,,old ,,m9es                            
,,(                           ,,s\!rn   
,,cali=nia                              
,des]t-,m\nta9-,coa/al ,areas           
,includ+ !                              
,calico-,salton ,sea ,colorado ,riv]    
,di/ricts                               
&                            ,s\!rn     
,c\nties                                
#aife                          ,fronti] 
,book ,company                          
,toyahvale1 ,texas #gighf               
,repr9t$ ,f                  ,! ,report 
( ,! ,/ate ,m9]alogi/                   
#ahic                         ,limit$ to
 #ajjj copies                           
,,los ,,angeles ,,c\nty4                
,by ,w4 ,h4 ,/orms1 ,assi/ant 9 !       
,field4  ,! m9+ indu/ry 9 ?is c\nty is n
 z ext5sive z t ( "s ( ! neighbor+      
c\nties1 b !re are m9es 9 ,los ,angeles 
,c\nty ( unque/ion$ value1 & o!rs :i* h 
a prospective value1 dep5d5t to a great 
ext5t ^u ! success a*iev$ 9 work+ c]ta9 
base ores1 :i* occur 9 comp>ative       

abundance4                              
,,! ,,kelsey ,,m9e4  ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+
 m9es 9 ! c\nty is locat$ 9 ! rugg$     
m\nta9s ab\t #h miles f ! t[n ( ,azusa1 
9 ! ,san ,gabriel ,caon4 ,x is commonly 
kn[n z ! ,kelsey ,m9e1 & has become     
fam\s z a produc] ( silv] ore ( fabul\s 
ri*ness4  ,! c\ntry is made up almo/    
entirely ( metamorphic rocks1 hav+      
s*i/ose1 gneissoid1 & massive /ructure4 
,bo? hornbl5de & mica occur 9 ^! rocks  
abundantly1 ! =m] be+ frequ5tly alt]$ to
 *lorite1 or by fur!r *ange to epidote4 
,dikes ( porphyritic rock h be5 intrud$ 
into ! cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,9 ! imm$iate   
vic9ity ( ! ,kelsey ve9 are intrusions (
 a d>k gre51 mu* decompos$1 & %att]$    
rock1 probably diorite4 ,faults1 great &
 small1 are num]\s ?r\gh\t ! region4 ,)9
 a few hundr$ feet ( ! m9e is a great   
fault1 :i* may be pla9ly se5 cutt+ !    
m\nta94 ,! displacem5t mu/ rea* _m      
hundr$s ( feet4 ,x has result$ 9 br++ 9 
contact on a horizontal plane rocks (   
entirely diff]5t "*4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! 

fault ! rocks are made up ( q regul>ly  
b$d$ micace\s s&/ones1 m or less        
s*i/ose1 & hav+ a prevail+ buff or light
 gray color4 ,^! rocks dip ea/ at an    
angle ( #bj to #cj4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! 
fault ! rocks are h>d]1 ( a d>k gray    
color1 & conta9+ consid]able hornbl5de4 
,^! rocks are m gneissoid & massive ?an 
s*i/ose4 ,! dip is mu* less regul> ?an  
on ! s\? side ( ! displacem5t4 ,l>ge1   
l5ticul> masses ( qu>tzose & feldspa?ic 
rock are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 !        
hornbl5de gneiss1 evid5tly ! result ( ! 
segregation ( ! conta9$ m9]als4 ,on !   
:ole !re is mu* m evid5ce ( ! di/urbance
 on ! nor? side ( ! fault ?an on ! s\?  
side4 ,x is 9 ?is area ( greatly di/urb$
 /rata t ! ,kelsey ve9 has =m$4  ,! ve9 
is ( ! fissure type & occupies ! l9e ( a
 fault plane1 t at fir/1 p]haps1 0 a m]e
 crack1 b :i* has become enl>g$ by !    
movem5t ^u !mselves ( ! rock masses =m+ 
! walls1 result+ 9 a gr9d+ & cru%+ ( !  
rocks by ! attrition & pressure incid5t 
to ?is movem5t4 ,into ?is crevice m9]al 

wat]s f\nd _! way1 c>ry+ 9 solution !   
m9]als n[ con/itut+ ! ve94              
,illu/ration3 ,,fault+ ,,& ,,torsion    
,,( ,,!     ,,kelsey ,,ve9  ,! ,ore4--,!
 silv] occurs z native & z glance       
7arg5tite71 possibly p>tly z *loride & 9
 comb9ations ) sulphur1 cobalt1 &       
ars5ic4 ,! associat$ m9]als are cobalt  
bloom 7ery?rite71 a hydr\s cobalt       
ars5ate1 nickel ars5ate 7annab]gite71   
c>bonate & silicate ( copp]             
7*rysocolla71 iron oxide1 & black oxide 
( manganese 9 a gangue ( b>yta 7heavy   
sp>71 ) calcite 7lime sp>7 & "s qu>tz4  
,a clay selvage usually sep>ates ! ve9  
mat]ial f ! wall1 ?is feature be+ well  
develop$ 9 places on ! foot wall side1 z
 ?\gh op5 crevices _h occurr$ & ! f9ely 
divid$ mat]ial :i* 0 c>ri$ by ! p]colat+
 wat]s _h f\nd a re/+ place :5 an op5   
space 0 rea*$1 ! abs5ce ( any curr5t    
p]mitt+ ! mat]ial to settle4  ,! clay   
may h be5 d]iv$ 9 "p f ! decomposition (
 ! ov]hang+ wall1 ! f9e silt settl+ by  
gravity on ! foot wall side ( ! ve94 ,9 

places a s(t1 clayey g\ge con/itutes !  
entire ve9 fill+1 sugge/+ t ! clay      
selvage & g\ge are also p>tly due to !  
attrition ( ! walls4 ,gal5a occurs      
sp>+ly 9 small dissem9at$ cry/als1 b !  
occurr5ce is s infrequ5t z to be sc>cely
 wor? m5tion+4 ,9 wid? ! crevice v>ies f
 a ?9 seam to ov] #d feet4 ,a b&$       
/ructure is n uncommon 9 ! ve94  ,!     
rocks inclos+ ! ve9 diff] 9 v>i\s p>ts (
 ! m9e4 ,a mu* decompos$ rock1 conta9+  
iron 9 ! =m ( c>bonate1 occurs          
frequ5tly1 :ile a *loritic1 m or less   
s*i/ose1 sometimes massive1 rock1 also  
plays an important "p 9 ?is connection4 
,! dike ( d>k basic rock1 resembl+      
diorite1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 is expos$ 
at num]\s places ?r\gh\t ! work+s1 (t5 9
 contact ) ! ve91 or close to x4 ,s9ce  
its =mation ! ,kelsey ve9 has be5       
subject$ to sev]e torsion1 :i* has      
result$ 9 abrupt fracture & displacem5t4
 ,to me x seem$ v probable t ! ve9 0 !  
result ( *emical precipitation1 & no    
d\bt1 to "s ext5t1 ! replacem5t ( c\ntry

 rock along ! l9e ( a fissure or fault  
plane2 t subsequ5t to ! fill+ 9 ( ! ve9 
! region 0 subject$ to fur!r viol5t     
di/urbances1 :i* fractur$ ! rocks along 
an ea/ & we/ c\rse1 & caus+ ! turn+ ( a 
l>ge mass ( rock =mation ly+ s\? ( ?is  
fault to ! we/4 ,! ve9 be+ includ$ 9 !  
g5]al movem5t1 0 deflect$ f its natural 
c\rse nor? & s\?4 ,i came to ^!         
conclusions f close obs]vations tak5    
along ! surface ( ! gr\nd on ! c\rse ( !
 ve91 & 9 all accessible und]gr\nd      
work+s4  ,mo/ ( ! ore extract$ f ^!     
work+s has be5 high grade1 usually runn+
 ov] #bjj p] ton1 small lots (t5 assay+ 
sev]al ?\s& ounces4 ,! prop]ty1 at ! "t 
( my visit la/ spr+1 0 "u ! managem5t ( 
,dr4 ,endli*1 ,e4,m4 ,?is g5tleman 0    
mak+ e ef=t to sy/ematically op5 &      
recov] a ve9 t _h be5 z sy/ematically & 
outrage\sly g\g$4 ,! work+s 7 9 bad     
condition & at "s po9ts 7 positively    
dang]\s4 ,! m9e 0 gradually assum+ an   
improv$ appe>ance & promis$ to yield    
bett] returns ?an ev] be=e4 ,a good mill

 has be5 erect$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 9 
! ,san ,gabriel ,caon1 :]e a l>ge /ream 
( wat] fl[s dur+ ! entire ye>4 ,an      
(fice1 bo>d+ h\se1 /ables1 corrals1     
etc41 _h be5 built = ! accommodation (  
m5 & animals4 ,9 addition to ?is ,i f\nd
 a complete assay (fice & *emical       
laboratory1 & "h ,dr4 ,endli* 0         
exp]im5t+ ) ! ri* cobalt & nickel ores4 
,z a result ( 8 labors 9 ?is direction  
he exhibit$ sev]al b>s ( cobalt speiss  
conta9+ a v high value 9 silv]4 ,!      
assort$ ore conta9s f #g to #ae p] c5t 9
 cobalt1 #b to #c p] c5t nickel1 & f    
#a1jjj to #a1djj ounces silv] p] ton4   
,dr4 ,endli* ?us describes 8 me?ods3 8,!
 ore is cru%$ ?r\gh a tw5ty-me% sieve1  
mix$ ) suffici5t li?>ge to produce an #h
 p] c5t *>ge1 & en\gh borax is add$ to  
take up ! gangue 7qu>tz1 heavy sp>1     
c>bonate ( lime1 magnesia1 & iron74     
,c>bonate ( soda & fl\r are mix$ ) !    
*>ge4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( ars5ic 9 ! ore is
 suffici5tly high to produce speiss none
 is add$2 o!rwise "s metallic ars5ic is 

mix$ 94 ,"s sulphides 9 ! ore & r$uc$   
sulphur f ! heavy sp> are utiliz$ to    
produce mattes4 ,! mixture is melt$ 9   
l>ge ,dixon crucibles2 ! slag p\r$ (f1 &
 ! metallic product all[$ to cool4 ,!   
b>s obta9$ are compos$ ( lead1 silv]1   
cobalt1 nickel1 ars5ic1 & sulphur1      
pr9cipally2 ! lead be+ 9 ! =m (         
sulphide1 ! cobalt & nickel 9 ! =m (    
ars5ides4 ,! b>s conta9$ f #d1ejj to    
#g1jjj ounces silv] p] ton4 ,! slag     
conta9$ a trace ( silv]1 & av]ag$ ab\t  
#j4ge p] c5t cobalt1 :i* c be work$ ov] 
by ars5iz+1 if desir$1 & ! cobalt obta9$
 9 ! result+ speiss40  ,at ?is writ+    
ab\t #efj p\nds ( ore has be5 treat$ 9  
?is way & ! product %ipp$ to ,balba*'s  
works 9 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 = ref9+4       
,,! ,,victoria ,,m9es4  ,?is prop]ty is 
situat$ b a %ort di/ance f ! ,kelsey    
,m9e4 ,! ,victoria ,m9e 0 op]at$ "u     
,engli% managem5t = an ,engli% syndicate
 two or ?ree ye>s ago4 ,lately all      
op]ations h be5 susp5d$4 ,! prop]ty1    
:atev] x may be wor?1 is a monum5t to   

mismanagem5t ( ! wor/ sort4             
,,! ,,lordsburg ,,/amp$e4  ,9 ! mon? (  
,m>*1 #ahib1 ! report w5t abroad t ri*  
silv] & gold-be>+ rock _h be5 f\nd 9 !  
m\nta9s nor? ( ,lordsburg1 #bh miles ea/
 ( ! city ( ,los ,angeles4 ,s gl[+ 7 ^! 
/ories t a g5]al /amp$e = ! new m9+     
field ensu$4 ,f>m]s left _! homes1      
m]*ants & cl]ks 9 "s in/ances tempor>ily
 clos$ _! /ores to jo9 9 ! ru% to       
,lordsburg4 ,un=tunately ! /ories prov$ 
to be unf\nd$1 &1 aft] ?ree weeks (     
excitem5t1 all _h left ! m9es except+ a 
v few1 :o /ill _h hopes ( mak+ a f9d4   
,,c$> ,,m9+ ,,di/rict4  ,fifty-five     
miles by rail nor!a/ f ,los ,angeles1 on
 ! l9e ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 is ! ,c$>   
,m9+ ,di/rict1 ! pr9cipal village be+   
ab\t ! railway /ation call$ ,acton4 ,9 !
 l[ hills ab\t ,acton1 :i* rise out ( ! 
valley t skirts ! nor!rn base ( ! ,san  
,gabriel range ( m\nta9s1 are locat$ !  
gold m9es :i* h be5 work$ = _m ye>s by  
,mexicans & ,am]icans4                  
,,! ,,r$ ,,rov]4  ,?is is ! "n ( !      

pr9cipal m9e 9 ! di/rict4 ,x 0 locat$ & 
work$ _m ye>s s9ce by ,mexicans1 b has  
dur+ ! pa/ eight or t5 ye>s be5 9 ! h&s 
( ,am]icans4 ,! ve9 /rikes nor?we/ &    
s\!a/1 dipp+ to ! s\?we/ at an angle (  
#ej f ! horizon4 ,! rock is a :ite1     
f9e-gra9$1 sac*>oidal qu>tz1 %[+ 9      
places blui% b&s4 ,x conta9s free gold 9
 v>iable am\nt1 ) "s iron sulphuret4 ,a 
v l>ge am\nt ( qu>tz has be5 /op$ f !   
ve9 & cru%$ 9 v>i\s mills4  ,! ,r$ ,rov]
 is q ext5sively develop$1 ! new v]tical
 %aft be+ d[n ov] #djj feet4 ,! old     
incl9$ %aft1 :i* is sunk on ! ve91 is   
d[n #bbj feet4 ,sev]al levels are run   
out f bo? ^! %afts1 :i* are #bjj feet   
ap>t4 ,! new %aft 0 sunk betwe5 ! ma9   
ve9 & a spur :i* bran*es f x4 ,a        
crosscut 0 run out t[>d ! spur1 :i* is  
op5$ on ! surface1 b x 0 f\nd x did n g 
d[n4 ,a crosscut 0 !n run t[>d ! ma9    
ve91 :i* 0 f\nd intact1 & a drift 0     
c>ri$ 9 #fj feet on ! ve94  ,! c\ntry   
rock is mo/ly massive metamorphic1 v mu*
 brok5 & fault$4 ,ne>ly e m9e 9 !       

di/rict has be5 displac$ m or less by ^!
 faults4 ,= "s reason ! ,r$ ,rov] has   
be5 %ut d[n = "s mon?s pa/4 ,x is       
und]/ood t op]ations are to be resum$4  
,,! ,,new ,,york ,,m9e  ,is situat$ )9  
half a mile ( ! ,r$ ,rov]1 & is simil> 9
 "*4 ,! qu>tz is said to mill #aj to #be
 p] ton4 ,! own] has a five-/amp mill1  
:i* is complete & does good "w4 ,! ve9  
is f #a to #c feet 9 wid?4 ,x has       
produc$ consid]able bullion4  ,o!r m9es 
( ! vic9ity are ! ,topeka1 ,union1      
,escondido1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/1 & ,santa      
,cl>a1 ea* ( :i* has se5 bett] days4 ,! 
fir/ ?ree m5tion$ h be5 l>ge produc]s1 b
 are work$ d[n to ! wat] l9e1 & a base  
ore proposition n[ faces ! own]s 9 ! =m 
( iron pyrites4                         
,,9 ,,! ,,ma9 ,,range4  ,up 9 ! ma9     
range ( ! ,san ,gabriel ,m\nta9s1 on !  
nor? slopes ( ?is rugg$ *a91 are locat$ 
a numb] ( ve9s1 on :i* consid]able "w   
has be5 done4 ,! ve9s are well def9$1   
rang+ f #a to #d feet 9 wid?1 /rik+     
nor?we/ & s\!a/1 & dipp+ uni=mly to !   

nor!a/ at a high angle4 ,all ( ^! ve9s  
conta9 gold1 b all quickly run into     
sulphurets4 ,all ! m9es are idle at     
pres5t1 b some?+ bright] is hop$ =4 ,!  
sulphurets are said to conta9 suffici5t 
gold to make *lor9ation pr(itable4 ,if  
?is is actually ! case !re is an        
abundance ( mat]ial to "w ^u4           
,,lip>ites ,,& ,,tufas  ,9 ! region ab\t
 ,acton are _m hills ( lip>ite          
7qu>tz-be>+ tra*yte7 & tufa1 :i* are    
id5tical ) ! rhyolites ( ! ,calico      
region--! same violet-br[n1 porphyritic 
lip>ite2 ! same pea-gre5 & buff-color$  
tufas2 ! same conglom]ate2 9 fact1 an   
exact facsimile ( ! ,calico range4 ,!re 
are no great b$s ( s$im5t>y rock1 h[ev]1
 & ^! lip>ite hills are comp>atively    
small1 isolat$ masses4 ,z f> z my k goes
 ores ( silv] h nev] be5 f\nd 9 ^! rocks
 9 ! ,acton di/rict4 ,c>eful prospect+  
may possibly discov] su* ores4          
,,prospects ,,( ,,! ,,camp4  ,ow+ to !  
fact t ! gold m9es ( ?is di/rict h be5  
work$ to ! wat] l9e1 almo/ )\t          

exception1 :at n[ rema9s to be done to  
p]petuate ! prosp]ity ( ! di/rict1 is to
 conc5trate ! sulphurets1 work+ !m by   
*lor9ation 9 works built 9 ! di/rict4   
,wood & wat] are bo? obta9able at       
mod]ate co/1 & ! sulphurett$ ores ( ?is 
di/rict t conta9 b a v few doll>s p] ton
 %\ld pay4 ,! co/ ( m9+1 transportation1
 cru%+1 & conc5trat+ %\ld n exce$1      
ord9>ily1 #e p] ton ( qu>tz1 & ! exp5se 
( treat+ ! conc5trates %\ld be "u #aj p]
 ton4 ,base ores conta9+ #aj p] ton z x 
comes f ! ve9 %\ld realize a pr(it 9 ?is
 di/rict1 & ,i am told t _m ( ! m9es    
produce rock ( a mu* bett] grade ?an t  
m5tion$4            ,,san ,,diego       
,,c\nty2 ,,also ,,orange ,,& ,,san      
,,b]n>d9o ,,c\nties4                    
,by ,h>old ,w4 ,fairbanks1 ,f4,g4,s4,a4 
,! topography ( ?is region has be5 q    
?or\ghly describ$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,goodye>1 9
 =m] reports ( ! ,/ate ,m9+ ,bureau4 ,! 
/ructure ( ,san ,diego ,c\nty is        
comp>atively simple4 ,?ree ma9 divisions
 might be made3 ! des]t on ! ea/1 !     

,p59sula range ( cry/all9e rocks 9 !    
middle1 & ! ne>ly level mesa on ! we/4  
,! ,p59sula range is suppos$ to repres5t
 ! s\!rn cont9uation ( ! ,si]ra         
,nevadas1 b 9 j :at relation x /&s to ! 
,si]ras has be5 a matt] ( dispute4 ,!   
,p59sula range 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty =ms 
"o ma9 m\nta9 *a94 ,x ma9ta9s ?is       
simplicity ( /ructure s\?w>d1 =m+ !     
backbone ( ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4  
,nor?w>d x becomes broad] & m complex1  
ris+ 9 ! l(ty ,san ,jac9to & ,san       
,b]n>d9o ranges on ! ea/1 & ! ,santa    
,ana range on ! we/1 :ile ! region      
betwe5 is fill$ ) m\nta9s & valleys     
irregul>ly dispos$4  ,complex z is !    
topography ( ?is region1 ! geological   
problems1 ?\gh (t5 difficult to solve1  
are q simple4 ,! high] m\nta9s are =m$  
:olly ( anci5t cry/all9e s*i/s & massive
 rocks1 respect+ ! age ( :i* a great    
div]sity ( op9ion has exi/$2 :ile !     
region bord]+ ! coa/ consi/s ( unalt]$  
,cretace\s1 ,t]ti>y1 & ,quat]n>y        
deposits4  ,ow+ to ! v limit$ "t giv5 me

 to prep>e my field notes = ! press1 !y 
w be giv5 sub/antially z !y 7 tak5 9 !  
field1 )\t any attempt at sy/ematic     
arrangem5t4  ,! cry/all9e rocks ( ,san  
,diego ,c\nty are v>i$ 9 "*1 & ( mu*    
int]e/4 ,no opportunity has be5 giv5 me 
to /udy ! l>ge collection made1 & !     
det]m9ations giv5 are simply ! result ( 
sup]ficial exam9ation1 & are subject to 
correction4  ,! bay ( ,san ,diego is    
bord]$ on ! ea/ by g5tly slop+ mesas (  
mod]n ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y age4 ,^!      
unalt]$ /rata are *>act]i/ic ( ! we/]n  
slope ( ! ,p59sula range ?r\gh its :ole 
ext5t4 ,!y sometimes rise z high z      
#c1jjj feet2 ?\gh 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty  
!y d n exce$ #a1ejj feet4 ,! upp]       
portion ( ^! b$s consi/s to a great     
ext5t ( co>se1 loosely cem5t$           
conglom]ates4 ,! riv]s issue f ! high]  
m\nta9s ?r\gh n>r[ valleys or caons1 & h
 cut valleys1 (t5 q broad & ) v /eep    
sides1 ?r\gh ! mesas to ! ocean4  ,!    
,otay mesa has a height ( ab\t #ejj     
feet1 ! we/]n portion be+ some:at high] 

?an ! ea/]n1 indicat+ a rec5t elevation 
ne> ! coa/4 ,! soil ( ! mesa is adobe1  
due to ! decay ( porphyry m\nta9s to !  
ea/4 ,"u ! adobe !re is a calc>e\s m>l1 
(t5 _m feet ?ick4  ,! fir/ exposure ( ! 
old] rock se5 z "o goes up ! ,otay      
,riv]1 is 9 a hill ris+ ?r\gh ! mesa    
ab\t 9 ! c5t] ( ! grant4 ,x is a "p ( ! 
ext5sive porphyry intrusives1 :i*1 9    
s\!rn ,san ,diego ,c\nty1 =m a numb] (  
high m\nta9s betwe5 ! granite & ! mesa4 
,to ?is =mation belong ! ,san ,miguel & 
,otay peaks4 ,?is exposure on ! ,otay   
,riv] is a felsitic breccia4 ,x conta9s 
a felsite base 7intimate mixture ( qu>tz
 & feldsp>71 9 :i* are imb$d$ fragm5ts (
 felsite & *lorite4 ,no m rocks appe> = 
ab\t #b miles up ! riv]4 ,!n we rea* !  
base ( ! long ridges :i* lead up to !   
,otay ,peak4 ,"s int]e/+ rocks are      
expos$ :]e ! /ream issues f ! caon4 ,!  
great] portion are f9e d>k to gre5i%    
aphanitic rocks1 ) gre5 *loritic or     
epidotic nodules4 ,bun*es & dikes (     
co>se to f9e gra9$ porphyritic rocks    

occasionally appe>4 ,!y probably belong 
to ! diorite porphyrites4 ,! rock       
cont9ues v mu* ! same = sev]al miles    
f>!r ea/2 at times x is almo/ :olly     
feldsp>4 ,9 ! caon above ,el ,nido ,po/ 
,(fice x *anges to a light gre5 feldsp> 
porphyry4 ,ne> ! we/]n edge ( ! ,jamul  
grant a d>k-color$ porphyry takes its   
place1 & a little f>!r ea/ x becomes jet
 black1 ) small :ite feldsp> cry/als1   
produc+ a v pretty effect4  ,! mesa     
conglom]ates ext5d along ! top ( ! l[   
hills bord]+ ! valley ne>ly to ! ea/]n  
edge ( ! ,jamul grant4 ,a great v>iety (
 rocks appe> along ! ,campo road betwe5 
! ,jamul grant & ,%eckl]'s1 on !        
,cottonwood4 ,ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! grant 
! porphyry is foll[$ by f9e-gra9$       
granitic rock1 frequ5tly becom+ s*i/ose4
 ,num]\s dikes & bun*es ( d>k diorite   
cut ?r\gh ?is rock4 ,z ,dulzura ,po/    
,(fice is approa*$1 ^! rocks *ange to   
mica & hornbl5de s*i/s1 & are fill$ )   
intrud$ dikes ( diorite porphyrites4    
,bodies ( massive sy5ite & co>se granite

 7 also se54 ,ab\t ,dulzura _m ( ! dikes
 h ! appe>ance ( diabase4 ,betwe5       
,dulzura & ,%eckl]'s ! c\ntry rock is   
l>gely micace\s & *loritic s*i/s4       
,massive granite =ms ! high1 rugg$      
m\nta9s ea/1 ext5d+ 9 an arm we/]ly     
across ! road4 ,! s*i/s h a nor?we/     
/rike1 v]tical dip1 & are evid5tly (    
metamorphic orig94 ,!y =m a /rip (      
c\ntry ext5d+ 9 ! l9e ( /rike f ne>     
,%eckl]'s to ! ,sweetwat] ,riv]1 & are  
situat$ betwe5 ! wide belt ( porphyry on
 ! we/ & ! co>se intrusive granites on !
 ea/1 :i* rise to =m ,lyon's ,peak & o!r
 rugg$ m\nta9s4  ,! fir/ rock met ea/ ( 
,%eckl]'s1 on ! ,campo road1 is co>se   
hornbl5dic granite1 s decompos$ t a fre%
 specim5 c\ld n be obta9$4 ,dikes (     
f9e-gra9$ granite int]sect x 9 e        
direction4 ,?ree miles we/ ( ,potr]o1   
m\nta9s ( oliv9itic diabase rise on !   
nor? side ( ! road4 ,?is rock is v      
simil> to _m l>ge bodies ( intrusives   
?r\gh ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,julian & ! ,tia 
,juana ,riv]4 ,x has evid5tly be5       

intrud$ into ! granite1 = dikes ext5d   
out1 int]sect+ ! latt] rock4  ,potr]o is
 locat$ 9 a valley ( sev]al hundr$ acres
 9 ext5t1 & surr\nd$ by granite m\nta9s4
 ,x has an elevation ( #b1djj feet4 ,s\?
 ( ,potr]o1 along ! b\nd>y l9e1 !       
m\nta9s %[ l>ge areas ( ! d>k dioritic &
 diabasic rocks4 ,! hills imm$iately s\?
 ( ! valley consi/ ( hornbl5dic gneiss2 
/rike ea/ & we/4 ,ea/w>d1 t[>d ,campo1 !
 rock is *iefly a co>se :ite granite1 v 
easily decompos$4 ,x %[s a slightly     
gneissoid /ructure = a numb] ( miles4 ,x
 does n seem to repres5t ! b$d+ ( a     
s$im5t>y rock1 b ( p>allelism ( !       
con/itu5ts1 induc$ 9 ! magma by movem5t 
or pressure4 ,long1 drawn out1 l5ticul> 
inclusions are (t5 pres5t1 & are arrang$
 p>allel to ! s*i/ose /ructure4 ,^!     
consi/ l>gely ( hornbl5de1 ) little     
feldsp>4  ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,campo !       
topography ( ! c\ntry *anges f t ( high 
m\nta9s & deep1 n>r[ valleys1 to an     
elevat$ m\nta9 plateau ) mead[s & r\nd$ 
granite ridges4 ,! m\nta9s are cov]$ )  

bru%1 :ile live oaks are num]\s 9 !     
valleys4 ,! c\ntry ma9ta9s ^! features  
:ile gradually ris+ to ! divide #h miles
 ea/ ( ,campo4 ,! granite is s deeply   
decompos$ along ! summit region t no    
good samples c\ld be obta9$4 ,campo has 
an elevation ( #b1fjj feet4 ,! b>e1     
r\nd$ ridges closely resemble ^? left by
 glacial action1 b _! slope is produc$  
simply by ! cleav+ (f successively ( ! m
 angul> portions 9 great slabs4 ,_m f9e 
examples ( ?is mann] ( decay appe> ab\t 
,campo4 ,! corn]s are decompos$ fa/] ?an
 ! smoo? surfaces1 & ?us f9ally a %elly 
conc5tric /ructure results4 ,! fre%     
massive c5tral portion wea!rs out l     
wat]-worn b[ld]s4 ,! pres5ce ( rugg$    
angul> ridges results ei!r f a less     
inh]5t t5d5cy to decay1 or to a         
comp>ative fre$om f cru%+4 ,f\r miles   
nor!a/ ( ,campo is an outcrop ( co>se   
hornbl5dic granite1 ) l>ge six-sid$ mica
 scales & num]\s yell[ cry/als (        
titanite4 ,! height ( ! divide is #c1hjj
 feet4 ,ne> ! summit ! rocky ridges all 

disappe> & ! c\ntry becomes cov]$ )     
granitic s&4 ,erosion "h is evid5tly v  
slight4 ,! c\ntry desc5ds gradually on !
 ea/ to ,jacumba ,valley1 be+ s&y = "s  
di/ance4 ,?is f9ally gives place to b>e1
 rocky ridges & caons4 ,ve9s ( f9e      
granite1 & o!rs ( feldsp> & qu>tz1 are  
abundant on ! ea/]n slope4  ,be=e rea*+ 
,jacumba ,valley a body ( mica &        
hornbl5de s*i/ is enc\nt]$4 ,! s*i/s d n
 =m a regul>ly def9$ belt1 b (t5 appe> z
 inclusions 9 ! granite4 ,^! inclusions 
h a v v>iable /rike1 & f _! relation to 
! granite x is evid5t t ! latt] is      
intrusive4  ,jacumba ,valley empties    
nor?w>d into ! des]t ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge4
 ,x has an elevation ( #b1fjj feet1 !   
same z t ( ,campo4 ,x is sev]al squ>e   
miles 9 ext5t1 ! great] "p ( :i* is 9   
,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,! w>m spr+s "h are     
consid]$ q m$ic9al4 ,! s*i/s j describ$ 
occupy a l>ge area we/ & nor? ( ! caon  
?r\gh :i* ! valley empties4 ,!y are cut 
9 e direction by dikes ( granite & o!rs1
 consi/+ ( a v co>se aggregate ( qu>tz &

 feldsp> ) a little muscovite mica4 ,a  
high m\nta9 sev]al miles nor? ( ! valley
 is di/9ctly ribb$ all ov] by !m4 ,!    
s*i/s ext5d nor?w>d t[>d ^? :i* outcrop 
on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,laguna ,m\nta9s & 
at ,julian1 b are cut (f by a body (    
intrusive granite4 ,!y und\bt$ly belong 
to ! same s]ies4 ,gold-be>+ ve9s h be5  
f\nd 9 !m a little nor? ( ,jacumba      
,valley4  ,at ! nor? end ( ,jacumba     
,valley1 & on ! we/ side ( ! outlet1 is 
an area ( volcanic rock1 probably       
basalt4 ,x =ms a table-l&1 g5tly slop+  
t[>d ! valley1 & ris+ #fjj or #gjj feet 
at its nor!rn end4 ,x is und]laid by    
gravels & conglom]ates4 ,j ea/ ( ?is is 
a black butte1 ris+ p]fectly symmetrical
 to ! same height4 ,x consi/s ( b$d$    
lavas1 ) tufa at ! bottom4 ,9 spite ( ! 
fact t x is %ap$ l a crat]1 its /ructure
 is diff]5t1 & x is probably a remnant (
 ! fl[ :i* once cov]$ ! outlet to !     
valley4  ,! high range ( m\nta9s betwe5 
,jacumba ,valley & ! des]t has an       
altitude ( some?+ ov] #d1jjj feet1 b :]e

 ! road crosses x1 x is only #c1ajj     
feet4 ,basalt outcrops also on ! ea/]n  
side ( ! valley4 ,nor? ( ! road to      
,m\nta9 ,spr+s x =ms a s]ies ( plateaus1
 ! highe/ ( :i* rea*es a height ( #c1ijj
 feet4 ,x =ms ! summit ( ! range1 be+   
#hjj feet above ! granite =m+ ! pass4   
,s\? ( ! pass sev]al miles ! granite    
rises mu* high] & ! lava lies along its 
we/]n slope1 ext5d+ an unkn[n di/ance   
bel[ ! l9e4  ,l>ge deposits ( wat]-worn 
b[ld]s & gravels lie along ! ea/]n slope
 ( ,jacumba ,valley4 ,among !m are      
pebbles ( porphyries1 black qu>tz1 &    
o!rs n se5 9 place 9 ?is "p ( ! c\nty4  
,a %ort di/ance we/ ( ! summit !y are   
f\nd 9 b$s ) gravel & s&/one1 dipp+     
s\?we/4 ,^! late ,t]ti>y deposits are   
ov]laid by ! volcanic b$s4 ,! volcanic  
plateau :i* rises s high nor? ( ! pass  
has a ?ickness ( #ejj to #fjj feet4     
,massive & b$d$ lavas =m ! upp] half (  
?is ?ickness1 ! l[] portion consi/+ ( a 
volcanic breccia4 ,! b$s lie ne>ly      
horizontal4 ,on ! we/ are two l[]       

t]races1 also capp$ ) lava & abutt+     
aga9/ ! high]4 ,! :ole is und]laid by s&
 rock ( granitic orig94 ,x is ne>ly     
level 9 places1 9 o!rs x dips to !      
s\?we/4 ,x is v /range t ^! lava b$s1 ) 
ne>ly level fl[age l9es1 %\ld be f\nd at
 su* greatly v>y+ elevations ab\t       
,jacumba ,valley1 & be und]laid ev]y:]e 
by su* simil> tuffs & s&/ones4 ,my      
inve/igations disclos$ no volcanic v5t1 
& x is possible t ! lava issu$ f        
fissures1 z 0 notic$ else:]e 9 ! c\nty4 
,ano!r int]e/+ "q is ! orig9 ( ! s&/ones
 & conglom]ates4 ,! s&/one und]nea? !   
high plateau is high] ?an ! divide at t 
spot1 & ! only granite )9 miles t exce$s
 x 9 height1 is ! n>r[ ridge :i* rises  
on ! s\!a/4 ,! erosion mu/ h be5 v great
 along ! ridges s9ce ! s&/ones 7        
deposit$1 b ! valley _c h *ang$ mu*4    
,!re may h be5 great elevation along !  
cre/ ( ! range bord]+ ! des]t s9ce !    
deposition ( s&/one1 tilt+ up ! s&/one &
 lava on ! ea/]n slope1 b elevat+ )\t   
great di/urbance ^? ne> ! summit4 ,s\!a/

 ( ,m\nta9 ,spr+s is a body ( b$d$ tufas
 rea*+ an elevation ( #b1cjj feet1 &    
dipp+ to ! ea/ away f ! range at a      
consid]able angle4  ,! pres5ce ( ^!     
mod]n s&/ones at s great an elevation   
ne>ly on ! cre/ ( ! ,p59sula range is a 
v int]e/+ fact4 ,ei!r ,jacumba ,valley 0
 a lake1 or a great elevation has tak5  
place 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 rais+ 
! valley f ! sea-level4 ,appe>ances     
indicate t dur+ late ,t]ti>y times ?is  
range 0 almo/ subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea4  ,!  
rocks betwe5 ! summit & ,m\nta9 ,spr+s  
are *iefly gneissoid1 at times granitic4
 ,!y conta9 bodies ( f9e d>k mica s*i/1 
& _m dikes ( v co>se muscovite granite4 
,! desc5t to ! des]t is v abrupt ov] b>e
 granite ridges4 ,m\nta9 ,spr+s1 an old 
/age /ation1 is locat$ on ! side ( !    
m\nta9 at an elevation ( #b1cjj feet4 ,f
 ! spr+s ! road desc5ds along ! dry b$ (
 an arroyo to ! des]t4 ,! mo/ ( !       
di/ance is ?r\gh a rocky caon1 :]e !re  
is an excell5t opportunity to /udy !    
relations ( ! gneiss & granite4 ,= "s   

di/ance d[n f ! spr+s ! rocks cont9ue to
 be gneissoid1 b ?r\gh ! l[] end ( !    
caon !y become m massive & co>se1 & all 
! ve9s *>act]i/ic ( ! gneisses ( ! high]
 m\nta9 region disappe>4 ,at ! upp] end 
( ! caon is a dike ( v co>se granite1 ) 
l>ge biotite cry/als in/ead ( muscovite4
 ,?is is ! only in/ance 9 :i* biotite 0 
se5 9 "o ( ^! co>se dikes4 ,b&$ gneiss1 
v>y+ f v ?9 to v ?ick b$d$1 alt]nate )  
o!r rocks1 to all appe>ances massive    
granites1 b 9 surface decay ! latt]     
break up into slabs ( v>y+ ?ickness1    
p>allel to ! s*i/ose /ructure ( !       
gneisses4 ,! b&+ is caus$ by an excess (
 mica or hornbl5de1 *iefly ! latt]1     
arrang$ 9 p>allel lay]s4 ,^! /rata are  
(t5 v ?91 v>y+ f "o f\r? to "o half in* 
& upw>ds 9 ?ickness4 ,!y are v regul>1 b
 (t5 discont9u\s2 /op1 & 9 c\rse ( a few
 feet beg9 aga94 ,^! features are       
g5]ally suppos$ to indicate metamorphic 
orig91 b at "o spot a body ( d>k mica   
s*i/ is cut by a dike a foot wide or m (
 ?is d>k b&$ gneissose rock4 ,?is dike  

cuts across ! /ratification ( ! mica    
s*i/1 %[+ conclusively ! intrusive      
nature ( at lea/ a "p ( ^! gneisses2 & x
 is q possible t ! inclusions ( mica    
s*i/ are ! only really s$im5t>y rocks   
pres5t4 ,9 places ! rocks :i* %[ ?is b&+
 h ! con/itu5ts arrang$ 9 ! b&s         
indep5d5t ( any direction4 ,at "o spot a
 di/9ct1 well-def9$ mass ( mica s*i/1   
#ae feet across1 is imb$d$ 9 a granitic 
rock4 ,at "o side ?is gneissoid /ructure
 ext5ds ?r\gh ! inclos+ rock & abuts    
%>ply aga9/ ! mica s*i/4 ,! b&+ %[s no  
con/ant direction2 9 ! caon x is nor!a/4
 ,! b&s sometimes become wavy4  ,z !    
caon op5s out to ! des]t1 hills appe> on
 ei!r side =m$ ( volcanic tuffs4 ,!y dip
 nor!a/ #cj4 ,und]nea? is a s&/one :olly
 unconsolidat$ & dipp+ 9 ! same         
direction #dj4 ,?is conta9s no lava     
pebbles4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! tuff are q v>i$
 9 "* & g5]ally q angul>4 ,!y are imb$d$
 9 a volcanic mud1 free f granitic      
detritus4 ,9 "s ( ! /rata appe> ?9 b$s (
 lava1 seem+ to repres5t a fl[4 ,^! tufa

 hills ext5d nor?we/]ly along ! base ( !
 granite m\nta9s = #aj miles or m4 ,x is
 n kn[n h[ f> !y g 9 a s\!rly direction4
 ,9 places !y =m m\nta9s ( consid]able  
size high up on ! side ( ! range4 ,!    
range ( m\nta9s betwe5 ?is po9t &       
,c>rizo ,creek appe>s also to h "s      
volcanic b$s on its s\!rn slope4 ,! op5 
des]t at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s has an      
elevation ( #a1bjj feet4 ,x slopes g5tly
 = miles 9 an ea/]ly direction & consi/s
 l>gely ( loose s&4  ,betwe5 ,m\nta9    
,spr+s & ! summit is ano!r illu/ration (
 ! fact t lam9ation 9 a cry/all9e rock  
is no pro( ( its s$im5t>y orig94 ,a     
small dike less ?an #b in*es ?ick cuts  
across a co>se biotite gneiss at an     
angle ( #cj4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! gneiss by
 a ?9 lay] ( qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,x is made
 up ( ! same con/itu5ts z ! gneiss1     
arrang$ s z to %[ a well-pron\nc$       
gneissoid /ructure4 ,?is is v simil> to 
! l>ge dikes se5 9 ! caon4  ,! road 0   
foll[$ back to ,campo1 & f !re ! ,laguna
 ,m\nta9s 7 climb$4 ,! road asc5ds a    

long1 n>r[ caon on ! s\!rn slope4 ,at ! 
entrance to ! caon1 #d miles s\!a/ (    
,buckman's ,spr+s1 ! m\nta9s are high & 
rocky1 be+ =m$ ( ?9-b$d$ gneisses1 :i*1 
9 _m places1 bl5d into mica s*i/s4 ,!y  
/rike p>allel to ! m\nta9 axis1 a little
 we/ ( nor?2 dip #gj nor!a/4 ,?ree miles
 up ! caon ! gneiss becomes ?ick-b$d$ & 
is f9ally replac$ by mica diorite1 :i*  
=ms ! hills on bo? sides4 ,granitic     
dikes outcrop ne> ! junction & sometimes
 app>5tly 9 ! diorite4 ,!re is (t5 a    
bl5d+ betwe5 ! two1 z if ! intrusion (  
bo? took place ne>ly at ! same "t4 ,!   
region ea/ ( ! s\!rn end ( ! m\nta9s is 
=m$ ( co>se granite1 decompos$ to a     
consid]able dep?4 ,! mica diorite ext5ds
 nor?w>d1 =m+ ! :ole c5tral & we/]n "p (
 ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! ea/ x is bord]$ by a  
slightly high] ridge1 =m+ ! cre/ ( !    
m\nta9s4 ,?is rock does n decompose z   
easily z ! granite & gneisses on ! we/1 
& !re consequ5tly rema9s a m\nta9       
plateau hav+ an elevation ( ab\t #e1ejj 
feet4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( p9e 

timb] & op5 mead[s4 ,! d>k diorite =ms  
"o ( ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,laguna         
,m\nta9s1 ris+ #f1bej feet4 ,! highe/   
portion ( ! m\nta9s lies to ! nor!a/1 & 
is =m$ *iefly ( a qu>tzose mica s*i/4 ,f
 ! ea/]n cre/ ( ! range a mo/ magnific5t
 view ( ! des]t is obta9$4 ,! /rata on !
 cre/ /rike nor? #ae we/1 dip #gj       
nor!a/4 ,! desc5t ( #d1jjj feet to      
,vallecitos is v abrupt4 ,ne> ! cre/ x  
is almo/ z /eep z ! dip ( ! rocks4 ,!   
mica s*i/s 9 places approa* gneiss 9    
composition1 b all ( ?is s]ies ( rocks  
=m+ ! cre/ & ea/]n slope v probably     
belong to ! ,metamorphic ,s]ies4 ,s\? ( 
?is po9t ! ,laguna ,m\nta9s d n t]m9ate 
s abruptly1 b ext5d out 9 long1         
gradually desc5d+ ridges = _m miles4 ,! 
mica diorite ext5ds nor? ( ! ,laguna    
ab\t a mile1 :5 ! s*i/s on bo? ea/ & we/
 sides unite & ext5d nor? t[>d ,bann]4  
,!y are intrud$ by granite & diorite 9  
_m places4 ,! body ( diorite =m+ !      
,laguna plateau is ab\t #h miles long & 
#a to #b miles wide4 ,! highe/ peak is n

 ov] #bjj feet l[] ?an ! ,cuyamaca1 ris+
 #f1cjj feet4 ,! diorite seems to h be5 
intrud$ 9 ! middle ( a consid]able area 
( mica s*i/s1 = ?is rock outcrops on all
 sides4 ,on ! we/1 t[>d ,p9e ,valley1 !y
 c>ry ! gold ve9s ( ! ,p9e ,valley      
di/rict4 ,! desc5t is v abrupt to ,p9e  
,valley & ,buckman's ,spr+s4 ,! s*i/s & 
gneisses ext5d ab\t #c miles s\? ( ! ma9
 portion ( ! m\nta9s1 :5 !y are replac$ 
by co>se hornbl5dic granite4  ,buckman's
 ,spr+s has an elevation ( #c1djj feet4 
,"h are "s v excell5t soda spr+s1 ! only
 ones ,i "k ( 9 ?is section ( ! ,/ate4  
,a co>se1 d>k diabase outcrops 9 ! edge 
( ! m\nta9s j nor? ( ,buckman's & also a
 little f>!r s\?1 on ! we/ side ( !     
valley4  ,a n>r[ caon leads up to !     
divide :i* sep>ates ! valley ( ! upp]   
,cottonwood f ,p9e ,valley4 ,! we/]n    
prolongation ( ! diorite ( ! ,laguna    
,m\nta9s appe>s ne> ! road on ! divide4 
,! prevail+ rock is1 h[ev]1 ( a         
granitoid nature & fill$ ) _m l>ge      
bun*es ( massive :ite qu>tz4 ,p9e       

,valley has an elevation ( #c1hjj feet4 
,gneisses & hornbl5dic & micace\s s*i/s 
outcrop betwe5 ! valley & ! divide ea/ (
 ,descanso4 ,! /rike is nor? & s\?4 ,"o 
mile s\!a/ ( ,descanso !re is ano!r     
outcrop ( ! co>se diabase or gabbro :i* 
=ms s mu* ( ! ,cuyamaca peaks4 ,descanso
 has an elevation ( #c1djj feet4 ,! rock
 :i* outcrops = a numb] ( miles along ! 
road to ,/onewall is a co>se1 easily    
decompos$ granite1 ris+ 9 r\nd$ knobs   
ov] a roll+1 bru%-cov]$ c\ntry4  ,! ,p9e
 ,valley di/rict lies 9 a belt (        
gneissose1 mica s*i/1 & qu>tzose rocks1 
:i* ext5d 9 a direction a little we/ (  
nor?4 ,!y beg9 ab\t #b miles s\? ( ,p9e 
,creek & ext5d1 probably unbrok51 ?r\gh 
to ,bann] & ,julian4 ,x is #d miles nor?
 to ! ,de] ,p>k di/rict4 ,! metamorphic 
s*i/s wid5 z ?is di/rict is approa*$4   
,!y ext5d f ! des]t slope to ,de] ,p>k1 
:]e a body ( diorite has be5 intrud$1 & 
f !re we/w>d #b miles to ! ,cuyamaca    
grant4 ,a half mile we/ ( ! camp ! slaty
 mica s*i/s & qu>tzites are well def9$4 

,a ve9 ( gold-be>+ qu>tz has be5 trac$ =
 sev]al miles 9 ^! rocks1 & a numb] (   
locations h be5 made on x4 ,! /rike is  
nor? & s\?1 dip #hj to ! ea/4 ,a body ( 
:ite cry/all9e lime/one lies 9 ?is      
=mation1 ab\t #a miles s\?we/ ( ,de]    
,p>k4 ,! body ( micace\s diorite :i*    
ext5ds ?r\gh ?is camp is ab\t a mile    
long1 & is q gneissoid 9 places4 ,ne>   
its s\!rn end x incloses n>r[ b&s (     
hornbl5dic & feldspa?ic rock1 conta9+   
g>nets4 ,! ve9s are num]\s 9 ?is        
diorite1 & ext5d 9 e conceivable        
direction4 ,! diorite has be5 greatly   
cru%$ at "s "t1 ) fissures 9 e          
direction2 h5ce1 ! irregul>ity ( ! qu>tz
 ve9s4 ,! ve9s are g5]ally bun*y1 & n   
(t5 v l>ge4 ,!y seem simply to foll[ !  
exce$+ly irregul> fractur+ ( ! diorite1 
:i* is decompos$ to a consid]able dep?4 
,! "w ?us f> 9 ?is di/rict has be5      
conf9$ to ! surface1 s t no?+ c be said 
9 reg>d to ! p]man5cy ( ! ve9s4 ,!      
elevation ( ! camp is #d1fjj feet4  ,two
 miles nor?w>d an outcrop ( co>se       

biotite muscovite granite 0 met4 ,x is  
ab\t #b miles long & #a mile wide1 hav+ 
s*i/s on all sides ( x4 ,?is is ! only  
example ( typical granite 7accord+ to   
,ros5bus*7 t 0 se5 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4  
,a broad valley1 occupi$ by ,mr4 ,h>p]'s
 ran*1 has be5 erod$ 9 ! c5t] ( ?is     
granitic mass4  ,nor?w>d1 along ! cre/ (
 ! range ov]look+ ! des]t1 mica slates  
appe>4 ,!y are s little metamorphos$ z  
to closely resemble argillace\s slate4  
,!y /rike a little we/ ( nor?1 dip #gj  
to #hj ea/1 & ma9ta9 ! same "* nor? to  
,bann] & ,julian4  ,! road f ,julian to 
,/onewall crosses mica s*i/ & gneisses =
 ab\t half ! di/ance4 ,!n we met        
outcrops ( a d>k basic rock1 rang+ f f9e
 to v co>se texture4 ,x ext5ds s\?w>d & 
cov]s a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,! ?ree    
,cuyamaca peaks1 ! highe/ 9 ! s\!rn "p (
 ! c\nty1 are =m$ ( ?is rock4 ,?is rock 
0 aga9 met ab\t half a mile we/ ( !     
,/onewall ,m9e4 ,x ext5ds we/w>d across 
! m\nta9s = at lea/ #b miles1 & "s miles
 s\? ( ! ma9 peak4 ,9 places x has a    

s*i/ose /ructure4 ,ne> ! outlet ( !     
,cuyamaca res]voirs x is fill$ ) ve9-l  
aggregates ( co>se hornbl5de cry/als1   
:i* are probably ! result ( second>y    
cry/allization 9 fissures or cracks ( ! 
almo/ consolidat$ magma4  ,! =mation 9 !
 vic9ity ( ! ,/onewall ,m9e is biotite  
gneiss4 ,t[>d ! ea/ x is n %>ply def9$ f
 ! mica s*i/s4 ,on ! we/ x is g5]ally m 
granitoid1 ?\gh at "o spot ne> ! lake   
!re are f9ely lam9at$ s*i/s1 dipp+ #gj  
s\?we/4 ,s\?w>d1 also1 ! gneisses become
 m massive & co>se4 ,at ! nor!a/]n base 
( ! ma9 peak a body ( co>se granite is  
p>tly inclos$ 9 ! norite4 ,?is norite   
assumes a dioritic habitus ne> !        
granite1 ) ! developm5t ( biotite mica4 
,! valley ( ! ,cottonwood 0 foll[$ d[n  
sev]al miles1 :5 x 0 left & ! ,mor5a    
,valley trav]s$ to its head4 ,! m\nta9s 
s\? ( ! valley are =m$ ( a d>k sy5ite4  
,nor? & nor?we/ ! high] m\nta9s consi/ (
 granite1 ) a great developm5t ( mica & 
hornbl5de s*i/s along ! slope fac+ !    
valley4 ,_m granite dikes h be5 intrud$ 

into ! s*i/s4 ,nor? ( ,mr4 ,c&l]'s !re  
is a great dike ( pegmatite1 c>ry+ small
 g>nets1 t\rmal9e1 mica1 & l>ge masses (
 qu>tz4 ,?is pegmatite dike cuts across 
! caon1 =m+ a precipice on its l[] side4
 ,on ! upp] side ! soil has be5 reta9$1 
=m+ a small b f]tile valley4 ,! /rike ( 
! mica s*i/s on ! nor? is q unusual1 be+
 nor? #ge we/1 dip ne>ly v]tical4 ,d>k  
sy5ite lies on ! we/ ( ?is little       
valley4 ,mor5a ,valley has an elevation 
( #c1djj feet4 ,a r\gh road leads ov] ! 
m\nta9s we/ to ,mc,clain's ran*1 a      
di/ance ( #aj miles2 ! highe/ po9t rea*$
 hav+ an elevation ( #d1jjj feet4 ,ne> !
 summit !re outcrops a body ( co>se     
eruptive rock1 probably a diorite4 ,x   
consi/s ( co>se hornbl5dic aggregates 9 
a light-color$ feldspa?ic matrix4 ,?is  
is foll[$ by sy5ite1 & t by co>se :ite  
granite z f> z ,mc,clain's4 ,! granite  
ab\t ! valley is co>se1 ) d>k1 f9e      
cry/all9e inclusions4 ,x has e "* ( a   
truly eruptive rock1 ev5 to ! m9ute     
spaces betwe5 ! compon5ts1 left at ! "t 

( cry/allization4 ,! road n[ desc5ds to 
a bran* ( ! ,cottonwood1 & f ! creek !re
 is a long1 gradual asc5t to ! pass nor?
 ( ,lyon's ,peak4 ,! nor? side ( ! pass 
is =m$ ( ano!r high & rugg$ granite     
range4 ,?is section is "o ( ! wilde/ to 
be f\nd 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty4 ,! m\nta9s
 are b>e granite1 (t5 precipit\s2 !     
valleys small & cov]$ ) bru%4 ,cry/all9e
 lime/one is report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 !  
granite #e or #f miles nor!a/ ( ,r5ney's
 ,pass4 ,a v int]e/+ eruptive rock      
outcrops ea/ ( ! pass1 on ! nor? side ( 
! road4 ,9 places x resembles ! norite f
 ,cuyamaca peaks4 ,! rock consi/s l>gely
 ( l>ge1 d>k1 cleavable cry/als fill$ ) 
small granul> cry/als ( a gre5 color1   
probably oliv9e4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! d>k
 cry/als are und\bt$ly pyrox5e1 ?\gh !re
 are "s %[+ hornbl5de cleavage4 ,?is is 
"o ( ! mo/ peculi> & int]e/+ rocks se5 9
 ! c\nty1 b1 f lack ( any opportunity to
 make a microscopic exam9ation1 no m    
def9ite def9ition c be giv54  ,co>se    
granite ext5ds "s di/ance we/ ( ! pass4 

,x is decompos$ to su* a dep? t no      
specim5s c\ld be obta9$4 ,a mile we/ ( !
 pass a f9e granite1 app>5tly           
metamorphic1 replaces ! o!r4 ,x conta9s 
mu* qu>tz1 little mica1 & yell[i%       
feldsp>4 ,"s di/ance d[n ! new grade a  
l>ge body ( diorite outcrops4 ,x is "o (
 ! s\!rn arms ( a great mass ( co>se1   
d>k rock :i* =ms ! high m\nta9s ab\t    
,dehesa ,po/ ,(fice1 on ! ,sweetwat]4 ,a
 l>ge portion ( ?is rock v closely      
resembles t =m+ ! ,cuyamaca1 & is       
probably a gabbro4  ,ne> ! foot ( !     
grade1 #b miles ea/ ( ,jamul ,po/       
,(fice1 ?is rock is v co>se1 ) l>ge     
hornbl5de cry/als4 ,x ext5ds out 9 ! =m 
( arms or dikes into ! adjo9+ granitic  
rocks4 ,?is rock is v t\gh & heavy4     
,gneiss outcrops = #b miles we/w>d4 ,x  
v>ies betwe5 ?9-b$d$ micace\s /rata &   
?ick-b$d$1 almo/ granitic =ms4 ,x /rikes
 nor? #ae ea/1 dips #gj to #hj ea/4     
,f>!r d[n1 t[>d ! ,oakdale ,h\se1 ?is is
 replac$ by co>se eruptive granites4 ,j 
bel[ ! ,oakdale ,h\se !re is a v int]e/+

 contact betwe5 granite1 qu>tz porphyry1
 & diabase4 ,! fir/ rock expos$ bel[ !  
h\se is a r d>k micace\s sy5ite4 ,beyond
 ?is ! rock becomes co>s]1 conta9+ l>ge 
gra9s ( qu>tz & glassy feldsp>1 )       
inclusions ( a v d>k diabasic rock4 ,9 a
 little caon :i* comes d[n to ! road f !
 ea/1 ?is rock comes into contact ) "o  
:i* v>ies f a feldspa?ic mica s*i/1     
?r\gh a gneiss1 to a qu>tz porphyry4 ,! 
junction is v irregul> & ! two rocks are
 slightly mix$2 sometimes bran*es ( !   
sy5ite are p>tly inclos$ 9 ! porphyry4  
,"s portions ( ! sy5ite %[ gas pores1 or
 spaces left at ! "t ( consolidation1 "o
 f\r? to "o half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y  
are p>tly fill$ ) second>y qu>tz4 ,!    
next rock expos$ up ! caon is a mica    
s*i/2 /rike #ae we/1 dip v]tical4 ,qu>tz
 porphyry foll[s ?is1 !n an irregul>    
dike ( granite1 9 :i* are imb$d$ nodules
 ( qu>tz porphyry1 "s ne>ly a foot 9    
diamet]4 ,above ! granite !re appe>s a  
granitoid gneiss1 ) _m cavities1 arrang$
 ) _! long] axes p>allel to ! s*i/ose   

/ructure4 ,?is *anges into a co>se1     
knotty granite1 conta9+ l>ge nodules (  
d>k petrosilex4 ,a slight bl5d+ is      
noticeable4 ,f>!r up ?is is succe$$ by a
 micace\s qu>tz feldsp> porphyry1 %[+ a 
some:at gneissoid /ructure4 ,x is out at
 "r angles to ?is /ructure by jo9t+     
planes ly+ ?ickly toge!r4 ,x has a      
milky1 vitre\s lu/]1 & conta9s          
inclusions ( v co>se granite4 ,! next   
rock expos$ is a diabase #bjj feet      
across4 ,x is co>se 9 ! middle &        
aphanitic on ! edges4 ,adjo9+ x are     
bun*es ( granite & a f9e1 d>k1 compact  
mica s*i/1 %[+ traces ( little pebbles 9
 places4 ,! s*i/ *anges to a petrosilex1
 :i* comes 9 contact ) a dike ( v co>se 
granite4 ,at ! upp] edge ( ?is granite  
outcrop1 & inclos$ 9 x1 is a /ratum (   
f9e1 d>k mica s*i/ & a dike ( qu>tz     
porphyry4 ,at "o end ^! inclusions are  
hidd51 b at ! o!r !y h be5 b5t1         
fractur$1 & ! pieces sep>at$ "s di/ance 
9 ! granite4 7,fig4 #i74 ,?is is a mo/  
int]e/+ example ( ! intrusive nature ( !

 granite4      ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4  ,! granite    
dike is b\nd$ on its upp] side by "o (  
aphanitic diabase #b feet wide1 foll[$  
by granite aga94 ,nodules ( ! diabase   
appe> 9 ! edge ( ! granite4 ,a /ratum ( 
wavy qu>tzose gneiss #aj feet wide      
foll[s ! la/ dike ( granite4 ,x *anges  
across ! /rike into a co>s] gneiss1 & t 
into irregul> & p>tially bl5d$ masses ( 
co>se granite1 fill$ ) long fragm5ts (  
porphyry simil> to a dike on ! ea/4     
7,fig4 #aj47 ,! qu>tz porphyry is v     
compact & brittle1 & has a con*oidal    
fracture4 ,! porphyry dike has a wid? ( 
#h feet4 ,ab\t x is /ill ano!r dike (   
granite #ab feet across1 & conta9+ _m   
long fragm5ts ( a diabasic rock1 :i*    
appe>s next 9 ! succession4  ,! diabase 
is cut by small1 int]lac+ granite seams 
= #f or #h feet1 & also conta9s "s l>ge1
 irregul>1 l5ticul> masses ( ! same     
rock4 ,/ill f>!r is ano!r d>k dike cut  
squ>ely across by granite4 ,f9e granite 
& qu>tz porphyry dikes occur /ill f>!r  

ea/4 ,! porphyry dikes all run ab\t nor?
 #ce we/1 av]age dip #gj s\?we/4 ,!y    
ext5d along ! summit ( a ridge = m ?an  
half a mile1 :5 ! co>se granite becomes 
! c\ntry rock4 ,on ! summit ( ! hill at 
! head ( ! caon are /rata ( metamorphic 
rock1 & also "s ve9s ( pegmatite1 cutt+ 
across ! porphyry4 ,?is wond]fully v>i$ 
succession ( rocks does n cov] a wid? ( 
m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,! relations    
exhibit$ "h prove t ! porphyry &        
diabase1 z well z ! s*i/s1 are old] ?an 
! granite4 ,! /rip ( c\ntry betwe5 !    
anci5t porphyries ( ,san ,miguel & !    
co>se granite ( ,lyon's ,peak & ! ranges
 nor? is rem>kably ri* 9 its v>iety (   
intrusive rocks4  ,on ! nor? bank ( !   
,sweetwat]1 j above :]e ! ,spr+ ,valley 
road crosses1 is a l>ge exposure ( co>se
 granite1 conta9+ s _m inclosures ( a   
d>k dioritic rock z to pres5t !         
appe>ance ( a conglom]ate4 ,x is cut by 
bun*es & ramify+ dikes ( f9e granite &  
diorite4  ,at ,dehesa ! granite is      
replac$ by norite1 :i* =ms a high m\nta9

 on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 & ext5ds      
s\!a/]ly #c or #d miles1 =m+ two high   
peaks4 ,9 ?is are ve9s ( hornbl5de      
aggregates1 & 9 g5]al appe>ance ! rock  
be>s ! close/ resemblance to t on !     
,cuyamaca4  ,! cry/all9e rocks expos$   
betwe5 ! ,sweetwat] & ,el ,cajon ,valley
 g5]ally %[ m ( a dioritic composition  
?an granitic4 ,!y h a glassy feldsp>1   
mu* hornbl5de1 & little qu>tz4 ,!re are 
two v>ieties3 "o is light color$1 & =ms 
mo/ ( ! c\ntry2 ! o!r is d>k]1 occurr+ 9
 bun*es & dikes4 ,s\?we/ ( ! valley !   
rocks are m granitic4 ,on ! road to     
,spr+ ,valley !y give place to a h>d1   
light--color$ felsitic rock1 conta9+    
specks ( *loritic matt]4 ,masses (      
granite appe> 9 places1 intrud$ into !  
rock4 ,z x decays x becomes jo9t$1 &    
seems to be r$uc$ mo/ly to kaol94 ,ne> !
 railroad1 nor?we/ ( ,spr+ ,valley1     
rocks outcrop :i* belong to ! s]ies (   
d>k intrusives1 tuffs1 & porphyries s   
ext5sively develop$ we/ ( ! granite4 ,! 
rock "h has a fragm5tal appe>ance 9     

wea!r$ specim5s4 ,x has a d>k gre5      
color1 & is ( unc]ta9 composition4 ,!   
mo/ we/]n exposure ( ?is rock1 be=e x   
becomes cov]$ by ! mesa1 has mu* ! same 
"*4 ,x is )\t d\bt an anci5t intrusive1 
v greatly alt]$4 ,x conta9s bun*y dikes 
( :ite feldspa?ic composition1 :i*      
easily r$uce to kaol94 ,! :ole expos$   
wid? ( ^! rocks we/ ( ! granite at ?is  
po9t is ov] a mile1 ab\t half ( :i* is  
tuface\s4 ,by tuface\s is n necess>ily  
meant a fragm5tal intrusive deposit$ 9  
wat]1 b = lack ( any o!r t]m x is us$ to
 designate ^? fragm5tal intrusives (    
plutonic orig9 :i* are s abundant 9     
,cali=nia4  ,betwe5 ! ,oakdale ,h\se & !
 ,sweetwat] ,riv]1 on ! road to ! dam1  
d>k qu>tz mica diorites outcrop4 ,!y h  
be5 intrud$ by co>se granite 9 ve9s &   
bun*es4 ,a body ( d>k aphanitic rock1 ( 
unc]ta9 orig91 is inclos$ 9 ! diorite   
ne> ! riv]4 ,x may be a portion ( !     
aphanitic rocks associat$ ) ! porphyries
 f>!r we/4 ,a little di/ance d[n ! riv] 
! diorite is succe$$ by conglom]ate     

rocks1 conta9+ small g>nets4 ,! fragm5ts
 are feldspa?ic 9 composition4 ,d>k     
feldspa?ic porphyry !n =ms ! prevail+   
rock = "s di/ance4 ,x %[s great         
v>iations4 ,mu* ( x conta9s no di/9ct   
cry/als ( feldsp>1 b is mottl$ by light 
gre5 felsitic bodies ( irregul> outl9e4 
,^! conta9 *loritic sub/ances1 :i* decay
 out1 leav+ holes4 ,!re is a great      
v>iety ( ^! anci5t intrusives expos$    
along ! sides ( ! riv] nor? ( ,san      
,miguel ,peak4 ,none ( ! o!r cry/all9e  
rocks 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty appe> s old  
or %[ s mu* alt]ation4  ,f>!r d[n ! caon
 ! rock assumes a fragm5tal appe>ance1  
hav+ masses ( feldsp> 9 a d>k matrix4 ,x
 f9ally becomes a pron\nc$ breccia1 be+ 
=m$ l>gely ( angul>1 felsitic fragm5ts4 
,! base 9 :i* ^! fragm5ts lie decays    
away & leaves !m /&+ out on ! surface4  
,?is may be a tuff =m$ 9 wat]1 b !      
matrix has und]gone su* alt]ations t    
no?+ c]ta9 c be said ab\t x4 ,?is       
breccia cont9ues to ! l[] end ( ! caon4 
,an int]e/+1 light-color$ dike 0 obs]v$ 

"h4 ,x is s fill$ ) m9ute sph]ical      
amygdules z to resemble 9 /ructure an   
oolitic lime/one4 ,! breccia cont9ues z 
f> z ! ,sweetwat] ,dam1 :]e x is replac$
 by feldsp> porphyry4 ,! porphyry %[s   
mu* v>iation2 9 places no feldsp>       
cry/als are pres5t1 *lorite tak+ _!     
place4 ,^! rocks disappe> a qu>t] ( a   
mile we/ ( ! dam1 & mesa-l hills ext5d  
d[n to ,*ula ,vi/a4 ,^! consi/ ( s(t    
s&/ones & "s calc>e\s deposits4 ,d>k    
rocks1 belong+ to ! s]ies j describ$1   
outcrop ne> ! mesa road f ,san ,diego to
 ,el ,cajon4 ,x =ms a long ridge s\? (  
,la ,mesa4 ,! rocks are 9 "p tuface\s1 &
 9 "p d>k gre5 & massive1 ) felsitic    
inclusions4 ,ne> ! ,elev5-,mile ,h\se ! 
granite is fill$ ) d>k1 b[ld]-l         
inclusions4 ,hornbl5de is an important  
con/itu5t ( ! granite4 ,x is m ?an      
likely t _m ( ^! s-call$ granites are   
really diorites4 ,! mesa =mation        
t]m9ates 9 an abrupt esc>pm5t on ! we/ (
 ,cajon ,valley4 ,! valley comprises _m 
?\s& acres ( v f]tile l&4 ,granitic     

knobs rise 9 _m p>ts ( ! valley1 %[+ t !
 alluvium deposit is und]laid by x at no
 great dep?4 ,nor? ( ! valley1 = a numb]
 ( miles1 ! cry/all9e rocks are cov]$ by
 ! mesa conglom]ates4 ,granitic rocks   
are ! only ones expos$ = _m miles ea/ ( 
,lakeside4 ,j above ,=/]'s !re is a     
small outcrop ( gneiss & mica s*i/2     
/rike nor? #ce we/1 dip #gj nor!a/4 ,!  
rock expos$ along ! grade is a co>se    
biotite granite1 ) mu* qu>tz & glassy   
feldsp>4 ,a dike ( qu>tz porphyry v>y+  
to granite porphyry outcrops by ! road  
at ! top ( ! grade4 ,?is does n seem to 
be %>ply def9$ f ! adjo9+ granite4 ,a   
d>k hornbl5de granite or diorite beg9s  
"h & outcrops along ! road = sev]al     
miles t[>d ,ramona4 ,?ree miles f ! t[n 
!re appe>s a d>k rock ) a some:at res9\s
 lu/]4 ,x is probably a diabase4 ,!     
,santa ,m>ia is a l>ge1 plateau-l       
valley1 ) l[ granite hills surr\nd+ x4  
,light-color$ granite1 becom+ some:at   
hornbl5dic1 ext5ds "s di/ance ea/ (     
,ramona1 :5 x is replac$ by a d>k       

diorite4 ,! latt] ext5ds along ! road = 
#b miles4 ,x has glassy feldsp>1 & 9    
places mu* mica4 ,f\r miles we/ (       
,ball5a ! granite is fill$ ) pegmatitic 
ve9s1 runn+ 9 a nor?we/]ly direction4   
,!y c>ry brittle cry/als ( black        
t\rmal9e1 g>net1 & muscovite mica4 ,ea/ 
( ,ball5a ! rock becomes co>s] & some:at
 gneissose1 ) an abundance ( mica4 ,!re 
are no b$d+ planes1 simply a p>allelism 
( con/itu5ts4 ,?is s*i/ose /ructure has 
a nor?we/ direction4 ,! gneiss *anges to
 mica s*i/ on ! grade above ,santa      
,ysabel4 ,! s*i/ alt]nates ) occasional 
/rata ( qu>tzite2 /rike nor? #be we/4 ,!
 qu>tzite is a :ite1 f9e1 granul>       
v>iety1 conta9+ a little mica4 ,co>se   
gneiss outcrops aga9 f>!r up ! grade2 at
 ! top x becomes f9]1 c>ry+ "s          
hornbl5de1 & alt]nat+ ) /rata ( f9e mica
 s*i/2 dip nor!a/4 ,! gneiss (t5 becomes
 granitoid4 ,! lam9ation has no con/ant 
direction1 & resembles a fl[age         
/ructure4 ,?is granitoid gneiss ext5ds  
to )9 a mile ( ,julian1 :5 !re is q a   

%>p transition to a gneissoid mica s*i/4
 ,t gives place to a f9e s*i/1 & a qu>t]
 ( a mile we/ ( ,julian to a pe>ly      
hydro-mica s*i/4 ,! s*i/s /rike nor? #bj
 to #cj we/1 dip #gj nor!a/4 ,at ,julian
 ! rock is a d>k1 ?9-b$d$ mica s*i/1    
usually t]m$ a slate4 ,!re are also d>k 
felsitic rocks & "s gneisses4 ,! belt ( 
d>k slaty mica s*i/s is ab\t half a mile
 wide4 ,t[>d ! ,balkan ,m\nta9 ! rocks  
become m gneissoid4 ,?is m\nta9 seems to
 be =m$ :olly ( gneiss & mica s*i/4 ,9  
"s places ! rock is ne>ly massive1 &    
conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( qu>tz4  ,! rocks 
=m+ ! m\nta9s ne> ! road f ,san ,felipe 
to ,vallecito are ne>ly all gneissoid4  
,! real des]t beg9s on leav+ ,san       
,felipe ,valley4 ,! road ext5ds s\!a/ = 
#e miles & !n turns s\?we/1 desc5d+ a   
n>r[1 rocky gorge to ! head ( ,vallecito
 ,creek4 ,ne> :]e ! road turns to !     
s\?we/1 ! gneisses are cut by innum]able
 dikes ( co>se granitic composition4 ,_m
 ( ^! run p>allel1 cutt+ across ! /rike 
( ! gneisses1 & give ! appe>ance ( a    

b$d$ =mation4 ,9 ! caon1 be=e rea*+     
,vallecito ,creek1 mica s*i/ appe>s4 ,x 
is b5t & twi/$ into e conceivable       
direction1 & v>ies exce$+ly 9 /ructure &
 composition 9 ! c\rse ( a few feet4 ,! 
dip is nor!a/1 & (t5 at a small angle4  
,! granite dikes (t5 c>ry g>nets1 be+ q 
simil> to ^? betwe5 ,julian & ,bann]4   
,!y 7 probably intrud$ aft] ! eruption (
 ! granite1 & ! relat$ metamorphism4    
,at ,mason's granite & gneiss bo? appe> 
z intrusives 9 ! s*i/s1 & are !mselves  
cut by co>se dikes simil> to ^?         
describ$4 ,betwe5 ?is po9t & ,bann]1 9 a
 direct l9e1 gneiss is ! prevail+ rock4 
,! high m\nta9 ea/ ( ,bann] is m        
granitoid4  ,!re is a s&y valley (      
consid]able ext5t ab\t ,mason's2 ea/w>d 
a l[ ridge is cross$1 & ! road desc5ds  
to ,vallecito ,valley betwe5 b>r5       
granite m\nta9s1 gradually desc5d+ until
 ! op5 des]t is rea*$4 ,:5 ! granite is 
h>d ^! m\nta9s are v rugg$1 b 9 places  
!y are cov]$ s deeply ) s(t1 decompos$  
mat]ial z to closely resemble ! ,t]ti>y 

deposits f>!r ea/4 ,! m\nta9s (t5 %[    
pale purple to br[n t9ts4 ,on exam9ation
 !y appe> to consi/ ( a :ite granite1   
:i* has be5 s %att]$ z to break up into 
pieces1 av]ag+ n ov] #b in*es 9 diamet]4
 ,?is rock pres5ts a v simil> appe>ance 
= miles1 p>ticul>ly on ! nor? side ( !  
creek4  ,at ,palm ,spr+s ! s(t clay b$s 
( late ,t]ti>y age beg9 to appe>4 ,!y   
dip 9 all directions1 ?\gh t to ! s\? & 
s\?we/ is ! mo/ common4 ,t[>d ,c>rizo   
,/ation ^! are (t5 cov]$ by granitic    
detritus4 ,! ,t]ti>y b$s wid5 out :]e ! 
road /rikes ,c>rizo ,creek1 & at ,c>rizo
 ,/ation !y h a wid? ( ne>ly #aj miles4 
,!y re/ aga9/ a granite range nor? ( !  
creek & s\? along a long ridge :i*      
t]m9ates 9 ,c>rizo ,m\nta94 ,!y also    
ext5d a long di/ance up ,c>rizo ,creek4 
,f\r miles bel[ ! /ation h>d] s&/ones & 
/rata ( %ells cap ! clay hills4 ,?is    
%ell lay] ne> ! creek is #aj feet ?ick &
 conta9s pect5s & oy/] %ells1 belong+ to
 ! ,mioc5e-,t]ti>y4 ,! clay hills :i*   
surr\nd ,c>rizo ,/ation =m a v]itable   

,bad-,l&4 ,!y %[ _m diff]5t colors1 &   
are p]fectly devoid ( any vegetation4   
,!y h be5 erod$ into a mo/ confus$      
network ( hills & caons1 & are s s(t t x
 is difficult to travel ov] !m4 ,six    
miles bel[ ?is /ation & a mile nor? ( ! 
creek !re rises a rugg$ granite range1  
fac+ ! op5 des]t4 ,x rises f ! des]t q  
precipit\sly ne>ly #b1jjj feet1 b bl5ds 
we/w>d into ! ridges :i* run ea/ f ,san 
,felipe4 ,! granite is co>se & deeply   
decompos$4 ,%>p1 angul> gra9s ( qu>tz /&
 out s prom95tly z to te> any?+ ) :i* !y
 come 9 contact4 ,! ?9-b$d$ %ell /rata  
re/ aga9/ ! slopes ( ! m\nta91 & ne> !  
s\!rn end rise aga9/ ! ea/]n slope at a 
v high angle 9 %>p1 jagg$ po9ts4 ,^!    
/rata rise above ! granite ridges at !  
po9t :]e !y occur1 & dip fully #gj to ! 
ea/4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,re/+ on ! summit (   
?is granite ridge1 & imm$iately we/ ( ! 
/eeply incl9$ & jagg$ po9ts ( ! ,t]ti>y 
/rata1 is ! s\!rn outcrop ( a b$ (      
co>se1 h>d s&/one1 :i* rises along !    
summit ( ! ridges to ! nor? & dips we/1 

ext5d+ d[n ! we/]n side ( ! range = a   
?\s& feet or m1 dipp+ at an angle ( ab\t
 #cj4 ,?is s&/one outcrops along ! cre/ 
( ! ridge = ne>ly a mile4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 
n absolutely cont9u\s1 ! granite ris+   
?r\gh x 9 places4 ,ne> ! s\!rn end x is 
s highly metamorphos$ z to be )         
difficulty di/+ui%$ f ! granite at !    
contact4 ,9 fact1 ! two =mations h      
become s intimately unit$1 t a fracture 
( ! granite made ne> ! s&/one1 in/ead ( 
/opp+ at ! contact1 ext5ds into !       
s&/one1 s t ! two rocks break (f toge!r4
 ,! contact is s exce$+ly irregul> t x  
seem$ at fir/ sight z if ! s&/one _h be5
 intrud$ by ! granite4 ,deep1 n>r[      
crevices ext5d into ! granite1 & are    
fill$ ) s&/one4 ,"s granite bun*es are  
almo/ inclos$ 9 ! s&/one4 ,! mo/ int]e/+
 feature ( ?is s&/one is ! pres5ce 9 x (
 an abundance ( well-pres]v$ corals ( a 
type fully z old z ! ,cretace\s4        
,fragm5ts ( two species ( a l>ge oy/] & 
poorly pres]v$ specim5s ( univalve &    
bivalve %ells are also abundant4 ,!re   

are at lea/ two species ( coral1 _m     
specim5s be+ at lea/ a foot 9 diamet]4  
,! s&/one is lit]ally fill$ ) !m t[>d ! 
s\!rn portion ( ! outcrop4 ,!y also     
ext5d d[n into ! crevices & cavities 9 !
 granite4 ,! s&/one %[s some:at less    
metamorphism t[>d ! nor?1 :]e x conta9s 
"s /rata ( pebbly conglom]ate4 ,!       
granite is int]sect$ by _m ve9s (       
co>sely cry/alliz$ feldsp> & qu>tz4 ,f  
^! ve9s _m ( ! pebbles 9 ! conglom]ate h
 be5 d]iv$4 ,at ! highe/ po9t ( ! ridge 
! s&/one has ! greate/ ?ickness4 ,"h x  
is brok5 up into great blocks #ae feet  
squ>e1 pil$ 9 ! greate/ confusion1 z if 
by an e>?quake4 ,"o great mass ov]hangs 
! almo/ precipit\s granite esc>pm5t at  
an elevation ( #a1jjj feet above !      
des]t4 ,_m fractures ext5d f ! s&/ones  
?r\gh into ! granite4 ,! s&/ones1 z well
 z ! granite m\nta9s nor?1 h be5 bak$ a 
dull r$ color by ! int5se heat ( ! sun4 
,to acc\nt = ! peculi> position ( ?is   
s&/one1 z well z ! /eep incl9ation ( !  
,t]ti>y b$s at ! s\!rn end ( ! m\nta91  

we mu/ suppose t an ext5sive fault has  
tak5 place along ! edge ( ! range fac+ !
 des]t4 ,! g5]al incl9ation ( ! ,t]ti>y 
b$s to ! we/ & s\?we/ is also evid5ce ( 
an uplift along ?is l9e4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4  ,c>rizo       
,m\nta9 0 asc5d$ f ! nor? by foll[+ up a
 wa% ?r\gh ! clay hills4 ,at ! foot ( ! 
m\nta9 !re is a small outcrop ( anci5t  
volcanic rock greatly alt]$4 ,?is rock  
re/s aga9/ ! lime/one :i* =ms a l>ge "p 
( ! nor? end ( ! m\nta94 ,! lime/one is 
cry/all9e 9 e portion4 ,! /rike1 z well 
z t ( ! s*i/s & qu>tzites by :i* x is   
inclos$1 is nor? #cj to #dj we/1 dip #ge
 to ! s\?we/4 ,! color ( ! lime/one     
v>ies f :ite to /reak$ & v>iegat$4 ,x 0 
c>efully exam9$ = fossils1 b no traces (
 !m c\ld be f\nd4 ,! lime/one is1 h[ev]1
 fill$ 9 _m places ) ! holes ( bor]s1 & 
"o small incru/+ coral & "o b>nacle 7   
f\nd4 ,! elevation ( ! nor? peak is     
#a1gjj feet1 & ^! 7 f\nd ne>ly at ! top4
 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to a great elevation "h 9
 times s rec5t t ! atmosph]ic ag5cies h 

n yet _h "t to remove ! surface expos$  
to ! ocean wat]s4 ,ano!r factor ent]s   
into ?is "t computation1 h[ev]1 & t is t
 9 ?is climate1 :]e ! ra9fall is s      
slight1 a great _m ye>s are requir$ to  
effect slight *anges4 ,t[>d ! s\? peak !
 rock is almo/ :olly micace\s & qu>tzose
 s*i/s4 ,judg+ f ! great am\nt (        
metamorphism %[n by ^! rocks1 fossils1  
if !y ev] exi/$1 mu/ h be5 de/roy$4 ,at 
v>i\s po9ts on ! nor!rn end ( ! m\nta9  
are horizontal deposits ( a s(t1 %aly   
s&/one full ( fossils1 simil> to ^? f\nd
 nor? ( ,c>rizo ,creek4 ,! corals are v 
l>ge & p]fect4 ,"s ne>ly entire specim5s
 ( l>ge oy/]s 7 also obta9$1 b mo/ ( !  
bivalve %ells are repres5t$ only by     
ca/s4 ,) all ! exploration :i* has be5  
done1 x seems probable t ^! b$s h nev]  
be=e be5 se54  ,pr(essor ,blake1        
geologi/ ( ! ,pacific ,railroad ,survey1
 pass$ up ,c>rizo ,creek 9 #ahec1 b1 f !
 /atem5ts made1 x seems 8 obs]vations 7 
conf9$ to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! road4  
,8 is ! only geological p>ty t has      

visit$ ?is region up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! 
vic9ity ( ,c>rizo ,m\nta9 is a favorite 
"o = prospectors1 & e w9t] x is visit$  
by a numb] ( p>ties4 ,z yet no important
 discov]ies h be5 made1 & ,i _c say t ,i
 ?9k ! region is a favorable "o4 ,silv] 
has be5 report$ f ! s\!rn slope (       
,c>rizo ,m\nta91 & at "o "t !re 0       
consid]able excitem5t4 ,! m\nta91 ?\gh  
=m$ :olly ( metamorphic rocks1 does n   
appe> to h be5 m9]aliz$ to any ext5t4   
,only "o dike 0 se5 on ! m\nta91 & t 0 (
 a co>se1 granitic nature4  ,!re is n ! 
slighte/ d\bt z to ! pres5ce ( a        
non-con=mity betwe5 ! ,mioc5e-,t]ti>y & 
! coral-be>+ s&/ones4 ,specim5s ( !     
coral 7 s5t to ! ,national ,museum1 & 7 
pron\nc$ simil> to "s f ! l[e/          
,cretace\s ( ,texas4 ,z to ! age ( !    
lime/one & associat$ metamorphic rocks1 
!y are unque/ionably ,c>bonif]\s or     
old]4 ,a float piece ( silici\s lime/one
 0 f\nd conta9+ "s %ells1 b no          
opportunity = _! inve/igation has yet   
occurr$4 ,! ,t]ti>y b$s are cov]$1 :]ev]

 any ( _! orig9al surfaces yet rema91 by
 a great v>iety ( wa%$ b[ld]s4  ,) reg>d
 to ! /ructure ( ?is ea/]n slope ( !    
,p59sula range1 ,i c h>dly agree ) !    
views be=e express$1 t !re are to be se5
 "h evid5ces ( an enorm\s fault1 to :i* 
! /eep esc>pm5t t[>d ! ea/ is due4 ,!   
ea/]n side ( ! range1 s precipit\s 9    
places1 has be5 comp>$ to t ( ! ,si]ras 
9 /ructure & g5]al features4 ,x is true 
t ?is desc5t is v abrupt 9 places1 b 9  
o!rs x is almo/ z gradual z ! we/]n     
slope4 ,= in/ance1 ! gradually desc5d+  
ridges :i* ext5d ea/ f ,bann] = ne>ly   
#cj miles1 %[ no indication ( any fault1
 save at ! m\? ( ,c>rizo ,creek1 :]e !re
 has und\bt$ly be5 a fault ( consid]able
 importance4 ,! v abrupt desc5t ea/ ( ! 
,balkan & ,laguna ,m\nta9s is due solely
 to enorm\s erosion1 = bo? nor? & s\?   
ridges ext5d pa/ !m = _m miles into !   
des]t4  ,! ,san ,jac9to ,m\nta9s also   
s5d out long arms into ! des]t1 & bel[ !
 b\nd>y ,signal ,m\nta9 & a connect+    
range seem to be m]ely a spur ( ! ma9   

sy/em4 ,! rocks ( ! metamorphic belt at 
,julian & ,bann]1 & f>!r s\?1 dip to !  
nor!a/1 indicat+ a great fold r ?an     
fault1 ) ! mo/ /rongly pron\nc$         
intrusive granites & diorites at "s     
di/ance on ea* side4  ,x is n g5]ally   
kn[n t an anci5t aurif]\s gravel *annel 
exi/s 9 ! c\nty4 ,x beg9s ab\t a mile   
nor? ( ! old /age /ation1 & #c miles we/
 ( ,ball5a ,po/ ,(fice1 :]e !re rises a 
hill %ap$ l a :ale's back 7h5ce ! "n    
,ball5a71 cov]$ ) wa%$ gravel & b[ld]s4 
,! ma9 portion ( ! *annel :i* has escap$
 erosion beg9s s\? ( ! /age /ation1     
capp+ a hill :i* has an elevation above 
! sea ( #b1djj feet1 be+ a little l[]   
?an ! s-call$ ,:ale ,m\nta94 ,! gravel  
is #ej to #ajj feet ?ick1 & has a wid? (
 #b1jjj feet or m4 ,x rises #cjj to #ejj
 feet above ! valleys & caons on its    
sides4 ,x ext5ds 9 a direction a little 
s\? ( we/ = ab\t #d miles1 t]m9at+ on ! 
s\? ( ,santa ,m>ia ,valley4 ,a granite  
ridge runs #b or #c miles f>!r 9 ! same 
direction1 probably pres]v$ by !        

gravels1 :i* are n[ gone4 ,a pretty     
valley1 a mile long1 has be5 erod$ 9 !  
ea/]n end ( ! gravels1 d[n to ! und]ly+ 
granite4 ,plac] m9+ has be5 c>ri$ on =  
ye>s "h 9 a small way by ,mexicans4     
,gold is said to be scatt]$ ev]y:]e     
?r\gh ! gravels1 :i* are (t5 v firmly   
cem5t$4 ,lack ( wat]1 = ! ridge is high]
 ?an any ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 has       
prev5t$ "w on a l>ge scale4 ,lately a   
m9+ di/rict has be5 organiz$1 & x is    
propos$ to br+ wat] #g miles 9 pipe4 ,9 
! gravels are wa%$ b[ld]s1 _m ( !m be+  
#b feet 9 diamet] & well poli%$4 ,!     
rem>kable ?+ ab\t !m1 h[ev]1 is t !y are
 ne>ly all porphyries4 ,! mo/ abundant  
is a r$ feldsp> qu>tz porphyry4         
,qu>tzite b[ld]s ( all colors are       
num]\s1 & !re are a few ( ! basic       
diorite s common 9 portions ( ! c\nty4  
,g>nets are said to be v abundant 9 !   
gravels1 & _m b[ld]s ( a s*i/ c>ry+ !m  
are also pres5t4 ,! matrix ( ?is rock   
c\ld n be made out 9 ! field2 x is v    
t\gh & heavy1 & has nev] be5 se5 9      

place4 ,! r$ porphyry b[ld]s resemble ^?
 on ! mesa f>!r we/1 b h nev] be5 f\nd 9
 place4 ,nev]1 9 ! m\nta9s ea/ or nor?1 
has porphyry ( ?is k9d be5 se51 ei!r by 
myself or describ$ by o!rs4 ,f ! old    
/age /ation ! upp] c\rse ( ! /ream 0    
nor? & s\? z f> z x c be trac$4 ,!re are
 indications t "o bran* ext5d$ ea/]ly   
t[>d ,julian4 ,^! gravels appe> on a    
hill surr\nd$ by deep caons1 ab\t #b    
miles ea/ ( ! top ( ! grade above       
,fo/]'s4 ,at ! top ( ! grade ! hills on 
! we/ are flat-topp$1 & cov]$ ) gravels 
to a dep? ( #aej feet4 ,^! h mu* ! same 
"*1 & probably belong to ! same *annel4 
,m inve/igation is ne$$ to det]m9e :e!r 
! c\rse ( ! old /ream 0 d[n t[>d ! ,san 
,diego ,riv]1 9 ,cajon ,valley1 or we/  
t[>d ! high mesas s\? & s\!a/ ( ,p[ay   
,valley4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t !  
/ream fl[$ we/1 & t ! mesas h be5 =m$   
p>tly f ! b[ld]s :i* !y br\ght d[n4 ,?is
 mesa1 z well z ! gravels at ! head ( ! 
grade1 has an elevation ( #a1ejj feet4  
,! s\rce ( ! porphyry b[ld]s & !        

g>netif]\s s*i/s ( ?is old riv] is a    
matt] ( great p]plexity4 ,! gravel      
deposit has e *>act]i/ic ( an old riv]  
*annel1 & n t ( an elevat$ arm ( ! sea2 
besides1 ! pres5ce ( gold 9 ! gravels   
indicates _! d]ivation f ! c\ntry f>!r  
ea/4 ,! gold may h be5 d]iv$ f ,julian  
or ,mesa ,gr&e1 or "s m remote po9t4 ,! 
riv] mu/ h fl[$ across ! gold belt1 b !n
 ! "q arises1 h[ c\ld a riv] ( su*      
magnitude h exi/$ s ne> ! summit8 ,!    
only way out ( ! difficulty is to       
suppose t a great uplift has tak5 place 
along ! cre/ & we/]n slope1 c\pl$ ) an  
enorm\s am\nt ( erosion2 & t ?is /ream  
once1 be=e ?is great *ange took place 9 
! configuration ( ! c\ntry1 head$ _m    
miles to ! nor!a/1 f> beyond ! dra9age (
 ! we/]n slope4 ,! b[ld]s consi/ l>gely 
( h>d rocks1 & are v smoo?ly r\nd$ &    
poli%$1 indicat+ t !y h be5 transport$ a
 long di/ance1 & subject$ to attrition  
?r\gh a protract$ int]val4 ,x is q      
possible t ?is riv] empti$ into or ne>  
,san ,diego ,bay1 & t ! imm5se b$s (    

b[ld] conglom]ates ab\t ! bay owe _!    
=mation l>gely to ?is riv] action4  ,!  
fir/ outcrop ( cry/all9e rocks 9        
,mission ,valley is ab\t #c miles above 
! old ,mission1 :]e ! ,san ,diego ,riv] 
ent]s a caon4 ,x is a volcanic tufa1    
consi/+ ( grayi% to gre5i% fragm5ts ( a 
f9e-gra9$ rock imb$d$ 9 a br[n matrix4  
,?is has a wid? ( ab\t half a mile4     
,along ! caon1 dikes ( a gre5i%         
amygdaloid h be5 intrud$ 9 ! rock1 & are
 p>ticul>ly num]\s nor? ( ! riv]4 ,"o ( 
^! dikes 9 ! caon 0 obs]v$ to be        
amygdaloidal 9 ! c5t]4 ,f>!r up ! caon  
!re is a great v>iety ( tufas4 ,! fir/  
conta9s feldspa?ic & hornbl5dic fragm5ts
 ne>ly bl5d$ 9 a base consi/+ (         
cry/alliz$ feldsp> & d>k *loritic       
p>ticles4 ,above ?is is a dike ( br[ni% 
cry/all9e rock1 mu* alt]$2 ! only       
di/+ui%able m9]al be+ feldsp>1 9 small  
cry/als4 ,!n foll[s ano!r tufa1 ) ne>ly 
bl5d$ micace\s fragm5ts4 ,! next rock is
 a f9e cry/all9e "o ) v regul> b$d+     
planes1 a foot or m ?ick2 dip #cj to #dj

 s\!a/1 /rike nor? #ce ea/4 ,!n foll[s a
 d>k1 aphanitic1 /ructureless rock = "s 
di/ance4 ,at "o po9t a bran*+ dike (    
almo/ pure feldspa?ic mat]ial spreads   
out into ?is aphanitic rock 9 radiat+   
arms4 ,app>5t b$d+ planes run ?r\gh !m1 
z well z ! c\ntry rock1 %[+ t ^! planes 
are n ^? ( s$im5tation1 b are due to "s 
second>y cause4 ,^! rocks occupy ! caon 
= #a miles1 & are all und\bt$ly (       
volcanic or intrusive orig94 ,a s]ies ( 
rocks ( metamorphic orig9 outcrops a    
?\s& feet along ! caon4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is 
a micace\s felsite4 ,t is foll[$ by     
f9e-gra9$ granitic rocks c>ry+ g>nets1 &
 ?is by a hornbl5dic felsite4 ,! latt]  
f9ally becomes mix$ & bl5d$ ) a co>se   
micace\s diorite1 conta9+ a glassy      
feldsp>4 ,?is rock is ! *ief "o expos$  
?r\gh ! caon4 ,x has granitic & sy5itic 
facies4 ,! tuffs expos$ at ! m\? ( !    
caon ext5d 9 a direction a little ea/ ( 
s\? = #c miles1 until cov]$ by ! mesas  
:i* ext5d we/ f ,cajon ,valley4 ,!y %[ a
 comp>atively uni=m "*1 ! fragm5ts be+  

g5]ally ne>ly bl5d$4 ,! ridge :i* ^!    
rocks =m is sep>at$ f ! granite by an   
elevat$ mesa a mile wide4 ,! tuffs are  
expos$ along ,*ap>ral ,caon to )9 #b    
miles ( ! mission4  ,! granite ridge at 
! l[] end ( ,cajon ,valley does n ext5d 
m ?an #b miles nor? ( ! caon1 :5 x      
becomes cov]$ ) b$d$ deposits & b[ld]s (
 late ,t]ti>y age4 ,granite does n appe>
 9 ,sycamore ,caon until ! nor!a/ b\nd>y
 ( ! ,cajon grant is rea*$4 ,high hills 
( gravel & b[ld]s lie ea/ ( ! caon &    
ext5d t[>d ,fo/]'s4 ,! ma9 body (       
granite is met at ! head ( ! caon4 ,x   
ext5ds along ! ea/ side ( ! road to     
,p[ay ,valley4 ,bun*es ( d>k1 co>se     
diorite occur 9 x 9 _m places4 ,! gravel
 mesa s\? ( ,p[ay ,valley has an        
elevation ( #a1bjj feet4 ,small areas ( 
gravel also rema9 on ! hills nor!a/ ( ! 
valley4 ,! granite ridge1 flank$ by     
porphyries1 does n outcrop v prom95tly  
s\? ( ,los ,peasquitos ,caon4 ,! ridge  
s\?we/ ( ,p[ay ,valley seems to be =m$  
l>gely ( gravels1 ris+ #a1ejj feet4  ,! 

usual brecciat$ tuffs outcrop 9 ! gul*es
 & along ! creek j above ,los           
,peasquitos ran* h\se4 ,!y appe> along !
 old road to ,escondido = #b miles4 ,a  
body ( *loritic granite appe>s 9 ! c5t] 
9 ! =m ( a long dike1 ext5d+ f !        
,peasquitos ,creek a mile or m nor? ( ! 
road4 ,t[>d ! ea/ ! breccia becomes f9] 
& almo/ loses its fragm5tal "*4 ,betwe5 
?is =mation & ! granite a d>k micace\s  
felsite1 probably metamorphic1 outcrops4
 ,! fragm5ts 9 ! tuff are diabasic at   
times & at o!rs l>gely petrosilici\s &  
feldspa?ic4 ,! cry/all9e rock on ! ea/  
is1 p]haps1 m ne>ly diorite ?an granite1
 z ! feldsp> is *iefly a glassy "o4     
,black ,m\nta9 is =m$ ( ?is d>k breccia1
 :ile ! high range ( m\nta9s :i* rises  
on ! nor? & ext5ds nor?we/]ly betwe5    
,san ,b]n>d9o & ! ocean1 is =m$ p>tly ( 
granitic rocks & p>tly ( ! tuffs &      
porphyries1 ! latt] ly+ on ! we/4  ,a   
roll+1 hilly c\ntry1 conta9+ mu* good   
l&1 /ret*es nor? t[>d ,escondido4       
,remnants ( ! mesa conglom]ates rema9 9 

places on ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,peasquitos  
grant4 ,! granite is co>se & rises 9    
huge1 r\nd$ knobs along ! road4 ,a      
little s\? ( ,san ,b]n>d9o ,po/ ,(fice  
!re rises a conical peak ( micace\s     
diorite4 ,a some:at simil> rock1 b m    
diabasic 9 appe>ance1 =ms ! m\nta9      
imm$iately we/ ( ! ,po/ ,(fice4 ,?is    
=mation ext5ds nor?we/]ly = sev]al      
miles1 hav+ a wid? ( ab\t a mile4 ,!    
rock ov] mu* ( ?is area closely         
resembles ! gabbros & oliv9itic diabases
 f ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\nty4 ,x is p5etrat$ 
by dioritic & granitic ve9s1 9 :i* !    
/ructure is (t5 pegmatitic4  ,at ! po9t 
:]e ! road /ops at ! entrance ( ! caon (
 ,diablo ,creek1 ?is basic =mation is   
replac$ on ! we/ by a massive1 jo9t$    
qu>tz rock1 conta9+ a little feldsp> &  
*lorite1 & 9 places becom+ granitoid4 ,x
 (t5 has a fragm5tal "*1 ) ! qu>tzose   
bodies imb$d$ 9 a matrix m granitic1 or 
simply d>k] & *loritic4 ,?is rock is q  
uni=m = #c miles d[n ! caon1 qu>tz be+ !
 pr$om9at+ con/itu5t4 ,x is v probable t

 ?is repres5ts an orig9al s$im5t>y      
t]ra94 ,x is foll[$ on ! we/]n slope ( !
 range by ! d>k tuffs be=e describ$4 ,"h
 ! matrix is (t5 porphyritic1 ) a       
fluidal /ructure4 ,portions are real    
porphyries4 ,a mile ea/ ( ,oliv5heim x  
resembles diorite porphyrite4 ,! la/    
exposure se5 on ! we/ 0 ( ! usual       
tuface\s "*4 ,?is =mation n>r[s nor?w>d1
 & on ! road to ,san ,m>cos %[s ! wid? (
 a mile4  ,nor?we/ ( ,san ,m>cos !re is 
a l>ge body ( metamorphic rock1 *iefly  
felsite s*i/s & feldspa?ic qu>tzites4   
,^! ext5d 9 a nor?we/ direction t[>d    
,bu5a ,vi/a1 b !re are n _m exposures4  
,d>k diorite outcrops s\? ( ,bu5a ,vi/a1
 & ext5ds we/ = a mile & a half1 :5 x   
s9ks "u ! ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,! la/      
outcrop se5 0 a d>k micace\s diorite4 ,a
 mile we/ ( ?is po9t !re is q an outcrop
 ( diabase conta9+ an excess ( d>k      
feldsp>4 ,! s&y clays ext5d we/ f ?is   
po9t to ,oceanside4 ,ne> ,bu5a ,vi/a    
/ation ! diorite is impregnat$ ) gre5   
copp] c>bonates1 & a consid]able am\nt (

 "w has be5 done1 b evid5tly no pay+    
bodies ( ore 7 f\nd4 ,sy5ite outcrops   
ne> ,kelly's ran* h\se1 & 9 ! hills ea/4
 ,! cry/all9e rocks come ne>] ! ocean "h
 ?an at any o!r place 9 ! c\nty4        
,betwe5 ,escondido & ,moosa ,caon1      
granites1 ) bun*es ( d>k diorite1 are ! 
only rocks se54 ,a broad1 s&y valley    
ext5ds up ,san ,luis ,rey ,riv] to )9 #e
 miles ( ,pala1 :5 ! high granite       
m\nta9s close 91 =m+ a caon4 ,! valley  
wid5s at ,pala1 & = _m miles a broad1   
slop+ deposit ( b[ld]s & gravel bord]s !
 riv]1 & rises high aga9/ ! foot (      
,smi?'s ,m\nta94 ,x is (t5 #b miles wide
 & repres5ts a great am\nt ( erosion4 ,a
 mile nor!a/ ( ,pala is a high hill (   
diabase1 simil> to t 9 ! s\!rn "p ( !   
c\nty4 ,on ! ea/]n slope ( ?is hill is  
an enorm\s pegmatite ve91 c>ry+ a v     
int]e/+ set ( m9]als4 ,?is ve9 is tw5ty 
or m feet wide1 & dips we/ at a small   
angle4 ,!re are masses ( great size (   
almo/ pure mica & feldsp>1 or qu>tz &   
feldsp>--9 ! latt] case v f9e specim5s (

 graphic granite h be5 =m$4 ,ne> ! s\!rn
 end ( ?is ve9 is a deposit ( lepidolite
 mica1 #aj feet ?ick at ! wide/ "p1 &   
appe>+ 9 deta*$ bodies = sev]al hundr$  
feet4 ,x is f9e-gra9$ & %[s a pale      
purple color4 ,9 places x is pure1 9    
o!rs fill$ ) l>ge radial aggregates (   
p9k t\rmal9e 7rubellite74 ,"s ( !       
aggregates are a foot across1 o!rs are  
long & sl5d]1 ) arboresc5t =ms4 ,nor? ( 
! ma9 deposit x is f\nd 9 qu>tz 9       
fan-%ap$ aggregates1 ! cry/als be+ m ?an
 a foot long1 b greatly decompos$4      
,black t\rmal9e is abundant 9 !         
pegmatite surr\nd+ ! lepidolite1 b 9    
poor1 brittle cry/als4 ,gre5 t\rmal9e is
 pres5t 9 places 9 ! =m ( m9ute gra9s4  
,g>nets are also to be f\nd 9 places4 ,!
 ve9 z a :ole is inclos$ 9 ! diabase4   
,! we/]n end ( ,smi?'s ,m\nta9 %[s _m   
bodies ( d>k dioritic rocks4 ,! major "p
 ( ! rock is1 h[ev]1 gneiss & mica s*i/1
 all v easily decompos$1 leav+ an imm5se
 am\nt ( b[ld]s & gravel along all ( !  
gul*es4 ,mica s*i/s cov] an ext5sive    

area along ! s\!rn slope ( ,smi?'s      
,m\nta91 on ! ,pauma grant4 ,^! are     
und\bt$ly a cont9uation ( ! s*i/s ( !   
,julian belt1 b c>ry no m9]als4 ,! belt 
( s*i/s ext5ds ne>ly if n q ?r\gh to    
,julian4 ,w>n] ,valley is locat$ at !   
head ( ,san ,luis ,rey ,riv]4 ,x is     
entirely surr\nd$ by granite m\nta9s4   
,!re is n z great a v>iety ( intrusive  
rock "h z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty4  ,po9t  
,loma =ms a p59sula1 ! greate/ l5g? (   
:i* is ab\t #f miles1 & greate/ bread?1 
#a miles4 ,dur+ ,quat]n>y times x 0 an  
isl&1 b ow+ p>tly to an elevation ( !   
coa/1 & p>tly to ! detritus br\ght d[n  
by ! ,san ,diego ,riv]1 x becomes jo9$  
to ! ma9l&4 ,x rises #djj feet 9 almo/  
p]p5dicul> cliffs at its s\!rn end1     
gradually less5+ 9 height t[>d ,old     
,t[n4 ,! rock ( :i* x is =m$ consi/s (  
s(t %ales & s&/ones1 ! latt] (t5 q      
consolidat$4 ,! /rata at ! extreme end (
 ! po9t dip s\?1 b 9 a %ort di/ance turn
 & ma9ta9 a q uni=m dip to ! nor!a/     
ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! p59sula4 ,?is     

abrupt elevation evid5tly owes its orig9
 to a fault accompani$ by an uplift1 & n
 to erosion4 ,beg9n+ at ,ocean ,bea*1 & 
foll[+ along ! base ( ! cliffs to !     
light-h\se1 hundr$s ( faults c be c\nt$4
 ,ne> ,ocean ,bea* fifte5 c be c\nt$ 9 !
 space ( #bjj feet4 ,! direction ( ^!   
faults is ne>ly at "r angles to ! /rike4
 ,! mo/ ( !m are ne>ly v]tical & clean  
cut4 ,! ?r[ v>ies f a few in*es to _m   
feet4 ,sometimes ! nor? & sometimes !   
s\? wall has ris54 ,an int]e/+ ov]?ru/  
fault is expos$ 9 ! cliffs nor? (       
,balla/ ,po9t4 7,fig4 #ab47             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4  ,a conglom]ate
 ( late ,t]ti>y age ov]lies ! ,cretace\s
 rocks uncon=mably on ! extreme end ( ! 
po9t4 ,^! conglom]ates are firmly cem5t$
 & =m high cliffs4 ,!y dip at an angle (
 #cj to ! s\!a/4 ,! pebbles are 9 "p    
d]iv$ f ! s&/one ( ! po9t1 & 9 "p f !   
cry/all9e rocks ea/ ( ! mesa4 ,ne> ! top
 ( ?is conglom]ate are imm5se1          
semi-angul> b[ld]s4 ,^! h roll$ d[n to !
 bea* & are /rewn ar\nd ! end ( ! po9t4 

,_m l>ge ones are to be f\nd a little   
we/ ( ! new light-h\se1 b ! greate/ (   
all is on ! ea/]n side4 ,x is fully #aj 
feet 9 diamet]1 & =m$ ( ! same k9d (    
rock z t on :i* ! mesa re/s #h miles ea/
 ( ,san ,diego1 viz3 a gre5 volcanic    
tuff4 ,x is a v int]e/+ "q z to h[ ^!   
imm5se b[ld]s h be5 transport$ s f> &   
left 9 ! b$s ne> ! top ( ! cliffs4 ,i c 
acc\nt = x only by suppos+ t ! po9t )   
relation to ! c\ntry back ( ,san ,diego 
0 sev]al ?\s& feet l[] at "o "t1 & t a  
riv] ( great volume1 fl[+ ov] a /eep    
*annel1 ent]$ ! bay at ?is place1       
deposit+ irregul> b$s ( b[ld]s4 ,?is old
 riv] may h be5 ! same "o :i* =m$ !     
aurif]\s gravel *annel be=e m5tion$4 ,! 
fault planes on ,po9t ,loma ext5d ?r\gh 
! conglom]ate b$s1 indicat+ t !         
elevation took place aft] ! b[ld] b$s 7 
=m$4  ,an int]e/+ collection ( fossils 0
 ga!r$ f ! l[e/ /rata expos$1 & f !     
b[ld]s 9 ! conglom]ates4 ,?is collection
 numb]s some?+ ov] sixty ,cretace\s     
species1 _m ( :i* are new4 ,! fossils   

are n abundant1 nor are !y well pres]v$4
 ,ne>ly all ( ^! are *>act]i/ic ,*ico   
7,upp] ,cretace\s7 fossils4 ,!re is1    
h[ev]1 "o species f\nd "h 9 consid]able 
abundance1 b r poorly pres]v$1 :i* ,dr4 
,:ite has describ$ "u ! "n (            
,corallio*ama ,orcutti1 & :i* he has    
made ! *ief f\ndation = a new division (
 ! ,cretace\s1 t]m$ ! ,wallala ,b$s4 ,! 
"n 0 giv5 on acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce ( ?is 
fossil1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r species1 at 
or ne> ,=t ,ross1 ,sonoma ,c\nty1 & also
 at ,todos ,santos ,bay1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1
 :]e ! be/ specim5s 7 f\nd4 ,^! b$s /& 9
 an unkn[n relation to ! o!r ,cretace\s 
deposits /ratigraphically1 b h be5      
suppos$1 on acc\nt ( ! fossils1 to      
indicate a division betwe5 ! ,*ico &    
,%a/a gr\ps4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t !     
occurr5ce ( ! mo/ important fossil ( ?is
 suppos$ division on ,po9t ,loma1 9 !   
same b$s ) und\bt$ ,*ico fossils1       
de/roys ! validity ( ! suppos$ ,wallala 
,b$s4  ,9 a bluff at ! nor!a/]n end ( ! 
,po9t ,loma p59sula1 we/ ( ,old ,t[n1   

!re is a /ratum ( calc>e\s s&/one1 c>ry+
 _m fossils belong+ to ! ,eoc5e1 or l[e/
 ,t]ti>y4 ,! /rata dip nor!a/ at a small
 angle1 & ?\gh !y _c be trac$ cont9u\sly
 we/ to ! outcrops ( ,cretace\s rocks1  
yet f ! fact t !y h ! same dip1 leads me
 to ! belief t ! two b$s are con=mable4 
,?is y\ng] deposit corresponds to !     
,tejon1 or ,division ,b1 ( ,pr(essor    
,:itney4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,/ate !re exi/s ! 
close/ relation betwe5 ! ,*ico & !      
,eoc5e4 ,"h on ,po9t ,loma !y are       
und\bt$ly also con=mable1 b ea* is      
di/9ct z reg>ds its fauna1 = !y are     
sep>at$ by ne>ly a ?\s& feet (          
unfossilif]\s /rata4  ,false ,bay       
occupies ! bas9 ( a syncl9al1 = ! /rata 
dip nor!a/]ly f ,po9t ,loma & s\? f !   
,sol$ad ,hills4 ,a viol5t di/urbance1   
=m+ a great uplift$ fold or p]haps a    
fault1 has tak5 place along a l9e ext5d+
 s\!a/ f ,la ,jolla ?r\gh ! ,sol$ad     
,hills4 ,at ! ea/]n end ( ,false ,bay   
!re is a small exposure ( ,eoc5e /rata1 
dipp+ we/4 ,ne> ! m\? ( ,rose ,caon !   

/rata dip s\?we/1 & at ! m\? ( ! caon !y
 dip #dj nor!a/4 ,along ! road :i* leads
 ov] ! hills to ,la ,jolla ! rocks are  
tilt$ at a v high angle to ! s\?we/4 ,! 
highe/ po9t ( ! ,sol$ad ,hills1 ris+    
#gjj feet1 lies ov] ?is di/urb$ region4 
,unconsolidat$ b[ld] deposits lie on !  
top ( ! hills4 ,! /rata on ! ea/ side ( 
,rose ,caon are well expos$1 b d n seem 
to p>take ( ! di/urbance %[n on ! we/4  
,?is is probably no uncon=mity1 z !y    
conta9 ,eoc5e fossils1 & ! ,eoc5e 9 o!r 
spots appe>s to be con=mable ) ! ,*ico4 
,along ! coa/ betwe5 ,false ,bay & ,la  
,jolla ! /rata dip s\? at a small angle4
 ,at ,la ,jolla1 ne> ! caves1 !y h be5  
fold$ s z to dip v /eeply to ! s\?we/ = 
ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile across ! /rike4  
,ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! cliffs a rev]sal   
takes place1 & !y dip nor!a/ at ne>ly z 
great an angle4 ,ar\nd ! little bay !re 
are no exposures1 b a mile nor?w>d beg9s
 a v high l9e ( cliffs1 :i* ext5d ?r\gh 
to ! m\? ( ,sol$ad ,caon4 ,?is fold at  
,la ,jolla br+s to ! surface fossilif]\s

 /rata1 be>+ a numb] ( species simil> to
 ^? at ,po9t ,loma2 among !m is !       
,corallio*ama ,orcutti4 ,! /rata ( !    
high cliffs nor? ( ,la ,jolla dip       
nor!rly at a small angle1 & %[ only a   
few fossils ( ! ,eoc5e age4 ,! cliffs   
rise fully #djj feet4 ,at ! bottom ( !  
cliffs are %ales2 high] up are great b$s
 ( conglom]ate b[ld]s1 *iefly a r$di%   
porphyry4  ,coal is report$ to outcrop  
above ! wat] at v l[ tide some:]e along 
?is /ret* ( cliffs4 ,x ( c\rse mu/ occur
 9 /rata ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,! coal ve9     
/ruck 9 a bor+ at ,la ,jolla mu/ be     
,cretace\s4 ,ab\t #c miles up ! coa/ f  
,la ,jolla1 !re appe>s a dike ( basalt  
cutt+ ! ,t]ti>y %ales4 ,at high tide x  
is ne>ly cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,x has a     
c\rse ab\t #cj ea/ ( nor?1 & /&s        
v]tical4 ,x beg9s on ! nor?1 close 9 "u 
! high cliffs1 b does n ext5d into !m1 !
 only signs be+ a fault 9 l9e ) ! dike4 
,x is n m ?an #b feet wide at ! nor!rn  
po9t :]e x is expos$4 ,x is d>k &       
compact & s decay$ z to be easily tak5 =

 an argillite4 ,! walls ( ! dike are v  
smoo? & regul>1 except ne> ! s\!rn po9t1
 :]e x runs into ! wat]4 ,"h x swells to
 a wid? ( #cj feet4 ,! edges ( ! dike   
are compact1 :ile ! vesicul> portion is 
9 ! c5t]1 :]e !re is (t5 a fl[age       
/ructure develop$4 ,! c5tral portion is 
m or less lam9at$ p>allel to ! wall1 &  
?us is g5]ally a well-pron\nc$ column>  
/ructure develop$ ! :ole wid?4 ,!       
columns lie horizontally across ! dikes 
& are #ab to #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!    
cavities are :olly or 9 "p fill$ )      
calcite4 ,metamorphism ( ! adjo9+ %ales 
is app>5t = #b feet away1 b ! sea wat]  
has s decompos$ ! %ale t x is n s       
/rongly m>k$ z x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,!    
dike projects above ! wat] 9 places = a 
di/ance ( #a1jjj feet1 mak+ its total   
expos$ l5g? ab\t #a1hjj feet4 ,9 ! mesa 
s\!a/ ( ,rose ,caon1 & along ! ,san     
,diego ,riv]1 & back ( ,san ,diego1 !   
=mation belongs almo/ :olly to ! late   
,t]ti>y4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! ,mioc5e is
 pres5t or n4 ,a numb] ( ,mioc5e fossils

 h be5 f\nd 9 ! c\nty1 b p]haps ! mo/ ( 
!m h come f ,c>rizo ,creek4 ,_m fossils 
are giv5 9 ,dr4 ,coop]'s li/1 z be+ f\nd
 9 ! ,plioc5e ( ,san ,diego1 :i* are m  
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,mioc5e 9 o!r localities4
 ,i see no reason = d\bt+ t ! ,mioc5e is
 pres5t1 b s intimately relat$ to !     
,plioc5e z to be /ratigraphically       
insep>able f x4 ,9 ! region betwe5 ,rose
 ,caon & ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! c\nty1 ,i d
 n "k t ,mioc5e fossils h be5 f\nd1 b 9 
,orange ,c\nty !y are well *>act]iz$4   
,! region occupi$ by ,san ,diego ,bay & 
! mesa back ( x is compos$1 z f> z we   
"k1 ( ,quat]n>y1 ,plioc5e1 & p]haps     
,mioc5e /rata4 ,s&/ones *>act]ize ! l[] 
=mation1 & loosely cem5t$ conglom]ates1 
increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>d ! m\nta9s1 !   
upp]4 ,^! 7 deposit$ 9 a sort ( bas91 ( 
:i* ,po9t ,loma & ! ,sol$ad hills =m$ ! 
nor!rn & we/]n bord]s4 ,_m oscillations 
( level h tak5 place1 ! mo/ rec5t be+ an
 elevation ( #dj feet1 %[n by an old    
bea* l9e on ,po9t ,loma4 ,! %ells 9 ?is 
bea* are ! same z ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! adjo9+ 

ocean4 ,x is a peculi> fact t ! mesas   
are slightly high] ne> _! we/]n         
t]m9ations ?an f>!r ea/1 indicat+ a     
rec5t uplift along ! ocean4 ,wat] is    
sc>ce ?r\gh ?is mesa =mation4 ,at ! end 
( ,po9t ,loma !re is a /rong sulphur    
spr+ expos$ at l[ tide4 ,its wat]s may  
possess m$ic9al prop]ties1 & %\ld be    
exam9$4  ,on ! s\!rn %ore ( ,false ,bay 
is a l>ge deposit ( calc>e\s tufa4 ,!   
c5tral portion is q pure & a numb] (    
feet ?ick2 j h[ ?ick is n kn[n4 ,x      
ext5ds along ! %ore "s di/ance1 & (t5   
conta9s b[ld]s & %ells4 ,?is is evid5tly
 a deposit f "s =m] spr+ ( great size4  
,! mesas ly+ we/ ( ! ext5sive volcanic  
tuffs h be5 d]iv$ l>gely f ! decay ( !  
latt]1 & h heavi] soil4 ,nor? ( ,sol$ad 
!y become m s&y1 & ma9ta9 ?is "* to !   
,santa ,m>g>ita ,creek4 ,?is light soil1
 h[ev]1 is be+ successfully cultivat$ 9 
_m places & = c]ta9 k9ds ( fruit1 )\t   
irrigation4 ,! surface ( ! high] portion
 ( ,po9t ,loma1 z well z "s ( ! mesas   
nor?1 is cov]$ ) sph]ical nodules1 a    

qu>t] to half an in* 9 diamet]1 ( s&    
cem5t$ ) r$ oxide ( iron4 ,^! lit]ally  
cov] ! gr\nd 9 places s t x is difficult
 to walk4 ,! orig9 ( ^! at fir/ seem$ v 
puzzl+1 b on exam9+ ! face ( a cliff on 
! top ( :i* ^! 7 f\nd1 an explanation 0 
rea*$4 ,!y 7 se5 to gr[ small] away f ! 
surface ( ! gr\nd until a dep? ( #b feet
 0 rea*$1 :5 !y cease4 ,_! =mation is   
due to ! oxidation ( ! iron 9 ! s&/one1 
& its segregation 9 little nodules on ! 
same pr9ciple z ! =mation ( concretions4
      ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4  ,!      
cliffs ( ,eoc5e s&/one along ! ocean gr[
 gradually l[] nor? ( ,sol$ad ,caon4 ,at
 ,enc9itos ! cliffs are high] aga9 & = a
 %ort di/ance ! /rata dip s\?1 b t[>d   
,oceanside !y resume ! nor!rly dip &    
disappe> sev]al miles s\? ( t place4    
,faults gr[ less num]\s ! f>!r we get f 
,po9t ,loma4 ,! mesa is l[ ab\t         
,oceanside2 x 0 ei!r nev] v prom95t or  
else ! erosion has be5 great4  ,on !    
nor? bank ( ! ,santa ,m>g>ita ,creek1   
ne> ! ran* h\se1 is an int]e/+ cliff (  

,quat]n>y s&s & gravel1 %[+ a numb] (   
/rata deposit$ "u diff]5t conditions on 
an old bea*4 7,fig4 #ac47  ,! ,t]ti>y   
b$s nor? ( ! ,santa ,m>g>ita ,creek are 
v diff]5t 9 outl9e f ^? s\?4 ,in/ead (  
_! ext5d+ 9 a gradual slope f ! old]    
m\nta9s to ! ocean1 !re arises 9 !m1 ne>
 _! we/]n bord]1 a range ( m\nta9s1 kn[n
 z ! ,san ,on(re ,m\nta9s4 ,^! ext5d    
p>allel to ! ocean at an av]age di/ance 
( #b miles4 ,!y rise nor? ( ! ,santa    
,m>g>ita ,creek & ext5d to ! ,san ,on(re
 ,creek4 ,!y h a gradual slope on ! we/1
 ris+ to an elevation ( #a1djj feet1 b  
are q abrupt on ! ea/4 ,los ,flores     
,creek cuts ?r\gh ! s\!rn end ( ?is     
range1 %[+ t :ile ! s(t1 clayey s&/ones 
betwe5 x & ! ,santa ,m>g>ita ,m\nta9s   
slope only #e to #aj s\?we/1 ! rocks ( !
 range itself dip we/ at an angle ( #ce 
to #dj4 ,! =mation is a breccia1 !      
fragm5ts ( :i* are argillitic1 micace\s1
 & hornbl5dic s*i/s4 ,"s ( ^! fragm5ts  
are ( great size1 "o b[ld] ( hornbl5de  
s*i/ be+ #h feet 9 diamet]4 ,pebbles (  

:ite qu>tz & o!r h>d metamorphics are   
also pres5t4 ,! s(t1 co>se s&/one 9 :i* 
! fragm5ts are imb$d$ %[ no traces ( any
 granitic matt]4 ,! range 0 asc5d$ #b   
miles nor? ( ! ,los ,flores ran* h\se1 &
 f\nd to consi/ entirely ( fragm5tal    
s*i/s1 su* z ^? m5tion$1 dipp+ s\?we/ at
 an angle ( #de4 ,! m\nta9s 7 also      
climb$ at _! nor!rn end1 ne> ,san ,on(re
 ,creek4 ,"h !re is a v abrupt esc>pm5t 
on ! ea/]n side4 ,! /rata dip t[>d !    
ocean at a high angle1 :ile ! irregul>  
hills & ridges ( s(t1 light-color$      
s&/one ly+ ea/ t[>d ! ,santa ,m>g>ita   
,m\nta9s are ne>ly level4 ,aft] a c>eful
 /udy ( ! range ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t  
its orig9 0 due to a great fault1       
repres5t$ by ! v abrupt ea/]n slope1    
tilt+ ! elevat$ portion to ! we/ at a   
high angle4 ,i believe t ?is fault took 
place aft] ! deposition ( ! ,t]ti>y     
/rata4 ,z f> z my obs]vation w5t !      
,t]ti>y b$s on ! ea/ d n rise to meet ! 
,san ,on(re range1 z !y w\ld to a c]ta9 
ext5t if x 7 pres5t :5 !y 7 deposit$2 on

 ! contr>y1 !y dip t[>d x4 ,we/ ( !     
range ! ocean is bord]$ by v high cliffs
 ( ,quat]n>y clays1 & 9 only two or ?ree
 places d ! ,t]ti>y rocks outcrop4      
,small pat*es ( s&/one outcrop ne> !    
road at ! we/]n foot ( ! m\nta9s2 !y    
also dip we/ at a high angle4 ,_m ( !   
fragm5ts at ! nor!rn end ( ! range %[ _!
 d]ivation f a massive cry/all9e rock4  
,! hornbl5de s*i/s are g5]ally          
g>netif]\s4 ,blue glaucophane s*i/s are 
also v common4 ,s\? ( ,mission ,viejo   
,creek1 ,orange ,c\nty1 !re is an       
outcrop ( rock1 app>5tly 9 place1 :i*   
greatly resembles ^! s*i/s4 ,good       
outl9es ( ^! m\nta9s1 indicative (      
/ructure1 c be se5 to great advantage f 
! ,san ,luis ,rey ,mission4 ,on ! we/   
slope ( ! ,san ,on(re ,m\nta9s1 #d miles
 nor? ( ,los ,flores1 is an outcrop ( a 
g>netif]\s hornbl5de s*i/1 :i* c]ta9ly  
appe>s to be 9 place4 ,?is rises #aj    
feet above ! side ( a gul*1 & is fully  
#bj feet across4 ,"o mile nor? & 9 l9e (
 /rike ) ! la/ is ano!r outcrop ( simil>

 rock1 :i* is s l>ge t x c]ta9ly seems t
 x mu/ be 9 place4 ,! only po9t nor? ( !
 ,san ,on(re :]e ?is breccia appe>s is  
at ,ar* ,bea*1 ,orange ,c\nty4 ,! ,santa
 ,m>g>ita ,m\nta9s are bord]$ by v      
ext5sive b[ld] deposits1 :i* rise z high
 z #a1ejj feet on _! we/]n side4  ,!    
topography ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! c\nty   
betwe5 ,temecula1 ,els9ore1 & ! ocean1  
is v complicat$4 ,?is section is occupi$
 by rugg$1 bru%-cov]$ m\nta9s & n>r[1   
deep valleys1 ) ! exception ( ! ,santa  
,rosa plateau1 :]e ! configuration ( !  
c\nty has be5 entirely *ang$ by ext5sive
 lava eruptions1 /ret*+ ov] a di/ance ( 
#aj miles4 ,?is m\nta9 region n>r[s t[>d
 ! nor? to =m ! ,santa ,ana range4 ,!   
v>iety ( rock =mations is v l>ge4 ,!    
nor!rn portion is unsurvey$4 ,on ! s\?  
are ! two l>ge grants1 ! ,santa ,m>g>ita
 & ! ,santa ,rosa4 ,betwe5 ^! lies ,de  
,luz ,valley4 ,! ,santa ,m>g>ita        
,m\nta9s ext5d nor? & s\?1 =m+ ! ea/]n  
bord]s ( ! grant & ris+ to an elevation 
( #c1ajj feet4 ,! granite ( ! region    

ab\t ,de ,luz ,valley is f> f be+       
homog5e\s4 ,a "p ( x is und\bt$ly       
intrusive1 & a "p may repres5t an       
orig9al s$im5t>y =mation4 ,b$d+ planes  
are pres5t 9 mu* ( ?is suppos$          
metamorphic granite1 b g5]ally no       
s*i/ose /ructure4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,de    
,luz w>m spr+s is p]haps due to a dike (
 d>k1 aphanitic diorite1 :i* has cut    
?r\gh ! granite 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,a 
v int]e/+ breccia outcrops 9 ! b$ ( !   
creek bel[ ! w>m spr+s4 7,fig4 #ad47    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4  ,! fragm5ts   
are *iefly granite & an aphanitic rock4 
,!y are q angul>1 %[+ only a slight     
r\nd+ ( ! corn]s4 ,"s ( ! l>g] fragm5ts 
are a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! b\nd>ies are v 
irregul>4 ,long arms ( ! inclos+ granite
 project into ! breccia4 ,! base or     
matrix v>ies f a co>se sy5itic rock to  
an aphanite4 ,x (t5 seems to pres5t a   
bl5d+ ( diff]5t k9ds ( fragm5ts4        
,besides ! l>ge inclusions !re are      
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! matrix small angul>     
pieces1 :i* are s regul> 9 outl9e &     

di/ribution z to give to ! rock !       
appe>ance ( a porphyritic /ructure4 ,!  
granite 9 ! hills we/ ( ! valley conta9s
 mu* biotite & qu>tz 9 long1 r\nd$      
gra9s1 pres5t+ a pseudo-porphyritic     
aspect4 ,?is appe>ance is *>act]i/ic (  
mu* ( ! granite ( ?is section4 ,imb$d$ 9
 ! granite are masses ( d>k aphanitic   
rock4 ,! l[] granite hills are cov]$ )  
consid]able s&y soil4 ,!re are isolat$  
peaks ( a co>se :ite granite1 mu* l t ( 
! ,si]ra ,nevada1 arrang$ 9 "s sort (   
regul>ity 9 nor? & s\? l9es4 ,"o rugg$  
peak ( ?is co>se granite rises #b1ejj   
feet we/ ( ! valley4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( 
! valley ! b$d+ planes 9 ! f9] gra9$    
granites are v regul>2 /rike nor? #de   
we/1 dip #fe s\?we/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no 
s*i/ose /ructure pres5t4  ,a half mile  
above ! w>m spr+s is ano!r conglom]ate  
or tuff1 :i* seems s relat$ to ! granite
 t ! latt] mu/ really be eruptive4 ,9 a 
little valley s\?we/ ( ,de ,luz & j ea/ 
( ! ,santa ,m>g>ita grant !re is a l>ge 
outcrop ( diabase4 ,x has be5 intrud$ 9 

a f9e-gra9$1 jo9t$ granite4 ,f>!r d[n ! 
valley1 on ! road to ,de ,luz ,/ation1  
!re is a n>r[ outcrop ( black qu>tz     
feldsp> porphyry1 foll[$ on ! ea/ by a  
d>k felsitic mica s*i/2 /rike nor?we/1  
dip #fj s\?we/4 ,imm$iately we/ ( ! deep
 canons :i* lead d[n to ,de ,luz ,creek1
 rises ! ,santa ,m>g>ita ,m\nta9s4 ,!y  
consi/ ( a f9e-gra9$ granite1 v]g+ at   
times on a qu>tz porphyry4 ,! ma9 cre/  
is #b miles long1 ! highe/ peak ( :i* is
 ne>ly #c1bjj feet4 ,! rock is p]fectly 
massive1 b %[s app>5t b$d+ planes2 /rike
 nor? #cj we/1 dip #hj nor!a/4 ,!       
porphyritic facies ( ?is =mation occur 9
 ! we/]n slope4 ,on ! we/]n slope ( !   
ma9 range1 at an altitude ( #b1ejj feet1
 !re is a plateau-l area ( a ?\s& acres 
or m ( f9e grass l&4 ,x is dott$ ) :ite 
oak trees4 ,! we/]n slope ( ?is plateau 
is v abrupt & bru%y4 ,! =mation is p>tly
 porphyry & p>tly d>k diabase & diorite4
 ,! mo/ int]e/+ fact connect$ ) ! ,santa
 ,m>g>ita range is ! occurr5ce ( s&/one 
at an elevation ( #b1fjj feet on its    

we/]n slope4 ,! s&/one occupies v limit$
 deta*$ areas 9 ! heads ( ! gul*es1 & is
 evid5tly ! remnant ( a once f> m       
ext5sive =mation4 ,! s&/one is l>gely   
kaol9itic1 & has evid5tly be5 d]iv$ f ! 
adjo9+ rocks4 ,at ! foot ( ! s\!rn end (
 ! m\nta9s appe>s v qu>tzose rocks1     
probably ( metamorphic orig94 ,co>se    
granite has be5 intrud$ into !m 9 small 
bun*es4 ,granite ext5ds s\?we/]ly 9 ! =m
 ( a w$ge z f> z ! ,santa ,m>g>ita ran* 
h\se1 & is !re cov]$ by mod]n deposits4 
,betwe5 ,de ,luz & ,fallbrook ! c\ntry  
is g5tly roll+1 ) knobs ( granitic rocks
 project+ "h & !re4 ,ab\t ,fallbrook1 & 
= "s di/ance ea/1 ! granite does n      
outcrop mu*1 ow+ to its easy            
decomposition4 ,a little ea/ ( ,de ,luz 
,/ation is a small body ( mica s*i/2 dip
 #cj ea/1 /rike nor? #ae we/4  ,! road f
 ,fallbrook to ,temecula leads ?r\gh a  
long1 n>r[ valley4 ,on ei!r h& rise high
 m\nta9s ( b>e granite4 ,imm5se b[ld]s1 
#bj to #cj feet across1 l9e ! valley1   
hav+ fall5 f ! cliffs4 ,! granite "h is 

a co>se rock1 ri* 9 biotite1 & ?\gh     
great masses c\ld be obta9$ free f      
*ecks1 yet does n seem durable4 ,!      
valley owes its orig9 to a diff]5ce 9   
rapidity ( decay along c]ta9 l9es4 ,on  
?is section !re appe>s no trace ( ! s*i/
 belt ext5d+ nor?we/ f ,julian4 ,?is    
co>se granite is und\bt$ly intrusive &  
has cut x (f4  ,a :olly diff]5t s]ies ( 
rocks is expos$ 9 ! ,temecula ,caon1 n m
 ?an #b miles nor? ( ! c\ntry j         
describ$4 ,?is caon is deep & rocky1    
tak+ a v direct c\rse f ,temecula to !  
ocean4 ,at ! upp] entrance !re is a n>r[
 exposure ( granite4 ,?is is foll[$ by  
qu>tzite1 dipp+ #de s\?we/4 ,! rocks    
%ortly become massive & are replac$ by  
d>k sy5itic ones ) an excess (          
hornbl5de4 ,two miles d[n1 granite      
appe>s = a %ort di/ance1 & 9 x a qu>ry  
has be5 op5$4 ,! rock c be obta9$ 9     
blocks ( any size f great masses :i* h  
brok5 (f & roll$ into ! caon4 ,gneissoid
 rocks soon replace ! granite1 & ^! are 
foll[$ by hornbl5dic rocks1 :i* v>y f a 

s*i/ose to a massive /ructure4 ,9 places
 !y conta9 feldsp> & pass into sy5ites2 
9 o!rs ! rock is almo/ pure hornbl5de4  
,! great] portion ( ^! rocks are (      
metamorphic orig94 ,! dip is g5]ally    
v]tical1 /rike ea/ & we/ to nor?we/4 ,! 
sy5ites are foll[$ by mica s*i/s1 & ^!  
by co>se biotite granite ab\t #e miles  
above ,h[e ,/ation4 ,9 ! granite are _m 
pegmatitic ve9s1 c>ry+ biotite1 g>nets1 
& t\rmal9e4 ,f9e-gra9$ granite1 v>y+ at 
times to sy5ite1 =ms ! rock along ! caon
 = _m miles bel[ ?is po9t4  ,! mo/      
int]e/+ geological feature ab\t ?is     
nor?we/]n "p ( ,san ,diego ,c\nty is !  
long plateau1 conf9$ *iefly to ! ,santa 
,rosa grant4 ,?is plateau lies ne> !    
we/]n corn] ( ! grant1 & ext5ds ea/     
ne>ly to ,murrieta4 ,! lava is brok5 up 
into deta*$ tables by erosion1 :i*      
become v /rongly pron\nc$ t[>d ! we/]n  
end ( ! fl[4 ,! we/]n body ( lava is !  
highe/4 ,x has a l5g? ( ne>ly #b miles &
 is brok5 into ?ree peaks or ridges1    
slop+ g5]ally a few degrees to ! ea/2   

height #b1hej feet4 ,!re are two        
t]race-l tables l[] d[n its s\!rn slope4
 ,! lava is1 p]haps1 a hundr$ feet ?ick 
at its ea/]n end1 & has be5 s mu* erod$ 
t[>d ! we/]n portion t ! und]ly+ s&/one 
is expos$ along ! cre/ ( ! ridge1 ) lava
 ly+ 9 brok5 masses along its sides4 ,! 
s&/ones =m q an ext5sive b$ "u ! lava   
fl[1 be+ #bjj or #cjj feet ?ick1 &      
horizontally b$d$1 :]ev] b$d+ is pres5t4
 ,! upp] "p is v s(t & granul>1 ! l[]   
portion is h>d & /a9$ r$di%4 ,x c>ries  
_m b[ld]s #f to #h in*es 9 diamet]1     
diff]5t f any o!r rock se5 9 ! adjac5t  
m\nta9s3 qu>tzite mica s*i/1 aphanitic  
rocks1 & "s granitic ones4 ,^! are wa%$ 
smoo?4 ,! s&/ones conta9 mu* kaol9itic  
matt]1 & at "o spot %[ an incipi5t      
cry/allization4 ,a numb] ( contigu\s    
gra9s1 ov] a space half an in* 9        
diamet]1 %[ ! same ori5tation4 ,ne> !   
bottom ! s&/ones are impregnat$ ) iron4 
,! we/]n ridge 9 p>ticul> %[s a great   
am\nt ( erosion4 ,! lava is ne>ly gone 9
 places1 b occurs s\?w>d 9 scatt]$      

outcrops = half a mile4 ,at ! nor!rn end
 ! s&/one rises fully #cjj feet above ! 
lava4 ,lava is pres5t on its sides4 ,mu*
 ( ! s&/one closely resembles a granite 
decompos$ 9 situ4 ,fragm5ts ( ! mica    
s*i/ resemble t 9 ! hills we/ (         
,temecula4 ,nor?w>d half a mile is !    
deep caon ( ! ,san ,mateo4 ,! c\ntry    
desc5ds v rapidly f ! lava ridge1       
especially s on ! nor?1 :]e ! caon is   
fully #a1ejj feet deep4 ,x is a numb] ( 
miles 9 any direction to m\nta9s :i* are
 z high z ?is lava-capp$ s&/one ridge1 &
 ! am\nt ( erosion mu/ h be5 enorm\s    
s9ce x 0 deposit$4 ,mesa ,r$onda has an 
elevation ( #b1gej feet1 & is sep>at$ f 
! lava j describ$ by a valley fully #hjj
 feet deep1 & ne>ly a mile broad4 ,mesa 
,r$onda is =m$ by a lava table1 probably
 basalt1 #aej to #bjj feet ?ick4 ,x is q
 precipit\s on ?ree sides4 ,! lava is   
b$d$1 dipp+ #e to #h nor!a/4 ,und]nea?  
is a body ( co>se1 friable s&/one1      
simil> to t j describ$4 ,"s pebbles &   
b[ld]s ( lava lie 9 ! upp] portion ( !  

s&/one4 ,! s&/one consi/s ( angul> qu>tz
 gra9s & kaol9ic matt]1 & (t5 pres5ts ! 
appe>ance z if x _h be5 p>tly fus$ by ! 
lava4 ,9 ! top ( ! s&/ones are pebbles (
 qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica s*i/4 ,! s&/one 
%[s no b$d$ /ructure1 b seems to =m a   
mantle ov] ! hill1 foll[+ !             
irregul>ities ( ! und]ly+ granite4 ,x   
desc5ds #gjj feet on ! s\!rn slope ( !  
m\nta9s :i* rise s abruptly f ,de ,luz  
,valley4 ,! lava has spread out 9 ?9    
%eets on ! s\!rn slope ( ! m\nta91      
desc5d+ m ?an a ?\s& feet on ! ea/ side 
( ,cottonwood ,creek4 ,^! ?9 b$s are n  
massive1 b are =m$ ( angul> lava b[ld]s4
 ,! fl[s 7 s ?9 t !y ei!r broke up on   
cool+1 or lat] ?r\gh atmosph]ic ag5cies4
 ,fig4 #ae is a sket* ( ,mesa ,r$onda f 
! nor?4      ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4  ,ci5ega ,peak 
lies ea/ ( ,mesa ,r$onda & is sep>at$ f 
x by two gul*es op5+ 9 opposite         
directions4 ,x has an elevation ( #b1djj
 feet1 & ! mesas ea/ rise /ill less4    
,s&/one und]lies ?is z x does ! o!r lava

 fl[s4 ,ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! s\!rn slope1
 a lava fl[ has brok5 out f a bas9-l    
depression :i* op5s s\?w>d1 & fl[$ d[n !
 m\nta9 = a mile1 desc5d+ a v]tical     
di/ance ( #a1hjj feet4 ,x appe>s to h   
brok5 up entirely into angul> b[ld]s4 ,!
 /ream 0 probably v liquid1 l ! o!rs1 & 
=m$ a ?9 fl[4 ,x takes a slightly w9d+  
c\rse & slopes (t5 #cj4 ,"o %ort bran*  
appe>s on ! we/]n side ab\t half way    
d[n1 & ano!r on ! ea/ ne> ! bottom4 ,!  
lava desc5ds 9 successive t]races1 l    
/eps1 f ! crat] depression4 ,! wid?     
v>ies f #ejj to #gjj feet1 t]m9at+ 9 a  
/raight l9e ab\t a hundr$ feet above !  
b$ ( ! caon at ! head ( ,de ,luz        
,valley4 ,?is di/ance may repres5t !    
am\nt ( erosion s9ce ! /ream fl[$4 ,!re 
are also caons worn to "s dep? on ea*   
side4 ,! surface ( ! fl[ is r\nd+1 &    
appe>ances indicate t x desc5d$ ov] a   
surface n mu* diff]5t f ! "o n[ %[n4 ,a 
l>ge "p ( ! b[ld]s 9 ! creek = sev]al   
miles are lava4 ,fig4 #af %[s ?is lava  
/ream z x lies on ! m\nta9 side1 & also 

,ci5ega ,peak1 f :i* x fl[$4 ,^! lava   
b$s appe> v prom95t f ,de ,luz ,valley4 
,! long1 w9d+ fl[ is kn[n locally z !   
,oak ,ridge1 on acc\nt ( its be+ cov]$ )
 oaks1 :ile ! adjac5t m\nta9s are b>r5 &
 bru%y4 ,x is h>d to reconcile !        
appe>ance ( ^! isolat$ peaks1 ) (t5     
precipit\s sides1 & deep valleys betwe5 
!m1 %[+ a great am\nt ( erosion1 ) ! ?9 
%eets spread out on ! s\!rn side ( !    
m\nta9 9 s _m places1 :i* f _! position 
indicate s little erosion s9ce !y fl[$4 
,x is possible t ! mesas1 ) ! high      
precipit\s cliffs1 repres5t remnants (  
an old] fl[1 & yet ! li?ological "* ( ! 
lava seems to po9t to a s+le orig94 ,) !
 exception ( ! long s\!rly fl[ & ano!r  
%ort "o we/ ( x1 ! lava ev]y:]e pres5ts 
bluffs on its s\!rn side1 ) deep gul*es 
betwe5 !m4 ,t[>d ! nor!a/ & ea/ !re is a
 g5tle slope4 ,a l>ge "p is co>sely     
vesicul>2 d5se massive portions are mix$
 irregul>ly 9 places ) ! vesicul>4 ,!   
lava table-l&s lie ne>ly #b1jjj feet    
above ,de ,luz ,valley4 ,?is abrupt     

esc>pm5t ext5ds ea/ z f> z ! lava does1 
?\gh less m>k$4 ,!re has ei!r be5 an    
enorm\s erosion 9 ! region ly+ s\?1 or a
 great fault elevat+ ! plateau4 ,a      
deta*$ portion ( ! lava plateau caps !  
hills we/ ( ,murrieta1 ext5d+ 9 a nor? &
 s\? l9e = a di/ance ( #b miles4 ,:e!r  
^! deta*$ portions all _h _! s\rce 9 "o 
great fl[ & h be5 sep>at$ by erosion1 or
 7 =m$ f diff]5t s\rces1 0 n fully      
det]m9$4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t !  
ma9 portions did belong to "o fl[1 f !  
fact t !y h a uni=m slope & are und]laid
 by simil> s&/one1 :i* may once h be5 ! 
b$ ( a /ream4  ,! range ( m\nta9s ly+   
we/ ( ! valley :i* ext5ds f ,temecula to
 ,els9ore1 also has ! appe>ance ( hav+  
be5 elevat$ by a fault4 ,f ! entrance to
 ! ,temecula ,caon1 nor?w>d pa/         
,els9ore1 & along ! ea/]n base ( !      
,santa ,ana ,m\nta9s1 ^! abrupt         
esc>pm5ts & indications ( a fault become
 m pron\nc$4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! ,santa     
,rosa plateau1 ) its lava fields1 =ms ! 
s\!rn end ( ! esc>pm5t4 ,! valley 9 :i* 

are locat$ ! t[ns ( ,temecula1          
,murrieta1 & ,wildom>1 rises gradually  
t[>d ! ea/4 ,! we/]n portion is v       
f]tile4 ,artesian wat] is f\nd at       
,murrieta4 ,! ea/]n portion1 :i* rises  
t[>d ! granite m\nta9s1 is m gravelly1  
:ile ea/ ( ,temescal !re is a /ret* ( _m
 miles ( ^! dry gravel hills1 probably (
 ,quat]n>y age4 ,! t[n ( ,temecula has  
an elevation ( #a1jjj feet4 ,imm$iately 
we/ & nor? ( ! caon !re arise hills (   
metamorphic rocks1 hav+ an elevation (  
#a1hjj feet4 ,!y are cov]$ ) d5se bru%  
on _! ea/]n slopes1 b conta9 "s f]tile  
valleys to ! we/4 ,= sev]al miles ! rock
 is almo/ :olly metamorphic4 ,x ext5ds  
s\? to ! caon & nor? to ! lava plateau4 
,x is *iefly a f9e1 d>k mica s*i/2 /rike
 indi/9ct b nor? #fj we/1 to ea/ & we/1 
dip v]tical4 ,on ! we/ x *anges to a    
qu>tzite4 ,dikes ( granite cut ?is rock2
 "o is noticeable = sev]al miles by its 
m pron\nc$ cropp+s ov] ! hills4  ,ea/ ( 
,murrieta ! granite beg9s ne> ! b\nd>y (
 ! grant1 & =ms a l9e ( b>r5 hills      

ext5d+ nor!rly4 ,ea/ ( ^! ! c\ntry is   
less rocky & q f]tile4 ,_m spr+s ab\nd 9
 ! granite ?r\gh ?is section4 ,ne> !    
,hot ,spr+s is a dike ( granite         
porphyry4 ,num]\s bun*es ( a d>k1 co>se1
 dioritic rock are scatt]$ ?r\gh !      
light-color$ c\ntry granite4 ,!y wea!r  
away m sl[ly ?an ! granite4 ,!          
metamorphic rocks ( ! ,santa ,rosa      
plateau ext5d nor? to ! entrance to !   
caon1 up :i* ! road passes to ,p>k]     
,de]'s4 ,! /rike 9 ! caon is a little   
ea/ ( nor?4 ,! metamorphic rocks t]m9ate
 9 a range ( hills :i* =m ! s\!rn b\nd>y
 ( ! ,r9conada4 ,nor?w>d ! c\ntry is =m$
 ( rugg$ granite m\nta9s4 ,! ,los       
,alamos op5s we/w>d into deep caons1 :i*
 lead d[n to ! coa/4 ,a d>k dioritic    
granite is includ$ 9 ! usual            
light-color$ v>iety1 sometimes 9 b[ld]-l
 masses & sometimes 9 dike =m4 ,!       
metamorphic rocks ext5d #b miles we/ (  
,p>k] ,de]'s h\se4 ,!y include mica     
felsite & d>k vitre\s qu>tzite4 ,!y are 
(t5 intrud$ by granite bosses & dikes ( 

qu>tz porphyry4 ,! lava table-l& lies j 
s\? ( ! ran* h\se4 ,x is ab\t #dj feet  
?ick1 & has und]nea? a kaol9ic /ratum   
#ab to #ad feet ?ick1 :i* is impregnat$ 
) bog iron2 "o assay has %[n #aj p] c5t4
 ,?is is q simil> to ! s&/one "u !      
table-l& f>!r we/1 b is less qu>tzose4  
,a simil> deposit1 impregnat$ ) iron1 0 
se5 nor? ( ,mesa ,r$onda4 ,! ,santa     
,rosa grant consi/s *iefly ( broad1 op5 
valleys1 hav+ an altitude ( #a1gjj to   
#a1hjj feet1 ) rocky ridges betwe5 !m4  
,on ! trail f ,santa ,rosa to ,h[e      
,/ation1 ! metamorphic rocks ext5d to )9
 a mile & a half ( ! latt] place4 ,!y   
are *iefly light-color$1 granul>        
qu>tzites4 ,dikes ( diabase & gabbro    
appe> 9 _m places on ! ,santa ,rosa     
grant4 ,ores ( gold1 silv]1 & copp] are 
f\nd 9 ! metamorphic rocks ( ! grant1 b 
!y h nev] be5 develop$4 ,select$ samples
 ( gal5a assay sev]al hundr$ doll>s to !
 ton 9 silv]4 ,! ve9s are1 h[ev]1 small 
& bun*y1 & x is n probable t !y c be    
pr(itably work$4 ,! granite v>ies f "o )

 mica1 z ! only d>k con/itu5t1 to "o )  
mu* hornbl5de4 ,x is uni=mly co>se & (  
und\bt$ eruptive orig91 judg+ f ! mann] 
9 :i* x has brok5 ?r\gh ! metamorphic   
rocks4  ,! table-l& we/ ( ,murrieta is  
ab\t a mile broad & fully z high z t ne>
 ,p>k] ,de]'s h\se4 ,x is sep>at$ f !   
lava f>!r we/ by a mile ( bru%-cov]$    
hills4 ,! lava 0 suppos$ to ext5d no    
f>!r ?an ! big caon we/ ( ,murrieta1 b a
 close exam9ation reveal$ a small       
outcrop on ! hills ab\t a mile s\? (    
,wildom>4 ,! elevation is ab\t #fjj feet
 above ! valley4 ,x is p]haps "o f\r? ( 
a mile across4 ,9 places x ext5ds d[n ! 
hill ne>ly "o ?ird ( its elevation above
 ! valley4 ,x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( hav+
 fl[$ out ( ! summit ( ! hill :5 x _h   
mu* ! same =m z n[1 & d[n ov] its slop+ 
surface4 ,?is eruption is f9e-gra9$1 & n
 vesicul>4 ,mu* ( x has a conglom]itic  
"*1 appe>+ to h be5 brok5 up :5 almo/   
solid1 & !n cem5t$4 ,! fragm5ts are m or
 less r\nd$ & elongat$1 & are at times  
almo/ bl5d$ 9 ! matrix4 ,!re are signs (

 =m] solfat>ic action on ! summit1 !re  
be+ a consid]able deposit ( a light     
yell[i% mat]ial1 consi/+ *iefly ( alum9a
 & magnesia4 ,"u ! lava is s&/one #aj to
 #bj feet ?ick1 compos$ ( qu>tz gra9s & 
kaol9ic matt]1 exactly simil> to t "u   
,mesa ,r$onda4 ,x w\ld be easily tak5 = 
granite decompos$ 9 situ1 b = ! l>ge    
qu>tz gra9s4 ,! s&/one has an app>5t    
s\!rly dip4 ,x is v difficult to acc\nt 
= ! pres5ce ( ! s&/one "u ! lava1 unless
 we suppose x cov]$ ! adjac5t c\ntry1 & 
0 only pres]v$ by ! great] p]man5cy ( ! 
lava4 ,ano!r hill ( lava 0 f\nd #bjj    
feet l[]1 ab\t a mile s\? ( ?is1 & we/ (
 ! caon lead+ up to ,p>k] ,de]'s4 ,x    
occupies a sort ( depression betwe5 ?ree
 hills1 ) gul*es cutt+ into x betwe5 !m4
 ,! lava is v simil> to t j describ$4   
,a long1 high ridge runn+ nor?we/ &     
s\!a/1 adjo9+ ! lava1 is v int]e/+4 ,x  
is ab\t #bjj feet high]1 & cov]$ ) d5se 
bru%1 z is all ! c\ntry 9 ?is vic9ity4  
,! great] "p ( ! hill is =m$ ( a co>se  
tuff1 ^: fragm5ts /& out 9 %>p relief on

 ! surface ( ! huge project+1 b[ld]-l   
masses4 ,! matrix1 :i* is d>k] & s(t]1  
wea!rs out1 leav+ ! surface ( ! rock    
cov]$ ) a great v>iety ( fragm5ts4 ,"s  
are scoriace\s or amygdaloidal1 o!rs are
 v co>sely cry/all9e & porphyritic )    
feldsp> or hornbl5de4 ,"s ( ! fragm5ts  
are !mselves tuface\s1 conta9+ l>ge     
masses ( hornbl5de 9 a dioritic matrix4 
,on ! s\!rn end ( ! hill1 a great v>iety
 ( dikes int]sect ! tufa4 ,?is is 9 all 
probability ! neck ( an old volcano1 b  
appe>s to h no relation to ! mod]n lavas
 ne> x4 ,ow+ to ! exce$+ difficulty (   
trav]s+ ^! hills1 ! exact relations ( ! 
=mations 7 n asc]ta9$4 ,ab\t #aj miles  
ea/ ( ,temecula1 ne> ! po9t :]e ! creek 
takes a turn to ! s\!a/ & ent]s a caon1 
!re has be5 ano!r lava eruption1 b ! "t 
at my disposal did n p]mit me to exam9e 
x4 ,a great v>iety ( rocks are expos$   
along ! road f ,els9ore to ,m5ifee      
,valley4 ,= ne>ly #b miles ea/ ( !      
/ation ! rock is a :ite1 glassy diorite1
 ) an excess ( feldsp>4 ,at ! po9t :]e !

 road crosses ! railroad1 metamorphic   
s*i/s appe>4 ,! rock is a f9e1 d>k mica 
felsite4 ,x is s compact t x breaks ) a 
con*oidal fracture4 ,a great irregul>ity
 9 /rike & dip exi/s2 ! av]age /rike is 
a little we/ ( nor?1 dip nor!a/4 ,z f> z
 ! top ( ! grade1 ! rocks are 9 "p      
metamorphic & "p dioritic4 ,!re are _m  
dikes2 "s f9e-gra9$ granites1 o!rs      
micace\s diorite porphyrites4 ,! hills  
along ! we/ side ( ,m5ifee ,valley seem 
to be mo/ly metamorphic1 ) "s bun*es &  
ve9s ( granite4  ,all ( ! m\nta9\s      
region ly+ s\? ( ! road f ,temecula to  
,san ,jac9to is granite or diorite1     
except+ a /rip ( micace\s s*i/ &        
gneisses ne> ,gl5 ,oak ,valley4 ,^!     
/rike nor?we/ t[>d ,m5ifee4  ,no        
opportunity 0 giv5 me to exam9e !       
m\nta9\s regions compris$ 9 ! ,san      
,jac9to range4 ,! l9e ( hills ly+ nor!a/
 ( ! t[n & hav+ a nor?we/ direction are 
compos$ l>gely ( gneiss & mica s*i/1 )  
"s bodies ( :ite cry/all9e lime/one4 ,9 
! l9e ( /rike ^! hills f9ally disappe>  

nor? ( ,san ,jac9to ,lake1 "u ,quat]n>y 
clays & gravels1 :i* =m r an abrupt rise
 f ! ,san ,jac9to ,valley & ext5d       
nor!rly to ! ,san ,b]n>d9o ,m\nta9s4 ,! 
deposits %[ a great deal ( di/urbance4  
,a "p ( !m may be ,t]ti>y4 ,dikes ( d>k1
 heavy diabase & diorite are common ab\t
 ! sulphur spr+s nor? ( ,san ,jac9to4   
,! hills = a di/ance ( #c miles nor? (  
,els9ore are =m$ ( slate & mica s*i/s2  
/rike nor? #gj we/1 dip v]tical to #de  
ea/4 ,?is is a cont9uation ( ! same     
s]ies ( rocks expos$ on ! road to       
,m5ifee4 ,a l5ticul> body ( lime/one    
occurs 9 ^! slates ab\t #c miles nor? & 
ea/ ( ,els9ore4 ,x is highly            
metamorphos$1 has a gray to d>k color1 &
 is traceable = #ejj or #fjj feet4 ,at  
"o spot a /ratum ( qu>tzite divides x4  
,x 0 c>efully exam9$ = fossils1 b none 7
 f\nd4 ,ab\t #d miles f ,els9ore        
granitic rocks appe>1 foll[$ by d>k     
diorites 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,good ,hope    
,m9e4 ,! ,p9acate di/rict1 tak5 z a     
:ole1 is r peculi>4 ,at fir/ sight x    

seems to be =m$ ( granite1 d>k diorite1 
gneiss1 mica s*i/1 & o!r metamorphic    
rocks1 arrang$ 9 ! mo/ irregul> mann]4  
,! belt ( metamorphics nor!a/ & ea/ (   
,els9ore is t]m9at$ on an irregul> ea/ &
 we/ l9e by ^! granitic bodies1 :i*     
inclose portions ( ! s*i/s1 & ext5d into
 ! ma9 body z long1 dike-l arms4 ,9 !   
vic9ity ( ! ,good ,hope ,m9e ! /rata (  
metamorphic rocks inclos$ 9 ! granitic  
rocks h a nor? & s\? /rike1 & are       
traceable = a mile or m4 ,! ve9s ( !    
,good ,hope ,m9e are 9 a dike (         
light-color$ biotite granite4 ,x has    
consid]able wid? on ! surface1 #ajj feet
 or m1 b bel[ gr\nd "s di/ance x is n   
ov] #ab feet4 ,on ! surface x is greatly
 decompos$ & cut by num]\s small ve9s1  
:i* are s scatt]$ t !y h>dly pay =      
work+4 ,bel[ !y unite to =m l>g] ve9s1  
g5]ally "o on ! foot & ano!r ne>] !     
hang+ wall4 ,! latt] is m irregul>1 (t5 
runn+ out at a small angle4 ,! foot     
wall1 a d>k compact diorite1 is v       
regul>4 ,! walls are sep>at$ by         

well-def9$ clay seams f ! ve9 matt]1 !  
decompos$ granite4 ,clay seams also     
sep>ate ! diff]5t ve9s4 ,! foot wall    
diorite =ms ! c\ntry rock indef9itely   
ea/w>d4 ,! hang+ wall is a f9e1 d>k br[n
 mica s*i/4 ,! qu>tz is g5]ally friable1
 & ! granite ve9 matt] mu* decompos$4 ,!
 qu>tz at a dep? ( #cjj feet c>ri$ "o   
?ird ( ! gold 9 ! sulphurets4 ,a small  
am\nt ( silv] is also f\nd4 ,?is ve9 is 
locat$ = ov] a mile2 direction a little 
ea/ ( nor?1 dip #fe we/4 ,x is rem>kable
 t !re is no b>r5 qu>tz2 all ! ore pays 
= work+4 ,9 ! l[] work+s ! ve9s become m
 regul>4  ,! ,good ,hope is ! fir/ m9e 9
 ?is di/rict to rea* a pay+ basis1 & t  
has succe$$ 9 f9d+ a regul>1 def9$ qu>tz
 l$ge4 ,ab\t #c miles nor?we/ is ano!r  
ve91 :i* has an ea/ & we/ direction4 ,x 
seems to lie :olly 9 granite1 save = a  
n>r[ /ratum ( mica s*i/ on "o wall4 ,!  
ve9 is locat$ = a mile1 b no ext5sive   
developm5t has yet be5 made on x4 ,on ! 
hills1 a %ort di/ance s\?we/1 is an old 
,mexican m9+ camp4 ,_m small ve9s are   

f\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 g5]ally 9 a d>k       
micace\s diorite4 ,!re are also bun*-l  
masses ( co>se :ite granite1 bl5d+ into 
gneiss & ! gneiss into mica s*i/4 ,!    
/rike is exce$+ly irregul>1 *ang+ f nor?
 & s\? to ea/ & we/ 9 ! c\rse ( a few   
feet4 ,t[>d ,els9ore mica s*i/1         
qu>tzose1 & feldspa?ic rocks replace !  
great] portion ( ! granite4 ,= "s       
di/ance ! s*i/s are cut up by dikes (   
f9e-gra9$ granite1 runn+ 9 diff]5t      
directions1 & small bun*es ( ! same     
rock1 (t5 only a few feet across1 b     
%>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! s*i/s4 ,judg+ f ! 
exposure "h1 ,i ?9k we might say t at ! 
"t ( ! metamorphism ! action 0 s int5se 
z to *ange ! s$im5t>y rocks to mica     
s*i/s & gneisses & ?r\gh ^! to squeeze !
 liquifi$ portions ( ! same =mation 9   
dikes & fissures4 ,small fragm5ts ( mica
 s*i/ 7 notic$ 9 ! eruptive masses4 ,9 a
 region l ?is x is (t5 difficult to draw
 ! l9e betwe5 eruptive & metamorphic    
rocks4 ,x has be5 %[n be=e t lam9ation  
is no sure indication ( s$im5t>y        

/ructure4  ,lake ,els9ore is bord]$ on !
 we/ by a high & rugg$ granite range4 ,9
 ! m\nta9s we/ ( ,els9ore ! granite :i* 
cuts (f ! metamorphic rocks on ! ,santa 
,ana range is aga9 replac$ by !         
,metamorphic ,s]ies1 :i* are "h v       
greatly alt]$4 ,!y /rike a little we/ ( 
nor? & dip v]tical or at a /eep angle to
 ! ea/4 ,! b\nd>y ( ! granite is v      
irregul>1 & masses outcrop 9 !          
metamorphics ne> ! ma9 contact l9e4 ,mu*
 ( ?is cry/all9e rock p]haps m truly    
belongs to ! diorites4  ,! new silv]    
m9es lie j nor? ( ! ,san ,diego ,c\nty  
l9e1 & we/ ( ! divide1 a position :i*   
br+s !m into ,orange ,c\nty4 ,! =mations
 9 :i* ! ve9s occur v>y f a d>k br[n    
felsite1 (t5 micace\s1 to a f9ely b&$   
qu>tzose rock4 ,! latt] is v compact1 & 
(t5 almo/ massive4 ,9 places h>d1 blocky
 argillites appe>4 ,! two or m ve9s f\nd
 "h c>ry gal5a be>+ silv]1 & also mu*   
magnetite & iron sulphurets1 ) "s ( !   
bas] metals4 ,! ve9s are *>act]iz$ by a 
d>k r$ gossan cap on or ne> ! surface4  

,c>bonates are f\nd 9 ?is4 ,^! deposits 
exi/ z impregnations along a fissure1   
:i* is n v /rongly pron\nc$4 ,! ore is  
usually q massive4 ,! little gangue     
pres5t is calcite4 ,n en\gh developm5t  
has be5 made "h at ! "t ( my visit to %[
 h[ ext5sive ! deposits are4 ,!         
metamorphic rocks ext5d nor? along !    
m\nta9s1 =m+ ! summit & ea/]n slope = a 
numb] ( miles4 ,granite bord]s !m on !  
we/ t[>d ,san ,juan4 ,x is probable t   
?is belt ( m9]al-be>+ rocks runs        
cont9u\sly ?r\gh to ,silv]ado ,caon4 ,at
 "s "t ?is ,els9ore bas9 op5$ out ?r\gh 
! ,temescal ,valley1 b n[ a l[ divide   
sep>ates x f ! head ( ,temescal ,creek4 
,gravel-topp$ hills lie along ! m\nta9s 
we/ ( ! creek4 ,at ! t]ra cotta works a 
drill 0 sunk ov] #fjj feet )\t rea*+ !  
bottom ( ! bas94 ,! ,*5ey ,coal ,m9e is 
locat$ #e miles nor?we/ ( ,els9ore1 9 ! 
same bas94 ,! b$s dip to ! we/ & s\?we/1
 hav+ clay bel[1 & s&/one foll[$ by clay
 above4 ,! coal is #g to #h feet ?ick1  
g5]ally solid1 b 9 places %[+ a p>t+ 9 !

 middle4 ,a great deal ( fault+ has tak5
 place1 b !re seems to be no sy/em ab\t 
x4 ,! ?r[ ( ! faults sometimes am\nts to
 #cj feet1 (t5 di/urb+ ! pit* ( ! ve91 &
 mak+ x great]4 ,! /rata evid5tly belong
 to ! ,mioc5e-,t]ti>y1 = a little f>!r  
d[n ! valley fossils ( t age are f\nd4  
,?is old ,t]ti>y valley1 und\bt$ly an   
arm ( ! sea1 op5$ into ! l>ge valleys ( 
,san ,b]n>d9o & ,los ,angeles ,c\nties1 
& ext5d$ s\!rly to ,temecula2 ?\gh s\? (
 ,els9ore ! ,t]ti>y is cov]$ by         
,quat]n>y gravels4 ,! dep? is unkn[n1 b 
! wid? is q n>r[1 be+ f #a to #b miles4 
,n m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile nor!a/ ( !    
coal m9e ! metamorphic rocks1 qu>tzites1
 & h>d1 blocky argillites outcrop4 ,ea/ 
( ,temescal ,creek nor?w>d ! m\nta9s are
 =m$ ( a qu>tz feldsp> porphyry ( a d>k 
gray color2 at times x bl5ds into       
portions n di/9ctly porphyritic4  ,?ree 
miles nor? ( ! ,san ,diego ,c\nty l9e   
granite appe>s aga9 on ! ea/ flank ( !  
,santa ,ana range & ext5ds nor? to ,cold
 ,wat] ,caon4 ,betwe5 ,temescal ,creek &

 ! m\nta9s is a broad1 slop+ gravel &   
b[ld] deposit ( great ?ickness1 re/+ on 
! ,t]ti>y4 ,two miles s\? ( ! ,temescal 
,po/ ,(fice !re is an outcrop ( s(t     
s&/one c>ry+ ,mioc5e fossils4 ,x dips   
s\?we/ at an angle ( #cj4 ,ext5sive clay
 banks ( v>i\s colors & ne>ly           
horizontally b$d$ lie along ! flanks ( !
 m\nta9s bo? ea/ & we/ ( ! creek4 ,an   
int]e/+ s]ies ( rocks is expos$ up ,cold
 ,wat] ,caon4 ,?is caon has be5 erod$   
ne> ! nor!rn t]m9ation ( ! granitic     
portion ( ! ,santa ,ana ,m\nta9s4 ,!    
fir/ rock expos$ is a micace\s diorite1 
decompos$ to a great dep?1 b v t\gh :5  
fre%4 ,?is is foll[$ by sy5ite4 ,a mile 
up ! caon1 ne> ! we/]n edge ( ?is rock &
 :olly inclos$ 9 x1 is a small mass (   
jasp] s*i/ & a l5ticul> body (          
semi-cry/all9e lime/one4 ,no traces (   
fossils 7 f\nd 9 x4 ,we/ ( ! sy5ite is  
ano!r diorite dike4 ,!n foll[s b&$      
jasp]y rocks1 sometimes v]g+ on micace\s
 felsite or qu>tzites4 ,!re are also "s 
slates1 & all are (t5 greatly contort$2 

/rike nor? to nor!a/4 ,nor? ( ! caon ^! 
rocks ext5d to ! summit1 :ile s\? !     
,santiago ,peak1 ! highe/ ( ! range1 & !
 ridges lead+ up to x f ! ea/1 consi/ ( 
a co>se qu>tzose granite1 ) b little if 
any tricl9ic feldsp>4 ,a v>iety ( dikes 
occur ne> ! summit nor? ( ! caon1 among 
!m hornbl5de porphyry1 porphyritic      
granite1 & sy5ite4 ,fossils 7 f\nd on ! 
ridge lead+ up to ! summit1 nor? ( ,cold
 ,wat] ,caon4 ,!y occur 9 a grayi% rock1
 app>5tly a f9e micace\s felsite4 ,!y   
are poorly pres]v$1 on acc\nt ( !       
extreme degree ( metamorphism to :i* !  
rocks h be5 subject$4 ,! rocks h become 
s alt]$ by pressure t !y w n break on ! 
l9es ( b$d+1 b p]p5dicul> !reto4 ,!     
fossils consi/ ( impressions ( a small  
bivalve %ell4 ,only ab\t a doz5 specim5s
 c\ld be f\nd4 ,! rocks are m alt]$ ?an 
any o!rs ,i h ev] se5 c>ry+ fossils4 ,^!
 are ! fir/ fossils report$ f !         
metamorphic rocks ( ! ,santa ,ana range4
 ,^! fossils :5 det]m9$ w give a clue to
 ! age ( ! metamorphic gold-be>+ rocks (

 ?is portion ( ! ,/ate1 & also ( !      
granite1 conc]n+ :i* mu* div]sity (     
op9ion has exi/$4  ,dawson ,caon1 :i*   
heads 9 ! ,temescal ,m\nta9s1 0 explor$ 
& f\nd to conta9 int]e/+ geological     
features4 ,a f9e opportunity is giv5 = !
 /udy ( ! relation ( ! granite to !     
ext5sive porphyry intrusives4 ,= #b     
miles ea/ ( ,temescal ,creek no         
eruptives appe>2 ! rocks be+ :olly ( !  
,metamorphic ,s]ies1 ) exposures (      
highly alt]$ s&/ones1 clay %ale1        
conglom]ates1 etc41 /rik+ nor?we/ &     
dipp+ s\!a/ at #de to #ej4 ,ab\t #c     
miles up ! caon ! argillace\s rocks are 
replac$ by a co>se granite1 ri* 9 mica &
 qu>tz4 ,?is is ! prevail+ rock up !    
caon = #b miles1 & x app>5tly ext5ds mu*
 f>!r ea/4 ,x %[s a great v>iation 9    
appe>ance2 mu* ( x conta9s l>ge cry/als 
( fle%-color$ or?oclase4 ,9 ?is granite1
 p>ticul>ly on ! nor? side ( ! caon1 !re
 are dikes ( _m k9ds ( rocks4 ,l>ge     
dikes ( beautiful diorite porphyrites1  
bo? light & d>k color$1 appe> 9 places4 

,at "o spot #d miles f ! m\? ( ! caon1  
!re are rectil9e> dikes ( f9e-gra9$     
granite1 int]sect+ ea* o!r l artificial 
/one f5ces4 ,= ! di/ance ( a mile ea/1  
aft] ! granite beg9s 9 ! caon1 ! hills  
nor? %[ no?+ b metamorphic s*i/s4 ,!    
porphyry 9 ! m\nta9s s\? does n rea* !  
caon4 ,! great mass ( ?is rock is d>k1 b
 9 ! vic9ity ( ! granite x is light]    
color$ & m feldspa?ic1 sometimes assum+ 
a granitic /ructure4 ,9 places x is a   
gray1 h>d rock1 ( almo/ con*oidal       
fracture1 & fa9t feldsp> cry/als4 ,!    
granite ne> ! contact is usually %>ply  
def9$1 & has a fa9tly porphyritic       
appe>ance at times4 ,! l9e ( junction ( 
! two =mations is %>ply def9$1 n only   
li?ologically1 b physically4 ,x is      
difficult to say :i* is ! old]4 ,no     
granite appe>s 9 dikes 9 ! porphyry1 b  
!re are _m dikes ( a porphyry-l         
appe>ance1 resembl+ ! light-color$      
porphyry 9 ! granite itself4 ,! l9e (   
junction is v irregul>1 & x is c]ta9 t !
 two =mations d n belong to ! same      

eruptive mass4  ,ea/ ( ! head ( ,dawson 
,caon !re is ano!r outcrop ( consid]able
 ext5t ( metamorphic rock1 micace\s     
felsites1 & o!r d>k s*i/s4 ,a mile we/ (
 ! ,gavilan ,m9es is a high conical peak
 =m$ ( co>se1 d>k diabase4 ,! m9es ( ?is
 di/rict are 9 :ite biotite granite1    
cont9u\s ) t ( ! ,p9acate di/rict4 ,!   
metamorphic rocks s\? ( ,dawson ,caon   
/rike ea/ & we/1 dip nor?1 & ext5d 9 a  
we/]ly direction ne>ly to ,temescal ,po/
 ,(fice4 ,nor? ( ! caon1 #b miles f its 
m\?1 !re are a numb] ( outcrops 9 ve9-l 
=ms & 9 bun*es1 ( a black cry/all9e     
mat]ial1 evid5tly t\rmal9e1 id5tical ) t
 at ! ,temescal ,m9e4 ,^! occur 9 !     
metamorphic s&/one & %ales4 ,! next l>ge
 caon 9 ! ,santa ,ana range nor? ( ,cold
 ,wat] ,caon %[s highly di/urb$ ,t]ti>y 
/rata at its m\?1 dipp+ away f ! range  
at a high angle4 ,!y are s(t1 :ite      
clayey deposits1 conta9+ small nodules (
 sel5ite4 ,! fir/ ( ! old] rocks expos$ 
9 ! caon is a hornbl5de porphyry1 )     
v>iations to a granul> diorite4 ,= #c   

miles up ! caon ! only rocks se5 are    
cru%$ & silicifi$ ones ( ! ,metamorphic 
,s]ies4 ,!y dip1 z a usual ?+1 at a high
 angle to ! ea/1 ?\gh 9 spots x is to ! 
we/ or horizontal4 ,qu>tzose s&/ones    
prevail1 ) blocky argillitic rocks &    
conglom]ates4 ,ne> ! summit !re are     
dikes ( gre5 tuface\s porphyries4       
,temescal ,valley is und]laid by clays (
 a great v>iety ( colors4 ,!y are be+   
us$ v ext5sively = ! co>s] k9ds ( pott]y
 & dra9 pipe4 ,! ,mioc5e deposits ( !   
valley dip we/w>d f ! ,temescal range1 &
 in/ead ( also dipp+ away f ! ,santa    
,ana ,m\nta9s bas9-l1 !y dip we/ into ! 
latt] range4 ,! dip ( ^! b$s #c miles   
s\? ( ,s\? ,riv]side is #e to #aj       
s\?we/1 & z ! ,santa ,ana ,m\nta9s are  
approa*$ ! dip increases1 & at a di/ance
 ( a f\r? ( a mile1 up to !             
metamorphics1 x v>ies f #de to v]tical4 
,! /rata are n expos$ all ! di/ance     
across ! valley1 b !re is no sign ( a   
fold or ov]?r[2 ev]y?+ seems to po9t to 
a gradually increas+ dip4 ,?is is       

indicative ( an elevation ( ! region    
t[>d ,temescal1 or a s9k+ ( ! ,santa    
,ana ,m\nta9s4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! fault
 l9e :i* foll[s ! range = su* a long    
di/ance s\?4 ,sev]al ?9 seams ( coal    
outcrop = a di/ance ( #aj miles along ! 
base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!y h be5 op5$ 9 a    
numb] ( places & all ! /rata f\nd dipp+ 
into ! m\nta9s4 ,! coal seams are (t5   
only a few hundr$ feet away f !         
metamorphics1 & dip t[>d !m at a v      
regul> angle ( #de4 ,judg+ f ! position 
( ! /rata x is n probable t ! coal      
und]lies ! valley1 & z x is s close to !
 m\nta9s1 =m$ :olly ( rocks ( !         
,metamorphic ,s]ies1 x _c be ( great    
ext5t4 ,i believe t appe>ances po9t to !
 :ole ( ! coal b$s hav+ be5 erod$1 save 
! limit$1 /eeply incl9$ portion at !    
foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,a cr[d+ ( ! /rata    
aga9/ ! m\nta9s dur+ ! movem5ts along ! 
fault l9e1 h giv5 rise to ! /eep dip4 ,!
 highe/ portion ( ! ,t]ti>y b$s has an  
elevation ( #a1ejj feet4 ,a v ev51 g5tly
 slop+ pla9 ext5ds f ?is elevation t[>d 

,s\? ,riv]side4 ,x is =m$ (             
unconsolidat$ wa% f ! m\nta9s1 deposit$ 
on & dipp+ 9 ! opposite direction f !   
,t]ti>y4 ,! ,t]ti>y =mation consi/s (   
clays 9 v>i\s conditions (              
consolidation1 o!rs *alky 9 appe>ance1 &
 a great ?ickness ( argillace\s qu>tz-s&
 loosely cem5t$4 ,poorly pres]v$ fossils
 are f\nd 9 places4 ,ne> ! s\!a/]n corn]
 ( ,mr4 ,hoag's ran* is a hill ) h>d5$  
concretion>y s&/one outcropp+ ar\nd x4  
,ne>ly e portion ( ?is conta9s fragm5ts 
( bones suppos$ to be cetacean4         
,artesian wells are obta9$ ne> ,temescal
 ,po/ ,(fice at a dep? ( #cjj feet4 ,!  
wat] is abundant & ( excell5t quality1 &
 is flum$ to ,s\? ,riv]side4  ,bun*es ( 
granite outcrop 9 ! metamorphic rocks   
along ! ea/ side ( ,temescal ,creek nor?
 ( ,dawson ,caon4 ,at ! dam ( ! ,san    
,jac9to ,company !re is a l>ge outcrop (
 ! beautiful diorite porphyrite1 simil> 
to t se5 9 ,dawson ,caon4 ,?is ext5ds   
nor?we/]ly along ,temescal ,creek t[>d  
,s\? ,riv]side1 :]e x is qu>ri$4 ,x     

makes an excell5t & durable build+ /one1
 be+ compact & free f mu* mica or       
hornbl5de4 ,we/ ( ?is is a n>r[ /rip (  
co>se granite1 foll[$ by diabase4 ,nor? 
( ,mr4 ,hoag's ran*1 & we/ ( ! dam1 is a
 dike ( black porphyry4 ,we/w>d !       
cry/all9e rocks are ov]laid by !        
,t]ti>y4  ,! dam comm5c$ across !       
,temescal ,creek at ?is po9t1 :]e x     
ent]s ! caon1 0 int5d$ to h be5 ext5d$  
d[n to ! b$rock1 & ?us br+ to ! surface 
! wat] :i* fl[$ b5ea? ! surface *annel4 
,! diorite porphyrite is foll[$ on ! ea/
 by black porphyry4  ,geology ( !       
,temescal ,t9 ,di/rict4--,! ,temescal   
,t9 ,m9e is locat$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( !    
,san ,jac9to grant1 & ab\t #e miles     
s\!a/ ( ,s\? ,riv]side4 ,?is portion ( !
 grant consi/s ( roll+ hills4 ,on ! we/ 
is a l>ge body ( porphyry1 ext5d+ ne>ly 
to ! ,temescal ,creek4  ,! fir/ rock    
expos$ along ! road to ! m9e ea/ ( !    
creek is a d>k fl9ty "o4 ,?is is foll[$ 
by a body ( black porphyry1 ) :ite      
feldsp> cry/als4 ,! porphyry is ab\t a  

mile across1 & is foll[$ on ! ea/ by    
massive black cry/all9e rock1 & t by a  
felsite4 ,^! rocks are soon replac$ by  
granite1 9 :i* !re are dikes (          
f9e-gra9$1 highly qu>tzose granite4     
,little black ve9lets ( t\rmal9e        
aggregates are v num]\s 9 ! granite1    
ext5d+ ?r\gh all ! rock up to !         
porphyry4 ,!y h a nor!a/ direction4 ,!  
mat]ial =m+ !m is ! same z ! gangue ( ! 
t9 ve9s4 ,a half mile s\? ( ! road is a 
caon4 ,"h ! porphyry is se5 ext5d+ up to
 ! granite4 ,! granite is greatly brok5 
ne> ! contact1 & ?\gh !re is no bl5d+ ( 
"o into ! o!r1 !re is a confus$ mixture 
( brok5 portions ( bo? rocks4 ,bun*es & 
dike-l bodies ( granite are inclos$ 9 ! 
porphyry4 ,! little ve9lets ( t\rmal9e  
seem to h replac$ ! feldsp> & mica1     
leav+ ! qu>tz4 ,^! ve9s gr[ l>g] t[>d   
,cajalco ,hill4 ,j we/ ( ! works is a   
great mass ( ! black ve9/one1 ! gangue (
 ! t9 ore4 ,?is rises 9 high1 rugg$     
cropp+s1 & cov]s an area ( ab\t #cjj by 
#bej feet4 ,?is is ! greate/ body ( ve9 

matt] to be se5 9 ! di/rict4 ,! t9      
deposit work$ lies 9 an ea/]n           
prolongation ( ?is cropp+4 ,! c\rse ( ! 
ve9s is nor? #de ea/1 dip #fe to #gj    
nor?we/4 ,! c\ntry rock is a co>se      
hornbl5dic biotite granite4 ,! ve9 has !
 usual "* ( m9]al deposits1 swell+ at   
times to a wid? ( #h feet1 & !n         
contract+ to mu* less4 ,! highe/ grade  
ore is f\nd 9 ! n>r[] portions1 :]e x is
 sometimes almo/ pure t9 oxide1 runn+ z 
high z #gj p] c5t4 ,! ve9 matt] does n  
consi/ :olly ( t\rmal9e1 b conta9s qu>tz
 gra9s scatt]$ ?r\gh x 9 ab\t ! same    
proportion z 9 ! granite4 ,! t9 is n    
f\nd 9 ! qu>tzose "p ( ! gangue to any  
ext5t1 b 9 ! irregul> ve9-l deposits (  
pure t\rmal9e1 :i* lie 9 ! qu>tzose     
gangue4 ,! t9 occurs 9 ?is 9 bun*es &   
/r+]s ( ne>ly pure ore1 or dissem9at$   
?r\gh x4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case :]e !
 wid? ( ! ve9 is #f to #h feet4 ,:]e x  
p9*es1 ! :ole ve9 is sometimes =m$ ( !  
t\rmal9e aggregate & t9 ore4 ,! ve9 has 
usually clay seams on bo? walls2        

sometimes x is froz5 to "o wall2 :]ev] !
 walls come toge!r & cut out ! ve9      
matt]1 ! seams rema94 ,! t\rmal9e ve9   
matt] is an aggregate ( ne$le-l cry/als4
 ,!re are two v>ieties ( t9 ore3 !      
yell[1 appe>+ 9 ?9 lay]s 9 an           
uncry/all9e =m2 ! br[n1 9 granul> =m 9 !
 massive specim5s1 or 9 small1 cle>1    
r$di% br[n cry/als l9+ cavities4 ,9 !   
latt] case x =ms h&some specim5s4 ,a    
small am\nt ( ars5ical pyrites is pres5t
 9 places 9 ! ve91 & iron pyrites 9 !   
granite4 ,! qu>tzose portion ( ! ve9    
matt] (t5 bl5ds into ! granite walls1 & 
!re are bodies ( evid5tly granitic orig9
 :olly inclos$ 9 ! ve9 matt]4 ,a c>eful 
/udy ( ! ve9 matt]1 & its relation to ! 
walls1 %[s t x is simply a portion ( !  
granite1 9 :i* ! feldsp> & d>k          
silicates1 hornbl5de1 & mica h be5      
remov$ & t\rmal9e sub/itut$4 ,! qu>tz   
has ! same "* & color z t 9 ! granite1 &
 _m transition /ages 9 ! process are    
%[n4 ,:]e ! action has be5 m int5se1 ne>
 & along ! fissures1 ! qu>tz has be5    

:olly remov$ & ! t\rmal9e deposit$1     
toge!r ) ! t94 ,cajalco 0 ! c5t] ( ?is  
action4 ,! ve9s decrease 9 size f>!r    
away4  ,at ! "t ( my visit ! m9e _h be5 
op5$ to a dep? ( #ahj feet1 by two work+
 %afts4 ,! total l5g? op5$ on ! ve9 is  
#cjj feet4 ,two levels h be5 run & "w 0 
9 progress on ! ?ird4 ,! ma9 ore body   
lies 9 ! c5t] ( ! work+s1 & ext5ds      
d[nw>d 9 ! dip ( ! ve9s4 ,! ore mill$   
av]ag$ #e p] c5t ( t9 oxide1 ?\gh l>ge  
portions1 z be=e /at$1 are v high grade4
 ,! company has also prospect$ ,cajalco 
,hill by tunnel & op5 cuts1 & "o or m ( 
! ve9s s\? by %afts4 ,at ! "t ( my visit
 two ( ,husb&'s pneumatic /amps 7 9     
op]ation4 ,!y weigh #ijj p\nds ea*1 &   
drop "o hundr$ & ?irty-five times p]    
m9ute4  ,s\? & s\!a/ ( ! works are _m   
bun*y ve9s ( ! black t9 gangue4 ,!y (t5 
c>ry consid]able iron4 ,!y ext5d1       
g5]ally ne>ly p>allel1 9 a nor!a/ &     
s\?we/ direction4 ,"s appe> z m]e bun*es
 on ! surface4 ,^! ve9s closely resemble
 ! ma9 ve9 at ,cajalco ,hill1 & are due 

to ! same action1 & x has be5 suppos$ t 
_m ( !m w be f\nd to c>ry t91 ?\gh x is 
n pres5t on ! surface4 ,ab\t #b miles   
s\? ! granite is replac$ by a b&$       
feldsp> porphyry4 ,?is cuts (f !        
t\rmal9e ve9s4 ,! granite ab\t ! works1 
& especially t[>d ! contact ) !         
porphyry1 is cut by _m dikes ( a        
f9e-gra9$ granite1 hav+ an excess (     
qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,associat$ ) ! porphyry
 are /rata ( metamorphic rocks1 ( a h>d1
 d>k1 qu>tzose "*4 ,a qu>t] ( a mile    
nor?we/ ( ! m9e is a bun*-l outcrop (   
porphyry1 c>ry+ silv] & copp] c>bonate4 
,! black ve9s outcrop = a di/ance ( #b  
miles nor?we/ f ! m9e1 ext5d+ into !    
porphyry1 :i* replaces ! granite 9 t    
direction4 ,! granite ext5ds ea/w>d = _m
 miles4  ,! g5]al geological features   
:i* obta9 "h are3 ,a semi-circul> area (
 granite ov] #b miles 9 diamet]1        
surr\nd$ on ! nor?we/ & s\? by          
porphyries & jo9$ on ! ea/ to a great   
body ( granitic rocks ext5d+ indef9itely
 9 t direction4 ,ar\nd ! bord] ( ?is    

granite protub]ance are _m dikes ( a    
f9e-gra9$ granite4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh !       
granite 9 a nor!a/ & s\?we/ direction   
are ! black t\rmal9e ve9s1 :i* =m !     
gangue ( ! t9 ore :5 x is pres5t4  ,t9  
occurs "h "u conditions diff]5t f any   
o!r kn[n deposit4 ,t9 ve9s are almo/    
always f\nd 9 granitic =mations1 b su*  
an ext5sively develop$ t\rmal9e ve9/one 
is rem>kable4 ,! direction ( ! fissure  
sy/em %[n "h is an uncommon "o 9        
,cali=nia4 ,! ve9/one1 toge!r ) !       
associat$ metals1 has probably result$ f
 a process ( sublimation along l9es (   
fracture1 remov+ ^? portions ( ! granite
 easily affect$1 ov] a l>ge area1 z at  
,cajalco ,hill1 & 9 ! imm$iate contact  
completely replac+ x ) ! massive        
aggregate ( m9ute t\rmal9e cry/als4     
,?anks are due to ! manag]1 ,capta9     
,h>ris1 = ! facility freely af=d$ me =  
exam9+ ! m9e1 ! works1 & ! c\ntry ab\t4 
,nor? ( ,s\? ,riv]side ! ,t]ti>y b$s dip
 at a small angle to ! nor?4 ,! ,santa  
,ana ,riv] has cut its c\rse ?r\gh !    

hills at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,santa ,ana   
,m\nta9s4 ,no outcrop ( ! metamorphic   
rocks appe>s 9 ! caon4 ,! ,t]ti>y /rata 
no long] dip t[>d ! we/1 b 9 ! ,*9o     
hills nor? ( ! riv] %[ a great anticl9al
 ar*4 ,along ! s\? side ( ! riv] ! b$s  
dip #gj nor!a/2 f>!r we/1 ne> ! he>t ( !
 range1 !y dip #fj s\?we/1 /rike nor?   
#cj we/4 ,ne> ! upp] end ( ! caon !re   
are fault l9es dipp+ t[>d ! range1 :i*  
%[ an elevation ( ! hang+ wall4 ,b$rock 
,caon is ! fir/ l>ge "o :i* op5s to !   
,santa ,ana ,riv] f ! we/]n slope ( !   
m\nta9s4 ,opposite ! m\? ( ?is caon !   
greate/ am\nt ( wat] appe>s 9 ! b$ ( !  
riv]1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( h>d rock only
 a little di/ance bel[4 ,coal ve9s are  
locat$ ne> ! head ( ?is caon1 "o #gjj1 !
 o!r "o #a1cjj feet above ! riv]4 ,!y   
dip only a few degrees to ! s\?we/4 ,!y 
are expos$ on cliffs fac+ ! m\nta9s to !
 nor!a/4 ,bel[ !m are v h>d s&/ones     
c>ry+ fossils1 probably ,cretace\s4 ,"o 
prospect %[s a numb] ( seams )9 a wid? (
 #h feet4 ,! wide/ is #bi in*es1 ! o!rs 

mu* small]4 ,! o!r prospects %[ only "o 
#ci-;in* seam4 ,_! position1 ly+ s flat 
high on ! m\nta9s1 indicates an uplift  
)\t great di/urbance1 :ile ! gypsum m9es
 f>!r d[n on ! flank ( ! m\nta9s dip at 
a high angle to ! s\!a/4 ,x may be t all
 ( ! coal deposits ( ! we/]n slope ( !  
,santa ,ana ,m\nta9s belong to !        
,cretace\s1 & h be5 greatly sep>at$ by  
fault+ & fold+4 ,a deposit ( :ite1      
granul> gypsum has be5 op5$ 9 ,gypsum   
,caon1 #b miles s\? ( ! riv]4 ,! b$s h a
 ?ickness ( #h or #aj feet4 ,at "o spot 
a l>ge mass ( cry/all9e dolomite 0 f\nd4
 ,! deposits run ) ! /rata1 nor? & s\?1 
& dip we/ #fj4 ,z we approa* ,olive1 !  
few cropp+s se5 /ill dip s\? or s\?we/1 
b at a less angle4 ,s\? ( ! m\? (       
,silv]ado ,caon a l9e ( hills ext5ds    
nor? & s\?1 bord]+ ! ,santa ,ana ,pla94 
,! we/]n portion ( ^! hills is =m$ (    
basalt consid]ably decompos$4 ,! basalt 
v>ies f scoriace\s to f9e-gra9$ &       
compact4 ,its ea/]n edge 0 se5 to re/ on
 ,mioc5e s&/ones1 & x dips we/ at a     

small angle1 p]haps #aj4 ,! lava seems  
to h be5 squeez$ up 9 fissures1 judg+ f 
! way 9 :i* x outcrops4 ,its greate/    
elevation is #hjj feet4 ,at "s places ! 
s&/ones1 :]e n cov]$ ) lava1 h be5      
silicifi$1 turn$ to qu>tzite1 or r5d]$  
granitic 9 appe>ance4 ,?is may be due to
 an intrusive neck ( lava1 or m probably
 to ! action ( !rmal spr+s4  ,an int]e/+
 fold ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata 0 obs]v$ at !   
entrance ( ,santiago ,caon4 ,! s&/ones &
 conglom]ates on ! ea/]n side dip to !  
nor!a/ at an angle ( #cj1 :ile ^? on !  
we/ side dip 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! 
valley has be5 erod$ 9 ! summit ( an    
anticl9al4 ,! rocks ( ! ea/]n side rise 
aga9 aga9/ ! side ( ! m\nta9s1 ?us =m+ a
 syncl9al4 ,up ! caon ! s&/ones on ! we/
 ma9ta9 a s\?we/ dip ( #de to #ej1 &    
/rike nor? #dj we/4 ,! caon f9ally      
leaves ! anticl9al1 & ! rocks dip s\?we/
 on bo? sides4 ,t[>d ! summit ( ! hill1 
nor? ( ! ,h>ris ,coal ,m9e1 ! dip       
increases to #gj1 b on ! top !y turn s t
 ! /rata lie horizontal4 ,"h !y consi/ (

 clay %ale4 ,! /rata at ! coal m9e sw+  
ar\nd1 & "o mile nor!a/ !y /rike nor? & 
s\? & dip we/4 ,?is hill seems to =m !  
s\!rn t]m9ation ( ! anticl9al ridge nor?
 ( ,santiago ,caon4 ,s\!a/ ( ?is po9t   
!re is a simple monocl9al fold or slope 
away f ! old] rocks ( ! high m\nta9s4   
,!re has app>5tly be5 a fault ext5d+    
nor?we/ 9 ?is anticl9al ridge1 br++ up !
 clay %ales :i* f>!r s\? 7 %[n to belong
 to ! ,cretace\s4 ,h>ris ,coal ,m9e %[s 
a seam #ah in*es wide1 %ale =m+ ! foot  
wall & s&/one ! upp]4 ,!re is a fault ( 
#bjj feet cutt+ ?is coal seam4 ,! s&/one
 at ! m\? ( ,silv]ado ,caon dips s\?    
#cj1 =m+ bold cliffs4 ,a half mile up ! 
caon !re are heavy b$s ( clay %ale      
inclos$ 9 ! s&/one4 ,cretace\s fossils  
appe> 9 ! %ales1 z well z 9 a co>se     
s&/one :i* und]lies !m4 ,?is s&/one is  
replac$ by conglom]ates ne> ! contact ) 
! und]ly+ ,metamorphic ,s]ies4 ,! s&/one
 rises to a height ( #b1ejj feet1 )     
bold1 almo/ p]p5dicul> cliffs fac+ !    
m\nta9s4 ,portions ( ! s&/one conta9+ ! 

fossils are (t5 v mu* h>d5$4  ,! fir/   
cry/all9e rocks met are d>k & f9e gra9$1
 ) traces ( b[ld]-l inclusions1 & are   
evid5tly eruptive tuffs4 ,above ^! are  
gre51 dioritic rocks4 ,^! intrusives are
 foll[$ = sev]al miles by s&/one & %ale1
 9 :i* ! /ratification is (t5 oblit]at$4
 ,9 o!r places ?9 lay]s ( s&/one & %ale 
are wond]fully contort$4 ,! dip is at a 
high angle ei!r ea/ or we/4 ,9 ! vic9ity
 ( ! old ,silv]ado ,camp !re are dikes &
 bun*es ( a gre5 dioritic rock4 ,! m9es 
9 ! ,silv]ado di/rict are aga9 be+      
develop$ to "s ext5t4 ,! m9]al belt is  
ab\t #b miles wide1 & ext5ds ne>ly nor? 
& s\?4 ,! c\ntry is =m$ to a great ext5t
 ( dikes ( gre5i% to blacki% rocks1 (t5 
%[+ di/9ct hornbl5de cry/als4 ,! dip ( !
 metamorphic rocks is ea/ ab\t #de4 ,!re
 is "o ma9 m9]al ve9 locat$1 beg9n+ ab\t
 a mile nor? ( ,silv]ado1 & ext5d+ 9 a  
s\!rly direction = #g or #h miles4 ,!   
,qu9cy ,m9e is "o ( ! mo/ nor!rn ones4  
,! ve9 has a wid? ( #b feet2 ! ore1     
silv]-be>+ gal5a 9 a calcite gangue4 ,x 

c>ries b little base metal ( any k9d4 ,!
 ore has a peculi> appe>ance1 ! gal5a   
be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! gangue 9 little   
leafy cry/als or aggregates4 ,! fissure 
is well def9$ & regul>1 ) a pale gre5   
sy5itic rock on ! hang+ wall1 & a d>k   
diorite on ! foot wall4 ,?is hang+ wall 
rock wea!rs to a light gray color1      
produc+ a rock kn[n z porphyry among !  
m9]s4 ,s\? ( ?is m9e a side ve9 c>ries  
mu* antimony4 ,! ,qu9cy has be5 op5$    
along a l5g? ( #ejj feet4 ,! ore is q   
uni=m1 produc+ "o eigh? 9 conc5trates4  
,! ,qu9cy camp has an elevation ( #b1cjj
 feet4 ,s\? ( ,silv]ado ,caon1 9 ,silv] 
& ,p9e ,caons1 a great am\nt ( "w 0 done
 dur+ ! =m] excitem5t4 ,! sides ( !     
/eep1 rocky caons are fairly honey-comb$
 ) tunnels1 :i* 7 und]tak5 )\t suffici5t
 prospect+1 &1 ( c\rse1 nev] /ruck      
any?+4 ,! ,new ,york ,m9e sp5t mu*      
money1 b did n prove a success4 ,we/ is 
! ,pr9cess1 & f>!r /ill1 ab\t #a1bjj    
feet above ! caon1 is ! ,blue ,light    
,m9e1 on :i* mu* "w has be5 done & ri*  

ore tak5 out4 ,! m9es s\? ( ! caon are 9
 a feldspa?ic rock1 :i* wea!rs :ite4 ,x 
is und\bt$ly an intrusive porphyry1 =   
traces ( feldsp> cry/als are to be se54 
,! m9es are *>act]iz$ by a l>ge am\nt ( 
z9c-bl5de1 iron pyrites1 & n a l>ge     
p]c5tage ( lead1 mak+ !m m difficult to 
r$uce4 ,! porphyry is m9]aliz$ 9 _m     
places :]e no traces ( ! preci\s metals 
occur4 ,litigation & poor managem5t seem
 to be ! *ief factors 9 /opp+ "w 9 ?is  
di/rict4 ,?\gh "s ( ! ore runs into     
hundr$s ( doll>s to ! ton1 ! mo/ ( x is 
m$ium to l[ grade4  ,ab\t a mile & a    
half d[n ! caon f ! old ,silv] ,po/     
,(fice1 & 9 a caon com+ 9 f ! s\?1 is a 
cropp+ ( d>k1 some:at argillace\s       
lime/one inclos$ 9 %ales4 ,! lime/one   
does n seem to h be5 highly             
metamorphos$1 yet ! fossils :i* x       
conta9s are almo/ oblit]at$4 ,! fa9t    
impressions are ^? ( coral /ems1        
/romatopora1 & "s o!r l[ =ms ( life4    
,half a mile f>!r d[n ! caon is a cropp+
 ( brecciat$ m>ble4 ,at _m po9ts1       

p>ticul>ly on ! nor? side ( ! caon1 !re 
are great masses ( app>5tly conglom]itic
 "*1 b ) a cry/all9e /ructure4 ,! matrix
 has a gre5 to br[n color1 & 9 x are    
imb$d$ pebbles ( ! same degree ( f95ess1
 b (t5 di/+ui%$ by mu* bright] r$1      
purple1 & gre5 colors4 ,9 ?is caon1 z 9 
o!rs ( ?is range1 ! wat] holds mu* lime 
9 solution1 & ext5sive tufas are        
frequ5tly to be se54 ,! basal memb]s ( !
 ,cretace\s at ! m\? ( ,silv]ado ,caon  
consi/ ( conglom]ates pass+ up into     
s&/one1 & ^? into %ales2 dip #ee away f 
! m\nta9s 9 ! highe/ ridge1 b 9 ! c\rse 
( a qu>t] ( a mile becom+ mu* less4 ,!  
*ange 9 dip is v %>p1 giv+ ! appe>ance (
 a fault4  ,a caon :i* ent]s ,silv]ado  
,caon f ! nor!a/ ne> its m\? 0 foll[$ up
 ne>ly to its head = ! purpose (        
inve/igat+ "s lime/one outcrops4 ,! fir/
 outcrop 9 ?is caon is ! usual d>k      
porphyry4 ,beyond ?is ! /ream has cut a 
deep caon ?r\gh an imm5se conglom]ate ( 
porphyritic & qu>tzose pebbles4 ,!      
porphyritic pebbles are dioritic & "p r$

 & black porphyries4 ,"s ( !m are simil>
 to dikes f>!r up ! m\nta9s4 ,?r\gh ?is 
great conglom]ate b$ !re are dikes (    
black porphyry1 ) pale feldsp>4         
,tuface\s porphyries =m a l>ge "p ( ^!  
dikes4 ,! base is purple & ! pebbles    
light gre51 or ! rev]se4 ,^!            
conglom]itic porphyries diff] f ! great 
b$s ( s$im5t>y orig91 9 hav+ all !      
pebbles ( a uni=m "* ) a cry/all9e      
matrix4 ,! s$im5t>y b$s conta9 pebbles (
 all sizes & description1 9 a matrix (  
small pebbles or co>se s&4 ,f>!r up !   
caon ! great body ( ! rock is cru%$ %ale
 & black to gray s&/one2 dip v]tical1   
incl9+ mo/ g5]ally to ! ea/1 /rike nor? 
& s\?4 ,two miles up ! caon is a dike ( 
diorite porphyrite1 co>se 9 ! middle &  
f9e on ! edges4 ,f\r miles up is a      
/ratum ( gray lime/one4 ,m outcrops     
appe> on ! nor? side ( ! caon1 b :e!r !y
 belong to ! same /ratum or diff]5t _c  
be told1 on acc\nt ( ! cru%+ und]gone4  
,^! deposits are bun*y1 swell+ 9 "o case
 to a wid? ( #ajj feet4 ,x is n         

cry/all9e4 ,! color is f black to gray4 
,x conta9s f9e specim5s ( a bivalve     
%ell1 & fa9t traces ( corals & univalve 
%ells4 ,^! b$s are said to ext5d to !   
summit1 & und\bt$ly fur!r exam9ation    
w\ld reveal m fossils4 ,sev]al specim5s 
7 s5t to ! ,national ,museum & pron\nc$ 
,c>bonif]\s 9 age4 ,we h "h1 !n1 ! fir/ 
ann\ncem5t ( ! age ( ! ,santa ,ana      
range4 ,?is range /&s 9 su* intimate    
relation to ! granite & cry/all9e s*i/s 
f>!r s\?1 t an approximate det]m9ation (
 ! latt] is made possible4 ,pr(essor    
,:itney & o!rs foll[+ him h classifi$   
?is range z ,cretace\s4 ,_! gr\nds are  
utt]ly unt5able /ratigraphically1 b ?is 
discov]y ( ,c>bonif]\s fossils makes !  
evid5ce ( great] age c]ta94  ,on ! ea/]n
 side ( ! range1 ne> its nor!rn end1 !  
s&/ones 7 obs]v$ to be silicifi$1 be+   
fill$ ) a network ( qu>tz ve9lets1      
exactly simil> to ! silicification ( !  
metamorphic rocks ( ! ,coa/ ,range      
prop]4  ,! l[e/ ,cretace\s b$s are      
betwe5 ,silv]ado & ,williams ,caons1 b !

 fossils are v simil> to ^? g5]ally f\nd
 ?r\gh ! ,cretace\s ( ?is region4 ,!    
l[e/ b$s are a duplicate ( ^? se5 at !  
m\? ( ! ,silv]ado ,caon1 ?\gh app>5tly a
 ?\s& feet l[] 9 ! s]ies4 ,betwe5 ! two 
b$s !re is ano!r conglom]ate /ratum1    
c>ry+ b[ld]s diff]5t f any se5 9 !      
,santa ,ana ,m\nta9s4 ,_m ( ! porphyry  
b[ld]s 9 ! basal ,cretace\s conglom]ates
 resemble ! porphyry ab\t ,temescal4 ,! 
,santa ,cl>a ,coal ,m9e1 at ! m\? (     
,silv]ado ,caon1 is und\bt$ly 9 /rata ( 
,cretace\s age1 ?\gh no fossils are f\nd
 9 ! /rata above till ! ,mioc5e is      
rea*$4 ,up ! ,santiago ,caon z f> z     
,madame ,modjeska's place1 ! fossils are
 *iefly conf9$ to ! ea/]n side ( ! caon1
 b ! "*1 dip1 & /rike ( ! /rata on bo?  
sides are ! same4 ,! ,cretace\s is      
sep>at$ f ! metamorphics by a l9e (     
cross caons4 ,! highe/ portions ( !     
,cretace\s t]m9ate 9 a l9e ( hills ) %>p
 ea/]n esc>pm5ts4  ,%rewsbury ,caon     
comes 9 j bel[ ,modjeska's4 ,aft] pass+ 
! ,cretace\s1 ?r\gh :i* ! caon has cut1 

! ,metamorphic ,s]ies 0 se5 to consi/ ( 
slates & s&/ones1 foll[$ by light-color$
 granitic rocks1 *iefly hornbl5de &     
tricl9ic feldsp>4 ,! metamorphic rocks  
g5]ally dip to ! ea/4  ,a mile above    
,modjeska's ! ,santiago ,caon cuts ?r\gh
 bold cliffs ( ,cretace\s s&/ones &     
conglom]ates1 & high] up /ill has erod$ 
a caon 9 ! ,metamorphic ,s]ies4 ,!      
cliffs1 a little back f ! /ream1 rise   
probably #a1jjj feet4 ,s&/one belong+ to
 ! ,metamorphic ,s]ies outcrops 9 ! caon
 = "s di/ance1 & is foll[$ by           
conglom]itic porphyries1 conta9+ purple 
& r$ b[ld]s4 ,9 "s places ! inclusions  
are angul>4 ,^! rocks are ext5sively    
develop$ ab\t ! ,santiago ,m9es & high] 
up 9 ! m\nta9s4  ,j bel[ ! ,alma ,m9e1  
on its we/]n side1 ! creek has cut ?r\gh
 dikes ( diorite1 :i* are co>se 9 ! c5t]
 & f9e on ! edges4 ,on ! hill s\? ( !   
,alma ,m9e ! diorite is on ! opposite or
 ea/]n side ( ! ve94 ,al?\gh ! exposures
 are poor1 all ! cry/all9e rocks h ! "* 
( intrusives4 ,no bl5d+ into !          

metamorphic rocks has be5 notic$4 ,ab\t 
#c miles up ,%rewsbury ,caon sev]al     
claims are locat$ on ! s\!rn cont9uation
 ( ! ve9s ( ! ,silv]ado di/rict4 ,ne> ! 
head ( ,santiago ,caon ^! aga9 appe>    
well def9$1 & consid]able active "w 0   
go+ on "h at ! "t ( my visit4 ,! ve9s "h
 h a direction a little ea/ ( s\?1 dipp+
 to ! ea/ some:at less ?an #de4 ,x      
appe>s t ! m9]al belt foll[s a c]ta9    
l9e1 g5]ally q regul>1 )\t any p>ticul> 
ref]5ce to ! dikes & bun*es ( intrusives
 scatt]$ irregul>ly "h & !re4 ,! fissure
 sy/em has tak5 a comp>atively regul>   
l9e & ! walls may or may n be intrusive4
 ,! ,alma ,m9e1 ! nor!rn claim ( !      
,santiago ,silv] ,m9+ ,company1 has be5 
work$ by ! =m] op]ators 9 a v irregul>  
mann]4 ,! ve9s & /r+]s z f> z expos$ lie
 :olly 9 ! cru%$ qu>tzose argillites4 ,a
 tunnel is n[ be+ run to op5 :at is     
suppos$ to be ! ma9 ve91 sev]al hundr$  
feet f>!r ea/1 & :i* has sy5ite on !    
hang+ wall4 ,o!r tunnels are be+ run    
along ! creek1 "o ne> a body ( granitoid

 rocks1 o!rs 9 slate or qu>tzite4 ,! ore
 is a leafy gal5a1 arrang$ (t5 9 n>r[   
b&s ) ! cry/all9e ori5tation diff]5t 9  
alt]nat+ b&s4 ,sometimes x occurs 9 ! =m
 ( l>ge solid bun*es4 ,?us f> ! ore     
deposits h be5 f\nd q irregul>1 b x is  
?\ght t ! ma9 body has n yet be5 rea*$4 
,v little base metal is pres5t4 ,s\?1 on
 ! hill1 ! ,morr[ claims h be5 bond$ by 
! same company & are be+ op5$4 ,on !    
summit ( ! hill diorite lies on ! ea/]n 
side ( ! ve9s4 ,d[n ! s\!rn slope ! ve9s
 lie :olly 9 metamorphic rocks2 ! foot  
wall be+ m silici\s1 ! hang+            
argillace\s4 ,! m9]aliz$ portion has a  
wid? ( #bj feet4 ,a small ve9 occurs 9 !
 upp] side1 & a heavi] "o1 sometimes    
rea*+ #c feet1 on ! foot wall4 ,!re are 
occasional /r+]s 9 ! cru%$ portions     
betwe54 ,! gangue is calcite1 ) "s      
qu>tz1 all mix$ ) ! brok5 clayey slates4
 ,m z9c-bl5de & iron pyrites are f\nd   
"h1 also a little antimony4 ,9 ! ,alma  
,m9e ! ri*e/ gal5a is v f9e1 & sometimes
 resembles antimonial ores4  ,s\? ( ^!  

m9es1 t[>d ,trabuco ,caon1 ano!r claim  
is be+ work$4 ,s\? ( ! ,trabuco !       
conglom]ates hide ! lode1 except at "o  
spot1 :]e x appe>s & has be5 work$4 ,!  
,cretace\s =mation gr[s l[] z ! ,trabuco
 is approa*$1 & does n appe> prom95t s\?
 ( x4 ,9 all probability x is cov]$ by !
 ,t]ti>y1 = ! elevation & consequ5t     
erosion h n be5 z great 9 ?is direction4
                              ,,san     
,,b]n>d9o ,,c\nty4                   ,by
 ,w4 ,h4 ,/orms1 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,field4  
,no portion ( ,cali=nia has m div]sifi$ 
m9]al weal? ?an ! c\nty ( ,san ,b]n>d9o4
 ,al?\gh its area is compris$ l>gely (  
rugg$ m\nta9s & des]t wa/e1 yet ?is     
c\nty is a produc] ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1
 lead1 & t91 & conta9s m9es ( z9c1 iron1
 & manganese1 besides deposits ( borax1 
salt1 soda1 b>yta1 gypsum1 sulphur1     
onyx1 m>ble1 asbe/os1 & /ructural       
mat]ial1 granite1 & s&/one ( great      
beauty & value4 ,)9 its bord]s are f\nd 
a wide range ( geological =mations f    
,paleozoic 7if n ,ar*an7 to ,t]ti>y1 & a

 great v>iety ( rocks ( igne\s orig94   
,! m9es are scatt]$ all ov] its ?\s&s ( 
squ>e miles ( t]ritory1 & h already add$
 millions ( doll>s to ! weal? ( ! ,/ate 
& ! _w4 ,_m ( its m9es are ( ph5om5al   
ri*ness1 & 7 x n = ! exp5se & extreme   
difficulty att5d+ transportation 9 !    
des]t1 ,san ,b]n>d9o ,c\nty w\ld        
und\bt$ly take fir/ place 9 add+ to !   
m9]al weal? ( ,cali=nia4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ 
productive section 9 ! c\nty at pres5t  
is                         ,,! ,,calico 
,,m9+ ,,di/rict4  ,no region af=ds bett]
 opportunities = ! /udy ( a c]ta9 class 
( ore deposits occurr+ 9 eruptive &     
fragm5tal rocks ?an may be f\nd 9 !     
,calico ,di/rict4 ,! m9es1 condemn$ at  
fir/1 came quickly to ! front nev]!less1
 & h = ! pa/ twelve ye>s be5 /eady      
produc]s ( silv] bullion4 ,! di/rict is 
situat$ #f miles nor? ( ! ,atlantic &   
,pacific ,railroad1 ! ne>e/ /ation be+  
,daggett4                        ,,g5]al
 ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,region4  ,! geology
 ( ! ,calico ,m\nta9s at fir/ sight     

looks simple en\gh1 b a m ?or\gh        
inve/igation quickly conv9c$ me t !re 7 
/ructural problems to be /udi$ ( m ?an  
pass+ importance1 z !y seem$ to h a be>+
 ^u ! ext5t ( ! ore deposits4 ,! mo/    
complex region is t imm$iately ab\t !   
t[n ( ,calico1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m9es4 ,! 
balance ( ! m\nta9 area is m simple4  ,9
 a g5]al way ! ,calico uplift consi/s ( 
a core ( massive rhyolite1 ov]ly+ :i*   
are heavy deposits ( light-color$       
breccia & tufa4 ,along ! flanks ( !     
range1 & 9 "s places ext5d+ well up into
 ! m\nta9s1 are accumulations ( und\bt$ 
s$im5t>y orig91 s&/one1 s&y %ales1 &    
argillace\s rocks1 :i*1 ) "s local      
exceptions1 dip away f ! c5tral mass on 
all sides t[>d ! des]t pla94 ,:ile 9 !  
di/rict ,i made "s notes on ! g5]al     
geological features1 b n hav+ suffici5t 
"t at my disposal to complete ^!        
inve/igations1 ,i h det]m9$ n to pres5t 
my views until ,i h _h an opportunity to
 inve/igate ! region m c>efully4        
,subsequ5t to ! uplift ( ^! m\nta9s1    

erosion has c>v$ deep caons & remov$    
great m\nta9 masses4 ,! c5tral area is  
n[ entirely d5ud$1 :]eas x 0 at "o "t   
cov]$ ) f #ajj to #bjj feet ( tufa &    
upw>d ( #a1jjj feet ( s$im5t>y /rata4 ,n
 only h ^! m rec5t accumulations be5    
remov$1 b a l>ge am\nt ( ! h>d1 d5se    
lip>ite has also be5 dis9tegrat$ & c>ri$
 away by ! viol5t /orms :i* are         
*>act]i/ic ( ! des]t4 ,faults are v     
num]\s ?r\gh\t t portion ( ! m\nta9s ly+
 along ! s\? side ( ! range4 ,!y ext5d =
 at lea/ #aj miles 9 an ea/]ly & we/]ly 
direction4 ,! m9es occur along ?is      
fault$ zone4  ,! rocks ( ! region are a 
violet to br[n rhyolite1 (t5            
porphyritic2 gre51 yell[1 & :ite tufa2  
yell[i% & gre5i% breccia2 a gre5i% gray1
 f9e-gra9$ rock1 :i* has be5 call$      
hornbl5de &esite by ,mr4 ,l9dgr51 & a   
yell[i% or buff to light gray felsitic  
rock1 :i* may be ei!r rhyolite or an    
old] felsite4 ,x is extremely difficult 
to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! rocks1 ev5 ) ! aid 
( ?9 sections "u ! microscope4 ,i ?9k1  

h[ev]1 ^u /ructural gr\nds1 t ,i may    
call ! rock felsite4 ,z ?is is "o ( !   
important que/ions ^u :i* ,i h n        
?or\ghly satisfi$ myself1 x w be left   
until su* "t z ,i h opportunity to make 
! necess>y inve/igation4                
,,! ,,ore ,,deposits4  ,! =mation ( !   
ore deposits 9 ! ,calico ,di/rict has   
be5 a subject ( mu* discussion1 & ! "q  
has receiv$ ! close/ /udy & ?or\gh      
inve/igation4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! ore       
deposits 7 =m$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( p]colat+ 
wat]s c>ry+ m9]al solutions1 :i*        
deposit$ _! cont5ts along fault planes &
 9 c]ta9 zones ( ! c\ntry rock1 :]e its 
brecciat$ & cru%$ /ate (f]$ sup]ior     
conditions = ! deposit ( ! silv] ores & 
! accompany+ b>yta4 ,t all ( ^! ore     
deposits h a common g5esis ,i d n d\bt1 
:e!r !y occur 9 ! lip>ite1 9 ! tufa1 or 
9 ! 8mud0 ov]hang+ c\ntry rock1 z is !  
case at ! ,bism>ck1 ,humbug1 ,wat]loo1 &
 "s o!r m9es4 ,! =m ( ! deposits diff]  
some:at1 x is true1 = we f9d !          
reticulat$ ve9s 9 ! ,k+ ,m9e2 !         

segregat$ deposits 9 ! ,odessa &        
,wat]loo2 ! fissures 9 ! ,langtry1 9    
,we/ ,calico1 & ! impregnat$ deposit 9 !
 ,humbug4 ,h[ev]1 all ! deposits ( !    
di/rict1 ( :atev] =m1 ,i believe are due
 to a common cause1 hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 
_! v>i\s =ms f m9]al-be>+ solutions :i* 
d]iv$ _! cont5ts f ! neighbor+ eruptive 
rocks 7! lip>ites & tufas71 "p ( !      
mat]ial d\btless aris+ f great dep?1 & a
 portion com+ f ! adjac5t inclos+ rocks 
by :at is kn[n z lat]al secretion4 ,x is
 almo/ an impossibility to f9d 9 !      
,calico region a piece ( rock t does n  
conta9 m or less silv]1 f a fraction (  
an ounce p] ton upw>d4  ,! ph5om5a ( ore
 deposition 0 v ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by  
,messrs4 ,l\is ,jan91 ,e4,m41 ,john     
,hays ,hammond1 ,e4,m41 ,ross ,e4       
,br[ne1 ,e4,m41 & ,wm4 ,irelan1 ,jr41   
,/ate ,m9]alogi/1 at ! "t ( ! lawsuit ( 
,john ,s4 ,doe vs4 ,wat]loo ,m9+        
,company4 ,^! g5tlem5 all agre$ ^u !    
orig9 ( ! ore deposits1 & _! op9ions    
co9cide ) my own & are 9 accordance ) ! 

ideas express$ above4 ,! wide diff]5ce 9
 ! size & =m ( ! _m ore bodies does n 9 
any mann] conflict ) ! !ory t 9 ea*     
in/ance ! prim>y cause ( ! deposit 0 a  
fractur+ & cru%+ ( ! rock masses & !    
subsequ5t infiltration ( m9]al          
solutions1 :i* precipitat$ _! cont5ts 9 
! zones & crevices ?us prep>$ = _!      
reception4      ,illu/ration3 ,,sket*   
,,%[+     ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,ore ,,on  
,,! ,,surface ,,9 ,,!     ,,silv] ,,k+  
,,m9e     ,,z ,,x ,,occurs ,,betwe5 ,,! 
,,fault ,,planes     ,,calico ,,m9+     
,,di/rict     ,,san ,,b]n>d9o ,,co4     
,,cal4     ,,copi$ ,,f ,,exhibit 8,r0   
,,c\rt ,,records ,,9 ,,! ,,suit ,,(     
,,john ,s4 ,,doe ,,vs4 ,,wat]loo ,,m9+  
,,co4  ,9 ! ,silv] ,k+ ,m9e occurs a    
p]fect network ( ve9s1 conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 
,hammond te/ifi$3 8,at ! "t ( ! uplift+ 
( ! lip>ite1 or at "s subsequ5t "t1 a   
fault occurr$1 :i* sep>at$ a w$ge-l mass
 ( lip>ite f ! ma9 m\nta9 mass1 & ?is   
fault plane 0 g5]ally conc$$ to be :at  
might be t]m$ ! foot wall ( ! m9]al     

belt1 or zone1 or lode4                 
,contemporane\sly ) ?is fault+ a second 
fault occurr$1 :i* sep>at$ ! ov]ly+ br[n
 tufa f ! lip>ite1 :i* fissure =ms !    
ov]hang+ wall ( ! m9]al deposits ( !    
,silv] ,k+ ,m9e4 ,at ! same "t cross    
fissures 7 =m$ 9 ! lip>ite mass betwe5 !
 two ma9 fissures4 ,?us !re 0 a ma9     
fissure or plane ( contact betwe5 ! br[n
 tufa & ! lip>ite1 & a simil> fault     
plane betwe5 ! segm5t ( lip>ite brok5 (f
 & ! ma9 mass ( ! m\nta94 ,betwe5 ^! two
 ma9 fissures1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass (  
?is segm5t ( lip>ite 7 innum]able       
fissures1 "s simil> & equal 9 size to ! 
ma9 fissures1 & o!rs =m+ a f9] sy/em (  
fissures & cracks1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! rocks 
9 all directions1 leav+ x 9 a brok5 &   
dis9tegrat$1 & 9 _m places an almo/     
pulv]iz$ condition4 ,al?\gh ^! f9]      
fissures g5]ally _h a p>allelism ) ! two
 ma9 fissures b\nd+ ?is segm5t ( rock1  
yet1 9 _m places1 ^! f9] seams or       
fissures run 9 e direction ?r\gh ! rock1
 =m+ a network1 or reticulat$ mass4 ,!  

m9]al-be>+ wat]s h deposit$ ?r\gh\t ?is 
mass1 f wall to wall1 ! m9]als n[ f\nd  
)9 ?is zone 9 ! =m ( b>yta1 c>ry+ silv]4
 ,! f9d+ ( b>yta 9 ! %att]$ planes ( !  
lip>ite1 :i* is entirely =eign to ! rock
 itself1 is suffici5t evid5ce t a crack 
or space mu/ h exi/$ prior to its       
deposition1 f ! solutions :i* p5etrat$  
?is brok5 zone ( a once massive rock    
=mation40      ,illu/ration3 ,,cross    
,,sections ,,(     ,,silv] ,,k+ ,,m9e   
,,tak5 ,,f ,,c\rt ,,records ,,9 ,,suit  
,,(     ,,john ,s4 ,,doe ,,vs4 ,,wat]loo
 ,,m9+ ,,co4      ,illu/ration3 ,,report
 ,,/ate ,,m9]alogi/     ,w,m4 ,,irelan1 
,,jr4     ,,/ate ,,m9]alogi/4           
,,v]tical ,,cross ,,section     ,,%[+   
,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,!     ,,silv] ,,k+  
,,lode     ,,calico ,,m9+ ,,di/rict4    
,,san ,,b]n>d9o ,,co4 ,,cal4     ,,copi$
 ,,f ,,exhibit 8,p0     ,,c\rt ,,records
 ,,(     ,,john ,s4 ,,doe     ,,vs4     
,,wat]loo ,,m9+ ,,co4      ,illu/ration3
 ,,/ate ,,m9]alogi/',s ,,report         
,w,m4 ,,irelan1 ,,jr4     ,,/ate        

,,m9]alogi/     ,,sket* ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! 
,,fault ,,sy/em     ,,( ,,! ,,calico    
,,m9+ ,,di/rict     ,,p>tly ,,tak5 ,,f  
,a ,,map     ,,by     ,w4 ,,l9dgr51     
,e4,m4     ,,by     ,w4 ,h4 ,,/orms1    
,e4,m4     ,,assi/ant ,,9 ,,! ,,field4  
,! ,odessa ,m9e (f]s good illu/rations (
 impregnat$ masses1 z does also !       
,wat]loo4 ,9 ea* ( ^! m9es1 z 9 _m o!rs1
 ! ore bodies are f\nd 9 bun*es or      
pockets1 v>y+ f little deposits ( nom9al
 value to great ore *amb]s conta9+ ?\s&s
 ( tons ( pay rock4 ,9 ^! cases1 z at ! 
,k+ ,m9e1 a sy/em ( fault+ planes m>ks !
 g5]al /rike ( a m9]al-be>+ zone or     
lode1 b ! great rock masses ( tufa1 9   
:i* ^! ore bodies occur 7& also ( s&/one
 9 ! ,wat]loo71 are q loose & por\s 9   
texture1 & und\bt$ly ! ore bodies 9 ^!  
m9es result$ p>tially1 at lea/1 f !     
impregnation ( ! rock ) ! m9]al         
solutions :i* f\nd an easy passage along
 ! fault planes t _h cut ! rocks 9 e    
direction4  ,9 ! ,wat]loo ,m9e "o ( !   
fault planes exhibit$ a regul>ity seldom

 se5 9 any m9e4 ,x c\rs$ ?r\gh !        
light-color$1 s(t tufa 9 an ea/]ly &    
we/]ly direction1 0 p]fectly true1 & z  
smoo? z any h>d-f9i%$ wall c\ld be made 
by ! mo/ skillful artisan4 ,! fracture 0
 ( knife-blade ?9ness1 & its sides 7    
coat$ ) d>k r$ iron oxide4 ,x dipp$ to !
 s\?w>d at an angle ( ab\t #dj4 ,at "o  
"t x 0 consid]$ to be ! hang+ wall ( !  
lode1 b a m9] broke ?r\gh ! wall to cut 
a hit* = a timb] & x 0 f\nd t ! ov]ly+  
rock beyond ! slip 0 ore-be>+ also4     
,/opes 9 ?is m9e 7 frequ5tly ov] t5 sets
 9 wid?1 or ov] #fj feet4 ,at ! ea/]n   
end ( ! claim "s extremely ri* ore 0 m9$
 f a belt ( jasp]1 a metamorphos$ clay  
%ale1 :i* by heat & pressure _h become  
an int5sely h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 fl9ty rock1 
yet "s ( ?is jasp] conta9$ ov] #a1jjj   
ounces ( silv] p] ton4  ,9 ,we/ ,calico1
 #b miles we/ ( ! ,wat]loo1 is !        
,langtry gr\p ( claims4 ,! pr9cipal     
developm5t is on ! we/ end ( ! ,langtry 
,m9e4 ,! ,langtry may be call$ ! anomaly
 ( ! camp1 z x is a fissure ve9 pure &  

simple1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 two       
fissures4  ,! /rike ( ^! two fissures1  
:i* are #fj feet ap>t1 is ne>ly p>allel1
 b !y w und\bt$ly meet 9 dep?4 ,t on !  
s\? side dips nor!rly1 :ile ! o!r pit*es
 t[>d ! s\? slightly4 ,bo? /& at a high 
angle1 & x is d\btful if !y w conv]ge   
inside ( #bej feet f ! surface4 ,! ve9s 
are compos$ pr9cipally ( a co>sely      
cry/alliz$ b>yta ) qu>tz1 conta9+ br[n  
iron oxides1 lead c>bonate1 o*re1       
manganese oxide1 & *loride ( silv]4 ,!  
av]age value ( ! ore 0 ab\t #bb ounces  
p] ton4 ,! ve9s v>y f a ?9 seam to ov]  
#aj feet 9 wid? on ! nor? ve91 hav+ an  
av]age wid? ( #c or #d feet4 ,^! ve9s   
occur 9 ! 8outside0 or 8mud0 c\ntry1 :i*
 lies along ! flank ( ! s\!rn slope ( ! 
,calico ,m\nta9s4 ,! mud %ales &        
argillace\s s&/ones "h lie ne>ly        
horizontal1 ! ve9s cutt+ !m at an angle 
closely approximat+ #ij4                
,,susp5d$ ,,m9+ ,,op]ations4  ,! l[     
price ( silv] dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s has   
result$ disa/r\sly to ! m9+ indu/ry 9   

,calico ,di/rict4 ,! great ,wat]loo1 =  
_m ye>s ! l>ge/ produc]1 & employ+ n    
less ?an #aej m5 9 m9es & mills1 0 clos$
 d[n1 z x seem$ foolh>dy to exhau/ !    
great ore bodies :5 ! pr(it d]iv$ f !   
extraction & mill+ ( ! ores 0 m]ely     
nom9al4 ,= ye>s ^! m9es _h kept !       
sixty-/amp ,boss process mill & !       
fifte5-/amp pan mill at ,daggett busy   
night & day1 b 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib ! /amps 
7 hung up & ! m9es clos$1 await+ bett]  
prices = silv]4  ,! ,silv] ,k+ ,m9+     
,company 7limit$71 ( ,london1 has       
cont9u$ to op]ate1 dropp+ tw5ty to ?irty
 /amps night & day1 "u ! sup]9t5d5cy (  
,william ,s4 ,edw>ds4 ,! ,k+ ,company   
owns or controls ?ree important gr\ps ( 
m9es 9 ?is di/rict1 viz43 ! ,odessa1 !  
,ori5tal1 & ! ,occid5tal4 ,! ,odessa    
made a record dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( !    
camp by ! production ( ores ( high      
grade4 ,! policy :i* 0 pursu$ 9 ^?      
8palmy days0--to g\ge out ! ri* ore     
:5ev] x c\ld be f\nd1 )\t reg>d to      
future condition ( ! m9e--left mo/ ( !  

m9es 9 v bad %ape4 ,! ,odessa is n[     
recov]+ "u ! new managem5t1 & ! prop]ty 
is be+ sy/ematically op5$1 & x is ?\ght 
all ! ore c be extract$4 ,9 ?is m9e are 
/opes f :i* ?\s&s ( tons ( ore h be5    
m9$1 & !re is n a /ick ( timb] ( any k9d
 9 !m4  ,^! old /opes are be+ clean$    
out1 new levels op5$1 & good results are
 expect$ 9 ! future4 ,:at applies to !  
,odessa 9 ?is respect is true to a great
 ext5t ( e o!r l>ge m9e 9 ,calico4 ,!y 7
 all work$ 9 a h&-to-m\? sort ( fa%ion1 
& al?\gh _m ( ^! m9es paid h&some       
divid5ds1 little ( ! money 0 ev] put    
back 9 any?+ l p]man5t improvem5t4 ,all 
seem$ to %>e a common op9ion--t !       
deposits 7 sup]ficial1 & w\ld n g d[n1 &
 z a result no "o felt l lay+ out money 
9 an extravagant & unw>rant$ mann]4 ,b !
 m9es h gone d[n1 & ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! m9es
 to-day c see ! result ( ! mi/ak5       
economy ( ! e>ly op]ators1 & see 9      
,calico an era ( recov]y ( l[-grade ore 
bodies & developm5t "w :i* is calculat$ 
to give ! m9es great] app>5t p]man5cy   

?an ev] h]et(ore4 ,decemb] #a1 #ahia1 ! 
,k+ mill 0 enl>g$ by ! addition ( t5    
/amps1 mak+ ?irty 9 all4 ,! ,boss       
process ( cont9u\s amalgamation 0 also  
adopt$4                                 
,,*lorid+ ,,! ,,m9es4  ,a sy/em ( leas+ 
portions ( m9+ claims1 call$ 8*lorid+0 9
 ,calico1 0 introduc$ 9 ! e>ly days1 &  
is /ill 9 vogue4 ,_m poor m5 h made     
mod]ate =tunes 9 ! di/rict1 & 9 days    
gone by all did well4 ,! m9es are leas$ 
on a royalty ( "o f\r? to "o six? ( !   
ore to ! claim own]1 accord+ to its     
value1 ! own] receiv+ m z ! grade is    
high]4 ,*lorid]s 7 at "w on ! ,loo1     
,little ,wat]man1 ,humbug1 ,bism>ck1    
,blackfoot1 & o!r m9es1 dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 
,! ore obta9$ 9 ?is mann] is usually    
sack$ & %ipp$ to a cu/om mill1 :]e x is 
cru%$1 ! *>ges rang+ f #i to #ab1       
accord+ to ! "* ( ! ore1 "s 7! m        
brittle7 mill+ mu* fa/] ?an o!rs4       
,,! ,,wat]loo ,,m9e4  ,! ,wat]loo       
prop]ty consi/s ( f\r claims4 ,!        
pr9cipal work+s are 9 ! ,wat]loo ,m9e1  

:]e l>ge /opes h be5 extract$1 ?\gh     
consid]able am\nts ( ore /ill rema9 9   
sight4 ,an idea ( ! ext5t ( "s ( ^!     
,calico m9es may be ga9$ f ! fact t !   
great ore body ( ! ,wat]loo is #a1ajj   
feet 9 l5g?1 & is kn[n to ext5d f !     
surface d[n to ! #ebe-;foot level4 ,at !
 ea/ end ! ore-be>+ zone is f #d to #g  
feet 9 wid?1 wid5+ d[nw>d4 ,go+ we/w>d x
 increases 9 wid? until x is #fj to #gj 
feet wide4 ,?is m9e1 l ^? imm$iately    
ab\t ,calico1 0 work$ = ri* pockets1 &1 
z a natural consequ5ce1 ! m9e 0 left 9  
bad condition4 ,jos4 ,d4 ,k]baugh1 ! la/
 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! m9e1 _h inaugurat$ a   
sy/ematic me?od ( extract+ ore & recov]$
 mu* lo/ gr\nd4 ,! ore is usually l[    
grade1 & ?is1 9 connection ) ! l[ price 
( silv]1 has result$ 9 ! clos+ up ( !   
m9es4 ,a n>r[ gauge railroad has be5 9  
use = sev]al ye>s to transport ! ore f !
 ,wat]loo gr\p & ! ,k+ & ,r$ ,jacket    
,m9es1 own$ by ! same company1 to _!    
mills at ,daggett1 timb] & supplies be+ 
br\ght to ! m9es on ! return trips4 ,!  

transportation ( ore1 ,i 0 in=m$1 co/   
#ab c5ts p] ton4 ,! railroad is ab\t #g 
miles 9 l5g?1 & runs on a pretty /eep   
grade4                               ,,!
 ,,borax ,,m9e4  ,9 ! upturn$ s$im5t>y  
b$s :i* flank ! ,calico ,hills1 dipp+   
outw>d t[>d ! des]t pla9 on all sides ( 
! uplift1 except :]e purely local       
di/urbances h caus$ a rev]se condition1 
are b$d$ deposits ( calcium borate &    
gypsum 7calcium sulphate74 ,five miles  
ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,calico is ! l>ge/ kn[n   
deposit ( calcium borate 9 ! di/rict4 ,!
 b$1 or ve91 z x is call$1 0 discov]$ "s
 ye>s s9ce1 & f9ally pass$ into ! h&s ( 
! pres5t own]s1 ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,borax 
,company1 ^: ext5sive works are locat$  
at ,alam$a1 ne> ,san ,francisco4        
,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,borax ,,di/rict4  ,!
 borax m9e occurs z a b$d$ ve9 9 !      
s$im5t>y /rata1 :i* 9 ,t]ti>y times 7   
uplift$ 9 ! ,calico range4 ,! s$im5ts   
are compos$ ( s&/ones1 s&y clays1 &     
clayey s&s1 compris+ a succession (     
heavy-b$d$1 deep-wat] deposits1 &       

%all[-wat]1 ?9-b$d$ %ales & s&s4 ,^!    
v>iations 9 ! "* ( ! /rata are num]\s1 &
 m>k ! _m oscillations ( ! region1 ^:   
ris+ or s9k+ ei!r subm]g$ ! /rata b5ea? 
! wat]s ( a deep lake1 or lift$ !m until
 ! wat] fl[$ ov] ! mud flats only 9 ?9  
%eets1 :i*1 expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1   
sometimes evaporat$ entirely4 ,climatic 
conditions d\btless also 7 an important 
factor 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! /rata1 :i* are   
upw>ds ( #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4        
,und]ly+ ! s$im5ts are ! tufas ( !      
,calico region1 & b5ea? !m is f\nd !    
mass ( lip>ite :i* und]lies ?is entire  
region4 ,! s$im5ts are n mat]ially      
diff]5t f ^? 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity (     
,calico4 ,! rocks h n suff]$ 9 ! region 
ab\t ! borax deposit ! slighte/         
metamorphism4  ,! borax ve9 is traceable
 = sev]al ?\s& feet1 /rik+ along ! we/]n
 & nor!rn side ( ! l>ge/ s$im5t>y hill 9
 ! range1 & f9ally pass+ d[n a caon to !
 ea/w>d1 :]e x becomes a well-def9$ ve94
 ,t[>d ! we/]n end ! borate ( lime      
appe>s to be mu* mix$ ) ! s&y s$im5ts1  

gypsum1 & clays1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( hav+
 be5 =m$ ne> ! %ore l9e ( ! bas9 9 :i*  
?is great mass ( mat]ial has be5 left z 
a residu>y deposit1 due to ! evaporation
 ( ! wat] conta9+ ! calcium borate4  ,to
 me x seems t :at is n[ "o ( ! mo/      
valuable deposits ( m9]al 9 ! ,/ate 0 at
 "o "t ! site ( a ,t]ti>y lake (        
consid]able b z yet undet]m9$ size4 ,t  
al?\gh subject$ to ! same oscillations z
 ! rema9d] ( ! region a bas9 =m$1 9 :i* 
! wat]s collect$1 c>ry+ ) !m ! m9]al    
salts d]iv$ f ! rocks ( ! neighbor+     
c\ntry4 ,t f9ally ! climatic conditions 
became su* t ! supply ( wat] 0 less ?an 
! loss by absorption & evaporation1 & ! 
wat]s ( ! lake sl[ly dim9i%$1 x f9ally  
disappe>+ entirely1 leav+ on ! floor ( !
 lake a ?ick deposit ( calcium borate ( 
sn[y :it5ess4  ,aft] ! deposition ( !   
borax b$ a g5]al subsid5ce ( ! region   
occurr$1 ! wat]s ( ! great ,t]ti>y lake 
once m cov]+ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,aga9 ! s&s 
& f9] s$im5t>y mat]ial--! erosion ( !   
m\nta9s--7 c>ri$ d[n & f\nd a re/+ place

 on ! floor ( ! lake1 ! borax b$ be+    
f9ally cov]$ ) sev]al hundr$ feet ( ?is 
detritus4 ,n[1 z ! same =mation 9 :i* ! 
borax m9e is f\nd1 & ev5 ! l[] memb]s ( 
! rocks ( t age1 are se5 re/+ ^u ! high 
ridges & on "s ( ! peaks ( ! ,calico    
hills1 x w\ld seem highly improbable1 to
 say ! lea/1 t ^! s$im5ts 7 built up f !
 ru9s ( ! ,calico ,m\nta9s !mselves1 b  
_! s\rce 0 9 m di/ant ranges4  ,besides 
! regul> ve9-l deposit ( calcium borate 
f\nd at ! borax m9e1 !re are num]\s     
small ve9lets 9 o!r p>ts ( ! di/rict 9  
:i* calcium borate & gypsum are f\nd    
fill+ cracks & cavities1 probably z !   
result ( infiltration4 ,s common are ^! 
small fissures & b$s ( borax & gypsum t 
t portion ( ! s$im5t>y /rata ly+ ea/ ( !
 t[n ( ,calico is usually spok5 ( z !   
borax =mation by ! m9]s ( ! di/rict4 ,to
 ?or\ghly inve/igate all ! ph5om5a      
connect$ ) ^! wond]ful deposits & _!    
mode ( =mation w\ld require m "t ?an 0  
at my disposal4  ,z has be5 previ\sly   
/at$1 remnants ( ! s$im5ts are /ill f\nd

 ly+ high up on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 & 
ev5 f> into ! int]ior ( ! hills1 & !re  
is e probability t ! entire region      
includ$ 9 ! ,calico ,di/rict1 z well z !
 c\ntry = _m miles ar\nd1 0 at "o "t    
buri$ a ?\s& feet b5ea? ^! /ratifi$     
rocks4  ,) ! uplift1 ! /rata inclos+ !  
borax m9e 7 tilt$ & fold$1 & n[ ! %eet (
 :ite calcium borate :i* once lay gli/5+
 9 ! sun on ! b$ ( a des]t dry lake /&s 
l a great ve9 trav]s+ ! c\ntry4 ,!re are
 app>5tly two ( ^! ve9s 9 close         
proximity to ea* o!r1 b ,i believe !m to
 be "o & ! same1 be+ repeat$ z ! result 
( an anticl9al fold4 ,an ideal          
cross-section ( ! borax m9e is "h giv5  
7p4 #cdg71 %[+ ! nature ( ! fold+ at t  
po9t2 x is n drawn to a scale1 be+ a    
sket* only4  ,to ! s\?w>d ( ! m9e is se5
 a l>ge mass ( lip>ite1 :i* has be5 pu%$
 up f bel[4 ,i _h n ! "t necess>y to    
trace out ! l9e ( fracture1 b ,i am ( ! 
op9ion t x occurs on ! l9e ( ! great    
fault %[n on ! map ( ! fault sy/em ( !  
region4  ,! borax ve9 is f #g to #aj    

feet 9 ?ickness ,:]e x has be5 expos$ 9 
! und]gr\nd work+s4 ,! m9]al is ! v>iety
 ( calcium borate call$ colemanite1 nam$
 9 honor ( ,wm4 ,t4 ,coleman4 ,x occurs 
9 glassy cry/als1 "s ( !m hav+ l>ge     
faces4 ,_m h&some specim5s ( ?is m9]al  
are on exhibition 9 ! ,m9+ ,bureau      
museum4 ,! m9]al is m9$ 9 ! same mann] z
 ores ( gold or silv]4 ,incl9$ %afts are
 sunk on ! ve91 drifts & levels run1 & !
 /opes c>ri$ up z 9 any o!r m9e4        
,illu/ration3 ,,longitud9al ,,section   
,,( ,,borax ,,m9e     ,,calico ,,di/rict
 ,,san ,,b]n>d9o ,,co4  ,! mat]ial1 :5  
hoi/$ to ! surface1 is load$ 9 great    
wagons haul$ by tw5ty animals & tak5 to 
,daggett1 :]e x is %ipp$ to ! works 9   
,alam$a4 ,! process ( extract+ ! boracic
 acid f ! rock z practic$ 9 ^! works is 
n giv5 to ! public4 ,x is kn[n t ! m9]al
 is cru%$ & bolt$ l fl\r1 aft] gr9d+ )  
burrs1 b ! subsequ5t treatm5t is n kn[n 
outside ! works4  ,to ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,j4
 ,w4 ,s4 ,p]ry1 ,i am indebt$ = a sket* 
( ! und]gr\nd work+ ( ?is rem>kable m9e1

 :i* is reproduc$ above4                
,,age ,,( ,,! ,,uplift4  ,! geological  
age ( ! ,calico uplift has n be5        
accurately det]m9$1 ?\gh !re is little  
d\bt t x occurr$ dur+ ! ,t]ti>y age1    
probably ! ,oligoc5e4                   
,,! ,,iron ,,m9es4  ,9 ?is c\nty1 ab\t  
#af miles 9 a s\!a/]ly direction f      
,newb]ry ,/ation1 on ! ,a4  ,p4 ,r4 ,r41
 & #bh miles ea/]ly f ,daggett1 are !   
greate/ deposits ( iron ore on ?is coa/4
 ,!y consi/ ( imm5se b$s or masses (    
hematite & magnetite ore1 conta9+ a high
 p]c5tage ( iron1 ) traces only (       
sulphur & phosphorus4 ,^! m9es h be5    
kn[n = _m ye>s1 & !y h _h num]\s own]s  
by relocation & pur*ase1 b no?+ has yet 
be5 done ) !m4 ,iron m5 f ,pittsburg &  
,clevel& & else:]e h visit$ ^! m9es &   
secur$ samples1 & all report$ favorably 
on ! excell5t quality ( ! ores1 b !re ! 
matt] 0 dropp$4  ,locat$ #af miles f !  
railroad1 & probably #bj miles by any   
possible l9e ( railway survey1 z !      
grades are heavy1 ) nei!r fuel nor wat]1

 ! problem ( _! r$uction 0 s =midable t 
none d>$ face x1 & = ye>s ?is magnific5t
 prop]ty has be5 wait+ = "s "o ) capital
 & a 8process0 to come & make ! va/     
weal? available4                        
,,! ,,lava ,,b$s ,,di/rict4  ,?is       
int]e/+ region has come q prom95tly into
 public notice )9 ! pa/ two ye>s4 ,!    
di/rict is locat$ 9 a small range (     
m\nta9s ab\t #ce miles ea/ ( ! ,calico  
range4 ,! ne>e/ /ation to ! m9es is     
,lavic1 on ! l9e ( ! ,a4  ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 f
 :i* po9t ! m9es are #i miles di/ant by 
a good wagon road4 ,l mo/ o!r des]t m9+ 
regions x is de/itute ( timb]1 & wat] is
 n abundant1 ?\gh obta9able 9 ! dry lake
 bas9 #c miles f ! m9es4 ,! di/rict 0   
discov]$ ab\t n9e ye>s s9ce1 & num]\s   
claims h be5 locat$4 ,! "w ( developm5t 
has be5 conf9$ to a few ( ! mo/ promis+ 
claims4                                 
,,g5]al ,,geology4  ,! m\nta9 range 9   
:i* ! m9es ( ?is di/rict occur is       
isolat$ f all o!rs1 al?\gh evid5tly a "p
 ( a *a9 ext5d+ 9 a nor?we/ & s\!a/     

direction = _m miles4 ,?is p>ticul> gr\p
 ( hills is ab\t #d miles 9 l5g? by #a 9
 wid?1 & consi/s ( rocks1 :i* are all ( 
plutonic orig94 ,!y are mo/ly qu>tz     
porphyry ( ! normal type1 consi/+ ( a   
f9e-gra9$ felsitic gr\nd mass1 )        
macroscopical cry/als ( qu>tz & feldsp>4
  ,( sev]al ?9 sections made = ! purpose
 ( microscopic /udy ( ^! rocks1 _!      
behavior "u ! microscope is s simil> t  
g5]al description w suffice = all4 ,!   
section is *>act]iz$ by a               
micro-cry/all9e to micro-granul> gr\nd  
mass1 sometimes to globulitic4 ,!       
feldsp>s are s completely cl\d$ z to    
leave little clue to _! id5tity4 ,"s    
/ill %[ fa9tly ! p>allel l9es :i* are s 
*>act]i/ic ( plagioclase1 b "s ( ^!     
feldsp>s are probably or?oclase4 ,^!    
feldsp>s are pla9ly di/+ui%able 9 ! rock
 mass ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,qu>tz blebs z    
l>ge z small peas1 ) _m small] ones1    
occur pl5tifully 9 all ( ^! rocks4 ,9 ! 
section !y seem to h be5 corrod$1 !     
outl9es be+ ne>ly always r\nd$1 ?\gh    

frequ5tly %[+ hexagonal =ms4 ,mo/ ( ^!  
qu>tz gra9s pol>ize 9 brilliant colors4 
,all ( ! qu>tzes conta9 a great         
abundance ( fluid inclusions1 "s ( :i*  
%[ includ$ air bubbles4 ,num]\s v small1
 colorless1 ne$le-l cry/als1 :i* occur 9
 all ! qu>tz1 are no d\bt apatite       
prisms4 ,gre51 du/-l hornbl5de z        
inclusions are n at all uncommon1 & 9 "o
 section a mass ( gre51 fibr\s mat]ial1 
hav+ all ! optical prop]ties (          
hornbl5de1 is se54 ,?is inclusion is    
l>ge en\gh to be easily di/+ui%$ ) !    
unaid$ eye4 ,!re are num]\s globulitic1 
granul>1 & sac-l inclusions ( ! gr\nd   
mass 9 _m ( ! qu>tzes1 :i* is *>act]i/ic
 ( ! qu>tz porphyries g5]ally4 ,besides 
^! macroscopic cry/als ( qu>tz & feldsp>
 are _m hornbl5des1 "s ( :i* are ( good 
size1 a few hav+ ! typical cry/al       
outl9es4 ,x is usually ( a bright gre5  
color1 /rongly di*roic1 & pol>izes 9 !  
usual colors4 ,"s ( ! hornbl5de is alt]$
 to *lorite4 ,bord]s ( iron ore1        
probably magnetite1 are common1         

frequ5tly pres]v+ ! orig9al outl9e :]e !
 hornbl5de has suff]$ great             
decomposition4  ,d>k-gre5 basic dikes1  
:i* seem to be greatly alt]$ diabase1   
occur 9 ! di/rict1 b h no connection )  
any ( ! ore deposits z f> z obs]v$4     
,num]\s dikes1 l>ge & small1 ( a r$     
felsitic rock1 occur ?r\gh\t ! di/rict1 
& seem to be> an important relation to  
"s ( ! ore deposits4 ,all ( ! rock is   
mu* decompos$1 & its id5tification is n 
an easy matt]4 ,x appe>s "u ! microscope
 to be a f9ely porphyritic rock1 hav+ a 
some:at fluidal /ructure1 z %[n 9 !     
arrangem5t ( ! num]\s small1 la?-l      
cry/als ( feldsp>4 ,small blebs ( qu>tz 
occur q abundantly4 ,9 a g5]al way !    
rock resembles "s rhyolites4  ,on !     
nor!rn flank ( ! range imm5se masses (  
r$ & br[n tufa occur1 besides great fl[s
 ( black basaltic lava4 ,^! rocks =m a  
t]race-l ridge t ext5ds = sev]al miles  
along ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,two l>ge c9d]
 cones1 "o on ! nor!a/ end ( ! range1 ! 
o!r ab\t #d miles di/ant 9 ! des]t      

valley to ! nor?w>d1 =m prom95t l&m>ks4 
,! basalt is co>se to f9e gra9$1 usually
 black or d>k gray1 & is (t5 scoriace\s4
 ,x conta9s plagioclase1 augite1 &      
oliv9e1 & abundant magnetite 9 a        
micro-cry/all9e or granul> base4 ,ne> ! 
foot ( ! range ! basalt has ov]fl[$ !   
b$s ( tufa1 :i* latt]1 x is said1       
conta9s f a trace to z high z f\r ounces
 ( silv] p] ton4 ,z f> z ,i h any k ( x1
 no prospect+ has be5 done 9 ^! tufa    
b$s1 b ! fact t silv] exi/s !re at all  
w\ld lead "o to believe t "u prop]      
conditions ore bodies ( great value may 
occur4  ,at ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 at an   
altitude ( #a1hjj feet1 is a dry lake1  
:i* dra9s a l>ge area ( c\ntry4 ,9 ?is  
bas9 wat] has be5 obta9$ by s9k+ a well 
#hj feet 9 dep?4 ,?\gh ! well is locat$ 
ne> ! edge ( ! bas91 !re is little d\bt 
t suffici5t wat] c be obta9$ 9 ?is bas9 
= mill+ purposes4  ,! pr9cipal ve9 9 !  
di/rict lies along ! nor? side ( ! ma9  
range1 & is kn[n z                      
,,! ,,imp]ial ,,lode4  ,?is great ve91 !

 outcrop ( :i* may be se5 = #bj miles1  
is a 8fissure0 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 ?\gh n a
 simple "o1 = x has num]\s div]g5t      
bran*es ( consid]able size4 ,! ma9      
fissure1 h[ev]1 is /rong & con/ant1 &   
outcrops boldly = ne>ly #h1jjj feet4 ,x 
v>ies 9 wid? f #d to #ah feet4 ,x is    
ev]y:]e well def9$ & (t5 %[s a b&$      
/ructure4  ,! great fissure /rikes nor? 
#gj we/1 & dips #fe to #gj to ! s\?4 ,x 
occurs 9 ! qu>tz porphyry1 :i* at       
contact ) ! ve9 is usually mu* decompos$
 & (t5 %att]$ & cru%$1 probably ow+     
p>tly to ! intrusion ( a l>ge dike ( !  
r$ felsitic rock1 a tongue ( :i* has cut
 across ! ve9 ab\t #c1ejj feet f its we/
 end4 ,?is dike foll[s ! ve9 = "s       
di/ance on ! hang+ wall side com+ f !   
ea/1 gradually ne>+ ! ve9 until x f9ally
 rea*es ! fissure1 cutt+ ! ve9 9 two4   
,f>!r we/w>d x aga9 appe>s on ! hang+   
wall side1 %[+ itself at int]vals to !  
extreme we/]n end ( ! ve91 :i* comes to 
an abrupt t]m9ation4 ,?is felsitic dike 
is b "o ( a numb] t occur 9 ! imm$iate  

vic9ity4      ,illu/ration3 ,,!         
,,imp]ial ,,lode ,,lava ,,b$s ,,di/rict 
,,san ,,b]n>d9o ,,co4 ,,cal4     ,,ve9  
,,cut ,,by ,,intrusive ,,dyke ,,(       
,,felsite  ,s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,imp]ial 
lode !re has be5 consid]able movem5t )9 
! ve9 itself4 ,slips are num]\s1 !      
slick5sides %[+ pla9ly4 ,! fault planes1
 z f> z obs]v$1 are conf9$ )9 ! limits (
 ! ve92 h[ev]1 at no place1 except+ :]e 
! dike int]sects x1 did ,i notice any   
lat]al displacem5t4  ,usually ! ve9 is  
di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! inclos+ rock1 a    
clay selvage m>k+ ! l9e ( ! fault plane 
on ei!r side4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e
 a brecciat$ condition ( ! qu>tz        
porphyry is f\nd 9 contact ) ! ve91 !   
ore has be5 deposit$ to "s ext5t 9 ?is  
brok5 mass1 & 9 su* cases ! l9e (       
dem>kation is n at all pla94 ,^!        
occurr5ces1 toge!r ) ! bran*+ spurs1    
seem to indicate p]fectly ! "* ( ! ve91 
:i* be=e ! intrusion ( ! felsitic dike 0
 m simple ?an we n[ f9d x4 ,my          
conception ( ! ,imp]ial ve9 is t a great

 fissure =m$ 9 ?is m\nta9 range2 t at ! 
"t ?is disruption occurr$ ! hang+ wall  
side ( ! fault slipp$ d[nw>d1 caus+ a   
fur!r fissur+ & cru%+ ( ! rocks on t    
side ( ! fault4 ,x is a notable fact t  
all ! bran*es or spurs ( ?is ve9 occur 9
 ! hang+ wall c\ntry & are directly     
connect$ ) ! ma9 fissure4 ,?is idea is  
/ill fur!r sub/antiat$ by ! additional  
fact t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! cru%+ &     
gr9d+ adjac5t to ! fault plane has      
occurr$ on ! hang+ wall side4           
,occasionally1 9 ! n>r[] portions ( !   
ve91 a b&$ /ructure indicates !         
probability t ! ore n[ fills :at 0 at "o
 "t an op5 crevice1 :i* sl[ly fill$ )   
ore by precipitation f ! m9]al wat]s    
pass+ along ! fault plane4  ,at "o po9t 
on ! c\rse ( ! ve91 :]e x is jo9$ by "o 
( ! bran*+ spurs1 ! felsitic dike has   
int]sect$ ! small] ve94 ,! occurr5ce is 
pla9ly se5 9 a cut made at ?is place1   
:]e ri* ore 0 f\nd4      ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,felsite ,,dyke     ,,cutt+ ,a     
,,bran*+ ,,ve9     ,,imp]ial ,,lode  ,x 

w be notic$ t bo? ! ma9 ve9 & ! spur    
occur 9 ! qu>tz porphyry1 & t ! r$      
felsite cuts ! small] ve94 ,!           
displacem5t on ! surface along ! /rike (
 ! ve9 is ne>ly #dj feet4 ,?is does n %[
 9 ! cross-section4  ,s9ce ! =mation ( !
 ,imp]ial ve9 ! m\nta9s h suff]$ great  
erosion2 ! highe/ po9t along ! cropp+s  
rises fully #hjj feet above ! neighbor+ 
caons4                                  
,,! ,,ore4  ,al?\gh ! ,imp]ial ve9 is a 
fissure ( great l5g? & dep?1 all !      
mat]ial t is includ$ betwe5 !           
porphyritic walls is n pay ore4 ,! ore  
occurs 9 %oots ( great] or less ext5t1 !
 same z 9 any o!r ve94 ,! gangue is     
*iefly qu>tz1 hav+ a pe>ly lu/] resembl+
 9 appe>ance "s light grayi% lead       
c>bonate at a casual glance4 ,accompany+
 ! qu>tz1 ?\gh 9 m9or quantities1 are   
b>yta1 calcite1 & black manganese oxide4
 ,! value ( ! ore lies almo/ :olly 9 its
 silv] cont5ts1 :i* occur z *loride &   
sulphide 7arg5tite7 accompany+ pyrites1 
*alcopyrite1 & iron oxides4 ,! silv]    

sometimes occurs ) copp] glance 9 small 
bun*es 9 solid masses ( lead c>bonate4  
,su* ores are v high grade4 ,9 "o ( !   
bran*es gold is f\nd ) only a small     
p]c5tage ( silv]1 ! rev]se condition1   
h[ev]1 usually obta9s4 ,! silv]         
frequ5tly is f\nd 9 ! same %oots ) !    
base ores & 9 qu>tz )\t any intimate    
association ) ei!r lead1 copp]1 or iron4
 ,! gal5a is sometimes v l[ grade1 c>ry+
 only #d ounces p] ton 9 silv]4 ,9 "o   
%oot ! lead c>bonate conta9s ov] #bjj   
ounces4 ,x is a notable fact t no good  
ore is f\nd 9 quantity )\t copp] 9 "s   
=m1 ei!r z sulphide 7glance7 or         
c>bonate4 ,*loride ( silv] is also f\nd 
associat$ ) iron & manganese1 )\t copp] 
or lead4                           ,,!  
,,claims ,,on ,,! ,,ve94  ,!re are six  
lode claims locat$ on ! ,imp]ial ve91 on
 all ( :i* consid]able "w has be5 done4 
,beg9n+ at ! ea/ end1 ! ve9 %[s itself  
on ! m\nta9 side close d[n to ! des]t   
wa% & n f> di/ant f ! basalt fl[ on ?is 
side ( ! range4  ,! mo/ ea/]ly claim is 

call$ ! ,sampson1 & f x has be5 %ipp$ "s
 ri* ore1 ! claim produc+ ! highe/ grade
 ore1 ,i am told1 ( any m9e on ! ve94   
,?is claim is jo9$ on ! we/w>d by !     
,morn+ ,/>1 a deep caon sep>at+ !m4 ,f !
 bottom ( ?is caon x is #hjj feet to !  
summit ( ! m9e1 #a1ejj feet f>!r we/4 ,!
 ,morn+ ,/> ,m9e has be5 q ext5sively   
op5$ by tunnels & %afts1 b = sev]al ye>s
 pa/ assessm5t "w only has be5 done1 z !
 ore :i* 0 f\nd 0 too l[ grade to make  
%ipp+ pr(itable4  ,! ,meteor1 ,mammo?   
,*ief1 & ,des]t ,que5 succe$ ea* o!r1   
respectively1 go+ we/4 ,on ! ,mammo?    
,*ief & ,meteor1 a great deal ( "w has  
be5 done2 & x is claim$ ore 0 %ipp$     
approximat+ #dj1jjj gross value4 ,at any
 rate ! own]s h develop$ _! claims &    
made a good liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! ore ?us
 %ipp$ f ! ve94 ,on ! ,meteor a %aft has
 be5 sunk a dep? ( #ajj feet1 at !      
bottom ( :i* a drift #dj feet 9 l5g? has
 be5 cut along ! ve9 on an ore %oot :i* 
0 foll[$ d[n f ! surface4 ,at ano!r po9t
 on ?is claim a %aft ( #fe feet 9 dep?  

has be5 sunk 9 ore4 ,a drift at ! bottom
 ( ?is %aft is also 9 ore1 #h feet ( :i*
 is expos$ & ! foot wall n yet rea*$4   
,! ore at ?is po9t is said to av]age #cj
 ounces4 ,i 0 told t ! av]age ( ! ore   
?r\gh\t ! m9e 0 ab\t #be ounces1 rang+ f
 #ab to #ge ounces1 & occasionally mu*  
m4 ,num]\s cuts1 %afts1 & drifts1 "s (  
!m ( consid]able size1 h be5 made along 
! ve9 on ! ,meteor & ,mammo? ,*ief = a  
di/ance ( #hjj feet1 & al?\gh ^! work+s 
are n connect$ !y h ! appe>ance ( be+ on
 "o %oot ( ore4 ,"o fact is v evid5t f  
an exam9ation ( ! m9e1 & x is "o (      
consid]able importance4 ,x is1 t ! ore  
is ( bett] grade & occurs 9 great]      
quantity 9 ! vic9ity ( ! felsitic dike1 
:i*1 ?\gh und\bt$ly lat] ?an ! ve9      
itself1 seems to h enri*$ ! ore v       
mat]ially4 ,! l>ge/ %oot ( ore ,i saw   
has =m$ v close to ! po9t ( int]section 
( ! felsitic dike ) ! ma9 ve94 ,on !    
,des]t ,que5 a long tunnel & sev]al     
crosscuts h expos$ ore bodies1 "s ( :i* 
conta9$ upw>ds ( #bjj ounces silv] p]   

ton4  ,! ,imp]ial lode is "o ( ! mo/    
promis+ ve9s ( :i* ,i h any k1 b x      
requires consid]able capital to prop]ly 
& sy/ematically op5 x4 ,! rock is       
extremely h>d1 & ! lack ( wood & wat]   
are drawbacks :i* prev5t ! own]s f work+
 ! m9e z x %\ld be work$4 ,x w\ld be    
difficult to f9d a ve9 (f]+ great]      
natural advantages ?an are f\nd "h1     
except+ z to wood & wat]1 bo? ( :i* are 
obta9able "u ! usual conditions att5d+ t
 problem on ! des]t4 ,wat] c be f\nd 9 !
 dry lake #c miles di/ant by road1 &    
#a1afj feet bel[ ! level ( ! caons :i*  
cut ! ve94  ,coal may be deliv]$ at     
,lavic ,/ation1 #e miles f ! lake1 =    
ab\t #i or #aj a ton4 ,! difficulties   
are no great] ?an at ,calico1 :]e !y    
seem to h be5 ov]come q easily4 ,tunnels
 may be run 9 on ! ve91 gett+ av]age    
backs ( ab\t #cej feet above ! bottom ( 
! caons4  ,%\ld ev] ?is great ve9 be    
work$ on a l>g] scale ) abundant        
capital1 a tunnel />t$ at ! lake w cut !
 ve9 at an av]age dep? ( #a1ejj feet4   

,su* a tunnel w\ld probably be ab\t     
#ab1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ore %oots seem  
to h an av]age wid? ( ab\t #e feet z f> 
z expos$1 & none ( ! work+s 9 ore h ev] 
rea*$ ! bottom ( a %oot4 ,x is "o ( !   
mo/ impos+ look+ ve9s ,i ev] saw4 ,on ! 
,des]t ,que5 ! s(t hang+ wall has be5   
erod$1 leav+ ! ve9 /&+ expos$ = fully   
#hj feet 9 height4                      
,,! ,,tiptop ,,m9e4  ,ab\t #d1jjj feet  
s\? f ! ,imp]ial lode !re is a m9e (    
unusual "* & int]e/1 call$ ! ,tiptop4   
,orig9ally a silv] m9e1 x is n[ produc+ 
a high-grade copp] ore1 :i* is be+ %ipp$
 to ,swansea1 ,wales4  ,! ,tiptop 0     
discov]$ 9 #ahij1 by ! /rong outcrop (  
an ore %oot4 ,! c\ntry rock on bo? sides
 ( ! ve9 is qu>tz porphyry1 simil> to t 
inclos+ ! ,imp]ial lode4 ,! ore occurs  
along a fault plane1 or r a s]ies (     
p>allel faults1 z ! result ( sub/itution
 ( ore = ! orig9al rock4 ,! fault+ ( !  
rocks has result$ 9 an ext5sive cru%+ & 
break+ up ( ! porphyry along ! l9e (    
fracture1 expos+ l>ge surfaces ( rock1  

?us facilitat+ ! deposition ( m9]al4 ,z 
m5tion$ above1 ! fault+ seems to h      
consi/$ ( sev]al fractures1 ne>ly or q  
p>allel1 betwe5 :i* ! rock 0 cru%$ or   
gr\nd to p[d]4 ,9 places ?is ore body   
w\ld seem to possess well-def9$ walls1 b
 mov+ 9 ei!r direction along ! /rike (  
?is zone ! 8wall0 proves to be simply a 
fault+ plane1 beyond :i* ore aga9       
occurs4 ,! result ( ^! p>allel fractures
 is to give to ! deposit an appe>ance ( 
b&$ /ructure1 l t sometimes notic$ 9    
simple fissure ve9s4 ,?is app>5tly b&$  
/ructure is entirely due to ! planes (  
displacem5t4      ,illu/ration3 ,,cross 
,,section     ,,(     ,,tiptop ,,m9e    
,d\btless ?is fault+ ext5ds to great    
dep?1 ?\gh ! m9]alization is n cont9u\s 
along ! surface = m ?an #aej feet4 ,at  
"s di/ance1 h[ev]1 & 9 l9e ) ! /rike ( !
 displacem5t1 o!r ore bodies appe>4 ,!  
ore body :]e ! discov]y 0 made is       
heavily m9]aliz$ ) iron oxides1 ( r$1   
yell[1 & black colors4  ,mu* ( ! orig9al
 rock has become silicifi$ & blea*$ to  

sn[y :it5ess 9 ! l[] "p ( ! deposit1 b  
su* masses conta9 only f9ely dissem9at$ 
iron pyrites1 l[ grade 9 silv]4 ,! once 
sulphurett$ ores are s ?or\ghly oxidiz$ 
9 ?is surface deposit t !y are v por\s4 
,! ores c>ry on an av]age ab\t #cj      
ounces ( silv]1 & = ! mo/ "p are v      
free-mill+4 ,at ! "t ( my visit an      
e/imate ( ?is silv] ore on ! dump & 9 ! 
m9e plac$ its value at1 approximately1  
#bj1jjj4 ,9 "o portion ( ?is r rem>kable
 ore deposit consid]able quantities (   
native sulphur occur1 associat$ ) a     
br[ni% iron oxide & silici\s gangue     
mat]ial4 ,z dep? is atta9$ ! oxidation  
is less m>k$1 & at #hj feet has app>5tly
 giv5 place entirely to sulphurett$ ores
 & silici\s rock1 l[ 9 silv]4  ,! /rike 
( ?is %oot ( ore is nor? #ej we/1 dipp+ 
nor!a/ at an angle ( #gj4 ,at ! dep? (  
#fe feet bel[ ! cropp+s1 9 s9k+ a w9ze1 
:i* 9 its d[nw>d c\rse foll[s a slip    
nor?w>d b is v]tical z comp>$ ) ! dip ( 
! ve91 a bun* ( high-grade1 p>tly       
oxidiz$ copp] ore 0 discov]$4 ,fur!r    

developm5t discov]$ o!r pockets or      
bun*es ( copp] ore c>ry+ usually ab\t   
#ae ounces 9 silv] p] ton4 ,:5 a dep? ( 
#abj feet _h be5 rea*$ a crosscut tunnel
 0 run 9 #bce feet4 ,! c\rse ( ?is      
tunnel is nor? #e we/4 ,! face1 h[ev]1  
_h n rea*$ a l9e repres5t+ ! dip ( !    
surface %oot4 ,! tunnel has be5 connect$
 by w9ze ) ! upp] work+s1 & consid]able 
o!r developm5t accompli%$4  ,by means ( 
^! work+s ! peculi>ities ( ! m9e h be5  
expos$4 ,! s]ies ( faults :i* h result$ 
9 ! deposit ( a consid]able quantity (  
silv] ore h be5 accompani$ by ano!r     
s]ies ( fractures :i*1 :ile indep5d5t ( 
! =m]1 71 p]haps1 contemporane\s4 ,!    
second s]ies exhibit no p>allelism1 b   
/rike 9 v>i\s directions4 ,along ^!     
fault planes occur bun*es ( copp] ore1  
pr9cipally v>iegat$ pyrites 7bornite71  
*alcopyrite1 & a black 8e>?y0 sulphide1 
hav+ a %9+ /reak1 n sectile1 probably a 
v>iety ( copp] glance4  ,^! ores are    
sometimes associat$ ) iron sulphide1 b  
mo/ ( ?is class may be easily sort$4 ,"o

 class ( ores occurs int]m+l$ ) ! gangue
 conta9+ ab\t #ae p] c5t copp]4 ,?is ore
 c be sep>at$ on any conc5trat+ ma*9e   
su* z a jig1 ! result+ product be+ high 
grade4 ,! ore %ipp$ to ,swansea has     
av]ag$ ov] #cc p] c5t copp] & #ae ounces
 silv] p] ton4      ,illu/ration3       
,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,tiptop    
,,m9e     ,,lava ,,b$s ,,di/rict ,,san  
,,b]n>d9o ,,co4  ,! ,tiptop consi/s (   
two claims4 ,! ea/]ly "o1 ! ,k5ton1 has 
little or no developm5t1 ?\gh copp]     
c>bonates h be5 discov]$ on ! gr\nd4    
,all ( ! work+s ( ! ,tiptop t are 9     
copp] ore1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 are 9 !  
c\ntry rock on ! foot wall side ( !     
s]ies ( faults 9 :i* ! silv] ore occurs1
 & no drift or crosscut _h be5 run into 
t zone bel[ #hj feet f ! surface4 ,!    
face ( ! drift on ! ?ird level _h expos$
 ab\t #f feet ( good ore at ! "t ( my   
exam9ation4 ,! drift at t po9t 0 #afj   
feet f ! surface4 ,x is n likely1 %\ld a
 crosscut be run "u ! silv] ore %oot f !
 l[] levels ( ! m9e1 t oxidiz$ ore w be 

f\nd at t level1 b x w be int]e/+ to "k 
:at sort ( ore may be f\nd !re4         
,indications ( copp] on ! surface are v 
slight4 ,9 a few places /a9s & ?9 seams 
( copp] c>bonates occur 9 ! fracture    
jo9ts ( ! c\ntry rock1 b !re is no?+ to 
lead "o to believe t ore lies b5ea? t w 
be> %ipm5t to ,europe & return a h&some 
pr(it to ! own]s ( ! m9e1 yet su* is !  
case4                           ,,!     
,,glad/one ,,gold ,,m9e4  ,less ?an a   
mile f ! ,tiptop1 9 a nor?we/]n         
direction1 is ano!r prop]ty1 !          
,glad/one1 locally kn[n z ,halb]g's     
,gold ,m9e4 ,x 0 locat$ sev]al ye>s ago1
 & aft] "s developm5t 0 practically     
ab&on$1 b aft]w>ds came into ! h&s ( !  
pres5t own]s1 :o h develop$ ! gr\nd q   
ext5sively1 built a long tramway & ore  
b9s1 & e/abli%$ a camp4  ,no?+ 0 be+    
done at ! "t ( my visit4 ,! m9e is      
some?+ ( a curiosity geologically &     
m9]alogically4 ,! ore body1 = !re is    
only "o ( any consequ5ce develop$1      
occurs 9 ! gray qu>tz porphyry common to

 ! region4 ,a fault has also occurr$ "h1
 fractur+ ! c\ntry rock 9 a mann] simil>
 to t 9 ! ,tiptop1 except+ t "h !re is b
 a s+le1 simple fault4 ,! ore body      
consi/s ( a mass ( cru%$ & brok5 c\ntry 
rock1 portions ( :i* /ill %[ di/9ctly ! 
orig9al porphyritic /ructure4 ,g5]ally  
speak+1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al rock has       
und]gone an extreme metamorphosis1      
result+1 9 mo/ cases1 9 m or less       
complete m9]alogical & physical *anges4 
,! porphyry has1 by gradual replacem5t1 
be5 *ang$ to solid ore1 or be5 silicifi$
 to a d5se qu>tzose1 sometimes jasp]y1  
rock4 ,kaol9ization ( ! feldsp>s has    
also tak5 place4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ^!     
deposits !re seems to be little reason  
to d\bt t ! ore 0 deposit$ by p]colat+  
wat]s1 :i* d]iv$ _! cont5ts f !         
neighbor+ eruptive rocks4 ,^! solutions 
7 c>ri$ into ! fault plane1 & rea*+ !   
great *amb] or cru%$ mass1 f\nd         
conditions ( a sup]ior nature = !       
precipitation ( ! m9]als !y conta9$4 ,9 
! pulv]iz$ or f9ely cru%$ portions ! ore

 deposition has be5 mo/ complete1       
entirely replac+ ! orig9al rock1 :ile 9 
! brecciat$ portions ! ore occurs z     
incru/ations1 fill+ ! small] int]/ices1 
b sometimes p5etrat+ ! rock fragm5ts    
!mselves4  ,! ore body is some?+ ov]    
#bjj feet 9 l5g? & #cj feet or m 9 wid? 
at ! ,wide/ "p1 b ?9n+ out r irregul>ly 
t[>d ! ends & also d[nw>d4  ,d\btless x 
at "o "t ext5d$ "s di/ance upw>d1 b t   
portion has be5 erod$4 ,along ! plane ( 
! fault ! l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 ore & 
porphyry is v di/9ct1 z ! two be> n !   
slighte/ resemblance1 b at ! out] edges 
( ! deposit no su* l9e c be discov]$4 ,!
 m9]al gradually disappe>s1 leav+ only a
 brecciat$ mass ( :iti% rock1 :i*       
graduates into ! normal porphyry4 ,!    
brecciat$ condition ( ! mass is made m  
pla9 by ! v>iety ( color assum$ by !    
angul> fragm5ts4 ,!y are v>i\s %ades (  
gre51 r$1 :ite1 & br[n1 or yell[1 caus$ 
by copp] c>bonates & iron oxides4  ,?\gh
 ! orig9al condition ( ! ore 0 d\btless 
sulphide1 x n[ conta9s1 z ! result (    

oxidation1 hematite1 limonite1          
magnetite1 mala*ite1 azurite1           
*rysocolla1 c]ussite1 wulf5ite1 *loride 
( silv]1 manganese oxide1 & metallic    
gold4 ,! value ( ! ore lies pr9cipally 9
 ! gold conta9$1 ?\gh 9 "o portion ( !  
ore body1 ne> its ea/]n end1 ri* *loride
 ( silv] ore is f\nd1 ) b little gold4  
,! physical appe>ance ( ! ore is no     
crit]ion ( its gold cont5ts1 z two      
pieces1 ) id5tically ! same *>act]i/ics1
 w diff] widely 9 value4 ,"o may conta9 
#b or #c 9 gold1 ! o!r sev]al hundr$4   
,%\ld ev] a mill be erect$ 9 ! di/rict1 
?is ore c be work$ to a pr(it1 ?\gh ?is 
s+le ore body w alone sc>cely ju/ify !  
con/ruction ( a mill4  ,on ! s\? side ( 
?is fissure or slip is a ve9 :i* runs   
ne>ly p>allel ) ! *amb]$ ve9 above      
describ$4 ,?is ve9 c be trac$ = sev]al  
?\s& feet4 ,9 "* ! ore is simil> to t   
f\nd 9 ! ,imp]ial lode4 ,assays runn+   
ov] #bjj 9 gold h be5 obta9$ f ?is ore1 
& #ej assays are n uncommon4 ,! ve9 is q
 small1 rang+ f a m]e seam to #b feet4  

,sc>cely any developm5t has be5 done on 
?is ve91 ?\gh x promises bett] results  
?an ! l>ge 8ve9 *amb]40  ,! developm5ts 
on ! ,glad/one consi/ ( a %aft #fj feet 
deep4 ,! fir/ level is cut at a dep? (  
#cj feet f ! surface1 :]e drifts h be5  
run = a di/ance ( #cj feet ea* way f !  
%aft1 on ! c\rse ( ! ve91 & a crosscut1 
#bh feet nor?4 ,ea/ ( ?is1 a #ae-;foot  
%aft has be5 sunk 9 a good siz$ cut4 ,a 
l>ge op5 cut1 #ajj feet long1 has expos$
 ! upp] portion ( ! ore deposit         
p]fectly4 ,o!r sup]ficial "w has be5    
done at v>i\s po9ts along ! ve94 ,a     
tramway ( #a1gjj feet has be5 con/ruct$ 
f ! m9e to ! bottom ( an adjac5t caon4  
,,o!r ,,claims4  ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! m9es  
describ$ 9 ?is di/rict are num]\s o!r   
claims1 "s ( !m hav+ consid]able        
developm5t1 b all ly+ idle at ! "t ( my 
visit4 ,"o claim has an #hj-;foot       
tunnel1 & %[s "s lead & silv] ore ( good
 grade4 ,?is claim is pat5t$4           
,,! ,,alvord ,,m9es4  ,tw5ty-?ree miles 
nor!a/ f ,daggett are ! ,alvord ,m9es4  

,! prop]ty has *ang$ h&s sev]al times1 b
 is n[ own$ by a p>ty ( ,pasad5a        
capitali/s1 :o h "u consid]ation !      
recon/ruction ( _! mill1 :i* 0 burn$ 9  
,septemb]1 #ahia4  ,! prop]ty consi/s ( 
six full claims locat$ on "o m9]al-be>+ 
zone4 ,! /rike ( ! belt is a few degrees
 s\? ( we/4 ,! m9e is well equipp$4 ,!  
company also owns a millsite at ,camp   
,cady1 on ! ,mojave ,riv]1 #i miles     
di/ant f ! m9es1 & valuable wat] rights 
at ,p>adise ,spr+s1 #aa miles nor?we/ f 
! m9es1 & a spr+ ab\t #a miles ea/ ( !  
camp1 :i* is us$ = camp purposes only4  
,! m9es lie along a broad zone or belt (
 cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime 7calcite71  
:i* may be se5 = _m miles trav]s+ !     
d>k-color$ inclos+ rocks4 ,a huge dike (
 porphyritic rock cuts across ?is belt  
at an angle approa*+ #ij4 ,! pr9cipal   
m9]alization ( ! lode occurs ea/ ( ?is  
dike4  ,! c\ntry rock is describ$ by ,f4
 ,r4 ,burnham1 ,e4,m41 =m]ly !          
,sup]9t5d5t1 9 8 report on ! prop]ty to 
! company1 z rock m or less s*i/ose 9   

"*1 ?r\gh :i*1 at frequ5t int]vals1 are 
intrud$ eruptive dikes4 ,at ! ea/ end ( 
! belt is an accumulation ( tufa &      
basalt4 ,! belt dips s\? at an angle (  
#ge4 ,! m9]aliz$ portion ( ?is lode     
ext5ds f ! porphyry dike ea/ ?r\gh ?ree 
full claims1 disappe>+ f9ally b5ea? !   
eruptive rock & des]t wa%4 ,! dom9ant   
po9t on ! lode is #eej feet above ! base
 ( ! hill4  ,! entire lode is gold-be>+1
 "s ( ! iron rock be+ extremely ri*2    
gold also occurs 9 ! calcite1 ?\gh x is 
usually ( a l[] grade ?an :]e accompani$
 by ! iron4 ,iron sulphide conta9+ gold 
has be5 discov]$1 indicat+ pla9ly !     
orig9 ( ! slag-l iron ores & limonite   
f\nd on ! surface4  ,to ,mr4 ,burnham's 
report ,i am also indebt$ = in=mation   
conc]n+ ! value ( ! rock1 tonnage1 &    
bullion output to date4 ,he has giv5    
arbitr>y figures = %ipm5ts aggregat+    
#cg1jjj1 & an e/imate on #ac1jjj m1 mak+
 a total ( #ej1jjj4 ,?is ore 0 mill$    
mo/ly at ! ,camp ,cady mill & at        
,hawley's mill4  ,an arra/ra 0 us$ 9 !  

e>ly hi/ory ( ! m9e4 ,! av]age assays   
made on a t5 days' mill run j prior to !
 burn+ ( ! mill return$ #ab #ge p] ton4 
,tail+s1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 av]ag$ #a   
#be4 ,bullion produc$1 #a1dcj4 ,x 0 f\nd
 v difficult to sort ! ore1 ?\gh x v>i$ 
con/antly 9 value f #b to #bj p] ton4   
,ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! assay value1 x is  
claim$1 0 sav$ 9 ! mill4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh 
a daily record ( assays made 9 ,july &  
,augu/1 #ahia1 ,i f9d !m to range f a   
trace to z high z #a1gej1 mo/ ( !m runn+
 f #f to #ah4 ,mr4 ,burnham figures     
#ahd1jjj tons ( mill rock 9 sight1      
includ+ all grades1 besides l>ge am\nts 
presum$ to be available1 b n block$ out 
= /op+4 ,! value ( ! ore is plac$ at #e 
to #f ?r\gh\t4  ,! co/ ( mill+ ?is ore  
is plac$ at #b #ej1 & m9+ at #ej c5ts 9 
l>ge /opes4 ,%\ld ! company n[ controll+
 ! ,alvord ,m9es det]m9e to rebuild _!  
mill x w d\btless aga9 become a bullion 
produc]4                                
,,oro ,,gr&e ,,di/rict4  ,! ,oro ,gr&e  
,m9+ ,di/rict is locat$ imm$iately ea/ (

 ! ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,railroad1 at ! t[n 
( ,oro ,gr&e4 ,x is commonly suppos$ to 
embrace all ! m9es = "s miles ar\nd1    
?\gh1 9 fact ea* gr\p ( m9es or hills   
has be5 giv5 a sep>ate "n1 b z ^!       
s-call$ di/ricts are mo/ly )\t          
organization1 all ! claims & m9es w be  
consid]$ "u "o head4  ,! geology ( !    
di/rict ab\t ,oro ,gr&e is complex1 !   
=mations be+ uplift$1 greatly fault$1 & 
brok51 besides ! intrusion ( dikes (    
felsitic rock1 diorite1 & qu>tz         
porphyry4 ,i _h n suffici5t "t at my    
disposal :5 at ,oro ,gr&e to /udy out ! 
some:at intricate geological problem1 & 
w describe ! region 9 g5]al t]ms4       
,comm5c+ at ! t[n ( ,oro ,gr&e1 :i* /&s 
on ! bank ( ! ,mojave ,riv]1 ! c\ntry   
rises 9 a g5tle slope t[>d ! hill half a
 mile di/ant2 g5tly roll+ hills are     
rea*$1 :i* 9 turn give place to m rugg$ 
masses1 & f9ally to a r\gh m\nta9\s     
area1 ! hillsides be+ almo/ precipit\s4 
,! l[ly+ c\ntry ab\t ! base ( ! hills is
 mo/ly made up ( s*i/ose micace\s rocks1

 a qu>tzose mica s*i/ pr$om9at+4 ,! fir/
 hills ( any consequ5ce are eruptive1   
mo/ly a light-gre5i% felsite & a        
co>se-gra9$ porphyritic rock4 ,beyond   
are prom95t hills ( a d5se1 h>d qu>tzite
 re/+ ^u a cry/all9e lime/one1 ! highe/ 
hills be+ made up ( practically ! same  
mat]ials 7qu>tzite & lime/one71 9 "p    
s*i/ose ) "s mica s*i/1 jasp]1 & _m     
intrusive dikes ( all ! previ\sly       
m5tion$ eruptives1 prom95t among !m be+ 
diorite ( d>k-gre5 color4               
,,! ,,embody ,,m9e4  ,)9 half a mile ( !
 t[n1 & on a l[] spur or ridge t makes  
d[n f ! hills1 is locat$ ! ,embody ,m9e1
 :i*1 dur+ ! excitem5t at ?is locality 9
 #ahij1 attract$ consid]able att5tion4  
,! gold-be>+ mat]ial is qu>tzose1       
micace\s rock ( some:at friable "*4 ,!  
deposit1 z ,i may t]m x1 has ! appe>ance
 ( be+ an impregnation )\t def9ite =m4  
,7 x n = ! fact t ! %oot ( gold rock    
makes across ! /rike ( ! s*i/s1 x w\ld  
resemble "s b$d$ deposits f\nd at !     
,home/ake1 ,black ,hills1 ,s\? ,dakota1 

:]e micace\s s*i/s h be5 silicifi$ &    
hornbl5de s*i/s metamorphos$ to *loritic
 s*i/s1 ! :ole c>ry+ gold across a broad
 zone #a1fjj feet 9 wid? & #f1jjj feet 9
 l5g?4 ,! gold occurs 9 %oots or ve9-l  
zones1 )\t def9+ l9es ( any "*4 ,at !   
,embody ,m9e1 too1 little developm5t has
 be5 done to make any positive pr$iction
 z to ! future ( ! m9e4 ,! =mation      
/rikes nor!a/ & s\?we/1 & dips #gj      
s\!a/4  ,! c\ntry is some:at brok5 up1 b
 no consid]able masses ( %att]$ rock 7  
obs]v$4 ,! cropp+s are q heavily /a9$ ) 
iron oxides ( br[n & r$ %ades1 & ?is    
m9]alization c be trac$ "s di/ance4 ,two
 %afts1 "o ne>ly #ajj feet deep1 ! o!r  
ab\t #cj feet1 h be5 sunk on ! deposit1 
expos+ rocks ( uni=m "*1 all c>ry+ "s   
gold4 ,! wid? ( ! gold-be>+ zone is     
undet]m9$1 b x is ?\ght to be f #f to   
#bj feet4  ,z f> z ,i le>n$1 a          
8mill-run0 _h nev] be5 made on ! rock f 
?is m9e4 ,m9+ op]ations _h be5 /opp$ & !
 prop]ty involv$ 9 "s sort ( dispute4 ,!
 value ( ! rock 0 giv5 to me z #h or #aj

 p] ton4                             ,,!
 ,,c>bonate ,,m9e4  ,! pr9cipal m9e (   
?is di/rict1 & ! "o :i* gave ! camp its 
fame1 is ! ,c>bonate ,m9e4 ,x 0 discov]$
 by a man nam$ ,coll9s1 :o 0 work+ 9 a  
lime qu>ry ne> by4 ,coll9s f\nd cropp+s 
( ore--limonite & manganese--conta9+    
silv]4 ,he develop$ ! prop]ty some:at1 b
 x f9ally pass$ into o!r h&s1 & is n[   
own$ by a ,los ,angeles company1 :i* has
 op5$ ! m9e q ext5sively4  ,! =mation   
:i* incloses ! ve9 has a g5]al tr5d     
nor!a/ & s\?we/1 ! dip at ! ma9 work+s  
be+ n ov] #bj4 ,"h an incl9$ %aft has   
be5 sunk to a dep? ( #bbe feet on ! ve94
 ,at ! bottom ! %aft has atta9$ a       
v]tical dep? ( ab\t #ajj feet4 ,two ve9s
 ( ore1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( silici\s & 
e>?y iron oxide & black oxide (         
manganese ) c>bonate ( lime1 sometimes  
cry/alliz$1 ext5d f ! surface to !      
bottom ( ! incl9e4 ,^! ve9s are v       
irregul> 9 size1 v>y+ f a m]e seam to   
upw>ds ( #b feet 9 places4  ,! value    
lies 9 ! lead c>bonate & silv] :i*      

accompany ! gangue m9]als4 ,! two ve9s  
are curi\sly =m$ at contact ) massive   
blue lime/one & mica s*i/4 ,! s*i/ is f 
#a to #d feet 9 wid?1 ! ore ly+ bo?     
above & bel[ x1 ! :ole be+ inclos$      
betwe5 hang+ & foot walls ( cry/all9e   
lime/one4 ,at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! work+s is 
a light-color$1 mu* decompos$ rock1     
resembl+ felsite1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( 
hav+ be5 inject$ betwe5 ! /rata 9 a ?9  
%eet4 ,x is a notable fact t :]e ?is    
buff-color$1 granul> appe>+ rock occurs 
9 contact ) ! ve9 an enri*m5t ( ! ore is
 noticeable1 & its abs5ce is m>k$ by !  
l[ value ( ! ore or no ore at all4 ,9   
?is incl9e1 at a dep? ( #dj feet1 a %ort
 drift has be5 run 9 on ore ( good      
grade4 ,at #ahj feet f ! coll> ( ! %aft 
! discov]y 0 made t caus$ ?is m9e1 &1 9 
fact1 ! entire camp1 to become at once !
 sc5e ( excitem5t4  ,at ?is place a     
small w$ge ( cry/all9e1 granul> qu>tz & 
calcite appe>$1 & ) x flakes ( free     
gold4 ,j bel[ ! po9t ( ?is discov]y !   
w$ge wid5$ to sev]al in*es1 & ! rock 0 a

 mass ( glitt]+ %eets & %ot-l pieces (  
gold4 ,assays ( ! mat]ial gave fabul\s  
returns4 ,! ore 0 brok5 d[n on canvas1 &
 e ounce ( x sack$ on ! spot4 ,?is 0    
foll[$ d[n "s di/ance1 b gradually ?9n$ 
out bel[ ! #bjj-;foot level1 :]e drifts 
7 run1 "o #ej feet nor!a/1 ! o!r #dj    
feet s\?we/4 ,f ^! drifts consid]able   
ri* qu>tz 0 obta9$4  ,9 ! s\?we/ drift !
 =mation is badly displac$ & brok5 & !  
ve9 is lo/1 a fault hav+ ?r[n x1 b :e!r 
up or d[n c\ld n be det]m9$1 z ! adjac5t
 rock 0 s badly fractur$4 ,ore 0 f\nd at
 ! face & along ! sides ( "s ( ! cutt+s1
 & "s free gold 0 f\nd on ! #bjj-;foot  
level 9 ! s\?we/ drift4 ,all "w on ?is  
"p ( ! m9e _h be5 susp5d$ "s "t prior to
 my visit1 ! m9e hav+ be5 enjo9$4       
,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ve9s4  ,?is "q is "o  
:i* f9ds its answ]1 x w\ld seem1 9 !    
fact t ! %eet ( mica s*i/ includ$ betwe5
 ! heavy masses ( lime/one repres5ts :at
 at "o "t 0 possibly a b$ ( s&y clay or 
mud1 :i* ) ! metamorphosis ( ! region   
has become a cry/all9e s*i/4 ,! planes  

sep>at+ ?is s*i/ & ! lime/one above & t 
bel[ x 7 evid5tly planes ( weakness1 &  
:5 ! =ces :i* uplift$ & fractur$ ! /rata
 ex]t$ !mselves ^! rocks slipp$ & gr\nd 
^u ea* o!r1 caus+ consid]able cru%+     
along ^! planes2 possibly op5 crevices  
result$ 9 "s portions4 ,ore 0           
subsequ5tly deposit$ 9 ^! int]/itial    
spaces1 p>tly by sub/itution ( ore =    
lime/one1 no d\bt1 & p>tly by           
precipitation 9 ! cru%$ mass ( lime &   
s*i/4 ,! injection ( a %eet ( felsite   
into ! same plane ( weakness c easily be
 conceiv$1 z su* intrusive bodies always
 foll[ ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,!      
extreme ri*ness ( ! rock1 toge!r ) its  
some:at unusual association ( qu>tz &   
calcite1 attract$ no little att5tion to 
! prop]ty at ! "t ( its discov]y4       
,a ,,fissure ,,ve94  ,s\?we/w>d f !     
deposit j describ$ is a v]tical %aft    
#abe feet deep4 ,?is %aft has foll[$ d[n
 :at seems to be a fissure 9 ! lime/one1
 9 :i* lead c>bonate1 "s gal5a1 limonite
 qu>tz1 calcite1 & manganese oxide      

occur4 ,?is ore 0 wor? at ,socorro1 ,new
 ,mexico1 #ej p] ton = ! gold1 silv]1 & 
lead x conta9$1 & x 0 %ipp$ !re 9 q l>ge
 quantities4  ,a l>ge /ope comm5ces on !
 nor!a/ side ( ! %aft at a dep? ( #cj   
feet f ! top & ext5ds d[n to !          
#aad-;foot level4 ,consid]able ore 0 /&+
 9 sight 9 ! m9e at ! "t ( my visit1 b  
no?+ 0 be+ done4 ,! company h _h to /op 
"w1 z ! own]s ( ! lime qu>ry claim to h 
?is prop]ty includ$ 9 _! pat5t4         
,,o!r ,,claims4  ,!re are scores ( o!r  
claims 9 ?is int]e/+ di/rict1 b little  
developm5t has be5 done on !m4 ,"h & !re
 are enc\rag+ prospects1 :]e c>bonate ( 
lead & oxide ( iron h be5 f\nd2 b on !  
mo/ promis+ ( ^! only #aj-;foot holes h 
be5 sunk4 ,! m9]al zones are n well     
def9$1 & ! prospectors h n ! capital    
necess>y to sy/ematically prospect !    
hills4                         ,,!      
,,silv] ,,m\nta9 ,,di/rict  ,is #e miles
 s\? ( ,oro ,gr&e4 ,!re are a numb] (   
claims1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ ! ,amazon4 ,! 
=mation is simil> to t ab\t ,oro ,gr&e4 

,9 a l>ge dike ( diorite occur ! ore    
bodies ( ! ,amazon ,m9e1 :i* produces   
copp] ores ( a fair grade4 ,sev]al holes
 7 sunk to v>i\s dep?s1 rang+ f #ae to  
#cj feet1 by ! ,mormons :o settl$ on !  
,mojave ,riv] ye>s ago4 ,rec5tly a %aft 
has be5 sunk to ! dep? ( #fa feet1 & a  
drift run nor? #dj feet4 ,! ore is      
pr9cipally copp]-iron sulphide          
7*alcopyrite74  ,! ore 9 ?is m9e occurs 
along slips or fault planes4 ,?is       
peculi> class ( deposits has be5        
describ$ "u ! head ( ! ,tiptop ,m9e1    
,lava ,b$s ,di/rict1 9 ?is c\nty1 & z ! 
ess5tial features ( ?is m9e are simil>  
to ^? ( ! ,tiptop1 repetition "h w be   
unnecess>y4 ,i f\nd a great]            
m9]alization ( ! lime/one 9 ?is di/rict 
?an ab\t ! ,oro ,gr&e1 ?\gh no prospect+
 has be5 done "h = lead ores4           
,,gem ,,m>ble ,,qu>ries4  ,twelve miles 
nor!a/ f ,victor are ! ,gem qu>ries1 t  
produce v>iegat$ m>bles ( great beauty4 
,%ades ( yell[1 *ocolate1 black1 pale   
blue1 crimson & gray1 cream-color$1     

rose1 & :ite4 ,! m>k+s are su* z to     
produce beautiful effects4 ,! cropp+s   
are /rong1 & ! surface mat]ial is       
app>5tly n at all injur$ by ! exposure (
 c5turies to ! elem5ts 9 a region :]e   
ne>ly all rocks decay & dis9tegrate     
rapidly4 ,! outcrop /&s boldly above !  
adjac5t c\ntry rock f #aj to #bj feet4  
,! entire l$ge or belt is made up ( b&s 
or b$s rang+ f #c to #f feet 9 ?ickness4
 ,^! /rata are sep>at$ by ?9 seams or   
fractures1 b x is reasonable to presume 
t ?is sep>at+ l9e or jo9t w disappe> z  
dep? is atta9$4 ,! rock is all          
susceptible ( a high poli%1 & x )/&s a  
trem5d\s cru%+ =ce4 ,x 0 said by ! own]s
 t ?is _h be5 det]m9$ at #bh1jjj p\nds  
p] squ>e in*4  ,! quantity is l>ge1 !   
v>iety abundant1 & ! beauty approa*es t 
( r>e onyx4 ,) ^! unusual conditions    
surr\nd+ ! deposit1 its m>ket+ %\ld     
become an indu/ry ( no small importance4
 ,! difficulties ( transportation are n 
insurm\ntable4                          
,,lime ,,& ,,granite ,,qu>ries4  ,ne>   

,oro ,gr&e & ,victor sev]al lime qu>ries
 are 9 op]ation1 con/antly giv+         
employm5t to q a l>ge numb] ( m54 ,lime 
is burn$ 9 l>ge kilns1 :i* f9ds a ready 
m>ket 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,granite is   
also ext5sively qu>ri$ ne> ea* ( ^!     
places1 & us$ = build+ mat]ial1 curb+1 &
 pav+ blocks 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia cities4 
,?is indu/ry employs1 all told1 ab\t "o 
hundr$ m54                              
,,! ,,k5t ,,m9e4  ,?ree miles f ,h9kley 
,/ation1 on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific      
,railroad1 betwe5 ,b>/[ & ,mojave1 is   
locat$ ! ,k5t ,m9e1 a ve9 cov]$ by two  
claims4 ,a %aft #hj feet deep & "s      
sup]ficial developm5t h expos$ ! ore1   
:i* v>ies f #c to #aj feet 9 wid?4 ,!   
gangue is a r f9e-gra9$1 granul> qu>tz1 
conta9+ gal5a & lead c>bonate4 ,assays 9
 gold & silv] are obta9able any:]e 9 !  
ve94 ,! highe/ grade c>ries lead #gj p] 
c5t1 gold #be1 silv] #bd ounces4 ,"s ( !
 ore assay+ l[ 9 lead conta9s gold &    
silv] 9 pay+ quantities4  ,! prop]ty is 
9 a prospective /age only1 b is promis+4

 ,wat] c be obta9$ ne> ! m9e1 & fuel is 
b #h miles di/ant4 ,! own] bond$ !      
prop]ty 9 ,may1 #ahib1 & x is at ?is    
writ+ be+ develop$ by ! prospective     
pur*as]s4 ,! ore is ( su* "* t by sort+ 
a mill+ ore may be obta9$1 ! high-grade 
lead ore mak+ a v good smelt+ mat]ial4  
,,! ,,black ,,hawk ,,di/rict4  ,?ree    
ye>s ago ! ,black ,hawk ,di/rict1 #dj   
miles ea/ ( ,victor1 on ! nor? side ( ! 
,san ,b]n>d9o range1 attract$           
consid]able att5tion ?r\gh ! ext5sive   
op]ations ( an ,engli% syndicate at ^?  
m9es4 ,developm5t 0 9 progress at t "t1 
& x 0 plann$ to build a sixty-/amp mill4
 ,! quantity ( gold rock1 h[ev]1 prov$  
to be small] ?an _h be5 anticipat$1 & a 
small exp]im5tal mill 0 built2 b f a    
%ort "t aft] ! completion ( ?is mill to 
date all op]ations h be5 susp5d$1 & !   
probability ( ! resumption ( "w is n    
bright4  ,! gold occurr$ 9 a r$di% oxide
 ( iron 9 bun*es & /r+]s scatt]$ ?r\gh a
 cru%$ zone ( lime/one1 ly+ along !     
flank ( ! m\nta9s4 ,a p>ty1 :o = a "t 0 

9 *>ge ( ! prop]ty1 in=m$ ! writ] t he  
_h work$ ! rock )\t sort+1 _h endeavor$ 
to sort x1 & _h tri$ scre5+ x1 b t      
not)/&+ e precaution 0 tak51 he _h      
conclud$ t x c\ld n be made to pay4 ,!  
gold-be>+ rock 0 q ri*1 b x occurr$ 9   
too small quantity to make x pr(itable4 
,,silv] ,,reef ,,di/rict4  ,f\r miles   
nor!a/ ( ! ,black ,hawk ,m9es1 ly+ d[n  
on ! des]t1 is a =mation ( lime/one &   
qu>tzite1 re/+ on a massive cry/all9e   
rock1 conta9+ qu>tz1 feldsp>1           
biotite-mica1 & hornbl5de4 ,?is reef    
ext5ds f ! m\? ( ,texas ,caon out ^u !  
pla91 slop+ d[nw>d at an angle (        
approximately #e = a di/ance ( #d miles1
 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a bluff #dj to #ajj   
feet 9 height4 ,along ! entire ea/]n    
edge ( ?is deposit x drops (f abruptly z
 ?\gh %>ply erod$4 ,at ! nor!rn end !   
reef is fac$ by a l[ range ( hills      
compos$ ( ! above-m5tion$ hornbl5de     
rock4 ,f ?is po9t x sw+s we/ & )        
irregul> outl9e ext5ds = #e or #f miles 
t[>d ,rabbit ,spr+s4 ,! entire area1    

fully #be squ>e miles1 is cut by gul*es 
v>y+ f #bj to #aej feet or m 9 dep?1 t h
 be5 erod$ ?r\gh ! /rata & d[n into !   
und]ly+ cry/all9e rocks4 ,^! caons seem 
to h result$ f natural dra9age1 be+ />t$
 by slight depressions 9 ! roll+ plateau
 ( lime/one4 ,on ! extreme nor!rn edge  
at "o po9t1 hills ( consid]able size h  
be5 =m$ by ! fold+ & tilt+ ( ! /rata4 ,!
 lime/one has be5 subject$ to viol5t    
compression1 z ! :ole area is fault$ &  
brok5 into millions ( fragm5ts4  ,i h   
exam9$ n less ?an tw5ty m9+ claims on ! 
reef & travel$ ov] ! great] "p ( its    
area1 & am sure ,i nev] saw a s+le piece
 ( lime/one t w\ld weigh #cjj p\nds1 mo/
 ( ! pieces measur+ "u #f or #h in*es4  
,consid]able masses along c]ta9 zones h 
be5 granulat$1 & ev5 pulv]iz$4 ,?is     
fractur$ rock has all s9ce be5 loosely  
cem5t$ by ! infiltration ( c>bonate (   
lime into ! seams4 ,geologi/s :o h      
exam9$ ?is peculi> deposit d n agree    
entirely ^u its mode ( =mation4 ,"s     
believe x to be ! result ( *emical      

precipitation ( c>bonate ( lime f       
calc>e\s spr+s1 simil> to ! ,=mation    
,spr+s 9 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k4 ,!re are _m 
?+s ab\t ,silv] ,reef :i* w\ld at once  
sugge/ ! probability ( ?is mode (       
deposit1 b ,i am v d\btful t su* a !ory 
w /& a ?or\gh inve/igation4  ,x 0 ass]t$
 t at "o "t a %aft sunk 9 ! reef pass$  
?r\gh ! lime deposit & into ! 8wa%0 ( ! 
des]t b5ea?4 ,on inve/igation ,i f\nd t 
! lime _h inde$ be5 cut ?r\gh1 b !      
und]ly+ rock prov$ to be cry/all9e      
hornbl5de rock 9 place1 ?\gh some:at    
decompos$4 ,at any rate x 0 n des]t     
8wa%40 ,ov] consid]able areas ! lime is 
und]laid by a /ratum ( qu>tzite (       
v>iable ?ickness1 less ?an a foot 9 "s  
places1 & aga9 9 o!rs #aj or #ab feet4  
,ov] c]ta9 limit$ areas qu>tzite is     
want+ altoge!r4 ,! lime is mo/ly        
cry/all9e1 v>y+ 9 color4 ,a small       
portion is z :ite z sn[1 ! great] "p is 
gray or blui%1 & "s ( x black4          
,,! ,,ore ,,deposits4  ,= fully #h miles
 along ! irregul> front ( ! reef silv]  

ores are f\nd4 ,! ore deposits are      
usually discov]$ by ! *]ty masses (     
silici\s rock1 :i*1 be+ h>d] ?an !      
lime/one1 /& out f its wea!r$ surface 9 
bun*es & small1 ve9-l masses4 ,(t5 9    
break+ ! *]ty rocks1 /a9s ( copp]       
c>bonate are f\nd1 & f su* rock silv]1 &
 sometimes gold1 is obta9$4 ,num]\s     
%afts1 cuts1 & tunnels h be5 made on ^! 
claims1 tw5ty or m 9 numb]1 & 9 e "o ore
 ( good grade has be5 f\nd1 al?\gh !    
quantity is usually small4 ,a %ipm5t f a
 claim call$ ,no4 #a return$ #abi ounces
 p] ton 9 ! ,oro ,gr&e mill4 ,on assay+1
 #bj ounces c be f\nd on any ( ! claims1
 & rock ( a high] grade runn+ into !    
?\s&s ( doll>s is n unkn[n on ! reef4   
,! ore occurs usually z bun*es1 %eets1  
or /r+]s1 :i* 8roll0 m or less1 b 9 a   
g5]al way foll[ ! /ratification ( !     
lime/one d[nw>d4 ,^! /r+]s are f #d     
in*es to #b feet 9 ?ickness1 p9*+ &     
swell+ bo? longitud9ally & on _!        
ext5sion d[nw>d4 ,! av]age ( ! ores ?us 
f> f\nd is probably ab\t #ej p] ton4 ,! 

m9es h all be5 op5$ by ! discov]]s1 :o  
are m5 ( limit$ means1 & no sy/ematic   
exploration = l>g] ore bodies has ev]   
be5 made4 ,!y may exi/1 ?\gh !re is no  
surface indication t su* is ! case4 ,at 
"o claim1 ,no4 #i1 ,i took a l>ge sample
 = #bj feet across ! m9]aliz$ zone &    
f\nd x to assay #aa ounces silv] ) #b 9 
gold4 ,?is rock 0 tak5 f a %all[ cut #d 
feet 9 wid? & #e feet deep1 #bj feet    
long4  ,! ore deposits occur )\t        
exception 9 zones ( lime/one t h be5    
cru%$ into small fragm5ts1 toge!r ) mu* 
v f9e mat]ial4 ,9 a few places ,i f\nd 9
 contact or close to ! ores :at appe>$  
to be a ?9 intrusive %eet ( rock (      
und\bt$ igne\s orig94 ,! orig9al nature 
( ?is rock c\ld n be det]m9$1 z x 0 v   
mu* decompos$ & blea*$4 ,x look$ l !    
:ite porphyry ( ,leadville m ?an any?+  
else ,i c\ld lik5 x to1 & to a great    
ext5t has1 d\btless1 be5 ! s\rce f :i* !
 m9]als ( ! ore deposits 7 d]iv$4 ,9 _m 
places ! qu>tzite :i* und]lies ! lime   
rock conta9s gal5a1 lead c>bonate1      

wulf5ite1 z9c-bl5de1 iron sulphide1     
copp]1 gold1 & silv]4 ,"s ( ?is rock    
conta9s suffici5t lead to be class$ z a 
smelt+ ore4  ,! ores ( ! lime/one       
deposits are *iefly *loride ( silv] &   
embolite 7*loro-bromide ( silv]71 :i* is
 usually accompani$ by copp] c>bonate1  
sometimes a copp]-silv] sulphide1       
wulf5ite1 lead1 & iron 9 v>i\s =ms1 9 a 
gangue ( calcite & qu>tz1 ) occasionally
 manganese oxide4 ,hornsilv] 9 cry/als  
has be5 f\nd 9 ! fracture jo9ts & 9     
small cavities ( a pure blue lime/one1  
tak5 f a %aft on "o ( ! claims at ! ea/ 
edge ( ! di/rict4 ,pasad5a1 ,riv]side1  
,daggett1 & ,victor p are ! pr9cipal    
own]s ( claims4 ,timb] c be obta9$ 9 !  
ma9 range #e or #f miles back ( ! m9es1 
& abundance ( wat] c be _h f ! caons 9 !
 neighbor+ m\nta9s or f ,old ,woman's   
,spr+s1 #b miles ea/ ( ! pr9cipal claims
 on ! reef4  ,altoge!r ! di/rict is a   
mo/ int]e/+ "o geologically & also      
f9ancially1 z ! high grade ( "s ( ! ore 
_h induc$ ! claim own]s to s9k          

consid]able money 9 ! developm5t ( _!   
m9es4                              ,,!  
,,gavilan ,,m9es4  ,on ! ,san ,jac9to   
e/ate1 :i* is own$ by an ,engli%        
syndicate1 are locat$ ! old ,gavilan    
,m9es1 :i* ye>s ago produc$ f qu>tz ve9s
 consid]able gold1 ! rock be+ fir/ cru%$
 9 num]\s arra/ras1 ! b$s ( :i*1 to !   
numb] ( fifty or m1 are /ill scatt]$ all
 ab\t ! neighborhood ( ! m9es4 ,9 lat]  
ye>s1 "u ,am]ican managem5t1 ! qu>tz 0  
haul$ to a /amp mill 9 ! ,p9acate       
,di/rict4 ,at ! "t ! ran*o became !     
prop]ty ( ! ,engli% p no?+ _h be5 done 9
 ^! m9es = _m ye>s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s
 ! old work+s h be5 inve/igat$ & a local
 company organiz$ at ,riv]side to op]ate
 !m "u lease4 ,at ! "t ( my visit "s    
workm5 7 indu/ri\sly engag$ 9 tak+ d[n !
 gall[s frame ( ! hoi/ & mak+           
prep>ations to vacate ! premises1 & ?is 
9 ! face ( ! report t _h gone abroad t a
 good-siz$ ve9 ( pay rock _h be5 uncov]$
 at ! bottom ( ! m9e at ! dep? ( #ahj   
feet4 ,i did n see ! alleg$ ore %oot &  

c\ld get no satisfaction f ! m5 at "w   
o!r ?an vague h9ts t !re 0 diss5sion    
among ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4  ,! ve9s ( !
 ,gavilan ,m9es are n l>ge1 b ( good    
grade1 occurr+ 9 a granitoid rock4      
,black t\rmal9e 9 a feldspa?ic & qu>tz  
gangue frequ5tly accompanies ! gold-be>+
 rock4 ,! ,mexicans work$ a l>ge %oot   
d[n to ! wat]-l9e1 & judg+ f ! size &   
numb] ( ! dumps ^! old work+s mu/ h be5 
( great ext5t4 ,! ,riv]side p _h sunk a 
new %aft at ! extreme s\? end ( ! m9e   
#ahj feet 9 dep?4 ,! entire region is   
cut by l>ge feldspa?ic & granitic ve9s1 
:i* c\rse 9 e direction4 ,^! ve9s are   
d\btless intrusive dikes ( ! v>iety (   
granite call$ pegmatite4 ,:ite scales ( 
muscovite occur sp>+ly1 b t\rmal9e is   
abundant4                           ,,! 
,,v&]bilt ,,di/rict4  ,=ty-five miles f 
,f5n]1 on ! l9e ( ! ,a4  ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 9 
! ea/]n "p ( ! c\nty1 ne> ! ,nevada     
,/ate l9e1 is ! ,v&]bilt ,di/rict4 ,x   
lies betwe5 ,palm ,di/rict & ,ivanpah1  
at an elevation ( #f1jjj feet above !   

sea4 ,num]\s claims h be5 locat$ on !   
ve9s ( ! di/rict & consid]able          
developm5t done4 ,messrs4 ,patton1      
,tagg]t  ,hall own eight promis+ claims1
 :i* x is _! purpose to develop         
ext5sively4 ,a %aft #d by #f feet has   
be5 sunk on ! ve9 to a dep? ( #fj feet1 
besides :i* a numb] ( %afts ( less] dep?
 & num]\s op5 cuts h be5 made1 all      
expos+ ore ( good grade4 ,! ve9 is ( !  
bran*+ k9d4 ,! ve9s v>y f #e to #cj feet
 9 wid?1 /rik+ ea/ & we/1 ) a dip to !  
nor? ( #fj4 ,! gangue is qu>tz1         
honey-comb$ at ! surface f ! oxidation (
 ! sulphurets x orig9ally conta9$1 small
 dissem9at$ cry/als ( :i* 7iron1 lead1 &
 copp]7 beg9 to %[ 9 ! rock f ! deepe/  
p>ts ( ! work+s4 ,"s ( ! rock conta9s a 
high p]c5tage ( lead 9 ! =m ( gal5a &   
c>bonate1 b x occurs mo/ly 9 bun*es & is
 n ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! rock4 ,a     
%ipm5t ( #f1ifc p\nds to ! sampl+ works 
at ,k+man1 ,arizona1 return$ an av]age  
assay value ( #agc #ej p] ton1 mo/ ( :i*
 0 gold4 ,ano!r lot av]ag$ #dd4  ,ne> ! 

above describ$ prop]ty ,messrs4 ,simmons
  ,rob]ts h sunk ?ree %afts to a dep? ( 
#dj feet ea*1 & ,campbell  ,beatty put  
d[n a %aft #ajj feet1 all 9 ore ( a "* &
 value simil> to t f\nd 9 ! o!r m9es4   
,bo? wood & wat] are obta9able 9 !      
di/rict1 p9e timb] gr[+ on ! hills1 & a 
good /ream ( wat] is fl[+ d[n into !    
des]t only #a miles di/ant f ^! m9es4 ,)
 ! "* & grade ( ! ores f\nd 9 ^! ve9s1 &
 ! advantages ( wood & wat]1 x w\ld seem
 t ^! m9es might be successfully op]at$1
 p>ticul>ly z "s ( ! own]s are possess$ 
( suffici5t means4 ,x is ! express$     
int5tion1 h[ev]1 to s9k deep] & det]m9e 
m fully ! ext5t & "* ( ! ore 9 dep? be=e
 plac+ exp5sive ma*9]y on ! gr\nd4      
,,! ,,ibex ,,m9e4  ,among ! m9es t h    
attract$ unusual att5tion 9 ?is c\nty   
dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 ! ,ibex ,m9e /&s        
prom95tly 9 ! front rank4 ,x is locat$  
#c miles f ,ibex ,/ation1 on ! l9e ( !  
,a4  ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 & n ov] #aa miles nor?
 f ,! ,ne$les4 ,! ,ibex prop]ty is 9 !  
,ibex ,m9+ ,di/rict1 & consi/s ( sev5   

claims1 :i* 7 locat$ 9 #ahhh1 n[ own$ by
 resid5ts ( ,riv]side & ,san ,b]n>d9o4  
,! pr9cipal claim is call$ ! ,ibex4 ,!  
ve9 /rikes ea/ & we/1 dipp+ at an angle 
( #de4 ,two %afts1 "o #fj feet & "o #eb 
feet1 _h be5 sunk at ! "t ?is in=mation 
0 obta9$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! #eb-;foot    
%aft a drift #ch feet 9 l5g? has be5 run
 on ! ve94 ,surface cuts & tr5*es are q 
num]\s on ! sev]al claims1 & a l>ge     
am\nt ( qu>tz conta9+ gold _h be5       
expos$4 ,free gold c\ld be se5 9        
consid]able quantity 9 "s ( ! por\s     
qu>tz4 ,! qu>tz is ?or\ghly cry/all9e1  
%[+ _m cavities z a result ( !          
decomposition & lea*+ out ( !           
sulphurett$ m9]als x orig9ally conta9$4 
,^! cavities are all l9$ ) m9ute qu>tz  
cry/als1 :i* h be5 deposit$ evid5tly    
s9ce ! removal ( ! sulphides4 ,rock (   
?is description is full ( gold1 seem+ly4
 ,x is s loose 9 texture t c>eless h&l+ 
%akes out ! gold5 gra9s4 ,john ,&]son1 (
 ,san ,b]n>d9o1 "o ( ! own]s1 volunte]$ 
! in=mation t f #b to #d feet ( ?is rock

 sampl$ #ajj to #aej p] ton4 ,! own]s _h
 det]m9$ ! latt] "p ( ,april to %ip ?is 
free-mill+ ore to ,! ,ne$les1 :]e a mill
 0 be+ con/ruct$4 ,"s ( ! qu>tz f ! l[e/
 work+s conta9s small cry/als ( pyrite &
 *alcopyrite1 b x w\ld /ill be class$ z 
an ore susceptible ( free amalgamation4 
,! ,ibex prop]ty _h a promis+ look 9 !  
spr+ ( #ahib4 ,its fur!r developm5t w be
 look$ to ) great int]e/ by all int]e/$ 
9 des]t m9es4                           
,,monte ,,negras ,,di/rict4  ,ne> ! s\? 
b\nd>y ( ,san ,b]n>d9o ,c\nty1 & ab\t   
#ge miles directly ea/ ( ,m\nt ,san     
,b]n>d9o1 a new m9+ di/rict has be5     
organiz$ )9 ! pa/ two ye>s1 &           
consid]able developm5t "w accompli%$ by 
! claim own]s1 :o1 z usual1 are m5 (    
limit$ means4  ,?is di/rict is #bb miles
 nor!a/ ( ,cottonwood ,spr+s1 #af miles 
nor? ( ,eagle ,m\nta91 & ab\t #f miles  
s\? f ,virg9ia ,dale4 ,! belt is ab\t #a
 miles 9 wid? & #e miles 9 l5g?4 ,! ve9s
 tr5d nor? & s\?4  ,?is new di/rict1 :i*
 has be5 nam$ ! ,monte ,negras1 or      

,black ,m\nta9 ,di/rict1 has attract$   
consid]able att5tion by ! discov]y 9 "o 
( ! claims ( nuggets ( gold & qu>tz (   
extreme ri*ness4 ,at ! "t ( ?is discov]y
 "s newspap]s 9 ?is c\nty publi%$ !     
report t ! my?ical 8,pegleg ,smi?0 ,m9e 
_h actually be5 f\nd1 :i* only add$ to !
 excitem5t produc$ by ! br++ into ,san  
,b]n>d9o ( sev]al hundr$ doll>s wor? (  
specim5s4  ,i visit$ ?is new di/rict 9 !
 mon? ( ,may1 #ahib1 & sp5t sev]al days 
9 mak+ an exam9ation ( ! claims &       
adjac5t c\ntry4 ,! ,monte ,negras camp  
is on ! s\? side ( ! range ( hills #de  
miles nor!a/ ( ,walt]s ,/ation1 on ! l9e
 ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad1 be+     
rea*$ by a fair des]t road4 ,by fair ,i 
mean a heavy1 b n r\gh or hilly road4   
,walt]s ,/ation is ne>ly #bjj feet bel[ 
! level ( ! sea4 ,f t po9t e foot ( !   
way is up hill1 till a divide ne>       
,cottonwood ,spr+s is rea*$1 at an      
altitude ( #c1aeg feet1 ! di/ance be+   
#bg miles2 f !re to ! foot ( ! wa%1 :i* 
ext5ds #b or #c miles f ! base ( !      

m\nta9s1 d[n hill #ai miles1 :]e !      
altitude is #a1cjj feet4 ,! altitude ( !
 camp is #a1ebj feet4 ,all ! m9es ly+   
back 9 ! m\nta9s are at high]1 ?\gh     
v>y+1 altitudes1 ! greate/ elevation be+
 #c1ejj feet1 at ! ,ramona4 ,! neighbor+
 peaks rise f #bjj to #hjj feet high]4  
,?is di/rict is di/ant ab\t #ce miles f 
,cadiz1 on ! l9e ( ! ,atlantic &        
,pacific ,railroad4 ,i h nev] travel$ ! 
road1 & "k no?+ ( x1 al?\gh ,i am told x
 is a good des]t road4 ,wood is n       
obta9able at all 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m9es1 &
 wat] is sc>ce1 b has be5 obta9$ by s9k+
 a well 9 a bas9 at ,virg9ia ,dale1 a   
few miles nor? ( ^! m9es4 ,a %aft 0 sunk
 #adj feet 9 ! wa% #c miles s\? ( ! mo/ 
s\!rly ,monte ,negras m9es1 b no wat] 0 
obta9$4 ,b$rock 0 n rea*$ at ! dep?     
m5tion$1 b x is n unlikely wat] may be  
secur$ by cont9u+ ?is %aft d[nw>d4  ,i  
m5tion all ^! drawbacks to :at ,i       
o!rwise believe to be promis+ prop]ty1  
because ,i ?9k ! difficulties may be    
(fset by ! fact t ! ore is high grade4  

,! ,monte ,negras uplift consi/s1 z f> z
 my obs]vation ext5d$1 entirely (       
eruptive rocks1 diorite1 qu>tz porphyry1
 & f9e-gra9$ m or less porphyritic      
rocks1 cut by lat] dikes ( felsite &    
d>k-gre5 or black diorite4 ,epidote     
occurs 9 great quantity ?r\gh\t !       
region1 usually associat$ ) micace\s    
iron ore1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! =m ( ve9s &   
bun*es ev]y:]e4 ,! iron ores conta9 no  
preci\s metals1 & are ( no economic     
importance4  ,! region1 al?\gh entirely 
eruptive1 & 9 "p volcanic 7l>ge fields (
 basalt occurr+ on ! we/]n slopes7 is 9 
! imm$iate vic9ity ( a l>ge hill call$  
,p9to1 or ,pa9t$ ,m\nta91 :i* is made up
 ( metamorphic /rata1 *loritic &        
hornbl5de rocks1 qu>tzite & mica s*i/   
pr$om9at+4  ,! m9]al-be>+ ve9s ( !      
,monte ,negras ,di/rict are all ( !     
fissure type1 & are mo/ly q simple 9 =m4
 ,! gangue is qu>tz1 c>ry+ iron & copp] 
sulphurets1 & ! second>y products ( ^?  
m9]als1 iron oxide & copp] c>bonate1 )  
gold & silv]4 ,no lead or z9c 0 obs]v$4 

,! economic value ( ! ore lies almo/1   
evid5tly1 9 its gold cont5ts1 ! silv]   
occurr+ s sp>+ly z to am\nt to v little4
 ,! bullion obta9$ f ^! ores is wor?    
ab\t #ag p] ounce4 ,! ore ranges 9 value
 f #bj to ov] #ajj p] ton4 ,obs]vations 
on ! pr9cipal m9es ( ?is di/rict1 viz43 
,great ,ea/]n1 ,v5us1 ,columbus1        
,summit1 ,porcup9e1 ,s*ill]1 ,hill]man1 
,annie ,rooney1 ,e!l1 ,republican1      
,ramona1 ,mc,kinley ,bill1 & ,rev5ue1 h 
to be omitt$ 9 ord] to cond5se ! report4
                                ,,san   
,,diego ,,c\nty4                   ,by  
,w4 ,h4 ,/orms1 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,field4   
,!re has be5 no m>k$ developm5t ( m9es 9
 ?is c\nty s9ce ! la/ report 0 issu$1   
except+ 9 "s ( ! di/ricts ( ! ,colorado 
,des]t1 ( :i* m5tion w be made4 ,! g5]al
 geological & topographical features (  
?is c\nty h be5 s fully describ$ 9 =m]  
reports t to repeat !m "h is unnecess>y4
 ,at v>i\s times )9 ! pa/ two ye>s new  
discov]ies h be5 ann\nc$1 & ^! h be5    
develop$ to a great] or less ext5t1 & 9 

"s in/ances1 at lea/1 ) enc\rag+        
results4                                
,,helvetia ,,m9e4  ,?is m9e is locat$ a 
%ort di/ance f ! t[n ( ,julian1 & is    
equipp$ ) a /eam hoi/ & mill comb9$ "u  
"o ro(4 ,! new %aft1 :i* 0 />t$ ne>ly   
?ree ye>s ago1 0 sunk on ! ve9 = #ej    
feet1 at an angle ( #ge1 at :i* dep? !  
%aft left ! crevice & cont9u$ v]tically 
to a dep? ( #bbe feet4 ,f ?is po9t a    
crosscut 0 />t$ back t[>d ! ve91 runn+  
at an angle ) its /rike1 ! idea be+ to  
rea* a pay %oot z quickly z possible4 ,!
 %oot 9 "q 0 ! s\? ext5sion ( t develop$
 9 ! old work+s4 ,! ve9 0 enc\nt]$1 & ! 
drift cont9u$ along its c\rse4 ,at ab\t 
#cj feet f ! po9t ( int]sect+ ! ve9 9   
?is drift ( ! %oot 0 f\nd4 ,x 0 h>d1    
blue1 r glassy-look+ qu>tz1 fill$ )     
m9ute black p>ticles1 & %[+ consid]able 
gold1 "s ( ! rock be+ v high grade4  ,! 
drift 0 cont9u$ along ! ve91 & f9ally   
rea*$ a po9t ov] ! level t _h be5 run   
s\? f ! old %aft1 :i* is #cjj feet deep4
 ,?is new drift 0 f\nd to be #ad feet   

high] ?an ! old level4 ,! m9e 0         
completely dra9$ at ! "t ( my visit1 & a
 free circulation ( pure air 0 f\nd     
?r\gh\t ! work+s4 ,! gr\nd 0 ready =    
/op+1 b ow+ to "s legal difficulties    
aris+ ! prop]ty 0 ly+ idle4  ,! app5d$  
sket* w give an idea ( ! pres5t         
developm5t ( ! ,helvetia1 :i* is "o ( ! 
mo/ promis+ prop]ties 9 ! di/rict1 & a  
type ( ! be/ class ( m9es ( its k9d f\nd
 !re4  ,! ,helvetia1 l o!r m9es ( !     
di/rict1 occurs 9 ! cry/all9e s*i/s1 !  
qu>tz be+ f\nd z l5ses inclos$ 9 !      
c\ntry rock4 ,"s ( ! l5ses might be     
mi/ak5 = fissures1 b ,i fail$ to see "o 
possess+ ! *>act]i/ics ( a 8fissure40   
,ne>ly all ! l5ses exhibit a t5d5cy to  
8make0 into ! hang+ wall side ( ! c\ntry
 rock1 ! l5ses ( qu>tz foll[+ ea* o!r 9 
a g5]al direction1 b at an angle ) !    
/ratification ( ! s*i/s1 & are sep>ate &
 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 be+ sep>at$ at ! ends
 7:]e !y sometimes ov]lap7 by !         
8leaves10 z !y may be t]m$1 ( ! s*i/ose 
c\ntry rock4 ,^! l5ses 7 d\btless caus$ 

by a compressive /ress on ! s*i/s1 :i*  
_h a t5d5cy to split !m1 b 0 n p[]ful   
en\gh to cause an abrupt fracture4 ,!   
accompany+ sket* may convey an idea ( ! 
occurr5ce ( ^! qu>tz l5ses4             
,illu/ration3 ,,work+s ,,( ,,!          
,,helvetia ,,m9e ,,ne> ,,julian         
,illu/ration3 ,,l5ticul> ,,qu>tz        
,,bodies ,,9 ,,s*i/ose ,,rock  ,by !    
above sket* x w be obs]v$ t !re is a    
t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! qu>tz l5ses to foll[ 
a giv5 direction1 :i* lies at a small   
angle across ! /rike ( ! s*i/s1 & t ^!  
l5ses are n connect$1 b occur           
indep5d5tly1 ?\gh all are ! result ( !  
same =ce :i* flex$ & split ! /rata4     
,o!r m9es ab\t ,julian 7 idle at ! "t ( 
my visit1 ! mo/ ( !m be+ inaccessible1  
ow+ to wat] 9 ! work+s4 ,consid]able    
money has be5 exp5d$ on ! ,ow5s ,m9e 9  
an attempt to dra9 & recov] ! work+s1 b 
x 0 ab&on$ aft] sev]al mon?s ( "w &     
consid]able exp5se4  ,m activity 0      
exhibit$ 9 ! m9es ab\t ,bann] ?an any   
o!r "p ( ! di/rict4                     

,,ready ,,relief ,,m9e4  ,?is is ! l>ge/
 & mo/ ext5sively develop$ m9e ne>      
,bann]4 ,x has e>n$ consid]able fame1 n 
only z a produc]1 b = ! peculi>ities    
exhibit$ 9 ! =mation ( its bun*es (     
qu>tz1 :i* conta9 dissem9at$ gra9s &    
masses ( pyrite4  ,! ,ready ,relief has 
sev]al levels1 all ( :i* are connect$ by
 w9zes & %afts4 ,! huge bun*es ( qu>tz  
h1 f _! peculi> =m1 be5 d5om9at$        
8rolls10 & ,i "k ( no bett] t]m :i* w\ld
 convey a cle> idea ( _! appe>ance4 ,z a
 result ( close obs]vation made at      
num]\s po9ts 9 ! m9e & on ! surface at !
 "t ( my visit1 ,i =m$ ! conclusion t ! 
8rolls0 ( ! ,ready ,relief ,m9e simply  
repres5t an exagg]at$ condition ( ! same
 sort ( flex+ ( ! s*i/s t has produc$ ! 
o!r m9es ( ?is di/rict4 ,! facts z      
obs]v$ lead me to ! belief t ! 8rolls0  
or folds ( ! ,ready ,relief ,m9e1 & its 
ext5sions1 bo? nor? & s\?1 are ! result 
( a sev]e compressive /ress ^u ! s*i/s  
at "r angle to a l9e runn+ ne>ly nor?we/
 & s\!a/2 t ?is =ce 0 ex]t$ 9 ! =m (    

pressure & n ( contraction2 t z a result
 ( ?is pressure !re is a t5d5cy exhibit$
 on ! "p ( ! contort$ /rata to =m a     
rev]se fault & n a normal "o1 & t ?is   
p[] exp5d$ itself be=e ! rocks 7 =c$ to 
yield to ! /ra9 to ! ext5t ( fracture1 !
 result be+ an abrupt crumpl+ ( ! s*i/s 
)\t disruption4  ,along ?is l9e (       
di/urbance p]colat+ wat]s h deposit$    
silica 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,! s*i/ose 
fold$ masses hav+ be5 completely        
metamorphos$1 massive qu>tz replac+ !   
cru%$ & crumpl$ cry/all9e rocks1 ?\gh ! 
l9es ( its =m] s*i/ose /ructure are 9 _m
 places pres]v$4  ,a sket* ( a          
*>act]i/ic section is "h reproduc$1 & x 
may help ! read] to =m "s conception (  
?is unusual occurr5ce ( gold-be>+ qu>tz4
 ,! /rike ( ! c\ntry rock is ab\t       
nor?we/ & s\!a/1 & v>ies b little f ?is 
ov] a wide area4 ,! rock is1 g5]ally    
speak+1 a d>k gray1 r close-gra9$1      
micace\s rock 7argillite71 hav+ a dip to
 ! ea/ ( ab\t #hj4 ,! succession ( folds
 cut across ! dip ( ! s*i/s at an angle 

ab\t #de f ! horizon4  ,x w be notic$ t 
9 places sev]al ( ! rolls lie side by   
side4 ,:]e ?is occurs ! pay %oot is v   
l>ge4 ,! ?ickness ( ! individual rolls  
v>ies f a few in*es to #e or #f feet1 & 
:]e ! folds p>allel ea* o!r a wid? ( #ab
 to #bj feet or m is n uncommon4 ,^!    
rolls d n ext5d longitud9ally a great   
di/ance1 b seem to gradually dim9i%1 be+
 foll[$ by o!rs along ! /rike ( ! ve94  
,x seems q evid5t t _h ! /ress :i*      
produc$ ?is fold+ or crumpl+ ( ! s*i/s  
proce$$ mu* f>!r an abrupt fracture mu/ 
h result$1 & ! ,ready ,relief ve9 w\ld h
 be5 a fissure hav+ a dip ( ab\t #de4   
,at ! "t ( my visit ! ,bailey ,bros4 7  
ov]haul+ _! mill ( t5 /amps & 7 putt+ 9 
a #ab-;foot wat]:eel ( ! ,pelton /yle4  
,?\gh l>ge am\nts ( qu>tz h be5 /op$ f !
 ,ready ,relief !re 7 /ill ?\s&s ( tons 
9 ! m9e4 ,mr4 ,bailey in=m$ ! writ] t ! 
rock av]ag$ ab\t #ae p] ton4  ,! o!r    
claims :i* occur along ! same c\rse z ! 
,ready ,relief are q simil> f a         
geological /&po9t1 ?\gh none ( !m       

exhibit ! peculi>ities ( ! folds 9 su* a
 m>k$ degree4 ,among ! prom95t m9es on  
?is belt are ! ,hubb>d claims1 :i* 7 be+
 op]at$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib1 ! ,r$man1     
,antelope1 ,c9c9nati ,belle1 & "s o!rs4 
,,! ,,ruby ,,m9e4  ,?is m9e is locat$ a 
%ort di/ance ea/ ( & p>allel ) ! ,ready 
,relief4 ,x occurs at ! contact ( mica  
s*i/ & sy5ite4 ,a new five-/amp mill 0 9
 c\rse ( con/ruction at ! "t ( my visit1
 9 :i* x 0 int5d$ to cru% qu>tz f !     
,ruby & ,wilcox1 an adjo9+ location4 ,a 
small =ce 0 employ$ at ! m9e4           
,,! ,,k5tuck ,s4  ,s9ce ! la/ report 0  
publi%$ ! ,k5tuck ,s came into prom95ce 
once m "u ! own]%ip ( a ,/4 ,l\is       
syndicate4 ,a vigor\s policy 0          
inaugurat$1 & = a "t all seem+ly w5t    
well4 ,! %oot ( qu>tz1 :i* _h be5 op5$  
to "s dep?1 crops out along ! flank ( ! 
/eep m\nta9 side4 ,! ve9 pit*es into !  
hill at a high angle4 ,! manag] select$ 
a place to />t a new v]tical1           
?ree-comp>tm5t %aft at a po9t up ! hill 
ab\t #ajj feet above ! cropp+s4 ,! %aft 

0 />t$ & 0 fully equipp$4 ,massive      
timb]s 7 plac$ 9 ! mo/ approv$ /yle4 ,at
 a dep? ( #ajj feet ! "w has rea*$ !    
level ( ! cropp+s1 & _h co/1 x is said1 
#aj1jjj1 & x 0 /ill ab\t #abe feet d[n  
to a connection ) ! ve94 ,"h ! "w 0     
/opp$1 & has nev] s9ce be5 resum$1 /&+  
an excell5t example ( h[ n to op5 a m9e4
 ,! money exp5d$ 9 ?is %aft w\ld h driv5
 a crosscut tunnel f ! base ( ! hill to 
! ve91 giv+ at lea/ #ejj feet ( backs1  
af=d+ a *eap means ( dra9+1 v5tilat+1 & 
exploit+ ! m9e4                         
,,c9c9nati ,,belle4  ,among ! mo/       
promis+ prop]ties ,i saw ab\t ,bann] is 
! ,c9c9nati ,belle1 :i* has made q a    
record z a produc] ( rock ( high grade4 
,?is m9e1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r claims1 0 
pur*as$ by a ,pomona company 9 #ahij1 = 
! purpose ( op]at+ ^! m9es1 among !m be+
 ! ,gold ,k+ & ,gold ,que5 ,m9es1 ( :i* 
m5tion w be made h]eaft]4 ,! ,c9c9nati  
,belle is situat$ ab\t #c1jjj feet      
nor?we/ f ! t[n ( ,bann]1 & is 9 *>ge ( 
,d4 ,c4 ,lane4  ,! %oots or l5ses (     

qu>tz :i* con/itute ! s-call$ ore bodies
 ( ?is m9e occur 9 a g5]al c\rse along !
 /rike ( ! s*i/s1 ?\gh ea* succe$+ l5s  
to ! nor!a/ 8makes0 into ! hang+ wall1 z
 indicat$ 9 ! cut "u ! head ( ,helvetia 
,m9e4  ,! m9e 0 develop$ by a tunnel (  
#afh feet 9 l5g?1 ( :i* ! fir/ #dj feet 
requir$ timb]+4 ,ne> ! m\? ( ! tunnel a 
%aft has be5 sunk on ! pit* ( ! qu>tz   
l5ses1 to a dep? ( #bjj feet4 ,levels 7 
op5$ at int]vals ( #ej feet4 ,! fir/    
level at ! top _h be5 cut #afh feet     
along ! c\rse ( ! lead2 ! second #fh    
feet2 ! ?ird #abj feet2 ! f\r?1 fif?1 & 
six? ea* #ej feet4 ,ea* level expos$ a  
blui% qu>tz rock1 :i* returns 9 ! mill f
 #ah to #dj p] ton4 ,x is free mill+1 & 
is treat$ by a simple amalgamation      
process4  ,?\gh ?is qu>tz conta9s "s    
pyrite1 :i* is aurif]\s1 c>ry+ #h to #aj
 p] ton1 no attempt is made to save !   
sulphide4 ,! m9e makes b little wat]1 & 
all ! qu>tz & wa/e are hoi/$ 9 a bucket4
 ,p9e timb] is us$1 :i* gr[s 9 !        
neighbor+ m\nta9s above ! m9e4 ,x co/s  

#aa c5ts p] runn+ foot at ! m9e4 ,!     
prop]ty 0 only "u process ( developm5t  
at ! "t ( my exam9ation1 & z b little   
/op+ has be5 done1 ! co/ ( m9+ p] ton   
c\ld n be arriv$ at4 ,! l5ses v>y       
greatly 9 size1 rang+ f a few in*es to  
#d feet4 ,! ve9 or m9]al-be>+ zone is   
accompani$ by a fissure1 :i* runs along 
ne>ly p>allel ) ! qu>tz at a di/ance ( a
 few feet on ! hang+ wall side4 ,?is    
fault has result$ 9 ! cru%+ ( ! c\ntry  
rock along its c\rse4  ,9 ?is ve91 z x  
may be call$1 ! rock has be5 completely 
*ang$1 clay1 talcose1 & *loritic m9]al  
replac+ ! micace\s rock4 ,?is m9]al     
conta9s "s gold4 ,! incl9$ %aft has two 
comp>tm5ts & is sub/antially timb]$     
?r\gh\t4 ,f ! m9e ! company has grad$1  
along ! m\nta9 side1 #d1jjj feet ( road1
 ov] :i* ! qu>tz is transport$ to ! mill
 9 ! t[n ( ,bann] at an exp5se ( #ge    
c5ts p] ton4 ,! mill conta9s t5 /amps4  
,! mill is q complete1 b poor judgm5t 0 
%[n 9 ! arrangem5t by ! managem5t "u ^: 
sup]vision x 0 built1 :i* 0 be=e !      

pres5t ,sup]9t5d5t 0 9 *>ge4 ,z an      
in/ance1 ! rock f ! m9e :5 deliv]$ at ! 
mill is dump$ into an ore b9 outside !  
mill4 ,! rock is !n tak5 inside z       
requir$ & dump$ on a grizzly4 ,z usual !
 l>ge pieces fall on ! cru%] floor1 :]e 
!y are f$ by h& into ! jaw rock-break]1 
:i* /&s above ! level ( ! floor4 ,?is   
sort ( managem5t necessitates extra &   
unnecess>y "w4                      ,,! 
,,gold ,,k+ ,,& ,,gold ,,que5 ,,m9es    
,are locat$ ab\t #d miles we/ f ,bann]1 
& are own$ by ! ,pomona company1 t owns 
! ,c9c9nati ,belle4 ,only f\r m5 7      
employ$ 9 ^! m9es at ! "t ( my visit1   
prospect+ "w only be+ done4 ,! qu>tz    
rais$ f ^! work+s is haul$ #aa miles by 
road to ,bann]4 ,! qu>tz is high grade1 
& pays well1 b no l>ge am\nt 0 develop$4
                              ,,!       
,,/onewall ,,m9e  ,is locat$ ab\t #h    
miles s\?we/ f ,bann] on ! ,cuyamaca    
grant1 belong+ to ! ,wat]man e/ate4 ,!  
,sup]9t5d5t1 ,waldo ,s4 ,wat]man1 in=m$ 
! writ] t no?+ ( special int]e/ _h be5  

develop$ 9 ! m9e s9ce ! publication ( ! 
la/ report 7#ahij74                     
,,mesa ,,gr&e ,,di/rict4  ,a few miles  
to ! nor?we/ f ,julian is locat$ ! ,mesa
 ,gr&e ,di/rict1 :]e l5ses ( a yell[i%  
pellucid qu>tz ( semi-granul> texture h 
be5 develop$ some:at4 ,all ( ?is qu>tz  
conta9s gold1 & "s ( x is q ri*2 b no?+ 
( consequ5ce has be5 done ( late1 fur!r 
?an to organize a /ock company4         
,,escondido ,,m9es4  ,ne> ! fl\ri%+     
little t[n ( ,escondido are "s old      
,mexican m9es1 :i* h be5 acquir$ by a   
,san ,diego company4 ,! ve9s are        
gold-be>+1 ! qu>tz hav+ =m]ly be5 work$ 
9 arra/ras ) evid5tly good results1 z ! 
surface work+s are q ext5sive4 ,)9 ! pa/
 two ye>s1 h[ev]1 little has be5 done on
 ! prop]ty4                             
,,p9e ,,valley4  ,! ,p9e ,valley ,m9es  
lie #f miles f ! ,/onewall & ,san ,diego
 ,/age road1 ! ne>e/ /ation be+         
,descanso4 ,two mills1 "o ( five & "o ( 
two /amps1 cru% ! rock tak5 f ! ve9s 9 !
 vic9ity4 ,?is qu>tz1 x 0 claim$1 w\ld  

mill ov] #ej p] ton4 ,! ve9s occur 9 a  
=mation simil> to t ab\t ,julian &      
,bann]4                                 
,,report$ ,,t9 ,,discov]ies4  ,frequ5tly
 !re h be5 rumors ( ! discov]y ( t9 /one
 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty1 b up to ?is "t no
 su* ores are kn[n to exi/ outside ( !  
prop]ty kn[n z ! ,temescal ,m9es1 :i*   
are locat$ on ! l9e ( ,san ,b]n>d9o &   
,san ,diego ,c\nties4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! l>ge  
cry/all9e area :i* ext5ds ov] a         
consid]able portion ( ,san ,diego       
,c\nty1 x w\ld n be /range to f9d t9    
/one "u conditions simil> to ^? :i*     
obta9 9 ! ,h>ney ,peak region 9 ! ,black
 ,hills ( ,dakota4 ,!re ! cassit]ite is 
f\nd 9 good-siz$ cry/als & f9ely        
dissem9at$ gra9s 9 a matrix (           
co>se-gra9$ granite1 :i* has be5 ?ru/ up
 ?r\gh ! s*i/s 9 ! =m ( intrusive dikes 
( great] or less size4 ,x usually is    
associat$ ) t\rmal9e1 wolfram1 & o!r    
black m9]als1 mak+ x difficult to       
di/+ui% x )\t mak+ a te/ ( "s sort4 ,!  
se>* = t9 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty has be5  

conf9$ to look+ = a black rock simil> to
 t f\nd 9 ! ,cajalco ,m9e4              
,,dulzura ,,di/rict4  ,! ,dulzura ,m9+  
,di/rict is #cj miles ea/ & a little s\?
 ( ! city ( ,san ,diego1 9 a range ( r  
rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,metamorphic rocks occur 
frequ5tly1 b masses ( igne\s rock h be5 
intrud$ & con/itute l>ge hills ?r\gh\t !
 di/rict4 ,among ^! rocks are a light1  
gre5i%-gray feldsp> porphyry1 a         
d>k-gre51 f9e-gra9$ diorite1 a black    
aphanitic diorite1 sometimes            
porphyritic1 & a light cream-color$ or  
gre5i%-:ite felsitic rock4 ,9 ! imm$iate
 vic9ity ( ,dulzura ! latt] rock occurs 
9 ! =m ( imm5se dikes /rik+ nor?we/ &   
s\!a/1 cross+ ,cottonwood ,creek to !   
s\? into ,mexico4 ,9 "o ( ^! great      
dikes1 :i* is sev]al hundr$ feet 9 wid?1
 ! m9es ( ! di/rict are f\nd4 ,!y are   
pr9cipally *amb]$ ve9s occurr+ on ! l9e 
( a fault plane :i* has fractur$ !      
felsite1 ! hang+ wall side ( ! slip go+ 
d[n1 ! movem5t caus+ ! rock to become   
cru%$ & brok54 ,p]colat+ wat]s h c>ri$  

into ! cru%$ mass m9]al solutions1 :i* h
 deposit$ ! ores1 *iefly iron           
sulphurets1 :]e ! mo/ favorable         
conditions 7 f\nd along ! l9e ( ?is     
fault plane4 ,! subsequ5t oxidiz+ ( !   
masses ( ore ?us =m$ has /a9$ ! rock a  
bright or d>k r$ & sometimes yell[4  ,! 
rock conta9s gold rang+ f a trace to #bj
 or ov] p] ton4 ,x 0 said ! av]age 0    
ab\t #h4 ,! oxidation ( ! ore bodies    
does n ext5d to any v great dep?1 !     
result be+ ! occurr5ce ( sulphurett$    
ores comp>atively ne> ! surface1 ?\gh x 
0 claim$ by ! m9e own]s t ! sulphurets  
conta9$ suffici5t gold to make          
conc5tration & treatm5t by *lor9ation   
pr(itable4 ,! m9es are q int]e/+ f a    
geological po9t ( view1 & may1 9 "t1    
prove equally s f a f9ancial /&po9t4 ,no
 ma*9]y _h be5 built at ! "t ( my visit4
 ,! felsite ?r\gh\t ! di/rict1 :5ev]    
obs]v$1 conta9$ a consid]able am\nt (   
pyrite1 ! surface rock ne>ly always     
pres5t+ a highly m9]aliz$ appe>ance4    
,,jamul ,,cem5t ,,rocks4  ,! ,jamul     

,portl& ,cem5t ,m9e & works are locat$  
on ! ,jamul ran*o1 #bb miles ea/ ( !    
city ( ,san ,diego4 ,! company began !  
con/ruction ( exp5sive works 9 ! spr+ ( 
#ahij1 :i* 7 n complet$ until ,june1    
#ahia1 at a co/ ( #ej1jjj4 ,sev5 kilns 7
 con/ruct$1 toge!r ) l>ge build+s4 ,!   
capacity ( ! works is ab\t #aej b>rels a
 day4 ,:5 9 op]ation ov] =ty m5 are     
employ$ at ! m9e & works4  ,!           
transportation problem prov$ a m s]i\s  
"o ?an _h be5 anticipat$1 x co/+ m to   
haul cem5t f ,jamul to ,san ,diego ?an x
 co/s to br+ ,engli% ,portl& cem5t to   
,cali=nia by vessel4 ,! cem5t made by   
?is company has be5 q ext5sively us$    
?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4               
,,asbe/os4  ,! ,john ,d4 ,h(f ,asbe/os  
,company1 ( ,san ,diego1 is op]at+ an   
asbe/os m9e 9 ! ,san ,jac9to ,m\nta9s1 f
 ! product ( :i* a v>iety ( fire-pro(   
mat]ial is made1 includ+ ro( pa9ts1     
ro(+1 boil] & /eam-pipe cov]+1 fire-clay
 goods1 etc4 ,?is is ! only asbe/os     
conc]n 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 & !      

bus9ess seems to be on ! increase4 ,!   
works are locat$ ne> ,pacific ,bea*1 #g 
miles f ,san ,diego4 ,asbe/os is also   
f\nd ne> ,palm ,spr+s1 9 ! ,san ,jac9to 
,m\nta9s1 & sev]al miles ea/ ( ,indio4  
,,p9acate ,,di/rict4  ,ne> ! l9e ( ,san 
,b]n>d9o & ,san ,diego ,c\nties1 ab\t #e
 to #h miles we/ f ! t[n ( ,p]ris1 are !
 m9es ( ! ,p9acate ,di/rict1 all be+    
ve9s ( qu>tz-be>+ gold4 ,9 pa/ ye>s ?is 
di/rict has produc$ a l>ge am\nt (      
bullion1 ! qu>tz be+ work$ 9 arra/ras1 !
 b$s ( ov] a hundr$ ( :i* /ill may be   
se5 scatt]$ ab\t4  ,!re are num]\s spr+s
 ( small size 9 ! di/rict1 b timb] is v 
sc>ce4 ,! =mation is sy5ite & granite   
pr9cipally2 occasionally s*i/ose &      
gneissoid rocks & qu>tzites be+ obs]v$4 
,! entire region is metamorphic1 except+
 a few dikes ( granite 7pegmatite7 &    
qu>tz porphyry4 ,diorite is f\nd ne> !  
,good ,hope ,m9e4 ,! region is "o easily
 accessible1 & b #d to #h miles f a     
railroad4                               
,,/eele',s ,,m9e4  ,to ! nor?we/ ( !    

,good ,hope ,m9e is ! ,victor ,m9e1     
=m]ly 8,la ,plomo40 ,?is m9e is n[ bett]
 kn[n z ! ,/eele ,m9e4 ,! ve9 is a foot 
or m 9 wid?1 consi/+ ( a highly         
cry/all9e qu>tz1 9 :i* is dissem9at$ a  
small am\nt ( iron & lead sulphuret &   
lead c>bonate4 ,! rock is q ri* 9 gold1 
"s ( x %[+ gold )\t ! aid ( a l5s4  ,a  
tunnel #ijj feet 9 l5g? _h be5 run to   
develop ! ve91 on :i* an incl9$ %aft _h 
be5 sunk to a dep? ( #bjj feet4 ,besides
 ?is "w !re 7 num]\s o!r sup]ficial     
work+s1 9 :i* qu>tz ( good grade 0      
expos$4 ,! ve9 occurs 9 a region (      
metamorphic rocks1 ! foot wall conta9+  
mu* qu>tz & biotite mica4 ,! hang+ wall 
is d>k gray color1 & q f9e-gra9$ 9      
texture4 ,hornbl5de cry/als are pl5tiful
 ?r\gh\t ! rock4 ,o!r rocks 9 ! vic9ity 
are mica s*i/1 *loritic rocks1 qu>tzite1
 & o!r m massive cry/all9e rocks4       
,granitic dikes 7pegmatite7 cut !       
=mation on all sides1 none ( !m be+ v   
l>ge4 ,^! dikes are *>act]iz$ by _!     
exceptionally co>se cry/allization4     

,good-siz$ t\rmal9es1 ( jet black color1
 are num]\s 9 ! granite4                
,,! ,,rosalia4  ,ab\t a mile nor?we/ f !
 ,victor is ! ,old ,rosalia1 n[ ! ,santa
 ,rosa1 :i* is op5$ along ! surface =   
ov] #a1jjj feet by cuts & %afts4 ,! upp]
 portion ( ! ve9 0 work$ out ye>s ago1 b
 new capital has be5 int]e/$ & a new    
%aft 0 be+ sunk at ! nor? end ( !       
prop]ty4  ,! inclos+ rock on ei!r side (
 ! ve9 is v s(t & mu* decompos$1 requir+
 m timb] ?an _h ev] be5 us$ by ! =m]    
op]ators4 ,! m9e has produc$ a l>ge     
am\nt ( gold1 :i* 0 extract$ by work+ ! 
qu>tz 9 arra/ras1 & 9 lat] ye>s 9 a     
mill1 :i* /ill /&s on ! m9e4 ,at ! nor? 
end x 0 und]/ood t ! %oot ( pay rock 0  
/ill intact1 & x is to recov] ?is t !   
new "w 0 be+ inaugurat$4 ,! balance ( ! 
%oot to ! s\? has all be5 work$ out d[n 
to ! wat]-l9e4                          
,,! ,,santa ,,fe4  ,n ov] half a mile f 
! ,rosalia is ! old ,santa ,fe ,m9e1 :i*
 9 days gone by 0 a produc] ( gold1 b   
its work+s _h long be5 ab&on$4          

,,! ,,%ay ,,m9e  ,is also 9 ! ,p9acate  
,di/rict1 #f miles we/ ( ,p]ris4 ,sev]al
 holes h be5 sunk on ! ve91 b ! entire  
l[] portion ( ! m9e 0 flood$ & c\ld n be
 exam9$4 ,! qu>tz is a blui%1 ribbon-l  
rock1 & c>ries consid]able gold4 ,! own]
 f lack ( means is unable to "w ! m9e4  
,!re are num]\s o!r m9es or ve9s 9 !    
di/rict1 _m ( :i* h be5 work$ 9 =m] ye>s
 by ,mexicans1 :o coyot$ ab\t1 work+ !  
n>r[ seams & cru%+ ! qu>tz 9 arra/ras4  
,^! ve9s are n[ ab&on$1 & no "o seems to
 h suffici5t fai? 9 _! value to und]take
 any?+ l sy/ematic developm5t4 ,! ve9s  
mo/ly lie q flat 9 granite or sy5itic   
rocks4 ,!y are usually f #d to #af in*es
 9 ?ickness & ext5d "s di/ance4 ,roads  
are con/ruct$ to ne>ly all ( !m4 ,x     
seems l a region promis+ good returns on
 small inve/m5ts4 ,"o t5-/amp cu/om mill
 c\ld cru% ! rock = all ! ve9s ( ?is    
di/rict4 ,i 0 in=m$ t mu* ( ! rock      
return$ f #fj to ov] #ajj p] ton4       
,,! ,,m5ifee ,,m9e  ,is locat$ s\? (    
,p]ris ab\t #h miles4 ,! ve9 conta9s    

gold-be>+ qu>tz4 ,! foot wall is a      
*loritic s*i/1 back ( :i* lies a sy5itic
 rock4 ,! hang+ wall is sy5itic granite1
 ! hornbl5de hav+ *ang$ p>tly to        
*lorite4 ,! ve9 is f #a foot to #cj     
in*es 9 wid?1 & /rikes nor!a/ & s\?we/1 
dipp+ we/ #hj to a dep? ( #dj feet1 :]e 
x flatt5s out to #fe4 ,! qu>tz mills    
ab\t #ae p] ton1 & conta9s b a small    
p]c5tage ( sulphurets4 ,!re are f\r     
%afts on ! ve91 v>y+ f #ce to #fj feet 9
 dep?1 ! ma9 %aft hav+ a d\ble          
comp>tm5t1 be+ #e by #aa feet4 ,!y h a  
five-/amp mill4                         
,,! ,,walk] ,,claim4  ,)9 a mile ( !    
,m5ifee1 9 a nor!a/]ly direction1 a new 
discov]y 0 made 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib ( a    
qu>tz ve9 :i* occurs on a l[ m\nd at !  
base ( l[1 roll+ hills4 ,! ve9 0 small1 
#d in*es to a foot1 q heavily m9]aliz$1 
b mu* brok54 ,two di/9ct faults occurr$ 
9 a l5g? ( #ij feet1 :]e ! ve9 _h be5   
expos$4 ,two %afts 7 d[n #cj feet ea*1 &
 wat] 0 com+ 94 ,! f9d+ ( specim5 rock  
_h creat$ q an excitem5t 9 ! vic9ity1 & 

visitors 7 num]\s4 ,! rock1 ,i judg$1   
w\ld pan out ab\t #dj1 b too small an   
am\nt ( "w _h be5 accompli%$ to make any
 e/imate ( ! value ( ! ve9 possible4    
,,c>go ,,mu*a*o ,,m9e4  ,9 ! ,c>go      
,mu*a*o ,di/rict1 #cj miles 9 a nor!rly 
direction f ,yuma1 ! ,c>go ,mu*a*o ,m9e 
has aga9 be5 9 op]ation )9 ! pa/ two    
ye>s4 ,! own]s mov$ ! mill f ! ,payma/] 
,m9e to a site ne> ! =m] prop]ty1 laid a
 d\ble pipe-l9e #ad miles f ! ,colorado 
,riv]1 & h suppli$ ! camp ) wat] 9 ?is  
mann]4 ,! late/ reports f ! di/rict are 
to ! effect t ! mill & m9e are be+      
op]at$ /eadily1 ) satisfactory results4 
,,! ,,pasad5a ,,m9e4  ,ab\t "o mile nor?
 f ! ,c>go ,mu*a*o is a ve9 on :i*      
sev]al locations h be5 made4 ,( ^! !    
,pasad5a & ,pet]son claims are mo/      
prom95t4 ,! ve9 cov]$ by ! locations has
 be5 q ext5sively op5$1 & possesses _m (
 ! features ( ! ,c>go ,mu*a*o4  ,! qu>tz
 0 s5t1 at no small exp5se1 to a mill at
 ,el ,rio1 on ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,!     
exp5se ( m9+ 0 seldom less ?an #b a ton2

 transportation to ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 at 
,ogilby ,/ation1 #f miles1 #b #ej2      
transportation by rail to ,el ,rio1 #ad 
miles1 #ej c5ts a ton1 mak+ at lea/ #e a
 ton4 ,! mill 0 leas$ at #aj p] day1 to 
:i* ! exp5se ( mill+ 0 add$1 mak+ fully 
#d a ton m1 or ab\t #i 9 all4 ,x 0      
claim$ t ! rock av]ag$ #af4 ,d\btless "s
 ( x did1 b x is probable ! exp5se      
really exce$$ ! figures giv54  ,) wat]  
pump$ into ! di/rict x is q possible t  
?is m9e1 & ! ,pet]son claim adjo9+1 may 
be op]at$ at a pr(it1 :i* "u =m]        
conditions 0 impossible4 ,!re are _m o!r
 gold-be>+ ve9s 9 ! region1 b none ( !m 
are ext5sively develop$4                
,,eagle ,,m\nta94  ,unusual activity has
 *>act]iz$ op]ations ab\t t portion ( ! 
,colorado ,des]t1 ab\t #ij miles ea/ ( !
 ,san ,b]n>d9o ,m\nta91 ne> ! l9e betwe5
 ,san ,diego & ,san ,b]n>d9o ,c\nties4  
,! ,eagle ,m\nta9 ,di/rict is "o ( ^!   
localities4 ,! discov]y ( ri* plac]s 9 !
 dry gul*es ( t section result$ 9 a m   
?or\gh inve/igation ( its m9]al res\rces

 & 9 ! f9d+ ( "s v ri* gold-be>+ qu>tz4 
,consid]able "w has be5 done on ^!      
claims & ! prospects are consid]$ v     
flatt]+4  ,a cem5t$ bas9 has be5        
con/ruct$ to cat* ! ra9 wat] t falls    
dur+ ! w9t] season1 ) :i* x is int5d$ to
 "w ! plac] m9es4 ,! discov]]s ( ^!     
m9es1 x is said1 took en\gh gold f !    
gul*es1 9 mak+ ! bas9 ref]r$ to1 ) a dry
 wa%]1 to pay = mak+ & cem5t+ ! bas94   
,,cottonwood ,,spr+s4  ,tw5ty-six miles 
9 a nor!a/ direction f ,walt]s ,/ation1 
on ! l9e ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 at an     
altitude ( #c1jjd feet1 is ,cottonwood  
,spr+s4 ,a range ( m\nta9s1 9 :i* occur 
granitic & metamorphic rocks & eruptive 
dikes1 /rikes ea/ & we/ across ! des]t1 
& 9 ^! occur sev]al spr+s4 ,!re is b "o 
m9e 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! spr+s1 &   
?is is kn[n z                           
,,! ,,coyote ,,m9e1  ,:]e a read+ ( !   
an]oid indicat$ #c1cjj feet4 ,! =mation 
9 :i* ! ,coyote ve9 has =m$ is micace\s 
& hornbl5de s*i/ & gneissoid rock2      
hornbl5de granite & dikes ( diorite also

 occur 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ve94 ,! ,coyote  
,m9e is a qu>tz ve9 f #b to #d feet 9   
wid?4 ,! rock is iron /a9$ &            
occasionally %[s free gold4 ,! ve9 is   
develop$ by two %afts1 "o ab\t #bj & !  
o!r ne>ly #hj feet 9 dep?1 & /rikes #e  
nor? ( ea/1 hav+ a dip ( #df to ! s\?4  
,! ve9 appe>$ to cut ! =mation at a     
small angle4 ,a fault1 :i* has occurr$  
)9 ! ve91 _h evid5tly puzzl$ ! own]s1 z 
at ! bottom ( ! #bj-;foot %aft !y _h    
develop$ #h feet ( :at look$ l solid    
qu>tz4 ,! ve9 is really b #d feet 9 wid?
 at t po9t1 b ! fault cutt+ d[nw>d at an
 angle ( #de & cross+ ! /rike ( ! ve9 at
 an angle ( #bg _h all[$ ! hang+ wall   
side ( ! fault to slip d[nw>d1 ?us d\bl+
 ! wid? ( qu>tz1 :i* 0 mu* %att]$4 ,!   
m9]s _h quit "w1 leav+ :at !y consid]$  
well en\gh alone4 ,9 ! deep] %aft !     
fault _h c>ri$ ! hang+ wall d[n & to !  
ea/ a few feet1 & ! ve9 0 lo/ altoge!r4 
,a %ort drift _h be5 run into ! hang+   
wall1 b n f9d+ ! ve91 "w _h be5 susp5d$4
 ,! ve9 lies on ! foot wall side & n m  

?an #d or #e feet f ! l9e ( ! slip4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fault ,,( ,,coyote ,,m9e
     ,,cottonwood ,,spr+s               
,,salton ,,lake4              ,by ,e4   
,b4 ,pre/on1 ,e4,m41 ,assi/ant 9 !      
,field4  ,! ,coahuila ,valley1 9 :i*    
,salton ,lake is situat$1 is #ij miles  
long & f #aj to #cj wide4 ,x sep>ates ! 
,san ,b]n>d9o range ( m\nta9s f ! ,san  
,jac9to1 & =ms a "p ( ! great ,colorado 
,des]t 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty4 ,9 its     
deepe/ portions x is #bge feet bel[ !   
level ( ! sea2 ! area ( ! depress$      
region is ov] #a1fjj squ>e miles4 ,9 its
 nor!rn portion ! valley consi/s (      
s&hills & dunes1 ! =m] caus$ by !       
accumulation ( ! s& ar\nd ! scrub &     
bu%es gr[+ 9 ! des]t4 ,! s\!rn portion  
is b>e clay4 ,on ! bord]s ( ! des]t palm
 trees ( ! fan palm v>iety occur 9 a few
 scatt]$ clu/]s4 ,! ,s\!rn ,pacific     
,railroad passes ?r\gh ! valley on its  
way to ,yuma4  ,9 t "p ( ! depression   
adjac5t to ! railroad /ation ( ,salton  
is a salt m>%1 :]e ! ,new ,liv]pool     

,salt ,company's works are locat$1 & :]e
 a f9e quality ( table salt is produc$1 
conta9+1 accord+ to an analysis made by 
,?omas ,price1 ( ,san ,francisco3       
,*loride ( sodium              #id4fh p]
 c5t4   ,calcium sulphate               
4#gg p] c5t4   ,magnesium sulphate      
#c4ab p] c5t4   ,sodium sulphate        
4#fh p] c5t4   ,wat]                    
4#ge p] c5t4                            
#ajj4jj p] c5t4  ,! br9e f :i* ! salt is
 obta9$ %[s a d5sity ( #bg ,baum4  ,!   
company's works are situat$ ab\t #c1jjj 
feet we/ ( ! railroad track1 & consi/ ( 
! salt mill & a l>ge /oreh\se1 connect$ 
by track ) ! ma9 l9e4 ,?is bran* l9e    
ext5ds into ! m>% a di/ance ( ov]       
#aj1jjj feet4 ,beyond ! end ( ! track a 
borehole 0 sunk by ! company1 ) !       
expectation ( obta9+ wat]1 to a dep? (  
#cjj feet1 :5 ! "w 0 int]rupt$4  ,!     
/rata pass$ ?r\gh dur+ ! s9k+ ?r[ "s    
light on ! pa/ condition ( ! des]t      
depression1 z well z furni%+ "s po9ts t 
may h a be>+ on ! flood+ ( ?is section4 

,! top cov]+ consi/s ( #f in*es ( black 
mud1 re/+ on a cru/ ( *lorides ( sodium 
& magnesium1 #g in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,!    
drill on pass+ ?r\gh ?is cru/ dropp$    
?r\gh #bb feet ( a black ooze1 conta9+  
ov] #ej p] c5t ( wat]4 ,te/s ( ! ooze   
made at ! ,/ate ,m9+ ,bureau laboratory 
%[$ x to consi/ l>gely ( *lorides &     
c>bonates ( sodium & magnesium1 ! soda  
salts pr$om9at+1 besides f9e s&1 iron   
oxide1 & clay1 & a small am\nt ( organic
 matt]4 ,! ooze 0 re/+ on a h>d clay    
bottom1 ?r\gh :i* ! drill pass$ = !     
entire rema9+ di/ance1 only v>i$ by two 
or ?ree /reaks ( cem5t4 ,f ! %ore l9e ( 
! m>% t[>d ! adjac5t m\nta9 ranges1 !   
soil consi/s ( a f9e s&1 conta9+ clay & 
a notable quantity ( mica1 & is /rewn ) 
well-pres]v$ %ells ( ,planorbis ammon1  
,g\ld1 ,physa hum]osa1 ,g\ld1 &         
,amnicola protea1 ,g\ld4  ,9 a few spots
 ne> ! nor?we/ end ( ! m>% ! accumulat$ 
cases ( a species ( ,caddice worm are   
f\nd4 ,nor!a/ ( ! m>% ! surface slopes  
gradually upw>d to :]e ! rema9s ( an    

anci5t sea bea* are to be se51 /ret*+ to
 ! s\? & ea/ to :]e ! ,colorado ,riv]   
cuts ?r\gh on its way to ! ,gulf (      
,cali=nia4  ,beh9d ! bea* ext5ds a mesa 
to ! foot ( ! ,san ,b]n>d9o range4      
,across ?is mesa are evid5ces ( heavy   
floods com+ d[n ! caons ( ! back range1 
c>ry+ l>ge quantities ( debris ) !m1    
mo/ly b[ld]s ( mica s*i/s & granitoid   
rocks1 ) "s qu>tz int]mix$4 ,on ! we/   
side ( ! m>% ! surface has b little     
elevation until ! granitic bluffs ( !   
,san ,jac9to range are rea*$4 ,^! bluffs
 are coat$ = a di/ance ( ab\t #be feet  
above ! pla9 ) a sponge-%ap$ incru/ation
 f #b to #c in*es ?ick1 consi/+ l>gely (
 c>bonate ( lime1 *loride ( sodium1 s&1 
clay1 & oxide ( iron2 "u ! glass "s ( ! 
pores are se5 to conta9 m9ute %ells ( ! 
same v>ieties z f\nd on ! s& ( ! pla94  
,:]e arroyos h be5 cut ?r\gh ! s&s ( !  
pla9s to ! dep? ( sev]al feet1 ! expos$ 
sections %[ a /ratifi$ arrangem5t ( !   
s&1 hav+ betwe5 ! lay]s a ?9 division ( 
! same v>ieties ( %ells z f\nd on !     

surface1 ! :ole re/+ on a firm clay     
bottom4 ,f ! position & regul>ity1 z    
well z ! quantity ( ^! %ells1 on top ( !
 diff]5t /rata ( s&1 :ile b few are se5 
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! s& lay]s1 a p]iodicity (
 ! conditions favorable to _! exi/5ce & 
gr[?1 z well z a comp>atively sudd5     
cessation ( ! same1 mu/ be inf]r$4 ,^!  
conditions mean an occasional flood+ ( !
 depression = a p]iod ( "t1 dur+ :i* a  
%all[ body ( wat] 0 ma9ta9$1 :i*        
evaporat$ z soon z ! wat] supply 0 %ut  
(f4 ,9 :at mann] ?is c occur w be %[n   
lat] on4 ,! pla9 supports a scant gr[? (
 des]t %rubs1 ) "s mesquite bu%es 9 !   
vic9ity ( ! few spr+s t are f\nd scatt]$
 ov] ! des]t1 mo/ ( :i* are sal9e4 ,!   
pres5ce ( ! ext5sive l9e ( sea bea*     
proves t at "s "t ! gulf has ext5d$ mu* 
f>!r inl& ?an at pres5t1 cov]+ ! :ole ( 
?is depression4 ,! ,colorado ,riv]1 9   
its c\rse s\? to ! ocean1 built up a    
flood pla9 on a high] level t f9ally %ut
 (f ! we/]n "p f a direct communication 
) ! sea1 & evaporation1 ) a gradual     

uplift+ ( ?is :ole section1 f9ally laid 
x b>e1 al?\gh leav+ a great "p ( x /ill 
bel[ ! pres5t sea-level4 ,"u ^!         
conditions1 :5ev] m wat] comes d[n !    
riv] ?an its banks c conta91 ! silt-=m$ 
%ores give way to ! increas$ pressure & 
p]mit ! excess ( wat] to fl[ to1 & ga!r 
91 :at is t]m$ ! riv] swamp at ! back ( 
! flood pla91 f :5ce x ei!r re-ent]s !  
riv] l[] d[n 9 its c\rse1 or f9ds its   
way into ! depression4  ,! ,salton ,m>% 
at pres5t acts z ! cat*m5t bas9 = !     
wat]s dra9+ f ! ea/ side ( ! ,san       
,jac9to range1 ,c>izoo ,creek1 & a "p ( 
! ,san ,b]n>d9o ,m\nta9 range1 & 9 times
 ( extreme high wat]s z a res]voir = !  
excess 9 ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,9 ! mon? ( 
,june1 #ahia1 a /eady fl[ ( wat] ent]$ !
 depression f ! s\!a/ & cont9u$ to !    
nor?we/ un9t]rupt$ly until an area #cj  
miles long & av]ag+ #aj miles 9 wid? 0  
cov]$ to a dep? ( #f feet1 measur$ at ! 
end ( ! ,salton ,salt ,works bran*      
track4 ,:5 fir/ exam9$ ! wat] %[$ a     
d5sity ( #g ,baum1 :i* gradually        

increas$ to #be ,baum4 ,! "m liquor us$ 
9 mak+ salt at ! ,new ,liv]pool works   
usually %[s a d5sity ( #bg ,baum4 ,?is  
salt wat] gave rise to ! idea t ! wat]s 
f ! gulf _h made an inroad ?r\gh "s     
und]gr\nd *annel1 & to prove ! s\rce &  
possible p]man5cy ( ^! wat]s sev]al     
inve/igat+ p>ties 7 s5t out4 ,no su*    
previ\s incursion _h be5 witness$ by !  
settl]s1 b inquiry prov$ t a simil> lake
 exi/$ "h 9 #ahdi4 ,f9ally "o ( ! p>ties
 %[$ t ! ,colorado ,riv] 0 ! s\rce1 & !n
 ! "q 0 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,/ate  
,m9+ ,bureau to inve/igate z to !       
probability ( ! p]man5cy ( ! lake & its 
probable effect on ! climate ( !        
surr\nd+ c\ntry4  ,! ,colorado 9 its    
great l5g? accumulates a l>ge am\nt (   
s$im5t1 f #j4a to #j4d p] c5t p] gallon1
 & aft] ?is has be5 deposit$ ! wat] on  
evaporation is f\nd to conta9 #j4ad     
grammes solid residue1 consi/+ l>gely ( 
sulphate ( soda & *loride ( sodium4 ,) !
 s$im5t ! riv] is all ! "t build+ up its
 flood pla91 & x may n be out ( place to

 recall ! g5]al laws t gov]n ! actions (
 /reams :ile deposit+ ! solid matt] !y  
c>ry 9 susp5sion4  ,curr5ts be>+ s$im5ts
 deposit a l>ge p]c5tage z soon z _!    
velocity is *eck$ 9 ! lea/1 b pick up   
deposit$ s$im5ts aga9 z soon z ! curr5t 
is increas$4 ,?us a v>iable curr5t is   
deposit+ at "o po9t :ile erod+ deposits 
at o!r po9ts4  ,! velocity ( a riv]     
curr5t v>ies ) ! seasons on acc\nt ( !  
diff]5t volumes ( wat] c>ri$1 b x also  
v>ies at diff]5t po9ts ( ! riv]1 dur+ ! 
diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 ?r\gh ! con/ant   
action ( ! laws ( erosion & deposition4 
,! banks n furni%+ a con/ant1 ev5       
resi/ance1 erode 9 ! loos] p>ts1 caus+  
ea* "t a deflection ( ! curr5t1 z well z
 a *ange 9 ! velocity4 ,?is action soon 
*anges a /raight /ream ) an ev5 curr5t1 
to a s]p5t9e c\rse ) curr5ts ( diff]5t  
velocities1 z ! outside ( a curve has   
always great] spe$ ?an ! inside2        
consequ5tly ! out] edge is erod+ :ile ! 
inn] is deposit+ s$im5t4 ,! ,colorado   
,riv]1 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse f ,yuma   

d[n1 ov]fl[s its flood pla91 & deposits 
!reon a c]ta9 am\nt ( s$im5t dur+ e high
 wat]4 ,?is flood pla9 ext5ds back =    
sev]al miles on ! we/ bank1 %[+ a       
succession ( b5*es or levees runn+      
p>allel ) ! /ream on a high] level ?an !
 back c\ntry4 ,! wat]1 :5 high en\gh to 
rea* ov] ^! b5*es1 ga!rs 9 ! back "p1   
:]e x evaporates1 leav+ a mud t greatly 
enri*es ! soil4 ,^! levees are ! result 
( ! law quot$ above1 z ! wat] 9 ! regul>
 *annel fl[s swift] ?an on ! flood pla92
 consequ5tly on ! bord] ( ! two a l>ge  
am\nt ( s$im5t is ?r[n d[n4 ,z ^! bord] 
l&s are only cov]$ dur+ ! highe/ floods1
 !y ma9ta9 a gr[? ( will[s & popl>s t   
gives ! banks a great] /ability1 &      
pres]ves !m to a c]ta9 ext5t f ! erosive
 =ce ( ! curr5t4  ,a s\rce ( *anges 9 ! 
direction ( ! ma9 curr5t is ! /r&+ (    
logs & tree tops br\ght d[n f ! upp]    
c\rses ( ! riv]1 z ! s$im5t accumulates 
beh9d !m & =ms isl&s 9 mid/ream4 ,sev]al
 ( ^! are to be se5 9 ! riv] *annel 9   
pass+ d[n ! /ream4  ,f s\nd+s made      

across a section ( ! riv] at ! railroad 
bridge at ,yuma1 ! dep? 0 f\nd to v>y f 
#b feet to #ba feet4 ,at ! met] plac$ 9 
! ma9 *annel ! indicator %[$ a dep? (   
#ag feet4  ,at ord9>y high wat]1 caus$  
by ! annual ris+ ( ! ,gila ,riv]1 or ( !
 ,colorado 9 its upp] rea*es1 :i* ev5ts 
usually occur at diff]5t seasons ( !    
ye>1 ! met] has n be5 kn[n to %[ a dep? 
( ov] #bh feet1 b 9 consequ5ce ( a      
co-equal rise 9 bo? /reams dur+ ! pa/   
season1 ! met] regi/]$ ov] #cc feet4    
,?is excess fill$ ! riv] swamp on ! "r  
bank1 :]e ! erosive =ce ( ! curr5t 0 mo/
 effective4  ,! c\rse ( ! riv] bel[     
,yuma = sev]al miles is to ! we/1 until 
! neighborhood ( ,el ,rio /ation is     
rea*$1 :]e s&/one bluffs on ! "r bank   
deflect ! curr5t back to its g5]al s\?  
c\rse4 ,a little back f ! riv] bel[ ?is 
po9t is a small1 isolat$ range ( hills1 
kn[n z ,pilot ,knob1 =m$ ( granite1     
fissur$ ) seams ( dioritic rock4 ,!     
granite %[s lam9ation1 & ! surface ( !  
rocks is poli%$ by ! con/ant attrition (

 ! drift+ s&s4 ,! bea* ne> ,pilot ,knob 
is cem5t$ into a calc>e\s conglom]ate1  
und]laid by s& 9 a loose /ate4 ,aft]    
resum+ its s\!rn c\rse ! riv] = sev]al  
miles foll[s a /raight rea*1 until bel[ 
,hanlon's ,f]ry4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! curr5t to
 be> m to ! "r bank %[s itself n[ 9 !   
=mation ( sl\ghs & inlets t absorb a    
l>ge proportion ( ! wat] & =m sev]al    
isl&s1 %all[+ t "p ( ! riv] t passes d[n
 ! prop] *annel4      ,illu/ration3     
,,section ,,( ,,colorado ,,riv] ,,at    
,,yuma      ,illu/ration3 ,,detail ,,(  
,,break     ,,9     ,,colorado ,,riv]   
,! accompany+ sket* %[s ! diff]5t       
*annels 9 detail4 ,=m]ly ! wat] f ^!    
outside *annels return$ ?r\gh ! b5d m>k$
 8s&0 to ! ma9 /ream1 b at ! pres5t "t x
 passes ?r\gh a crevasse 9 ! b5d1 m>k$  
,tapscott & ,c>t] ,riv]s1 furni%+ !     
l>ge/ portion ( ! wat] t ultimately f\nd
 its way into ! depression ( ,salton    
,lake4 ,dur+ ! extreme high wat] ! we/]n
 bank f ,el ,rio d[n1 :i* is =m$        
entirely ( silt1 0 brok5 ?r\gh 9 num]\s 

places1 & ! mo/ly %all[ *annels ei!r    
ent]$ ! riv] aga9 bel[1 or accumulat$ _!
 wat]s on ! back "p ( ! flood pla91 & by
 foll[+ ! natural holl[s & gullies      
gradually w\nd _! way 9 ! direction ( ! 
old ,yuma road4 ,! great =ce ( ! curr5t 
soon cut d[n bel[ ! level ( ! riv] b$ & 
reliev$ 9 "p ! conge/$ condition4 ,!    
grade be+ gradually to ! we/1 ! wat] cut
 ?r\gh ! s$im5t 9 t direction1 p>tly to 
! ,yuma road1 p>tly f>!r s\? p>allel to 
! ,rio ,el ,m$io1 :i*1 judg+ f analogy1 
owes its orig9 to "s =m] simil>         
condition ( ! riv]4  ,tapscott ,riv] may
 h be5 =m$ prior to ,c>t] ,riv]1 z x has
 a bett] def9$ *annel2 ! latt] has no   
regul> *annel1 b seems to h be5 caus$ by
 ! excess ( wat] t c\ld n ent] ! =m]1   
foll[+ depressions & sl\ghs :i* h no    
direct connection ) "o ano!r4 ,at ! "t  
^! obs]vations 7 made1 ! e/imat$ volume 
( wat] 9 ! riv] at ! ,yuma bridge 0 ab\t
 #c1gjj cubic feet p] second1 & at !    
crevasse =m+ ,tapscott & ,c>t] ,riv]s1  
two fif?s ( ! entire volume ( wat] 9 !  

riv] 0 pass+ ?r\gh1 b none ( x 0 rea*+  
,salton ,lake4 ,( ?is two fif?s n m ?an 
#bj cubic feet p] second 0 runn+ ?r\gh  
,c>t] ,riv]4  ,beyond ,alamo ,mo*o1 :i* 
is on ! old ,yuma road1 at ! "t ( !     
flood1 ! wat] fl[$ into a numb] (       
lagoons1 & !nce into ,new ,riv]1 foll[+ 
! old *annel t 0 cut at ! "t ( ! #ahdi  
ov]fl[1 & ?us rea*+ & =m+ ,salton ,lake4
 ,all ( ! wat] leav+ ! ma9 riv] at      
pres5t f9ds its way d[n ?r\gh ! ,h>dy   
,colorado back to ! ,colorado prop]1 or 
evaporates4  ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is article  
m5tion 0 made ( a borehole t 0 sunk by !
 new ,liv]pool ,salt ,company 9 ! salt  
m>%1 & :i* reveal$ "u a ?9 cru/ ( mud & 
salt a depression fill$ ) ooze1 compos$ 
l>gely ( magnesium & sodium salts4 ,?is 
ooze is probably ! f9al resultant ( !   
evaporations ( ! =m] sea wat]1 & :i*1 f 
! well-kn[n avidity ( ! magnesian salts 
= moi/ure1 is kept 9 ?is condition (    
ooze ?r\gh ! natural dra9age & seepage  
wat]s4 ,?is depression may ext5d beyond 
! bord]s ( ! pres5t m>% t[>d ! gulf1    

cov]$ ov] by ! s&1 & may h "s relation )
 ! small s-call$ mud volcanoes s\!a/ ( !
 lake ne> ! /ation ( ,volcano1 z well z 
) "s op5+s 9 ! gr\nd m5tion$ by "o ( !  
g5tlem5 :o inve/igat$ ^! regions betwe5 
! ,colorado ,riv] & ! lake1 & ( :i* he  
/at$ t any am\nt ( wat] runn+ into !m   
did n seem to fill !m4 ,%\ld su* a      
connection exi/1 ! wat] p\r+ 9 f ! riv] 
w\ld h dissolv$ ! ?9 salt cru/ :]e      
expos$1 & op5$ a *annel1 p]mitt+ a rapid
 fill+ 9 ( ! wat] :i* =m$ ! lake1 =     
o!rwise a body ( wat] runn+ ov] ?is     
light s& & "u su* a dry1 hot temp]ature 
w\ld h>dly h fill$ up ! depression z    
rapidly z 0 ! case4 ,besides1 ?is w\ld  
expla9 ! reason = ! fre% wat]s ( !      
,colorado ,riv] atta9+ s rapidly a      
d5sity ( ov] #bj ,baum4 ,%\ld ?is       
supposition prove correct1 & x c\ld     
easily be asc]ta9$ by a s]ies ( %all[   
boreholes1 x might be expect$ t e l>ge  
ov]fl[ 9 ! ,colorado ,riv] 9 ?is        
direction w\ld result 9 a repetition (  
,salton ,lake4                          

,transcrib]'s ,notes   --,reta9$        
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3
 ?is e,book   is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry
 ( publication4  --,sil5tly correct$ a  
few palpable typos4  --,transcrib$      
h&writt5 9-photo captions4  --,9 ! text 
v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$
 by   und]scores4