 ,h41 ,miss ,b41 ,mr4 and ,miss ,m4 present1 in addition to ,mr4 ,green1 and ,messrs4 ,s41 ,w41 and ,buttemer4 ,mr4 ,green1 as usual1 operated ,planchette1 and on this occasion sat with his back to all the other persons present4 ,q4 7from ,mr4 ,m473 ,what was ,i doing this afternoon8 ,a4 i4 ---- the sun ---- 7all else illegible74 ii4 ,enjoying the fresh air of heaven4 ,q4 ,what was ,mr4 ,rogers doing in ,cambridge8 ,a4 i4 7,irrelevant1 or possibly connected vaguely with the question47 ii4 ,ask another1 but ,mr4 ,rogers came up on important business connected with the ,lodge4 7,correct47 ,q4 ,where has ,mrs4 ,m4 gone8 ,a4 i4 7,irrelevant47 ii4 ,far1 far away1 but more next time4 iii4 ,her mother has gone to--oh1 what a happy place is ,london6 iv4 ,all change here for ,bletchley4 7,mrs4 ,m4 had possibly passed this station on her journey47 ,q4 ,who has won the ,association ,match to-day8 ,a4 i4 7,illegible47 ii4 ,o ye simple ones1 how long will ye love simplicity8 ,why1 ,oxford1 of course4 ,this fact was known to some persons in the room1 but not to ,mr4 ,green4 ,one of the company then suggested the attempt to get the name on a visiting card transmitted1 and the question was written1 ,write name on card4 ,mr4 ,green did not know that this experiment was about to be tried1 and the card was picked from a pile at random4 ,the name was ,john ,b4 ,bourne4 ,a sentence was written by ,mr4 ,green1 which proved to be1 ,think of one letter at a time and then see what will happen4 ,we did so4 ,a4 i4 ,j for ,jerusalem1 ,o for ,omri1 ,h for ,honey1 and ,n for ,nothing4 ii4 ,b for ,benjamin1 ,o for ,olive1 ,u for ,unicorn4 7,the remaining letters were given incorrectly47 ,q4 ,how many of the ,society's books are here8 7,there were two volumes of ,proceedings on the table47 ,a4 i4 7,irrelevant47 ii4 ,the answer is #ajj-ih4 ,q4 ,what is #b #c8 ,two irrelevant answers were given1 possibly owing to a slight disturbance in the room4 ,the third answer was--,when that noise has ceased and ,s4 has finished knocking the lamp over1 ,i say #f4 ,a trial shortly after this1 ,february #aith1 gave no results1 and the power of automatic writing appears to have entirely left ,mr4 ,green for the present4 7,proc4 ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 ix4 pp4 #fa-fd47 ,in this1 as in ,mr4 ,newnham's case1 the mode of expression is again characteristic of the automatic consciousness4 ,it is explained by ,mr4 ,buttemer that when two or more answers are given1 the operator had been simply told to write again1 after the first irrelevant answer1 without being shown the question4 ,table ,tilting4 ,no4 #bf4--;,by the ,,author4 ,we pass on to experiments in which the ideas transmitted from the agent find other subterranean channels in the percipient's organism for their expression4 ,of all forms of intelligent automatism writing1 next to speaking1 is probably in an educated percipient the easiest1 because in normal life the commonest4 ,in the cases1 therefore1 recorded below the actual movements involved1 though of a relatively simple kind1 as being unaccustomed called possibly for the exercise of a degree of mental activity as high as would have been the case had writing been the vehicle of expression4 ,in the preceding chapter it was recorded1 in the experiments with numbers1 that some of the answers were given through the movements of a table on which the percipient's hands rested 7p4 #gc74 ,a series of experiments of this nature was made by the writer in ,november and ,december #ahgc1 with the assistance of a few friends1 amongst whom were ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,colson1 now ,head ,master of ,plymouth ,college1 and the ,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,smith1 of ,corton1 near ,lowestoft4 ,the following is a description of the methods adopted4 ,three or four of us would sit round a small centre-legged table1 cane-bottomed chair1 waste-paper basket1 or metal tripod1 with our hands resting on it4 ,we found that in a few minutes the table 7or other instrument7 would tilt on one side1 or move round and round1 with considerable freedom4 ,when these motions had once been fairly established1 one or two of those present in the room would retire to a distance1 keeping their backs to the table1 and think of a letter of the alphabet4 ,the table would move freely up and down1 under the varying pressure of the hands laid on it1 in a succession of small tilts4 ,those sitting at the table would count the tilts--one tilt standing for ,a1 two for ,b1 three for ,c1 and so on4 ,excluding second trials1 there were #gj experiments conducted under these conditions4 ,the right letter was tilted in #bg cases1 and in two others the next succeeding letter was given4 ,on some occasions the proportion of successes was much higher2 thus1 on the #bhth ,november1 out of a total of #af trials1 #aj were correct4 ,on the #ast ,december1 on the other hand1 #aj trials were made without any success4 ,it was the rule throughout that the agents should stand with their backs to the table at some distance from it1 and after the first few experiments we found1 or thought we found1 that the thought-transference succeeded best with a single agent4 ,in order that the letter might not be guessed from the context1 we generally took the initial or initial and final letters only of a word2 in four cases only did the agent select as many as three consecutive letters of a word4 ,if the letters had been arbitrarily chosen1 the chances against the right letters being indicated would be #be to #a4 ,but as the letters actually selected were in most cases constituent parts of a word1 generally the initial letter1 and as in some cases two or three consecutive letters were selected1 the adverse chances would be reduced1 roughly speaking1 to something like #ae to #a4 ,but even so the results attained are sufficiently striking4#ea ,in these experiments the percipient or percipients themselves counted the tilts2 and it is probable that occasionally one or other of those seated at the table half-consciously guided its movements in conformity with his own ideas of what the letter would be4 ,but in a modified form of the experiment1 introduced by ,professor ,richet1 the percipients1 two or three in number1 were seated at one table and a printed alphabet was placed on another table behind the percipients and out of their range of vision4 ,when the first table tilted1#eb under the automatic movements of the hands resting on it1 it caused a bell to ring4 ,m4 ,richet or some other experimenter sat at the second table and drew a pen slowly backwards and forwards over the printed alphabet4 ,the letters to which the pen was pointing when the bell rang were noted1 and it was found that they made up intelligible words and sentences1 provided that in some cases the next letter or the next but one were substituted for that actually given4#ec ,all necessary precautions were taken that the alphabet should be out of sight of the mediums1 who were in most cases personal friends of ,m4 ,richet1 and whose good faith was1 he believes1 in all cases unimpeachable4 ,subjoined is an account of the results obtained on one evening4 ,m4 ,richet appears from the account to have been one of those seated at the tilting table4 ,no4 #bg4--;,by ,,professor ,,richet4 ,on the #ith of ,november we took the same precautions1 but used an ordinary alphabet1 not the circular one4#ed ,the name of the 'spirit' who came to the table was given as ,v ,i ,l ,l ,o ,n4 ,then we made a great noise1 we repeated poetry1 sang1 and counted to such good purpose that ,p41 who was at the alphabet1 could hardly follow the ringing of the bell4 ,we asked for some ,french poetry4 ,the reply was-- ,q ,u ,s ,n ,n ,t ,k ,f ,s ,n ,e ,i ,g ,d ,r ,d ,a ,m ,s ,a ,m ,o ,u1 ,s ,o ,n ,t1 ,l ,e ,s1 ,n ,e ,i ,g ,e ,s1 ,d ,a ,n ,t ,a ,n ,that is1 ,ou sont les neiges d',antan8--a verse of ,villon's1 obviously known to us all4 ,we then asked1 what were the relations of ,villon with the kings of ,france8 ,k ,o ,u ,h ,t ,l ,e ,c ,r ,u ,e ,l ,l ,o ,u ,i ,s1 ,l ,e1 ,c ,r ,u ,e ,l ,louis le cruel4 ,what book ought we to read8 ,e ,s ,s ,a ,y ,s ,u ,r ,d ,a ,d ,m ,o ,n ,i ,n ,m ,a ,n ,h ,p ,e ,s ,s ,a ,y1 ,s ,u ,r1 ,d ,a ,e ,m ,o ,n ,i ,o ,m ,a ,n ,i ,e ,the reader will understand that if ,i mention these experiments1 it is not because the answers are interesting in themselves1 but because the precautions taken seemed sufficient to prevent the medium from gaining any knowledge of the movements of the operator at the alphabet4444 ,i add a few more replies2 but the number and intrinsic significance of these replies is a matter of but little importance4 ,f ,e ,s ,t ,i ,n ,a ,l ,e ,n ,t ,e ,l ,o ,f ,a ,m ,d ,t ,m ,r ,e ,i ,i ,n ,a ,j ,u ,b ,r ,i ,n ,f ,a ,n ,d ,u ,m1 ,r ,e ,j ,i ,n ,a1 ,j ,u ,b ,e ,s ,r ,e ,n ,o ,v ,a ,r ,e ,d ,o ,l ,o ,r ,e ,m ,r ,e ,n ,o ,v ,a ,r ,e1 ,d ,o ,l ,o ,r ,e ,m ,the old spelling of the word ,rejina should be noticed4 7,proc4 ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 v4 pp4 #adb1 #adc47 ,in this case it will be observed that ,p4 alone was in possession of the knowledge1 without which all the efforts of those at the table could have produced only a meaningless sequence of letters4 ,in some other experiments of the series the procedure was more complicated4 ,m4 ,richet1 standing apart from both tables1 asked a question1 the answer to which was given by the percipients with a certain approximation to correctness4 ,the results1 though less striking than those already quoted1 are yet such as to suggest that they were not due to chance4#ee ,production of ,local ,ansthesia4 ,we now pass to experiments of another kind1 resembling those last quoted1 inasmuch as the effects were produced without the consciousness of the percipient1 but differing in the important particular that no deliberate and conscious effort on his part could have enabled him to produce them4 ,in experiments carried on with various subjects at intervals through the years #ahhc-hg1 at some of which the present writer assisted1 ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney had shown that it was possible by means of the unexpressed will of the agent to produce local ansthesia in certain persons4 7,s4,p4,r41 vol4 i4 pp4 #beg-bfj2 ii4 #bja-bje2 iii4 #dec-dei2 v4 #ad-ag47 ,in these experiments the subject was placed at a table1 and his hands were passed through holes in a large brown paper screen1 so that they were completely concealed from his view4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith then held his hand at a distance of two or three inches from the finger indicated by ,mr4 ,gurney1 at the same time willing that it should become rigid and insensible4 ,on subsequently applying appropriate tests it was found1 as a rule1 that the finger selected had actually become rigid and was insensible to pain4 ,in the last series of #afj experiments ,mr4 ,gurney1 as well as ,mr4 ,smith1 held his hand over a particular finger4 ,in #abd cases the finger over which ,mr4 ,smith's hand had been held was alone affected2 in #af cases ,mr4 ,gurney and ,mr4 ,smith were both successful2 in #ac cases ,mr4 ,gurney was successful and ,mr4 ,smith failed4 ,in the remaining #g cases no effect at all was produced4 ,it is noteworthy that in a series of #da similar trials1 in which ,mr4 ,smith1 while holding his hand in the same position1 willed that no effect should be produced1 there was actually no effect in #cf cases2 in #d cases the finger over which his hand was held1 and in the remaining case another finger1 were affected4 ,the rigidity was tested by asking the subject1 at the end of the experiment1 to close his hands4 ,when he complied with the request the finger operated on--if the experiment had succeeded--would remain rigid4 ,the insensibility was proved by pricking1 burning1 or by a current from an induction coil4 ,in the majority of the successful trials the insensibility was shown to be proof against all assaults1 however severe4 ,in these earlier experiments it seemed essential to success that ,mr4 ,smith's hand should be in close proximity to that of the subject1 without any intervening barrier4 ,these conditions made it difficult to exclude the possibility of the subject learning by variations in temperature1 or by air currents1 which finger was actually being operated on2 though it is hard to conceive that the percipient could by any such means have discriminated between ,mr4 ,gurney's hand and ,mr4 ,smith's4 ,on the other hand1 even if this source of error was held to be excluded1 the interpretation of the results remained ambiguous4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,mr4 ,gurney himself was inclined to attribute the effects produced1 not to telepathy1 as ordinarily understood1 but to a specific vital effluence1 or1 as he phrased it1 a kind of nervous induction1 operating directly on the affected part of the percipient's organism4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #bed-bei47 ,with a view to test this hypothesis further experiments of the same kind were made by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick during the years #ahij and #ahib1 the subjects being ,p4 and ,miss ,b4 already mentioned4 ,the percipient was throughout in a normal condition4 ,as before1 he sat at a table with his hands passed through holes in a large screen1 which extended sufficiently far in all directions to prevent him from seeing either the operator or his own hands4 ,mr4 ,smith1 as before1 willed to produce the desired effect in the finger which had been intimated to him1 either by signs or writing1 by one of the experimenters4 ,passing over the trials1 very generally successful1 made under the same conditions as ,mr4 ,gurney's experiments--i4e41 with the agent's hand held at a short distance without any intervening screen from the finger selected--we will quote ,mrs4 ,sidgwick's account of the later series performed under varied conditions4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #egg-eif47 ,no4 #bh4--;,by ,,mrs4 ,h4 ,,sidgwick4 ,in the second division1 7b71 of our experiments come those in which a glass screen was placed over the subject's hands4 ,for the first four of these we used a framed window pane which happened to be handy4 ,then we obtained and used a sheet of #cb oz4 glass1 measuring #bb by #aj inches and #a_/f inch in thickness4 ,this was supported on two large books placed beyond the subject's hands on each side1 and in this position the upper surface of the glass was #b-a_/d inches above the surface of the table1 so that there was ample room for the hands to rest underneath without touching the glass4 ,mr4 ,smith held his hand in the usual position over the selected finger1 above the glass and not touching it4 ,under these conditions we tried #ba experiments with ,p41 of which #ah were successful1 and #f with ,miss ,b41 all successful4 ,in the case of the #c failures with ,p41 no effect was produced on any finger4 ,in one successful case1 the time taken was long1 and we interrupted the experiment by premature testing in the way explained above4 ,division 7c7 includes those experiments in which ,mr4 ,smith did not approximate his hand to that of the subject at all1 but merely looked at the selected finger from some place in the same room as the subject1 but out of his sight4 ,the distances between him and the subject varied from about #b-a_/b to about #ab feet4 ,under these conditions we tried #cg experiments with ,p41 #ah in #ahij1 of which #f were failures1 and #b only partially successful1 and #ai in #ahib1 of which #aj were failures4 ,the proportion of success was1 it thus appears1 much less than under the previously described conditions1 but still much beyond what chance would produce4 ,of the #f failures in #ahij1 one was a case in which ,mr4 ,smith made a mistake as to which finger we had selected1 but succeeded with the one he thought of4 ,in another case the left thumb instead of the right thumb became insensitive4 ,in the other #d cases no finger at all was affected4 ,of the #aj failures in #ahib1 no effect was produced in #d cases2 in another the right 7viz41 the little7 finger of the wrong hand became insensitive2#ef in #d cases an adjoining finger was affected--once only slightly--instead of that selected1 and in the remaining case a finger distant from the selected one was slightly affected4 ,six experiments were made with ,mr4 ,smith looking at the finger through the opera-glass at a distance of from #bb to #be feet2 in three cases the experiment succeeded1 in three another finger was affected instead of that selected4 ,fourteen experiments were made with a closed door intervening between percipient and agent2 #b only succeeded1 and in #h a wrong finger was affected1 no effect at all being produced in the remaining #d cases4 ,in a further series of #d trials ,mr4 ,smith held his hand near the percipient1 and willed to produce no effect4 ,the trials were successful4 ,in all these experiments ,p4 was the percipient4 ,the rigidity was tested1 as before1 by asking the subject to close his hands2 the ansthesia1 as a rule1 by touches or the induction coil4 ,tested by the latter means it was found1 as the current was gradually increased to the maximum1 that the insensibility was not always complete4 ,flexibility and sensation were usually restored1 for economy of time1 by means of upward passes2 but a few trials made later in the series served to show that the finger could be restored to its normal condition by a mere effort of will on the part of the agent4 ,in some cases when their attention was specially directed to their sensations the subjects were able to indicate beforehand the finger operated on1 by reason of the feeling of cold in it4 ,but as a rule they appeared to be unaware which finger was affected4 ,it is perhaps needless to point out that no conscious effort on their part could have produced the results described4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dc3 ,cases are recorded in the ,zoist and other publications of the period4 ,see the instances1 quoted in ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hi-ia1 of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,lawson ,sisson1 ,mr4 ,barth1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,dunscombe1 and ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,thompson4 ,traditions of the marvels wrought by the last-named gentleman still linger in ,yorkshire society1 and will no doubt demand the serious attention of future students of folk-lore4 ,footnote #dd3 ,bulletin de la ,soc4 de ,psychologie ,physiologique1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #de3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #acj-acc4 ,footnote #df3 ,see the account of his experiments on ,peculiarities of certain ,post-hypnotic ,states1 ,proc4 ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bfh-cbc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,l',automatisme ,psychologique4 ,footnote #dh3 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #f-bc4 ,footnote #di3 ,mr4 ,newnham explains that five or six questions were often asked consecutively without her being told of the subject that was being pursued4 ,footnote #ej3 ,previous questions had been asked on the same subject1 and the first syllable had already been correctly written4 ,on a subsequent occasion the same question was repeated and a wholly incorrect answer was given4 ,footnote #ea3 ,there were nine sittings in all1 but the records of one were imperfectly kept1 and have not been preserved4 ,in two cases the details given are insufficient2 in the notes of the first evening it is stated that the person seated at the table failed three or four times1 succeeded once in giving word of 7i4e41 selected from7 newspaper 7which agent7 held in his hand4 ,these trials have been omitted altogether from the results given in the text4 ,on the third evening there is a record1 gave ,s ,h but got wrong afterwards4 ,the word thought of was ,sherry4 ,i have counted this trial as two successes and two failures1 judging from the other experiments recorded that not more than four consecutive letters at most would have been attempted4 ,footnote #eb3 ,in this case it will be observed the table tilted only once for each letter4 ,the method adopted 7after trial of the alternative7 in my own experiments1 though slower and more cumbrous1 was apparently productive of more accurate results4 ,it will be readily understood that it might be easier for the transmitted impulse to check a movement1 at once uncertain and spasmodic1 which had been already initiated1 than to overcome1 in a short space of time1 the resistance of inertia and generate a new movement4 ,the distinction may perhaps be illustrated by the difference between the amount of force required to start a railway truck at rest on the level1 and that which would suffice to arrest one actually in gentle motion4 ,footnote #ec3 ,of course substitutions of this kind considerably reduce the value of the results obtained1 but it will be found that when full deduction has been made on this score1 the coincidences remain overwhelmingly in excess of anything which could have been produced by chance4 ,footnote #ed3 ,in some previous experiments a circular alphabet had been used1 with a view of preventing any of those seated at the first table from learning by the movements of the operator's hand what point of the alphabet he had reached4 ,the other precautions described seemed1 however1 as ,m4 ,richet points out1 sufficient to exclude all considerations of this kind4 ,footnote #ee3 ,rev4 ,phil41 ,dec4 #ahhd2 see also ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdg et seq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,it happened on another occasion under these conditions that the right little finger was slightly affected when the left little finger1 which had been selected1 was so in a more decided manner4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,experimental ,,production ,,of ,,telepathic ,,effects ,,at ,a ,,distance4 ,in the cases so far described1 where success has been attained1 the agent and percipient1 if not actually in the same room1 have been separated by a distance not exceeding at the most #be or #cj feet4 ,the analogy of the physical forces would1 of course1 have prepared us to find that the effect of telepathy diminishes in proportion to the distance through which it has to act4 ,and in fact we have but few records of successful experiments at a distance4 ,yet1 on the other hand1 we are confronted by a large body of evidence for the spontaneous affection of one mind by another1 and that at a distance frequently of hundreds of miles4 ,it is difficult to resist the conclusion1 in view of the close similarity1 in many cases1 of the effects produced1 that the force operating in these spontaneous phenomena is identical with1 or at least closely allied to1 that which causes the transfer of sensations or images from agent to percipient within the compass of a ,london drawing-room4 ,it is probable1 indeed1 that the non-experimental evidence1 for reasons already alluded to1 and discussed at length in the succeeding chapter1 should be generously discounted4 ,but it is not easy for an impartial inquirer to reject it altogether4 ,nor indeed is any such summary solution required by the results of experimental telepathy4 ,it is true that experiments at a distance have seldom succeeded1 and that we have no record of any long-continued series of such experiments at all comparable to those conducted1 e4g41 by ,mr4 ,guthrie or ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick at close quarters4 ,but it is also probably true that such experiments have been comparatively seldom attempted4 ,and if account be taken of the various drawbacks incident to experiments at a distance1 the amount of success already achieved1 though no doubt less in proportion to the number of serious and well-conceived attempts than is the case with experiments conducted under the more usual conditions1 is yet far from discouraging4 ,for trials at a distance are tedious2 they consume much time1 and call for long preparation and careful pre-arrangement4 ,the difficulties of securing the necessary freedom from disturbance are probably increased when agent and percipient are separated4 ,the interest in such experiments is difficult to maintain apart from the stimulus of a rapid succession of trials with an immediate record of the results4 ,lastly1 such experiments would generally be undertaken only after a series of trials at close quarters2 after1 that is1 some portion at least of the original stock of energy and enthusiasm has been exhausted4 ,and even when such considerations have no effect upon the experimenter1 it is likely1 as has been already pointed out1 that the novel conditions would of themselves affect unfavourably the imagination of the percipient1 and thus prejudice the results4 ,that1 notwithstanding these various drawbacks1 there have been several successful series of experiments at a distance is a matter of good augury for the future4 ,it is much to be desired that investigators should give attention to obtaining more results in this branch of the inquiry4 ,for independently of the fact that results of the kind form an indispensable link between instances of thought-transference at close quarters and the more striking spontaneous cases at a distance1 it is important to observe that in experiments of the kind described in the present chapter the gravest objection which is at present urged1 and may fairly continue to be urged1 against most experiments at close quarters--viz41 the risk of unconscious apprehension through normal channels--is no longer applicable4 ,moreover1 the results can only be attributed to fraud on the extreme assumption that both parties to the experiment are implicated in deliberate and systematic collusion4 ,induction of ,sleep at a distance4 ,some of the most striking experimental cases1 which are concerned with the production of hallucinations1 are reserved for later discussion4 7,see ,chapter ,x47 ,but perhaps the most valuable body of testimony for the agency of thought-transference at a distance is to be found in the experiments recorded by ,french observers in the induction of sleep4 ,it is not a little remarkable that this1 one of its rarest and most striking manifestations1 should have been among the first and1 until recently1 almost the only form of telepathy which attracted attention amongst ,french investigators4 ,moreover1 of late years at any rate1 this particular form of experiment has rarely succeeded except in ,france1 and with hypnotic subjects4 ,but as the number of physicians who practise hypnotism increases in other countries1 we may no doubt hope to see the observations already made confirmed and enlarged4 ,the analogy of the experiments in the induction of ansthesia by thought-transference1 recorded in the last chapter1 would perhaps have prepared us to accept the induction of sleep as a not improbable effect of telepathy4 ,but we are not without more direct testimony4 ,the opening sentences of ,professor ,janet's account of the experiment with ,madame ,b4 show us that1 in this case at all events1 the conscious will of the operator was necessary to produce the hypnotic trance1 even at close quarters4 ,when1 therefore1 we find that the same cause1 operating at a distance1 is constantly followed by a like effect1 there can be no reasonable ground for refusing to recognise the operator's will as in this case also the cause of the sleep2 unless1 indeed1 we are prepared to attribute all the results to chance4 ,no4 #bi4--;,experiments by ,,mm4 ,,gibert and ,,janet4 ,in the autumn of #ahhe ,professor ,pierre ,janet of ,havre witnessed some trials made by ,dr4 ,gibert of the same town on ,madame ,b41 a patient of his own4 ,madame ,b41 whose fame has now reached beyond her native land1 is described by ,professor ,janet as an honest peasant woman1 in good health1 with no indications of hysteria4 ,she has been hypnotised since childhood by various persons1 and is occasionally liable to spontaneous attacks of somnambulism4 ,one of the most remarkable features presented by ,madame ,b4's induced trances is that she can be awakened by the person who hypnotised her and by no one else2 and that his hand alone can produce partial or general contractures1 and subsequently restore her limbs to their normal condition4 ,one day1 to quote ,professor ,janet 7,note sur quelques ,phnomnes de ,somnambulisme1 ,revue ,philosophique1 ,feb4 #ahhf71 ,m4 ,gibert was holding ,madame ,b4's hand to hypnotise her 7pour l'endormir71 but he was visibly preoccupied and thinking of other matters1 and the trance did not supervene4 ,this experiment1 repeated by me in various forms1 proved to us that in order to entrance ,madame ,b4 it was necessary to concentrate one's thought intensely on the suggestion to sleep which was given to her1 and the more the operator's thought wandered the more difficult it became to induce the trance4 ,this influence of the operator's thought1 however extraordinary it may seem1 predominates in this case to such an extent that it replaces all other causes4 ,if one presses ,madame ,b4's hand without the thought of hypnotising her1 the trance is not induced2 but1 on the other hand1 one can succeed in sending her to sleep by thinking of it without pressing her hand4 ,of course in experiments of this kind no precautions could exclude the chance that some suggestion of what was expected might reach the percipient's mind through the gestures1 the attitude1 or even the silence of the experimenter4 ,but1 acting on the clue thus given1 ,,mm4 ,gibert and ,janet succeeded in impressing mentally on ,madame ,b4 commands which were punctually executed on the following day4 ,during the same period ,dr4 ,gibert made three attempts1 all of which met with partial success1 in inducing the hypnotic trance by mental suggestion given at a distance4 ,subsequently1 during ,february and ,march #ahhf1 and again during ,april and ,may of the same year1 these trials were repeated with striking results4 ,during one of the trials which took place in ,april ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers and ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,myers were present1 and from their contemporary record the following account is taken4 ,throughout these trials1 it should be stated1 ,madame ,b4 was in the ,pavillon1 a house occupied by ,dr4 ,gibert's sister1 and distant about two-thirds of a mile from ,dr4 ,gibert's own house4 ,the distance intervening between agent and percipient in this series of experiments was in no case less than a quarter of a mile or more than one mile4 ,in the first trial described by ,mr4 ,myers 7#ah in the subjoined table7 ,madame ,b4 actually went to sleep about twenty minutes after the effort at willing had been made2 but as some of the party had in the interval entered the house where she was and found her awake1 it seems possible that their coming had suggested the idea of sleep4 ,in the second case 7,no4 #ai7 an attempt to will ,madame ,b4 to leave her bed at #aa4ce ,p4,m4 and come to ,dr4 ,gibert's house had failed--the only result1 possibly due to other causes1 being an unusually prolonged sleep and a headache on waking4 ,subsequently1 to quote ,mr4 ,myers' account1 7#bj7 ,on the morning of the #bbnd we again selected by lot an hour 7#aa ,a4,m47 at which ,m4 ,gibert should will1 from his dispensary 7which is close to his house71 that ,madame ,b4 should go to sleep in the ,pavillon4 ,it was agreed that a rather longer time should be allowed for the process to take effect2 as it had been observed 7see ,m4 ,janet's previous communication7 that she sometimes struggled against the influence1 and averted the effect for a time by putting her hands in cold water1 etc4 ,at #aa4be we entered the ,pavillon quietly1 and almost at once she descended from her room to the salon1 profoundly asleep4 ,here1 however1 suggestion might again have been at work4 ,we did not1 of course1 mention ,m4 ,gibert's attempt of the previous night4 ,but she told us in her sleep that she had been very ill in the night1 and repeatedly exclaimed3 ',pourquoi ,m4 ,gibert m'a-t-il fait souffrir8 ,mais j'ai lav les mains continuellement4' ,this is what she does when she wishes to avoid being influenced4 7#ba7 ,in the evening 7#bbnd7 we all dined at ,m4 ,gibert's1 and in the evening ,m4 ,gibert made another attempt to put her to sleep at a distance from his house in the ,rue ,sry1--she being at the ,pavillon1 ,rue de la ,ferme1--and to bring her to his house by an effort of will4 ,at #h4ee he retired to his study2 and ,,mm4 ,ochorowicz1 ,marillier1 ,janet1 and ,a4 ,t4 ,myers went to the ,pavillon1 and waited outside in the street1 out of sight of the house4 ,at #i4bb ,dr4 ,myers observed ,madame ,b4 coming half-way out of the garden-gate1 and again retreating4 ,those who saw her more closely observed that she was plainly in the somnambulic state1 and was wandering about and muttering4 ,at #i4be she came out 7with eyes persistently closed1 so far as could be seen71 walked quickly past ,,mm4 ,janet and ,marillier without noticing them1 and made for ,m4 ,gibert's house1 though not by the usual or shortest route4 7,it appeared afterwards that the bonne had seen her go into the salon at #h4de1 and issue thence asleep at #i4ae3 had not looked in between those times47 ,she avoided lamp-posts1 vehicles1 etc41 but crossed and recrossed the street repeatedly4 ,no one went in front of her or spoke to her4 ,after eight or ten minutes she grew much more uncertain in gait1 and paused as though she would fall4 ,dr4 ,myers noted the moment in the ,rue ,faure2 it was #i4ce4 ,at about #i4dj she grew bolder1 and at #i4de reached the street in front of ,m4 ,gibert's house4 ,there she met him1 but did not notice him1 and walked into his house1 where she rushed hurriedly from room to room on the ground-floor4 ,m4 ,gibert had to take her hand before she recognised him4 ,she then grew calm4 ,m4 ,gibert said that from #h4ee to #i4bj he thought intently about her2 from #i4bj to #i4ce he thought more feebly2 at #i4ce he gave the experiment up1 and began to play billiards2 but in a few minutes began to will her again4 ,it appeared that his visit to the billiard-room had coincided with her hesitation and stumbling in the street4 ,but this coincidence may of course have been accidental4444 7#bb7 ,on the #bcrd1 ,m4 ,janet1 who had woke her up and left her awake1#eg lunched in our company1 and retired to his own house at #d4cj 7a time chosen by lot7 to try to put her to sleep from thence4 ,at #e4e we all entered the salon of the ,pavillon1 and found her asleep with shut eyes1 but sewing vigorously 7being in that stage in which movements once suggested are automatically continued74 ,passing into the talkative state1 she said to ,m4 ,janet1 ',c'est vous qui m'avez fait dormir quatre heures et demi4' ,the impression as to the hour may have been a suggestion received from ,m4 ,janet's mind4 ,we tried to make her believe that it was ,m4 ,gibert who had sent her to sleep1 but she maintained that she had felt that it was ,m4 ,janet4 7#bc7 ,on ,april #bdth the whole party chanced to meet at ,m4 ,janet's house at #c ,p4,m41 and he then1 at my suggestion1 entered his study to will that ,madame ,b4 should sleep4 ,we waited in his garden1 and at #c4bj proceeded together to the ,pavillon1 which ,i entered first at #c4cj1 and found ,madame ,b4 profoundly sleeping over her sewing1 having ceased to sew4 ,becoming talkative1 she said to ,m4 ,janet1 ',c'est vous qui m'avez command4' ,she said that she fell asleep at #c4e ,p4,m4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iv4 pp4 #acc-acf47 ,the subjoined table1 taken1 with a few verbal alterations1 from ,mr4 ,myers' article1 gives a complete list of the experiments in the induction of trance at a distance 7sommeil distance7 made by ,,mm4 ,janet and ,gibert up to the end of ,may #ahhf3-- ,no4 of ,date4 ,operator4 ,hour when ,remarks4 ,success or failure4 ,experi- given4 --------------- ments4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahhe4 #a ,october #c ,gibert #aa4cj ,a4,m4,she washes hands and wards off trance4 8 #b #i do4 #aa4dj ,a4,m4,found entranced #aa4de4 #a #c #ad do4 #d4ae ,p4,m4,found entranced #d4cj3 had been asleep about #ae minutes4 #a --------- #ahhf4 #d ,feb4 #bb ,janet 44 ,she washes hands and wards off trance4 8 #e #be do4 #e ,p4,m4 ,asleep at once4 #a #f #bf do4 44 ,mere discomfort observed4 #j #g ,march #a do4 44 do4 do4 #j #h #b do4 #c ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d3 has slept about an hour4 #a #i #d do4 44 ,will interrupted3 trance coincident but incomplete4 #a #aj #e do4 #e-e4aj ,p4,m4,found asleep a few minutes afterwards4 #a #aa #f ,gibert #h ,p4,m4 ,found asleep #h4c4 #a #ab #aj do4 44 ,success--no details4 #a #ac #ad ,janet #c ,p4,m4 ,success--no details4 #a #ad #af ,gibert #i ,p4,m4 ,brings her to his house3 she leaves her house a few minutes after #i4 #a --------- #ae ,april #ah ,janet 44 ,found asleep in #aj minutes4 #a #af #ai ,gibert #d ,p4,m4 ,found asleep #d4ae4 #a #ag #bj do4 #h ,p4,m4 ,made to come to his house4 #a #ah #ba do4 #e4ej ,p4,m4 ,asleep about #f4aj3 trance too tardy4 8 #ai #ba do4 #aa4ce ,p4,m4 ,attempt at trance during sleep4 #j #bj #bb do4 #aa ,a4,m4 ,asleep #aa4be3 trance too tardy4 8 #ba #bb do4 #i ,p4,m4 ,comes to his house3 leaves her house #i4ae4 #a #bb #bc ,janet #d4cj ,p4,m4 ,found asleep #e4e1 says she has slept since #d4cj4 #a #bc #bd do4 #c ,p4,m4 ,found asleep #c4cj1 says she has slept since #c4e4 #a #bd ,may #e do4 44 ,success--no details4 #a #be #f do4 44 ,success--no details4 #a --- #ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,we have then in #be trials #ah complete and #d partial or doubtful successes4 ,in two of the latter ,madame ,b4 was found washing her hands to ward off the trance1 and in two others the trance supervened only after an interval of twenty minutes or more1 and under circumstances which rendered it doubtful whether telepathy were the cause4 ,it is important to note that during these earlier visits of ,madame ,b4 to ,havre1 about two months in all1 she only once fell into ordinary sleep during the daytime1 and twice became spontaneously entranced2 and that she never left the house in the evenings except on the three occasions 7#ad1 #ag1 #ba71 on which she did so in apparent response to a mental suggestion4 ,there is little ground1 therefore1 for attributing the results above given to chance4 ,a further series of trials with the same percipient was conducted by ,professor ,janet during the autumn of #ahhf4 ,the results1 communicated by him to ,professor ,richet1 were published by the latter in the ,proceedings of the ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #dc-de4eh ,in order to facilitate comparison ,i have thrown these later results also into tabular form4 ,in the later trials it will be observed that there is a tolerably constant retardation of the effect4 ,the exact degree of the retardation it was not always possible to ascertain1 as it was not practicable to keep ,madame ,b4 continually under observation1 and to have let those at the ,pavillon into the secret1 and to have asked them to exercise special vigilance at the time of the experiments would have entailed the risk of vitiating the results4 ,moreover1 in order to avoid giving any suggestion by the hour of his arrival1 ,m4 ,janet made it a rule during a great part of this period to come to the house at the same hour--#d ,p4,m4 in most cases--for several days consecutively4 ,when an early hour1 therefore1 had been chosen for the experiments1 the exact degree of success could only be determined if ,madame ,b4's movements had chanced at the right time to come under the observation of those in the house4 ,during the period of the trials ,madame ,b4 fell asleep in the daytime spontaneously only four times4 ,no4 of ,experi- ,date4 ,hour when ,remarks4 ,success ments4 given4 or ,failure4 #ahhf4 #a #hth ,sept4 #c ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d ,p4,m4 ,m4 ,j4 entered unseen and without knocking 8 #b #ith ,sept4 #c ,p4,m4 ,madame ,b4 complained of headache ,f4 #c #aath ,sept4 #i 78 ,a4,m47 ,found at #aj1 trouble et tourdie ,f4 #d #adth ,sept4 #d ,p4,m4 ,m4 ,j4 enters at #d4ae4 ,madame ,b4 says she was asleep1 but wakened by ringing of door-bell 8 #ea #ahth ,sept4 #c4cj ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d ,p4,m42 states she was put to sleep at #c4cj ,s4 #fei #aith ,sept4 #c ,p4,m4 ,went to sleep at about #c4ae ,s4 #g #bcrd ,sept4 #b ,p4,m4 ,she was out walking ,f4 #h #bdth ,sept4 #c4ae ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d4 ,had been seen awake at #c4ae 8 #i #bfth ,sept4 #c ,p4,m4 ,walking in garden ,f4 #aj #bgth ,sept4 #h4cj ,p4,m4 ,commanded by ,m4 ,gibert to come to his house4 ,left the ,pavillon1 entranced1 at #i4e ,p4,m4 in the account in the ,revue de l',hypnotisme the latter hour is given at #i4ae ,s4 #aa #bith ,sept4 #c4ej ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d4e given in ,revue as #e4e ,s4 #ab #cjth ,sept4 #c4cj ,p4,m4 ,f4 #ac #ast ,oct4 #b4dj ,p4,m4 ,she was out walking ,f4 #ad #eth ,oct4 #d ,p4,m4 ,fell asleep suddenly at #d4e whilst talking with nurse in garden ,s4 #ae #fth ,oct4 #c ,p4,m4 ,f4 #af #ith ,oct4 #c4ae ,p4,m4 ,f4 #ag #ajth ,oct4 #c4bj ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d4e 8 #ah #abth ,oct4 #c ,p4,m4 ,f4 #ai #acth ,oct4 #e ,p4,m4 ,found asleep4 ,executed a mental command given at a distance--viz41 to rise at ,m4 ,j4's entrance ,s4 #bj #adth ,oct4 #b4cj ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #c4bj 8 #ba #afth ,oct4 #c ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #c4cj ,s4 #bb #bdth ,nov4 #b4cj ,p4,m4 ,f4 #bc #crd ,dec4 #d4aj ,p4,m4 ,f4 #bd #eth ,dec4 #d4aj ,p4,m4 ,f4 #be #fth ,dec4 #d4aj ,p4,m4 ,found awake1 washing her hands 8 #bf #gth ,dec4 #b4cj ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #c4e 8 #bg #ajth ,dec4 #d4bj ,p4,m4 ,she was out walking ,f4 #bh #aath ,dec4 #c4ae ,p4,m4 8 #bi #acth ,dec4 #d4e ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #d4be4 ,had been seen awake a few minutes after #d ,p4,m4 ,s4 #cj #adth ,dec4 #aa4cj ,a4,m4 ,f4 #ca #ahth ,dec4 ,f4 #cb #bast ,dec4 ,f4 #cc #bbnd ,dec4 ,f4 #cd #bcrd ,dec4 #c ,p4,m4 ,found asleep at #c4dj 8 #ce #beth ,dec4 #c4ae ,p4,m4 ,she was out walking4 ,bad headache came on at #c4bj4 ,returned hurriedly1 and at once fell asleep in the salon4 ,s4 ,throughout the series1 except in case #aj1 ,m4 ,janet was the operator4 ,it will be seen that in the #ce trials there were nine cases in which ,madame ,b4 was found asleep within half-an-hour of the attempt being made to entrance her4 ,in six other cases she was found asleep after a longer interval1 but there is nothing to indicate that the sleep did not actually supervene at the right time4 ,in one case she was found awake within fifteen minutes of the trial1 but stated that she had been awakened by the ringing of the bell which announced ,m4 ,janet's arrival4 ,in one other case she was found washing her hands to ward off the trance4 ,of the #ag failures ,madame ,b4 was out walking in four cases at the time of the trial1 a circumstance which no doubt diminished the chances of success4 ,in two cases headache or disturbance were produced2 of the remaining #aa trials no details are given1 and it is presumed that no unusual effect was observed1 and that there was no apparent cause for the failure4 ,of course1 experiments carried on under these conditions1 the trials being confined for the most part within a narrow range of hours1 and the subject liable to spontaneous trance1 offer some scope for chance coincidence4 ,but as ,madame ,b4 actually fell asleep spontaneously on only four occasions during the period over which the trials extended1 it will probably be considered that the number of coincidences1 imperfect as they were1 was considerably more than could plausibly be attributed to accident or self-suggestion4#fj ,in ,january #ahhg ,m4 ,richet made some experiments of the same kind on ,madame ,b4 ,of #i trials1 however1 two only could be described as completely successful1 and three more as doubtful4 ,a few further trials1 in ,december #ahhg and ,january #ahhh1 were even less successful4 ,m4 ,richet has attempted on several occasions to influence other subjects at a distance1 but no series of successful results was attained2 and isolated coincidences of the kind have1 of course1 little evidential value 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #dg-ea74fa ,no4 #cj4--;,experiments by ,,dr4 ,,dufay4 ,in a paper published in the ,revue ,philosophique of ,september #ahhh1 ,m4 ,dufay1 a physician formerly in practice at ,blois1 and now a ,senator of ,france1 records several instances in which he has himself succeeded in producing sleep at a distance4 ,in one case he hypnotised from his box in the theatre1 as he believes without her knowledge1 a young actress who had been a patient of his1 and caused her1 whilst in the state of lucid somnambulism1 to play a new and difficult part with more success than she would have been likely to achieve in the normal state4 ,in this particular case1 however1 it seems possible that the subject may have received some intimation of ,dr4 ,dufay's presence in the house1 and that the hypnotic state may have been due to expectation4 ,another case was that of ,madame ,c41 who had been for some time treated hypnotically by ,dr4 ,dufay for periodical attacks of sickness and headache4 ,so sensitive did this patient become to his suggestions that she would fall into the hypnotic sleep as soon as the bell rang to announce his coming1 and before he had actually entered the house4 ,the circumstances under which ,dr4 ,dufay first made a deliberate attempt to influence ,madame ,c4 at a distance were as follows3--,he was in attendance on a patient whom he was unable to leave1 when he was unexpectedly summoned by ,monsieur ,c4 to hypnotise ,madame ,c41 who was in the height of an attack4 ,he assured ,monsieur ,c4 that on his return home he would find ,madame ,c4 asleep and cured1 as proved actually to be the case4 ,however1 here also1 as ,dr4 ,dufay points out1 self-suggestion is a possible explanation4 ,the following case seems less open to suspicion on this ground3-- ,on another occasion1 ,dr4 ,dufay writes1 ,madame ,c4 was in perfect health1 but her name happening to be mentioned in my hearing1 the idea struck me that ,i would mentally order her to sleep1 without her wishing it this time1 and also without her suspecting it4 ,then1 an hour later1 ,i went to her house and asked the servant who opened the door whether an instrument1 which ,i had mislaid out of my case1 had been found in ,madame ,c4's room4 ',is not that the doctor's voice that ,i hear8' asked ,monsieur ,c4 from the top of the staircase2 'beg him to come up4 ,just imagine1' he said to me1 ',i was going to send for you4 ,nearly an hour ago my wife lost consciousness1 and her mother and ,i have not been able to bring her to her senses4 ,her mother1 who wished to take her into the country1 is distracted4444' ,i did not dare to confess myself guilty of this catastrophe1 but was betrayed by ,madame ,c41 who gave me her hand1 saying1 ',you did well to put me to sleep1 ,doctor1 because ,i was going to allow myself to be taken away1 and then ,i should not have been able to finish my embroidery4' ',you have another piece of embroidery in hand8' ',yes2 a mantle-border 444 for your birthday4 ,you must not look as though you knew about it1 when ,i am awake1 because ,i want to give you a surprise4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,i repeated the experiment many times with ,madame ,c41 and always with success1 which was a great help to me when unable to go to her at once when sent for4 ,i even completed the experiment by also waking her from a distance1 solely by an act of volition1 which formerly ,i should not have believed possible4 ,the agreement in time was so perfect that no doubt could be entertained4 ,to conclude1 ,i was about to take a holiday of six weeks1 and should thus be absent when one of the attacks was due4 ,so it was settled between ,monsieur ,c4 and myself that1 as soon as the headache began1 he should let me know by telegraph2 that ,i should then do from afar off what succeeded so well near at hand2 that after five or six hours ,i should endeavour to awaken the patient2 and that ,monsieur ,c4 should let me know by means of a second telegram whether the result had been satisfactory4 ,he had no doubt about it2 ,i was less certain4 ,madame ,c4 did not know that ,i was going away4 ,the sound of moanings one morning announced to ,monsieur ,c4 that the moment had come2 without entering his wife's room he ran to the telegraph office1 and ,i received his message at ten o'clock4 ,he returned home again at that same hour1 and found his wife asleep and not suffering any more4 ,at four o'clock ,i willed that she should wake1 and at eight o'clock in the evening ,i received a second telegram3 ',satisfactory result1 woke at four o'clock4 ,thanks4' ,and ,i was then in the neighbourhood of ,sully-sur-,loire1 #bh leagues--#aab kilometres--from ,blois4 ,similar experiments have been recorded by1 amongst others1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hricourt1#a a colleague of ,m4 ,richet in the editing of the ,revue ,scientifique1 ,dr4 ,dusart1#fb and ,dr4 ,dariex4#fc ,in the last case there were only five trials1 the experiments being then discontinued at the request of the patient4 ,the first three trials were completely successful1 the sleep supervening within1 at most1 a few minutes of the time chosen by the agent4 ,the following narrative resembles those cited above in its general features4 ,but in view of the nature of the effect produced--a painful hysterical attack--it is perhaps hardly a matter for regret that the case is without any exact parallel4 ,no4 #ca4--;,by ,,dr4 ,,tolosa-,,latour4 ,in this account1 taken from a letter written to ,m4 ,richet by ,dr4 ,tolosa-,latour on the #eth ,march #ahia 7,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 ,sept4-,oct4 #ahic71 ,dr4 ,latour explains that he had repeatedly hypnotised a lady who was seized in ,september #ahhf with hysterical paralysis1 and had ultimately succeeded in effecting by this means a complete cure4 ,prior to his treatment1 in #ahhe1 she had suffered for some time from daily hysterical attacks1 and when she came under ,dr4 ,latour she was still occasionally subject to them1 and found relief in the hypnotic sleep4 ,both symptoms had at the time which he writes almost completely disappeared4 ,i had made some very curious experiments1 but ,i had never thought about either action at a distance or clairvoyance4 ,it was while leaving ,paris and reading your ,m4 ,richet's pamphlet in the carriage that the idea occurred to me of sending ,mdlle4 ,r4 to sleep4 ,it was ,sunday1 ,october the #bfth1 the very day of my departure4 ,i remember the hour too2 it was just before reaching ,poitiers1 where some relations of my grandmother were expecting me4 ,i told my wife that ,i was going to try the experiment1 and begged her to say nothing about it to any one4 ,i began to fix my thoughts about six o'clock1 and during the journey from ,poitiers to ,mignie 7where we stayed several days7 ,i again and again thought of this question1 especially during the intervals of silence which always occur during a journey4 ,i wished to cause a violent hysteric attack1 as ,i knew that she had not been dangerously ill for a long time4 ,so on ,sunday1 ,october the #bfth1 from six till nine o'clock in the evening1 ,i fixed my thoughts intently on the experiment4 ,then1 on my return1 ,i asked my brother if ,mdlle4 ,r4 had called him in1 as she always did when she was ill4 ,among the patients' names ,i did not find hers4 ,it seemed almost certain that my experiment had failed4 ,a week afterwards ,i called on her1 and was agreeably surprised to learn that1 on the contrary1 it was a success1 as you will judge by her letter4 ,she does not fix the day1 but her sister and the nurse have told me that it was the second ,sunday after the festival of ,st4 ,theresa--that is to say1 after ,wednesday the #aeth2 the first ,sunday being the #aith1 the second is of course the #bfth4 ,this is the letter3-- ,from ,,mdlle4 ,r4 to ,m4 ,,tolosa-,,latour4 ,march #bcrd1 #ahia4 ,,my ,,excellent ,,friend ,,and ,,dear ,,doctor1--,i wanted to write to you yesterday to give you the particulars of the attack ,i had about the middle of last ,october1 but ,i was not able to do so till to-day4 ,as ,i told you1 it was about the middle of ,october2 ,i do not remember the date1 but ,i recollect very well that it was a festival day1 and at half-past six in the evening4 ,we had just been to see my sister and brother2 we had had luncheon with them4 ,i was perfectly well1 without any excitement2 it was five o'clock1 and ,i reached home all right1 but when ,i was sitting down1 in the act of eating1 ,i found myself unable to speak or open my eyes1 and1 at the same moment1 ,i had a very severe1 long1 and violent attack1 such as ,i do not remember to have had for a long time4 ,i was so ill that ,i thought of sending for ,raphael1#fd and my sister proposed it1 but ,i thought that ,i ought not to disturb him1 for1 knowing that you were away1 nobody could stop the convulsions and the excitement4 ,i suffered horribly1 for it was an attack in which ,i experienced1 so to say1 all my previous sufferings combined4 ,i was completely broken down1 but ,i have had no other attacks since1 not even a spasm4 ,no4 #cb4--;,by ,j4 ,h4 ,p4#fe ,the next case records the execution by the subject of a simple command to approach the operator1 as in some of ,m4 ,gibert's experiments already described1 and the partial execution of an order of a more complicated kind1 given from a distance of more than twenty-five miles3-- ,it is possible to give ,m4 a command in the waking state1 but she must be quiet at the moment when she receives it4 ,we had never made experiments of this kind until ,r4 one day proposed that we should try to make ,m4 come to the room where we were4 ,m4 was in a neighbouring house1 and could not know that we were actually in a kiosk at the end of the garden4 ,for three minutes ,i gave her the mental command to come4 ,i began to think that ,i had failed1 and continued energetically for three minutes more2 she did not come1 however4 ,we were just thinking that the experiment had failed when the door opened suddenly and ,m4 appeared4 ,well1 do you think ,i have nothing else to do6 ,why do you call me8 ,i have had to leave everything4 ,we wanted to say 'good morning' to you4 ,very well6 ,i am going away now4 ,she shook hands with us and went away quickly2 whereupon it occurred to me to make her stop just at the gate4 7,mental command7--,i forbid you to go out4 ,you cannot open the gate2 come back4 ,and back she came1 furious1 asking if we were laughing at her4 ,now1 to send this last command ,i had not moved at all from my place1 and ,m4 was completely invisible behind the garden wall2 moreover1 ,i was a long way from the window4 ,i told her that this time she could open it1 and let her go4 ,i will finish with another experiment of the same kind1 which only partly succeeded1 but which will serve to show the intensity of the mental transmission between ,m4 and me4 ,i went away1 one morning1 without thinking of ,m4 ,i had to be away all day1 #ch kilomtres from her4 ,at #b4cj it occurred to me to send her a mental command1 and ,i repeated it for ten minutes4 ,go at once to the dining-room2 you will take a book there that is on the mantelpiece2 you will take it up to my study1 and you will sit in my armchair before my writing-table4 ,i reached home at night4 ,the next day1 as soon as ,i saw ,m41 and even before saying good morning to me1 she cried3 ,i did a clever thing yesterday4 ,i must be losing my wits1 ,i suppose6 ,just imagine6 ,i came down without knowing why1 opened the dining-room door1 then went up to your study1 and sat in your armchair4 ,i moved your papers about1 then ,i went back to my work4 ,the command had then been understood2 but she did not go into the dining-room1 and she did not take the book from there4 ,j4 ,h4 ,p4 7,annales des ,sci4 ,psych41 ,may-,june #ahic47 ,transference of ,simple ,sensations4 ,we may now pass to experiments in the transference of simple impressions of the same kind as those dealt with in ,chapters ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 ,the following is a record of a series of trials in the transference of auditory impressions3 ,no4 #cc4--;,from ,,miss ,x4 ,miss ,x4 is a lady resident in ,london1 who is known personally to the present writer and other members of the ,s4,p4,r4 ,she has experienced all her life frequent interchange of telepathic impressions with some of her friends4 ,at the request of ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers1 ,miss ,x4 and a friend ,d41 also living in ,london1 throughout the year #ahhh1 with the exception of three months during which they were living in the same house1 kept diaries in which any incident or feeling which might seem to be telepathically connected with the other was recorded4 ,the ladies during a great part of the time saw each other constantly1 and compared notes of their experience4 ,in ,d4's diary for the year there are thirty-five entries of the kind1 of which twenty are believed to have been recorded before it was known whether or not there was any actual event to correspond with the impression4 ,of the twenty entries fourteen refer to hearing music played by ,miss ,x41 and two to reading books at1 as ,d4 believed1 her telepathic instigation4 ,the entries in ,d4's diary are given in italics4 ,the degree of correspondence with the entries in ,miss ,x4's diary is indicated in the words included between brackets4#ff 7#a7 ,jan4 #fth4 ,tried several books 444 finally took to ,villette4 7,from ,miss ,x4's diary it appears that she willed ,d4 to read ,the ,professor1 also by ,charlotte ,bront47 7#b7 ,jan4 #bcrd4 ,sonnets1 ,e4,b4,b4 #aj4cj ,p4,m4 7,in ,miss ,x4's diary1 written at about #aj ,p4,m41 appears the entry1 ,sonnets viii4-ix41 ,e4,b4,b47 7#c7 ,march #fth4 ,hellers1 #g4cj4 7i4e41 ,d4 had an impression of hearing ,miss ,x4 playing4 ,miss ,x4 states that she was actually playing ,hellers at the time1 but there is no note in her diary of the fact47 7#d7 ,march #gth4 ,beethoven waltzes1 #aj4 7,correct--recorded in ,x4's diary after seeing ,d4's entry47 7#e7 ,march #hth4 ,no practice4 7i4e41 ,x41 contrary to her custom1 was not playing at this hour3 correct47 7#f7 ,march #ith4 ,music #g4cj-h4 7,correct47 7#g7 ,march #ajth4 8,music #i4cj-aj ,a4,m4 7,correct4 ,miss ,x4 had told ,d4 that she would be out at that hour1 and had subsequently changed her plans1 so that the music was unexpected to ,d41 hence the note of interrogation47 7#h7 ,march #acth4 #g4dj4 ,music4 7,correct47 7#i7 ,march #adth4 #i4cj ,a4,m4 ,music4 ,evening of same day4 ,nothing but organs and bands1 popular airs and ,mikado4 8,flash of ,henselt #i 7,p4,m47 7#aj7 ,march #aeth4 #i-aj4 8,faint ,henselt4 7,miss ,x4 writes3--,i remember that when ,d4 showed me these entries ,i was specially interested4 ,i was practising at the time some music of ,henselt's she had never heard1 and was playing this on all five occasions4 ,d4 notes it on the first three vaguely as ',music1' something which she did not recognise4 ,on the #adth ,i played it over to her1 and afterwards she recognised it imperfectly4 ,i was practising it for her1 knowing she would like it1 so that she was much in my mind at the time47 ,the following entries were made whilst ,d4 and ,x4 were in different and distant counties3-- 7#aa7 ,august #aeth4 ,hellers1 #i4aj-be4 7,correct47 7#ab7 ,august #agth4 ,slumber ,song1 #g4ce-ej4 7,correct4 ,d4 wrote of her two experiences1 and ,x4 read the letter aloud to her hostess1 who remembered that ,x4 had actually played the music named above at the time referred to47 7#ac7 ,september #adth4 ,hall1 #i ,a4,m4 7,incorrect4 ,x4 was not playing47 7#ad7 ,november #ahth4 ,chopin ,dead ,march1 ,war ,march ,athalie1 #g4ae-h ,p4,m4 7#ae7 ,november #beth4 ,lieder1 #g4cj4 7#af7 ,november #bfth4 ,lied1 never gets finished4 #e4ae-bj4 7,miss ,x4 writes3--,on each of the above three occasions ,d4 asked me next day what ,i had played and found she was right4 ,my playing of the ,lied on ,november #bfth was interrupted by the arrival of visitors1 and the unfinished air naturally haunted me4 ,d4 writes3--,on the day in question ,h4 and ,i were together4 ,i said to her that ,i could hear you ,miss ,x4 playing--a ,lied we both associated with you--but that you never got beyond a certain part1 which seemed to be repeated4 ,h4 replied1 ',it is strange you should say that4 ,i can't hear her1 but ,i have been seeing her at the piano for some minutes4' ,h4 corroborates this47 ,it will thus be seen that in these #af cases there were only two instances 7#a and #ac7 in which ,d4's impression failed to correspond with the facts4 ,the remaining four entries 7out of #bj recorded beforehand7 relate to impressions which also appear to have corresponded with the event1 but the degree of correspondence is more difficult to estimate4 ,in ,miss ,x4's own diary there are #ee entries during this period1 of which #bg were made before the event was known4 ,of these #c are failures1 and in two other cases it is doubtful whether the impression was actually telepathic1 or whether the coincidence should not be attributed to accident4 ,in the other #bb cases of correspondence1 presumably telepathic1 ,miss ,x4 was sometimes the agent1 sometimes the percipient4 ,the impressions relate to events of various kinds1 such as meeting particular persons1 receiving letters1 and playing music4 ,of the veridical impressions four were visual and one was a dream4#fg ,no4 #cd4--;,from ,m4 ,j4 ,,ch4 ,,roux4 ,the following record is taken from a paper by ,m4 ,jean ,charles ,roux1 medical student1 published in the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #bjb1 #bjc74 ,these experiments in thought-transference at a distance were preceded by a series of fairly successful trials with playing-cards at close quarters1 and by some other experiments designed to test clairvoyance4 ,third ,series3 ,experiments at a distance4 ,lemaire is in his room1 ,i in mine1 with two rooms intervening4 ,at an hour previously fixed on1 ,i suggest a card to him4 ,date4 ,card thought of4 ,card guessed4 7#a7 ,mar4 #ae1 #ahib #d hearts red1 hearts2 low number1 five 7#b7 #ah1 #aj hearts #c diamonds 7#c7 #bg1 #f spades #f clubs 7#d7 ,kg4 diamonds ,knave diamonds 7#e7 ace diamonds #e clubs 7,agent had failed to concentrate his attention47 7#f7 ,queen spades ,king spades 7#g7 #d clubs #f clubs 7#h7 ,apr4 #f1 #c clubs #e clubs 7#i7 #b spades #b spades ,fourth ,series4 ,the account of the following six trials at a distance in space and time1 which are imperfectly recorded in the ,annales1 is taken from a letter received from ,m4 ,roux1 dated the #aith ,december #ahic3-- 7#aj7 ,paris1 #bnd ,april4--,lemaire having gone out ,i drew a card from the pack1 the #i ,hearts1 and tried to transfer it to him4 ,then ,i wrote a note to the following effect3 ,guess the card that ,i am thinking of as ,i write these words1 and left it on the table4 ,a few minutes after ,lemaire entered and guessed the #g ,hearts4 7#aa7 #crd ,april4--,lemaire was out4 ,i drew a card from the pack1 the ace ,hearts1 and tried to transfer it to him4 ,as on the previous day1 ,i left a note on the table and went out immediately4 ,when ,i came back at midnight ,i found a line from ,lemaire saying he had guessed the ace ,hearts4 ,the four other experiments took place in a country town1 at ,chateauroux4 ,we lived about #ejj or #fjj yards apart4 7#ab7 #acth ,april4--,in the morning ,i saw ,lemaire and said to him1 ,at #b o'clock you must guess a card that ,i shall suggest to you4 ,i went home1 and at a quarter to twelve ,i drew from the pack the #e ,hearts4 ,i saw ,lemaire again in the evening4 ,he had guessed the #f ,hearts4 ,he was walking in the street with a friend4 ,at about two minutes to #b ,p4,m4 he looked at his watch1 remembered the experiment1 and immediately the idea of ,hearts came to him4 ,a few minutes later1 when alone1 he tried to guess the exact card1 and decided on the #f ,hearts4 7#ac7 #acth ,april4--,i said to ,lemaire that on the #adth ,april1 at #i ,a4,m41 he was to guess a card4 ,after going home on the #acth ,april1 at #aj ,p4,m4 ,i drew a card from the pack--#d ,clubs4 ,next day1 at #i ,a4,m41 ,lemaire guessed #b ,clubs4 7#ad7 ,july #agth4--,lemaire was to guess a card at #i o'clock4 ,at #aj minutes to #i1 from my house1 ,i tried to transfer the #d ,spades4 7,i have forgotten to make a note of whether ,i merely thought of this card or whether ,i drew it from a pack47 ,at #i o'clock ,lemaire guessed #e ,spades4 7#ae7 #cjth ,july4--,this experiment is more complicated but none the less interesting4 ,on the #cjth ,july1 at #aa ,a4,m41 ,lemaire was to guess a card which ,i had tried to suggest to him on the #bfth ,july4 ,this card was the ,knave ,diamonds4 ,but he forgot to do it1 and did not remember to guess the card till #g ,p4,m4 on the #cjth ,july4 ,now on this same day1 the #cjth ,july1 from #f to #f4cj ,p4,m4 ,i was myself engaged in guessing a card by clairvoyance1 and after many attempts ,i decided on #g or #h ,clubs1 and ,lemaire1 guessing the card at #g ,p4,m41 also decided upon #g ,clubs4 ,so that ,i had suggested the card to him unconsciously4 ,thus1 omitting the last trial as of doubtful interpretation1 we find that in #ad trials the card was guessed correctly twice1 the number alone once1 and the suit alone nine times1 or three times the probable number4 ,transference of ,visual ,impressions4 ,in the four cases which follow the impression was of a well-marked visual character2 reaching1 indeed1 in the two last to the level of actual hallucination4 ,it should be observed that in none of these four cases is the possibility of chance coincidence so entirely precluded as in many of the experiments at close quarters already cited4 ,in the first of the cases recorded by ,dr4 ,gibotteau 7,no4 #dj71 and in some of ,mr4 ,kirk's experiments 7,no4 #cg71 the luminous patches seen by the percipients are not unlike rudimentary hallucinations of a sufficiently common type1 and their resemblance in these instances to the objects actually looked at or thought of by the agents should not therefore be pressed very far4 ,in the other cases1 however1 the percipient received a well-marked impression of a definite object4 ,but here there is a flaw of another kind4 ,the coincidences may have been due1 as indeed ,miss ,campbell 7,no4 #ce7 is careful to suggest1 to a lucky shot on the part of the percipient at the object the agent would be likely to choose4 ,the very distinct nature of the impression produced in each case upon the percipient1 as contrasted with the vague images called up1 e4g4 in ,miss ,campbell's case1 by more or less conscious conjecture1 is1 however1 against this interpretation2 and the fact that in the first narrative the experiments quoted were the culmination of a successful series of experiments at close quarters tells in favour of a telepathic explanation for these also4 ,no4 #ce4--;,by ,,miss ,,campbell and ,,miss ,,despard4 ,a series of experiments in thought-transference at close quarters had been carried on by the narrators at intervals from ,november #ahia to ,october #ahib4 ,in sending the account of these experiments at a distance1 ,miss ,campbell explains that in the trial on ,october #beth1 there was first an auditory impression1 as if some one had said the word 'gloves1' and then the gloves themselves were visualised4 7,no4 #a47 ,june #bbnd1 #ahib4 ,arranged that ,r4 ,c4 ,despard should1 when at the ,school of ,medicine in ,handel ,street1 ,w4,c41 between #aa4ej and #aa4ee1 fix her attention upon some object which ,c4 ,m4 ,campbell1 at #gg ,chesterton ,road1 ,w41 is by thought-transference to discover4 ,,percipient',s ,,account4 ,owing to an unexpected delay1 instead of being quietly at home at #aa4ej ,a4,m41 ,i was waiting for my train at ,baker ,street1 and as just at that time trains were moving away from both platforms1 and there was the usual bustle going on1 ,i thought it hopeless to try on my part2 but just while ,i was thinking this ,i felt a sort of mental pull-up1 which made me feel sure that ,miss ,despard was fixing her attention1 and directly after ,i felt 'my--compasses--no1 scalpel1' seemed to see a flash of light as if on bright steel1 and ,i thought of two scalpels1 first with their points together1 and then folding together into one2 just then my train came up4 ,i write this down before having seen ,miss ,despard1 so am still in ignorance whether ,i am correct in my surmise1 but as ,i know what ,miss ,despard would probably be doing at ten minutes to twelve1 ,i feel that that knowledge may have suggested the thought to me--though this idea did not occur to me until just this minute1 as ,i have written it down4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,campbell4 #gg ,chesterton ,road1 ,w4 ,,agent',s ,,account4 ,at ten minutes to twelve ,i concentrated my mind on an object that happened to be in front of me at the time--two scalpels1 crossed with their points together--but in about five minutes1 as it occurred to me that the knowledge that ,i was then at the ,school of ,medicine might suggest a similar idea to ,miss ,campbell1 ,i tried to bring up a country scene1 of a brook running through a field1 with a patch of yellow marsh marigolds in the foreground4 ,this second idea made no impression on ,miss ,campbell--perhaps owing to the bustle around her at the time4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,despard4 7,no4 #b47 ,october #beth1 #ahib4 ,at #c4cj ,p4,m4 ,r4 ,c4 ,despard is to fix her attention on some object1 and ,c4 ,m4 ,campbell1 being in a different part of ,london1 is by thought-transference to find out what that object is4 ,,percipient',s ,,account4 ,at #c4cj ,i was at home at #gg ,chesterton ,road1 ,north ,kensington1 alone in the room4 ,first my attention seemed to flit from one object to another while nothing definite stood out1 but soon ,i saw a pair of gloves1 which became more distinct till they appeared as a pair of baggy tan-coloured kid gloves1 certainly a size larger than worn by either ,r4 ,c4 ,d4 or myself1 and not quite like any of ours in colour4 ,after this ,i saw a train going out of a station 7,i had just returned from seeing some one off at ,victoria71 almost immediately obliterated by a picture of a bridge over a small river1 but ,i felt that ,i was consciously thinking and left off the experiment1 being unable to clear my mind sufficiently of outside things4 ,,agent',s ,,account4 ,at #c4cj on ,october #beth ,i was at #cj ,handel ,street1 ,brunswick ,square1 ,w4,c4 ,c4 ,m4 ,c4 and myself had arranged beforehand to make an experiment in thought-transference at that hour1 ,i to try to transfer some object to her mind1 the nature of which was entirely unspecified4 ,i picked up a pair of rather old tan-coloured gloves--purposely not taking a pair of my own--and tried for about five minutes to concentrate my attention on them and the wish to transfer an impression of them to ,c4 ,m4 ,c4's mind4 ,after this ,i fixed my attention on a window1 but felt my mind getting tired and therefore rather disturbed by the constant sound of omnibuses and waggons passing the open window4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,despard4 ,october #beth1 #ahib4 ,miss ,campbell writes later3-- #gg ,,chesterton ,,road1 ,,north ,,kensington1 ,w41 ,november #bdth1 #ahib4 ,with regard to the distant experiments1 the notes sent to you were the only ones made4 ,in the first experiment 7scalpels7 ,i wrote my account before ,miss ,despard's return1 and when ,miss ,despard returned1 before seeing what ,i had written she told me what she had thought of1 and almost directly wrote it down4 ,in the second experiment 7gloves71 ,i was just going to write my account when ,miss ,despard returned home1 and she asked me at once1 ',well1 what did ,i think of8' and ,i told her a pair of tan gloves--then sat down and wrote my account1 and1 when she read it through1 she said1 ',yes1 you have exactly described ,miss ,m4's gloves1 which ,i was holding while ,i fixed my attention on them1' and then she wrote her account4 ,the next account is taken from the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aad-aaf4 ,m4 ,hennique1 the agent1 had acted as agent in four experiments at a distance with another percipient in the previous year 7,annales1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bfb-bfe74 ,in the first the percipient saw vague lights1 and finally a vase of flowers 7very clear72 the agent was looking at a lamp covered by a transparent shade1 with a vase of flowers painted on it4 ,in the second the percipient again saw vague lights1 and then a luminous sphere2 the agent was looking at the lamp globe placed on the table in full light4 ,in the third1 the percipient only saw brilliant lights1 like stars or jewels2 the agent was looking at the word ,dieu1 in big letters4 ,in the fourth the percipient1 to his astonishment1 saw nothing2 the agent had willed him to see nothing4 ,in each case the percipient's impression was recorded in writing before any communication was received from the agent4 ,in the present case1 it will be seen1 the percipient received1 not the impression which the agent wished to transfer1 but the image of another object within the agent's field of vision1 and which had entered his thoughts in connection with this very experiment4 ,no4 #cf4--;,from ,m4 ,,leon ,,hennique and ,m4 ,d4 ,on ,friday1 the #hth of ,july last1 my friend ,hennique and ,i made a further experiment in telepathy4 ,hennique was away from ,paris1 and separated from me by a distance of #aga kilomtres4 ,at midnight ,i wrote to ,hennique the following letter3-- ',,paris1 ,july #hth1 #ahib1 midnight4 ',,my ,,dear ,,hennique1--,a friend came unexpectedly to dinner4 ,at #aj4cj1 looking through the open window at the blue sky under the full moon1 ,i thought all of a sudden of the experiment planned by us1 of the telepathic meeting that we had fixed for eleven o'clock this evening1 and my brain received at the same time the impression of a puppet4 ,it seemed to me that you were trying to show me a little cardboard man fitted with strings to make his arms and legs move4 ',reminded by this impression of my telepathic duty1 ,i said good-night to my friend1 and at eleven o'clock ,i waited1 with my eyes closed1 in the darkness of the dining-room4 ,nothing happened till twelve or fifteen minutes past eleven1 when there appeared to me for an instant a small black silhouette1 a ,chinese shadow1 as if you had cut out a little black figure and placed it in front of a light2 for the round part1 which seemed to be its head1 was surrounded by a bluish halo4 ,it was mostly this little black sphere--which ,i thought was a head--that ,i saw2 the body ,i rather deduced than saw4 ',d4' ,m4 ,hennique replied to me as follows3-- ',,ribemont 7,,aisn71 ,sunday1 #ajth ,july #ahib4 ',,my ,,dear ,,friend1--,it was a bottle full of water1 surmounted by its cut-glass stopper1 a large stopper1 very bright1 that served for our experiment4 ,but the most curious part of the affair is that about four inches from the bottle there was actually hanging on the wall a nigger-doll1 of the kind which you describe1 belonging to my daughter4 ,was it reflected on the crystal8 ,a mystery6 ,for one second1 but scarcely for a second1 ,i had intended to telepathise the jumping-jack to you before choosing the water-bottle4 ,it is certainly very odd6 ',,leon ,,hennique4' ,m4 ,hennique added to this letter a water-colour drawing of the above-mentioned 'nigger-doll4' ,the head is a black circle1 in which only the lips are red2 the arms and legs are black2 the chest is white1 crossed with red2 arms1 thighs1 and legs are jointed1 and can be worked by a string4 ,i wrote to my friend to ask him if1 at #aj4cj--that is to say1 at the moment when ,i had conceived of a jumping-jack1 he had not1 on his part1 thought at the same moment1 of the same object4 ,he answered me3-- ',,ribemont1 #adth ,july #ahib4 ',no2 at #aj4cj ,i was not thinking in the least of the jumping-jack2 but1 if ,i remember rightly1 once or twice last year ,i wished to make use of it4 ,it was only at the moment of choosing a simple object for the experiment that for an instant the idea of that little man came into my head2 it was1 you see1 before beginning our experiment4 ,this puppet was not four inches1 but only two inches away from the water-bottle4 ,there is something very curious in it1 a physical or psychical effect1 which ,i can't account for4 ,the more so that this doll1 in cardboard mounted on strings1 is always fixed to the wall1 above the table from which ,i am sending you my good wishes4 ,it must have been about #i o'clock1 while tidying the before-mentioned table1 that ,i had the idea of transmitting to you the image of the jumping-jack4 ',,leon ,,hennique4' ,no4 #cg4--;,by ,,mr4 ,,joseph ,,kirk and ,,miss ,g4 ,during the year #ahij and onwards1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,kirk1 of #b ,ripon ,villas1 ,plumstead1 has carried on with a friend1 ,miss ,g41 a series of experiments in thought-transference at a distance varying from #djj yards to about #bjj miles4 ,some account of these experiments will be found in the ,journal of the ,s4,p4,r4 for ,february and ,july #ahia and ,january #ahib4 ,there are #bbfh trials in the transference of diagrams1 etc41 there recorded4 ,the object looked at by ,mr4 ,kirk was generally a square or oblong card1 or a white disc with or without a picture1 diagram1 or letter on it4 ,the object was always illuminated by a strong light4 ,notes of the experiments were in every case made independently in writing by agent and percipient4 ,in each case1 with the exception of two occasions 7on which ,mr4 ,kirk's notes record his anticipation of failure71 the percipient saw luminous appearances1 often taking the form of round or square patches of light1 in correspondence with the shape of the surface looked at by the agent4 ,when ,miss ,g4 was at ,pembroke or ,ilfracombe 7,mr4 ,kirk remaining at ,plumstead7 the correspondence did not go beyond this2 but in two or three cases1 when ,miss ,g4 was also at ,plumstead1 at a distance of only #djj yards1 the percipient appears to have seen some details of the diagram on the card1 and in one instance a fairly accurate reproduction of the diagram was given4 ,mr4 ,kirk on this occasion1 #eth ,june #ahia1 was trying to impress three percipients--of whom ,miss ,g4 was one--and used three diagrams1 viz41 a ,maltese cross1 a white oval plate with the figure #c on it1 and a full-sized drawing of a man's hand in black on white4 ,miss ,g4's report is as follows3-- #e_/f_/ia4 ,sat last night from #aa4ae to #aa4de4 ,after a few minutes wavy clouds appeared these are drawn as a group of roundish objects1 followed by a pale bluish light very bright in centre4 ,this is drawn of an indefinite oval shape with roundish white spot in centre4 ,near the end of experiment saw a larger luminous form1 lasting only a moment but reappearing three or four times2 it had lines or spikes about half an inch wide darting from it in varied positions4 ,appended are reproductions of ,miss ,g4's original drawings of her impression1 which bear1 it will be seen1 a marked likeness to a man's hand4 ,illustration ,it should be added that ,miss ,g4 has not had any hallucinations of the kind except at times when ,mr4 ,kirk was experimenting2 and the amount of correspondence between her visions and the images which ,mr4 ,kirk endeavoured to transfer would certainly seem beyond what chance could produce4 ,no4 #ch4--;,by ,,mr4 ,,kirk and ,,miss ,g4 ,a further series of seven trials with the same percipient in ,april-,june #ahib produced some interesting results4 ,full notes of the experiments were1 as in the previous cases1 made by ,mr4 ,kirk and ,miss ,g4 independently4 ,mr4 ,kirk wrote his notes immediately after the conclusion of the experiments1 which were made late in the evening1 at a time previously agreed upon4 ,miss ,g41 who was in the dark1 and as a rule in bed1 wrote her notes on the following morning before hearing from ,mr4 ,kirk4 ,no diagrams were used in this series1 the object being1 in ,mr4 ,kirk's words1 to test the possibility of influencing the imagination1 and inducing the percipient to visualise hallucinatory figures of persons or animals thought of by the agent4 ,miss ,g4 knew only that diagrams would not be used4 ,the distance between agent and percipient was about #djj yards4 ,in the first three trials 7,april #ajth1 #agth1 and #bdth1 #ahib7 ,mr4 ,kirk pictured to himself some ducks in a room1 a witch1 and other figures4 ,on the #agth ,miss ,g4 saw at one time a small sunlike light1 but with this exception she had no impression at all on any of the three occasions4 ,at the fourth trial 7#ast ,may7 ,miss ,g4 records the same night that she saw a broken circle ,illustration1 then only patches of faint light1 not cloudlike1 but flat1 which alternated with vertical streaks of pale light4 ,afterwards1 however1 she had another vision1 which she thus records on the following morning before meeting ,mr4 ,kirk3-- ,soon after lying down last night1 ,i had a rapid but most realistic glimpse of ,mr4 ,kirk leaning against his dining-room mantelpiece2 the room seemed brightly lighted1 and he looked rather bothered1 and just as ,i saw him he appeared to say1 ',doctor1#fi ,i haven't got my pipe4' ,this seems very absurd1 the more so as ,i do not know whether ,mr4 ,kirk ever smokes a pipe4 ,i see him occasionally with a cigar or cigarette1 but cannot remember ever seeing him with a pipe2 if ,i have1 it must have been years ago4 ,i do not know whether my eyes were open or closed1 but the vividness of the impression quite startled me4 ,this occurred just after the expiration of time appointed for experiment 7#aj4de-aa4ae74 ,mr4 ,kirk reports in his account of the trial1 written on the #ast ,may1 that he tried to transfer an image of himself1 sitting on a low chair1 and also the part of the room facing him in the light of the lamp4 ,but after seeing ,miss ,g4's report1 he adds-- ,the fact that ,i had another experiment to make i4e41 after the trial with ,miss ,g4 enables me to trace minutely my actions before beginning it4 ,immediately the time had expired with ,miss ,g41 ,i got up and rapidly lit the gas and three pieces of candle1 which ,i had ready in the cardboard box-cover1 to illuminate the diagram4 ,the room was therefore brilliantly lighted4 ,i now rested with my right shoulder against the mantelpiece1 with my face towards ,miss ,g41 but with my eyes bent on the carpet4 ,in this position ,i thought intensely of myself and the whole room1 and feeling really anxious to make a success1 for at least six minutes4 ,by this time my shoulder was aching very much with the constrained attitude and the pressure on the mantelpiece1 and ,i broke off1 using words 7talking to myself7 very similar to those given by ,miss ,g4 ,what ,i muttered1 as nearly as ,i can remember1 was1 ',now1 ,doctor1 ,i'll get my pipe4'444 ,until within the last few weeks ,i have not smoked a pipe for many years1 and ,i do not think it probable that ,miss ,g4 has ever seen me use one2 but it is an absolute certainty that she was not aware ,i had taken to smoke one recently4 ,in the fifth experiment of the series1 made on the #ith ,may1 the impression which appears to have been transferred was fortunately recorded beforehand4 ,mr4 ,kirk's report of that date1 after describing an attempt to transfer an image of the room1 and of an imaginary witch1 runs as follows3-- ,continued to influence her some minutes after limit of time for experiment 7#aa4cj ,p4,m474 ,during this time ,i was much bothered by a subcurrent of thought1 which ,i in vain strove to cast off4 ,in the morning1 just before time to get up1 ,i had a vivid dream of my lost dog 7',laddie'74#gj ,i dreamt he had returned1 and that my wife1 ,miss ,g41 and myself1 made much of him4 ,i thought of him all day1 and tried to suppress the thought1 fearing it would interfere with the success of experiment2 feel worried and irritated at this1 being really anxious to make an impression4 ,do not expect favourable result4 ,written same night4 ,j4 ,k4 ,miss ,g4's report is as follows3-- ,experiment last night 7#i-e-ib7 most unsatisfactory4 ,saw only a glow of light and once for a few seconds a figure of a vase4 ,some minutes after #aa4cj 7time for conclusion of experiment7 it seemed as if the door of my room were open1 and on the landing ,i saw a very large dog1 moving as though it had just come upstairs4 ,i cannot conceive what suggested this1 nor can ,i understand why ,i thought of ,laddie during time of experiment4 ,i do not think we have mentioned him recently4 ,my door was locked as usual4 ,l4 ,g4 ,the sixth experiment 7#aeth ,may #ahib7 was1 in the words of ,mr4 ,kirk's contemporary report1 devoted to making hypnotic passes1 done with great energy and concentration of mind4 ,the passes were made1 not only over ,miss ,g4's imagined face and arms1 but specially over her hands1 with the view of inducing hypnotic sleep4 ,miss ,g4 reports that she fell asleep before the time arranged had expired4 ,but it was only to awake again very soon1 through dreaming ,i was in a basement room 444 making frantic efforts to strike a match1 prevented doing so by some one behind clasping my wrists4 ,the sensation was so unpleasantly real that it awoke me4 ,the time fixed for the experiment had then passed4 ,this was the only occasion in this series on which ,miss ,g4 went to sleep during an experiment4 ,in the seventh experiment 7#eth ,june #ahib7 ,mr4 ,kirk again made passes to send ,miss ,g4 to sleep4 ,miss ,g41 on her side1 saw only something like the varied but regular movements one sees in turning a kaleidoscope1 only without the colouring2 it was simply luminous1 and lasted more or less distinctly from #ae to #bj minutes4 ,this impression may conceivably have been due1 as ,mr4 ,kirk suggests1 to the regular movements of his hands in making the hypnotic passes4 ,in estimating the value of the coincidences between ,mr4 ,kirk's thought and ,miss ,g4's impressions in the fourth and fifth trials1 it should not be overlooked that the percipient's impressions were not vague images1 such as are wont to crowd through our minds on the near approach of sleep1 but clear-cut visions1 approximating to visual hallucinations4 ,no4 #ci4--;,by ,,mr4 ,,kirk and ,,miss ,,prickett4 ,mr4 ,kirk conducted another short series of experiments in ,march #ahib1 with ,miss ,l4 ,m4 ,prickett1 the distance between agent and percipient being about twelve miles4 ,the results are given below4 ,it is to be noted that the percipient's impressions in this series seem generally to have been deferred4 ,but in weighing the amount of correspondence between the diagrams and the percipient's reproductions1 it should be observed that of the four diagrams employed1 three were reproduced with substantial accuracy1 and in their chronological order2 and that even on the second and third evenings the percipient's impressions--rectilinear figures inscribed in a circle--bore a general resemblance to the diagram actually selected4 ,it is perhaps unfortunate that three out of the four diagrams included circles or figures akin to circles1 but as the percipient had not seen any of the diagrams beforehand1 this circumstance does not in any way invalidate the results1 though it weakens the argument against chance-coincidence4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 of ,date and ,hour4 ,diagram looked at by ,experiment4 ,agent4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tuesday1 ,illustration #ast ,march1 #ahib4 #aj4cj to #aa4j ,p4,m4 #a ,white circle with blue border1 about #g in4 diam4--cross in centre blue4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,friday1 ,agent did not experiment4 #b #dth ,march1 #ahib4 ,percipient sat1 in ignorance #aj4cj to #aa4j ,p4,m4 of agent's intentions4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tuesday1 ,illustration #c #hth ,march1 #ahib4 #aj4cj to #aa4j ,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,note3 table has been split ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,impression received ,percipient's by ,percipient4 ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no result whatever4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,percipient wrote1 ,saw particularly one clear circle1 at first all light1 but after a little a dark centre1 with a ,v1 or triangle on it2 99 99 99 one or two flakes in the shape of bright crescents4 ,drew rough diagrams accordingly4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,drew a figure like a capital ,e inscribed in a circle2 also one other form with circular lines1 all very indistinct4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 of ,date and ,hour4 ,diagram looked at by ,experiment4 ,agent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,friday ,illustration #aath ,march1 #ahib4 #aj4cj to #aa4j ,p4,m4 ,spots painted in blue on raised disc of whitening on white cardboard #d about #ad x #ab4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,tuesday1 ,illustration #aeth ,march1 #ahib4 #aj4cj to #aa4j ,p4,m4 ,in blue on white1 about #d-a_/b in longer diam4 #e ,illustration ,in blue on white about #d high4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,friday1 ,was unable to experiment4 #ahth ,march1 #ahib4 #f #aj3cj to #aa4j ,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,note3 table has been split ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,impression received ,percipient's ,remarks4 by ,percipient4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,illustration ,drew first a1 then b2 then several times ,i saw your eyes1 and that was all4 ,later on percipient sent diagram c4 ,these spots represent what ,i called in my letter your eyes2 but two1 for there appeared more4 b1 it will be observed1 is a reproduction of the diagram looked at by the agent on the #ast and #hth ,march4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,was unable to sit4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,illustration ,knowing you were not sitting1 ,i tried to reproduce what you intended on ,tuesday #aeth inst41 with the result shown here4 ,the first figure1 it will be seen1 is a partial reproduction of #h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mr4 ,kirk has conducted several other series of experiments in the transfer of diagrams and ideas and in the induction of hypnotic sleep at a distance1 with ,miss ,g41 ,miss ,porter1 of #af ,russell ,square1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hayes1 and others4 ,in one case the percipient was at ,cambridge1 a distance of more than fifty miles from ,plumstead4 ,the results in nearly all these cases raise a certain presumption of thought-transference1 though the presumption is in most cases--owing partly to the conditions of the experiments--not so strong as in the two series last quoted4 ,it is to be remarked that the series of experiments between ,plumstead and ,cambridge were perhaps the least successful of any1 a result which may perhaps be attributed partly to the distance1 partly to the fact that the agent and percipient were not personally acquainted4 ,it should be recorded that ,mr4 ,kirk is strongly of opinion1 as the result of a careful analysis of the experiments conducted by him1 that telepathy1 in these cases at any rate1 operates as a rule subconsciously1 and that we ought to be prepared to find the most striking proofs of its action in such undesigned coincidences as are quoted in ,nos4 #d and #e of the second series with ,miss ,g4 ,no4 #dj4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,gibotteau4 ,dr4 ,gibotteau1 in the year #ahhh1 made the acquaintance1 at a crche in connection with a ,paris hospital1 of a peasant woman named ,bertha ,j4 ,bertha was a good hypnotic1 and ,dr4 ,gibotteau succeeded on many occasions in inducing sleep at a distance4 ,but ,bertha claimed also to have the power of influencing others telepathically--a power which in her case seems to have been hereditary1 as her mother had a reputation for sorcery4 ,bertha professed to be able1 by the exercise of her will1 to cause persons to stumble1 or to lose their way1 or to prevent them from proceeding in any given direction4 ,she gave ,dr4 ,gibotteau several illustrations of these powers1 and he believes her pretensions to be well founded 7,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bec-bfg1 and pp4 #cag-ccg74 ,the following instances of hallucinatory effects of a more ordinary kind are taken from the same paper4 ,in the last case1 it will be observed1 the experience was collective4 ,in none of the three cases were the percipients aware of ,bertha's intention to experiment4 ,it will be seen that in the second case she succeeded in producing the emotional effect desired1 though the imaginary object by which she intended to inspire terror was hardly of a kind calculated to frighten a hospital surgeon4 ,dr4 ,gibotteau writes3-- ,i am a good sleeper1 and ,i do not remember ever waking of my own accord in the middle of my sleep4 ,one night1 about #b or #c o'clock1 ,i was abruptly awoke4 ,with my eyes still shut ,i thought1 ',this is one of ,b4's tricks4 ,what is she going to make me see8' ,i then looked at the opposite wall2 ,i saw a circular luminous spot1 and in the centre a brilliant object1 about the size of a melon1 that ,i stared at for several seconds1 being wide awake1 before it disappeared4 ,i could not distinguish any form clearly1 nor any detail1 but the object was round1 and parts of it appeared to be less luminous4 ,i imagined that she had wished to show me a skull1 but ,i could not recognise it2 the wall was lighted up in that place as if by a strong lamp2 the room was not completely dark1 because the window had outside blinds1 and the curtains were drawn back2 but this brilliant object did not seem to give out any light beyond the area of which it occupied the centre on the wall4 ,that was all4 ,i waited a moment without seeing anything else1 then ,i went fast asleep again4 ,the next day ,i found ,bertha1 who had come to visit the hospital1 and ,i questioned her cautiously4 ,she had tried to show me first of all some dogs round my bed1 then some men quarrelling1 and finally a lantern4 ,that was all4 ,it will be seen that though the first two attempts failed1 the third succeeded perfectly4 ,after that1 ,bertha very often tried to hallucinate me2 but ,i have never either seen or heard anything4 ,i was more sensible to transmissions of a vague and general character4 ,i have written elsewhere of illusions of the sense of space3 ,i had a complete illusion of this kind1 and ,p4 a very curious commencement of an hallucination4 ,i have also described the causeless terror that ,bertha could inspire4 ,here is another account of a fright4 ,one evening ,i was entering my house1 at midnight4 ,on the landing1 as ,i was putting my hand on the door-handle1 ,i said to myself1 ',what a nuisance6 here is another of ,b4's tricks6 ,she is going to make me see something terrifying in the passage2 it is very disagreeable4' ,i was really a bit nervous4 ,i opened the door suddenly1 with my eyes shut1 and seized a match2 in a few minutes ,i was in bed1 and1 blowing out my candle1 ,i put my head under the bed-clothes1 like a child4 ,the next day ,bertha asked me if ,i had not seen a skeleton in the passage or in my room1 and been very much frightened4 ,it need hardly be said that a skeleton was the last thing in the world that could frighten me2 and frankly1 ,i think that ,i am not more of a coward than the common run of men4 ,on another occasion ,dr4 ,gibotteau was in the company of a friend1 ,m4 ,p4 ,they had just parted from ,bertha4 ,after having deposited ,b4 near her home1 we went back to the ,latin ,quarter with the carriage4 ,on reaching the ,rue de ,vaugirard1 before the gate of the ,luxembourg1 ,i felt myself seized by a terror intense as it was absurd4 ,the street was admirably lighted1 there was not a single passer-by1 and the ,quarter at that hour 7just about midnight7 is perfectly safe4 ,moreover1 this fright did not seem to depend on any cause4 ,it was fear just for fear4 ',it is absurd1' said ,i1 ',i am frightened1 very much frightened2 it is certainly a trick of ,b4's4' ,my friend laughed at me1 and almost immediately1 ',why1 it is taking hold of me also4 ,i am trembling with fear4 ,it is very disagreeable4' ,the impression lasted until we were in front of the gate of the ,luxembourg ,palace2 we got out of the carriage at the corner of the ,rue ,soufflot and the ,boulevard ,saint-,michel4 ,as soon as we set foot on the ground3 ',look1' said ,p41 'don't you see something white floating in the air1 there1 just in front of our eyes2 it has gone4' ,i saw nothing1 but ,i felt very strongly the influence of ,b4 ,the next day ,i met her at the hospital4 ',well6 you saw nothing8' ,i begged her to tell me what we ought to have seen4 ,this was her answer3 ',first1 your driver lost his way--oh6 not you1 you felt nothing2 he took you by all sorts of queer ways4' ,it is a fact that our carriage1 from the ,rue de ,babylone1 had gone by a very complicated way1 and one which1 at the time1 did not seem to me the right one1 but ,i should not like to say anything definite about it4 ',after that you were frightened4' 7,which of us87 ',you at first1 ,m4 ,p4 afterwards4 ,oh1 yes6 afraid of nothing at all1 without any reason1 but you were very frightened4 ,then you saw some white pigeons flying round you1 quite near4' ,i had never heard her speak of this hallucination4 ,as to the fright1 that subject was familiar to her1 and she has frightened me several times1 deliberately1 as ,i have related4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #eg3 ,an experiment of another kind1 the description of which is here omitted1 had been made on the morning of this day4 ,footnote #eh3 ,an account of these experiments is also contained in an article by ,m4 ,richet in the ,revue de l',hypnotisme for ,february #ahhh4 ,footnote #ei3 ,m4 ,richet also took part in these two experiments4 ,footnote #fj3 ,it is not stated whether the hour of the experiment was chosen by lot1 but this precaution was taken in many of the earlier experiments4 ,footnote #fa3 ,an account of these experiments was also contributed by ,m4 ,richet to the ,revue de l',hypnotisme1 ,feb4 #ahhh4 ,footnote #fb3 ,revue ,philosophique1 ,february and ,april #ahhf4 ,a translation of these accounts is given in the ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,footnote #fc3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #beg-bfg4 ,footnote #fd3 ,dr4 ,latour's brother1 house-surgeon at the hospital4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see ,no4 #bc1 chap4 iv4 ,footnote #ff3 ,miss ,x4's notes have been in some cases slightly abbreviated1 in order to save space4 ,full details of the experiments will be found in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #cgg-cig4 ,footnote #fg3 ,miss ,x4 kindly submitted her diaries for inspection to ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 who has carefully examined them4 ,footnote #fh3 ,excluding two in which the distance was only a few yards4 ,footnote #fi3 ,a familiar name given to ,miss ,g4 by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,kirk4 ,footnote #gj3 ,mr4 ,kirk explains later that this dog had been lost six years before4 ,they had all been much attached to him1 and his loss was still an occasional topic of conversation and of dreams by ,mr4 ,kirk4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,general ,,criticism ,,of ,,the ,,evidence ,,for ,,spontaneous ,,thought-,,transference4 ,if the reader has been able to accept my estimate of the evidence brought forward in the preceding chapters1 the possibility of the transmission of ideas and sensations1 otherwise than through the known channels of the senses1 must be held to be proved by the experiments there recorded4 ,that proof can be impugned only on the ground that the precautions taken against communication between agent and percipient by normal means were insufficient4 ,for if the precautions are admitted to have been sufficient1 there can be no question that the results were not due to chance4 ,it is not necessary here to enter into nice calculations of the probabilities4 ,if1 for instance1 the odds in favour of some other cause than chance for the results recorded on pp4 #ff-fi were to be expressed in figures1 the total sum would compete with or outstrip the stupendous ciphers employed by the astronomer to denote the distance of ,sirius1 or the weight of the ,sun4 ,but the kind of evidence now to be considered--the coincidence of some spontaneous affection of the percipient with some event in the life-history of the person presumed to be the agent1 as when one sees the apparition of a friend at the time of his death--is of inferior cogency in two ways4 ,the coincidences are neither so numerous nor so exact2 and the risk of error in the record is far greater4 ,on the one hand1 therefore1 there is a greater probability that the percipient's affection1 even if correctly described1 was unconnected with the state of the person supposed to be the agent2 on the other hand we have1 in most cases1 less assurance that the description given of his experience is in its essential features accurate4 ,the part played by coincident hallucination in the question of telepathy may be illustrated from another branch of scientific inquiry4 ,for some years the ,germ ,theory rested mainly on observations of the distribution of certain diseases1 their periodic character and their mode of propagation and development2 phenomena which1 though sufficiently striking1 are not in themselves susceptible of exact interpretation4 ,it was not until the minute organisms1 whose existence had been so long suspected1 had been actually isolated in the laboratory1 and had been proved capable of reproducing the disease1 that the connection of certain maladies with the presence of certain microbes in the body became1 from a plausible hypothesis1 an accepted conclusion of ,science4 ,so here it is important to bear in mind that dreams1 visions1 and apparitions1 however captivating to the imagination1 do not form the main argument for believing in some new mode of communication between human minds4 ,if all the cases of the kind hitherto recorded could be shown one by one to be explicable by more familiar causes1--though the result would indeed be to add a remarkable chapter to the history of human error2 though it would be a singular paradox that so many intelligent witnesses should have been so mistaken1 and with such undesigned unanimity2 and that a whole class of alleged phenomena should have sprung up without any substantial basis1--the grounds for the belief in telepathy would not be seriously affected2 we should merely have to modify our conceptions of its nature1 and restrict its boundaries4 ,but in fact there is no reason to anticipate so lame a conclusion4 ,the incidents1 of which examples will be adduced in the succeeding chapters1 though their value will be differently estimated by different minds1 are yet in their aggregate not such as can plausibly be attributed to misrepresentation or chance coincidence4 ,and1 first1 it is important to note that the cases must be considered in the aggregate4 ,separately1 no doubt1 each particular case is susceptible of more or less adequate explanation by some well-known cause2 and in the last resort it would be unreasonable to stake the credit of any single witness1 however eminent1 against what ,hume would call the uniform experience of mankind4 ,but as a matter of fact the experience of mankind is not uniform in this matter2 and when we are forced by the mere accumulation of testimony to go on adding one strained and improbable explanation to another1 and to assume at last an epidemic of misrepresentation1 perhaps even an organised conspiracy of falsehood1 a point is at length reached in which the sum of improbabilities involved in the negation of thought-transference must outweigh the single improbability of a new mode of mental affection4 ,if to any reader that point should seem not yet to have been reached--and the position could scarcely be held an unreasonable one--,i would remind him that the cases quoted in this book form but a small part of the evidence so far accumulated2 and ,i would ask that he should reserve his judgment until he has studied the whole of the evidence recorded in ,phantasms of the ,living1 in the ,proceedings of the ,american ,society for ,psychical ,research1 the scattered cases appearing from time to time in the pages of various ,english and ,continental periodicals dealing with this subject1 and the ever-growing mass of testimony printed in the ,proceedings and ,journal of the ,society for ,psychical ,research in this country4#ga ,he will then perhaps be prepared to endorse the verdict of a shrewd and genial critic on the evidence presented in ,phantasms of the ,living1 viz41 that it can only be rejected as a whole by one who is prepared to repeat at his leisure what ,david is reported to have said in his haste4#gb ,it is of course not possible with our present knowledge to estimate with any precision the probabilities for the coincidence by chance of such a vision as that recorded by ,dr4 ,dupr 7,no4 #dg71 or such a dream as ,mr4 ,hamilton's 7,no4 #eh71 with the event represented4 ,neither the nature of the percipient's impression in these and similar cases1 nor the event to which the impression corresponds1 are sufficiently well defined to admit of any numerical argument being based upon them4 ,we can only recognise that whilst dreams and mind's-eye pictures are not very uncommon experiences1 dreams and visions which faithfully reflect external events of an unlikely kind occur1 if rarely1 with sufficient frequency to give us pause4 ,the common sense which in such cases leads us to infer a connection between the event and the corresponding mental experience is our only guide4 ,but one large class of our spontaneous evidences is susceptible of more exact treatment4 ,sensory hallucinations are affections at once well marked and unusual4 ,if we can ascertain their relative frequency it is possible to calculate with more or less exactness the probabilities of the coincidence by chance with some definite event4 ,such a calculation has been attempted in ,chapter ,,ix4 with regard to hallucinations of a certain well-defined type coinciding with the death of the person represented4 ,the conclusion there reached is that such coincidences are far too numerous to be ascribed to chance4 ,this part of the evidence cannot therefore be summarily dismissed1 as suggested by more than one recent critic1 on the plea that hallucinations which coincide with a death may be set off against hallucinations which occur without any coincidence1 and both alike be regarded as purely subjective and without significance4 ,our own estimate of the probabilities is1 of course1 provisional1 and may ultimately prove to be wide of the mark4 ,but1 meanwhile1 it is at least proof against assault by conjectural statistics or the obiter dicta of amateur psychologists4 ,but in fact the criticism commonly made is not that1 happening as described1 visions and hallucinations happened by chance2 but that they did not happen as described4 ,this objection deserves careful consideration4 ,it must1 ,i think1 be admitted that a proportion1 perhaps a large proportion1 even of the cases obtained at first-hand are so far inaccurate as to have comparatively small value for scientific purposes2 and of the residue1 in which the central fact of an unusual subjective experience on the part of the percipient and its coincidence with some external event is fairly well established1 it is possible that the details are frequently--and where the record is not made until some years after the event1 generally--untrustworthy4 ,in order to estimate the nature and probable extent of these defects1 it is proposed briefly to pass in review the various kinds of error to which testimony is liable1 and to note their bearings on the question at issue4 ,errors of ,observation4 ,errors of observation are here of very little importance4 ,the thing to be observed is1 of course1 the percipient's own sensations4 ,in subsequent conversation he may exaggerate the exceptional nature of the impression2 but he can hardly make a mistake at the time in observing what is purely subjective4 ,if a man calls green what we call red1 we may conclude that he is colour-blind2 and if he asserts that he sees a human figure where we see none1 that he is hallucinated2 but in neither case have we warrant for saying that he is making an erroneous statement about his own sensations4 ,errors of ,inference4 ,but his interpretation of what he sees is a different matter4 ,not indeed that the mistake commonly made of taking a hallucination at the time for a figure of flesh and blood1 and subsequently for a hypothetical entity of another kind1 directly affects the percipient's testimony4 ,so long as the witness accurately describes what he saw1 it matters little whether he believes in telepathic hallucinations1 or in black magic1 ghosts1 or the ,himalayan ,brothers4 ,but there are one or two errors of inference of sufficient importance to deserve notice4 ,a real figure seen under exceptional circumstances may at the time or in the light of subsequent events be regarded as a hallucination4 ,such a mistake is1 as a rule1 possible only out of doors2 and the commonest form of it is when a figure is seen by the percipient resembling some friend believed to be at a distance1 or in circumstances which make it difficult to suppose that the figure was of flesh and blood4 ,a curious instance came under my notice recently4 ,it was reported to me that a lady had seen in a certain provincial town the ghost of a friend at about the time of her death4 ,the figure1 accompanied by another figure1 was seen in broad daylight at a distance of a few feet only2 it was clearly recognised1 and the proof of its non-reality lay in the complete absence of recognition in return4 ,it was subsequently ascertained that the friend in question had actually been present in the flesh1 with a companion1 at the spot where the figures were seen1 but that for sufficient reasons she desired to avoid recognition4 ,her death within a few days of the encounter was merely an odd coincidence4 ,another kind of erroneous inference is worth noting4 ,cases are not infrequently quoted1 as presumably telepathic1 of a dream or vision embodying information demonstrably not within the conscious knowledge of the percipient4 ,the inference that he cannot have obtained the information by normal means is clearly unsound1 unless it can be shown that it was impossible for the information to have been received unconsciously4 ,for it is well established that intelligence1 even of events closely affecting the percipient1 may enter through the external organs of sense and lie latent for days before emerging into consciousness4 ,it is obvious that1 for instance1 many of the cases quoted in which an invalid became aware of news 7e4g41 of the death of a relative7 which had been studiously withheld from him by those around may be thus explained4 ,whispers heard in sleep1 or hints unconsciously received1 may have betrayed the secret4#gc ,errors of ,narration4 ,of much greater importance than errors of observation or inference are those due to defects either in narration or memory4 ,deliberate deception amongst educated persons is no doubt comparatively rare1 though it would perhaps be unwise to hold out any pecuniary inducement for the production of evidence4 ,but there are those1 like ,colonel ,capadose in ,mr4 ,henry ,james' story ,the ,liar1 who tell ghost stories for art's sake1 and on a slender basis of fact build up a large superstructure of fiction4 ,and there are many more who1 with a natural and almost pardonable desire to appear as the hero1 or at least the raconteur1 of a good story1 or from the mere love of the marvellous1 allow themselves to exaggerate the coincidences1 adjust the dates1 elaborate the details1 or otherwise improve the too bare facts of an actual experience4 ,this kind of embellishment1 however1 is probably more frequent in second-hand accounts1 where the narrator speaks with less sense of responsibility1 and1 it may be added1 of reality4 ,again1 a common form of inaccuracy is to quote as the experience of a friend one of those weird stories which are passed on from mouth to mouth in ordinary society--the inconvertible currency of psychical research4 ,we all know these old friends--at a distance1 for no one has ever succeeded in making their nearer acquaintance4 ,there is the ghost at ,no4 #ej ,b---- ,square2 the driver of the dream-hearse1 recognised a year later in a lift1 which fell straightway1 with all its passengers1 to the bottom of the hotel2 the ,form which accompanies the priest1 or ,quaker1 or godly merchant to save him from robbery on his lonely nocturnal journeyings2 the young lady who took part in some tableaux vivants whilst her body was lying cold in death--and all the rest of the phantom throng4 ,only a few months ago ,i heard one of them--it was the ghost of the lift--from the son of a doctor1 who assured me that the incident occurred to one of his father's patients1 and gave me the name of the foreign hotel which had been the scene of the disaster4#gd ,sometimes a story is improved by the narrator that it may the better serve for instruction and edification4 ,this tendency is especially liable to distort the evidence in cases connected with death4 ,it must be remembered that though we may view a coincident hallucination1 for instance1 as merely an instance of an idea transferred from a living mind1 to the percipient it frequently represents the spirit of the dead4 ,from a certain class of witnesses the account of such an incident is as little to be trusted as the text of an apocryphal gospel4 ,it inevitably becomes a ,tendenz-schrift1 which reflects not the facts as they occurred1 but the narrator's conception of what the facts ought to have been4 ,it is not necessary to dwell on these sources of error1 for they are probably apparent to all2 and to give illustrative cases would be superfluous1 and perhaps invidious4 ,but it is important to observe that stories so improved1 whether from a desire to reinforce some theological tenet1 or from the mere love of sensation1 are apt to betray their origin in many different ways4 ,narrators of this kind rarely content themselves with the finer touches2 the added ornaments are apt to be gross and palpable2 the spirit will be made to speak words of warning or comfort2 to intimate his testamentary dispositions2 or even--in somewhat bolder flight of fancy--to leave a solid memento behind him4 ,now the authentic phantom is seldom either dramatic or edifying4 ,errors of ,memory4 ,more insidious and more difficult to guard against are errors of memory4 ,there is a natural and almost inevitable tendency to dramatic unity and completeness which leads to the unconscious suppression of some details1 and the insertion of others4 ,probably of all errors due to this cause a nice adjustment of the dates is the commonest4 ,in perhaps the majority of second-hand cases1 and in some of the more remote first-hand narratives1 the coincidence is said to be exact to the minute4 ,at that very moment my friend passed away is a common phrase4 ,as a matter of fact1 in the best attested recent cases it can rarely be shown that the coincidence is precise1 and the impression frequently follows the death by some hours4 ,but there is risk also of the actual transformation of the experience itself4 ,a dream after the lapse of years will be recalled as a hallucination1#ge a vague feeling of discomfort as a vivid emotion1 or even a mental vision2 a hallucination not recognised at the moment will in the retrospect seem to have been identified with some person who died at about that time2 and details1 such as clothes worn or words spoken by the phantom1 will be borrowed from later knowledge and read back into the image preserved in the memory4 ,there will further be a gradual simplifying and rounding off of the incident1 a deepening of the main lines1 and a suppression of what is not obviously relevant or coherent4 ,with many persons there can be no doubt that this process is almost1 if not wholly1 unconscious2 and it need hardly be said that in that very fact lies the special danger against which we have to guard4#gf ,as an instance of the gradual approximation of dates1 ,i may cite a case recorded in the ,proceedings of the ,american ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #dja1 #ebg74 ,the narrator wrote to ,dr4 ,hodgson3--,i once dreamed that ,w4 ,t4 ,h4 was dead2 and the same night he was thrown down several feet on to an engine1 444 when he was taken up it was thought he was dead4 ,from later inquiries it was ascertained that the accident did indeed occur as alleged--but a week or ten days after the dream6#gg ,as an illustration of a different kind of metamorphosis1 a case may be given which ,i recently received from a lady and her daughter--an account of a ghost seen twenty-five years ago by the latter and her nurse4 ,the younger lady described to me the figure seen2 the mother told me that she had received a similar description from both nurse and daughter at the time of the incident4 ,both ladies were clear-headed and sensible witnesses1 and it was impossible to doubt that they believed what they said4 ,but in her childish diary1 which the younger lady kindly unearthed for my inspection1 the only entry referring to the matter--an entry written in pencil and obviously as an afterthought--ran3 ,ellen saw a ghost4 ,if the diarist had herself shared the experience1 it is difficult to believe that even the modesty natural to her age and sex would have withheld her from recording the fact for her private glorification4 ,it would be easy to multiply cases of this kind4 ,but those who demand most proof of the action of telepathy will probably be least exacting of evidence for the untrustworthiness of ancient memories4 ,as a matter of fact1 we have the evidence of statistics to show that the imagination does tend after a certain lapse of time to magnify coincidences in matters of this kind1 and even to invent coincidences where none existed4 ,it will be shown in ,chapter ,,ix41 in the discussion on the results obtained from an inquiry into the distribution of sensory hallucinations1 that whereas non-coincidental hallucinations tend to be forgotten after the passing of a few years1 the records of coincidental hallucinations--or at least of those which are alleged to have coincided with the death of the person seen--are proportionately more frequent ten years ago than at the present time1 the inference being that a certain number of coincidences have been unconsciously improved or invented in the interval4 ,pseudo-presentiment4 ,in a letter published in ,mind 7,april #ahhh7 ,professor ,royce1 of ,harvard1 ,u4,s4,a41 hazarded a hypothesis that there may occur instantaneous and irresistible hallucinations of memory which make it seem to one that something which now excites or astonishes him has been prefigured in a recent dream1 or in the form of some other warning4 ,in support of that hypothesis ,professor ,royce appeals to the analogy of the well-known cases of double memory1--the impression of having at some previous time looked on a scene now present1 or heard a conversation now taking place2 and to two or three instances of undoubted hallucination of memory amongst the insane1 recorded by ,krafft-,ebing and ,kraepelin4 ,as regards the latter1 it is sufficient to remark that the hallucinations occurred to persons whose minds were admittedly diseased2 that the hallucinations themselves were apparently slow of growth1 whereas the hypothesis requires that they should be more or less instantaneous2 and that in other respects they do not present by any means a perfect parallel to the presumably telepathic cases with which he compares them4 ,in default1 therefore1 of more precise analogies1 the hypothesis of pseudo-presentiment must be regarded as1 at best1 a plausible guess4 ,and even if it were fully substantiated it would only1 as pointed out by ,mr4 ,gurney 7,mind1 ,july #ahhh71 apply to certain classes of telepathic cases1 and those the weakest from the evidential standpoint4 ,at most the theory would account for dreams and indefinite impressions of various kinds not mentioned beforehand4 ,in some cases of this kind1 and in a large class of so-called prophetic dreams1 ,i am inclined to regard ,mr4 ,royce's explanation as possibly true1 in the modified form suggested by ,dr4 ,hodgson 7,proc4 ,american ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #edj et seq47--i4e41 if it is restricted to cases where there is a vague memory of some actual dream or other impression1 bearing a more or less remote resemblance to the event2 in other words1 if we assume an illusion rather than a hallucination of memory4 ,but it need hardly be said that no serious investigator would treat the uncorroborated accounts of dreams and vague feelings of this kind as evidence for anything whatever4 ,to extend the hypothesis1 as ,professor ,royce suggests1 to cases where there is evidence that the percipient's experience was mentioned beforehand1 is to suppose not one kind of pseudo-memory1 but two1--a pseudo-memory on the part of the percipient that he has had a certain subjective experience1 and a pseudo-memory on the part of some other person that this experience was mentioned to him before the news of the event to which it related4 ,in recent cases1 at any rate1 the assumption of a double mistake of this kind seems unwarranted4#gh ,and to apply this explanation to cases of actual sense-hallucination involves even more violent improbabilities4 ,it would require far more evidence than ,professor ,royce can offer to make it credible that a man on hearing of the death of a friend should straightway be capable of imagining that at a definite hour and in a particular place he had seen an apparition of that friend1 when in fact he had had no experience of the kind4 ,it is remarkable that ,mr4 ,royce does not himself appear to have realised the distinction between the two kinds of impressions4 ,precautions against ,error4 ,we have now to consider by what methods the various defects incident to testimony on these matters may be best eliminated4 ,as the evidence upon which reliance is placed will be illustrated by the examples quoted hereafter1 it will not be necessary to dwell at length here upon the precautions taken4 ,the testimony at first-hand of the actual witnesses1 it need hardly be said1 is to be desired in any investigation2 but in the case of phenomena which are at once stimulating to the imagination1 and1 as being novel1 have no recognised standard of probability by which narrator or auditor can check deviations from the truth1 no other evidence is worthy of consideration4#gi ,it will be seen that in all the cases here quoted the witness1 or one of the witnesses1 has furnished an account of his experience written by himself2#hj and it is worth noting that the very act of writing such an account to serve the purpose of a systematic inquiry is calculated to inspire the percipient with a sense of responsibility1 and to lead him to weigh his words with precision4 ,i may add that by the courtesy of our informants we have in most cases been enabled to question them orally on the details of their experience4#ha ,but1 for reasons already given1 no case should be suffered to rest upon a single memory4 ,it is of the highest importance1 therefore1 to obtain the corroborative testimony of persons who were cognisant of the occurrence of the impression before the news of the corresponding event4 ,when this is not to be obtained1 evidence of some unusual action on the part of the percipient1 such as the taking of a journey1 or the putting on of mourning1 may be accepted as collateral proof of the reality of his impression4 ,but1 as we have already seen1 the evidence of the attesting witnesses is liable to the same errors which affect the testimony of the percipient2 and the evidence most to be desired is of a kind exempt from these weaknesses--that of a letter or memorandum written before the news4 ,in a large proportion of the narratives dealt with1 it is asserted that such a letter was written1 or such a memorandum made4 ,unfortunately1 this alleged documentary evidence is rarely forthcoming4 ,it is possible that in some cases this statement is merely a conventional dramatic tag1--an addition made unconsciously and in perfect good faith to round off the story4#hb ,it cannot1 however1 ,i think1 be regarded as surprising either that a letter or note was not written at the time1 or that1 if written1 it should not have been preserved4 ,sensory hallucinations--to take the most striking instance--though unusual are not extremely rare experiences2 most educated persons are perfectly familiar with the fact of their occurrence and regard them 7in most cases rightly7 as purely subjective1 the products of some transient cerebral disturbance1 as little worthy of record as a headache or a bilious attack4 ,often1 probably1 the telepathic hallucination is indistinguishable from the mass of purely subjective experiences of the same kind2 and even should it be recognised at the time as exceptional1 the want of leisure1 the fear of ridicule1 even the dislike of seeming to admit to himself the possibility of his experience having a sinister significance1 would probably deter the percipient from writing about it4#hc ,it is much more likely that he would speak of it to an intimate friend1 should opportunity occur4 ,and when in the rare conjunction of an exceptional experience1 adequate leisure1 and a sympathetic correspondent1 or the habit of writing a diary1 the letter is actually written or the note made1 the chances which militate against its preservation are many4 ,few persons will take a general and impersonal 7in other words1 a scientific7 interest in occurrences of this kind4 ,their own isolated experience may possess a deep and abiding interest for themselves1 and1 less certainly1 for their friends2 an interest1 however1 which is quite compatible with the treatment of the attesting record as waste paper4 ,but unless it can be used to illustrate or support a theory of a future life1 they seldom regard a ghost story as having any value other than that derived from the personal environment4 ,it appears1 indeed1 to possess for most little more significance than the recital of an extraordinary run of luck at cards1 or a fortunate escape from a railway accident1 between which it is commonly sandwiched4 ,again1 few persons realise the high value of contemporary documentary evidence in matters of the kind2 there are many who would probably share the views of a courteous correspondent1 who1 after sending me condensed copies of some contemporary memoranda1 wrote in answer to my inquiries3--,i have not got the originals2 ,i destroyed them immediately ,i sent them 7i4e41 the copies7 to you1 because ,i knew they would be more permanently preserved and recorded2 being authenticated to ,professor ,barrett and you1 there was no further need of them4 ,and even when they escape immediate destruction the letters may1 as in cases reported to us1 be washed out or burnt2 or may survive the perils of flood and fire only to be mislaid1 so that they cannot be found without a more thorough search than the courtesy of our correspondents can induce them to make4 ,notwithstanding these various adverse chances1 it will be found that many of the narratives which follow are actually attested by contemporary documentary evidence4 ,when the great mass of narratives has been carefully examined and tested in the light of the considerations above set forth1 and when all those which are remote in date1 or for some other reason suspect1 have been eliminated1 there will be found to remain an important body of testimony4 ,and of this sifted residue1 though we cannot predicate of any single narrative that it accurately represents the facts1 or that the coincidence with which it deals was not purely casual1 yet looking at the cases as a whole1 we may feel a reasonable assurance that in their essential features the facts are correctly reported1 and that the coincidences are not due to chance4 ,i may conclude this chapter by calling attention to an argument of a different kind1 on which ,mr4 ,gurney1#hd in reviewing the material amassed chiefly in this country1 laid considerable stress1 and in which he has been followed by an independent observer1 ,professor ,royce1 dealing with narratives received from correspondents in ,america4#he ,both these investigators have pointed out1 and probably all who make an equally careful and dispassionate study of the evidence will agree with them1 that the phenomena vouched for in the best-attested narratives form a true natural group4 ,they are manifestly not the products of folk-lore1 nor of popular superstition1 nor of the mere love of the marvellous4 ,they are singularly free from the more sensational and bizarre features--dramatic gestures or speech on the part of the phantasms1 prophetic warnings1 movement of objects1 etc4--which are conspicuous in second-hand narratives4 ,if these accounts were purely fictitious1 it would be difficult to conceive by what process1 coming from persons of widely separated social grades1 of various degrees of education1 and of different nationalities1 they could have been moulded to present such strong internal resemblances2 resemblances consisting not merely in the possession of many common features1 but in the absence of others which1 by their frequent occurrence in admittedly fictitious accounts1 are proved to be the natural fruits of the unrestrained imagination4 ,this undesigned unanimity is strong evidence that the restraint operating throughout has been the restraint of fidelity to fact1 and that the narratives themselves owe little to the imagination1 and much to their reflection of genuine experience4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ga3 ,of the ,proceedings of the ,s4,p4,r41 published by ,kegan ,paul1 ,trench1 ,trbner1 ,co41 three or four parts are published yearly4 ,the ,journal1 which appears monthly1 contains a record of recent cases of interest1 unaccompanied1 for the most part1 by any critical commentary1 and is privately printed for circulation amongst members and associates of the ,society4 ,any reader1 however1 desirous of studying the subject may procure any number of the ,journal referred to in this book on application at the ,rooms of the ,s4,p4,r41 #ai ,buckingham ,st41 ,adelphi1 ,w4,c4 ,of the foreign periodicals referred to in the text1 perhaps the most important is the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 edited by ,dr4 ,dariex1 and published by ,germer ,baillire et ,cie41 ,paris4 ,cases of interest are also to be found in ,sphinx1 a ,german periodical1 to be obtained through ,kegan ,paul ,co42 in the ,revue ,spirite 7,paris3 #bd ,rue des ,petits-,champs72 and elsewhere4 ,footnote #gb3 ,professor ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan in ,mind1 #ahhg1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #gc3 ,see the case recorded by ,miss ,x4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #ejg1 #ejh74 ,in this instance ,miss ,x4 saw in the crystal a notice of a friend's death in the form of an extract from the obituary column of the ,times1 in which journal she had almost certainly seen the news1 without perceiving it1 the day before4 ,there is a dream recorded in ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fhg1 #fhh1 which may probably be explained as the emergence in dream of intelligence unconsciously received a few hours before4 ,footnote #gd3 ,i have before me as ,i write one case of the kind which will serve as a sample4 ,a told us the story1 and induced ,b to write to us about it4 ,b informed us that he heard it from his brother ,c1 a ,f4,r4,s41 who had received it from ,d1 to whom it was told by ,e2 who had it from the lips of ,f1 who was a visitor at the house where the occurrence took place4 ,we wrote to ,d1 who referred us to two sources of information1 ,g and ,h4 ,g wrote in reply to our letter that he heard the story from a stranger at a dinner-party about three years ago1 and promised further inquiries4 ,h referred us to ,j and ,k4 ,our letter to ,k was answered by his cousin ,l1 who wrote that she had heard it from ,m1 who got it from some one who was present1 and further inquiries were again promised4 ,it is needless to add that in cases of this kind the story1 like a will-o'-the-wisp1 ever recedes as we advance1 until it ends with the nameless stranger at some dinner long since gone away in the ,ewigkeit4 ,footnote #ge3 ,there is1 as ,mr4 ,gurney has pointed out1 a converse error to be guarded against--viz41 the gradual effacement of the lines of an impression1 so that an actual waking hallucination has in some instances come to be regarded1 after a long interval1 as only a dream4 ,footnote #gf3 ,a good illustration of this kind of embellishment1 in a case recorded at second-hand1 will be found in the footnote on a case in ,chapter ,,xii4 ,footnote #gg3 ,so in a case given in the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #e-aj1 we have an extract from the log-book of the ,jacques-,gabriel1 which records that the captain1 mate1 and another man when at sea heard1 on the #agth ,july #aheb1 the sound of a woman's voice crying4 ,in a marginal note on the log-book the captain adds that on reaching port they learnt of the death of the mate's wife1 on the same day and at the same hour4 ,but the official register shows that the death took place on the #afth ,june #aheb4 ,footnote #gh3 ,that such a pseudo-memory on the part of a person not professing to be the actual percipient is possible after a long interval appears to be shown by the account just cited of the ghost seen by the nurse in a foreign hotel4 ,but we have no evidence that a memory hallucination of this kind could be1 as demanded by the theory1 of instantaneous or very rapid growth2 or that any verbal suggestion could intercalate a false picture into a series of still recent and unimpaired memories4 ,footnote #gi3 ,second-hand narratives have1 however1 a value of their own1 as shown later2 for by taking note of the features which occur commonly in such cases1 but are absent from the best attested first-hand narratives1 we obtain a valuable standard of comparison by which to check aberrations of memory4 ,footnote #hj3 ,an apparent exception to this statement will be found in ,nos4 #de and #df1 ,chapter ,,vii41 and elsewhere1 where the account is furnished not by the actual percipient1 but by a person to whom the percipient related his experience before he knew of its correspondence with fact4 ,the evidence in such cases1 it should be pointed out1 is as good as first-hand2 indeed1 where1 as in ,nos4 #de and #df1 the actual percipient was illiterate and the narrator educated1 it may be regarded as better than first-hand4 ,footnote #ha3 ,this part of the work has been undertaken in this country by ,professor and ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,gurney1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers1 myself1 and others2 in ,america1 chiefly by ,professor ,royce and ,dr4 ,hodgson4 ,footnote #hb3 ,in the ,times of the #fth ,january #ahic there appeared a letter from a well-known writer1 narrating how in #ahea he had received a description of the sea-serpent from a lady who had watched its movements for some half-hour in a small bay on the coast of ,sutherlandshire4 ,so far the story is on a par with any of our own second-hand ghost stories4 ,but the writer goes on to say that the serpent had rubbed off some of its scales on the rocks2 that a few of these scales1 of the size and shape of scallop-shells1 were for some years in his own possession1 but that when he searched amongst his curios1 in order to show these scales to ,professor ,owen1 they were not to be found4 ,the humble investigators of the ,s4,p4,r4 have occasionally found themselves in the same position as the illustrious anatomist4 ,footnote #hc3 ,see1 for example1 the case quoted in ,chapter ,x41 ,no4 #fc4 ,footnote #hd3 ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 pp4 #afd-aff4 ,footnote #he3 ,proceedings ,american ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #cej1 #cea4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,transference ,,of ,,ideas ,,and ,,emotions4 ,before proceeding to give examples of the evidence for spontaneous thought-transference1 it may be well to repeat something of what has been said in the preceding chapter4 ,in the first place1 the narratives quoted in this book are offered as samples only of the evidence of this kind actually accumulated4 ,no single narrative can afford to stand alone4 ,each contains one or more elements of weakness2 and in the last resort chance coincidence1 memory-hallucination1 or even deliberate deception would be in any single case a more probable explanation than a new mode of mental affection4 ,it is only1 to borrow ,mr4 ,gurney's metaphor1 as a faggot1 and not as a bundle of separate sticks1 that the evidence can finally be judged4 ,but1 in the second place1 it is not claimed that the evidence reviewed even in its entirety is by itself sufficient to demonstrate the possibility of the affection of one mind by another at a distance4 ,the main proof of such affection is based on the experiments already described1 to which the spontaneous evidence so far adduced must be regarded as illustrative and in some degree auxiliary4 ,it will be more convenient1 as a matter of arrangement1 that the spontaneous experiences first considered should be those which resemble most closely the results of direct experiment1 though this classification has the disadvantage of placing in the forefront cases of the least definite and striking kind2 cases1 that is1 which are most readily explicable as due to chance coincidence4 ,it is on all grounds1 therefore1 expedient that the reader should reserve his final verdict until he has the whole case before him4 ,in the present chapter there will be adduced instances of the spontaneous transference of 7#a7 simple sensations2 7#b7 ideas and mental pictures2 7#c7 emotional states2 7#d7 impulses tending to action4 ,the first two classes1 and in some measure the last1 resemble the results described in the first five chapters of this book2 for the third probably no direct experimental parallel can be offered1 for the sufficient reason that vivid and intense emotion cannot be evoked at will4 ,transference of ,simple ,sensations4 ,we will begin by quoting two instances of the transference of simple sensation4 ,the first we owe to the kindness of ,mr4 ,ruskin4 ,the percipient was ,mrs4 ,severn1 wife of the well-known landscape painter4 ,no4 #da4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,arthur ,,severn4 ,,brantwood1 ,,coniston1 ,october #bgth1 #ahhc4 ,i woke up with a start1 feeling ,i had had a hard blow on my mouth1 and with a distinct sense that ,i had been cut and was bleeding under my upper lip1 and seized my pocket-handkerchief1 and held it 7in a little pushed lump7 to the part1 as ,i sat up in bed1 and after a few seconds1 when ,i removed it1 ,i was astonished not to see any blood1 and only then realised it was impossible anything could have struck me there1 as ,i lay fast asleep in bed1 and so ,i thought it was only a dream6--but ,i looked at my watch1 and saw it was seven1 and finding ,arthur 7my husband7 was not in the room1 ,i concluded 7rightly7 that he must have gone out on the lake for an early sail1 as it was so fine4 ,i then fell asleep4 ,at breakfast 7half-past nine71 ,arthur came in rather late1 and ,i noticed he rather purposely sat farther away from me than usual1 and every now and then put his pocket-handkerchief furtively up to his lip1 in the very way ,i had done4 ,i said1 ',arthur1 why are you doing that8' and added a little anxiously1 ',i know you've hurt yourself6 but ,i'll tell you why afterwards4' ,he said1 ',well1 when ,i was sailing1 a sudden squall came1 throwing the tiller suddenly round1 and it struck me a bad blow in the mouth1 under the upper lip1 and it has been bleeding a good deal and won't stop4' ,i then said1 ',have you any idea what o'clock it was when it happened8' and he answered1 ',it must have been about seven4' ,i then told what had happened to me1 much to his surprise1 and all who were with us at breakfast4 ,it happened here about three years ago at ,brantwood1 to me4 ,,joan ,r4 ,,severn4 ,mr4 ,severn wrote to us on the #aeth ,november #ahhc1 giving an account of the trivial accident described by the percipient1 and adding that after leaving the boat he walked up to the house1 anxious of course to hide as much as possible what had happened to my mouth1 and getting another handkerchief walked into the breakfast-room1 and managed to say something about having been out early4 ,in an instant my wife said1 ',you don't mean to say you have hurt your mouth8' or words to that effect4 ,i then explained what had happened1 and was surprised to see some extra interest on her face1 and still more surprised when she told me she had started out of her sleep thinking she had received a blow on the mouth6 and that it was a few minutes past seven o'clock1 and wondered if my accident had happened at the same time2 but as ,i had no watch with me ,i couldn't tell1 though1 on comparing notes1 it certainly looked as if it had been about the same time4 ,,arthur ,,severn4 7,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 pp1 #ahh1 #ahi47 ,so far as ,i know1 this is a unique instance1 if we limit ourselves to first-hand evidence1 of the spontaneous transference of a sensation of pain to a waking percipient4#hf ,impressions of the kind1 indeed1 unless more definite and intense than the analogy of experiment gives us warrant for anticipating1 would as a rule be quickly forgotten1 or would be naturally ascribed to some other source than telepathy4 ,we owe the record of the present instance to the fortunate chance that the agent and percipient met within an hour of the occurrence1 and that the pain of the percipient1 though slight1 was not such as could be readily attributed to ordinary causes4 ,in the next instance1 also1 where the impression belonged to a different sense1 the agent and percipient were in the habit of meeting almost daily1 otherwise it seems possible that the coincidence would have escaped notice4 ,no4 #db4--;,from ,,miss ,x4 ,the percipient was ,miss ,x42 the agent was her friend ,d41 already referred to1 who writes3-- ,april #acth1 #ahhh4 ,in the spring of #ahha1 in the evening after dinner1 ,i accidentally set fire to the curtains of a sitting-room1 and put myself and several others into some danger4 ,the next morning1 on visiting ,x41 ,i heard from her that she had been disturbed overnight by an unaccountable smell of fire1 which she could not trace1 but which seemed to follow her wherever she went4 ,i was led to discover the fire1 and so probably to save the house1 by what seemed a chance thought of ,x4 ,i had left the room1 unconscious of anything wrong1 and had settled to my work elsewhere1 when ,i suddenly remembered ,i had not put away some papers ,i had been looking at1 and which ,i had thought might wait for daylight1 but a strong feeling that ,x4 would insist upon order1 had she been there1 induced me to go back1 when ,i found the whole place in flames4 ,miss ,x41 in describing the case1 adds3 ,i took considerable trouble to ascertain the cause 7of the smell of fire71 and was quieted only by the assurance that it was imperceptible to the rest of the household4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 p4 #cfg47 ,when we leave these simple modes of feeling1 and consider the affections of the higher senses of hearing and sight1 we are confronted with a new problem4 ,sensations of the first class are almost purely homogeneous1 they owe little or nothing to memory and imagination4 ,moreover1 though generally due to an external cause1 they are in the case of smell or taste occasionally1 and in that of pain frequently1 excited by causes within the organism4 ,it is not1 therefore1 a matter calling for comment that in such cases the transferred idea should assume a definitely sensory form4 ,but when the organs of sight or hearing are sensibly affected1 past experience has taught us to look for an external cause2 the line between idea and sensation is here sharply drawn and clearly understood4#hg ,the line1 indeed1 as drawn by common use may not correspond to any real distinction in the nature of the experience itself4 ,ideas may be only paler sensations1 and a train of thought nothing else than a series of suppressed hallucinations4 ,but at any rate the distinction1 whether fundamental or not1 serves a useful purpose as a rough-and-ready means of classing our mental experiences4 ,a visual or auditory image either is on the same level of intensity as the series of impressions which represent for us the external world1 or it falls below that level4 ,in the former case we call it a sensation or percept1 in the latter1 an idea4 ,sensations and percepts may be again subdivided1 as objective or hallucinatory1 according as they do or do not correspond to a supposed material cause4 ,in the experiments described in the first five chapters1 it will have been observed that when the transferred impression was of a visual nature it generally remained ideal1 rising occasionally1 however1 as in some of the experiments with hypnotised percipients1 and in ,mr4 ,kirk's cases1 to the level of a complete sensory hallucination or quasi-percept4 ,in the present chapter it is proposed to deal with auditory and visual phantasms which1 so far as can be judged1 were of an ideal kind1 though one or two of the cases cited may seem to approximate to sensory embodiment4 ,the more striking hallucinatory effects will be reserved for later chapters4 ,transference of ,ideas4 ,there is one kind of coincidence1 so common as to have passed into a proverb1 which is often referred to as illustrating the action of telepathy2 that is1 the idea of a person coming into the mind shortly before the person himself actually approaches4 ,in most of the cases cited the coincidence is too indefinite to call for attention1 as it is obvious that the narrator has not taken the elementary precaution of noting the misses as well as the hits4 ,but if telepathy acts at all1 there is no priori unlikelihood of its acting in this direction as well as in others1 and it is to be desired that persons who believe themselves susceptible to impressions of the kind would keep a full record of their occurrence4 ,two instances which happened in his own recent experience are recorded by ,professor ,richet 7,proceedings ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 p4 #eb74 ,leaving such cases1 however1 as too indefinite to have much evidential value1 we may quote the following as an example of an impression of a more detailed kind4 ,no4 #dc4--;,from ,,miss ,x4 ,on the #abth ,october #ahia1 ,miss ,x4 wrote to ,mr4 ,myers as follows3-- 444 ,i was much upset yesterday by the consciousness that a ,master ,b4 7son of ,a4 ,b47 had arrived unexpectedly upon the scene 444 no nurse--doctor three miles off--husband away4 ,being ,sunday1 ,i could not telegraph1 but the news as to hour and sex arrived this morning4 ,my impression was at #b4cj onwards4 ,he arrived at #c4cj1 and in the interval ,i heard her voice over and over again calling my name4 ,all is well now1 but these impressions are not always comfortable4 ,in a later letter ,miss ,x4 writes3-- ,a4's own account is that 7about two1 ,i think71 when she was made aware of her danger1 the thought passed through her mind how fortunate it was that the impossibility of telegraphing would prevent anxiety at home1 and then--that any way ,i should know4 ,no one expected to have any cause for anxiety for at least a week4 ,yes2 ,i ought to have sent to ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 but ,i was so wretchedly ill that--don't shudder--,i never at the time even thought of the ,s4,p4,r4 ,i had been dreadfully worried all that week1 and was utterly worn out4 ,the coincidence is1 no doubt1 not of the strongest kind4 ,but in estimating its value it should not be overlooked that the impression was sufficiently intense to produce a decided feeling of discomfort4 ,and though ,miss ,x4 unfortunately omitted to send an account of her experience until after she had learnt of its partial correspondence with the event1 she did not know at the time when the first letter was written that her impression was correct as regards the details of the absence of husband and nurse4 ,whatever the value of the coincidence1 therefore1 it seems clear that the account owes nothing to exaggeration or unconscious reading back of details4 ,with this may be compared a narrative sent to me in ,december #ahia1 by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,sloman1 ,master of ,birkenhead ,school4 ,on the #abth of the month1 whilst ,mrs4 ,sloman was absent at a concert1 a chimney in the school-house had caught fire1 and ,mr4 ,sloman had been summoned from his work to give directions for dealing with the mischief4 ,on the matter being mentioned to ,mrs4 ,sloman on her return1 she at once explained that during the concert1 just about the actual time of the fire1 ,i suddenly began to think what you would do if the house took fire1 and ,i distinctly pictured you going into the kitchen and speaking about a wet blanket4 ,the account was written down and signed by both ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,sloman on the day of the occurrence1 and the coincidence in time between event and impression seems to be well established4 ,it must be admitted that the apprehension of fire may not improbably have a more or less permanent place in the background of a housewife's consciousness2 still1 even a slight outbreak of fire is not in an ordinary household a matter of common occurrence4 ,the next case is interesting as presenting evidence of the transference of an auditory impression4 ,the account was originally published in the ,spectator of ,june #bdth1 #ahhb3-- ,no4 #dd4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,barber4 ,,ferndene1 ,,abbeydale1 near ,,sheffield1 ,june #bbnd1 #ahhb4 ,i had one day been spending the morning in shopping1 and returned by train just in time to sit down with my children to our early family dinner4 ,my youngest child--a sensitive1 quick-witted little maiden of two years and six weeks old--was one of the circle4 ,dinner had just commenced1 when ,i suddenly recollected an incident in my morning's experience which ,i had intended to tell her1 and ,i looked at the child with the full intention of saying1 ',mother saw a big black dog in a shop1 with curly hair1' catching her eyes in mine1 as ,i paused an instant before speaking4 ,just then something called off my attention1 and the sentence was not uttered4 ,what was my amazement1 about two minutes afterwards1 to hear my little lady announce1 ',mother saw a big dog in a shop4' ,i gasped4 ',yes1 ,i did6' ,i answered2 'but how did you know8' ',with funny hair1' she added1 quite calmly1 and ignoring my question4 ',what colour was it1 ,evelyn8' said one of her elder brothers2 'was it black8' ,she said1 ',yes4' ,i called on ,mrs4 ,barber in the spring of #ahhf1 and heard full details of the incident from herself and ,mr4 ,barber1 who1 though not himself present at the time1 was conversant with the facts4 ,the incident took place on ,january #fth1 #ahhb1 and ,mrs4 ,barber allowed me to see the note-book in which the account 7substantially reproduced in the ,spectator7 was written down on ,january #aath4 ,of course there is always the possibility in a case of this kind that the lips may have unconsciously begun to form the words1 but in the present instance it seems unlikely that any indication of the kind would have escaped the notice of the others present at the table4 ,mrs4 ,barber has given us other accounts1 extracted from her journal1 of thought-transference1 in which the same percipient was concerned4 ,she writes on ,december #bfth1 #ahhf3-- ,on ,wednesday ,j4 went to ,london1 and on getting his breakfast at a little inn in ,c----1 he found a 'blackclock' 7i4e41 cockroach7 floating in his coffee4 ,he fished it out and supposed it was all right1 but on pursuing the coffee he got one in his mouth6 ,next day1 at breakfast1 he said1 ',what's the most horrible thing that could happen to any one at breakfast8 ,i don't mean getting killed1 or anything of that sort4' ,e4 looked at him for a moment and said1 ',to have a blackclock in your coffee6' ,she was asleep in bed when her father returned the night before1 and they met at the breakfast-table for the first time the next morning1 when the question was asked quite suddenly4 ,when asked how she came to think of it1 she said1 ',i looked at the bacon-dish1 and thought a blackclock in the bacon1--no1 he would see that--it must have been in the coffee4' ,she has a special horror of 'blackclocks1' so the incident may merely have been one of the numerous instances of her unusually quick wit4 ,,caroline ,,barber4 ,transference of ,mental ,pictures4 ,the next three narratives are interesting as illustrating three different stages in the externalisation of visual impressions4 ,in the first case1 which is quoted from the ,proceedings of the ,american ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #ddd1 #dde71 the impression seems to have been almost of the nature of an illusion--i4e41 the idea emerged into consciousness only when a somewhat similar image was presented to the external organ of vision4#hh ,no4 #de4--;,from ,,mr4 ,,haynes4 ,in a letter to ,mr4 ,hodgson1 ,mr4 ,haynes writes3-- ,,boston1 ,june #be1 #ahhg4 ,the name of the prisoner alluded to has passed from my recollection4 ,he belonged in ,east ,boston1 and was sentenced for life for an assault upon a woman4 ,i think he was pardoned some years ago1 but am not certain about it4 ,he had but one child1 a boy about five years old1 who always came with his wife to visit him4 ,he seemed very fond of the child1 always held him in his arms during the visit1 and showed a good deal of feeling at parting4 ,the following is an account of the affair made at the time3-- ',the following very singular incident ,i can vouch for as having actually occurred4 ,i refer to it1 not to illustrate a supernatural or any other unusual agency1 as ,i am a sceptic in such matters1 but as a remarkable instance of hallucination or presentiment4 ',i received a message from the wife of one of our convicts1 in prison for life1 that their only child1 a bright little boy five years old1 was dead1 he having accidentally fallen into the water and been drowned4 ,i was requested to communicate to the father the death of the child1 but not the cause1 as the wife preferred to tell him herself when she should visit him a week or two later4 ',i sent for him to the guard-room1 and after a few questions in regard to himself1 ,i said ,i had some sad news for him4 ,he quickly replied1 ,i know what it is1 ,mr4 ,warden2 my boy is dead6 ,how did you hear of it8 ,i asked4 ,oh1 ,i knew it was so2 he was drowned1 was he not1 ,mr4 ,warden8 ,but who informed you of it8 ,i again asked4 ,no one1 he replied4 ,how1 then1 did you know he was dead1 and what makes you think he was drowned8 ,last ,sunday1 he said1 your little boy was in the chapel2 he fell asleep1 and you took him up and held him4 ,as ,i looked up and caught sight of him lying in your arms1 instantly the thought occurred to me that my boy was dead--drowned4 ,in vain ,i tried to banish it from my mind1 to think of something else1 but could not2 the tears came into my eyes1 and it has been ringing in my ears ever since2 and when you sent for me1 my heart sunk within me1 for ,i felt sure my fears were to be confirmed4 ',what made it more remarkable was the fact that the child was missed during the forenoon of that ,sunday1 but the body was not found for some days after4' ,the foregoing is copied from my journal1 the entry made on the day of the interview1 and ,i can assure you is strictly correct in every particular4 ,,gideon ,,haynes4 ,in answer to inquiries as to the name and address of the percipient1 ,mr4 ,haynes writes3-- ,his name was ,timothy ,cronan4 ,he was pardoned in #ahgc or #ahgd4 ,mr4 ,darling1 the officer in the guard-room to-day1 occupied the same position when ,i had the interview with ,cronan4 ,he was present1 and remembers distinctly all the circumstances of the case1 which were discussed by us at the time4 ,cronan served some ten or twelve years4 444 ,he has not been heard from at the prison since his discharge4 ,in this case it may perhaps be inferred1 from the circumstances of its occurrence1 that the impression was of a rudimentary visual character4 ,in the next case it seems clear that the percipient saw what she described1 but the impression appears to have been of a purely inward nature4 ,no4 #df4--;,from ,,professor ,,richet4 ,on ,monday1 ,july #bnd1 #ahhh1 after having passed all the day in my laboratory1 ,i hypnotised ,lonie at #h ,p4,m41 and while she tried to make out a diagram concealed in an envelope ,i said to her quite suddenly3 ',what has happened to ,m4 ,langlois8' ,lonie knows ,m4 ,langlois from having seen him two or three times some time ago in my physiological laboratory1 where he acts as my assistant4 ',he has burnt himself1' ,lonie replied4 ',good1' ,i said1 'and where has he burnt himself8' ',on the left hand4 ,it is not fire3 it is---,i don't know its name4 ,why does he not take care when he pours it out8' ',of what colour1' ,i asked1 'is the stuff which he pours out8' ',it is not red1 it is brown2 he has hurt himself very much--the skin puffed up directly4' ,now1 this description is admirably exact4 ,at #d ,p4,m4 that day ,m4 ,langlois had wished to pour some bromine into a bottle4 ,he had done this clumsily1 so that some of the bromine flowed on to his left hand1 which held the funnel1 and at once burnt him severely4 ,although he at once put his hand into water1 wherever the bromine had touched it a blister was formed in a few seconds--a blister which one could not better describe than by saying1 'the skin puffed up4' ,i need not say that ,lonie had not left my house1 nor seen any one from my laboratory4 ,of this ,i am absolutely certain1 and ,i am certain that ,i had not mentioned the incident of the burn to any one4 ,moreover1 this was the first time for nearly a year that ,m4 ,langlois had handled bromine1 and when ,lonie saw him six months before at the laboratory he was engaged in experiments of quite another kind4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #fi1 #gj47 ,in the next case the mental picture seems to have been much more vivid than the visions of distant familiar scenes1 or faces1 which most of us can summon up by an effort of will2 in fact1 the impression probably approached very nearly to a hallucination4 ,it is noteworthy1 however1 that it did not apparently form part of the external order1 but replaced it4 ,we have no means therefore of measuring the degree of vividness4 ,no4 #dg4--;,from ,,dr4 ,g4 ,,dupr4 ,,reims1 ,july #fth1 #ahia4 ,one day in ,may #ahij1 ,i had just been visiting a patient1 and was coming downstairs1 when suddenly ,i had the impression that my little girl of four years old had fallen down the stone stairs of my house1 and hurt herself4 ,then gradually after the first impression1 as though a curtain which hid the sight from me were slowly drawn back1 ,i saw my child lying at the foot of the stairs1 with her chin bleeding1 but ,i had no impression of hearing her cries4 ,the vision was blotted out suddenly1 but the memory of it remained with me4 ,i took note of the hour--#aj4cj ,a4,m4--and continued my professional rounds4 ,when ,i got home ,i much astonished my family by giving a description of the accident1 and naming the hour when it occurred4 ,the circumstance made a great impression on me1 and my memory of it is quite clear4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,,dupr4 ,in a further letter ,dr4 ,dupr adds3-- ,,reims1 ,august #bnd1 #ahia4 ,the account which ,i have given you is exact in every point4 ,madame ,dupr remembers it perfectly4 ,as ,i had a great many visits to pay that day ,i did not return home at once1 but continued my rounds4 ,i took particular note of the time1 however1 and it was found to be exact4 ,this phenomenon of perception seemed to me so curious that ,i noted all the particulars1 in order to analyse them at my leisure4 ,when ,i got home my first words were these1 addressed to my wife1 ',loulou is hurt4 ,is it serious8' ,madame ,dupr exclaimed1 ',who told you8' ',no one1' ,i replied2 ',i saw her fall1' and then while examining my little girl ,i told my wife about the vision4 ,i did not relate the circumstance to any one else but my father-in-law1 ,dr4 ,bracon1 and he did not take it very seriously4 ,indeed1 ,i was not inclined to lay much stress upon the matter either1 as ,i did not wish to be considered visionary or credulous4 ,madame ,dupr writes3-- #beth ,september #ahia4 ,my husband's account of his telepathic experience is perfectly correct4 ,for my own part ,i was extremely surprised at the circumstances1 for till then my attitude towards all questions of clairvoyance had been one of almost complete incredulity4 ,let me add1 however1 that my husband is of an excessively nervous temperament1 and was liable to somnambulism in his youth4 ,it is seldom that a night passes in which he does not talk in his sleep4 ,it would be quite possible to hold a conversation with him for a few minutes whilst he is in this condition4 7,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe47 ,it seems permissible to conjecture that in this case ,madame ,dupr1 as in the previous case ,professor ,richet1 was the agent4 ,transference of ,emotion4 ,sometimes the telepathic impulse appears to express itself in a vague feeling of alarm or distress4 ,of course1 impressions of this sort1 with no definite content1 and not recognised at the time as having reference to any particular person1 can do little to strengthen the proof of telepathy4 ,but when it has been shown1 by the mention of the experience beforehand1 or by any unusual action consequent on its occurrence1 that the emotion was unique in the history of the percipient1 and when the coincidence with a serious crisis is clearly established1 the telepathic explanation may be admitted as at least plausible4 ,these conditions appeared to be fulfilled in the following case1 which is quoted from the ,proceedings of the ,american ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #dgd1 #dge74 ,no4 #dh4--;,from ,,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,krebs4 ,the percipient in this case described his experience to ,professor ,william ,james1 of ,harvard1 who writes as follows3-- ,mr4 ,krebs 7special student7 stopped after the logic lesson of ,friday1 ,november #bf1 and told me the facts related in his narrative4 ,i advised him to put them on paper1 which he has thus done4 ,his father is said by him to be too much injured to do any writing at present4 ,,wm4 ,,james4 ,december #a1 #ahhf4 ,from ,,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,krebs4 ,on the afternoon of ,wednesday1 ,november #bd1 ,i was very uneasy1 could not sit still1 and wandered about the whole afternoon with little purpose4 ,this uneasiness was unaccountable2 but instead of wearing away it increased1 and after returning to my room at about #f4de it turned into positive fear4 ,i fancied that there was some one continually behind me1 and1 although ,i turned my chair around several times1 this feeling remained4 ,at last ,i got up and went into my bedroom1 looked under the bed and into the closet2 finding nothing1 ,i came back into the room and looked behind the curtains4 ,satisfied that there was nothing present to account for my fancy1 ,i sat down again1 when instantly the peculiar sensation recurred2 and at last1 finding it unbearable1 ,i went down to a friend's room1 where ,i remained the rest of the evening4 ,to him ,i expressed my belief that this sensation was a warning sent to show me that some one of my family had been injured or killed4 ,while in his room the peculiar sensation ceased1 and1 despite my nervousness1 ,i was in no unusual state of mind2 but on returning to my room to go to bed it returned with renewed force4 ,on the next day 7the #beth71 on coming to my grandfather's1 ,i found out that the day before 7the #bdth71 at a little past #ab1 my father had jumped from a moving train and been severely injured4 ,while ,i do not think that this warning was direct enough to convince sceptics that ,i was warned of my father's mishap1 ,i certainly consider that it is curious enough to demand attention4 ,i have never before had the same peculiar sensation that there was some being besides myself in an apparently empty room1 nor have ,i ever before been so frightened and startled at absolutely nothing4 ,on questioning my father1 he said that before the accident he was not thinking of me1 but that at the very moment that it happened his whole family seemed to be before him1 and he saw them as distinctly as if there4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,krebs1 ,,jun4 ,november #bi1 #ahhf4 ,from ,,mr4 ,,chauncey ,,smith1 ,,jun4 ,i1 the undersigned1 distinctly remember that ,f4 ,h4 ,krebs1 ,jun41 came into my room ,november #bd and complained of being very nervous4 ,i cannot remember exactly what he said1 as ,i was studying at the time1 and did not pay much attention to his talk4 ,on the #beth he came into my room in the evening1 and made a statement that his state the evening before was the consequence of an accident that happened to his father1 and that he had the night before told me that he had received a warning of some accident to some one dear to him4 ,this ,i did not contradict1 because ,i consider that it is extremely probable that he said it1 and that ,i did not1 through inattention1 notice it4 ,,chauncey ,,smith1 ,,jun4 ,the present case well illustrates the difficulties attendant on any efforts to procure reliable contemporary evidence for psychical events4 ,even when1 as here1 the percipient himself took the right course1 from the standpoint of psychical research1 his forethought was to a great extent frustrated by the shortcomings of his friend4 ,with this narrative may be compared three cases given in ,phantasms of the ,living 7vol4 i4 pp4 #bhj et seq47 of the occurrence of exceptional distress to one twin at the time of the death of the other4 ,mr4 ,leveson ,gower has sent us an account of a similar marked fit of depression1 accompanied by a vivid sense of the presence of death1 which coincided with the quite sudden and unlooked-for death of a near relation1 the late ,lady ,marion ,alford4 7,journal ,s4,p4,r41 ,may #ahhh47 ,professor ,tamburini records an analogous case4 ,a lunatic died in the asylum at ,reggio on the #bast ,may #ahib4 ,a letter of inquiry1 dated the #bbnd ,may1 was received at the asylum from the husband1 who had not previously written for more than a year2 and it was ascertained that he was prompted to write the letter by a feeling of great discomfort1 as though some misfortune were about to befall him1 experienced on the previous day1 the day of the death4 ,no4 #di4--;,from ,dr ,n41 of ,new ,york ,state4 ,the next case is specially interesting1 because the emotion which was felt in the first instance was succeeded by a visual impression of a detailed kind4 ,this case again comes to us from ,america 7,proc4 ,am4 ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #cig-djj74 ,dr4 ,n41 the percipient1 writes to ,professor ,royce as follows3-- ,postmarked ,aug4 #af1 #ahhf4 ,in the convalescence from a malarial fever during which great hypersthesia of brain had obtained1 but no hallucinations or false perceptions1 ,i was sitting alone in my room looking out of the window4 ,my thoughts were of indifferent trivialities2 after a time my mind seemed to become absolutely vacant2 my eyes felt fixed1 the air seemed to grow white4 ,i could see objects about me1 but it was a terrible effort of will to perceive anything4 ,i then felt great and painful sense as of sympathy with some one suffering1 who or where ,i did not know4 ,after a little time ,i knew with whom1 but how ,i knew ,i cannot tell2 for it seemed some time after this knowledge of personality that ,i saw distinctly1 in my brain1 not before my eyes1 a large1 square room1 evidently in a hotel1 and saw the person of whom ,i had been conscious1 lying face downward on the bed in the throes of mental and physical anguish4 ,i felt rather than heard sobs and grieving1 and felt conscious of the nature of the grief subjectively2 its objective cause was not transmitted to me4 ,extreme exhaustion followed the experience1 which lasted forty minutes intensely1 and then very slowly wore away4 ,let me note3-- #ast4 ,i had not thought of the person for some time and there was no reminder in the room4 #bnd4 ,the experience was remembered with more vividness than that seen in the normal way1 while the contrary is true of dreams4 #crd4 ,the natural order of perception was reversed1 i4e41 the emotion came first1 the sense of a personality second1 the vision or perception of the person third4 ,i should be glad to have a theory given of this reverse in the natural order of perception4 ,the agent1 ,m41 is well known to both ,professor ,royce and ,dr4 ,hodgson4 ,in the report it is stated that there can be no doubt of his high character and general good judgment4 ,he writes as follows3-- ,,boston1 ,nov4 #afth1 #ahhf4 ,some years ago1 perhaps eight or nine1 while in a city of ,rhode ,island on business1 my house being then1 as now1 in ,boston1 ,i received news which was most unexpected and distressing to me1 affecting me so seriously that ,i retired to my room at the hotel1 a large square room1 and threw myself upon my bed1 face downward1 remaining there a long time in great mental distress4 ,the acuteness of the feeling after a time abating1 ,i left the room4 ,i returned next day to ,boston1 and the day after that received a short letter from the person whose statement ,i enclose herewith1 and dated at the town in ,western ,new ,york1 from which her enclosed letter comes4 ,the note begged me to tell her without delay what was the matter with me 'on ,friday1 at #b o'clock1'--the very day and hour when ,i was affected as ,i have described4 ,this lady was a somewhat familiar acquaintance and friend1 but ,i had not heard from her for many months previous to this note1 and ,i do not know that any thought of her had come into my mind for a long time4 ,i should still further add that the news which had so distressed me had not the slightest connection with her4 ,i wrote at once1 stating that she was right as to her impression 7she said in her letter that she was sure ,i was in very great trouble at the time mentioned71 and expressed my surprise at the whole affair4 ,twice since that time she has written to me1 giving me some impression in regard to my condition or situation1 both referring to cases of illness or suffering of some kind1 and both times her impressions have proved correct enough to be considered remarkable1 yet not so exact in detail or distinctness as the first time4 ,i feel confident that ,i have her original letter1 but have not been able to command the time necessary to find it4 7,signed7 ,m4 ,p4,s4--,the three occurrences above detailed comprise all the experiences of this sort which ,i have had in my life4 ,mr4 ,m4 has searched in vain for the original letter of ,dr4 ,n4 referring to the incident4 ,two letters1 however1 referring to one of the later experiences mentioned by him have been found1 and copies of them1 made by ,dr4 ,hodgson on ,june #fth1 #ahhg1 are given below4 7#a47 ,,dr4 ,n4 to ,,mr4 ,m4 ,,doctor',s ,,office1 ,july #bdth1 7,year not given74 ,if ,i don't hear from you to-morrow1 ,i shall write you a letter6 ,i am anxious about you4 ,n4 7#b47 ,,mr4 ,m4 to ,,dr4 ,n4 ,,boston1 ,july #bf1 #ahhc4 ,what clairvoyant vision again told you of me ,monday and ,tuesday and ,wednesday8 ,was it as vivid and real as the other time8 ,it had1 at least1 a very closely related cause4 ,it is past #a ,a4,m41 but ,i will not go to bed till ,i have sent you a word4 ,a letter will follow very soon4 ,for two days ,i have been thinking of the way you wrote to me that time1 and ,i should have written to you within twenty-four hours if ,i had not received the note from you4 ,please write to me as you proposed4 ,this is only to tell you that ,i am alive and not ill1 but tired1 tired6 ,tell me of yourself4 ,i have had a hard three months in the ,west1 eighteen to twenty hours a day1 scarce a respite--,i am not ill2 ,i am sure ,i am not1 but ,i am worked out4 ,i couldn't get to ---- or write4 ,i used the telegraph even with my sisters4 ,i hope for a letter1 and will surely send you one4 ,yours1 ,m4 ,these letters1 which apparently relate to the second of the three experiences mentioned by ,m41 afford incidentally strong corroboration of the accuracy of the statements made as to the first and most remarkable experience4 ,several instances have been already published 7,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cfe-cgj7 of what appears to be telepathic affection1 in which there was no apparent link to connect the agent and percipient4 ,thus intimation of the deaths of three dukes--,cambridge1 ,portland1 and ,wellington--was conveyed to complete strangers4 ,a similar impression is recorded 7,journal ,s4,p4,r41 ,nov4 #ahib7 as affecting a stranger at the death of ,lord ,tennyson1 and a somewhat similar instance is recorded 7,journal1 ,may #ahib7 in connection with the death of ,general the ,hon4 ,sir ,leicester ,smyth4 ,the ,head-master of a ,grammar ,school in ,leicester saw in a vision the irruption of water into the ,thames ,tunnel 7,phantasms1 loc4 cit474 ,in all these cases1 if we accept the incidents as telepathic1 they recall1 as ,mr4 ,gurney remarks1 the ,greek notion of 1 the ,rumour which spreads from some unknown source1 and far outstrips all known means of transport4 ,the evidence so far adduced1 however1 is by no means sufficient to establish any such conclusion4 ,but the following narrative1 which comes from a lady well known to me1 is worth considering in this connection4 ,no4 #ej4--;,from ,,miss ,y4 ,,perth1 #aith ,january #ahij4 ,one ,sunday evening ,i was writing to my sister1 in my own room1 and a wild storm was raging round the house 7in ,perth74 ,suddenly an eerie feeling came over me1 ,i could not keep my thoughts on my letter1 ideas of death and disaster haunted me so persistently4 ,it was a vague but intense feeling2 a sudden ghastly realisation of human tragedy1 with no 'where1' 'how1' or 'when' about it4 ,i remember flying upstairs to seek refuge with my mother1 and ,i remember her soothing voice saying1 ',nonsense1 child1' when ,i insisted that ,i was sure 'lots of people were dying4' ,we both thought it was a little nervous attack1 and thought no more about it4 ,but when we heard the news of the ,tay ,bridge disaster next day1 we both noticed 7we received the news separately from the maid when she came to wake us7 that the time of the accident coincided with my strange experience of the evening before4 ,we spoke of the 'coincidence' together1 but did not attach much importance to it4 ,i have never had any experience like it1 before or since4 ,mrs4 ,y41 in a letter of the same date1 corroborates her daughter's statement4 ,mrs4 ,y4's account1 it should be added1 was written without previous consultation with ,miss ,y41 and embodies her independent recollection of the incident4 ,on the night of the ,tay ,bridge disaster ,a4 was sitting alone in her room1 when she suddenly came running upstairs to me1 saying that she had heard shrieks in the air2 that something dreadful must have happened1 for the air seemed full of shrieks4 ,she thought a great many people must be dying4 ,next morning the milk-boy told the servant that the ,tay ,bridge was down4 ,in a later letter1 ,miss ,y4 adds3-- ,my mother says she cannot remember my having any other experience of the kind4 ,it happened before #i ,p4,m41 we think4 ,from the ,times of ,december #bith1 #ahgi 7,monday71 it appears that the accident took place on the previous evening 7#bhth74 ,the ,edinburgh train1 due at ,dundee at #g4ae ,p4,m41 crossed the bridge during a violent gale4 ,it was duly signalled from the ,fife side as having entered on the bridge for ,dundee at #g4ad4 ,it was seen running along the rails1 and then suddenly there was observed a flash of fire4 ,the opinion was the train then left the rails and went over the bridge4 ,motor ,impulses4 ,occasionally the telepathic impression manifests itself to consciousness as a monition or impulse to perform a certain action4 ,there is no ground for thinking in such a case that the idea transferred from the agent has in itself any special impulsive quality4 ,the impulse towards action is no doubt the result of the percipient's unconscious reasoning on the information supplied to him4 ,sometimes the impulse to action1 though strong1 is vague and inarticulate4 ,thus ,mrs4 ,hadselle1 of ,pittsfield1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a41 narrates 7,journal ,s4,p4,r41 ,may #ahia7 that some years ago she experienced1 when spending the evening with some friends1 a sudden and unaccountable desire to go home1 accompanied by a dread and fear of something1 ,i knew not what4 ,she eventually yielded to her impulse1 and at some inconvenience returned home1 just in time to rescue her son1 who was insensible through the smoke from a fire of wet sticks in his room4 ,professor ,venturi 7,annales des ,sci4 ,psy41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cca-ccc7 relates that in ,july #ahhe1 in obedience to an irresistible impulse1 he made a sudden and quite unpremeditated journey from ,pozzuoli to his home at ,nocera1 to find his child in serious danger from a sudden attack of croup4 ,a case is recorded in the ,proc4 ,am4 ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #bbg1 #bbh71 in which a lady living in a ,western ,state awoke in the night of ,january #cjth-#cast1 #ahhf1 with a strong feeling that her daughter in ,washington was ill and needed her1 and in the morning telegraphed to her son-in-law1 offering to come at once4 ,there had been no previous cause of anxiety on the mother's part1 but as a matter of fact the daughter had been taken suddenly and seriously ill on that night4 ,a letter and the telegram relating to the event have been preserved4 ,in another case ,lady de ,vesci1 in #ahgb1 telegraphed on a sudden impulse from ,ireland to a friend in ,hong ,kong4 ,the telegram arrived less than twenty-four hours before the recipient's death1 an event which ,lady de ,vesci had no reason to anticipate for some months 7,journal ,s4,p4,r41 ,october #ahia74 ,in another case1 also recorded by ,mrs4 ,hadselle 7loc4 cit471 the impulse took the form of a voice bidding her go to a certain town1 where1 as it appeared1 an intimate friend stood in urgent need of her4 ,the effect produced in this case was so strong that the percipient actually bought a fresh railway ticket and changed her route4 ,in the following case the impulse found a more unusual mode of expression--viz41 utterance on the part of the percipient4 ,no4 #ea4--;,from ,,archdeacon ,,bruce4 ,,st4 ,,woolos' ,,vicarage1 ,,newport1 ,,monmouthshire1 ,july #fth1 #ahib4 ,on ,april #aith1 ,easter ,tuesday1 ,i went to ,ebbw ,vale to preach at the opening of a new iron church in ,beaufort parish4 ,i had arranged that ,mrs4 ,bruce and my daughter should drive in the afternoon4 ,the morning service and public luncheon over1 ,i walked up to the ,vicarage at ,ebbw ,vale to call on the ,vicar4 ,as ,i went there ,i heard the bell of the new church at ,beaufort ringing for afternoon service at three4 ,it had stopped some little time before ,i reached the ,vicarage 7of ,ebbw ,vale74 ,the ,vicar was out1 and it struck me that ,i might get back to the ,beaufort new church in time to hear some of the sermon before my train left 7at #d4ce74 ,on my way back through ,ebbw ,vale1 and not far from the bottom of the hill on which the ,ebbw ,vale ,vicarage is placed1 ,i saw over a provision shop one of those huge1 staring ,bovril advertisements--the familiar large ox-head4 ,i had seen fifty of them before1 but something fascinated me in connection with this particular one4 ,i turned to it1 and was moved to address it in these1 my ipsissima verba3 ',you ugly brute1 don't stare at me like that3 has some accident happened to the wife8' ,just the faintest tinge of uneasiness passed through me as ,i spoke1 but it vanished at once4 ,this must have been as nearly as possible #c4bj4 ,i reached home at six to find the vet4 in my stable-yard tending my poor horse1 and ,mrs4 ,bruce and my daughter in a condition of collapse in the house4 ,the accident had happened--so ,mrs4 ,bruce thinks--precisely at #c4cj1 but she is not confident of the moment4 ,my own times ,i can fix precisely4 ,i had no reason to fear any accident1 as my coachman had driven them with the same horse frequently1 and save a little freshness at starting1 the horse was always quiet on the road1 even to sluggishness4 ,a most unusual occurrence set it off4 ,a telegraph operator1 at the top of a telegraph post1 hauled up a long flashing coil of wire under the horse's nose4 ,any horse in the world1 except the ,troy horse1 would have bolted under the circumstances4 ,my wife's estimate of the precise time can only be taken as approximate4 ,she saw the time when she got home1 and took that as her zero1 but the confusion and excitement of the walk home from the scene of the accident leaves room for doubt as to her power of settling the time accurately4 ,the accident happened about #b-a_/d miles from home1 and she was home by #d4aj2 but she was some time on the ground waiting until the horse was disengaged1 etc4 ,w4 ,,conybeare ,,bruce4 ,archdeacon ,bruce adds later3-- ,may #bjth1 #ahic4 ,i think ,i stated the fact that the impression of danger to ,mrs4 ,bruce was only momentary--it passed at once--and it was only when ,i heard of the accident that ,i recalled the impression4 ,i did not therefore go home expecting to find that anything had happened4 ,w4 ,,conybeare ,,bruce4 ,mrs4 ,bruce writes3-- ,the first thought that flashed across me as the accident happened was1 ',what will ,w4 say8' ,my ruling idea then was to get home before my husband1 so as to save him alarm4 ,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,fryer1 to whom the incident was originally communicated by the percipient1 ascertained independently from the ,vicar of ,ebbw ,vale that the date of ,archdeacon ,bruce's visit to him was ,april #aith1 #ahib4 ,it is worth noting that here1 as in case #de1 an external object appears to have acted as a point de repre1 and to have thus aided in the development of the transferred idea4 ,another instance of a telepathic impulse leading to speech is to be found in the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques 7vol4 i4 p4 #cf74 ,the ,lady ,superior of a convent was moved during the celebration of a service to pray for the safety of the children of a neighbour--a visitor to the convent--who was somewhat startled by the ,superior's abrupt action4 ,it subsequently appeared that at about the time of this prayer the two boys were involved in a carriage accident4 ,the most striking evidence1 however1 of telepathically induced action is to be found in automatic writing4 ,some experimental cases of the kind have been quoted in ,chapter ,,iv4 ,the spontaneous cases are more numerous4 ,mr4 ,myers has recorded several instances in his article on ,motor ,automatism 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ix4 pp4 #bf et seq471 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,stead has published1 in the ,review of ,reviews and elsewhere1 accounts of messages and conversations with friends at a distance written through his hand4 ,generally speaking1 however1 where living persons are concerned1 it is difficult1 without full knowledge of all the circumstances1 to feel assured that the facts recorded by this means are not such as might conceivably have been within the knowledge of the writer1 or at least within his powers of conjecture4 ,the best evidence1 therefore1 for spontaneous telepathic automatism is no doubt afforded by those cases in which some altogether unforeseen event1 such as the death of the presumed agent1 is communicated4 ,such is the case recorded by ,m4 ,aksakof 7,psychische ,studien1 ,february #ahhi1 quoted in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #dcd1 etc471 in which ,mademoiselle ,emma ,stramm1 a ,swiss governess at ,wilna1 on the #aeth ,january #ahhg wrote particulars of the death on the same day of a former acquaintance of hers1 ,august ,duvanel1 in ,canton ,zurich4 ,a similar instance is recorded by ,dr4 ,libeault 7,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 i4 pp4 #be1 #bf74 ,the automatic writer was in this case at ,nancy1 and the person whose death was announced was a young ,english lady resident at ,coblentz4 ,dr4 ,libeault was shown the written message within an hour or two of the sance1 and some days before news of the death was received4 ,other cases of the kind are recorded by ,m4 ,aksakof and others 7,revue ,spirite1 ,august #ahia1 ,april #ahib1 etc474 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hf3 ,two other examples are referred to in ,phantasms1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahi1 but in neither case is the evidence obtainable at first-hand4 ,footnote #hg3 ,except1 of course1 in cases of rudimentary hallucinations1 such as after-images and bright spots in the eyes and singing in the ears1 which are caused by the physical condition of the external organ4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see case ,no4 #ea1 later2 and compare ,mr4 ,galton's observations in his lecture at the ,royal ,institution on ,the ,just ,perceptible ,difference 7reported in the ,times1 ,january #cjth1 #ahic74 ,mr4 ,galton found that the ideal auditory impressions called up by reading the printed substance of a lecture enabled him to hear the lecturer's voice at a greater distance than when he had not the printed text before him2 the ideal appears to have supplemented the real impression1 as1 in the case given in the text1 the real reinforced the ideal4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,coincident ,,dreams4 ,seeing that so large a part of our lives is spent in sleep1 we should perhaps be warranted in looking amongst dreams for evidence of the transference of thought from one mind to another2 especially as the quiescence and the absence of outward impressions characteristic of sleep are precisely the conditions indicated by our researches as favourable to such transmission4 ,nor do the actual results in this direction at all fall short of any reasonable expectation4 ,long before scientific attention was directed to the subject the coincidences reported between dreams and external events had won the special consideration of the superstitious1 and had given to the dreamer of dreams high rank in the company of the prophets and soothsayers4 ,and such coincidences appear to be not less frequent at the present time4 ,my chief difficulty in writing this chapter has been the task of selection from the super-abundant material at hand1 much of it accumulated within the last five or six years2 and this material is itself the carefully-sifted residuum of a much larger mass of testimony1 inferior1 if at all1 by slight and various degrees4 ,but notwithstanding this great accumulation1 it cannot be contended that the proof of telepathy derived from a consideration of dream coincidences is at all comparable in cogency with that furnished by impressions received during waking life4 ,that some at least of the dreams quoted below owed their origin to ideas transmitted to the sleeper from another mind will no doubt be admitted as probable1 but the probability depends perhaps not more on their intrinsic value than on the analogy of similar testimony from waking percipients4 ,when 7as in some of the cases to be given later1 in ,chapters ,x4-,,xiii47 a witness of integrity asserts that he saw in broad daylight a figure where no such figure was1 resembling a friend1 and coincident with that friend's death1 we are justified in attaching great weight to the coincidence4 ,but if the same witness had dreamt of the figure1 instead of seeing it1 the coincidence would deserve far less consideration4 ,and yet the cerebral mechanism involved in both processes is no doubt very similar4 ,a dream is a hallucination in sleep1 and a hallucination is only a waking dream2 though it is probable that the waking impression1 seeing that it can contend on equal terms with the impressions derived from external objects1 is more vivid than the common run of dreams4 ,but the evidence of dream coincidence is defective1 primarily1 from the frequency of dreams2 it is only a small proportion of educated persons1 at any rate1 who ever experience a hallucination1 but everybody dreams occasionally1 and some persons dream every night4 ,clearly there must be here a wide scope for coincidence4 ,secondly1 whilst dream impressions are probably less vivid at the time1 they are certainly more elusive in the memory4 ,there is a serious risk1 therefore1 that after the event is known detailed correspondences may be read back into the indistinct picture preserved in the memory2 or that a dream which at the time made but a slight impression may be charged retrospectively with emotional significance4 ,finally1 as the dream does not enter into any organic series of impressions1 and has no landmarks of its own1 either in space or time1 it becomes after the lapse of a few days1 or even hours1 a matter of difficulty to determine its date4 ,against the last two sources of error it is indeed possible to guard4 ,under ordinary circumstances no dream should be regarded as having evidential value which has not been either recorded in writing or mentioned to some other person before the coincidence is known4 ,mention of the dream immediately after the receipt of the news1 even with persons of proved accuracy1 can by no means be regarded as equivalent to mention of it beforehand4 ,for it is possible1 as already pointed out 7p4 #aee71 that some alleged coincident and prophetic dreams may be due to hallucination of memory1 or still more probably to the embellishment and amplification of vague pre-existent memories4 ,but however carefully dreams are noted and described1 the objection still holds good that with impressions of such frequent occurrence chance alone will account for a considerable number of coincidences4 ,it is easy1 however1 on a superficial view to exaggerate the probabilities of chance coincidence4 ,the great majority of dreams1 vague at the time and fugitive in the retrospect1 are like footsteps in the sand4 ,yet as1 here and there1 one set of footprints out of the millions impressed upon the shore of a long-forgotten sea has been preserved for us in sand now turned to stone1 so now and then one dream stands out from all the rest1 and leaves on the memory an imprint which the daily reflux of the tide of consciousness cannot efface4 ,if we strike out of the account all the dreams which are too vague to leave any permanent impress on waking1 all those which are purely inconsequent and fantastic1 and all which can be readily traced to some physical cause1 we shall find that the number which we have to deal with1--the number1 that is1 of vivid and passably realistic dreams1--though no doubt large1 is perhaps not beyond the range of definite calculation4 ,it could not1 for instance1 be plausibly contended that the correspondence of a dream such as that of ,captain ,campbell's1 recorded below1 with the death of the person portrayed1 is on the same level as the prophetic vision of the ,city clerk1 who1 dreaming every other night of the success of some horse which he has backed1 happens on some one occasion to dream of the future winner4 ,it will be observed that of the nine dreams which are given in full in this chapter1 no less than four are concerned with death4 ,of the much larger number--#adi--of coincident dreams published in ,phantasms of the ,living1 no less than #gi relate to a death4 ,now1 as dreams of death or suggesting death do not form a large proportion of dreams in general1 their startling preponderance amongst coincident dreams constitutes in itself an argument for ascribing such dreams to telepathy2 for if any power exists whereby one mind can affect another1 it would appear priori probable that such a power would be exercised most frequently and effectually at times of exceptional crisis4 ,as has been pointed out by ,mr4 ,gurney 7,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc71 the preponderance amongst true dreams of dreams relating to death may indeed be explained on the assumption that such dreams are more frequently remembered than other true dreams4 ,this assumption is no doubt in a measure justified1 but the consequences of admitting its truth must not be overlooked2 for it of course follows that a large number of coincident dreams are forgotten1 i4e41 that the grounds furnished by dreams for believing in telepathy are much stronger than would at first sight appear4 ,again1 the frequency of coincident dreams of death offers a favourable opportunity for estimating the probabilities of their occurrence by chance4 ,the problem is simplified in one direction by the consideration that death is at all events a unique event in the history of the agent4 ,if we can ascertain the proportion which true bear to not-true dreams of death1 we can calculate by means of the tables of mortality the probabilities for some other cause than chance4 ,the problem was actually attempted by ,mr4 ,gurney1 who found that coincident dreams of death in the collection published in ,phantasms of the ,living were twenty-four times as numerous as chance would allow4#hi ,theoretically1 dreams are of considerable interest as throwing light upon the nature of waking impressions2 for it should be observed that dreams are of many kinds and of many degrees of vividness4 ,some in the vagueness and ideality of the impressions resemble closely the waking experiences recorded in the preceding chapter4 ,others in their extreme clearness and semi-externalisation approach nearly to the level of hallucinations4 ,but whilst few persons above the level of the savage believe that their dream percepts correspond to actual external objects visibly present1 there are some who think that the hallucinatory image of a dying friend which they see with their eyes open1 and taking a place in the external order of things1 must1 just because they see it with open eyes1 form a part of that external order4 ,and if the percipient himself is not under any such misconception1 the journalist who sneers at him for believing in ghosts is so1 by his own confession4 ,if once it is recognised that between dreams and hallucinations there is no essential difference1 the chief obstacle to the acceptance1 by two different classes of minds1 of telepathy as the explanation of coincident hallucinations will have disappeared4 ,it will become clear1 on the one hand1 that a belief in the significance of such hallucinations does not necessarily carry with it a belief in ghosts2 and on the other1 that the fact of an apparition taking its place as a fully externalised percept does not imply any substantial basis for the percept4 ,in dealing with dreams we will discuss first those which resemble most closely the experimental results and the cases considered in the last chapter1 and proceed from these to dreams which include a definite representation of the agent4 ,finally1 cases of somewhat aberrant type and clairvoyant dreams will be considered4 ,simultaneous ,dreams4 ,no4 #eb4--;,from ,,miss ,,ina ,,bidder4 ,,ravensbury ,,park1 ,,mitcham1 ,june #ajth1 #ahij4 ,the night before last a curious case of what ,i cannot but call telepathy occurred between myself and my sister4 7,we sleep in the same room47 ,for the last two years the whole family have been very much interested in some skeletons and flint instruments found in a gravel pit in one of the fields4 ,they have never been properly excavated1 and about ten days ago my sister and ,i had been amusing ourselves pulling out1 bone by bone1 one of these 'palolithic men1' as we pleased to call them4 ,he was a particularly interesting one1 as we found a flint arrow-head in his hip-bone1 but we only got to his ribs4 ,on the night in question ,i dreamt that my father was excavating in a more approved method1 taking off the top mould and leaving the bones in their original position in the brown earth1 so that you could see the form of the man to whom they had belonged4 ,in this way we lifted out the rest of the skeleton at which my sister and ,i had been working1 and behold6 when we got to the skull it had a snout4 ,we were delighted to be able to prove this extraordinary fact respecting palolithic man1 and the doctors crowded down from town to see the creature2 but my sister was nowhere about1 and in my anxiety to tell her of our discovery ,i woke myself and nearly woke her4 ,i stopped myself just in time1 thinking what a shame it was to spoil her night's rest for a dream4 ,still wishing she were awake to hear1 and thinking again of the curious effect of the black1 earth-filled skull1 with its projecting snout1 and dreaming of my dream1 ,i turned over and dropped into another4 ,before ,i had got well started in this1 however1 ,i was awakened by my sister trying to light the candle4 ',what is it8' ,i said1 'what's the matter8' ',i've just had such a horrid dream1' she answered2 'it haunts me still4' ,but ,i do not think ,i need repeat her dream1 which ,i believe she has written4 ,miss ,m4 ,bidder writes as follows3-- ,june #ith1 #ahij4 ,i was sleeping last night with my sister1 with whom ,i have shared a room all my life4 ,i was sleeping soundly1 and my dreams1 of which ,i now retain only the vaguest recollection1 took their most usual form of a confused repetition of all the events of the past day jumbled together without meaning or sequence1 and without even much distinctness4 ,the whole scene of the dream was hazy and confused1 until ,i became suddenly conscious of the figure of a skeleton in the foreground1 as it were1 which disturbed me in my dream with a sense of incongruity4 ,i first made a half-conscious effort to banish the figure--which struck me with great horror--from my dream1 but instead of disappearing it grew more and more prominent and distinct1 while all the rest of the scene and the people in it seemed fading away4 ,the figure of the skeleton1 which ,i can perfectly recall1 presented one of the most vivid impressions ,i ever remember to have received in a dream4 ,it appeared to stand upright before me1 with what seemed to be a dark cloak hanging about its limbs and forming a kind of background as of a black hood behind the skull1 which showed against it with extreme distinctness4 ,it was on the skull1 which was facing me full1 that my attention was chiefly concentrated1 and as ,i stared at it it slowly turned sideways1 showing1 to my horror1 the profile of a very long1 sharp nose in place of the hollow socket4 ,the feeling of terror with which ,i perceived this 7for the first time7 was so intense as to awaken me1 nor could ,i even then entirely banish it4 ,so unpleasantly strong1 indeed1 was the impression of some horrible presence which still remained1 that it was with difficulty that ,i resisted the desire to rouse my sister that she might help me to shake it off4 ,some movement of mine did in fact presently awake her1 and ,i at once began to tell her of my horrible dream4 ,before1 however1 ,i had described it to her1 she interrupted me to tell me of a dream which she had had4 ,here it is perhaps permissible to conjecture that some common experience of their waking life might have suggested to both sisters the idea of a primeval skeleton with a snout4 ,but it is remarkable1 if such is the true explanation1 that the common idea was elaborated into a dream by the two percipients almost simultaneously4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that such dreams1 which have hitherto been reported only as occurring between persons whose lives are spent for the most part in the same surroundings1 have little value as evidence4 ,it is only those who believe1 on evidence derived from other sources1 in the reality of telepathy1 who will be inclined to regard such cases as possibly due to its action1 rather than to the spontaneous association of ideas in minds sharing the same experiences and moving to some extent in similar grooves4 ,dreams coinciding with external events4 ,in the cases which follow the coincidence is of a more definite kind1 and the question is now no longer of the correspondence of thought in closely associated minds1 but of the correspondence of thought with an outward event--with something done or suffered by the person whose mind apparently affects that of the dreamer4 ,transference of ,sensation in ,dreams4 ,the following case1 quoted from the ,proc4 of the ,am4 ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #bbf1 #bbg71 offers a curious parallel to some of the cases recorded at the beginning of ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the narrator is a lady of ,boston1 whose good faith is vouched for by ,professor ,royce4 ,she wrote from ,hamburg on the #bcrd of ,june #ahhg to her sister1 who was at that time in ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,the following is an extract from this letter3-- ,no4 #ec4 ,i very nearly wrote from the ,hague to say that ,i should be very thankful when we had a letter from you of the #ahth of ,june saying that you were well and happy4444 ,in the night of the #agth ,i had what ,i suppose to be a nightmare1 but it all seemed to belong to you 444 and to be a horrid pain in your head1 as if it were being forcibly jammed into an iron casque1 or some such pleasant instrument of torture4 ,the queer part of it was my own dissociation from the pain1 and conviction that it was yours4 ,i suppose it was some slight painful sensation magnified into something quite severe by a half-asleep condition4 ,it will be a fine example of what the ,society for ,psychical ,research ought to be well supplied with--an ,ahnung which came to nothing4 ,as a matter of fact the lady in ,boston to whom this letter was addressed is shown1 on the evidence of a dentist's bill1 to have spent on the #agth ,june an hour and three-quarters in the operating chair1 while a painful tooth was being stopped4 ,the discomfort consequent on the operation1 as was learnt from the patient herself1 continued as a dull pain for some hours1 in such wise that during the afternoon of the #agth ,june the patient could not forget the difficulty at all4 ,she slept1 however1 as usual at night4 ,the nightmare in ,europe followed the operation in ,boston by a good many hours1 but the pain of the tooth returned daily for some three weeks4 ,as the letter was written from ,europe six days after the nightmare there was of course no possibility of any communication having passed in the interval except by telegram4 ,in the next case also the coincidence was of a trivial nature1 but appears to have been exact in point of time4 ,the narrative is quoted here because the impression1 though not described beforehand1 was of a quite unusual kind1 being in part1 if not altogether1 a waking experience4 ,it is doubtful1 indeed1 whether it should be classed as a dream1 and not rather as a borderland hallucination4 ,no4 #ed4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,harrison4 ,february #gth1 #ahia4 ,i reside with my husband at #ae ,lupton ,street1 ,n4,w4 ,this afternoon ,i was lying on the sofa1 sound asleep1 when ,i suddenly awoke1 thinking ,i heard my husband sigh as if in pain4 ,i arose immediately1 expecting to find him in the room4 ,he was not there1 and looking at my watch ,i found it was half-past three4 ,at six o'clock my husband came in4 ,he called my attention to a bruise on his forehead1 which was caused by his having knocked it against the stone steps in a ,turkish bath4 ,i said to him1 ',i know when it happened--it was at half-past three1 for ,i heard you sigh as if in pain at that time4' ,he replied1 ',yes1 that was the exact time1 for ,i remember noticing the clock directly after4' ,the gentleman who appends his name as witness was present when this conversation took place4 ,,louisa ,e4 ,,harrison4 ,witness3 ,henry ,hooton1 #bc ,bunhill ,row1 ,e4,c4 ,this account was sent to the ,s4,p4,r4 by ,mr4 ,harrison on the day of the occurrence described4 ,in an accompanying letter he writes3 ,everything happened exactly as stated4 ,in the cases which follow1 with one exception1 the dream impression was of a well-marked visual nature4 ,in the first three narratives the dream had reference to the death of the person represented4 ,the mode of representation1 however1 it will be seen1 differed in each case4 ,in the first1 the associated imagery was in part of a fantastic nature1 and the dream1 though sufficiently exceptional to leave a feeling of fatigue on the following morning1 and to induce the percipient to write an account of it to his friends1 resembled in other respects the motley crowd which throng through the gate of ivory4 ,in the second case the surroundings of the central figure were such as the waking imagination of the dreamer would naturally have conjured up in picturing the deathbed of his friend4 ,no4 #ee4--;,from ,,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,this case is recorded at some length in the ,proceedings of the ,am4 ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #cid-cig7 by ,professor ,royce4 ,professor ,royce explains that ,mr4 ,e41 the agent1 died after a short illness in ,new ,york ,city1 on ,tuesday1 ,february #bcrd1 #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t41 who1 though an acquaintance of ,mr4 ,e41 had heard nothing of him for some time1 and1 as indeed appears from the letters quoted1 knew of no special cause for anxiety1 was on the day of the death1 and for some time afterwards1 in ,st4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,in consequence of severe snowstorms1 no mails had been received in ,st4 ,john from the ,south for some days1 and at the time when the letter1 an extract from which we give below1 was written1 it was not possible for the writer to have known of ,mr4 ,e4's death4 ,the original letter1 written by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 to his wife1 and dated ,wednesday1 ,march #crd1 #ahhf1 on paper headed ,hotel ,dufferin1 ,st4 ,john1 ,n4,b41 has been seen by ,professor ,royce3-- ,i have not heard of you for an age4 ,the train that should have been here on ,friday last has not arrived yet4 ,i had a very strange dream on ,tuesday night4 ,i have never been in ,ottawa in my life1 and yet ,i was there1 in ,mr4 ,e4's house4 ,mrs4 ,e41 ,miss ,e41 and the little girls were in great trouble because ,mr4 ,e4 was ill4 ,i had to go and tell my brother ,mr4 ,e4's son-in-law1 and1 strange to say1 he was down a coal-mine4 ,when ,i got down to him ,i told him that ,mr4 ,e4 was dead4 ,but in trying to get out we could not do it4 ,we climbed and climbed1 but always fell back4 ,i felt tired out when ,i awoke next morning1 and ,i cannot account for the dream in any way4 ,though the letter leaves it doubtful whether the dream actually occurred on the night of the death1 or a week later1 it appears from further correspondence that the percipient believes the dream to have taken place on the night of the #bcrd ,february1 the night of the death1 and this is the most natural interpretation of the letter4#ij ,in any case1 the dream preceded the news of the death4 ,in the next case1 again1 the dream is of a not uncommon type1 but the impression made1 it will be seen1 was such as to wake the dreamer at the time1 and to induce him in the morning to take the unusual course of noting the dream in his diary4 ,no4 #ef4--;,from ,,mr4 ,r4 ,v4 ,,boyle4 #c ,,stanhope ,,terrace1 ,w41 ,july #cjth1 #ahhd4 ,in ,india1 early on the morning of ,november #bnd1 #ahfh 7which would be about #aj to #aa ,p4,m4 of ,november #ast in ,england71 ,i had so clear and striking a dream or vision 7repeated a second time after a short waking interval7 that1 on rising as usual between #f and #g o'clock1 ,i felt impelled at once to write an entry in my diary1 which is now before me4 ,at the time referred to my wife and ,i were in ,simla1 in the ,himalayas1 the summer seat of the ,governor-,general1 and my father-in-law and mother-in-law were living in ,brighton4 ,we had not heard of or from either of them for weeks1 nor had ,i been recently speaking or thinking of them1 for there was no reason for anxiety regarding them4 ,it is right1 however1 to say that my wife's father had gone to ,brighton some months before on account of his health1 though he was not more delicate than his elder brother1 who is 7#ahhd7 still living4 ,it seemed in my dream that ,i stood at the open door of a bedroom in a house in ,brighton1 and that before me1 by candle-light1 ,i saw my father-in-law lying pale upon his bed1 while my mother-in-law passed silently across the room in attendance on him4 ,the vision soon passed away1 and ,i slept on for some time4 ,on waking1 however1 the nature of the impression left upon me unmistakably was that my father-in-law was dead4 ,i at once noted down the dream1 after which ,i broke the news of what ,i felt to be a revelation to my wife1 when we thought over again and again all that could bear upon the matter1 without being able to assign any reason for my being so strongly and thoroughly impressed4 ,the telegraph from ,england to ,simla had been open for some time1 but now there was an interruption1 which lasted for about a fortnight longer1 and on the #agth 7fifteen days after my dream7 ,i was neither unprepared nor surprised to receive a telegram from ,england1 saying that my father-in-law had died in ,brighton on ,november #ast4 ,subsequent letters showed that the death occurred on the night of the #ast4 ,dreams1 as a rule1 leave little impression on me1 and the one above referred to is the only one ,i ever thought of making a note of1 or of looking expectantly for its fulfilment4 ,r4 ,,vicary ,,boyle4 ,mrs4 ,boyle writes as follows3-- #fth ,august #ahhg4 ,i well remember my husband telling me one morning1 early in ,november #ahfh1 when at ,simla1 in ,india1 that he had had a striking dream 7repeated7 in which my father1 then at ,brighton1 seemed to be dying4 ,we were both deeply impressed1 and then anxiously awaited news from home4 ,a telegram first reached us1 in about a fortnight1 which was afterwards confirmed by letters telling of my father's death having occurred on the same night when my husband had the dream4 ,,el,,onore ,a4 ,,boyle4 ,mr4 ,gurney adds the following notes on the case3-- ,the following entries were copied by me from ,mr4 ,boyle's diary3-- ',nov4 #b4 ,dreamed of ,e4's ,father early this morning4 ',written before dressing4 ',nov4 #ag4 ,got telegram from ,louis ,hack this morning of his father's death on #ast ,nov4 inst4' ,the following notice of the decease of ,mr4 ,boyle's father-in-law occurred in the ,times for #dth ,november #ahfh3-- ',on #ast ,nov41 at ,brighton1 ,william ,hack1 late of ,dieppe1 aged #gb4' ,mr4 ,boyle informed me that he is a 'particularly sound sleeper1 and very rarely dreams4' ,this dream was a very unique and impressive experience1 apart from the coincidence4 ,there was a regular correspondence between ,mrs4 ,boyle and her mother1 but for several mails the letters had contained no mention of her father1 on whose account absolutely no anxiety was felt4 ,e4 ,g4 ,it appears that the death actually occurred at about #b ,p4,m4 in ,england1 which was1 allowing for the difference in longitude1 about nine hours before the dream4 ,in the next case the dream is of a more unusual character4 ,the figure of the agent appears to have stood alone1 whilst the impression made was such that the percipient is uncertain whether to class his experience as a dream or a vision4 ,indeed1 in the absence of dream-background1 and in the life-like appearance of the figure1 the dream bears a striking resemblance to a waking hallucination4 ,no4 #eg4--;,from ,,captain ,r4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,campbell 7#bnd ,royal ,irish ,fusiliers74 ,,army ,,and ,,navy ,,club1 ,,pall ,,mall1 ,s4,w41 ,february #bast1 #ahhh4 ,i have much pleasure in enclosing you an account of a remarkable dream which occurred to me in the year #ahhf1 together with three other accounts of the same1 written by officers to whom the facts of the case are known4 ,you are at liberty1 in the interests of science1 to make such use of them as you please4 ,i was stationed at the ,dept ,barracks1 ,armagh1 ,ireland1 on the #cjth ,november #ahhf1 and on the night of the same date1 or early in the morning of the #ast ,december 7,i cannot tell which1 as ,i did not refer to my watch71 ,i was in bed in my room1 when ,i was awakened by a most vivid and remarkable dream or vision1 in which ,i seemed to see a certain ,major ,hubbersty1 late of my regiment1 the #bnd ,battalion ,royal ,irish ,fusiliers1 looking ghastly pale1 and falling forward as if dying4 ,he seemed to be saying something to me1 but the words ,i could not make out1 although ,i tried hard to understand him4 ,the clothes he had on at the time appeared to me to have a thin red thread running through the pattern4 ,i was very deeply impressed by my dream1 and so much did ,i feel that there was something significant in it that on the #ast ,december1 when at luncheon in the mess1 ,i related it to three brother-officers1 telling them at the same time that ,i felt sure we should soon hear something bad about ,major ,hubbersty4 ,i had almost forgotten all about it when1 on taking up the ,times newspaper of the following ,saturday on the ,sunday morning following1 the first thing that caught my eyes was the announcement of ,major ,hubbersty's death at ,penzance1 in ,cornwall1 on the #cjth ,november1 the very date on which ,i had the remarkable dream concerning him4 ,my feelings on seeing such a remarkable fulfilment of my dream can be better imagined than described4 ,suffice it to say that on the return from church of ,messrs4 ,kaye and ,scott ,i asked them to try and recollect anything peculiar which had happened at luncheon on the #ast ,december1 when1 after a few moments' deliberation1 they at once recounted to me the whole circumstances of my dream1 as they had heard them from my lips on the #ast ,december #ahhf4 ,on seeing ,mr4 ,leeper a few days afterwards at his father's house1 ,loughgall1 ,co4 ,armagh1 he at once remembered all ,i had told him about the dream on the #ast ,december1 on my questioning him about it4 ,i1 of course1 can assign no possible cause for the remarkable facts related1 as apart from the difference of our standing in the service1 the late ,major ,hubbersty and ,i were in no wise particularly friendly to one other1 nor had we seen very much of each other4 ,i had not seen him for eighteen months previously4 ,a very curious fact in connection with the dream is that it occurred to me in the very same room in the barracks as ,major ,hubbersty used to occupy when stationed at ,armagh1 several years previously4 ,in answer to an inquiry1 ,captain ,campbell writes1 on ,february #bith1 #ahhh3-- ,i do not dream much1 as a rule1 and cannot recall to my mind ever before having had a dream of a similar nature to that dreamt by me about the late ,major ,hubbersty4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,r4 ,kaye1 ,lieutenant ,third ,royal ,irish ,fusiliers1 writes on ,august #bjth1 #ahhg1 from #fb ,fitzwilliam ,square1 ,dublin3-- ,i was stationed in the barracks1 ,armagh ,dept1 ,royal ,irish ,fusiliers1 in ,november and ,december #ahhf4 ,on the #ast of ,december at lunch there were present ,lieutenant ,r4 ,e4 ,w4 ,campbell 7#bnd ,r4,i4,f471 ,lieutenant ,r4 ,w4 ,leeper 7#bnd ,r4,i4,f471 ,lieutenant ,t4 ,e4 ,scott 7#dth ,r4,i4,f471 and myself4 ,during our conversation ,major ,hubbersty's name was mentioned1 and ,campbell told us that he had a dream about him the night before1 how he had seen a vision of ,major ,hubbersty looking very pale and seeming to be falling forward1 and saying something to him which he could not hear2 also1 he 7,campbell7 told us he was sure we would hear something about ,major ,hubbersty very soon4 ,on the following ,sunday1 when ,scott and ,i returned from church and went into the ante-room1 ,campbell1 who was there1 asked us both to try and remember anything peculiar that he had told us on the #ast4 ,after a little time1 we remembered about the dream1 and he 7,campbell7 then showed us the ,times newspaper of the day before1 containing the notice of ,major ,hubbersty's death1 at ,penzance1 on ,november #cjth1 #ahhf1 the same date as that on which he had the dream2 also1 ,i remember1 he 7,campbell7 told us that in his vision he seemed to see the clothes which ,major ,hubbersty had on1 and that there was a red thread running through the pattern of the trousers4 ,the two other friends mentioned by ,captain ,campbell1 ,messrs4 ,leeper and ,scott1 have written letters to the same effect4#ia ,from these letters there can be no doubt that the coincidence made a marked impression on each of those to whom the dream was related1 and this fact1 perhaps even more than ,captain ,campbell's own narrative1 is a striking proof of the exceptional nature of the experience4 ,there is no reason in this case for supposing that the dream conveyed any other information than the fact of the agent's death4 ,there is no evidence that the manner of death or the clothes worn by ,major ,hubbersty resembled what was seen in the dream4 ,the clothes in which the figure appeared may have been a reminiscence of clothes which the percipient had actually seen worn on some occasion by the agent4 ,but this explanation will hardly apply to the following case1 where the dream included a representation1 accurate in more than one particular1 of the agent as he actually appeared at the time4 ,it is true that we have to rely upon the percipient's memory after the interval of a fortnight for the details of the dream1 but since the dream was sufficiently impressive to cause a note to be taken of it by a person not in the habit of making such notes1 it seems not unreasonable to trust the memory to that extent4 ,no1 #eh4--;,from ,,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,c4,b4 ,,park ,,lane ,,chambers1 ,,park ,,lane1 ,w41 ,april #fth1 #ahhh4 ,on ,wednesday morning1 ,march #bast1 #ahhh1 ,i woke up with the impression of a very vivid dream4 ,i had dreamt that my brother1 who had long been in ,australia1 and of whom ,i had heard nothing for several months1 had come home2 that after an absence of twelve years and a half he was very little altered in appearance1 but that he had something wrong with one of his arms2 it looked horribly red near the wrist1 his hand being bent back4 ,when ,i got up that morning the dream recurred constantly to my thoughts1 and ,i at last determined to take a note of it1 notwithstanding my natural prejudices against attaching any importance to dreams1 to which1 indeed1 ,i am not much subject4 ,accordingly1 in the course of the day1 ,i made in my little ,letts' diary a mark thus3 ,x1 with my brother's name after it4 ,on the following ,monday morning1 the #bfth ,march1 ,i received a letter from my brother1 which bore the date of the #bast ,march1 and which had been posted at ,naples 7where the ,orient steamers touch71 informing me that he was on his way home1 and that he hoped to reach ,london on or about the #cjth ,march1 and adding that he was suffering from a very severe attack of gout in the left arm4 ,the next day ,i related to some one this curious incident1 and ,i commented on the extraordinary coincidence of facts with the dream except in one detail1 and that was1 that the arm which ,i had seen in my dream did not look as if it were merely affected with gout3 the appearance it had presented to me was more like extremely bad eczema4 ,my brother duly reached ,england on the #bith1 having disembarked at ,plymouth owing to the painful condition of his arm4 ,it turned out that the doctor on board ship had mistaken the case2 it was not gout1 but a case of blood poisoning1 resulting in a very bad carbuncle or abscess over the wrist joint4 ,since my brother's return1 ,i have endeavoured to ascertain from him the exact hour at which he wrote to me on ,march #bast4 ,he is not certain whether the letter to me was written before noon or after noon of that day4 ,he remembers writing four short letters in the course of that day--two before luncheon and two after luncheon4 ,had the note addressed to me been written in the forenoon1 it might nearly have coincided in time with my dream1 if allowance be made for the difference of time between ,greenwich and ,naples2 for1 having no recollection of the dream when ,i woke1 according to custom1 at an early hour on the morning of the #bast1 ,i presume ,i must have dreamt it very little before eight o'clock1 the hour at which ,i was called4 ,i may add that1 notwithstanding an absence of twelve years and a half1 my brother has altered very little in appearance2 and that ,i have not to my knowledge ever noted a dream before in my life4 ,on ,april #abth1 #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,gurney inspected the diary with the entry 7,x1 ,clem7 under ,tuesday1 ,march #bjth1 #ahhh1 though1 as ,mr4 ,hamilton explained1 it was early the next morning that ,i had the dream1 for ,i generally consider all that appertains to bed relates to the day on which one gets into it4 ,mr4 ,gurney also saw the letter signed ,clement ,e4 ,hamilton1 and dated ,naples1 ,march #bast1 #ahhh1 which says am suffering from very severe attack of gout in left arm4 ,the next case presents several points of interest4 ,in part1 at least1 it seems to have been a waking experience1 possibly the prolongation of a dream4 ,in this respect it resembles ,mrs4 ,harrison's case1 already cited 7,no4 #ed71 and if correctly described1 the incident possesses therefore a higher evidential value than a mere dream1 however vivid4 ,i have here classed it as a dream1 however1 because the percipient himself so describes it in his letter written a few days after the experience4 ,the utterance of words by the percipient finds a parallel in the case of ,archdeacon ,bruce 7,chapter ,,vii41 ,no4 #ea74 ,but in the present case there is the additional feature that the percipient is conscious not only of the sound of his own voice1 but of another voice in reply4 ,the incident1 it will be seen1 though remote1 is attested by letters written immediately after the event1 and by the percipient's recollection of action taken in consequence of the dream-warning4 ,no4 #ei4--;,from ,,mr4 ,,edward ,a4 ,,goodall1 of the ,royal ,society of ,painters in ,water-,colours4 ,may1 #ahhh4 ,at ,midsummer1 #ahfi1 ,i left ,london for ,naples4 ,the heat being excessive1 people were leaving for ,ischia1 and ,i thought it best to go there myself4 ,crossing by steamer1 ,i slept one night at ,casamicciola1 on the coast1 and walked next morning into the town of ,ischia ,mr4 ,goodall then describes an accident to his hand1 which prevented him from sketching4 ,it must have been on my third or fourth night1 and about the middle of it1 when ,i awoke1 as it seemed1 at the sound of my own voice1 saying3 ',i know ,i have lost my dearest little ,may4' ,another voice1 which ,i in no way recognised1 answered3 ',no1 not ,may1 but your youngest boy4' ,the distinctness and solemnity of the voice made such a distressing impression upon me that ,i slept no more4 ,i got up at daybreak1 and went out1 noticing for the first time telegraph-poles and wires4 ,without delay ,i communicated with the postmaster at ,naples1 and by next boat received two letters from home4 ,i opened them according to dates outside4 ,the first told me that my youngest boy was taken suddenly ill2 the second1 that he was dead4 ,neither on his account nor on that of any of my family had ,i any cause for uneasiness4 ,all were quite well on my taking leave of them so lately4 ,my impression ever since has been that the time of the death coincided as nearly as we could judge with the time of my accident4 ,in writing to ,mrs4 ,goodall1 ,i called the incident of the voice a dream1 as less likely perhaps to disturb her than the details which ,i gave on reaching home1 and which ,i have now repeated4 ,my letters happen to have been preserved4 ,i have never had any hallucination of any kind1 nor am ,i in the habit of talking in my sleep4 ,i do remember once waking with some words of mere nonsense upon my lips1 but the experience of the voice speaking to me was absolutely unique4 ,,edward ,a4 ,,goodall4 ,extracts from letters to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,goodall from ,ischia3-- ,,wednesday1 ,august #aath1 #ahfi4 ,the postman brought me two letters containing sad news indeed4 ,poor little ,percy6 ,i dreamt some nights since the poor little fellow was taken from us4444 ,august #adth4 ,i did not tell you1 dear1 the particulars of my dream about poor little ,percy4 ,i had been for several days very fidgety and wretched at getting no letters from home1 and had gone to bed in worse spirits than usual1 and in my dream ,i fancied ,i said3 ',i have lost my dearest little ,may4' ,a strange voice seemed to say3 ',no1 not ,may1 but your youngest boy1' not mentioning his name4 ,mr4 ,myers adds3-- ,mr4 ,goodall has given me verbally a concordant account of the affair1 and several members of his family1 who were present at our interview1 recollected the strong impression made on him and them at the time4#ib ,in the case which follows the agency is difficult to elucidate4 ,the persons who were spectators of the scene represented in the dream can hardly be supposed to have been acquainted with the dreamer1 and assuredly would not willingly have revealed the secret4 ,the dream appears to have been of a clairvoyant character4 ,the account is taken from the ,proceedings of the ,am4 ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #ded et seq4 ,no4 #fj4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,cambridge 7,u4,s4,a471 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahhf4 ,the dream ,i will endeavour to relate as clearly as possible4 ,it occurred during the month of ,august1 last summer1 while we were boarding with ,mrs4 ,h41 in ,lunenburg1 where ,i first met the ,misses ,w4 ,i am a perfectly healthy woman1 and have always been sceptical as to hallucinations in any one1 always before having felt the cause of the experience might be traced4 ,in my dream ,i arrived unexpectedly at the house of the ,misses ,w41 in ,cambridge1 where ,i found everything in confusion1 drawers emptied and their contents scattered about the floor1 bundles unrolled1 and dresses taken down from the closets4 ,then1 as ,i stepped into one room1 ,i saw some boys in bed1--three or four1 ,i cannot distinctly remember4 ,i saw their faces distinctly1 as they sat up in bed at my approach1 but the recollection of their faces has faded from me now4 ,i could not reach the boys1 for they disappeared suddenly1 and ,i could not find them2 but ,i thought1 ,these cannot be the people whom the ,misses ,w4 trusted to care for their house in their absence2 and ,i was troubled to know whether it was best to tell them when ,i should return to ,lunenburg4 ,this is all there was in the dream4 ,thinking only to amuse them1 ,i related my dream at the breakfast-table the following morning1 and ,i regretted doing so immediately1 for anxiety showed itself in their faces1 and the elder ,miss ,w4 remarked that she hoped my dream was not a forerunner of bad tidings from home4 ,i laughed at the idea1 but that morning the mail brought a letter telling them that their house had been entered1 and when they went down they found almost the same confusion of which ,i had been a witness the night before--with everything strewn about the floor4 ,it was a singular coincidence1 surely4 ,miss ,w4 writes3-- #g ---- ,,street1 ,dec4 #d4 ,i am not quite sure whether the incident to which you allude in your note is worthy your attention or not1 but ,i will give you the facts1 that you may judge for yourself of its value4 ,the burglary1 we suppose1 took place on the night of the #agth or #ahth of ,august1 ,i being at the time1 for the summer1 in the town of ,lunenburg1 ,mass4 ,coming down to breakfast on the morning of the #agth1 a lady said to me that she had had a strange dream4 ,she thought she went to our house1 finding it in the greatest confusion1 everything turned upside-down4 ,as she entered one of the sleeping-rooms she saw two boys lying in the bed2 but she could not see their faces1 for as soon as they saw her they jumped up and ran off4 ,i said1 ',i hope that does not mean that we have been visited by burglars4' ,i thought no more about it1 till the eleven o'clock mail brought a note from the woman in charge of the house saying that it had been entered1--that everything was in great confusion1 many things carried off1 and she wished we would come home at once4 ,the policeman who went over the house with her said he had never seen a house more thoroughly ransacked4 ,we found that in the upper attic room the bed had evidently been used1 and there was1 perhaps1 more confusion in this room than in any other4 ,the lady who had the dream was ,mrs4 ,e4 ,j41 of ,cambridgeport4 ,i was told that she had been suffering for about a year from nervous prostration1 and she was evidently in a condition of great nervous excitement4 ,i forbore to speak to her of the occurrence1 as one of the ladies in the house told me that it had made an unpleasant impression on her mind4 ,the whole thing seems rather curious to me1 but ,i do not know that you will find it of any value in your investigations4 ,a dream presenting similar features is recorded in the ,journal of the ,s4,p4,r4 for ,june #ahij4 ,mr4 ,william ,bass1 farm bailiff to ,mrs4 ,palmer1 of ,turnours ,hall1 ,chigwell1 on ,good ,friday1 #ahhd1 awoke in violent agitation and profuse perspiration from a dream that something was wrong at the stables4 ,he was at first dissuaded by his wife from paying any attention to the dream1 but subsequently1 at about #b ,a4,m41 dressed and proceeded to the stables 7a third of a mile off7 to find that a mare had been stolen4 ,the case has been investigated by ,mr4 ,t4 ,barkworth1 of ,west ,hatch1 ,chigwell1 and by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,surgey1 of #bb ,holland ,street1 ,kensington4 ,in a dream recorded in ,phantasms of the ,living 7vol4 i4 p4 #cfi71 ,miss ,busk1 of #af ,montagu ,street1 ,w41 dreamt that in a spot in ,kent well known to her she stumbled over the heads1 left protruding1 of some ducks buried in the sand1 under some firs4 ,the dream was mentioned at breakfast to ,miss ,busk's sister1 ,mrs4 ,pitt ,byrne1 and an hour later the ladies learnt from their bailiff that some stolen ducks had accidentally been found buried on the spot and in the manner described4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hi3 ,phantasms1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cjc-caj4 ,the statement in the text must not be regarded as having more weight than its author himself would have assigned to it4 ,mr4 ,gurney certainly regarded his estimate as little more than a guess--a guess indeed made by one who had carefully studied and weighed the facts1 so far as they could be known1 but because of our inevitable ignorance a guess still1 rather than an estimate on the approximate accuracy of which it would be safe to rely4 ,the calculation depends on several assumptions1 one or two of which1 at least1 are highly controvertible2 for instance1 the accuracy of the #eahg persons who asserted that they had not within a given period of twelve years had an exceptionally vivid and distressing dream relating to the death of a friend2 and the accuracy of the twenty-four persons who described themselves as having had within the same period a similar dream actually occurring within twelve hours of the death of the person represented4 ,probably the estimate given requires modification by large allowances being made in both directions for defects of memory4 ,but even when thus discounted the coincidences will1 it is thought1 by any one who carefully studies the subject be found to be more numerous than can plausibly be attributed to chance4 ,footnote #ij3 ,a man writing on ,wednesday would almost certainly say last night if he meant to indicate the preceding night1 whereas1 having just before written of ,friday last1 it was natural to describe the ,tuesday in the previous week as simply ,tuesday4 ,footnote #ia3 ,these letters are omitted for want of space4 ,they are given in full in the ,journal of the ,s4,p4,r4 for ,april #ahhh1 pp4 #bee1 #bef4 ,footnote #ib3 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #dec-dee4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,on ,,hallucination ,,in ,,general4 ,before proceeding1 in the chapters which follow1 to cite instances of hallucinations which purport to have been telepathically originated1 it seems needful to glance briefly at sensory hallucination in general4 ,to most persons1 no doubt1 the word connotes disease4 ,their ideas of hallucination are probably derived from vague reports of asylum experience and delirium tremens2 or at least from the cases of ,goethe's butt1 ,nicolai1 the ,berlin bookseller1 and the ,mrs4 ,a4 whose experiences are described in ,brewster's ,letters on ,natural ,magic1 both of whom are known to have been under medical treatment for illness of which the hallucinations were regarded as a symptom4 ,indeed1 until recent years the tendency of even well-instructed opinion has been to regard a sensory hallucination as necessarily implying some physical or mental disorder4 ,this misconception--for it is a misconception--has had some curious consequences4 ,since it does occasionally happen that a person admittedly sane and healthy reports to have seen the likeness of a human figure in what was apparently empty space1 such reports have been by some perforce scouted as unworthy of credence1 and by others regarded as necessarily indicating some occult cause--as testifying1 in short1 to the agency of ghosts4 ,there was indeed the analogy of dreams to guide us4 ,few educated persons would regard dreams1 on the one hand1 as a symptom of ill-health1 or on the other as counterparts or revelations of any super-terrestrial world2 or1 indeed1 as anything else than purely subjective mental images4 ,yet dreams belong to the same order of mental phenomena as hallucinations1 and are commonly so classed--such differences as exist being mainly due to the conditions under which the two sets of phenomena respectively occur4 ,in fact1 a hallucination is simply a hypertrophied thought--the last member of a series1 whose intermediate terms are to be found in the mind's-eye pictures of ordinary life1 in the vivid images which some artists can summon at will1 and in the ,faces in the ,dark which many persons see before passing into sleep1 with its more familiar and abundant imagery4 ,of recent years1 however1 our knowledge of hallucinations has been largely augmented from two distinct sources4 ,on the one hand1 a systematic attempt has been made to study the spontaneous non-recurrent hallucinations occurring amongst normal persons2 on the other hand1 wider knowledge of hypnotism and the discovery of various processes for inducing hallucinations has afforded facilities for the experimental investigation of their nature1 mechanism1 and genesis1 both in the trance and in waking life4 ,the hallucinations1 indeed1 of the ordinary hypnotic subject1 with which the public has been familiarised by platform demonstrations1 are possibly not sensory at all4 ,when a hypnotised lad eats tallow-candle for sponge-cake1 drinks ink for champagne1 or professes to see a lighted candle at the end of the operator's finger1 we may conclude1 if the performance is a genuine one1 that a false belief has been engendered in his mind2 but we have1 in most cases1 no evidence that this belief includes any sensory element4 ,in many laboratory experiments1 however1 there can be little question that a complete sensory hallucination is induced1 and that what the subject professes to see and hear is as real to him as the furniture or the person of the operator4 ,one or two such cases have been quoted in a previous chapter 7,chap4 ,,iii41 p4 #fh74 ,the nature and reaction of these hypnotic hallucinations have been investigated with much ingenuity by various ,continental observers4#ic ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr1 to quote the best-known series of experiments1 have found1 speaking generally1 that the hallucinatory percept behaves under various conditions precisely as if it were a real percept4 ,thus1 if the subject is told to see a picture on a blank card1 he will not only see the picture at the time1 but he will be able subsequently to pick out the card1 recognising it by means of the hallucinatory picture impressed on it1 from a number of similar cards4 ,if the card is inverted1 he will see the picture upside-down2 if a magnifying glass is interposed1 he will see the picture enlarged2 viewed through a prism1 it will appear doubled2 it will be reflected in a mirror2 and if the hallucinatory image consists of written or printed words1 he will see the writing in the mirror inverted4 ,hallucinatory colours will develop after-images of the complementary colour1 precisely as if coloured surfaces were actually present to the eyes of the hallucin2 and a mixture of these hallucinatory colours will produce the appropriate third colour4 ,if other proof were needed of the sensory nature of the induced affection1 ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr find it in the observation that with cataleptic subjects who have lost the sensitiveness of the cornea and conjunctiva1 this sensitiveness is restored when a visual hallucination is enjoined upon them4 ,m4 ,pierre ,janet1 in ,l',automatisme ,psychologique1 has recorded a similar restoration of sensitiveness in a subject's arm by the imposition of a tactile hallucination4 ,it is right to point out that these experiments1 by the authors' admission1 succeed only occasionally1 and that many of them have not yet been confirmed by other observers4 ,in fact1 according to the evidence collected by the ,s4,p4,r41 the results of applying such optical tests differ with each individual4 ,thus ,mr4 ,myers succeeded by post-hypnotic suggestion in inducing two young men to see hallucinatory images in the crystal enlarged by the application of a magnifying glass 7,s4,p4,r41 viii4 #dfb1 #dfc71 and ,miss ,x4 7id41 pp4 #dhe1 #dhf7 reports that she sees hallucinatory pictures distorted in a spoon1 reversed in a mirror1 enlarged by a magnifying glass1 and doubly refracted by ,iceland spar4 ,she believes herself also to have experienced complementary colours as the result of prolonged looking at a hallucinatory picture4 ,but ,mrs4 ,verrall 7id41 p4 #dgd7 finds the crystal pictures vanish when the magnifying glass is applied2 and ,miss ,a4 7id41 p4 #ejj7 finds that the superimposition of a magnifying glass does not affect the picture4 ,in all these cases1 it should be noted1 the percipients were in their normal condition1 and were more or less familiar with the nature of the optical effects following under similar circumstances with real percepts4 ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr suppose that the appropriate reaction of the hallucinatory picture to the various tests described is due to the hallucination being built up round a fragment of actual percept1 such as a mark on a card1 which would conform to ordinary optical laws4 ,this imaginary nucleus they name the point de repre4 ,it is not improbable that in some cases this may be the true explanation4 ,but experience leads us to infer that suggestion would be competent to produce all the observed effects in cases where the subject1 either from previous knowledge of the instrument or process1 from the behaviour of the investigators1 or from his own observations at the time1 was aware of the nature of the effect to be expected4 ,and it is not clear that ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr1 and other investigators of this school1 have been sufficiently on their guard against the abnormal receptivity of the hypnotised subjects with whom they have for the most part experimented4 ,miss ,x41 it may be remarked1 professes herself uncertain whether or not to ascribe the results which she has recorded to self-suggestion4 ,but to choose between these alternative explanations is not important for our present purpose4 ,to whatever cause we may attribute the results observed1 there can be no doubt either of the sense of reality conveyed by the false percept1 or of its appropriate behaviour under favourable conditions4 ,an instance may be quoted in detail which illustrates at once the apparent attachment of the hallucination to an external object1 and its successful competition with the impressions of waking life4 ,a lady of my acquaintance1 ,sister ,l41 was put into the hypnotic state by ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith in the spring of #ahib4 ,whilst she was entranced1 ,mr4 ,smith1 at my request1 handed to her several blank cards1 and told her that one of them 7which had been privately marked on the back7 bore a portrait of himself1 and that she was to look at it ten minutes after waking4 ,a few minutes later1 when engaged in conversation and apparently completely awake1 ,sister ,l4 picked out the card in question from the little heap of similar cards and showed it to me1 remarking that it was an excellent likeness4 ,some half-hour later1 when ,sister ,l4 was about to take her departure1 ,i handed her the card and said that ,mr4 ,smith would be glad if she would accept the photograph4 ,she looked at the card1 expressed her thanks for the gift1 and placed it in her pocket4 ,when ,i met her a few days later ,i learnt that on her arrival at home she had searched in her pocket for the photograph1 and had been much surprised to find there only a blank card4 ,in this instance there can be little doubt that a complete sensory hallucination was induced1 and that it persisted1 or was capable of being revived1 for some #cj minutes or more after the original impression had been established4 ,this last example1 it will be seen1 belongs to the important class of post-hypnotic hallucinations--i4e41 hallucinations enjoined on the subject in the hypnotic state1 but realised only after waking4 ,special interest attaches to hallucinations of this kind1 because the subject is in a condition which1 if not fully normal1 at least approaches in some cases very nearly to the normal1 and is thus able to observe and describe his own sensations with care4#id ,a more striking form of the same experiment1 the post-hypnotic production of a completely developed hallucination of the human figure1 has been practised by ,bernheim1#ie ,beaunis1#if ,liegeois1#ig and others4 ,thus ,m4 ,liegeois1 on the #abth ,october #ahhe1 told a hypnotised subject that on the #abth ,october of the year following he would go to ,dr4 ,libeault's house1 where he would also see ,m4 ,liegeois1 and would thank them both for the good done to his eyes4 ,he would then see a performing dog and monkey enter the consulting room1 where they would perform many amusing tricks2 ultimately he would see a gipsy enter with a bear1 to reclaim the dog and monkey1 and would borrow two sous from ,m4 ,liegeois to give to the gipsy4 ,on the #abth ,october #ahhf the subject entered ,dr4 ,libeault's consulting room and thanked him and ,m4 ,liegeois as arranged4 ,he then saw a dog and monkey enter the room1 and ultimately a gipsy4 ,the bear he did not see1 and the two sous1 which were duly borrowed1 he handed to the imaginary dog4 ,with these exceptions the hallucinations enjoined a year before were exactly realised4 ,some experiments of a similar nature are recorded by ,mr4 ,gurney 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #aa-ac74 ,the subject was a servant named ,zillah1 in the service of ,mrs4 ,ellis1 of #dj ,keppel ,street1 ,russell ,square4 ,in the first two experiments ,zillah was told in the trance that at a certain hour on the following day she would see ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith4 ,in each case the experiment succeeded4 ,the third and last experiment with this subject was made on ,wednesday evening1 ,july #acth1 #ahhg4 ,on this occasion ,s4 told her1 when hypnotised1 that the next afternoon at three o'clock she would see me come into the room to her4 ,she was further told that ,i would keep my hat on1 and would say1 ,good afternoon2 that ,i would further remark1 ,it is very warm2 and would then turn round and walk out4 ,these hallucinations were suggested in another room1 where ,zillah was taken for the purpose1 and neither ,mrs4 ,ellis nor any other person1 except ,s4 and myself1 knew their nature4 ,zillah1 as usual1 knew nothing about them on waking4 ,on the second day after1 the following letter was received from ,mrs4 ,ellis3-- #dj ,,keppel ,,street1 ,,russell ,,square1 ,w4,c41 ,july #adth4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,smith1--,mr4 ,gurney did not ask me to write in case there was anything to communicate with respect to ,zillah1 but as ,i suppose you gave her a post-hypnotic hallucination1 probably you will wish to hear of it4 ,i will give you the story in her own words1 as ,i jotted them down immediately afterwards--saying nothing to her1 of course1 of my doing so4 ,she said3 ',i was in the kitchen washing up1 and had just looked at the clock1 and was startled to see how late it was--five minutes to three--when ,i heard footsteps coming down the stairs--rather a quick1 light step--and ,i thought it was ,mr4 ,sleep' 7the dentist whose rooms are in the house71 'but as ,i turned round1 with a dish mop in one hand and a plate in the other1 ,i saw some one with a hat on1 who had to stoop as he came down the last step1 and there was ,mr4 ,gurney6 ,he was dressed just as ,i saw him last night1 black coat and grey trousers1 his hat on1 and a roll of paper1 like manuscript1 in his hand1 and he said1 ',oh1 good afternoon4' ,and then he glanced all round the kitchen1 and he glared at me with an awful look1 as if he was going to murder me1 and said1 ',warm afternoon1 isn't it8' and then1 ',good afternoon' or ',good day1' ,i'm not sure which1 and turned and went up the stairs again1 and after standing thunderstruck a minute1 ,i ran to the foot of the stairs1 and saw like a boot just disappearing on the top step4' ,she said1 ',i think ,i must be going crazy4 ,why should ,i always see something at three o'clock each day after the sance8 ,but ,i am not nearly so frightened as ,i was at seeing ,mr4 ,smith4' ,she seemed particularly impressed by the 'awful look' ,mr4 ,gurney gave her4 ,i presume this was the hallucination you gave her4 ,,amelia ,a4 ,,ellis4 ,it is important to note that in cases of this kind there is no discoverable point de repre1 at least in the sense in which the phrase is understood by its authors2 and the nature of the effect produced--a moving figure1 apparently occupying a position in solid space--makes it very difficult to suppose that the hallucination is attached to any external object1 which must necessarily be fixed4 ,but the whole discussion about the necessity of external excitation or of points de repre seems beside the mark in such cases as these4 ,for there can be no question that what in the first instance excites the hallucination is not a present sensation1 but a memory4 ,whether for the full development of a sensory hallucination some external stimulus to the sense-organ is necessary is here a question of quite minor importance4 ,the really interesting fact in its bearing on the question of telepathic hallucination is that some hallucinations are shown to be centrally1 not peripherally1 initiated4 ,it should be further remarked that ,zillah's astonishment at seeing the figure is typical1 since in the case of post-hypnotic hallucinations in general neither the injunction to see the figure1 nor indeed any other incident of his trance life1 is remembered by the percipient in the normal state2 and he is therefore entirely ignorant of the chain of events which led up to the hallucination1 and can only by inquiry and reflection ascertain that the apparition which he has seen is of his own manufacture4 ,from these experimental cases we may pass to the consideration of spontaneous hallucinations1 and amongst them to that class with which we are more directly concerned1 the occasional hallucinations of sane and healthy persons4 ,owing1 amongst other causes1 to their comparative infrequency1 and to the difficulty of obtaining accurate contemporary records 7since their occurrence cannot1 as in the hallucinations of disease1 be foreseen71 phenomena of this class have hitherto attracted little attention amongst psychologists4#ih ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney1 however1 in #ahhd and onwards conducted an inquiry1 by means of a printed schedule of questions1 amongst a circle of some #fjjj persons2 and during the last four years1 at the request of the ,congress of ,experimental ,psychology which met at ,paris in #ahhi1 ,professor ,henry ,sidgwick1 with the aid of a ,committee of members of the ,s4,p4,r41 has carried on a similar investigation on a larger scale4 #ag1jjj adult persons1 for the most part resident in the ,united ,kingdom1 have been questioned as to their experience of sensory hallucinations4#ii ,in the result it appeared that #afhd out of #ag1jjj1 or #i4i per cent4--to wit1 #fee out of #hcgb men1 and #ajbi out of #hfbh women--had experienced a sensory hallucination at some time in their lives4 ,in about one-third of the cases the percipient had more than one experience of the kind4 ,the phenomenon1 therefore1 though not so common as dreaming1 is less rare than is generally supposed1 seeing that about one in every ten educated persons has such an experience in the course of his life4 ,the inquiries of the ,committee have revealed no general cause for the greater number of these isolated hallucinations4 ,in a small proportion of the cases there was a slight degree of ill-health1 and in a rather greater number there was a certain amount of anxiety or other emotional excitement1 to which the hallucinatory experience might with some plausibility be attributed4#ajj ,but in the great majority of the cases there was no obvious antecedent to be discovered either in the condition of the percipient or in the surrounding circumstances1 and we are led to the conclusion that an isolated hallucination of this kind is as little incompatible with ordinary health as a blush or a hiccough4 ,at the same time we are entitled to infer1 from the relatively large proportion of cases occurring when the percipient is in bed1 or alone1 that quiescence and freedom from external stimuli are favourable conditions for the genesis of hallucinations4#aja ,they may1 in short1 be regarded as unusually vivid dreams1 and have for the most part just so much interest and significance4 ,the nature and variety of these casual hallucinations may be gathered from the table on the following page4 ,if we turn to the mechanism of hallucinations1 we shall find that--like dreams--some are apparently originated by the condition of the bodily organs2 others again appear to be mere automatic reverberations of recent sensation2 whilst yet others cannot be referred to any immediate external stimulus1 and suggest the spontaneous activity of the higher cerebral centres4 ,with the rudimentary hallucinations--singing in the ears1 sparks and flashes of light1 etc4--which are caused by transient conditions of the external organs of sense1 we are probably all familiar4 ,but experience shows that a small nucleus of actual sensation may enter into more fully developed hallucinations4 ,thus1 to take the simplest case1 it is known that sparks may develop into ,faces in the ,dark1 which are themselves on the border-line between mind's-eye pictures and hallucinations4 7,see ,st4 ,james's ,gazette1 ,faces in the ,dark1 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahhb1 and ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii4 p4 #aga47 ,and in another recorded case 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 i4 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc7 an artist was accustomed to see constantly at his studio the figure of a man1 under circumstances which strongly suggest that a point de repre was furnished by those floating motes in the eyeballs which are liable momentarily to cloud the vision when the position is abruptly changed after a period of immobility4 ,and we find cases where the constructive impulse has so amplified and misinterpreted the data of normal sensation that we hardly know whether to class the result as hallucination or illusion4 ,thus1 in a case given in ,phantasms 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bh71 a young girl sees the face of a friend growing out of a yellow pansy2 and an account of a similar incident has recently been furnished to me by ,mr4 ,h4 ,smith1 of the ,central ,telegraph ,office4 ,the reference in the first line of the following narrative is to a rumour of the house being haunted1 the remembrance of which possibly gave a definite form to the apparition3-- ,,hallucinations ,,classified ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,sense ,,affected ,,and ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,kind ,,of ,,percept4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,realistic ,human ---- ,phantasms ,b ,c --------------- ,a#aajb ,a#b ,a#c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,visual #bif #aje #bgb #abj #ah ,visual and ,auditory 7vocal7 #cj #da #aj #a -- ,visual and ,auditory 7non-vocal7 #g #d #bd #ac #c ,visual and ,tactile #ac #g #d #e -- ,visual and ,auditory 7vocal7 and ,tactile #e #f #d #b -- ,visual and ,auditory 7non-vocal7 and ,tactile #a -- #a #b -- ,auditory 7vocal7 #agb #eg #add -- -- ,auditory 7vocal7 and ,tactile #f #d #a -- -- ,tactile #f #h #ee -- -- ,tactile and ,auditory 7non-vocal7 -- -- #e -- -- -------------------------- ,total #ecf #bcb #ebj #adc #ba ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,note3 ,table split ,key3 ,a#a of living people4 ,a#b of dead people4 ,a#c unrecognised4 ,b ,incompletely developed apparitions4 ,c ,visions 7i4e41 scenes or pictures4 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 7#ad7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,totals ---------------------------------------- -------- #aj #bc #bb #aj #ad #ad #h #iab #a #a -- -- #b #a -- #hg -- #g #c #c #a #b -- #fg -- #b -- -- -- -- -- #ca #aabj #a -- -- #a -- -- -- #ai -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #d #d -- -- -- -- -- -- #cgg #chh -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #aa -- -- #b #b -- #ce -- #ajh #aad -- -- -- -- -- #a -- #f ---------------------------------------- -------- #af #cc #bg #af #ag #ec #h #afbb #afbb ---------------------------------------- -------- ,key3 ,d ,angels and religious phantasms4 ,e ,grotesque1 horrible or monstrous apparitions4 ,f ,animals4 ,g ,definite inanimate objects4 ,h ,lights4 ,i ,indefinite objects or touches4 ,j ,insufficiently described for classification4 ,,note4--,this ,table does not include #eaj cases1 of which the details are given at second-hand in #cbj1 and are not given at all in #aij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,post ,,office1 #crd ,dec4 #ahib4 ,i had a turn last night1 and for the moment thought ,i had caught the spook of my predecessor1 but1 alas6 it all ended in smoke instead of spook4 ,it gave me a turn1 though1 and made cold water run rippling down my back4 ,it happened thus3--,i had paid a good-night visit to the room of a dear little friend1 a ,callithrix monkey1 whose lodgings are in a side building which has a door opening into the entrance hall4 ,there was no light in the room of my friend1 but a side light shone in through the door from the hall4 7,i was smoking47 ,on going out ,i looked back before shutting the door1 and was startled to see just behind me1 in the dark shade1 the face of a human being--apparently an old man with grey hair4 ,the face was perfectly distinct in every detail for an appreciable interval1 and the eyes seemed to look sadly at me1 and ,i looked sadly at him4 ,the face moved1 and the appearance1 though a bit out of shape1 still remained4 ,i1 however1 saw what it was1 and gave a gasp of relief which blew the old man's countenance into the shapelessness of the last remains of an extra strong puff of tobacco smoke ,i had left behind me4 ,hallucinations of this kind1 whose origin we can trace with more or less probability to some external sensation1 may be in some respects compared with the visions seen on blank cards by the subjects of ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr4 ,but there are other hallucinations which cannot with any plausibility be referred to peripheral excitation4 ,such1 as already said1 are many hypnotic hallucinations1 and the majority of the fully-developed hallucinations of normal life would appear to fall under the same category4 ,hallucinations of this class1 like what may be called hallucinatory#ajc dreams1 are no doubt due to the spontaneous activity of the higher cerebral centres2 they are simply ideas which take on sensory colouring4 ,and just as the hallucinations of hypnotism1 for the most part1 are due to external suggestion1 so it would seem that amongst the centrally initiated hallucinations of normal life there are some which owe their origin not to the spontaneous activity of the percipient's brain1 but to an idea intruded from without--a suggestion not verbal but telepathic4 ,the proof of this proposition--the proof1 that is1 of the operation in certain cases of some distant cause external to the percipient's organism--lies in a numerical comparison of those hallucinations which coincide with an external event--e4g41 the death of the person seen--and those which do not4 ,for when the relative frequency of hallucinations has been ascertained the probability of chance coincidence in such cases can be exactly calculated4 ,and should it appear that coincidental hallucinations are more frequent than chance would allow1 it is certain that some other cause has to be sought for4 ,and here we are met at the outset by a serious difficulty4 ,it would appear from the results of the census just described that hallucinations even of a vivid and interesting character tend very quickly to be forgotten4 ,thus1 to take only the cases of realistic apparitions resembling a living person1 we find #aeg cases recorded as occurring during the last ten years1 and only #aff as occurring more than ten years ago2 although1 as the average age of our informants is about #dj1 we might have anticipated that the latter number would be about three times as great as the former4#ajd ,but the discrepancy becomes still more striking if the figures are examined in detail4 ,the subjoined table gives the number of apparitions resembling the human form recorded for each of the last ten years3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 of ,years ,ago-- #a and b'tw'n--#b-cc-dd-ee-ff-gg-h under #a and #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,realistic ,living #ce #ai #ae #ac #ae #ac #ag #ab ,human ,dead #ab #aj #g #a #g #f #f #b ,apparitions ,unrecognised #ag #af #ab #ag #ag #ac #aa #aj ---------------------------------- #fd #de #cd #ca #ci #cb #cd #bd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ------------- #h-ii-aj,total4 ------------- #h #aj #aeg #h #c #fb #e #h #abf ------------- #ba #ba #cde ------------- ,it will be seen that the number of hallucinations recorded as occurring between nine and ten years ago is less than one-third of the number recorded for the last twelve months4 ,nay1 if the analysis is carried still further1 it is found that within the last year the number of hallucinations remembered decreases month by month as we recede further from the present4 ,the inference is irresistible1 that the great majority even of interesting hallucinations do not sufficiently impress the memory to be preserved for a few years4 ,after a careful analysis of the figures the ,committee are of opinion that the number of visual hallucinations actually experienced by their informants since the age of ten would be approximately secured by multiplying the recorded number by four4#aje ,but if hallucinations in general are not remembered enough1 coincidental hallucinations1 at least those which coincide with the death of the person seen1#ajf would appear to be remembered too well1 as will appear from the following figures4 ,there are #ac such cases recorded during the last ten years4 ,now if we assume that this figure accurately represents the number of such coincidences that have occurred in the experience of our informants during the last ten years1 then1 since the average age of our informants in this particular case is #df1 we should expect to find for the whole period since the age of ten years #dg such coincidences reported2 that is on the assumption that no death-coincidence is ever forgotten1 and that the liability to such hallucination is practically uniform during the entire period4 ,we do actually find #fe cases2 from which it should1 the ,committee think1 be inferred1 not only that few or no death-coincidences are forgotten1--a result which is probably not surprising1--but also that a certain number of cases which are not death-coincidences have by the lapse of time grown to appear so4#ajg ,nor is it difficult to conjecture the particular form of error4 ,it is probable that in most of the #ah--more or less--spurious death-coincidences1 there was an actual phantasm and an actual death1 but that the two events did not stand in close relation to each other4 ,we have already 7see ,chap4 ,,vi47 seen reason to suspect a constant tendency to magnify the closeness of a coincidence of this kind4 ,seen from a distance the two events--like a binary star-system--are apt to coalesce into one2 and a new spectral analysis is required to dissociate them4 ,nor would it be safe to assume that the tendencies which have demonstrably operated to falsify the more remote records have been altogether inactive during the last ten years4 ,the causes which tend to sophisticate narratives of this kind1 as already shown1 are many and difficult to detect2 the kind of evidence required to place the alleged death-coincidence beyond reasonable doubt has in some cases never existed2 in others1 through the destruction of documents1 the death of friends1 or the mere lapse of time1 it is now unattainable4 ,of the #fe reported coincidences perhaps not more than one-fifth reach the evidential standard of the cases included in this volume4 ,and whilst there is a strong presumption that some proportion of those1 which from one or other of the causes suggested inevitably fall below the standard1 yet represent facts with substantial accuracy1 we have no test which will enable us to determine with precision what narratives and to what extent are worthy of credence4 ,many of the best-attested cases are printed in full in the ,report already referred to1 and any reader who is interested in the matter will be able to form an estimate for himself4 ,meanwhile1 an attempt has been made1 by means of a careful examination of each narrative in detail1 to estimate its evidential value4 ,in the result it would appear that about #dd narratives rest on evidence that may be regarded as fairly good4 ,of these #dd cases1 however1 #ab must be struck out1 #c as having been imported into the census1#ajh and #i because a certain amount of anxiety may be presumed to have existed1 and may be supposed--though the evidence for such action is very slight--to have caused the hallucination4 ,we thus have #cb cases remaining1 in which we have evidence of the occurrence of a hallucination1 without apparent cause1 within twelve hours of the death of the person seen4 ,the total number of recognised apparitions of living persons recorded at first-hand as occurring in the circle of #ag1jjj persons from which these death-coincidences were drawn1 is #cbb4aji ,but if1 in order to allow for forgetfulness1 as already indicated 7p4 #bba71 we multiply the number recorded by #d1 we shall arrive at a total of #abhh1 as representing the probable number actually experienced by our informants since the age of ten4 ,we have1 therefore1 #cb cases of hallucinations coinciding with the death of the person seen1 in an estimated total of nearly #acjj recognised apparitions of living persons--or about #a in #dj4 ,but the death-rate for ,england and ,wales in the last completed decade being #ai4ae per #ajjj per annum1 the average probability that any particular person will die on any particular day is #ajjj #cfe _/ #ai4ae about #a in #ai1jjj4 ,that is1 there is one chance in #ai1jjj that a man will die on the day on which his apparition is seen and recognised1 supposing there to be no causal connection between the two events4 ,or in other words1 for every hallucination which coincides with the death of the person seen1 we should have to find about #ah1iii similar hallucinations 7i4e41 recognised apparitions of living persons7 which do not so coincide4 ,but after making due allowance for forgetfulness on the one hand1 and for the creative activity of the imagination on the other1 we find the actual proportion to be #a to #dj4 ,in the face of these figures it would be preposterous to ascribe the reported cases of hallucinations at the time of death to chance4 ,and the argument for some causal connection between hallucinations and external events is of course considerably strengthened if1 in addition to 7a7 the coincidences of visual hallucinations with death1 we take account of 7b7 the coincidences of auditory hallucinations with death1 and 7c7 the coincidences of both visual and auditory hallucinations with other events than death1 and 7d7 the cases in which the coincidence of the apparition with the death is nearer than twelve hours1 the limit assumed in the above calculations4 ,it may not be superfluous to repeat 7see ante1 p4 #bg1 footnote7 that the calculation above given does not purport to establish thought-transference as the cause of these coincidences4 ,the cause may be a greater prevalence of exaggeration and memory-illusion than the ,committee have allowed for4 ,what the calculation does is to bring us face to face with the problem3 ,here are certain phenomena1 demonstrably not due to chance3 do they reveal a new mode of communication between human minds1 or merely a new source of fallacy in human testimony8 ,it will hardly be disputed that1 in either event1 to find an answer to the question will justify much labour spent upon the search4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,animal ,magnetism1 by ,binet and ,fr1 in the ,international ,science ,series1 and the references there given4 ,footnote #id3 ,in many cases the post-hypnotic performance of an enjoined action1 or the experience of a post-hypnotic hallucination1 is associated with the partial recurrence of the hypnotic trance1 or of some condition closely allied to it4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney has carefully investigated the question 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 iv4 pp4 #bfh-cbc4 ,see also ,delbuf's article there quoted1 ,de la pretendue ,veille ,somnambulique1 ,rev4 ,phil41 ,feb4 #ahhg71 and has shown that1 with some subjects1 during the performance of the enjoined action a further command can be given1 or a further hallucination imposed1 and that the whole incident will have passed from memory a few seconds later4 ,in the case of some persons hypnotised by ,dr4 ,bramwell1 and bidden to see after waking an imaginary scene in a crystal1 ,i have myself observed that they retained no recollection a few minutes later of the scene which they had been describing2 and in at least one case the subject at the time of the hallucination was apparently insensible to pain4 ,on the other hand1 as ,mr4 ,gurney has pointed out 7loc4 cit41 p4 #bgj71 there are some cases in which no reason whatever appears for regarding the state in which the action is performed as other than normal1 and the same remark apparently holds good of post-hypnotic hallucinations4 ,and there are many persons who can see hallucinatory pictures in a crystal1 a glass of water1 etc41 when in full health and in a perfectly normal condition4 ,see ,mr4 ,myers' article already referred to 7,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii474 ,footnote #ie3 ,de la ,suggestion1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #if3 ,la ,somnambulisme provoqu1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #ig3 ,rev4 de l',hypnotisme1 ,november #ahhf1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #ih3 ,professor ,sully1 to quote a recent instance1 in his work on ,illusions in the ,international ,scientific ,series 7ed4 #ahhg71 devotes less than a page and a half to the discussion of the sensory hallucinations of normal life1 and sums up the subject by saying that when not brought on by exhaustion or artificial means1 the hallucinations of the sane have their origin in a preternatural power of imagination 7p4 #aag74 ,footnote #ii3 ,the question1 which was worded as follows3--,have you ever1 when believing yourself to be completely awake1 had a vivid impression of seeing1 or being touched by a living being or inanimate object1 or of hearing a voice1 which impression1 so far as you could discover1 was not due to any external physical cause8--was printed at the top of a schedule containing twenty-five spaces for the names and other particulars of those answering4 ,collectors were instructed not to select those of whom the question was asked2 and to record alike negative and affirmative answers4 ,in the case of an affirmative answer being received1 further particulars were sought4 ,for a full discussion of the various sources of error incident to an inquiry of this nature1 and the precautions taken to avoid them1 and for details of the results obtained1 the reader is referred to the ,report of the ,committee1 presented in a condensed form to the ,congress of ,experimental ,psychology which met in ,london in #ahib1 and to be published in full in the ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 x41 part #bf 7forthcoming74 ,footnote #ajj3 ,there was ill-health alone in about #e per cent41 anxiety alone in about #aa per cent41 and both ill-health and anxiety in about #a4g per cent4 of first-hand cases4 ,footnote #aja3 ,hallucinations occurring in the ambiguous state between waking and sleeping are called by some writers hypnagogic4 ,for the purposes of our investigation1 coincident hallucinations occurring at times when it is doubtful whether the percipient is fully awake1 e4g41 when he is in bed1 are termed borderland4 ,their evidential value is1 of course1 somewhat less than that of hallucinations occurring when the percipient is unquestionably awake4 7,see cases #eg1 #ei1 #fe1 #ff1 etc47 ,footnote #ajb3 ,including apparitions of persons not dead more than twelve hours1 and not known by the percipient to be dead4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,as opposed to dream-illusions1 which depend on various organic sensations1 or on the stimulation of the external organs of sense4 ,the distinction is made by ,professor ,sully1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,these figures do not include second-hand cases4 ,there are besides #bi undated cases1 most of which probably belong to the remote period4 ,see column #a of table on p4 #bah 7visual cases74 ,footnote #aje3 ,the calculation is based upon an analysis of the whole number of visual cases reported during the most recent month1 which would indicate an annual rate of about #adj4 ,the figures for the most recent quarter indicate an annual rate of about #abj4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,a hallucination which coincides with a death is defined1 for the purposes of this inquiry1 as a hallucination which occurs within twelve hours of the death4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,there is another possible explanation--viz41 that some of the recent death-coincidences have been withheld from us1 on account of the painful associations connected with them4 ,that some cases--and recent would be more affected than remote examples--have been withheld on this account seems certain2 but the explanation given in the text must1 it is thought1 be held primarily responsible for the discrepancy in the figures4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,cases1 that is1 in which the collector is known or suspected to have asked the question of the narrator1 because he knew that he was to receive an affirmative answer4 ,footnote #aji3 ,the gross total of visual phantasms recorded at first-hand as representing a living human being1 or part of a human being 7e4g41 a hand or a face71 is #cha4 ,this total includes cases given in columns #a1 #d1 and #e of the table on p4 #bah4 ,from this total we have deducted #ca cases where the percipient has had other experiences but has not enumerated them1 and #bh cases which are estimated to have occurred before the age of ten1 leaving the total given in the text1 #cbb4 ,of the gross total of #cha1 #hj are alleged to have coincided with the death of the person represented4 ,deducting in like manner #g cases where the percipient has had other unspecified experiences1 and #h where the experience is believed to have occurred before the age of ten1 we reach the total of #fe given above4 ,as1 however1 more care was no doubt taken to procure first-hand evidence in the case of apparitions coinciding with a death than in other cases1 it would perhaps lead to more accurate results if in the larger total were included the second-hand non-coincidental cases1 #ch in number4 ,the reader can1 if he prefer1 work out the result for himself on this basis4 ,but it will1 of course1 be understood that it is not practicable to sum up in a few pages the results of a long investigation2 and those readers who are interested in the nature and distribution of casual hallucinations1 and their relations to telepathic apparitions1 are referred to the forthcoming ,report1 from which the figures in the text are quoted4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,induced ,,telepathic ,,hallucinations4 ,in the present chapter we revert once more to experimental evidence4 ,the cases now to be discussed should1 in the logical order1 have been included in ,chapter ,v41 and for a proper appreciation of their theoretic bearings and evidential value they ought to be considered in connection with the instances of thought-transference at a distance there recorded4 ,it seemed best1 however1 to separate these instances of the experimental production of hallucinations at a distance1 and reserve them for subsequent treatment1 with the view of anticipating as far as possible the misconceptions to which this class of evidence is peculiarly open4 ,in brief1 until some attempt had been made to elucidate the nature of sensory hallucination in general1 it seemed unwise to introduce matter so controvertible as apparitions of the human figure4 ,for we are here assailing the last fortress of superstition2 in discussing such matters even educated persons find it difficult to free themselves from the fetters of traditional modes of thought and speech4 ,men who would be ashamed to think of earth1 air1 fire1 and water as elements1 because they were so held a century ago and are now so styled in the language of the market-place1 will often see no middle course between rejecting altogether evidence of the kind here dealt with1 and accepting the existence of ghosts4 ,but those who have followed the argument of the preceding chapters will see1 if the possibility of thought-transference is granted1 that the narratives now to be presented fall naturally into place as illustrating one of its modes of manifestation4 ,that ,a4 by taking thought should cause an image of himself to appear to ,b4 need provoke no more surprise than that by the same means he should cause ,b4 to see ,no4 #bg1 or the ,queen of ,hearts4 ,no one demands a spiritual entity corresponding to the ,queen of ,hearts1 why then should any one believe in the other case that ,a4's spirit had left its fleshly tabernacle to interview ,b48 ,the hallucinatory figure induced post-hypnotically in certain subjects presents an even closer parallel4 ,it is recognised by all in such a case that the figure seen is a thought fashioned by the subject's mind1 with no more substance than any other thought4 ,it is only the influence of an unrecognised animism which leads us to demand such a substantial basis when the figure seen represents a dying man4 ,the impulse which led to the projection of the hallucination was in the one case conveyed by word of mouth1 in the other by some process as yet not understood4 ,but the mystery lies in the process rather than in the result4 ,the present chapter1 then1 will contain instances of the action of thought-transference in which the transmitted idea was translated in the percipient's mind1 not1 as in most of the cases described in previous chapters1 into a simple feeling1 or sensation1 or dream1 but into a hallucination representing the human figure4 ,readers of ,phantasms of the ,living will remember the accounts there given 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ajd-aji7 of some experiments made by a friend of ours1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,b4 ,on several occasions ,mr4 ,b4 succeeded by an effort of will in causing a phantom of himself to appear to acquaintances who were not aware of his intention to try the experiment4 ,on one occasion the figure was seen by two persons simultaneously4 ,as at that time results of the kind were almost unprecedented1 we felt1 notwithstanding our full confidence in ,mr4 ,b41 some reluctance in publishing an account of his experiments1 lest isolated marvels of the kind might prejudice our whole case4 ,but fortunately1 while ,phantasms of the ,living was actually passing through the press1 we received from an independent source an account of successful experiments of the same kind 7see below1 case #fc71 and within a few weeks of its publication a friend of the present writer was induced by a perusal of ,mr4 ,b4's narrative to make on his own account a similar trial1 which completely succeeded4 ,this gentleman wrote to me on #afth ,november #ahhf as follows3-- ,no4 #fa4--;,from the ,,rev4 ,,clarence ,,godfrey4 ,i was so impressed by the account on p4 #aje that ,i determined to put the matter to an experiment4 ,retiring at #aj4de on the #aeth ,november #ahhf ,i determined to appear1 if possible1 to a friend1 and accordingly ,i set myself to work with all the volitional and determinative energy which ,i possess1 to stand at the foot of her bed4 ,i need not say that ,i never dropped the slightest hint beforehand as to my intention1 such as could mar the experiment1 nor had ,i mentioned the subject to her4 ,as the 'agent' ,i may describe my own experiences4 ,undoubtedly the imaginative faculty was brought extensively into play1 as well as the volitional1 for ,i endeavoured to translate myself1 spiritually1 into her room1 and to attract her attention1 as it were1 while standing there4 ,my effort was sustained for perhaps eight minutes1 after which ,i felt tired1 and was soon asleep4 ,the next thing ,i was conscious of was meeting the lady next morning 7i4e41 in a dream1 ,i suppose87 and asking her at once if she had seen me last night4 ,the reply came1 ',yes4' ',how8' ,i inquired4 ,then in words strangely clear and low1 like a well audible whisper1 came the answer1 ',i was sitting beside you4' ,these words1 so clear1 awoke me instantly1 and ,i felt ,i must have been dreaming2 but on reflection ,i remembered what ,i had been 'willing' before ,i fell asleep1 and it struck me1 ',this must be a reflex action from the percipient4' ,my watch showed #c4dj ,a4,m4 ,the following is what ,i wrote immediately in pencil1 standing in my night-dress3--',as ,i reflected upon those clear words1 they struck me as being quite intuitive1 ,i mean subjective1 and to have proceeded from within1 as my own conviction1 rather than a communication from any one else4 ,and yet ,i can't remember her face at all1 as one can after a vivid dream6' ,but the words were uttered in a clear1 quick tone1 which was most remarkable1 and awoke me at once4 ,my friend in the note with which she sent me the enclosed account of her own experience1 says3--',i remember the man put all the lamps out soon after ,i came upstairs1 and that is only done about a quarter to four4' ,mr4 ,godfrey received from the percipient on the #afth ,november an account of her side of the experience1 and at his request she wrote it down as follows3-- ,yesterday--viz41 the morning of ,november #afth1 #ahhf--;about half-past three o'clock1 ,i woke up with a start and an idea that some one had come into the room4 ,i heard a curious sound1 but fancied it might be the birds in the ivy outside4 ,next ,i experienced a strange restless longing to leave the room and go downstairs4 ,this feeling became so overpowering that at last ,i rose and lit a candle1 and went down1 thinking if ,i could get some soda water it might have a quieting effect4 ,on returning to my room ,i saw ,mr4 ,godfrey standing under the large window on the staircase4 ,he was dressed in his usual style1 and with an expression on his face that ,i have noticed when he has been looking very earnestly at anything4 ,he stood there1 and ,i held up the candle and gazed at him for three or four seconds in utter amazement1 and then1 as ,i passed up the staircase1 he disappeared4 ,the impression left on my mind was so vivid that ,i fully intended waking a friend who occupied the same room as myself1 but remembering that ,i should only be laughed at as romantic and imaginative1 refrained from doing so4 ,i was not frightened at the appearance of ,mr4 ,godfrey1 but felt much excited1 and could not sleep afterwards4 ,on the #bast of the same month ,i heard a full account of the incident given above from ,mr4 ,godfrey1 and on the day following from ,mrs4 ----4 ,mrs4 ---- told me that the figure appeared quite distinct and life-like at first1 though she could not remember to have noticed more than the upper part of the body4 ,as she looked it grew more and more shadowy1 and finally faded away4 ,mrs4 ----1 it should be added1 told me that she had previously seen two phantasmal figures1 representing a parent whom she had recently lost4#aaj ,mr4 ,godfrey at our request made two other trials1 without1 of course1 letting ,mrs4 ---- know his intention4 ,the first of these attempts was without result1 owing perhaps to the date chosen1 as he was aware at the time1 being unsuitable4 ,but a trial made on the #gth ,december #ahhf succeeded completely4 ,mrs4 ----1 writing on ,december #hth1 states that she was awakened by hearing a voice cry1 ,wake1 and by feeling a hand rest on the left side of her head4 ,she then saw stooping over her a figure which she recognised as ,mr4 ,godfrey's4 ,in this last case the dress of the figure does not seem to have been seen distinctly4 ,but in the apparition of the #afth ,november1 it will be observed that the dress was that ordinarily worn in the daytime by ,mr4 ,godfrey1 and that in which the percipient would be accustomed to see him1 not the dress which he was actually wearing at the time4 ,if the apparition is in truth nothing more than an expression of the percipient's thought this is what we should expect to find1 and as a matter of fact in the majority of well evidenced narratives of telepathic hallucination this is what we actually do find4 ,the dress and surroundings of the phantasm represent1 not the dress and surroundings of the agent at the moment1 but those with which the percipient is familiar4 ,if other proof were wanting1 this fact would in itself seem a sufficient argument that we have to deal1 not with ghosts but with hallucinations4 ,it is to be regretted1 however1 that most recent experimenters in this direction have succeeded only in producing apparitions of themselves4 ,but a crucial experiment of the kind desired is to be found in an account published in #ahbb by ,h4 ,m4 ,wesermann1 ,government ,assessor and ,chief ,inspector of ,roads at ,dsseldorf4 ,he records five successful trials with different percipients1 of which the fifth seems worth quoting in full4#aaa ,no4 #fb4--;,from ,h4 ,m4 ,,wesermann4 ,a lady1 who had been dead five years1 was to appear to ,lieutenant ----n in a dream at #aj4cj ,p4,m4 and incite him to good deeds4 ,at half-past ten1 contrary to expectation1 ,herr ----n had not gone to bed1 but was discussing the ,french campaign with his friend ,lieutenant ,s---- in the ante-room4 ,suddenly the door of the room opened1 the lady entered dressed in white1 with a black kerchief and uncovered head1 greeted ,s---- with her hand three times in a friendly manner2 then turned to ----n1 nodded to him1 and returned again through the doorway4 ,as this story1 related to me by ,lieutenant ----n1 seemed to be too remarkable from a psychological point of view for the truth of it not to be duly established1 ,i wrote to ,lieutenant ,s----1 who was living six#aab miles away1 and asked him to give me his account of it4 ,he sent me the following reply3-- '444 ,on the #acth of ,march1 #ahag1 ,herr ----n came to pay me a visit at my lodgings about a league from ,a----4 ,he stayed the night with me4 ,after supper1 and when we were both undressed1 ,i was sitting on my bed and ,herr ----n was standing by the door of the next room on the point also of going to bed4 ,this was about half-past ten4 ,we were speaking partly about indifferent subjects and partly about the events of the ,french campaign4 ,suddenly the door out of the kitchen opened without a sound1 and a lady entered1 very pale1 taller than ,herr ----n1 about five feet four inches in height1 strong and broad of figure1 dressed in white1 but with a large black kerchief which reached to below the waist4 ,she entered with bare head1 greeted me with the hand three times in complimentary fashion1 turned round to the left towards ,herr ----n1 and waved her hand to him three times2 after which the figure quietly1 and again without any creaking of the door1 went out4 ,we followed at once in order to discover whether there were any deception1 but found nothing4 ,the strangest thing was this1 that our night-watch of two men whom ,i had shortly before found on the watch were now asleep1 though at my first call they were on the alert1 and that the door of the room1 which always opens with a good deal of noise1 did not make the slightest sound when opened by the figure4 ',s4 ',d----n1 ,january #aath1 #ahah4' ,from this story 7,wesermann continues7 the following conclusions may be drawn3-- 7#a7 ,that waking persons1 as well as sleeping1 are capable of perceiving the ideas ,gedankenbilder of distant friends through the inner sense as dream images4 ,for not only the opening and shutting of the door1 but the figure itself--which1 moreover1 exactly resembled that of the dead lady--was incontestably only a dream in the waking state1 since the door would have creaked as usual had the figure really opened and shut it4 7#b7 ,that many apparitions and supposed effects of witchcraft were very probably produced in the same way4 7#c7 ,that clairvoyants are not mistaken when they state that a stream of light proceeds from the magnetiser to the distant friend1 which visibly presents the scene thought of1 if the magnetiser thinks of it strongly and without distraction4 ,more philosophic or more successful than recent investigators1 ,wesermann1 it will be seen1 varied the form of his experiment4 ,in the first he caused his own figure to appear1 but in each of the subsequent trials he chose a fresh image1 meeting on each occasion with equal success4 ,it should be observed1 however1 that though ,wesermann seems to have been a careful as well as a philosophic investigator1 he has omitted to record how often he made trials of this kind without producing any result1 and it cannot fairly be assumed that there were no failures4 ,but in comparing such cases as those here recorded with the experiments at close quarters described in ,chapters ,,ii41 ,,iii41 and ,,iv41 it should be remembered that a failure which consists merely1 as in ,mr4 ,godfrey's second trial1 in the absence of any unusual impression on the part of the percipient1 detracts far less from the value of occasional success than failures attested by the production of wrong impressions2 and further1 that a sensory hallucination being a much rarer phenomenon than an idea1 the improbability of chance-coincidence between a hallucination and the attempt 7unknown to the percipient7 to produce it is greater in the same proportion4 ,later experience has not confirmed ,wesermann's third inference1 as to the stream of light proceeding from the agent2 there are no grounds for regarding such an appearance as other than subjective1 due to the percipient's preconceived ideas of what he ought to see4 ,but another feature in the narrative is more significant4 ,one is led to infer both from ,herr ,s4's description and from ,wesermann's remarks in 7#a7 that the figure seen resembled a deceased lady who was not known to either of the percipients4 ,if this interpretation is correct1 the figure seen cannot have been subjective in the same sense as the hallucinations described in ,chapter ,,ix4 and ,mr4 ,godfrey's apparition may be supposed to have been4 ,the latter were1 ex hypothesi1 autoplastic--i4e41 they were hallucinations built up in the percipient's own mind on a nucleus supplied from without4 ,but what ,herren ,s4 and ----n saw was a heteroplastic image1 a picture like that of a diagram or a card transferred ready-made from the agent's mind4 ,we should not of course be justified1 on the evidence of a single narrative of somewhat doubtful import1 in concluding that such an origin for a hallucination is possible4 ,but there are a few narratives to be cited later 7,chapter ,,xiii47 which also suggest such an interpretation4 ,in ,mr4 ,godfrey's trials1 as also in those made by ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,b41 the agent was asleep at the time of the experiment4#aac ,in the two cases which follow the agent was in a hypnotic trance4 ,in the first instance1 it will be seen1 there appears to have been a reciprocal effect1 the agent himself becoming aware at the time of the percipient's surroundings1 and of the effect produced on her by his influence4 ,the account was sent to us in ,january #ahhf4 ,no4 #fc4--;,from ,,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,sparks4 ,after describing various hypnotic experiments on a fellow-student1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cleave1 ,mr4 ,sparks continues3-- ,last ,friday evening 7,january #aeth1 #ahhf7 he expressed his wish to see a young lady living in ,wandsworth1 and he also said he would try to make himself seen by her4 ,i accordingly mesmerised him1 and continued the long passes for about #bj minutes1 concentrating my will on his idea4 ,when he came round 7,i brought him round by just touching his hand and willing him1 after #a hour and #bj minutes' trance7 he said he had seen her in the dining-room1 and that after a time she grew restless1 and then suddenly looked straight at him and then covered her eyes with her hands4 ,just after this he came round4 ,last ,monday evening 7,january #ahth1 #ahhf7 we did the same thing1 and this time he said he thought he had frightened her1 as after she had looked at him for a few minutes she fell back in her chair in a sort of faint4 ,her little brother was in the room at the time4 ,of course1 after this we expected a letter if the vision was real2 and on ,wednesday morning he received a letter from this young lady asking whether anything had happened to him1 as on ,friday evening she was startled by seeing him standing at the door of the room4 ,after a minute he disappeared1 and she thought that it might have been fancy2 but on the ,monday evening she was still more startled by seeing him again1 and this time much clearer1 and it so frightened her that she nearly fainted4 ,this account ,i send you is perfectly true1 ,i will vouch1 for ,i have two independent witnesses who were in the dormitory at the time when he was mesmerised1 and when he came round4 ,my patient's name is ,arthur ,h4 ,w4 ,cleave1 and his age is #ah years4 ,a4 ,c4 ,darley and ,a4 ,s4 ,thurgood1 fellow-students1 are the two witnesses ,i mentioned4 ,h4 ,,percy ,,sparks4 ,mr4 ,cleave writes1 on ,march #aeth1 #ahhf3-- ,h4,m4,s4 ,marlborough1 ,,portsmouth4 ,sparks and myself have1 for the past eighteen months1 been in the habit of holding mesmeric sances in our dormitories4 ,for the first month or two we got no very satisfactory results1 but after that we succeeded in sending one another to sleep4 ,i could never get ,sparks further than the sleeping state1 but he could make me do anything he liked whilst ,i was under the influence2 so ,i gave up trying to send him off1 and all our efforts were made towards my being mesmerised4 ,after a short time we got on so well that ,sparks had three or four other fellows in the dormitory to witness what ,i did4 ,i was quite insensible to all pain1 as the fellows have repeatedly pinched my hands and legs without my feeling it4 ,about six months ago ,i tried my power of will1 in order1 while under the influence1 to see persons to whom ,i was strongly attached4 ,for some time ,i was entirely unsuccessful1 although ,i once thought that ,i saw my brother 7who is in ,australia71 but had no opportunity of verifying the vision4 ,a short time ago ,i tried to see a young lady whom ,i know very well1 and was perfectly surprised at my success4 ,i could see her as plainly as ,i can see now1 but ,i could not make myself seen by her1 although ,i had often tried to4 ,after ,i had done this several times ,i determined to try and make myself seen by her1 and told ,sparks of my idea1 which he approved4 ,well1 we tried this for five nights running without any more success4 ,we then suspended our endeavours for a night or two1 as ,i was rather over-exerted by the continued efforts and got severe headaches4 ,we then tried again 7on1 ,i think it was1 a ,friday1 but am not certain71 and were1 ,i thought1 successful2 but as the young lady did not write to me about it1 ,i thought ,i must have been mistaken1 so ,i told ,sparks that we had better give up trying4 ,but he begged me to try once more1 which we did on the following ,monday1 when we were successful to such an extent that ,i felt rather alarmed4 7,i must tell you that ,i am in the habit of writing to the young lady every ,sunday1 but ,i did not write that week1 in order to make her think about me47 ,this took place between #i4cj ,p4,m4 and #aj ,p4,m4 ,monday night1 and on the following ,wednesday morning ,i got the letter which ,i have enclosed4 ,i1 of course1 then knew ,i had been successful4 ,i went home about a fortnight after this1 when ,i saw the young lady1 who seemed very frightened in spite of my explanations1 and begged me never to try it again1 and ,i promised her that ,i would not4 ,the two witnesses of the experiment last described write as follows3-- ,i have seen ,mr4 ,cleave's account of his mesmeric experiment1 and can fully vouch for the truth thereof4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,darley4 ,i have read ,mr4 ,cleave's statement1 and can vouch for the truth of it1 as ,i was present when he was mesmerised and heard his statement after he revived4 ,a4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,thurgood4 ,the following is a copy1 made by ,mr4 ,gurney1 of the letter in which the young lady1 ,miss ,a----1 described her side of the affair4 ,the envelope bore the postmarks1 ,wandsworth1 ,jan4 #ai1 #ahhf1 ,portsmouth1 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahhf1 and the address1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cleave1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,marlborough1 ,portsmouth4 ,,wandsworth1 ,tuesday morning4 ,,dear ,,arthur1--,has anything happened to you8 ,please write and let me know at once1 for ,i have been so frightened4 ,last ,tuesday evening ,i was sitting in the dining room reading1 when ,i happened to look up1 and could have declared ,i saw you standing at the door looking at me4 ,i put my handkerchief to my eyes1 and when ,i looked again you were gone4 ,i thought it must have been only my fancy1 but last night 7,monday71 while ,i was at supper1 ,i saw you again1 just as before1 and was so frightened that ,i nearly fainted4 ,luckily only my brother was there1 or it would have attracted attention4 ,now do write at once and tell me how you are4 ,i really cannot write any more now4 ,it will be seen that ,miss ,a---- fixes the date of her first hallucination on ,tuesday1 whereas ,mr4 ,sparks and ,mr4 ,cleave speak of it as ,friday4 ,mr4 ,gurney1 in conversation with the experimenters1 was unable to fix the actual date with any certainty1 but there can be little doubt that if ,tuesday was the day1 it fell within the five days on which ,mr4 ,cleave attempted to see ,miss ,a----4 ,of the second coincidence there can be no doubt4 ,the next case is recorded by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers 7,journal ,s4,p4,r41 ,march #ahia71 who writes3-- ,no4 #fd4 ,in #ahhh a gentleman1 whom ,i will call ,mr4 ,a41 who has occupied a high public position in ,india1 and whom ,i have known a long time1 informed me verbally that he had had a remarkable experience4 ,he awoke one morning1 in ,india1 very early1 and in the dawning light saw a lady1 whom ,i will call ,mrs4 ,b41 standing at the foot of his bed4 ,at the same time he received an impression that she needed him4 ,this was his sole experience of a hallucination2 and it so much impressed him that he wrote to the lady1 who was in ,england at the time1 and mentioned the circumstance4 ,he afterwards heard from her that she had been in a trance-condition at the time1 and had endeavoured to appear to him by way of an experiment4 ,mr4 ,a4 did not give me the lady's name1 supposing that she did not desire the incident to be spoken of2 nor did he find an opportunity of himself inquiring as to her willingness to mention the matter4 ,subsequently1 on ,july #acth1 #ahij1 the agent1 ,mrs4 ,b41 wrote of her own accord to ,mr4 ,myers4 ,mrs4 ,b4 began by stating that she had submitted herself to be experimented upon by a lady friend1 with the view of acquiring clairvoyant faculties4 ,she then described how in the course of one experiment in #ahhf she lost consciousness of outward things1 and saw the figure of a tall woman1 whom she recognised as a friend of her mother's1 standing by her4 ,then she goes on3-- ,i find myself seriously debating within myself what ,i should do to prove to myself1 and for my own satisfaction1 if ,i am indeed the victim of hallucination or not4 ,i decided in a flash on a man whom ,i knew to be possessed of the most work-a-day world common-sense2 his views and mine regarding most things were at the antipodes1 very unreceptive1 who would be entirely out of sympathy with me in my present experiment and experiences1 at which ,i knew he would only laugh1 while regarding me as a simple tool in tricky hands4 ,such a man was1 ,i decided1 the most satisfactory for my trial4 ,the grey lady here impressed me with a desire to will2 in her anxiety she appeared to move towards me4 ,i felt her will one with mine1 and ,i willed with a concentrated strength of mind and body1 which finally prostrated me1 thus3 ,i will that ,mr4 ,a4 may feel ,i am near him and want his help2 and that1 without any suggestion from me1 he write to tell me ,i have influenced him to-night4 ,the grey lady disappeared4 ,i was seated in the chair1 weary1 but feeling naturally1 and back in common-place life4 ,we put down the date and the appearance of the grey lady1 and ,i spoke to none of what had happened4 ,some weeks passed1 when ,i received a letter from ,mr4 ,a41 asking how had ,i been employed on a certain ,july evening at such and such an hour1 mentioning to what hour it would answer in ,london--day1 date1 and hour were those on which ,i had made my proof trial--saying that he was asleep1 and had dreamed something he would tell me1 but that he awoke from the dream feeling ,i wanted something of him1 and asking me to let him know if at the time he so carefully mentioned ,i had been doing anything which had any reference to him4 ,i then1 and then only1 told him what ,i have here related4 ,unfortunately ,mr4 ,a41 on being again appealed to1 refused to write an account of his own experience1 on the ground that his memory for details might by lapse of time have become untrustworthy4 ,the case is therefore defective1 not merely by the length of time which passed between the incident and the agent's record of it1 but by the absence of any direct testimony from the percipient4 ,it will be seen that ,mrs4 ,b4 writes of ,mr4 ,a4's impression as a dream4 ,it seems clear1 however1 that ,mr4 ,a4 did not himself regard his experience as a dream4 ,an interesting account is given by ,miss ,edith ,maughan 7,journal ,s4,p4,r47 of a similar experiment made by her in the summer of #ahhh4 ,she was reading in bed when the idea occurred to her of willing to appear to her friend1 ,miss ,ethel ,thompson1 who occupied the adjoining room4 ,after concentrating her attention strongly for a few minutes she felt dizzy and only half-conscious4 ,on recovering full consciousness she heard ,miss ,thompson's voice speaking in the next room4 ,the time was about #b ,a4,m4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,miss ,thompson1 who was fully awake1 was disturbed between #b and #c ,a4,m4 by seeing at the bedside the figure of ,miss ,maughan1 which disappeared instantly on a light being struck4 ,it is not perhaps possible under the circumstances1 in view of ,miss ,maughan's own statement that she was only semi-conscious during part of the experiment1 absolutely to exclude the hypothesis that the figure seen was that of ,miss ,maughan in some state analogous to somnambulism1 and the case is not therefore given in full2 but it is important to note that both ladies--and we have reason to know that they are good observers--are convinced that the figure seen was not that of ,miss ,maughan in the flesh1 and the rapidity of the disappearance is a further argument against such a supposition4 ,in the cases so far dealt with the agent1 when his state is recorded1 was asleep or entranced at the time of the experiment1 whilst the percipient appears as a rule to have been awake4 ,in the cases which follow the agent was awake1 but the percipient1 in two of the cases--if not also in the third--seems to have seen the hallucinatory figure in the borderland state on awaking from sleep4 ,in two of the cases the agent1 no doubt intentionally1 chose a time when he had reason to believe that the percipient would be asleep2 in the third case1 whilst the experiments at night failed1 success was obtained when the percipient had fallen asleep unexpectedly in the daytime4 ,in view of the absence of any well-attested cases in which both agent and percipient are shown to have been fully awake immediately before and at the time of the experiment1--in case #fb 7,wesermann7 the state of the agent1 and in case #ff 7,wiltse7 that of the percipient1 is not clearly shown1--it is difficult to resist the conclusion that the condition of sleep or trance in one or both parties to the experiment is favourable to transference of this kind4 ,that sleep1 or rather the borderland which lies on either side of sleep1 is peculiarly favourable to the production in the percipient1 not only of hallucinations in general1 but of telepathic hallucinations in particular1 has already been shown4 ,but the instances cited in the present chapter would seem to indicate that in the agent also sleep and trance 7or possibly a trance self-induced in sleep or in waking7 may facilitate such transmissions4 ,no4 #fe4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,von ,,schrenck-,,notzing4 ,we received the following case from ,baron von ,schrenck-,notzing1 some of whose experiments have been already quoted 7,no4 #i1 p4 #ed74 ,dr4 von ,schrenck-,notzing first gave an account of the incident verbally to ,professor ,sidgwick at ,munich1 and subsequently1 at his request1 sent in ,june #ahhh the following written narrative3-- ,in the winter of #ahhf-hg1 ,i think it was in the month of ,february1 as ,i was going along the ,barerstrasse one evening at half-past #aa1 it occurred to me to make an attempt at influencing at a distance1 through mental concentration4 ,as ,i had had1 for some time1 the honour of being acquainted with the family of ,herr ----1 and thus had had the opportunity of learning that his daughter1 ,frulein ----1 was sensitive to psychical influences1 ,i decided to try to influence her1 especially as the family lived at the corner of the ,barerstrasse and ,karlstrasse4 ,the windows of the dwelling were dark as ,i passed by1 from which ,i concluded that the ladies had already gone to rest4 ,i then stationed myself by the wall of the houses on the opposite side of the road1 and for about five minutes firmly concentrated my thoughts on the following desire3--,frulein ---- shall wake and think of me4 ,then ,i went home4 ,the next day when ,i met ,frulein ----'s friend on the ice1 ,i learned from her 7they shared a bedroom between them7 that something strange had happened to the ladies during the preceding night4 ,i remarked thereupon to ,frulein ,prieger 7such was the friend's name7 that the time when the occurrence took place was between half-past #aa and #ab2 whereat she was greatly astonished4 ,then ,i obtained from the lady an account of the circumstance1 as she herself has written it out on the accompanying sheet of paper4 ,for me the success of this experiment was a proof that under certain circumstances one person can influence another at a distance4 ,,albert ,,freiherr ,,von ,,schrenck-,,notzing4 ,the percipient1 ,miss ----1 writes on ,may #aath1 #ahhh3-- ,there is not much to tell concerning the incident of which you ask me to give an account4 ,it happened thus3--,baron ,schrenck was returning home one night in ,march #ahhg 7or ,april1 ,i am not sure as to the date71 about #aa4cj1 and stood for some time outside my bedroom window1 which looked onto the street4 ,i was in bed at the time1 lying with closed eyes1 nearly asleep4 ,it seemed to me as if the part of the room where my bed was had become suddenly light1 and ,i felt compelled to open my eyes1 seeing at the same time1 as it appeared to me1 the face of ,baron ,schrenck4 ,it was gone again as quick as lightning4 ,the next day ,i told my friend ,frulein ,prieger of this occurrence2 she went skating that same day1 and met ,baron ,schrenck on the ice4 ,they had scarcely conversed together five minutes before he asked ,frulein ,prieger if ,i had seen anything last night4 ,frulein ,prieger repeated what ,i had told her1 whereupon ,baron ,schrenck said that1 at the time of my seeing him1 he was standing outside my window1 trying hard to impress his presence upon me4 ,this never occurred again1 and ,i believe ,baron ,schrenck did not have occasion to repeat the experiment4 ,in a further letter ,miss ---- adds 7#a7 that the blinds of her room were drawn down1 7#b7 that she has experienced no other hallucination of any kind4 ,frulein ,prieger1 whose account was enclosed in ,dr4 von ,schrenck-,notzing's letter of ,june #ahhh1 writes3-- ,the winter before last1 shortly after ,christmas1 ,i was suddenly awakened in the night1 between #aa and #ab o'clock1 by my friend ----1 who asked me in an excited manner if ,i also saw ,baron von ,schrenck1 who was close by her bed4 ,on my objecting that she had been dreaming1 and should now quietly go to sleep again1 she repeated that she had been completely awake1 and had seen ,baron von ,schrenck so close to her that she could have caught hold of his beard4 ,by degrees she quieted herself1 and we both went to sleep4 ,the following day1 on my way home from the ice1 ,i told ,baron von ,schrenck of this exciting nocturnal scene1 and noticed to my not slight astonishment that he seemed greatly rejoiced1 as though over a successful experiment which had received its completion in what ,i communicated to him4 ,,lina ,,prieger4 ,gubelsbergerstrasse1 #ae ,i4 ,it is much to be regretted that none of the persons concerned thought it worth while to write down an account of the incident at the time4 ,it will be observed that even in the comparatively short interval--little more than a year--which elapsed before this was done1 one slight discrepancy1 as to the time at which ,frulein ,prieger was told of the impression1 has crept into the narrative4 ,but it seems clear that ,miss ---- told her experience before ,frulein ,prieger met ,baron von ,schrenck-,notzing4 ,in the next two cases also the result here recorded is one of many successful experiments in thought-transference made by the agent 7see ,chapter ,,xv474 ,no4 #ff4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,wiltse1 ,skiddy1 ,kansas1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,march #afth1 #ahia4 ,some weeks ago several persons were passing the evening at my house1 and two children1 a little girl of eight years and a boy of six years1 whose mother is stopping with us1 had been put to bed in an adjoining room1 the door between the rooms being closed4 ,the company were engaged in games that did not interest me1 and ,i took a seat some five feet from the bedroom door and began trying to make the boy see my form in the room at his bedside1 he being on the front side of the bed4 ,i knew the children were awake1 as ,i could hear them laughing4 ,after some ten or fifteen minutes1 the boy suddenly screamed as if frightened1 and1 hurrying in there1 ,i found the little fellow buried up in the bedclothes and badly frightened1 but he seemed ashamed of his fright and would not tell me what was the matter4 ,i kept the matter of my having tried an experiment a thorough secret1 and after some two weeks it came out through the little girl that ,charlie thought he saw a great big tiger standing by his bed looking at him1 and he could see ,uncle ,hime 7myself7 in the tiger's eyes4 ,what was the tiger8 ,i had not thought of any form but my own4 ,the child lives in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 and has seen the collections in ,zoological ,gardens1 but has not been taught the different colours4 ,i have just now shown him the plates in ,wood's ,natural ,history1 and he pointed out a lion as the animal he saw1 but as the plates are not coloured1 they are little good for the purpose2 but as ,i began at the back of the book and took through all sorts first1 and the lion was the first and only animal designated by him as the one he had seen in the room1 ,i conclude he was near enough to the classification for our purpose4 ,no one but myself knew of my experiment until the children had told their story4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,wiltse4 ,dr4 ,wiltse writes later3-- ,,skiddy1 ,,morris ,,co41 ,,kansas1 ,march #bith1 #ahia4 ,i tried one more experiment of the same kind with the little boy1 but failed1 but ,i was conscious of wavering in mind during the whole course of the experiment1 and besides this there were other unfavourable conditions4 ,the child's mother was absent for the evening and the children with my own boy 7aged fifteen7 were making ,rome howl in the way of untrammelled fun4 ,mrs4 ,wiltse and ,dr4 ,wiltse's son write as follows3-- ,,skiddy1 ,,kansas1 ,march #bhth1 #ahia4 ,i was present when ,josie ,skene told papa what her brother ,charlie was scared about4 ,she said that ,charlie throwed the cover over his head and told her that he saw a tiger1 and ,uncle ,hime1 as he called papa1 was in the tiger's eyes4 ,,jason ,,wiltse4 ,i certify that the above statement is substantially correct1 as ,i also heard the little girl relate it4 ,,mrs4 ,,haidee ,,wiltse4 ,mrs4 ,charles ,skene1 the mother of the little boy1 writes3-- #aec ,,platt ,,street ,,cleveland1 ,,ohio1 ,april #ith1 #ahia4 ,your letter dated the #fth came to hand to-day4 ,i was on a visit to the ,dr4 and his family1 and one evening he said he would try an experiment on my little boy2 it was about seven o'clock and they had just been put to bed4 ,the ,dr4 wanted to make him see him by his bedside1 and him in the other room1 and he did2 he saw him in the form of a tiger and he also had tigers in his eyes4 ,he commenced to shout1 and said he was frightened1 but did not say any more1 he was so frightened4 ,this is my daughter's statement as far as she can recollect4 ,if there are any more questions you would like me to answer ,i will gladly do so4 ,i was not at home the night this happened4 ,,mrs4 ,,chas4 ,,skene4 ,later she adds3-- ,april #bgth1 #ahia4 ,your letter of the #agth came to hand4 ,i do not know the date1 but it was about the middle of ,february1 on a ,wednesday evening4 ,my little boy is six years old2 he remembers it well1 and often talks of it4 ,mrs4 ,skene added1 in answer to a question1 that the boy did not know that the experiment was being tried on him4 ,it should be added that ,mr4 ,rasero1 who was present1 wrote1 on the #cjth ,october #ahia1 to confirm ,dr4 ,wiltse's statement that nothing was said beforehand about trying an experiment of any kind4 ,the tiger in this experiment appears to have been a confused nightmare effect produced by the telepathic impression on the mind of the child percipient4 ,in the next case1 it will be seen1 the percept appears to have been unusually clear and distinct4 ,no4 #fg4--;,from ,,joseph ,,kirk4#aad ,mr4 ,kirk has made several attempts to produce a hallucination of himself4 ,writing to us on the #gth ,july #ahij1 he stated that without the knowledge of his friend and neighbour1 ,miss ,g41 he tried each night1 from the #ajth to the #bjth of ,june1 and once on the #aath in the afternoon1 to induce her to see a hallucination of himself4 ,from casual conversation1 however1 with ,miss ,g4 he gathered that no effect had been produced4 ,but on ,june #bcrd ,mr4 ,kirk learned that the trial made on ,june #aath1 the day and hour of which had been noted at the time1 had completely succeeded4 ,he thus describes the occasion3-- #b ,,ripon ,,villas1 ,,plumstead4 444 ,i had been rather closely engaged on some auditing work1 which had tired me1 and as near as ,i can remember the time was between #c4cj and #d ,p4,m4 that ,i laid down my pencil1 stretched myself1 and in the act of doing the latter ,i was seized with the impulse to make a trial on ,miss ,g4 ,i did not1 of course1 know where she was at the moment1 but1 with a flash1 as it were1 ,i transferred myself to her bedroom4 ,i cannot say why ,i thought of that spot1 unless it was that ,i did so because my first experiment had been made there--i4e41 on the previous night1 the #ajth ,june4 ,as it happened1 it was what ,i must call a 'lucky shot1' for ,i caught her at the moment she was lightly sleeping in her chair--a condition which seems to be peculiarly favourable to receiving and externalising telepathic messages4 ,the figure seen by ,miss ,g4 was clothed in a suit ,i was at the moment wearing1 and was bareheaded1 the latter as would be the case1 of course1 in an office4 ,this suit is of a dark reddish-brown check stuff1 and it was an unusual circumstance for me to have had on the coat at the time1 as ,i wear1 as a rule1 an office coat of light material4 ,but this office coat ,i had1 a day or so before1 sent to a tailor to be repaired1 and ,i had1 therefore1 to keep on that belonging to the dark suit4 ,i tested the reality of the vision by this dark suit4 ,i asked1 ',how was ,i dressed8' 7not at all a leading question74 ,the reply of ,miss ,g4 was1 touching the sleeve of the coat ,i was then wearing 7of a light suit71 ',not this coat1 but that dark suit you wear sometimes4 ,i even saw clearly the small check pattern of it2 and ,i saw your features as plainly as though you had been bodily present4 ,i could not have seen you more distinctly4' ,miss ,g4's account is3-- ,june #bhth1 #ahij4 ,a peculiar occurrence happened to me on the ,wednesday of the week before last4 ,in the afternoon 7being tired by a morning walk71 while sitting in an easy-chair near the window of my own room1 ,i fell asleep4 ,at any time ,i happen to sleep during the day 7which is but seldom7 ,i invariably awake with tired1 uncomfortable sensations1 which take some little time to pass off2 but that afternoon1 on the contrary1 ,i was suddenly quite wide awake1 seeing ,mr4 ,kirk standing near my chair1 dressed in a dark brown coat1 which ,i had frequently seen him wear4 ,his back was towards the window1 his right hand towards me2 he passed across the room towards the door1 which is opposite the window1 the space between being #ae feet1 the furniture so arranged as to leave just that centre clear2 but when he got about #d feet from the door1 which was closed1 he disappeared4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i feel sure ,i had not been dreaming of him1 and cannot remember that anything had happened to cause me even to think of him that afternoon before falling asleep4 ,mr4 ,kirk writes later3-- ,i have only succeeded once in making myself visible to ,miss ,g4 since the occasion ,i have already reported1 and that had the singularity of being only my features--my face in miniature1 that is1 about three inches in diameter4 ,in a letter dated ,january #aith1 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,kirk says as to this last appearance3-- ,miss ,g4 did not record this at the time1 as she attached no importance to it1 but ,i noted the date 7,july #bcrd7 on my office blotting-pad1 as it was at the office ,i was thinking of her4 ,i say 'thinking1' because ,i was doing so in connection with another subject1 and with no purpose of making an experiment4 ,i had a headache1 and was resting my head on my left hand4 ,suddenly it occurred to me that my thinking about her might probably influence her in some way1 and ,i made the note ,i have mentioned4 ,mr4 ,kirk enclosed in his statement to us the piece of blotting-paper on which the note of the second successful experiment had been made4 ,the fact that the hallucination in the first case included a representation of the clothes actually worn by the agent at the time may have been a mere coincidence4 ,but the case should be borne in mind in considering the possibility of heteroplastic hallucination4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aaj3 ,these details are taken from notes made by the writer immediately after the interview4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,der ,magnetismus und die allgemeine ,weltsprache4 ,a brief account of the five trials1 quoted from the ,archiv fr den thierischen ,magnetismus1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #acf-aci1 will be found in ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aja1 #ajb4 ,in the other cases the impression was produced in a dream4 ,the distance varied from #a_/h of a mile to #i miles in the case quoted in the text4 ,footnote #aab3 ,in ,wesermann's book1 as also in the account given in the ,archiv1 the account is headed ,fifth experiment at a distance of nine miles4 ,footnote #aac3 ,wesermann unfortunately does not record his own state at the time of the experiments4 ,footnote #aad3 ,see ,nos4 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 ,chapter ,v4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,spontaneous ,,telepathic ,,hallucinations4 ,in the last chapter we gave illustrations of telepathic hallucinations induced by an act of voluntary concentration on the part of the agent4 ,the hallucinatory effects now to be described were produced without design1 and in some cases1 it would appear1 without the conscious direction of the agent's thoughts to the person affected4 ,they purport1 in fact1 to have been the spontaneous outcome of some emotional stress on the part of the person whom the hallucination represented4 ,auditory ,hallucinations4 ,we will begin by quoting two examples of auditory hallucination4 ,no4 #fh4--;,from ,,miss ,c4 ,,clark4 #ahhi4 ,i heard some one sobbing one evening last ,august 7#ahhh7 about #aj ,p4,m4 ,it was in the house in ,dunbar1 ,scotland1 as ,i was preparing to go to bed4 ,feeling convinced that it was my youngest sister1 ,i advised another sister not to go into the next room1 whence the sounds seemed to proceed4 ,after waiting with me a few minutes this sister went into the dining-room1 and returned to me saying that our youngest sister was in the dining-room1 and not crying at all4 ,then ,i at once thought there must be something the matter with my greatest friend1 a girl of twenty-four1 then in ,lincolnshire4 ,i wrote to her next day1 asking her if1 and at what hour on the previous night1 she had been crying4 ,in her next letter she said1 ',yes1 she was suffering great pain with toothache just at the time1 and was unable to restrain a few sobs4' 444 ,this has been the only similar experience ,i have had4 ,i have seen the letter referred to1 together with three others1 extracts from which are given below4 ,it will be seen that ,miss ,clark was mistaken in supposing that she wrote next day4 ,the letter was actually begun three days after--on the ,wednesday--and completed on the subsequent day1 after the receipt of ,miss ,maughan's letter written on the ,tuesday evening4 ,in view1 however1 of the fact that ,miss ,clark wrote of her impression before the receipt of her friend's letter1 the mistake seems not material4 ,from ,,miss ,,clark4 ,,dunbar1 ,wednesday1 ,august #bbnd1 #ahhh1 #i ,p4,m4 ,were you crying on ,sunday night near eleven o'clock8 ,because ,i distinctly heard some one crying1 and supposed it was ,h4 in the next room1 but she was not there at all4 ,then ,i thought it must be something 'occult1' and that it might be you1 and ,i felt so horrid4 ,thursday1 ,august #bcrd1 #ahhh1 #d4de ,p4,m4 ,thank you very much for your letter just come4 ,i am so sorry your face was sore4 ,did it make you cry on ,sunday night8 ,from ,,miss ,,maughan4 7,the cover of this letter has been preserved1 and bears the postmark1 ,spilsby1 ,aug4 #bbnd1 #ahhh47 ,tuesday ,evening1 ,aug4 #bast1 #ahhh4 ,on ,sunday we went to see ,wroxham ,broad4 ,we had an immense amount of walking to do altogether1 and ,i think ,i got a little cold in my face in the morning1 and all night ,i suffered with it1 and my face is swelled still4 ,in a second letter ,miss ,maughan writes3-- ,thursday1 ,august #bcrd1 #aa ,p4,m4 ,i am putting poultices on my gums4 ,i have never had such a huge swelling before1 and it won't go down4 ,it is so horribly uncomfortable4 ,saturday ,afternoon4 ,thanks for letter4 ,yes1 ,i was crying on ,sunday night2 only on account of the pain4 ,it was awful1 but ,i only cried quietly1 as ,edith was asleep4444 ,from ,,miss ,,clark4 ,monday1 ,august #bgth1 #ahhh1 #aj4cj ,a4,m4 ,thanks for your letter4 ,i am sorry it was you crying4 ,you don't seem at all struck4 ,i was very much so4 ,it was a subdued sort 7sic7 ,i heard1 and thought ,h4 was trying not to let it be heard4 ,i shall always be afraid now of hearing things4 ,the sound here was of an inarticulate kind1 nor was it immediately referred to the actual agent1 and both these facts must be held to detract from the evidential value of the coincidence4 ,in the next case1 however1 the voice1 it will be seen1 was at once recognised4 ,the voice in this case awoke the percipient1 and the impression should therefore be classed as a hallucination rather than as a dream1 but it was of the borderland type4 ,the uneasiness caused to the percipient1 as attested by the letter and telegram sent1 is sufficient proof that the impression was of a kind unusual in his experience4 ,no4 #fi4--;,from ,,mr4 ,,william ,,tudor4 ,,auburndale1 ,,mass41 ,july #aath1 #ahij4 ,your favour#aae of the #cjth ult41 addressed to ,mrs4 ,tudor1 ,i will answer1 as the incident more directly concerned me4 ,late in the evening of ,monday1 ,march #agth1 near midnight1 my nephew1 ,frederic ,tudor1 ,jun41 fell in front of an electric car going to ,cambridge1 was dragged some distance and so badly injured that for a time his life was in doubt1 though he recovered with the loss of a foot4 ,my wife heard of the accident on ,tuesday afternoon and was much distressed all the night of ,tuesday1 and quite restless and wakeful4 ,at this time ,i was in ,gainesville1 ,florida1 having important business there in connection with land purchases4 ,on the night of ,tuesday ,i went to bed rather early in a calm state of mind4 ,i slept soundly1 as ,i usually do4 ,about midnight1 as ,i should judge1 ,i heard my wife call my name quite distinctly and waked instantly broad awake4 ,i sat up in bed1 but soon remembering where ,i was1 fell asleep again and waked no more until morning4 ,the next day the incident of the night made me quite uneasy1 also during the following day1 and as ,i was obliged to leave on the afternoon of ,friday for a rough journey in the country ,i telegraphed to my wife to know what was the matter4 ,i usually receive a letter from home every day1 and on these days no letter arrived1 which added to my uneasiness4 ,no answer was received to my first telegram1 for the very good reason that it was never delivered4 ,i was obliged to start1 however1 in the afternoon of this day1 ,friday the #bast1 and in the morning of the #bbnd1 from a small town called ,new ,branford1 sent another telegram1 of which the following is the substance3--',shall be gone three days2 what has happened8 ,answer ,branford4' ,i had a strong impression that something serious had occurred1 that my wife was possibly ill1 or some of the children were ill1 or that some accident or death had occurred to a near relation1 not however involving my immediate family4 ,the following extracts from my letters will illustrate this feeling3-- ,letter of ,march #aith3 ',i thought you called me last night4 ,i waked up and was much worried2 ,i hope you are not ill4' ,letter of ,march #bbnd1 from ,new ,branford3 ',no answer comes to my telegram1 although ,i left word to have it forwarded here4 ,surely some one would telegraph if you were ill4 ,surely you would let me know if anything had happened4 ,i do not feel that anything serious has happened1 and yet ,i cannot understand such a combination of circumstances4 ,i have no confidence in these telegraph people1 and daresay you never received my message4' ,letter of ,march #bdth1 from ,gainesville1 after telegram giving account of accident was finally received3 ',i had a feeling that something was wrong but that you were all right4' ,such ,i give as the substance of the facts in this case1 which ,i trust may be interesting to the ,society4 ,,william ,,tudor4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,tudor writes3-- ,,auburndale1 ,july #bith1 #ahij4 ,my nephew's accident occurred on ,monday night4 ,being out of town ,i heard of it on ,tuesday afternoon4 ,i immediately went to ,boston and returned the same evening about nine o'clock1 feeling greatly distressed4 ,i wrote a letter to my husband after my return describing the accident and retired to bed rather late and passed a restless night4 ,the telegram received from my husband rather surprised me1 as he is not usually anxious when away from home4 ,i believe this is all ,i know connected with this incident4 ,,elizabeth ,,tudor4 ,an account of a similar experience was sent to us in #ahhi by the late ,sir ,john ,drummond ,hay1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,he wrote that about #a ,a4,m4 on some day in ,february #ahgi he heard distinctly the voice of his daughter-in-law saying1 ,oh1 ,i wish papa only knew that ,robert was ill4 ,sir ,john awoke ,lady ,drummond ,hay to tell her what he had heard1 and made a note of the incident in his diary4 ,it was shortly ascertained that ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,hay had been taken seriously ill on that night1 and that ,mrs4 ,hay had used the words heard4 ,sir ,john's account is confirmed by ,lady ,hay and ,mrs4 ,r4 ,d4 ,hay4 ,visual ,hallucinations4 ,the comparative frequency of auditory hallucinations1 and especially the ease with which auditory illusions can be built up on a basis of real sound1 render coincidences of the kind1 even the best attested1 of less service to support1 however valuable as illustrating1 the theory of telepathy4 ,visual hallucinations1 however1 present us with a much rarer type of impression1 and one in which explanation by illusion is comparatively seldom possible4 ,telepathic hallucinations1 like ordinary non-coincidental hallucinations1 may assume various forms1 and instances of grotesque and partially developed visual impressions are not wanting4 ,thus we have a case in which the face of a dying relative was recognised in the middle of a large ball of light like a firework 7,journal1 ,october #ahia72 and ,mr4 ,sherer1 of ,amble1 ,northumberland1 tells us that he saw reflected in a ship's compass the face of a young lady to whom he was engaged1 at about the time of her death4 ,in the following case the hallucination1 though still far from complete1 appears to have been more realistic and more fully developed4 ,no4 #gj4--;,from ,,countess ,,eugenie ,,kapnist4 ,writing on ,june #bdth1 #ahia1 the percipient explains that in ,february #ahhi she and her sister made the acquaintance at ,talta of a ,mr4 ,p41 who was at that time in an advanced stage of consumption4 ,on one occasion1 in the course of conversation1 ,mr4 ,p4 promised ,countess ,ina ,kapnist1 in the presence of the narrator1 that should he die before her he would endeavour to appear to her4 ,the ,countess and her sister met ,mr4 ,p4 occasionally after this conversation1 and frequently saw him walking about in a nut-brown overcoat1 which caused them some amusement4 ,they left ,talta1 however1 in ,may #ahhi1 and in the course of a few months had completely forgotten ,mr4 ,p4 and his wife1 whom they regarded merely in the light of ordinary acquaintances4 ,on the #abth ,march #ahij the two ladies1 on their way home from the theatre1 drove to the railway station with a friend who was to return at #a ,a4,m4 to ,tsarsko4 ,on leaving the station1 the ,countess writes1 our servant went on before to find the carriage1 so that on reaching the steps we found it had driven up and was waiting for us4 ,my sister was the first to take her seat2 ,i kept her waiting1 as ,i descended the steps more slowly2 the servant held the door of the landau open4 ,with one foot on the step ,i suddenly stood still1 arrested in the act of entering the carriage1 and stunned with surprise4 ,it was dark inside the carriage1 and nevertheless1 facing my sister and looking at her1 ,i saw in a faint grey light which seemed unnatural1 and which was clearest at the point on which my eyes were fixed1 a face in profile1 not so much vague as soft and transparent4 ,this vision only lasted an instant1 during which1 however1 my eyes noted the smallest details of the face1 which seemed familiar to me2 the rather sharp features1 the hair parted a little on one side1 the prominent nose1 the sharp chin with its sparse1 light brown beard4 ,what strikes me when ,i think of it now is the fact that ,i could distinguish the different colours1 though the greyish light which scarcely revealed the stranger would have been insufficient to enable me to distinguish them in ordinary circumstances4 ,he had no hat1 but wore a top-coat1 such as is worn in the ,south1 in colour a rather light nut-brown4 ,his whole person had an air of great weariness and emaciation4 ,the servant1 much surprised that ,i did not enter the carriage but remained petrified on the step1 thought ,i had trodden on my gown1 and helped me to seat myself1 while ,i asked my sister1 as ,i took my place beside her1 if it was really our carriage1 so much was ,i confused and stupefied by seeing a stranger seated opposite her4 ,it had not occurred to me that if a real person had been sitting there1 neither my sister nor the footman would have remained so quietly face to face with him4 ,when ,i was seated ,i no longer saw anything1 and ,i asked my sister1 ',did you see nothing opposite you8' ',nothing whatever1 and what possessed you to ask as you got in if it was really our carriage8' she answered laughing4 ,then ,i told her what ,i have related above1 describing my vision minutely4 ',that familiar face1' said she1 'the hair parted at the side1 the nut-brown coat1 where have we seen it8 ,certainly nothing here answers to your description1' and we racked our brains without finding any clue4 ,after we got home we related the incident to our mother2 my description made her also remember vaguely a similar face4 ,the next evening 7,march #abth7 a young man of our acquaintance1 ,mr4 ,solovovo1 came to see us4 ,i told him also what had just occurred4 ,we discussed it at some length1 but fruitlessly4 ,i still could not find the right name for the man of my vision1 though ,i remembered quite well having seen a face exactly similar among my numerous acquaintances1 but when and where8 ,i could remember nothing1 with my bad memory1 which often fails me in this fashion4 ,some days later we were calling on ,mr4 ,solovovo's grandmother4 ',do you know1' she said1 'what sad news ,i have just received from ,talta8 ,mr4 ,p4 has just died1 but ,i have heard no details4' ,my sister and ,i looked at each other4 ,at the mention of this name the pointed face and the nut-brown top-coat found their possessor4 ,my sister recognised him at the same time as myself1 thanks to my minute description4 ,when ,mr4 ,solovovo entered ,i begged him to find the exact date of the death in the newspapers4 ,the date of the death was given as the #adth of ,march1 that is to say two days after my vision4 ,i wrote to ,talta for information1 and learned that ,mr4 ,p4 was confined to bed from the #bdth ,november1 and that from that time he was in a very feeble state1 but sleep never left him4 ,he slept so long and so profoundly1 even during the last night of his life1 that hopes were entertained of his improvement4 ,we were much astonished that it was ,i who saw ,mr4 ,p41 although he had promised to appear to my sister2 but here ,i ought to add that before the occurrence mentioned above ,i had been clairvoyante a certain number of times2 but this vision is certainly the one in which ,i distinguished details most clearly1 even down to the colours of the face and dress4 ,,comtesse ,,eugenie ,,kapnist4 ,,comtesse ,,ina ,,kapnist4 ,the second signature is that of the sister who was present at the time4 ,the account above given1 it should be explained1 is a translation from the original ,french4 ,our friend1 ,mr4 ,petrovo-,solovovo1 through whom we obtained the account1 writes3-- ,i have much pleasure in certifying that the fact of ,countess ,kapnist's vision was mentioned1 among others1 to myself before the news of ,mr4 ,p4's death came to ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,i well remember seeing an announcement of his demise in the papers4 ,the narrative presents several points of interest4 ,the deferred recognition is by no means without parallel 7see case #fh and cases #bf1 #aia1 etc41 in ,phantasms71 but in this case the interval which elapsed before the identification of the phantasm was unusually prolonged4 ,of course the fact that the vision was not identified beforehand is an element of weakness in the case1 but as the deep impression left on the percipient by her vision seems well established1 we have some warrant for assuming that the details have been accurately remembered4 ,and if we may accept these details the case throws light upon the genesis of such hallucinations4 ,that a dying man1 whilst failing to impress the idea of his own personality upon the mind of a distant acquaintance1 should succeed in calling up the image--to himself of quite secondary importance--of the clothes which he habitually wore1 would seem at first sight a paradox4 ,but the difficulty disappears if we recognise that the telepathic impression in such cases is probably received and the hallucination elaborated by a subconscious stratum of the intelligence1 and that the picture is in due time flashed up thence fully formed to the ordinary consciousness4 ,the image of the clothes worn by the agent1 trivial and unessential to himself1 would not improbably bulk more largely in the conception formed of him by an acquaintance1 and might even find an echo in the percipient's consciousness when the image of the man himself had been obliterated by more recent memories4 ,it is possible that the arrested development of the hallucination may have some connection with the imperfect recognition4 ,in the following case also the hallucination1 though recognised1 appears to have fallen short of complete embodiment4 ,no4 #ga4--;,from ,,miss ,l4 ,,caldecott4 ,february #aath1 #ahij4 ,a sensation of faint glowing light in the darkest corner of the room made me first look in that direction 7which happened to be next the door71 and ,i then became aware of some one standing there1 holding her hands outstretched as if in appeal4 ,my first impression was that it was my sister1 and ,i said1 ',what's the matter8' but instantly saw who it was--a friend1 who was at that time in ,scotland4 ,i felt completely riveted1 but though my heart and pulses were beating unnaturally fast1 neither much frightened nor surprised1 only with a sort of impulse to get up and go after the figure1 which ,i could not move to do4 ,the form seemed to melt away into the soft glow1 which then also died out4 ,it was about half-past ten at night4 ,i was at my home in ----4 ,the date ,i am unable to fix nearer than that it was either ,august or ,september #ahhg4 ,i was perfectly well4 ,i was reading ,carlyle's ,sartor ,resartus at the time4 ,i was in no trouble or anxiety of any kind4 ,age about twenty-six4 ,i had not seen my friend for about a year4 ,i wrote to her the day after this happened1 but1 before my letter reached her1 received one in which she told me of a great family trouble that was causing her much suffering1 and saying that she had been longing for me to help her4 ,another letter in answer to mine then told me that her previous letter was written about #aj4cj on the night ,i saw her1 and that she had been wishing for my presence then most intensely4 ,my friend died very shortly afterwards4 ,no other persons were present at the time4 ,one of the agent's letters1 written in reply to a letter from ,miss ,caldecott describing the apparition1 has fortunately been preserved4 ,the letter is dated ,august #afth1 #ahhh4 ,the following extracts were written down by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick from ,miss ,caldecott's dictation3-- ',your account is very strange1 and ,i cannot quite make up my mind what to think of it4 ,if it had not been that on that very ,tuesday night ,i really was thinking of you very much1 and wishing from the bottom of my heart that ,i could get at you1 ,i should be inclined to say that your apparition was entirely subjective1 and that you imagined you saw me4 ,but if there is any connection between mind and mind1 why should it not be so1 and that it really was because ,i was wishing so hard ,i could be with you4 ,you know that was the night ,i got back4 ,i unpacked some of my things1 and then began to write to you4 ,it was then somewhere between eleven and twelve4 ,at all events1 ,i remember it struck twelve some time after ,i got into bed4444 ,tell me anything you can of my general appearance1 and so forth4 ,if you saw me as ,i was at the time it seems fairly conclusive it was my thinking of you caused you to see me1 and not indigestion on your part1 and entirely independent of me4' ,in conversation ,mrs4 ,sidgwick learnt that the face and hands of the figure were seen most clearly4 ,the hands appeared as if held out1 palms upward4 ,the dress was rather indefinite4 ,she looked as ,miss ,caldecott was accustomed to see her1 but ,miss ,caldecott did not notice the dress particularly1 and did not see the figure clearly at all below the knees4 ,miss ,caldecott has had a visual hallucination on two other occasions1 when she was in bed recovering from an illness4 ,at the time of the vision above described she was in perfect health4 ,it will be observed that the phantasm developed gradually1 the percipient's attention having been first arrested by noticing the glow in the corner of the room4 7,compare ,no4 #hd1 ,chapter ,,xii41 and the cases given in ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i41 chap4 xii47 ,it will be seen that the percipient's recollection was at fault1 both as to the date and the hour of the incident4 ,but a discrepancy of this kind cannot be regarded as serious4 ,persons whose lives are not marked off--e4g41 by changes of residence or occupation--into distinct periods1 frequently experience a difficulty in assigning to the right year even an event of importance4 ,but in this case the incident in itself was trivial1 and there was no landmark by which to determine its relation1 in point of time1 to external events4 ,a mistake in the date under such circumstances can scarcely be held to reflect upon the narrator's general accuracy4 ,in the next case also the apparition was preceded and accompanied by a luminous effect4 ,in this instance1 however1 the percipient appears to have been in bed1 and the hallucination should be classed as a borderland case4 ,it will be seen that the apparition preceded the actual death by several hours1 but apparently coincided with a period of severe illness4 ,no4 #gb4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,carat4#aaf #be-;bis ,,rue ,,victor-,,hugo1 ,,malakoff1 ,,paris1 ,july #bjth1 #ahia4 ,my mother1 from the time she was twenty-five years old1 had suffered from an affection of the lungs1 but she had kept her health1 although she had gone through many troubles4 ,there was nothing to indicate what happened on the #aath ,june #ahgg--she succumbed in a few hours to an attack of inflammation of the lungs2 indeed1 ,i had two days before that date received a letter from her in which she showed no anxiety about her health4 ,on the night of the #ajth ,june #ahgg ,i had what might be called a telepathic hallucination4 ,i cannot state the hour with absolute precision1 but it was between ten o'clock and midnight4 ,about that time1 'between sleeping and waking1' ,i saw the end of my room lighted up1 the darkness was illuminated by a silvery light 7it is the only word ,i can think of71 and ,i saw my mother gazing fixedly at me1 with a sort of troubled expression4 ,after a few seconds it all disappeared4 ,next day one of my friends--,m4 ,laroche1 now sub-director of the ,conservateur ,co41 #ah ,rue ,lafayette--was breakfasting with me4 ,i told him about my experience1 and he too regarded it as a hallucination4 ,at parting ,i said to him1 ',remember1 ,laroche1 if anything happens1 that ,i have told you this to-day4' ,next day ,i received news of my mother's death4 ,i have never on any other occasion experienced a hallucination1 or anything approaching to it4 ,from ,m4 ,,laroche4 ,,to ,,professor ,,richet4 ,,sir1--,after an absence from home ,i have just returned and found awaiting me the letter which you did me the honour to write on the #gth inst41 on the subject of a vision which my friend ,dr4 ,carat had on the eve of his mother's death1 at a time when he believed her to be in good health at ,dunkirk4 ,the circumstance was told me by ,dr4 ,carat immediately after it occurred4 ,you can make any use of my testimony you think fit4 ,,laroche4 ,from the last case we pass1 by an easy transition1 to those completely externalised apparitions which cheat the senses by the life-like presentment of a human figure4 ,no4 #gc4--;,from ,,miss ,,berta ,,hurly1 ,waterbeach ,vicarage1 ,cambridge4 ,february #ahij4 ,in the spring and summer of #ahhf ,i often visited a poor woman called ,evans1 who lived in our parish1 ,caynham4 ,she was very ill with a painful disease1 and it was1 as she said1 a great pleasure when ,i went to see her2 and ,i frequently sat with her and read to her4 ,towards the middle of ,october she was evidently growing weaker1 but there seemed no immediate danger4 ,i had not called on her for several days1 and one evening ,i was standing in the dining-room after dinner with the rest of the family1 when ,i saw the figure of a woman dressed like ,mrs4 ,evans1 in large apron and muslin cap1 pass across the room from one door to the other1 where she disappeared4 ,i said1 ',who is that8' ,my mother said1 ',what do you mean8' and ,i said1 ',that woman who has just come in and walked over to the other door4' ,they all laughed at me1 and said ,i was dreaming1 but ,i felt sure it was ,mrs4 ,evans1 and next morning we heard she was dead4 ,,berta ,,hurly4 ,miss ,hurly's mother writes3-- ,on referring to my diary for the month of ,october #ahhf1 ,i find the following entry3--'#aith4 ,berta startled us all after dinner1 about #h4cj last evening1 by saying she saw the figure of a woman pass across the dining-room1 and that it was ,mrs4 ,evans4 ,this morning we hear the poor woman is dead4' ,on inquiring at the cottage we found she had become wandering in her mind1 and at times unconscious1 about the time she appeared to ,berta1 and died towards the morning4 ,,annie ,,ross4 ,february #beth1 #ahij4 ,in this case the apparition1 it will have been observed1 was mistaken for a real person4 ,we should not be justified1 however1 in concluding that the sensory effect produced was comparable in intensity to that which would have been caused had a real figure walked across the room4 ,perception is so largely a psychical process that it is difficult in any particular case to assign a definite value to the sensory element4 ,and in a case of this kind1 where1 as appears to be generally the case with telepathic hallucinations1 the vision is of brief duration1 the difficulty is1 of course1 increased4 ,the hallucination in this1 as in the previous case1 occurred some hours before the death1 and the evidential value of the coincidence is so far lessened4 ,but it is perhaps worth while pointing out that we have no warrant in theory for concluding that in a case of death after prolonged illness the actual moment of dissolution is more favourable for the initiation of a telepathic impulse than any moment in the hours or days of illness preceding death2 nor1 if due allowance be made for the tendency to exaggerate the closeness of coincidence1 is it clear that there is sufficient evidence at present to support any such conclusion4 ,on the other hand1 in cases of accident or momentary illness1 we have more than one case where the impression is shown1 on good evidence1 to have occurred within1 at most1 an hour of death4#aag ,in the narrative which follows1 the vision1 it will be seen1 took place some days before the actual death1 during the crisis of a serious illness1 of which the percipient was not at the time aware4 ,no4 #gd4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,mcalpine1 ,garscadden1 ,bearsden1 ,glasgow4 ,the following account was enclosed in a letter1 dated ,april #abth1 #ahib4 ,we had previously received a somewhat briefer account1 dated ,may #gth1 #ahia1 which agrees in all essential particulars with the one printed below3-- ,on the #beth ,march #ahia my husband and ,i were staying at ,furness ,abbey ,hotel1 ,barrow-in-,furness1 with a friend of ours1 the late ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,bryce ,douglas1 of ,seafield ,tower1 ,ardrossan4 ,he was managing director of the ',naval ,construction ,armament ,company1' and had resided at ,furness ,abbey ,hotel for some eighteen months or more4 ,he had invited us1 along with a number of other friends1 to the launch of the ,empress of ,china4 ,we breakfasted with ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas on the day of the launch1 the #beth1 and afterwards saw the launch1 had luncheon at the shipyard1 and returned to the hotel4 ,he appeared to be in his usual health and spirits 7he was a powerfully-built man1 and justly proud of his fine constitution74 ,the following day 7,thursday7 he left with a party of gentlemen1 to sail from ,liverpool to ,ardrossan1 on the trial trip of the ,empress of ,japan 7another large steamer which had been built at his yard74 ,we remained on at the hotel for some days with our son ,bob1 aged twenty-three1 who was staying there1 superintending work which ,mr4 ,mc,alpine was carrying on at ,barrow4 ,on the ,monday night1 the #cjth1 ,i went upstairs after dinner4 ,on my way down again ,i saw ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas standing in the doorway of his sitting-room4 ,i saw him quite distinctly4 ,he looked at me with a sad expression4 ,he was wearing a cap which ,i had never seen him wear4 ,i walked on and left him standing there4 ,it was then about ten minutes to eight4 ,i told my husband and ,bob4 ,we all felt alarmed1 and we immediately sent the following telegram1 ',how is ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas8' to ,miss ,caldwell1 his sister-in-law1 who kept house for him at ,seafield4 ,it was too late for a reply that night4 ,on ,tuesday morning we received a wire from her2 it ran thus3 ',mr4 ,bryce ,douglas dangerously ill4' ,that telegram was the first intimation of his illness which reached ,barrow4 ,as will be seen in the account of his illness and death in the ,barrow ,news1 he died on the following ,sunday1 and we afterwards ascertained from ,miss ,caldwell that he was unconscious on ,monday evening1 at the time ,i saw him4 ,my husband and son can corroborate this1 and ,i have also letters which bear out my statements4 ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine enclosed a copy of the ,barrow ,news for ,april #aath1 #ahia1 containing a memoir of ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas1 and a full account of his last illness and death4 ,it appears from this account that he left ,barrow on ,thursday1 ,march #bfth1 to join the steamer ,empress of ,japan4 ,he was noticed by his friends to be far from well on ,wednesday1 the previous day1 on the occasion of the launch of the ,empress of ,china1 and was advised to go home4 ,he did not do so1 however1 until the ,sunday1 when he was put ashore at ,ardrossan1 and walked home to ,seafield--a distance of nearly two miles4 ,his medical man was sent for the same day1 and the case was considered serious from the first1 and on the following ,thursday the doctors pronounced it hopeless4 ,he died on ,april #eth1 at about #e ,a4,m4 ,from the evidence which follows it seems clear that if any anxiety as to his health was felt before he left ,barrow1 as suggested in the newspaper report1 ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine knew nothing of it4 ,mr4 ,myers writes3-- ,i discussed the incident connected with the death of ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine and ,mr4 ,mc,alpine1 ,jun41 on ,february #bdth1 #ahib4 ,i believe that their evidence has been very carefully given4 ,mr4 ,mc,alpine knew ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas intimately4 ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas was a robust and vigorous man1 and disliked ever to be supposed to be ill4 ,mr4 ,mc,alpine therefore felt great unwillingness to telegraph to him about his health1 but from his previous knowledge of phenomena occurring to ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine1 he felt sure that her vision must be in some sense veridical4 ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine's husband and his son corroborate as follows3-- ,april #ahib4 ,i was at ,barrow on the #beth of ,march of last year 7#ahia71 and distinctly remember the incident of the following ,monday night4 ,i can bear testimony to the statements made by my wife and son4 ,,robert ,,mcalpine4 ,,garscadden ,,house1 ,april #dth1 #ahib4 ,i was living for several months in the ,furness ,abbey ,hotel1 at ,barrow-in-,furness1 and ,i remember father and mother coming for a few days in order to see the launch of the ,empress of ,china on the #beth of ,march #ahia1 and on the following day 7,thursday7 ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas 7who was then in his usual health7 left with a party of friends on the trial trip of the ,empress of ,japan4 ,i also distinctly remember that the following ,monday night 7#cjth7 my father and ,i were sitting at the drawing-room fire after dinner1 and mother came in looking very pale and startled1 and said she had been upstairs and had seen ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas standing at the door of his sitting-room 7he had used this sitting-room for nearly two years74 ,both my father and ,i felt anxious1 and after some discussion we sent a telegram to ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas's residence at ,ardrossan asking how he was1 and the following morning had the reply1 ',keeping better1 but not out of danger1' or words to that effect4 ,i can assert positively that no one in ,barrow knew of his illness until after the receipt of that telegram4 ,,robert ,,mcalpine1 ,,jun4 ,letters corroborating the above account have also been received from ,miss ,caldwell1 sister-in-law to ,mr4 ,bryce ,douglas1 to whom the telegram was sent1 and who writes3 ,i was very much surprised at receiving it2 from ,mrs4 ,scarlett1 the wife of the proprietor of the ,furness ,abbey ,hotel1 and from ,miss ,charlton1 of ,barrow-in-,furness1 both of whom were cognisant of the circumstances at the time4#aah ,mrs4 ,mc,alpine has had several other apparently telepathic experiences1 one of them a vision coinciding with the death of the infant child of her brother4 ,in the next case the vision occurred about two hours after the actual death4 ,no4 #ge4--;,from ,,miss ,,mabel ,,gore ,,booth4 ,,lissadell1 ,,sligo1 ,february #ahia4 ,on the #ajth of ,april #ahhi1 at about half-past nine o'clock ,a4,m41 my youngest brother and ,i were going down a short flight of stairs leading to the kitchen1 to fetch food for my chickens1 as usual4 ,we were about half-way down1 my brother a few steps in advance of me1 when he suddenly said1 ',why1 there's ,john ,blaney2 ,i didn't know he was in the house6' ,john ,blaney was a boy who lived not far from us1 and he had been employed in the house as hall-boy not long before4 ,i said that ,i was sure it was not he 7for ,i knew he had left some months previously on account of ill-health71 and looked down into the passage1 but saw no one4 ,the passage was a long one1 with a rather sharp turn in it1 so we ran quickly down the last few steps and looked round the corner1 but nobody was there1 and the only door he could have gone through was shut4 ,as we went upstairs my brother said1 ',how pale and ill ,john looked1 and why did he stare so8' ,i asked what he was doing4 ,my brother answered that he had his sleeves turned up1 and was wearing a large green apron1 such as the footmen always wear at their work4 ,an hour or two afterwards ,i asked my maid how long ,john ,blaney had been back in the house8 ,she seemed much surprised1 and said1 ',didn't you hear1 miss1 that he died this morning8' ,on inquiry we found he had died about two hours before my brother saw him4 ,my mother did not wish that my brother should be told this1 but he heard of it somehow1 and at once declared that he must have seen his ghost4 ,,mabel ,,olive ,,gore ,,booth4 ,the percipient's independent account is as follows3-- ,march #ahia4 ,we were going downstairs to get food for ,mabel's fowl1 when ,i saw ,john ,blaney walking round the corner4 ,i said to ,mabel1 ',that's ,john ,blaney6' but she could not see him4 ,when we came up afterwards we found he was dead4 ,he seemed to me to look rather ill4 ,he looked yellow2 his eyes looked hollow1 and he had a green apron on4 ,,mordaunt ,,gore ,,booth4 ,we have received the following confirmation of the date of death3-- ,i certify from the parish register of deaths that ,john ,blaney 7,dunfore7 was interred on the #abth day of ,april #ahhi1 having died on the #ajth day of ,april #ahhi4 ,p4 ,j4 ,,shemaghs1 ,c4,c4 ,the ,presbytery1 ,ballingal1 ,sligo1 #ajth ,february #ahia4 ,mr4 ,myers originally received an account of the incident viva voce from ,lady ,gore ,booth1 and subsequently at his request the percipient and his sister1 aged at the time ten and fifteen respectively1 wrote the accounts given above4 ,lady ,gore ,booth writes3-- ,may #cast1 #ahij4 ,when my little boy came upstairs and told us he had seen ,john ,blaney1 we thought nothing of it till some hours after1 when we heard that he was dead4 ,then1 for fear of frightening the children1 ,i avoided any allusion to what he had told us1 and asked every one else to do the same4 ,probably by now he has forgotten all about it1 but it certainly was very remarkable1 especially as only one child saw him1 and they were standing together4 ,the place where he seems to have appeared was in the passage outside the pantry door1 where ,john ,blaney's work always took him4 ,my boy is a very matter-of-fact sort of boy1 and ,i never heard of his having any other hallucination4 ,the interval in this case between the death and the vision may probably be explained as due to the telepathic influence received from the dying boy having remained latent in the percipient's mind1 awaiting a favourable opportunity for emerging to consciousness4 ,but it seems possible that the message may have come1 not from the dying boy1 but from some member of the household who was aware of the death4 ,it is to be noted that ,miss ,gore ,booth did not share her brother's experience4 ,hallucinations ,affecting ,two ,senses4 ,so far we have dealt with hallucinations of one sense only4 ,in the next two cases1 it will be seen1 both sight and hearing appear to have been affected4 ,no4 #gf4--;,from the ,,rev4 ,,matthew ,,frost4 ,,bowers ,,gifford1 ,,essex1 ,january #cjth1 #ahia4 ,the first ,thursday in ,april #ahha1 while sitting at tea with my back to the window and talking with my wife in the usual way1 ,i plainly heard a rap at the window1 and looking round ,i said to my wife1 ',why1 there's my grandmother1' and went to the door1 but could not see any one2 and still feeling sure it was my grandmother1 and knowing1 though eighty-three years of age1 she was very active and fond of a joke1 ,i went round the house1 but could not see any one4 ,my wife did not hear it4 ,on the following ,saturday ,i had news my grandmother died in ,yorkshire about half-an-hour before the time ,i heard the rapping4 ,the last time ,i saw her alive ,i promised1 if well1 ,i would attend her funeral2 that was some two years before4 ,i was in good health and had no trouble1 age twenty-six years4 ,i did not know that my grandmother was ill4 ,mrs4 ,frost writes3-- ,january #cjth1 #ahia4 ,i beg to certify that ,i perfectly remember all the circumstances my husband has named1 but ,i heard and saw nothing myself4 ,the house 7seen by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick7 in which ,mr4 ,frost was living when the event occurred stands some way back from the road in a garden1 and the door into the garden opens out of the sitting-room1 so that he must have got to the door much too quickly1 if he went at once1 for any one to have got away unseen by him4 ,professor ,sidgwick called on ,mr4 ,frost in ,june #ahib1 and learned from him that he had last seen his grandmother in #ahgh1 on which occasion she had promised1 if possible1 to appear to him at her death4 ,on first seeing the figure ,mr4 ,frost thought that his grandmother had actually come in the flesh to surprise him4 ,it was full daylight1 and had there been a real knock and a real presence ,mrs4 ,frost must have both heard and seen4 ,mr4 ,frost had no cause for anxiety about his grandmother1 and has had no other experience of this kind4 ,news of the death came by letter1 and ,mrs4 ,frost remembers the letter1 and that she noticed the coincidence at the time4 ,in the next case the order of perception is reversed2 the visual preceded the auditory image4 ,the narrative was procured for us by ,m4 ,aksakof1 of #f ,nevsky ,prospect1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 who also translated the original ,russian into ,french1 from which we have translated it into ,english4 ,no4 #gg4--;,from ,m4 ,a----4 ,it was at ,milan1 on the #ajth 7#bbnd7 of ,october #ahhh4 ,i was staying at the ,hotel ,ancora4 ,after dinner1 at about seven o'clock1 ,i was seated on the sofa1 reading a newspaper4 ,my wife was resting in the same room on a couch1 behind a curtain4 ,the room was lighted by a lamp upon the table near which ,i was sitting reading4 ,suddenly ,i saw against the background of the door1 which was opposite me1 my father's face4 ,he wore as usual a black surtout1 and was deadly pale4 ,at that moment ,i heard quite close to my ear a voice which said to me1 ',a telegram is coming to say your father is dead4' ,all this only took a few seconds4 ,i started up and rushed towards my wife1 but not to startle her ,i said nothing to her about it4 ,to explain my sudden movement ,i exclaimed ',look1 do you not see that the kettle is boiling over6'444 ,on the evening of the same day1 about eleven o'clock1 we were taking tea in the company of several other people1 among whom were ,madame ,y41 her daughter ,e4 ,y41 formerly an actress at the ,court ,theatre1 and ,mademoiselle ,m41 who is now living in ,florence4 ,all at once there was a knock at the door1 and the concierge presented a telegram4 ,pale with emotion ,i immediately exclaimed1 ',i know my father is dead2 ,i have seen4444' ,the telegram contained these words1 ',papa dead suddenly4--,olga4' ,it was a telegram from my sister living at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,i learned later that my father had committed suicide on the morning of the same day4 7,signed7 ,e4 ,a4 ,madame ,a4 writes3-- ,i was present at the time1 and ,i testify to the accuracy of the account4 ,m4 ,aksakof wrote to us that he had seen the original telegram1 which ran-- ,ricevuto il #bb1a #ahhh4 ,milano1 ,petersbourg1 data #bb1aai ore e minute1 #h4dj4 ',papa mort subitement4--,olga4' ,another case1 in which the senses affected were those of touch and hearing1 has been given to us by ,mr4 ,malleson4 ,in #ahgd or #ahge he went for a short sea voyage1 taking with him his young son4 ,on the night of his departure1 while in a dreamy1 half-conscious state1 he imagined that his son had fallen overboard1 and that he himself was bringing the sad news to his wife4 ,on his return home he learned that on that night ,mrs4 ,malleson had been awakened by feeling some one leaning over her4 ,she put out her arm and1 as she thought1 touched her husband's coat4 ,she had no doubt that it was her husband's bodily presence1 spoke to him1 and heard him answer1 ,yes1 ,i have come back4 ,but on her continuing1 ,where is ,eddy8 she received no reply1 and felt much alarmed4 ,there are several instances recorded of tactile hallucinations accompanying visual and auditory phantasms4#abj ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aae3 ,mr4 ,tudor wrote to ,dr4 ,hodgson in answer to a letter received from him4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 ,july-,august #ahic1 pp4 #aif1 #aig4 ,footnote #aag3 ,see1 for instance1 ,phantasms of the ,living1 cases #bh1 #gi1 etc4 ,footnote #aah3 ,these letters will be found in full in the account of the case published in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 x41 part xxvi4 ,footnote #aai3 ,m4 ,aksakof explains that the name of the month 7,october7 was omitted1 through a mistake on the part of the telegraph clerk4 ,footnote #abj3 ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dcd-dde2 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd1 etc42 and ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 etc4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,collective ,,hallucinations4 ,we have now to discuss that numerous class of cases in which the phantasm was perceived by two or more persons4 ,the difficulties of interpretation which such cases present are enhanced for us by the various defects to which the evidence is here peculiarly liable4 ,many so-called cases of collective apparition1 especially when the figure is seen out-of-doors1 were probably real men and women4#aba ,in others we have to deal with a collective illusion1 a quasi-hallucinatory superstructure built up by each witness1 aided by hints from the others1 on a common sensory basis4 ,such1 for instance1 appears to us the most probable interpretation of the following singular case4 ,from ,,mrs4 ,,alderson4 ,my son and ,i were staying in the town of ,bonchurch 7,isle of ,wight7 last ,easter vacation 7#ahhf74 ,our lodgings were close to the sea1 and the garden of our house abutted on the beach1 and there were no trees or bushes in it high enough to intercept our view4 ,the evening of ,easter ,sunday was so fine that when ,miss ,jowett 7the landlady's daughter7 brought in the lamp1 ,i begged her not to pull down the blinds1 and lay on the sofa looking out at the sea1 while my son was reading at the table4 ,owing to a letter ,i had just received from my sister at home1 stating that one of the servants had again seen 'the old lady1' my thoughts had been directed towards ghosts and such things4 ,but ,i was not a little astonished when1 on presently looking out of the window1 ,i saw the figure of a woman standing at the edge of the verandah4 ,she appeared to be a broad woman1 and not tall 7,mrs4 ,a4 is tall71 and to wear an old-fashioned bonnet1 and white gloves on her closed hands4 ,as it was dark the figure was only outlined against the sky1 and ,i could not distinguish any other details4 ,it was1 however1 opaque1 and not in any way transparent1 just as if it had been a real person4 ,i looked at it for some time1 and then looked away4 ,when1 after a time1 ,i looked again1 the woman's hands had disappeared behind what appeared to be a white marble cross1 with a little bit of the top broken off1 and with a railing on one side of the woman and the cross1 such as one sometimes sees in graveyards4 ,after looking at this apparition1 which remained motionless1 for some time1 about twenty minutes1 perhaps1 ,i asked my son then an undergraduate at ,b4,n4,c4 to come and to look out of the window1 and tell me what he saw4 ,he exclaimed1 ',what an uncanny sight6' and described the woman and the cross exactly as ,i saw it4 ,i then rang the bell1 and when ,miss ,j4 answered it1 ,i asked her also to look out of the window and tell me what she saw1 and she also described the woman and the cross1 just as they appeared to my son and myself4 ,some one suggested that it might be a reflection of some sort1 and we all looked about the room to see whether there was anything in it that could cause such a reflection1 but came to the conclusion that there was nothing to account for it4 ,mr4 ,alderson writes3-- ,staying at ,b4 7,isle of ,wight7 during the ,easter vacation of #ahhf1 ,i remember distinctly seeing an apparition in the form of a woman with her hands clasped on the top of a cross4 ,the cross looked old and worn1 as one sees in churchyards4 ,my mother drew my attention to the figure1 and after we had watched it for some time we rang the bell and asked the servant if she saw the figure4 ,she said she did4 ,i then went out to the verandah 7where the figure was71 and immediately it vanished4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,alderson4 ,acorresponding account of the incident has been received from ,miss ,jowett1 the landlady's daughter4 ,we owe the accounts of the incident to ,mr4 ,f4 ,schiller1 who investigated the matter for the ,oxford ,phasmatological ,society4 ,the persistency of the vision in this case is a feature very rarely found in cases of undoubted hallucination1 and the fact that it was only seen through glass suggests that the whole appearance was due to a reflection of some kind1 although it must be admitted that this explanation1 which was considered and rejected by the percipients at the time1 cannot be accommodated to the facts without difficulty4 ,in the epidemics of religious hallucination so common in the ,middle ,ages1 and still occurring from time to time in ,catholic countries1 it would appear that as a rule there is no objective basis for the perception4 ,when1 as at ,knock1 in ,ireland1 a few years ago1 the figure of the ,virgin or a ,saint is said to have been seen by a large number of persons simultaneously1 it seems probable that in those who really saw the figure the hallucination was due to repeated verbal suggestions acting on minds which1 under the influence of strong emotion1 were temporarily in a state analogous to that of trance4 ,the nearest analogy to such cases is no doubt to be found in hypnotism4 ,a collective hallucination can be imposed upon a whole roomful of hypnotised persons by the mere command of the operator4 ,but not the most explicit verbal suggestion--si vera est fabula--could make the courtiers in the fairy tale see the king's clothes2 and there is no evidence that with normal persons in full possession of their ordinary faculties any hints derivable from look1 word1 or gesture could suffice to originate an instantaneous hallucination4 ,still1 the possibility of such an explanation under certain conditions should perhaps be kept in view4 7,see later1 ,chapter ,,xvi47 ,a possible explanation of a different kind has been already illustrated by the story quoted on page #aec1 where it was shown that a solitary hallucination had grown in the course of five-and-twenty years into a collective vision4 ,the narrator in this case was a child at the time of the alleged experience4 ,children and uneducated persons generally1 who are not prone to analyse their own sensations1 seem liable after a certain interval to mistake the image called up by another's recital for an actual experience of their own2 and this is especially likely to occur when the auditor was present at the time of the experience or familiar with the scene of the occurrence4 ,indeed1 most persons who visualise with moderate facility are probably liable to this form of mistake on a small scale4 ,i had about five years since an example of this in my own case4 ,a friend had described to me minutely some simple apparatus of his own invention4 ,about a year later he brought the apparatus to ,london and offered to show it to me4 ,i replied that ,i had already seen it2 but on being confronted with it ,i found the proportions and general appearance of the actual object quite unlike my mental image of it4 ,i had in fact never seen the object1 but the image which ,i had mentally constructed to enable me to follow my friend's description a year before remained so vivid as to lead me to believe that it was founded on actual sensation4 ,but a sensory hallucination is too striking and unusual an experience to be readily feigned1 and it is very improbable that the memory of educated persons1 at any rate1 would be untrustworthy as regards their recent experiences of the kind4 ,as already explained1 the accounts of this and other forms of telepathic affection included in this book have in almost all cases been written down within ten years of the event4 ,when the fullest allowance has been made for all possible explanations we find a considerable number of cases remaining of which no other account can be given than that they are apparitions1 due to no ascertained cause1 which are perceived by two or more persons simultaneously4 ,that the collective perception proves the objective1 or--to use a less ambiguous word--the material existence of the thing perceived1 is probably held now by few persons outside the ranks of professed mystics4 ,apart from the theoretical difficulties of such a hypothesis--difficulties which have by no means been surmounted by the invocation of fixed ether1 intercalary vortex rings1 space of four dimensions1 and other subtler forms of the theory evolved in recent times1--it is to be noted that no facts of any significance have been adduced to support it4 ,there is at present no trustworthy evidence that an apparition has ever been weighed or photographed1#abb or submitted to spectroscopic or chemical analysis4 ,but1 indeed1 the theory betrays its own origin in a prescientific age2 and without formal destruction by argument it has shared in the euthanasia which has overtaken many other pious opinions found inadequate to the facts4 ,the phenomena which it professes to explain are paralleled in all their essential features by other phenomena1 for which even its supporters would hardly be rash enough to claim substantial reality2 and as the phantasms now to be discussed bear in all points a close resemblance to those already described as occurring to solitary percipients1 probably no one who accepts the one class of appearances as hallucinatory will hesitate to accept the other4 ,but when the hallucinatory character of collectively-perceived1 or1 as they may be styled for brevity1 collective phantasms is recognised1 there are difficulties of interpretation to be dealt with4 ,on the telepathic hypothesis there are two modes in which a collective hallucination may be conceived to originate3 7a7 it may be communicated direct from a third person to each of the percipients2 or 7b7 it may be communicated by telepathic infection from one percipient to another4 ,the first explanation involves in most cases1 as ,mr4 ,gurney has pointed out 7,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aga1 #agb71 serious theoretical difficulties4 ,for on the view to which we are led by a review of all the evidence1 a telepathic hallucination1 like any other1 is1 as a rule1 the work of the percipient's mind1 and is not transferred ready made from the agent4 ,as such it is frequently of slow growth1 and there are grounds for believing that it is sometimes not externalised for the percipient's senses until some hours after the receipt of the original telepathic impulse4 ,we should hardly expect1 therefore1 to find two percipients independently developing similar hallucinations1 and at the same moment4 ,but in most of the cases of collective hallucination hitherto reported1 the hallucinations have been1 so far as could be ascertained1 similar and simultaneous1 so as indeed to suggest a real figure rather than a hallucination4 ,moreover1 in well-attested recent narratives it rarely happens that a connection between the hallucination and any unusual state of the person represented is clearly established2 whilst in many1 perhaps most cases1 the hallucination has not been recognised as resembling any person known to either percipient1 and has in some instances been purely grotesque4 ,in most cases1 therefore1 it seems easier to believe that we have to deal with a contagious hallucination1 which1 whether initiated by a telepathic impulse1 or purely subjective in its origin1 has been transferred telepathically from the original percipient to others in his company at the time4 ,in some cases1 indeed1 it is no doubt permissible1 as suggested by ,mr4 ,gurney1 to conjecture that the minds of all the percipients may have been directly influenced by the agent1 and that subsequently an overflow from the mind of one of the percipients may have served to reinforce the original impulse1 and determine the exact moment of the explosion in his co-percipients1 just as the current regulates the exact hour of striking in electrically synchronised clocks4 ,or again1 the mind of each percipient may react upon the others4 ,there are1 however1 a few cases where the percipients appear to have had experiences relating to the same event neither precisely similar nor simultaneous1 which seem to require the hypothesis of an impulse in each case directly derived from the person represented4 ,some cases of the kind are given in ,phantasms of the ,living 7vol4 i4 p4 #cfb2 vol4 ii4 #agc-ahc71 and others will be cited in the latter part of this chapter4 ,it will be more convenient1 however1 to begin by giving examples of the ordinary type of collective hallucination4 ,collective ,auditory ,hallucinations4 ,no4 #gh4--;,from ,,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,cary4 ,,secretary',s ,,office1 ,,general ,,post ,,office1 #bith ,march #ahib4 ,at ,bow1 ,london1 on the #hth ,march #ahge1 at about #h4cj ,p4,m41 ,i heard a voice say1 ',joseph1 ,joseph4' ,i was talking with my father and cousin 7,joseph ,cary7 about the battle of ,balaclava4 ,i was in good health1 etc4 ,my age was nearly thirteen4 ,all three of us heard the voice1 which we suppose to have been that of ,joseph's grandmother4#abc ,in conversation1 ,mr4 ,cary explained to me that the voice was not recognised by any of those who heard it4 ,it was indeed at first mistaken for the voice of ,mrs4 ,cary 7,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,cary's mother71 who was at the time in an adjoining room1 but who had not spoken4 ,a telegram announcing the grandmother's death was received on the day following1 and ,mr4 ,joseph ,cary then said that the voice must have been that of his grandmother4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,cary had never seen this lady4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,cary writes from #di ,gladsmuir ,road1 ,london1 ,n43-- ,march #cast1 #ahib4 ,with reference to your inquiry concerning the voice which was heard at the time of the late ,mrs4 ,victor's death1 ,i am able to state that my son1 my nephew1 and myself were sitting together1 and we all heard it distinctly4 ,this occurred about fourteen years ago4 ,the account given by my son exactly coincides with my own recollection4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,cary4 ,we have ascertained from the ,registrar-,general that ,mary ,victor1 widow of ,thomas ,victor1 farmer1 died at ,linwood1 ,paul1 ,penzance1 on ,march #hth1 #ahge1 from bronchitis4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,cary adds that though ,mrs4 ,victor was known to be ill1 her death was not thought to be imminent4 ,he has himself had other auditory hallucinations--viz41 the hearing of footsteps on two or three occasions at about the time of the death of a relation4 ,in the next case the voice heard did not correspond with any external event4 ,it was1 as it were1 the after-image of a voice once familiar in the house4 ,no4 #gi4--;,from ,,miss ,,annie ,,newbold4 ,may #gth1 #ahib4 ,florence ,n41 a little child of under four years old1 to whom ,i was very much attached1 died on ,may #bcrd1 #ahhi4 ,she lived in the house where ,i have my studio1 and during the daytime was invariably with me4 ,there were no other children in the house1 and she was a general pet4 ,i was ill for some time after her death1 and one morning in ,july #ahhi ,i went to see ,mrs4 ,n4 ,we were sitting talking in her room on the ground-floor when ,i suddenly heard the child's voice distinctly call ',miss ,boo' 7her name for me74 ,i was about to answer1 when ,i remembered that it could be no living voice and so continued my sentence1 thinking that ,i would say nothing about the occurrence to her mother4 ,at that moment ,mrs4 ,n4 turned to me and said1 ',miss ,newbold1 did you hear that8' ',yes1' ,i replied1 'what was it8' ,and she said1 ',my little child1 and she called ,miss ,boo4' ,we both noticed that the sound came from below1 as if she were standing in the kitchen doorway underneath the room in which we were sitting4 ,there was no possibility of its being another child1 as there was not one in the house4 ,the upper floors were empty1 too1 at the time4 ,i can vouch for the accuracy of this account4 ,,annie ,,newbold4 ,mrs4 ,n4 writes3-- ,miss ,newbold came to see me one morning in ,july #ahhi1 about two months after my only child's death4 ,we were in my room talking when ,i distinctly heard my little girl's voice call ',miss ,boo4' ,i asked ,miss ,newbold if she had heard anything and she said ',yes4 ,what was it8' ,i replied1 ',my little child1 and she said ,miss ,boo4' ,,lizzie ,n4 ,in answer to questions1 ,miss ,newbold writes3-- #a4 ,mrs4 ,n4 never heard her little girl's voice on any other occasion4 #b4 ,we were not talking about the little girl at the time1 nor upon any subject connected with her4 ,i1 however1 had a box of roses on my knee1 which ,i was mechanically sorting1 and putting all the white ones on one side to send to the little child's grave4 #c4 ,mrs4 ,n4 has never heard any other voices1 either before or since4 ,neither have ,i2 but ,i have three or four times in my life been conscious of a presence without being able to explain definitely what it was ,i felt4 ,i have never seen anything4#abd ,collective ,visual ,hallucinations4 ,passing to visual phantasms1 we will begin by citing a case in which there can be little doubt that the hallucination was purely subjective2 a better case for illustrating the hypothesis of the infectious character of casual hallucination could hardly be found4 ,it is to be noted indeed that the second percipient saw the apparition on the first occasion only after a distinct verbal suggestion1 but1 as already stated1 there is no evidence that a single verbal suggestion can produce a hallucination in a healthy person in full possession of his normal faculties4 ,no4 #hj4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,greiffenberg and ,,mrs4 ,,erni-,,greiffenberg4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,schiller1 through whom the account was obtained1 tells us that he heard the story in ,october #ahij from the two percipients4 ,the following account was put together by him from an account 7which he also sent us7 written by ,mrs4 ,erni-,greiffenberg1 and various conversations which he had with both ladies on the subject4 ,he afterwards obtained their signatures to it4 ,neither of them has had any other hallucinatory experience4 ,december #adth1 #ahij4 ,in the beginning of the summer of #ahhd we were sitting at dinner at home as usual1 in the middle of the day4 ,in the midst of the conversation ,i noticed my mother suddenly looking down at something beneath the table4 ,i inquired whether she had dropped anything1 and received the answer1 ',no1 but ,i wonder how that cat can have got into the room8' ,looking underneath the table1 ,i was surprised to see a large white ,angora cat beside my mother's chair4 ,we both got up1 and ,i opened the door to let the cat out4 ,she marched round the table1 went noiselessly out of the door1 and when about half-way down the passage turned round and faced us4 ,for a short time she regularly stared at us with her green eyes1 then she dissolved away1 like a mist1 under our eyes4 ,even apart from the mode of her disappearance1 we felt convinced that the cat could not have been a real one1 as we neither had one of our own1 nor knew of any that would answer to the description in the place1 and so this appearance made an unpleasant impression upon us4 ,this impression was1 however1 greatly enhanced by what happened in the following year1 #ahhe1 when we were staying in ,leipzig with my married sister 7the daughter of ,mrs4 ,greiffenberg74 ,we had come home one afternoon from a walk1 when1 on opening the door of the flat1 we were met in the hall by the same white cat4 ,it proceeded down the passage in front of us1 and looked at us with the same melancholy gaze4 ,when it got to the door of the cellar 7which was locked71 it again dissolved into nothing4 ,on this occasion also it was first seen by my mother1 and we were both impressed by the uncanny and gruesome character of the appearance4 ,in this case1 also1 the cat could not have been a real one1 as there was no such cat in the neighbourhood4 ,a very striking example of a collective hallucination1 apparently of the same type1 was given to us by ,mrs4 ,ward4 ,she and her husband1 the late ,e4 ,m4 ,ward1 ,r4,a41 in #ahea saw in their bedroom two small pear-shaped lights which1 when touched1 broke into small luminous fragments4 7,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aic47 ,we have also a case in which our informant1 when a girl of fifteen1 with another girl1 saw in the middle of the room1 at a dancing class1 a hallucinatory chair4 ,yet another case is recorded by ,miss ,foy1 a careful observer1 who had been troubled for some time with a hallucinatory skeleton1 the subjective character of which she fully recognised4 ,on one occasion when in hospital the hallucination recurred1 and appears to have been seen also by the patient in the adjoining bed1 to whom no hint of any kind had been given4 ,in both these cases1 however1 the evidence depends upon a single memory4 ,we have another case in which a singular luminous body--apparently a hallucination of a rudimentary kind--was perceived by two witnesses coincidently with the death of a near relative of one of them4 ,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,s4 ,goodrick1 from whom ,i originally received the account viva voce1 was walking with a friend across a moor in ,sutherlandshire when there suddenly arose1 to all appearance out of the road between our feet as we walked1 a ball of fire1 about the size of an #ahlb4 cannon ball4 ,it was of an orange-red colour1 and there seemed to be a kind of rotatory motion in it1 not unlike a firework of some description4444 ,it seemed to move forward with us1 at a distance of not more than #f inches in front1 and at the same time rose pretty swiftly breast high 444 and then disappeared and left no trace4 ,mr4 ,goodrick adds that a light rain was falling2 but there was no thunderstorm4 ,from uneducated witnesses such an account no doubt would have but little value4 ,a will-o'-the-wisp in an adjoining marsh1 or even a flash of lightning1 might in such a case form a sufficient basis for the story4 ,and even assuming that the account here given accurately describes what was seen1 it is difficult to feel certain that the appearance was hallucinatory4 ,but if it were of a physical nature1 it is certainly not easy to conjecture what it could have been1 and the coincidence with the death is an additional argument for regarding the phenomenon as hallucinatory4 ,in the next case the phantasm seems to belong to a not unusual type of subjective hallucinations1 the after-image of a familiar figure4 ,there are no grounds for ascribing the apparition to any agency on the part of the person whose image was seen4 ,if the incident is correctly described1 the prima facie explanation is that a casual hallucination was communicated by telepathic suggestion to a second person in the company of the original percipient4 ,at our request the two accounts which follow were written independently4 ,no4 #ha4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,milman4 #ag ,,southwell ,,gardens1 ,s4,w41 ,march #bjth1 #ahhh4 ,about three years ago ,i was coming out of the dining-room one day1 after lunch1 with my sister4 ,my mother had1 as ,i supposed1 preceded us upstairs1 as usual4 ,the library door1 which faces the dining-room1 stood wide open1 and looking through it as ,i crossed the hall1 ,i saw my mother in the library1 seated at the writing-table1 and apparently writing4 ,instead1 therefore1 of going upstairs1 as ,i had intended1 ,i went to the library door1 wishing to speak to her1 but when ,i looked in the room was empty4 ,at the same moment1 my sister1 who had also been going towards the stairs in the first instance1 changed her direction1 and1 crossing the hall1 came up to the library door behind me4 ,she then exclaimed1 ',why1 ,i thought ,i saw mamma in the library1 at the writing-table4' ,on comparing notes1 we found that we had both seen her seated at the writing-table1 and bending over it as if writing4 ,my mother was never in the habit of writing in the library4 ,i recollect her dress perfectly1 as the impression was quite distinct and vivid4 ,she had on a black cloak1 and bonnet with a yellow bird in it1 which she generally wore4 ,it is the only time anything of the kind has happened to me4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,milman4 ,from ,,miss ,,campbell4 #ag ,,southwell ,,gardens1 ,s4,w41 ,march #bast1 #ahhh4 ,my sister and mother and myself1 after returning from our morning drive1 came into the dining-room without removing our things1 and had luncheon as usual1 during which my sister and ,i laughed and cracked jokes in the gayest of spirits4 ,after a time my mother rose and left the room1 but we remained on for a few minutes4 ,finally we both got up and went into the passage1 and ,i was about to go upstairs and take off my things when ,i saw my sister turn into my father's study 7which was directly opposite the dining-room71 with the evident intention1 as ,i supposed1 of speaking to my mother1 whom ,i distinctly noticed seated at my father's desk in her cloak and bonnet1 busily absorbed in writing4 ,the door of the study was wide open at the time4 ,i turned round and followed her to the door1 when1 to my surprise1 my mother had completely disappeared1 and ,i noticed my sister turned away too1 and left the room as if puzzled4 ,i asked her1 with some curiosity1 what she went into the room for8 ,she replied that she fancied she saw my mother bending over the desk writing1 and went in to speak to her4 ,feeling very much startled and alarmed1 we went upstairs to see after her1 and found her in her bedroom1 where she went immediately on leaving the dining-room1 and had been all the time4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,campbell4 ,in the next case the apparition was recognised by one of the percipients only1 as resembling a relative who had been dead some years4 ,neither percipient appears to have seen the face4 ,no4 #hb4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,c4 ,august #bjth1 #ahic4 ,seven years ago my husband and ,i had the following curious experience3-- ,in the middle of the night ,i awoke with the feeling that some one was near me1 and at once saw a figure moving from the side of my bed towards the wardrobe where ,i kept jewellery4 ,my supposition was that it was a burglar1 and ,i refrained from waking my husband 7whose bed was two feet from mine71 as ,i thought the burglar would be armed1 and ,i knew my husband would certainly attack him and be at his mercy4 ,i therefore lay perfectly still4 ,the apparition having passed the foot of my bed1 then came opposite my husband's1 when1 to my astonishment1 ,i saw my husband sit up in bed gazing at the figure4 ,in a moment or two he lay down again1 and the figure apparently passed to the door4 ,we neither of us spoke one word that night4 ,in the morning ,i asked my husband to look if the doors were locked 7of which there are three in the room74 ,they were all secure4 ,i also examined the beds to see if they by any possibility could have touched1 and so ,i unconsciously have awakened him1 but they were quite separate4 ,i then asked if he remembered anything happening in the night1 and he replied1 ',yes1 a strange thing3 ,i thought ,i saw my father go out of that door4' ,not till then did ,i tell him that ,i thought the figure was a burglar1 and how frightened ,i had been at the thought of his struggling with an armed man1 and had therefore remained silent4 ,the gas was burning1 and ,i could see quite across the room4 ,i received a full account of the incident orally from ,mrs4 ,c4 on the #bjth ,august #ahic4 ,she told me that she never saw the face of the figure1 and could not see1 or cannot now recollect1 the dress4 ,she had no doubt at the time that it was a burglar4 ,mrs4 ,c4 has had no other hallucination of any kind4 ,mr4 ,c4 writes on the #bast ,august #ahic3-- ,i have read my wife's account1 and endorse it4 ,to my recollection ,i was not dreaming previously to sitting up in bed1 when ,i believed ,i saw my father going towards the door4 ,my mind had not been specially active about his affairs at that time1 although ,i was rather anxious about some matters of business4 ,the figure ,i supposed to be my father 7and ,i had no thought it was any one else7 moved noiselessly across the room and disappeared through the doorway4 ,i should have treated it as a dream only1 if my wife had not recalled my attention to it in the morning by asking me if ,i remembered sitting up in bed4 ,although ,i am certain my eyes were open at the time of the apparition1 ,i did not see the face1 but recognised the figure as that of my father by the general appearance as ,i remembered him4 ,i have had no other similar waking experience1 but have previously seen my father distinctly in a dream after his decease4 ,mr4 ,c4 told me that he was positive the figure could not have been that of a real man3 the doors were found locked on the inside in the morning4 ,moreover1 his recognition of the figure1 though he could not see the face1 was unmistakable4 ,we have many similar accounts of collective phantasms which appear to have differed from subjective hallucinations of the ordinary type in no other particular than the fact of their occurrence to two persons simultaneously4 ,thus1 to quote a few instances1 ,mrs4 ,willett1 of ,bedales1 ,lindfield1 ,sussex1 sent us an extract from her diary describing a figure seen by her daughter and a visitor1--a fair-haired child running along a gallery4 ,the account is confirmed by the visitor1 ,miss ,s4 ,from ,mrs4 and ,miss ,goodhall we have an account of a tall figure seen by them when driving in a country lane4 ,miss ,c---- and two of her sisters saw in a bedroom in a ,london house the figure of a young man of middle height wearing a peaked cap and dark clothes4 ,mrs4 ,y4 and her niece saw the figure of a child in a long grey dressing-gown running down a lighted staircase4 ,in this last case the figure was mistaken for ,mrs4 ,y4's daughter1 but in the other cases the phantasm bore no resemblance to any one with whom the percipients were acquainted4 ,in no instance does it seem possible except by violently straining the probabilities to suppose the figure seen to have been that of a human being4 ,in the next case the phantasm1 which was recognised1 occurred within a short time of the death of the person represented4 ,the narrator is a decorator and house-painter1 of ,uniontown1 ,kentucky1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,no4 #hc4--;,from ,,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,falkinburg4 ,september #abth1 #ahhd4 ,the following circumstance is impressed upon my mind in a manner which will preclude its ever being forgotten by me or the members of my family interested4 ,my little son ,arthur1 who was then five years old1 and the pet of his grandpapa1 was playing on the floor1 when ,i entered the house a quarter to seven o'clock1 ,friday evening1 ,july #aath1 #ahgi4 ,i was very tired1 having been receiving and paying for staves all day1 and it being an exceedingly sultry evening1 ,i lay down by ,artie on the carpet1 and entered into conversation with my wife--not1 however1 in regard to my parents4 ,artie1 as usually was the case1 came and lay down with his little head upon my left arm1 when all at once he exclaimed1 ',papa6 papa6 ,grandpa6' ,i cast my eyes towards the ceiling1 or opened my eyes1 ,i am not sure which1 when1 between me and the joists 7it was an old-fashioned log-cabin71 ,i saw the face of my father as plainly as ever ,i saw him in my life4 ,he appeared to me to be very pale1 and looked sad1 as ,i had seen him upon my last visit to him three months previous4 ,i immediately spoke to my wife1 who was sitting within a few feet of me1 and said1 ',clara1 there is something wrong at home2 father is either dead or very sick4' ,she tried to persuade me that it was my imagination1 but ,i could not help feeling that something was wrong4 ,being very tired1 we soon after retired1 and about ten o'clock ,artie woke me up repeating1 ',papa1 grandpa is here4' ,i looked1 and believe1 if ,i remember right1 got up1 at any rate to get the child warm1 as he complained of coldness1 and it was very sultry weather4 ,next morning ,i expressed my determination to go at once to ,indianapolis4 ,my wife made light of it and over-persuaded me1 and ,i did not go until ,monday morning1 and upon arriving at home 7my father's71 ,i found that he had been buried the day before1 ,sunday1 ,july #acth4 ,now comes the mysterious part to me4 ,after ,i had told my mother and brother of my vision1 or whatever it may have been1 they told me the following3-- ,on the morning of the #aath ,july1 the day of his death1 he arose early and expressed himself as feeling unusually well1 and ate a hearty breakfast4 ,he took the ,bible 7he was a ,methodist minister71 and went and remained until near noon4 ,he ate a hearty dinner1 and went to the front gate1 and1 looking up and down the street1 remarked that he could not1 or at least would not be disappointed1 some one was surely coming4 ,during the afternoon and evening he seemed restless1 and went to the gate1 looking down street1 frequently4 ,at last1 about time for supper1 he mentioned my name1 and expressed his conviction that ,god1 in ,his own good time1 would answer his prayers in my behalf1 ,i being at that time very wild4 ,mother going into the kitchen to prepare supper1 he followed her and continued talking to her about myself and family1 and especially ,arthur1 my son4 ,supper being over1 he moved his chair near the door1 and was conversing about me at the time he died4 ,the last words were about me1 and were spoken1 by mother's clock1 #ad minutes of #g4 ,he did not fall1 but just quit talking and was dead4 ,in answer to my inquiries1 my son ,arthur says he remembers the circumstances1 and the impression he received upon that occasion is ineffaceable4 ,,samuel ,s4 ,,falkinburg4 ,we have procured a certificate of death from the ,indianapolis ,board of ,health1 which confirms the date given4 ,mrs4 ,falkinburg writes to us1 on ,september #ab1 #ahhd3-- ,in answer to your request1 ,i will say that ,i cheerfully give my recollection of the circumstance to which you refer4 ,we were living in ,brown ,county1 ,indiana1 fifty miles south of ,indianapolis1 in the summer of #ahgi4 ,my husband 7,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,falkinburg7 was in the employ of one ,john ,ayers1 buying staves4 ,on the evening of ,july #aath1 about #f4cj o'clock1 he came into the room where ,i was sitting1 and lay down on the carpet with my little boy ,arthur1 complaining of being very tired and warm4 ,entering into conversation on some unimportant matter1 ,arthur went to him and lay down by his side4 ,in a few moments my notice was attracted by hearing ,arthur exclaim3 ',oh1 papa1 grandpa1 grandpa1 papa1' at the same time pointing with his little hand toward the ceiling4 ,i looked in the direction he was pointing1 but saw nothing4 ,my husband1 however1 said3 ',clara1 there is something wrong at home2 father is either dead or very sick4' ,i tried to laugh him out of what ,i thought an idle fancy2 but he insisted that he saw the face of his father looking at him from near the ceiling1 and ,arthur said1 ',grandpa was come1 for he saw him4' ,that night we were awakened by ,artie again calling his papa to see 'grandpa4' ,a short time after my husband started 7,monday7 to go to ,indianapolis1 ,i received a letter calling him to the burial of his father2 and some time after1 in conversation with his mother1 it transpired that the time he and ,artie saw the vision was within two or three minutes of the time his father died4 ,,clara ,t4 ,,falkinburg4 ,asked whether this was his sole experience of a visual hallucination1 ,mr4 ,falkinburg replied that it was4 ,occasionally1 however1 since that time1 he has had auditory impressions suggestive of his father's presence4 ,here again1 in the absence of evidence to the contrary1 it seems more probable that ,mr4 ,falkinburg's hallucination was telepathically originated1 than that the casual remark of a child of five could produce an effect hitherto observed only as the result of hypnotic influence or some other equally potent disturbing cause4 ,in the following case1 which again comes to us from the ,united ,states1 the vision was of a more complicated kind1 and part only of the original percipient's experience was shared4 ,the occurrence of the apparition within a few hours of the death of a person to whom it bore some resemblance seems to be established2 but in estimating the value of the coincidence1 it should be borne in mind that the phantasm was not at the time referred to the deceased1 and that there are numerous chances of the coincidence of an unrecognised hallucination with a death amongst a doctor's circle of acquaintance4 ,no4 #hd4--;,from ,,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,s41 who wrote to ,dr4 ,hodgson from ,albany1 ,new ,york1 on the #ajth ,september #ahhh1 enclosing the following account3-- ,i am a physician1 have been in practice about eleven years2 am in excellent health1 do not use intoxicants1 tobacco1 drugs1 or strong tea or coffee4 ,am not subject 7in the least7 to dreams1 and have never been a believer in apparitions1 etc4 ,on ,monday last1 ,september #crd1 #ahhh1 ,i went to bed about #aa ,p4,m41 after my day's work4 ,had supper1 a light one1 about #g ,p4,m42 made calls after supper4 ,my bedroom is on the second floor of a city block house1 and ,i kept all my doors locked except the one leading to my wife's room1 next to mine1 opening into mine by a wide sliding door1 always left wide open at night4 ,the diagram opposite will illustrate the relation of the rooms4 ,i occupy room #a and my wife room #b4 ,her room has but one window1 and a door opening only into my room4 ,my room has three doors 7all bolted at night7 and one window4 ,both windows in our rooms have heavy green shades1 which are drawn nearly to the bottom of the window at night1 shutting out early daylight4 ,no artificial lights command the windows1 and the moonlight very seldom4 ,i undressed and went to bed about #aa1 and soon was asleep4 ,in the neighbourhood of #d ,a4,m4 ,i was awakened by a strong light in my face4 ,i awoke and thought ,i saw my wife standing at ,fig4 #c1 as she was to rise at #e4cj to take an early train4 ,the light was so bright and pervading that ,i spoke1 but got no answer4 ,as ,i spoke1 the figure retreated to ,fig4 #d1 and as gradually faded to a spot at ,fig4 #e4 ,the noiseless shifting of the light made me think it was a servant in the hall and the light was thrown through the keyhole as she moved4 ,that could not be1 as some clothing covered the keyhole4 ,i then thought a burglar must be in the room1 as the light settled near a large safe in my room4 ,thereupon ,i called loudly to my wife1 and sprang to light a light4 ,as ,i called her name she suddenly awoke1 and called out1 ',what is that bright light in your room8' ,i lit the gas and searched 7there had been no light in either room74 ,everything was undisturbed4 ,my wife left on the early train4 ,i attended to my work as usual4 ,at noon1 when ,i reached home1 the servant who answers the door informed me that a man had been to my office to see about a certificate for a young lady who had died suddenly early that morning from a hemorrhage from the lungs4 ,she died about one o'clock--the figure ,i saw about four o'clock4 ,illustration ,there was but little resemblance between the two1 as far as ,i noticed1 except height and figure4 ,the faces were not unlike1 except that the apparition seemed considerably older4 ,i had seen the young lady the evening before1 but1 although much interested in the case1 did not consider it immediately serious4 ,she had been in excellent health up to within two days of her death4 ,at first she spit a little blood1 from a strain4 ,when she was taken with the severe hemorrhage1 and choked to death1 she called for help and for me4 ,this is the first experience of the kind ,i have ever had1 or personally have known about4 ,it was very clear--the figure or apparition--at first1 but rapidly faded4 ,my wife remarked the light before ,i had spoken anything except her name4 ,when ,i awake ,i am wide awake in an instant1 as ,i am accustomed to answer a telephone in the hall and my office-bell at night4 ,from ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,albany1 ,september #bgth1 #ahhh4 ,on the morning of ,september #d ,i was suddenly awakened out of a sound sleep by my husband's calling to me from an adjoining room4 ,before ,i answered him ,i was struck with the fact that although the green shade to his window was drawn down1 his room seemed flooded by a soft yellow light1 while my chamber1 with the window on same side as his1 and with the shade drawn up1 was dark4 ,the first thing ,i said was1 ',what is that light8' ,he replied he didn't know4 ,i then got up and went into his room1 which was still quite light4 ,the light faded away in a moment or two4 ,the shade was down all the time4 ,when ,i went back to my room ,i saw that it was a few moments after four4 ,in answer to further questions1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,o4 ,s4 adds3-- ,october #afth1 #ahhh4 ,in regard to the light in my husband's room1 it seemed to me to be perhaps more in the corner between his window and my door1 although it was faintly distributed through the room4 ,when ,i first saw the light 7lying in bed7 it was brilliant1 but ,i only commanded a view of the corner of his room1 between his window and my door4 ,when ,i reached the door the light had begun to fade1 though it seemed brighter in the doorway where ,i stood than elsewhere4 ,my husband seemed greatly perplexed1 and said1 ',how strange6 ,i thought surely there was a woman in my room4' ,i said1 ',did you think it was ,i8' ,he said1 ',at first1 of course1 ,i thought so1 but when ,i rubbed my eyes ,i saw it was not4 ,it looked some like ,mrs4 ,b----' 7another patient of his1--not the girl who died that night74 ,he1 moreover1 said that the figure never seemed to look directly at him1 but towards the wall beyond his bed2 and that the figure seemed clothed in white1 or something very light4 ,that was all he said1 except that later1 when he knew the girl was dead1 and ,i asked him if the figure at all resembled her1 he said1 ',yes1 it did look like her1 only older4'#abe ,so far the instances quoted belong to what may be called the normal type of collective hallucination4 ,in the last case1 indeed1 one percipient saw less than the other1 but that may have been due merely to the fact that she awoke later4 ,in the three cases which follow the impressions produced upon the percipients were diverse1 and there is no evidence that they were simultaneous4 ,in the first of the three cases1 indeed1 the circumstances strongly suggest that the mind of one percipient was influenced by the other4 ,but in the last case1 where the percipients were far apart1 and their impressions markedly different1 it seems reasonable to conjecture--their interest in the agent being equal--that the results produced were in each case directly referable to the dying man4 ,the narrative which follows was originally printed in ,july #ahhc1 in an account written by the ,warden1 entitled ,the ,orphanage and ,home1 ,aberlour1 ,craigellachie4 ,it will be observed that the account1 though written in the third person1 is actually first hand4 ,no4 #he4--;,from the ,,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,jupp1 ,warden4 ,in #ahge a man died leaving a widow and six orphan children4 ,the three eldest were admitted into the ,orphanage4 ,three years afterwards the widow died1 and friends succeeded in getting funds to send the rest here1 the youngest being about four years of age4 ,late one evening1 about six months after the admission of the younger children1 some visitors arrived unexpectedly2 and the ,warden agreed to take a bed in the little ones' dormitory1 which contained ten beds1 nine occupied4 ,in the morning1 at breakfast1 the ,warden made the following statement3--',as near as ,i can tell ,i fell asleep about eleven o'clock1 and slept very soundly for some time4 ,i suddenly woke without any apparent reason1 and felt an impulse to turn round1 my face being towards the wall1 from the children4 ,before turning1 ,i looked up and saw a soft light in the room4 ,the gas was burning low in the hall1 and the dormitory door being open1 ,i thought it probable that the light came from that source4 ,it was soon evident1 however1 that such was not the case4 ,i turned round1 and then a wonderful vision met my gaze4 ,over the second bed from mine1 and on the same side of the room1 there was floating a small cloud of light1 forming a halo of the brightness of the moon on an ordinary moonlight night4 ',i sat upright in bed1 looking at this strange appearance1 took up my watch and found the hands pointing to five minutes to one4 ,everything was quiet1 and all the children sleeping soundly4 ,in the bed1 over which the light seemed to float1 slept the youngest of the six children mentioned above4 ',i asked myself1 ,am ,i dreaming8 ,no6 ,i was wide awake4 ,i was seized with a strong impulse to rise and touch the substance1 or whatever it might be 7for it was about five feet high71 and was getting up when something seemed to hold me back4 ,i am certain ,i heard nothing1 yet ,i felt and perfectly understood the words--,no1 lie down it won't hurt you4 ,i at once did what ,i felt ,i was told to do4 ,i fell asleep shortly afterwards and rose at half-past five1 that being my usual time4 ',at six o'clock ,i began dressing the children1 beginning at the bed furthest from the one in which ,i slept4 ,presently ,i came to the bed over which ,i had seen the light hovering4 ,i took the little boy out1 placed him on my knee1 and put on some of his clothes4 ,the child had been talking with the others2 suddenly he was silent4 ,and then1 looking me hard in the face with an extraordinary expression1 he said1 ,oh1 ,mr4 ,jupp1 my mother came to me last night4 ,did you see her8 ,for a moment ,i could not answer the child4 ,i then thought it better to pass it off1 and said1 ,come1 we must make haste1 or we shall be late for breakfast4' ,the child never afterwards referred to the matter1 we are told1 nor has it since ever been mentioned to him4 ,the ,warden says it is a mystery to him2 he simply states the fact and there leaves the matter1 being perfectly satisfied that he was mistaken in no one particular4 ,in answer to inquiries1 the ,rev4 ,c4 ,jupp writes to us3-- ,,the ,,orphanage ,,and ,,convalescent ,,home1 ,,aberlour1 ,,craigellachie1 ,november #acth1 #ahhc4 ,i fear anything the little boy might now say would be unreliable1 or ,i would at once question him4 ,although the matter was fully discussed at the time1 it was never mentioned in the hearing of the child2 and yet when1 at the request of friends1 the account was published in our little magazine1 and the child read it1 his countenance changed1 and looking up1 he said1 ',mr4 ,jupp1 that is me4' ,i said1 ',yes1 that is what we saw4' ,he said1 ',yes1' and then seemed to fall into deep thought1 evidently with pleasant remembrances1 for he smiled so sweetly to himself1 and seemed to forget ,i was present4 ,i much regret now that ,i did not learn something from the child at the time4 ,,chas4 ,,jupp4 ,in answer to inquiries1 ,mr4 ,jupp says that he has never had any other hallucination of the senses2 and adds3-- ,my wife was the only person of adult age to whom ,i mentioned the circumstance at the time4 ,shortly after1 ,i mentioned it to our ,bishop and ,primus4 ,mrs4 ,jupp writes1 from the ,orphanage1 on ,june #bc1 #ahhf3-- ,this is to certify that the account of the light seen by the ,warden of this establishment is correct1 and was mentioned to me at the time--i4e41 next morning4 ,it is to be regretted that it is not now possible to ascertain whether the child's experience were of the nature of a dream or a borderland hallucination4 ,but the ambiguity does not affect either the interpretation or the significance of the incident4 ,in the next case the two apparitions were not only different1 but were seen in different rooms4 ,the time in each case appears to have been within an hour of midnight4 ,it will be noticed that each percipient is doubtful whether to class her experience as a dream or a waking vision4 ,if dreams1 they were certainly of an unusual type1 since they included in each case an impression of the room in which they occurred4 ,no4 #hf4--;,from ,,sister ,,martha4 ,account1 signed by herself1 which ,sister ,martha 7,sister of the ,order of ,saint ,charles7 gave to ,m4 ,ch4 ,richet at ,mirecourt-- ,on ,friday1 #fth ,march #ahia1 ,i was called to nurse ,m4 ,bastien4 ,at night1 when ,i had been dozing for about five minutes1 ,i had the following dream--if ,i may call it a dream2 ,i think ,i was sleeping4 ,a light1 a sound came from the fireplace1 and a woman stepped out whose appearance ,i did not recognise1 but who had a voice like ,madame ,bastien's4 ,i saw her as distinctly as ,i see you4 ,she approached the bed where ,ccile was sleeping1 and taking her hand1 said1 ',how sweet ,ccile is6' ,i followed her--in my dream1 crossing myself as ,i went4 ,she opened the door and vanished4 ,i cannot say the exact hour1 but it was early in the night1 between #aa ,p4,m4 and #a ,a4,m4--,i do not know exactly1 for ,i had not a watch4 ,i awoke immediately after this dream4 ,i did not waken ,ccile1 for ,i did not want to say anything to her about it1 but as the dream impressed me very much1 ,i told it to her the following morning when ,i awoke4 ,i can give no further details about the dream except that the lady carried a candle and had coloured spots on her garments4 ,i have never had a similar dream except once1 when ,i thought ,i saw my dead mother and heard her say1 ',you do not remember me in your prayers4' ,madame ,houdaille writes3-- ,,mirecourt1 #bjth ,march1 #ahia4 ,during my father's illness the ,sister kept watch on the first floor1 and my brother and ,i passed the evening on the ground floor4 ,about ten o'clock ,i left my brother and went upstairs to bed4 ,between eleven o'clock and midnight 7,i do not know whether ,i was waking or sleeping1 probably between the two7 ,i perceived1 near my bed1 a white shadow like a phantom1 which ,i had not time to recognise4 ,i gave a loud cry of terror which startled my brother1 who was just going up to bed4 ,he hastened to my room1 and found me gazing wildly around4 ,the rest of the night passed quietly4 ,next morning ,ccile told me about the ,sister's dream4 ,she1 ,ccile1 had seen or heard nothing4 ,i was almost angry with her and her tale1 and treated it as a silly dream1 so terrified was ,i at the occurrence of the two apparitions the same night1 and probably at the same hour4 ,ccile and the ,sister knew nothing of my dream4 ,i did not tell it to the ,sister till two days after ,m4 ,richet and ,octave#abf had visited the hospital4#abg ,in the next case1 as already said1 the two percipients were many miles apart4 ,the impression in the first narrative should probably be classed as a dream2 in the second as an auditory hallucination4 ,no4 #hg4--;,from ,,sir ,,lawrence ,,jones4 ,,cranmer ,,hall1 ,,fakenham1 ,,norfolk1 ,april #bfth1 #ahic4 ,on ,august #bjth1 #ahhd1 ,i was staying at my father-in-law's house at ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds4 ,i had left my father in perfectly good health about a fortnight before4 ,he was at home at this address4 ,about ,august #ahth ,i had had a letter from my mother saying that my father was not quite well1 and that the doctor had seen him and made very light of the matter1 attributing his indisposition to the extreme heat of the weather4 ,i was not in any way anxious on my father's account1 as he was rather subject to slight bilious attacks4 ,i should add1 though1 that ,i had been spending that day1 ,august #bjth1 at ,cambridge1 and should have stayed the night there had not a sort of vague presentiment haunted me that possibly there would be a letter from home the next morning4 ,my wife1 too1 had a similar feeling that if ,i stayed the night at ,cambridge ,i might regret it4 ,in consequence of this feeling ,i returned to ,bury1 and that night woke up suddenly to find myself streaming with perspiration and calling out3 ',something dreadful is happening2 ,i don't know what4' ,the impression of horror remained some time1 but at last ,i fell asleep till the morning4 ,my father1 ,sir ,willoughby ,jones1 died very suddenly of heart disease about #a ,a4,m4 on ,august #bast4 ,he was not in his room at the moment1 but was carried back to his room and restoratives applied1 but in vain4 ,my brother ,herbert and ,i were the only two of the family absent from home at the time4 ,the thoughts of those present 7my mother1 brother1 and three sisters7 no doubt turned most anxiously towards us1 and it is to a telepathic impression from them in their anxiety and sorrow that ,i attribute the intimations we received4 ,,lawrence ,j4 ,,jones4 ,lady ,jones writes3-- ,i have a vivid remembrance of the occurrence related above by my husband4 ,i was sound asleep when he awoke1 and seizing me by the wrist1 exclaimed3 ',such a dreadful thing is happening1' and ,i had much difficulty in persuading him that there was nothing wrong4 ,he went to sleep again1 but was much relieved in the morning by finding a long letter from ,sir ,willoughby1 posted the day before1 and written in good spirits4 ,having read this and gone to his dressing-room1 however1 he soon returned with the telegram summoning him home at once1 and said as he came in3 ',my impression in the night was only too true4' ,,evelyn ,m4 ,,jones4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,jones1 the other percipient1 describes his experience as follows3-- ,,knebworth ,,rectory1 ,,stevenage4 ,recollections of ,august #bjth1 #ahhd4 ,i had spent the day at ,harpenden1 and returned home about #h ,p4,m41 and went to bed about #aj4cj4 ,i woke at #ab o'clock1 hearing my name called twice1 as ,i fancied4 ,i lit my candle1 and1 seeing nothing1 concluded it was a dream--looked at my watch1 and went to sleep again4 ,i woke again and heard people carrying something downstairs from the upper storey1 just outside my room4 ,i lit my candle1 got out of bed1 and waited till the men were outside my door4 ,they seemed to be carrying something heavy1 and came down step by step4 ,i opened my door1 and it was pitch dark4 ,i was puzzled and dumbfounded4 ,i went into my sitting-room and into the hall1 but everything was dark and quiet4 ,i went back to bed convinced ,i had been the sport of another nightmare4 ,it was about #b ,a4,m4 by my watch4 ,at breakfast next morning on my plate was a telegram telling me to come home4 ,this whole story may be nothing1 but it was odd that ,i should have twice got up in one night1 and that during that night and those hours my father was dying4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,jones4 ,april #dth1 #ahic4 ,sir ,lawrence ,jones adds3-- ,my brother was then a curate in ,london1 living at #cb ,palace ,street1 ,westminster1 where the above experience took place4 ,l4 ,j4 ,j4 ,a case somewhat resembling this last is recorded by ,professor ,richet 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #afc1 #afd74 ,on the night of the #ad-aeth ,november #ahhg1 when his physiological laboratory in ,paris was burnt1 two of his intimate friends1 ,m4 ,ferrari and ,m4 ,hricourt1 dreamt of fire2 and on the evening of the #aeth ,madame ,b4 7the hypnotic subject referred to in ,chapter ,v47 was hypnotised by ,m4 ,gibert at ,havre and sent on a journey i4e41 in imagination to ,paris to visit1 amongst others1 ,m4 ,richet4 ,shortly afterwards she awoke herself by crying out in great distress1 ,it is burning4 ,unfortunately1 those present contented themselves with calming her excitement1 and did not at the time inquire into the nature of her impression4 ,but the triple coincidence is certainly remarkable4 ,a case which may perhaps be referred to the same category is recorded by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,fryer in the ,journal of the ,s4,p4,r4 for ,june #ahij4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,williams died at ,plaxtol1 ,sevenoaks1 on ,sunday1 ,april #bhth1 #ahhi1 having been confined to his bed with pleuro-pneumonia since the preceding ,tuesday4 ,on ,friday the #bfth his figure was seen in the street by ,mr4 ,hind at about #aj4dj ,a4,m41 and on the day following at about #a ,p4,m4 by two ladies1 ,miss ,dalison and ,miss ,sinclair1 simultaneously4 ,none of the percipients were aware of ,mr4 ,williams' illness4 ,it was impossible that the figure seen could have been the real man1 and1 as ,mr4 ,fryer shows that a mistake of identity was under the circumstances extremely improbable1 it seems not unlikely that we have here to deal with a case of two telepathic hallucinations originated independently and at a considerable interval by the same agent4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aba3 ,thus we have a case1 regarded by the narrator as hallucinatory1 in which three persons saw a figure ascending the staircase of a country rectory4 ,the occurrence took place shortly after the return of the family from church1 and the figure was supposed to be that of the rector1 until it was ascertained that he was at the time in another part of the house4 ,as1 however1 it was dark and the head of the figure could not be seen1 the identification could hardly have been complete1 and as no search was made in the upper part of the house1 it seems possible that the figure was that of some person who had gained entrance to the house during the absence of the family at church4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see the article on ,spirit ,photographs by ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick1 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 pp4 #bfh-bhi4 ,footnote #abc3 ,this account was originally written in answer to a series of questions on a census form4 ,a few connecting words have been inserted in order to make it read consecutively4 ,footnote #abd3 ,with this may be compared an incident recorded by ,william ,bell ,scott 7,autobiographical ,notes1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aag1 #aah74 ,the account is perhaps worth quoting1 though the length of time which has elapsed1 and the fact that it rests upon a single memory1 leave to the narrative little value other than that derived from its literary associations4 ,it should be added1 however1 that ,mr4 ,scott's claim to a rational scepticism in these matters appears to be borne out by other passages in the book4 ,i have so repeatedly expressed my unbelief in all the vulgar or popular forms of supernaturalism 7says ,mr4 ,scott71 that ,i feel a little hesitation in recording a circumstance resembling that class of things which began the very evening after his i4e41 ,rossetti's departure4 ,i could now get a little peace to revise my ,drer ,journal1 and my ,german friend ,mr4 ,reid1 who had given me an hour1 stayed to dinner4 ,rossetti's habit1 when composing or even correcting for the press1 was to retire after dinner to the room above1 the drawing-room of the old house1 to read aloud to himself1 when by himself4 ,this he did in a voice so loud that we in the dining-room beneath could almost hear his words4 ,well1 as we were sitting after dinner1 when he must have been approaching ,london in the train1 what could it be we heard8 ,the usual voice reading to itself in the usual place over our heads6 ,i looked at ,a4 ,b42 she was listening intently till she could bear it no longer1 and left the room4 ,our learned priest found me1 ,i fancy1 to be rather distrait1 so he rose1 saying it was about his time1 and besides1 he continued1 ',i hear ,miss ,boyd has some friend in the drawing-room1 so ,i won't go up4 ,give her my good-bye and respects4' ,i joined her at once1 but of course we heard nothing in the room itself4 ,such is the circumstance as it took place4 ,mr4 ,reid1 who knew nothing of the habit of ,d4 ,g4 ,r41 hearing the voice as well as we did1 although it sounded to him like talking rather than reading1 was a sure evidence we were not deceiving ourselves4 ,next night it was the same1 and so it went on till ,i left4 ,when we tried to approach it was not audible1 or when the doors of the drawing-room and its small ante-room communicating with the staircase were left open1 we could make nothing of it4 ,it gradually tapered off when ,miss ,boyd was left by herself2 by-and-by the whole establishment was bolted and barred for the winter4 ,next season it had entirely ceased4 ,footnote #abe3 ,proc4 ,american ,s4,p4,r41 pp4 #dje-djh4 ,the reader may be interested in comparing the ragged and possibly commonplace account given in the text with the following spirited version of the same incident quoted from the ,arena1 ,march #ahib4 ,the writer of the account states that the story1 as ,i tell it1 was given me by the wife4 ,but he does not1 it will be observed1 quote it as in ,mrs4 ,w4 ,o4 ,s4's words4 ,after describing how the doctor was awakened by a strong light in the room and saw the figure of a woman1 whom he at first mistook for his wife1 the writer in the ,arena proceeds as follows3-- ,by this time he was broad awake1 and sat upright in bed staring at the figure4 ,he noticed that it was a woman in a white garment2 and looking sharply1 he recognised it1 as he thought1 as one of his patients who was very ill4 ,then he realised that this could not be so1 and that if any one was in the room1 it must be an intruder who had no right to be there4 ,with the vague thought of a possible burglar thus disguised1 he sprang out of bed and grasped his revolver1 which he was accustomed to have near at hand4 ,this brought him face to face with the figure1 not three feet away4 ,he now saw every detail of dress1 complexion1 and feature1 and for the first time recognised the fact that it was not a being of flesh and blood4 ,then it was that1 in quite an excited manner1 he called his wife1 hoping that she would get there to see it also4 ,but the moment he called her name1 the figure disappeared1 leaving1 however1 the intense yellow light behind1 and which they both observed for five minutes by the watch before it faded out4 ,the next day it was found that one of his patients1 closely resembling the figure he had seen1 had died a few minutes before he saw his vision1--had died calling for him4 ,it will be seen that this story1 like the first one in this article1 is perfectly authentic in every particular4 ,there is no question as to the facts4 ,that1 no doubt1 is how the thing ought to have happened4 ,a revolver and a watch are essential to a properly upholstered ghost-story4 ,there ought to have been the dramatic confrontation of the living man with his spectral visitant2 there ought to have been the instant recognition and as instant disappearance4 ,above all1 there ought to have been the exquisite adjustment in the times of vision and death4 ,footnote #abf3 ,m4 ,octave ,houdaille4 ,footnote #abg3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ih1 #ii4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,some ,,less ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,telepathic ,,hallucination4 ,the hallucinations so far dealt with belong to classes numerically strong1 and the narratives quoted could be paralleled over and over again from our records by other narratives equally well attested4 ,and this fact furnishes in itself a strong presumption of the substantial accuracy of the accounts given4 ,for as there is little in the kind of incident described--the bare occurrence of a hallucination coincidentally with an external event or with another hallucination--to suggest the work of the imagination1 there is little warrant for ascribing this consensus of testimony among the narratives to any other cause than a common foundation in fact4 ,the episodes consist1 indeed1 of such simple elements as to leave small room for embellishment4 ,moreover1 by those who accept the theory of telepathy an additional argument for the authenticity of these narratives may be found in the consideration that in that theory they receive a simple and sufficient explanation4 ,but we meet occasionally with accounts of hallucinatory experiences which do not fall readily under any of the comparatively simple categories already discussed4 ,the mere difficulty of explaining the genesis of hallucinations of such aberrant types would not1 in the present stage of our knowledge1 be an argument against their authenticity4 ,but it serves to rob them of the support which they might otherwise have received from their affiliation with better known forms of hallucination2 whilst the recent first-hand evidence actually available is not sufficient in itself to substantiate them4 ,whilst1 therefore1 such cases should be duly recorded and may legitimately be discussed1 it seems best to await the receipt of further evidence before a final judgment is passed upon them4 ,but in some instances there is a further reason why the question should at most be held unproven4 ,some of the features which distinguish these cases from ordinary telepathic hallucinations1 whilst occurring rarely in well-attested recent narratives1 are to be found more commonly in remote1 uncorroborated1 and traditional stories4 ,this circumstance is1 of course1 a strong argument against their genuineness1 since it proves that the imagination tends to create such features4 ,but it is not a conclusive argument4 ,the imagination may itself have been inspired in the first instance by fact2 it may have copied1 not bettered1 nature4 ,that the legendary epics of the older world have invented winged dragons is clearly not an argument that can weigh against positive evidence for the existence in a still more remote past of pterodactyls4 ,reciprocal ,cases4 ,these considerations apply with full force to the first of the dubious types here to be considered4 ,in publishing seven first-hand reciprocal cases in #ahhf 7,phantasms1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afg7 ,mr4 ,gurney pointed out that the evidence then available was so small that the genuineness of the type might fairly be called in question4 ,still1 regarding it as probably genuine1 he anticipated that we should ultimately obtain more well-attested specimens of it4 ,in the eight years which have elapsed since ,mr4 ,gurney wrote this anticipation has met with only partial fulfilment4 ,we have met with but two recent well-attested cases which clearly fall under the same category as those already given4 ,one of these cases has already been quoted 7,no4 #fc71 and was indeed included in the supplementary chapter of ,phantasms of the ,living2 the other is as follows3-- ,no4 #hh4--;,from the ,,rev4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,evans4 ,,forton1 ,,garstang4 7,received on the #ahth of ,september #ahhi47 ,two years ago ,i had occasion to undergo a course of magnetism1 under the treatment of ,miss ----4 ,i was under her treatment for six weeks1 and derived considerable benefit from her treatment4 ,a warm friendship sprang up between us1 as she had wonderfully improved my sight4 ,i went up to ,st4 ,edmund ,hall1 ,oxford1 at the commencement of the ,october term1 as my eyes were so much stronger4 ,one afternoon1 as ,i had just come in from the river1 being rather tired1 ,i sat down for a minute before ,i changed1 when1 to my great surprise1 the door opened1 and ,miss ---- appeared to walk in4 ,she was looking rather pale at the time1 and looked intently at me for about a minute1 then left the room as slowly as she had walked in4 ,i was much alarmed1 as ,i fancied that something must have happened to her1 and ,i immediately sat down and wrote off two letters1 one to ,miss ----1 asking if she was well1 and another to my mother1 telling her of the strange occurrence4 ,the next day ,i had back the two replies4 ,my mother said that on that very afternoon she had called on ,miss ----1 and naturally they had been discussing my case4 ,she said that my description of ,miss ----'s dress1 etc41 was perfectly accurate4 ,i then read ,miss ----'s note4 ,she stated that my mother had called1 and had left at about half-past four1 she then had lain down for a few minutes1 and was thinking and wishing to see me4 ,she had a distinct impression that she saw me during this sleep1 or trance1 but when she awoke the impression was not very vivid4 ,the time exactly coincided1 and she said that my description of her was very accurate4 ,at the time that she appeared to me ,i was not thinking in the least of her4 ,,charles ,,lloyd ,,evans4 ,i called on ,mr4 ,evans on the #bjth ,april #ahib1 and had a long conversation with him4 ,the following notes of my interview were made at the time and written out a few days later3-- ,the occurrence took place in ,november #ahhg4 ,it would be about #d4ae ,p4,m4 ,he was resting in his chair--in boating clothes--with the door ajar4 ,heard a knock or sound as of some one entering2 turned round and saw ,miss ---- come into the room and walk towards him4 ,she was dressed in red bodice and dark silk skirt 7a not unfamiliar dress71 but with a silver filigree cross hanging from a chain round her neck which he had never seen before4 ,learnt afterwards that the cross had been given by ,general ---- only a few days before the incident4 ,the figure looked him straight in the face1 then seemed to fade away bit by bit4 ,he was himself perfectly well and not a bit sleepy4 ,he has had no other hallucinations4 ,his age at the time was twenty4 ,mr4 ,evans's mother writes3-- ,april #bgth1 #ahib4 ,in reply to the questions you asked me about the apparition of ,miss ---- to my son1 when at ,oxford1 ,i can fully verify his statement4 ,he wrote to me the same afternoon1 begging me to call upon ,miss ---- and see if she was ill1 detailing me the account of what he had seen1 and also describing her dress minutely and the cross she was wearing4 ,i called upon ,miss ---- the following day1 and read her my son's letter1 giving the hour at which she had appeared to him4 ,she told me that she had not been feeling well1 and was lying down on the couch thinking1 too1 of my son1 and that she went off into a sort of trance1 and she saw him distinctly looking at her and he was very pale4 ,this made a deep impression upon me1 for ,i must own myself that ,i hardly believed it to be possible4 ,however1 ,miss ---- told me that my son had at once written to her1 fearing that she must be ill1 and told her the circumstances under which she appeared to him4 ,when ,i saw ,miss ---- she was then wearing the same dress and filigree cross which ,charlie had described to me in his letter1 and which he had never seen her wearing before4 ,i fear that ,i cannot now find my son's letter1 but should ,i come across it ,i will forward it to you4 ,miss ----1 however1 can corroborate all that ,i have said4 ,,mary ,e4 ,,evans4 ,afterwards ,i saw ,miss ----4 ,the following1 notes of the interview were made the same day3-- ,july #agth1 #ahib4 ,her account of the matter is that ,mrs4 ,evans 7percipient's mother7 called on her on the afternoon of the vision and talked much about her son4 ,after ,mrs4 ,evans left--probably about #e4cj ,p4,m4--,miss ----1 as usual1 lay down to sleep for a few minutes2 woke about #f ,p4,m4 with the recollection of having seen ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,evans4 ,can recall no details of appearance--merely the recollection of having been in the same room with him4 ,the next day she received a letter from ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,evans telling of his vision1 and on the same day another visit from his mother4 ,miss ---- was wearing the dress and filigree cross described4 ,the cross1 as stated1 had been given to her only a few days before4 ,miss ---- has kept ,mr4 ,evans's letter4#abh ,she has had many visions and dreams in her life1 but she cannot recall another relating to ,mr4 ,evans4 ,she is not sure of the time at which her vision or dream occurred4 ,it may have been earlier than #f ,p4,m41 her hours being very irregular4 ,she had compared notes with ,mr4 ,evans1 and was under the impression that their experiences coincided4 ,but ,i think that her first statement--#f ,p4,m4--is probably correct4 ,if so1 her dream would have come one and a half to two hours after ,mr4 ,evans's vision4 ,if the above account correctly describes what took place--and ,i know of no ground for doubting either the accuracy or the good faith of the narrators--it seems clear either that ,mr4 ,evans and ,miss ---- reciprocally affected each other1 or that ,mr4 ,evans1 whilst impressing ,miss ---- with the idea of his presence1 was able himself to attain to a supernormal perception of her surroundings4 ,for the latter explanation1 however1 we have no support in analogy1 and it seems less unwarrantable provisionally to regard this case and others like it as being reciprocally telepathic4 ,it should1 perhaps1 be pointed out1 as bearing upon the extreme rarity of cases of the kind1 that there may be instances of reciprocal affection of which1 from the very nature of the case1 we could not hope to obtain evidence4 ,it is conceivable1 for instance1 that in the ordinary case of an apparition at death1 the dying man may himself have been a percipient as well as an agent1 since circumstances rarely permit of his side of the experience being recorded4 ,it is conceivable also that in cases of collective hallucination the effect may really be a reciprocal one1 the two persons concerned simultaneously affecting and being affected by each other1 until the force so generated explodes into hallucination4 ,but in the present state of our knowledge it would be premature to speculate further4 ,a ,misinterpreted ,message4 ,the next case also seems susceptible of more than one explanation4 ,the account which follows was written in #ahij4 ,no4 #hi4--;,from ,,miss ,c4 ,l4 ,,hawkins-,,dempster1 #bd ,portman ,square1 ,w4 ,i ran downstairs and entered the drawing-room at #g4cj ,p4,m41 believing ,i had kept my two sisters waiting for dinner4 ,they had gone to dinner1 the room was empty4 ,behind a long sofa ,i saw ,mr4 ,h4 standing4 ,he moved three steps nearer4 ,i heard nothing4 ,i was not at all afraid or surprised1 only felt concern as to what he wanted1 as he was in ,south ,america4 ,i learnt next morning that at that moment his mother was breathing her last4 ,i went and arranged her for burial1 my picture still hanging above the bed1 between the portraits of her two absent sons4 ,i was in the habit of hearing often from ,mr4 ,h41 and was not at that moment anxious about ,mrs4 ,h4's health1 though she was aged4 ,i had had twenty-five days before the grief of losing an only brother4 ,no other persons were present at the time4#abi ,in answer to further inquiries1 we learnt from ,miss ,hawkins-,dempster that the above incident occurred on ,new ,year's ,eve1 #ahgf-gg2 the room was lighted by one bright lamp and a fire1 and the figure did not seem to go away1 she merely ceased to see it4 ,she used to see ,mrs4 ,h4 often1 and was in no anxiety as to her health at the time4 ,mrs4 ,h4 was very old1 but not definitely ill4 ,miss ,hawkins-,dempster corrected her first statement as to the exactness of the coincidence by informing us that ,mrs4 ,h4 died in the morning of the same day on which the apparition was seen4 ,miss ,hawkins-,dempster mentioned what she had seen to her sister1 who thus corroborates3-- ,july #aeth1 #ahib4 ,i heard of my sister ,miss ,c4 ,l4 ,hawkins-,dempster's vision of ,mr4 ,h4 in the drawing-room at #g4cj ,p4,m4 on ,new ,year's ,eve1 #ahgf-gg1 immediately after it happened1 and before hearing that ,mrs4 ,h4 died the same day1 the news of which reached us later that evening4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,dempster4 ,we have verified the date of death at ,somerset ,house4 ,miss ,hawkins-,dempster has had one other experience--an apparition seen also by her sister and their governess4 ,they were children at the time1 aged about fourteen and twelve respectively4 ,mr4 ,myers had an interview with the ,misses ,hawkins-,dempster on ,july #afth1 #ahib1 and writes as follows the next day3-- ,miss ,c4 ,hawkins-,dempster's veridical experience is well remembered by both sisters4 ,the decedent was a very old lady1 who was on very intimate terms with them1 and had special reasons for thinking of ,miss ,c4 ,hawkins-,dempster in connection with the son whose figure appeared4 ,he was at the other side of the world1 and most certainly had not heard of his mother's death at the time4 ,the figure was absolutely life-like4 ,miss ,hawkins-,dempster noticed the slight cast of the eye and the delicate hands4 ,the figure rested one hand on the back of a chair and held the other out4 ,miss ,hawkins-,dempster called out1 ',what can ,i do for you8' forgetting for the moment the impossibility that it could be the real man4 ,then she simply ceased to see the figure4 ,she was in good health at the time1 and her thoughts were occupied with business matters4 ,we have a parallel case amongst our records4 ,miss ,v4 saw in church the hallucinatory figure of an acquaintance looking at her1 and subsequently learned that he was at the time at the deathbed of his mother4 ,a few other cases are given in ,phantasms of the ,living4 ,i should be disposed to explain these narratives as instances of the misinterpretation of a telepathic message4 ,i should conjecture1 that is1 that the impulse received from the dying woman1 instead of giving rise1 as in an ordinary case1 to a hallucination of herself1 called up in the percipient's mind1 whether through the operation of associated ideas or from some other cause1 the image of a near relative4 ,indeed1 seeing how potent is the influence of associated ideas1 it is perhaps a matter for wonder that such miscarriages do not more often occur4 ,it should be stated that1 beyond their rarity1 there is no special reason to mistrust stories of this type4 ,their distinguishing feature is not apparently of a kind which appeals readily to the imagination4 ,indeed1 by most persons the want of precise correspondence would probably be regarded as a serious blemish in the story4 ,certainly cases of the kind occur rarely1 if at all1 among second-hand and traditional narratives4 ,heteroplastic ,hallucinations4 ,but another possible explanation of the incident suggests itself4 ,it has already been conjectured that in some cases of hallucination or other impression1 the percipient's vision may have originated not in the mind of the person primarily concerned1 but in that of some bystander4#acj ,conversely1 the image seen in the narrative just cited may have been flashed directly from the dying woman's mind4 ,in the case which follows a picture of the past preserved in the memory of one of two friends appears to have been spontaneously transferred to the mind of the other4 ,the case was sent to ,dr4 ,hodgson on the #ahth ,may #ahhh1 and was published in the ,arena for ,february #ahhi4 ,no4 #ij4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,g----4 444 ,for nearly two weeks ,i have had a lady friend visiting us from ,chicago1 and last ,sunday we tried the cards and in every instance ,i told the colour and kind2 but only two or three times was enabled to give the exact number4444 ,i must write you of something that occurred last night4 ,after this lady1 whom ,i have mentioned above1 had retired1 and almost immediately after we had extinguished the light1 there suddenly appeared before me a beautiful lawn and coming toward me a chubby1 yellow-haired little boy1 and by his side a brown dog which closely resembled a fox4 ,the dog had on a brass collar and the child's hand was under the collar just as if he was leading or pulling the dog4 ,the vision was like a flash1 came and went in an instant4 ,i immediately told my friend1 and she said1 ',do you know where there are any matches8' and began to hurriedly clamber out of bed4 ,i struck a light1 she plunged into her trunk1 brought out a book1 and pasted in the front was a picture of her little boy and his dog4 ,they were not in the same position that ,i saw them1 but the dog looked exceedingly familiar4 ,her little boy passed into the beyond about four years ago4444 ,mrs4 ,f4 corroborates as follows3-- ,may #ahth1 #ahhh4 ,i wish to corroborate the statements of ,mrs4 ,n4 ,g4 relative to 444 and her wonderful vision of my little boy1 and my old home4 ,mrs4 ,g4 never saw the place1 or the little child1 and never even heard of the peculiar-looking dog1 which was my little son's constant companion out of doors4 ,she never saw the photograph1 which was pasted in the back of my ,bible and packed away4 7,signed7 ,i4 ,f4 ,in this case1 it will be noted1 the vision was the direct sequel of some partially successful experiments in thought-transference2 and the transferred impression fell short of actual hallucination4 ,in the following case there is no evidence of any special rapport between the percipient and the person who1 on this hypothesis1 acted as the agent2 and the percipient's impression took the form of a completely externalised hallucination4 ,no4 #ia4--;,from ,,frances ,,reddell4 ,,antony1 ,,torpoint1 ,december #adth1 #ahhb4 ,helen ,alexander 7maid to ,lady ,waldegrave7 was lying here very ill with typhoid fever1 and was attended by me4 ,i was standing at the table by her bedside1 pouring out her medicine1 at about four o'clock in the morning of the #dth ,october #ahhj4 ,i heard the call-bell ring 7this had been heard twice before during the night in that same week71 and was attracted by the door of the room opening1 and by seeing a person entering the room whom ,i instantly felt to be the mother of the sick woman4 ,she had a brass candlestick in her hand1 a red shawl over her shoulders1 and a flannel petticoat on which had a hole in the front4 ,i looked at her as much as to say1 ',i am glad you have come1' but the woman looked at me sternly1 as much as to say1 ',why wasn't ,i sent for before8' ,i gave the medicine to ,helen ,alexander1 and then turned round to speak to the vision1 but no one was there4 ,she had gone4 ,she was a short1 dark person1 and very stout4 ,at about six o'clock that morning ,helen ,alexander died4 ,two days after1 her parents and a sister came to ,antony1 and arrived between one and two o'clock in the morning2 ,i and another maid let them in1 and it gave me a great turn when ,i saw the living likeness of the vision ,i had seen two nights before4 ,i told the sister about the vision1 and she said that the description of the dress exactly answered to her mother's1 and that they had brass candlesticks at home exactly like the one described4 ,there was not the slightest resemblance between the mother and daughter4 ,,frances ,,reddell4 ,frances ,reddell fortunately described her vision to her mistress1 ,mrs4 ,pole-,carew1 of ,antony1 ,torpoint1 ,devonport1 within a few hours of its occurrence1 and before her encounter with the original4 ,mrs4 ,pole-,carew writes as follows3-- #cast ,december #ahhc4 ,in ,october #ahhj1 ,lord and ,lady ,waldegrave came with their ,scotch maid1 ,helen ,alexander1 to stay with us4 ,the account then describes how ,helen was discovered to have caught typhoid fever1 and pending the arrival of a regular nurse1 was nursed for several days by ,frances ,reddell4 ,on the ,sunday week1 ,mrs4 ,pole-,carew continues1 ,i allowed ,reddell to sit up with ,helen again that night1 to give her the medicine and food1 which were to be taken constantly4 ,at about #d4cj that night1 or rather ,monday morning1 ,reddell looked at her watch1 poured out the medicine1 and was bending over the bed to give it to ,helen when the call-bell in the passage rang4 ,she said to herself1 ',there's that tiresome bell with the wire caught again4' 7,it seems it did occasionally ring of itself in this manner47 ,at that moment1 however1 she heard the door open1 and looking round1 saw a very stout old woman walk in4 ,she was dressed in a nightgown and red flannel petticoat1 and carried an old-fashioned brass candlestick in her hand4 ,the petticoat had a hole rubbed in it4 ,she walked into the room and appeared to be going towards the dressing-table to put her candle down4 ,she was a perfect stranger to ,reddell1 who1 however1 merely thought1 ',this is her mother come to see after her1' and she felt quite glad it was so1 accepting the idea without reasoning upon it1 as one would in a dream4 ,she thought the mother looked annoyed1 possibly at not having been sent for before4 ,she then gave ,helen the medicine1 and turning round1 found that the apparition had disappeared1 and that the door was shut4 ,a great change1 meanwhile1 had taken place in ,helen1 and ,reddell fetched me1 who sent off for the doctor1 and meanwhile applied hot poultices1 etc41 but ,helen died a little before the doctor came4 ,she was quite conscious up to about half-an-hour before she died1 when she seemed to be going to sleep4 ,during the early days of her illness ,helen had written to a sister1 mentioning her being unwell1 but making nothing of it1 and as she never mentioned any one but this sister1 it was supposed by the household1 to whom she was a perfect stranger1 that she had no other relation alive4 ,reddell was always offering to write for her1 but she always declined1 saying there was no need1 she would write herself in a day or two4 ,no one at home1 therefore1 knew anything of her being so ill1 and it is1 therefore1 remarkable that her mother1 a far from nervous person1 should have said that evening going up to bed1 ',i am sure ,helen is very ill4' ,reddell told me and my daughter of the apparition1 about an hour after ,helen's death1 prefacing with1 ',i am not superstitious or nervous1 and ,i wasn't the least frightened1 but her mother came last night1' and she then told the story1 giving a careful description of the figure she had seen4 ,the relations were asked to come to the funeral1 and the father1 mother1 and sister came1 and in the mother ,reddell recognised the apparition1 as ,i did also1 for ,reddell's description had been most accurate1 even to the expression1 which she had ascribed to annoyance1 but which was due to deafness4 ,it was judged best not to speak about it to the mother1 but ,reddell told the sister1 who said the description of the figure corresponded exactly with the probable appearance of her mother if roused in the night2 that they had exactly such a candlestick at home1 and that there was a hole in her mother's petticoat produced by the way she always wore it4 ,it seems curious that neither ,helen nor her mother appeared to be aware of the visit4 ,neither of them1 at any rate1 ever spoke of having seen the other1 nor even of having dreamt of having done so4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,pole-,,carew4 ,frances ,reddell states that she has never had any hallucination1 or any odd experience of any kind1 except on this one occasion4 ,the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,lyttelton1 of ,selwyn ,college1 ,cambridge1 who knows her1 tells us that she appears to be a most matter-of-fact person1 and was apparently most impressed by the fact that she saw a hole in the mother's flannel petticoat1 made by the busk of her stays1 reproduced in the apparition4 ,the simplest explanation of this incident1 and that which involves the least departure from known forms of telepathy1 is that the figure seen by ,frances ,reddell was due to thought-transference from the mind of the dying girl4 ,and this explanation has some direct evidence in its favour4 ,there is1 of course1 abundant proof of the transference from agent to percipient of a real or imaginary scene4 7,see the cases described in ,chapters ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,xiv41 and ,,xv47 ,but in these cases the percipient's impressions appear rarely to have risen to the level of hallucination1 and in the absence of direct evidence it would not perhaps have been safe to assume that a detailed impression1 such as a scene or a human figure1 transferred from another mind1 would be capable of taking complete sensory embodiment in the mind of the percipient4 ,the frequency1 however1 of collective hallucinations of an apparently casual character seems to require such an assumption 7see ante1 p4 #bgc74 ,moreover1 a case has been recorded 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #dcd1 #dce7 in which a hypnotically induced hallucination appears to have been reproduced in another hypnotised subject by telepathic suggestion from the original percipient4 ,in the experiments recorded by ,dr4 ,gibotteau 7pp4 #cfh1 #cfi7 the ideas mentally suggested by him appear in some cases to have assumed a hallucinatory form in the subject2 and1 finally1 ,wesermann 7,chapter ,x41 p4 #bcc71 in his fifth experiment succeeded in calling up a recognisable hallucination of a lady personally unknown to the percipients4 ,we have1 therefore1 experimental parallels for our suggested interpretation of ,frances ,reddell's experience2 and when once the possibility of thought-transference in this form is recognised1 many so-called ghosts or phantasms of the dead find a simple and satisfactory explanation4 ,the following case may be instanced3-- ,no4 #ib4--;,from ,,mr4 ,,john ,e4 ,,husbands1 ,melbourne ,house1 ,town ,hall ,square1 ,grimsby4 ,september #aeth1 #ahhf4 ,the facts are simply these4 ,i was sleeping in a hotel in ,madeira in ,january #ahhe4 ,it was a bright moonlight night4 ,the windows were open and the blinds up4 ,i felt some one was in my room4 ,on opening my eyes1 ,i saw a young fellow about twenty-five1 dressed in flannels1 standing at the side of my bed and pointing with the first finger of his right hand to the place ,i was lying in4 ,i lay for some seconds to convince myself of some one being really there4 ,i then sat up and looked at him4 ,i saw his features so plainly that ,i recognised them in a photograph which was shown me some days after4 ,i asked him what he wanted2 he did not speak1 but his eyes and hand seemed to tell me ,i was in his place4 ,as he did not answer1 ,i struck out at him with my fist as ,i sat up1 but did not reach him1 and as ,i was going to spring out of bed he slowly vanished through the door1 which was shut1 keeping his eyes upon me all the time4 ,upon inquiry ,i found that the young fellow who appeared to me died in that room ,i was occupying4 ,if ,i can tell you anything more ,i shall be glad to1 if it interests you4 ,,john ,e4 ,,husbands4 ,the following letters are from ,miss ,falkner1 of ,church ,terrace1 ,wisbech1 who was resident at the hotel when the above incident happened3-- ,october #hth1 #ahhf4 ,the figure that ,mr4 ,husbands saw while in ,madeira was that of a young fellow who died unexpectedly months previously1 in the room which ,mr4 ,husbands was occupying4 ,curiously enough1 ,mr4 ,h4 had never heard of him or his death4 ,he told me the story the morning after he had seen the figure1 and ,i recognised the young fellow from the description4 ,it impressed me very much1 but ,i did not mention it to him or any one4 ,i loitered about until ,i heard ,mr4 ,husbands tell the same tale to my brother2 we left ,mr4 ,h4 and said simultaneously1 ',he has seen ,mr4 ,d4' ,no more was said on the subject for days2 then ,i abruptly showed the photograph4 ,mr4 ,husbands said at once1 ',this is the young fellow who appeared to me the other night1 but he was dressed differently'--describing a dress he often wore--'cricket suit 7or tennis7 fastened at the neck with sailor knot4' ,i must say that ,mr4 ,husbands is a most practical man1 and the very last one would expect 'a spirit' to visit4 ,k4 ,,falkner4 ,october #bjth1 #ahhf4 ,i enclose you photograph and an extract from my sister-in-law's letter1 which ,i received this morning1 as it will verify my statement4 ,mr4 ,husbands saw the figure either the #crd or #dth of ,february #ahhe4 ,the people who had occupied the rooms had never told us if they had seen anything1 so we may conclude they had not4 ,k4 ,,falkner4 ,the following is ,miss ,falkner's copy of the passage in the letter3-- ,you will see at back of ,mr4 du ,f----'s photo the date of his decease ,january #bith1 #ahhd2 and if you recollect 'the ,motta ,marques' had his rooms from the ,february till the ,may or ,june of #ahhd1 then ,major ,money at the commencement of #ahhe season4 ,mr4 ,husbands had to take the room on ,february #bnd1 #ahhe1 as his was wanted4 ,i am clear on all this1 and remember his telling me the incident when he came to see my baby4 ,at a personal interview ,mr4 ,gurney learnt that ,mr4 ,husbands had never had any other hallucination of the senses4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 p4 #daf47 ,it is1 of course1 conceivable that before his experience ,mr4 ,husbands may have heard of the death of ,mr4 ,d4 and have forgotten the circumstance4 ,but this supposition will hardly account for the recognition of the photograph4 ,in any case1 however1 there can be no justification for invoking other than terrestrial agencies to explain the vision4 ,until such agencies are proved inadequate to account for the facts a narrative of this kind can scarcely be held to raise a presumption1 much less to afford a proof1 of the action of the dead4 ,miss ,falkner and her brother had known the dead man2 no fact about him was communicated which was not within their knowledge2 and there is nothing to negative the supposition that some echo of their thoughts or dreams may have given rise to the vision4 ,a very similar case is quoted in the same volume 7,proc41 vol4 v4 p4 #dah74 ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,tyre1 of ,st4 ,andrews ,road1 ,pollokshields1 ,glasgow1 stayed for some time in a lonely house in ,dumbartonshire4 ,on several occasions during their occupancy of the house ,miss ,l4 ,tyre saw the figure of an old woman lying on the bed in the kitchen4 ,the figure lay with the face turned to the wall1 and the legs drawn up as if from cold4 ,on her head was a sow-backed mutch1 i4e41 a white frilled cap of a peculiar shape common in the ,highlands4 ,the others who were present did not see the figure4 ,it was subsequently ascertained from a neighbour that the description given correctly represented the dress and attitude of a former occupant of the house1 who had died there some years before under painful circumstances4 ,m4 ,richet 7,proc41 vol4 v4 p4 #adh7 gives an account of some spiritualist sances at which the promise was given that his grandfather1 ,m4 ,charles ,renouard1 would appear4 ,a figure resembling ,m4 ,charles ,renouard was actually seen some days later1 not by any of those present at the sance1 but by an ,english lady staying in the house1 who was believed to know nothing of the expected apparition4 ,a similar explanation may perhaps apply to the following account1 which was communicated verbally to ,mr4 ,myers on the #abth ,october #ahhh by the percipient1 ,mr4 ,j41 a gentleman well known in the scientific world4 ,mr4 ,myers explains that the account which follows was written out by him from his notes of the conversation1 and was subsequently revised and corrected by ,mr4 ,j4 himself4 ,no4 #ic4--;,from ,,mr4 ,j4 ,in #ahhj ,i succeeded a ,mr4 ,q4 as librarian of the ,x4 ,library4 ,i had never seen ,mr4 ,q41 nor any photograph or likeness of him1 when the following incidents occurred4 ,i may1 of course1 have heard the library assistants describe his appearance1 though ,i have no recollection of this4 ,i was sitting alone in the library one evening late in ,march #ahhd1 finishing some work after hours1 when it suddenly occurred to me that ,i should miss the last train to ,h41 where ,i was then living1 if ,i did not make haste4 ,it was then #aj4ee1 and the last train left ,x4 at #aa4e4 ,i gathered up some books in one hand1 took the lamp in the other1 and prepared to leave the librarian's room1 which communicated by a passage with the main room of the library4 ,as my lamp illumined this passage1 ,i saw apparently at the further end of it a man's face4 ,i instantly thought a thief had got into the library4 ,this was by no means impossible1 and the probability of it had occurred to me before4 ,i turned back into my room1 put down the books1 and took a revolver from the safe1 and1 holding the lamp cautiously behind me1 ,i made my way along the passage--which had a corner1 behind which ,i thought my thief might be lying in wait--into the main room4 ,here ,i saw no one1 but the room was large and encumbered with bookcases4 ,i called out loudly to the intruder to show himself several times1 more with the hope of attracting a passing policeman than of drawing the intruder4 ,then ,i saw a face looking round one of the bookcases4 ,i say looking round1 but it had an odd appearance as if the body were in the bookcase1 as the face came so closely to the edge and ,i could see no body4 ,the face was pallid and hairless1 and the orbits of the eyes were very deep4 ,i advanced towards it1 and as ,i did so ,i saw an old man with high shoulders seem to rotate out of the end of the bookcase1 and with his back towards me and with a shuffling gait walk rather quickly from the bookcase to the door of a small lavatory1 which opened from the library and had no other access4 ,i heard no noise4 ,i followed the man at once into the lavatory2 and to my extreme surprise found no one there4 ,i examined the window 7about #ad in4 x #ab in471 and found it closed and fastened4 ,i opened it and looked out4 ,it opened into a well1 the bottom of which1 #aj feet below1 was a sky-light1 and the top open to the sky some #bj feet above4 ,it was in the middle of the building1 and no one could have dropped into it without smashing the glass nor climbed out of it without a ladder--but no one was there4 ,nor had there been anything like time for a man to get out of the window1 as ,i followed the intruder instantly4 ,completely mystified1 ,i even looked into the little cupboard under the fixed basin4 ,there was nowhere hiding for a child1 and ,i confess ,i began to experience for the first time what novelists describe as an 'eerie' feeling4 ,i left the library1 and found ,i had missed my train4 ,next morning ,i mentioned what ,i had seen to a local clergyman1 who1 on hearing my description1 said1 ',why1 that's old ,q46' ,soon after ,i saw a photograph 7from a drawing7 of ,q41 and the resemblance was certainly striking4 ,q4 had lost all his hair1 eyebrows and all1 from 7,i believe7 a gunpowder accident4 ,his walk was a peculiar1 rapid1 high-shouldered shuffle4 ,later inquiry proved he had died at about the time of year at which ,i saw the figure4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 p4 #eg47 ,mr4 ,j4 states that he has seen but one other hallucination1 a figure representing his mother1 which appeared to him at the time of the birth of one of his sisters4 ,a hallucination of another kind was seen independently in the same library by ,mr4 ,r41 the principal assistant1 and a clerk1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,mr4 ,r4 writes in #ahhi3-- ,a few years ago ,i was engaged in a large building in the ----1 and during the busy times was often there till late in the evening4 ,on one particular night ,i was at work along with a junior clerk till about #aa ,p4,m41 in the room marked ,a on the annexed sketch4 ,all the lights in the place had been out for hours except those in the room which we occupied4 ,before leaving1 we turned out the gas4 ,we then looked into the fireplace1 but not a spark was to be seen4 ,the night was very dark1 but being thoroughly accustomed to the place we carried no light4 ,on reaching the bottom of the staircase 7,b71 ,i happened to look up2 when1 to my surprise1 the room which we had just left appeared to be lighted4 ,i turned to my companion and pointed out the light1 and sent him back to see what was wrong4 ,he went at once and ,i stood looking through the open door1 but ,i was not a little astonished to see that as soon as he got within a few yards of the room the light went out quite suddenly4 ,my companion1 from the position he was in at the moment1 could not see the light go out1 but on his reaching the door everything was in total darkness4 ,he entered1 however1 and when he returned1 reported that both gas and fire were completely out4 ,the light in the daytime was got by means of a glass roof1 there being no windows on the sides of the room1 and the night in question was so dark that the moon shining through the roof was out of the question4 ,although ,i have often been in the same room till long after dark1 both before and since1 ,i have never seen anything unusual at any other time4 ,mr4 ,p4 endorses this3-- ,i confirm the foregoing statement4 ,in subsequent letters ,mr4 ,r4 says3-- ,the bare facts are as stated1 being neither more nor less than what took place4 ,i have never on any other occasion had any hallucination of the senses1 and ,i think you will find the same to be the case with ,mr4 ,p4 ,this incident took place after ,mr4 ,j4's vision1 but ,mr4 ,j4 had mentioned his own experience only to his wife and one other friend1 and no hint of it appears to have reached the assistants in the library1 so that the two visions would appear to have been independent4 ,to extend the theory of thought-transference from living minds to cover a case such as that just quoted may seem to some extravagant4 ,but if there is anything beyond chance in the occurrence--and it would be a very remarkable coincidence that three persons should independently be the subject of hallucination in the same house1 and that one of the hallucinations should resemble a former occupant of the house1 unknown to the percipient--some explanation is required1 and an explanation which involves no novel or unproved agency is1 ceteris paribus1 to be preferred4 ,as regards the apparently local character of the visitation1 ,mr4 ,gurney has suggested1 with regard to some cases quoted in ,phantasms of the ,living 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfg-bfi71 where the link between agent and percipient appears to have been of a local and not of a personal character1 that a similarity of immediate mental content between the percipient and agent may have been the condition of the telepathic action4 ,in the ordinary case of an apparition1 e4g41 of a dying mother to her son1 the condition of the appearance to that particular percipient rather than to the man in the street should on this hypothesis be sought in the community of intellectual and emotional experiences which may be presumed to exist between near relatives who have passed a large part of their lives in the same environment4 ,in the cases now under consideration the substitute for such far-reaching community is to be found in the transitory occupation of both percipient and agent--the one in present sensation1 the other in memory--with the same scene4 ,such partial community of perception1 by a kind of extended association of ideas1 tends under the hypothesis towards more complete community1 and the agent thus imports into the sensorium of the percipient the image of his own or some other's presence in the scene which forms part of the present content of both minds4 ,on this view ,mr4 ,j4 saw the figure of ,mr4 ,q4 in the library1 because some friend of ,mr4 ,q4's was at that moment vividly picturing to himself the late librarian in his old haunts4 ,cases1 such as the three last quoted1 of the solitary appearance of a phantasmal figure1 subsequently identified by description1 photograph1 or--as in ,frances ,reddell's case--actual encounter with the original1 are rare2 and experience shows how easy it may be for the somewhat vague image preserved in the memory to take on definite form and colour during the process1 occasionally prolonged1 of recognition4 ,the type cannot1 therefore1 be regarded as well established4 ,as1 however1 such narratives have in some instances been regarded as affording evidence of the action of disembodied spirits1 it seemed well to suggest that1 if the facts are accepted1 they are susceptible of another interpretation4 ,haunted ,houses4 ,but there are numerous cases to which the hypothesis of telepathic infection may be applied with perhaps less hesitation4 ,the form which so-called ghost stories most commonly assume is the appearance of an unrecognised phantasmal figure4 ,when the appearance is to one person only1 or when1 in the intervals of its appearance to others1 the matter has been freely discussed amongst the members of the household1 and the details of the figure described1 we should probably be justified1 on the analogy of hypnotic and epidemic religious hallucinations1 in regarding the original appearance as purely subjective and the later ones as due to verbal suggestion and expectancy4 ,but there are cases where1 from the definite statements of the witnesses and the surrounding circumstances1 it appears at all events extremely improbable that any mention was made of the original hallucination4 ,in such cases it seems permissible to conjecture that the later apparitions1 or some of them1 may have been due to telepathic suggestion from the original percipient1 to whom his solitary experience would naturally be a subject of frequent and vivid reflection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i received the following account from the ladies concerned after a personal interview with one of them on ,february #bgth1 #ahhi1 in the course of which ,i examined the scene of the apparition1 the landing of a moderate-sized ,london house4 ,the landing1 though narrow1 is well lighted1 and it seems impossible that the appearance could have been a real person4 ,the first experience1 it will be seen1 is a collective hallucination1 of a type discussed in the preceding chapter4 ,no4 #id4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,knott4 ,,london1 ,s4,w41 ,march #eth1 #ahhi4 ,the incident ,i relate occurred at this address early in ,february #ahhi4 ,i have lived in this house four years1 and constantly felt another presence was in the drawing-room besides myself1 but never saw any form until last month4 ,my cousin ,mrs4 ,r4 and myself returned from a walk at #a4cj ,p4,m4 ,the front door was opened for us by my housekeeper1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,i passed upstairs before my cousin1 and on turning to my bedroom1 the door of which is beside the drawing-room door i4e41 at right angles to it1 ,i saw1 as ,i thought1 ,mrs4 ,e4 go into the drawing-room4 ,i put a parcel into my room and then followed her to give some order1 and found the room empty6 ,my cousin was going up the second flight of stairs to her room1 and ,i called out1 ',did you open the drawing-room door as you passed8' ',no1' she replied1 ',mrs4 ,e4 has gone in4' ,mrs4 ,r4 had seen the figure more distinctly than ,i2 it seemed to pass her at the top of the stairs1 and she thought1 ',how quietly ,mrs4 ,e4 moves6 ,i inquired of ,mrs4 ,e4 what she did after opening the door for us1 and she said1 ',went to the kitchen to hasten luncheon1 as you were in a hurry for it4' ,the day was bright1 and there is nothing on the stairs that could cast a shadow4 ,i quite hope some day ,i may see the face of the figure4 ,from ,,mrs4 ,r41 ,malpas1 ,cheshire4 ,march #ast1 #ahhi4 ,in answer to your letter on the subject of the figure seen at ,c4 ,terrace1 ,mrs4 ,k4 and ,i had just come in at about half-past one o'clock4 ,mrs4 ,e4 7the housekeeper7 had opened the door4 ,we went upstairs1 and on the first landing are two rooms1 one the drawing-room1 the other ,mrs4 ,k4's bedroom4 ,she went into her room while ,i stood a minute or two talking to her4 ,just as ,i turned to go up the next flight of stairs ,i thought ,i saw ,mrs4 ,e4 pass me quickly and go into the drawing-room4 ,beyond seeing a slight figure in a dark dress ,i saw nothing more1 for ,i did not look at it1 but just saw it pass me4 ,before ,i got upstairs ,mrs4 ,k4 called out1 ',did you leave the drawing-room door open8' ,i answered1 ',i did not go in2 ,i saw ,mrs4 ,e4 go in4' ,mrs4 ,k4 answered1 ',there is nobody there4' ,we asked ,mrs4 ,e4 if she had been up2 she1 on the contrary1 had gone straight down4 ,also1 as she said1 she would not have passed me on the landing1 but have waited until ,i had gone upstairs2 and as it struck me afterwards1 she could not have passed me on such a small landing without touching me1 but ,i never noticed that at the time4 ,i do not know if a thought ever embodies itself1 but my idea was1 and is1 that as ,mrs4 ,e4 ran downstairs her thought went up1 wondering if the drawing-room fire was burning brightly4 ,the figure ,i saw went into the room as if it had a purpose of some sort4 ,i have never seen anything of the sort before4 ,in a later letter ,mrs4 ,r4 adds3-- ,march #ajth1 #ahhi4 ,i am afraid ,i cannot give any very definite reply to your questions4 7#a7 ',had ,i any idea of the house being haunted8' ,no2 and ,i do not think it is supposed to be haunted4 ,mrs4 ,k4 has said that at times it has seemed to her as if there was some one else in the room beside herself1 but ,i think that is a feeling that has come to most people some time or other4 7#b7 ',did we see it simultaneously8' ,that ,i cannot exactly say1 but ,i should think yes1 for we neither of us said anything until ,mrs4 ,k4 called out to me to know if ,i had been in the drawing-room4 ,in commenting on the story in ,november #ahhi 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 p4 #bej71 ,i wrote1 ,here we may almost see the story of a haunted house in the making4 ,the essential elements are there4 ,we have the visionary figure seen by two persons at once1 and the mysterious feeling of an alien presence in the room4 ,it is quite possible that the latter circumstance would have passed unrecorded1 and even unnoticed1 but for the subsequent phantasm1 through which it gained a retrospective importance4 ,my comments have met with unexpected justification4 ,on ,april #gth1 #ahic1 ,mrs4 ,knott again wrote to me as follows3-- ,on ,saturday1 the #ahth ,march1 at #a4ej ,p4,m41 ,mrs4 ,h4 and ,i were going upstairs to the drawing-room1 she first1 ,i following with some flowers1 not looking up4 ,i heard her say1 ',mrs4 ,e41 don't go down until you have seen my screen4' 7,mrs4 ,h4 had just finished painting one47 ,i said1 ',mrs4 ,e4 isn't here4' ,mrs4 ,h4 replied1 ',yes1 she is in the drawing-room4' ,then ,i heard her say1 ',where has the woman gone8' for no one was visible in the room1 and ,mrs4 ,h4 said she distinctly saw a figure go in1 and felt sure it was ,mrs4 ,e4 ,this is exactly the same impression that ,mrs4 ,r4 and ,i had when we each saw the figure go into the drawing-room four years ago1 in ,february1 and it was about the same hour of the day4 ,in a later letter ,mrs4 ,knott explains that ,mrs4 ,h4 had heard of the earlier apparition on the same spot1 but adds that the story most certainly did not stay in her mind4 ,we shall probably be justified in assuming1 however1 that ,mrs4 ,h4's hallucinatory experience was due to a subconscious reminiscence of her friend's ghost-story4 ,in the case which follows1 however1 there is strong evidence that the phantasms were seen independently by each percipient4 ,the narrators are unwilling that their names or that of the house should appear4 ,mr4 ,gurney1 however1 fully discussed the circumstances with them at a personal interview4 ,no4 #ie4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,february #aith1 #ahhe4 ,illustration3 ,,sketch ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,ground-,,floor ,,of ,,the ,,house4 ,a ,piano4 ,b ,first position of figure4 ,c ,second position of figure4 ,d ,garden door4 ,e ,baize door4 ,f ,front door and porch4 ,g ,front gate4 ,in ,june #ahha we went to live in a detached villa just out of the town of ,c----4 ,our household consisted of my husband and myself1 my step-daughter1 and two little boys1 aged nine and six1 and two female servants4 ,the house was between ten and twenty years old4 ,we had been there about three weeks1 when1 about #aa o'clock one morning1 as ,i was playing the piano in the drawing-room1 ,i had the following experience3--,i was suddenly aware of a figure peeping round the corner of the folding-doors to my left2 thinking it must be a visitor1 ,i jumped up and went into the passage1 but no one was there1 and the hall door1 which was half glass1 was shut4 ,i only saw the upper half of the figure1 which was that of a tall man1 with a very pale face and dark hair and moustache4 ,the impression lasted only a second or two1 but ,i saw the face so distinctly that to this day ,i should recognise it if ,i met it in a crowd4 ,it had a sorrowful expression4 ,it was impossible for any one to come into the house without being seen or heard4 ,i was startled1 but not the least frightened4 ,i had heard no report whatever as to the house being haunted2 and am certainly not given to superstitious fancies4 ,i did not mention my experience to any one at the time1 and formed no theory about it4 ,in the following ,august1 one evening about #h4cj1 ,i had occasion to go into the drawing-room to get something out of the cupboard1 when1 on turning round1 ,i saw the same face in the bay-window1 in front of the shutters1 which were closed4 ,i again saw only the upper part of the figure1 which seemed to be in a somewhat crouching posture4 ,the light on this occasion came from the hall and the dining-room1 and did not shine directly on the window2 but ,i was able perfectly to distinguish the face and the expression of the eyes4 ,this time ,i was frightened1 and mentioned the matter to my husband the same evening4 ,i then also told him of my first experience4 ,on each of these occasions ,i was from #h to #aj feet distant from the figure4 ,later in the same month ,i was playing cricket in the garden with my little boys4 ,from my position at the wickets ,i could see right into the house through an open door1 down a passage1 and through the hall as far as the front door4 ,the kitchen door opened into the passage4 ,i distinctly saw the same face peeping round at me out of the kitchen door4 ,i again only saw the upper half of the figure4 ,i threw down the bat and ran in4 ,no one was in the kitchen4 ,one servant was out1 and ,i found that the other was up in her bedroom4 ,i mentioned this incident at once to my husband1 who also examined the kitchen without any result4 ,a little later in the year1 about #h o'clock one evening1 ,i was coming downstairs alone1 when ,i heard a voice from the direction1 apparently1 of my little boys' bedroom1 the door of which was open4 ,it distinctly said1 in a deep sorrowful tone1 ',i can't find it4' ,i called out to my little boys1 but they did not reply1 and ,i have not the slightest doubt that they were asleep2 they always called out if they heard me upstairs4 ,my step-daughter1 who was downstairs in the dining-room with the door open1 also heard the voice1 and thinking it was me calling1 cried out1 ',what are you looking for8' ,we were extremely puzzled4 ,the voice could not by any possibility have belonged to any member of the household4 ,the servants were in the kitchen1 and my husband was out4 ,a short time after ,i was again coming downstairs after dark in the evening when ,i felt a sharp slap on the back4 ,it startled but did not hurt me4 ,there was no one near me1 and ,i ran downstairs and told my husband and my step-daughter4 ,i have never in my life1 on any other occasion1 had any hallucination of sight1 hearing1 or touch4 ,the following is ,miss ,w4's account3-- ,february #aith1 #ahhe4 ,in ,july1 #ahha1 ,i was sitting playing the piano in our house in ,c----1 about #aa4cj in the morning1 when ,i saw the head and shoulders of a man peeping round the folding-doors1 in just the same way as they had appeared to my mother1 but ,i had not at that time heard of her experience4 ,i jumped up1 and advanced1 thinking it was an acquaintance from a few yards off4 ,this impression1 however1 only lasted for a second2 the face disappeared1 but recalling it1 ,i perceived at once that it was certainly not that of the gentleman whom ,i had for a second thought of4 ,the resemblance was only that they were both dark4 ,the face was pale and melancholy1 and the hair very dark4 ,i at once went to ,mrs4 ,w4 in the dining-room1 and asked if any one had called4 ,she said1 ',no'2 and ,i then told her what ,i had seen4 ,i then for the first time heard from her what she had seen1 and our descriptions completely agreed4 ,we had even both noticed that the hair was parted in the middle1 and that a good deal of shirt-front showed4 ,a few weeks later1 about #aa ,p4,m41 ,mrs4 ,w4 and ,i were playing bzique in the dining-room4 ,mr4 ,w4 was out1 and the servants had gone to bed4 ,the door of the room was open1 and ,i was facing it4 ,i suddenly had an impression that some one was looking at me1 and ,i looked up4 ,there was the same face1 and the upper half of the figure1 peeping round into the room from the hall4 ,i said1 ',there's the man again6' ,mrs4 ,w4 rushed to the door1 but there was no one in the hall or passage2 the front door was locked1 and the green baize door which communicated with the back part of the house was shut4 ,the figure had been on the side of the dining-room door nearest to the front door1 and could not have got to the green baize door without passing well in our sight4 ,we were a good deal frightened1 and we mentioned the occurrence to ,mr4 ,w4 on his return4 ,he went all over the house as usual before going to bed1 and all windows were fastened1 and everything in order4 ,a few weeks after this1 about #aa4cj ,a4,m41 ,i was upstairs playing battledore and shuttlecock with my eldest brother in his bedroom4 ,the door was open4 ,stepping back in the course of the game1 ,i got out on to the landing2 ,i looked sideways over my shoulder1 in order to strike the shuttlecock1 and suddenly saw the same face as before1 and my brother called out at the same moment1 ',there's a man on the landing4' ,i was startled myself1 but to reassure the child ,i said there was no one--that he had made a mistake--and shut the door and went on with the game4 ,i told my father and ,mrs4 ,w4 of this as soon as ,i saw them4 ,later in the autumn ,i was sitting alone in the dining-room one evening1 with the door open4 ,mrs4 ,w4 had been upstairs1 and ,i heard her coming down4 ,suddenly ,i heard a deep1 melancholy voice say1 ',i can't find it4' ,i called out1 ',what are you looking for8' ,at the same time the voice was not the least like ,mrs4 ,w4's4 ,she then came in and told me she had heard exactly the same thing4 ,my father was out at the time1 but we told him of the circumstance on his return4 ,in ,september of #ahhb ,i was for a week in the house with only the two children and the servants4 ,it was about #g4cj on ,sunday evening1 and nearly dark4 ,the others were all out in the garden4 ,i was standing at the dining-room window1 when ,i caught a glimpse of a tall man's figure slipping into the porch4 ,i must have seen if anybody had approached the porch by the path from the front gate1 and ,i should certainly have heard the latch of the gate1 which used to make a considerable noise1 and ,i should also have heard footsteps on the gravel-path4 ,the figure appeared quite suddenly2 it had on a tall hat4 ,i was very much astonished1 but ran to the door1 thinking it might possibly be my father4 ,no one was there2 ,i went to the gate1 and looked up and down the road4 ,no one was in sight1 and there was no possibility that anybody could have got so suddenly out of view4 ,i have never at any other time in my life had any hallucination whatever1 either of sight or hearing4 ,i remember ,mrs4 ,w4 telling me of her experience of the slap as soon as she came downstairs4 ,i ought to add that at the time when we were negotiating about the house1 the landlady of the lodgings where my father and ,i were staying told me that all the villas of the row in which our house was situated1 ten in number1 were haunted4 ,i was with my father when ,i heard this4 ,mrs4 ,w4 was not with us4 ,i am certain that the remark made no impression whatever on me1 and that it did not even recur to my mind till ,i saw what ,i have described4 ,i did not even mention the remark to ,mrs4 ,w4 ,mrs4 ,w4 adds-- ,i distinctly remember my step-daughter coming to me immediately after her first sight of the figure1 and telling me about it4 ,i then told her for the first time of my own experience 7,i had then only had one71 and our descriptions completely tallied4 ,i distinctly remember our agreeing about the parting of the hair in the middle1 and about the amount of white shirt-front4 ,we could neither of us remember whether his tie was white or black4 ,we agreed that we should know the face if we ever met it4 ,and subsequently1 at an evening party1 we both pitched on the same individual as more like our strange visitor than any one else we knew4 ,the resemblance1 however1 was not extremely close4 ,i distinctly remember1 also1 my step-daughter exclaiming1 ',there's that man again6' when we were playing bzique4 ,i rushed at once into the hall and found the door closed as she has described4 ,i also remember her telling me at once about what she had seen1 and what her brother had exclaimed when they were playing at battledore and shuttlecock4 ,she told me about what she had seen in the porch when ,mr4 ,w4 and ,i returned from town on the next 7,monday7 morning4 ,the following is ,surgeon-,major ,w4's confirmation3-- ,i was told of these various occurrences by my wife and daughter at the times which they have specified4 ,i only heard from my wife of her first experience after she had told me of her second4 ,after she had seen the figure during the game of cricket1 ,i went into the kitchen1 but found everything as usual4 ,on my return home1 after my daughter's seeing the figure peeping round the dining-room door1 ,i went all over the premises as my custom was1 and found windows secured and everything in order4 ,my wife and daughter are as unlikely as any one ,i know to suffer from causeless frights4 ,they are completely free from nervousness1 and though these experiences were startling and bewildering to them1 they did not in the least worry themselves in consequence4 ,it seems possible that the voice may have been that of one of the children talking in sleep1 and the slap some effect of imagination1 but it is not easy to account for the apparitions by any such known causes4 ,in this case it seems unlikely that ,mrs4 ,w41 the original percipient1 was mistaken in supposing that she had not mentioned her first experience1 and that ,miss ,w4 was also mistaken in her statement that she had not heard of what ,mrs4 ,w4 had seen until after the apparition to herself4 ,and it is still more unlikely that either lady would have allowed any hint of the matter to reach the ears of the children4 ,whilst1 therefore1 in the absence of contemporary notes1 or of any identification of the figure1 the degree of resemblance between the apparitions seen by the two ladies may have been exaggerated1 we are still confronted with the problem that three persons living in the same house are credibly reported to have seen independently the hallucinatory figure of a man1 and that in the two instances in which the apparitions were compared they were found to exhibit certain resemblances4 ,that the first figure was a subjective hallucination1 and that the later apparitions were reproductions of that hallucination by means of telepathic suggestion1 is a solution which is1 at any rate1 worthy of consideration4 ,we have in our records many cases of the kind1 in which hallucinatory figures1 in some cases presenting strong resemblances1 are alleged to have been seen by two or more independent witnesses in the same house or locality4 ,thus we have accounts from ,miss ,kathleen ,leigh ,hunt1 ,miss ,laurence1 and ,mr4 ,paul ,bird1 of a woman's figure seen independently by each of them in #ahha 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ajf et seq474 ,in another case 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #bgj et seq47 a doctor in a provincial town1 his two daughters1 and a young lady visitor saw the figure of a young child4 ,in other cases different hallucinatory figures have been seen independently by successive occupants of the same house1 the later percipients appearing not to have heard of the earlier apparitions4 ,thus we have accounts of figures seen during the period from #ahfa to #ahge by three different families in an old ,elizabethan manor-house 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii4 p4 #aah72 and in a quite modern house in the ,south of ,england various phantasmal figures were seen between #ahhb and #ahhh by two successive sets of occupants4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #bef et seq4#aca7 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #abh3 ,she was1 however1 unable to find it4 ,footnote #abi3 ,it should be explained that this account was written on a census form1 in the limited space provided for answers to our printed questions4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see1 for instance1 ,nos4 #dg1 #ge1 #hg1 etc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,those desiring to study further the evidence on this subject are referred to the paper on ,phantasms of the ,dead1 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 iii41 by ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick1 and the papers on ,recognised ,apparitions occurring after ,death1 and on ,phantasms of the ,dead1 by ,messrs4 ,gurney1 ,myers1 and the present writer respectively1 in ,proc4 v4 and vi41 and the ,record of a ,haunted ,house1 in ,proc4 viii4 ,many cases of the kind are also printed in the monthly journal of the ,society2 and there are one or two striking cases in the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,on ,,clairvoyance ,,in ,,trance4 ,the word clairvoyance was used by the older mesmerists to denote somewhat heterogeneous phenomena4 ,it was applied in the first place to a supposed faculty by which the subject was enabled to ascertain facts not within human knowledge1#acb and in the second place to a power of discerning facts within the knowledge of some living mind4 ,of clairvoyance in the first sense there is not at present so much evidence as need cause hesitation in appropriating the name for other uses2 and it is obvious that if such a faculty could be shown to exist1 a discussion of it would find no place in a work which treats only of the affection of one human mind by another4 ,but we have abundant evidence of clairvoyance in the second sense1 that is1 of a form of telepathy in which the transmitted idea seems to reach the mind of the percipient no longer as the meagre result of a serious crisis1 or of a direct and often prolonged effort of attention on the part of the agent1 but spontaneously1 with great fulness of detail1 and often with remarkable ease and rapidity1 as the outcome of a special receptivity on the part of the percipient4 ,such clairvoyance--and the word must be understood to include the impressions of other senses than sight--occurs in its most striking form with hypnotised percipients2 and in the present chapter ,i propose to deal with results obtained in hypnotism and analogous states1 reserving for the following chapter instances of what appears to be the same faculty occurring in the normal state4#acc ,,mrs4 ,,piper4 ,the phenomena of clairvoyance1 as thus defined1 have been observed with great care in the case of an ,american lady1 ,mrs4 ,piper4 ,mrs4 ,piper had been known for some years in the ,united ,states as a clairvoyante and spirit medium1 and her trance utterances had been carefully studied by ,professor ,james and ,dr4 ,hodgson4 ,in the winter of #ahhh-hi she spent two months and a half in this country1 at the invitation of certain members of the ,s4,p4,r4 ,she came to ,england as a complete stranger1 and was met on her landing at ,liverpool by ,professor ,lodge1 and during the whole period she stayed either in the houses of ,professor ,sidgwick or ,mr4 ,myers at ,cambridge1 in ,professor ,lodge's house at ,liverpool1 or in rooms in ,london selected by ,dr4 ,leaf4 ,neither at ,cambridge nor ,liverpool were there any opportunities of her acquiring knowledge of the histories and circumstances of the persons who visited her for experiments1 other than those afforded during the actual progress of the experiment1 or by inquiries of servants and children1 the examination of books and photograph albums1 or from the newspapers and private correspondence4 ,practically she was under close and almost continuous surveillance during the whole period1 and1 independently of the special precautions taken to guard against the acquisition of knowledge by any of the means above indicated 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #dch-ddj1 #ddf-ddg1 etc471 it is important to note that the sitters were in almost every instance introduced to ,mrs4 ,piper under an assumed name2 that some of them1 and those not the least successful1 were persons in no way connected with the ,s4,p4,r41 whose admission was due to circumstances more or less accidental2 and that on several occasions she stated facts which were not within the conscious knowledge of any person present1 and which could not conceivably have been discovered by any process of private inquiry4#acd ,the actual method of experiment was as follows3 ,mrs4 ,piper would sit in a room partially darkened1 holding the hands of the sitter1 whilst some other person 7generally ,mr4 ,myers1 ,dr4 ,leaf1 ,professor ,lodge1 or a shorthand writer7 would be present to take notes4 ,mrs4 ,piper would presently go off into a trance1 attended at its outset by slight convulsive movements resembling those of an epileptic attack1 and would after a brief interval assume the voice1 gestures1 and phraseology of a man4 ,in this guise she gave herself out as one ,dr4 ,phinuit1 a medical man who had studied medicine in ,paris in the first quarter of the present century4 ,in the impersonation of this character ,mrs4 ,piper used occasionally broken ,english1 pronounced some words1 proper names especially1 with a ,french accent1 and was admittedly sometimes very successful in diagnosing and prescribing for the complaints of her sitters and their friends4 ,dr4 ,phinuit would then pour out a more or less coherent flood of conversation1 questions1 and remarks about the relatives and friends of those present1 their past history and personal affairs generally1 some of which was apparently mere padding1 some obviously chance shots1 or fishing for further information2 whilst1 in the midst of all the irrelevancy and incoherence1 there would occasionally be clear1 detailed statements on intimate matters of which it is inconceivable that ,mrs4 ,piper could have attained any knowledge by normal means2 just as1 to quote the apt metaphor of ,professor ,lodge1 in listening at a telephone you hear the dim and meaningless fragments of a city's gossip1 till back again comes the voice obviously addressed to you1 and speaking with firmness and decision4 ,in regard to the trance itself1 it has no doubt close analogy with the hypnotic trance1 though ,mrs4 ,piper is not readily amenable to hypnotism by ordinary means1 and when hypnotised her condition is described by ,professor ,james as very different from that of the medium trance4 7,proc41 vol4 vi4 p4 #fec2 viii4 p4 #ef47 ,in the latter state ,mrs4 ,piper is1 occasionally at least1 ansthetic in certain senses1 and analgesic in various parts of the body 7viii4 pp4 #d-f71 and her eyes are closed1 with the eyeballs turned upwards4 ,there is no reason to suppose that the simulacrum of ,dr4 ,phinuit is anything else than an impersonation assumed by ,mrs4 ,piper's subconsciousness4 ,such impersonations are very common amongst spirit mediums everywhere1 and in all forms of spontaneously induced trance4#ace ,nor is ,dr4 ,phinuit the only form assumed by ,mrs4 ,piper's secondary consciousness4 ,it frequently happened in the trance that ,dr4 ,phinuit gave place to an impersonation1 often recognised as life-like and characteristic1 of some deceased relative of the sitter's1 as in the case of ,uncle ,jerry1 mentioned below4#acf ,probably in many cases the basis of these representations was supplied by unguarded remarks of the sitters themselves1 or by skilful guesses on the part of ,phinuit1 sometimes possibly eked out by telepathic drafts on the sitters' memories4 ,as regards ,mrs4 ,piper's conscious share in the matter1 the persons who have observed her most closely1 both in this country and in ,america1 agree in believing that she is a woman of transparent simplicity1 and with a marked absence of inquisitiveness or even ordinary interest in matters outside her domestic concerns1 and that she is incapable1 morally and intellectually1 of carrying on a prolonged and systematic deception1 and must by all impartial persons be fully acquitted of responsibility for ,dr4 ,phinuit's proceedings4 ,as is almost invariably the case with entranced persons1 in the normal state she appears to know nothing of what goes on in the trance1 and to share none of the information supernormally acquired by her secondary consciousness4 ,as to whether ,dr4 ,phinuit is equally ignorant of ,mrs4 ,piper's thoughts and of knowledge acquired normally by her1 it is impossible to speak with equal confidence4 ,there can be little doubt either that he is1 or that he wishes1 for the sake of effect1 to produce the impression that he is4 ,but1 as is not infrequently the case1 the second personality is markedly inferior in its moral character to the normal consciousness4 ,its ruling motive in this case appears to be a prodigious vanity1 which drives ,dr4 ,phinuit1 when telepathy fails1 into shuffling1 equivocation1 and all manner of contemptible devices for eliciting information1 and passing it off as supernormally acquired4 ,like the ,strong ,man of the music-halls1 to make good his bragging he is forced continually to eke out what is genuinely abnormal by artifices at once disingenuous and transparent4#acg ,the following is a summary of the proceedings at two of the more successful sittings4 ,mrs4 ,piper was at the time staying in ,liverpool1 with ,professor ,lodge1 who introduced to her on the morning of ,december #bcrd1 #ahhh1 under the pseudonym of ,dr4 ,jones1#ach a medical man practising in the city4 ,notes were taken throughout by ,professor ,lodge1 who was himself ignorant of nearly all the details given4 ,the conversation was practically a monologue1 as ,dr4 ,c4 himself remained almost entirely silent1 assenting1 with a grunt1 to wrong quite as much as to right statements4 ,it will be observed that here1 as throughout1 ,dr4 ,phinuit appears to gain his information in an auditory form4 ,no4 #if4 ,sitting ,no4 #db4 ,monday morning1 ,december #bcrd4 ,present3 ,dr4 ,c4 7introduced as ,dr4 ,jones7 and ,o4 ,j4 ,l4 ,the following is an abstract of the correct1 or subsequently corrected or otherwise noteworthy1 statements4 ,you have a little lame girl1 lame in the thigh1 aged thirteen2 either second or third4 ,she's a little daisy4 ,i do like her4 ,dark eyes1 the gentlest of the lot2 good deal of talent for music4 ,she will be a brilliant woman2 don't forget it4 ,she has more sympathy1 more mind1 more--quite a little daisy4 ,she's got a mark1 a curious little mark1 when you look closely1 over eye1 a scar through forehead over left eye4 ,the boy's erratic2 a little thing1 but a little devil4 ,pretty good when you know him4 ,he'll make an architect likely4 ,let him go to school4 ,his mother's too nervous4 ,it will do him good4 ,this was a subject in dispute4 ,you have a boy and two girls and a baby2 four in the body4 ,it's the little lame one ,i care for4 ,there are two mothers connected with you1 one named ,mary4 ,your aunt passed out with cancer4 ,you have indigestion1 and take hot water for it4 ,you have had a bad experience4 ,you nearly slipped out once on the water4 ,dangerous yacht accident last summer4 ,above statements are correct except the lameness4 ,see next sitting4 ,sitting ,no4 #dc4 ,monday evening1 ,december #bcrd4 ,present3 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 and ,o4 ,j4 ,l4 ,statements correct when not otherwise noted4 ,how's little ,daisy8 ,she will get over her cold4 ,but there's something the matter with her head4 ,there's somebody round you lame and somebody hard of hearing4 ,that little girl has got music in her4 ,this lady is fidgety4 ,there are four of you1 four going to stop with you1 one gone out of the body4 ,one got irons on his foot4 ,mrs4 ,allen1 in her surroundings1 is the one with iron on leg4 ,allen was maiden name of mother of lame one4 ,there's about #djj of your family4 ,there's ,kate2 you call her ,kitty4 ,she's the one that's kind of a crank4 ,trustworthy1 but cranky4 ,she will fly off and get married1 she will4 ,thinks she knows everything1 she does4 ,this is the nurse-girl1 ,kitty1 about whom they seem to have a joke that she is a walking compendium of information4 7,an envelope with letters written inside1 ,n--,h--,p--,o--,q1 was here handed in1 and ,phinuit wrote down ,b--,j--,r--,o--,i--,s1 not in the best of tempers47 ,a second cousin of your mother's drinks4 ,the little dark-eyed one is ,daisy4 ,i like her4 ,she can't hear very well4 ,the lame one is a sister's child4 ,a cousin's child1 the one ne ,allen1 really4 ,the one that's deaf in her head is the one that's got the music in her4 ,that's ,daisy1 and she's going to have the paints ,i told you of4 ,fond of painting4 ,she's growing up to be a beautiful woman4 ,she ought to have a paper ear4 ,an artificial drum had been contemplated4 ,you have an ,aunt ,eliza4 ,there are three ,maries1 ,mary the mother1 ,mary the mother1 ,mary the mother4 ,grandmother1 aunt1 and granddaughter4 ,three brothers and two sisters your lady has4 ,three in the body4 ,there were eleven in your family1 two passed out small4 ,only know of nine4 ,fred is going to pass out suddenly4 ,he married a cousin4 ,he writes4 ,he has shining things4 ,lorgnettes4 ,he is away4 ,he's got a catchy trouble with heart and kidneys1 and will pass out suddenly4 ,not the least likely4 ,,notes4--,the most striking part of this sitting is the prominence given to ,dr4 ,c4's favourite little daughter1 ,daisy1 a child very intelligent and of a very sweet disposition1 but quite deaf2 although her training enables her to go to school and receive ordinary lessons with other children4 ,at the first sitting she is supposed erroneously to be lame1 but at the second sitting this is corrected and explained1 and all said about her is practically correct1 including the cold she then had4 ,mrs4 ,piper had had no opportunity whatever of knowing or hearing of the ,c4 children by ordinary social means4 ,we barely know them ourselves4 ,phinuit grasped the child's name gradually1 using it at first as a mere description4 ,i did not know it myself4 ,the following is a summary of the false assertions3-- ,,erroneous ,,statements4 ,at ,sitting #db3-- ,your lady's ,fanny2 well1 there is a ,fanny4 ,no4 ,fred has light hair1 brownish moustache1 prominent nose4 ,no4 ,your thesis was some special thing4 ,i should say about lungs4 ,no4 ,at ,sitting #dc3-- ,your mother's name was ,elizabeth4 ,no4 ,her father's lame4 ,no4 ,of your children there's ,eddie and ,willie and ,fannie or ,annie and a sister that faints1 and ,willie and ,katie 7no1 ,katie don't count7 being the nurse1 and ,harry and the little dark-eyed one1 ,daisy4 ,all wrong except ,daisy4 ,one passed out with sore throat4 ,no4 ,the boy looks about #h4 ,no1 #d4 ,your wife's father had something wrong with leg2 one named ,william4 ,no4 ,your grandmother had a sister who married a ,howe--,henry ,howe4 ,unknown4 ,there's a ,thomson connected with you no1 and if you look you will find a ,howe too4 ,your brother the captain correct1 with a lovely wife1 who has brown hair correct1 has had trouble in head no1 and has two girls and a boy4 ,no1 three girls4 ,in this case it will be seen that no details were given which could not have been derived from the conscious knowledge of the sitter4 ,apart from the fact that the agent made no effort to impress his thought1 it resembles a case of ordinary telepathy4 ,of much the same character are the following details1 quoted from ,professor ,james's account of his interviews with ,mrs4 ,piper 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #feh1 #fei73-- ,no4 #ig4--;,from ,professor ,w4 ,,james4 ,the most convincing things said about my own immediate household were either very intimate or very trivial4 ,unfortunately the former things cannot well be published4 ,of the trivial things1 ,i have forgotten the greater number1 but the following1 rar nantes1 may serve as samples of their class3 ,she said that we had lost recently a rug1 and ,i a waistcoat4 ,she wrongly accused a person of stealing the rug1 which was afterwards found in the house4 ,she told of my killing a grey-and-white cat1 with ether1 and described how it had 'spun round and round' before dying4 ,she told how my ,new ,york aunt had written a letter to my wife1 warning her against all mediums1 and then went off on a most amusing criticism1 full of traits vifs1 of the excellent woman's character4 ,of course no one but my wife and ,i knew the existence of the letter in question4 ,she was strong on the events in our nursery1 and gave striking advice during our first visit to her about the way to deal with certain 'tantrums' of our second child1 'little ,billy-boy1' as she called him1 reproducing his nursery name4 ,she told how the crib creaked at night1 how a certain rocking-chair creaked mysteriously1 how my wife had heard footsteps on the stairs1 etc41 etc4 ,insignificant as these things sound when read1 the accumulation of a large number of them has an irresistible effect4 ,and ,i repeat again what ,i said before1 that taking everything that ,i know of ,mrs4 ,p4 into account1 the result is to make me feel as absolutely certain as ,i am of any personal fact in the world that she knows things in her trances which she cannot possibly have heard in her waking state1 and that the definitive philosophy of her trances is yet to be found4 ,the limitations of her trance-information1 its discontinuity and fitfulness1 and its apparent inability to develop beyond a certain point1 although they end by rousing one's moral and human impatience with the phenomenon1 yet are1 from a scientific point of view1 amongst its most interesting peculiarities1 since where there are limits there are conditions1 and the discovery of these is always the beginning of an explanation4 ,this is all that ,i can tell you of ,mrs4 ,piper4 ,i wish it were more 'scientific4' ,but1 valeat quantum6 it is the best ,i can do4 ,but there are many cases 7,professor ,lodge enumerates forty-one instances1 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #fdi1 #fej7 in which details were faithfully given by ,phinuit1 which had either been forgotten by the sitters1 or could not at any time have been within their knowledge4 ,the instances clearly falling under the last head are perhaps too few to justify any inference being founded on them1 although in view of some of the cases to be quoted later1 telepathy from persons at a distance from the percipient seems a not impossible explanation4 ,the following case1 given by ,professor ,lodge1 which at first sight seems to involve some such hypothesis1 may perhaps be explained by the telepathic filching from his mind of the memories of incidents heard in his boyhood and long forgotten4 ,it is right to say that ,professor ,lodge has no recollection of ever having heard of these incidents1 and regards this explanation 7or indeed any other which has been suggested7 as extremely improbable4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #deh-dfj47 ,no4 #ih4--;,from ,,professor ,,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,it happens that an uncle of mine in ,london1 now quite an old man1 and one of a surviving three out of a very large family1 had a twin brother who died some twenty or more years ago4 ,i interested him generally in the subject1 and wrote to ask if he would lend me some relic of this brother4 ,by morning post on a certain day ,i received a curious old gold watch1 which this brother had worn and been fond of2 and that same morning1 no one in the house having seen it or knowing anything about it1 ,i handed it to ,mrs4 ,piper when in a state of trance4 ,i was told almost immediately that it had belonged to one of my uncles--one that had been mentioned before as having died from the effects of a fall--one that had been very fond of ,uncle ,robert1 the name of the survivor--that the watch was now in possession of this same ,uncle ,robert1 with whom he was anxious to communicate4 ,after some difficulty and many wrong attempts ,dr4 ,phinuit caught the name1 ,jerry1 short for ,jeremiah1 and said emphatically1 as if a third person was speaking1 ',this is my watch1 and ,robert is my brother1 and ,i am here4 ,uncle ,jerry1 my watch4' ,all this at the first sitting on the very morning the watch had arrived by post1 no one but myself and a shorthand clerk who happened to have been introduced for the first time at this sitting by me1 and whose antecedents are well known to me1 being present4 ,having thus ostensibly got into communication through some means or other with what purported to be a deceased relative1 whom ,i had indeed known slightly in his later years of blindness1 but of whose early life ,i knew nothing1 ,i pointed out to him that to make ,uncle ,robert aware of his presence it would be well to recall trivial details of their boyhood1 all of which ,i would faithfully report4 ,he quite caught the idea1 and proceeded during several successive sittings ostensibly to instruct ,dr4 ,phinuit to mention a number of little things such as would enable his brother to recognise him4 ,references to his blindness1 illness1 and main facts of his life were comparatively useless from my point of view2 but these details of boyhood1 two-thirds of a century ago1 were utterly and entirely out of my ken4 ,my father was one of the younger members of the family1 and only knew these brothers as men4 ',uncle ,jerry' recalled episodes such as swimming the creek when they were boys together1 and running some risk of getting drowned2 killing a cat in ,smith's field2 the possession of a small rifle1 and of a long peculiar skin1 like a snake-skin1 which he thought was now in the possession of ,uncle ,robert4 ,all these facts have been more or less completely verified4 ,but the interesting thing is that his twin brother1 from whom ,i got the watch1 and with whom ,i was thus in a sort of communication1 could not remember them all4 ,he recollected something about swimming the creek1 though he himself had merely looked on4 ,he had a distinct recollection of having had the snake-skin1 and of the box in which it was kept1 though he does not know where it is now4 ,but he altogether denied killing the cat1 and could not recall ,smith's field4 ,his memory1 however1 is decidedly failing him1 and he was good enough to write to another brother1 ,frank1 living in ,cornwall1 an old sea captain1 and ask if he had any better remembrance of certain facts--of course not giving any inexplicable reasons for asking4 ,the result of this inquiry was triumphantly to vindicate the existence of ,smith's field as a place near their home1 where they used to play1 in ,barking1 ,essex2 and the killing of a cat by another brother was also recollected2 while of the swimming of the creek1 near a mill-race1 full details were given1 ,frank and ,jerry being the heroes of that foolhardy episode4 ,some of the other facts given ,i have not yet been able to get verified4 ,perhaps there are as many unverified as verified4 ,and some things appear1 so far as ,i can make out1 to be false4 ,one little thing ,i could verify myself1 and it is good1 inasmuch as no one is likely to have had any recollection1 even if they had any knowledge1 of it4 ,phinuit told me to take the watch out of its case 7it was the old-fashioned turnip variety7 and examine it in a good light afterwards1 and ,i should see some nicks near the handle which ,jerry said he had cut into it with his knife4 ,some faint nicks are there4 ,i had never had the watch out of its case before2 being1 indeed1 careful neither to finger it myself nor to let any one else finger it4 ,i never let ,mrs4 ,piper in her waking state see the watch till quite towards the end of the time1 when ,i purposely left it lying on my desk while she came out of the trance4 ,before long she noticed it1 with natural curiosity1 evidently becoming conscious of its existence then for the first time4#aci ,there are many other cases of clairvoyance on record of the same type as ,mrs4 ,piper's1 but none which have been studied by so many observers with equal care1 and through so prolonged a period4 ,in the more usual form of trance clairvoyance1 however1 the percipient's impressions are of a visual character4 ,he describes scenes which he appears to himself to see4 ,in the pages of the ,zoist and elsewhere vision of the kind is commonly called travelling clairvoyance1 it having generally been suggested to the hypnotised subject that he was actually present at the scene which he was desired to describe4 ,it is possible that this suggestion1 almost universally given1 may have had some influence in determining the pictorial form which the telepathic impressions assume in such cases1 as it has certainly led the percipient himself and the bystanders in many cases to believe in an extra-corporeal visitation of the scenes described4 ,often no details are given which were not within the knowledge1 if not consciously present to the thoughts1 of one of the bystanders4 ,such1 for instance1 is the case quoted by ,dr4 ,backman1 of ,kalmar1 in his paper on clairvoyance 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 pp4 #bje1 #bjf2 viii4 #dje-djg71 in which the ,director-,general of ,pilotage for ,sweden1 ,m4 ,ankarkrona1 records how1 when absent from home1 he received from a maid-servant hypnotised by ,baron ,von ,rosen an extremely detailed description of the interior of his own house and its inmates4 ,hardly a detail was incorrect1 but no single detail was given which could not have been extracted from ,m4 ,ankarkrona's mind4 ,to such a case there is no difficulty in applying the telepathic explanation4 ,no4 #ii4--;,from ,a4 ,w4 ,,dobbie4 ,in the case to be next quoted1 however1 the information given by the hypnotised subject transcends the conscious knowledge1 at all events1 of those present4 ,the account comes from ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,dobbie1 of ,adelaide1 ,south ,australia1 who has for some years studied the phenomena of hypnotism on a number of subjects1 and has observed some striking manifestations of telepathy and clairvoyance4 ,i quote from a letter written to me in ,july #ahhf1 containing a copy of his notes made at the time of the experiment1 the moment the words were uttered4 ,the ,hon4 ,dr4 ,campbell1 ,m4,l4,c41 who had lost a gold sleeve-link1 brought its fellow on the #bhth ,may #ahhf to ,mr4 ,dobbie1 who placed it in the hand of one of his subjects4 ,then ,miss ,martha began by first accurately describing ,dr4 ,campbell's features1 then spoke of a little fair-haired boy who had a stud1 or sleeve-link1 in his hand1 also of a lady calling him ',neil'2 then said that this little boy had taken the link into a place like a nursery where there were some toys1 especially a large toy elephant1 and that he had dropped the link into this elephant through a hole which had been torn or knocked in the breast2 also that he had taken it out again1 and gave two or three other interesting particulars4 ,we were reluctantly compelled to postpone further investigation until two or three evenings afterwards4 ,on the next occasion 7in the interval1 however1 the missing sleeve-link had been found1 but left untouched71 ,i again placed the link in her hand and the previous particulars were at once reproduced2 but as she seemed to be getting on very slowly1 it occurred to ,dr4 ,campbell to suggest placing his hand on that of the clairvoyant1 so ,i placed him en rapport and allowed him to do so1 he simply touching the back of her hand with the points of his fingers4 ,as she still seemed to have great difficulty 7she is always much slower than her sister7 in proceeding1 it suddenly occurred to me that it would be an interesting experiment to place ,miss ,eliza ,dixon en rapport with ,miss ,martha1 so ,i simply joined their disengaged hands1 and ,miss ,eliza immediately commenced as follows1 viz43-- ',i'm in a house1 upstairs1 ,i was in a bathroom1 then ,i went into another room nearly opposite1 there is a large mirror just inside the door on the left hand1 there is a double-sized dressing-table with drawers down each side of it1 the sleeve-link is in the corner of the drawer nearest the door4 ,when they found it they left it there4 ,i know why they left it there1 it was because they wanted to see if we would find it4 ,i can see a nice easy-chair there1 it is an old one1 ,i would like it when ,i am put to sleep1 because it is nice and low4 ,the bed has curtains1 they are a sort of brownish net and have a fringe of darker brown4 ,the wall paper is of a light blue colour4 ,there is a cane lounge there and a pretty ,japanese screen behind it1 the screen folds up4 ,there is a portrait of an old gentleman over the mantelpiece1 he is dead1 ,i knew him when he was alive1 his name is the same as the gentleman who acts as ,governor when the ,governor is absent from the colony1#adj ,i will tell you his name directly--it is the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,way4 ,it was a little boy who put the sleeve-link in that drawer1 he is very fair1 his hair is almost white1 he is a pretty little boy1 he has blue eyes and is about three years old4 ,the link had been left on that table1 the little boy was in the nursery1 and he went into the bedroom after the gentleman had left4 ,i can see who the gentleman is1 it is ,dr4 ,campbell4 ,doesn't that little boy look a young ,turk1 the link is quite a handful for his little hand1 he is running about with it very pleased2 but he doesn't seem to know what to do with it4 7,a47 ,dr4 ,campbell was not present from this point4 ',now ,i can hear some one calling up the stairs1 a lady is calling two names1 ,colin is one and ,neil is the other1 the other boy is about five years old and is darker than the other4 ,the eldest1 ,colin1 is going downstairs now1 he is gone into what looks like a dining-room1 the lady says1 ,where is ,neil8 ,upstairs1 ma4 ,go and tell him to come down at once4 ,the little fair-haired boy had put the link down2 but when he heard his brother coming up1 he picked it up again4 ,colin says--,neil1 you are to come down at once4 ,i won't1 says ,neil4 ,you're a goose1 replies ,colin1 and he turned and went down without ,neil4 ,what a young monkey6 now he has gone into the nursery and put the link into a large toy elephant1 he put it through a hole in front1 which is broken4 ,he has gone downstairs now1 ,i suppose he thinks it is safe there4 ',now that gentleman has come into the room again and he wants that link2 he is looking all about for it1 he thinks it might be knocked down3 the lady is there now too1 and they are both looking for it4 ,the lady says1 ,are you sure you put it there8 ,the gentleman says1 ,yes4 ',now it seems like next day1 the servant is turning the carpet up and looking all about for it2 but can't find it4 ',the gentleman is asking that young ,turk if he has seen it1 he knows that he is fond of pretty things4 ,the little boy says1 ,no4 ,he seems to think it is fine fun to serve his father like that4 ',now it seems to be another day and the little boy is in the nursery again1 he has taken the link out of the elephant1 now he has dropped it into that drawer1 that is all ,i have to tell you about it1 ,i told you the rest before4' ,dr4 ,campbell1 after reading through the above account1 writes3-- ,,adelaide1 ,july #ith1 #ahhf4 ,at the point 7,a7 the sance was discontinued till the next sitting1 when ,i was absent4 ,the conversation reported as passing between the children is correct4 ,the description of the room is accurate in every point4 ,the portrait is that of the late ,rev4 ,james ,way4 ,the description of the children and their names are true4 ,the fact that the link was discovered in the drawer1 in the interval between one sitting and the final one1 and that the link was left there1 pending the discovery of it by the clairvoyant1 is also correct1 as this was my suggestion to ,mrs4 ,campbell when she showed it to me in the corner of the drawer4 ,in fact1 every circumstance reported is absolutely correct4 ,i know1 further1 that neither of the clairvoyants has ever been inside of my door4 ,my children are utterly unknown to them1 either in appearance or by name4 ,i may say also that they had no knowledge of my intention to place the link in their possession1 or even of my presence at the sance1 as they were both on each occasion in the mesmeric sleep when ,i arrived4 ,in a later letter1 dated ,december #afth1 #ahhg1 ,dr4 ,campbell writes3-- ,with respect to the large toy elephant1 ,i certainly knew of its existence1 but was not thinking of it at the time the clairvoyant was speaking4 ,i did not know even by suspicion that the elephant was so mutilated as to have a large opening in its chest1 and on coming home had to examine the toy to see whether the statement was correct4 ,i need hardly say that it was absolutely correct4 ,mr4 ,dobbie tells us that neither he nor his clairvoyants had any opportunity1 directly or indirectly1 of knowing any of the particulars brought out by the clairvoyant4 ,he afterwards saw the room described1 and says the description is simply perfect in every particular4 ,this narrative presents us1 at any rate1 with a case of thought-transference of a very remarkable kind1 an accurate and detailed description being given of a room wholly unknown to the clairvoyantes4 ,but it is doubtful whether even here more was stated by the percipients than could have been extracted from the minds of those present4 ,the statement as to the child placing the sleeve-link in the toy elephant could not1 unfortunately1 be verified1 and the conversation described was natural enough under the circumstances1 and may have been the result of a happy conjecture4 ,it is unfortunate that a detailed description of the room was not given until the second sitting1 since that lessens the improbability1 in any case considerable1 that some information as to the details given might have reached the ears of the clairvoyantes4#ada ,the most remarkable feature in the case is the statement1 subsequently verified1 as to the hole in the front of the elephant4 ,we must suppose either that this detail was derived from the mind of the child1 or that ,dr4 ,campbell had once observed the hole but had forgotten its existence at the time of the experiment4 ,mr4 ,dobbie gives other instances of clairvoyance1 by one of which the hypothesis of thought-transference from a distant and unknown person is strongly suggested4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 p4 #fc1 etc47 ,no4 #ajj4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,wiltse4 ,we next quote two cases out of several recorded by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,wiltse1 of ,skiddy1 ,kansas 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 pp4 #gb et seq474 ,the percipient was ,fannie ,g41 a servant of about fifteen years1 who was frequently hypnotised by ,dr4 ,wiltse in the summer of #ahhb1 and developed clairvoyant powers of a very remarkable kind4 ,dr4 ,wiltse unfortunately took no notes at the time of the experiments1 but he appears to be an accurate reporter1 and it will be seen that his account of the incidents quoted is confirmed in each case by other observers4 ,the first experiment was recorded with others in #ahhf1 in a paper read before the ,owosso ,academy of ,medicine2 the second was not apparently written down until the account was sent to us in #ahij3-- ,miss ,florence ,f41 now ,mrs4 ,r41 a neighbour1 was invited to attend one evening with tests which she was to arrange during the day4 ,she came and told the subject to go to her kitchen and tell her what she saw4 ,it was about twenty rods to ,miss ,f4's kitchen4 ,subject was led to suppose she had gone to the kitchen1 and being asked what she saw1 readily answered3 ',the table sits in the centre of the room1 and upon it is a box covered with a cloth4' ',what is in the box1 ,fannie8' ,i asked4 ',oh1 ,i daren't look in the box6 ,miss ,florence might be mad4' ',miss ,florence is willing you should look2 raise the cloth1 ,fannie1 and tell me what is there4' ,she immediately answered1 ',there are seven loaves of bread and sixteen biscuits in it4' 7,correct47 ,i set this down as telepathy because ,miss ,florence ,f4 was in the room1 and undoubtedly the facts were prominently in her mind1 having been purposely so arranged by her for a test2 but what follows is not so plainly telepathy4 ,miss ,florence asked ,fannie to tell her what was in her stable4 ,she answered1 ',two black horses1 one grey horse1 and one red horse' 7meaning a bay horse74 ,miss ,florence3 ',that is wrong1 ,fannie2 there are only my black horses in the stable4' ,ten or fifteen minutes later1 a brother of ,miss ,florence came to the house and told ,miss ,florence that there were travellers at the house1 and upon inquiry we learned that the grey and 'red' horse belonged to them1 and that they had been in the stable half-an-hour when ,fannie's clairvoyant eye scanned it4 ,mrs4 ,roberts1 the ,miss ,florence ,f4 of the narrative1 writes to ,dr4 ,wiltse3-- ,,cardiff1 ,,tenn41 ,january #acth1 #ahia4 ,your letter was received late last night1 and ,i hasten to reply4 ,your statement#adb is correct as far as it goes4 ,but if you remember we asked1 or rather you asked ,fannie1 to go into our store-room and see what was in there1 and she said a hind quarter of beef1 which was true1 we had got it late that evening4 ,you also asked her to go in the kitchen and see how many loaves of bread she could find1 which she told1 and on counting them after returning home1 she was correct4 ,it was in the winter of '#ha or '#hb1 ,i think1 either ,december '#ha1 or in the ,january or ,february of '#hb1 ,i cannot remember the month2 ,i know it was cold weather4 ,if you remember when old ,julian ,scott was drowned1 it was about that time1 for if ,i remember right you were trying that same night to get her to find his body4 ,i think1 as well as ,i remember1 that she located his saddle1 and a few days after it was found in a place that she described1 but she could not find the body4 ,,mrs4 ,,florence ,f4 ,,roberts4 ,in the second of the incidents above described1 and in the account which follows1 the percipient's statements included facts which were not within the knowledge of any of those present1 and we are forced to the conclusion that the percipient in some way derived her knowledge from persons at a distance4 ,the case presents a curious experimental parallel to the dream 7,no4 #fj7 recorded in ,chapter ,,viii41 and to case ,no4 #ajg below4 ,in the present instance1 however1 the persons whom we may perhaps call the agents1 though unconscious of their agency in the matter1 do not appear to have been personally unknown to the percipient4 ,no4 #aja4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,wiltse4 ,mr4 ,howard lived six miles from me4 ,he had just built a large frame house2 our subject had never seen the house1 although1 ,i presume1 she may have heard it talked of4 ,mr4 ,howard had not been home for some days1 and asked that ,fannie should go there and see if all were well4 ,she exclaimed at the size of the house1 but railed at the ugliness of the front fence1 saying she would not have 'such an old torn-down' fence in front of so nice a house4 ',yes1' said ,howard1 laughing1 'my wife has been worrying the life out of me about the fence and the front steps4' ',oh1' interrupted ,fannie1 'the steps are nice and new6' ',she is off there1' said ,howard1 'the steps are worse than the fence4' ',don't you see1' exclaimed ,fannie1 impatiently1 'how new and nice the steps are8 ,humph6' 7,and she seemed absolutely disgusted1 judging by the tone47 ',i think they are real nice4' ,changing the subject1 ,howard asked her how many windows were in his house4 ,almost instantly she gave a number 7,i think it was twenty-six74 ,howard thought it was too many1 but upon carefully counting1 found it exact4 ,from my house he went directly home1 and1 to his great surprise1 found that during his absence his wife had employed a carpenter who had built new front steps1 and they had been completed a day or two before ,fannie had scanned the premises for him with her invisible telescope4 ,mr4 ,howard's son1 a youth1 had gone into an adjoining county and was not expected back for some days4 ,fannie was acquainted with the young man 7,andrew74 ,mr4 ,howard1 having business back at the station1 was with us again the next night4 ,his faith in our 'oracle' had assumed larger proportions1 and he suggested a visit home by means of ,fannie's wonderful faculty4 ,she described the rooms excellently1 even to a bouquet on one of the tables1 and said that several young people were there4 ,asked who they were1 she replied that she did not know any of them except ,andrew4 ',but1' ,i said1 ',andrew is not at home4' ,fannie3 ',why1 don't you see him8' ,q4 ',sure1 ,fannie8' ,f4 ',oh1 don't ,i know ,andrew8 ,right there1 he is4' ,mr4 ,howard returned home the next morning1 where he found that ,andrew had returned late the day before1 and that several young people in the neighbourhood had passed the evening with him4 ,the following are copies of questions addressed to ,mr4 ,howard1 and his replies to them3-- ',did she describe your new doorsteps to you before you knew they were built8' ',yes4' ,question4--',did she describe your house and tell you ,andrew was there when you thought he was away1 and1 if so1 was he actually at home as she stated8' ,answer4--',yes4' ,question4--',from what you saw1 were you satisfied that ,fannie had1 when mesmerised1 powers of imparting knowledge unknown to others about her8' ,answer4--',yes4' ,,william ,,howard1 ,kismet1 ,tenn41 ,morgan ,co4 ,we testify to these questions1 asked ,william ,howard1 to be facts4 ,we were present at the same time ,mr4 ,howard was when ,miss ,g4 was mesmerised by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,wiltse4 ,we further state that when any of us would prick the doctor with a pin1 she would flinch with the same part of her body4 ,miss ,g4 was not in the habit of the use of tobacco4 ,the doctor was in a different room1 with a wall between them4 ,when he would smoke1 she grew nauseated and seemed to taste the same as he did4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,howard ,,and ,,lizzie ,,howard4 ,no4 #ajb4--;,from ,,mr4 ,,william ,,boyd4 ,a remarkable case has been recorded1 from contemporary knowledge1 by ,mr4 ,william ,boyd1 of ,peterhead1 ,n4,b4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 pp4 #di et seq474 ,the events occurred as far back as #ahej1 but a full account of them was contributed by ,mr4 ,boyd to the ,aberdeen ,herald for ,may #hth and #ahth of that year1 from which it appears that the statements made by the percipient were written down and communicated to ,mr4 ,boyd and others before their correspondence with the facts was known4 ,the incident attracted much notice at the time1 from its connection with the whaling fleet1 the chief topic of local interest4 ,the following is an extract from the original notes made by ,mr4 ,reid1 the hypnotiser1 published in the ,aberdeen ,herald1 ,may #ahth1 #ahej3-- ,on the evening of ,april #bbnd ,i put ,john ,park1 tailor1 aged twenty-two1 into a state of clairvoyance1 in presence of twelve respectable inhabitants of this town4 7,here follows a description of certain statements regarding the fate of ,franklin's expedition and the ships ,erebus and ,terror1 which in the light of information subsequently received proved to have been inaccurate47 ,he 7the clairvoyant7 then visited ,old ,greenland1 as was desired1 and having gone on board the ,hamilton ,ross1 a whale-ship belonging to this port1 saw ,david ,cardno1 second mate1 getting his hand bandaged up by the doctor in the cabin1 having got it injured while sealing4 ,he was then told by the captain that they had upwards of #ajj tons of oil4 ,i again1 on the evening of the #bcrd1 put him into a clairvoyant state4 7,here follow some further particulars regarding ,sir ,john ,franklin's expedition1 which also are proved to have been inaccurate47 ,i again directed him to ,old ,greenland1 and he again visited the ,hamilton ,ross1 and found ,captain ,gray1 of the ,eclipse1 conversing with the captain about the seal fishing being up4 7,signed7 ,,william ,,reid4 ,it appears from the ,herald of ,may #hth that the ,hamilton ,ross did come to port first out of eleven ships1 that she brought #aei tons of oil1 that ,cardno had injured his hand1 and arrived with his arm in a sling1 and that on the #bcrd ,april the captain of the ,hamilton ,ross was conversing with the captain of the ,eclipse4 ,mr4 ,boyd points out1 however1 that ,cardno had some years before lost the tip of one finger1 so that the clairvoyant's statement of the accident may have been simply a reminiscence4 ,it is worth noting that here1 as generally in visions of the kind1 the false was mingled with the true1 and that the percipient appears quite unable to distinguish between pictures which are obviously the work of his own imagination1 and those which are apparently due to inspiration from without4 ,the next case is also remote in date1 but we have received the evidence of several persons still living who were conversant with the facts at the time of their occurrence1 and the account given below is taken from contemporary notes4 ,jane was the wife of a pit-man in ,county ,durham1 who for many years1 from #ahde onwards1 was hypnotised for the sake of her health by ,mrs4 ,t4 ,myers1 of ,twinstead ,rectory1 ,mrs4 ,fraser1 her sister1 and other members of the same family4 ,in the hypnotic sleep she appears to have been sensible to telepathic influences of the same kind as those described at the beginning of ,chapter ,,iii4 ,but she also gave remarkable demonstrations of travelling clairvoyance1 and frequently described correctly the interior of houses she had never seen4 ,occasionally she went beyond this1 and stated facts not within the knowledge of those present1 and opposed to their preconceptions4 ,a good instance is the following1 taken from notes made in the summer of #ahec3-- ,no4 #ajc4--;,from ,,dr4 ,f4#adc ,before commencing the sitting1 ,i fixed to take her to a house1 without communicating my intentions to any of the parties present4 ,in the morning of the day ,i stated to a patient of my own1 ,mr4 ,eglinton1 at present residing in the village of ,tynemouth1 that ,i intended to visit him4 ,he stated that he would be present between #h and #aj ,p4,m4 in a particular room1 so that there might be no difficulty in finding him4 ,he was just recovering from a very severe illness1 and was so weak that he could scarcely walk4 ,he was exceedingly thin from the effects of his complaint4 ,after the usual state had been obtained1 ,i said1 ',we are standing beside a railway station1 now we pass along a road1 and in front of us see a house with a laburnum tree in front of it4' ,she directly replied1 ',is it the red house with a brass knocker8' ,i said1 ',no1 it has an iron knocker4' ,i have since looked1 however1 and find that the door has an old-fashioned brass handle in the shape of a knocker4 ,she then asked1 ',shall we go up the steps8 ,shall we go along this passage1 and up these stairs8 ,is this a window on the stair-head8' ,i said1 ',you are quite right1 and now ,i want you to look into the room upon the left-hand side4' ,she replied1 ',oh1 yes1 in the bedroom4 ,there is no one in this room2 there is a bed in it1 but there is no person in it4' ,i was not aware that a bedroom was in the place ,i mentioned1 but upon inquiry next day ,i found she was correct4 ,i told her she must look into the next room1 and she would see a sofa4 ,she answered1 ',but there is here a little gallery4 ,now ,i am in the room1 and see a lady with black hair lying upon the sofa4' ,i attempted to puzzle her about the colour of her hair1 and feeling sure it was ,mr4 ,eglinton who was lying there1 ,i sharply cross-questioned her1 but still she persisted in her story4 ,the questioning1 however1 seemed to distract her mind1 and she commenced talking about a lady at ,whickham1 until ,i at last recalled her to the room at ,tynemouth1 by asking whether there was not a gentleman in the room4 ',no1' she said2 'we can see no gentleman there4' ,after a little she described the door opening1 and asked1 with a tone of great surprise1 ',is that a gentleman8' ,i replied1 ',yes2 is he thin or fat8' ',very fat1' she answered2 'but has he a cork leg8' ,i assured her that he had no cork leg1 and tried to puzzle her again about him4 ,she1 however1 assured me that he was very fat and had a great corporation1 and asked me whether ,i did not think such a fat man must eat and drink a great deal to get such a corporation as that4 ,she also described him as sitting by the table with papers beside him1 and a glass of brandy and water4 ',is it not wine8' ,i asked4 ',no1' she said1 'it's brandy4' ',is it not whisky or rum8' ',no1 it is brandy1' was the answer2 'and now1' she continued1 'the lady is going to get her supper1 but the fat gentleman does not take any4' ,i requested her to tell me the colour of his hair1 but she only answered that the lady's hair was dark4 ,i then inquired if he had any brains in his head1#add but she seemed altogether puzzled about him1 and said she could not see any4 ,i then asked her if she could see his name upon any of the letters lying about4 ,she replied1 ',yes'2 and upon my saying that the name began with ,e1 she spelt each letter of the name ',eglinton4' ,i was so convinced that ,i had at last detected her in a complete mistake that ,i arose1 and declined proceeding further in the matter1 stating that1 although her description of the house and the name of the person were correct1 in everything connected with the gentleman she had guessed the opposite from the truth4 ,on the following morning ,mr4 ,e4 asked me the result of the experiment1 and after having related it to him1 he gave me the following account3--,he had found himself unable to sit up to so late an hour1 but wishful fairly to test the powers of the clairvoyante1 he had ordered his clothes to be stuffed into the form of a figure1 and to make the contrast more striking to his natural appearance1 had an extra pillow pushed into the clothes so as to form a 'corporation4' ,the figure had been placed near the table1 in a sitting position1 and a glass of brandy and water and the newspapers placed beside it4 ,the name1 he further added1 was spelt correctly1 though up to that time ,i had been in the habit of writing it ',eglington1' instead of as spelt by the clairvoyante1 ',eglinton4' ,in this case it will be seen that the only person from whom knowledge of the facts given could have been derived was personally unknown to the percipient1 the only apparent link of connection being their common acquaintance with ,dr4 ,f4 ,in the last case to be mentioned there are again some indications of thought-transference from the mind of a person at a distance4 ,on ,april #hth1 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,backman1 at ,kalmar1 received a letter from ,dr4 ,kjellman1 at ,stockholm1 asking that on the following day ,dr4 ,backman should request one of his subjects1 ,alma ,radberg1 to find ,dr4 von ,b4 7known to ,alma71 and describe the apartment 7,dr4 ,kjellman's own7 in which he would be sitting1 adding that something would be hung on the chandelier for her to describe4 ,the percipient in the trance gave a description of the room1 and when asked to look at the chandelier she said there was no chandelier1 something more like a lamp1 and described something long and narrow1 of white metal1 hanging from it1 with some red stuff round it4 ,when awake she said that what she saw was probably a pair of scissors for cutting paper1 or a paper-knife4 ,dr4 ,backman sent his notes to ,dr4 ,kjellman1 who replied1 showing that the description of the room1 though in some respects accurate 7e4g41 she mentioned a long stuffed easy-chair1 a glass bookcase1 three doors in the lobby1 etc471 was in other features incorrect1 and should on the whole be regarded as inconclusive4 ,but1 he adds1 her statement that the object was hanging in a lamp1 not a chandelier1 was right4 ,it is both a lamp and a chandelier1 and the lamp was drawn down a long way under the chandelier1 and that the object hanging there was a large pair of paper scissors1 fixed by an india-rubber otoscope1 and with a tea-rose and some forget-me-nots in one of the handles of the scissors4 ,it will thus be seen that on the one point to which her attention had been specially directed1 the hypnotic's description was strikingly accurate2 and the articles described were hardly within the range of conjecture4 ,dr4 ,backman has made other experiments with the same subject1 in which he obtained further indications of clairvoyance of this kind4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjg1 etc47 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #acb3 ,for instance1 ,gregory and others record that the clairvoyant subjects of a certain ,major ,buckley were able to read the mottoes enclosed in nuts 7the equivalent of the modern ,christmas crackers7 purchased at random from a confectioner's shop1 and still unopened4 ,the recent evidence of the kind is quite inconsiderable1 and is perhaps hardly sufficient to allow of the existence of a faculty of independent clairvoyance being treated as an open question4 ,experiments with ,mrs4 ,piper in this direction have yielded negative results1 and ,professor ,richet's trials with ,madame ,b4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 pp4 #gg and #adi7 are neither sufficiently numerous nor sufficiently striking to justify any conclusions being drawn from them4 ,some curious results have1 however1 been obtained by ,m4 ,j4 ,ch4 ,roux 7,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aih et seq471 and somewhat similar results have been obtained in this country by two ,associates of the ,s4,p4,r4 ,but it is possible that all these instances may be susceptible of another explanation4 ,see1 however1 ,mr4 ,myers' article on ,sensory ,automatism1 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dcf et seq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,the definition of clairvoyance given in the text differs somewhat from that adopted by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 p4 #cj7--viz41 ,a faculty of acquiring supernormally1 but not by reading the minds of persons present1 a knowledge of facts such as we normally acquire by the use of our senses4 ,whether such a faculty exists or not1 it is certain that the phenomena which suggest it occur under the same conditions and inextricably mingled with others which can1 with some plausibility1 be explained as due to thought-transference from the conscious or unconscious memory of persons actually present4 ,and as the two sets of phenomena are found together in fact1 it seemed best as a matter of practical convenience that they should not be separated in discussion4 ,moreover1 the suggested application of the word finds ample justification in popular usage4 ,footnote #acd3 ,it should be added that during the progress of similar investigations in the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,dr4 ,hodgson employed private detectives to shadow ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,piper for some weeks1 and that nothing was discovered to intimate that any steps were taken by either1 whether by personal inquiry or by correspondence1 to ascertain facts relating to the history of actual or possible sitters4 ,mr4 ,piper did not accompany his wife to this country4 ,footnote #ace3 ,independently of the fact that ,dr4 ,phinuit is as obviously untrustworthy as ,mrs4 ,piper in her natural state is apparently the reverse1 the inquiries which have been made have entirely failed to corroborate the accounts1 in themselves not always concordant1 which ,dr4 ,phinuit has given of his birth1 his education1 and other circumstances in his earth-life4 ,his knowledge of his native language is confined to a few simple phrases and a slight accent1 frequently found useful in disguising a bad shot at a proper name2 and the careful investigations conducted by ,dr4 ,hodgson into ,mrs4 ,piper's antecedents as a medium have made it almost certain that ,dr4 ,phinuit is an invention1 borrowed from the person through whose agency ,mrs4 ,piper first became entranced1 and who purported himself to be controlled by a ,french doctor named ,albert ,finnett 7pronounced ,finn74 ,it should be added that ,dr4 ,phinuit possesses apparently no knowledge of the medical names of drugs1 nor any more intimate acquaintance with their properties than could be gathered from a manual of domestic medicine4 7,vol4 viii4 pp4 #dg1 #ej1 #ea1 etc47 ,footnote #acf3 ,at the present time 7,may #ahid7 ,dr4 ,phinuit has1 ,i understand1 almost entirely ceased to control ,mrs4 ,piper2 his place being taken by the soi-disant spirit of a young ,american1 recently deceased1 who has given remarkable proofs of his identity4 ,footnote #acg3 ,i am glad to be able to append the following testimonial to ,phinuit's good qualities4 ,an investigator who has had unusual facilities for observing both ,dr4 ,phinuit and ,mrs4 ,piper1 after reading the account given in the text1 writes to me3 ,i suppose the account of ,phinuit is true as far as it goes1 but all the same4444 ,i suppose because he is more sympathetic1 ,i am rather fond of ,phinuit4 ,footnote #ach3 ,at the evening sitting a servant unfortunately introduced the sitters by their real names1 but the circumstance will hardly1 ,i think1 be held materially to affect the evidence4 ,footnote #aci3 ,it is impossible by means of a few short extracts to give a fair idea either of the strength of the evidence for telepathy afforded by the phenomena observed with ,mrs4 ,piper1 or of the variety and complexity of the problems there presented4 ,readers who are interested in the subject are referred to the record of the observations made by the ,s4,p4,r41 occupying nearly #djj closely-printed octavo pages4 7,proc41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #dcf-ffj2 vol4 viii4 pp4 #a-afg47 ,further observations have been made during the year #ahic in the ,united ,states by ,dr4 ,hodgson and others1 the records of which have not yet been published4 ,footnote #adj3 ,chief ,justice ,way is the gentleman who acts as ,deputy for his ,excellency when absent from the colony4--,a4 ,w4 ,d4 ,footnote #ada3 ,it is hardly necessary to say that such an interpretation in no way reflects upon the good faith of the hypnotics4 ,hints derived from conversation overheard unconsciously might be quite sufficient4 ,footnote #adb3 ,the statement sent to ,mrs4 ,roberts was substantially a copy of the last nine lines only of the preceding account4 ,no reference was made to the visit to the kitchen4 ,footnote #adc3 ,dr4 ,f41 who is still living1 is disinclined to have his name published1 as he does not wish to be troubled with correspondence on the subject4 ,footnote #add3 ,on a previous occasion she had described a skull in a surgery as a head1 but not a live head1 and with no brains in it4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,on ,,clairvoyance ,,in ,,the ,,normal ,,state4 ,there is probably no sharp line to be drawn between the cases just described and those to be dealt with in the first part of the present chapter4 ,both present the common feature that the percipient receives a clear and detailed telepathic impression of an incident or scene in the experience of some other person1 and in both the condition of that impression is manifestly not an effort of attention or an exceptional state on the part of the person whose experience is thus represented1 but a specially stimulated receptivity on the part of the percipient4 ,but in some cases the conditions of this special receptivity are found in trance1 whilst in others the percipient is apparently in the normal state4 ,this would seem indeed to constitute only a superficial difference1 for in the majority of cases hitherto observed the waking clairvoyance does not occur spontaneously1 but requires special preparation for its induction1 and sometimes the percipient appears to pass into a state resembling the earlier stages of a hypnotic trance4 ,thus ,mr4 ,keulemans1 the well-known scientific draughtsman1 who has had many experiences of telepathic clairvoyance1#ade has noticed in the course of his work1 which consists largely of making drawings of birds for lithographic reproduction1 that1 in his own words1 ,whenever strong impressions had got hold of my mind they had a tendency to develop themselves into a vivid mind-picture as soon as my eye and attention were concentrated upon the eye in the drawing2 and that whenever ,i began darkening the iris1 leaving the light speck the most prominent part1 ,i would slowly pass off into a kind of dream-state4 ,the mere act of drawing the eye is not enough to bring me into this state1 or ,i should experience such a state at least once a day1 which ,i do not4 ,but if a strong mental impression takes hold of me ,i begin drawing an eye4444 ,the drawing will then convey to me the news1 either in the form of a vague1 imperfect representation of the person indicated in the impression1 or by a correct hallucinatory picture of the event as it actually occurred1 both as regards the person and the surroundings4 ,sometimes ,i cannot get at the vision at once2 other thoughts and scenes interfere4 ,but when ,i begin to feel drowsy ,i know ,i shall have it right in a second2 and here ,i lose normal consciousness4 ,that there is an actual loss of consciousness ,i know from the fact that on one occasion my wife had been in the room talking to me1 and not receiving a reply thought that something was wrong with me and shook my shoulder4 ,the shake brought me back to my waking state4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 p4 #eag47 ,but this would seem to be an extreme case1 as under ordinary circumstances there is no apparent loss of consciousness2 and the essential condition appears to be freedom from interruption and preoccupation4 ,but the percipient generally finds it helpful1 if not absolutely necessary1 to employ a crystal1 or some other object1 for the full development of the impression4 ,the exact part played by the crystal1 glass of water1 shell1 or other object1 in facilitating the hallucination1 it is not easy to determine4 ,in some cases1 no doubt1 it acts by furnishing a point de repre1 or nucleus of actual sensation1 round which the hallucination may develop4 ,it is probable also that the mere act of fixing the eyes on one particular point may1 by shutting out other sources of sensation1 help to bring about the state of quietude necessary for the experiments2 and yet again it is likely that the intrinsic virtue of the act1 whatever that may be1 is enhanced by the self-suggestion that it will prove beneficial2 if indeed its virtue may not in some cases be altogether due to that cause4 ,it should be remembered in this connection that fixation of the eye on a small bright object is one of the readiest means of inducing hypnosis4#adf ,induced ,clairvoyance4 ,no4 #ajd4--;,from ,,miss ,x4 ,miss ,x41 some of whose experiments have already been quoted1 has been amongst the most constant and successful of crystal seers4 ,the bulk of her visions1 as she has pointed out 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 v4 p4 #eje71 consist either of mere after-images1 recrudescent memories of things seen and heard1 or of fancy pictures built out of a rearrangement of existing materials4 ,but occasionally there occur visions of events then taking place1 or representations of the past experience of some friend4 ,space will not permit of illustrations being given of the first two classes1 though the first especially has some bearing on our researches4 ,the following account of what appears to have been a telepathic vision is included by ,mr4 ,myers in a paper on the subliminal consciousness 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 p4 #dia74 ,d4 is the friend mentioned in ,chapter ,v41 p4 #abb4 ,on ,august #ajth of this year #ahib ,d4 went with her family to spend the autumn at a country house which they had taken furnished1 and which neither of us had ever seen4 ,i was also away from home1 the distance between us being at least #bjj miles4 ,on the morning of the #abth ,i received a pencil note from her1 evidently written with difficulty1 saying that she had been very fiercely attacked by a savage dog1 from which she and our own little terrier had defended themselves and each other as best they could1 receiving a score or so of wounds between them before they could summon any one to their assistance4 ,she gave me no details1 assuming that1 as often happens between us1 ,i should have received intimation of her danger before the news could reach me by ordinary methods4 ,d4 was extremely disappointed on hearing that ,i had known nothing4 ,i had not consulted the crystal on the day of the accident1 and had received no intimation4 ,begging her to tell me nothing further as to the scene of her adventure1 ,i sought for it in the crystal on ,sunday1 #adth1 and noted the following details3--,the attacking dog was a large black retriever1 and our terrier held him by the throat while ,d4 beat at him in the rear4 ,i saw also the details of ,d4's dress4 ,but all this ,i knew or could guess4 ,what ,i could not know was that the terrier's collar lay upon the ground1 that the struggle took place upon a lawn beyond which lay earth--a garden bed probably--overshadowed by an aucuba bush4 ,on ,september #ith ,i had an opportunity of repeating all this to ,mr4 ,myers1 and on the #ajth ,i joined ,d4 at their country house4 ,the rest of the story ,i give in her own words3-- ,from ,d4 ',as we were somewhat disappointed that no intimation of the accident which had occurred to me had reached ,miss ,x41 she determined to try to call up a mental picture of the scene where it had occurred1 and if possible to verify it when visiting us later on4 ',on the night of her arrival at ,c----1 we were not able to go over the whole of the grounds alone1 and it was therefore not until the following morning that we went together for the special purpose of fixing on the exact spot4 ,miss ,x4 was in front1 as ,i feared some unconscious sign of recognition on my part might spoil the effect of her choice4 ,the garden is a very large one1 and we wandered for some time without fixing on a spot1 the sole clue given by ,miss ,x4 being that she could not get the right place1 it wanted a light bush4 ,i pointed out several1 silver maples1 etc41 in various directions1 but none would do1 and she finally walked down to the place where the accident had occurred1 close to a large aucuba 7the only one1 ,i believe1 in the shrubbery71 and said1 ,this must be it2 it has the path and the grass and the bush1 as it should1 but ,i expected it to be much farther from the house4 ',i may add that ,i was not myself aware of this bush1 but as ,i was studying them all at the time we were attacked by the dog1 and as this one is close to the spot where ,i was knocked down1 it seems possible that it was the last ,i noticed1 and it may therefore have influenced me more than ,i knew4' ,mr4 ,myers adds3-- ,i understand that there are a good many acres of ground round the house in question1 and that the dog's attack was made within fifty yards of the house--plainly an unlikely place for a struggle so long protracted without the arrival of help4 ,as the crystal picture was described to ,mr4 ,myers before its verification1 there was no room for the reading back of details from the actual scene4 ,no4 #aje4--;,from ,,miss ,x4 ,miss ,x4 has also succeeded on several occasions in obtaining telepathic information by holding a shell to her ear4 ,of one such case she writes 7ibid41 p4 #did73-- ,on ,saturday1 ,june #aath1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smith spent some time with us attempting some thought-transference experiments1 which were fairly successful1 and interested me greatly4 ,mr4 ,smith left the house soon after seven4 ,after dinner1 ,i took up the shell which had played some part--not very successfully--in our experiments4 ,what occurred is best given in the following extracts3-- ',june #aath1 #ahib ,saturday ,evening1 #h4cj4 ,x4 to ,g4 ,a4 ,s4 ',why--when the shell was repeating to me just now what you said about clambering over rocks at ,ramsgate--did it stop suddenly to ask1 still in your voice1 ,are you a vegetarian then8444 ,perhaps you dined at your next appointment1 and declined animal food8 ,do tell me whether you are responsible for this irrelevance4' ',june #acth1 ,monday4 ,g4 ,a4 ,s4 to ,x4 '444 ,without doubt the shell spoke the truth4444 ,as you know1 ,i left you soon after seven4 ,after walking fifteen minutes ,i suddenly met ,mr4 ,m4444 ,i was thinking about points in connection with the experiments we had been engaged in1 and am afraid ,i did not follow his remarks very closely 444 but he made some allusion to little dishes at a vegetarian restaurant somewhere1 and immediately feeling an interest in the question whether he was a champion of the vegetarian cause1 ,i interrupted him with ,are you a vegetarian then8 ,i believe these are the exact words ,i used4 ,he will be sure to remember this1 and must be questioned4' ',june #bcrd4 ,g4 ,a4 ,s4 to ,x4 ',i have to-day walked over the course which ,i took on ,june #aath1 from ,miss ,x4's house to the spot where ,i met ,mr4 ,m4 ,it took just eleven minutes4 ,if ,i left you at #g4ae1 it was probably about #g4cj1 or a very few minutes later1 that ,i put the query to ,mr4 ,m4' ,mr4 ,m4 was away from home1 and though at once applied to for corroboration1 did not send a written statement till ,june #bbnd1 when he writes to ,mr4 ,smith 7after failing to recall the exact particulars of the previous conversation73-- ,the main fact remains that you asked me1 to the best of my belief--bearing on my strong praise of the cooking at the ,oxford ,street ,caf--whether ',i was a vegetarian4' ,that is the core of the whole matter1 and that is sound4 ,from ,mr4 ,smith's statement it would appear that the voice in the shell reproduced words actually spoken about three-quarters of an hour before4 ,that is1 as is very generally the case1 the clairvoyante perceived1 not the events actually happening at the moment1 but events already passed and chronicled in the memories of those who took part in them4 ,this fact1 which seems to have been commonly overlooked by the earlier writers on the subject1 is in itself a very strong argument for the telepathic explanation of clairvoyance4 ,knowledge of a contemporaneous scene might be conceived as due to independent vision on the part of the percipient2 knowledge of what is already past can most readily be explained as derived from other minds4#adg ,no4 #ajf4--;,from ,,dr4 ,,backman4 ,this explanation is very clearly indicated in the following case1 quoted from the paper already referred to 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 p4 #baf74 ,dr4 ,backman1 after describing how occasionally he asked his subject1 while awake1 to look in the crystal1 writes3-- ,i told the clairvoyant1 ,miss ,olsen1 to see in the crystal what ,miss ----1 who was present1 had been doing the night before4 ,after a few moments she said that she saw a meadow in the crystal1 and in it a certain number 7giving the number correctly7 of ladies and gentlemen1 who were dancing and drinking champagne4 ,this seemed to her very improbable1 because it was then ,november1 a season that is not chosen in this country ,sweden for picnics4 ,she described minutely several other things which were not written down1 but were quite correct1 according to what ,miss ---- said later on4 ,in a letter dated ,december #aith1 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,backman adds3-- ,several persons were present4 ,no notes were taken1 but the story made so much sensation that it has not been forgotten4 ,miss ---- supplemented the account to-day by reminding me that on looking into the crystal ,miss ,olsen first gave a perfect description of a lady with whom ,miss ---- had talked on meeting her in the street the day before2 she described her face1 her dress1 etc41 very accurately1 and said besides that she had two gold rings on the fourth finger of her left hand 7a sign of marriage74 ,after that ,miss ,olsen suddenly began to laugh and said3 ',miss ---- is in a merry company--they are dancing--the corks of the champagne bottles are jumping1' etc4 ,miss ---- cannot remember that any wrong detail was given by ,miss ,olsen1 except that she thinks the number of persons present was not correctly given4 ,with ,dr4 ,backman's permission we wrote to ,miss ---- asking for her confirmation of these incidents1 and she replied as follows1 on ,march #hth1 #ahia3-- ,i am very willing to give you a description of what ,i saw and heard at ,dr4 ,backman's the day he has mentioned in his letter to you4 ,when ,i came to him1 he made a hypnotic experiment with ,miss ,olsen1 who should endeavour to find some papers lying somewhere in ,dr4 ,backman's apartment1 and1 to my great surprise1 she succeeded in finding them4 ,after her being awakened1 ,dr4 ,backman gave her a large glass button and asked her to look in it and see if she could find out what ,i had done the day before4 ,she succeeded even in this to an astonishing degree4 ,no4 #ajg4--;,from ,,sir ,,joseph ,,barnby4 ,in the next case1 however1 the vision appears to have been as nearly as possible contemporaneous with the event4 ,miss ,a4 is a lady who has had many telepathic experiments of a striking kind4 ,she is extremely short-sighted and a bad visualist1 but her crystal visions she describes as being clear and well defined1 as if she were looking on a real scene through strong glasses4 ,the following account of an incident in ,miss ,a4's experience is given by ,sir ,joseph ,barnby1 who was a witness before the verification4 ,his account has been revised throughout by ,lady ,radnor1 who has interpolated an explanatory note4 ,sir ,joseph writes1 in ,november #ahib3-- ,i was invited by ,lord and ,lady ,radnor to the wedding of their daughter1 ,lady ,wilma ,bouverie1 which took place ,august #aeth1 #ahhi4 ,i was met at ,salisbury by ,lord and ,lady ,radnor and driven to ,longford ,castle4 ,in the course of the drive1 ,lady ,radnor said to me3 ',we have a young lady staying with us in whom1 ,i think1 you will be much interested4 ,she possesses the faculty of seeing visions1 and is otherwise closely connected with the spiritual world4 ,only last night she was looking in her crystal and described a room which she saw therein1 as a kind of ,london dining-room4 ,the room described was not in ,london but at ,l41 and ,miss ,a4 particularly remarked that the floor was in large squares of black and white marble--as it is in the big hall at ,l41 where family prayers are said4--,h4 ,m4 ,,radnor4 ,with a little laugh1 she added1 ',and the family are evidently at prayers1 the servants are kneeling at the chairs round the room and the prayers are being read by a tall and distinguished-looking gentleman with a very handsome1 long grey beard4' ,with another little laugh1 she continued3 ',a lady just behind him rises from her knees and speaks to him4 ,he puts her aside with a wave of the hand1 and continues his reading4' ,the young lady here gave a careful description of the lady who had risen from her knees4' ,lady ,radnor then said3 ',from the description given1 ,i cannot help thinking that the two principal personages described are ,lord and ,lady ,l41 but ,i shall ask ,lord ,l4 this evening1 as they are coming by a later train1 and ,i should like you to be present when the answer is given4' ,the same evening1 after dinner1 ,i was talking to ,lord ,l4 when ,lady ,radnor came up to him and said3 ',i want to ask you a question4 ,i am afraid you will think it a very silly one1 but in any case ,i hope you will not ask me why ,i have put the question8' ,to this ,lord ,l4 courteously assented4 ,she then said3 ',were you at home last night8' ,he replied1 ',yes4' ,she said3 ',were you having family prayers at such a time last evening8' ,with a slight look of surprise he replied1 ',yes1 we were4' ,she then said3 ',during the course of the prayers did ,lady ,l4 rise from her knees and speak to you1 and did you put her aside with a wave of the hand8' ,much astonished1 ,lord ,l4 answered3 ',yes1 that was so1 but may ,i inquire why you have asked this question8' ,to which ,lady ,radnor answered3 ',you promised you wouldn't ask me that6' ,in commenting on the account1 ,mr4 ,myers adds3-- ,this incident has been independently recounted to me both by ,lady ,radnor and by ,miss ,a4 herself4 ,another small point not given by ,sir ,j4 ,barnby is that ,miss ,a4 did not at first understand that family prayers were going on1 but exclaimed3 ',here are a number of people coming into the room4 ,why1 they're smelling their chairs6' ,this scene may have been exactly contemporaneous4 7,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #ejb1 #ejc47 ,spontaneous ,clairvoyance4 ,this incident was unquestionably very odd1 but its evidential value is not lessened by that fact4 ,instances of a similar detailed perception of events at a distance are occasionally found to occur spontaneously4 ,two or three cases coming under this category have indeed already been quoted in ,chapters ,,vii4 and ,,viii4 ,the type1 however1 is interesting and important1 and it is perhaps worth while citing a few more illustrative cases4 ,it should be noted1 however1 that whereas in the cases of induced clairvoyance so far considered there is little evidence of any active contribution on the part of other persons to the percipient's impression1 in the majority of the spontaneous instances the central figure in the vision was undergoing1 or had just emerged from1 some unusual experience1 and his condition appears to have contributed to bring about the result4 ,in the case which follows the vision represented a dying man4 ,it is noteworthy that1 as in other cases already given 7e4g41 ,no4 #df71 the percipient's impression presented a substantially accurate picture of the scene of the drama1 but of a scene which preceded its telepathic representation by some hours4 ,it seems probable1 therefore1 that the vision was merely the reflection of the thoughts of one of the bystanders4 ,and1 indeed1 in any case it would be difficult to attribute the impression to the mind of the dying man1 who could scarcely be supposed to have a mental picture of himself in the act of falling overboard4 ,in the present instance it does not appear that the percipient was personally acquainted with any of the witnesses of the scene1 amongst whom1 on this interpretation1 the agent must be sought1 and in this respect the case presents a parallel to ,miss ,a4's vision4 ,no4 #ajh4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,paquet4 ,the case comes to us through the ,american ,branch of the ,s4,p4,r4 ,the evidence has been prepared by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,wood1 who received an account of the incident from ,mrs4 ,paquet at a personal interview4 ,mr4 ,wood writes on ,april #bith1 #ahij3--adh ,on ,october #bdth1 #ahhi1 ,edmund ,dunn1 brother of ,mrs4 ,agnes ,paquet1 was serving as fireman on the tug ,wolf1 a small steamer engaged in towing vessels in ,chicago ,harbour4 ,at about #c o'clock ,a4,m41 the tug fastened to a vessel1 inside the piers1 to tow her up the river4 ,while adjusting the tow-line ,mr4 ,dunn fell or was thrown overboard by the tow-line1 and drowned4 ,mrs4 ,paquet's ,statement4 ,i arose about the usual hour on the morning of the accident1 probably about six o'clock4 ,i had slept well throughout the night1 had no dreams or sudden awakenings4 ,i awoke feeling gloomy and depressed1 which feeling ,i could not shake off4 ,after breakfast my husband went to his work1 and1 at the proper time1 the children were gotten ready and sent to school1 leaving me alone in the house4 ,soon after this ,i decided to steep and drink some tea1 hoping it would relieve me of the gloomy feelings aforementioned4 ,i went into the pantry1 took down the tea canister1 and as ,i turned around my brother ,edmund--or his exact image--stood before me and only a few feet away4 ,the apparition stood with back towards me1 or1 rather1 partially so1 and was in the act of falling forward--away from me--seemingly impelled by two ropes or a loop of rope drawing against his legs4 ,the vision lasted but a moment1 disappearing over a low railing or bulwark1 but was very distinct4 ,i dropped the tea1 clasped my hands to my face1 and exclaimed1 ',my ,god6 ,ed4 is drowned4' ,at about #aj4cj ,a4,m4 my husband received a telegram from ,chicago1 announcing the drowning of my brother4 ,when he arrived home he said to me1 ',ed4 is sick in hospital at ,chicago2 ,i have just received a telegram1' to which ,i replied1 ',ed4 is drowned2 ,i saw him go overboard4' ,i then gave him a minute description of what ,i had seen4 ,i stated that my brother1 as ,i saw him1 was bareheaded1 had on a heavy1 blue sailor's shirt1 no coat1 and that he went over the rail or bulwark4 ,i noticed that his pants' legs were rolled up enough to show the white lining inside4 ,i also described the appearance of the boat at the point where my brother went overboard4 ,i am not nervous1 and neither before nor since have ,i had any experience in the least degree similar to that above related4 ,my brother was not subject to fainting or vertigo4 ,,agnes ,,paquet4 ,mr4 ,paquet's ,statement4 ,at about #aj4cj o'clock ,a4,m41 ,october #bdth1 #ahhi1 ,i received a telegram from ,chicago1 announcing the drowning of my brother-in-law1 ,edmund ,dunn1 at #c o'clock that morning4 ,i went directly home1 and1 wishing to break the force of the sad news ,i had to convey to my wife1 ,i said to her3 ',ed4 is sick in hospital at ,chicago2 ,i have just received a telegram4' ,to which she replied3 ',ed4 is drowned2 ,i saw him go overboard4' ,she then described to me the appearance and dress of her brother as described in her statement2 also the appearance of the boat1 etc4 ,i started at once for ,chicago1 and when ,i arrived there ,i found the appearance of that part of the vessel described by my wife to be exactly as she had described it1 though she had never seen the vessel2 and the crew verified my wife's description of her brother's dress1 etc41 except that they thought that he had his hat on at the time of the accident4 ,they said that ,mr4 ,dunn had purchased a pair of pants a few days before the accident occurred1 and as they were a trifle long before1 wrinkling at the knees1 he had worn them rolled up1 showing the white lining as seen by my wife4 ,visions of this kind are of rare occurrence with waking percipients4 ,the preoccupations of the daytime are probably in themselves sufficient to prevent the emergence of telepathic impressions under ordinary circumstances4 ,but in the present instance it will be observed that the vision occurred in an interval of comparative rest after a period of active occupation4 ,the feeling of gloom and depression mentioned by ,mrs4 ,paquet may have marked the period of incubation1 so to speak1 of a latent impression of calamity4 ,but a comparison of the case with those which follow suggests that this feeling of depression may have been not the effect1 but the necessary condition of the transmission of the agent's thought1 and that a slight degree of fatigue or ill-health may under certain circumstances facilitate the emergence of impressions of this kind4 ,it is1 at all events1 noteworthy that in two of the three cases quoted the percipient was suffering from unusual fatigue or depression1 and in the third was recovering from a long illness4 ,in the next two cases the percipient's experience may have been actually synchronous with the events perceived4 ,no4 #aji4--;,from ,,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,marks4 ,the accounts1 from which extracts are given below1 were published in the ,oneida ,circular 7,u4,s4,a47 for ,january #aith1 #ahgd4 ,the percipient1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,marks1 writes3-- ,w4 ,c41 ,january #adth1 #ahgd4 ,you wish the simple facts of my dream4 ,they are these3--,one afternoon in ,october #ahgc1 being tired1 ,i lay down to rest4 ,i soon fell asleep2 at least ,i have no reason for thinking that ,i did not sleep4 ,i was not on the bed more than a few minutes4 ,during this time ,i dreamed of being near a large body of water4 ,i knew it to be the ,oneida ,lake4 ,the wind was blowing violently1 and the waves ran exceedingly high4 ,while standing near the lake ,i felt under a strong disposition to sleep4 ,my eyes were heavy1 they would close themselves4 ,it was with an exertion that ,i kept them open4 ,i was like a man under nightmare2 struggling to rouse myself1 yet only partially successful4 ,darkness was settling over me4 ,suddenly1 when the wind was blowing a gale and the waves seemed rolling one over the other1 a small sail-boat broke upon my sight1 driven wildly before the storm4 ,for the moment it seemed as if it would be lost4 ,it appeared to be at the mercy of the waves1 for they rose high above its sides and almost concealed it at times4 ,it was manned by two persons--one in the after part2 the other trying to pull down the sail6 ,their situation was critical4 ,at this moment a feeling of horror shot through me as ,i recognised in the man whose full length ,i saw standing near the mast and struggling with the sail my brother ,charles6 ,the man in the stern ,i did not recognise4 ,in the time of the greatest peril1 something--,i can scarcely tell what2 ,i dare not call it an apparition--gave me the impression that good beings were interested and watchful over the voyagers4 ,the shock ,i received on seeing my brother did not allow me to sleep long4 ,on awaking ,i was troubled1 and thought ,i would immediately write to ,charles1 entreating him to be careful4 ,afterwards1 thinking it merely a dream1 ,i turned my attention from writing1 but ,i mentioned to ,frank ,smith that ,i had a troubled dream about ,charles4 ,after this experience1 perhaps three or four days1 a letter was received from ,mrs4 ,mallory giving an account of ,charles' condition when he returned to the ,joppa station4 ,this letter recalled the dream2 and the coincidence of time and circumstances made a deep impression on me1 though ,i was unable then1 and am now1 to accurately identify the time of my vision with the time of actual peril described in ,mrs4 ,mallory's letter4 7,the letter1 however1 came so soon as to make it certain that the peril and the vision were nearly1 if not exactly1 simultaneous47 ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,marks explains that on a beautiful day in ,october he and a friend sailed eighteen miles down the lake in a small open boat4 ,they started for the return voyage on the day following1 at #b4de ,p4,m41 in threatening weather4 ,they had gone but a short distance when a violent storm came on1 and they were in a position of considerable peril3-- ,to add to our apprehensions it began raining1 and the wind instead of slacking was evidently increasing4 ,we had gone about two miles when ,i was startled by a cry from ,arthur to 'look out for the sail6' as it was shifting to the other side4 ,i lay down to let the sail pass over me1 and got on to the other side of the boat to counteract the effect of the sail4 ,this is told in a few words1 but the actual event seemed to take a long time4 ,when down in the boat ,i heard and felt the swash of the waves coming in1 and for a moment ,i had the impression that ,arthur was already in the water and that it would soon be my turn4 ,but on looking round ,i saw he was still in his place1 and also that we had shipped considerable water4 ,the next thing was to take in sail1 and that quickly4 ,i let go the halyards1 but the sail would not come down1 as it was held by a miserable toggle at the top4 ,in the excitement of the moment ,i jumped upon the seat at the imminent risk of capsizing the boat1 and pulled down the sail as far as it would go1 which left it about six feet high4 ,this was still dangerous1 as the slack of the sail was distended1 looking like a huge bag4 ,this was remedied by cutting away the rings in the lower part of the sail and winding up the lower yard4 ,after this1 with considerable baling1 we got along tolerably well4 ,appended is an extract from a letter written by ,mr4 ,b4 ,bristol1 with whom ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,marks was working at the time of the vision1 corroborating the accounts given above3-- ,i was living in ,wallingford at that time1 raising small fruit4 ,my principal helper was a young man named ,frederic ,marks1 a graduate of ,yale ,scientific ,school4 ,frederic had a brother named ,charles1 who was living then in ,central ,new ,york1 near ,oneida ,lake4 ,one rainy afternoon ,frederic went upstairs to his room and lay down on a lounge4 ,an hour or so after he came back and said he had just seen his brother ,charles in vision1 he thought1 as he was not conscious of having been asleep4 ,charles was in a small sail-boat1 and a companion with him1 who sat in the stern steering4 ,there seemed to be a wild storm prevailing1 for the sea ran high4 ,charles stood in the bow grasping the mast with one arm1 with the other he had hold of the boom1 which appeared to have broken loose4 ,his dangerous position so frightened ,frederic that he awoke1 or the vision departed4 ,in the next case the coincidence was not of itself a striking one1 nor1 as the account was not sent to the ,american ,s4,p4,r4 until six years after the event1 is the evidence as good as in the last narrative4 ,but as an incident in itself trivial has remained in the memories of the other persons concerned1 as well as in that of the percipient1 it may be presumed to have made some impression at the time4 ,the case is quoted from the ,proceedings of the ,american ,s4,p4,r4 7pp4 #dfd-dfg74 ,no4 #aaj4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,l4 ,z4 ,june #fth1 #ahhg4 ,about the end of ,march #ahha1 after recovering from severe illness1 while ,i was yet confined to my bed1 ,i had the following experience4 ,i was staying at the time at #agb ,benefit ,street1 ,providence1 ,r4,i4 ,i had been asleep and suddenly became1 as it were1 half awake1 being conscious of some of the objects in the room4 ,i then heard a voice as if from the room adjoining1 and made an effort to see the speaker1 but ,i found myself unable to move4 ,then appeared1 as though in a mist1 an ordinary sofa1 and behind it the vague outline of a woman's figure4 ,i did not recognise the figure1 but ,i recognised the voice which ,i heard2 it was the voice of my hostess1 ,mrs4 ,b41 who was at that time not in the house4 ,she was saying1 ',i am ill and all worn out4 ,mrs4 ,z4 has been so nervous1 and in such a peculiar mental state1 that it has quite affected my health' 7or words to that effect71 'but ,i wouldn't for the world have her know it4' ,i then made a stronger effort to distinguish the figure1 and woke completely to find myself in my room with my nurse4 ,i inquired of the nurse who was in the other room1 which was used as a sleeping-room by my child and her nurse4 ,she said that no one was there2 but ,i was so convinced that the voice had come from there that ,i insisted upon her going and looking4 ,she went1 but found no one there1 and the door into the hall was latched4 ,i then looked at the clock1 which was opposite my bed4 ,it was about #e ,p4,m4 ,in the evening1 about #h ,p4,m41 ,mrs4 ,b4 came up to see me1 and ,i asked her where she had been that afternoon at #e o'clock4 ,she said that she had been at ,mrs4 ,g4's 7about two miles off74 ,i said1 ',you were talking about me4' ,she said1 ',yes1 ,i was1' looking very much surprised4 ,i repeated to her what ,i had seemed to hear her say1 word for word4 ,she was much astonished1 and was very curious as to what else ,i had heard or seen4 ,i told her that it was all very vague1 except the appearance of the sofa1 which ,i described in detail as being covered with a peculiar striped linen cloth1 green stripes about two inches wide1 alternating with pale-drab stripes1 somewhat wider1 which appeared to be the natural colour of the unbleached linen4 ,she said that she had spoken the words which ,i had heard1 and that she was at the time reclining on a sofa1 but she said that the sofa was covered with green velvet4 ,next day ,mrs4 ,g4 paid me a visit1 and after hearing my story she exclaimed1 ',you're right4 ,the sofa had at the time the covering which you describe2 it had just been put on4 ,there is green velvet under the covering4 ,i suppose ,mrs4 ,b4 didn't notice the cover4' ,mrs4 ,b4 writes3-- ,in the year #ahha1 while living in ,providence1 on ,benefit ,street1 ,no4 #bgb1 ,mrs4 ,z4 was with me1 and during the winter of #ahhj and the spring of #ahha she was in a peculiar mental state1 and on two occasions read my thoughts and heard my voice4 ,i remember distinctly on one occasion1 when ,i returned from a visit to a friend1 ,mrs4 ,z4 repeated the conversation that had passed between my friend and myself1 and spoke of my lying on a lounge that had a striped covering4 ,i said1 ',no1 it was a green plush1' but found afterwards she was right1 as the summer covering had been put on4 ,,elizabeth ,l4 ,b4 ,,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 ,june #ahhg4 ,mrs4 ,g4 writes from ,providence1 ,july #abth1 #ahhg3-- ,when ,i received your note ,i could not at all recall the circumstances of the vision you referred to1 but afterwards ,mrs4 ,b4 refreshed my memory upon the subject1 and ,i distinctly recalled it4 ,it was as ,mrs4 ,z4 related it to you4 ,at the time it occurred1 ,i remember1 ,i thought it quite marvellous4 ,sickness had prevented my writing you these few lines before4 ,c4 ,b4 ,y4 ,g4 ,even if the conversation was correctly reported1 it is probably not beyond the range of conjecture by a morbidly sensitive invalid2 but the details given of the appearance of the sofa cover seem to indicate a telepathic faculty1 like ,dr4 ,phinuit's1 of drawing on the agent's unconscious perceptions4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,z4 gives also an account of a voluntarily induced clairvoyant dream1 in connection with the same friend1 which occurred about this time1 and this account also ,mrs4 ,b4 is able to corroborate4 ,the whole case is interesting as serving to indicate that some conditions of disease may be favourable to this form of telepathy1 and as being the only case which ,i am able to quote of spontaneous clairvoyance in which the impressions transferred were of quite trivial incidents4 ,mrs4 ,z4 appears to have been in a state between sleeping and waking4 ,the next case occurred in a dream at night4 ,the dream1 it will be noted1 caused the percipient to awake4 ,no4 #aaa4--;,from ,,mrs4 ,,freese4 ,,granite ,,lodge1 ,,chiselhurst1 ,march #ahhd4 ,in ,september #ahha ,i had another curious dream1 so vivid that ,i seemed to see it4 ,my two boys of eighteen and sixteen were staying in the ,black ,forest1 under the care of a ,dr4 ,fresenius4 ,i must say here that ,i always supposed the boys would go everywhere together1 and ,i never should have supposed that in that lonely country1 so new to them1 they would be out after dark4 ,my husband and ,i were staying at ,st4 ,leonards1 and one ,saturday night ,i woke at about #ab o'clock 7rather before1 as ,i heard it strike7 having just seen vividly a dark night on a mountain1 and my eldest boy lying on his back at the bottom of some steep place1 his eyes wide open1 and saying1 ',good-bye1 mother and father1 ,i shall never see you again4' ,i woke with a feeling of anxiety1 and the next morning when ,i told it to my husband1 though we both agreed it was absurd to be anxious1 yet he would write and tell the boys we hoped they would never go out alone after dark4 ,to my surprise my eldest boy1 to whom ,i wrote the dream1 wrote back expressing his great astonishment1 for on that ,saturday night he was coming home over the mountains1 past #aa o'clock2 it was pitch dark1 and he slipped and fell down some #ab feet or so1 and landed on his back1 looking up to the sky4 ,however1 he was not much hurt1 and soon picked himself up and got home all right4 ,he did not say what thoughts passed through his mind as he fell4 ,in answer to inquiries1 ,mrs4 ,freese adds3-- ,before my son wrote about his fall in the ,black ,forest1 ,i related my dream to my husband1 and as he seemed a little moved by it1 ,i wrote an account of it to my boy1 saying his father did not wish them to be out after dark alone4 ,i had not told my boy when it was1 deeming that immaterial1 but when in his letter1 received days after1 he said1 ',was it ,saturday night1 because then so-and-so8' ,i remembered what ,i should not otherwise have noted1 that it was ,saturday night2 for on the ,sunday morning my husband1 being much worried about some business matter1 elected to spend the morning with me in the fields instead of going to church1 and as much to divert his mind as anything ,i related to him my dream of the night before4 ,mrs4 ,freese sent us the letter from her son1 which contained the following passage3-- ,with regard to your dream3 did you dream it on ,september #crd8 if so it was on that night1 coming home rather late1 that ,i fell down a precipice of #h feet1 or perhaps more1 in the dark1 and might have broken my neck1 but didn't4 ,however1 ,i don't think you will find me walking about after dark more than ,i can help1 as the roads are very dark1 and the fogs in the village awful4 ,,fred4 ,e4 ,,freese4 ,september #crd1 #ahha1 was a ,saturday4 ,mr4 ,freese wrote on ,march #gth1 #ahhd1 to confirm his wife's account of the dream4 ,an account by ,dr4 ,gibotteau1 given in the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 ,nov4-,dec4 #ahib1 deserves consideration in this connection4 ,it is the record of a series of unusually successful experiments in the transfer of visual images4 ,but the success obtained was apparently due to a condition of spontaneous clairvoyant perceptivity on the part of the subject4 ,the percipient1 who was throughout in a state not clearly distinguishable from that of normal wakefulness1 was a head-nurse at the hospital to which ,dr4 ,gibotteau was attached4 ,the occurrence took place in #ahhh4 ,madame ,r4 has now remarried and ,dr4 ,gibotteau has lost sight of her1 so that her testimony cannot be obtained1 and unfortunately ,dr4 ,gibotteau appears not to have committed the incident to writing until #ahib4 ,the account therefore represents merely the general impression left after the lapse of some years upon the memory of a trained observer by a very unusual and striking experience4 ,briefly1 ,dr4 ,gibotteau reports that he succeeded in inducing in ,madame ,r41 by the mere silent will1 an immense number of striking hallucinatory1 or rather semi-hallucinatory mental pictures4 ,the ideas thus transferred included transformations and imaginary movements of objects actually present in the room2 the appearance of human figures and animals1 a serpent1 a rabbit1 a dog1 horses1 a bear rampant2 and the disappearance of ,dr4 ,gibotteau himself1 leaving behind him an empty arm-chair4 ,the sance lasted for nearly three hours1 with very few failures of any kind1 and left the narrator much exhausted4#adi ,the experience1 as described1 it will be seen1 was of an almost unprecedented kind4 ,it is by no means clear that under a natural classification either this or others of the somewhat heterogeneous phenomena described in the present and preceding chapters would be grouped under the same genus1 or that any of them are rightly called telepathic4 ,they are provisionally ascribed to telepathy1 in the sense already explained 7p4 #cbf1 ,chapter ,,xiv471 because if we accept the facts at all1 that appears to be the cheapest solution4 ,the writer is not committed to telepathy as the true explanation2 he has adopted it provisionally1 as an alternative to some hypothetical faculty of direct intuition beyond the range of sense4 ,if to any reader who accepts the writer's estimate of the alleged facts as beyond chance or misrepresentation1 the hypothesis of telepathy appears in such cases to be strained1 it may be replied that when the choice of explanation seems to lie between telepathy and some faculty even more dubious and more remote from ordinary analogies1 it is right that the hypothesis of telepathy should be strained--if necessary1 to the breaking-point--before we invoke a stage-deity to cut the knot4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ade3 ,several instances of ,mr4 ,keulemans' telepathic experiences are given in ,phantasms of the ,living 7cases #ba1 #ch1 #ef1 #ahd74 ,footnote #adf3 ,it should perhaps be said that there is nothing in the experience of the many persons who have so far tried crystal gazing1 at the instance of the ,s4,p4,r41 to indicate risk of injury to health4 ,it is no doubt not advisable for an invalid1 or for any one suffering from headache1 or undue fatigue1 to try the experiment4 ,indeed1 the experience of ,mrs4 ,verrall and others is that success under such conditions is unattainable4 ,but with ordinary care to avoid straining the eyes1 no evil effect1 it is thought1 need be apprehended2 and there is probably no form of experiment which at the cost of so little trouble may be expected to yield results of so great interest and value4 ,there is of course no magic in the crystal2 a glass paper-weight1 a mirror1 or a glass of water will serve the purpose equally well4 ,records of experiments will be welcomed by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers1 from whose suggestive article many of the illustrations quoted in the text are taken4 7,see ,proc41 vol4 viii41 p4 #dcf1 etc47 ,footnote #adg3 ,of course in this case there is an alternative explanation--viz41 that ,miss ,x4 received the impression at the time the words were spoken1 and that the shell merely developed it for her conscious self4 ,footnote #adh3 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 ,footnote #adi3 ,a translation of ,dr4 ,gibotteau's account is given by ,mr4 ,myers1 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dfh1 #dfi4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,theories ,,and ,,conclusions4 ,consideration more or less adequate has now been given to the various phenomena in which there is proof apparent of the action of telepathy4 ,the experimental evidence has shown that a simple sensation or idea may be transferred from one mind to another1 and that this transference may take place alike in the normal state and in the hypnotic trance4 ,it has been shown also that the transferred idea may be reproduced in the percipient's organism under various disguises2 at one time1 for instance1 it may cause vague distress or terror1 or a blind impulse to action2 under other circumstances it may inspire definite and complicated movements1 as those involved in writing4 ,again1 it may induce sleep or even more deep-seated organic effects1 such as hysteria or local ansthesia4 ,once more1 it may be embellished with imagery presumably furnished by the percipient's own mind1 and may appear as a dream or hallucination representing the distant agent4 ,and these various results may be obtained either by deliberate experiment2 as the result of some crisis affecting another mind2 or1 lastly1 as following on some peculiar state of receptivity established1 under conditions not yet clearly ascertained1 in the percipient's mind4 ,but it would not be reasonable to infer that the few hundreds or thousands of examples collected during the last twelve years by a few groups of investigators exhaust the possibilities or indicate the limits of telepathic action4 ,by those1 at least1 who accept the demonstration of telepathy as a real agency it will hardly be anticipated that its action should be confined to the comparatively few cases which present a coincidence sufficiently striking to be quoted as ostensive instances4 ,that the distribution1 indeed1 of telepathic sensitiveness at the present time should be sporadic--as the distribution of a musical ear or the power of visualisation is sporadic--may appear not improbable4 ,but we should be prepared to find instances of its presumptive operation which fall below the level of demonstration1 and might with almost equal plausibility be referred to some other cause4 ,and such instances we do certainly find1 in simultaneous dreams and in vague presentiments1 and in innumerable coincidences of thought and expression in ordinary life4 ,and the suggestion that the same power may serve as an auxiliary to more completely systematised modes of expression1 though incapable of proof1 may yet be thought worthy of consideration4 ,it is conceivable1 for instance1 that it may aid the intercourse of a mother with her infant child1 that the influence of the orator may be due not only to the spoken word1 and that even in our daily conversation thoughts may pass by this means which find no outward expression4 ,the personal influence of the operator in hypnotism may perhaps be regarded as a proof presumptive of telepathy4 ,when all the phenomena of mesmerism were attributed1 by the few who believed in them1 to the passage of a fluid from the mesmerist to his patient1 it was easy to credit the successful operator with as large an endowment of available fluid as the facts might seem to require4 ,but from those who assert that the results are not merely explicable1 but are in practice to be explained1 as due to suggestion alone1 no entirely satisfactory explanation has ever been forthcoming of the observed differences between one operator and another4 ,it is difficult to believe that ,libeault1 ,bernheim1 ,schrenck-,notzing1 ,van ,eeden1 ,lloyd ,tuckey1 ,bramwell1 etc41 have succeeded where so many others have failed1 merely through the exercise of greater patience1 or the possession of an established reputation1 which after all is based on the successes which it is now invoked to explain4#aej ,and the fact that a large proportion of well-known hypnotists have acted as agents in successful telepathic experiments of an unusual kind is a further argument in the same direction4 ,there are1 moreover1 some more dubious beliefs1 for the most part discredited by educated persons1 yet persisting with a singular vitality1 which receive in telepathy a simple and perhaps sufficient explanation4 ,it has already been shown that some of the marvels of ,dr4 ,dee and the ,specularii have been paralleled by recent visions in the crystal1 revealing events then passing at a distance unknown to the seer2 and that the nucleus of fact in some legends of ghosts and haunted houses is probably to be sought in a telepathic hallucination4 ,and many of the alleged wonders of witchcraft and of ancient magic in general1 when disentangled from the accretions formed round them by popular myth and superstition1 present a marked resemblance to some of the facts recorded in this book4 ,it is obvious1 for instance1 that the same power which inhibited ,mr4 ,beard's utterance 7p4 #hc7 could have prevented the witch's victim from repeating the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,and ,mr4 ,godfrey 7p4 #bbh71 in the sixteenth century1 might have found that to appear in two places at once would be perilously strong evidence of unlawful powers4#aea ,but there are two special kinds of marvels1 whose occurrence has been widely vouched for within quite recent times by men of proved ability and trained in the experimental methods of the modern laboratory1 which deserve to be considered in this connection--the influence of metals and magnets on the human organism1 and the physical phenomena of ,spiritualism4 ,baron von ,reichenbach in the last generation published the results of numerous observations on various sensitives1 who alleged that they could see flame-like emanations from crystals1 from the poles of a magnet1 from the bodies of the sick1 and from newly-made graves1 and that they experienced various sensations from contact with magnets and metals4 ,on the evidence of ,reichenbach's prolonged and laborious researches the existence of this supposed magnetic sense obtained a certain degree of credence4 ,accordingly the ,s4,p4,r41 shortly after its foundation in #ahhb1 conducted a series of control experiments on a number of persons with a powerful electro-magnet1 which was alternately magnetised and demagnetised by a commutator in an adjoining room4 ,of forty-five persons tested three professed to see luminous appearances on the poles of the magnet2 and on two or three occasions they were able to indicate with surprising accuracy throughout a whole evening the exact moment at which the current was switched on or off--the light1 as they alleged1 appearing or disappearing simultaneously4 ,but these isolated successes were not repeated1 and the very conditions of the experiment implied that it was known to some of those present whether or not the magnet was charged4 ,now it is obvious that unless special precautions are taken to guard against the telepathic#aeb communication of this knowledge all experiments of the kind must be inconclusive2 and other investigators have failed to detect any trace of the so-called magnetic sense4#aec ,within the last few years this supposed sensitiveness has appeared in another form4 ,m4 ,babinski of the ,salpetrire claims to have shown that certain ailments--such1 for example1 as hemiplegia and hysterical mutism--can be transferred by the influence of a magnet from one side of the body to another1 or from one patient to another4 ,,mm4 ,binet and ,fr#aed find that unilateral hallucinations can be shifted by the same influence from one side of the body to the other1 and that in general memories and sensations--real or imaginary--can be modified and destroyed by the magnet4 ,and ,,mm4 ,bourru1 ,burot1 ,luys1 and others have published whole treatises dealing with the alleged influence of various drugs and metals on certain patients4 ,a few drops of laurel-water enclosed in a flask and brought near to the patient1 will1 according to these writers1 induce ecstasy2 ipecacuanha will cause vomiting2 alcohol intoxication1 and so on2 each drug1 though securely stoppered and sealed1 giving rise to the appropriate physical symptoms in the patient4 ,however1 ,,mm4 ,bernheim1#aee ,delboeuf1#aef and ,jules ,voisin#aeg showed some time since1 and ,mr4 ,ernest ,hart#aeh has lately repeated the demonstration1 that the same results can be made to follow if the patient is led to believe that an inert piece of wood is a magnet1 or that an empty flask contains a powerful drug4 ,it may be fairly assumed therefore that when special precautions are not shown to have been taken--and there is little evidence that such precautions were as a rule taken--suggestion by word or look would be sufficient to account for the phenomena observed4 ,but it is obvious that negative experiments of this kind are not in themselves conclusive2 and it is difficult to believe that all the results recorded by investigators of such experience as ,babinski1 ,fr1 and others could have been due simply to carelessness on their part1 or hypnotic cunning on the part of the subject4 ,indeed1 in commenting on the counter experiments made by ,m4 ,jules ,voisin1 ,,mm4 ,bourru and ,burot expressly state that if the results obtained by them are to be attributed to suggestion1 as he proposes1 it is une suggestion sans parole1 sans geste1 sans pense mme4#aei ,but a suggestion without word1 gesture1 or conscious thought is an accurate description of one form of telepathic suggestion2 and if such suggestion has indeed been at work we have an explanation of the otherwise inexplicable reliance placed by these ,french investigators upon experiments so much controverted1 and their faith in an interpretation so little supported by scientific analogy4 ,that in general the so-called physical phenomena of ,spiritualism are due to self-deception and exaggeration on the one hand1 and to fraud on the other1 is a proposition which to most readers1 it is likely1 will seem to need little demonstration4 ,and there are of course many cases1 such as the recent experiments with ,eusapia ,palladino#afj at ,milan1 where1 though competent observers--,richet1 ,schiaparelli1 ,lombroso1 ,brofferio--have seen things beyond their power to explain1 yet the line between what was possible to fraudulent ingenuity and what was not possible cannot be drawn with sufficient sharpness to warrant the invocation of any new agency4 ,but there are other records which cannot be so summarily dismissed4 ,thus ,mr4 ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41#afa has described the movements of a balance1 specially constructed for the purpose of the experiments1 in the presence of himself and other observers1 under conditions which seemed to render it impossible for the effects to have been produced by the muscular force of any of those present4 ,lord ,lindsay has testified to having seen ,home's stature elongated to the extent of #aa inches1 and heavy tables and other articles of furniture rise in the air without visible support1 and to having himself1 at ,home's instance1 handled1 and seen others handle1 red-hot coals with impunity4 ,other witnesses of repute have testified to the appearance of strange luminous bodies1 the raining down of liquid scent1 the production of inexplicable musical sounds and other phenomena equally marvellous4#afb ,now it is difficult to believe that ,mr4 ,crookes and those with him could in their normal senses have imagined movements of a self-registering balance which never really took place1 or have failed to detect actual movements on ,home's part2 or that ,home could have seemed to ,lord ,lindsay and others to add some fraction of a cubit to his stature or to float unsupported in the air1 when he was really only stretching cramped muscles1 or supporting himself on a captive balloon1 or by unseen wires2 or that when he was seen to carry hot coals about the room1 and to place them1 still glowing1 upon the bare head of ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall1 he relied upon the observers overlooking such inconspicuous objects as a pair of tongs and an asbestos skull-cap--alternatives which must have been at least as obvious at the time to the observers who1 by recording these things1 have imperilled their reputation for scientific acumen1 and even for common sense1 as now to their irresponsible critics4 ,but it is certainly not less difficult to believe1 on such grounds as these1 in the discovery of a new physical force--or rather new forces2 for the energy which could move a balance cannot properly be assumed to be identical with the energy which could increase ,home's stature1 or restrain the action of fire2 or1 as elsewhere recorded1 bring delicate flowers uninjured through closed doors4 ,but fortunately we are not compelled to choose between the alternatives of such almost incredible stupidity and a multiplicity of new modes of energy4 ,it has been plausibly suggested that the observers in such cases are the subjects of a collective hallucination4 ,it is true that we have no precise analogy to support such a hypothesis4 ,the hallucinations of hypnotism can be imposed upon several subjects simultaneously by dint of repeated verbal suggestions4 ,but here there were none of the recognised preliminaries to the hypnotic trance3 in many of the recorded cases the observers did not know what to expect1 and it is clear that verbal suggestion was not essential to the results2 while there is no trace of that break in the continuity of consciousness which elsewhere marks the passage from the hypnotic to the normal state4 ,moreover1 in some of the best-attested cases it was the presumed operator1 and not the witnesses1 who was entranced4 ,assuredly if the phenomena described were due to hypnotic hallucination1 it was hallucination without any of the characteristic features of hypnotism4 ,but if we assume--as in the absence of any evidence to the contrary we are entitled1 if not bound1 to assume--that the observers were in their normal state1 we can find no nearer parallel to this supposed hallucination than the collective telepathic hallucinations of which examples have been given in ,chapter ,,xii4#afc ,it is true that the parallel is by no means exact4 ,the hypothesis requires us to suppose not merely that investigators of spiritualistic phenomena are liable to see1 by hallucination1 things which are not there1 but also that they are occasionally withheld1 by hallucination1 from seeing actual movements and objects4 ,for ,mr4 ,crookes' automatic balance recorded a real movement2 flowers and other objects have actually been brought into locked rooms2 furniture has been demonstrably displaced1 or has even moved before the eyes of the investigators1 and been found at the conclusion of the experiment in its new position2 an actual blister was raised on ,lord ,lindsay's skin by the touch of a live coal which ,home held in a hand apparently bare4 ,now if these results were due to the action of known forces1 muscular and other1 it seems clear that some of the medium's movements and appliances escaped observation4 ,we have1 however1 no record1 so far as ,i know1 of collective negative hallucination telepathically caused4 ,but it may be pointed out that whilst it is only in unusual circumstances that a hallucination of the kind could attract sufficient attention to be recorded1 negative hallucinations can be imposed without difficulty on a hypnotic subject4 ,so that their telepathic origination in the circumstances suggested presents no greater priori difficulty than that of positive hallucinations4 ,there are1 however1 other differences between the collective hallucinations recorded in ,chapter ,,xii4 and those which the hypothesis requires4 ,for the former were for the most part vague and transitory1 and were rarely shared by more than two persons2 whilst the hypothetical hallucinations of the spiritualistic sance are persistent1 and may affect several persons simultaneously and to an equal extent4 ,it may be suggested1 however1 that the different conditions in the latter case--the common expectancy1 the attunement of the minds of all present to a common mood1 the absence of external solicitation to the senses--may be sufficient to account for the differing characteristics of the phenomena observed4 ,it may be objected that the problem does not require the intervention of such a ,deus ex machina as collective hallucination2 that fraud and malobservation are adequate to account for all the facts reported4 ,i confess that ,i am unable so lightly to set aside the deliberate testimony of men of proved scientific distinction1 whose word is still regarded as authoritative in observations not less delicate1 and for results to the layman hardly less dubious4 ,but ,i do not suggest that the phenomena1 however interpreted1 are likely to add anything to the proof of telepathy4 ,i would merely urge that1 as until the possibility of thought-transference in its various forms has been patiently and rigorously excluded1 odylic flames and magnetic influences must remain unproven1 so1 in dealing with that residuum of evidence for the physical phenomena called spiritualistic which appears inexplicable by fraud and malobservation1 the possibility of collective hallucination telepathically caused should be kept in view4#afd ,it should be observed that the treatment of telepathy by those responsible for the word involves as little of theory as ,newton's conception of gravitation4 ,what ,newton did was to find the simplest general expression for the observed facts by saying that the heavenly bodies acted upon each other with a certain measurable force4 ,he did not attempt to explain the mode of this action4 ,and whilst succeeding astronomers have for the most part been content to follow ,newton's example1 the science has1 nevertheless1 advanced in a steady and continuous progression4 ,so the conception of telepathy simply colligates the observed facts of spontaneous and experimental thought-transference1 as instances of the action of one mind upon another4 ,the nature of the action the theory does not discuss2 it merely defines it negatively1 as being outside the normal sensory channels4 ,in accordance with this view1 ,mr4 ,gurney1 and the ,english investigators generally1 have consistently employed psychical terms in their discussion of the subject3 they have spoken of the transmission of ideas1 not neuroses1 and of the affection of mind by mind1 rather than of brain by brain4#afe ,this treatment involves no prejudgment of the question4 ,whatever may be the nature of the cause1 we know the effects at present only in their psychical aspect1 and in default of a physical theory1 as psychical it seemed convenient to discuss them4 ,this mode of speech is of course as legitimate as the popular usage which permits us1 when the sun's rays strike upon our retina1 to ignore the intervening physical processes1 and to express only the psychical result1 ,i see the sun4 ,but ,mr4 ,gurney and his colleagues were further influenced in adopting and maintaining this usage by a conviction that the advancement of the subject has not hitherto been dependent upon the discovery of physical correlates for the observed psychical action1 and that the energy which would be diverted to the search for explanations1 could be more fruitfully employed on the still imperfect demonstration that there is something to be explained4 ,but it is obvious that this attitude of reserve cannot be maintained indefinitely4 ,since ,mr4 ,gurney wrote the sum-total of observations and experiments has steadily increased1 and there is hardly any longer room for doubt that we have something here which no physical processes at present known can adequately account for4 ,it is not possible to observe facts without speculating on the underlying law3 it is the law indicated by the facts1 more than the facts themselves1 which is of permanent interest to the human mind4 ,nor indeed can any fruitful observation be long maintained1 which is not accompanied1 guided1 and stimulated by theoretical speculation4 ,professor ,lodge has called upon us1 in this matter1 to press the doctrine of ultimate intelligibility2#aff and in so saying he has at once given articulate expression to an impulse from whose blind urgency no student of nature can escape1 and has formulated what is after all the differentia of the scientific mind4 ,the average man accepts things as they are2 the man of science presses the doctrine of ultimate intelligibility4 ,but however legitimate at the present stage of the inquiry theoretical speculation might seem1 such speculation has for the most part been conspicuously wanting in the treatment of the subject by those best qualified to deal with it4 ,at any rate the attitude of most continental investigators1 like that of their ,english colleagues1 has been a purely positive one4 ,they have contented themselves with describing in psychical terms the psychical phenomena which they have observed4 ,there are1 indeed1 some competent inquirers at the present time who incline to attribute thought-transference to the direct action of mind upon mind1 or to some process yet more transcendent1 just as in the last generation there were some who thought they were able to discern1 in such instances as came under their notice1 proof of the agency of disembodied spirits4 ,and ,von ,hartmann1 boldly accepting the facts wholesale1 ascribes them to a communication between finite minds effected through the inter-mediation of the ,absolute4#afg ,but until we have exhausted the resources of the world which we know1 we should perhaps conclude1 with ,mistress ,quickly1 that there is no need to trouble ourselves with any such thoughts yet4 ,any attempt at a physical explanation is1 of course1 beset with many difficulties4 ,to begin with1 there is no sense-organ for our presumed new mode of sensation2 nor at the present stage of physiological knowledge is there likelihood that we can annex any as yet unappropriated organ to register telepathic stimuli1 as the semicircular canals are supposed to register the movements of the body in space4 ,in lacking an elaborate machinery specially adapted for receiving its messages and concentrating them on the peripheral end of the nerves1 telepathy would thus seem to be on a par with radiant energy affecting the general surface of the body4 ,but the sensations of heat and cold are without quality or difference1 other than difference of degree2 whereas telepathic messages1 as we have seen1 purport often to be as detailed and precise as those conveyed by the same radiant energy falling on the organs of vision4 ,as regards the mode of transmission1 we find first the theory of a fluid1 which owes its origin to ,mesmer1 and was in vogue at a time when fluids were still fashionable in scientific circles4 ,dr4 ,barty#afh has recently revived this theory in a new form4 ,he alleges that there is a nerve-energy 7force neurique rayonnante7 which radiates from the eyes1 the fingers1 and the breath of the operator1 and is capable of producing various effects upon hypnotised subjects4 ,he finds that a knitting-needle acts as a conductor for this force1 and water as a non-conductor2 that the nerve-rays can be focussed by a magnifying-glass1 refracted by a prism1 and reflected from a mirror or other plane surface at an angle equal to the angle of incidence4 ,dr4 ,barty has omitted to state whether in the latter case the rays are polarised1 nor has he shown whether the force varies inversely to the square of the distance4 ,but the consideration of these remarkable results need hardly detain us long1 since they can all readily be explained by suggestion1 verbal or telepathic4 ,if we leave fluids and radiant nerve-energy on one side1 we find practically only one mode suggested for the telepathic transference--viz41 that the physical changes which are the accompaniments of thought or sensation in the agent are transmitted from the brain as undulations in the intervening medium1 and thus excite corresponding changes in some other brain1 without any other portion of the organism being necessarily implicated in the transmission4 ,this hypothesis has found its most philosophical champion in ,dr4 ,ochorowicz1 who has devoted several chapters of his book1 ,de la ,suggestion mentale1 to the discussion of the various theories on the subject4 ,he begins by recalling the reciprocal convertibility of all physical forces with which we are acquainted1 and especially draws attention to what he calls the law of reversibility1 a law which he illustrates by a description of the photophone4 ,the photophone is an instrument in which a mirror is made to vibrate to the human voice4 ,the mirror reflects a ray of light1 which1 vibrating in its turn1 falls upon a plate of selenium1 modifying its electric conductivity4 ,the intermittent current so produced is transmitted through a telephone1 and the original articulate sound is reproduced4 ,now in hypnotised subjects--and ,m4 ,ochorowicz does not in this connection treat of thought-transference between persons in the normal state--the equilibrium of the nervous system1 he sees reason to believe1 is profoundly affected4 ,the nerve-energy liberated in this state1 he points out1 cannot pass beyond the subject's brain without being transformed4 ,nevertheless1 like any other force1 it cannot remain isolated2 like any other force it escapes1 but in disguise4 ,orthodox science allows it only one way out1 the motor nerves4 ,these are the holes in the dark lantern through which the rays of light escape4444 ,thought remains in the brain1 just as the chemical energy of the galvanic battery remains in the cells1 but each is represented outside by its correlative energy1 which in the case of the battery is called the electric current1 but for which in the other we have as yet no name4 ,in any case there is some correlative energy--for the currents of the motor nerves do not and cannot constitute the only dynamic equivalent of cerebral energy--to represent all the complex movements of the cerebral mechanism4#afi ,considered purely in its physiological aspect1 such a theory appears to present no special difficulty2 or rather1 to put the matter more exactly1 our ignorance of the ultimate nature of nerve-processes is so nearly complete as to permit us to theorise in vacuo1 with little risk of encountering any insuperable obstacle4 ,it is true that ,professor ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1#agj in commenting on such physical theories of telepathy1 maintains that they contravene well-established physical laws3--,the law of 'isolated conductivity1' formulated fully by ,johannes ,mller1 which ,helmholtz compares in importance to the law of gravity1 first brought order into the field of neurology by insisting that impressions never jump from one fibre to another4444 ,is it likely that a neural state should jump from one brain to another1 through a great interval1 when intense stimuli on one nerve cannot affect another in the closest contact with it8 ,but it is clear that the law in question is merely a generalisation from observed facts1 and from facts1 moreover1 not of the same order as those now under discussion4 ,for the question here is not of the affection of another nerve-fibre in the same organism1 but of a nerve-centre in another organism4 ,and whilst it must have seemed priori probable that between nerves belonging to the same system induction would not take place1 because the alternative could hardly fail to be injurious to the organism1 and that the susceptibility to such induction1 if originally present1 would have been eliminated in the course of evolution1 it is at least theoretically conceivable that between different organisms induction might have persisted as innocuous1 or even have been developed as positively beneficial4 ,in current theories it is assumed that there are changes in brain-substance correlated with psychical events1 and that these changes1 in their ultimate analysis1 are of the nature of vibrations4 ,that these vibrations should be capable of in some way propagating themselves through the surrounding medium would seem therefore a natural corollary4 ,the real objections to such physical theories appear to be of a more general kind--viz41 the improbability that any such capacity of nervous induction should have remained unobserved until now2 and the difficulty of supposing vibrations so minute to be capable of producing effects at so great a distance1 and to have a selective capacity so finely adjusted that out of all the thousands of persons within the radius1 say1 of such a brain-wave as that set a-going by ,mr4 ,cleave 7p4 #bcd71 only one set of brain-molecules should be stirred to sympathetic vibration4 ,the first difficulty in its psychical aspect has already been touched upon at the commencement of this chapter1 and need not here be further considered4 ,the second is more serious4 ,it is difficult to find an exact parallel for the transmission across a considerable intervening space of energy at once so minute in quantity and so highly specialised4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,preece has indeed shown that a current can be induced in a closed circuit at a distance of some three miles or more1 and ,professor ,lodge has reminded us 7loc4 cit47 that all magnets are sympathetically connected1 so that1 if suitably suspended1 a vibration from one disturbs others1 even though they be distant ninety-two million miles4 ,but the forces engaged are in the one case on a commercial1 in the other on a cosmic scale4 ,yet the difficulty is not1 perhaps1 insuperable4 ,the amount of energy which has been proved capable1 at the distance of half a mile1 of inducing sleep in a ,french peasant woman may be readily conceived as not more attenuated than those sweet influences which are yet potent enough to summon up before us the vision of the ,pleiades or the glowing nebula of ,orion4 ,nor need the difficulty of selection trouble us much2 for1 after all1 one of the chief characteristics of organic life in general is the power--a power ever more differentiated in the higher organisms--of reacting only to selected stimuli4 ,in short1 it is too soon to say that any physical communication between living beings of the kind suggested is inconceivable4 ,we shall be justified in affirming or denying its possibility on the day when we have guessed the secret of our own existence1 and are able to explain how some fraction of a millegramme of albumen can contain not merely the promise of life1 but the germ of a particular and individual organism1 which shall reveal its own pedigree and contain in itself an epitome of life on our planet4 ,until1 therefore1 we know more of the nature of the cerebral changes which are presumed to be the physical concomitants of thought1 we are at most entitled to suggest that some kind of vibrations1 propagated somehow through a conjectural medium from an unspecified nerve-centre1 may possibly explain the transference of thought4 ,our main justification at the present time for discussing theories which aim at some solution is that they may indicate the lines on which experiment and observation may be usefully directed4 ,thus1 it is not known how far the results depend on the state of health of the parties to the experiments1 on their occupations and state of consciousness at the time2 whether blood-relationship or familiar intimacy between agent and percipient is conducive to success2 or whether the transmission is in any way affected by the introduction of more than one agent4 ,and though some progress has been made in tracing the development of the transmitted idea after it has reached the percipient's mind1 observations on the relation of the agent's impression to that of the percipient are at present few and isolated4 ,the difficulties of systematic experiment in this direction are considerable1 as will be apparent to any one who carefully studies the reports of the ,brighton experiments 7pp4 #fe-hj72 but it would seem that further investigation might be expected to throw light upon such questions as whether the percipient's original impression is necessarily of the same kind as the agent's2 whether in the case of visual impressions lateral inversion or complementary colours can be detected1 and so on4 ,once more1 but little has been learnt of the purely mechanical conditions under which the transmission is effected4 ,there are indeed indications that contact facilitates the transference2#aga but from the difficulty of discriminating1 when contact is permitted1 between thought-transference and muscle-reading1 even thus much can hardly be affirmed with certainty4 ,on the analogy of the known physical forces it is of course to be anticipated that the difficulty of effecting telepathic communication would increase very rapidly with the distance4 ,yet even here experimental verification is difficult to obtain4 ,it is obvious1 indeed1 in our experiments1 that an increased interval between agent and percipient1 especially if a wall or floor is made to intervene1 has affected the results prejudicially4 ,but it is by no means clear1 as already said1 how far the observed effects are to be attributed1 not to the physical obstacle of the intervening space1 but to the psychical effect produced thereby on the parties to the experiment4 ,there is1 however1 a difference1 already referred to1 in the characteristics of the ideas transferred at close quarters1 and those transferred at a distance1 which is so marked and so general as to call for some explanation of this kind4 ,in the experiments conducted in the same room or house1 and in most of the spontaneous cases at close quarters1 the idea transferred corresponds to a mental image consciously present to the mind of the agent4 ,but the cases1 whether experimental or spontaneous1 of such detailed transference at a distance of more than a mile or two are very few--too few to justify any valid generalisation4 ,for in most cases of thought-transference at a distance the idea transferred is one not consciously present to the agent's mind at all--the idea of his own personality4 ,to some critics indeed 7see ,mind1 #ahhg1 p4 #bhj7 this difficulty has seemed so serious as to suggest doubts of the propriety of referring the two sets of results to a common category2 and ,von ,hartmann1 whilst claiming1 as already said1 connection through the ,absolute as the explanation of the results obtained at a distance1 is content to postulate some kind of nervous induction in the case of experiments at close quarters4 ,but if we examine the facts more closely we find1 as has already been shown in some of the trials conducted by ,,mm ,gibert and ,pierre ,janet in inducing sleep at a distance1 and in a few other cases 7e4g41 ,nos4 #dj1 #ec1 #eh71 that the idea of the personality of the agent may be transferred to the percipient1 together with the specific idea present to the agent's mind4 ,moreover1 in the recorded cases of thought-transference at close quarters1 with hardly any exception1 the presence of the agent was known to the percipient1 and no evidence for the telepathic transmission of the idea of him can therefore be furnished4 ,but since the idea of self is probably always present as part of the permanent substratum of consciousness1 and since we have actual evidence that in some cases that idea may be communicated to the percipient1 together with the idea consciously willed by the agent1 it seems permissible to conclude that it may form an element in every case of transference4 ,and if this be admitted1 not merely will the difficulty referred to disappear1 but some progress will have been made towards obtaining experimental verification of the physical effects of distance on telepathic transmission4 ,for it would seem to follow that the telepathic energy1 which at close quarters is able to effect the transference even of the trivial and momentary contents of the agent's mind1 is competent when acting at a distance to convey only those continuous and more massive vibrations which may be presumed to correspond to his conception of his own personality4 ,that the agent is not consciously thinking of himself need not prevent us from accepting this view4 ,nor would a like unconsciousness on the part of the percipient be a serious objection4 ,for1 as we have already seen 7,nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 etc471 ideas can be transferred from the subconscious to the subconscious2 and indeed there is some ground for thinking that1 outside of direct experiment1 the intervention of the conscious mind in the telepathic transmission of thought is exceptional4 ,even in some of the most striking experimental cases it has been shown that either agent or percipient1 or both1 were asleep or entranced at the time4 7,see ,chapter ,x41 p4 #bci47 ,this close connection of the activity of thought-transference with the subliminal consciousness1 the consciousness which appears in hypnosis1 and occasionally in dream-life and in spontaneous trance and automatism1 may perhaps offer a clue to the origin of the faculty4 ,for the future place of telepathy in the history of the race concerns us even more nearly than the mode of its operation2 and we are led therefore to ask whether the faculty as we know it is but the germ of a more splendid capacity1 or the last vestige of a power grown stunted through disuse4 ,by those who view the matter simply as a topic of natural history the latter alternative will be preferred4 ,the possible utility of telepathy as a supplement to gesture1 etc41 at a time when speech and writing were not yet evolved1 is too obvious for comment4 ,whilst1 on the other hand1 such a faculty can with difficulty be conceived as originating by any physical process of evolution in our modern civilisation4 ,but more direct evidence of the place of telepathy in our development is not wanting4 ,for there are indications that the consciousness which lies below the threshold1 with which the activity of telepathy is constantly associated1 may be regarded as representing an earlier stage in the consciousness of the individual1 and even it may be an earlier stage in the history of the race4 ,the readiest means of summoning into temporary activity this subterranean consciousness is in the hypnotic trance4 ,now the consciousness displayed by the hypnotised subject includes1 as a rule1 the whole of the normal consciousness1 and also extends beyond it4 ,that is1 the hypnotised subject is aware not only of what goes on in the trance but also of his normal life3 when awaked the events of the trance have passed from his memory and are not revived until the next period of trance4 ,our work-a-day consciousness would appear to be1 in fact1 a selection from a much larger field of potential consciousness4 ,or1 to put it in another way1 the pressure on the narrow limits of our working consciousness is so great that ideas and sensations are continually being crowded out and forced down below the threshold4 ,the subliminal consciousness thus becomes the receptacle of lapsed memories and sensations2 and up to a certain point in the history of each individual these lapsed ideas can be temporarily revived4 ,long forgotten memories of childhood1 for instance1 can be resuscitated in the hypnotic trance1 and ideas which have demonstrably never penetrated into consciousness at all can be brought to light by crystal-vision1 planchette-writing1 or other automatic processes4 ,again1 one of the most marked characteristics of the subliminal consciousness1 whether in dream1 hypnosis1 spontaneous trance1 or in crystal vision and other automatism1 is its power of visualisation--a power which1 as ,mr4 ,galton has shown1 and our daily experience proves1 tends to become aborted in later life4 ,and beyond these indications of memories lost and imagery crowded out in the lifetime of the individual1 we come across traces of faculties which have long ceased to obey the guidance or minister to the needs of civilised man--the psychological lumber of many generations ago4 ,such at least1 it may be suggested1 is a possible interpretation of the control frequently exercised by the hypnotic over the processes of digestion and circulation and the functions of the organic life generally4 ,and the more doubtful observations1 which seem to indicate the possession by the subconscious life of a sense of the passage of time and of a muscular sense superior to that of the waking state1 may be held to point in the same direction4 ,from such facts and such analogies as these it may be argued that telepathy is perchance the relic of a once-serviceable faculty1 which eked out the primitive alphabet of gesture1 and helped to bind our ancestors of the cave or the tree in as yet inarticulate community1 ,dr4 ,jules ,hricourt1#agb indeed1 goes further1 and suggests that we find here traces of the primeval unspecialised sensitiveness which preceded the development of a nervous system--a heritage shared with the amba and the sea-anemone4 ,on the other hand1 it may be urged that our present knowledge1 either of telepathy itself or of the subconscious activities with which it is sought to link it1 cannot by any means be held sufficient to support such an inference as to the probable origin of the faculty2 and further1 that the absence of mundane analogies1 and the difficulties attending any such explanation yet suggested1 forbid us to assume that the facts are capable of expression in physical terms4 ,it is further urged that whilst the dependence of telepathy on any material conditions is not obvious1 it is constantly associated not only in popular belief1 but in testimony from trustworthy sources1 with phenomena which seem to point to supernormal faculties1 such as clairvoyance1 retrocognition1 and prevision1 themselves hardly susceptible of a physical explanation4 ,this view has found its ablest exponent in ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers4#agc ,and though ,mr4 ,myers would himself readily admit that the evidence for these alleged supernormal faculties is not on a par with the evidence for telepathy1 yet he maintains that such as it is it cannot be summarily dismissed4 ,no doubt if it should appear with fuller knowledge that there are sufficient grounds for believing in faculties which give to man knowledge1 not derivable from living minds1 of the distant1 the far past1 and the future1 it would be more reasonable to regard telepathy as a member of the group of such supernormal faculties1 operating in ways wholly apart from the familiar sense activities1 and not amenable1 like these1 to terrestrial laws4 ,such considerations may at any rate be held to justify a suspension of judgment4 ,we are not yet1 it may be said1 called upon to decide whether telepathy is a vestigial or a rudimentary faculty2 whether its manifestations are governed by forces correlative with heat and electricity1 or whether we are justified in discerning in them the operation of some vaster cosmic agencies4 ,but there is another aspect of the question4 ,the first stage of our inquiry is not yet complete4 ,it would be futile for us to debate what manner of new agency we propose to believe in until it is generally admitted by competent persons that the facts are not to be attributed to such recognised1 if insufficiently familiar1 causes as illusion1 misrepresentation1 and the subconscious quickening of normal faculties4 ,more and varied experiments are wanted1 more and more accurate records of spontaneous phenomena2 and at the present stage there should be no lack of either one or other4 ,most scientific inquiries demand of the investigator long years of special study and preparation1 and an elaborate mechanical equipment4 ,but experiments in thought-transference can be conducted by any one with sufficient leisure and patience to observe the requisite precautions2 whilst telepathic visions need for their recording no other qualifications than accuracy and good faith4 ,in fact ,science1 whose boast it was once ,aerias tentasse domos animoque rotundum ,percurrisse polum1 has now come down from those airy realms and turned its attention to the things of earth1 and especially to the study of our human environment and the growth of human intelligence4 ,and in this its latest phase ,science has1 of necessity1 followed the tendency of the age and become democratic4 ,every parent can become a fellow-worker with ,darwin in the laboratory of the infant mind2 in investigating the faculties and idiosyncrasies of man1 even the lines imprinted on his finger-tips and his shifts to remember the multiplication-table1 there is not less need of the accumulated small contributions of the many than of the life-long labours of the expert4 ,and in this newest field of scientific research there can be no doubt that results of permanent value await the worker who is content to walk upon the solid earth1 and to turn his eyes from the mirage which has dazzled many of his predecessors4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aej3 ,the fact that most1 if not all1 the medical men quoted would themselves reject the explanation hinted at in the text1 and would regard their own success as due rather to skill and patience than to any specific endowment1 should1 of course1 have due weight1 but cannot be regarded as decisive4 ,footnote #aea3 ,see also the account given by ,dr4 ,gibotteau in the ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques of the power possessed by ,berthe 7see ante1 p4 #aci7 of causing people to stumble or lose their sense of direction4 ,mr4 ,andrew ,lang has recently drawn attention to the remarkable resemblances between accounts of medieval magic1 etc41 and modern telepathic phenomena 7see1 e4g41 his article in ,cont4 ,review1 ,sept4 #ahic74 ,footnote #aeb3 ,it is possible that we need not go so far as telepathy for an explanation4 ,slight indications unconsciously apprehended may have furnished the necessary clue in all cases1 as they almost certainly did in some4 ,footnote #aec3 ,see ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ef2 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,april #ahhc2 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,s4,p4,r41 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #aed3 ,animal ,magnetism 7,international ,science ,series71 pp4 #bfd et seq4 ,cf4 ,ottolenghi and ,lombroso1 in ,rev4 ,phil41 ,oct4 #ahhi1 on polarisation of hallucinations by magnets4 ,footnote #aee3 ,rev4 de l',hypnotisme1 ,dec4 #ahhg4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ibid41 ,june #ahhg4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,rev4 des ,sciences ,hypnotiques1 #ahhg-hh1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journal1 ,jan4 #ahic4 ,footnote #aei3 ,rev4 des ,sciences ,hypnotiques1 #ahhg-hh1 p4 #aea4 ,see also ,force ,psychique et ,suggestion ,mentale1 by ,dr4 ,claude ,perronnet1 pp4 #ba-bf1 who shows clearly how thought-transference may vitiate many hypnotic experiments4 ,footnote #afj3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 ,jan4-,feb4 #ahic2 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ix4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #afa3 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vi4 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #afb3 ,see1 for instance1 the ,report on ,spiritualism of the ,london ,dialectical ,society2 ,experiences of ,mr4 ,stainton ,moses in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ix4 p4 #bde2 and article1 ,spiritualism1 in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 by ,mrs4 ,henry ,sidgwick1 and in ,chambers' ,encyclopdia1 by ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,footnote #afc3 ,it need hardly be said that the oft-quoted story of the ,european who came late and unobserved to the performance of an ,indian ,fakir1 and from a distant tree saw him cutting up a pumpkin when the crowd saw him cutting up a child1 is merely ben trovato4 ,nor1 indeed1 until we have contemporaneous accounts of these performances from carefully trained observers is there need of any such hypothesis to explain the feats of ,indian jugglery4 ,see ,mr4 ,hodgson's article in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 ix4 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #afd3 ,the explanation suggested in the text for the physical phenomena of ,spiritualism is worked out in some detail by ,von ,hartmann1 the philosopher of the unconscious1 in a little treatise on ,spiritism1 which has been translated into ,english by ,c4,c4,m41 #ahhe4 ,but ,von ,hartmann believes that some of the phenomena are produced by a hypothetical nerve-force under the direction of the somnambulic self of the medium--a prodigality of hypotheses which in the circumstances is surely superfluous4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see ,phantasms of the ,living1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aaj-aac4 ,footnote #aff3 ,presidential ,address to the ,section of ,mathematics and ,physics of the ,british ,association1 ,august #ahia4 ,footnote #afg3 ,if all individuals of higher or lower order are rooted in the ,absolute1 retrogressively in this they have a second connection among themselves1 and there is requisite only a restoration of the rapport or telephonic junction 7,telephonanschluss7 between two individuals in the ,absolute1 by an intense interest of the will1 to bring about the unconscious interchange between them without sense-mediation4 7,spiritism1 by ,ed4 von ,hartmann1 trans4 ,c4,c4,m41 p4 #ge47 ,footnote #afh3 ,des ,proprits physiques d'une force particulire du corps humain1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #afi3 ,de la ,suggestion mentale1 ,paris1 #ahhg1 pp4 #eaa1 #eab4 ,footnote #agj3 ,american ,journal of ,psychology1 vol4 i41 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #aga3 ,see1 for instance1 ,professor ,lodge's paper in ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #agb3 ,annales des ,sciences ,psychiques1 vol4 i4 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #agc3 ,see his articles on the ,subliminal ,consciousness1 etc41 ,proc4 ,s4,p4,r41 vol4 vii4 p4 #bih2 vol4 viii4 p4 #ccc1 pp4 #dcf et seq4 ,,index4 ,aksakof ,a41 cases recorded by1 #ahd1 #bff ,american ,society for ,psychical ,research1 founding of1 #d2 experiments by1 #ae1 #bg ,ansthesia telepathically produced1 #aja-ajd ,anxiety as cause of hallucination1 #baf1 #bbc ,auditory hallucinations1 #be1 #bah1 #bdg-bea1 #bgd-bgf ,automatic writing1 #ia-if1 #ahc ,azam1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #ei ,babinski1 #cge ,backman1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #cch1 #cdi1 #ceg ,barber1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #afh ,barty1 ,dr41 #chd ,barnby1 ,sir ,joseph1 case recorded by1 #ceh ,barrett1 ,professor1 #ai1 #gb2 experiments by1 #hd ,beard1 ,s4 ,h41 #hc ,bergson1 case of cornea-reading1 #ab ,bernheim1 ,professor1 #c1 #bab1 #cge ,bidder1 the ,misses1 case recorded by1 #aij ,binet and ,fr1 experiments by1 #bji1 #cge ,bonjean1 #aa ,booth1 ,miss ,mabel ,gore1 case recorded by1 #bfc ,borderland hallucinations1 #aic1 #bag1 #beg1 #bib ,bourru and ,burot1 #cge ,boyd1 ,w41 case recorded by1 #cdf ,boyle1 ,r4 ,v41 case recorded by1 #aif ,brown1 ,mrs41 experiments by1 #bg ,bruce1 ,archdeacon1 case recorded by1 #ahb ,busk1 ,miss1 case recorded by1 #bje ,buttemer1 ,r4 ,h41 experiments by1 #ie ,caldecott1 ,miss ,l41 case recorded by1 #bee ,campbell1 ,captain1 case recorded by1 #aih ,campbell1 ,miss1 and ,miss ,despard1 experiments by1 #abg ,carat1 ,dr41 case recorded by1 #beg ,cards1 power of distinguishing by touch1 #ac ,cary1 ,c4 ,h41 case recorded by1 #bgd ,casual hallucinations1 #bjh1 #bae-bbe ,census of hallucinations1 #bae ,chance coincidence1 #bg1 #adc1 #adf1 #ahf-ahh1 #bbj-bbe ,clairvoyance1 #b1 #ai1 #bjd1 #cic2 definition of1 #cbf2 travelling1 #bie1 #cch-cej ,clairvoyant1 dream1 #bjd1 #cfc1 #cfg ,clark1 ,miss ,c41 case recorded by1 #bdg ,clothes of apparitions1 #aeb1 #bjj1 #bcj1 #bdd1 #bdf ,codes1 fraudulent1 #aj1 #aa1 #be ,collective agency1 #ba1 #bc1 #cj1 #cg1 #dc1 #fd1 #gd ,collective hallucinations1 #cgh-chj2 evidential defects1 #aec1 #bfh-bgb2 explanation of1 #bgb-bgd ,collective illusion1 #bfh ,colour1 transference of1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #fd ,commands1 execution of telepathic1 #hg1 #ij1 #aaj-aac1 #aba ,commands1 telepathic disobeyed1 #hi1 #ij ,community of sensation1 #ah ,contact in thought-transference experiments1 #ad1 #ai1 #cj1 #cd1 #chi ,contagious hallucinations1 #bgc1 #cjh1 #caf ,cornea-reading1 #aa1 #ab1 #ce ,crookes1 ,william1 #cgg ,crystal as means of inducing hallucination1 #ceb ,crystal vision1 #b1 #ge1 #cec1 #ceg-cei1 #cgc ,cumberland1 ,stuart1 #ad ,dariex1 ,dr41 #hi1 #aah ,dates1 unconsciously falsified1 #aec ,death1 dreams of1 #ahh2 hallucinations coinciding with1 #adg1 #bbj-bbe ,deferred recognition1 #bdg1 #bed ,deferred telepathic impression1 #fe1 #gi1 #bfd ,delbuf1 ,professor1 #bab1 #cge ,dessoir1 ,max1 experiments by1 #ch ,dempster1 ,miss ,hawkins1 case recorded by1 #cjb ,de ,vesci1 ,lady1 case recorded by1 #aha ,dick1 case of pseudo-clairvoyance1 #ac ,direction1 hallucination in sense of1 #aci1 #ada ,distance1 effect of on experiments1 #gd1 #aje1 #acb1 #aci1 #chi-cia ,dobbie1 ,a4 ,w41 experiments by1 #cch ,documentary evidence1 #aeg-aei1 #ahg ,double impression1 transference of1 #cg ,dreams1 analogy with hallucinations1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aig1 #bjg-bjh ,dreams1 clairvoyant1 #bjd1 #cfc1 #cfg ,dream evidence1 #ahe-ahi ,dufay1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #aaf ,dupr1 ,dr41 case recorded by1 #agb ,dusart1 ,dr41 #aah ,edgeworth1 ,prof41 calculations of probabilities1 #bg ,elliotson1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #ai ,emotion1 transference of1 #ada1 #agc-ahj ,errors of inference1 #adh2 of memory1 #aeb1 #bbj-bbb2 of narration1 #adi2 of observation1 #adg ,esdaile1 ,dr41 #ai ,evans1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,l41 case recorded by1 #bii ,experiments in physical sciences1 #f-i ,falkinburg1 ,s4 ,s41 case recorded by1 #bhc ,fatigue1 influence on clairvoyance1 #cec1 #cfb1 #cfg ,fr 7and ,binet71 experiments by1 #bji1 #cge ,fraud1 #aj1 #aa ,freese1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #cfg ,frost1 ,rev4 ,matthew1 case recorded by1 #bfe ,fryer1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,t41 case recorded by1 #bie ,ghosts1 #b1 #aej1 #aec1 #bbf1 #bgb ,gibert1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #hh1 #ajh ,gibotteau1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #hj1 #aci1 #cfh ,godfrey1 ,rev4 ,clarence1 experiments by1 #bbh ,goodall1 ,edward1 case recorded by1 #bjb ,goodrick1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,s41 case recorded by1 #bgi ,gower1 ,leveson1 case recorded by1 #age ,gradual development of impressions1 #gf-gh1 #agf1 #bee ,gregory1 ,prof41 #ai ,greiffenberg1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #bgg ,greves1 ,dr4 ,hyla1 #bc ,grimaldi and ,fronda1 experiments by1 #ef ,gurney1 ,edmund1 #bj1 #ia1 #ajb1 #aee1 #ahh1 #bae1 #cha2 experiments by1 #bj1 #bg1 #cc1 #eg1 #fj1 #aja1 #bac ,guthrie1 ,malcolm1 experiments by1 #bj1 #bc1 #cc ,hall1 ,prof4 ,stanley1 #chf ,hallucinations1 borderland1 #aic1 #bag1 #beg1 #bib2 casual1 #bjh1 #bae-bbe2 census of1 #bae2 centrally initiated1 #bad2 contagious1 #bgc1 #cjh1 #caf2 grotesque1 #bgc1 #bgg1 #bgh2 heteroplastic1 #bcc1 #bdf1 #cjd-cae2 hypnotic1 #bjh-baa1 #bgj1 #cgh2 of memory1 #aed-aee1 #ahg1 #bga2 post-hypnotic1 #baa-bad2 pseudo1 #fh2 rudimentary1 #abf1 #bag1 #bea1 #bgh1 #bgi2 telepathic1 experimentally induced1 #fh1 #acb1 #acd1 #adj1 #ada1 #bbf-bdf ,hamilton1 ,e4 ,w41 case recorded by1 #bjj ,harrison1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #aid ,hart1 ,ernest1 #cge ,hartmann1 ,edward1 #chc1 #cij ,haunted houses1 #cae-cbe1 #cgc ,hay1 ,sir ,john ,drummond1 case recorded by1 #bea ,haynes1 ,gideon1 case recorded by1 #agj ,hennique1 ,leon1 experiments by1 #abi ,herbert1 ,auberon1 #ha ,herdman1 ,prof41 #bc ,hricourt1 ,dr41 #aah2 ,dr4 ,jules1 #cic ,heteroplastic hallucinations1 #bcc1 #bdf1 #cjd-cae ,hicks1 ,dr41 #bc ,hodgson1 ,dr4 ,r41 #ac1 #aee1 #cgi2 case recorded by1 #cjd ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h41 #ac ,hurly1 ,miss ,berta1 case recorded by1 #beh ,husbands1 ,john1 case recorded by1 #cji ,hypersthesia1 #aa1 #ei1 #gj ,hypnotic state favourable to thought-transference1 #ah1 #eh1 #ia1 #cic ,hypnotism1 #c1 #ah1 #eh1 #ei1 #cgb ,inference1 errors of1 #adh ,illusion1 collective1 #bfh2 telepathic1 #fd1 #fe1 #afi ,impersonal agency1 #agi ,impersonations in trance1 #cbi-cca ,janet1 ,professor ,pierre1 #hh1 #ia1 #bji1 #cij2 experiments by1 #ajh ,james1 ,professor ,w41 cases recorded by1 #agd1 #ccd ,johnson1 ,miss1 experiments by1 #gj1 #ge ,jones1 ,sir ,lawrence1 case recorded by1 #bic ,jupp1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,h41 case recorded by1 #bij ,kapnist1 ,countess ,eugenie1 case recorded by1 #beb ,keulemans1 ,j4 ,g41 self-induced trance1 #cea ,kirk1 ,joseph1 experiments by1 #aca-aci1 #bdd ,knott1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #caf ,krebs1 ,f4 ,h41 case recorded by1 #agd ,lang1 ,andrew1 #cgc ,latency of telepathic impression1 #fe1 #bfd ,latour1 ,dr4 ,tolosa1 experiments by1 #aai ,libeault1 ,dr41 case recorded by1 #ahd2 experiments by1 #fc1 #bab ,ligeois1 ,professor1 experiments by1 #fc1 #bab ,lip-reading1 #aa1 #gj ,local association of some apparitions1 #cad ,lodge1 ,professor ,oliver1 #chb1 #chg1 #chi2 experiments by1 #cc1 #ce1 #ccb1 #ccf ,luminosity accompanying telepathic hallucinations1 #bee1 #beg1 #bhf ,luys1 ,dr41 #cge ,mabire1 ,etienne1 and ,anton ,schmoll1 experiments by1 #db ,magnetic sense1 #cgd ,magnets1 alleged influence of1 #cge ,marks1 ,f4 ,a41 case recorded by1 #cfb ,maughan1 ,miss ,edith1 experiments by1 #bch ,mc,alpine1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #bfj ,memory1 errors of1 #aeb1 #bbj-bbb2 hallucination of1 #aed1 #aee1 #ahg1 #bga ,mesmer1 #chd ,mesmerism 7,see ,hypnotism7 ,metals1 alleged influence of1 #cge ,milman1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #bhj ,misinterpretation of telepathic message1 #cjb ,muscle-reading1 #ad1 #cj ,music1 transference of1 at a distance1 #abb ,myers1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t41 #ga1 #aji ,myers1 ,f4 ,w4 ,h41 #bj1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cic2 cases recorded by1 #ahc1 #bcf1 #caa1 #cec2 experiments by1 #ba1 #di1 #aji-aac1 #baj ,narration1 errors of1 #adi ,nervous induction1 #ajb1 #chf1 #cij ,newbold1 ,miss ,annie1 case recorded by1 #bge ,newnham1 ,rev4 ,p4 ,h41 experiments by1 #ib ,number-habit1 #af ,observation1 errors of1 #adg ,ochorowicz1 ,dr41 #chd2 experiments by1 #bh1 #hh ,p----1 ,j4 ,h41 experiments by1 #hi1 #abj ,pain1 experimental transference of1 #bc1 #cd1 #fj2 spontaneous transference of1 #afb1 #aib ,paquet1 ,mrs41 case recorded by1 #cfj ,pickering1 ,prof41 on number-habit1 #af ,piper1 ,mrs41 phenomena observed with1 #cbg ,point de repre1 #ahc1 #baj1 #bad1 #bag1 #ceb ,post-hypnotic hallucinations1 #baa-bad ,precautions necessary in experiments1 #aj-ag ,presumptive action of telepathy1 #cgb1 #cgc ,pseudo-hallucinations1 #fh ,pseudo-presentiments1 #aed1 #ahg ,pseudo-telepathy1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac ,real person mistaken for ghost1 #adh ,reciprocal impressions1 #bih-cjb ,reddell1 ,frances1 case recorded by1 #cjf ,reichenbach's phenomena1 #cgd ,richet1 ,prof41 #aac1 #aff2 cases recorded by1 #aac1 #aff1 #aga1 #bie1 #caa2 experiments by1 #bf1 #eg1 #ih1 #aaf1 #cgf ,roux1 ,j4 ,c41 experiments by1 #abd ,royce1 ,prof41 cases recorded by1 #aib1 #aie2 on pseudo-presentiment1 #aed ,sauvaire1 ,dr41 hypersthesia described by1 #ac ,schmoll1 ,anton1 and ,etienne ,mabire1 experiments by1 #db ,schrenck-,notzing1 ,dr4 ,von1 experiments by1 #ed1 #bci ,secondary consciousness1 moral inferiority of1 #ie1 #if1 #cca ,second-hand evidence of little value1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aef1 #bhh2 useful as standard of comparison1 #aef1 #afj1 #bih1 #cjd ,severn1 ,arthur1 case recorded by1 #afb ,shell-hearing1 #cee ,sidgwick1 ,mrs4 ,h41 experiments by1 #fe1 #gj1 #ge1 #ajb2 ,professor1 #d1 #bj1 #fe1 #gj1 #bae ,sister ,martha1 case recorded by1 #bib ,sleep1 produced telepathically1 #ajg-aai1 #ace1 #aci ,sloman1 ,rev4 ,a41 case recorded by1 #afg ,smell1 transference of1 #afd ,smith1 ,g4 ,a41 #fj1 #fe1 #ga1 #ge1 #hc1 #aja1 #baa1 #cee ,smith1 ,h41 case recorded by1 #bai ,society for ,psychical ,research1 #d1 #aj1 #hc1 #bae1 #cgd ,society for ,psychical ,research1 ,american1 founding of1 #d2 experiments by1 #ae1 #bg ,sounds1 transference of1 experimental1 #bd1 #abb2 spontaneous1 #afh1 #bdg-bea1 #bgd-bgf ,sparks1 ,h4 ,p41 experiments by1 #bcd ,spiritualism1 #c1 #ai1 #cgf-chj ,stewart1 ,professor ,balfour1 #bj ,subconscious action of telepathy1 #eh1 #ia1 #aci1 #bci1 #bed1 #cia ,subliminal consciousness1 #ie1 #bed1 #cib ,sully1 ,professor1 #bae ,table-tilting1 #gc1 #if1 #ii ,tamburini1 ,prof41 case recorded by1 #age ,taste1 experiments with sense of1 #bj1 #cd1 #eh ,telepathy1 definition1 #f2 frequently subconscious1 #eh1 #ia1 #aci1 #bci1 #bed1 #cia2 a generalisation not a theory1 #cha2 origin of faculty1 #cia-cic2 suggested explanation of1 #chb-chh ,terror1 experimentally induced1 #ada ,thaw1 ,dr4 ,blair1 experiments by1 #ca1 #ha1 #hf ,thought-forms1 #ae ,thought-transference1 definition1 #f2 first observations1 #ah ,townshend1 ,c4 ,h41 #ai ,tudor1 ,william1 case recorded by1 #bdi ,tunes1 transference of1 #be ,venturi1 ,prof41 case recorded by1 #aha ,verrall1 ,mrs41 #ac1 #baj ,wesermann1 ,h4 ,m41 experiments by1 #bca ,will1 influence of1 #hb1 #he1 #ajh ,willing-game1 #ae1 #ai ,wiltse1 ,dr41 experiments by1 #bdb1 #cdb1 #cdd ,witchcraft1 #c1 #cgc ,x41 ,miss1 experiments by1 #abb1 #baj1 #cec2 cases recorded by1 #afd1 #aff ,,the ,,walter ,,scott ,,press1 ,,newcastle-,,on-,,tyne4 ,new ,books and ,new ,editions4 ,,contemporary ,,science ,,series4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #fs4 ,illustrated4 ,,man ,,and ,,woman3 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,human ,,secondary ,,sexual ,,characters4 ,by ,,havelock ,,ellis1 ,author of ,the ,criminal1 ,the ,nationalisation of ,health1 etc4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,modern ,,capitalism3 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,machine ,,production4 ,,by ,,john ,a4 ,,hobson1 ,m4,a4 ,,third ,,edition4 ,twentieth ,thousand4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #fs4 ,,esther ,,waters3 ,a ,,novel4 ,,by ,,george ,,moore4 ,strong1 vivid1 sober1 yet undaunted in its realism1 full to the brim of observation of life and character1 ,esther ,waters is not only immeasurably superior to anything the author has ever written before1 but it is one of the most remarkable works that has appeared in print this year1 and one which does credit not only to the author1 but the country in which it has been written4--,the ,world4 ,crown #hvo1 ,half ,antique1 ,paper ,boards1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,theatrical ,,world ,,for #ahic4 ,,by ,,william ,,archer4 ,that the literary drama dealing with social problems made great advance during #ahic is universally admitted1 but if proof were wanted nothing could be more conclusive than ,mr4 ,archer's series of thoughtful and pointed articles4--,daily ,chronicle4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #fs4 ,,modern ,,painting4 ,,by ,,george ,,moore4 ,of the very few books on art that painters and critics should on no account leave unread this is surely one4--,the ,studio4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane1 ,paternoster ,row4 ,,dramatic ,,essays4 ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,archer ,,and ,,robert ,w4 ,,lowe4 ,three ,volumes1 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #c_/f each4 ,dramatic ,criticism1 as we now understand it--the systematic appraisement from day to day and week to week of contemporary plays and acting--began in ,england about the beginning of the present century4 ,until very near the end of the eighteenth century1 the critics gave direct utterance to their judgments in the theatre itself1 or in the coffee-houses1 only occasionally straying into print in letters to the news-sheets1 or in lampoons or panegyrics in prose or verse1 published in pamphlet form4 ,modern criticism began with modern journalism2 but some of its earliest utterances were of far more than ephemeral value4 ,during the earlier half of the present century several of the leading essayists of the day--men of the first literary eminence--concerned themselves largely with the theatre4 ,under the title of ,,dramatic ,,essays will be issued1 in three volumes1 such of their theatrical criticisms as seem to be of abiding interest4 ,,the ,,first ,,series will contain selections from the criticisms of ,,leigh ,,hunt1 both those published in #ahjg 7long out of print71 and the admirable articles contributed more than twenty years later to ,the ,tatler1 and never republished4 ,,the ,,second ,,series will contain selections from the criticisms of ,,william ,,hazlitt4 ,hazlitt's ,essays on ,kean and his contemporaries have long been inaccessible1 save to collectors4 ,,the ,,third ,,series will contain hitherto uncollected criticisms by ,,john ,,forster1 ,,george ,,henry ,,lewes1 and others1 with selections from the writings of ,,william ,,robson 7,the ,old ,playgoer74 ,the ,essays will be concisely but adequately annotated1 and each volume will contain an ,introduction by ,,william ,,archer1 and an ,engraved ,portrait ,frontispiece4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 #bd ,warwick ,lane4 ,,library ,,of ,,humour ,cloth ,elegant1 ,large ,crown #hvo1 ,price #c_/f per vol4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issued4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,france4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,elizabeth ,lee4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,paul ,frnzeny4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,germany4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,hans ,mller-,casenov4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,c4 ,e4 ,brock4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,italy4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,a4 ,werner4 ,with #ej ,illustrations and a ,frontispiece by ,arturo ,faldi4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,america4 ,selected with a copious ,biographical ,index of ,american ,humorists1 by ,james ,barr4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,holland4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,a4 ,werner4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,dudley ,hardy4 ,,volumes ,,in ,,preparation4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,ireland4 ,selected by ,d4 ,j4 ,o',donoghue4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,oliver ,paque4 ,ready ,sept4 #ahid4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,spain4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,s4 ,taylor4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,h4 ,r4 ,millar4 ,ready ,oct4 #ahid4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,russia4 ,translated1 with ,notes1 by ,e4 ,l4 ,boole1 and an ,introduction by ,stepniak4 ,with #ej ,illustrations by ,paul ,frnzeny4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,japan4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction1 by ,a4 ,m4 ,with ,illustrations by ,george ,bigot 7from ,drawings made in ,japan74 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane4 ,,books ,,of ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth ,elegant1 ,price #c_/f per ,vol4 ,,english ,,fairy ,,and ,,other ,,folk ,,tales4 ,selected and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,,by ,,edwin ,,sidney ,,hartland4 ,with ,twelve ,full-,page ,illustrations by ,,charles ,e4 ,,brock4 ,,scottish ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 ,selected and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,,by ,,sir ,,george ,,douglas1 ,,bart4 ,with ,twelve ,full-,page ,illustrations by ,,james ,,torrance4 ,,irish ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 ,selected and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,yeats4 ,with ,twelve ,full-,page ,illustrations by ,,james ,,torrance4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane1 ,paternoster ,row4 ,crown #hvo1 about #cej pp4 each1 ,cloth ,cover1 #bs4 #f;d4 per vol4 ,half-polished ,morocco1 gilt top1 #es4 ,,count ,,tolsto',s ,,works4 ,the following ,volumes are already issued-- ,a ,,russian ,,proprietor4 ,,the ,,cossacks4 ,,ivan ,,ilyitch1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,,my ,,religion4 ,,life4 ,,my ,,confession4 ,,childhood1 ,,boyhood1 ,,youth4 ,,the ,,physiology ,,of ,,war4 ,,anna ,,kar,,nina4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,what ,,to ,,do8 ,,war ,,and ,,peace4 7#d ,,vols47 ,,the ,,long ,,exile1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories ,,for ,,children4 ,,sevastopol4 ,,the ,,kreutzer ,,sonata1 ,,and ,,family ,,happiness4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,god ,,is ,,within ,,you4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,uniform with the above4 ,,impressions ,,of ,,russia4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,georg ,,brandes4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 #bd ,warwick ,lane4 ,,mr4 ,,george ,,moore',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,cloth1 ,crown #hvo1 ,price #fs4 ,,esther ,,waters3 ,a ,novel4 ,,by ,,george ,,moore4 ,strong1 vivid1 sober1 yet undaunted in its realism1 full to the brim of observation of life and character1 ,esther ,waters is not only immeasurably superior to anything the author has ever written before1 but it is one of the most remarkable works that has appeared in print this year1 and one which does credit not only to the author1 but the country in which it has been written4--,the ,world4 ,as we live the book through again in memory1 we feel more and more confident that ,mr4 ,moore has once for all vindicated his position among the half-dozen living novelists of whom the historian of ,english literature will have to take account4--,daily ,chronicle4 ,it may be as well to set down1 beyond possibility of misapprehension1 my belief that in ,esther ,waters we have the most artistic1 the most complete1 and the most inevitable work of fiction that has been written in ,england for at least two years4--,a4 ,t4 ,q4 ,c4 in ,the ,speaker4 ,hardly since the time of ,defoe have the habits and manners of the 'masses' been delineated as they are delineated here4444 ,esther ,waters is the best story that he 7,mr4 ,moore7 has written1 and one on which he may be heartily congratulated4--,globe4 ,matthew ,arnold1 reviewing one of ,tolsto's novels1 remarked that the ,russian novelist seemed to write because the thing happened so1 and for no other reason4 ,that is precisely the merit of ,mr4 ,moore's book4444 ,it seems inevitable4--,westminster ,gazette4 ,,other ,,novels ,,by ,,george ,,moore4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,a ,,drama ,,in ,,muslin4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,a ,,modern ,,lover4 ,new ,edition4 ,a ,,mummer',s ,,wife4 ,twentieth ,edition4 ,,vain ,,fortune4 #fs4 ,with ,illustrations by ,maurice ,greiffenhagen4 ,a few ,large-,paper ,copies at ,one ,guinea4 ,second ,edition1 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #fs4 ,,modern ,,painting4 ,by ,george ,moore4 ,of the very few books on art that painters and critics should on no account leave unread this is surely one4--,studio4 ,his book is one of the best books about pictures that have come into our hands for some years4--,st4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,a more original1 a better informed1 a more suggestive1 and1 let us add1 a more amusing work on the art of to-day1 we have never read than this volume4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane4 ,,the ,,scott ,,library4 ,cloth1 ,uncut ,edges1 ,gilt ,top4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 per ,volume4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issued-- #a ,,malory',s ,,romance ,,of ,,king ,,arthur ,,and ,,the ,quest of the ,holy ,grail4 ,edited by ,ernest ,rhys4 #b ,,thoreau',s ,,walden4 ,,with ,,introductory ,,note by ,will ,h4 ,dircks4 #c ,,thoreau',s ,,week4 ,,with ,,prefatory ,,note ,,by ,will ,h4 ,dircks4 #d ,,thoreau',s ,,essays4 ,,edited1 ,,with ,,an ,,introduction1 by ,will ,h4 ,dircks4 #e ,,confessions ,,of ,,an ,,english ,,opium-,,eater1 ,,etc4 ,by ,thomas ,de ,quincey4 ,with ,introductory ,note by ,william ,sharp4 #f ,,landor',s ,,imaginary ,,conversations4 ,,selected1 with ,introduction1 by ,havelock ,ellis4 #g ,,plutarch',s ,,lives 7,,langhorne74 ,,with ,,introductory ,note by ,b4 ,j4 ,snell1 ,m4,a4 #h ,,browne',s ,,religio ,,medici1 ,,etc4 ,,with ,,introduction by ,j4 ,addington ,symonds4 #i ,,shelley',s ,,essays ,,and ,,letters4 ,,edited1 ,,with ,introductory ,note1 by ,ernest ,rhys4 #aj ,,swift',s ,,prose ,,writings4 ,,chosen ,,and ,,arranged1 with ,introduction1 by ,walter ,lewin4 #aa ,,my ,,study ,,windows4 ,,by ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,with ,introduction by ,r4 ,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 #ab ,,lowell',s ,,essays ,,on ,,the ,,english ,,poets4 ,,with a new ,introduction by ,mr4 ,lowell4 #ac ,,the ,,biglow ,,papers4 ,,by ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,with a ,prefatory ,note by ,ernest ,rhys4 #ad ,,great ,,english ,,painters4 ,,selected ,,from ,cunningham's ,lives4 ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 #ae ,,byron',s ,,letters ,,and ,,journals4 ,,selected1 with ,introduction1 by ,mathilde ,blind4 #af ,,leigh ,,hunt',s ,,essays4 ,,with ,,introduction ,,and ,notes by ,arthur ,symons4 #ag ,,longfellow',s ,,hyperion1 ,,kavanah1 ,,and ,the ,trouveres4 ,with ,introduction by ,w4 ,tirebuck4 #ah ,,great ,,musical ,,composers4 ,,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,ferris4 ,edited1 with ,introduction1 by ,mrs4 ,william ,sharp4 #ai ,,the ,,meditations ,,of ,,marcus ,,aurelius4 ,,edited by ,alice ,zimmern4 #bj ,,the ,,teaching ,,of ,,epictetus4 ,,translated ,,from the ,greek1 with ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolleston4 #ba ,,selections ,,from ,,seneca4 ,,with ,,introduction by ,walter ,clode4 #bb ,,specimen ,,days ,,in ,,america4 ,,by ,,walt ,,whitman4 ,revised by the ,author1 with fresh ,preface4 #bc ,,democratic ,,vistas1 ,,and ,,other ,,papers4 ,,by ,walt ,whitman4 7,published by arrangement with the ,author47 #bd ,,white',s ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,selborne4 ,,with a ,preface by ,richard ,jefferies4 #be ,,defoe',s ,,captain ,,singleton4 ,,edited1 ,,with ,introduction1 by ,h4 ,halliday ,sparling4 #bf ,,mazzini',s ,,essays3 ,,literary1 ,,political1 ,,and ,religious4 ,with ,introduction by ,william ,clarke4 #bg ,,prose ,,writings ,,of ,,heine4 ,,with ,,introduction by ,havelock ,ellis4 #bh ,,reynolds',s ,,discourses4 ,,with ,,introduction by ,helen ,zimmern4 #bi ,,papers ,,of ,,steele ,,and ,,addison4 ,,edited ,,by ,walter ,lewin4 #cj ,,burns',s ,,letters4 ,,selected ,,and ,,arranged1 with ,introduction1 by ,j4 ,logie ,robertson1 ,m4,a4 #ca ,,volsunga ,,saga4 ,,william ,,morris4 ,,with ,,introduction by ,h4 ,h4 ,sparling4 #cb ,,sartor ,,resartus4 ,,by ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,,with ,introduction by ,ernest ,rhys4 #cc ,,select ,,writings ,,of ,,emerson4 ,,with ,,introduction by ,percival ,chubb4 #cd ,,autobiography ,,of ,,lord ,,herbert4 ,,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,will ,h4 ,dircks4 #ce ,,english ,,prose1 ,,from ,,maundeville ,,to ,thackeray4 ,chosen and ,edited by ,arthur ,galton4 #cf ,,the ,,pillars ,,of ,,society1 ,,and ,,other ,,plays4 ,,by ,henrik ,ibsen4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,havelock ,ellis4 #cg ,,irish ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 ,,edited ,,and ,selected by ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats4 #ch ,,essays ,,of ,,dr4 ,,johnson1 ,,with ,,biographical ,introduction and ,notes by ,stuart ,j4 ,reid4 #ci ,,essays ,,of ,,william ,,hazlitt4 ,,selected ,,and ,edited1 with ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,frank ,carr4 #dj ,,landor',s ,,pentameron1 ,,and ,,other ,,imaginary ,conversations4 ,edited1 with a ,preface1 by ,h4 ,ellis4 #da ,,poe',s ,,tales ,,and ,,essays4 ,,edited1 ,,with ,,introduction1 by ,ernest ,rhys4 #db ,,vicar ,,of ,,wakefield4 ,,by ,,oliver ,,goldsmith4 ,edited1 with ,preface1 by ,ernest ,rhys4 #dc ,,political ,,orations1 ,,from ,,wentworth ,,to ,macaulay4 ,edited1 with ,introduction1 by ,william ,clarke4 #dd ,,the ,,autocrat ,,of ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 ,,by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 #de ,,the ,,poet ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 ,,by ,,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 #df ,,the ,,professor ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 ,,by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 #dg ,,lord ,,chesterfield',s ,,letters ,,to ,,his ,,son4 ,selected1 with ,introduction1 by ,charles ,sayle4 #dh ,,stories ,,from ,,carleton4 ,,selected1 ,,with ,,introduction1 by ,w4 ,yeats4 #di ,,jane ,,eyre4 ,,by ,,charlotte ,,bront4 ,,edited ,,by ,clement ,k4 ,shorter4 #ej ,,elizabethan ,,england4 ,,edited ,,by ,,lothrop ,withington1 with a ,preface by ,dr4 ,furnivall4 #ea ,,the ,,prose ,,writings ,,of ,,thomas ,,davis4 ,,edited by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolleston4 #eb ,,spence',s ,,anecdotes4 ,a ,,selection4 ,,edited1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,john ,underhill4 #ec ,,more',s ,,utopia1 ,,and ,,life ,,of ,,edward ,v4 ,,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,maurice ,adams4 #ed ,,sadi',s ,,gulistan1 ,,or ,,flower ,,garden4 ,,translated1 with an ,essay1 by ,james ,ross4 #ee ,,english ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 ,,edited ,,by ,e4 ,sidney ,hartland4 #ef ,,northern ,,studies4 ,,by ,,edmund ,,gosse4 ,,with a ,note by ,ernest ,rhys4 #eg ,,early ,,reviews ,,of ,,great ,,writers4 ,,edited ,,by ,e4 ,stevenson4 #eh ,,aristotle',s ,,ethics4 ,,with ,,george ,,henry ,lewes's ,essay on ,aristotle prefixed4 #ei ,,landor',s ,,pericles ,,and ,,aspasia4 ,,edited1 ,,with an ,introduction1 by ,havelock ,ellis4 #fj ,,annals ,,of ,,tacitus4 ,,thomas ,,gordon',s ,,translation4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,arthur ,galton4 #fa ,,essays ,,of ,,elia4 ,,by ,,charles ,,lamb4 ,,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,ernest ,rhys4 #fb ,,balzac',s ,,shorter ,,stories4 ,,translated ,,by ,william ,wilson and the ,count ,stenbock4 #fc ,,comedies ,,of ,,de ,,musset4 ,,edited1 ,,with ,,an ,introductory ,note1 by ,s4 ,l4 ,gwynn4 #fd ,,coral ,,reefs4 ,,by ,,charles ,,darwin4 ,,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,williams4 #fe ,,sheridan',s ,,plays4 ,,edited1 ,,with ,,an ,,introduction1 by ,rudolf ,dircks4 #ff ,,our ,,village4 ,,by ,,miss ,,mitford4 ,,edited1 ,,with an ,introduction1 by ,ernest ,rhys4 #fg ,,master ,,humphrey',s ,,clock1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,by ,charles ,dickens4 ,with ,introduction by ,frank ,t4 ,marzials4 #fh ,,tales ,,from ,,wonderland4 ,,by ,,rudolph ,baumbach4 ,translated by ,helen ,b4 ,dole4 #fi ,,essays ,,and ,,papers ,,by ,,douglas ,,jerrold4 ,,edited by ,walter ,jerrold4 #gj ,,vindication ,,of ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,woman4 ,,by ,mary ,wollstonecraft4 ,introduction by ,mrs4 ,e ,robins ,pennell4 #ga ,,the ,,athenian ,,oracle4 ,a ,,selection4 ,,edited by ,john ,underhill1 with ,prefatory ,note by ,walter ,besant4 #gb ,,essays ,,of ,,saint-,,beuve4 ,,translated ,,and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,elizabeth ,lee4 #gc ,,selections ,,from ,,plato4 ,,from ,,the ,,translation of ,sydenham and ,taylor4 ,edited by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolleston4 #gd ,,heine',s ,,italian ,,travel ,,sketches1 ,,etc4 ,,translated by ,elizabeth ,a4 ,sharp4 ,with an ,introduction from the ,french of ,theophile ,gautier4 #ge ,,schiller',s ,,maid ,,of ,,orleans4 ,,translated1 with an ,introduction1 by ,major-,general ,patrick ,maxwell4 #gf ,,selections ,,from ,,sydney ,,smith4 ,,edited1 ,,with an ,introduction1 by ,ernest ,rhys4 #gg ,,the ,,new ,,spirit4 ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 #gh ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,marvellous ,,adventures4 ,,from the ,morte d',arthur4 ,edited by ,ernest ,rhys4 ,this1 together with ,no4 #a1 forms the complete ,morte d',arthur4 #gi ,,essays ,,and ,,aphorisms4 ,,by ,,sir ,,arthur ,,helps4 ,with an ,introduction by ,e4 ,a4 ,helps4 #hj ,,essays ,,of ,,montaigne4 ,,selected1 ,,with ,a ,prefatory ,note1 by ,percival ,chubb4 #ha ,,the ,,luck ,,of ,,barry ,,lyndon4 ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,thackeray4 ,edited by ,f4 ,t4 ,marzials4 #hb ,,schiller',s ,,william ,,tell4 ,,translated1 ,,with an ,introduction1 by ,major-,general ,patrick ,maxwell4 #hc ,,carlyle',s ,,essays ,,on ,,german ,,literature4 ,with an ,introduction by ,ernest ,rhys4 #hd ,,plays ,,and ,,dramatic ,,essays ,,of ,,charles ,,lamb4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,rudolf ,dircks4 #he ,,the ,,prose ,,of ,,wordsworth4 ,,selected ,,and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,professor ,william ,knight4 #hf ,,essays1 ,,dialogues1 ,,and ,,thoughts ,,of ,,count ,giacomo ,leopardi4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,major-,general ,patrick ,maxwell4 #hg ,,the ,,inspector-,,general ,a ,,russian ,,comedy4 ,by ,nikolai ,v4 ,gogol4 ,translated from the original1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,arthur ,a4 ,sykes4 #hh ,,essays ,,and ,,apothegms ,,of ,,francis1 ,,lord ,,bacon3 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,john ,buchan4 #hi ,,prose ,,of ,,milton3 ,,selected ,,and ,,edited1 ,,with an ,introduction1 by ,richard ,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 #bd ,warwick ,lane4 ,,great ,,writers4 ,a ,,new ,,series ,,of ,,critical ,,biographies4 ,edited by ,,eric ,,robertson and ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,a ,complete ,bibliography to each ,volume1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,,anderson1 ,british ,museum1 ,london4 ,cloth1 ,uncut ,edges1 ,gilt ,top4 ,price #a_/f4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issued-- ,,life ,,of ,,longfellow4 ,by ,,prof4 ,,eric ,s4 ,,robertson4 ,a most readable little work4--,liverpool ,mercury4 ,,life ,,of ,,coleridge4 ,by ,,hall ,,caine4 ,brief and vigorous1 written throughout with spirit and great literary skill4--,scotsman4 ,,life ,,of ,,dickens4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,notwithstanding the mass of matter that has been printed relating to ,dickens and his works 444 we should1 until we came across this volume1 have been at a loss to recommend any popular life of ,england's most popular novelist as being really satisfactory4 ,the difficulty is removed by ,mr4 ,marzials's little book4--,athenum4 ,,life ,,of ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti4 ,by ,j4 ,,knight4 ,mr4 ,knight's picture of the great poet and painter is the fullest and best yet presented to the public4--,the ,graphic4 ,,life ,,of ,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,by ,,colonel ,f4 ,,grant4 ,colonel ,grant has performed his task with diligence1 sound judgment1 good taste1 and accuracy4--,illustrated ,london ,news4 ,,life ,,of ,,darwin4 ,by ,g4 ,t4 ,,bettany4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,t4 ,bettany's ,life of ,darwin is a sound and conscientious work4--,saturday ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,charlotte ,,bront4 ,by ,a4 ,,birrell4 ,those who know much of ,charlotte ,bront will learn more1 and those who know nothing about her will find all that is best worth learning in ,mr4 ,birrell's pleasant book4--,st4 ,james' ,gazette4 ,,life ,,of ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,by ,r4 ,,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,this is an admirable book4 ,nothing could be more felicitous and fairer than the way in which he takes us through ,carlyle's life and works4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,life ,,of ,,adam ,,smith4 ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,haldane1 ,m4,p4 ,written with a perspicuity seldom exemplified when dealing with economic science4--,scotsman4 ,,life ,,of ,,keats4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,rossetti4 ,valuable for the ample information which it contains4--,cambridge ,independent4 ,,life ,,of ,,shelley4 ,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,the criticisms 444 entitle this capital monograph to be ranked with the best biographies of ,shelley4--,westminster ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,smollett4 ,by ,,david ,,hannay4 ,a capable record of a writer who still remains one of the great masters of the ,english novel4--,saturday ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,goldsmith4 ,by ,,austin ,,dobson4 ,the story of his literary and social life in ,london1 with all its humorous and pathetic vicissitudes1 is here retold1 as none could tell it better4--,daily ,news4 ,,life ,,of ,,scott4 ,by ,,professor ,,yonge4 ,this is a most enjoyable book4--,aberdeen ,free ,press4 ,,life ,,of ,,burns4 ,by ,,professor ,,blackie4 ,the editor certainly made a hit when he persuaded ,blackie to write about ,burns4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,life ,,of ,,victor ,,hugo4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,mr4 ,marzials's volume presents to us1 in a more handy form than any ,english or even ,french handbook gives1 the summary of what is known about the life of the great poet4--,saturday ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,emerson4 ,by ,,richard ,,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,no record of ,emerson's life could be more desirable4--,saturday ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,goethe4 ,by ,,james ,,sime4 ,mr4 ,james ,sime's competence as a biographer of ,goethe is beyond question4--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,life ,,of ,,congreve4 ,by ,,edmund ,,gosse4 ,mr4 ,gosse has written an admirable biography4--,academy4 ,,life ,,of ,,bunyan4 ,by ,,canon ,,venables4 ,a most intelligent1 appreciative1 and valuable memoir4--,scotsman4 ,,life ,,of ,,crabbe4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,kebbel4 ,no ,english poet since ,shakespeare has observed certain aspects of nature and of human life more closely4--,athenum4 ,,life ,,of ,,heine4 ,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,an admirable monograph 444 more fully written up to the level of recent knowledge and criticism than any other ,english work4--,scotsman4 ,,life ,,of ,,mill4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,courtney4 ,a most sympathetic and discriminating memoir4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,,life ,,of ,,schiller4 ,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,nevinson4 ,presents the poet's life in a neatly rounded picture4--,scotsman4 ,,life ,,of ,,captain ,,marryat4 ,by ,,david ,,hannay4 ,we have nothing but praise for the manner in which ,mr4 ,hannay has done justice to him4--,saturday ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,lessing4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,rolleston4 ,one of the best books of the series4--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,life ,,of ,,milton4 ,by ,,richard ,,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,has never been more charmingly or adequately told4--,scottish ,leader4 ,,life ,,of ,,balzac4 ,by ,,frederick ,,wedmore4 ,mr4 ,wedmore's monograph on the greatest of ,french writers of fiction1 whose greatness is to be measured by comparison with his successors1 is a piece of careful and critical composition1 neat and nice in style4--,daily ,news4 ,,life ,,of ,,george ,,eliot4 ,by ,,oscar ,,browning4 ,a book of the character of ,mr4 ,browning's1 to stand midway between the bulky work of ,mr4 ,cross and the very slight sketch of ,miss ,blind1 was much to be desired1 and ,mr4 ,browning has done his work with vivacity1 and not without skill4--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,life ,,of ,,jane ,,austen4 ,by ,,goldwin ,,smith4 ,mr4 ,goldwin ,smith has added another to the not inconsiderable roll of eminent men who have found their delight in ,miss ,austen4444 ,his little book upon her1 just published by ,walter ,scott1 is certainly a fascinating book to those who already know her and love her well2 and we have little doubt that it will prove also a fascinating book to those who have still to make her acquaintance4--,spectator4 ,,life ,,of ,,browning4 ,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,this little volume is a model of excellent ,english1 and in every respect it seems to us what a biography should be4--,public ,opinion4 ,,life ,,of ,,byron ,by ,,hon4 ,,roden ,,noel4 ,the ,hon4 ,roden ,noel's volume on ,byron is decidedly one of the most readable in the excellent ',great ,writers' series4--,scottish ,leader4 ,,life ,,of ,,hawthorne4 ,by ,,moncure ,,conway4 ,it is a delightful causerie--pleasant1 genial talk about a most interesting man4 ,easy and conversational as the tone is throughout1 no important fact is omitted1 no valueless fact is recalled2 and it is entirely exempt from platitude and conventionality4--,the ,speaker4 ,,life ,,of ,,schopenhauer4 ,by ,,professor ,,wallace4 ,we can speak very highly of this little book of ,mr4 ,wallace's4 ,it is1 perhaps1 excessively lenient in dealing with the man1 and it cannot be said to be at all ferociously critical in dealing with the philosophy4--,saturday ,review4 ,,life ,,of ,,sheridan4 ,by ,,lloyd ,,sanders4 ,to say that ,mr4 ,lloyd ,sanders1 in this little volume1 has produced the best existing memoir of ,sheridan1 is really to award much fainter praise than the work deserves4--,manchester ,examiner4 ,,life ,,of ,,thackeray4 ,by ,,herman ,,merivale and ,f4 ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,the monograph just published is well worth reading1 444 and the book1 with its excellent bibliography1 is one which neither the student nor the general reader can well afford to miss4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,life ,,of ,,cervantes4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,watts4 ,we can commend this book as a worthy addition to the useful series to which it belongs4--,london ,daily ,chronicle4 ,,life ,,of ,,voltaire4 ,by ,,francis ,,espinasse4 ,george ,saintsbury1 in ,the ,illustrated ,london ,news1 says3--,in this little volume the wayfaring man who has no time to devour libraries will find most things that it concerns him to know about ,voltaire's actual life and work put very clearly1 sufficiently1 and accurately for the most part4 ,,life ,,of ,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,by ,,cosmo ,,monkhouse4 ,mr4 ,monkhouse has brought together and skilfully set in order much widely scattered material 444 candid as well as sympathetic4--,the ,athenum4 ,,life ,,of ,,whittier4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,linton4 ,well written1 and well worthy to stand with preceding volumes in the useful ',great ,writers' series4--,black and ,white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,library ,,edition ,,of ,,great ,,writers1 ,demy #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 #bd ,warwick ,lane4 ,,selected ,,three-,,vol4 ,,sets ,,in ,,new ,,brocade ,,binding4 #fs4 per ,set1 in ,shell ,case to match4 ,may also be had bound in ,roan1 with ,roan ,case to match1 #is4 per ,set4 ,,the ,,following ,,sets ,,can ,,be ,,obtained-- ,,poems ,,of ,,wordsworth ,,keats ,,shelley ,,longfellow ,,whittier ,,emerson ,,hogg ,,allan ,,ramsay ,,scottish ,,minor ,,poets ,,shakespeare ,,ben ,,jonson ,,marlowe ,,sonnets ,,of ,,this ,,century ,,sonnets ,,of ,,europe ,,american ,,sonnets ,,heine ,,goethe ,,hugo ,,coleridge ,,southey ,,cowper ,,border ,,ballads ,,jacobite ,,songs ,,ossian ,,cavalier ,,poets ,,love ,,lyrics ,,herrick ,,christian ,,year ,,imitation ,,of ,,christ ,,herbert ,,american ,,humorous ,,verse ,,english ,,humorous ,,verse ,,ballades ,,and ,,rondeaus ,,early ,,english ,,poetry ,,chaucer ,,spenser ,,horace ,,greek ,,anthology ,,landor ,,goldsmith ,,moore ,,irish ,,minstrelsy ,,women ,,poets ,,children ,,of ,,poets ,,sea ,,music ,,praed ,,hunt ,,and ,,hood ,,dobell ,,meredith ,,marston ,,love ,,letters ,,burns',s ,,songs ,,burns',s ,,poems ,,life ,,of ,,burns ,,by ,,blackie ,,scott',s ,,marmion1 c4 ,,scott',s ,,lady ,,of ,,lake c4 ,,life ,,of ,,scott ,,by ,,prof4 ,,yonge ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane1 ,paternoster ,row4 ,,selected ,,three-,,vol4 ,,sets ,,in ,,new ,,brocade ,,binding4 #fs4 ,,per ,,set1 ,,in ,,shell ,,case ,,to ,,match4 ,also ,bound in ,roan1 in ,shell ,case1 ,price #is4 per ,set4 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes ,set-- ,autocrat of the ,breakfast-,table4 ,professor at the ,breakfast-,table4 ,poet at the ,breakfast-,table4 ,landor ,set-- ,landor's ,imaginary ,conversations4 ,pentameron4 ,pericles and ,aspasia4 ,three ,english ,essayists-- ,essays of ,elia4 ,essays of ,leigh ,hunt4 ,essays of ,william ,hazlitt4 ,three ,classical ,moralists-- ,meditations of ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,teaching of ,epictetus4 ,morals of ,seneca4 ,walden ,set-- ,thoreau's ,walden4 ,thoreau's ,week4 ,thoreau's ,selections4 ,famous ,letters ,set-- ,letters of ,byron4 ,letters of ,chesterfield4 ,letters of ,burns4 ,lowell ,set-- ,my ,study ,windows4 ,the ,english ,poets4 ,the ,biglow ,papers4 ,heine ,set-- ,life of ,heine4 ,heine's ,prose4 ,heine's ,travel-,sketches4 ,three ,essayists-- ,essays of ,mazzini4 ,essays of ,sainte-,beuve4 ,essays of ,montaigne4 ,schiller ,set-- ,life of ,schiller4 ,maid of ,orleans4 ,william ,tell4 ,carlyle ,set-- ,life of ,carlyle4 ,sartor ,resartus4 ,carlyle's ,german ,essays4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane1 ,paternoster ,row4 ,,ibsen',s ,,prose ,,dramas4 ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,archer4 ,complete in ,five ,vols4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #c_/f each4 ,set of ,five ,vols41 in ,case1 #ag_/f2 in ,half ,morocco1 in ,case1 #cb_/f4 ,we seem at last to be shown men and women as they are2 and at first it is more than we can endure4 444 ,all ,ibsen's characters speak and act as if they were hypnotised1 and under their creator's imperious demand to reveal themselves4 ,there never was such a mirror held up to nature before3 it is too terrible4444 ,yet we must return to ,ibsen1 with his remorseless surgery1 his remorseless electric-light1 until we1 too1 have grown strong and learned to face the naked--if necessary1 the flayed and bleeding--reality4--,,speaker 7,london74 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,a ,,doll',s ,,house1 ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,youth1 and ,,the ,,pillars ,,of ,,society4 ,with ,portrait of the ,author1 and ,biographical ,introduction by ,,william ,,archer4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,ghosts1 ,,an ,,enemy ,,of ,,the ,,people1 and ,,the ,,wild ,,duck4 ,with an ,introductory ,note4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,lady ,,inger ,,of ,,str,t1 ,,the ,,vikings ,,at ,,helgeland1 ,,the ,,pretenders4 ,with an ,introductory ,note and ,portrait of ,ibsen4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ,,emperor ,,and ,,galilean4 ,with an ,introductory ,note by ,,william ,,archer4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,rosmersholm1 ,,the ,,lady ,,from ,,the ,,sea1 ,,hedda ,,gabler4 ,translated by ,,william ,,archer4 ,with an ,introductory ,note4 ,the sequence of the plays in each volume is chronological2 the complete set of volumes comprising the dramas thus presents them in chronological order4 ,the art of prose translation does not perhaps enjoy a very high literary status in ,england1 but we have no hesitation in numbering the present version of ,ibsen1 so far as it has gone 7,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii471 among the very best achievements1 in that kind1 of our generation4--,academy4 ,we have seldom1 if ever1 met with a translation so absolutely idiomatic4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 #bd ,,warwick ,,lane4 ,,the ,,canterbury ,,poets4 ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,,in #a_/- ,,monthly ,,volumes4 ,cloth1 ,red ,edges -- #as4 ,red ,roan1 ,gilt ,edges1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,cloth1 ,uncut ,edges -- #as4 ,pad4 ,morocco1 ,gilt ,edges1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,christian ,,year ,by the ,rev4 ,john ,keble4 ,,coleridge ,edited by ,joseph ,skipsey4 ,,longfellow ,edited by ,eva ,hope4 ,,campbell ,edited by ,john ,hogben4 ,,shelley ,edited by ,joseph ,skipsey4 ,,wordsworth ,edited by ,a4 ,j4 ,symington4 ,,blake ,edited by ,joseph ,skipsey4 ,,whittier ,edited by ,eva ,hope4 ,,poe ,edited by ,joseph ,skipsey4 ,,chatterton ,edited by ,john ,richmond4 ,,burns4 ,poems ,edited by ,joseph ,skipsey4 ,,burns4 ,songs ,edited by ,joseph ,skipsey4 ,,marlowe ,edited by ,percy ,e4 ,pinkerton4 ,,keats ,edited by ,john ,hogben4 ,,herbert ,edited by ,ernest ,rhys4 ,,hugo ,translated by ,dean ,carrington4 ,,cowper ,edited by ,eva ,hope4 ,,shakespeare',s ,,poems1 ,etc4 ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 ,,emerson ,edited by ,walter ,lewin4 ,,sonnets ,,of ,,this ,,century ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 ,,whitman ,edited by ,ernest ,rhys4 ,,scott4 ,marmion1 etc4 ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 ,,scott4 ,lady of the ,lake1 etc4 ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 ,,praed ,edited by ,frederick ,cooper4 ,,hogg ,edited by his ,daughter1 ,mrs4 ,garden4 ,,goldsmith ,edited by ,william ,tirebuck4 ,,love ,,letters4 ,etc4 ,by ,eric ,mackay4 ,,spenser ,edited by ,hon4 ,roden ,noel4 ,,children ,,of ,,the ,,poets ,edited by ,eric ,s4 ,robertson4 ,,jonson ,edited by ,j4 ,addington ,symonds4 ,,byron 7#b ,vols47 ,edited by ,mathilde ,blind4 ,,the ,,sonnets ,,of ,,europe ,edited by ,s4 ,waddington4 ,,ramsay ,edited by ,j4 ,logie ,robertson4 ,,dobell ,edited by ,mrs4 ,dobell4 ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,year ,with ,introduction by ,william ,sharp4 ,,pope ,edited by ,john ,hogben4 ,,heine ,edited by ,mrs4 ,kroeker4 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher ,edited by ,john ,s4 ,fletcher4 ,,bowles1 ,,lamb1 c4 ,edited by ,william ,tirebuck4 ,,early ,,english ,,poetry ,edited by ,h4 ,macaulay ,fitzgibbon4 ,,sea ,,music ,edited by ,mrs ,sharp4 ,,herrick ,edited by ,ernest ,rhys4 ,,ballades ,,and ,,rondeaus ,edited by ,j4 ,gleeson ,white4 ,,irish ,,minstrelsy ,edited by ,h4 ,halliday ,sparling4 ,,milton',s ,,paradise ,,lost ,edited by ,j4 ,bradshaw1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,jacobite ,,ballads ,edited by ,g4 ,s4 ,macquoid4 ,,australian ,,ballads ,edited by ,d4 ,b4 ,w4 ,sladen1 ,b4,a4 ,,moore ,edited by ,john ,dorrian4 ,,border ,,ballads ,edited by ,graham ,r4 ,tomson4 ,,song-,,tide ,by ,philip ,bourke ,marston4 ,,odes ,,of ,,horace ,translations by ,sir ,stephen de ,vere1 ,bt4 ,,ossian ,edited by ,george ,eyre-,todd4 ,,elfin ,,music ,edited by ,arthur ,edward ,waite4 ,,southey ,edited by ,sidney ,r4 ,thompson4 ,,chaucer ,edited by ,frederick ,nol ,paton4 ,,poems ,,of ,,wild ,,life ,edited by ,charles ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts1 ,m4,a4 ,,paradise ,,regained ,edited by ,j4 ,bradshaw1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,crabbe ,edited by ,e4 ,lamplough4 ,,dora ,,greenwell ,edited by ,william ,dorling4 ,,faust ,edited by ,elizabeth ,craigmyle4 ,,american ,,sonnets ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 ,,landor',s ,,poems ,edited by ,ernest ,radford4 ,,greek ,,anthology ,edited by ,graham ,r4 ,tomson4 ,,hunt ,,and ,,hood ,edited by ,j4 ,harwood ,panting4 ,,humorous ,,poems ,edited by ,ralph ,h4 ,caine4 ,,lytton',s ,,plays ,edited by ,r4 ,farquharson ,sharp4 ,,great ,,odes ,edited by ,william ,sharp4 ,,meredith',s ,,poems ,edited by ,m4 ,betham-,edwards4 ,,painter-,,poets ,edited by ,kineton ,parkes4 ,,women ,,poets ,edited by ,mrs4 ,sharp4 ,,love ,,lyrics ,edited by ,percy ,hulburd4 ,,american ,,humorous ,,verse ,edited by ,james ,barr4 ,,minor ,,scotch ,,lyrics ,edited by ,sir ,george ,douglas4 ,,cavalier ,,lyrists ,edited by ,will ,h4 ,dircks4 ,,german ,,ballads ,edited by ,elizabeth ,craigmyle4 ,,songs ,,of ,,beranger ,translated by ,william ,toynbee4 ,,hon4 ,,roden ,,noel',s ,,poems ,with an ,introduction by ,r4 ,buchanan4 ,,songs ,,of ,,freedom ,selected1 with an ,introduction1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,salt4 ,,canadian ,,poems ,,and ,,lays ,edited by ,w4 ,d4 ,lighthall1 ,m4,a4 ,,contemporary ,,scottish ,,verse ,edited by ,sir ,geo4 ,douglas4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane ,,new ,,edition ,,in ,,new ,,binding4 ,in the new edition there are added about forty reproductions in fac-simile of autographs of distinguished singers and instrumentalists1 including ,sarasate1 ,joachim1 ,sir ,charles ,hall1 ,paderewsky1 ,stavenhagen1 ,henschel1 ,trebelli1 ,miss ,macintyre1 ,jean ,grardy1 etc4 ,quarto1 cloth elegant1 gilt edges1 emblematic design on cover1 #fs4 ,may also be had in a variety of ,fancy ,bindings4 ,,the ,,music ,,of ,,the ,,poets3 ,a ,,musicians' ,,birthday ,,book4 ,,edited ,,by ,,eleonore ,d',,esterre ,,keeling4 ,this is a unique ,birthday ,book4 ,against each date are given the names of musicians whose birthday it is1 together with a verse-quotation appropriate to the character of their different compositions or performances4 ,a special feature of the book consists in the reproduction in fac-simile of autographs1 and autographic music1 of living composers4 ,three sonnets by ,mr4 ,theodore ,watts1 on the ,fausts of ,berlioz1 ,schumann1 and ,gounod1 have been written specially for this volume4 ,it is illustrated with designs of various musical instruments1 etc42 autographs of ,rubenstein1 ,dvork1 ,greig1 ,mackenzie1 ,villiers ,stanford1 etc41 etc4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane ,the ,contemporary ,science ,series4 ,i4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,sex4 ,by ,professor ,,patrick ,,geddes and ,j4 ,,arthur ,,thomson4 ,with #ij ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,the authors have brought to the task--as indeed their names guarantee--a wealth of knowledge1 a lucid and attractive method of treatment1 and a rich vein of picturesque language4--,nature4 ,,ii4 ,,electricity ,,in ,,modern ,,life4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,de ,,tunzelmann4 ,with #hh ,illustrations4 ,a clearly-written and connected sketch of what is known about electricity and magnetism1 the more prominent modern applications1 and the principles on which they are based4--,saturday ,review4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,aryans4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,isaac ,,taylor4 ,illustrated4 ,second ,edition4 ,canon ,taylor is probably the most encyclopdic all-round scholar now living4 ,his new volume on the ,origin of the ,aryans is a first-rate example of the excellent account to which he can turn his exceptionally wide and varied information4444 ,masterly and exhaustive4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,iv4 ,,physiognomy ,,and ,,expression4 ,by ,p4 ,,mantegazza4 ,illustrated4 ,professor ,mantegazza is a writer full of life and spirit1 and the natural attractiveness of his subject is not destroyed by his scientific handling of it4--,literary ,world 7,boston74 ,v4 ,,evolution ,,and ,,disease4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,sutton1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,with #ace ,illustrations4 ,the book is as interesting as a novel1 without sacrifice of accuracy or system1 and is calculated to give an appreciation of the fundamentals of pathology to the lay reader1 while forming a useful collection of illustrations of disease for medical reference4--,journal of ,mental ,science4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,village ,,community4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,gomme4 ,illustrated4 ,the fruit of some years of investigation on a subject which has of late attracted much attention1 and is of much importance1 inasmuch as it lies at the basis of our society4--,antiquary4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,criminal4 ,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,illustrated4 ,an ably written1 an instructive1 and a most entertaining book4--,law ,quarterly ,review4 ,,viii4 ,,sanity ,,and ,,insanity4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,charles ,,mercier4 ,illustrated4 ,taken as a whole1 it is the brightest book on the physical side of mental science published in our time4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,ix4 ,,hypnotism4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,albert ,,moll4 ,second ,edition4 ,marks a step of some importance in the study of some difficult physiological and psychological problems which have not yet received much attention in the scientific world of ,england4--,nature4 ,x4 ,,manual ,,training4 ,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,woodward1 ,director of the ,manual ,training ,school1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,illustrated4 ,there is no greater authority on the subject than ,professor ,woodward4--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,by ,e4 ,,sidney ,,hartland4 ,mr4 ,hartland's book will win the sympathy of all earnest students1 both by the knowledge it displays1 and by a thorough love and appreciation of his subject1 which is evident throughout4--,spectator4 ,,xii4 ,,primitive ,,folk4 ,by ,,elie ,,reclus4 ,for an introduction to the study of the questions of property1 marriage1 government1 religion1--in a word1 to the evolution of society1--this little volume will be found most convenient4--,scottish ,leader4 ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,marriage4 ,by ,professor ,,letourneau4 ,among the distinguished ,french students of sociology1 ,professor ,letourneau has long stood in the first rank4 ,he approaches the great study of man free from bias and shy of generalisations4 ,to collect1 scrutinise1 and appraise facts is his chief business4--,science4 ,,xiv4 ,,bacteria ,,and ,,their ,,products4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,,sims ,,woodhead4 ,illustrated4 ,an excellent summary of the present state of knowledge of the subject4--,lancet4 ,,xv4 ,,education ,,and ,,heredity4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,guyau4 ,it is at once a treatise on sociology1 ethics1 and rdagogics4 ,it is doubtful whether among all the ardent evolutionists who have had their say on the moral and the educational question any one has carried forward the new doctrine so boldly to its extreme logical consequence4--,professor ,,sully in ,mind4 ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,man ,,of ,,genius4 ,by ,professor ,,lombroso4 ,illustrated4 ,by far the most comprehensive and fascinating collection of facts and generalisations concerning genius which has yet been brought together4--,journal of ,mental ,science4 ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,science4 ,by ,,karl ,,pearson1 ,m4,a41 ,gresham ,professor of ,geometry4 ,illustrated4 ,the problems discussed with great ability and lucidity1 and often in a most suggestive manner1 by ,prof4 ,pearson1 are such as should interest all students of natural science4--,natural ,science4 ,,xviii4 ,,property3 ,,its ,,origin ,,and ,,development4 ,by ,professor ,,letourneau4 ,m4 ,letourneau has read a great deal1 and he seems to us to have selected and interpreted his facts with considerable judgment and learning4--,westminster ,review4 ,,xix4 ,,volcanoes3 ,,past ,,and ,,present4 ,by ,,edward ,,hull1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #de ,illustrations4 ,a very readable account of the phenomena of volcanoes and earthquakes4--,nature4 ,,xx4 ,,public ,,health4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,sykes4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,takes up essential points in evolution1 environment1 prophylaxis1 and sanitation bearing upon the preservation of public health4--,lancet4 ,,xxi4 ,,modern ,,meteorology4 ,by ,,frank ,,waldo1 ,ph4,d41 etc4 ,with #aab ,illustrations4 ,the present volume is the best on the subject for general use that we have seen4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,germ-,,plasm3 ,a ,,theory ,,of ,,heredity4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,,weismann4 ,illustrated4 ,there has been no work published since ,darwin's own books which has brought to light so many new facts4--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,,xxiii4 ,,industries ,,of ,,animals4 ,by ,f4 ,,houssay4 ,illustrated4 ,his accuracy is undoubted1 yet his facts out-marvel all romance4 ,these facts are here made use of as materials wherewith to form the mighty fabric of evolution4--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,xxiv4 ,,man ,,and ,,woman3 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,human ,,secondary ,,sexual ,,characters4 ,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,there is no work approaching his ,mr4 ,ellis's in exhaustiveness1 accuracy1 and fairness of judgment4 ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,modern ,,capitalism4 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,machine ,,production4 ,by ,,john ,a4 ,,hobson1 ,m4 ,a4 ,with ,diagrams4 ,,xxvi4 ,,apparitions ,,and ,,thought-,,transference3 ,,or1 ,,the ,,communication ,,of ,,sensations1 ,,ideas1 ,,and ,,emotions ,,otherwise ,,than ,,by ,,the ,,known ,,senses4 ,by ,,frank ,,podmore4 ,illustrated4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,warwick ,lane 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,transcriber ,notes3 ,p4 #bce 'it order' changed to 'in order'4 ,add3 ,contemporary science series4 'couutry' changed to 'country'4 ,added contact information at the end of the adds4 ,fixed up various punctuation4 ,tags that surround text3 ,natural ,science4 indicate italics1 and3 ,tags that surround text3 ,,songs ,,of ,,beranger indicate bold text4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------