,,old ,,mines ,,of ,,southern ,,california ,desert-,mountain-,coastal ,areas ,including the ,calico-,salton ,sea ,colorado ,river ,districts and ,southern ,counties #aife ,frontier ,book ,company ,toyahvale1 ,texas #gighf ,reprinted ,from ,the ,report of ,the ,state ,mineralogist #ahic ,limited to #ajjj copies ,,los ,,angeles ,,county4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,storms1 ,assistant in the ,field4 ,the mining industry in this county is not as extensive as that of some of the neighboring counties1 but there are mines in ,los ,angeles ,county of unquestioned value1 and others which have a prospective value1 dependent to a great extent upon the success achieved in working certain base ores1 which occur in comparative abundance4 ,,the ,,kelsey ,,mine4 ,one of the most interesting mines in the county is located in the rugged mountains about #h miles from the town of ,azusa1 in the ,san ,gabriel ,caon4 ,it is commonly known as the ,kelsey ,mine1 and has become famous as a producer of silver ore of fabulous richness4 ,the country is made up almost entirely of metamorphic rocks1 having schistose1 gneissoid1 and massive structure4 ,both hornblende and mica occur in these rocks abundantly1 the former being frequently altered to chlorite1 or by further change to epidote4 ,dikes of porphyritic rock have been intruded into the crystalline schists4 ,in the immediate vicinity of the ,kelsey vein are intrusions of a dark green1 much decomposed1 and shattered rock1 probably diorite4 ,faults1 great and small1 are numerous throughout the region4 ,within a few hundred feet of the mine is a great fault1 which may be plainly seen cutting the mountain4 ,the displacement must reach many hundreds of feet4 ,it has resulted in bringing in contact on a horizontal plane rocks of entirely different character4 ,on the south side of the fault the rocks are made up of quite regularly bedded micaceous sandstones1 more or less schistose1 and having a prevailing buff or light gray color4 ,these rocks dip east at an angle of #bj to #cj4 ,on the north side of the fault the rocks are harder1 of a dark gray color1 and containing considerable hornblende4 ,these rocks are more gneissoid and massive than schistose4 ,the dip is much less regular than on the south side of the displacement4 ,large1 lenticular masses of quartzose and feldspathic rock are of frequent occurrence in the hornblende gneiss1 evidently the result of the segregation of the contained minerals4 ,on the whole there is much more evidence of the disturbance on the north side of the fault than on the south side4 ,it is in this area of greatly disturbed strata that the ,kelsey vein has formed4 ,the vein is of the fissure type and occupies the line of a fault plane1 that at first1 perhaps1 was a mere crack1 but which has become enlarged by the movement upon themselves of the rock masses forming the walls1 resulting in a grinding and crushing of the rocks by the attrition and pressure incident to this movement4 ,into this crevice mineral waters found their way1 carrying in solution the minerals now constituting the vein4 ,illustration3 ,,faulting ,,and ,,torsion ,,of ,,the ,,kelsey ,,vein ,the ,ore4--,the silver occurs as native and as glance 7argentite71 possibly partly as chloride and in combinations with sulphur1 cobalt1 and arsenic4 ,the associated minerals are cobalt bloom 7erythrite71 a hydrous cobalt arsenate1 nickel arsenate 7annabergite71 carbonate and silicate of copper 7chrysocolla71 iron oxide1 and black oxide of manganese in a gangue of baryta 7heavy spar71 with calcite 7lime spar7 and some quartz4 ,a clay selvage usually separates the vein material from the wall1 this feature being well developed in places on the foot wall side1 as though open crevices had occurred and the finely divided material which was carried by the percolating waters had found a resting place when an open space was reached1 the absence of any current permitting the material to settle4 ,the clay may have been derived in part from the decomposition of the overhanging wall1 the fine silt settling by gravity on the foot wall side of the vein4 ,in places a soft1 clayey gouge constitutes the entire vein filling1 suggesting that the clay selvage and gouge are also partly due to the attrition of the walls4 ,galena occurs sparingly in small disseminated crystals1 but the occurrence is so infrequent as to be scarcely worth mentioning4 ,in width the crevice varies from a thin seam to over #d feet4 ,a banded structure is not uncommon in the vein4 ,the rocks inclosing the vein differ in various parts of the mine4 ,a much decomposed rock1 containing iron in the form of carbonate1 occurs frequently1 while a chloritic1 more or less schistose1 sometimes massive1 rock1 also plays an important part in this connection4 ,the dike of dark basic rock1 resembling diorite1 previously referred to1 is exposed at numerous places throughout the workings1 often in contact with the vein1 or close to it4 ,since its formation the ,kelsey vein has been subjected to severe torsion1 which has resulted in abrupt fracture and displacement4 ,to me it seemed very probable that the vein was the result of chemical precipitation1 and no doubt1 to some extent1 the replacement of country rock along the line of a fissure or fault plane2 that subsequent to the filling in of the vein the region was subjected to further violent disturbances1 which fractured the rocks along an east and west course1 and causing the turning of a large mass of rock formation lying south of this fault to the west4 ,the vein being included in the general movement1 was deflected from its natural course north and south4 ,i came to these conclusions from close observations taken along the surface of the ground on the course of the vein1 and in all accessible underground workings4 ,most of the ore extracted from these workings has been high grade1 usually running over #bjj per ton1 small lots often assaying several thousand ounces4 ,the property1 at the time of my visit last spring1 was under the management of ,dr4 ,endlich1 ,e4,m4 ,this gentleman was making every effort to systematically open and recover a vein that had been as systematically and outrageously gouged4 ,the workings were in bad condition and at some points were positively dangerous4 ,the mine was gradually assuming an improved appearance and promised to yield better returns than ever before4 ,a good mill has been erected at the foot of the mountain1 in the ,san ,gabriel ,caon1 where a large stream of water flows during the entire year4 ,an office1 boarding house1 stables1 corrals1 etc41 had been built for the accommodation of men and animals4 ,in addition to this ,i found a complete assay office and chemical laboratory1 and here ,dr4 ,endlich was experimenting with the rich cobalt and nickel ores4 ,as a result of his labors in this direction he exhibited several bars of cobalt speiss containing a very high value in silver4 ,the assorted ore contains from #g to #ae per cent in cobalt1 #b to #c per cent nickel1 and from #a1jjj to #a1djj ounces silver per ton4 ,dr4 ,endlich thus describes his methods3 8,the ore is crushed through a twenty-mesh sieve1 mixed with sufficient litharge to produce an #h per cent charge1 and enough borax is added to take up the gangue 7quartz1 heavy spar1 carbonate of lime1 magnesia1 and iron74 ,carbonate of soda and flour are mixed with the charge4 ,if the percentage of arsenic in the ore is sufficiently high to produce speiss none is added2 otherwise some metallic arsenic is mixed in4 ,some sulphides in the ore and reduced sulphur from the heavy spar are utilized to produce mattes4 ,the mixture is melted in large ,dixon crucibles2 the slag poured off1 and the metallic product allowed to cool4 ,the bars obtained are composed of lead1 silver1 cobalt1 nickel1 arsenic1 and sulphur1 principally2 the lead being in the form of sulphide1 the cobalt and nickel in the form of arsenides4 ,the bars contained from #d1ejj to #g1jjj ounces silver per ton4 ,the slag contained a trace of silver1 and averaged about #j4ge per cent cobalt1 which can be worked over by arsenizing1 if desired1 and the cobalt obtained in the resulting speiss40 ,at this writing about #efj pounds of ore has been treated in this way and the product shipped to ,balbach's works in ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 for refining4 ,,the ,,victoria ,,mines4 ,this property is situated but a short distance from the ,kelsey ,mine4 ,the ,victoria ,mine was operated under ,english management for an ,english syndicate two or three years ago4 ,lately all operations have been suspended4 ,the property1 whatever it may be worth1 is a monument to mismanagement of the worst sort4 ,,the ,,lordsburg ,,stampede4 ,in the month of ,march1 #ahib1 the report went abroad that rich silver and gold-bearing rock had been found in the mountains north of ,lordsburg1 #bh miles east of the city of ,los ,angeles4 ,so glowing were these stories that a general stampede for the new mining field ensued4 ,farmers left their homes1 merchants and clerks in some instances temporarily closed their stores to join in the rush to ,lordsburg4 ,unfortunately the stories proved to be unfounded1 and1 after three weeks of excitement1 all had left the mines excepting a very few1 who still had hopes of making a find4 ,,cedar ,,mining ,,district4 ,fifty-five miles by rail northeast from ,los ,angeles1 on the line of the ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 is the ,cedar ,mining ,district1 the principal village being about the railway station called ,acton4 ,in the low hills about ,acton1 which rise out of the valley that skirts the northern base of the ,san ,gabriel range of mountains1 are located the gold mines which have been worked for many years by ,mexicans and ,americans4 ,,the ,,red ,,rover4 ,this is the name of the principal mine in the district4 ,it was located and worked many years since by ,mexicans1 but has during the past eight or ten years been in the hands of ,americans4 ,the vein strikes northwest and southeast1 dipping to the southwest at an angle of #ej from the horizon4 ,the rock is a white1 fine-grained1 saccharoidal quartz1 showing in places bluish bands4 ,it contains free gold in variable amount1 with some iron sulphuret4 ,a very large amount of quartz has been stoped from the vein and crushed in various mills4 ,the ,red ,rover is quite extensively developed1 the new vertical shaft being down over #djj feet4 ,the old inclined shaft1 which is sunk on the vein1 is down #bbj feet4 ,several levels are run out from both these shafts1 which are #bjj feet apart4 ,the new shaft was sunk between the main vein and a spur which branches from it4 ,a crosscut was run out toward the spur1 which is opened on the surface1 but it was found it did not go down4 ,a crosscut was then run toward the main vein1 which was found intact1 and a drift was carried in #fj feet on the vein4 ,the country rock is mostly massive metamorphic1 very much broken and faulted4 ,nearly every mine in the district has been displaced more or less by these faults4 ,for some reason the ,red ,rover has been shut down for some months past4 ,it is understood that operations are to be resumed4 ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,mine ,is situated within half a mile of the ,red ,rover1 and is similar in character4 ,the quartz is said to mill #aj to #be per ton4 ,the owner has a five-stamp mill1 which is complete and does good work4 ,the vein is from #a to #c feet in width4 ,it has produced considerable bullion4 ,other mines of the vicinity are the ,topeka1 ,union1 ,escondido1 ,king of the ,west1 and ,santa ,clara1 each of which has seen better days4 ,the first three mentioned have been large producers1 but are worked down to the water line1 and a base ore proposition now faces the owners in the form of iron pyrites4 ,,in ,,the ,,main ,,range4 ,up in the main range of the ,san ,gabriel ,mountains1 on the north slopes of this rugged chain1 are located a number of veins1 on which considerable work has been done4 ,the veins are well defined1 ranging from #a to #d feet in width1 striking northwest and southeast1 and dipping uniformly to the northeast at a high angle4 ,all of these veins contain gold1 but all quickly run into sulphurets4 ,all the mines are idle at present1 but something brighter is hoped for4 ,the sulphurets are said to contain sufficient gold to make chlorination profitable4 ,if this is actually the case there is an abundance of material to work upon4 ,,liparites ,,and ,,tufas ,in the region about ,acton are many hills of liparite 7quartz-bearing trachyte7 and tufa1 which are identical with the rhyolites of the ,calico region--the same violet-brown1 porphyritic liparite2 the same pea-green and buff-colored tufas2 the same conglomerate2 in fact1 an exact facsimile of the ,calico range4 ,there are no great beds of sedimentary rock1 however1 and these liparite hills are comparatively small1 isolated masses4 ,as far as my knowledge goes ores of silver have never been found in these rocks in the ,acton district4 ,careful prospecting may possibly discover such ores4 ,,prospects ,,of ,,the ,,camp4 ,owing to the fact that the gold mines of this district have been worked to the water line1 almost without exception1 what now remains to be done to perpetuate the prosperity of the district1 is to concentrate the sulphurets1 working them by chlorination in works built in the district4 ,wood and water are both obtainable at moderate cost1 and the sulphuretted ores of this district that contain but a very few dollars per ton should pay4 ,the cost of mining1 transportation1 crushing1 and concentrating should not exceed1 ordinarily1 #e per ton of quartz1 and the expense of treating the concentrates should be under #aj per ton4 ,base ores containing #aj per ton as it comes from the vein should realize a profit in this district1 and ,i am told that many of the mines produce rock of a much better grade than that mentioned4 ,,san ,,diego ,,county2 ,,also ,,orange ,,and ,,san ,,bernardino ,,counties4 ,by ,harold ,w4 ,fairbanks1 ,f4,g4,s4,a4 ,the topography of this region has been quite thoroughly described by ,w4 ,a4 ,goodyear1 in former reports of the ,state ,mining ,bureau4 ,the structure of ,san ,diego ,county is comparatively simple4 ,three main divisions might be made3 the desert on the east1 the ,peninsula range of crystalline rocks in the middle1 and the nearly level mesa on the west4 ,the ,peninsula range is supposed to represent the southern continuation of the ,sierra ,nevadas1 but in just what relation it stands to the ,sierras has been a matter of dispute4 ,the ,peninsula range in ,san ,diego ,county forms one main mountain chain4 ,it maintains this simplicity of structure southward1 forming the backbone of the peninsula of ,lower ,california4 ,northward it becomes broader and more complex1 rising in the lofty ,san ,jacinto and ,san ,bernardino ranges on the east1 and the ,santa ,ana range on the west1 while the region between is filled with mountains and valleys irregularly disposed4 ,complex as is the topography of this region1 the geological problems1 though often difficult to solve1 are quite simple4 ,the higher mountains are formed wholly of ancient crystalline schists and massive rocks1 respecting the age of which a great diversity of opinion has existed2 while the region bordering the coast consists of unaltered ,cretaceous1 ,tertiary1 and ,quaternary deposits4 ,owing to the very limited time given me to prepare my field notes for the press1 they will be given substantially as they were taken in the field1 without any attempt at systematic arrangement4 ,the crystalline rocks of ,san ,diego ,county are varied in character1 and of much interest4 ,no opportunity has been given me to study the large collection made1 and the determinations given are simply the result of superficial examination1 and are subject to correction4 ,the bay of ,san ,diego is bordered on the east by gently sloping mesas of modern ,tertiary and ,quaternary age4 ,these unaltered strata are characteristic of the western slope of the ,peninsula range through its whole extent4 ,they sometimes rise as high as #c1jjj feet2 though in ,san ,diego ,county they do not exceed #a1ejj feet4 ,the upper portion of these beds consists to a great extent of coarse1 loosely cemented conglomerates4 ,the rivers issue from the higher mountains through narrow valleys or caons1 and have cut valleys1 often quite broad and with very steep sides1 through the mesas to the ocean4 ,the ,otay mesa has a height of about #ejj feet1 the western portion being somewhat higher than the eastern1 indicating a recent elevation near the coast4 ,the soil of the mesa is adobe1 due to the decay of porphyry mountains to the east4 ,under the adobe there is a calcareous marl1 often many feet thick4 ,the first exposure of the older rock seen as one goes up the ,otay ,river1 is in a hill rising through the mesa about in the center of the grant4 ,it is a part of the extensive porphyry intrusives1 which1 in southern ,san ,diego ,county1 form a number of high mountains between the granite and the mesa4 ,to this formation belong the ,san ,miguel and ,otay peaks4 ,this exposure on the ,otay ,river is a felsitic breccia4 ,it contains a felsite base 7intimate mixture of quartz and feldspar71 in which are imbedded fragments of felsite and chlorite4 ,no more rocks appear for about #b miles up the river4 ,then we reach the base of the long ridges which lead up to the ,otay ,peak4 ,some interesting rocks are exposed where the stream issues from the caon4 ,the greater portion are fine dark to greenish aphanitic rocks1 with green chloritic or epidotic nodules4 ,bunches and dikes of coarse to fine grained porphyritic rocks occasionally appear4 ,they probably belong to the diorite porphyrites4 ,the rock continues very much the same for several miles farther east2 at times it is almost wholly feldspar4 ,in the caon above ,el ,nido ,post ,office it changes to a light green feldspar porphyry4 ,near the western edge of the ,jamul grant a dark-colored porphyry takes its place1 and a little farther east it becomes jet black1 with small white feldspar crystals1 producing a very pretty effect4 ,the mesa conglomerates extend along the top of the low hills bordering the valley nearly to the eastern edge of the ,jamul grant4 ,a great variety of rocks appear along the ,campo road between the ,jamul grant and ,sheckler's1 on the ,cottonwood4 ,near the eastern end of the grant the porphyry is followed by fine-grained granitic rock1 frequently becoming schistose4 ,numerous dikes and bunches of dark diorite cut through this rock4 ,as ,dulzura ,post ,office is approached1 these rocks change to mica and hornblende schists1 and are filled with intruded dikes of diorite porphyrites4 ,bodies of massive syenite and coarse granite were also seen4 ,about ,dulzura many of the dikes have the appearance of diabase4 ,between ,dulzura and ,sheckler's the country rock is largely micaceous and chloritic schists4 ,massive granite forms the high1 rugged mountains east1 extending in an arm westerly across the road4 ,the schists have a northwest strike1 vertical dip1 and are evidently of metamorphic origin4 ,they form a strip of country extending in the line of strike from near ,sheckler's to the ,sweetwater ,river1 and are situated between the wide belt of porphyry on the west and the coarse intrusive granites on the east1 which rise to form ,lyon's ,peak and other rugged mountains4 ,the first rock met east of ,sheckler's1 on the ,campo road1 is coarse hornblendic granite1 so decomposed that a fresh specimen could not be obtained4 ,dikes of fine-grained granite intersect it in every direction4 ,three miles west of ,potrero1 mountains of olivinitic diabase rise on the north side of the road4 ,this rock is very similar to many large bodies of intrusives through the mountains between ,julian and the ,tia ,juana ,river4 ,it has evidently been intruded into the granite1 for dikes extend out1 intersecting the latter rock4 ,potrero is located in a valley of several hundred acres in extent1 and surrounded by granite mountains4 ,it has an elevation of #b1djj feet4 ,south of ,potrero1 along the boundary line1 the mountains show large areas of the dark dioritic and diabasic rocks4 ,the hills immediately south of the valley consist of hornblendic gneiss2 strike east and west4 ,eastward1 toward ,campo1 the rock is chiefly a coarse white granite1 very easily decomposed4 ,it shows a slightly gneissoid structure for a number of miles4 ,it does not seem to represent the bedding of a sedimentary rock1 but of parallelism of the constituents1 induced in the magma by movement or pressure4 ,long1 drawn out1 lenticular inclusions are often present1 and are arranged parallel to the schistose structure4 ,these consist largely of hornblende1 with little feldspar4 ,in the vicinity of ,campo the topography of the country changes from that of high mountains and deep1 narrow valleys1 to an elevated mountain plateau with meadows and rounded granite ridges4 ,the mountains are covered with brush1 while live oaks are numerous in the valleys4 ,the country maintains these features while gradually rising to the divide #h miles east of ,campo4 ,the granite is so deeply decomposed along the summit region that no good samples could be obtained4 ,campo has an elevation of #b1fjj feet4 ,the bare1 rounded ridges closely resemble those left by glacial action1 but their slope is produced simply by the cleaving off successively of the more angular portions in great slabs4 ,many fine examples of this manner of decay appear about ,campo4 ,the corners are decomposed faster than the smooth surfaces1 and thus finally a shelly concentric structure results4 ,the fresh massive central portion weathers out like water-worn bowlders4 ,the presence of rugged angular ridges results either from a less inherent tendency to decay1 or to a comparative freedom from crushing4 ,four miles northeast of ,campo is an outcrop of coarse hornblendic granite1 with large six-sided mica scales and numerous yellow crystals of titanite4 ,the height of the divide is #c1hjj feet4 ,near the summit the rocky ridges all disappear and the country becomes covered with granitic sand4 ,erosion here is evidently very slight4 ,the country descends gradually on the east to ,jacumba ,valley1 being sandy for some distance4 ,this finally gives place to bare1 rocky ridges and caons4 ,veins of fine granite1 and others of feldspar and quartz1 are abundant on the eastern slope4 ,before reaching ,jacumba ,valley a body of mica and hornblende schist is encountered4 ,the schists do not form a regularly defined belt1 but often appear as inclusions in the granite4 ,these inclusions have a very variable strike1 and from their relation to the granite it is evident that the latter is intrusive4 ,jacumba ,valley empties northward into the desert through a narrow gorge4 ,it has an elevation of #b1fjj feet1 the same as that of ,campo4 ,it is several square miles in extent1 the greater part of which is in ,lower ,california4 ,the warm springs here are considered quite medicinal4 ,the schists just described occupy a large area west and north of the caon through which the valley empties4 ,they are cut in every direction by dikes of granite and others1 consisting of a very coarse aggregate of quartz and feldspar with a little muscovite mica4 ,a high mountain several miles north of the valley is distinctly ribbed all over by them4 ,the schists extend northward toward those which outcrop on the eastern slope of the ,laguna ,mountains and at ,julian1 but are cut off by a body of intrusive granite4 ,they undoubtedly belong to the same series4 ,gold-bearing veins have been found in them a little north of ,jacumba ,valley4 ,at the north end of ,jacumba ,valley1 and on the west side of the outlet1 is an area of volcanic rock1 probably basalt4 ,it forms a table-land1 gently sloping toward the valley1 and rising #fjj or #gjj feet at its northern end4 ,it is underlaid by gravels and conglomerates4 ,just east of this is a black butte1 rising perfectly symmetrical to the same height4 ,it consists of bedded lavas1 with tufa at the bottom4 ,in spite of the fact that it is shaped like a crater1 its structure is different1 and it is probably a remnant of the flow which once covered the outlet to the valley4 ,the high range of mountains between ,jacumba ,valley and the desert has an altitude of something over #d1jjj feet1 but where the road crosses it1 it is only #c1ajj feet4 ,basalt outcrops also on the eastern side of the valley4 ,north of the road to ,mountain ,springs it forms a series of plateaus1 the highest of which reaches a height of #c1ijj feet4 ,it forms the summit of the range1 being #hjj feet above the granite forming the pass4 ,south of the pass several miles the granite rises much higher and the lava lies along its western slope1 extending an unknown distance below the line4 ,large deposits of water-worn bowlders and gravels lie along the eastern slope of ,jacumba ,valley4 ,among them are pebbles of porphyries1 black quartz1 and others not seen in place in this part of the county4 ,a short distance west of the summit they are found in beds with gravel and sandstone1 dipping southwest4 ,these late ,tertiary deposits are overlaid by the volcanic beds4 ,the volcanic plateau which rises so high north of the pass has a thickness of #ejj to #fjj feet4 ,massive and bedded lavas form the upper half of this thickness1 the lower portion consisting of a volcanic breccia4 ,the beds lie nearly horizontal4 ,on the west are two lower terraces1 also capped with lava and abutting against the higher4 ,the whole is underlaid by sand rock of granitic origin4 ,it is nearly level in places1 in others it dips to the southwest4 ,it is very strange that these lava beds1 with nearly level flowage lines1 should be found at such greatly varying elevations about ,jacumba ,valley1 and be underlaid everywhere by such similar tuffs and sandstones4 ,my investigations disclosed no volcanic vent1 and it is possible that the lava issued from fissures1 as was noticed elsewhere in the county4 ,another interesting question is the origin of the sandstones and conglomerates4 ,the sandstone underneath the high plateau is higher than the divide at that spot1 and the only granite within miles that exceeds it in height1 is the narrow ridge which rises on the southeast4 ,the erosion must have been very great along the ridges since the sandstones were deposited1 but the valley cannot have changed much4 ,there may have been great elevation along the crest of the range bordering the desert since the deposition of sandstone1 tilting up the sandstone and lava on the eastern slope1 but elevating without great disturbance those near the summit4 ,southeast of ,mountain ,springs is a body of bedded tufas reaching an elevation of #b1cjj feet1 and dipping to the east away from the range at a considerable angle4 ,the presence of these modern sandstones at so great an elevation nearly on the crest of the ,peninsula range is a very interesting fact4 ,either ,jacumba ,valley was a lake1 or a great elevation has taken place in comparatively recent times1 raising the valley from the sea-level4 ,appearances indicate that during late ,tertiary times this range was almost submerged beneath the sea4 ,the rocks between the summit and ,mountain ,springs are chiefly gneissoid1 at times granitic4 ,they contain bodies of fine dark mica schist1 and many dikes of very coarse muscovite granite4 ,the descent to the desert is very abrupt over bare granite ridges4 ,mountain ,springs1 an old stage station1 is located on the side of the mountain at an elevation of #b1cjj feet4 ,from the springs the road descends along the dry bed of an arroyo to the desert4 ,the most of the distance is through a rocky caon1 where there is an excellent opportunity to study the relations of the gneiss and granite4 ,for some distance down from the springs the rocks continue to be gneissoid1 but through the lower end of the caon they become more massive and coarse1 and all the veins characteristic of the gneisses of the higher mountain region disappear4 ,at the upper end of the caon is a dike of very coarse granite1 with large biotite crystals instead of muscovite4 ,this is the only instance in which biotite was seen in one of these coarse dikes4 ,banded gneiss1 varying from very thin to very thick bedded1 alternate with other rocks1 to all appearances massive granites1 but in surface decay the latter break up into slabs of varying thickness1 parallel to the schistose structure of the gneisses4 ,the banding is caused by an excess of mica or hornblende1 chiefly the latter1 arranged in parallel layers4 ,these strata are often very thin1 varying from one fourth to one half inch and upwards in thickness4 ,they are very regular1 but often discontinuous2 stop1 and in course of a few feet begin again4 ,these features are generally supposed to indicate metamorphic origin1 but at one spot a body of dark mica schist is cut by a dike a foot wide or more of this dark banded gneissose rock4 ,this dike cuts across the stratification of the mica schist1 showing conclusively the intrusive nature of at least a part of these gneisses2 and it is quite possible that the inclusions of mica schist are the only really sedimentary rocks present4 ,in places the rocks which show this banding have the constituents arranged in the bands independent of any direction4 ,at one spot a distinct1 well-defined mass of mica schist1 #ae feet across1 is imbedded in a granitic rock4 ,at one side this gneissoid structure extends through the inclosing rock and abuts sharply against the mica schist4 ,the banding shows no constant direction2 in the caon it is northeast4 ,the bands sometimes become wavy4 ,as the caon opens out to the desert1 hills appear on either side formed of volcanic tuffs4 ,they dip northeast #cj4 ,underneath is a sandstone wholly unconsolidated and dipping in the same direction #dj4 ,this contains no lava pebbles4 ,the fragments of the tuff are quite varied in character and generally quite angular4 ,they are imbedded in a volcanic mud1 free from granitic detritus4 ,in some of the strata appear thin beds of lava1 seeming to represent a flow4 ,these tufa hills extend northwesterly along the base of the granite mountains for #aj miles or more4 ,it is not known how far they go in a southerly direction4 ,in places they form mountains of considerable size high up on the side of the range4 ,the range of mountains between this point and ,carrizo ,creek appears also to have some volcanic beds on its southern slope4 ,the open desert at the foot of the mountains has an elevation of #a1bjj feet4 ,it slopes gently for miles in an easterly direction and consists largely of loose sand4 ,between ,mountain ,springs and the summit is another illustration of the fact that lamination in a crystalline rock is no proof of its sedimentary origin4 ,a small dike less than #b inches thick cuts across a coarse biotite gneiss at an angle of #cj4 ,it is separated from the gneiss by a thin layer of quartz and feldspar4 ,it is made up of the same constituents as the gneiss1 arranged so as to show a well-pronounced gneissoid structure4 ,this is very similar to the large dikes seen in the caon4 ,the road was followed back to ,campo1 and from there the ,laguna ,mountains were climbed4 ,the road ascends a long1 narrow caon on the southern slope4 ,at the entrance to the caon1 #d miles southeast of ,buckman's ,springs1 the mountains are high and rocky1 being formed of thin-bedded gneisses1 which1 in many places1 blend into mica schists4 ,they strike parallel to the mountain axis1 a little west of north2 dip #gj northeast4 ,three miles up the caon the gneiss becomes thick-bedded and is finally replaced by mica diorite1 which forms the hills on both sides4 ,granitic dikes outcrop near the junction and sometimes apparently in the diorite4 ,there is often a blending between the two1 as if the intrusion of both took place nearly at the same time4 ,the region east of the southern end of the mountains is formed of coarse granite1 decomposed to a considerable depth4 ,the mica diorite extends northward1 forming the whole central and western part of the mountains4 ,on the east it is bordered by a slightly higher ridge1 forming the crest of the mountains4 ,this rock does not decompose as easily as the granite and gneisses on the west1 and there consequently remains a mountain plateau having an elevation of about #e1ejj feet4 ,there is a considerable amount of pine timber and open meadows4 ,the dark diorite forms one of the highest peaks of the ,laguna ,mountains1 rising #f1bej feet4 ,the highest portion of the mountains lies to the northeast1 and is formed chiefly of a quartzose mica schist4 ,from the eastern crest of the range a most magnificent view of the desert is obtained4 ,the strata on the crest strike north #ae west1 dip #gj northeast4 ,the descent of #d1jjj feet to ,vallecitos is very abrupt4 ,near the crest it is almost as steep as the dip of the rocks4 ,the mica schists in places approach gneiss in composition1 but all of this series of rocks forming the crest and eastern slope very probably belong to the ,metamorphic ,series4 ,south of this point the ,laguna ,mountains do not terminate so abruptly1 but extend out in long1 gradually descending ridges for many miles4 ,the mica diorite extends north of the ,laguna about a mile1 when the schists on both east and west sides unite and extend north toward ,banner4 ,they are intruded by granite and diorite in many places4 ,the body of diorite forming the ,laguna plateau is about #h miles long and #a to #b miles wide4 ,the highest peak is not over #bjj feet lower than the ,cuyamaca1 rising #f1cjj feet4 ,the diorite seems to have been intruded in the middle of a considerable area of mica schists1 for this rock outcrops on all sides4 ,on the west1 toward ,pine ,valley1 they carry the gold veins of the ,pine ,valley district4 ,the descent is very abrupt to ,pine ,valley and ,buckman's ,springs4 ,the schists and gneisses extend about #c miles south of the main portion of the mountains1 when they are replaced by coarse hornblendic granite4 ,buckman's ,springs has an elevation of #c1djj feet4 ,here are some very excellent soda springs1 the only ones ,i know of in this section of the ,state4 ,a coarse1 dark diabase outcrops in the edge of the mountains just north of ,buckman's and also a little farther south1 on the west side of the valley4 ,a narrow caon leads up to the divide which separates the valley of the upper ,cottonwood from ,pine ,valley4 ,the western prolongation of the diorite of the ,laguna ,mountains appears near the road on the divide4 ,the prevailing rock is1 however1 of a granitoid nature and filled with many large bunches of massive white quartz4 ,pine ,valley has an elevation of #c1hjj feet4 ,gneisses and hornblendic and micaceous schists outcrop between the valley and the divide east of ,descanso4 ,the strike is north and south4 ,one mile southeast of ,descanso there is another outcrop of the coarse diabase or gabbro which forms so much of the ,cuyamaca peaks4 ,descanso has an elevation of #c1djj feet4 ,the rock which outcrops for a number of miles along the road to ,stonewall is a coarse1 easily decomposed granite1 rising in rounded knobs over a rolling1 brush-covered country4 ,the ,pine ,valley district lies in a belt of gneissose1 mica schist1 and quartzose rocks1 which extend in a direction a little west of north4 ,they begin about #b miles south of ,pine ,creek and extend1 probably unbroken1 through to ,banner and ,julian4 ,it is #d miles north to the ,deer ,park district4 ,the metamorphic schists widen as this district is approached4 ,they extend from the desert slope to ,deer ,park1 where a body of diorite has been intruded1 and from there westward #b miles to the ,cuyamaca grant4 ,a half mile west of the camp the slaty mica schists and quartzites are well defined4 ,a vein of gold-bearing quartz has been traced for several miles in these rocks1 and a number of locations have been made on it4 ,the strike is north and south1 dip #hj to the east4 ,a body of white crystalline limestone lies in this formation1 about #a miles southwest of ,deer ,park4 ,the body of micaceous diorite which extends through this camp is about a mile long1 and is quite gneissoid in places4 ,near its southern end it incloses narrow bands of hornblendic and feldspathic rock1 containing garnets4 ,the veins are numerous in this diorite1 and extend in every conceivable direction4 ,the diorite has been greatly crushed at some time1 with fissures in every direction2 hence1 the irregularity of the quartz veins4 ,the veins are generally bunchy1 and not often very large4 ,they seem simply to follow the exceedingly irregular fracturing of the diorite1 which is decomposed to a considerable depth4 ,the work thus far in this district has been confined to the surface1 so that nothing can be said in regard to the permanency of the veins4 ,the elevation of the camp is #d1fjj feet4 ,two miles northward an outcrop of coarse biotite muscovite granite was met4 ,it is about #b miles long and #a mile wide1 having schists on all sides of it4 ,this is the only example of typical granite 7according to ,rosenbusch7 that was seen in ,southern ,california4 ,a broad valley1 occupied by ,mr4 ,harper's ranch1 has been eroded in the center of this granitic mass4 ,northward1 along the crest of the range overlooking the desert1 mica slates appear4 ,they are so little metamorphosed as to closely resemble argillaceous slate4 ,they strike a little west of north1 dip #gj to #hj east1 and maintain the same character north to ,banner and ,julian4 ,the road from ,julian to ,stonewall crosses mica schist and gneisses for about half the distance4 ,then we met outcrops of a dark basic rock1 ranging from fine to very coarse texture4 ,it extends southward and covers a large extent of country4 ,the three ,cuyamaca peaks1 the highest in the southern part of the county1 are formed of this rock4 ,this rock was again met about half a mile west of the ,stonewall ,mine4 ,it extends westward across the mountains for at least #b miles1 and some miles south of the main peak4 ,in places it has a schistose structure4 ,near the outlet of the ,cuyamaca reservoirs it is filled with vein-like aggregates of coarse hornblende crystals1 which are probably the result of secondary crystallization in fissures or cracks of the almost consolidated magma4 ,the formation in the vicinity of the ,stonewall ,mine is biotite gneiss4 ,toward the east it is not sharply defined from the mica schists4 ,on the west it is generally more granitoid1 though at one spot near the lake there are finely laminated schists1 dipping #gj southwest4 ,southward1 also1 the gneisses become more massive and coarse4 ,at the northeastern base of the main peak a body of coarse granite is partly inclosed in the norite4 ,this norite assumes a dioritic habitus near the granite1 with the development of biotite mica4 ,the valley of the ,cottonwood was followed down several miles1 when it was left and the ,morena ,valley traversed to its head4 ,the mountains south of the valley are formed of a dark syenite4 ,north and northwest the higher mountains consist of granite1 with a great development of mica and hornblende schists along the slope facing the valley4 ,many granite dikes have been intruded into the schists4 ,north of ,mr4 ,candler's there is a great dike of pegmatite1 carrying small garnets1 tourmaline1 mica1 and large masses of quartz4 ,this pegmatite dike cuts across the caon1 forming a precipice on its lower side4 ,on the upper side the soil has been retained1 forming a small but fertile valley4 ,the strike of the mica schists on the north is quite unusual1 being north #ge west1 dip nearly vertical4 ,dark syenite lies on the west of this little valley4 ,morena ,valley has an elevation of #c1djj feet4 ,a rough road leads over the mountains west to ,mc,clain's ranch1 a distance of #aj miles2 the highest point reached having an elevation of #d1jjj feet4 ,near the summit there outcrops a body of coarse eruptive rock1 probably a diorite4 ,it consists of coarse hornblendic aggregates in a light-colored feldspathic matrix4 ,this is followed by syenite1 and that by coarse white granite as far as ,mc,clain's4 ,the granite about the valley is coarse1 with dark1 fine crystalline inclusions4 ,it has every character of a truly eruptive rock1 even to the minute spaces between the components1 left at the time of crystallization4 ,the road now descends to a branch of the ,cottonwood1 and from the creek there is a long1 gradual ascent to the pass north of ,lyon's ,peak4 ,the north side of the pass is formed of another high and rugged granite range4 ,this section is one of the wildest to be found in ,san ,diego ,county4 ,the mountains are bare granite1 often precipitous2 the valleys small and covered with brush4 ,crystalline limestone is reported to have been found in the granite #e or #f miles northeast of ,renney's ,pass4 ,a very interesting eruptive rock outcrops east of the pass1 on the north side of the road4 ,in places it resembles the norite from ,cuyamaca peaks4 ,the rock consists largely of large1 dark1 cleavable crystals filled with small granular crystals of a green color1 probably olivine4 ,a large portion of the dark crystals are undoubtedly pyroxene1 though there are some showing hornblende cleavage4 ,this is one of the most peculiar and interesting rocks seen in the county1 but1 from lack of any opportunity to make a microscopic examination1 no more definite definition can be given4 ,coarse granite extends some distance west of the pass4 ,it is decomposed to such a depth that no specimens could be obtained4 ,a mile west of the pass a fine granite1 apparently metamorphic1 replaces the other4 ,it contains much quartz1 little mica1 and yellowish feldspar4 ,some distance down the new grade a large body of diorite outcrops4 ,it is one of the southern arms of a great mass of coarse1 dark rock which forms the high mountains about ,dehesa ,post ,office1 on the ,sweetwater4 ,a large portion of this rock very closely resembles that forming the ,cuyamaca1 and is probably a gabbro4 ,near the foot of the grade1 #b miles east of ,jamul ,post ,office1 this rock is very coarse1 with large hornblende crystals4 ,it extends out in the form of arms or dikes into the adjoining granitic rocks4 ,this rock is very tough and heavy4 ,gneiss outcrops for #b miles westward4 ,it varies between thin-bedded micaceous strata and thick-bedded1 almost granitic forms4 ,it strikes north #ae east1 dips #gj to #hj east4 ,farther down1 toward the ,oakdale ,house1 this is replaced by coarse eruptive granites4 ,just below the ,oakdale ,house there is a very interesting contact between granite1 quartz porphyry1 and diabase4 ,the first rock exposed below the house is a rather dark micaceous syenite4 ,beyond this the rock becomes coarser1 containing large grains of quartz and glassy feldspar1 with inclusions of a very dark diabasic rock4 ,in a little caon which comes down to the road from the east1 this rock comes into contact with one which varies from a feldspathic mica schist1 through a gneiss1 to a quartz porphyry4 ,the junction is very irregular and the two rocks are slightly mixed2 sometimes branches of the syenite are partly inclosed in the porphyry4 ,some portions of the syenite show gas pores1 or spaces left at the time of consolidation1 one fourth to one half an inch in diameter4 ,they are partly filled with secondary quartz4 ,the next rock exposed up the caon is a mica schist2 strike #ae west1 dip vertical4 ,quartz porphyry follows this1 then an irregular dike of granite1 in which are imbedded nodules of quartz porphyry1 some nearly a foot in diameter4 ,above the granite there appears a granitoid gneiss1 with many cavities1 arranged with their longer axes parallel to the schistose structure4 ,this changes into a coarse1 knotty granite1 containing large nodules of dark petrosilex4 ,a slight blending is noticeable4 ,farther up this is succeeded by a micaceous quartz feldspar porphyry1 showing a somewhat gneissoid structure4 ,it is out at right angles to this structure by jointing planes lying thickly together4 ,it has a milky1 vitreous luster1 and contains inclusions of very coarse granite4 ,the next rock exposed is a diabase #bjj feet across4 ,it is coarse in the middle and aphanitic on the edges4 ,adjoining it are bunches of granite and a fine1 dark1 compact mica schist1 showing traces of little pebbles in places4 ,the schist changes to a petrosilex1 which comes in contact with a dike of very coarse granite4 ,at the upper edge of this granite outcrop1 and inclosed in it1 is a stratum of fine1 dark mica schist and a dike of quartz porphyry4 ,at one end these inclusions are hidden1 but at the other they have been bent1 fractured1 and the pieces separated some distance in the granite4 7,fig4 #i74 ,this is a most interesting example of the intrusive nature of the granite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the granite dike is bounded on its upper side by one of aphanitic diabase #b feet wide1 followed by granite again4 ,nodules of the diabase appear in the edge of the granite4 ,a stratum of wavy quartzose gneiss #aj feet wide follows the last dike of granite4 ,it changes across the strike into a coarser gneiss1 and that into irregular and partially blended masses of coarse granite1 filled with long fragments of porphyry similar to a dike on the east4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,the quartz porphyry is very compact and brittle1 and has a conchoidal fracture4 ,the porphyry dike has a width of #h feet4 ,about it is still another dike of granite #ab feet across1 and containing many long fragments of a diabasic rock1 which appears next in the succession4 ,the diabase is cut by small1 interlacing granite seams for #f or #h feet1 and also contains some large1 irregular1 lenticular masses of the same rock4 ,still farther is another dark dike cut squarely across by granite4 ,fine granite and quartz porphyry dikes occur still farther east4 ,the porphyry dikes all run about north #ce west1 average dip #gj southwest4 ,they extend along the summit of a ridge for more than half a mile1 when the coarse granite becomes the country rock4 ,on the summit of the hill at the head of the caon are strata of metamorphic rock1 and also some veins of pegmatite1 cutting across the porphyry4 ,this wonderfully varied succession of rocks does not cover a width of more than a quarter of a mile4 ,the relations exhibited here prove that the porphyry and diabase1 as well as the schists1 are older than the granite4 ,the strip of country between the ancient porphyries of ,san ,miguel and the coarse granite of ,lyon's ,peak and the ranges north is remarkably rich in its variety of intrusive rocks4 ,on the north bank of the ,sweetwater1 just above where the ,spring ,valley road crosses1 is a large exposure of coarse granite1 containing so many inclosures of a dark dioritic rock as to present the appearance of a conglomerate4 ,it is cut by bunches and ramifying dikes of fine granite and diorite4 ,at ,dehesa the granite is replaced by norite1 which forms a high mountain on the north side of the river1 and extends southeasterly #c or #d miles1 forming two high peaks4 ,in this are veins of hornblende aggregates1 and in general appearance the rock bears the closest resemblance to that on the ,cuyamaca4 ,the crystalline rocks exposed between the ,sweetwater and ,el ,cajon ,valley generally show more of a dioritic composition than granitic4 ,they have a glassy feldspar1 much hornblende1 and little quartz4 ,there are two varieties3 one is light colored1 and forms most of the country2 the other is darker1 occurring in bunches and dikes4 ,southwest of the valley the rocks are more granitic4 ,on the road to ,spring ,valley they give place to a hard1 light--colored felsitic rock1 containing specks of chloritic matter4 ,masses of granite appear in places1 intruded into the rock4 ,as it decays it becomes jointed1 and seems to be reduced mostly to kaolin4 ,near the railroad1 northwest of ,spring ,valley1 rocks outcrop which belong to the series of dark intrusives1 tuffs1 and porphyries so extensively developed west of the granite4 ,the rock here has a fragmental appearance in weathered specimens4 ,it has a dark green color1 and is of uncertain composition4 ,the most western exposure of this rock1 before it becomes covered by the mesa1 has much the same character4 ,it is without doubt an ancient intrusive1 very greatly altered4 ,it contains bunchy dikes of white feldspathic composition1 which easily reduce to kaolin4 ,the whole exposed width of these rocks west of the granite at this point is over a mile1 about half of which is tufaceous4 ,by tufaceous is not necessarily meant a fragmental intrusive deposited in water1 but for lack of any other term it is used to designate those fragmental intrusives of plutonic origin which are so abundant in ,california4 ,between the ,oakdale ,house and the ,sweetwater ,river1 on the road to the dam1 dark quartz mica diorites outcrop4 ,they have been intruded by coarse granite in veins and bunches4 ,a body of dark aphanitic rock1 of uncertain origin1 is inclosed in the diorite near the river4 ,it may be a portion of the aphanitic rocks associated with the porphyries farther west4 ,a little distance down the river the diorite is succeeded by conglomerate rocks1 containing small garnets4 ,the fragments are feldspathic in composition4 ,dark feldspathic porphyry then forms the prevailing rock for some distance4 ,it shows great variations4 ,much of it contains no distinct crystals of feldspar1 but is mottled by light green felsitic bodies of irregular outline4 ,these contain chloritic substances1 which decay out1 leaving holes4 ,there is a great variety of these ancient intrusives exposed along the sides of the river north of ,san ,miguel ,peak4 ,none of the other crystalline rocks in ,san ,diego ,county appear so old or show so much alteration4 ,farther down the caon the rock assumes a fragmental appearance1 having masses of feldspar in a dark matrix4 ,it finally becomes a pronounced breccia1 being formed largely of angular1 felsitic fragments4 ,the base in which these fragments lie decays away and leaves them standing out on the surface4 ,this may be a tuff formed in water1 but the matrix has undergone such alterations that nothing certain can be said about it4 ,this breccia continues to the lower end of the caon4 ,an interesting1 light-colored dike was observed here4 ,it is so filled with minute spherical amygdules as to resemble in structure an oolitic limestone4 ,the breccia continues as far as the ,sweetwater ,dam1 where it is replaced by feldspar porphyry4 ,the porphyry shows much variation2 in places no feldspar crystals are present1 chlorite taking their place4 ,these rocks disappear a quarter of a mile west of the dam1 and mesa-like hills extend down to ,chula ,vista4 ,these consist of soft sandstones and some calcareous deposits4 ,dark rocks1 belonging to the series just described1 outcrop near the mesa road from ,san ,diego to ,el ,cajon4 ,it forms a long ridge south of ,la ,mesa4 ,the rocks are in part tufaceous1 and in part dark green and massive1 with felsitic inclusions4 ,near the ,eleven-,mile ,house the granite is filled with dark1 bowlder-like inclusions4 ,hornblende is an important constituent of the granite4 ,it is more than likely that many of these so-called granites are really diorites4 ,the mesa formation terminates in an abrupt escarpment on the west of ,cajon ,valley4 ,the valley comprises many thousand acres of very fertile land4 ,granitic knobs rise in many parts of the valley1 showing that the alluvium deposit is underlaid by it at no great depth4 ,north of the valley1 for a number of miles1 the crystalline rocks are covered by the mesa conglomerates4 ,granitic rocks are the only ones exposed for many miles east of ,lakeside4 ,just above ,forster's there is a small outcrop of gneiss and mica schist2 strike north #ce west1 dip #gj northeast4 ,the rock exposed along the grade is a coarse biotite granite1 with much quartz and glassy feldspar4 ,a dike of quartz porphyry varying to granite porphyry outcrops by the road at the top of the grade4 ,this does not seem to be sharply defined from the adjoining granite4 ,a dark hornblende granite or diorite begins here and outcrops along the road for several miles toward ,ramona4 ,three miles from the town there appears a dark rock with a somewhat resinous luster4 ,it is probably a diabase4 ,the ,santa ,maria is a large1 plateau-like valley1 with low granite hills surrounding it4 ,light-colored granite1 becoming somewhat hornblendic1 extends some distance east of ,ramona1 when it is replaced by a dark diorite4 ,the latter extends along the road for #b miles4 ,it has glassy feldspar1 and in places much mica4 ,four miles west of ,ballena the granite is filled with pegmatitic veins1 running in a northwesterly direction4 ,they carry brittle crystals of black tourmaline1 garnet1 and muscovite mica4 ,east of ,ballena the rock becomes coarser and somewhat gneissose1 with an abundance of mica4 ,there are no bedding planes1 simply a parallelism of constituents4 ,this schistose structure has a northwest direction4 ,the gneiss changes to mica schist on the grade above ,santa ,ysabel4 ,the schist alternates with occasional strata of quartzite2 strike north #be west4 ,the quartzite is a white1 fine1 granular variety1 containing a little mica4 ,coarse gneiss outcrops again farther up the grade2 at the top it becomes finer1 carrying some hornblende1 and alternating with strata of fine mica schist2 dip northeast4 ,the gneiss often becomes granitoid4 ,the lamination has no constant direction1 and resembles a flowage structure4 ,this granitoid gneiss extends to within a mile of ,julian1 when there is quite a sharp transition to a gneissoid mica schist4 ,that gives place to a fine schist1 and a quarter of a mile west of ,julian to a pearly hydro-mica schist4 ,the schists strike north #bj to #cj west1 dip #gj northeast4 ,at ,julian the rock is a dark1 thin-bedded mica schist1 usually termed a slate4 ,there are also dark felsitic rocks and some gneisses4 ,the belt of dark slaty mica schists is about half a mile wide4 ,toward the ,balkan ,mountain the rocks become more gneissoid4 ,this mountain seems to be formed wholly of gneiss and mica schist4 ,in some places the rock is nearly massive1 and contains a large amount of quartz4 ,the rocks forming the mountains near the road from ,san ,felipe to ,vallecito are nearly all gneissoid4 ,the real desert begins on leaving ,san ,felipe ,valley4 ,the road extends southeast for #e miles and then turns southwest1 descending a narrow1 rocky gorge to the head of ,vallecito ,creek4 ,near where the road turns to the southwest1 the gneisses are cut by innumerable dikes of coarse granitic composition4 ,many of these run parallel1 cutting across the strike of the gneisses1 and give the appearance of a bedded formation4 ,in the caon1 before reaching ,vallecito ,creek1 mica schist appears4 ,it is bent and twisted into every conceivable direction1 and varies exceedingly in structure and composition in the course of a few feet4 ,the dip is northeast1 and often at a small angle4 ,the granite dikes often carry garnets1 being quite similar to those between ,julian and ,banner4 ,they were probably intruded after the eruption of the granite1 and the related metamorphism4 ,at ,mason's granite and gneiss both appear as intrusives in the schists1 and are themselves cut by coarse dikes similar to those described4 ,between this point and ,banner1 in a direct line1 gneiss is the prevailing rock4 ,the high mountain east of ,banner is more granitoid4 ,there is a sandy valley of considerable extent about ,mason's2 eastward a low ridge is crossed1 and the road descends to ,vallecito ,valley between barren granite mountains1 gradually descending until the open desert is reached4 ,when the granite is hard these mountains are very rugged1 but in places they are covered so deeply with soft1 decomposed material as to closely resemble the ,tertiary deposits farther east4 ,the mountains often show pale purple to brown tints4 ,on examination they appear to consist of a white granite1 which has been so shattered as to break up into pieces1 averaging not over #b inches in diameter4 ,this rock presents a very similar appearance for miles1 particularly on the north side of the creek4 ,at ,palm ,springs the soft clay beds of late ,tertiary age begin to appear4 ,they dip in all directions1 though that to the south and southwest is the most common4 ,toward ,carrizo ,station these are often covered by granitic detritus4 ,the ,tertiary beds widen out where the road strikes ,carrizo ,creek1 and at ,carrizo ,station they have a width of nearly #aj miles4 ,they rest against a granite range north of the creek and south along a long ridge which terminates in ,carrizo ,mountain4 ,they also extend a long distance up ,carrizo ,creek4 ,four miles below the station harder sandstones and strata of shells cap the clay hills4 ,this shell layer near the creek is #aj feet thick and contains pectens and oyster shells1 belonging to the ,miocene-,tertiary4 ,the clay hills which surround ,carrizo ,station form a veritable ,bad-,land4 ,they show many different colors1 and are perfectly devoid of any vegetation4 ,they have been eroded into a most confused network of hills and caons1 and are so soft that it is difficult to travel over them4 ,six miles below this station and a mile north of the creek there rises a rugged granite range1 facing the open desert4 ,it rises from the desert quite precipitously nearly #b1jjj feet1 but blends westward into the ridges which run east from ,san ,felipe4 ,the granite is coarse and deeply decomposed4 ,sharp1 angular grains of quartz stand out so prominently as to tear anything with which they come in contact4 ,the thin-bedded shell strata rest against the slopes of the mountain1 and near the southern end rise against the eastern slope at a very high angle in sharp1 jagged points4 ,these strata rise above the granite ridges at the point where they occur1 and dip fully #gj to the east4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,resting on the summit of this granite ridge1 and immediately west of the steeply inclined and jagged points of the ,tertiary strata1 is the southern outcrop of a bed of coarse1 hard sandstone1 which rises along the summit of the ridges to the north and dips west1 extending down the western side of the range for a thousand feet or more1 dipping at an angle of about #cj4 ,this sandstone outcrops along the crest of the ridge for nearly a mile4 ,it is1 however1 not absolutely continuous1 the granite rising through it in places4 ,near the southern end it is so highly metamorphosed as to be with difficulty distinguished from the granite at the contact4 ,in fact1 the two formations have become so intimately united1 that a fracture of the granite made near the sandstone1 instead of stopping at the contact1 extends into the sandstone1 so that the two rocks break off together4 ,the contact is so exceedingly irregular that it seemed at first sight as if the sandstone had been intruded by the granite4 ,deep1 narrow crevices extend into the granite1 and are filled with sandstone4 ,some granite bunches are almost inclosed in the sandstone4 ,the most interesting feature of this sandstone is the presence in it of an abundance of well-preserved corals of a type fully as old as the ,cretaceous4 ,fragments of two species of a large oyster and poorly preserved specimens of univalve and bivalve shells are also abundant4 ,there are at least two species of coral1 many specimens being at least a foot in diameter4 ,the sandstone is literally filled with them toward the southern portion of the outcrop4 ,they also extend down into the crevices and cavities in the granite4 ,the sandstone shows somewhat less metamorphism toward the north1 where it contains some strata of pebbly conglomerate4 ,the granite is intersected by many veins of coarsely crystallized feldspar and quartz4 ,from these veins many of the pebbles in the conglomerate have been derived4 ,at the highest point of the ridge the sandstone has the greatest thickness4 ,here it is broken up into great blocks #ae feet square1 piled in the greatest confusion1 as if by an earthquake4 ,one great mass overhangs the almost precipitous granite escarpment at an elevation of #a1jjj feet above the desert4 ,many fractures extend from the sandstones through into the granite4 ,the sandstones1 as well as the granite mountains north1 have been baked a dull red color by the intense heat of the sun4 ,to account for the peculiar position of this sandstone1 as well as the steep inclination of the ,tertiary beds at the southern end of the mountain1 we must suppose that an extensive fault has taken place along the edge of the range facing the desert4 ,the general inclination of the ,tertiary beds to the west and southwest is also evidence of an uplift along this line4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,carrizo ,mountain was ascended from the north by following up a wash through the clay hills4 ,at the foot of the mountain there is a small outcrop of ancient volcanic rock greatly altered4 ,this rock rests against the limestone which forms a large part of the north end of the mountain4 ,the limestone is crystalline in every portion4 ,the strike1 as well as that of the schists and quartzites by which it is inclosed1 is north #cj to #dj west1 dip #ge to the southwest4 ,the color of the limestone varies from white to streaked and variegated4 ,it was carefully examined for fossils1 but no traces of them could be found4 ,the limestone is1 however1 filled in many places with the holes of borers1 and one small incrusting coral and one barnacle were found4 ,the elevation of the north peak is #a1gjj feet1 and these were found nearly at the top4 ,everything points to a great elevation here in times so recent that the atmospheric agencies have not yet had time to remove the surface exposed to the ocean waters4 ,another factor enters into this time computation1 however1 and that is that in this climate1 where the rainfall is so slight1 a great many years are required to effect slight changes4 ,toward the south peak the rock is almost wholly micaceous and quartzose schists4 ,judging from the great amount of metamorphism shown by these rocks1 fossils1 if they ever existed1 must have been destroyed4 ,at various points on the northern end of the mountain are horizontal deposits of a soft1 shaly sandstone full of fossils1 similar to those found north of ,carrizo ,creek4 ,the corals are very large and perfect4 ,some nearly entire specimens of large oysters were also obtained1 but most of the bivalve shells are represented only by casts4 ,with all the exploration which has been done1 it seems probable that these beds have never before been seen4 ,professor ,blake1 geologist of the ,pacific ,railroad ,survey1 passed up ,carrizo ,creek in #ahec1 but1 from the statements made1 it seems his observations were confined to the immediate vicinity of the road4 ,his is the only geological party that has visited this region up to the present time4 ,the vicinity of ,carrizo ,mountain is a favorite one for prospectors1 and every winter it is visited by a number of parties4 ,as yet no important discoveries have been made1 and ,i cannot say that ,i think the region is a favorable one4 ,silver has been reported from the southern slope of ,carrizo ,mountain1 and at one time there was considerable excitement4 ,the mountain1 though formed wholly of metamorphic rocks1 does not appear to have been mineralized to any extent4 ,only one dike was seen on the mountain1 and that was of a coarse1 granitic nature4 ,there is not the slightest doubt as to the presence of a non-conformity between the ,miocene-,tertiary and the coral-bearing sandstones4 ,specimens of the coral were sent to the ,national ,museum1 and were pronounced similar to some from the lowest ,cretaceous of ,texas4 ,as to the age of the limestone and associated metamorphic rocks1 they are unquestionably ,carboniferous or older4 ,a float piece of silicious limestone was found containing some shells1 but no opportunity for their investigation has yet occurred4 ,the ,tertiary beds are covered1 wherever any of their original surfaces yet remain1 by a great variety of washed bowlders4 ,with regard to the structure of this eastern slope of the ,peninsula range1 ,i can hardly agree with the views before expressed1 that there are to be seen here evidences of an enormous fault1 to which the steep escarpment toward the east is due4 ,the eastern side of the range1 so precipitous in places1 has been compared to that of the ,sierras in structure and general features4 ,it is true that this descent is very abrupt in places1 but in others it is almost as gradual as the western slope4 ,for instance1 the gradually descending ridges which extend east from ,banner for nearly #cj miles1 show no indication of any fault1 save at the mouth of ,carrizo ,creek1 where there has undoubtedly been a fault of considerable importance4 ,the very abrupt descent east of the ,balkan and ,laguna ,mountains is due solely to enormous erosion1 for both north and south ridges extend past them for many miles into the desert4 ,the ,san ,jacinto ,mountains also send out long arms into the desert1 and below the boundary ,signal ,mountain and a connecting range seem to be merely a spur of the main system4 ,the rocks of the metamorphic belt at ,julian and ,banner1 and farther south1 dip to the northeast1 indicating a great fold rather than fault1 with the most strongly pronounced intrusive granites and diorites at some distance on each side4 ,it is not generally known that an ancient auriferous gravel channel exists in the county4 ,it begins about a mile north of the old stage station1 and #c miles west of ,ballena ,post ,office1 where there rises a hill shaped like a whale's back 7hence the name ,ballena71 covered with washed gravel and bowlders4 ,the main portion of the channel which has escaped erosion begins south of the stage station1 capping a hill which has an elevation above the sea of #b1djj feet1 being a little lower than the so-called ,whale ,mountain4 ,the gravel is #ej to #ajj feet thick1 and has a width of #b1jjj feet or more4 ,it rises #cjj to #ejj feet above the valleys and caons on its sides4 ,it extends in a direction a little south of west for about #d miles1 terminating on the south of ,santa ,maria ,valley4 ,a granite ridge runs #b or #c miles farther in the same direction1 probably preserved by the gravels1 which are now gone4 ,a pretty valley1 a mile long1 has been eroded in the eastern end of the gravels1 down to the underlying granite4 ,placer mining has been carried on for years here in a small way by ,mexicans4 ,gold is said to be scattered everywhere through the gravels1 which are often very firmly cemented4 ,lack of water1 for the ridge is higher than any of the surrounding country1 has prevented work on a large scale4 ,lately a mining district has been organized1 and it is proposed to bring water #g miles in pipe4 ,in the gravels are washed bowlders1 many of them being #b feet in diameter and well polished4 ,the remarkable thing about them1 however1 is that they are nearly all porphyries4 ,the most abundant is a red feldspar quartz porphyry4 ,quartzite bowlders of all colors are numerous1 and there are a few of the basic diorite so common in portions of the county4 ,garnets are said to be very abundant in the gravels1 and many bowlders of a schist carrying them are also present4 ,the matrix of this rock could not be made out in the field2 it is very tough and heavy1 and has never been seen in place4 ,the red porphyry bowlders resemble those on the mesa farther west1 but have never been found in place4 ,never1 in the mountains east or north1 has porphyry of this kind been seen1 either by myself or described by others4 ,from the old stage station the upper course of the stream was north and south as far as it can be traced4 ,there are indications that one branch extended easterly toward ,julian4 ,these gravels appear on a hill surrounded by deep caons1 about #b miles east of the top of the grade above ,foster's4 ,at the top of the grade the hills on the west are flat-topped1 and covered with gravels to a depth of #aej feet4 ,these have much the same character1 and probably belong to the same channel4 ,more investigation is needed to determine whether the course of the old stream was down toward the ,san ,diego ,river1 in ,cajon ,valley1 or west toward the high mesas south and southeast of ,poway ,valley4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that the stream flowed west1 and that the mesas have been formed partly from the bowlders which they brought down4 ,this mesa1 as well as the gravels at the head of the grade1 has an elevation of #a1ejj feet4 ,the source of the porphyry bowlders and the garnetiferous schists of this old river is a matter of great perplexity4 ,the gravel deposit has every characteristic of an old river channel1 and not that of an elevated arm of the sea2 besides1 the presence of gold in the gravels indicates their derivation from the country farther east4 ,the gold may have been derived from ,julian or ,mesa ,grande1 or some more remote point4 ,the river must have flowed across the gold belt1 but then the question arises1 how could a river of such magnitude have existed so near the summit8 ,the only way out of the difficulty is to suppose that a great uplift has taken place along the crest and western slope1 coupled with an enormous amount of erosion2 and that this stream once1 before this great change took place in the configuration of the country1 headed many miles to the northeast1 far beyond the drainage of the western slope4 ,the bowlders consist largely of hard rocks1 and are very smoothly rounded and polished1 indicating that they have been transported a long distance1 and subjected to attrition through a protracted interval4 ,it is quite possible that this river emptied into or near ,san ,diego ,bay1 and that the immense beds of bowlder conglomerates about the bay owe their formation largely to this river action4 ,the first outcrop of crystalline rocks in ,mission ,valley is about #c miles above the old ,mission1 where the ,san ,diego ,river enters a caon4 ,it is a volcanic tufa1 consisting of grayish to greenish fragments of a fine-grained rock imbedded in a brown matrix4 ,this has a width of about half a mile4 ,along the caon1 dikes of a greenish amygdaloid have been intruded in the rock1 and are particularly numerous north of the river4 ,one of these dikes in the caon was observed to be amygdaloidal in the center4 ,farther up the caon there is a great variety of tufas4 ,the first contains feldspathic and hornblendic fragments nearly blended in a base consisting of crystallized feldspar and dark chloritic particles4 ,above this is a dike of brownish crystalline rock1 much altered2 the only distinguishable mineral being feldspar1 in small crystals4 ,then follows another tufa1 with nearly blended micaceous fragments4 ,the next rock is a fine crystalline one with very regular bedding planes1 a foot or more thick2 dip #cj to #dj southeast1 strike north #ce east4 ,then follows a dark1 aphanitic1 structureless rock for some distance4 ,at one point a branching dike of almost pure feldspathic material spreads out into this aphanitic rock in radiating arms4 ,apparent bedding planes run through them1 as well as the country rock1 showing that these planes are not those of sedimentation1 but are due to some secondary cause4 ,these rocks occupy the caon for #a miles1 and are all undoubtedly of volcanic or intrusive origin4 ,a series of rocks of metamorphic origin outcrops a thousand feet along the caon4 ,the first of these is a micaceous felsite4 ,that is followed by fine-grained granitic rocks carrying garnets1 and this by a hornblendic felsite4 ,the latter finally becomes mixed and blended with a coarse micaceous diorite1 containing a glassy feldspar4 ,this rock is the chief one exposed through the caon4 ,it has granitic and syenitic facies4 ,the tuffs exposed at the mouth of the caon extend in a direction a little east of south for #c miles1 until covered by the mesas which extend west from ,cajon ,valley4 ,they show a comparatively uniform character1 the fragments being generally nearly blended4 ,the ridge which these rocks form is separated from the granite by an elevated mesa a mile wide4 ,the tuffs are exposed along ,chaparral ,caon to within #b miles of the mission4 ,the granite ridge at the lower end of ,cajon ,valley does not extend more than #b miles north of the caon1 when it becomes covered with bedded deposits and bowlders of late ,tertiary age4 ,granite does not appear in ,sycamore ,caon until the northeast boundary of the ,cajon grant is reached4 ,high hills of gravel and bowlders lie east of the caon and extend toward ,foster's4 ,the main body of granite is met at the head of the caon4 ,it extends along the east side of the road to ,poway ,valley4 ,bunches of dark1 coarse diorite occur in it in many places4 ,the gravel mesa south of ,poway ,valley has an elevation of #a1bjj feet4 ,small areas of gravel also remain on the hills northeast of the valley4 ,the granite ridge1 flanked by porphyries1 does not outcrop very prominently south of ,los ,peasquitos ,caon4 ,the ridge southwest of ,poway ,valley seems to be formed largely of gravels1 rising #a1ejj feet4 ,the usual brecciated tuffs outcrop in the gulches and along the creek just above ,los ,peasquitos ranch house4 ,they appear along the old road to ,escondido for #b miles4 ,a body of chloritic granite appears in the center in the form of a long dike1 extending from the ,peasquitos ,creek a mile or more north of the road4 ,toward the east the breccia becomes finer and almost loses its fragmental character4 ,between this formation and the granite a dark micaceous felsite1 probably metamorphic1 outcrops4 ,the fragments in the tuff are diabasic at times and at others largely petrosilicious and feldspathic4 ,the crystalline rock on the east is1 perhaps1 more nearly diorite than granite1 as the feldspar is chiefly a glassy one4 ,black ,mountain is formed of this dark breccia1 while the high range of mountains which rises on the north and extends northwesterly between ,san ,bernardino and the ocean1 is formed partly of granitic rocks and partly of the tuffs and porphyries1 the latter lying on the west4 ,a rolling1 hilly country1 containing much good land1 stretches north toward ,escondido4 ,remnants of the mesa conglomerates remain in places on the eastern edge of the ,peasquitos grant4 ,the granite is coarse and rises in huge1 rounded knobs along the road4 ,a little south of ,san ,bernardino ,post ,office there rises a conical peak of micaceous diorite4 ,a somewhat similar rock1 but more diabasic in appearance1 forms the mountain immediately west of the ,post ,office4 ,this formation extends northwesterly for several miles1 having a width of about a mile4 ,the rock over much of this area closely resembles the gabbros and olivinitic diabases from the southern part of the county4 ,it is penetrated by dioritic and granitic veins1 in which the structure is often pegmatitic4 ,at the point where the road stops at the entrance of the caon of ,diablo ,creek1 this basic formation is replaced on the west by a massive1 jointed quartz rock1 containing a little feldspar and chlorite1 and in places becoming granitoid4 ,it often has a fragmental character1 with the quartzose bodies imbedded in a matrix more granitic1 or simply darker and chloritic4 ,this rock is quite uniform for #c miles down the caon1 quartz being the predominating constituent4 ,it is very probable that this represents an original sedimentary terrain4 ,it is followed on the western slope of the range by the dark tuffs before described4 ,here the matrix is often porphyritic1 with a fluidal structure4 ,portions are real porphyries4 ,a mile east of ,olivenheim it resembles diorite porphyrite4 ,the last exposure seen on the west was of the usual tufaceous character4 ,this formation narrows northward1 and on the road to ,san ,marcos shows the width of a mile4 ,northwest of ,san ,marcos there is a large body of metamorphic rock1 chiefly felsite schists and feldspathic quartzites4 ,these extend in a northwest direction toward ,buena ,vista1 but there are not many exposures4 ,dark diorite outcrops south of ,buena ,vista1 and extends west for a mile and a half1 when it sinks under the ,tertiary deposits4 ,the last outcrop seen was a dark micaceous diorite4 ,a mile west of this point there is quite an outcrop of diabase containing an excess of dark feldspar4 ,the sandy clays extend west from this point to ,oceanside4 ,near ,buena ,vista station the diorite is impregnated with green copper carbonates1 and a considerable amount of work has been done1 but evidently no paying bodies of ore were found4 ,syenite outcrops near ,kelly's ranch house1 and in the hills east4 ,the crystalline rocks come nearer the ocean here than at any other place in the county4 ,between ,escondido and ,moosa ,caon1 granites1 with bunches of dark diorite1 are the only rocks seen4 ,a broad1 sandy valley extends up ,san ,luis ,rey ,river to within #e miles of ,pala1 when the high granite mountains close in1 forming a caon4 ,the valley widens at ,pala1 and for many miles a broad1 sloping deposit of bowlders and gravel borders the river1 and rises high against the foot of ,smith's ,mountain4 ,it is often #b miles wide and represents a great amount of erosion4 ,a mile northeast of ,pala is a high hill of diabase1 similar to that in the southern part of the county4 ,on the eastern slope of this hill is an enormous pegmatite vein1 carrying a very interesting set of minerals4 ,this vein is twenty or more feet wide1 and dips west at a small angle4 ,there are masses of great size of almost pure mica and feldspar1 or quartz and feldspar--in the latter case very fine specimens of graphic granite have been formed4 ,near the southern end of this vein is a deposit of lepidolite mica1 #aj feet thick at the widest part1 and appearing in detached bodies for several hundred feet4 ,it is fine-grained and shows a pale purple color4 ,in places it is pure1 in others filled with large radial aggregates of pink tourmaline 7rubellite74 ,some of the aggregates are a foot across1 others are long and slender1 with arborescent forms4 ,north of the main deposit it is found in quartz in fan-shaped aggregates1 the crystals being more than a foot long1 but greatly decomposed4 ,black tourmaline is abundant in the pegmatite surrounding the lepidolite1 but in poor1 brittle crystals4 ,green tourmaline is present in places in the form of minute grains4 ,garnets are also to be found in places4 ,the vein as a whole is inclosed in the diabase4 ,the western end of ,smith's ,mountain shows many bodies of dark dioritic rocks4 ,the major part of the rock is1 however1 gneiss and mica schist1 all very easily decomposed1 leaving an immense amount of bowlders and gravel along all of the gulches4 ,mica schists cover an extensive area along the southern slope of ,smith's ,mountain1 on the ,pauma grant4 ,these are undoubtedly a continuation of the schists of the ,julian belt1 but carry no minerals4 ,the belt of schists extends nearly if not quite through to ,julian4 ,warner ,valley is located at the head of ,san ,luis ,rey ,river4 ,it is entirely surrounded by granite mountains4 ,there is not as great a variety of intrusive rock here as in other parts of the county4 ,point ,loma forms a peninsula1 the greatest length of which is about #f miles1 and greatest breadth1 #a miles4 ,during ,quaternary times it was an island1 but owing partly to an elevation of the coast1 and partly to the detritus brought down by the ,san ,diego ,river1 it becomes joined to the mainland4 ,it rises #djj feet in almost perpendicular cliffs at its southern end1 gradually lessening in height toward ,old ,town4 ,the rock of which it is formed consists of soft shales and sandstones1 the latter often quite consolidated4 ,the strata at the extreme end of the point dip south1 but in a short distance turn and maintain a quite uniform dip to the northeast nearly the whole length of the peninsula4 ,this abrupt elevation evidently owes its origin to a fault accompanied by an uplift1 and not to erosion4 ,beginning at ,ocean ,beach1 and following along the base of the cliffs to the light-house1 hundreds of faults can be counted4 ,near ,ocean ,beach fifteen can be counted in the space of #bjj feet4 ,the direction of these faults is nearly at right angles to the strike4 ,the most of them are nearly vertical and clean cut4 ,the throw varies from a few inches to many feet4 ,sometimes the north and sometimes the south wall has risen4 ,an interesting overthrust fault is exposed in the cliffs north of ,ballast ,point4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a conglomerate of late ,tertiary age overlies the ,cretaceous rocks unconformably on the extreme end of the point4 ,these conglomerates are firmly cemented and form high cliffs4 ,they dip at an angle of #cj to the southeast4 ,the pebbles are in part derived from the sandstone of the point1 and in part from the crystalline rocks east of the mesa4 ,near the top of this conglomerate are immense1 semi-angular bowlders4 ,these have rolled down to the beach and are strewn around the end of the point4 ,many large ones are to be found a little west of the new light-house1 but the greatest of all is on the eastern side4 ,it is fully #aj feet in diameter1 and formed of the same kind of rock as that on which the mesa rests #h miles east of ,san ,diego1 viz3 a green volcanic tuff4 ,it is a very interesting question as to how these immense bowlders have been transported so far and left in the beds near the top of the cliffs4 ,i can account for it only by supposing that the point with relation to the country back of ,san ,diego was several thousand feet lower at one time1 and that a river of great volume1 flowing over a steep channel1 entered the bay at this place1 depositing irregular beds of bowlders4 ,this old river may have been the same one which formed the auriferous gravel channel before mentioned4 ,the fault planes on ,point ,loma extend through the conglomerate beds1 indicating that the elevation took place after the bowlder beds were formed4 ,an interesting collection of fossils was gathered from the lowest strata exposed1 and from the bowlders in the conglomerates4 ,this collection numbers something over sixty ,cretaceous species1 many of which are new4 ,the fossils are not abundant1 nor are they well preserved4 ,nearly all of these are characteristic ,chico 7,upper ,cretaceous7 fossils4 ,there is1 however1 one species found here in considerable abundance1 but rather poorly preserved1 which ,dr4 ,white has described under the name of ,coralliochama ,orcutti1 and which he has made the chief foundation for a new division of the ,cretaceous1 termed the ,wallala ,beds4 ,the name was given on account of the occurrence of this fossil1 together with several other species1 at or near ,fort ,ross1 ,sonoma ,county1 and also at ,todos ,santos ,bay1 ,lower ,california1 where the best specimens were found4 ,these beds stand in an unknown relation to the other ,cretaceous deposits stratigraphically1 but have been supposed1 on account of the fossils1 to indicate a division between the ,chico and ,shasta groups4 ,i believe1 however1 that the occurrence of the most important fossil of this supposed division on ,point ,loma1 in the same beds with undoubted ,chico fossils1 destroys the validity of the supposed ,wallala ,beds4 ,in a bluff at the northeastern end of the ,point ,loma peninsula1 west of ,old ,town1 there is a stratum of calcareous sandstone1 carrying many fossils belonging to the ,eocene1 or lowest ,tertiary4 ,the strata dip northeast at a small angle1 and though they cannot be traced continuously west to the outcrops of ,cretaceous rocks1 yet from the fact that they have the same dip1 leads me to the belief that the two beds are conformable4 ,this younger deposit corresponds to the ,tejon1 or ,division ,b1 of ,professor ,whitney4 ,everywhere in the ,state there exists the closest relation between the ,chico and the ,eocene4 ,here on ,point ,loma they are undoubtedly also conformable1 but each is distinct as regards its fauna1 for they are separated by nearly a thousand feet of unfossiliferous strata4 ,false ,bay occupies the basin of a synclinal1 for the strata dip northeasterly from ,point ,loma and south from the ,soledad ,hills4 ,a violent disturbance1 forming a great uplifted fold or perhaps a fault1 has taken place along a line extending southeast from ,la ,jolla through the ,soledad ,hills4 ,at the eastern end of ,false ,bay there is a small exposure of ,eocene strata1 dipping west4 ,near the mouth of ,rose ,caon the strata dip southwest1 and at the mouth of the caon they dip #dj northeast4 ,along the road which leads over the hills to ,la ,jolla the rocks are tilted at a very high angle to the southwest4 ,the highest point of the ,soledad ,hills1 rising #gjj feet1 lies over this disturbed region4 ,unconsolidated bowlder deposits lie on the top of the hills4 ,the strata on the east side of ,rose ,caon are well exposed1 but do not seem to partake of the disturbance shown on the west4 ,this is probably no unconformity1 as they contain ,eocene fossils1 and the ,eocene in other spots appears to be conformable with the ,chico4 ,along the coast between ,false ,bay and ,la ,jolla the strata dip south at a small angle4 ,at ,la ,jolla1 near the caves1 they have been folded so as to dip very steeply to the southwest for nearly a quarter of a mile across the strike4 ,near the eastern end of the cliffs a reversal takes place1 and they dip northeast at nearly as great an angle4 ,around the little bay there are no exposures1 but a mile northward begins a very high line of cliffs1 which extend through to the mouth of ,soledad ,caon4 ,this fold at ,la ,jolla brings to the surface fossiliferous strata1 bearing a number of species similar to those at ,point ,loma2 among them is the ,coralliochama ,orcutti4 ,the strata of the high cliffs north of ,la ,jolla dip northerly at a small angle1 and show only a few fossils of the ,eocene age4 ,the cliffs rise fully #djj feet4 ,at the bottom of the cliffs are shales2 higher up are great beds of conglomerate bowlders1 chiefly a reddish porphyry4 ,coal is reported to outcrop above the water at very low tide somewhere along this stretch of cliffs4 ,it of course must occur in strata of ,tertiary age4 ,the coal vein struck in a boring at ,la ,jolla must be ,cretaceous4 ,about #c miles up the coast from ,la ,jolla1 there appears a dike of basalt cutting the ,tertiary shales4 ,at high tide it is nearly covered by the ocean4 ,it has a course about #cj east of north1 and stands vertical4 ,it begins on the north1 close in under the high cliffs1 but does not extend into them1 the only signs being a fault in line with the dike4 ,it is not more than #b feet wide at the northern point where it is exposed4 ,it is dark and compact and so decayed as to be easily taken for an argillite4 ,the walls of the dike are very smooth and regular1 except near the southern point1 where it runs into the water4 ,here it swells to a width of #cj feet4 ,the edges of the dike are compact1 while the vesicular portion is in the center1 where there is often a flowage structure developed4 ,the central portion is more or less laminated parallel to the wall1 and thus is generally a well-pronounced columnar structure developed the whole width4 ,the columns lie horizontally across the dikes and are #ab to #ae inches in diameter4 ,the cavities are wholly or in part filled with calcite4 ,metamorphism of the adjoining shales is apparent for #b feet away1 but the sea water has so decomposed the shale that it is not so strongly marked as it would otherwise be4 ,the dike projects above the water in places for a distance of #a1jjj feet1 making its total exposed length about #a1hjj feet4 ,in the mesa southeast of ,rose ,caon1 and along the ,san ,diego ,river1 and back of ,san ,diego1 the formation belongs almost wholly to the late ,tertiary4 ,it is not certain whether the ,miocene is present or not4 ,a number of ,miocene fossils have been found in the county1 but perhaps the most of them have come from ,carrizo ,creek4 ,many fossils are given in ,dr4 ,cooper's list1 as being found in the ,pliocene of ,san ,diego1 which are more characteristic of the ,miocene in other localities4 ,i see no reason for doubting that the ,miocene is present1 but so intimately related to the ,pliocene as to be stratigraphically inseparable from it4 ,in the region between ,rose ,caon and the northern boundary of the county1 ,i do not know that ,miocene fossils have been found1 but in ,orange ,county they are well characterized4 ,the region occupied by ,san ,diego ,bay and the mesa back of it is composed1 as far as we know1 of ,quaternary1 ,pliocene1 and perhaps ,miocene strata4 ,sandstones characterize the lower formation1 and loosely cemented conglomerates1 increasing in thickness toward the mountains1 the upper4 ,these were deposited in a sort of basin1 of which ,point ,loma and the ,soledad hills formed the northern and western borders4 ,many oscillations of level have taken place1 the most recent being an elevation of #dj feet1 shown by an old beach line on ,point ,loma4 ,the shells in this beach are the same as those now living in the adjoining ocean4 ,it is a peculiar fact that the mesas are slightly higher near their western terminations than farther east1 indicating a recent uplift along the ocean4 ,water is scarce through this mesa formation4 ,at the end of ,point ,loma there is a strong sulphur spring exposed at low tide4 ,its waters may possess medicinal properties1 and should be examined4 ,on the southern shore of ,false ,bay is a large deposit of calcareous tufa4 ,the central portion is quite pure and a number of feet thick2 just how thick is not known4 ,it extends along the shore some distance1 and often contains bowlders and shells4 ,this is evidently a deposit from some former spring of great size4 ,the mesas lying west of the extensive volcanic tuffs have been derived largely from the decay of the latter1 and have heavier soil4 ,north of ,soledad they become more sandy1 and maintain this character to the ,santa ,margarita ,creek4 ,this light soil1 however1 is being successfully cultivated in many places and for certain kinds of fruit1 without irrigation4 ,the surface of the higher portion of ,point ,loma1 as well as some of the mesas north1 is covered with spherical nodules1 a quarter to half an inch in diameter1 of sand cemented with red oxide of iron4 ,these literally cover the ground in places so that it is difficult to walk4 ,the origin of these at first seemed very puzzling1 but on examining the face of a cliff on the top of which these were found1 an explanation was reached4 ,they were seen to grow smaller away from the surface of the ground until a depth of #b feet was reached1 when they cease4 ,their formation is due to the oxidation of the iron in the sandstone1 and its segregation in little nodules on the same principle as the formation of concretions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,the cliffs of ,eocene sandstone along the ocean grow gradually lower north of ,soledad ,caon4 ,at ,encinitos the cliffs are higher again and for a short distance the strata dip south1 but toward ,oceanside they resume the northerly dip and disappear several miles south of that place4 ,faults grow less numerous the farther we get from ,point ,loma4 ,the mesa is low about ,oceanside2 it was either never very prominent or else the erosion has been great4 ,on the north bank of the ,santa ,margarita ,creek1 near the ranch house1 is an interesting cliff of ,quaternary sands and gravel1 showing a number of strata deposited under different conditions on an old beach4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,the ,tertiary beds north of the ,santa ,margarita ,creek are very different in outline from those south4 ,instead of their extending in a gradual slope from the older mountains to the ocean1 there arises in them1 near their western border1 a range of mountains1 known as the ,san ,onofre ,mountains4 ,these extend parallel to the ocean at an average distance of #b miles4 ,they rise north of the ,santa ,margarita ,creek and extend to the ,san ,onofre ,creek4 ,they have a gradual slope on the west1 rising to an elevation of #a1djj feet1 but are quite abrupt on the east4 ,los ,flores ,creek cuts through the southern end of this range1 showing that while the soft1 clayey sandstones between it and the ,santa ,margarita ,mountains slope only #e to #aj southwest1 the rocks of the range itself dip west at an angle of #ce to #dj4 ,the formation is a breccia1 the fragments of which are argillitic1 micaceous1 and hornblendic schists4 ,some of these fragments are of great size1 one bowlder of hornblende schist being #h feet in diameter4 ,pebbles of white quartz and other hard metamorphics are also present4 ,the soft1 coarse sandstone in which the fragments are imbedded show no traces of any granitic matter4 ,the range was ascended #b miles north of the ,los ,flores ranch house1 and found to consist entirely of fragmental schists1 such as those mentioned1 dipping southwest at an angle of #de4 ,the mountains were also climbed at their northern end1 near ,san ,onofre ,creek4 ,here there is a very abrupt escarpment on the eastern side4 ,the strata dip toward the ocean at a high angle1 while the irregular hills and ridges of soft1 light-colored sandstone lying east toward the ,santa ,margarita ,mountains are nearly level4 ,after a careful study of the range the conclusion was reached that its origin was due to a great fault1 represented by the very abrupt eastern slope1 tilting the elevated portion to the west at a high angle4 ,i believe that this fault took place after the deposition of the ,tertiary strata4 ,as far as my observation went the ,tertiary beds on the east do not rise to meet the ,san ,onofre range1 as they would to a certain extent if it were present when they were deposited2 on the contrary1 they dip toward it4 ,west of the range the ocean is bordered by very high cliffs of ,quaternary clays1 and in only two or three places do the ,tertiary rocks outcrop4 ,small patches of sandstone outcrop near the road at the western foot of the mountains2 they also dip west at a high angle4 ,many of the fragments at the northern end of the range show their derivation from a massive crystalline rock4 ,the hornblende schists are generally garnetiferous4 ,blue glaucophane schists are also very common4 ,south of ,mission ,viejo ,creek1 ,orange ,county1 there is an outcrop of rock1 apparently in place1 which greatly resembles these schists4 ,good outlines of these mountains1 indicative of structure1 can be seen to great advantage from the ,san ,luis ,rey ,mission4 ,on the west slope of the ,san ,onofre ,mountains1 #d miles north of ,los ,flores1 is an outcrop of a garnetiferous hornblende schist1 which certainly appears to be in place4 ,this rises #aj feet above the side of a gulch1 and is fully #bj feet across4 ,one mile north and in line of strike with the last is another outcrop of similar rock1 which is so large that it certainly seems that it must be in place4 ,the only point north of the ,san ,onofre where this breccia appears is at ,arch ,beach1 ,orange ,county4 ,the ,santa ,margarita ,mountains are bordered by very extensive bowlder deposits1 which rise as high as #a1ejj feet on their western side4 ,the topography of the northwestern part of the county between ,temecula1 ,elsinore1 and the ocean1 is very complicated4 ,this section is occupied by rugged1 brush-covered mountains and narrow1 deep valleys1 with the exception of the ,santa ,rosa plateau1 where the configuration of the county has been entirely changed by extensive lava eruptions1 stretching over a distance of #aj miles4 ,this mountain region narrows toward the north to form the ,santa ,ana range4 ,the variety of rock formations is very large4 ,the northern portion is unsurveyed4 ,on the south are the two large grants1 the ,santa ,margarita and the ,santa ,rosa4 ,between these lies ,de ,luz ,valley4 ,the ,santa ,margarita ,mountains extend north and south1 forming the eastern borders of the grant and rising to an elevation of #c1ajj feet4 ,the granite of the region about ,de ,luz ,valley is far from being homogeneous4 ,a part of it is undoubtedly intrusive1 and a part may represent an original sedimentary formation4 ,bedding planes are present in much of this supposed metamorphic granite1 but generally no schistose structure4 ,the presence of the ,de ,luz warm springs is perhaps due to a dike of dark1 aphanitic diorite1 which has cut through the granite in an irregular manner4 ,a very interesting breccia outcrops in the bed of the creek below the warm springs4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,the fragments are chiefly granite and an aphanitic rock4 ,they are quite angular1 showing only a slight rounding of the corners4 ,some of the larger fragments are a foot in diameter4 ,the boundaries are very irregular4 ,long arms of the inclosing granite project into the breccia4 ,the base or matrix varies from a coarse syenitic rock to an aphanite4 ,it often seems to present a blending of different kinds of fragments4 ,besides the large inclusions there are scattered through the matrix small angular pieces1 which are so regular in outline and distribution as to give to the rock the appearance of a porphyritic structure4 ,the granite in the hills west of the valley contains much biotite and quartz in long1 rounded grains1 presenting a pseudo-porphyritic aspect4 ,this appearance is characteristic of much of the granite of this section4 ,imbedded in the granite are masses of dark aphanitic rock4 ,the lower granite hills are covered with considerable sandy soil4 ,there are isolated peaks of a coarse white granite1 much like that of the ,sierra ,nevada1 arranged in some sort of regularity in north and south lines4 ,one rugged peak of this coarse granite rises #b1ejj feet west of the valley4 ,at the northern end of the valley the bedding planes in the finer grained granites are very regular2 strike north #de west1 dip #fe southwest4 ,there is1 however1 no schistose structure present4 ,a half mile above the warm springs is another conglomerate or tuff1 which seems so related to the granite that the latter must really be eruptive4 ,in a little valley southwest of ,de ,luz and just east of the ,santa ,margarita grant there is a large outcrop of diabase4 ,it has been intruded in a fine-grained1 jointed granite4 ,farther down the valley1 on the road to ,de ,luz ,station1 there is a narrow outcrop of black quartz feldspar porphyry1 followed on the east by a dark felsitic mica schist2 strike northwest1 dip #fj southwest4 ,immediately west of the deep canons which lead down to ,de ,luz ,creek1 rises the ,santa ,margarita ,mountains4 ,they consist of a fine-grained granite1 verging at times on a quartz porphyry4 ,the main crest is #b miles long1 the highest peak of which is nearly #c1bjj feet4 ,the rock is perfectly massive1 but shows apparent bedding planes2 strike north #cj west1 dip #hj northeast4 ,the porphyritic facies of this formation occur in the western slope4 ,on the western slope of the main range1 at an altitude of #b1ejj feet1 there is a plateau-like area of a thousand acres or more of fine grass land4 ,it is dotted with white oak trees4 ,the western slope of this plateau is very abrupt and brushy4 ,the formation is partly porphyry and partly dark diabase and diorite4 ,the most interesting fact connected with the ,santa ,margarita range is the occurrence of sandstone at an elevation of #b1fjj feet on its western slope4 ,the sandstone occupies very limited detached areas in the heads of the gulches1 and is evidently the remnant of a once far more extensive formation4 ,the sandstone is largely kaolinitic1 and has evidently been derived from the adjoining rocks4 ,at the foot of the southern end of the mountains appears very quartzose rocks1 probably of metamorphic origin4 ,coarse granite has been intruded into them in small bunches4 ,granite extends southwesterly in the form of a wedge as far as the ,santa ,margarita ranch house1 and is there covered by modern deposits4 ,between ,de ,luz and ,fallbrook the country is gently rolling1 with knobs of granitic rocks projecting here and there4 ,about ,fallbrook1 and for some distance east1 the granite does not outcrop much1 owing to its easy decomposition4 ,a little east of ,de ,luz ,station is a small body of mica schist2 dip #cj east1 strike north #ae west4 ,the road from ,fallbrook to ,temecula leads through a long1 narrow valley4 ,on either hand rise high mountains of bare granite4 ,immense bowlders1 #bj to #cj feet across1 line the valley1 having fallen from the cliffs4 ,the granite here is a coarse rock1 rich in biotite1 and though great masses could be obtained free from checks1 yet does not seem durable4 ,the valley owes its origin to a difference in rapidity of decay along certain lines4 ,on this section there appears no trace of the schist belt extending northwest from ,julian4 ,this coarse granite is undoubtedly intrusive and has cut it off4 ,a wholly different series of rocks is exposed in the ,temecula ,caon1 not more than #b miles north of the country just described4 ,this caon is deep and rocky1 taking a very direct course from ,temecula to the ocean4 ,at the upper entrance there is a narrow exposure of granite4 ,this is followed by quartzite1 dipping #de southwest4 ,the rocks shortly become massive and are replaced by dark syenitic ones with an excess of hornblende4 ,two miles down1 granite appears for a short distance1 and in it a quarry has been opened4 ,the rock can be obtained in blocks of any size from great masses which have broken off and rolled into the caon4 ,gneissoid rocks soon replace the granite1 and these are followed by hornblendic rocks1 which vary from a schistose to a massive structure4 ,in places they contain feldspar and pass into syenites2 in others the rock is almost pure hornblende4 ,the greater portion of these rocks are of metamorphic origin4 ,the dip is generally vertical1 strike east and west to northwest4 ,the syenites are followed by mica schists1 and these by coarse biotite granite about #e miles above ,howe ,station4 ,in the granite are many pegmatitic veins1 carrying biotite1 garnets1 and tourmaline4 ,fine-grained granite1 varying at times to syenite1 forms the rock along the caon for many miles below this point4 ,the most interesting geological feature about this northwestern part of ,san ,diego ,county is the long plateau1 confined chiefly to the ,santa ,rosa grant4 ,this plateau lies near the western corner of the grant1 and extends east nearly to ,murrieta4 ,the lava is broken up into detached tables by erosion1 which become very strongly pronounced toward the western end of the flow4 ,the western body of lava is the highest4 ,it has a length of nearly #b miles and is broken into three peaks or ridges1 sloping generally a few degrees to the east2 height #b1hej feet4 ,there are two terrace-like tables lower down its southern slope4 ,the lava is1 perhaps1 a hundred feet thick at its eastern end1 and has been so much eroded toward the western portion that the underlying sandstone is exposed along the crest of the ridge1 with lava lying in broken masses along its sides4 ,the sandstones form quite an extensive bed under the lava flow1 being #bjj or #cjj feet thick1 and horizontally bedded1 wherever bedding is present4 ,the upper part is very soft and granular1 the lower portion is hard and stained reddish4 ,it carries many bowlders #f to #h inches in diameter1 different from any other rock seen in the adjacent mountains3 quartzite mica schist1 aphanitic rocks1 and some granitic ones4 ,these are washed smooth4 ,the sandstones contain much kaolinitic matter1 and at one spot show an incipient crystallization4 ,a number of contiguous grains1 over a space half an inch in diameter1 show the same orientation4 ,near the bottom the sandstones are impregnated with iron4 ,the western ridge in particular shows a great amount of erosion4 ,the lava is nearly gone in places1 but occurs southward in scattered outcrops for half a mile4 ,at the northern end the sandstone rises fully #cjj feet above the lava4 ,lava is present on its sides4 ,much of the sandstone closely resembles a granite decomposed in situ4 ,fragments of the mica schist resemble that in the hills west of ,temecula4 ,northward half a mile is the deep caon of the ,san ,mateo4 ,the country descends very rapidly from the lava ridge1 especially so on the north1 where the caon is fully #a1ejj feet deep4 ,it is a number of miles in any direction to mountains which are as high as this lava-capped sandstone ridge1 and the amount of erosion must have been enormous since it was deposited4 ,mesa ,redonda has an elevation of #b1gej feet1 and is separated from the lava just described by a valley fully #hjj feet deep1 and nearly a mile broad4 ,mesa ,redonda is formed by a lava table1 probably basalt1 #aej to #bjj feet thick4 ,it is quite precipitous on three sides4 ,the lava is bedded1 dipping #e to #h northeast4 ,underneath is a body of coarse1 friable sandstone1 similar to that just described4 ,some pebbles and bowlders of lava lie in the upper portion of the sandstone4 ,the sandstone consists of angular quartz grains and kaolinic matter1 and often presents the appearance as if it had been partly fused by the lava4 ,in the top of the sandstones are pebbles of quartz1 feldspar1 and mica schist4 ,the sandstone shows no bedded structure1 but seems to form a mantle over the hill1 following the irregularities of the underlying granite4 ,it descends #gjj feet on the southern slope of the mountains which rise so abruptly from ,de ,luz ,valley4 ,the lava has spread out in thin sheets on the southern slope of the mountain1 descending more than a thousand feet on the east side of ,cottonwood ,creek4 ,these thin beds are not massive1 but are formed of angular lava bowlders4 ,the flows were so thin that they either broke up on cooling1 or later through atmospheric agencies4 ,fig4 #ae is a sketch of ,mesa ,redonda from the north4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,cienega ,peak lies east of ,mesa ,redonda and is separated from it by two gulches opening in opposite directions4 ,it has an elevation of #b1djj feet1 and the mesas east rise still less4 ,sandstone underlies this as it does the other lava flows4 ,near the eastern end of the southern slope1 a lava flow has broken out from a basin-like depression which opens southward1 and flowed down the mountain for a mile1 descending a vertical distance of #a1hjj feet4 ,it appears to have broken up entirely into angular bowlders4 ,the stream was probably very liquid1 like the others1 and formed a thin flow4 ,it takes a slightly winding course and slopes often #cj4 ,one short branch appears on the western side about half way down1 and another on the east near the bottom4 ,the lava descends in successive terraces1 like steps1 from the crater depression4 ,the width varies from #ejj to #gjj feet1 terminating in a straight line about a hundred feet above the bed of the caon at the head of ,de ,luz ,valley4 ,this distance may represent the amount of erosion since the stream flowed4 ,there are also caons worn to some depth on each side4 ,the surface of the flow is rounding1 and appearances indicate that it descended over a surface not much different from the one now shown4 ,a large part of the bowlders in the creek for several miles are lava4 ,fig4 #af shows this lava stream as it lies on the mountain side1 and also ,cienega ,peak1 from which it flowed4 ,these lava beds appear very prominent from ,de ,luz ,valley4 ,the long1 winding flow is known locally as the ,oak ,ridge1 on account of its being covered with oaks1 while the adjacent mountains are barren and brushy4 ,it is hard to reconcile the appearance of these isolated peaks1 with often precipitous sides1 and deep valleys between them1 showing a great amount of erosion1 with the thin sheets spread out on the southern side of the mountain in so many places1 which from their position indicate so little erosion since they flowed4 ,it is possible that the mesas1 with the high precipitous cliffs1 represent remnants of an older flow1 and yet the lithological character of the lava seems to point to a single origin4 ,with the exception of the long southerly flow and another short one west of it1 the lava everywhere presents bluffs on its southern side1 with deep gulches between them4 ,toward the northeast and east there is a gentle slope4 ,a large part is coarsely vesicular2 dense massive portions are mixed irregularly in places with the vesicular4 ,the lava table-lands lie nearly #b1jjj feet above ,de ,luz ,valley4 ,this abrupt escarpment extends east as far as the lava does1 though less marked4 ,there has either been an enormous erosion in the region lying south1 or a great fault elevating the plateau4 ,a detached portion of the lava plateau caps the hills west of ,murrieta1 extending in a north and south line for a distance of #b miles4 ,whether these detached portions all had their source in one great flow and have been separated by erosion1 or were formed from different sources1 was not fully determined4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that the main portions did belong to one flow1 from the fact that they have a uniform slope and are underlaid by similar sandstone1 which may once have been the bed of a stream4 ,the range of mountains lying west of the valley which extends from ,temecula to ,elsinore1 also has the appearance of having been elevated by a fault4 ,from the entrance to the ,temecula ,caon1 northward past ,elsinore1 and along the eastern base of the ,santa ,ana ,mountains1 these abrupt escarpments and indications of a fault become more pronounced4 ,the eastern part of the ,santa ,rosa plateau1 with its lava fields1 forms the southern end of the escarpment4 ,the valley in which are located the towns of ,temecula1 ,murrieta1 and ,wildomar1 rises gradually toward the east4 ,the western portion is very fertile4 ,artesian water is found at ,murrieta4 ,the eastern portion1 which rises toward the granite mountains1 is more gravelly1 while east of ,temescal there is a stretch of many miles of these dry gravel hills1 probably of ,quaternary age4 ,the town of ,temecula has an elevation of #a1jjj feet4 ,immediately west and north of the caon there arise hills of metamorphic rocks1 having an elevation of #a1hjj feet4 ,they are covered with dense brush on their eastern slopes1 but contain some fertile valleys to the west4 ,for several miles the rock is almost wholly metamorphic4 ,it extends south to the caon and north to the lava plateau4 ,it is chiefly a fine1 dark mica schist2 strike indistinct but north #fj west1 to east and west1 dip vertical4 ,on the west it changes to a quartzite4 ,dikes of granite cut this rock2 one is noticeable for several miles by its more pronounced croppings over the hills4 ,east of ,murrieta the granite begins near the boundary of the grant1 and forms a line of barren hills extending northerly4 ,east of these the country is less rocky and quite fertile4 ,many springs abound in the granite through this section4 ,near the ,hot ,springs is a dike of granite porphyry4 ,numerous bunches of a dark1 coarse1 dioritic rock are scattered through the light-colored country granite4 ,they weather away more slowly than the granite4 ,the metamorphic rocks of the ,santa ,rosa plateau extend north to the entrance to the caon1 up which the road passes to ,parker ,deer's4 ,the strike in the caon is a little east of north4 ,the metamorphic rocks terminate in a range of hills which form the southern boundary of the ,rinconada4 ,northward the country is formed of rugged granite mountains4 ,the ,los ,alamos opens westward into deep caons1 which lead down to the coast4 ,a dark dioritic granite is included in the usual light-colored variety1 sometimes in bowlder-like masses and sometimes in dike form4 ,the metamorphic rocks extend #b miles west of ,parker ,deer's house4 ,they include mica felsite and dark vitreous quartzite4 ,they are often intruded by granite bosses and dikes of quartz porphyry4 ,the lava table-land lies just south of the ranch house4 ,it is about #dj feet thick1 and has underneath a kaolinic stratum #ab to #ad feet thick1 which is impregnated with bog iron2 one assay has shown #aj per cent4 ,this is quite similar to the sandstone under the table-land farther west1 but is less quartzose4 ,a similar deposit1 impregnated with iron1 was seen north of ,mesa ,redonda4 ,the ,santa ,rosa grant consists chiefly of broad1 open valleys1 having an altitude of #a1gjj to #a1hjj feet1 with rocky ridges between them4 ,on the trail from ,santa ,rosa to ,howe ,station1 the metamorphic rocks extend to within a mile and a half of the latter place4 ,they are chiefly light-colored1 granular quartzites4 ,dikes of diabase and gabbro appear in many places on the ,santa ,rosa grant4 ,ores of gold1 silver1 and copper are found in the metamorphic rocks of the grant1 but they have never been developed4 ,selected samples of galena assay several hundred dollars to the ton in silver4 ,the veins are1 however1 small and bunchy1 and it is not probable that they can be profitably worked4 ,the granite varies from one with mica1 as the only dark constituent1 to one with much hornblende4 ,it is uniformly coarse and of undoubted eruptive origin1 judging from the manner in which it has broken through the metamorphic rocks4 ,the table-land west of ,murrieta is about a mile broad and fully as high as that near ,parker ,deer's house4 ,it is separated from the lava farther west by a mile of brush-covered hills4 ,the lava was supposed to extend no farther than the big caon west of ,murrieta1 but a close examination revealed a small outcrop on the hills about a mile south of ,wildomar4 ,the elevation is about #fjj feet above the valley4 ,it is perhaps one fourth of a mile across4 ,in places it extends down the hill nearly one third of its elevation above the valley4 ,it presents the appearance of having flowed out of the summit of the hill when it had much the same form as now1 and down over its sloping surface4 ,this eruption is fine-grained1 and not vesicular4 ,much of it has a conglomeritic character1 appearing to have been broken up when almost solid1 and then cemented4 ,the fragments are more or less rounded and elongated1 and are at times almost blended in the matrix4 ,there are signs of former solfataric action on the summit1 there being a considerable deposit of a light yellowish material1 consisting chiefly of alumina and magnesia4 ,under the lava is sandstone #aj to #bj feet thick1 composed of quartz grains and kaolinic matter1 exactly similar to that under ,mesa ,redonda4 ,it would be easily taken for granite decomposed in situ1 but for the large quartz grains4 ,the sandstone has an apparent southerly dip4 ,it is very difficult to account for the presence of the sandstone under the lava1 unless we suppose it covered the adjacent country1 and was only preserved by the greater permanency of the lava4 ,another hill of lava was found #bjj feet lower1 about a mile south of this1 and west of the caon leading up to ,parker ,deer's4 ,it occupies a sort of depression between three hills1 with gulches cutting into it between them4 ,the lava is very similar to that just described4 ,a long1 high ridge running northwest and southeast1 adjoining the lava1 is very interesting4 ,it is about #bjj feet higher1 and covered with dense brush1 as is all the country in this vicinity4 ,the greater part of the hill is formed of a coarse tuff1 whose fragments stand out in sharp relief on the surface of the huge projecting1 bowlder-like masses4 ,the matrix1 which is darker and softer1 weathers out1 leaving the surface of the rock covered with a great variety of fragments4 ,some are scoriaceous or amygdaloidal1 others are very coarsely crystalline and porphyritic with feldspar or hornblende4 ,some of the fragments are themselves tufaceous1 containing large masses of hornblende in a dioritic matrix4 ,on the southern end of the hill1 a great variety of dikes intersect the tufa4 ,this is in all probability the neck of an old volcano1 but appears to have no relation to the modern lavas near it4 ,owing to the exceeding difficulty of traversing these hills1 the exact relations of the formations were not ascertained4 ,about #aj miles east of ,temecula1 near the point where the creek takes a turn to the southeast and enters a caon1 there has been another lava eruption1 but the time at my disposal did not permit me to examine it4 ,a great variety of rocks are exposed along the road from ,elsinore to ,menifee ,valley4 ,for nearly #b miles east of the station the rock is a white1 glassy diorite1 with an excess of feldspar4 ,at the point where the road crosses the railroad1 metamorphic schists appear4 ,the rock is a fine1 dark mica felsite4 ,it is so compact that it breaks with a conchoidal fracture4 ,a great irregularity in strike and dip exists2 the average strike is a little west of north1 dip northeast4 ,as far as the top of the grade1 the rocks are in part metamorphic and part dioritic4 ,there are many dikes2 some fine-grained granites1 others micaceous diorite porphyrites4 ,the hills along the west side of ,menifee ,valley seem to be mostly metamorphic1 with some bunches and veins of granite4 ,all of the mountainous region lying south of the road from ,temecula to ,san ,jacinto is granite or diorite1 excepting a strip of micaceous schist and gneisses near ,glen ,oak ,valley4 ,these strike northwest toward ,menifee4 ,no opportunity was given me to examine the mountainous regions comprised in the ,san ,jacinto range4 ,the line of hills lying northeast of the town and having a northwest direction are composed largely of gneiss and mica schist1 with some bodies of white crystalline limestone4 ,in the line of strike these hills finally disappear north of ,san ,jacinto ,lake1 under ,quaternary clays and gravels1 which form rather an abrupt rise from the ,san ,jacinto ,valley and extend northerly to the ,san ,bernardino ,mountains4 ,the deposits show a great deal of disturbance4 ,a part of them may be ,tertiary4 ,dikes of dark1 heavy diabase and diorite are common about the sulphur springs north of ,san ,jacinto4 ,the hills for a distance of #c miles north of ,elsinore are formed of slate and mica schists2 strike north #gj west1 dip vertical to #de east4 ,this is a continuation of the same series of rocks exposed on the road to ,menifee4 ,a lenticular body of limestone occurs in these slates about #c miles north and east of ,elsinore4 ,it is highly metamorphosed1 has a gray to dark color1 and is traceable for #ejj or #fjj feet4 ,at one spot a stratum of quartzite divides it4 ,it was carefully examined for fossils1 but none were found4 ,about #d miles from ,elsinore granitic rocks appear1 followed by dark diorites in the vicinity of the ,good ,hope ,mine4 ,the ,pinacate district1 taken as a whole1 is rather peculiar4 ,at first sight it seems to be formed of granite1 dark diorite1 gneiss1 mica schist1 and other metamorphic rocks1 arranged in the most irregular manner4 ,the belt of metamorphics northeast and east of ,elsinore is terminated on an irregular east and west line by these granitic bodies1 which inclose portions of the schists1 and extend into the main body as long1 dike-like arms4 ,in the vicinity of the ,good ,hope ,mine the strata of metamorphic rocks inclosed in the granitic rocks have a north and south strike1 and are traceable for a mile or more4 ,the veins of the ,good ,hope ,mine are in a dike of light-colored biotite granite4 ,it has considerable width on the surface1 #ajj feet or more1 but below ground some distance it is not over #ab feet4 ,on the surface it is greatly decomposed and cut by numerous small veins1 which are so scattered that they hardly pay for working4 ,below they unite to form larger veins1 generally one on the foot and another nearer the hanging wall4 ,the latter is more irregular1 often running out at a small angle4 ,the foot wall1 a dark compact diorite1 is very regular4 ,the walls are separated by well-defined clay seams from the vein matter1 the decomposed granite4 ,clay seams also separate the different veins4 ,the foot wall diorite forms the country rock indefinitely eastward4 ,the hanging wall is a fine1 dark brown mica schist4 ,the quartz is generally friable1 and the granite vein matter much decomposed4 ,the quartz at a depth of #cjj feet carried one third of the gold in the sulphurets4 ,a small amount of silver is also found4 ,this vein is located for over a mile2 direction a little east of north1 dip #fe west4 ,it is remarkable that there is no barren quartz2 all the ore pays for working4 ,in the lower workings the veins become more regular4 ,the ,good ,hope is the first mine in this district to reach a paying basis1 and that has succeeded in finding a regular1 defined quartz ledge4 ,about #c miles northwest is another vein1 which has an east and west direction4 ,it seems to lie wholly in granite1 save for a narrow stratum of mica schist on one wall4 ,the vein is located for a mile1 but no extensive development has yet been made on it4 ,on the hills1 a short distance southwest1 is an old ,mexican mining camp4 ,many small veins are found in the vicinity1 generally in a dark micaceous diorite4 ,there are also bunch-like masses of coarse white granite1 blending into gneiss and the gneiss into mica schist4 ,the strike is exceedingly irregular1 changing from north and south to east and west in the course of a few feet4 ,toward ,elsinore mica schist1 quartzose1 and feldspathic rocks replace the greater portion of the granite4 ,for some distance the schists are cut up by dikes of fine-grained granite1 running in different directions1 and small bunches of the same rock1 often only a few feet across1 but sharply differentiated from the schists4 ,judging from the exposure here1 ,i think we might say that at the time of the metamorphism the action was so intense as to change the sedimentary rocks to mica schists and gneisses and through these to squeeze the liquified portions of the same formation in dikes and fissures4 ,small fragments of mica schist were noticed in the eruptive masses4 ,in a region like this it is often difficult to draw the line between eruptive and metamorphic rocks4 ,it has been shown before that lamination is no sure indication of sedimentary structure4 ,lake ,elsinore is bordered on the west by a high and rugged granite range4 ,in the mountains west of ,elsinore the granite which cuts off the metamorphic rocks on the ,santa ,ana range is again replaced by the ,metamorphic ,series1 which are here very greatly altered4 ,they strike a little west of north and dip vertical or at a steep angle to the east4 ,the boundary of the granite is very irregular1 and masses outcrop in the metamorphics near the main contact line4 ,much of this crystalline rock perhaps more truly belongs to the diorites4 ,the new silver mines lie just north of the ,san ,diego ,county line1 and west of the divide1 a position which brings them into ,orange ,county4 ,the formations in which the veins occur vary from a dark brown felsite1 often micaceous1 to a finely banded quartzose rock4 ,the latter is very compact1 and often almost massive4 ,in places hard1 blocky argillites appear4 ,the two or more veins found here carry galena bearing silver1 and also much magnetite and iron sulphurets1 with some of the baser metals4 ,the veins are characterized by a dark red gossan cap on or near the surface4 ,carbonates are found in this4 ,these deposits exist as impregnations along a fissure1 which is not very strongly pronounced4 ,the ore is usually quite massive4 ,the little gangue present is calcite4 ,not enough development has been made here at the time of my visit to show how extensive the deposits are4 ,the metamorphic rocks extend north along the mountains1 forming the summit and eastern slope for a number of miles4 ,granite borders them on the west toward ,san ,juan4 ,it is probable that this belt of mineral-bearing rocks runs continuously through to ,silverado ,caon4 ,at some time this ,elsinore basin opened out through the ,temescal ,valley1 but now a low divide separates it from the head of ,temescal ,creek4 ,gravel-topped hills lie along the mountains west of the creek4 ,at the terra cotta works a drill was sunk over #fjj feet without reaching the bottom of the basin4 ,the ,cheney ,coal ,mine is located #e miles northwest of ,elsinore1 in the same basin4 ,the beds dip to the west and southwest1 having clay below1 and sandstone followed by clay above4 ,the coal is #g to #h feet thick1 generally solid1 but in places showing a parting in the middle4 ,a great deal of faulting has taken place1 but there seems to be no system about it4 ,the throw of the faults sometimes amounts to #cj feet1 often disturbing the pitch of the vein1 and making it greater4 ,the strata evidently belong to the ,miocene-,tertiary1 for a little farther down the valley fossils of that age are found4 ,this old ,tertiary valley1 undoubtedly an arm of the sea1 opened into the large valleys of ,san ,bernardino and ,los ,angeles ,counties1 and extended southerly to ,temecula2 though south of ,elsinore the ,tertiary is covered by ,quaternary gravels4 ,the depth is unknown1 but the width is quite narrow1 being from #a to #b miles4 ,not more than a quarter of a mile northeast of the coal mine the metamorphic rocks1 quartzites1 and hard1 blocky argillites outcrop4 ,east of ,temescal ,creek northward the mountains are formed of a quartz feldspar porphyry of a dark gray color2 at times it blends into portions not distinctly porphyritic4 ,three miles north of the ,san ,diego ,county line granite appears again on the east flank of the ,santa ,ana range and extends north to ,cold ,water ,caon4 ,between ,temescal ,creek and the mountains is a broad1 sloping gravel and bowlder deposit of great thickness1 resting on the ,tertiary4 ,two miles south of the ,temescal ,post ,office there is an outcrop of soft sandstone carrying ,miocene fossils4 ,it dips southwest at an angle of #cj4 ,extensive clay banks of various colors and nearly horizontally bedded lie along the flanks of the mountains both east and west of the creek4 ,an interesting series of rocks is exposed up ,cold ,water ,caon4 ,this caon has been eroded near the northern termination of the granitic portion of the ,santa ,ana ,mountains4 ,the first rock exposed is a micaceous diorite1 decomposed to a great depth1 but very tough when fresh4 ,this is followed by syenite4 ,a mile up the caon1 near the western edge of this rock and wholly inclosed in it1 is a small mass of jasper schist and a lenticular body of semi-crystalline limestone4 ,no traces of fossils were found in it4 ,west of the syenite is another diorite dike4 ,then follows banded jaspery rocks1 sometimes verging on micaceous felsite or quartzites4 ,there are also some slates1 and all are often greatly contorted2 strike north to northeast4 ,north of the caon these rocks extend to the summit1 while south the ,santiago ,peak1 the highest of the range1 and the ridges leading up to it from the east1 consist of a coarse quartzose granite1 with but little if any triclinic feldspar4 ,a variety of dikes occur near the summit north of the caon1 among them hornblende porphyry1 porphyritic granite1 and syenite4 ,fossils were found on the ridge leading up to the summit1 north of ,cold ,water ,caon4 ,they occur in a grayish rock1 apparently a fine micaceous felsite4 ,they are poorly preserved1 on account of the extreme degree of metamorphism to which the rocks have been subjected4 ,the rocks have become so altered by pressure that they will not break on the lines of bedding1 but perpendicular thereto4 ,the fossils consist of impressions of a small bivalve shell4 ,only about a dozen specimens could be found4 ,the rocks are more altered than any others ,i have ever seen carrying fossils4 ,these are the first fossils reported from the metamorphic rocks of the ,santa ,ana range4 ,these fossils when determined will give a clue to the age of the metamorphic gold-bearing rocks of this portion of the ,state1 and also of the granite1 concerning which much diversity of opinion has existed4 ,dawson ,caon1 which heads in the ,temescal ,mountains1 was explored and found to contain interesting geological features4 ,a fine opportunity is given for the study of the relation of the granite to the extensive porphyry intrusives4 ,for #b miles east of ,temescal ,creek no eruptives appear2 the rocks being wholly of the ,metamorphic ,series1 with exposures of highly altered sandstones1 clay shale1 conglomerates1 etc41 striking northwest and dipping southeast at #de to #ej4 ,about #c miles up the caon the argillaceous rocks are replaced by a coarse granite1 rich in mica and quartz4 ,this is the prevailing rock up the caon for #b miles1 and it apparently extends much farther east4 ,it shows a great variation in appearance2 much of it contains large crystals of flesh-colored orthoclase4 ,in this granite1 particularly on the north side of the caon1 there are dikes of many kinds of rocks4 ,large dikes of beautiful diorite porphyrites1 both light and dark colored1 appear in places4 ,at one spot #d miles from the mouth of the caon1 there are rectilinear dikes of fine-grained granite1 intersecting each other like artificial stone fences4 ,for the distance of a mile east1 after the granite begins in the caon1 the hills north show nothing but metamorphic schists4 ,the porphyry in the mountains south does not reach the caon4 ,the great mass of this rock is dark1 but in the vicinity of the granite it is lighter colored and more feldspathic1 sometimes assuming a granitic structure4 ,in places it is a gray1 hard rock1 of almost conchoidal fracture1 and faint feldspar crystals4 ,the granite near the contact is usually sharply defined1 and has a faintly porphyritic appearance at times4 ,the line of junction of the two formations is sharply defined1 not only lithologically1 but physically4 ,it is difficult to say which is the older4 ,no granite appears in dikes in the porphyry1 but there are many dikes of a porphyry-like appearance1 resembling the light-colored porphyry in the granite itself4 ,the line of junction is very irregular1 and it is certain that the two formations do not belong to the same eruptive mass4 ,east of the head of ,dawson ,caon there is another outcrop of considerable extent of metamorphic rock1 micaceous felsites1 and other dark schists4 ,a mile west of the ,gavilan ,mines is a high conical peak formed of coarse1 dark diabase4 ,the mines of this district are in white biotite granite1 continuous with that of the ,pinacate district4 ,the metamorphic rocks south of ,dawson ,caon strike east and west1 dip north1 and extend in a westerly direction nearly to ,temescal ,post ,office4 ,north of the caon1 #b miles from its mouth1 there are a number of outcrops in vein-like forms and in bunches1 of a black crystalline material1 evidently tourmaline1 identical with that at the ,temescal ,mine4 ,these occur in the metamorphic sandstone and shales4 ,the next large caon in the ,santa ,ana range north of ,cold ,water ,caon shows highly disturbed ,tertiary strata at its mouth1 dipping away from the range at a high angle4 ,they are soft1 white clayey deposits1 containing small nodules of selenite4 ,the first of the older rocks exposed in the caon is a hornblende porphyry1 with variations to a granular diorite4 ,for #c miles up the caon the only rocks seen are crushed and silicified ones of the ,metamorphic ,series4 ,they dip1 as a usual thing1 at a high angle to the east1 though in spots it is to the west or horizontal4 ,quartzose sandstones prevail1 with blocky argillitic rocks and conglomerates4 ,near the summit there are dikes of green tufaceous porphyries4 ,temescal ,valley is underlaid by clays of a great variety of colors4 ,they are being used very extensively for the coarser kinds of pottery and drain pipe4 ,the ,miocene deposits of the valley dip westward from the ,temescal range1 and instead of also dipping away from the ,santa ,ana ,mountains basin-like1 they dip west into the latter range4 ,the dip of these beds #c miles south of ,south ,riverside is #e to #aj southwest1 and as the ,santa ,ana ,mountains are approached the dip increases1 and at a distance of a fourth of a mile1 up to the metamorphics1 it varies from #de to vertical4 ,the strata are not exposed all the distance across the valley1 but there is no sign of a fold or overthrow2 everything seems to point to a gradually increasing dip4 ,this is indicative of an elevation of the region toward ,temescal1 or a sinking of the ,santa ,ana ,mountains4 ,this is undoubtedly the fault line which follows the range for such a long distance south4 ,several thin seams of coal outcrop for a distance of #aj miles along the base of the mountains4 ,they have been opened in a number of places and all the strata found dipping into the mountains4 ,the coal seams are often only a few hundred feet away from the metamorphics1 and dip toward them at a very regular angle of #de4 ,judging from the position of the strata it is not probable that the coal underlies the valley1 and as it is so close to the mountains1 formed wholly of rocks of the ,metamorphic ,series1 it cannot be of great extent4 ,i believe that appearances point to the whole of the coal beds having been eroded1 save the limited1 steeply inclined portion at the foot of the mountains4 ,a crowding of the strata against the mountains during the movements along the fault line1 have given rise to the steep dip4 ,the highest portion of the ,tertiary beds has an elevation of #a1ejj feet4 ,a very even1 gently sloping plain extends from this elevation toward ,south ,riverside4 ,it is formed of unconsolidated wash from the mountains1 deposited on and dipping in the opposite direction from the ,tertiary4 ,the ,tertiary formation consists of clays in various conditions of consolidation1 others chalky in appearance1 and a great thickness of argillaceous quartz-sand loosely cemented4 ,poorly preserved fossils are found in places4 ,near the southeastern corner of ,mr4 ,hoag's ranch is a hill with hardened concretionary sandstone outcropping around it4 ,nearly every portion of this contains fragments of bones supposed to be cetacean4 ,artesian wells are obtained near ,temescal ,post ,office at a depth of #cjj feet4 ,the water is abundant and of excellent quality1 and is flumed to ,south ,riverside4 ,bunches of granite outcrop in the metamorphic rocks along the east side of ,temescal ,creek north of ,dawson ,caon4 ,at the dam of the ,san ,jacinto ,company there is a large outcrop of the beautiful diorite porphyrite1 similar to that seen in ,dawson ,caon4 ,this extends northwesterly along ,temescal ,creek toward ,south ,riverside1 where it is quarried4 ,it makes an excellent and durable building stone1 being compact and free from much mica or hornblende4 ,west of this is a narrow strip of coarse granite1 followed by diabase4 ,north of ,mr4 ,hoag's ranch1 and west of the dam1 is a dike of black porphyry4 ,westward the crystalline rocks are overlaid by the ,tertiary4 ,the dam commenced across the ,temescal ,creek at this point1 where it enters the caon1 was intended to have been extended down to the bedrock1 and thus bring to the surface the water which flowed beneath the surface channel4 ,the diorite porphyrite is followed on the east by black porphyry4 ,geology of the ,temescal ,tin ,district4--,the ,temescal ,tin ,mine is located in the northern part of the ,san ,jacinto grant1 and about #e miles southeast of ,south ,riverside4 ,this portion of the grant consists of rolling hills4 ,on the west is a large body of porphyry1 extending nearly to the ,temescal ,creek4 ,the first rock exposed along the road to the mine east of the creek is a dark flinty one4 ,this is followed by a body of black porphyry1 with white feldspar crystals4 ,the porphyry is about a mile across1 and is followed on the east by massive black crystalline rock1 and that by a felsite4 ,these rocks are soon replaced by granite1 in which there are dikes of fine-grained1 highly quartzose granite4 ,little black veinlets of tourmaline aggregates are very numerous in the granite1 extending through all the rock up to the porphyry4 ,they have a northeast direction4 ,the material forming them is the same as the gangue of the tin veins4 ,a half mile south of the road is a caon4 ,here the porphyry is seen extending up to the granite4 ,the granite is greatly broken near the contact1 and though there is no blending of one into the other1 there is a confused mixture of broken portions of both rocks4 ,bunches and dike-like bodies of granite are inclosed in the porphyry4 ,the little veinlets of tourmaline seem to have replaced the feldspar and mica1 leaving the quartz4 ,these veins grow larger toward ,cajalco ,hill4 ,just west of the works is a great mass of the black veinstone1 the gangue of the tin ore4 ,this rises in high1 rugged croppings1 and covers an area of about #cjj by #bej feet4 ,this is the greatest body of vein matter to be seen in the district4 ,the tin deposit worked lies in an eastern prolongation of this cropping4 ,the course of the veins is north #de east1 dip #fe to #gj northwest4 ,the country rock is a coarse hornblendic biotite granite4 ,the vein has the usual character of mineral deposits1 swelling at times to a width of #h feet1 and then contracting to much less4 ,the highest grade ore is found in the narrower portions1 where it is sometimes almost pure tin oxide1 running as high as #gj per cent4 ,the vein matter does not consist wholly of tourmaline1 but contains quartz grains scattered through it in about the same proportion as in the granite4 ,the tin is not found in the quartzose part of the gangue to any extent1 but in the irregular vein-like deposits of pure tourmaline1 which lie in the quartzose gangue4 ,the tin occurs in this in bunches and stringers of nearly pure ore1 or disseminated through it4 ,this is particularly the case where the width of the vein is #f to #h feet4 ,where it pinches1 the whole vein is sometimes formed of the tourmaline aggregate and tin ore4 ,the vein has usually clay seams on both walls2 sometimes it is frozen to one wall2 wherever the walls come together and cut out the vein matter1 the seams remain4 ,the tourmaline vein matter is an aggregate of needle-like crystals4 ,there are two varieties of tin ore3 the yellow1 appearing in thin layers in an uncrystalline form2 the brown1 in granular form in the massive specimens1 or in small1 clear1 reddish brown crystals lining cavities4 ,in the latter case it forms handsome specimens4 ,a small amount of arsenical pyrites is present in places in the vein1 and iron pyrites in the granite4 ,the quartzose portion of the vein matter often blends into the granite walls1 and there are bodies of evidently granitic origin wholly inclosed in the vein matter4 ,a careful study of the vein matter1 and its relation to the walls1 shows that it is simply a portion of the granite1 in which the feldspar and dark silicates1 hornblende1 and mica have been removed and tourmaline substituted4 ,the quartz has the same character and color as that in the granite1 and many transition stages in the process are shown4 ,where the action has been more intense1 near and along the fissures1 the quartz has been wholly removed and the tourmaline deposited1 together with the tin4 ,cajalco was the center of this action4 ,the veins decrease in size farther away4 ,at the time of my visit the mine had been opened to a depth of #ahj feet1 by two working shafts4 ,the total length opened on the vein is #cjj feet4 ,two levels have been run and work was in progress on the third4 ,the main ore body lies in the center of the workings1 and extends downward in the dip of the veins4 ,the ore milled averaged #e per cent of tin oxide1 though large portions1 as before stated1 are very high grade4 ,the company has also prospected ,cajalco ,hill by tunnel and open cuts1 and one or more of the veins south by shafts4 ,at the time of my visit two of ,husband's pneumatic stamps were in operation4 ,they weigh #ijj pounds each1 and drop one hundred and thirty-five times per minute4 ,south and southeast of the works are many bunchy veins of the black tin gangue4 ,they often carry considerable iron4 ,they extend1 generally nearly parallel1 in a northeast and southwest direction4 ,some appear as mere bunches on the surface4 ,these veins closely resemble the main vein at ,cajalco ,hill1 and are due to the same action1 and it has been supposed that many of them will be found to carry tin1 though it is not present on the surface4 ,about #b miles south the granite is replaced by a banded feldspar porphyry4 ,this cuts off the tourmaline veins4 ,the granite about the works1 and especially toward the contact with the porphyry1 is cut by many dikes of a fine-grained granite1 having an excess of quartz and feldspar4 ,associated with the porphyry are strata of metamorphic rocks1 of a hard1 dark1 quartzose character4 ,a quarter of a mile northwest of the mine is a bunch-like outcrop of porphyry1 carrying silver and copper carbonate4 ,the black veins outcrop for a distance of #b miles northwest from the mine1 extending into the porphyry1 which replaces the granite in that direction4 ,the granite extends eastward for many miles4 ,the general geological features which obtain here are3 ,a semi-circular area of granite over #b miles in diameter1 surrounded on the northwest and south by porphyries and joined on the east to a great body of granitic rocks extending indefinitely in that direction4 ,around the border of this granite protuberance are many dikes of a fine-grained granite4 ,cutting through the granite in a northeast and southwest direction are the black tourmaline veins1 which form the gangue of the tin ore when it is present4 ,tin occurs here under conditions different from any other known deposit4 ,tin veins are almost always found in granitic formations1 but such an extensively developed tourmaline veinstone is remarkable4 ,the direction of the fissure system shown here is an uncommon one in ,california4 ,the veinstone1 together with the associated metals1 has probably resulted from a process of sublimation along lines of fracture1 removing those portions of the granite easily affected1 over a large area1 as at ,cajalco ,hill1 and in the immediate contact completely replacing it with the massive aggregate of minute tourmaline crystals4 ,thanks are due to the manager1 ,captain ,harris1 for the facility freely afforded me for examining the mine1 the works1 and the country about4 ,north of ,south ,riverside the ,tertiary beds dip at a small angle to the north4 ,the ,santa ,ana ,river has cut its course through the hills at the northern end of the ,santa ,ana ,mountains4 ,no outcrop of the metamorphic rocks appears in the caon4 ,the ,tertiary strata no longer dip toward the west1 but in the ,chino hills north of the river show a great anticlinal arch4 ,along the south side of the river the beds dip #gj northeast2 farther west1 near the heart of the range1 they dip #fj southwest1 strike north #cj west4 ,near the upper end of the caon there are fault lines dipping toward the range1 which show an elevation of the hanging wall4 ,bedrock ,caon is the first large one which opens to the ,santa ,ana ,river from the western slope of the mountains4 ,opposite the mouth of this caon the greatest amount of water appears in the bed of the river1 indicating the presence of hard rock only a little distance below4 ,coal veins are located near the head of this caon1 one #gjj1 the other one #a1cjj feet above the river4 ,they dip only a few degrees to the southwest4 ,they are exposed on cliffs facing the mountains to the northeast4 ,below them are very hard sandstones carrying fossils1 probably ,cretaceous4 ,one prospect shows a number of seams within a width of #h feet4 ,the widest is #bi inches1 the others much smaller4 ,the other prospects show only one #ci-;inch seam4 ,their position1 lying so flat high on the mountains1 indicates an uplift without great disturbance1 while the gypsum mines farther down on the flank of the mountains dip at a high angle to the southeast4 ,it may be that all of the coal deposits of the western slope of the ,santa ,ana ,mountains belong to the ,cretaceous1 and have been greatly separated by faulting and folding4 ,a deposit of white1 granular gypsum has been opened in ,gypsum ,caon1 #b miles south of the river4 ,the beds have a thickness of #h or #aj feet4 ,at one spot a large mass of crystalline dolomite was found4 ,the deposits run with the strata1 north and south1 and dip west #fj4 ,as we approach ,olive1 the few croppings seen still dip south or southwest1 but at a less angle4 ,south of the mouth of ,silverado ,caon a line of hills extends north and south1 bordering the ,santa ,ana ,plain4 ,the western portion of these hills is formed of basalt considerably decomposed4 ,the basalt varies from scoriaceous to fine-grained and compact4 ,its eastern edge was seen to rest on ,miocene sandstones1 and it dips west at a small angle1 perhaps #aj4 ,the lava seems to have been squeezed up in fissures1 judging from the way in which it outcrops4 ,its greatest elevation is #hjj feet4 ,at some places the sandstones1 where not covered with lava1 have been silicified1 turned to quartzite1 or rendered granitic in appearance4 ,this may be due to an intrusive neck of lava1 or more probably to the action of thermal springs4 ,an interesting fold of the ,tertiary strata was observed at the entrance of ,santiago ,caon4 ,the sandstones and conglomerates on the eastern side dip to the northeast at an angle of #cj1 while those on the west side dip in the opposite direction4 ,the valley has been eroded in the summit of an anticlinal4 ,the rocks of the eastern side rise again against the side of the mountains1 thus forming a synclinal4 ,up the caon the sandstones on the west maintain a southwest dip of #de to #ej1 and strike north #dj west4 ,the caon finally leaves the anticlinal1 and the rocks dip southwest on both sides4 ,toward the summit of the hill1 north of the ,harris ,coal ,mine1 the dip increases to #gj1 but on the top they turn so that the strata lie horizontal4 ,here they consist of clay shale4 ,the strata at the coal mine swing around1 and one mile northeast they strike north and south and dip west4 ,this hill seems to form the southern termination of the anticlinal ridge north of ,santiago ,caon4 ,southeast of this point there is a simple monoclinal fold or slope away from the older rocks of the high mountains4 ,there has apparently been a fault extending northwest in this anticlinal ridge1 bringing up the clay shales which farther south were shown to belong to the ,cretaceous4 ,harris ,coal ,mine shows a seam #ah inches wide1 shale forming the foot wall and sandstone the upper4 ,there is a fault of #bjj feet cutting this coal seam4 ,the sandstone at the mouth of ,silverado ,caon dips south #cj1 forming bold cliffs4 ,a half mile up the caon there are heavy beds of clay shale inclosed in the sandstone4 ,cretaceous fossils appear in the shales1 as well as in a coarse sandstone which underlies them4 ,this sandstone is replaced by conglomerates near the contact with the underlying ,metamorphic ,series4 ,the sandstone rises to a height of #b1ejj feet1 with bold1 almost perpendicular cliffs facing the mountains4 ,portions of the sandstone containing the fossils are often very much hardened4 ,the first crystalline rocks met are dark and fine grained1 with traces of bowlder-like inclusions1 and are evidently eruptive tuffs4 ,above these are green1 dioritic rocks4 ,these intrusives are followed for several miles by sandstone and shale1 in which the stratification is often obliterated4 ,in other places thin layers of sandstone and shale are wonderfully contorted4 ,the dip is at a high angle either east or west4 ,in the vicinity of the old ,silverado ,camp there are dikes and bunches of a green dioritic rock4 ,the mines in the ,silverado district are again being developed to some extent4 ,the mineral belt is about #b miles wide1 and extends nearly north and south4 ,the country is formed to a great extent of dikes of greenish to blackish rocks1 often showing distinct hornblende crystals4 ,the dip of the metamorphic rocks is east about #de4 ,there is one main mineral vein located1 beginning about a mile north of ,silverado1 and extending in a southerly direction for #g or #h miles4 ,the ,quincy ,mine is one of the most northern ones4 ,the vein has a width of #b feet2 the ore1 silver-bearing galena in a calcite gangue4 ,it carries but little base metal of any kind4 ,the ore has a peculiar appearance1 the galena being distributed through the gangue in little leafy crystals or aggregates4 ,the fissure is well defined and regular1 with a pale green syenitic rock on the hanging wall1 and a dark diorite on the foot wall4 ,this hanging wall rock weathers to a light gray color1 producing a rock known as porphyry among the miners4 ,south of this mine a side vein carries much antimony4 ,the ,quincy has been opened along a length of #ejj feet4 ,the ore is quite uniform1 producing one eighth in concentrates4 ,the ,quincy camp has an elevation of #b1cjj feet4 ,south of ,silverado ,caon1 in ,silver and ,pine ,caons1 a great amount of work was done during the former excitement4 ,the sides of the steep1 rocky caons are fairly honey-combed with tunnels1 which were undertaken without sufficient prospecting1 and1 of course1 never struck anything4 ,the ,new ,york ,mine spent much money1 but did not prove a success4 ,west is the ,princess1 and farther still1 about #a1bjj feet above the caon1 is the ,blue ,light ,mine1 on which much work has been done and rich ore taken out4 ,the mines south of the caon are in a feldspathic rock1 which weathers white4 ,it is undoubtedly an intrusive porphyry1 for traces of feldspar crystals are to be seen4 ,the mines are characterized by a large amount of zinc-blende1 iron pyrites1 and not a large percentage of lead1 making them more difficult to reduce4 ,the porphyry is mineralized in many places where no traces of the precious metals occur4 ,litigation and poor management seem to be the chief factors in stopping work in this district4 ,though some of the ore runs into hundreds of dollars to the ton1 the most of it is medium to low grade4 ,about a mile and a half down the caon from the old ,silver ,post ,office1 and in a caon coming in from the south1 is a cropping of dark1 somewhat argillaceous limestone inclosed in shales4 ,the limestone does not seem to have been highly metamorphosed1 yet the fossils which it contains are almost obliterated4 ,the faint impressions are those of coral stems1 stromatopora1 and some other low forms of life4 ,half a mile farther down the caon is a cropping of brecciated marble4 ,at many points1 particularly on the north side of the caon1 there are great masses of apparently conglomeritic character1 but with a crystalline structure4 ,the matrix has a green to brown color1 and in it are imbedded pebbles of the same degree of fineness1 but often distinguished by much brighter red1 purple1 and green colors4 ,in this caon1 as in others of this range1 the water holds much lime in solution1 and extensive tufas are frequently to be seen4 ,the basal members of the ,cretaceous at the mouth of ,silverado ,caon consist of conglomerates passing up into sandstone1 and those into shales2 dip #ee away from the mountains in the highest ridge1 but in the course of a quarter of a mile becoming much less4 ,the change in dip is very sharp1 giving the appearance of a fault4 ,a caon which enters ,silverado ,caon from the northeast near its mouth was followed up nearly to its head for the purpose of investigating some limestone outcrops4 ,the first outcrop in this caon is the usual dark porphyry4 ,beyond this the stream has cut a deep caon through an immense conglomerate of porphyritic and quartzose pebbles4 ,the porphyritic pebbles are dioritic and part red and black porphyries4 ,some of them are similar to dikes farther up the mountains4 ,through this great conglomerate bed there are dikes of black porphyry1 with pale feldspar4 ,tufaceous porphyries form a large part of these dikes4 ,the base is purple and the pebbles light green1 or the reverse4 ,these conglomeritic porphyries differ from the great beds of sedimentary origin1 in having all the pebbles of a uniform character with a crystalline matrix4 ,the sedimentary beds contain pebbles of all sizes and description1 in a matrix of small pebbles or coarse sand4 ,farther up the caon the great body of the rock is crushed shale and black to gray sandstone2 dip vertical1 inclining most generally to the east1 strike north and south4 ,two miles up the caon is a dike of diorite porphyrite1 coarse in the middle and fine on the edges4 ,four miles up is a stratum of gray limestone4 ,more outcrops appear on the north side of the caon1 but whether they belong to the same stratum or different cannot be told1 on account of the crushing undergone4 ,these deposits are bunchy1 swelling in one case to a width of #ajj feet4 ,it is not crystalline4 ,the color is from black to gray4 ,it contains fine specimens of a bivalve shell1 and faint traces of corals and univalve shells4 ,these beds are said to extend to the summit1 and undoubtedly further examination would reveal more fossils4 ,several specimens were sent to the ,national ,museum and pronounced ,carboniferous in age4 ,we have here1 then1 the first announcement of the age of the ,santa ,ana range4 ,this range stands in such intimate relation to the granite and crystalline schists farther south1 that an approximate determination of the latter is made possible4 ,professor ,whitney and others following him have classified this range as ,cretaceous4 ,their grounds are utterly untenable stratigraphically1 but this discovery of ,carboniferous fossils makes the evidence of greater age certain4 ,on the eastern side of the range1 near its northern end1 the sandstones were observed to be silicified1 being filled with a network of quartz veinlets1 exactly similar to the silicification of the metamorphic rocks of the ,coast ,range proper4 ,the lowest ,cretaceous beds are between ,silverado and ,williams ,caons1 but the fossils are very similar to those generally found through the ,cretaceous of this region4 ,the lowest beds are a duplicate of those seen at the mouth of the ,silverado ,caon1 though apparently a thousand feet lower in the series4 ,between the two beds there is another conglomerate stratum1 carrying bowlders different from any seen in the ,santa ,ana ,mountains4 ,many of the porphyry bowlders in the basal ,cretaceous conglomerates resemble the porphyry about ,temescal4 ,the ,santa ,clara ,coal ,mine1 at the mouth of ,silverado ,caon1 is undoubtedly in strata of ,cretaceous age1 though no fossils are found in the strata above till the ,miocene is reached4 ,up the ,santiago ,caon as far as ,madame ,modjeska's place1 the fossils are chiefly confined to the eastern side of the caon1 but the character1 dip1 and strike of the strata on both sides are the same4 ,the ,cretaceous is separated from the metamorphics by a line of cross caons4 ,the highest portions of the ,cretaceous terminate in a line of hills with sharp eastern escarpments4 ,shrewsbury ,caon comes in just below ,modjeska's4 ,after passing the ,cretaceous1 through which the caon has cut1 the ,metamorphic ,series was seen to consist of slates and sandstones1 followed by light-colored granitic rocks1 chiefly hornblende and triclinic feldspar4 ,the metamorphic rocks generally dip to the east4 ,a mile above ,modjeska's the ,santiago ,caon cuts through bold cliffs of ,cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates1 and higher up still has eroded a caon in the ,metamorphic ,series4 ,the cliffs1 a little back from the stream1 rise probably #a1jjj feet4 ,sandstone belonging to the ,metamorphic ,series outcrops in the caon for some distance1 and is followed by conglomeritic porphyries1 containing purple and red bowlders4 ,in some places the inclusions are angular4 ,these rocks are extensively developed about the ,santiago ,mines and higher up in the mountains4 ,just below the ,alma ,mine1 on its western side1 the creek has cut through dikes of diorite1 which are coarse in the center and fine on the edges4 ,on the hill south of the ,alma ,mine the diorite is on the opposite or eastern side of the vein4 ,although the exposures are poor1 all the crystalline rocks have the character of intrusives4 ,no blending into the metamorphic rocks has been noticed4 ,about #c miles up ,shrewsbury ,caon several claims are located on the southern continuation of the veins of the ,silverado district4 ,near the head of ,santiago ,caon these again appear well defined1 and considerable active work was going on here at the time of my visit4 ,the veins here have a direction a little east of south1 dipping to the east somewhat less than #de4 ,it appears that the mineral belt follows a certain line1 generally quite regular1 without any particular reference to the dikes and bunches of intrusives scattered irregularly here and there4 ,the fissure system has taken a comparatively regular line and the walls may or may not be intrusive4 ,the ,alma ,mine1 the northern claim of the ,santiago ,silver ,mining ,company1 has been worked by the former operators in a very irregular manner4 ,the veins and stringers as far as exposed lie wholly in the crushed quartzose argillites4 ,a tunnel is now being run to open what is supposed to be the main vein1 several hundred feet farther east1 and which has syenite on the hanging wall4 ,other tunnels are being run along the creek1 one near a body of granitoid rocks1 others in slate or quartzite4 ,the ore is a leafy galena1 arranged often in narrow bands with the crystalline orientation different in alternating bands4 ,sometimes it occurs in the form of large solid bunches4 ,thus far the ore deposits have been found quite irregular1 but it is thought that the main body has not yet been reached4 ,very little base metal is present4 ,south1 on the hill1 the ,morrow claims have been bonded by the same company and are being opened4 ,on the summit of the hill diorite lies on the eastern side of the veins4 ,down the southern slope the veins lie wholly in metamorphic rocks2 the foot wall being more silicious1 the hanging argillaceous4 ,the mineralized portion has a width of #bj feet4 ,a small vein occurs in the upper side1 and a heavier one1 sometimes reaching #c feet1 on the foot wall4 ,there are occasional stringers in the crushed portions between4 ,the gangue is calcite1 with some quartz1 all mixed with the broken clayey slates4 ,more zinc-blende and iron pyrites are found here1 also a little antimony4 ,in the ,alma ,mine the richest galena is very fine1 and sometimes resembles antimonial ores4 ,south of these mines1 toward ,trabuco ,caon1 another claim is being worked4 ,south of the ,trabuco the conglomerates hide the lode1 except at one spot1 where it appears and has been worked4 ,the ,cretaceous formation grows lower as the ,trabuco is approached1 and does not appear prominent south of it4 ,in all probability it is covered by the ,tertiary1 for the elevation and consequent erosion have not been as great in this direction4 ,,san ,,bernardino ,,county4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,storms1 ,assistant in the ,field4 ,no portion of ,california has more diversified mineral wealth than the county of ,san ,bernardino4 ,although its area is comprised largely of rugged mountains and desert waste1 yet this county is a producer of gold1 silver1 copper1 lead1 and tin1 and contains mines of zinc1 iron1 and manganese1 besides deposits of borax1 salt1 soda1 baryta1 gypsum1 sulphur1 onyx1 marble1 asbestos1 and structural material1 granite1 and sandstone of great beauty and value4 ,within its borders are found a wide range of geological formations from ,paleozoic 7if not ,archan7 to ,tertiary1 and a great variety of rocks of igneous origin4 ,the mines are scattered all over its thousands of square miles of territory1 and have already added millions of dollars to the wealth of the ,state and the world4 ,many of its mines are of phenomenal richness1 and were it not for the expense and extreme difficulty attending transportation in the desert1 ,san ,bernardino ,county would undoubtedly take first place in adding to the mineral wealth of ,california4 ,the largest and most productive section in the county at present is ,,the ,,calico ,,mining ,,district4 ,no region affords better opportunities for the study of a certain class of ore deposits occurring in eruptive and fragmental rocks than may be found in the ,calico ,district4 ,the mines1 condemned at first1 came quickly to the front nevertheless1 and have for the past twelve years been steady producers of silver bullion4 ,the district is situated #f miles north of the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,railroad1 the nearest station being ,daggett4 ,,general ,,geology ,,of ,,the ,,region4 ,the geology of the ,calico ,mountains at first sight looks simple enough1 but a more thorough investigation quickly convinced me that there were structural problems to be studied of more than passing importance1 as they seemed to have a bearing upon the extent of the ore deposits4 ,the most complex region is that immediately about the town of ,calico1 in the vicinity of the mines4 ,the balance of the mountain area is more simple4 ,in a general way the ,calico uplift consists of a core of massive rhyolite1 overlying which are heavy deposits of light-colored breccia and tufa4 ,along the flanks of the range1 and in some places extending well up into the mountains1 are accumulations of undoubted sedimentary origin1 sandstone1 sandy shales1 and argillaceous rocks1 which1 with some local exceptions1 dip away from the central mass on all sides toward the desert plain4 ,while in the district ,i made some notes on the general geological features1 but not having sufficient time at my disposal to complete these investigations1 ,i have determined not to present my views until ,i have had an opportunity to investigate the region more carefully4 ,subsequent to the uplift of these mountains1 erosion has carved deep caons and removed great mountain masses4 ,the central area is now entirely denuded1 whereas it was at one time covered with from #ajj to #bjj feet of tufa and upward of #a1jjj feet of sedimentary strata4 ,not only have these more recent accumulations been removed1 but a large amount of the hard1 dense liparite has also been disintegrated and carried away by the violent storms which are characteristic of the desert4 ,faults are very numerous throughout that portion of the mountains lying along the south side of the range4 ,they extend for at least #aj miles in an easterly and westerly direction4 ,the mines occur along this faulted zone4 ,the rocks of the region are a violet to brown rhyolite1 often porphyritic2 green1 yellow1 and white tufa2 yellowish and greenish breccia2 a greenish gray1 fine-grained rock1 which has been called hornblende andesite by ,mr4 ,lindgren1 and a yellowish or buff to light gray felsitic rock1 which may be either rhyolite or an older felsite4 ,it is extremely difficult to distinguish between these rocks1 even with the aid of thin sections under the microscope4 ,i think1 however1 upon structural grounds1 that ,i may call the rock felsite4 ,as this is one of the important questions upon which ,i have not thoroughly satisfied myself1 it will be left until such time as ,i have opportunity to make the necessary investigation4 ,,the ,,ore ,,deposits4 ,the formation of the ore deposits in the ,calico ,district has been a subject of much discussion1 and the question has received the closest study and thorough investigation4 ,in my opinion1 the ore deposits were formed through the agency of percolating waters carrying mineral solutions1 which deposited their contents along fault planes and in certain zones of the country rock1 where its brecciated and crushed state offered superior conditions for the deposit of the silver ores and the accompanying baryta4 ,that all of these ore deposits have a common genesis ,i do not doubt1 whether they occur in the liparite1 in the tufa1 or in the 8mud0 overhanging country rock1 as is the case at the ,bismarck1 ,humbug1 ,waterloo1 and some other mines4 ,the form of the deposits differ somewhat1 it is true1 for we find the reticulated veins in the ,king ,mine2 the segregated deposits in the ,odessa and ,waterloo2 the fissures in the ,langtry1 in ,west ,calico1 and the impregnated deposit in the ,humbug4 ,however1 all the deposits of the district1 of whatever form1 ,i believe are due to a common cause1 having been deposited in their various forms from mineral-bearing solutions which derived their contents from the neighboring eruptive rocks 7the liparites and tufas71 part of the material doubtless arising from great depth1 and a portion coming from the adjacent inclosing rocks by what is known as lateral secretion4 ,it is almost an impossibility to find in the ,calico region a piece of rock that does not contain more or less silver1 from a fraction of an ounce per ton upward4 ,the phenomena of ore deposition was very thoroughly investigated by ,messrs4 ,louis ,janin1 ,e4,m41 ,john ,hays ,hammond1 ,e4,m41 ,ross ,e4 ,browne1 ,e4,m41 and ,wm4 ,irelan1 ,jr41 ,state ,mineralogist1 at the time of the lawsuit of ,john ,s4 ,doe vs4 ,waterloo ,mining ,company4 ,these gentlemen all agreed upon the origin of the ore deposits1 and their opinions coincide with my own and are in accordance with the ideas expressed above4 ,the wide difference in the size and form of the many ore bodies does not in any manner conflict with the theory that in each instance the primary cause of the deposit was a fracturing and crushing of the rock masses and the subsequent infiltration of mineral solutions1 which precipitated their contents in the zones and crevices thus prepared for their reception4 ,illustration3 ,,sketch ,,showing ,,distribution ,,of ,,ore ,,on ,,the ,,surface ,,in ,,the ,,silver ,,king ,,mine ,,as ,,it ,,occurs ,,between ,,the ,,fault ,,planes ,,calico ,,mining ,,district ,,san ,,bernardino ,,co4 ,,cal4 ,,copied ,,from ,,exhibit 8,r0 ,,court ,,records ,,in ,,the ,,suit ,,of ,,john ,s4 ,,doe ,,vs4 ,,waterloo ,,mining ,,co4 ,in the ,silver ,king ,mine occurs a perfect network of veins1 concerning which ,mr4 ,hammond testified3 8,at the time of the uplifting of the liparite1 or at some subsequent time1 a fault occurred1 which separated a wedge-like mass of liparite from the main mountain mass1 and this fault plane was generally conceded to be what might be termed the foot wall of the mineral belt1 or zone1 or lode4 ,contemporaneously with this faulting a second fault occurred1 which separated the overlying brown tufa from the liparite1 which fissure forms the overhanging wall of the mineral deposits of the ,silver ,king ,mine4 ,at the same time cross fissures were formed in the liparite mass between the two main fissures4 ,thus there was a main fissure or plane of contact between the brown tufa and the liparite1 and a similar fault plane between the segment of liparite broken off and the main mass of the mountain4 ,between these two main fissures1 and throughout the whole mass of this segment of liparite were innumerable fissures1 some similar and equal in size to the main fissures1 and others forming a finer system of fissures and cracks1 extending through the rocks in all directions1 leaving it in a broken and disintegrated1 and in many places an almost pulverized condition4 ,although these finer fissures generally had a parallelism with the two main fissures bounding this segment of rock1 yet1 in many places1 these finer seams or fissures run in every direction through the rock1 forming a network1 or reticulated mass4 ,the mineral-bearing waters have deposited throughout this mass1 from wall to wall1 the minerals now found within this zone in the form of baryta1 carrying silver4 ,the finding of baryta in the shattered planes of the liparite1 which is entirely foreign to the rock itself1 is sufficient evidence that a crack or space must have existed prior to its deposition1 from the solutions which penetrated this broken zone of a once massive rock formation40 ,illustration3 ,,cross ,,sections ,,of ,,silver ,,king ,,mine ,,taken ,,from ,,court ,,records ,,in ,,suit ,,of ,,john ,s4 ,,doe ,,vs4 ,,waterloo ,,mining ,,co4 ,illustration3 ,,report ,,state ,,mineralogist ,w,m4 ,,irelan1 ,,jr4 ,,state ,,mineralogist4 ,,vertical ,,cross ,,section ,,showing ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,silver ,,king ,,lode ,,calico ,,mining ,,district4 ,,san ,,bernardino ,,co4 ,,cal4 ,,copied ,,from ,,exhibit 8,p0 ,,court ,,records ,,of ,,john ,s4 ,,doe ,,vs4 ,,waterloo ,,mining ,,co4 ,illustration3 ,,state ,,mineralogist',s ,,report ,w,m4 ,,irelan1 ,,jr4 ,,state ,,mineralogist ,,sketch ,,map ,,showing ,,the ,,fault ,,system ,,of ,,the ,,calico ,,mining ,,district ,,partly ,,taken ,,from ,a ,,map ,,by ,w4 ,,lindgren1 ,e4,m4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,storms1 ,e4,m4 ,,assistant ,,in ,,the ,,field4 ,the ,odessa ,mine offers good illustrations of impregnated masses1 as does also the ,waterloo4 ,in each of these mines1 as in many others1 the ore bodies are found in bunches or pockets1 varying from little deposits of nominal value to great ore chambers containing thousands of tons of pay rock4 ,in these cases1 as at the ,king ,mine1 a system of faulting planes marks the general strike of a mineral-bearing zone or lode1 but the great rock masses of tufa1 in which these ore bodies occur 7and also of sandstone in the ,waterloo71 are quite loose and porous in texture1 and undoubtedly the ore bodies in these mines resulted partially1 at least1 from the impregnation of the rock with the mineral solutions which found an easy passage along the fault planes that had cut the rocks in every direction4 ,in the ,waterloo ,mine one of the fault planes exhibited a regularity seldom seen in any mine4 ,it coursed through the light-colored1 soft tufa in an easterly and westerly direction1 was perfectly true1 and as smooth as any hard-finished wall could be made by the most skillful artisan4 ,the fracture was of knife-blade thinness1 and its sides were coated with dark red iron oxide4 ,it dipped to the southward at an angle of about #dj4 ,at one time it was considered to be the hanging wall of the lode1 but a miner broke through the wall to cut a hitch for a timber and it was found that the overlying rock beyond the slip was ore-bearing also4 ,stopes in this mine were frequently over ten sets in width1 or over #fj feet4 ,at the eastern end of the claim some extremely rich ore was mined from a belt of jasper1 a metamorphosed clay shale1 which by heat and pressure had become an intensely hard1 fine-grained1 flinty rock1 yet some of this jasper contained over #a1jjj ounces of silver per ton4 ,in ,west ,calico1 #b miles west of the ,waterloo1 is the ,langtry group of claims4 ,the principal development is on the west end of the ,langtry ,mine4 ,the ,langtry may be called the anomaly of the camp1 as it is a fissure vein pure and simple1 or1 more strictly speaking1 two fissures4 ,the strike of these two fissures1 which are #fj feet apart1 is nearly parallel1 but they will undoubtedly meet in depth4 ,that on the south side dips northerly1 while the other pitches toward the south slightly4 ,both stand at a high angle1 and it is doubtful if they will converge inside of #bej feet from the surface4 ,the veins are composed principally of a coarsely crystallized baryta with quartz1 containing brown iron oxides1 lead carbonate1 ochre1 manganese oxide1 and chloride of silver4 ,the average value of the ore was about #bb ounces per ton4 ,the veins vary from a thin seam to over #aj feet in width on the north vein1 having an average width of #c or #d feet4 ,these veins occur in the 8outside0 or 8mud0 country1 which lies along the flank of the southern slope of the ,calico ,mountains4 ,the mud shales and argillaceous sandstones here lie nearly horizontal1 the veins cutting them at an angle closely approximating #ij4 ,,suspended ,,mining ,,operations4 ,the low price of silver during the past two years has resulted disastrously to the mining industry in ,calico ,district4 ,the great ,waterloo1 for many years the largest producer1 and employing not less than #aej men in mines and mills1 was closed down1 as it seemed foolhardy to exhaust the great ore bodies when the profit derived from the extraction and milling of the ores was merely nominal4 ,for years these mines had kept the sixty-stamp ,boss process mill and the fifteen-stamp pan mill at ,daggett busy night and day1 but in the spring of #ahib the stamps were hung up and the mines closed1 awaiting better prices for silver4 ,the ,silver ,king ,mining ,company 7limited71 of ,london1 has continued to operate1 dropping twenty to thirty stamps night and day1 under the superintendency of ,william ,s4 ,edwards4 ,the ,king ,company owns or controls three important groups of mines in this district1 viz43 the ,odessa1 the ,oriental1 and the ,occidental4 ,the ,odessa made a record during the early history of the camp by the production of ores of high grade4 ,the policy which was pursued in those 8palmy days0--to gouge out the rich ore whenever it could be found1 without regard to future condition of the mine--left most of the mines in very bad shape4 ,the ,odessa is now recovering under the new management1 and the property is being systematically opened1 and it is thought all the ore can be extracted4 ,in this mine are stopes from which thousands of tons of ore have been mined1 and there is not a stick of timber of any kind in them4 ,these old stopes are being cleaned out1 new levels opened1 and good results are expected in the future4 ,what applies to the ,odessa in this respect is true to a great extent of every other large mine in ,calico4 ,they were all worked in a hand-to-mouth sort of fashion1 and although many of these mines paid handsome dividends1 little of the money was ever put back in anything like permanent improvement4 ,all seemed to share a common opinion--that the deposits were superficial1 and would not go down1 and as a result no one felt like laying out money in an extravagant and unwarranted manner4 ,but the mines have gone down1 and the men in charge of the mines to-day can see the result of the mistaken economy of the early operators1 and see in ,calico an era of recovery of low-grade ore bodies and development work which is calculated to give the mines greater apparent permanency than ever heretofore4 ,december #a1 #ahia1 the ,king mill was enlarged by the addition of ten stamps1 making thirty in all4 ,the ,boss process of continuous amalgamation was also adopted4 ,,chloriding ,,the ,,mines4 ,a system of leasing portions of mining claims1 called 8chloriding0 in ,calico1 was introduced in the early days1 and is still in vogue4 ,many poor men have made moderate fortunes in the district1 and in days gone by all did well4 ,the mines are leased on a royalty of one fourth to one sixth of the ore to the claim owner1 according to its value1 the owner receiving more as the grade is higher4 ,chloriders were at work on the ,loo1 ,little ,waterman1 ,humbug1 ,bismarck1 ,blackfoot1 and other mines1 during the past year4 ,the ore obtained in this manner is usually sacked and shipped to a custom mill1 where it is crushed1 the charges ranging from #i to #ab1 according to the character of the ore1 some 7the more brittle7 milling much faster than others4 ,,the ,,waterloo ,,mine4 ,the ,waterloo property consists of four claims4 ,the principal workings are in the ,waterloo ,mine1 where large stopes have been extracted1 though considerable amounts of ore still remain in sight4 ,an idea of the extent of some of these ,calico mines may be gained from the fact that the great ore body of the ,waterloo is #a1ajj feet in length1 and is known to extend from the surface down to the #ebe-;foot level4 ,at the east end the ore-bearing zone is from #d to #g feet in width1 widening downward4 ,going westward it increases in width until it is #fj to #gj feet wide4 ,this mine1 like those immediately about ,calico1 was worked for rich pockets1 and1 as a natural consequence1 the mine was left in bad condition4 ,jos4 ,d4 ,kerbaugh1 the last ,superintendent of the mine1 had inaugurated a systematic method of extracting ore and recovered much lost ground4 ,the ore is usually low grade1 and this1 in connection with the low price of silver1 has resulted in the closing up of the mines4 ,a narrow gauge railroad has been in use for several years to transport the ore from the ,waterloo group and the ,king and ,red ,jacket ,mines1 owned by the same company1 to their mills at ,daggett1 timber and supplies being brought to the mines on the return trips4 ,the transportation of ore1 ,i was informed1 cost #ab cents per ton4 ,the railroad is about #g miles in length1 and runs on a pretty steep grade4 ,,the ,,borax ,,mine4 ,in the upturned sedimentary beds which flank the ,calico ,hills1 dipping outward toward the desert plain on all sides of the uplift1 except where purely local disturbances have caused a reverse condition1 are bedded deposits of calcium borate and gypsum 7calcium sulphate74 ,five miles east of the town of ,calico is the largest known deposit of calcium borate in the district4 ,the bed1 or vein1 as it is called1 was discovered some years since1 and finally passed into the hands of the present owners1 the ,pacific ,coast ,borax ,company1 whose extensive works are located at ,alameda1 near ,san ,francisco4 ,,geology ,,of ,,the ,,borax ,,district4 ,the borax mine occurs as a bedded vein in the sedimentary strata1 which in ,tertiary times were uplifted in the ,calico range4 ,the sediments are composed of sandstones1 sandy clays1 and clayey sands1 comprising a succession of heavy-bedded1 deep-water deposits1 and shallow-water1 thin-bedded shales and sands4 ,these variations in the character of the strata are numerous1 and mark the many oscillations of the region1 whose rising or sinking either submerged the strata beneath the waters of a deep lake1 or lifted them until the water flowed over the mud flats only in thin sheets1 which1 exposed to the rays of the sun1 sometimes evaporated entirely4 ,climatic conditions doubtless also were an important factor in the history of these strata1 which are upwards of #a1jjj feet in thickness4 ,underlying the sediments are the tufas of the ,calico region1 and beneath them is found the mass of liparite which underlies this entire region4 ,the sediments are not materially different from those in the immediate vicinity of ,calico4 ,the rocks have not suffered in the region about the borax deposit the slightest metamorphism4 ,the borax vein is traceable for several thousand feet1 striking along the western and northern side of the largest sedimentary hill in the range1 and finally passing down a caon to the eastward1 where it becomes a well-defined vein4 ,toward the western end the borate of lime appears to be much mixed with the sandy sediments1 gypsum1 and clays1 giving the appearance of having been formed near the shore line of the basin in which this great mass of material has been left as a residuary deposit1 due to the evaporation of the water containing the calcium borate4 ,to me it seems that what is now one of the most valuable deposits of mineral in the ,state was at one time the site of a ,tertiary lake of considerable but as yet undetermined size4 ,that although subjected to the same oscillations as the remainder of the region a basin formed1 in which the waters collected1 carrying with them the mineral salts derived from the rocks of the neighboring country4 ,that finally the climatic conditions became such that the supply of water was less than the loss by absorption and evaporation1 and the waters of the lake slowly diminished1 it finally disappearing entirely1 leaving on the floor of the lake a thick deposit of calcium borate of snowy whiteness4 ,after the deposition of the borax bed a general subsidence of the region occurred1 the waters of the great ,tertiary lake once more covering the whole country4 ,again the sands and finer sedimentary material--the erosion of the mountains--were carried down and found a resting place on the floor of the lake1 the borax bed being finally covered with several hundred feet of this detritus4 ,now1 as the same formation in which the borax mine is found1 and even the lower members of the rocks of that age1 are seen resting upon the high ridges and on some of the peaks of the ,calico hills1 it would seem highly improbable1 to say the least1 that these sediments were built up from the ruins of the ,calico ,mountains themselves1 but their source was in more distant ranges4 ,besides the regular vein-like deposit of calcium borate found at the borax mine1 there are numerous small veinlets in other parts of the district in which calcium borate and gypsum are found filling cracks and cavities1 probably as the result of infiltration4 ,so common are these small fissures and beds of borax and gypsum that that portion of the sedimentary strata lying east of the town of ,calico is usually spoken of as the borax formation by the miners of the district4 ,to thoroughly investigate all the phenomena connected with these wonderful deposits and their mode of formation would require more time than was at my disposal4 ,as has been previously stated1 remnants of the sediments are still found lying high up on the flanks of the mountains1 and even far into the interior of the hills1 and there is every probability that the entire region included in the ,calico ,district1 as well as the country for many miles around1 was at one time buried a thousand feet beneath these stratified rocks4 ,with the uplift1 the strata inclosing the borax mine were tilted and folded1 and now the sheet of white calcium borate which once lay glistening in the sun on the bed of a desert dry lake stands like a great vein traversing the country4 ,there are apparently two of these veins in close proximity to each other1 but ,i believe them to be one and the same1 being repeated as the result of an anticlinal fold4 ,an ideal cross-section of the borax mine is here given 7p4 #cdg71 showing the nature of the folding at that point2 it is not drawn to a scale1 being a sketch only4 ,to the southward of the mine is seen a large mass of liparite1 which has been pushed up from below4 ,i had not the time necessary to trace out the line of fracture1 but ,i am of the opinion that it occurs on the line of the great fault shown on the map of the fault system of the region4 ,the borax vein is from #g to #aj feet in thickness ,where it has been exposed in the underground workings4 ,the mineral is the variety of calcium borate called colemanite1 named in honor of ,wm4 ,t4 ,coleman4 ,it occurs in glassy crystals1 some of them having large faces4 ,many handsome specimens of this mineral are on exhibition in the ,mining ,bureau museum4 ,the mineral is mined in the same manner as ores of gold or silver4 ,inclined shafts are sunk on the vein1 drifts and levels run1 and the stopes carried up as in any other mine4 ,illustration3 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,borax ,,mine ,,calico ,,district ,,san ,,bernardino ,,co4 ,the material1 when hoisted to the surface1 is loaded in great wagons hauled by twenty animals and taken to ,daggett1 where it is shipped to the works in ,alameda4 ,the process of extracting the boracic acid from the rock as practiced in these works is not given to the public4 ,it is known that the mineral is crushed and bolted like flour1 after grinding with burrs1 but the subsequent treatment is not known outside the works4 ,to the ,superintendent1 ,j4 ,w4 ,s4 ,perry1 ,i am indebted for a sketch of the underground working of this remarkable mine1 which is reproduced above4 ,,age ,,of ,,the ,,uplift4 ,the geological age of the ,calico uplift has not been accurately determined1 though there is little doubt that it occurred during the ,tertiary age1 probably the ,oligocene4 ,,the ,,iron ,,mines4 ,in this county1 about #af miles in a southeasterly direction from ,newberry ,station1 on the ,a4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 and #bh miles easterly from ,daggett1 are the greatest deposits of iron ore on this coast4 ,they consist of immense beds or masses of hematite and magnetite ore1 containing a high percentage of iron1 with traces only of sulphur and phosphorus4 ,these mines have been known for many years1 and they have had numerous owners by relocation and purchase1 but nothing has yet been done with them4 ,iron men from ,pittsburg and ,cleveland and elsewhere have visited these mines and secured samples1 and all reported favorably on the excellent quality of the ores1 but there the matter was dropped4 ,located #af miles from the railroad1 and probably #bj miles by any possible line of railway survey1 as the grades are heavy1 with neither fuel nor water1 the problem of their reduction was so formidable that none dared face it1 and for years this magnificent property has been waiting for some one with capital and a 8process0 to come and make the vast wealth available4 ,,the ,,lava ,,beds ,,district4 ,this interesting region has come quite prominently into public notice within the past two years4 ,the district is located in a small range of mountains about #ce miles east of the ,calico range4 ,the nearest station to the mines is ,lavic1 on the line of the ,a4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 from which point the mines are #i miles distant by a good wagon road4 ,like most other desert mining regions it is destitute of timber1 and water is not abundant1 though obtainable in the dry lake basin #c miles from the mines4 ,the district was discovered about nine years since1 and numerous claims have been located4 ,the work of development has been confined to a few of the most promising claims4 ,,general ,,geology4 ,the mountain range in which the mines of this district occur is isolated from all others1 although evidently a part of a chain extending in a northwest and southeast direction for many miles4 ,this particular group of hills is about #d miles in length by #a in width1 and consists of rocks1 which are all of plutonic origin4 ,they are mostly quartz porphyry of the normal type1 consisting of a fine-grained felsitic ground mass1 with macroscopical crystals of quartz and feldspar4 ,of several thin sections made for the purpose of microscopic study of these rocks1 their behavior under the microscope is so similar that general description will suffice for all4 ,the section is characterized by a micro-crystalline to micro-granular ground mass1 sometimes to globulitic4 ,the feldspars are so completely clouded as to leave little clue to their identity4 ,some still show faintly the parallel lines which are so characteristic of plagioclase1 but some of these feldspars are probably orthoclase4 ,these feldspars are plainly distinguishable in the rock mass with the unaided eye4 ,quartz blebs as large as small peas1 with many smaller ones1 occur plentifully in all of these rocks4 ,in the section they seem to have been corroded1 the outlines being nearly always rounded1 though frequently showing hexagonal forms4 ,most of these quartz grains polarize in brilliant colors4 ,all of the quartzes contain a great abundance of fluid inclusions1 some of which show included air bubbles4 ,numerous very small1 colorless1 needle-like crystals1 which occur in all the quartz1 are no doubt apatite prisms4 ,green1 dust-like hornblende as inclusions are not at all uncommon1 and in one section a mass of green1 fibrous material1 having all the optical properties of hornblende1 is seen4 ,this inclusion is large enough to be easily distinguished with the unaided eye4 ,there are numerous globulitic1 granular1 and sac-like inclusions of the ground mass in many of the quartzes1 which is characteristic of the quartz porphyries generally4 ,besides these macroscopic crystals of quartz and feldspar are many hornblendes1 some of which are of good size1 a few having the typical crystal outlines4 ,it is usually of a bright green color1 strongly dichroic1 and polarizes in the usual colors4 ,some of the hornblende is altered to chlorite4 ,borders of iron ore1 probably magnetite1 are common1 frequently preserving the original outline where the hornblende has suffered great decomposition4 ,dark-green basic dikes1 which seem to be greatly altered diabase1 occur in the district1 but have no connection with any of the ore deposits as far as observed4 ,numerous dikes1 large and small1 of a red felsitic rock1 occur throughout the district1 and seem to bear an important relation to some of the ore deposits4 ,all of the rock is much decomposed1 and its identification is not an easy matter4 ,it appears under the microscope to be a finely porphyritic rock1 having a somewhat fluidal structure1 as shown in the arrangement of the numerous small1 lath-like crystals of feldspar4 ,small blebs of quartz occur quite abundantly4 ,in a general way the rock resembles some rhyolites4 ,on the northern flank of the range immense masses of red and brown tufa occur1 besides great flows of black basaltic lava4 ,these rocks form a terrace-like ridge that extends for several miles along the base of the mountains4 ,two large cinder cones1 one on the northeast end of the range1 the other about #d miles distant in the desert valley to the northward1 form prominent landmarks4 ,the basalt is coarse to fine grained1 usually black or dark gray1 and is often scoriaceous4 ,it contains plagioclase1 augite1 and olivine1 and abundant magnetite in a micro-crystalline or granular base4 ,near the foot of the range the basalt has overflowed the beds of tufa1 which latter1 it is said1 contains from a trace to as high as four ounces of silver per ton4 ,as far as ,i have any knowledge of it1 no prospecting has been done in these tufa beds1 but the fact that silver exists there at all would lead one to believe that under proper conditions ore bodies of great value may occur4 ,at the base of the mountains1 at an altitude of #a1hjj feet1 is a dry lake1 which drains a large area of country4 ,in this basin water has been obtained by sinking a well #hj feet in depth4 ,though the well is located near the edge of the basin1 there is little doubt that sufficient water can be obtained in this basin for milling purposes4 ,the principal vein in the district lies along the north side of the main range1 and is known as ,,the ,,imperial ,,lode4 ,this great vein1 the outcrop of which may be seen for #bj miles1 is a 8fissure0 in every sense of the word1 though not a simple one1 for it has numerous divergent branches of considerable size4 ,the main fissure1 however1 is strong and constant1 and outcrops boldly for nearly #h1jjj feet4 ,it varies in width from #d to #ah feet4 ,it is everywhere well defined and often shows a banded structure4 ,the great fissure strikes north #gj west1 and dips #fe to #gj to the south4 ,it occurs in the quartz porphyry1 which at contact with the vein is usually much decomposed and often shattered and crushed1 probably owing partly to the intrusion of a large dike of the red felsitic rock1 a tongue of which has cut across the vein about #c1ejj feet from its west end4 ,this dike follows the vein for some distance on the hanging wall side coming from the east1 gradually nearing the vein until it finally reaches the fissure1 cutting the vein in two4 ,farther westward it again appears on the hanging wall side1 showing itself at intervals to the extreme western end of the vein1 which comes to an abrupt termination4 ,this felsitic dike is but one of a number that occur in the immediate vicinity4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,imperial ,,lode ,,lava ,,beds ,,district ,,san ,,bernardino ,,co4 ,,cal4 ,,vein ,,cut ,,by ,,intrusive ,,dyke ,,of ,,felsite ,since the formation of the ,imperial lode there has been considerable movement within the vein itself4 ,slips are numerous1 the slickensides showing plainly4 ,the fault planes1 as far as observed1 are confined within the limits of the vein2 however1 at no place1 excepting where the dike intersects it1 did ,i notice any lateral displacement4 ,usually the vein is distinctly separated from the inclosing rock1 a clay selvage marking the line of the fault plane on either side4 ,in some instances1 however1 where a brecciated condition of the quartz porphyry is found in contact with the vein1 the ore has been deposited to some extent in this broken mass1 and in such cases the line of demarkation is not at all plain4 ,these occurrences1 together with the branching spurs1 seem to indicate perfectly the character of the vein1 which before the intrusion of the felsitic dike was more simple than we now find it4 ,my conception of the ,imperial vein is that a great fissure formed in this mountain range2 that at the time this disruption occurred the hanging wall side of the fault slipped downward1 causing a further fissuring and crushing of the rocks on that side of the fault4 ,it is a notable fact that all the branches or spurs of this vein occur in the hanging wall country and are directly connected with the main fissure4 ,this idea is still further substantiated by the additional fact that all1 or nearly all1 the crushing and grinding adjacent to the fault plane has occurred on the hanging wall side4 ,occasionally1 in the narrower portions of the vein1 a banded structure indicates the probability that the ore now fills what was at one time an open crevice1 which slowly filled with ore by precipitation from the mineral waters passing along the fault plane4 ,at one point on the course of the vein1 where it is joined by one of the branching spurs1 the felsitic dike has intersected the smaller vein4 ,the occurrence is plainly seen in a cut made at this place1 where rich ore was found4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,felsite ,,dyke ,,cutting ,a ,,branching ,,vein ,,imperial ,,lode ,it will be noticed that both the main vein and the spur occur in the quartz porphyry1 and that the red felsite cuts the smaller vein4 ,the displacement on the surface along the strike of the vein is nearly #dj feet4 ,this does not show in the cross-section4 ,since the formation of the ,imperial vein the mountains have suffered great erosion2 the highest point along the croppings rises fully #hjj feet above the neighboring caons4 ,,the ,,ore4 ,although the ,imperial vein is a fissure of great length and depth1 all the material that is included between the porphyritic walls is not pay ore4 ,the ore occurs in shoots of greater or less extent1 the same as in any other vein4 ,the gangue is chiefly quartz1 having a pearly luster resembling in appearance some light grayish lead carbonate at a casual glance4 ,accompanying the quartz1 though in minor quantities1 are baryta1 calcite1 and black manganese oxide4 ,the value of the ore lies almost wholly in its silver contents1 which occur as chloride and sulphide 7argentite7 accompanying pyrites1 chalcopyrite1 and iron oxides4 ,the silver sometimes occurs with copper glance in small bunches in solid masses of lead carbonate4 ,such ores are very high grade4 ,in one of the branches gold is found with only a small percentage of silver1 the reverse condition1 however1 usually obtains4 ,the silver frequently is found in the same shoots with the base ores and in quartz without any intimate association with either lead1 copper1 or iron4 ,the galena is sometimes very low grade1 carrying only #d ounces per ton in silver4 ,in one shoot the lead carbonate contains over #bjj ounces4 ,it is a notable fact that no good ore is found in quantity without copper in some form1 either as sulphide 7glance7 or carbonate4 ,chloride of silver is also found associated with iron and manganese1 without copper or lead4 ,,the ,,claims ,,on ,,the ,,vein4 ,there are six lode claims located on the ,imperial vein1 on all of which considerable work has been done4 ,beginning at the east end1 the vein shows itself on the mountain side close down to the desert wash and not far distant from the basalt flow on this side of the range4 ,the most easterly claim is called the ,sampson1 and from it has been shipped some rich ore1 the claim producing the highest grade ore1 ,i am told1 of any mine on the vein4 ,this claim is joined on the westward by the ,morning ,star1 a deep caon separating them4 ,from the bottom of this caon it is #hjj feet to the summit of the mine1 #a1ejj feet farther west4 ,the ,morning ,star ,mine has been quite extensively opened by tunnels and shafts1 but for several years past assessment work only has been done1 as the ore which was found was too low grade to make shipping profitable4 ,the ,meteor1 ,mammoth ,chief1 and ,desert ,queen succeed each other1 respectively1 going west4 ,on the ,mammoth ,chief and ,meteor1 a great deal of work has been done2 and it is claimed ore was shipped approximating #dj1jjj gross value4 ,at any rate the owners have developed their claims and made a good living at the expense of the ore thus shipped from the vein4 ,on the ,meteor a shaft has been sunk a depth of #ajj feet1 at the bottom of which a drift #dj feet in length has been cut along the vein on an ore shoot which was followed down from the surface4 ,at another point on this claim a shaft of #fe feet in depth has been sunk in ore4 ,a drift at the bottom of this shaft is also in ore1 #h feet of which is exposed and the foot wall not yet reached4 ,the ore at this point is said to average #cj ounces4 ,i was told that the average of the ore throughout the mine was about #be ounces1 ranging from #ab to #ge ounces1 and occasionally much more4 ,numerous cuts1 shafts1 and drifts1 some of them of considerable size1 have been made along the vein on the ,meteor and ,mammoth ,chief for a distance of #hjj feet1 and although these workings are not connected they have the appearance of being on one shoot of ore4 ,one fact is very evident from an examination of the mine1 and it is one of considerable importance4 ,it is1 that the ore is of better grade and occurs in greater quantity in the vicinity of the felsitic dike1 which1 though undoubtedly later than the vein itself1 seems to have enriched the ore very materially4 ,the largest shoot of ore ,i saw has formed very close to the point of intersection of the felsitic dike with the main vein4 ,on the ,desert ,queen a long tunnel and several crosscuts have exposed ore bodies1 some of which contained upwards of #bjj ounces silver per ton4 ,the ,imperial lode is one of the most promising veins of which ,i have any knowledge1 but it requires considerable capital to properly and systematically open it4 ,the rock is extremely hard1 and the lack of wood and water are drawbacks which prevent the owners from working the mine as it should be worked4 ,it would be difficult to find a vein offering greater natural advantages than are found here1 excepting as to wood and water1 both of which are obtainable under the usual conditions attending that problem on the desert4 ,water can be found in the dry lake #c miles distant by road1 and #a1afj feet below the level of the caons which cut the vein4 ,coal may be delivered at ,lavic ,station1 #e miles from the lake1 for about #i or #aj a ton4 ,the difficulties are no greater than at ,calico1 where they seem to have been overcome quite easily4 ,tunnels may be run in on the vein1 getting average backs of about #cej feet above the bottom of the caons4 ,should ever this great vein be worked on a larger scale with abundant capital1 a tunnel started at the lake will cut the vein at an average depth of #a1ejj feet4 ,such a tunnel would probably be about #ab1jjj feet in length4 ,the ore shoots seem to have an average width of about #e feet as far as exposed1 and none of the workings in ore have ever reached the bottom of a shoot4 ,it is one of the most imposing looking veins ,i ever saw4 ,on the ,desert ,queen the soft hanging wall has been eroded1 leaving the vein standing exposed for fully #hj feet in height4 ,,the ,,tiptop ,,mine4 ,about #d1jjj feet south from the ,imperial lode there is a mine of unusual character and interest1 called the ,tiptop4 ,originally a silver mine1 it is now producing a high-grade copper ore1 which is being shipped to ,swansea1 ,wales4 ,the ,tiptop was discovered in #ahij1 by the strong outcrop of an ore shoot4 ,the country rock on both sides of the vein is quartz porphyry1 similar to that inclosing the ,imperial lode4 ,the ore occurs along a fault plane1 or rather a series of parallel faults1 as the result of substitution of ore for the original rock4 ,the faulting of the rocks has resulted in an extensive crushing and breaking up of the porphyry along the line of fracture1 exposing large surfaces of rock1 thus facilitating the deposition of mineral4 ,as mentioned above1 the faulting seems to have consisted of several fractures1 nearly or quite parallel1 between which the rock was crushed or ground to powder4 ,in places this ore body would seem to possess well-defined walls1 but moving in either direction along the strike of this zone the 8wall0 proves to be simply a faulting plane1 beyond which ore again occurs4 ,the result of these parallel fractures is to give to the deposit an appearance of banded structure1 like that sometimes noticed in simple fissure veins4 ,this apparently banded structure is entirely due to the planes of displacement4 ,illustration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,of ,,tiptop ,,mine ,doubtless this faulting extends to great depth1 though the mineralization is not continuous along the surface for more than #aej feet4 ,at some distance1 however1 and in line with the strike of the displacement1 other ore bodies appear4 ,the ore body where the discovery was made is heavily mineralized with iron oxides1 of red1 yellow1 and black colors4 ,much of the original rock has become silicified and bleached to snowy whiteness in the lower part of the deposit1 but such masses contain only finely disseminated iron pyrites1 low grade in silver4 ,the once sulphuretted ores are so thoroughly oxidized in this surface deposit that they are very porous4 ,the ores carry on an average about #cj ounces of silver1 and for the most part are very free-milling4 ,at the time of my visit an estimate of this silver ore on the dump and in the mine placed its value at1 approximately1 #bj1jjj4 ,in one portion of this rather remarkable ore deposit considerable quantities of native sulphur occur1 associated with a brownish iron oxide and silicious gangue material4 ,as depth is attained the oxidation is less marked1 and at #hj feet has apparently given place entirely to sulphuretted ores and silicious rock1 low in silver4 ,the strike of this shoot of ore is north #ej west1 dipping northeast at an angle of #gj4 ,at the depth of #fe feet below the croppings1 in sinking a winze1 which in its downward course follows a slip northward but is vertical as compared with the dip of the vein1 a bunch of high-grade1 partly oxidized copper ore was discovered4 ,further development discovered other pockets or bunches of copper ore carrying usually about #ae ounces in silver per ton4 ,when a depth of #abj feet had been reached a crosscut tunnel was run in #bce feet4 ,the course of this tunnel is north #e west4 ,the face1 however1 had not reached a line representing the dip of the surface shoot4 ,the tunnel has been connected by winze with the upper workings1 and considerable other development accomplished4 ,by means of these workings the peculiarities of the mine have been exposed4 ,the series of faults which have resulted in the deposit of a considerable quantity of silver ore have been accompanied by another series of fractures which1 while independent of the former1 were1 perhaps1 contemporaneous4 ,the second series exhibit no parallelism1 but strike in various directions4 ,along these fault planes occur bunches of copper ore1 principally variegated pyrites 7bornite71 chalcopyrite1 and a black 8earthy0 sulphide1 having a shining streak1 not sectile1 probably a variety of copper glance4 ,these ores are sometimes associated with iron sulphide1 but most of this class may be easily sorted4 ,one class of ores occurs intermingled with the gangue containing about #ae per cent copper4 ,this ore can be separated on any concentrating machine such as a jig1 the resulting product being high grade4 ,the ore shipped to ,swansea has averaged over #cc per cent copper and #ae ounces silver per ton4 ,illustration3 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,tiptop ,,mine ,,lava ,,beds ,,district ,,san ,,bernardino ,,co4 ,the ,tiptop consists of two claims4 ,the easterly one1 the ,kenton1 has little or no development1 though copper carbonates have been discovered on the ground4 ,all of the workings of the ,tiptop that are in copper ore1 it should be remembered1 are in the country rock on the foot wall side of the series of faults in which the silver ore occurs1 and no drift or crosscut had been run into that zone below #hj feet from the surface4 ,the face of the drift on the third level had exposed about #f feet of good ore at the time of my examination4 ,the drift at that point was #afj feet from the surface4 ,it is not likely1 should a crosscut be run under the silver ore shoot from the lower levels of the mine1 that oxidized ore will be found at that level1 but it will be interesting to know what sort of ore may be found there4 ,indications of copper on the surface are very slight4 ,in a few places stains and thin seams of copper carbonates occur in the fracture joints of the country rock1 but there is nothing to lead one to believe that ore lies beneath that will bear shipment to ,europe and return a handsome profit to the owners of the mine1 yet such is the case4 ,,the ,,gladstone ,,gold ,,mine4 ,less than a mile from the ,tiptop1 in a northwestern direction1 is another property1 the ,gladstone1 locally known as ,halberg's ,gold ,mine4 ,it was located several years ago1 and after some development was practically abandoned1 but afterwards came into the hands of the present owners1 who have developed the ground quite extensively1 built a long tramway and ore bins1 and established a camp4 ,nothing was being done at the time of my visit4 ,the mine is something of a curiosity geologically and mineralogically4 ,the ore body1 for there is only one of any consequence developed1 occurs in the gray quartz porphyry common to the region4 ,a fault has also occurred here1 fracturing the country rock in a manner similar to that in the ,tiptop1 excepting that here there is but a single1 simple fault4 ,the ore body consists of a mass of crushed and broken country rock1 portions of which still show distinctly the original porphyritic structure4 ,generally speaking1 however1 the original rock has undergone an extreme metamorphosis1 resulting1 in most cases1 in more or less complete mineralogical and physical changes4 ,the porphyry has1 by gradual replacement1 been changed to solid ore1 or been silicified to a dense quartzose1 sometimes jaspery1 rock4 ,kaolinization of the feldspars has also taken place4 ,as to the origin of these deposits there seems to be little reason to doubt that the ore was deposited by percolating waters1 which derived their contents from the neighboring eruptive rocks4 ,these solutions were carried into the fault plane1 and reaching the great chamber or crushed mass1 found conditions of a superior nature for the precipitation of the minerals they contained4 ,in the pulverized or finely crushed portions the ore deposition has been most complete1 entirely replacing the original rock1 while in the brecciated portions the ore occurs as incrustations1 filling the smaller interstices1 but sometimes penetrating the rock fragments themselves4 ,the ore body is something over #bjj feet in length and #cj feet or more in width at the ,widest part1 but thinning out rather irregularly toward the ends and also downward4 ,doubtless it at one time extended some distance upward1 but that portion has been eroded4 ,along the plane of the fault the line of demarkation between ore and porphyry is very distinct1 as the two bear not the slightest resemblance1 but at the outer edges of the deposit no such line can be discovered4 ,the mineral gradually disappears1 leaving only a brecciated mass of whitish rock1 which graduates into the normal porphyry4 ,the brecciated condition of the mass is made more plain by the variety of color assumed by the angular fragments4 ,they are various shades of green1 red1 white1 and brown1 or yellow1 caused by copper carbonates and iron oxides4 ,though the original condition of the ore was doubtless sulphide1 it now contains1 as the result of oxidation1 hematite1 limonite1 magnetite1 malachite1 azurite1 chrysocolla1 cerussite1 wulfenite1 chloride of silver1 manganese oxide1 and metallic gold4 ,the value of the ore lies principally in the gold contained1 though in one portion of the ore body1 near its eastern end1 rich chloride of silver ore is found1 with but little gold4 ,the physical appearance of the ore is no criterion of its gold contents1 as two pieces1 with identically the same characteristics1 will differ widely in value4 ,one may contain #b or #c in gold1 the other several hundred4 ,should ever a mill be erected in the district1 this ore can be worked to a profit1 though this single ore body will alone scarcely justify the construction of a mill4 ,on the south side of this fissure or slip is a vein which runs nearly parallel with the chambered vein above described4 ,this vein can be traced for several thousand feet4 ,in character the ore is similar to that found in the ,imperial lode4 ,assays running over #bjj in gold have been obtained from this ore1 and #ej assays are not uncommon4 ,the vein is quite small1 ranging from a mere seam to #b feet4 ,scarcely any development has been done on this vein1 though it promises better results than the large 8vein chamber40 ,the developments on the ,gladstone consist of a shaft #fj feet deep4 ,the first level is cut at a depth of #cj feet from the surface1 where drifts have been run for a distance of #cj feet each way from the shaft1 on the course of the vein1 and a crosscut1 #bh feet north4 ,east of this1 a #ae-;foot shaft has been sunk in a good sized cut4 ,a large open cut1 #ajj feet long1 has exposed the upper portion of the ore deposit perfectly4 ,other superficial work has been done at various points along the vein4 ,a tramway of #a1gjj feet has been constructed from the mine to the bottom of an adjacent caon4 ,,other ,,claims4 ,in the vicinity of the mines described in this district are numerous other claims1 some of them having considerable development1 but all lying idle at the time of my visit4 ,one claim has an #hj-;foot tunnel1 and shows some lead and silver ore of good grade4 ,this claim is patented4 ,,the ,,alvord ,,mines4 ,twenty-three miles northeast from ,daggett are the ,alvord ,mines4 ,the property has changed hands several times1 but is now owned by a party of ,pasadena capitalists1 who have under consideration the reconstruction of their mill1 which was burned in ,september1 #ahia4 ,the property consists of six full claims located on one mineral-bearing zone4 ,the strike of the belt is a few degrees south of west4 ,the mine is well equipped4 ,the company also owns a millsite at ,camp ,cady1 on the ,mojave ,river1 #i miles distant from the mines1 and valuable water rights at ,paradise ,springs1 #aa miles northwest from the mines1 and a spring about #a miles east of the camp1 which is used for camp purposes only4 ,the mines lie along a broad zone or belt of crystallized carbonate of lime 7calcite71 which may be seen for many miles traversing the dark-colored inclosing rocks4 ,a huge dike of porphyritic rock cuts across this belt at an angle approaching #ij4 ,the principal mineralization of the lode occurs east of this dike4 ,the country rock is described by ,f4 ,r4 ,burnham1 ,e4,m41 formerly the ,superintendent1 in his report on the property to the company1 as rock more or less schistose in character1 through which1 at frequent intervals1 are intruded eruptive dikes4 ,at the east end of the belt is an accumulation of tufa and basalt4 ,the belt dips south at an angle of #ge4 ,the mineralized portion of this lode extends from the porphyry dike east through three full claims1 disappearing finally beneath the eruptive rock and desert wash4 ,the dominant point on the lode is #eej feet above the base of the hill4 ,the entire lode is gold-bearing1 some of the iron rock being extremely rich2 gold also occurs in the calcite1 though it is usually of a lower grade than where accompanied by the iron4 ,iron sulphide containing gold has been discovered1 indicating plainly the origin of the slag-like iron ores and limonite found on the surface4 ,to ,mr4 ,burnham's report ,i am also indebted for information concerning the value of the rock1 tonnage1 and bullion output to date4 ,he has given arbitrary figures for shipments aggregating #cg1jjj1 and an estimate on #ac1jjj more1 making a total of #ej1jjj4 ,this ore was milled mostly at the ,camp ,cady mill and at ,hawley's mill4 ,an arrastra was used in the early history of the mine4 ,the average assays made on a ten days' mill run just prior to the burning of the mill returned #ab #ge per ton4 ,tailings1 during the same period1 averaged #a #be4 ,bullion produced1 #a1dcj4 ,it was found very difficult to sort the ore1 though it varied constantly in value from #b to #bj per ton4 ,about #ij per cent of the assay value1 it is claimed1 was saved in the mill4 ,in looking through a daily record of assays made in ,july and ,august1 #ahia1 ,i find them to range from a trace to as high as #a1gej1 most of them running from #f to #ah4 ,mr4 ,burnham figures #ahd1jjj tons of mill rock in sight1 including all grades1 besides large amounts presumed to be available1 but not blocked out for stoping4 ,the value of the ore is placed at #e to #f throughout4 ,the cost of milling this ore is placed at #b #ej1 and mining at #ej cents in large stopes4 ,should the company now controlling the ,alvord ,mines determine to rebuild their mill it will doubtless again become a bullion producer4 ,,oro ,,grande ,,district4 ,the ,oro ,grande ,mining ,district is located immediately east of the ,southern ,california ,railroad1 at the town of ,oro ,grande4 ,it is commonly supposed to embrace all the mines for some miles around1 though1 in fact each group of mines or hills has been given a separate name1 but as these so-called districts are mostly without organization1 all the claims and mines will be considered under one head4 ,the geology of the district about ,oro ,grande is complex1 the formations being uplifted1 greatly faulted1 and broken1 besides the intrusion of dikes of felsitic rock1 diorite1 and quartz porphyry4 ,i had not sufficient time at my disposal when at ,oro ,grande to study out the somewhat intricate geological problem1 and will describe the region in general terms4 ,commencing at the town of ,oro ,grande1 which stands on the bank of the ,mojave ,river1 the country rises in a gentle slope toward the hill half a mile distant2 gently rolling hills are reached1 which in turn give place to more rugged masses1 and finally to a rough mountainous area1 the hillsides being almost precipitous4 ,the lowlying country about the base of the hills is mostly made up of schistose micaceous rocks1 a quartzose mica schist predominating4 ,the first hills of any consequence are eruptive1 mostly a light-greenish felsite and a coarse-grained porphyritic rock4 ,beyond are prominent hills of a dense1 hard quartzite resting upon a crystalline limestone1 the highest hills being made up of practically the same materials 7quartzite and limestone71 in part schistose with some mica schist1 jasper1 and many intrusive dikes of all the previously mentioned eruptives1 prominent among them being diorite of dark-green color4 ,,the ,,embody ,,mine4 ,within half a mile of the town1 and on a lower spur or ridge that makes down from the hills1 is located the ,embody ,mine1 which1 during the excitement at this locality in #ahij1 attracted considerable attention4 ,the gold-bearing material is quartzose1 micaceous rock of somewhat friable character4 ,the deposit1 as ,i may term it1 has the appearance of being an impregnation without definite form4 ,were it not for the fact that the shoot of gold rock makes across the strike of the schists1 it would resemble some bedded deposits found at the ,homestake1 ,black ,hills1 ,south ,dakota1 where micaceous schists have been silicified and hornblende schists metamorphosed to chloritic schists1 the whole carrying gold across a broad zone #a1fjj feet in width and #f1jjj feet in length4 ,the gold occurs in shoots or vein-like zones1 without defining lines of any character4 ,at the ,embody ,mine1 too1 little development has been done to make any positive prediction as to the future of the mine4 ,the formation strikes northeast and southwest1 and dips #gj southeast4 ,the country is somewhat broken up1 but no considerable masses of shattered rock were observed4 ,the croppings are quite heavily stained with iron oxides of brown and red shades1 and this mineralization can be traced some distance4 ,two shafts1 one nearly #ajj feet deep1 the other about #cj feet1 have been sunk on the deposit1 exposing rocks of uniform character1 all carrying some gold4 ,the width of the gold-bearing zone is undetermined1 but it is thought to be from #f to #bj feet4 ,as far as ,i learned1 a 8mill-run0 had never been made on the rock from this mine4 ,mining operations had been stopped and the property involved in some sort of dispute4 ,the value of the rock was given to me as #h or #aj per ton4 ,,the ,,carbonate ,,mine4 ,the principal mine of this district1 and the one which gave the camp its fame1 is the ,carbonate ,mine4 ,it was discovered by a man named ,collins1 who was working in a lime quarry near by4 ,collins found croppings of ore--limonite and manganese--containing silver4 ,he developed the property somewhat1 but it finally passed into other hands1 and is now owned by a ,los ,angeles company1 which has opened the mine quite extensively4 ,the formation which incloses the vein has a general trend northeast and southwest1 the dip at the main workings being not over #bj4 ,here an inclined shaft has been sunk to a depth of #bbe feet on the vein4 ,at the bottom the shaft has attained a vertical depth of about #ajj feet4 ,two veins of ore1 consisting principally of silicious and earthy iron oxide and black oxide of manganese with carbonate of lime1 sometimes crystallized1 extend from the surface to the bottom of the incline4 ,these veins are very irregular in size1 varying from a mere seam to upwards of #b feet in places4 ,the value lies in the lead carbonate and silver which accompany the gangue minerals4 ,the two veins are curiously formed at contact with massive blue limestone and mica schist4 ,the schist is from #a to #d feet in width1 the ore lying both above and below it1 the whole being inclosed between hanging and foot walls of crystalline limestone4 ,at various points in the workings is a light-colored1 much decomposed rock1 resembling felsite1 which has the appearance of having been injected between the strata in a thin sheet4 ,it is a notable fact that where this buff-colored1 granular appearing rock occurs in contact with the vein an enrichment of the ore is noticeable1 and its absence is marked by the low value of the ore or no ore at all4 ,in this incline1 at a depth of #dj feet1 a short drift has been run in on ore of good grade4 ,at #ahj feet from the collar of the shaft the discovery was made that caused this mine1 and1 in fact1 the entire camp1 to become at once the scene of excitement4 ,at this place a small wedge of crystalline1 granular quartz and calcite appeared1 and with it flakes of free gold4 ,just below the point of this discovery the wedge widened to several inches1 and the rock was a mass of glittering sheets and shot-like pieces of gold4 ,assays of the material gave fabulous returns4 ,the ore was broken down on canvas1 and every ounce of it sacked on the spot4 ,this was followed down some distance1 but gradually thinned out below the #bjj-;foot level1 where drifts were run1 one #ej feet northeast1 the other #dj feet southwest4 ,from these drifts considerable rich quartz was obtained4 ,in the southwest drift the formation is badly displaced and broken and the vein is lost1 a fault having thrown it1 but whether up or down could not be determined1 as the adjacent rock was so badly fractured4 ,ore was found at the face and along the sides of some of the cuttings1 and some free gold was found on the #bjj-;foot level in the southwest drift4 ,all work on this part of the mine had been suspended some time prior to my visit1 the mine having been enjoined4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,veins4 ,this question is one which finds its answer1 it would seem1 in the fact that the sheet of mica schist included between the heavy masses of limestone represents what at one time was possibly a bed of sandy clay or mud1 which with the metamorphosis of the region has become a crystalline schist4 ,the planes separating this schist and the limestone above and that below it were evidently planes of weakness1 and when the forces which uplifted and fractured the strata exerted themselves these rocks slipped and ground upon each other1 causing considerable crushing along these planes2 possibly open crevices resulted in some portions4 ,ore was subsequently deposited in these interstitial spaces1 partly by substitution of ore for limestone1 no doubt1 and partly by precipitation in the crushed mass of lime and schist4 ,the injection of a sheet of felsite into the same plane of weakness can easily be conceived1 as such intrusive bodies always follow the lines of least resistance4 ,the extreme richness of the rock1 together with its somewhat unusual association of quartz and calcite1 attracted no little attention to the property at the time of its discovery4 ,a ,,fissure ,,vein4 ,southwestward from the deposit just described is a vertical shaft #abe feet deep4 ,this shaft has followed down what seems to be a fissure in the limestone1 in which lead carbonate1 some galena1 limonite quartz1 calcite1 and manganese oxide occur4 ,this ore was worth at ,socorro1 ,new ,mexico1 #ej per ton for the gold1 silver1 and lead it contained1 and it was shipped there in quite large quantities4 ,a large stope commences on the northeast side of the shaft at a depth of #cj feet from the top and extends down to the #aad-;foot level4 ,considerable ore was standing in sight in the mine at the time of my visit1 but nothing was being done4 ,the company have had to stop work1 as the owners of the lime quarry claim to have this property included in their patent4 ,,other ,,claims4 ,there are scores of other claims in this interesting district1 but little development has been done on them4 ,here and there are encouraging prospects1 where carbonate of lead and oxide of iron have been found2 but on the most promising of these only #aj-;foot holes have been sunk4 ,the mineral zones are not well defined1 and the prospectors have not the capital necessary to systematically prospect the hills4 ,,the ,,silver ,,mountain ,,district ,is #e miles south of ,oro ,grande4 ,there are a number of claims1 the principal one being the ,amazon4 ,the formation is similar to that about ,oro ,grande4 ,in a large dike of diorite occur the ore bodies of the ,amazon ,mine1 which produces copper ores of a fair grade4 ,several holes were sunk to various depths1 ranging from #ae to #cj feet1 by the ,mormons who settled on the ,mojave ,river years ago4 ,recently a shaft has been sunk to the depth of #fa feet1 and a drift run north #dj feet4 ,the ore is principally copper-iron sulphide 7chalcopyrite74 ,the ore in this mine occurs along slips or fault planes4 ,this peculiar class of deposits has been described under the head of the ,tiptop ,mine1 ,lava ,beds ,district1 in this county1 and as the essential features of this mine are similar to those of the ,tiptop1 repetition here will be unnecessary4 ,i found a greater mineralization of the limestone in this district than about the ,oro ,grande1 though no prospecting has been done here for lead ores4 ,,gem ,,marble ,,quarries4 ,twelve miles northeast from ,victor are the ,gem quarries1 that produce variegated marbles of great beauty4 ,shades of yellow1 chocolate1 black1 pale blue1 crimson and gray1 cream-colored1 rose1 and white4 ,the markings are such as to produce beautiful effects4 ,the croppings are strong1 and the surface material is apparently not at all injured by the exposure of centuries to the elements in a region where nearly all rocks decay and disintegrate rapidly4 ,the outcrop stands boldly above the adjacent country rock from #aj to #bj feet4 ,the entire ledge or belt is made up of bands or beds ranging from #c to #f feet in thickness4 ,these strata are separated by thin seams or fractures1 but it is reasonable to presume that this separating line or joint will disappear as depth is attained4 ,the rock is all susceptible of a high polish1 and it withstands a tremendous crushing force4 ,it was said by the owners that this had been determined at #bh1jjj pounds per square inch4 ,the quantity is large1 the variety abundant1 and the beauty approaches that of rare onyx4 ,with these unusual conditions surrounding the deposit1 its marketing should become an industry of no small importance4 ,the difficulties of transportation are not insurmountable4 ,,lime ,,and ,,granite ,,quarries4 ,near ,oro ,grande and ,victor several lime quarries are in operation1 constantly giving employment to quite a large number of men4 ,lime is burned in large kilns1 which finds a ready market in ,southern ,california4 ,granite is also extensively quarried near each of these places1 and used for building material1 curbing1 and paving blocks in ,southern ,california cities4 ,this industry employs1 all told1 about one hundred men4 ,,the ,,kent ,,mine4 ,three miles from ,hinkley ,station1 on the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,railroad1 between ,barstow and ,mojave1 is located the ,kent ,mine1 a vein covered by two claims4 ,a shaft #hj feet deep and some superficial development have exposed the ore1 which varies from #c to #aj feet in width4 ,the gangue is a rather fine-grained1 granular quartz1 containing galena and lead carbonate4 ,assays in gold and silver are obtainable anywhere in the vein4 ,the highest grade carries lead #gj per cent1 gold #be1 silver #bd ounces4 ,some of the ore assaying low in lead contains gold and silver in paying quantities4 ,the property is in a prospective stage only1 but is promising4 ,water can be obtained near the mine1 and fuel is but #h miles distant4 ,the owner bonded the property in ,may1 #ahib1 and it is at this writing being developed by the prospective purchasers4 ,the ore is of such character that by sorting a milling ore may be obtained1 the high-grade lead ore making a very good smelting material4 ,,the ,,black ,,hawk ,,district4 ,three years ago the ,black ,hawk ,district1 #dj miles east of ,victor1 on the north side of the ,san ,bernardino range1 attracted considerable attention through the extensive operations of an ,english syndicate at those mines4 ,development was in progress at that time1 and it was planned to build a sixty-stamp mill4 ,the quantity of gold rock1 however1 proved to be smaller than had been anticipated1 and a small experimental mill was built2 but from a short time after the completion of this mill to date all operations have been suspended1 and the probability of the resumption of work is not bright4 ,the gold occurred in a reddish oxide of iron in bunches and stringers scattered through a crushed zone of limestone1 lying along the flank of the mountains4 ,a party1 who for a time was in charge of the property1 informed the writer that he had worked the rock without sorting1 had endeavored to sort it1 and had tried screening it1 but that notwithstanding every precaution was taken1 he had concluded that it could not be made to pay4 ,the gold-bearing rock was quite rich1 but it occurred in too small quantity to make it profitable4 ,,silver ,,reef ,,district4 ,four miles northeast of the ,black ,hawk ,mines1 lying down on the desert1 is a formation of limestone and quartzite1 resting on a massive crystalline rock1 containing quartz1 feldspar1 biotite-mica1 and hornblende4 ,this reef extends from the mouth of ,texas ,caon out upon the plain1 sloping downward at an angle of approximately #e for a distance of #d miles1 where it terminates in a bluff #dj to #ajj feet in height4 ,along the entire eastern edge of this deposit it drops off abruptly as though sharply eroded4 ,at the northern end the reef is faced by a low range of hills composed of the above-mentioned hornblende rock4 ,from this point it swings west and with irregular outline extends for #e or #f miles toward ,rabbit ,springs4 ,the entire area1 fully #be square miles1 is cut by gulches varying from #bj to #aej feet or more in depth1 that have been eroded through the strata and down into the underlying crystalline rocks4 ,these caons seem to have resulted from natural drainage1 being started by slight depressions in the rolling plateau of limestone4 ,on the extreme northern edge at one point1 hills of considerable size have been formed by the folding and tilting of the strata4 ,the limestone has been subjected to violent compression1 as the whole area is faulted and broken into millions of fragments4 ,i have examined not less than twenty mining claims on the reef and traveled over the greater part of its area1 and am sure ,i never saw a single piece of limestone that would weigh #cjj pounds1 most of the pieces measuring under #f or #h inches4 ,considerable masses along certain zones have been granulated1 and even pulverized4 ,this fractured rock has all since been loosely cemented by the infiltration of carbonate of lime into the seams4 ,geologists who have examined this peculiar deposit do not agree entirely upon its mode of formation4 ,some believe it to be the result of chemical precipitation of carbonate of lime from calcareous springs1 similar to the ,formation ,springs in the ,yellowstone ,park4 ,there are many things about ,silver ,reef which would at once suggest the probability of this mode of deposit1 but ,i am very doubtful that such a theory will stand a thorough investigation4 ,it was asserted that at one time a shaft sunk in the reef passed through the lime deposit and into the 8wash0 of the desert beneath4 ,on investigation ,i found that the lime had indeed been cut through1 but the underlying rock proved to be crystalline hornblende rock in place1 though somewhat decomposed4 ,at any rate it was not desert 8wash40 ,over considerable areas the lime is underlaid by a stratum of quartzite of variable thickness1 less than a foot in some places1 and again in others #aj or #ab feet4 ,over certain limited areas quartzite is wanting altogether4 ,the lime is mostly crystalline1 varying in color4 ,a small portion is as white as snow1 the greater part is gray or bluish1 and some of it black4 ,,the ,,ore ,,deposits4 ,for fully #h miles along the irregular front of the reef silver ores are found4 ,the ore deposits are usually discovered by the cherty masses of silicious rock1 which1 being harder than the limestone1 stand out from its weathered surface in bunches and small1 vein-like masses4 ,often in breaking the cherty rocks1 stains of copper carbonate are found1 and from such rock silver1 and sometimes gold1 is obtained4 ,numerous shafts1 cuts1 and tunnels have been made on these claims1 twenty or more in number1 and in every one ore of good grade has been found1 although the quantity is usually small4 ,a shipment from a claim called ,no4 #a returned #abi ounces per ton in the ,oro ,grande mill4 ,on assaying1 #bj ounces can be found on any of the claims1 and rock of a higher grade running into the thousands of dollars is not unknown on the reef4 ,the ore occurs usually as bunches1 sheets1 or stringers1 which 8roll0 more or less1 but in a general way follow the stratification of the limestone downward4 ,these stringers are from #d inches to #b feet in thickness1 pinching and swelling both longitudinally and on their extension downward4 ,the average of the ores thus far found is probably about #ej per ton4 ,the mines have all been opened by the discoverers1 who are men of limited means1 and no systematic exploration for larger ore bodies has ever been made4 ,they may exist1 though there is no surface indication that such is the case4 ,at one claim1 ,no4 #i1 ,i took a large sample for #bj feet across the mineralized zone and found it to assay #aa ounces silver with #b in gold4 ,this rock was taken from a shallow cut #d feet in width and #e feet deep1 #bj feet long4 ,the ore deposits occur without exception in zones of limestone that have been crushed into small fragments1 together with much very fine material4 ,in a few places ,i found in contact or close to the ores what appeared to be a thin intrusive sheet of rock of undoubted igneous origin4 ,the original nature of this rock could not be determined1 as it was very much decomposed and bleached4 ,it looked like the white porphyry of ,leadville more than anything else ,i could liken it to1 and to a great extent has1 doubtless1 been the source from which the minerals of the ore deposits were derived4 ,in many places the quartzite which underlies the lime rock contains galena1 lead carbonate1 wulfenite1 zinc-blende1 iron sulphide1 copper1 gold1 and silver4 ,some of this rock contains sufficient lead to be classed as a smelting ore4 ,the ores of the limestone deposits are chiefly chloride of silver and embolite 7chloro-bromide of silver71 which is usually accompanied by copper carbonate1 sometimes a copper-silver sulphide1 wulfenite1 lead1 and iron in various forms1 in a gangue of calcite and quartz1 with occasionally manganese oxide4 ,hornsilver in crystals has been found in the fracture joints and in small cavities of a pure blue limestone1 taken from a shaft on one of the claims at the east edge of the district4 ,pasadena1 ,riverside1 ,daggett1 and ,victor people are the principal owners of claims4 ,timber can be obtained in the main range #e or #f miles back of the mines1 and abundance of water can be had from the caons in the neighboring mountains or from ,old ,woman's ,springs1 #b miles east of the principal claims on the reef4 ,altogether the district is a most interesting one geologically and also financially1 as the high grade of some of the ore had induced the claim owners to sink considerable money in the development of their mines4 ,,the ,,gavilan ,,mines4 ,on the ,san ,jacinto estate1 which is owned by an ,english syndicate1 are located the old ,gavilan ,mines1 which years ago produced from quartz veins considerable gold1 the rock being first crushed in numerous arrastras1 the beds of which1 to the number of fifty or more1 are still scattered all about the neighborhood of the mines4 ,in later years1 under ,american management1 the quartz was hauled to a stamp mill in the ,pinacate ,district4 ,at the time the rancho became the property of the ,english people nothing had been done in these mines for many years4 ,during the past two years the old workings have been investigated and a local company organized at ,riverside to operate them under lease4 ,at the time of my visit some workmen were industriously engaged in taking down the gallows frame of the hoist and making preparations to vacate the premises1 and this in the face of the report that had gone abroad that a good-sized vein of pay rock had been uncovered at the bottom of the mine at the depth of #ahj feet4 ,i did not see the alleged ore shoot and could get no satisfaction from the men at work other than vague hints that there was dissension among the ,board of ,directors4 ,the veins of the ,gavilan ,mines are not large1 but of good grade1 occurring in a granitoid rock4 ,black tourmaline in a feldspathic and quartz gangue frequently accompanies the gold-bearing rock4 ,the ,mexicans worked a large shoot down to the water-line1 and judging from the size and number of the dumps these old workings must have been of great extent4 ,the ,riverside people had sunk a new shaft at the extreme south end of the mine #ahj feet in depth4 ,the entire region is cut by large feldspathic and granitic veins1 which course in every direction4 ,these veins are doubtless intrusive dikes of the variety of granite called pegmatite4 ,white scales of muscovite occur sparingly1 but tourmaline is abundant4 ,,the ,,vanderbilt ,,district4 ,forty-five miles from ,fenner1 on the line of the ,a4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 in the eastern part of the county1 near the ,nevada ,state line1 is the ,vanderbilt ,district4 ,it lies between ,palm ,district and ,ivanpah1 at an elevation of #f1jjj feet above the sea4 ,numerous claims have been located on the veins of the district and considerable development done4 ,messrs4 ,patton1 ,taggert ,hall own eight promising claims1 which it is their purpose to develop extensively4 ,a shaft #d by #f feet has been sunk on the vein to a depth of #fj feet1 besides which a number of shafts of lesser depth and numerous open cuts have been made1 all exposing ore of good grade4 ,the vein is of the branching kind4 ,the veins vary from #e to #cj feet in width1 striking east and west1 with a dip to the north of #fj4 ,the gangue is quartz1 honey-combed at the surface from the oxidation of the sulphurets it originally contained1 small disseminated crystals of which 7iron1 lead1 and copper7 begin to show in the rock from the deepest parts of the workings4 ,some of the rock contains a high percentage of lead in the form of galena and carbonate1 but it occurs mostly in bunches and is not evenly distributed through the rock4 ,a shipment of #f1ifc pounds to the sampling works at ,kingman1 ,arizona1 returned an average assay value of #agc #ej per ton1 most of which was gold4 ,another lot averaged #dd4 ,near the above described property ,messrs4 ,simmons ,roberts have sunk three shafts to a depth of #dj feet each1 and ,campbell ,beatty put down a shaft #ajj feet1 all in ore of a character and value similar to that found in the other mines4 ,both wood and water are obtainable in the district1 pine timber growing on the hills1 and a good stream of water is flowing down into the desert only #a miles distant from these mines4 ,with the character and grade of the ores found in these veins1 and the advantages of wood and water1 it would seem that these mines might be successfully operated1 particularly as some of the owners are possessed of sufficient means4 ,it is the expressed intention1 however1 to sink deeper and determine more fully the extent and character of the ore in depth before placing expensive machinery on the ground4 ,,the ,,ibex ,,mine4 ,among the mines that have attracted unusual attention in this county during the past year1 the ,ibex ,mine stands prominently in the front rank4 ,it is located #c miles from ,ibex ,station1 on the line of the ,a4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 and not over #aa miles north from ,the ,needles4 ,the ,ibex property is in the ,ibex ,mining ,district1 and consists of seven claims1 which were located in #ahhh1 now owned by residents of ,riverside and ,san ,bernardino4 ,the principal claim is called the ,ibex4 ,the vein strikes east and west1 dipping at an angle of #de4 ,two shafts1 one #fj feet and one #eb feet1 had been sunk at the time this information was obtained4 ,at the bottom of the #eb-;foot shaft a drift #ch feet in length has been run on the vein4 ,surface cuts and trenches are quite numerous on the several claims1 and a large amount of quartz containing gold had been exposed4 ,free gold could be seen in considerable quantity in some of the porous quartz4 ,the quartz is thoroughly crystalline1 showing many cavities as a result of the decomposition and leaching out of the sulphuretted minerals it originally contained4 ,these cavities are all lined with minute quartz crystals1 which have been deposited evidently since the removal of the sulphides4 ,rock of this description is full of gold1 seemingly4 ,it is so loose in texture that careless handling shakes out the golden grains4 ,john ,anderson1 of ,san ,bernardino1 one of the owners1 volunteered the information that from #b to #d feet of this rock sampled #ajj to #aej per ton4 ,the owners had determined the latter part of ,april to ship this free-milling ore to ,the ,needles1 where a mill was being constructed4 ,some of the quartz from the lowest workings contains small crystals of pyrite and chalcopyrite1 but it would still be classed as an ore susceptible of free amalgamation4 ,the ,ibex property had a promising look in the spring of #ahib4 ,its further development will be looked to with great interest by all interested in desert mines4 ,,monte ,,negras ,,district4 ,near the south boundary of ,san ,bernardino ,county1 and about #ge miles directly east of ,mount ,san ,bernardino1 a new mining district has been organized within the past two years1 and considerable development work accomplished by the claim owners1 who1 as usual1 are men of limited means4 ,this district is #bb miles northeast of ,cottonwood ,springs1 #af miles north of ,eagle ,mountain1 and about #f miles south from ,virginia ,dale4 ,the belt is about #a miles in width and #e miles in length4 ,the veins trend north and south4 ,this new district1 which has been named the ,monte ,negras1 or ,black ,mountain ,district1 has attracted considerable attention by the discovery in one of the claims of nuggets of gold and quartz of extreme richness4 ,at the time of this discovery some newspapers in this county published the report that the mythical 8,pegleg ,smith0 ,mine had actually been found1 which only added to the excitement produced by the bringing into ,san ,bernardino of several hundred dollars worth of specimens4 ,i visited this new district in the month of ,may1 #ahib1 and spent several days in making an examination of the claims and adjacent country4 ,the ,monte ,negras camp is on the south side of the range of hills #de miles northeast of ,walters ,station1 on the line of the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad1 being reached by a fair desert road4 ,by fair ,i mean a heavy1 but not rough or hilly road4 ,walters ,station is nearly #bjj feet below the level of the sea4 ,from that point every foot of the way is up hill1 till a divide near ,cottonwood ,springs is reached1 at an altitude of #c1aeg feet1 the distance being #bg miles2 from there to the foot of the wash1 which extends #b or #c miles from the base of the mountains1 down hill #ai miles1 where the altitude is #a1cjj feet4 ,the altitude of the camp is #a1ebj feet4 ,all the mines lying back in the mountains are at higher1 though varying1 altitudes1 the greatest elevation being #c1ejj feet1 at the ,ramona4 ,the neighboring peaks rise from #bjj to #hjj feet higher4 ,this district is distant about #ce miles from ,cadiz1 on the line of the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,railroad4 ,i have never traveled the road1 and know nothing of it1 although ,i am told it is a good desert road4 ,wood is not obtainable at all in the vicinity of the mines1 and water is scarce1 but has been obtained by sinking a well in a basin at ,virginia ,dale1 a few miles north of these mines4 ,a shaft was sunk #adj feet in the wash #c miles south of the most southerly ,monte ,negras mines1 but no water was obtained4 ,bedrock was not reached at the depth mentioned1 but it is not unlikely water may be secured by continuing this shaft downward4 ,i mention all these drawbacks to what ,i otherwise believe to be promising property1 because ,i think the difficulties may be offset by the fact that the ore is high grade4 ,the ,monte ,negras uplift consists1 as far as my observation extended1 entirely of eruptive rocks1 diorite1 quartz porphyry1 and fine-grained more or less porphyritic rocks1 cut by later dikes of felsite and dark-green or black diorite4 ,epidote occurs in great quantity throughout the region1 usually associated with micaceous iron ore1 which is found in the form of veins and bunches everywhere4 ,the iron ores contain no precious metals1 and are of no economic importance4 ,the region1 although entirely eruptive1 and in part volcanic 7large fields of basalt occurring on the western slopes7 is in the immediate vicinity of a large hill called ,pinto1 or ,painted ,mountain1 which is made up of metamorphic strata1 chloritic and hornblende rocks1 quartzite and mica schist predominating4 ,the mineral-bearing veins of the ,monte ,negras ,district are all of the fissure type1 and are mostly quite simple in form4 ,the gangue is quartz1 carrying iron and copper sulphurets1 and the secondary products of those minerals1 iron oxide and copper carbonate1 with gold and silver4 ,no lead or zinc was observed4 ,the economic value of the ore lies almost1 evidently1 in its gold contents1 the silver occurring so sparingly as to amount to very little4 ,the bullion obtained from these ores is worth about #ag per ounce4 ,the ore ranges in value from #bj to over #ajj per ton4 ,observations on the principal mines of this district1 viz43 ,great ,eastern1 ,venus1 ,columbus1 ,summit1 ,porcupine1 ,schiller1 ,hillerman1 ,annie ,rooney1 ,ethel1 ,republican1 ,ramona1 ,mc,kinley ,bill1 and ,revenue1 have to be omitted in order to condense the report4 ,,san ,,diego ,,county4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,storms1 ,assistant in the ,field4 ,there has been no marked development of mines in this county since the last report was issued1 excepting in some of the districts of the ,colorado ,desert1 of which mention will be made4 ,the general geological and topographical features of this county have been so fully described in former reports that to repeat them here is unnecessary4 ,at various times within the past two years new discoveries have been announced1 and these have been developed to a greater or less extent1 and in some instances1 at least1 with encouraging results4 ,,helvetia ,,mine4 ,this mine is located a short distance from the town of ,julian1 and is equipped with a steam hoist and mill combined under one roof4 ,the new shaft1 which was started nearly three years ago1 was sunk on the vein for #ej feet1 at an angle of #ge1 at which depth the shaft left the crevice and continued vertically to a depth of #bbe feet4 ,from this point a crosscut was started back toward the vein1 running at an angle with its strike1 the idea being to reach a pay shoot as quickly as possible4 ,the shoot in question was the south extension of that developed in the old workings4 ,the vein was encountered1 and the drift continued along its course4 ,at about #cj feet from the point of intersecting the vein in this drift of the shoot was found4 ,it was hard1 blue1 rather glassy-looking quartz1 filled with minute black particles1 and showing considerable gold1 some of the rock being very high grade4 ,the drift was continued along the vein1 and finally reached a point over the level that had been run south from the old shaft1 which is #cjj feet deep4 ,this new drift was found to be #ad feet higher than the old level4 ,the mine was completely drained at the time of my visit1 and a free circulation of pure air was found throughout the workings4 ,the ground was ready for stoping1 but owing to some legal difficulties arising the property was lying idle4 ,the appended sketch will give an idea of the present development of the ,helvetia1 which is one of the most promising properties in the district1 and a type of the best class of mines of its kind found there4 ,the ,helvetia1 like other mines of the district1 occurs in the crystalline schists1 the quartz being found as lenses inclosed in the country rock4 ,some of the lenses might be mistaken for fissures1 but ,i failed to see one possessing the characteristics of a 8fissure40 ,nearly all the lenses exhibit a tendency to 8make0 into the hanging wall side of the country rock1 the lenses of quartz following each other in a general direction1 but at an angle with the stratification of the schists1 and are separate and distinct from each other1 being separated at the ends 7where they sometimes overlap7 by the 8leaves10 as they may be termed1 of the schistose country rock4 ,these lenses were doubtless caused by a compressive stress on the schists1 which had a tendency to split them1 but was not powerful enough to cause an abrupt fracture4 ,the accompanying sketch may convey an idea of the occurrence of these quartz lenses4 ,illustration3 ,,workings ,,of ,,the ,,helvetia ,,mine ,,near ,,julian ,illustration3 ,,lenticular ,,quartz ,,bodies ,,in ,,schistose ,,rock ,by the above sketch it will be observed that there is a tendency on the part of the quartz lenses to follow a given direction1 which lies at a small angle across the strike of the schists1 and that these lenses are not connected1 but occur independently1 though all are the result of the same force which flexed and split the strata4 ,other mines about ,julian were idle at the time of my visit1 the most of them being inaccessible1 owing to water in the workings4 ,considerable money has been expended on the ,owens ,mine in an attempt to drain and recover the workings1 but it was abandoned after several months of work and considerable expense4 ,more activity was exhibited in the mines about ,banner than any other part of the district4 ,,ready ,,relief ,,mine4 ,this is the largest and most extensively developed mine near ,banner4 ,it has earned considerable fame1 not only as a producer1 but for the peculiarities exhibited in the formation of its bunches of quartz1 which contain disseminated grains and masses of pyrite4 ,the ,ready ,relief has several levels1 all of which are connected by winzes and shafts4 ,the huge bunches of quartz have1 from their peculiar form1 been denominated 8rolls10 and ,i know of no better term which would convey a clear idea of their appearance4 ,as a result of close observation made at numerous points in the mine and on the surface at the time of my visit1 ,i formed the conclusion that the 8rolls0 of the ,ready ,relief ,mine simply represent an exaggerated condition of the same sort of flexing of the schists that has produced the other mines of this district4 ,the facts as observed lead me to the belief that the 8rolls0 or folds of the ,ready ,relief ,mine1 and its extensions1 both north and south1 are the result of a severe compressive stress upon the schists at right angle to a line running nearly northwest and southeast2 that this force was exerted in the form of pressure and not of contraction2 that as a result of this pressure there is a tendency exhibited on the part of the contorted strata to form a reverse fault and not a normal one1 and that this power expended itself before the rocks were forced to yield to the strain to the extent of fracture1 the result being an abrupt crumpling of the schists without disruption4 ,along this line of disturbance percolating waters have deposited silica in enormous quantities4 ,the schistose folded masses having been completely metamorphosed1 massive quartz replacing the crushed and crumpled crystalline rocks1 though the lines of its former schistose structure are in many places preserved4 ,a sketch of a characteristic section is here reproduced1 and it may help the reader to form some conception of this unusual occurrence of gold-bearing quartz4 ,the strike of the country rock is about northwest and southeast1 and varies but little from this over a wide area4 ,the rock is1 generally speaking1 a dark gray1 rather close-grained1 micaceous rock 7argillite71 having a dip to the east of about #hj4 ,the succession of folds cut across the dip of the schists at an angle about #de from the horizon4 ,it will be noticed that in places several of the rolls lie side by side4 ,where this occurs the pay shoot is very large4 ,the thickness of the individual rolls varies from a few inches to #e or #f feet1 and where the folds parallel each other a width of #ab to #bj feet or more is not uncommon4 ,these rolls do not extend longitudinally a great distance1 but seem to gradually diminish1 being followed by others along the strike of the vein4 ,it seems quite evident that had the stress which produced this folding or crumpling of the schists proceeded much farther an abrupt fracture must have resulted1 and the ,ready ,relief vein would have been a fissure having a dip of about #de4 ,at the time of my visit the ,bailey ,bros4 were overhauling their mill of ten stamps and were putting in a #ab-;foot waterwheel of the ,pelton style4 ,though large amounts of quartz have been stoped from the ,ready ,relief there were still thousands of tons in the mine4 ,mr4 ,bailey informed the writer that the rock averaged about #ae per ton4 ,the other claims which occur along the same course as the ,ready ,relief are quite similar from a geological standpoint1 though none of them exhibit the peculiarities of the folds in such a marked degree4 ,among the prominent mines on this belt are the ,hubbard claims1 which were being operated in the spring of #ahib1 the ,redman1 ,antelope1 ,cincinnati ,belle1 and some others4 ,,the ,,ruby ,,mine4 ,this mine is located a short distance east of and parallel with the ,ready ,relief4 ,it occurs at the contact of mica schist and syenite4 ,a new five-stamp mill was in course of construction at the time of my visit1 in which it was intended to crush quartz from the ,ruby and ,wilcox1 an adjoining location4 ,a small force was employed at the mine4 ,,the ,,kentuck ,s4 ,since the last report was published the ,kentuck ,s came into prominence once more under the ownership of a ,st4 ,louis syndicate4 ,a vigorous policy was inaugurated1 and for a time all seemingly went well4 ,the shoot of quartz1 which had been opened to some depth1 crops out along the flank of the steep mountain side4 ,the vein pitches into the hill at a high angle4 ,the manager selected a place to start a new vertical1 three-compartment shaft at a point up the hill about #ajj feet above the croppings4 ,the shaft was started and was fully equipped4 ,massive timbers were placed in the most approved style4 ,at a depth of #ajj feet the work has reached the level of the croppings1 and had cost1 it is said1 #aj1jjj1 and it was still about #abe feet down to a connection with the vein4 ,here the work was stopped1 and has never since been resumed1 standing an excellent example of how not to open a mine4 ,the money expended in this shaft would have driven a crosscut tunnel from the base of the hill to the vein1 giving at least #ejj feet of backs1 affording a cheap means of draining1 ventilating1 and exploiting the mine4 ,,cincinnati ,,belle4 ,among the most promising properties ,i saw about ,banner is the ,cincinnati ,belle1 which has made quite a record as a producer of rock of high grade4 ,this mine1 together with several other claims1 was purchased by a ,pomona company in #ahij1 for the purpose of operating these mines1 among them being the ,gold ,king and ,gold ,queen ,mines1 of which mention will be made hereafter4 ,the ,cincinnati ,belle is situated about #c1jjj feet northwest from the town of ,banner1 and is in charge of ,d4 ,c4 ,lane4 ,the shoots or lenses of quartz which constitute the so-called ore bodies of this mine occur in a general course along the strike of the schists1 though each succeeding lens to the northeast 8makes0 into the hanging wall1 as indicated in the cut under the head of ,helvetia ,mine4 ,the mine was developed by a tunnel of #afh feet in length1 of which the first #dj feet required timbering4 ,near the mouth of the tunnel a shaft has been sunk on the pitch of the quartz lenses1 to a depth of #bjj feet4 ,levels were opened at intervals of #ej feet4 ,the first level at the top had been cut #afh feet along the course of the lead2 the second #fh feet2 the third #abj feet2 the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth each #ej feet4 ,each level exposed a bluish quartz rock1 which returns in the mill from #ah to #dj per ton4 ,it is free milling1 and is treated by a simple amalgamation process4 ,though this quartz contains some pyrite1 which is auriferous1 carrying #h to #aj per ton1 no attempt is made to save the sulphide4 ,the mine makes but little water1 and all the quartz and waste are hoisted in a bucket4 ,pine timber is used1 which grows in the neighboring mountains above the mine4 ,it costs #aa cents per running foot at the mine4 ,the property was only under process of development at the time of my examination1 and as but little stoping has been done1 the cost of mining per ton could not be arrived at4 ,the lenses vary greatly in size1 ranging from a few inches to #d feet4 ,the vein or mineral-bearing zone is accompanied by a fissure1 which runs along nearly parallel with the quartz at a distance of a few feet on the hanging wall side4 ,this fault has resulted in the crushing of the country rock along its course4 ,in this vein1 as it may be called1 the rock has been completely changed1 clay1 talcose1 and chloritic mineral replacing the micaceous rock4 ,this mineral contains some gold4 ,the inclined shaft has two compartments and is substantially timbered throughout4 ,from the mine the company has graded1 along the mountain side1 #d1jjj feet of road1 over which the quartz is transported to the mill in the town of ,banner at an expense of #ge cents per ton4 ,the mill contains ten stamps4 ,the mill is quite complete1 but poor judgment was shown in the arrangement by the management under whose supervision it was built1 which was before the present ,superintendent was in charge4 ,as an instance1 the rock from the mine when delivered at the mill is dumped into an ore bin outside the mill4 ,the rock is then taken inside as required and dumped on a grizzly4 ,as usual the large pieces fall on the crusher floor1 where they are fed by hand into the jaw rock-breaker1 which stands above the level of the floor4 ,this sort of management necessitates extra and unnecessary work4 ,,the ,,gold ,,king ,,and ,,gold ,,queen ,,mines ,are located about #d miles west from ,banner1 and are owned by the ,pomona company1 that owns the ,cincinnati ,belle4 ,only four men were employed in these mines at the time of my visit1 prospecting work only being done4 ,the quartz raised from these workings is hauled #aa miles by road to ,banner4 ,the quartz is high grade1 and pays well1 but no large amount was developed4 ,,the ,,stonewall ,,mine ,is located about #h miles southwest from ,banner on the ,cuyamaca grant1 belonging to the ,waterman estate4 ,the ,superintendent1 ,waldo ,s4 ,waterman1 informed the writer that nothing of special interest had been developed in the mine since the publication of the last report 7#ahij74 ,,mesa ,,grande ,,district4 ,a few miles to the northwest from ,julian is located the ,mesa ,grande ,district1 where lenses of a yellowish pellucid quartz of semi-granular texture have been developed somewhat4 ,all of this quartz contains gold1 and some of it is quite rich2 but nothing of consequence has been done of late1 further than to organize a stock company4 ,,escondido ,,mines4 ,near the flourishing little town of ,escondido are some old ,mexican mines1 which have been acquired by a ,san ,diego company4 ,the veins are gold-bearing1 the quartz having formerly been worked in arrastras with evidently good results1 as the surface workings are quite extensive4 ,within the past two years1 however1 little has been done on the property4 ,,pine ,,valley4 ,the ,pine ,valley ,mines lie #f miles from the ,stonewall and ,san ,diego ,stage road1 the nearest station being ,descanso4 ,two mills1 one of five and one of two stamps1 crush the rock taken from the veins in the vicinity4 ,this quartz1 it was claimed1 would mill over #ej per ton4 ,the veins occur in a formation similar to that about ,julian and ,banner4 ,,reported ,,tin ,,discoveries4 ,frequently there have been rumors of the discovery of tin stone in ,san ,diego ,county1 but up to this time no such ores are known to exist outside of the property known as the ,temescal ,mines1 which are located on the line of ,san ,bernardino and ,san ,diego ,counties4 ,however1 in the large crystalline area which extends over a considerable portion of ,san ,diego ,county1 it would not be strange to find tin stone under conditions similar to those which obtain in the ,harney ,peak region in the ,black ,hills of ,dakota4 ,there the cassiterite is found in good-sized crystals and finely disseminated grains in a matrix of coarse-grained granite1 which has been thrust up through the schists in the form of intrusive dikes of greater or less size4 ,it usually is associated with tourmaline1 wolfram1 and other black minerals1 making it difficult to distinguish it without making a test of some sort4 ,the search for tin in ,san ,diego ,county has been confined to looking for a black rock similar to that found in the ,cajalco ,mine4 ,,dulzura ,,district4 ,the ,dulzura ,mining ,district is #cj miles east and a little south of the city of ,san ,diego1 in a range of rather rugged mountains4 ,metamorphic rocks occur frequently1 but masses of igneous rock have been intruded and constitute large hills throughout the district4 ,among these rocks are a light1 greenish-gray feldspar porphyry1 a dark-green1 fine-grained diorite1 a black aphanitic diorite1 sometimes porphyritic1 and a light cream-colored or greenish-white felsitic rock4 ,in the immediate vicinity of ,dulzura the latter rock occurs in the form of immense dikes striking northwest and southeast1 crossing ,cottonwood ,creek to the south into ,mexico4 ,in one of these great dikes1 which is several hundred feet in width1 the mines of the district are found4 ,they are principally chambered veins occurring on the line of a fault plane which has fractured the felsite1 the hanging wall side of the slip going down1 the movement causing the rock to become crushed and broken4 ,percolating waters have carried into the crushed mass mineral solutions1 which have deposited the ores1 chiefly iron sulphurets1 where the most favorable conditions were found along the line of this fault plane4 ,the subsequent oxidizing of the masses of ore thus formed has stained the rock a bright or dark red and sometimes yellow4 ,the rock contains gold ranging from a trace to #bj or over per ton4 ,it was said the average was about #h4 ,the oxidation of the ore bodies does not extend to any very great depth1 the result being the occurrence of sulphuretted ores comparatively near the surface1 though it was claimed by the mine owners that the sulphurets contained sufficient gold to make concentration and treatment by chlorination profitable4 ,the mines are quite interesting from a geological point of view1 and may1 in time1 prove equally so from a financial standpoint4 ,no machinery had been built at the time of my visit4 ,the felsite throughout the district1 whenever observed1 contained a considerable amount of pyrite1 the surface rock nearly always presenting a highly mineralized appearance4 ,,jamul ,,cement ,,rocks4 ,the ,jamul ,portland ,cement ,mine and works are located on the ,jamul rancho1 #bb miles east of the city of ,san ,diego4 ,the company began the construction of expensive works in the spring of #ahij1 which were not completed until ,june1 #ahia1 at a cost of #ej1jjj4 ,seven kilns were constructed1 together with large buildings4 ,the capacity of the works is about #aej barrels a day4 ,when in operation over forty men are employed at the mine and works4 ,the transportation problem proved a more serious one than had been anticipated1 it costing more to haul cement from ,jamul to ,san ,diego than it costs to bring ,english ,portland cement to ,california by vessel4 ,the cement made by this company has been quite extensively used throughout ,southern ,california4 ,,asbestos4 ,the ,john ,d4 ,hoff ,asbestos ,company1 of ,san ,diego1 is operating an asbestos mine in the ,san ,jacinto ,mountains1 from the product of which a variety of fire-proof material is made1 including roof paints1 roofing1 boiler and steam-pipe covering1 fire-clay goods1 etc4 ,this is the only asbestos concern in the southern part of the ,state1 and the business seems to be on the increase4 ,the works are located near ,pacific ,beach1 #g miles from ,san ,diego4 ,asbestos is also found near ,palm ,springs1 in the ,san ,jacinto ,mountains1 and several miles east of ,indio4 ,,pinacate ,,district4 ,near the line of ,san ,bernardino and ,san ,diego ,counties1 about #e to #h miles west from the town of ,perris1 are the mines of the ,pinacate ,district1 all being veins of quartz-bearing gold4 ,in past years this district has produced a large amount of bullion1 the quartz being worked in arrastras1 the beds of over a hundred of which still may be seen scattered about4 ,there are numerous springs of small size in the district1 but timber is very scarce4 ,the formation is syenite and granite principally2 occasionally schistose and gneissoid rocks and quartzites being observed4 ,the entire region is metamorphic1 excepting a few dikes of granite 7pegmatite7 and quartz porphyry4 ,diorite is found near the ,good ,hope ,mine4 ,the region is one easily accessible1 and but #d to #h miles from a railroad4 ,,steele',s ,,mine4 ,to the northwest of the ,good ,hope ,mine is the ,victor ,mine1 formerly 8,la ,plomo40 ,this mine is now better known as the ,steele ,mine4 ,the vein is a foot or more in width1 consisting of a highly crystalline quartz1 in which is disseminated a small amount of iron and lead sulphuret and lead carbonate4 ,the rock is quite rich in gold1 some of it showing gold without the aid of a lens4 ,a tunnel #ijj feet in length had been run to develop the vein1 on which an inclined shaft had been sunk to a depth of #bjj feet4 ,besides this work there were numerous other superficial workings1 in which quartz of good grade was exposed4 ,the vein occurs in a region of metamorphic rocks1 the foot wall containing much quartz and biotite mica4 ,the hanging wall is dark gray color1 and quite fine-grained in texture4 ,hornblende crystals are plentiful throughout the rock4 ,other rocks in the vicinity are mica schist1 chloritic rocks1 quartzite1 and other more massive crystalline rocks4 ,granitic dikes 7pegmatite7 cut the formation on all sides1 none of them being very large4 ,these dikes are characterized by their exceptionally coarse crystallization4 ,good-sized tourmalines1 of jet black color1 are numerous in the granite4 ,,the ,,rosalia4 ,about a mile northwest from the ,victor is the ,old ,rosalia1 now the ,santa ,rosa1 which is opened along the surface for over #a1jjj feet by cuts and shafts4 ,the upper portion of the vein was worked out years ago1 but new capital has been interested and a new shaft was being sunk at the north end of the property4 ,the inclosing rock on either side of the vein is very soft and much decomposed1 requiring more timber than had ever been used by the former operators4 ,the mine has produced a large amount of gold1 which was extracted by working the quartz in arrastras1 and in later years in a mill1 which still stands on the mine4 ,at the north end it was understood that the shoot of pay rock was still intact1 and it is to recover this that the new work was being inaugurated4 ,the balance of the shoot to the south has all been worked out down to the water-line4 ,,the ,,santa ,,fe4 ,not over half a mile from the ,rosalia is the old ,santa ,fe ,mine1 which in days gone by was a producer of gold1 but its workings had long been abandoned4 ,,the ,,shay ,,mine ,is also in the ,pinacate ,district1 #f miles west of ,perris4 ,several holes have been sunk on the vein1 but the entire lower portion of the mine was flooded and could not be examined4 ,the quartz is a bluish1 ribbon-like rock1 and carries considerable gold4 ,the owner from lack of means is unable to work the mine4 ,there are numerous other mines or veins in the district1 many of which have been worked in former years by ,mexicans1 who coyoted about1 working the narrow seams and crushing the quartz in arrastras4 ,these veins are now abandoned1 and no one seems to have sufficient faith in their value to undertake anything like systematic development4 ,the veins mostly lie quite flat in granite or syenitic rocks4 ,they are usually from #d to #af inches in thickness and extend some distance4 ,roads are constructed to nearly all of them4 ,it seems like a region promising good returns on small investments4 ,one ten-stamp custom mill could crush the rock for all the veins of this district4 ,i was informed that much of the rock returned from #fj to over #ajj per ton4 ,,the ,,menifee ,,mine ,is located south of ,perris about #h miles4 ,the vein contains gold-bearing quartz4 ,the foot wall is a chloritic schist1 back of which lies a syenitic rock4 ,the hanging wall is syenitic granite1 the hornblende having changed partly to chlorite4 ,the vein is from #a foot to #cj inches in width1 and strikes northeast and southwest1 dipping west #hj to a depth of #dj feet1 where it flattens out to #fe4 ,the quartz mills about #ae per ton1 and contains but a small percentage of sulphurets4 ,there are four shafts on the vein1 varying from #ce to #fj feet in depth1 the main shaft having a double compartment1 being #e by #aa feet4 ,they have a five-stamp mill4 ,,the ,,walker ,,claim4 ,within a mile of the ,menifee1 in a northeasterly direction1 a new discovery was made in the spring of #ahib of a quartz vein which occurs on a low mound at the base of low1 rolling hills4 ,the vein was small1 #d inches to a foot1 quite heavily mineralized1 but much broken4 ,two distinct faults occurred in a length of #ij feet1 where the vein had been exposed4 ,two shafts were down #cj feet each1 and water was coming in4 ,the finding of specimen rock had created quite an excitement in the vicinity1 and visitors were numerous4 ,the rock1 ,i judged1 would pan out about #dj1 but too small an amount of work had been accomplished to make any estimate of the value of the vein possible4 ,,cargo ,,muchacho ,,mine4 ,in the ,cargo ,muchacho ,district1 #cj miles in a northerly direction from ,yuma1 the ,cargo ,muchacho ,mine has again been in operation within the past two years4 ,the owners moved the mill from the ,paymaster ,mine to a site near the former property1 laid a double pipe-line #ad miles from the ,colorado ,river1 and have supplied the camp with water in this manner4 ,the latest reports from the district are to the effect that the mill and mine are being operated steadily1 with satisfactory results4 ,,the ,,pasadena ,,mine4 ,about one mile north from the ,cargo ,muchacho is a vein on which several locations have been made4 ,of these the ,pasadena and ,peterson claims are most prominent4 ,the vein covered by the locations has been quite extensively opened1 and possesses many of the features of the ,cargo ,muchacho4 ,the quartz was sent1 at no small expense1 to a mill at ,el ,rio1 on the ,colorado ,river4 ,the expense of mining was seldom less than #b a ton2 transportation to the ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 at ,ogilby ,station1 #f miles1 #b #ej2 transportation by rail to ,el ,rio1 #ad miles1 #ej cents a ton1 making at least #e a ton4 ,the mill was leased at #aj per day1 to which the expense of milling was added1 making fully #d a ton more1 or about #i in all4 ,it was claimed that the rock averaged #af4 ,doubtless some of it did1 but it is probable the expense really exceeded the figures given4 ,with water pumped into the district it is quite possible that this mine1 and the ,peterson claim adjoining1 may be operated at a profit1 which under former conditions was impossible4 ,there are many other gold-bearing veins in the region1 but none of them are extensively developed4 ,,eagle ,,mountain4 ,unusual activity has characterized operations about that portion of the ,colorado ,desert1 about #ij miles east of the ,san ,bernardino ,mountain1 near the line between ,san ,diego and ,san ,bernardino ,counties4 ,the ,eagle ,mountain ,district is one of these localities4 ,the discovery of rich placers in the dry gulches of that section resulted in a more thorough investigation of its mineral resources and in the finding of some very rich gold-bearing quartz4 ,considerable work has been done on these claims and the prospects are considered very flattering4 ,a cemented basin has been constructed to catch the rain water that falls during the winter season1 with which it is intended to work the placer mines4 ,the discoverers of these mines1 it is said1 took enough gold from the gulches1 in making the basin referred to1 with a dry washer1 to pay for making and cementing the basin4 ,,cottonwood ,,springs4 ,twenty-six miles in a northeast direction from ,walters ,station1 on the line of the ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 at an altitude of #c1jjd feet1 is ,cottonwood ,springs4 ,a range of mountains1 in which occur granitic and metamorphic rocks and eruptive dikes1 strikes east and west across the desert1 and in these occur several springs4 ,there is but one mine in the immediate vicinity of the springs1 and this is known as ,,the ,,coyote ,,mine1 ,where a reading of the aneroid indicated #c1cjj feet4 ,the formation in which the ,coyote vein has formed is micaceous and hornblende schist and gneissoid rock2 hornblende granite and dikes of diorite also occur in the vicinity of the vein4 ,the ,coyote ,mine is a quartz vein from #b to #d feet in width4 ,the rock is iron stained and occasionally shows free gold4 ,the vein is developed by two shafts1 one about #bj and the other nearly #hj feet in depth1 and strikes #e north of east1 having a dip of #df to the south4 ,the vein appeared to cut the formation at a small angle4 ,a fault1 which has occurred within the vein1 had evidently puzzled the owners1 as at the bottom of the #bj-;foot shaft they had developed #h feet of what looked like solid quartz4 ,the vein is really but #d feet in width at that point1 but the fault cutting downward at an angle of #de and crossing the strike of the vein at an angle of #bg had allowed the hanging wall side of the fault to slip downward1 thus doubling the width of quartz1 which was much shattered4 ,the miners had quit work1 leaving what they considered well enough alone4 ,in the deeper shaft the fault had carried the hanging wall down and to the east a few feet1 and the vein was lost altogether4 ,a short drift had been run into the hanging wall1 but not finding the vein1 work had been suspended4 ,the vein lies on the foot wall side and not more than #d or #e feet from the line of the slip4 ,illustration3 ,,fault ,,of ,,coyote ,,mine ,,cottonwood ,,springs ,,salton ,,lake4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,preston1 ,e4,m41 ,assistant in the ,field4 ,the ,coahuila ,valley1 in which ,salton ,lake is situated1 is #ij miles long and from #aj to #cj wide4 ,it separates the ,san ,bernardino range of mountains from the ,san ,jacinto1 and forms a part of the great ,colorado ,desert in ,san ,diego ,county4 ,in its deepest portions it is #bge feet below the level of the sea2 the area of the depressed region is over #a1fjj square miles4 ,in its northern portion the valley consists of sandhills and dunes1 the former caused by the accumulation of the sand around the scrub and bushes growing in the desert4 ,the southern portion is bare clay4 ,on the borders of the desert palm trees of the fan palm variety occur in a few scattered clusters4 ,the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad passes through the valley on its way to ,yuma4 ,in that part of the depression adjacent to the railroad station of ,salton is a salt marsh1 where the ,new ,liverpool ,salt ,company's works are located1 and where a fine quality of table salt is produced1 containing1 according to an analysis made by ,thomas ,price1 of ,san ,francisco3 ,chloride of sodium #id4fh per cent4 ,calcium sulphate 4#gg per cent4 ,magnesium sulphate #c4ab per cent4 ,sodium sulphate 4#fh per cent4 ,water 4#ge per cent4 #ajj4jj per cent4 ,the brine from which the salt is obtained shows a density of #bg ,baum4 ,the company's works are situated about #c1jjj feet west of the railroad track1 and consist of the salt mill and a large storehouse1 connected by track with the main line4 ,this branch line extends into the marsh a distance of over #aj1jjj feet4 ,beyond the end of the track a borehole was sunk by the company1 with the expectation of obtaining water1 to a depth of #cjj feet1 when the work was interrupted4 ,the strata passed through during the sinking throw some light on the past condition of the desert depression1 as well as furnishing some points that may have a bearing on the flooding of this section4 ,the top covering consists of #f inches of black mud1 resting on a crust of chlorides of sodium and magnesium1 #g inches in thickness4 ,the drill on passing through this crust dropped through #bb feet of a black ooze1 containing over #ej per cent of water4 ,tests of the ooze made at the ,state ,mining ,bureau laboratory showed it to consist largely of chlorides and carbonates of sodium and magnesium1 the soda salts predominating1 besides fine sand1 iron oxide1 and clay1 and a small amount of organic matter4 ,the ooze was resting on a hard clay bottom1 through which the drill passed for the entire remaining distance1 only varied by two or three streaks of cement4 ,from the shore line of the marsh toward the adjacent mountain ranges1 the soil consists of a fine sand1 containing clay and a notable quantity of mica1 and is strewn with well-preserved shells of ,planorbis ammon1 ,gould1 ,physa humerosa1 ,gould1 and ,amnicola protea1 ,gould4 ,in a few spots near the northwest end of the marsh the accumulated cases of a species of ,caddice worm are found4 ,northeast of the marsh the surface slopes gradually upward to where the remains of an ancient sea beach are to be seen1 stretching to the south and east to where the ,colorado ,river cuts through on its way to the ,gulf of ,california4 ,behind the beach extends a mesa to the foot of the ,san ,bernardino range4 ,across this mesa are evidences of heavy floods coming down the caons of the back range1 carrying large quantities of debris with them1 mostly bowlders of mica schists and granitoid rocks1 with some quartz intermixed4 ,on the west side of the marsh the surface has but little elevation until the granitic bluffs of the ,san ,jacinto range are reached4 ,these bluffs are coated for a distance of about #be feet above the plain with a sponge-shaped incrustation from #b to #c inches thick1 consisting largely of carbonate of lime1 chloride of sodium1 sand1 clay1 and oxide of iron2 under the glass some of the pores are seen to contain minute shells of the same varieties as found on the sand of the plain4 ,where arroyos have been cut through the sands of the plains to the depth of several feet1 the exposed sections show a stratified arrangement of the sand1 having between the layers a thin division of the same varieties of shells as found on the surface1 the whole resting on a firm clay bottom4 ,from the position and regularity1 as well as the quantity of these shells1 on top of the different strata of sand1 while but few are seen scattered through the sand layers1 a periodicity of the conditions favorable to their existence and growth1 as well as a comparatively sudden cessation of the same1 must be inferred4 ,these conditions mean an occasional flooding of the depression for a period of time1 during which a shallow body of water was maintained1 which evaporated as soon as the water supply was shut off4 ,in what manner this can occur will be shown later on4 ,the plain supports a scant growth of desert shrubs1 with some mesquite bushes in the vicinity of the few springs that are found scattered over the desert1 most of which are saline4 ,the presence of the extensive line of sea beach proves that at some time the gulf has extended much farther inland than at present1 covering the whole of this depression4 ,the ,colorado ,river1 in its course south to the ocean1 built up a flood plain on a higher level that finally shut off the western part from a direct communication with the sea1 and evaporation1 with a gradual uplifting of this whole section1 finally laid it bare1 although leaving a great part of it still below the present sea-level4 ,under these conditions1 whenever more water comes down the river than its banks can contain1 the silt-formed shores give way to the increased pressure and permit the excess of water to flow to1 and gather in1 what is termed the river swamp at the back of the flood plain1 from whence it either re-enters the river lower down in its course1 or finds its way into the depression4 ,the ,salton ,marsh at present acts as the catchment basin for the waters draining from the east side of the ,san ,jacinto range1 ,carizoo ,creek1 and a part of the ,san ,bernardino ,mountain range1 and in times of extreme high waters as a reservoir for the excess in the ,colorado ,river4 ,in the month of ,june1 #ahia1 a steady flow of water entered the depression from the southeast and continued to the northwest uninterruptedly until an area #cj miles long and averaging #aj miles in width was covered to a depth of #f feet1 measured at the end of the ,salton ,salt ,works branch track4 ,when first examined the water showed a density of #g ,baum1 which gradually increased to #be ,baum4 ,the mother liquor used in making salt at the ,new ,liverpool works usually shows a density of #bg ,baum4 ,this salt water gave rise to the idea that the waters from the gulf had made an inroad through some underground channel1 and to prove the source and possible permanency of these waters several investigating parties were sent out4 ,no such previous incursion had been witnessed by the settlers1 but inquiry proved that a similar lake existed here in #ahdi4 ,finally one of the parties showed that the ,colorado ,river was the source1 and then the question was brought to the attention of the ,state ,mining ,bureau to investigate as to the probability of the permanency of the lake and its probable effect on the climate of the surrounding country4 ,the ,colorado in its great length accumulates a large amount of sediment1 from #j4a to #j4d per cent per gallon1 and after this has been deposited the water on evaporation is found to contain #j4ad grammes solid residue1 consisting largely of sulphate of soda and chloride of sodium4 ,with the sediment the river is all the time building up its flood plain1 and it may not be out of place to recall the general laws that govern the actions of streams while depositing the solid matter they carry in suspension4 ,currents bearing sediments deposit a large percentage as soon as their velocity is checked in the least1 but pick up deposited sediments again as soon as the current is increased4 ,thus a variable current is depositing at one point while eroding deposits at other points4 ,the velocity of a river current varies with the seasons on account of the different volumes of water carried1 but it also varies at different points of the river1 during the different hours of the day1 through the constant action of the laws of erosion and deposition4 ,the banks not furnishing a constant1 even resistance1 erode in the looser parts1 causing each time a deflection of the current1 as well as a change in the velocity4 ,this action soon changes a straight stream with an even current1 to a serpentine course with currents of different velocities1 as the outside of a curve has always greater speed than the inside2 consequently the outer edge is eroding while the inner is depositing sediment4 ,the ,colorado ,river1 in the lower part of its course from ,yuma down1 overflows its flood plain1 and deposits thereon a certain amount of sediment during every high water4 ,this flood plain extends back for several miles on the west bank1 showing a succession of benches or levees running parallel with the stream on a higher level than the back country4 ,the water1 when high enough to reach over these benches1 gathers in the back part1 where it evaporates1 leaving a mud that greatly enriches the soil4 ,these levees are the result of the law quoted above1 as the water in the regular channel flows swifter than on the flood plain2 consequently on the border of the two a large amount of sediment is thrown down4 ,as these border lands are only covered during the highest floods1 they maintain a growth of willows and poplars that gives the banks a greater stability1 and preserves them to a certain extent from the erosive force of the current4 ,a source of changes in the direction of the main current is the stranding of logs and tree tops brought down from the upper courses of the river1 as the sediment accumulates behind them and forms islands in midstream4 ,several of these are to be seen in the river channel in passing down the stream4 ,from soundings made across a section of the river at the railroad bridge at ,yuma1 the depth was found to vary from #b feet to #ba feet4 ,at the meter placed in the main channel the indicator showed a depth of #ag feet4 ,at ordinary high water1 caused by the annual rising of the ,gila ,river1 or of the ,colorado in its upper reaches1 which events usually occur at different seasons of the year1 the meter has not been known to show a depth of over #bh feet1 but in consequence of a co-equal rise in both streams during the past season1 the meter registered over #cc feet4 ,this excess filled the river swamp on the right bank1 where the erosive force of the current was most effective4 ,the course of the river below ,yuma for several miles is to the west1 until the neighborhood of ,el ,rio station is reached1 where sandstone bluffs on the right bank deflect the current back to its general south course4 ,a little back from the river below this point is a small1 isolated range of hills1 known as ,pilot ,knob1 formed of granite1 fissured with seams of dioritic rock4 ,the granite shows lamination1 and the surface of the rocks is polished by the constant attrition of the drifting sands4 ,the beach near ,pilot ,knob is cemented into a calcareous conglomerate1 underlaid by sand in a loose state4 ,after resuming its southern course the river for several miles follows a straight reach1 until below ,hanlon's ,ferry4 ,the tendency of the current to bear more to the right bank shows itself now in the formation of sloughs and inlets that absorb a large proportion of the water and form several islands1 shallowing that part of the river that passes down the proper channel4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,colorado ,,river ,,at ,,yuma ,illustration3 ,,detail ,,of ,,break ,,in ,,colorado ,,river ,the accompanying sketch shows the different channels in detail4 ,formerly the water from these outside channels returned through the bend marked 8sand0 to the main stream1 but at the present time it passes through a crevasse in the bend1 marked ,tapscott and ,carter ,rivers1 furnishing the largest portion of the water that ultimately found its way into the depression of ,salton ,lake4 ,during the extreme high water the western bank from ,el ,rio down1 which is formed entirely of silt1 was broken through in numerous places1 and the mostly shallow channels either entered the river again below1 or accumulated their waters on the back part of the flood plain1 and by following the natural hollows and gullies gradually wound their way in the direction of the old ,yuma road4 ,the great force of the current soon cut down below the level of the river bed and relieved in part the congested condition4 ,the grade being gradually to the west1 the water cut through the sediment in that direction1 partly to the ,yuma road1 partly farther south parallel to the ,rio ,el ,medio1 which1 judging from analogy1 owes its origin to some former similar condition of the river4 ,tapscott ,river may have been formed prior to ,carter ,river1 as it has a better defined channel2 the latter has no regular channel1 but seems to have been caused by the excess of water that could not enter the former1 following depressions and sloughs which have no direct connection with one another4 ,at the time these observations were made1 the estimated volume of water in the river at the ,yuma bridge was about #c1gjj cubic feet per second1 and at the crevasse forming ,tapscott and ,carter ,rivers1 two fifths of the entire volume of water in the river was passing through1 but none of it was reaching ,salton ,lake4 ,of this two fifths not more than #bj cubic feet per second was running through ,carter ,river4 ,beyond ,alamo ,mocho1 which is on the old ,yuma road1 at the time of the flood1 the water flowed into a number of lagoons1 and thence into ,new ,river1 following the old channel that was cut at the time of the #ahdi overflow1 and thus reaching and forming ,salton ,lake4 ,all of the water leaving the main river at present finds its way down through the ,hardy ,colorado back to the ,colorado proper1 or evaporates4 ,in the beginning of this article mention was made of a borehole that was sunk by the new ,liverpool ,salt ,company in the salt marsh1 and which revealed under a thin crust of mud and salt a depression filled with ooze1 composed largely of magnesium and sodium salts4 ,this ooze is probably the final resultant of the evaporations of the former sea water1 and which1 from the well-known avidity of the magnesian salts for moisture1 is kept in this condition of ooze through the natural drainage and seepage waters4 ,this depression may extend beyond the borders of the present marsh toward the gulf1 covered over by the sand1 and may have some relation with the small so-called mud volcanoes southeast of the lake near the station of ,volcano1 as well as with some openings in the ground mentioned by one of the gentlemen who investigated these regions between the ,colorado ,river and the lake1 and of which he stated that any amount of water running into them did not seem to fill them4 ,should such a connection exist1 the water pouring in from the river would have dissolved the thin salt crust where exposed1 and opened a channel1 permitting a rapid filling in of the water which formed the lake1 for otherwise a body of water running over this light sand and under such a dry1 hot temperature would hardly have filled up the depression as rapidly as was the case4 ,besides1 this would explain the reason for the fresh waters of the ,colorado ,river attaining so rapidly a density of over #bj ,baum4 ,should this supposition prove correct1 and it could easily be ascertained by a series of shallow boreholes1 it might be expected that every large overflow in the ,colorado ,river in this direction would result in a repetition of ,salton ,lake4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,silently corrected a few palpable typos4 --,transcribed handwritten in-photo captions4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4