,,! ,,lady',s ,,c\ntry ,,companion2     
,,or1  ,,h[ ,,to ,,enjoy ,a ,,c\ntry    
,,life ,,rationally4   ,,by  ,,mrs4     
,,l\don1  ,,au?or ,,( ,,g>d5+ ,,=       
,,ladies1 ,,etc4   ,,)  ,an ,engrav+ on 
,/eel1 & ,illu/rations on ,wood4        
,,f\r? ,,edition4  ,,london3  ,,longman1
 ,,br[n1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,longmans4 #aheb4 
,illu/ration     ,,preface4   ,9 !      
pres5t edition ( ! ,lady's ,c\ntry      
,companion1 a r$uction has be5 made 9 ! 
price1 to r5d] ! "w /ill m g5]ally      
useful ?an x has hi!rto be52 b 9 all o!r
 respects x is ess5tially ! same4  ,!   
pr9cipal object ( ?is "w is to save "y  
h\sekeep]s ! pa9 & tr\ble ( buy+ _! own 
exp]i5ce2 & ?\gh x is p>ticul>ly        
address$ to ^? resid+ 9 ! c\ntry1 ,i h  
_h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ t x has be5 9  
_m cases almo/ equally useful to ^? liv+
 9 t[ns4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be int]e/+ to my
 read]s to "k t x 0 orig9ally writt5 = !
 b5efit ( a "y fri5d1 :o 0 precisely 9 !
 position ,i h repres5t$ ,annie to be 91
 & :o1 kn[+ ,i _h resid$ 9 ! c\ntry 9 my

 y\?1 ask$ my advice4 ,( c\rse1 9 prep>+
 ! "w = publication1 _m ?+s 7 add$ or   
enl>g$ on1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! p>ts relat+ to
 cook+ & g>d5+1 & 9 ! sugge/ions = alt]+
 & furni%+ ! h\se2 b ne>ly all !        
h\sekeep+ & f>m-y>d details 7 ! result (
 my p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,x happ5$ 9 my    
y\?1 t my fa!r1 :o 0 9 ! law1 0 oblig$1 
f ill heal?1 to give up 8 pr(ession1 &  
to reside 9 ! c\ntry2 & z my "m 0 dead  
,i kept 8 h\se4 ,i _h ?us to practise   
:at ,i h "h attempt$ to tea*2 & ,i %all 
be only too happy if ,i am ! means (    
sp>+ o!rs ! annoyances ,i suff]$ myself4
  ,i h /at$ ^! facts n[1 z x is         
possible1 f ! gradually decl9+ /ate ( my
 heal?1 ,i may n h ano!r opportunity (  
m5tion+ !m 9 _! prop] place1 & z ,i ?9k 
my read]s w be likely to place m        
confid5ce 9 my c\nsels :5 !y "k !y are  
f\nd$ on realities4 ,i h always be5     
anxi\s to make my books useful1 b ,i am 
n[ /ill m s ?an ev] ,i 0 be=e4  ,j4 ,w4 
,,l\don4  ,bayswat]1 ,dec4 #aj1 #ahea4  
,,cont5ts4   ,preface  ,li/ ( ,engrav+s 

,,lett] ,i4 ,,introduction4             
#a   ,,book ,i4 ,,! ,,h\se4  ,,lett]    
,,ii4 ,fir/ ,impressions ( !            
,c\ntry4--,mak+ ,fires4  ,,lett] ,,iii4 
,hall4--,morn+                          
,room4--,book-,cases4--,plants 9        
,pots4--,squirrels1 ,can>y ,birds1      
,p>rots & ,macaws1 ,monkeys1 ,gold ,fi%1
 & ,cut                                 
,fl[]s4--,draw+-room4--,d9+-room4       
,,lett] ,,iv4 ,flies4--,s]vants'        
,(fices1 includ+ ! ,h\sekeep]'s ,room & 
,/ore ,closet1 ! ,kit*51 & !            
,scull]y4--,brew+2 mak+ ,home-made      
,w9es1 ,cid]1 & ,p]ry2 & mak+ ,bread1   
,rolls1 ,cakes1 ,rusks1 ,muff9s &       
,crumpets1 & ,biscuits4  ,,lett] ,v4    
,impromptu                              
,cook]y4--,s\ps4--,p\ltry4--,pigeons4--,
game4--,salads ( ,cold ,meat &          
,potatoes4--,modes ( dress+ ,potatoes & 
,c>rots4--,sauces4--,omelettes1 ,creams1
 & ,side ,di%es4--,miscellane\s         
,cook]y4--,national ,cook]y4--,! ,fr5*  
,pot-au-,feu4--,italian                 

,mac>oni4--,g]man ,sau] ,kraut--,poli%  
,b>s*4--,spani% ,olla ,podrida &        
,pu*]o4--,scot* ,haggis1 ,b>ley ,bro? & 
,hot*-pot*4--,engli% ,plum-pudd+4       
,pudd+s4--,potato                       
,fl\r4--,pickles4--,pork ,pies4  ,,lett]
 ,,vi4 ,! ,l>d]4--,salt+ ,meat1 ,bacon1 
& ,hams4--,! ,dairy4--,managem5t (      
,milk4--,mak+ & keep+ ,butt]4--,mak+    
,*eese ( v>i\s ,k9ds4--,ice-,h\se1      
,ice-,cell>1 &                          
,ice-,cool]4--,ice-,creams4   ,,book    
,,ii4 ,,! ,,g>d54  ,,lett] ,,vii4       
,plant+ a regul> ,geometrical           
,fl[]-,g>d54--,li/ ( ,plants4--,mode (  
lay+ out regul> ,figures on !           
,gr\nd4--,rules = arrang+               
,col\rs4--,plant+ ,side ,b$s4--,plants )
 fragrant ,fl[]s4--,culture (           
,bulbs4--,res]ve ,gr\nd4--,culture (    
,annuals1 ,p]5nials1 &                  
,bi5nials4--,hotb$s & ,frames = rais+ & 
keep+ ,half-h>dy ,fl[]s4  ,,lett]       
,,viii4 ,use ( ,plant-,h\ses4--,nature (
 ,climates4--,diff]5t ,k9ds (           

,ho?\ses4--,! ,dry ,/ove1 ! ,b>k ,/ove1 
& ! ,or*ide\s ,h\se4--,culture ( ,plants
 9 ! ,b>k ,/ove4--,aqu>ium & ,wat]      
,plants4--,r$ ,spid]4--,culture (       
,succul5t ,/ove ,plants4--,culture (    
,or*ide\s ,plants4--,! ,gre5h\se4--,!   
,au/ralian ,h\se1 & ,culture ( its      
,plants4--,! common ,gre5h\se1 ! ,hea?  
,h\se1 ! ,cons]vatory1 ! ,orang]y1 & !  
,camellia ,h\se4--,! ,culture ( ,plants 
9 ! common ,gre5h\se4--,pott+           
,plants4--,hea?s4--,culture ( ,plants 9 
! ,cons]vatory4--,culture ( ,orange     
,trees4--,aphides4  ,,lett] ,,ix4 ,!    
,p>k & ,pleasure-,gr\nds4--,situation ( 
old ,h\ses4--,wat]4--,=e/               
,sc5]y4--,effect ( a ,%rubb]y 9 h>monis+
 a ,fl[]-,g>d5 ) a ,p>k4--,op5+         
,vi/as4--,sc5es 9 a ,p>k4--,f5ces aga9/ 
,cattle4--,/yles 9 ,g>d5+4--,use ( a    
,t]race4--,patte d',oie4--,plant+ an    
,ar*itectural ,g>d54--,plant+ an        
,arboretum4--,r5ovat+ ,turf4  ,,lett]   
,x4 ,lay+ out a ,kit*5-,g>d54--,mak+    
,gravel ,walks4--,box ,edg+s4--,crops ( 

,cul9>y ,vegetables4--,cucumb]s1        
,melons1 & ,mu%rooms4  ,,lett] ,,xi4 ,! 
,managem5t ( ,fruit                     
,trees4--,plant+4--,protect+ !          
,blossoms4--,/one ,fruits4--,fig        
,trees4--,grapes4--,managem5t ( a       
,v9]y4--,gr[+ ,p9e-apples4--,=c+ ,pea*es
 & ,nect>9es4--,/&>d ,fruit             
,trees4--,k]nel ,fruits4--,fruit        
,%rubs4--,/rawb]ries4--,t>t-,rhub>b4    
,,lett] ,,xii4 ,op]ations (             
,g>d5+4--,digg+1 ,=k+1 & ,hoe+4--,s[+   
,se$s4--,tak+ (f ,suck]s4--,mak+ ,lay]s 
& ,cutt+s4--,budd+1 ,graft+1 &          
,in>*+4--,prun+ &                       
,tra9+4--,disbudd+4--,manur+4--,keep+   
,fruit 9 a ,fruit-,room4   ,,book ,,iii4
 ,,dome/ic ,,animals4  ,,lett] ,,xiii4  
,quadrup$s kept = ,amusem5t4--,horses = 
rid+ & driv+ 9 ,pony ,c>riages4--,mules1
 ,zebras1 ,quaggas1 & ,donkeys4--,dogs &
 ,cats4  ,,lett] ,,xiv4 ,quadrup$s kept 
= supply+ ,food4--,c[s1 ,calves1 ,goats1
 ,pigs1 ,rabbits1 & ,de]4  ,,lett] ,,xv4
 ,inhabitants ( ! ,p\ltry-,y>d3 ,f[ls1  

,turkeys1 ,gu9ea ,f[ls1 ,geese1 ,ducks1 
& ,pigeons4--,peacocks &                
,h5s4--,diseases ( ,p\ltry1 & _! ,cure4 
,,lett] ,,xvi4 ,! ,inhabitants ( !      
,ponds3 ,fi% & ,aquatic ,f[ls1 includ+  
,swans1 exotic ,geese &                 
,ducks4--,inhabitants ( ! ,woods3       
includ+ ,pheasants & ,p>tridges1 ,h]ons 
& ,bitt]ns4--,avi>y4--,api>y1 & !       
,managem5t ( ,bees4--,silk-worms4       
,,book ,,iv4 ,,rural ,,walks4  ,,lett]  
,,xvii4 ,%oes & ,app>atus =             
,walk+4--,rural ,seats4--,natural       
,objects not$ 9 a ,c\ntry ,walk2 !      
,mole2 ! ,%rike2 ! ,black ,snail2 !     
,sill] ,cups2 ! ,w\ndwort4--,pleasures (
 /udy+ ,botany4--,granite4--,appe>ance (
 ! ,cl\ds4   ,,book ,v4 ,,c\ntry        
,,amusem5ts4  ,,lett] ,,xviii4 ,ar*]y3  
,t>gets2 ,self ,b[s & ,back$ ,b[s2      
,b[/r+s2 ,arr[s2 ,arm ,brac] &          
,%oot+-,glove2 ,belt & ,tassel2 &       
,quiv]4--,sket*+ 9 ! op5 ,air3          
,block-,book & ,p5cils2 ,arti/'s        
,col\rs2 ,t\* ( ! diff]5t               

,trees4--,sw++4--,pleasure-,boats4--,ska
t+4--,sport+ ,t]ms4   ,,book ,,vi4      
,,c\ntry ,,duties4  ,,lett] ,,xix4      
,relation betwe5 a ,l&$ ,proprietor & ! 
,cottag]s on 8 ,e/ate4--,h[ to relieve !
 ,poor4--,e/abli%+ ,s*ools4--,tea*+ !   
,daught]s ( ! ,poor to make ,clo!s1 &   
tea*+ !m ,cook+4--,employ+ !            
,poor4--,assi/+ ! ,poor 9               
,illness4--,mak+ ,clo!s = ! ,poor4      
,,index4     ,,li/ ,,( ,,engrav+s4      
,frontispiece4 ,! ,manor-,h\se 9 its    
orig9al ,/ate4 #a4    ,gr\nd ,plan ( !  
,manor-,h\se4 #b4    ,spigot & ,faucet4 
#c4    ,ma%-/irr]4 #d4    ,ma%-tub4 #e4 
,fruit-cru%]4 #f4    ,cabbage-cutt+     
,ma*9e = prep>+ ,sau] ,kraut4           
,g>d5 ,front ( ! ,manor-,h\se 9 its     
improv$ ,/ate4 #g4    ,radiat$          
,geometrical ,fl[]-g>d54 #h4    ,squ>e  
,geometrical ,fl[]-g>d5 #i4    ,diagram 
= =m+ ! ,b$s ( ,fl[]-g>d5s4 #aj4        
,diagram = =m+ ! ,b$s ( ,fl[]-g>d5s4    
#aa4   ,diagram = =m+ ! ,b$s (          
,fl[]-g>d5s4 #ab4   ,comp\nd            

,geometrical ,fl[]-g>d54 #ac4   ,p>k    
,f5ce4 #ad4   ,p\ltry-y>d4 #ae4         
,sitt+-box = ,h5s4 #af4   ,h5-roo/ #ag4 
,h5-coop4 #ah4   ,nidulria campanulta4  
,,lett] ,i4  ,,introduction4   ,y\r     
lett]1 my de> ,annie1 in=m+ me t y are  
ab\t to be m>ri$ & to settle 9 ! c\ntry1
 has int]e/$ me exce$+ly1 z x rem9ds me 
( my own y\?1 :5 my fir/ essays 9       
h\sekeep+ 7 made "u circum/ances v      
simil> to ^? 9 :i* y w be plac$4 ,x is  
true ,i 0 n !n m>ri$1 b1 z my "m 0 dead1
 ! c>e ( ! h\se devolv$ on me2 & ,i knew
 ev5 less ab\t h\sehold affairs ?an mo/ 
girls ( my age & rank 9 life1 z my "m _h
 an old & fav\rite h\sekeep]1 :o manag$ 
e ?+1 & :o w\ld n suff] ! slighte/      
int]f]5ce 9 h] dep>tm5t4 ,:5 my "m di$1 
?is p]son left u2 & my fa!r1 ) a %att]$ 
con/itution & a greatly dim9i%$ =tune1  
retir$ to a small e/ate he _h 9 !       
c\ntry4 ,i 0 !n "y & ?\ghtless2 ,i _h no
 si/]s2 & hav+1 l y1 be5 br\ght up 9 a  
t[n1 ,i _h no ideas ( ! c\ntry b z a    
place :]e eggs1 cream1 & fruit 7 9      

abundance2 :]e ,i might keep z mu*      
p\ltry z ,i lik$2 & :]e !re 7 %ady      
lanes1 & gre5 fields ab\nd+ ) pretty    
fl[]s4  ,! place we w5t to live at _h a 
good h\se1 comm&+ a spl5did view2 an    
excell5t g>d52 ?ree fi%-ponds1 & ab\t   
?irty acres ( grass l&1 :i* enabl$ u to 
keep c[s & horses1 )\t tr\bl+ u ) any ( 
! labori\s duties ( cultivat+ arable l&4
  ,at fir/ ,i 0 en*ant$ ) ! *ange4 ,i 0 
nev] tir$ ( fe$+ my p\ltry1 wat*+ !     
dairy-maid1 & manag+ ! fruit & fl[]s2 b1
 alas6 ,i soon f\nd t !re are few roses 
)\t ?orns4 ,my fir/ tr\ble 0 ?ree       
g5tlem5 call+ on u "o day unexpect$ly1 &
 my fa!r ask+ !m to /ay d9n]4 ,we 7 sev5
 miles f ! t[n :]e we _h =m]ly liv$2 &1 
?\gh !re 0 a small t[n )9 two miles ( u1
 ! road 0 bad1 & ! miles v long ones2   
:ile ! t[n itself1 :5 we rea*$ x1 0 "o (
 ^? provok+ places ! %opkeep]s ( :i*    
nev] h :at is want$1 ?\gh !y always say 
!y _h abundance ( ! requir$ article !   
week be=e1 & believe !y %all h x aga9 ! 
week aft]4 ,i ne$ n ent] into ! details 

( my tr\bles 9 prep>+ = ?is             
well-rememb]$ d9n]4 ,meat 0 out ( ! "q2 
& ?\gh ,i 0 enabl$1 ) inf9ite           
difficulty1 to give my fa!r's fri5ds    
en\gh to eat1 no "o b a "y h\sekeep] 9 a
 simil> situation c h any idea ( :at ,i 
suff]$4 ,! lesson1 h[ev]1 0 n lo/ ^u me2
 & y may easily imag9e t ev] aft]w>ds ,i
 took c>e to h a cook$ piece ( hung     
beef1 or ham1 or "s simil> sub/antial   
article ( food 9 ! h\se1 t ,i might be  
provid$ = a simil> occurr5ce4  ,!       
recollection ( :at ,i und]w5t :ile buy+ 
my exp]i5ce makes me anxi\s to sp>e y1  
my de> ,annie1 ! pa9 ( a simil> ordeal2 
p>ticul>ly z x is m disagreeable = a "y 
newly m>ri$ woman to feel 9 h\sekeep+   
difficulties ?an a s+le "o2 z x makes y 
fe> y\r husb& _h a high] op9ion ( y ?an 
y des]ve4 ,9 y\r situation ! difficulty 
is increas$ by y\r husb& n hav+ liv$ at 
! ,manor-,h\se s9ce ! dea? ( 8 p>5ts1 :5
 he 0 only t5 ye>s old2 s t he c h no   
idea ( ! petty tr\bles y w be expos$ to4
 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,i w d my be/ to   

cle> ! pa? t lies be=e y1 & to tea* y h[
 to enjoy rationally a c\ntry life4     
,illu/ration3 ,! ,manor-,h\se 9 its     
orig9al ,/ate4     ,,book ,i4 ,,!       
,,h\se4   ,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,fir/         
,,impressions ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry--,,mak+  
,,fires4   ,y compla91 my de> ,annie1 t 
:5 ,i wrote to congratulate y on y\r    
m>riage1 ,i did n s5d y any ( ! advice  
,i promis$4 ,! neglect 0 int5tional4 ,i 
0 unwill+ to di/urb ! happ9ess ( !      
honeymoon by any allusion to ! tr\bles (
 life2 b n[ t y are actually arriv$ at !
 mansion :i* is to be y\r future dwell+1
 ,i w n delay any long] beg9n+ !        
fulfilm5t ( my task4 ,i am sorry to he> 
t y felt *ill$ & depress$ at ! fir/     
appe>ance ( ! ,manor-,h\se2 ?\gh ,i am n
 surpris$ t y f\nd ! room y 7 u%]$ into 
d>k & cold1 s9ce y tell me t ! w9d[s are
 %ad$ by "s l(ty ,scot* p9es1 :i* are   
c]ta9ly ! mo/ gloomy ( all ! vegetable  
race1 & :i* mu/ necess>ily imp$e bo? !  
light & ! w>m? ( ! sun4 ,y add t y are  
t5 miles f a m>ket-t[n1 & at lea/ sev5 f

 any visitable neighb\rs2 t ! kit*5-g>d5
 is a mile f ! h\se1 & "u ! c>e ( a     
cross old g>d5]1 :o _c be displac$2 t   
!re is no sep>ate fl[]-g>d52 &1 9 %ort1 
t if x 7 n = y\r affection = y\r husb&1 
y w\ld be mis]able4  ,y\r lett] w\ld    
make me v uneasy on y\r acc\nt if ,i _h 
n _h a good deal ( exp]i5ce ( ! _w2 b ,i
 am com=t$ :5 ,i reflect t 9 e>ly y\? ! 
vehem5ce ( our feel+s always makes u    
exagg]ate bo? our pa9s & our pleasures4 
,h y ev] look$ at a l&scape ?r\gh a w9d[
 ( col\r$ glass1 & rem>k$ ! cold &      
mis]able appe>ance pres5t$ ?r\gh !      
purple pane1 contra/$ ) ! ri* gl[ ?r[n  
^u e object by ! orange glass8 ,bo? give
 a false idea ( ! reality2 b !          
impressions ?us receiv$ are n m errone\s
 ?an ^? we (t5 exp]i5ce ( :at passes    
ar\nd u1 :5 view$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our   
feel+s4 ,i ?us consid] y\r lett] z      
produc$ by a view tak5 ?r\gh ! purple   
glass2 & ,i am f> f believ+ t y w       
dislike ! c\ntry :5 y "k x bett]2 & /ill
 less d ,i give cr$5ce to y\r vehem5t   

ass]tion t y nev] c be happy 9 y\r      
pres5t resid5ce4  ,happ9ess1 ,i suspect1
 9 mo/ cases1 dep5ds m ^u ourselves ?an 
we are g5]ally will+ to all[2 & ,i am q 
sure t "y m>ri$ p :o are atta*$ to ea*  
o!r1 & h a compet5cy1 may be happy if !y
 w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e _!       
pr9cipal amusem5ts mu/ all c5tre 9 home4
 ,y w1 p]haps1 be surpris$ to f9d t ,i  
?9k ?is a cause ( happ9ess1 b y w f9d 9 
"t t ,i am "r2 & t our *ances ( be+     
happy decrease 9 proportion z we dep5d  
^u o!rs = our enjoym5ts4 ,i _c conceive 
a m mis]able life ?an t ( a beauty :o   
has no pleasure b 9 be+ admir$2 & :o1   
consequ5tly1 mu/ pass h] "t 9 fits (    
alt]nate depression & excitem5t4 ,x w\ld
 give me ! greate/ pa9 to see y plunge  
into ?is species ( m5tal intoxication1 &
 ,i rejoice t y are plac$ 9 a situation 
:]e y w n be expos$ to ! temptations    
aris+ f bad example4 ,9 ?is respect y\r 
pres5t abode seems to be ev]y?+ ,i c\ld 
wi%2 z1 f ! description y h giv5 me ( ! 
difficulties att5d+ visit+ y\r neighb\rs

 !y seem to be en\gh to cure ! mo/ ard5t
 lov] ( dissipation2 &1 unless !        
neighb\rs be m ?an commonly agreeable1  
,i ?9k y w n feel incl9$--              
----,frequ5t visits to make     ,?r\gh  
t5 miles ( mud = =mality's sake1     ,) 
! coa*man 9 dr9k1 & ! moon 9 a fog1     
,& no ?\ght 9 y\r head b a dit* or a    
bog4  ,d n suppose f ?is t ,i ?9k y %\ld
 be unsociable2 on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x a
 duty to mix occasionally ) ! _w1 z1    
unless we d s1 we %\ld soon le>n to set 
a false value ^u ourselves & ^u e ?+    
ar\nd u4 ,! society ( p]sons 9 our own  
rank 9 life is1 !re=e1 ess5tial to tea* 
u our true level2 & ,i h no d\bt y w f9d
 "s agreeable p]sons among y\r neighb\rs
 :5 y "k !m bett]1 ^: fri5d%ip y w ?9k  
wor? cultivat+4  ,i w n[ take y\r       
objections to y\r resid5ce 9 detail2 &  
we w try if "s rem$y _c be devis$ = !m4 
,i am glad y\r h\se is l>ge4 ,9 t[n1 we 
are (t5 cont5t to put up ) !            
inconv5i5ces occasion$ by want ( room1 z
 we "k t space is valuable1 & _c always 

be _h2 b1 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e we feel ! free
 air1 & see no h\ses be=e u1 x seems h>d
 to be conf9$4 ,y may also f9d x        
conv5i5t1 9 ! w9t]1 to h room to take   
ex]cise )9 doors2 & ,i hope y h a       
good-siz$ hall or gall]y to play at     
battl$ore & %uttlecock 92 = t is a game 
n to be despis$ 9 ! li/ ( c\ntry        
amusem5ts4 ,! trees are c]ta9ly an      
objection4 ,our ance/ors seem to h _h   
/range ideas ab\t plant+ trees 9 front (
 a dwell+4 ,x is true1 t ! mod]n        
conv5i5ces ( bl9ds & v]&as 7 !n probably
 unkn[n2 &1 !re=e1 a few trees 7 judg$  
agreeable to %ade ! w9d[s f ! gl>+ light
 & heat ( ! sun4 ,at lea/1 ?is appe>s to
 me ! only way ( acc\nt+ = ! /range     
mann] 9 :i* we (t5 see trees plac$ close
 to ! w9d[s ( an anci5t manor-h\se1 z   
?\gh purposely to int]cept ! prospect1 &
 to imp$e ! entrance ( two ( ! greate/  
bless+s ( nature1 light & free air4 ,i  
%\ld hope t y\r husb& w cons5t to h ^!  
trees cut d[n1 or at lea/ ?9n$ out2 & ,i
 am sure he w f9d ! sacrifice amply     

repaid by ! air ( *e]fulness :i* w be   
giv5 to 8 rooms4 ,i h also no d\bt t :5 
^! rooms are bett] v5tilat$1 & ! sun is 
p]mitt$ to rea* !m1 y w f9d !m w>m]2    
?\gh ,i confess t a c\ntry-h\se is      
g5]ally cold] ?an "o ( ! same size 9    
t[n4 ,i d n mean f ! size ( ! rooms1 =  
l>ge rooms1 hav+ few] draughts1 are less
 difficult to w>m ?an small ones2 b     
because h\ses 9 ! c\ntry are m expos$ to
 ! w9d1 & ! air r\nd !m is cold] ?an 9  
t[ns4 ,9 "s old c\ntry-h\ses ! rooms are
 small1 & !re are num]\s long1 n>r[     
passages1 :i* are sure to produce       
draughts3 b to cure ?is evil1 ?ick      
curta9s may be susp5d$ ov] ! doors1 c>e 
be+ tak5 n to prev5t ! doors f op5+     
freely2 or !re may be d\ble doors &     
d\ble w9d[s4  ,9 w>m+ a room1 if an op5 
fireplace be us$1 a good deal dep5ds ^u 
! mode ( manag+ ! fire4 ,s]vants are v  
apt to ?r[ on a quantity ( coals at     
once1 9 su* a mann] z to smo!r up !     
flame2 &1 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! heat$ air 
produc$ by ! imp]fect combu/ion ( !     

coals passes up ! *imney ) ! smoke1 & v 
little w>m? ent]s ! room4 ,if1 on !     
contr>y1 ! coals are c>efully arrang$ on
 ! fire s z to all[ a free curr5t ( air 
to pass ?r\gh !m1 p]fect combu/ion takes
 place1 & ! coals become a gl[+ mass1 f 
:i* rays ( light & heat spread 9 e      
direction2 :ile ! *e]ful appe>ance ( a  
bright gl[+ fire mu/ be felt by e "o4   
,:]e an opportunity occurs ( alt]+ a    
fireplace1 its capability = diffus+     
radiant heat w be greatly increas$ by   
mak+ ! back & sides ( fire-brick or     
fire-/one2 z ^! sub/ances reta9 heat mu*
 long] ?an any k9d ( metal1 & are       
consequ5tly m likely to prev5t ! fire f 
be+ *ill$ by ! addition ( fre% coal4    
,dry+ ! coal be=e burn+ x is an excell5t
 plan to prev5t smok+1 z x makes ! fire 
exce$+ly bright & fi]ce4 ,x is true t ! 
coal appe>s to vani% ) extraord9>y      
rapidity1 b ! combu/ion is s complete1 t
 a mu* great] quantity ( radiant heat is
 evolv$ f ! same quantity ( fuel4  ,9 _m
 c\ntry places x is conv5i5t to burn    

wood1 especially :]e ! fireplaces are   
l>ge1 z wood burns be/ on ! he>?1 or ) !
 logs support$ by :at are call$ &irons  
or dogs2 & fires ( ?is k9d h>monise     
admirably ) l>ge rooms & ! g5]al        
appe>ance ( ! fitt+s up ( an old        
c\ntry-h\se4 ,a wood fire1 h[ev]1       
requires a good deal ( att5tion to      
manage x well1 z1 )\t c>e1 x w (t5 g out
 be=e ! logs are half burnt2 especially 
:5 wood is burnt 9 a grate1 unless x is 
mix$ ) a little coal1 & !re is a plate  
at ! bottom ( ! grate to keep 9 ! a%es4 
,x mu/ also be rememb]$1 t1 ?\gh l>ge   
logs are v useful to make a l>ge fire1  
yet1 :5 a quick supply ( heat is        
requir$1 x is be/ to use wood cut into  
%ort ?ick pieces2 & t wood burns mu*    
bett] :5 dry ?an :5 gre54 ,gre5 wood1   
inde$1 conta9s ab\t "o-?ird ( its weight
 ( wat]1 :i* ( c\rse evaporates 9 ! %ape
 ( vap\r1 & ?is vap\r aids 9 c>ry+ !    
heat up ! *imney2 dry wood1 on !        
contr>y1 produces a cle> bright fire1   
:i* gives out radiant heat4 ,op9ions    

diff] z to :at k9d ( wood is be/ = fuel4
 ,p9e wood burns freely1 f ! quantity ( 
turp5t9e x conta9s1 b x does n give out 
mu* heat4 ,bee* is pref]r$ on ! cont95t 
( ,europe1 & maple 9 ,am]ica2 b ,c\nt   
,rum=d says t ! greate/ mass ( radiant  
heat is produc$ by ! fuel ( ! lime tree4
 ,g5]ally speak+1 close-gra9$ smoo?     
woods make bett] fuel ?an ^? ! gra9 (   
:i* is op5 & r\gh4 ,p9e cones are       
admirable = light+ a fire2 & y w f9d !  
gloomy ,scot* p9es1 :i* h s annoy$ y )  
_! %ade1 may be useful 9 ?is respect1 z 
produc+ an article ( dome/ic economy4   
,if any ( y\r *imneys %\ld smoke1 !     
usual rem$y is contract+ ! m\? ( !      
*imney1 or rais+ x high] by ! addition (
 a *imney-pot4 ,! la/ is a mo/ unsightly
 rem$y1 & ,i hope y w n h occasion to   
try x4 ,inde$1 old h\ses seldom smoke1  
unless _! *imneys are damp = want ( use1
 or t birds h built 9 !m2 ?\gh no?+ c be
 m common ?an to h smoky *imneys 9 mod]n
 h\ses4 ,"o reason1 ,i believe1 is1 t   
newly built *imneys v (t5 smoke because 

!y h n be5 prop]ly cor$2 t is1 !        
project+ pieces ( mort>1 c41 :i* are =m$
 inside ! *imney :ile x is build+1 h n  
be5 remov$1 & prev5t ! prop] asc5t ( !  
smoke4 ,ano!r common fault 9 mod]n      
fireplaces is1 t !y are too %all[ to    
all[ suffici5t space = ! grate2 &1 :5 ! 
grate is set too f> =w>d into ! room1 x 
is evid5t t a v /rong draught w be      
requir$ to draw ! smoke up ! *imney4    
,nei!r ( ^! faults is common 9 old      
h\ses2 9 !m ! *imneys are g5]ally z     
smoo? inside z ! walls ( ! room1 & !    
fireplaces are usually two feet deep1 or
 ev5 m1 in/ead ( be+ only n9e in*es1 z  
,i am told is ! case ) "s mod]n villas4 
,i say no?+ ab\t /oves1 z ,i confess    
myself prejudic$ aga9/ !m1 f ! num]\s   
fires !y h occasion$2 & ,i ?9k op5      
fireplaces n only saf] & m agreeable1 b 
mu* m conducive to heal?1 z !y aid 9    
v5tilat+ ! ap>tm5ts1 & )\t a con/ant    
*ange ( air !re c be nei!r heal? nor    
happ9ess4  ,9 speak+ ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( 
fuel1 ,i =got to m5tion peat & *>coal1 b

 y w f9d ^! m useful 9 ! kit*5 ?an 9 !  
p>l\r2 & coke ,i w\ld n advise y to     
employ1 on acc\nt ( its close unpleasant
 smell4     ,,lett] ,,iii4              
,,hall4--,,morn+                        
,,room4--,,book-,,cases2 ,,plants ,,9   
,,pots2 ,,squirrels2 ,,can>y ,,birds1   
,,p>rots ,,& ,,macaws2 ,,monkeys2 ,,gold
 ,,fi%2 ,,& ,,cut                       
,,fl[]s4--,,draw+-,,room4--,,d9+-,,room4
   ,i h j receiv$ y\r lett]1 enclos+ a  
plan ( y\r h\se & a sket* ( its pres5t  
appe>ance2 &1 ,i confess1 x appe>s to me
 t y h n compla9$ ( its gloom9ess )\t   
hav+ abundant reason = do+ s4 ,pray tell
 y\r husb&1 h[ev]1 t ,i fully sympa?ise 
) 8 reluctance to cut d[n trees t he has
 be5 famili> ) f 8 boyhood2 & t1 s f> f 
lik+ to see wood fell$ myself1 ,i feel  
positive pa9 :5 ev5 ! l>ge limb ( a     
noble tree falls to ! gr\nd4 ,b ,i ?9k x
 a weakness to give way too mu* to ?is  
feel+2 &1 if ,i _h a fav\rite tree t ,i 
0 conv9c$ 0 injuri\s to ! heal?1 or ev5 
to ! com=t1 ( human be+s1 ,i w\ld       

in/antly h x cut d[n1 9 ! same mann] z  
,i w\ld submit1 )\t hesitation1 to !    
amputation ( an arm or a leg1 if ,i _h  
su/a9$ an injury t ,i 0 q sure c\ld n be
 cur$ 9 any o!r way4 ,y say y felt      
excessively pa9$ :5 y\r husb& said1 t1  
?\gh he did n ?9k any circum/ances c\ld 
ev] h induc$ him to ord] ^? trees to be 
cut d[n1 he 0 q delight$ to h su* an    
opportunity ( pleas+ y2 & t1 :5 y he>d !
 workm5 employ$ 9 cutt+ ! trees d[n !   
foll[+ morn+1 y felt e bl[ !y /ruck1 & y
 ?\ght he mu/ hate y = wi%+ him to make 
su* a sacrifice4 ,^! feel+s are q       
natural2 b1 9 my op9ion1 ! read9ess )   
:i* y\r husb& compli$ ) y\r wi%es w     
/r5g!n ! bond ( affection betwe5 y      
in/ead ( weak5+ x1 z !re _c possibly be 
a /rong] pro( ( love ?an is %[n 9       
sacrific+ our prejudices 9 fav\r ( !    
belov$ object2 & ,i am sure1 ) y\r      
grateful & amiable disposition1 y w be  
delight$ to prove t y c make sacrifices 
9 y\r turn1 :5ev] a prop] opportunity = 
do+ s may occur4  ,i am sure ! removal (

 ^! trees w make ! h\se appe> m *e]ful2 
& ,i c n[ only recomm5d y /rongly to    
take c>e t y\r rooms are well v5tilat$1 
by ! w9d[s be+ always op5$ 9 f9e wea!r1 
:5ev] ! rooms are unoccupi$1 =1 ,i      
repeat1 ?\gh y laugh$ at my =m]         
ass]tion1 t a free circulation ( air is 
ess5tial bo? to heal? & happ9ess4 ,y    
ask1 h[ is x possible t fre% air c      
contribute t[>ds happ9ess8 & ,i1 9      
return1 ask y if y h nev] felt !        
influ5ce ( a f9e cle> brac+ morn+ 9 mak+
 y feel gay & happy1 q indep5d5tly (    
moral causes4 ,on su* occasions1      ,!
 bosom's "l sits lightly on 8 ?rone1  & 
we feel equal to any ex]tion t may be   
requir$ ( u4 ,look at ! contra/ betwe5  
c\ntry *ildr51 z !y run %\t+ & laugh+   
only f ! irrepressible glee ( _! own    
he>ts1 & ! *ildr5 ( a close &           
ov]-populat$ t[n1 :o creep f s*ool %iv]+
 & sad1 ) c\nt5ances z dull z !         
appe>ance ( ! atmosph]e !y are compell$ 
to brea!4 ,y enjoy 9 ! c\ntry !         
ine/imable advantage ( be+ able to      

procure z mu* fre% air z y l1 only by   
op5+ y\r w9d[s2 b ! inhabitants ( t[ns1 
:5 !y ?r[ op5 _! sa%es1 (t5 admit air m 
impure ?an t already 9 _! rooms4  ,i w  
n[ give y my op9ion z to ! be/ me?od (  
furni%+ y\r rooms1 s z to make !m look z
 *e]ful z possible4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #a4 ,gr\nd ,plan--#a1 ,hall4 #b1 ,morn+
 room & libr>y4 #c1 ,draw+-room4 #d1    
,d9+-room4 #e1 ,g5tlem5's bus9ess room4 
#f1 ,/aircase4 #g1 ,passages to (fices4 
#h1 ,h\sekeep]'s room & /ore closet4 #i1
 ,dress+-room = m5-s]vants4 #aj1        
,butl]'s pantry4 #aa1 ,kit*54 #ab1      
,scull]y4 #ac1 ,s]vants' hall4 #ad1     
,room = female s]vants4 #ae1 ,dry l>d]1 
or pantry4 #af4 ,wet l>d] & salt+ room4 
#ag1 ,laundry4 #ah1 ,*eese room4 #ai1   
,butt] room4 #ij1 ,*urn+-room4 #ba1     
,dairy4 #bb4 ,kit*5 c\rt4 #bc1 ,road to 
/able4 #bd1 ,t]race4 #be1 ,cons]vatory4 
,i see by ! plan 7fig4 #a47 t y h a     
good-siz$ hall1 s t y w h room = play+  
at battl$ore & %uttlecock aft] all2 & ,i
 repeat t x is a game n to be despis$1  

?\gh y d speak s contemptu\sly ( !      
,transports t %uttlecock yields4  ,i ?9k
 y d wrong to treat ) s mu* scorn ^!    
trifl+ amusem5ts4 ,x is ! "p ( true     
wisdom to enjoy e h>mless pleasure :i*  
falls )9 our rea*1 provid$ we d n       
occupy1 by s do+1 ^? h\rs :i* ought to  
be devot$ to m s]i\s employm5ts4 ,?us1  
if y d n l battl$ore & %uttlecock1      
p]haps y may billi>ds1 & y\r hall w\ld d
 admirably = a billi>d-table4 ,! small  
room on ! "r h& is y\r husb&'s          
bus9ess-room1 & x is v conv5i5tly       
situat$1 z p :o want to see him on      
ju/ice-bus9ess1 or to %[ him dogs1 or   
any ?+ relat+ to sport+1 c41 c g 9 by ! 
side glass door1 )\t ent]+ ! h\se4  ,on 
! o!r side ( ! hall is ! room y ?\ght s 
gloomy ! night y fir/ arriv$2 & ?is ,i  
w\ld advise y to fit up p>tly z a       
libr>y1 & p>tly z a morn+ sitt+-room4 ,i
 see t "o ( ! w9d[s faces ! ea/2 & ?is y
 w f9d is 9 itself suffici5t to make !  
room pleasant = a morn+ room1 z y w h ! 
ris+ sun ^u x1 & t always diffuses an   

agreeable w>m? 9 a room1 at a p]iod ( ! 
day :5 w>m? is p>ticul>ly agreeable4 ,i 
wi% ! o!r w9d[ look$ on a fl[]-g>d51 z x
 faces ! s\?2 &1 n[ t ! gloomy ,scot*   
p9es h be5 cut d[n1 x w\ld be j a little
 %elt]$ place1 :]e fl[]s w\ld delight to
 gr[1 p>ticul>ly if y\r husb& w\ld      
cons5t to remove a small c$> t ,i see   
/ill ca/s a %ade ^u x4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ n 
ask = too mu* at once2 &1 till y\r      
fl[]-g>d5 is made1 ,i w\ld advise y to h
 a few plants 9 pots 9 ! ea/ w9d[4      
,rememb] ?\gh1 y mu/ h only a few       
plants1 z m ?an five or six w\ld give ! 
w9d[ ! appe>ance ( be+ a sub/itute = a  
gre5h\se1 a mo/ unpleasant idea at any  
"t1 & p>ticul>ly s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,two r   
tall & spread+ g]aniums1 ) %[y trusses (
 fl[]s1 a l>ge well-tra9$ ,sllya        
het]ophlla1 a f9e ,polgala oppositiflia1
 & two %[y well-gr[n ,fu*sias1 w be q   
en\gh4 ,!y %\ld be 9 l>ge h&some pots1  
/&+ 9 sauc]s = ! sake ( cleanl9ess2 &   
c>e %\ld be tak5 n to fill ! pots ) e>? 
high] ?an to )9 ab\t an in* f ! brim1 s 

z to leave pl5ty ( room = wat]+4 ,!     
space left %\ld be fill$ ) wat] e morn+1
 & ! wat] suff]$ to run ?r\gh ! pots    
into ! sauc]s2 :i*1 aft] wait+ ab\t t5  
m9utes1 or m if necess>y1 s to all[ z   
mu* wat] z possible to dra9 ?r\gh ! e>? 
9 ! pots1 %\ld be empti$1 z no?+ c be m 
injuri\s to mo/ k9ds ( plants 9 pots ?an
 to let wat] /& 9 _! sauc]s4 ,if a      
con/ant fire be kept 9 ! room s t ! air 
is always hot & dry1 ! pots 9 :i* !     
plants are kept %\ld be set )9 o!r pots1
 & ! space betwe5 ! two fill$ ) moss4   
,?is is also a good plan ) plants 9     
balconies1 to prev5t ! roots ( ! plants 
becom+ dry & )]$4 ,plants 9 rooms always
 require a great deal m wat] ?an plants 
9 a gre5h\se1 to c\nt]act ! dry         
atmosph]e ( a liv+-room2 & :5           
practicable !y %\ld be set out 9 ! ra91 
or syr+$ ov] head1 to wa% (f ! du/ :i*1 
f sweep+ ! room & o!r causes1 w         
inevitably re/ on ! leaves & *oke up _! 
pores1 ?us imp$+ ! action ( ^! v        
important organs4 ,air also is z        

ess5tial to ! heal? ( plants z x is to t
 ( human be+s1 z bo? live by decompos+  
x2 & ?us :5 plants are kept 9 a room1 t 
room requires to be m c>efully v5tilat$ 
?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4  ,y say t 
all y\r rooms mu/ be completely new     
furni%$1 & ask my advice z to ! col\rs (
 ! curta9s1 c41 9 ! diff]5t rooms4 ,x is
 extremely difficult to give ?is1 z ta/e
 diff]s exce$+ly z to col\rs4 ,z g5]al  
rules1 h[ev]1 x may be obs]v$ t cold    
col\rs1 su* z pale blues & gre5s1 nev]  
look well 9 rooms light$ f ! nor?2 & t  
w>m col\rs1 su* z ri* yell[s & r$s1 %\ld
 be avoid$ 9 rooms light$ f ! s\?4 ,z1  
h[ev]1 x is desirable1 if possible1 to  
%ake (f ! dislike y h tak5 to :at ,i    
hope y w make y\r morn+ sitt+-room1 & z 
t dislike has aris5 p>tly f ! gloomy d>k
 gre5 curta9s & d+y tape/ry on ! walls1 
,i w\ld advise y to adopt only light    
col\rs 9 ! furniture2 p>ticul>ly z !    
room w be g5]ally us$ by daylight4      
,fir/1 ! tape/ry mu/ be entirely remov$3
 inde$ y say x is already half-decay$ f 

age & damp2 & ,i w\ld !n advise y to h !
 walls1 if !y are 9 a prop] /ate1 pa9t$ 
or pap]$ accord+ to y\r fancy2 tak+ c>e 
t ! col\r ( ! curta9s & o!r furniture   
h>monizes ) t ( ! walls4 ,if y\r curta9s
 are ( more5 or damask y %\ld h inn]    
curta9s ( :ite musl91 :i* may be trimm$ 
) lace1 or h a col\r$ bord]3 & ^! :ite  
curta9s alone y w probably f9d suffici5t
 dur+ summ]4 ,!re %\ld be two s(as1 an  
easy *air or two1 com=table foot/ools1 &
 sev]al small tables ( diff]5t k9ds1 9  
addition to ! ord9>y *airs & tables2 &  
,i %\ld add a *iffoni] & a cab9et piano4
 ,y c1 if y wi% to be economical1 h br[n
 holl& cov]s to ! s(a & *airs2 & y c p9 
pla9 :ite musl9 ov] ! silk ( ! piano & !
 *iffoni]1 to save !m f ! flies4 ,!     
c>pet may be ,brussels1 or ,kidd]m9/]1  
or a pr9t$ drugget1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree be+ 
f> ! mo/ exp5sive2 ! ,kidd]m9/] c>pet & 
! drugget are ne>ly alike 9 price1 b !  
drugget looks be/1 ?\gh x does n we>    
well4 ,:atev] ! mat]ial ( ! c>pet may   
be1 ! col\rs %\ld correspond ) ^? ( !   

furniture & ! walls4 ,z y\r books w be 9
 daily use1 !y w be be/ 9 op5 cases ) a 
little curta9 ( lea!r nail$ along !     
%elves to keep out ! du/4 ,!y %\ld      
always1 if possible1 fill up entirely ! 
space left = !m2 & on ?is acc\nt x is   
be/ to h movable %elves :]e x is        
practicable4 ,%\ld ! books n /& high    
en\gh to fill ! space = !m1 ! h\semaid  
may remove ! du/ ) a goose's w+1 or ) "o
 ( ^? bru%es ) long hairs n[ sold =     
simil> purposes2 b d n let h] take !    
books d[n (t5] ?an twice a ye>1 z       
frequ5t removals w n only injure ! b9d+ 
( y\r books1 b w occasion y great       
annoyance1 f ! confus$ mann] 9 :i* !y   
are sure to be replac$ on ! %elves4  ,i 
"k y 7 always fond ( pets1 ?\gh y nev]  
kept any1 z y\r aunt did n l !m2 b n[ y 
are y\r own mi/ress1 ,i ?9k x v likely y
 w h a can>y bird1 & p]haps a p>rot2 &  
,i am sure y w h "s gold fi%1 :i* y w   
keep 9 y\r morn+ room4 ,i w\ld n advise 
y to keep a squirrel1 on acc\nt ( its   
unpleasant smell 9 a cage1 & its hid+   

prop5sities out ( "o2 ?\gh 9 o!r        
respects squirrels are pretty little    
creatures f _! gracefulness & agility1 &
 ! intellig5ce t sp>kles 9 _! bright    
little eyes4 ,if y d keep a squirrel1   
fe$ x ) bread scald$ 9 hot wat]1 & pl5ty
 ( nuts2 & take c>e t its cage is       
clean$1 its hay *ang$1 & its t9 = food  
wa%$ out ) hot wat]1 e day4  ,y\r can>y 
bird1 if y h "o1 %\ld be kept           
scrupul\sly clean1 & ! bottom ( its cage
 %\ld be /rew$ ) clean s& e morn+4 ,x   
%\ld also h fre% wat] e day1 bo? = dr9k+
 & ba?+1 ! latt] be+ 9 a %all[ vessel2 9
 ! m\lt+ season a small bit ( iron may  
be put 9 ! wat] = dr9k+1 b no o!r m$ic9e
 %\ld be giv54 ,its food %\ld be z      
simple z possible1 & %\ld consi/        
pr9cipally ( summ] rape se$1 t is1 ^?   
small br[n rape se$s :i* are produc$ by 
plants s[n 9 spr+1 & are ripe 9 summ]2 &
 n ^? s[n 9 autumn & reap$ 9 spr+1 :i*  
are l>ge & black4 ,a little duck-we$ 9  
spr+1 lettuce leaves 9 summ]1 endive 9  
autumn1 & slices ( sweet apple 9 w9t]1  

may be add$2 & occasionally a few poppy 
or can>y se$s1 & a v small quantity (   
bruis$ hemp se$3 b ?is la/ %\ld be giv5 
z a great treat1 & only sp>+ly3 all     
sug>1 bread1 & o!r delicacies1 are v    
injuri\s4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t birds 
kept 9 cages are 9 a mo/ unnatural /ate1
 & t !y require ! greate/ c>e to keep !m
 9 heal?4 ,?ree ?+s %\ld be especially  
att5d$ to3 viz4 cleanl9ess1 simple food1
 & abundance ( fre% air4 ,?is la/       
p>ticul> may appe> /range to ^? :o "k t 
! can>y bird1 be+ a native ( a w>m      
climate1 is easily injur$ by cold2 s mu*
 s inde$1 t 9 w9t] its cage %\ld nev] be
 hung 9 a room )\t a fire4 ,b1 not)/&+  
?is1 x %\ld h ! w9d[s ( ! room op5      
frequ5tly :5 ! sun %9es1 ev5 9 w9t]2 & 9
 summ] x %\ld be kept z mu* z possible 9
 ! op5 air4 ,! poor little creature %[s 
its own feel+ on ! subject inde$ v      
di/9ctly2 =1 z soon z x is plac$ ne> an 
op5 w9d[ 9 ! sun%9e1 x beg9s to ba!1 &  
to pre5 its fea!rs1 & !n x s+s gaily its
 l\de/ songs ( joy1 frequ5tly flutt]+   

its w+s at ! same "t1 z ?\gh f a        
s5sation ( int5se enjoym5t4 ,! cage = a 
s+le can>y bird %\ld nev] be less ?an   
eight in*es 9 diamet] & a foot high1 &  
%\ld h /icks plac$ across x at diff]5t  
heights = ! bird to p]* on4  ,p>rots1   
macaws1 & cockatoos ?rive be/ on a pole 
) a /& at ! bottom = s&1 z _! tail & w+ 
fea!rs g5]ally become ragg$ :5 !y are   
kept 9 a cage4 ,"s grey p>rots & blue   
macaws are v apt to pull out _! brea/   
fea!rs2 b ?is is ! result ( a disease   
br\ght on by eat+ too mu* meat4 ,! same 
cause also br+s on g\t 9 ! feet1 & o!r  
compla9ts4 ,all ! p>rot tribe are       
h>d-beak$ birds1 & consequ5tly n        
c>nivor\s3 _! food 9 _! native c\ntry is
 gra9 & fruit1 & _! habits 9 ?is respect
 %\ld always be kept 9 view 9 fe$+ !m2 =
 ?\gh birds 9 conf9em5t are 9 an        
unnatural /ate1 & require m indulg5ces  
?an !y w\ld ne$ if wild 9 ! woods1 yet  
!y %\ld nev] h food giv5 to !m :i* _!   
organs are q unfitt$ to dige/4 ,p>rots &
 o!r simil> birds %\ld !re=e be f$ z mu*

 z possible on ripe fruit1 boil$ :eat or
 ,indian corn1 & milk2 or1 if ^!        
articles be n atta9able1 bread or       
capta9's biscuit soak$ 9 boil+ wat]1 )  
en\gh milk add$ to enable ! bird to     
dr9k1 w be f\nd ! be/ sub/itute4        
,bird-fanci]s use g5]ally bread made )\t
 salt1 & v well bak$1 crumbl$ into wat] 
& !n slightly squeez$2 b ! birds get v  
?9 if kept = a long "t only on ?is diet1
 & require a little milk1 ?\gh t is a   
food !y c]ta9ly nev] c h 9 _! natural   
/ate4 ,be*/e9 says t !y w get fat on !  
se$ ( ! saffl[] 7,cr?amus t9ctrius71 &  
inde$ ^! se$s are call$ by ! ,fr5*      
gra9es de p]roquets4 ,?\gh ! p>rot tribe
 are n c>nivor\s1 !y are all v fond ( a 
bone to pick2 & ,i believe t !y may be  
indulg$ ) "o occasionally1 provid$ !re  
is no fat & v little meat on x4 ,p>rots 
%\ld be suppli$ e day ) clean wat] to   
wa%1 & _! feet %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$ 
& clean$ f any dirt t may be adh]+ to   
!m4  ,%\ld y take a fancy to a pet      
monkey1 mo/ ( ! common k9ds are kept    

*a9$ to a pole on a /&1 & f$ l p>rots2 b
 m>mozets1 :i* are pretty little        
creatures1 are v t5d]1 & are g5]ally    
kept 9 a cage l squirrels4 ,!y w eat    
animal food1 & "o t 0 at lib]ty is said 
to h snat*$ a gold fi% out ( ! wat]1 &  
dev\r$ x4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ circum/ance    
relat+ to !m is1 h[ev]1 _! fondness = _!
 "y1 :i* is nurs$ by bo? ! male & female
 l a baby4  ,gold & silv] fi% are v     
ornam5tal & suitable objects to keep 9 a
 lady's morn+ room4 ,x is g5]ally       
suppos$ t !y are q incapable (          
affection2 b "s t we h c]ta9ly knew me  
aga9 :5 ,i came back aft] hav+ be5 out (
 t[n2 & "o1 :i* ,i call ,goldy1 & :i* we
 h _h f\r or five ye>s1 w come & nibble 
my f+] :5 ,i put x ne> him1 or swim aft]
 a fea!r :5 ,i draw x g5tly along !     
surface ( ! wat]4  ,x is1 h[ev]1 v      
difficult to keep gold fi% long 9 a     
room1 p>ticul>ly 9 a glass globe4 ,:5 x 
is wi%$ to d s1 only two or ?ree %\ld be
 9 "o globe1 & ! wat] %\ld be *ang$ e   
day 9 w9t]1 & twice a day 9 summ]2 ! fi%

 hav+ no food b ! animalcula :i* !y f9d 
9 ! wat]1 :i* %\ld always be f a pond or
 riv]1 z spr+ wat] is n only too cold1 b
 (t5 conta9s "s m9]al sub/ance :i* is   
likely to prove injuri\s4 ,:5 sev]al fi%
 are kept 9 a small space1 ! wat] %\ld  
ei!r be kept cont9ually *ang+ by a      
f\nta91 or 9 "s o!r mode2 or ! fi% %\ld 
be f$ ) "s f>9ace\s sub/ance1 b nev] )  
bak]'s bread1 z x is decid$ly injuri\s  
to !m4 ,i am told t ! deal]s 9 gold fi%1
 :o always keep a great numb] toge!r 9  
d>kness1 9 a l>ge tub or tank1 fe$ !m   
twice a day ) boil$ grits2 o!r p]sons   
recomm5d cru%$ b>ley or oats3 9 ,france 
!y use a k9d ( pa/e made ( maize or     
,indian corn2 & 9 ,am]ica1 ,i am told1  
!y pref] brew]'s gra9s1 or a pa/e made (
 bran & fl\r4 ,:5ev] f>9ace\s food ( any
 k9d is us$1 x %\ld be giv5 9 small     
quantities1 & be q fre%2 ! vessel 9 :i* 
! fi% are kept be+ always clean$        
?or\ghly e day1 to prev5t ! possibility 
( any ( ! food 9 a s\r /ate rema9+ 9 x4 
,?\gh gold & silv] fi% c]ta9ly look be/ 

9 a glass globe1 ,i d\bt :e!r !y live s 
long 9 "o z !y w d 9 an opaque vessel4  
,:5 ,i kept my fi% 9 a l>ge oblong *9a  
vase1 ,i lo/ only "o 9 five ye>s2 b 9 a 
glass globe ,i lo/ sev5 9 ab\t six      
mon?s4 ,i tri$ v>i\s modes ( treatm5t1  
su* z putt+ gravel 9 ! wat]1 & giv+ !   
fi% duck-we$ & pond-we$ to %elt] !m f ! 
sun2 b ,i _h /ill ! mortification to see
 my fi% die1 & g5]ally )\t any app>5t   
cause4 ,! fir/ symptom 0 ! fi% appe>+   
languid & unwill+ to move2 b 9 a few    
h\rs1 x began to swim on "o side1 & :5  
turn$ on ! o!r side x in/antly resum$   
its =m] position2 %ortly aft]1 ! tail   
droop$ d[n1 s z to ?r[ ! body into an   
angul> position1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few    
h\rs ! poor fi% 0 dead4 ,x is true t !  
ye> 9 :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 tri$ appe>s to 
h be5 decid$ly unfav\rable = gold fi%1 z
 a great _m di$1 ev5 9 ponds1 :]e !y are
 g5]ally mu* m heal?y ?an :5 kept 9     
rooms4 ,9 "o in/ance1 especially1 ne>ly 
tw5ty di$ 9 ! m>ble bas9 ( a f\nta91 :]e
 fi% _h be5 kept = ye>s ) an av]age ( n 

m ?an two or ?ree dea?s 9 a ye>4 ,9 _m  
cases1 ! cause ( dea? 9 gold fi% is     
evid5tly a plant ne>ly alli$ to ! gre5  
scum =m$ on /agnant wat]4 ,?is plant1   
:i* is call$ ,a*yla prolf]a1 consi/s    
pr9cipally ( ?reads s exce$+ly f9e z to 
be imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 b :i*    
take root 9 ! body ( ! fi%1 z ! mi/letoe
 gr[s on ! apple tree1 & 9 "t produce a 
s(t d[ny sub/ance l m\ld1 t fir/ appe>s 
on ! gills & tail1 b gradually cov]s !  
:ole body ( ! fi%4 ,:5 ?is extraord9>y  
disease1 if x may be s call$1 is        
discov]$ 9 its fir/ /ages1 x may be     
/opp$ by spr9kl+ salt on ! back & sides 
( ! fi%2 b ! application appe>s to cause
 int5se pa91 z ! fi%1 z soon z x feels !
 salt1 d>ts f "o side to ! o!r ( !      
vessel t conta9s x1 & appe>s to be wri?+
 ) agony4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 soon goes (f1 & !
 fi% appe>s q re/or$1 seldom requir+ a  
second application4  ,! be/ way ( keep+ 
gold & silv] fi% is c]ta9ly 9 a pond 9 !
 g>d52 p>ticul>ly if ! situation be w>m 
& expos$ to ! sun4 ,x is necess>y1      

h[ev]1 if ! pond be %all[1 & ! wat]     
cle>1 to h two or ?ree bundles ( faggots
 ?r[n into x1 t ! fi% may f9d %ade1 :5  
!y wi% x4 ,faggots are also v useful :5 
x is wi%$ to bre$ gold fi%2 z !y af=d   
bo? w>m? & %elt]1 )\t :i* gold fi% nev] 
produce "y4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$ ! gold fi% is
 ne>ly black1 b x gradually becomes     
/reak$ ) gold or silv]2 ! metallic hue  
increas+ e ye>1 till ! black f9ally     
disappe>s4  ,z y are fond ( hav+ fl[]s 9
 y\r room1 & z y\r pres5t g>d5 is s f> f
 y\r h\se1 y w p]haps be glad to "k h[  
to pres]ve cut fl[]s z long z possible4 
,! mo/ simple rules are1 n to put too _m
 fl[]s 9 a glass1 to *ange ! wat] e     
morn+1 & to remove e decay$ leaf z soon 
z x appe>s1 cutt+ (f ! end ( ! /ems     
occasionally1 z soon z !y %[ any        
symptoms ( decay4 ,a m efficaci\s way1  
h[ev]1 is to put nitrate ( soda or      
nitrate ( pota% 7saltpetre7 9 p[d] into 
! wat]2 z ab\t z mu* z c be easily tak5 
up betwe5 ! =ef+] & ! ?umb1 put into !  
glass e "t ! wat] is *ang$1 w pres]ve   

cut fl[]s 9 all _! beauty = above a     
=tnight4 ,camphor 9 p[d] has ne>ly !    
same effect4  ,! draw+room %\ld be fitt$
 up ) m elegance ?an any o!r room 9 !   
h\se4 ,! walls may be panell$1 & !      
panels fill$ 9 ) flut$ silk1 ) a gilt   
m\ld+ r\nd !m2 or ! walls may be cov]$ )
 flock or sat9 pap]1 ) a gilt m\ld+ "u !
 cornice4 ,9 ei!r case ! cornice %\ld be
 ri*2 & !re %\ld be bosses on ! ceil+ to
 indicate ! place = ! *&eli]s1 if y h   
any4 ,a slight degree ( con=mity betwe5 
! /yle ( ! furniture & t ( ! h\se is1 ,i
 ?9k1 advisable2 b1 z y\r h\se appe>s to
 h _h additions made to x 9 diff]5t     
reigns1 almo/ any /yle ( furniture t    
suits y\r own ta/e may be adopt$ )\t    
incongruity4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al l>ge   
look+-glasses1 two or m *&eli]s2 & aga9/
 ! walls !re %\ld be a few *oice cab9et 
pictures1 :i* %\ld be *>act]is$ by      
delicacy & beauty r ?an =ce4 ,a ,claude 
or two1 "s ( ,guido's exquisite female  
heads1 & "o ( ,raphael's ,madonnas1 w\ld
 be v suitable1 or mod]n pa9t+s (       

fir/-rate arti/s2 b ,i ?9k no picture   
%\ld be admitt$ unless its subject is   
elegant z well z pleas+4 ,!re %\ld be   
l>ge mirrors 9 panels1 or 9 ri*ly gilt  
frames1 & a v h&some :ite m>ble         
*imney-piece1 z ,i see !re is b "o      
indicat$ 9 ! plan1 ) a v ri*-look+ /eel 
grate1 made l[ to %[ an ornam5t$ back4  
,i suppose ! w9d[s ne> ! fireplace are  
false ones1 z o!rwise !re w\ld be a     
cross light2 ! ?ree w9d[s op5+ on !     
t]race are1 h[ev]1 q suffici5t to give  
light to ! room2 & t at ! s\? end ,i    
%\ld l to see op5+ into a cons]vatory4  
,i sc>cely "k :at col\r to recomm5d = ! 
hang+s ( ! walls4 ,full-ton$ col\rs     
less5 ! size ( a room1 & light col\rs   
enl>ge x4 ,crimson is v becom+ to female
 beauty1 & x has besides ! advantage (  
be+ 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! "* ( a draw+room 
9 an old mansion4 ,! curta9s %\ld be    
silk or silk damask1 & made ) ei!r a    
pip$ valance or v deep gold fr+e2 & !   
inn] musl9 curta9s %\ld h a ri* bord]1 &
 be trimm$ ) ei!r lace1 or ) silk fr+e (

 ! same col\r z ! out] curta9s4 ,! *airs
 %\ld correspond1 & %\ld h a great deal 
( gild+ ab\t !m4 ,! c>pet %\ld be       
,wilton1 & made 9 "o piece1 ( a patt]n  
to fit ! room2 & ?is patt]n %\ld consi/ 
*iefly ( fl[]s4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al s(as
 & ottomans & ornam5tal foot/ools1 an   
excell5t piano1 & a h>p1 ornam5tal      
scre5s to correspond ) ! /yle ( !       
curta9s2 consoles ) ri*ly gilt frames1 &
 look+-glass slabs & brackets =         
ornam5tal *9a2 c&elabra = lights2 an    
elegant ormolu clock2 & 9 %ort1 a v>iety
 ( articles t w sugge/ !mselves2 only   
take c>e n to cr[d ! room too mu*1 le/ y
 %\ld give x ! air ( an uphol/]]'s      
w>eh\se r ?an a draw+room4  ,! d9+-room 
%\ld be *>act]is$ by ! massive appe>ance
 ( its furniture1 & ! ri*ness ( its     
hang+s4 ,! curta9s may be ( m>oon-col\r$
 clo?1 or more51 trimm$ ) gold4 ,! c>pet
 %\ld be ,turkey or ,axm9/]1 & ne$ n q  
cov] ! room1 b may leave a "p to be     
rubb$ bright or pa9t$4 ,y %\ld h a l>ge 
h&some *imney-piece1 & a l>ge grate1 s  

contriv$ ) a plate at ! bottom1 z to    
conta9 wood z well z coal4 ,"s p]sons   
advise hav+ no light 9 a d9+-room except
 f "o l>ge *&eli] hung j ov] !          
d9n]-table1 b suffici5tly high above x  
to ca/ no %ade2 :ile o!rs recomm5d side 
lights to %[ ! pictures1 if !re %\ld be 
any1 on ! walls4 ,if !re are1 !y may be 
( q a diff]5t "* f ^? 9 ! draw+room1 & (
 m solemn & s]i\s subjects1 ?\gh /ill n 
pa9ful ones2 & !y may include pictures  
by ! ,dut* ma/]s1 & ^? by ,engli% arti/s
 9 ! dome/ic /yle4 ,y\r d9+-room is v   
conv5i5tly plac$ 9 be+ s ne> ! kit*52 & 
x is also conv5i5t to h fold+-doors op5+
 into bo? ! d9+-room & ! draw+room1     
plac$ exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,!      
passage or ve/ibule betwe5 !m is useful 
9 keep+ out s\nds f ! draw+room1 & also 
! smell ( d9n]2 & x may easily be made  
ornam5tal by fill+ ! end next ! w9d[ )  
gre5h\se plants 9 fl[]4 ,^! w also h a  
good effect f ! hall2 & 9 addition to   
!m1 ! ve/ibule may conta9 a bu/ or "s   
*oice piece ( sculpture1 be=e :i* may be

 plac$ a lamp4 ,! sidebo>d 9 ! d9+-room 
may be plac$ 9 ! recess left = x4  ,i h 
n[ giv5 y all ! advice t ,i ?9k y w f9d 
requisite2 =1 aft] all1 y mu/ rememb] t1
 not)/&+ any ?+ ,i may h said1 !        
furniture & decorations ( ! rooms mu/   
dep5d pr9cipally on y\r own ta/e2 ,i c d
 no m ?an po9t out :at k9d ( /yle is    
suitable to ! diff]5t rooms1 & y mu/ d !
 re/4     ,,lett] ,,iv4                 
,,flies4--,,s]vants' ,,(fices1 ,,includ+
 ,,! ,,h\sekeep]',s ,,room ,,&          
,,/ore-,,closet1 ,,! ,,kit*51 ,,& ,,!   
,,scull]y4--,,brew+2 ,,mak+             
,,home-,,made ,,w9es1 ,,cid]1 ,,&       
,,p]ry2 ,,& ,,mak+ ,,bread1 ,,rolls1    
,,cakes1 ,,rusks1 ,,muff9s ,,&          
,,crumpets1 ,,& ,,biscuits4   ,x gave me
 ! greate/ pleasure1 my de> ,annie1 to  
he> t y\r husb& is s well pleas$ ) !    
improvem5t produc$ by ! removal ( !     
,scot* p9es1 t he wi%es y to foll[ my   
advice 9 o!r ?+s1 & t y h actually ord]$
 furniture = y\r morn+ room 9 accordance
 ) my sugge/ions4 ,y ask1 h[ev]1 :y ,i h

 said no?+ ( y\r husb&'s bus9ess-room1 &
 add t y suppose ,i =got x2 b ?is 0 f> f
 be+ ! case4 ,! reason ,i omitt$ x 01 t 
,i wi%$1 if he ask$ y\r op9ion respect+ 
x1 y might be able to speak entirely f  
y\r own feel+s1 & n f ! advice ( ano!r4 
,no female fri5d %\ld ev]1 on any       
acc\nt1 int]f]e betwe5 a man & 8 wife4  
,9 any matt] t falls )9 y\r own prov9ce1
 ,i %all always be delight$ to give y ! 
be/ advice ,i c1 b t is all4 ,%\ld any  
qu>rels arise betwe5 y & y\r husb&1 7& x
 w\ld be v /range1 inde$1 if !re %\ld   
n17 y\r be/ plan is to keep !m entirely 
to y\rself1 & nev] to ask advice        
respect+ !m f any fri5d :atev]4  ,b to  
return to y\r h\se4 ,i 0 v mu* surpris$ 
to f9d t y 7 annoy$ ) flies1 till ,i    
read not)/&+ all ! pa9s our c>eful      
h\semaid takes to cat* !m ) sauc]s (    
sug> & wat]4 ,?is expla9$ ! my/]y4 ,x is
 ! sauc]s ( sug> & wat] t attract !     
flies1 &1 inde$1 "o half ( :at are call$
 rem$ies = ^! little pe/s only increase 
! nuisance4 ,besides1 )\t pret5d+ to any

 morbid s5sibility1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i 
always ?9k ! sight ( ! poor flies       
/ruggl+ to get out ( ! liquid grave into
 :i* !y h be5 entrapp$ extremely pa9ful 
to ! feel+s4 ,i "k x is a law ( nature t
 all creatures %\ld prey ^u ea* o!r2 b  
,i d n l kill+ creatures by :olesale1 :5
 !re appe>s no absolute necessity = s   
do+4 ,i ?9k if y remove y\r sug> & wat]1
 y\r flies w disappe> ( !mselves2 &1 if 
!y d n1 y mu/1 9 su* rooms z are light$ 
f "o side only1 adopt our k9d fri5d ,mr4
 ,sp5ce's admirable plan ( putt+ network
 ov] ! w9d[-frame1 s t :5ev] ! w9d[ is  
op5$1 ei!r at ! top or ! bottom1 ! space
 is /ill cov]$ ) ! net4 ,y w be a/oni%$ 
to see h[ efficaci\s ?is simple plan is2
 z1 ?\gh ! flies c\ld easily get ?r\gh !
 me%es1 !y are afraid ( try+1 le/ !y    
%\ld be entrapp$4  ,i w n[ proce$ to say
 a few words on y\r s]vants' (fices1 & (
 ^! ! h\sekeep]'s room g5]ally ranks    
fir/4 ,z ,i see no /ore-closet m>k$ 9   
y\r plan1 ,i suppose y w make !         
h\sekeep]'s room s]ve = t purpose2      

p>ticul>ly z y say y mean to be y\r own 
h\sekeep]2 & y w f9d ! /ore-closet a mo/
 important place 9 ! c\ntry1 z x is     
necess>y to lay 9 l>g] /ores ( all !    
common articles ( daily consumption ?an 
are ev] requir$ 9 a t[n1 :]e %ops c be  
s5t to on any em]g5cy4 ,y\r h\sekeep]'s 
room %\ld !re=e h ranges ( cupbo>ds &   
draw]s all r\nd x1 to conta9 ! h\sehold 
l951 *9a1 glass1 pickles1 pres]ves1     
cakes1 tea1 c(fee1 sug>1 & 9 %ort e     
article want$ by ! family1 a /ore ( :i* 
is kept4 ,!re %\ld be a bureau1 or desk 
) draw]s b5ea?1 to keep ! acc\nt-books1 
receipts = bills1 & o!r pap]s relat+ to 
h\sekeep+2 & on "o side ( ! fireplace y 
may h a cupbo>d ) iron doors enclos+ a  
small ov51 & a range ( *>coal /oves1 =  
mak+ any di%es 9 ,fr5* cook]y1 or any   
cakes or pres]ves t y may take a fancy  
to d y\rself1 ) ! assi/ance ( y\r maid1 
ap>t f ! obs]vation ( ! o!r s]vants4 ,on
 ! o!r side ( ! fireplace may be a      
simil> cupbo>d1 conta9+ a small s9k ) a 
wa%-h& bas9 furni%$ ) a plug & wa/e-pipe

 to let (f ! wat]1 & two pipes1 "o to   
supply cold wat] f a ci/]n1 & ! o!r hot 
wat] f a boil] beh9d ! fireplace4  ,be=e
 fix+ up ! cupbo>ds ! walls %\ld be made
 p]fectly dry1 &1 if !y are n s1 !y %\ld
 be batt5$1 t is1 cov]$ ) canvass /ra9$ 
ov] slips ( wood nail$ to ! walls1 /rong
 br[n pap] be+ aft]w>ds pa/$ ov] !      
canvass4 ,?is pres]ves a /ratum ( air   
betwe5 ! walls & ! backs ( ! cupbo>ds1  
:i* effectually excludes damp4 ,y may   
easily "k :5 a room is damp by its      
appe>ance1 be=e y h kept any ?+ 9 x4 ,if
 ! walls h be5 :itewa%$1 !y w %[        
v>i\s-col\r$ /a9s2 &1 if !y h be5 pap]$1
 ! pap] w hang loose4 ,no exp5se %\ld be
 sp>$ to make a room dry1 t is to be us$
 = keep+ /ores 91 z ! mis*ief done by   
damp is incalculable4 ,lump sug>        
crumbles into p[d]2 moi/ sug> h>d5s into
 lumps2 saltpetre & bay salt turn to    
wat]2 pres]ves become m\ldy or c&i$1    
cakes s(t1 & l95 mildew$4 ,nor is !     
mis*ief done by damp conf9$ to any "o "p
 ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! butl]'s pantry ! silv] w

 become spott$2 9 ! cell> ! w9e w lose  
its /r5g? & flav\r2 &1 9 ! liv+-rooms1 !
 oil pa9t+s w become bli/]$1 & ! books &
 engrav+s /a9$4  ,b to return to !      
h\sekeep]'s room4 ,9 "o "p y c h a      
cupbo>d to op5 ) fold+-doors l a        
w>drobe1 = keep+ tea & sug> & simil>    
articles4 ,!re %\ld be %elves 9 ?is1 on 
:i* %\ld /& num]\s t9 cani/]s m>k$ ) !  
names ( ! diff]5t articles !y conta94 ,9
 ! upp] "p %\ld be a %elf susp5d$ by    
cords pass+ ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 ! corn]s1
 = loaves ( sug>1 or any simil> articles
 likely to be attack$ by mice4 ,! common
 tea %\ld be kept 9 a *e/ l9$ ) lead1   
:i* may /& 9 ! l[] "p ( ! closet1 & !   
f9] k9ds %\ld be kept 9 cani/]s4 ,a bag 
( raw c(fee may also /& on ! l[] %elf ( 
! closet2 b1 aft] ! c(fee is gr\nd1 x   
%\ld be kept 9 a cani/]1 & z f> ap>t f !
 tea z possible1 z1 if x is ne> x1 x w  
give ! tea an unpleasant ta/e4 ,moi/    
sug> %\ld be kept 9 a l>ge t9 cani/]1 ! 
lid ( :i* op5s ) a h+e4 ,! c(fee-mill1  
if 9 ?is ap>tm5t1 mu/ be fix$ to "s "p (

 ! room :]e x w be q firm1 & yet be s   
plac$ t ! p]son gr9d+ may h room to use 
! arm freely2 b _m p]sons h ! c(fee-mill
 9 ! kit*51 & also a mill = pepp]4 ,:5  
any ?+ is to be gr\nd 9 a mill1 ( a     
diff]5t nature f :at x is g5]ally us$ =1
 ! mill %\ld be fir/ clean$ by gr9d+ 9 x
 a h>d cru/ ( bread4  ,a second cupbo>d 
%\ld be set aside = ! soap & c&les4 ,9  
?is !re %\ld be "s /rong hook$ nails    
driv5 into ! wall1 = ! kit*5 c&les2 & a 
k9d ( b5* or wood5 /& = ! boxes conta9+ 
m\ld c&les1 if y use any1 ?\gh mo/      
p]sons n[ pref] ! composition or /e>9e  
c&les ) plait$ wicks1 z !y d n require  
snuff+4 ,^! c&les1 & ^? ( wax or        
sp]maceti1 may be kept a long "t )\t    
injury1 if !y are cov]$ ) pap] )9 ! box1
 to prev5t !m f becom+ discol\r$1 :i* !y
 w soon be1 if mu* expos$ to ! air2 b   
tall[ c&les ( all k9ds %\ld nev] be kept
 m ?an six mon?s1 z1 :5 old1 !y are v   
apt to gutt]4 ,soap1 also1 %\ld nev] be 
kept too long1 or be suff]$ to become   
too dry4 ,x is true t1 :5 us$ too new1 x

 wa/es away v rapidly2 yet1 if x is kept
 m ?an six mon?s1 & p>ticul>ly if x     
becomes too dry1 x cracks & %r9ks s mu*1
 z to r5d] x v tr\blesome to use1 &     
ne>ly d\ble ! quantity is requir$4      
,dri$ currants & rais9s1 = cakes &      
pudd+s1 %\ld be kept 9 cani/]s 9 ano!r  
closet2 & almonds & rais9s = dess]t 9   
boxes4 ,sage & o!r h]bs ,i h f\nd keep  
be/ 9 p[d]1 aft] !y h be5 dri$ 9 an ov54
 ,e leaf %\ld be pull$ (f sep>ately into
 a k9d ( tray made ( t91 & put into an  
ov5 :5 ab\t ! "r heat = bak+ bread3 z   
soon z ! leaves are dry en\gh to rub    
into p[d]1 !y %\ld be cru%$ ) a roll+   
p91 & aft] be+ sift$1 put into wide-m\!d
 bottles1 :i* %\ld be c>efully cork$4   
,h]bs ?us prep>$ w keep good )\t los+ _!
 flav\r = ye>s2 & !y h ! advantage ( be+
 always ready = use :5 want$1 )\t !     
smalle/ p>ticle ( du/4  ,z ,i ?9k y h   
told me y are sev]al miles f a t[n1 x w 
be necess>y to recollect e ?+ t may be  
want$ :5 y s5d !re1 to avoid !          
inconv5i5ce ( s5d+ frequ5tly4 ,= ?is    

purpose1 ,i ?9k y w f9d x useful to h a 
slate hang+ up beside y\r desk 9 !      
h\sekeep]'s room1 on :i* y c write d[n !
 "n ( any article t y f9d is ne>ly      
exhau/$ :5 y are giv+ x out4  ,y\r kit*5
 appe>s1 by ! plan y h s5t me1 to be ( a
 v good size1 & well light$1 :i* is     
ess5tial to bo? com=t & cleanl9ess1 z x 
is impossible = ! cook+ to be p]=m$     
prop]ly1 or ! cul9>y vessels to be kept 
clean1 )\t abundance ( light4 ,x is also
 well plac$1 z x faces ! nor?1 :i* a    
kit*5 %\ld d :5ev] x is practicable1 to 
keep x free f too mu* sun4 ,9 old c\ntry
 h\ses ! ceil+ ( ! kit*5 is frequ5tly   
furni%$ ) racks = bacon2 & !re are hooks
 driv5 into ! beams = hung beef1        
tongues1 & hams1 b 9 o!r places ^! are  
kept 9 ! l>d]4 ,9 ei!r case ,i w\ld     
advise y always to h a pl5tiful supply (
 salt$ meat 9 ! h\se1 to be ready =     
em]g5cies2 & ,i w\ld always h a ham1 a  
tongue1 or a piece ( hung beef1 ready   
cook$2 :i* w n only be useful =         
breakfa/1 & lun*eon1 b w be f\nd a mo/  

pot5t auxili>y 9 ! case ( unexpect$     
gue/s arriv+ :5 ! l>d] may be at a l[   
ebb4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my exp]i5ce ,i h      
always f\nd t !re are few ?+s m         
agreeable to a husb& ?an to be able to  
take a fri5d home unexpect$ly1 & yet to 
be sure t he w f9d a good & ev5 elegant 
d9n]1 )\t any bu/le or ill-temp] be+    
caus$ by 8 appe>ance4 ,9 l>ge           
e/abli%m5ts ! sudd5 arrival ( a /rang]  
is ( v little consequ5ce2 b z y\r husb& 
has an anci5t "n to keep up on limit$   
means1 &1 above all1 z y h und]tak5 to  
be y\r own h\sekeep]1 y mu/ rememb] t1 9
 places :]e ! but*] lives sev]al miles  
(f1 & calls = ord]s only once or twice a
 week1 x is ess5tial y %\ld make su*    
provision z to be nev] tak5 (f y\r gu>d4
 ,to aid 9 ?is ,i w1 if y l1 at "s      
future "t1 give y a few h9ts on cook]y1 
p>ticul>ly on impromptu di%es1 :i* ,i   
tru/ y w f9d useful2 b ,i mu/ n[ return 
to ! fitt+ up ( ! kit*54  ,y tell me y  
%all want a new kit*5-range1 & ask :at  
k9d ,i w\ld recomm5d4 ,i w\ld advise y  

to %un all ^? t are said to burn        
rem>kably little fuel1 z !y are g5]ally 
v complicat$1 & ( c\rse extremely liable
 to g out ( ord]2 a s]i\s inconv5i5ce   
any :]e1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i    
%\ld recomm5d y to h an op5 grate f f\r 
feet to eight feet wide1 hav+ ( c\rse a 
contrivance to make ! "p int5d$ to      
conta9 ! fire l>g] or small] at         
pleasure2 & ! fireplace %\ld be at lea/ 
two feet deep1 to all[ ( a boil] beh9d !
 fire1 communicat+ ) ano!r on ! side ( !
 grate1 c>e be+ tak5 ei!r to h ! boil]s 
f$ con/antly by a pipe f a ci/]n1 or to 
h !m fill$ e night :5 ! fire is l[1 z x 
is v dang]\s to p\r cold wat] into a    
boil] :5 x is ne>ly empty & q hot4 ,!   
sudd5 *ange f heat to cold sometimes    
inde$ makes ! iron contract s rapidly z 
to bur/ ! boil]4 ,x is useful to h an   
ov5 on "o side ( ! grate1 n1 inde$1 =   
bak+ any ?+1 = food seldom has its prop]
 flav\r :5 cook$ 9 su* ov5s1 b to keep  
plates & di%es w>m4 ,! floor ( a kit*5  
is g5]ally laid ) /one1 b x is a great  

com=t to ! cook to h a "p bo>d$ ne> a   
table "u "o ( ! w9d[s1 = ! conv5i5ce (  
/&+ ^u ! bo>ds :5 9 ! act ( cook+4 ,!   
kit*5 doors %\ld h _! h+es on ! side    
next ! fireplace1 to avoid di/urb+ !    
curr5t ( air ne> ! fire :5 !y are op5$4 
,z y\r kit*5 is l>ge1 y may p]haps be   
able to h a small range ( *>coal pans = 
,fr5* cook+1 9 addition to ! ord9>y     
kit*5-range1 if y h n some?+ ( ! k9d 9 !
 h\sekeep]'s room2 & among y\r kit*5    
ut5sils y %\ld h two or ?ree t w be     
useful 9 ,fr5* cook+4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be a
 brais+ pan1 ) a deep concave rimm$ lid1
 9 :i* fire c be put :5ev] y h any di%  
cook$ t requires fire above & bel[2     
ano!r %\ld be two saucepans1 "o go+ )9 !
 o!r1 l a gluepot1 =m+ a ba9 m>ie4      
,g]man saucepans1 & o!r enamell$        
articles = ! kit*51 are v conv5i5t 9 all
 di%es :]e milk or cream is us$2 b x is 
a long "t be=e any liquid boils 9 !m2 & 
:5 x does boil1 x cont9ues to d s = a   
m9ute or m aft] ! saucepan is tak5 f !  
fire1 on acc\nt ( ! enamel reta9+ !     

heat4 ,y ought also to h a cupbo>d 9 !  
kit*51 = ! cook to keep h] spices & o!r 
articles 91 fitt$ up ) %elves & cani/]s3
 & !re %\ld be ano!r closet = ! fl\r tub
 & bread j>1 :i* %\ld /& on a bo>d rais$
 at lea/ six in*es above ! floor1 to    
keep !m f ! attacks ( mice & black      
beetles4 ,! egg-basket & ! salt-box may 
also f9d a place 9 ?is closet1 s z to   
keep ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! kit*5 neat & 
clean4 ,( c\rse y w h "o or two dress]s 
= plates & di%es1 made ) draw]s &       
cupbo>ds bel[4 ,e kit*5 %\ld also conta9
 a clock1 t ! cook may see exactly h[ ! 
"t goes1 & h no excuse = n be+ punctual4
  ,! scull]y %\ld be z close to ! kit*5 
z possible4 ,x %\ld be pav$ ) ,york%ire 
/one or brickwork1 & x %\ld h a ci/]n ( 
wat] closely adjo9+ x4 ,9 e scull]y !re 
%\ld be a /one s9k1 ) a plate-rack at "o
 end1 & "u ! plate-rack %\ld be a slant+
 dripbo>d ) a k9d ( gutt] at ! base1 to 
convey ! wat] t dra9s f ! plates & di%es
 to ! wa/e-pipe ( ! s9k2 & x w be f\nd a
 great conv5i5ce to h a pipe c>ri$ to x 

f ! boil] beh9d ! kit*5 fireplace1 9    
ord] to af=d a con/ant supply ( hot     
wat]4 ,! scull]y %\ld also conta9 two   
copp]s1 "o small1 = boil+ hams or l>ge  
pieces ( beef1 & ano!r ( a mu* l>g] size
 = brew+4  ,= brew+ twelve gallons (    
table ale at a "t1 ! copp] %\ld hold    
eighte5 gallons1 z ab\t six gallons (   
wat] w be absorb$ by ! malt4 ,! usual   
proportion ( malt & hops requir$ = ?is  
quantity is1 "o bu%el ( malt & ?ree     
qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( hops4 ,pale malt is ! 
be/1 & x %\ld be plump & crisp1 break+  
readily1 & full ( fl\r2 x %\ld also ta/e
 sweet4 ,! hops %\ld h no bad smell1 &  
!y %\ld be 9 condition1 t is1 !y %\ld   
ab\nd 9 ! yell[ p[d] call$ by *emi/s    
lupul9e1 :i* makes !m feel /icky :5     
rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! malt mu/ be     
cru%$ or gr\nd be=e x is us$4 ,riv] wat]
 is pref]r$ = brew+1 & x %\ld be heat$ 9
 ! copp] to ab\t #age1 or r m4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,spigot &       
faucet4  ,a l>ge deep tub is !n provid$1
 call$ a ma%-tub1 9 "o side ( :i*1 at ! 

di/ance ( an in* or two f ! bottom1 is  
fix$ a cock1 or :at is call$ a spigot & 
faucet 7fig4 #b471 ) ! end :i* projects 
)9 ! tub cov]$ ) basket-"w to prev5t !  
escape ( ! gra9s :5 ! wort is drawn (f4 
,ab\t six gallons ( hot wat] are !n p\r$
 into ! ma%-tub1 & "s ( ! malt is %ak5  
91 a little at a "t1 & mix$ ) ! wat] by 
! help ( a wood5 in/rum5t call$ a       
ma%-/irr] 7fig4 #c472 m wat] is !n add$1
 & !n m malt1 till ne>ly all ! wat] has 
be5 p\r$ 91 & only a peck ( malt is left
 dry4 ,! dry malt is !n /rew$ ov] ! mass
 ( malt :i* has be5 mix$ ) ! wat]1 & !  
ma%-tub1 hav+ "s /icks laid across x1 is
 cov]$ ) an old blanket1 a piece (      
sack+1 or a co>se clo?1 & ! malt is left
 = an h\r & a half or two h\rs to /eep4 
,?is is call$ ma%+ ! malt2 & ! goodness 
( ! ale dep5ds ^u ! c>e ) :i* ?is       
op]ation is p]=m$4 ,! wat] %\ld nev] be 
suff]$ to become cool] dur+ ! op]ation  
?an #afj1 or x w n dissolve ! />*y matt]
 conta9$ 9 ! malt2 &1 if x is hott] ?an 
#ahj1 ! malt w be set1 z ! malt/]s call 

x1 t is1 x w become *ang$ into a glut9\s
 pa/e1 f :i* no /r5g? c be extract$4 ,:5
 ! malt has be5 suffici5tly ma%$1 ! wort
 is drawn (f by ! spigot1 & x w be f\nd 
t ! eighte5 gallons ( wat] h only yield$
 ab\t ?irte5 gallons ( wort1 & sometimes
 n s mu*4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4      
,ma%-/irr]4  ,a new k9d ( ma%+-tub 7fig4
 #d47 has be5 inv5t$1 :i* has a false   
bottom pi]c$ ) holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! wort  
filt]s1 in/ead ( be+ drawn (f by !      
spigot2 &1 by an improvem5t on ?is1 !   
hot wat] is p\r$ ?r\gh a tube into ! "p 
( ! ma%+-tub :i* is bel[ ! false bottom1
 & suff]$ to rise up ?r\gh ! malt4 ,:5  
ale & be] are to be made1 ! ale wort is 
drawn (f fir/1 & !n m wat] is heat$ to  
#age & put to ! malt1 to make ! be]2 b  
:5 all ! liquor drawn f ! malt is mix$  
toge!r1 x is call$ 9 "s places table    
ale1 & 9 o!rs "o-way be]4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #d4 ,ma%-tub4  ,:ile ! malt is   
be+ ma%$1 ! prop] quantity ( hops %\ld  
be /eep$ 9 wat]1 hav+ be5 fir/ well     
rubb$ & sep>at$2 & :5 ! wort is drawn (f

 !y %\ld be add$ to x1 & ! :ole put into
 ! copp] to be boil$4 ,dur+ ! boil+ !   
mass %\ld be frequ5tly /irr$1 to prev5t 
! hops f ei!r float+ at ! top or settl+ 
to ! bottom1 :i* !y w\ld o!rwise be v   
apt to d4 ,! boil+ %\ld cont9ue briskly 
till ! liquor beg9s to break1 ! "t = :i*
 v>ies f half an h\r to two h\rs & a    
half1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! wort4 ,!   
break+ is kn[n by l>ge fleecy flakes :i*
 appe> to float 9 ! liquor2 &1 :5 x     
appe>s1 a b[lful ( ! liquor is tak5 out 
& set aside1 :51 if ! flakes "p &       
subside1 leav+ ! wort cle>1 x is        
consid]$ en\gh4 ,"s l>ge %all[ vessels  
call$ cool]s are !n provid$1 & "s /icks 
be+ laid across "o ( !m1 a sieve or     
wick] basket is set ^u !m1 & ! liquor is
 ladl$ out ( ! furnace into ! sieve1 to 
/ra9 x f ! hops4 ,! o!r cool]s are      
aft]w>ds fill$ 9 ! same mann]1 & !n !   
:ole are expos$ to a cool curr5t ( air1 
9 ord] t ! liquor may cool z rapidly z  
possible4  ,:5 ! liquor is ab\t #gj1 x  
is g5]ally tunn$ (f into a l>ge vat or  

cask = x to f]m5t4 ,ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a
 p9t ( yea/ is mix$ ) a little ( ! wort1
 & z soon z x beg9s to "w x is add$ to !
 re/4 ,ano!r mode is1 z soon z ! wort   
has cool$ to #gj1 to convey x 9 ! cool]s
 to a cell>1 :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t   
#ee1 & !n to mix two gallons ( x ) a p9t
 ( good ?ick yea/1 & put x into an      
upright eighte5-gallon cask1 ! head (   
:i* has be5 knock$ out1 b :i* is cov]$ )
 a piece ( flannel1 on :i* ! head is    
laid loosely4 ,z soon z ! f]m5tation has
 begun1 ab\t ?ree gallons m ( ! wort are
 add$1 provid$ x has n cool$ bel[ #fe2  
b1 if x has1 a pailful mu/ be tak5 out &
 heat$1 s t :5 mix$ ) ! re/ ( ! ?ree    
gallons1 ! :ole %all be ab\t #gj4 ,:5   
?is has be5 add$ to ! wort f]m5t+ 9 !   
cask & well /irr$1 ! cask %\ld be cov]$ 
& left to "w = ! night4 ,e>ly ! foll[+  
morn+ ! work+ wort %\ld be tri$ ) a     
!rmomet]1 &1 if x is betwe5 #gj & #ge1  
five gallons m ( ! wort %\ld be add$1   
heat$ z be=e to ab\t #fh4 ,! liquor %\ld
 !n be /irr$1 & left = six h\rs1 aft]   

:i* ?ree gallons m wort at #fe are add$4
 ,x is !n cov]$ & left = f\r h\rs m1    
aft] :i* ne>ly all ! rema9+ wort is     
add$1 res]v+ only ab\t two qu>ts4  ,?is 
process is v t$i\s1 b x is said to make 
! ale exce$+ly f9e & cle>2 &1 if !      
proportions be "o bu%el & a half ( malt 
to a p\nd & ?ree qu>t]s ( hops to make  
twelve gallons1 x is said exactly to    
resemble ! celebrat$ ,indian ale4 ,if ! 
heat ( ! work+ wort be ev] f\nd above   
#ge1 ! rema9+ wort %\ld be add$ cool1 & 
! :ole %\ld be tunn$ out z soon z       
possible4  ,9 ! usual mode ( brew+1 :5 !
 f]m5tation has gone on till ! yea/     
beg9s to look br[n1 ! be] %\ld be tunn$2
 t is1 ! yea/ is remov$1 & ! be] is put 
into ! casks 9 :i* x is to rema92 &1 9  
g5]al1 ! be] is n tak5 d[n into ! cell> 
till at ?is p]iod4 ,! casks are plac$   
slant+ly1 ) ! bung out2 & !y are always 
kept q full1 be+ fill$ up ) be] res]v$ =
 t purpose1 z ! be] !y conta9 works out4
 ,9 ab\t a =tnight all ! f]m5tation w be
 ov]1 & ! casks may be bung$ up4        

,accord+ to ! ,indian ale process1 two  
qu>ts ( wort 7 kept back f t f]m5t$2 &  
:5 ! be] is to be tunn$1 :i* x is into  
two six-gallon casks1 a qu>t ( ?is      
unf]m5t$ wort is put into ea* cask1 )   
two table-spoonfuls ( fl\r & "o ( salt4 
,! fro?y yea/ is !n tak5 (f ! be]1 :i*  
is p\r$ into ! b>rels till x rea*es !   
bunghole1 & ! fro? beg9s to fl[ ov]3 z !
 fro? subsides1 ! b>rels may be fill$ up
 ) fre% be]1 & ! yea/ :i* fl[s d[n %\ld 
be caught 9 a vessel plac$ = ! purpose4 
,9 a few days ! yea/ w become ?ick1 & w 
cease to fl[ ov]3 ! b>rels %\ld !n be   
fill$ up & ! bungholes cov]$ ) br[n     
pap]1 coat$ ) ?ick yea/3 ! f]m5tation w 
aft]w>ds proce$ m sl[ly1 & 9 a =tnight !
 b>rels may be bung$ d[n1 & ! bungs     
cov]$ ) a mass ( moi/5$ clay & s&4 ,!   
,indian ale %\ld be kept six mon?s be=e 
x is tapp$2 b ! o!r k9d may be drunk 9 a
 mon?4  ,home-made w9es may be          
manufactur$ f almo/ any k9d ( fruit2 &  
!y are divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 ^?    
made ) cold wat]1 & ^? made ) hot wat]4 

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fruit-cru%]4   
,gre5 ,gooseb]ry w9e is made 9 ! fir/   
mann]1 by cru%+ ! fruit 9 a deep tub ) a
 fruit-cru%] 7fig4 #e471 & p\r+ cold    
wat] on x1 9 ! proportion ( "o gallon ( 
wat] to t5 p\nds ( fruit4 ,x is !n left 
to /& ab\t six h\rs1 :5 ! mass1 or m>c1 
z x is call$1 is put into a co>se bag & 
press$2 m wat] is aft]w>ds p\r$ ov] !   
m>c1 :i* is aga9 press$1 till z mu* wat]
 has be5 add$ z w make ! proportion 9   
all f\r gallons ( wat] to t5 p\nds (    
fruit4 ,! m>c is !n ?r[n away1 & to e   
gallon ( ! liquor1 or mu/1 z x is call$1
 ?ree p\nds ( lump sug> are add$1 & !   
:ole is well /irr$ toge!r2 ! tub is     
aft]w>ds cov]$ ) a blanket1 & ! w9e is  
left to f]m5t 9 a temp]ature ( f #ee to 
#fj4 ,9 twelve h\rs1 if ! f]m5tation has
 begun rapidly1 or 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 if 
x is sl[1 ! liquor is put into a cask & 
left to f]m5t1 ! bung be+ put 9 loosely1
 & ! cask be+ kept fill$ up ) fre% mu/ z
 x works (f4 ,:5 ! hiss+ noise subsides1
 ! bung is driv5 9 firmly1 & a little   

hole is made 9 ! head ( ! cask1 ne> !   
bung1 :i* is /opp$ ) a wood5 peg4 ,9 two
 or ?ree days ?is peg is loos5$ to let  
any air out t may h be5 g5]at$2 & ?is is
 repeat$1 at int]vals1 sev]al times1    
till no m air escapes1 :5 ! peg is driv5
 9 tight4 ,an excell5t w9e may be made 9
 a simil> mann] ( ! /alks ( ! giant t>t 
rhub>b1 :i*1 if old1 %\ld be peel$ & cut
 9 pieces be=e !y are cru%$4  ,ripe     
,gooseb]ry w9e is made ) hot wat]2 fir/ 
cru%+ ! fruit1 &1 aft] lett+ x /&       
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 press+ ! juice ?r\gh a  
l95 clo?4 ,hot wat] is !n p\r$ ov] !    
m>c1 9 ! proportion ( two qu>ts ( wat]  
to e gallon ( ! fruit be=e x 0 cru%$2 &1
 aft] rema9+ 9 ! tub twelve h\rs1 ! m>c 
is aga9 press$1 & ! liquor f x mix$ ) t 
produc$ by ! fruit4 ,two & a half or    
?ree p\nds ( lump sug> %\ld n[ be add$  
to e gallon ( ! liquor1 & ! :ole left to
 f]m5t4 ,if moi/ sug> be us$1 ! quantity
 %\ld be f\r p\nds to e gallon ( !      
liquor4 ,! re/ ( ! process is ! same z  
be=e2 b :5 ! f]m5tation has ceas$ x is  

usual to add ,briti% br&y1 9 !          
proportion ( "o qu>t to two gallons & a 
half ( ! w9e4  ,:5 ,currant w9e is made1
 x is said to be be/ to boil ! liquor   
aft] ! sug> is add$1 be=e f]m5t+ x 9 !  
cask4  ,eld]b]ry w9e is g5]ally made )  
moi/ sug>1 & g+] & o!r spices are add$  
to x4  ,c[slip w9e is made by boil+ sug>
 & wat] toge!r1 & p\r+ ! liquor ov] !   
r9d ( lemons & ,seville oranges1 9 !    
proportion ( f\r ( ^! fruits to a gallon
 ( sug> & wat]3 ! juice ( ! oranges &   
lemons is add$1 & ! :ole is f]m5t$ )    
yea/4 ,! c[slip fl[]s are !n put into ! 
w9e1 9 ! proportion ( "o qu>t to e      
gallon ( liquor1 & /irr$ up well till !y
 s9k4 ,:5 ! w9e is tunn$1 a few sprigs (
 sweet bri> are (t5 put into ! cask1 &  
"o ounce ( is+lass = e gallon ( liquor2 
9 a few days x is bung$ up close4 ,9 six
 mon?s x w be fit to bottle2 b x w be   
bett] = rema9+ long] 9 ! cask4  ,any o!r
 k9d ( w9e may be made :5 ! w9e is to be
 made ( ,engli% fruit1 ei!r z 0 direct$ 
= ! gre5 or ! ripe gooseb]ry w9es2 & :5 

n made ( ,engli% fruit1 by boil+ sug> & 
wat]1 & f]m5t+ x1 be=e add+ ! sub/ance t
 is to give ! flav\r z direct$ = !      
,c[slip w9e4  ,cid] is made by gr9d+    
apples1 & !n express+ ! juice1 :i* is   
f]m5t$ ) yea/1 b )\t sug>4 ,p]ry is made
 9 ! same way2 & bo? may be made on a   
small scale by bruis+ apples or pe>s 9 a
 deep tub1 z 0 recomm5d$ = bruis+ fruit 
9 made w9es4  ,a brick ov5 = bak+ ,bread
 is (t5 plac$ 9 ! scull]y4 ,! ord9>y    
size ( an ov5 ( ?is k9d is ab\t six feet
 long by f\r feet deep2 & x is ab\t     
eighte5 in*es high 9 ! c5tre ( ! ar*3 ! 
floor 7:i* g5]ally incl9es a little f ! 
head ( ! ov5 to ! m\?7 is laid ) tiles1 
& ! ar* is =m$ ( fire-brick1 set 9      
fire-clay or 9 loam mix$ ) p[d]$ brick2 
! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by a l>ge mass (    
common brickwork1 to keep 9 ! heat4  ,:5
 ! ov5 is heat$1 ! faggots1 or o!r k9d (
 wood :i* is us$ = t purpose1 are light$
 ne> ! m\?1 & !n pu%$ on till !y are z  
ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5tre ( ! ov51 s t 
! heat may spread z equally z possible  

?r\gh e "p4 ,:5 ! heat is betwe5 #bej & 
#cjj1 x is judg$ suffici5t1 & ! fire is 
drawn out to prep>e ! ov5 = ! reception 
( ! bread4 ,z1 h[ev]1 few cooks c be    
expect$ to h a prop] k9d ( !rmomet] at  
h& = asc]ta9+ ! heat exactly1 x is      
necess>y to h "s easi] rules = judg+2 & 
! foll[+1 ! correctness ( :i* ,i h      
exp]i5c$1 are tak5 f ! fir/ volume ( t  
excell5t & useful "w1 ! ,magaz9e (      
,dome/ic ,economy4  ,a judgm5t mu/ be   
=m$ by ! cle> r$ heat ( ! bricks ( ! ar*
 & sides ( ! ov51 & ! lively sp>kl+ ( ! 
emb]s on its floor4 ,! =m] crit]ion     
proves t ! bricks h receiv$ en\gh ( body
 heat to consume t black c>bonace\s     
coat+ :i* ! smoke communicates to !m at 
! e>ly /age ( fire2 ! second %[s t !    
pr9ciple ( combu/ion is 9 full activity1
 & n r5d]$ in]t by a cold surface1 ei!r 
at ! top1 bottom1 or sides4 ,f9ally1 if 
! brickwork be hot en\gh1 & ! po9t ( a  
long /ake be rubb$ =cibly ov] any "p (  
x1 s z = ! mom5t to make a black trace (
 *>coal1 ?is trace w be burnt (f1 & !   

bricks left cle> 9 a second ( "t4  ,:5 !
 ov5 is suffici5tly hot1 ! rema9+ emb]s 
are drawn out ) an iron hook fix$ at !  
end ( a long pole1 & ! bottom ( ! ov5 is
 clean$ ) a wet mop1 made ( long %r$s ( 
wooll5 clo? or co>se sack+4 ,! ov5 is !n
 q ready to receive ! bread1 & x %\ld be
 put 9 imm$iately4 ,x g5]ally takes ab\t
 an h\r to heat a mod]ate-siz$ ov5      
prop]ly2 & x takes an h\r & a half1 or  
two h\rs1 to bake loaves ( ! ord9>y     
size4  ,little iron grates are sometimes
 sold = heat+ ov5s1 b !y are m suitable 
= coal ?an wood2 &1 ?\gh an ov5 may be  
heat$ ) great rapidity ) coal1 x does n 
reta9 its heat s long1 & is m fitt$ =   
bak+ ,fr5* bread1 or cakes1 ?an         
l>ge-siz$ h\sehold loaves4 ,:51 on !    
contr>y1 a brick ov5 is heat$ ) wood1 & 
! hot emb]s are pu%$ by ! scrap] to e "p
 ( ! ov51 ! :ole mass ( brick becomes   
:at is te*nically call$ soak$1 & is 9 a 
fit /ate = a family bak+ ( bread4 ,:5 ! 
bread is 91 ! ov5 door %\ld be /opp$ q  
close2 b ov] ! door is a small op5+     

call$ ! /opp]1 :i* %\ld be op5$ :5 !    
bread has be5 9 a little "t1 9 ord] t ! 
vap\r f ! bread may escape4 ,x is f n   
att5d+ to ?is t home-bak$ bread is s    
frequ5tly heavy4  ,home-bak$ bread is   
g5]ally be/ :5 made ( :at is call$ gri/ 
fl\r2 t is1 :eat gr\nd at a mill1 & only
 ! co>se bran remov$ f ! fl\r4          
,tw5ty-f\r p\nds ( ?is fl\r w make ab\t 
?irty-two p\nds ( bread2 b if ! be/ :ite
 fl\r is us$1 two or ?ree m p\nds ( x w 
be requir$ to produce ! same quantity ( 
bread4 ,bread is made ei!r ) leav5 or   
yea/4  ,leav5 is made by mix+ fl\r ) w>m
 wat] into a ?9 pa/e & !n leav+ x to    
f]m5t4 ,:5 x beg9s to rise 9 bubbles1 m 
wat] & fl\r is add$1 & x is aga9 left to
 f]m5t1 & !n m fl\r ) a little salt is  
add$ to make ! d\gh4 ,! d\gh mu/ be kept
 w>m dur+ ! :ole op]ation1 z f]m5tation 
w n take place unless ! heat be f sixty 
to sev5ty1 or sev5ty-five degrees4      
,bread ( ?is k9d is v light1 b x soon   
becomes acid4 ,ne>ly all ! h\sehold     
bread 9 ,france is made 9 ?is way4  ,:5 

yea/ is us$1 ! usual proportion is half 
a p9t ( brew]'s yea/ mix$ ) a p9t ( w>m 
wat] to tw5ty-f\r p\nds ( fl\r4  ,if no 
fre% yea/ c be procur$1 x may be made by
 putt+ a teacupful ( split peas into a  
bas9 & p\r+ ab\t a p9t ( boil+ wat] ov] 
!m4 ,a clo? is !n put ov] ! bas91 & x is
 set ne> ! fire to keep w>m4 ,9 ab\t    
twelve h\rs x w beg9 to f]m5t1 & a k9d (
 scum w rise1 :i* may be us$ z yea/4    
,?is is call$ ,turki% yea/2 b a bett]   
me?od is practis$ by ! ,am]icans1 :i* is
 z foll[s3--,take z mu* hops z may be   
held betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 put !m ) a few
 slices ( apples into a qu>t ( wat]1 &  
boil ! :ole = ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty      
m9utes4 ,!n /ra9 ! liquid1 & :5 x is    
lukew>m /ir 9 a little fl\r ) ?ree or   
f\r table-spoonfuls ( treacle s z to    
make a ?9 pa/e2 !n set ! :ole 9 a w>m   
place1 & 9 a few h\rs ! f]m5tation w be 
suffici5tly /rong to all[ en\gh fl\r &  
wat] to be add$ to make a prop] sponge =
 bread4  ,if y h a small quantity ( yea/
 x may be increas$ 9 ! foll[+           

mann]3--,take "o p\nd ( f9e fl\r1 & mix 
x to ! ?ickness ( gruel ) boil+ wat]2   
add half a p\nd ( br[n sug>1 mix+ ! :ole
 well toge!r4 ,!n put ?ree              
table-spoonfuls ( yea/ into a l>ge      
vessel1 & p\r ! mixture ^u x4 ,x w f]m5t
 viol5tly1 & ! scum :i* rises to ! top w
 be good yea/1 :i* may be us$           
imm$iately1 or may be pres]v$ = "s "t 9 
an e>!nw>e vessel cov]$ closely f ! air1
 & kept 9 a w>m dry place4  ,9 !        
,magaz9e ( ,dome/ic ,economy x is said t
 :5 yea/ has become s\r1 & ev5 slightly 
putrid1 x may be recov]$ by add+ a      
tea-spoonful ( fl\r1 ! same ( moi/ sug>1
 a p9* ( salt1 & a little w>m wat]3 ?is 
is to be /irr$ toge!r & left to f]m5t = 
half an h\r4 ,i h nev] tri$ ?is1 b x is 
v ne>ly ! same z ! receipt ,i h giv5    
above4 ,! yea/ f home-brew$ be] is v apt
 to be bitt]2 b x is said t ?is may be  
cur$ by p\r+ x ?r\gh a sieve conta9+    
ab\t a p9t ( bran4 ,to keep home-brew$  
yea/ x %\ld be put into a l>ge pan & h  
?ree times ! quantity ( wat] p\r$ ^u x1 

be+ well /irr$ up1 & !n left to settle4 
,! next day ! wat] is to be p\r$ (f1 &  
fre% put on1 & 9 ?is mann] x is said t  
yea/ may be kept = six weeks4 ,all yea/ 
is be/ purifi$ be=e x is us$2 t is1 !   
yea/ %\ld be put into a vessel1 & cold  
spr+ wat] be+ p\r$ ^u x1 !y %\ld be     
/irr$ toge!r & !n left to settle4 ,!    
wat] is aft]w>ds p\r$ (f1 & ! yea/ tak5 
out c>efully1 leav+ a br[n s$im5t at !  
bottom4  ,! be/ way ( keep+ yea/ is to  
hang x up 9 a cabbage net1 s z to let x 
dry ) ! air ab\t x on all sides4 ,?is is
 ! way ! ,g]mans prep>e _! solid yea/1  
:i* is n[ s mu* us$ 9 ,london4  ,:5     
bread is to be made1 ! necess>y quantity
 ( fl\r is put into a knead+ tr\gh1 or  
into a deep-glaz$ e>!nw>e pan1 & a r\nd 
hole is made 9 ! c5tre = ! yea/ & wat]1 
:i* is slightly mix$ ) ! surr\nd+ fl\r1 
s z to =m a light batt]1 & ov] ?is is   
/rew$ en\gh dry fl\r to cov] x4 ,i      
rememb]1 :5 ,i 0 a *ild 9 my fa!r's     
h\se1 ,i h (t5 wat*$ ! cook p]=m ?is    
op]ation 7:i* ,i n[ f9d is call$ sett+ !

 sponge72 & ,i always us$ to see h]1 :5 
%e _h done1 make a cross 9 ! fl\r       
spr9kl$ ov] ! batt]1 )\t :i* %e decl>$ !
 bread w\ld nev] rise4 ,z soon z !      
sponge is set1 ! e>!nw>e pan is plac$   
be=e ! fire1 & a l95 clo? laid ov] x4 ,9
 a %ort "t ! sponge beg9s to rise1 & =ms
 cracks 9 ! cov]+ ( fl\r4 ,m wat] is !n 
add$1 heat$ to ab\t ! w>m? ( new milk1 &
 salt is scatt]$ ov] ! fl\r1 :i*        
gradually mixes ) ! wat]1 knead+ x well 
) ! h&s s z to =m a f9e compact d\gh4   
,"s dry fl\r is !n laid "u x1 & spr9kl$ 
ov] x2 & ! d\gh1 be+ aga9 cov]$ ) a     
clo?1 is left to f]m5t1 :i*1 if ! yea/ 7
 good1 x does 9 ab\t an h\r1 suffici5tly
 to all[ ! d\gh to be made into loaves (
 bread4  ,a k9d ( bread1 :i* is v good =
 toa/ & butt]1 is made by boil+ & ma%+  
"s mealy potatoes1 & !n rubb+ !m into   
fl\r :i* has be5 previ\sly w>m$ be=e !  
fire1 9 ! proportion ( half a p\nd (    
potatoes to two p\nds ( fl\r4 ,:5 well  
mix$1 add a prop] quantity ( salt1 )    
en\gh yea/1 w>m milk1 & wat] to make x  

into d\gh4 ,x %\ld be left to rise = two
 h\rs be=e x is made into a loaf1 & x   
%\ld be bak$ 9 a t94  ,= ,rolls4 ,w>m an
 ounce ( butt] 9 a p9t ( skimm$ milk1 & 
add a spoonful & a half ( yea/ & a      
little salt4 ,?is w be suffici5t = two  
p\nds ( fl\r1 & w make sev5 rolls4 ,!   
d\gh %\ld rise be=e ! fire half an h\r1 
& ! rolls %\ld /& ano!r half h\r be=e ! 
fire aft] !y are made4 ,!y %\ld be bak$ 
9 a quick ov51 & w take ab\t half an    
h\r4 ,! butt] may be omitt$4  ,to make  
,fr5* rolls4 ,add half an ounce ( soda  
to ! above quantity2 make !m long 9     
%ape1 & rasp !m :5 !y are bak$4  ,=     
,sally ,luns4 ,take two p\nds ( fl\r1 & 
add half a p9t ( milk & half a p9t (    
cream1 ) a bit ( butt] ! size ( a       
walnut2 :5 a little w>m1 put to x ?ree  
well-beat5 yolks ( eggs1 ?ree or f\r    
spoonfuls ( well-purifi$ yea/1 & a      
little salt4 ,mix ! :ole toge!r1 & let x
 rise = an h\r2 !n make x into cakes1 & 
lay !m on t9s lightly rubb$ ov] ) a     
little butt]4 ,let !m /& on ! he>? to   

rise = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 cov]$ ) a ?9  
clo?1 !n bake !m 9 r a quick ov54  ,=   
,york%ire or milk cakes4 ,dry a p\nd & a
 half ( fl\r be=e ! fire2 beat up ! yolk
 ( an egg ) a spoonful ( yea/2 add ?ree 
qu>t]s ( a p9t ( new milk lukew>m2 /ra9 
! :ole ?r\gh a hair sieve into ! fl\r2  
mix x lightly into d\gh1 & let x rise by
 ! fire an h\r2 !n make x up into cakes4
 ,rub ! t9s ) a v little butt]1 & let !m
 be w>m :5 y lay ! cakes on !m2 cov] ) a
 ?9 clo?1 & let !m rise on ! he>? ab\t  
tw5ty or ?irty m9utes2 bake !m 9 a brisk
 ov54 ,?is d\gh makes v good buns1 ) !  
addition ( a little good moi/ sug>1 & a 
few c>away se$s or dri$ currants4  ,bo? 
! ,sally ,luns & ! milk cakes may be    
wa%$ ov] ) ! :ite ( an egg be=e !y are  
put 9 ! ov54  ,= ,rusks1 or ,tops &     
,bottoms4 ,beat up f\r eggs ) half a p9t
 ( new milk1 9 :i* a qu>t] ( a p\nd (   
butt] has be5 melt$2 add two            
table-spoonfuls ( yea/1 & ?ree ounces ( 
sug>4 ,mix ) ?is z mu* fl\r z w make a v
 light batt]1 & set x be=e ! fire = half

 an h\r2 !n add a little m fl\r1 to make
 x /iff en\gh to "w4 ,knead x well1 &1  
if want$ = rusks1 roll x into cakes ab\t
 six in*es long & two broad2 :5 bak$ &  
cold1 cut !m into slices1 & dry !m 9 a  
sl[ ov54 ,= tops & bottoms1 make ! d\gh 
into little squ>e cakes1 & flatt5 !m4   
,:5 bak$1 j cut !m slightly r\nd1 & !n  
te> !m 9 two1 & put !m aga9 into ! ov54 
,to make ,banbury ,cakes4 ,set a sponge 
) two table-spoonfuls ( ?ick purifi$    
yea/1 half a p9t ( w>m milk1 & a p\nd ( 
fl\r4 ,:5 ris51 mix ) x half a p\nd (   
currants1 well clean$ & dri$1 half a    
tea-spoonful ( salt1 half a p\nd ( c&i$ 
orange & lemon %r$ small1 "o ounce (    
spice1 su* z p[d]$ c9namon1 allspice1   
g+]1 & nutmeg1 or mace4 ,mix ! :ole well
 toge!r ) half a p\nd ( honey4 ,roll out
 puff pa/e a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick2 cut x 
into r\nds ) a t9 cutt] ab\t f\r in*es  
across2 lay on ea* ) a spoon a small    
quantity ( ! mixture2 close x r\nd ) !  
f+]s 9 an oval =m2 place ! jo9+         
und]nea?2 press x g5tly ) ! h&1 & sift  

sug> ov]4 ,bake !m on a bak+-plate a    
qu>t] ( an h\r 9 a mod]ate ov51 & ( a   
light col\r4  ,= ,ba? buns4 ,rub half a 
p\nd ( butt] 9 a p\nd & half ( fl\r1    
qu>t] ( a p\nd ( p[d]$ sug>1 a little   
salt1 & half an ounce ( c>away se$s4    
,beat ! yolks ( f\r eggs & ?ree :ites2  
put half a p9t ( w>m milk to f\r        
spoonfuls ( good yea/2 :5 settl$1 p\r x 
(f on ! eggs1 & mix all into ! middle ( 
! fl\r till ab\t a ?ird ( ! fl\r is mix$
 94 ,cov] x ) flannel1 & set x be=e !   
fire to rise1 ab\t half an h\r1 !n mix  
all up1 & cov] x till well ris54 ,make  
up ! buns1 & set !m be=e ! fire on a    
bak+-t9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 bake !m 9
 a quick ov52 :5 done1 bru% !m ov] )    
sug> & beat5 egg4  ,= ,oat cakes4 ,m]ely
 mix oatmeal & wat] toge!r till ab\t z  
?ick z ord9>y d\gh1 !n roll out z ?9 z  
possible1 & bake on a hot flat iron     
call$ a girdle1 hung ov] ! fire4 ,a few 
eggs are sometimes add$ to make :at is  
call$ 9 ,scotl& ,c> cake4  ,= ,muff9s & 
,crumpets4 ,take a p9t & a half ( w>m   

milk & dissolve 9 x a tea-spoonful (    
salt ( t>t> 7subc>bonate ( pota%71 !n   
mix ) x five table-spoonfuls ( yea/4 ,:5
 x has /ood to settle1 p\r x (f by      
degrees1 if = crumpets1 into two p\nds (
 fl\r ) a little salt1 /ir x well1 & !n 
beat x till x looks l a ?ick batt]1 &   
may be drawn out to a great l5g? :5 y   
lift up ! spoon4 ,set x be=e ! fire to  
rise1 & :5 x bubbles up bake ! crumpets 
on a hot /ove1 or a girdle4 ,= muff9s1  
take ?ree p\nds ( fl\r1 & roll ! d\gh   
into balls1 & let !m rise be=e putt+ !m 
on ! iron plate4 ,:5 ! muff9s beg9 to   
bake !y w spread into ! prop] %ape2 & :5
 "o side is done !y %\ld be turn$ on !  
o!r side4 ,! crumpets d n require turn+2
 b if !y are wi%$ to be ?ick1 !y may be 
bak$ 9 an iron hoop4 ,potato crumpets   
are made by add+ to ?ree p\nds ( mealy  
potatoes boil$ & rubb$ ?r\gh a co>se    
sieve1 half a p\nd ( fl\r1 an egg1 a    
little salt1 & a spoonful ( yea/4  ,= a 
,brio*e4 ,take a p\nd ( f9e fl\r1 divide
 x into ?ree p>ts1 to "o ( :i* put a    

table-spoonful ( yea/1 mix$ ) w>m wat]  
into a light batt]1 !n set x be=e a fire
 if ! wea!r is cold1 & let x rise half  
an h\r4 ,9 w>m wea!r x ne$ n be put to !
 fire1 z x w rise imm$iately4 ,mix ! re/
 ( ! fl\r ) a qu>t] ( an ounce ( salt1  
?ree eggs1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( butt]1 &  
en\gh w>m wat] to make x into a /iff    
d\gh4 ,"w x well1 & !n add ! portion t 0
 previ\sly prep>$4 ,knead ! :ole well   
toge!r1 & !n wrap ! d\gh 9 a :ite napk91
 & leave x = sev5 or eight h\rs4 ,!n    
divide ! d\gh into pieces1 z if = buns1 
& make !m into ! usual half-twi/$ =m ( a
 brio*e1 us+ a little w>m milk to moi/5 
!m if necess>y4 ,la/ly1 wa% !m ov] )    
eggs well beat51 & put !m 9 ! ov54  ,i  
%all n[ give y two or ?ree receipts =   
biscuits1 & sweet cakes4  ,= ,butt]     
biscuits4 ,w>m two ounces ( butt] 9 z   
mu* skimm$ milk z w make a p\nd ( fl\r  
into a /iff pa/e1 knead x well1 & beat x
 ) a pa/e roll]2 roll x out ?91 cut !   
pa/e into r\nd cakes ) a glass1 & prick 
!m ) a =k4 ,bake 9 a quick ov54  ,/amp$ 

biscuits are made by rubb+ a qu>t] ( a  
p\nd ( butt] into a p\nd ( fl\r1 !n mix+
 x ) cold wat] & a tea-spoonful ( yea/  
into a pa/e4 ,knead x till x is q smoo?2
 !n cov] x on ! bo>d ) a bas9 = half an 
h\r1 & aft]w>ds make x into balls1 /amp+
 ea* ) ! pr9t4  ,ab]ne?y biscuits may be
 made by add+ c>away se$s & a v little  
sug> to ! above4  ,= a ,sponge-cake4    
,take half a p\nd ( fl\r1 ?ree qu>t]s ( 
a p\nd ( lump sug> p[d]$1 & sev5 eggs1  
leav+ out ?ree ( ! :ites2 beat all well 
toge!r1 & add ! r9d ( a lemon grat$ on  
"s ( ! sug> be=e x is p\nd$4 ,bake 9 a  
m\ld1 & 9 a quick ov54  ,= ,naples      
biscuits4 ,put a qu>t] ( a p9t ( wat]1  
two spoonfuls ( orange-fl[] wat]1 & half
 a p\nd ( f9e sug> into a saucepan1 &   
let x boil till ! sug> be melt$2 !n p\r 
x ^u f\r eggs well beat51 /irr+ ! :ole z
 fa/ z possible :ile ! syrup is p\r$ 94 
,cont9ue beat+ x well till cold2 !n /ir 
9 half a p\nd ( fl\r4 ,make clean :ite  
pap] into m\lds ( ! prop] size = !      
biscuits1 p\r ! batt] into !m1 & put !m 

on t9s to bake2 sift f9e sug> on1 & set 
!m 9 a brisk ov51 tak+ great c>e t !y   
are n scor*$4  ,= ,w9e cakes4 ,mix two  
p\nds ( fl\r1 "o p\nd ( sug>1 & "o ounce
 ( c>away se$s1 ) f\r eggs1 & a few     
spoonfuls ( wat] to make a /iff pa/e2   
roll x ?91 cut ! cakes 9 any %ape1 &    
bake !m on fl\r$ t9s4 ,:ile bak+1 boil  
half a p\nd ( sug> 9 half a p9t ( wat]  
to a ?9 syrup2 &1 :ile bo? are hot1 dip 
ea* cake into x4 ,put !m into ! ov5 on  
t9s1 to dry = a %ort "t2 & :5 ! ov5 is  
cool put !m 9 aga91 & let !m rema9 9 f\r
 or five h\rs4  ,= a ,p\nd cake4 ,take  
two p\nds ( fl\r1 "o p\nd ( butt]1 "o   
p\nd ( sug>1 "o p\nd ( currants1 a      
little cream1 lemon-peel1 mace1 &       
c9namon2 fir/ rub ! butt] 9 ! fl\r1 !n  
put 9 ! cream1 a little yea/1 & five    
eggs1 & set x to rise2 :5 ris5 en\gh add
 ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,bake 9 a t9 l9$ ) pap] 
well butt]$4  ,= ,ratafia drops4 ,blan* 
& beat f\r ounces ( bitt] & two ounces (
 sweet almonds ) a little rose-wat]1 a  
p\nd ( sift$ sug>1 ! :ites ( two eggs   

well beat51 & a table-spoonful ( fl\r4  
,drop ?is mixture s z to =m balls ab\t !
 size ( a nutmeg1 & bake !m on waf]     
pap]4  ,= ,mac>oons4 ,blan* f\r ounces (
 sweet almonds1 & p\nd !m ) f\r         
spoonfuls ( orange-fl[] wat]2 :isk !    
:ites ( f\r eggs to a fro?1 !n mix !m1 &
 a p\nd ( sug> sift$1 ) ! almonds1 to a 
pa/e2 &1 lay+ a %eet ( waf]-pap] on a   
t91 put ! pa/e on 9 diff]5t m\lds1 or   
cut into little cakes1 ! %ape (         
mac>oons4  ,gteau d',avran*es4 ,grate "o
 p\nd ( loaf sug> to a f9e p[d]1 & add x
 to ! yolks ( f\rte5 eggs4 ,beat !m well
 toge!r = half an h\r1 & !n add ! juice 
( two lemons1 "s orange-fl[] wat]1 &    
half a p\nd ( potato fl\r4 ,9 ! mean "t 
ano!r p]son mu/ beat ! :ites ( ! f\rte5 
eggs = half an h\r or m till !y look l  
sn[1 z1 %\ld any liquid rema91 x w spoil
 ! cake completely4 ,put ?is sn[ to !   
yolks1 & beat ! :ole toge!r = t5 m9utes2
 !n p\r ! :ole quickly into a m\ld t has
 be5 well butt]$ be=e ! fire1 & put x   
directly into an ov51 :i* mu/ be hot1 b 

n q s mu* s z = bread2 ?ree qu>t]s ( an 
h\r w bake x4  ,= ,g+]bread4 ,put into a
 ,masl9 kettle half a p\nd ( fre% butt] 
& ?ree qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( treacle1 & keep
 !m on ! fire1 /irr+ !m toge!r1 till !y 
are melt$ & ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,9 !  
mean "t mix half a p\nd ( moi/ sug> )   
two p\nds ( fl\r & ?ree qu>t]s ( an     
ounce ( g+]1 & p\r ! treacle & butt] q  
hot on ! fl\r1 sug>1 & g+]2 "w ! :ole   
well toge!r1 & :5 almo/ cold roll ! pa/e
 out1 & cut x into cakes4 ,bake !m 9 r a
 sl[ ov54 ,if x is wi%$ to h ! g+]bread 
v ri*1 only half ! quantity ( fl\r mu/  
be us$2 & ! pa/e1 :i* is roll$ v ?91 is 
cut into squ>es4 ,?is k9d ( g+]bread is 
call$ ,p>liam5t4     ,,lett] ,v4        
,,impromptu                             
,,cook]y4--,,s\ps4--,,p\ltry4--,,pigeons
4--,,game4--,,salads ,,( ,,cold ,,meat  
,,& ,,potatoes4--,,modes ,,( ,,dress+   
,,potatoes ,,&                          
,,c>rots4--,,sauces4--,,omelettes1      
,,creams1 ,,& ,,side                    
,,di%es4--,,miscellane\s                

,,cook]y4--,,national ,,cook]y4--,,!    
,,fr5* ,,pot-,,au-,,feu4--,,italian     
,,mac>oni4--,,g]man ,,sau]              
,,kraut4--,,poli% ,,b>s*4--,,spani%     
,,olla ,,podrida ,,& ,,pu*]o4--,,scot*  
,,haggis1 ,,b>ley ,,bro?1 ,,&           
,,hot*-,,pot*4--,,engli% ,,plum-,,pudd+4
   ,! anxiety y express to see my       
promis$ h9ts on cook]y has induc$ me to 
s5d !m to y )\t wait+ till ,i _h f9i%$  
all t ,i h to say ( ! s]vants' (fices ( 
y\r h\se2 & y w obs]ve t ,i %all fir/   
conf9e myself to :at may be /yl$        
,impromptu ,cook]y1 or cook]y = !       
c\ntry1 9 contradi/9ction to cook]y 9   
t[ns2 my pr9cipal aim be+ to enable y to
 h a nice little d9n] ready 9 a %ort "t 
on any em]g5cy1 )\t keep+ an exp5sive   
table 9 ord9>y4 ,i h already advis$ y   
always to h a supply ( salt$ meat 9 !   
h\se2 b ?is is n en\gh1 z a s+le di% (  
meat ) vegetables & pudd+1 ?\gh q       
suffici5t z f> z reg>ds m]e eat+1 does n
 =m su* a d9n] z y\r husb& w\ld l to see
 on 8 table1 if he 7 to br+ a fri5d home

 unexpect$ly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are able to 
give !m a well-flav\r$ s\p1 & two or    
?ree nicely cook$ made-di%es to support 
! jo9t1 7or pice de rsi/ance1 z ! ,fr5* 
call x17 y h at once a d9n] t is n      
exp5sive1 & yet gives an air ( elegance 
& ref9em5t to ! table4  ,i suspect inde$
 x w\ld be a good plan to h sev]al di%es
 on y\r table e day1 :e!r y h company or
 n4 ,x is n m exp5sive2 = made di%es1 by
 employ+ m vegetable matt]1 actually    
save ! consumption ( solid meat3 & x is 
c]ta9ly m :olesome1 z ! /oma* w m easily
 dige/ food ( sev]al k9ds ?an a d9n]    
tak5 f a s+le di%4 ,! ,fr5* "k ?is      
p]fectly well2 & h5ce1 h[ev] he>tily a  
,fr5*man may eat1 he is sc>cely ev]     
tr\bl$ ) indige/ion1 :ile _m ,engli% p  
f9d indige/ion ! mis]y ( _! lives4 ,!   
,fr5*man1 says a writ] on ,dome/ic      
,economy1 beg9s 8 d9n] ) light s\p1 &   
successively disposes ( 8 f\r di%es & 8 
dess]t4 ,! :ole quantity t he has eat5  
is1 h[ev]1 mu* less ?an ! ,engli%man's  
meal f 8 s+le jo9t1 & he exp]i5ces no   

inconv5i5ce4 ,9 eat+ ( a numb] ( di%es1 
a little ( ea*1 ! imag9ation is act$ ^u1
 & exagg]ates ! quantity really tak52 ! 
appetite is1 !re=e1 satisfi$ ) mu* less4
 ,! diff]5t matt]s receiv$ into !       
,fr5*man's /oma*1 indep5d5tly ( _!      
great] or less approximation to *yme by 
! process ( cook]y !y h und]gone1 =m a  
light het]og5e\s mass or tissue1 ?r\gh  
:i* ! ga/ric juice readily passes1 :il/ 
_m ( ! diff]5t v>ieties he has swall[$  
act ^u ea* o!r z solv5ts1 & help ! "w ( 
dige/ion4 ,besides1 x is well t !       
s]vants %\ld be accu/om$ to ! same /yle 
( liv+ :5 y are alone z :5 y h company1 
to prev5t ! awkw>dness inevitable :5    
p]sons d any ?+ t !y are n 9 ! habit (  
do+ frequ5tly4 ,"o ( ! greate/ dang]s ( 
a c\ntry life is1 inde$1 t ( gett+ into 
habits ( slov5l9ess1 bo? ( ! p]son & !  
table4 ,if y once all[ y\rself to say1  
,x is ( no consequ5ce h[ ,i dress1 or   
:at we h = d9n] to-day1 = we are n      
likely to see any "o1 all my            
exhortations w h be5 ?r[n away4  ,9 !   

fir/ place1 9 ord] always to keep up a  
good table at a small exp5se1 take c>e  
nev] to be )\t pl5ty ( ,/ock = s\p4 ,!  
be/ way ( prep>+ ?is is to h two or ?ree
 p\nds ( lean beef cut into pieces1 &   
put into a /ewpan ) five qu>ts ( wat]1 a
 bun* ( sweet h]bs1 two onions slic$1 & 
a little pepp] & salt4 ,let x /ew v     
gradually = two or ?ree h\rs1 )\t be+   
suff]$ to boil4 ,:5 all ! goodness is   
drawn f ! meat1 ! gravy %\ld be /ra9$ (f
 cle> & kept 9 an e>!n j> = use4 ,:5 a  
/ock l ?is has be5 provid$1 x is easy to
 make any k9d ( s\p f x t may be        
requir$4 ,= in/ance1 if h>e s\p be      
want$1 x is only necess>y to cut a h>e 9
 pieces1 & to let x /ew gradually 9 ?is 
gravy till x becomes t5d]4 ,if a        
vegetable s\p be desir$1 x is simply    
add+ onions1 c>rots1 & turnips cut into 
dice1 ) p]haps a little cel]y & a few   
cabbage lettuces cut small3 or ^!       
vegetables may be cut 9 slices & fri$ 9 
butt]1 & !n /ew$ till t5d] 9 ! s\p1 :i* 
%\ld h be5 previ\sly ?ick5$ ) a little  

butt] work$ up ) fl\r4 ,on o!r          
occasions1 ! s\p may be v>i$ by add+    
mac>oni1 rice1 or v]micelli1 or1 9 fact1
 any ?+ else usually put into s\ps2 or  
p>tridges or giblets may be /ew$ 9 x1   
accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! receipt =   
?is excell5t /ock is tak5 f ,dr4        
,hunt]'s ,receipts 9 ,mod]n ,cook]y2 & !
 foll[+ is ano!r f ! same "w1 ( mu* ri*]
 quality1 b :i* ,i h also tri$ & f\nd   
excell5t3--,take beef1 mutton1 & veal1 (
 ea* equal p>ts4 ,cut ! meat into small 
pieces1 & put x into a deep saucepan ) a
 close cov]2 ! beef at ! bottom1 !n !   
mutton1 ) a piece ( lean bacon1 "s :ole 
pepp]1 black & :ite1 a l>ge onion 9     
slices1 & a bundle ( sweet h]bs4 ,ov]   
?is put ! veal4 ,cov] up close1 & put ! 
pan ov] a sl[ fire = t5 m9utes1 %ak+ x  
n[ & !n4 ,aft] ?is p\r on z mu* boil+   
wat] z w a little m ?an cov] ! meat4    
,/ew g5tly = ! space ( eight h\rs1 !n   
put 9 two an*ovies *opp$1 & season )    
salt to ! ta/e4 ,/ra9 (f & pres]ve =    
use4 ,if prop]ly made1 ?is gravy w      

become a ri* jelly1 :i* w keep good a   
long "t1 & a piece ( :i* may be cut out 
occasionally1 :5 a made di% or a ri* s\p
 is want$ 9 ha/e4  ,! two foll[+        
receipts = impromptu s\ps are f a ,fr5* 
cook]y book4 ,! fir/ is call$ ,s\p made 
9 an h\r4 ,cut into small pieces a p\nd 
( beef & a p\nd ( veal2 put !m into a   
cass]ole1 or wide %all[ saucepan1 ) a   
c>rot & an onion cut 9 slices1 a few    
slices ( bacon1 & half a glass ( wat]4  
,hold x ov] ! fire = a %ort "t till !   
meat & vegetables beg9 to br[n1 tak+    
c>e1 h[ev]1 t !y are n burnt2 !n p\r ov]
 ! :ole a p9t ( boil+ wat]1 & let ! s\p 
/ew g5tly = ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r2  
aft] :i* ! s\p only requires to be /ra9$
 ?r\gh a sieve to be fit = use4 ,! o!r  
is = ,s\p made 9 a m9ute1 & x consi/s 9 
tak+ ! congeal$ gravy f roa/ meat1 ei!r 
f ! di% or f "u ! dripp+1 aft] ! dripp+ 
has become cold & has be5 remov$1 9 !   
proportion ( a qu>t] ( a p9t ( jelly to 
a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 & add+ pepp] & salt
 to ! ta/e4  ,an excell5t :ite s\p may  

be made by boil+ a knuckle ( veal d[n to
 a /rong jelly1 ) a bundle ( sweet h]bs1
 & ano!r ( p>sley4 ,! liquor %\ld !n be 
/ra9$ f ! meat & h]bs1 & flav\r$ ) mace 
& nutmeg1 add+ milk or cream1 & ?ick5+ )
 arr[-root4 ,a few ,j]usalem arti*okes  
or "y turnips 7p>ticul>ly ! ,telt[      
turnips71 boil$ q s(t & rubb$ ?r\gh a   
sieve1 & a little cel]y1 are a great    
improvem5t to ?is s\p4 ,p>tridges /uff$ 
) =cemeat & /ew$ 9 ! /ock ( ?is s\p till
 !y are p]fectly t5d]1 b n s mu* s z to 
fall to pieces1 make a delici\s di%2 b 9
 ?is case ! s\p w n require ei!r to be  
flav\r$ ) mace & nutmeg1 or to be       
?ick5$1 unless x is wi%$ to be v ri*4   
,vegetable m>r[ or pumpk91 boil$ & rubb$
 ?r\gh a sieve1 w =m a v>iety to ?ick5  
?is s\p2 or *e/nuts boil$1 peel$1 &     
ma%$1 may be us$ = t purpose2 cel]y may 
also be employ$ occasionally to flav\r  
x4  ,= ,h>e ,s\p1 cut a l>ge h>e into   
pieces1 & put x into a /ewpan ) five    
qu>ts ( wat]1 "o onion1 a few corns (   
:ite pepp]1 a little salt1 & "s mace4   

,/ew ov] a sl[ fire = two h\rs1 or till 
x become a good gravy4 ,!n cut ! meat f 
! back & legs1 & keep x to put into !   
s\p :5 ne>ly ready4 ,put ! bones into ! 
gravy1 & /ew till ! rema9d] ( ! meat is 
ne>ly dissolv$4 ,!n /ra9 (f ! gravy1 &  
put to x two spoonfuls ( soy1 or ?ree ( 
mu%room or walnut catsup4 ,cay5ne pepp] 
to ! ta/e may be add$1 & w9e 9 !        
proportion ( half a p9t to two qu>ts (  
gravy1 if x is wi%$ to make ! s\p v ri*4
 ,la/ly1 put 9 ! meat t 0 cut f ! back &
 legs1 & :5 x is q hot s5d ! s\p to     
table4  ,a ,gre5 ,peas ,s\p may be made 
by tak+ six or eight cucumb]s p>$ &     
slic$1 ! blan*$ "p ( z _m lettuces1 a   
sprig ( m9t1 two or ?ree onions1 a      
little p>sley1 "s :ite pepp] & salt1 a  
full p9t ( "y peas1 & half a p\nd (     
butt]4 ,let ^! +r$i5ts /ew g5tly 9 _!   
own liquor = an h\r4 ,!n h 9 read9ess a 
qu>t ( old peas1 boil$ t5d]4 ,rub !m    
?r\gh a cull5d]1 & put to !m two qu>ts (
 /rong beef gravy4 ,:5 ! vegetables are 
suffici5tly t5d]1 mix all toge!r1 & s]ve

 up ! s\p v hot4 ,?is receipt is v      
suitable = ! c\ntry1 :]e vegetables are 
abundant4 ,9 ?is respect y h a great    
advantage ov] ! dwell]s 9 t[ns2 & y w   
f9d x easy to make a great v>iety (     
s\ps1 by boil+ any k9d ( vegetable till 
x is t5d]1 aft]w>ds rubb+ x ?r\gh a     
co>se sieve1 s z to make :at ! ,fr5*    
call a pure1 & !n mix+ x ) beef gravy or
 /ock1 z be=e direct$4 ,a pure ( old    
peas or c>rots makes an excell5t s\p4   
,i h only to add to my *apt] on s\ps1 t 
x is an excell5t plan to h ! bones ( a  
sirlo9 ( beef or roa/ leg ( mutton1 !   
rema9s ( a h>e1 or1 9 fact1 any ?+ ( t  
k9d1 put into a l>ge deep e>!n pan1 ) r 
m ?an en\gh wat] to cov] !m1 a c\ple (  
c>rots slic$1 & p]haps a leek or an     
onion4 ,! pan %\ld !n be c>efully ti$   
d[n1 or h a cov] fitt$ on x1 & x %\ld be
 put into an ov5 aft] ! bread has be5   
drawn1 & suff]$ to rema9 all night4 ,?is
 makes an excell5t consomm or /ock = any
 k9d ( br[n s\p3 & x is a good plan to h
 a /ock ( ?is k9d prep>$ e "t !re has   

be5 a bak+ ( bread1 s z to leave ! ov5 9
 a prop] /ate2 z x n only saves !       
pur*ase ( fre% meat = s\p1 b makes an   
excell5t use ( food t1 "u o!r           
circum/ances1 w\ld v probably be wa/$ or
 giv5 to ! dogs4 ,! liquor 9 :i* veal or
 f[ls h be5 boil$ %\ld always be sav$1 &
 :5 cold1 aft] ! fat has be5 remov$1 x  
%\ld be p\r$ (f cle> f ! s$im5t & us$ z 
a /ock = :ite s\ps2 & ! scrag end ( a   
neck ( mutton1 ! root ( a tongue1 &     
v>i\s o!r portions ( beef & mutton1 :i* 
w\ld be unsightly if s5t to table1 %\ld1
 also1 always be /ew$ d[n = br[n s\ps4  
,9 ! latt] case1 if ! /ock made 9 ?is   
mann] looks pale or d+y1 x may h a ri*  
col\r giv5 to x by ! foll[+ composition 
or ,r\x1 :i* is also useful = made di%es
 & sauces4 ,put a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( lump 
sug> into a pan1 & add a qu>t] ( a p9t (
 wat]1 ) half an ounce ( butt]4 ,set x  
ov] a g5tle fire1 /irr+ x ) a wood5     
spoon till x appe>s burnt to a bright   
br[n col\r2 !n add "s m wat]4 ,:5 x     
boils1 skim1 & aft]w>ds /ra9 x2 & !n put

 x into a bottle1 :i* %\ld be kept      
closely cork$ till ! composition is     
want$ = use4  ,i %all say no?+ ab\t roa/
 meat1 or any ( ! r\t9e ( ord9>y cook+2 
b ,i %all conf9e myself to a few        
extemporane\s di%es = ! table2 & on ^!  
occasions ! p\ltry-y>d & ! dove-cot w be
 f\nd ( ! utmo/ importance4  ,any k9d ( 
p\ltry w be t5d] if cook$ z soon z x is 
kill$1 ?\gh x w be t\gh if kept till !  
foll[+ day2 & ! fea!rs may be remov$    
almo/ in/antane\sly by dipp+ ! dead bird
 = a mom5t into boil+ wat]4 ,! only     
objection to f[ls is1 t _m p]sons1      
p>ticul>ly g5tlem51 are v apt to become 
tir$ ( !m if !y are s]v$ too frequ5tly1 
& x is !re=e advisable to v>y ! modes ( 
dress+ !m z mu* z possible4  ,sometimes 
a =cemeat may be made = roa/ f[l1 by    
boil+ ab\t a doz5 & a half ( sweet      
*e/nuts1 & p\nd+ "p ( !m ) ! boil$ liv] 
( ! f[l1 & ab\t a qu>t] ( a p\nd (      
bacon1 add+ p>sley & sweet h]bs *opp$ v 
f9e1 ) pepp]1 salt1 & o!r spices1 to !  
ta/e4 ,fill bo? ! body & ! crop ) ?is   

mixture1 & !n roa/ ! f[l2 :5 x is done1 
make a sauce by p\nd+ ! rema9+ *e/nuts v
 smoo?1 & putt+ !m ) a few spoonfuls (  
gravy & a glass ( :ite w9e into "s melt$
 butt]4 ,! sauce is g5]ally p\r$ ov] !  
f[l :5 x is s]v$ up4  ,a broil$ f[l %\ld
 be split op5 at ! back1 & made z flat z
 possible1 & sometimes ! brea/-bone is  
remov$4 ,! ?ick p>ts are g5]ally scor$1 
& season$ ) salt & pepp]1 aft] :i* x is 
laid on ! gridiron ) ! inside ( ! f[l   
next ! fire4 ,! f[l is1 h[ev]1 v mu*    
improv$ by putt+ x1 aft] x has be5 split
 d[n & season$ ) pepp] & salt1 into a   
/ewpan1 ) a little butt]1 & only en\gh  
wat] to prev5t x f burn+4 ,:5 ! f[l has 
/ew$ 9 ?is mann] = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 x 
%\ld be laid = ab\t five m9utes ov] !   
fire on a gridiron previ\sly made q hot1
 & s]v$ ) a sauce made ( ! liquor 9 !   
/ewpan1 flav\r$ ) mu%room catsup1 or 9  
any o!r way t may be pref]r$4 ,fre%     
mu%rooms /ew$ & add$ to ! liquor are a  
great improvem5t to ?is di%4  ,= a      
,dunelm ( *ick5s4 ,take a few mu%rooms1 

peel$ z if = /ew+2 m9ce !m v small1 &   
put to !m "s butt]1 salt1 & cream4 ,:5  
put into a saucepan1 /ir ov] a g5tle    
fire till ! mu%rooms are ne>ly done2 !n 
add ! :ite "p ( a roa/$ f[l1 aft] be+   
m9c$ v small4 ,:5 suffici5tly heat$1 x  
may be s]v$ up4 ,if fre% mu%rooms _c be 
_h1 a v small quantity ( mu%room p[d] or
 a little catsup may supply _! place4   
,! ,fr5* frequ5tly put "s rice ti$ q    
loosely 9 a clo? into ! pot ) a f[l1 :5 
x is to be boil$2 &1 :5 ! f[l is        
suffici5tly done1 !y cut x up &         
fricassee x1 by putt+ ! pieces into a   
cass]ole1 ) a lump ( butt] work$ into a 
pa/e ) a dess]t-spoonful ( fl\r & a     
w9e-glassful ( wat]1 & ! same quantity (
 new milk1 ) salt1 :ite pepp]1 mace1 c41
 to ! ta/e4 ,sometimes !y add mu%rooms1 
& sometimes small ,wel% onions1 &       
arti*oke bottoms :i* h be5 previ\sly    
boil$1 to ! fricasse2 & sometimes !y    
make ! sauce mu* ri*] by add+ to x !    
yolks ( f\r eggs well beat51 9 :i* case 
!y g5]ally put 9 a little lemon-juice or

 a v small quantity ( v9eg>1 j be=e s]v+
 up4 ,9 ! mean "t1 a little salt is ?r[n
 into ! wat] 9 :i* ! f[l 0 boil$1 & !   
rice is kept simm]+ 9 x till ! f[l is   
ready4 ,! rice is !n dra9$1 &1 be+ tak5 
out ( ! clo?1 is heap$ r\nd a di% 9 !   
c5tre ( :i* ! fricasse is put4 ,:5 ! di%
 is wi%$ to be ( a sup]ior description1 
only ! be/ p>ts ( ! f[l are us$1 & !    
back & side bones are kept back4        
,pigeons are /ill m useful 9            
extemporane\s cook+ ?an f[ls1 z1 be+    
small]1 !y are soon] cook$2 besides1 !y 
are said to lose _! flav\r :5 kept4 ,!y 
are v good roa/$1 ei!r pla9 or l>d$ 7t  
is1 cov]$ ) slices ( fat bacon1 ov] :i* 
are put v9e leaves ti$ on ) /r+73 & :5 !
 pigeons are ne>ly done1 ! /r+ & !      
rema9s ( ! l>d+ are tak5 (f1 & ! birds  
br[n$ be=e ! fire4 ,sometimes !y are    
/uff$ ) =cemeat be=e roa/+4 ,ano!r way (
 dress+ pigeons is to cut ea* 9 two1 &  
put !m into a cass]ole ) a little butt] 
& a few slices ( bacon4 ,! cass]ole %\ld
 !n be held ov] ! fire = a few m9utes1  

%ak+ x frequ5tly to prev5t ! pigeons f  
burn+2 &1 z soon z !y h acquir$ a light 
br[n1 a few gre5 peas %\ld be add$1 & a 
suffici5t quantity ( ! simple k9d ( /ock
 ,i fir/ m5tion$ p\r$ ov] !m to cov] !  
:ole4 ,! pigeons %\ld n[ /ew gradually  
till !y are done1 & !n a lump ( butt]   
work$ into a pa/e ) fl\r %\ld be put    
into ! cass]ole1 to ?ick5 ! gravy be=e  
di%+ up4 ,?is is a ,fr5* di% call$      
,pigeons aux petits pots2 & ! foll[+ is 
ano!r1 :i* is call$ ,pigeons  la        
crapaud9e4 ,x is made by splitt+ pigeons
 d[n ! back1 & flatt5+ !m z mu* z c be  
done )\t break+ ! bones too mu*4 ,!     
pieces are !n rubb$ ov] ) oil1 salt1 &  
pepp]2 &1 "s crumbs ( bread hav+ be5    
prep>$ & mix$ ) p>sley & ,wel% onions   
*opp$ v f9e1 !y are roll$ 9 ! mixture s 
z to be cov]$ ) x z mu* z possible1 & !n
 broil$4 ,sometimes ! pieces ( pigeon   
are dipp$ 9 yolk ( egg in/ead ( oil4 ,!y
 are s]v$ ) a sauce made ( %allots *opp$
 f9e1 & mix$ ) pepp]1 salt1 & v9eg>1 ) a
 little melt$ butt] or oil4  ,ducks &   

geese are g5]ally be/ pla9 roa/$ ) gre5 
peas1 or ) apple or onion sauce4 ,dr4   
,hunt]1 h[ev]1 gives ! foll[+ receipt = 
a sav\ry sauce = a roa/$ goose3--,a     
table-spoonful ( made mu/>d1 half a     
tea-spoonful ( ,cay5ne pepp]1 & ?ree    
spoonfuls ( port w9e4 ,?is mixture is to
 be made q hot1 & p\r$ into ! body ( !  
goose ?r\gh a slit 9 ! apron1 j be=e    
s]v+ up4  ,game is g5]ally v abundant 9 
a c\ntry h\se4 ,h>es may be ei!r roa/$1 
jugg$1 or made into s\p4 ,pheasants are 
g5]ally roa/$1 ei!r l>d$ or pla94 ,dr4  
,hunt] recomm5ds ! inside to be /uff$ ) 
! lean "p ( a sirlo9 ( beef1 m9c$ small 
& season$ ) pepp] & salt4  ,p>tridges   
are cook$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ,france2 b 9   
,engl& !y are g5]ally ei!r roa/$1 or    
dress$ 9 ! ,fr5* way ) cabbages4 ,!     
foll[+ is ! ,fr5* receipt = dress+      
,p]drix aux *\x4 ,take two p>tridges1 & 
put !m into a cass]ole ) butt]1 a v     
little fl\r1 ?ree cupfuls ( gravy1 a    
qu>t] ( a p\nd ( fat bacon cut into     
dice1 a little bun* ( sweet h]bs & a    

laurel leaf1 & let !m /ew gradually4 ,9 
! mean "t boil a savoy cabbage ) ?ree   
qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( pickl$ pork1 or two   
spoonfuls ( dripp+1 fill+ ! pot ) wat]4 
,:5 ! savoy is t5d]1 take x out & dra9  
x1 & !n put x into ! cass]ole ) !       
p>tridges2 let ! :ole /ew = ab\t half an
 h\r1 & !n s]ve x q hot4 ,sometimes a   
c>rot is cut 9 r\nd slices & /ew$ ) !   
p>tridges1 & ?is is a great improvem5t4 
,c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove ! bundle (   
sweet h]bs & ! laurel leaf be=e add+ !  
cabbage1 z o!rwise x might be difficult 
to f9d !m1 & !y w\ld n look well if s5t 
to table4 ,brussels' spr\ts may be us$  
in/ead ( a savoy1 & !y r5d] ! di% m     
delicate4 ,a half-roa/$ duck may be /ew$
 9 ?is way in/ead ( ! p>tridges1 & is   
excell5t4  ,any k9d ( cold game makes an
 excell5t salad1 ! meat be+ cut f !     
bones & mix$ ) lettuces cut small1 &    
dress$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! ,fr5* add    
cap]s1 an*ovies1 or any o!r season+1 to 
salads1 & g>ni% !m ) ! fl[]s ( !        
na/urtium & ! borage1 :i* may be eat5   

)\t dang]4  ,a ,magnonnaise is a salad )
 alt]nate r[s ( cold f[l or roa/ veal1 &
 lettuce1 h>d eggs cut 9 qu>t] slices1  
or c>rot1 or beet1 gh]k9s1 an*ovy1 c4   
,cold potatoes cut 9 slices1 & dress$ ) 
oil1 v9eg>1 salt1 & pepp]1 make an      
excell5t salad1 :i* may be v>i$ by !    
addition ( f9e h]bs1 slices ( beet-root1
 or an*ovies tak5 f ! bones & *opp$ f9e4
 ,b\lettes ( cold meat1 *opp$ small1 &  
mix$ ) crumbs ( bread or ma%$ potatoes1 
are also v useful impromptu di%es4 ,!   
mix$ meat & bread or potatoes is season$
 ) pepp]1 salt1 a little p>sley1 & o!r  
h]bs1 & a %allot or two cut v small2 !  
yolk ( an egg or two is !n add$1 & !    
mixture is made into balls1 :i* are j   
glaz$ ov] ) :ite ( egg1 & !n fri$2 aft] 
:i* !y are s]v$ ) a little gravy or     
sauce ( any k9d1 or cov]$ ) p>sley put  
be=e ! fire till x is q crisp4 ,cold    
potatoes may also be cut 9 slices & w>m$
 9 a cass]ole1 ) "s butt] mix$ fir/ 9 a 
plate ) a little fl\r1 "s p>sley cut v  
f9e1 pepp] & salt1 & a v little         

lemon-juice or v9eg>3 ?is is call$  la  
matre d'htel4 ,!y may also be cut 9     
slices & fri$1 & !n s]v$ ) sauce blan*e4
  ,sauce blan*e is made by mix+ butt] ) 
"s fl\r on a plate1 & !n putt+ x into a 
cass]ole ) a little wat]4 ,x %\ld be    
held ov] ! fire1 & frequ5tly %ak51 till 
x boils2 x is !n tak5 (f ! fire1 & a    
little salt & v9eg> ?r[n 92 aft] :i* x  
is aga9 %ak51 & held ov] ! fire till x  
is q hot1 b n boil+1 :5 x is s]v$4 ,"s  
cooks add a little ( ! yolk ( eggs1 well
 beat5 up ) ! salt & v9eg>4 ,c>rots are 
v good boil$1 & !n cut 9 slices1 &      
dress$  la matre d'htel1 or fri$ & s]v$ 
) sauce blan*e l potatoes4 ,c>rots are  
also v good cut into small pieces & /ew$
 till !y are t5d]1 ) a little butt]1 &  
only j en\gh wat] or gravy to prev5t !m 
f burn+4 ,a sauce is made ( ! yolk ( an 
egg beat5 up ) "s cream1 a little salt  
be+ add$1 & x is p\r$ on ! c>rots2 !    
saucepan is !n aga9 put on ! fire1 & :5 
! :ole is q hot x is s]v$4  ,x may be   
useful "h to m5tion two or ?ree k9ds (  

sauce :i* may be us$ ei!r = cold meat or
 fi%2 & also "s ( ! ways ! ,fr5* h (    
dress+ cold f[l or veal1 :i* are v nice4
  ,dut* s\r sauce4 ,take ! yolks ( two  
eggs1 a lump ( butt]1 a little bit (    
mace1 & a table-spoonful ( good :ite-w9e
 v9eg>4 ,put all toge!r into a saucepan 
ov] a g5tle fire1 & keep /irr+ all "o   
way till ! sauce is ?ick en\gh = use4   
,onion sauce4 ,melt "s butt] 9 a little 
?ick cream1 b add nei!r wat] nor fl\r4  
,boil ! onions1 & take two coats f _!   
outsides4 ,*op ! inside smoo?1 & put !m 
into ! melt$ butt]1 ) salt to ! ta/e4   
,/ir "o way ov] ! fire = a qu>t] ( an   
h\r1 & s5d up ! sauce q hot4 ,ano!r way 
is to boil ! onions s(t1 & to rub _!    
pulp ?r\gh a cull5d] or co>se sieve be=e
 add+ x to ! butt]4  ,sauce  la ,be*amel
 is made by putt+ slic$ onions & c>rots 
into a saucepan ) a little butt] & fl\r 
& a p9t ( cream2 pepp]1 salt1 & nutmeg  
are add$1 ) mu%rooms & f9ely *opp$      
p>sley1 if desir$4 ,! :ole is suff]$ to 
/ew g5tly ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 & !n x  

is /ra9$ & ?ick5$ ) a liaison ( yolks ( 
eggs4 ,ano!r k9d is made by add+ an     
equal quantity ( veal /ock to ! cream2 &
 dress+ any di%  la be*amel means s]v+ x
 up ) a :ite sauce2 ei!r made z above or
 9 any o!r way1 provid$ x consi/s       
pr9cipally ( cream or ?ick5$ milk4      
,sauce vel\t is a :ite sauce1 ! base (  
:i* is veal /ock in/ead ( cream4  ,a    
,liaison ( eggs is made by tak+ "s fre% 
eggs 7x is ess5tial t !y %\ld be q      
fre%71 & sep>at+ ! :ite c>efully f !    
yolk4 ,! yolks are !n beat5 up1 & two or
 ?ree spoonfuls ( ! liquor !y are want$ 
to ?ick5 is add$ to !m1 /irr+ !m        
c>efully4 ,! saucepan is !n tak5 (f !   
fire :ile ! eggs are gradually mix$ )   
its cont5ts1 & only put on ! fire aga9 =
 a m9ute1 c>efully /irr+ ! cont5ts s z  
to make !m q hot1 b n boil+1 be=e !y are
 s]v$ up4  ,sauce  la ,t>t>e is mix$ by 
putt+ %allots & o!r h]bs cut v f9e1 )   
mu/>d1 salt1 pepp]1 oil1 & a little     
v9eg>4 ,! +r$i5ts are all mix$ well     
toge!r & s]v$ cold1 or !y may be made   

hot = fi%4  ,a ,blanquette is made by   
cutt+ cold meat into ?9 slices1 & !n    
putt+ x into a saucepan ) a lump (      
butt]1 a little fl\r1 pepp]1 salt1 a    
bun* ( sweet h]bs1 & a little gravy4    
,simm] x g5tly five m9utes1 & !n put !  
meat into a di%2 & aft] ?ick5+ ! sauce )
 ! yolks ( eggs beat5 up ) a v small    
quantity ( v9eg>1 & putt+ x ov] ! fire =
 a m9ute1 p\r x q hot ov] ! meat4  ,a   
,m>9ade is made by /ew+ ! rema9s ( a f[l
 or slices ( cold meat ) butt] or oil1  
v9eg>1 pepp]1 salt1 onions1 & sweet     
h]bs2 & !n dra9+ ! pieces1 dipp+ !m 9   
:ite ( egg1 & fl\r+ !m or cov]+ !m )    
bread crumbs1 & fry+ !m4  ,a ,capilotade
 is a br[n fricasse or ha%1 & a ,t]r9e  
is a pie bak$ 9 a di%1 b )\t cru/4      
,cr\/ades are pieces ( /ale1 firm bread1
 cut l sippets1 b mu* ?ick]1 & holl[$   
out into ! c5tre1 keep+ ! piece cut out 
to s]ve z a lid4 ,! cr\/ades are !n fri$
 a f9e br[n1 & :ile hot !y are fill$ )  
m9c$ f[l or veal2 or if a sweet di% is  
requir$1 ) "s k9d ( m>malade or jam made

 hot4  ,omelettes are always a great    
addition to a d9n] table1 & !y are      
easily made4 ,! foll[+ is ! ,fr5*       
receipt = ! ,omelettes aux f9es h]bes4  
,take any quantity ( eggs & beat !m     
well1 add+ pepp]1 salt1 p>sley1 & any   
o!r h]bs1 ) a few %allots or small      
onions *opp$ v f9e4 ,melt en\gh butt] 9 
a fry+-pan to cov] ! bottom ( ! fry+-pan
 ) liquid1 & :5 x is boil+ p\r 9 !      
omelette1 & fry x till x becomes a f9e  
br[n4 ,:5 s]v$1 fold x s t only ! br[n  
side may be se51 & p\r ov] x a k9d (    
sauce made by putt+ a little butt]1     
fl\r1 & catsup 9 ! pan1 & %ak+ x = a few
 m9utes ov] ! fire2 or a little gravy   
may be heat$ & p\r$ ov] x4 ,! fry+-pan  
%\ld n be too l>ge1 z an omelette %\ld  
always be r ?ick4 ,ab\t six or eight    
eggs w make an omelette ( ! ord9>y size1
 & ab\t two ounces ( butt] w be requir$ 
= fry+ x4 ,o!r omelettes may be made by 
omitt+ ! h]bs1 & add+ mu%rooms cut v    
small1 or mu%room-p[d]1 grat$ ham1 grat$
 *eese1 or1 9 fact1 any o!r sub/ance t  

may be ?\ght desirable4  ,dr4 ,hunt]    
gives ! foll[+ receipt = a ,potato      
omelette4 ,take ?ree ounces ( potatoes  
ma%$1 & add to !m ! yolks ( five eggs1 &
 ! :ites ( ?ree4 ,add :ite pepp]1 salt1 
& nutmeg to ! ta/e4 ,fry 9 butt]1 & s]ve
 up ) cle> gravy1 to :i* "s add a little
 lemon-juice4 ,sweet omelettes may be   
made by add+ to ! eggs orange-fl[] wat]1
 & sug>1 or grat$ lemon-peel & sug>1 or 
m>malade ( apples or apricots1 or       
raspb]ry or currant jam4 ,! omelette is 
!n fri$ 9 ! usual way2 b x is usually   
s]v$ )\t d\bl+ x up1 sug> be+ grat$ ov] 
! upp] side aft] x is put 9 ! di%1 :i*  
is !n set 9 front ( ! fire = a few      
m9utes1 or ! omelette is br[n$ by hold+ 
ov] x a flat r$-hot iron call$ a        
salam&]4  ,! foll[+ is a receipt = mak+ 
an ,omelette s\ffle1 tak5 f a ,fr5*     
cook]y book4 ,break six eggs2 sep>ate ! 
:ites f ! yolks1 & beat up ! latt] ) f\r
 ounces ( grat$ lump-sug>1 & a little   
orange-fl[] wat]1 or ! r9d ( a lemon cut
 v f9e1 or grat$4 ,!n beat ! :ites ( !  

eggs into a fro?1 & mix !m quickly ) !  
yolks1 & p\r !m into a di% 9 :i* two    
ounces ( butt] h be5 melt$1 & :i* is q  
hot2 hold a salam&] ov] ! eggs = ab\t   
five m9utes1 :5 !y w rise 9 bli/]s2 !n1 
spr9kl+ a little p[d]$ sug> ov] ! di%1  
s]ve x q hot1 )\t los+ a mom5t1 z1 if x 
be all[$ to cool1 ! puff$ up "p w fall1 
& ! appe>ance ( ! di% w be spoil$4 ,:5  
?is di% is made 9 ,engl&1 ! butt] is    
g5]ally melt$ 9 a fry+-pan1 into :i* !  
eggs are p\r$1 & suff]$ to fry = a m9ute
 or two1 aft] :i* ! omelette is put into
 a hot di%1 & set 9 ! ov5 to rise4 ,a   
little grat$ sug> is !n spr9kl$ ov] x1 &
 x is s]v$ imm$iately4  ,apples &       
apricots cut 9 slices & dipp$ 9 a light 
batt] make a v agreeable addition to a  
small d9n]2 & ! fl[]s ( ! ,judas tree1 &
 v9e leaves1 sug>$ & /eep$ 9 br&y1 & !  
"y %oots ( ! vegetable m>r[1 all make   
nice di%es :5 dipp$ 9 batt] & fri$4     
,frangipane is made by beat+ up two or  
?ree eggs1 & !n add+ to !m two spoonfuls
 ( fl\r1 mix$ q smoo? ) a little milk4  

,put ! :ole into a cass]ole1 & set x on 
! fire = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 %ak+ x       
cont9ually t ! frangipane may n burn4 ,!
 di% may be flav\r$ ) sug>1 orange-fl[] 
wat]1 or cru%$ mac>oons2 & x is eat5 )  
t>ts or pres]v$ fruit4  ,fromage  la    
crme is a v elegant addition to !       
dess]t4 ,x is made by tak+ a p9t ( new  
milk1 & add+ to x a spoonful ( r5net1 & 
keep+ x w>m till ! curd rises2 ! curd is
 !n c>efully tak5 up )\t break+ x1 &    
laid 9 a wick] basket1 or on a sieve1 to
 dra94 ,:5 ne>ly all ! :ey has run (f1 x
 is s]v$ ) cream p\r$ r\nd x1 & sug>    
grat$ on ! top4  ,= ,syllabubs1 to "o   
qu>t ( cream put ! r9ds & juice ( two   
lemons1 a teacupful ( :ite w9e1 two     
table-spoonfuls ( br&y1 a little nutmeg1
 & sug> to ! ta/e2 & !n :ip !m to a fro?
 ) a :isk4  ,a ,devon%ire syllabub1 or  
junket1 is made by putt+ a p9t ( cid]1 )
 two table-spoonfuls ( br&y1 & sug> to !
 ta/e1 into a l>ge b[l1 & milk+ ^u x    
till ! b[l is ne>ly full4 ,9 tw5ty      
m9utes "s clott$ cream is heap$ up 9 !  

middle ( ! di%1 & p[d]$ c9namon1 grat$  
nutmeg1 & ,h>lequ9 comfits /rew$ ov] !  
top4 ,:5 cid] _c be procur$1 half a p9t 
( port is us$ in/ead1 omitt+ ! br&y2 &  
:5 a c[ is n accessible1 lukew>m milk   
p\r$ f a c(fee-pot sp\t1 held up z high 
z possible1 w d almo/ z well4  ,=       
impromptu ,*eesecakes4 ,take a qu>t] ( a
 p\nd ( butt]1 & ! same quantity ( p\nd$
 lump-sug>1 two eggs well beat51 & !    
juice ( a lemon1 ) ! grat$ r9d4 ,beat ! 
butt] into a cream1 & mix ! :ole well   
toge!r4 ,!n put "s light puff pa/e 9    
pattypans1 & drop a little ( ! mixture  
into ea*4 ,ano!r way ( mak+ impromptu   
*eesecakes is ) butt]1 sug>1 & sweet    
almonds1 tak+ ( ea* a qu>t] ( a p\nd1 & 
add+ ! yolks ( f\r eggs1 ) ! :ite ( two1
 & ! grat$ r9d ( a lemon4  ,common      
,*eesecakes made ) curd take m "t to    
prep>e1 b are1 ,i ?9k1 bett]2 !y are    
made by turn+ "s milk ) r5net into curd1
 z if = mak+ *eese1 & !n beat+ ?ree     
qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( ! curd1 :i* %\ld be q 
dry s z to crumble1 ) five ounces (     

butt] till ! mixture is q smoo?4 ,two   
ounces ( sweet almonds & five or six    
bitt] ones1 p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 & mix$ )   
f\r ounces ( lump-sug>1 cru%$ & sift$1  
%\ld be add$2 & ! :ole %\ld be moi/5$ ) 
! yolks ( f\r1 & ! :ites ( two eggs     
beat5 up ) ?ree spoonfuls ( cream1 two (
 br&y1 & a little nutmeg4 ,! pattypans  
%\ld be r l>ge1 & rubb$ ) butt] be=e !  
pa/e is put into !m1 & ! space left = ! 
curd %\ld be fill$ q full4 ,^!          
*eesecakes %\ld be bak$ ab\t tw5ty      
m9utes1 & !y are excell5t4 ,z ,i h said 
y are to l9e y\r pattypans ) puff pa/e1 
y w probably n[ ask h[ x is to be made4 
,!re are num]\s receipts giv5 9 ! cook]y
 books1 & ,i really don't "k :i* is !   
be/2 b ,i w tell y h[ ,i h se5 mo/      
excell5t pa/e made :5 ,i 0 a girl1 by "o
 ( ! be/ pla9 cooks ,i ev] met )4  ,=   
,puff ,pa/e1 ! fl\r 0 put 9 a wide e>!n 
pan set be=e ! fire1 till x 0 q w>m1    
turn+ x frequ5tly ) ! h&s4 ,a little    
butt] 0 !n rubb$ into ! fl\r1 & en\gh   
w>m wat] 0 add$ to make ! :ole into a v 

smoo? & ev5 pa/e1 e lump 9 ! fl\r hav+  
be5 c>efully crumbl$ 9 ! process ( mix+4
 ,! pa/e 0 roll$ out r ?ick1 & little   
bits ( butt] /uck all ov] x2 fl\r 0 !n  
du/$ ov] ! butt]1 & ! pa/e 0 fold$ up s 
z to cov] ! fl\r4 ,?is 0 repeat$ z (t5 z
 requir$1 & half a p\nd ( butt] to a    
p\nd ( fl\r 0 consid]$ to make a v ri*  
cru/1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( butt] to a p\nd
 ( fl\r be+ ! usual proportion4  ,%ort  
or ,sug> ,pa/e 0 made by rubb+ two      
ounces ( lump-sug>1 cru%$ by a roll+-p9 
s z to be v f9e1 into a p\nd ( dry fl\r1
 & add+ ?ree ounces ( butt]1 bo? ! butt]
 & ! sug> be+ s mix$ z to leave no      
lumps4 ,! yolks ( two eggs 7 !n beat5 up
 well1 ) "s cream1 & add$ to ! fl\r1 s z
 to make x into a pa/e1 & if m moi/ure 0
 requir$1 milk or cream 0 us$1 b no     
wat]4 ,?is pa/e only requir$ roll+ out  
once1 & x 0 delici\s4  ,9 "s ( ! mod]n  
cook]y books equal quantities ( butt] & 
fl\r1 9 addition to ! yolks ( two eggs1 
are recomm5d$ = ri* puff pa/e2 & x is   
direct$ t ! great] "p ( ! butt] %\ld be 

made into a ball1 & ! butt]milk hav+ be5
 squeez$ out ( x1 x %\ld be put into !  
cru/ & cov]$ ) x1 l an apple 9 mak+ an  
apple-dumpl+4 ,! cru/ is !n to be fl\r$ 
& roll$ out five or six times4 ,i h nev]
 tri$ ?is pa/e1 & ,i %\ld ?9k x w\ld be 
difficult to make4 ,regul> pa/rycooks1  
,i am told1 use oil1 :i* !y mix ) ! fl\r
 )\t any wat]2 & l>d or dripp+ is (t5   
us$ 9 l>ge families to save butt]4 ,eggs
 give a great ri*ness to pa/e2 b :5 us$ 
! :ites %\ld be omitt$1 z !y are apt to 
make ! pa/e h>d4  ,hav+ ?us brok5 ?r\gh 
my det]m9ation to give y only receipts =
 impromptu cook]y1 ,i ?9k ,i mu/ give y 
a few h9ts on :at may be call$ ,national
 ,cook]y1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ,i may tea*
 y h[ to make ! fav\rite di%es ( mo/ ( !
 nations ( ,europe4 ,i d ?is pr9cipally 
to amuse y1 & to enable y to produce    
v>iety 9 y\r ent]ta9m5ts1 z ! greate/   
enemy y h to dread is monotony2 b y may 
occasionally f9d x useful to "k h[ to   
produce ! fav\rite di%es ( =eign]s1 :5 y
 h to ent]ta9 !m4  ,! ,pot au ,feu is ! 

popul> s\p ( ,france1 :i* is f\nd 9 e   
h\se1 f ! pr9ce to ! peasant3 x is made 
by putt+ a solid piece ( beef into cold 
wat]1 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd ( meat to
 a qu>t ( wat]1 & lett+ x simm] 9 an    
e>!n pot on a hot he>? = six h\rs1 tak+ 
(f ! scum z x rises4 ,a little salt is  
?r[n 9 aft] ! liquor has begun to simm]1
 & c>rots1 cabbage1 an onion or two1 &  
any o!r vegetable t may be 9 season are 
put 91 aft] ! scum1 caus$ by ! addition 
( ! salt1 has be5 tak5 (f4 ,?is pottage 
c nev] be made prop]ly unless wood is   
burn$ 9 ! kit*51 z x requires to be kept
 con/antly simm]+1 b nev] boil+ rapidly 
dur+ ! :ole ( ! six h\rs2 & ?is c       
sc>cely be accompli%$ ) a t9 kettle or  
saucepan plac$ at ! side ( a coal fire4 
,9 ,france !y g5]ally use a piece ( !   
rump = ! pot au feu1 z !y h _! meat 7:i*
 !y call b\illi7 s5t to table1 ) ! be/ (
 ! vegetables1 tak5 c>efully out ( !    
liquor1 laid r\nd x4 ,! s\p is !n /ra9$ 
(f & p\r$ q hot on a slice ( bread1 ei!r
 toa/$ or untoa/$1 accord+ to ta/e1 :i* 

is laid at ! bottom ( ! ture54          
,sometimes1 in/ead ( us+ bread1 !       
pottage is s]v$ pla92 or v]micelli is   
add$ 9 ! proportion ( f "o to two ounces
 to ea* qu>t ( s\p4 ,! v]micelli is put 
into a saucepan1 & en\gh ( ! b\illon to 
cov] x is /ra9$ ov] x1 & x is /ew$ v    
g5tly = ab\t half an h\r1 s z to be     
ready to add to ! s\p :5 x is put into !
 ture54 ,9 w9t]1 in/ead ( vegetables1   
rice is frequ5tly put into ! pot au feu 
ab\t two h\rs be=e x is s]v$ up2 or x is
 /ew$ = ab\t an h\r 9 a sep>ate         
saucepan1 & add$ :5 ! pottage is s]v$   
up4  ,mac>oni is ! national di% (       
,italy1 & x is prep>$ by cov]+ x ) t5   
times its volume ( boil+ wat]1 & lett+ x
 rema9 till x becomes s(t4 ,:5 ?is is ! 
case1 "s salt is ?r[n into ! wat]1 & !  
saucepan is held ov] ! fire = a m9ute1  
till ! liquid beg9s to bubble1 :5 cold  
wat] is ?r[n 9 to /op ! ebullition3 !   
mac>oni is !n dra9$1 & plac$ 9 a di%    
alt]nately ) small bits ( butt]1 pepp]1 
& grat$ *eese2 or1 in/ead ( butt]1 gravy

 ( any k9d may be us$1 or tomato sauce4 
,! ,italians use ! same k9d ( s\p z !   
,fr5*1 b !y always s]ve a di% ( grat$   
*eese to eat ) x2 & sometimes !y add    
p>sley *opp$ v small to ! potage be=e   
s]v+ x4 ,! *eese us$ 9 ,italy is ei!r   
,p>mesan or ,gruy]e1 b any /rong        
flav\r$1 dry *eese w d4  ,sau] kraut is 
! national di% ( ,g]many1 & x is made f 
v l>ge close cabbages1 :i* are depriv$ (
 _! out] leaves s z to leave only ! h>d 
:ite "p1 or head4 ,! fir/ process (     
prep>+ !m is to scoop out ! int]ior "p (
 ! /alk ) an iron in/rum5t or scoop2 !y 
are !n cut into small %r$s by a wood5   
ma*9e1 compos$ ( a flat bo>d or tray1   
:i* has a l$ge on two sides1 to /eady a 
box or frame1 into :i* ! cabbages are   
put4 ,9 ! middle ( ! bo>d are f\r flat  
pieces ( /eel1 simil> to ! /eel "p ( a  
spoke%ave1 plac$ 9 an oblique direction1
 & ! ne> edge ( ea* be+ a little rais$  
up1 ) small spaces betwe5 ea*1 to let ! 
%r$s fall d[n into a tub plac$ und]nea? 
to receive !m4 ,! cabbages are !n put   

into ! box be=e describ$1 :i* is pu%$   
backw>ds & =w>ds1 :5 ! cabbages1 be+ cut
 by ! /eel1 fall 9 small %r$s into ! tub
 plac$ bel[4 ,a b>rel /&s ready to      
receive !m :5 cut1 ! sides ( :i* are    
fir/ wa%$ ) v9eg>4 ,a man /&s on a *air 
by ! b>rel1 ) clean wood5 %oes on1 ^:   
bus9ess x is to salt & prep>e !m1 :i* is
 done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! man fir/    
takes z mu* ( ! cut cabbage z cov]s ab\t
 f\r in*es above ! bottom2 he next /rews
 ^u x two h&fuls ( salt1 "o h&ful (     
ungr\nd pepp]1 & a small quantity (     
salad oil2 he !n gets into ! b>rel1 &   
treads x d[n ) 8 wood5 %oes till x is   
well mix$ & compact4 ,he next takes     
ano!r lay] ( cabbage1 & puts salt &     
pepp] on x z be=e1 & treads x aga91 & s 
goes on till ! b>rel is fill$4 ,a bo>d  
is !n plac$ on x1 & ^u ! bo>d "s v heavy
 weights are put1 & x rema9s s t5 or    
fifte5 days1 :5 x p>tially f]m5ts1 & a  
great deal ( wat] swims on ! surface3 x 
is !n put into ! cell> = use4 ,! m5 :o  
prep>e sau] kraut are ,tyrolese1 & c>ry 

_! ma*9e on _! backs f h\se to h\se4  ,9
 ! annex$ sket* 7fig4 #f471 a is !      
cutt+-tray1 b ! box into :i* ! cabbages 
are put1 c ! scoop1 & d ! tub into :i* !
 %r$s fall4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4    
,cabbage-cutt] = ,sau] kraut4  ,!       
,beet-root s\p call$ ,b>szcz or ,b>* is 
! national di% ( ,pol&4 ,x is made by   
putt+ ! sift+s ( rye into a b>rel1 &    
fill+ x ) w>m wat] 9 ! proportion ( ?ree
 qu>ts ( sift+s to f\r or five gallons (
 wat]4 ,! b>rel is set 9 a w>m closet   
heat$ to ab\t #gj1 & soon beg9s to      
f]m5t4 ,9 twelve h\rs x is ready = use4 
,! liquor is !n /ra9$ (f1 & set ne> !   
fire1 ) any meat or p\ltry t may be     
requir$4 ,:5 ! meat is suffici5tly /ew$ 
x is tak5 out ( ! s\p1 :i*1 aft] x has  
be5 well skimm$ & /ra9$1 is mix$ ) a p9t
 ( cream 9 :i* f\r table-spoonfuls (    
fl\r h be5 beat5 up1 & into :i* a r$    
beet-root has be5 grat$4 ,! s\p is !n   
set on ! fire = a m9ute1 & :5 q hot x is
 s]v$ up4 ,! meat is s]v$ on a sep>ate  
di%1 & x is g>ni%$ ) ano!r beet-root cut

 9 slices1 & dri$ mu%rooms :i* h be5    
previ\sly boil$ 9 a sep>ate saucepan4   
,ano!r mu* sup]ior k9d ( b>*1 7:i* may  
be call$ a beet pure17 is made by boil+ 
sev]al roots ( beet1 tak+ c>e n to break
 ! sk91 s t !y may pres]ve _! bright r$4
 ,:5 q s(t !y are tak5 out ( ! wat]1    
peel$1 & rubb$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,half a   
p\nd ( fl\r is mix$ ) a qu>t ( ?ick s\r 
cream1 & add$ to five or six p\nds'     
weight ( pulp1 & ?is is ?9n$ ) /ock f   
any k9d ( meat previ\sly boil$ & /ra9$4 
,! :ole is !n suff]$ to simm] till ! raw
 ta/e ( ! fl\r is gone (f1 & x is !n    
s]v$ q hot4 ,x %\ld be ( ! col\r &      
consi/5cy ( raspb]ry cream1 &1 :5       
prop]ly made1 x is delici\s4 ,bo? ^!    
receipts 7 giv5 to me by an ,engli% lady
 n[ resid+ 9 ,pol&1 s t y may rely ^u !m
 z be+ g5u9e2 & ! foll[+ receipts =     
,spani% di%es 7 procur$ = me by a fri5d 
f a g5tleman :o is a native ( ,spa94  ,!
 ,olla ,podrida is decid$ly ! national  
di% ( ,spa91 &1 prep>$ accord+ to !     
receipt ,i am go+ to give y1 x is really

 excell5t4 ,x is compos$ ( ! foll[+     
+r$i5ts3--a f[l1 pieces ( beef1 mutton1 
veal1 & bacon2 half a ,spani% sausage1 &
 "s g>vanzos 7,spani% peas74 ,! g>vanzos
 %\ld be soak$ all night 91 w>m wat] & a
 little salt4 ,next morn+ ! :ole ( !    
above are to be sl[ly boil$ toge!r =    
?ree h\rs or m2 add "s onion1 "o or two 
cloves1 salt1 c>rot1 g>lic1 & op5       
cabbages4 ,p\r ! s\p ^u v ?9 pieces (   
bread1 n toa/$4 ,aft] ! s\p1 !          
vegetables1 bacon1 & sausage are s]v$ on
 "o di%1 & ! f[l & meat on ano!r4       
,sometimes v]micelli or rice is put into
 ! s\p in/ead ( ! ?9 pieces ( bread2 b !
 bread appe>s to be mo/ g5]ally us$4    
,to make a ,pu*]o1 put f two to six     
p\nds ( beef into a /ew-pan1 add+ a qu>t
 ( wat] = e p\nd ( meat4 ,place !       
saucepan on a mod]ate fire1 :i* %\ld be 
gradually increas$ 9 =ce s t ! scum may 
be c>efully remov$1 :i* %\ld be done z x
 rises to ! surface until no m ( x      
appe>s4 ,! saucepan is !n to be left on 
a fire1 kept uni=mly mod]ate1 = ! space 

( f\r h\rs4 ,:5 x has boil$ two h\rs1   
put into x ?ree c>rots ( mod]ate size1  
two turnips1 f\r leeks1 & a p>snep1 ea* 
cut 9 half1 a h&ful ( p>sley1 m or less1
 a roa/$ onion pi]c$ ) two or ?ree      
cloves1 & a good proportion ( salt4 ,w>m
 wat] mu/ be occasionally add$1 accord+ 
z ! s\p evaporates4 ,! above1 ) !       
addition ( a :ole f[l1 or ev5 ! half ( a
 *ick5 only1 ! giblets ( a turkey1 or a 
bone ( roa/ lamb1 makes an excell5t di% 
9 ! class ( pla9 cook+4 ,!re %\ld be put
 9 ?is di% "s g>vanzos soak$ 9 w>m wat] 
! previ\s night1 & put into ! saucepan z
 soon z ! s\p beg9s to get w>m4 ,a piece
 ( ham or bacon1 or a piece ( ! ,spani% 
sausage1 %\ld be put 9 at ! same "t z ! 
vegetables4  ,a ,scot* haggis4 ,take !  
l>ge /oma* ( a %eep4 ,aft] be+ nicely   
clean$1 put x to soak 9 cold wat] = a   
night4 ,boil ! pluck ( a %eep till x    
becomes v t5d]2 m9ce x small1 toge!r ) a
 l>ge portion ( suet1 & season ) :ite   
pepp]1 salt1 & a little onion %r$ small2
 add a qu>t ( ! liquor 9 :i* ! pluck 0  

boil$1 & z mu* oatmeal1 previ\sly br[n$ 
be=e ! fire1 z w make ! mixture z ?ick z
 batt]4 ,! +r$i5ts are !n put into !    
/oma*1 :i* mu/ be firmly sew$1 to keep  
out ! wat]2 &1 aft] boil+ = ?ree h\rs1 x
 is s]v$ up 9 a deep di%4 ,?\gh ! pluck 
is "h m5tion$ g5]ally1 we mu/ obs]ve t  
nei!r ! liv]1 nor :at is call$ !        
cat's-piece or sple51 is to be us$4 ,:5 
! haggis comes to table a portion ( !   
sk9 :]e x is sew$ is tak5 up ) a =k1 & a
 hole is made by cutt+ ! sk9 all r\nd x4
 ,if ! haggis has be5 prop]ly made !    
gravy w spurt out to a great height !   
mom5t ! sk9 is pi]c$4  ,scot* b>ley bro?
 is consid]$ be/ :5 made ) a %eep's     
head1 ! wool f :i* has be5 s+$ (f ) a   
r$-hot iron4 ,?is op]ation requires     
great c>e1 z e p>ticle ( ! wool %\ld be 
remov$1 & yet no impression %\ld be made
 on ! sk94 ,:5 s+$ ! head %\ld be soak$ 
9 wat] all night4 ,9 ! morn+ x is scrap$
 & wa%$1 & !n x is split op51 & ! bra9s 
tak5 out4 ,"s p]sons rub ! bra9s ov] !  
sk9 ( ! head to remove ! blackness2 b   

o!rs d n l ei!r ! bro? or ! head unless 
bo? are black4 ,:5 prop]ly prep>$ x is  
put into a kettle ) "s turnips & c>rots 
cut small1 "s onions1 & "s salt2 & a    
gallon ( wat] %\ld be add$1 9 :i* a     
teacupful ( ,scot* or pe>l b>ley has be5
 boil$ sl[ly = half an h\r4 ,! :ole %\ld
 !n be boil$ v g5tly = two or ?ree h\rs1
 or long]1 9 a close kettle4 ,:5 s]v$ ! 
s\p %\ld n be /ra9$1 b only ! head %\ld 
be tak5 out & s]v$ on a sep>ate di%1 & !
 bro? %\ld be s5t to table ) ! b>ley &  
vegetables 9 x4 ,! meat on ! head %\ld  
be q t5d] & ?or\ghly done4 ,if ! ta/e ( 
! head be dislik$1 ! s\p may be made by 
add+ to ! /ew$ b>ley1 ! vegetables1 &   
?ree p\nds ( ! lean end ( a neck (      
mutton1 in/ead ( ! head4 ,a p9t ( gre5  
peas may also be add$1 if 9 season4  ,a 
,scot* hot*-pot*4 ,take equal quantities
 ( fre% beef & mutton1 a p\nd & a half (
 ea* to ?ree p9ts ( wat]2 *op !m f9ely1 
& let !m simm] g5tly 9 a /ew-pan4 ,:5 ! 
meat is t5d]1 season ) salt & pepp]1 &  
add a peck ( gre5 peas1 ?ree or f\r or m

 c>rots1 two caulifl[]s1 a few onions1 &
 any o!r vegetable t may be 9 season1   
cutt+ !m small1 & dr$g+ !m ) fl\r4 ,!   
:ole %\ld /ew gradually till !          
vegetables are t5d]1 :5 x %\ld be s]v$  
)\t /ra9+4 ,9 ! w9t]1 :5 o!r vegetables 
are sc>ce1 potatoes may be sub/itut$ =  
"s ( !m2 b c>rots %\ld always be mo/    
abundant4  ,= an ,iri% /ew4 ,take f\r   
p\nds ( potatoes1 & a p\nd & a half (   
meat1 ) a few onions1 & "o c>rot1 :i* w 
make a good /ew = six or sev5 p]sons4 ,!
 meat mu/ be cut into small pieces2 if x
 is half mutton x w be all ! bett]2 add 
ab\t ?ree p9ts ( wat]4 ,:5 ! great]     
portion ( ! potatoes are 9 pulp1 x w be 
done4 ,season x ) salt & pepp]4  ,!     
,engli% national di%es are1 ,i suppose1 
roa/ beef & plum pudd+4 ,i ne$ n tell y 
h[ to roa/ y\r beef1 b ,i may give y a  
receipt = a pudd+ "u x1 z ,i ?9k pudd+s 
( t k9d are peculi> to ,engl&4  ,= an   
excell5t ,york%ire pudd+1 take six eggs1
 six heap$ table-spoonfuls ( fl\r1 & "o 
tea-spoonful ( salt4 ,beat ! eggs well1 

/ra9 !m1 & mix !m ) ! fl\r1 & !n add    
gradually ab\t a p9t ( milk1 s z to make
 ! :ole into a r ?9 batt]4 ,w>m ! pan1 &
 rub x ) dripp+ or butt] be=e ! batt] is
 p\r$ into x1 & let ! batt] be ab\t an  
in* ?ick4 ,:5 ! pudd+ is br[n$ on "o    
side cut x into qu>t]s1 or eight pieces1
 & turn !m to br[n ! o!r4 ,9 "s places !
 pudd+ is made v ?91 & n turn$2 &       
sometimes currants are add$4 ,a pla9]   
pudd+ may be made ) half a p\nd ( fl\r1 
a tea-spoonful ( salt1 ?ree eggs1 & a   
p9t ( milk4  ,= a ,plum pudd+1 take     
suet1 fl\r1 currants1 & /on$ rais9s1 "o 
p\nd ea*1 ! grat$ r9d ( a lemon1 f\r    
eggs1 a w9e-glassful ( br&y1 & z mu*    
milk z is requir$ to make x ( a prop]   
consi/5ce4 ,x %\ld be boil$ eight or n9e
 h\rs 9 ei!r a clo? or a m\ld1 & s]v$ ) 
w9e sauce4  ,sir ,joseph ,brookes's     
,plum pudd+4 ,take ! crumb ( a twop5ny  
loaf1 six ounces ( suet1 two apples     
grat$1 ?ree ounces ( sug>1 ! r9d ( a    
lemon grat$1 a little c&i$ orange1 half 
a p\nd ( currants1 two table-spoonfuls (

 fl\r1 ! yolks ( f\r eggs1 half a       
nutmeg1 a little g+]1 & ?ree            
table-spoonfuls ( br&y4 ,mix all well   
toge!r1 & boil two h\rs4 ,eight ounces (
 apple or gooseb]ry pulp1 ) five ounces 
( sug>1 may be sub/itut$ = ! suet4  ,mr4
 ,sop)'s ,victoria pudd+4 ,take half a  
p\nd ( fl\r1 half a p\nd ( currants1 a  
qu>t] ( a p\nd ( suet %r$ v f9e1 a qu>t]
 ( a p\nd ( moi/ sug>1 half a p\nd (    
ma%$ potatoes1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( c>rots
 boil$ & beat5 smoo?1 & "o ounce (      
lemon-peel4 ,mix all well toge!r ! night
 be=e ! pudd+ is want$1 & boil x f\r    
h\rs4 ,ano!r simil> pudd+ is made z     
foll[s3--,take ( fl\r1 suet *opp$ f9e1  
currants1 rais9s1 & grat$ c>rot1 half a 
p\nd ( ea*2 mix ! +r$i5ts well toge!r1  
)\t any liquid1 & boil five h\rs4 ,a    
little grat$ lemon-peel may be add$1 & !
 pudd+ %\ld be s]v$ ) sweet sauce p\r$  
ov] x4  ,i %all n[ give y a few         
miscellane\s receipts ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* 
,i "k to be good4  ,a ,*>lotte de pommes
 is a ,fr5* apple pudd+1 made by l9+ a  

m\ld or di% ) ?9 slices ( /ale bread t h
 be5 dipp$ 9 cl>ifi$ butt]4 ,! middle is
 !n fill$ ) apples1 /ew$ z if = sauce2 &
 a piece ( bread be+ laid on ! top1 !   
*>lotte is bak$ ) fire above & bel[4  ,a
 ,fr5* ,apple pudd+ is made by bak+ or  
/ew+ "s apples ) sug> till !y become a  
sort ( m>malade4 ,a cu/>d is !n made (  
half a p\nd ( sweet almonds1 blan*$ &   
p\nd$ smoo?1 ) an ounce ( bitt] ones1   
half a p9t ( cream1 ! yolks ( two eggs1 
& ! :ite ( "o1 & p\r$ ov] ! apples1 :i* 
%\ld !n be bak$ 9 a sl[ ov54 ,z ?is is  
:at is call$ a ,fr5* apple pudd+ 9      
,engl&1 x may amuse y to give y n[ :at  
is call$ an ,engli% apple pudd+ 9       
,france2 x is z foll[s3--,take twelve   
mod]ate-siz$ apples1 p>e & core !m1 & !n
 put !m into a saucepan ) f\r or five   
table-spoonfuls ( wat]4 ,/ew !m till !y 
are s(t1 & !n mix !m ) half a p\nd (    
p[d]$ lump sug>1 ! juice ( ?ree lemons1 
& ! grat$ r9d ( two1 & ! yolks ( eight  
eggs well beat54 ,mix all well toge!r2  
cov] a di% ) a light puff pa/e1 & p\r ! 

mixture into x4 ,put x into ! ov51 &    
bake x half an h\r4  ,a ,p>snep pudd+ is
 made by boil+ two p>sneps1 dra9+ ! wat]
 f !m1 ma%+ !m1 & add+ grat$ bread1 !   
yolks ( two eggs1 sug> & spice to !     
ta/e1 & a little cream2 ! :ole1 :5 mix$1
 is p\r$ into a light puff pa/e1 & bak$4
  ,mr4 ,sop)'s ,almond pudd+4 ,take five
 or six bitt] almonds1 blan*$1 & p\nd !m
 9 a mort>1 ) sev5 or eight pieces (    
lump sug>4 ,!n beat up ! yolks ( two1 & 
! :ites ( ?ree eggs1 & add !m to !      
almonds & sug>1 ) two spoonfuls ( cream 
made lukew>m4 ,p\r ! :ole into a m\ld or
 bas9 well butt]$1 & /eam x = tw5ty     
m9utes4  ,to make a ,cab9et pudd+4      
,butt] a pudd+ bas91 & l9e ! inside ) a 
lay] ( rais9s t h be5 previ\sly /on$4   
,!n cut "s ?9 bread & butt]1 tak+ (f !  
cru/1 & fill ! bas9 ) x4 ,9 ano!r bas9  
beat up ?ree eggs1 & add to !m a p9t (  
milk1 ) sug> & spice2 mix all well      
toge!r1 & p\r ! :ole into ! fir/ bas9 ^u
 ! bread & butt]4 ,let x /& half an h\r1
 & !n tie a fl\r$ clo? ov] x 9 ! usual  

mann]1 tak+ c>e t ! bas9 is q full4 ,?is
 is a mo/ delici\s pudd+2 & :5 turn$ out
 ( ! bas9 x has a s+ul> appe>ance1 !    
outside be+ q cov]$ ) rais9s4  ,= ,lemon
 cream4 ,take a qu>t ( lemonade made v  
sweet1 /ra9 x1 & put x 9 a saucepan on !
 fire4 ,add ! yolks ( eight eggs beat51 
& /ir x always "o way till x is ( a     
prop] ?ickness4 ,s]ve x 9 cu/>d-glasses1
 or 9 a cream-di%4 ,to make ! lemonade1 
dissolve five ounces ( sug> 9 two p9ts (
 boil+ wat]1 hav+ previ\sly1 ) "p ( !   
sug>1 rubb$ ! yell[ r9d (f a lemon2 !n  
add ! juice ( ?ree lemons4 ,"s p]sons   
put ! lemon & sug> into a jug1 & p\r !  
boil+ wat] ^u !m4  ,rice flumm]y1 :i* is
 a v nice side di%1 is made by mix+ a   
qu>t] ( a p\nd ( gr\nd rice ) a little  
cold milk1 & !n add+ a p9t ( hot milk   
:i* has be5 boil$ ) a /ick ( c9namon & a
 bit ( lemon-peel2 add sug> to ! ta/e1  
&1 if requir$1 a few drops ( ess5ce (   
almonds4 ,boil x up1 /irr+ x c>efully1 &
 !n p\r x into a m\ld4  ,dut* flumm]y is
 made by boil+ two ounces ( is+lass 9   

?ree half-p9ts ( wat] v g5tly = half an 
h\r4 ,/ra9 ! liquor1 & add a few lumps (
 sug> :i* h be5 rubb$ on ! r9d ( two    
lemons1 & ! juice ( ?ree lemons /ra9$2  
!n beat ! yolks ( sev5 eggs1 & add !m   
gradually4 ,put ! :ole ov] ! fire1 & /ir
 x c>efully1 all "o way1 till x boils1 &
 !n p\r x into a m\ld1 or put x fir/    
into a bas9 to settle be=e putt+ x into 
! m\ld4 ,! :ites ( ! eggs beat5 up to a 
fro? w look v pretty ov] pres]ves2 or !y
 may be col\r$ ) "s k9d ( pres]ve1 to =m
 a di%4  ,! foll[+ is a receipt to make 
,rice cream1 :i* 0 s5t to me by a fri5d1
 & is said to be mo/ excell5t4 ,take a  
qu>t] ( a p\nd ( gr\nd rice1 "o qu>t (  
cream1 ! peel ( a lemon1 & a small piece
 ( butt]4 ,put all into a /ewpan1 &     
place x ov] ! fire1 /irr+ x c>efully    
till x boils1 :5 x %\ld be ( ab\t ! same
 ?ickness z bread sauce4 ,aft] boil+ two
 m9utes1 add a spoonful ( prep>$        
is+lass1 & turn x out1 z y w\ld any o!r 
cream4 ,s5d x to table ) a little       
raspb]ry or currant syrup4  ,blancmange 

may be made quickly by boil+1 or r      
simm]+1 two ounces ( is+lass 9 ?ree p9ts
 ( milk till x is dissolv$1 :i* w be 9  
ab\t half an h\r4 ,!n /ra9 x into a p9t 
& a half ( cream2 sweet5 x1 & add a     
little pea*-wat]1 to give ! flav\r (    
almonds4 ,let x boil up once1 & !n /& a 
few m9utes to settle be=e x is put into 
! m\lds4 ,use t9 m\lds1 & set !m 9 cold 
pump-wat] *ang+ ! wat] :5 x becomes w>m1
 & ! blancmange w v soon be q firm4  ,i 
w n[ give y a few miscellane\s receipts1
 & !n ,i ?9k y w h _h en\gh2 = ,i "k1 z 
f> z my own exp]i5ce goes1 ,i h always  
felt p]plex$1 :5 ,i h tak5 up a cook]y  
book1 by ! great numb] ( receipts :i* ,i
 f\nd 9 x1 & all ( :i* appe>$ to me s   
excell5t t ,i knew n :i* to *oose4 ,i h1
 naturally en\gh1 suppos$ y to h ! same 
feel+2 & ?us1 9 :at ,i h writt51 ,i h   
endeav\r$ z mu* z possible to save y !  
tr\ble ( selection1 by giv+ y only su*  
di%es z ,i ei!r "k to be good myself1 or
 :i* h be5 giv5 to me by fri5ds ,i c    
fully rely ^u4 ,b ,i am =gett+ y\r      

receipts2 !y are z foll[3--  ,to make   
,potato fl\r or />*1 to s]ve also in/ead
 ( arr[-root4 ,peel & wa% ! potatoes1   
cutt+ out all ! specks2 !n grate or rasp
 !m into a pan ( wat]2 /ir x up well1 & 
let x rema9 = ab\t t5 h\rs1 or till all 
! fl\r is settl$ d[n4 ,!n p\r (f ! wat] 
) ! fibr\s p>ts ( ! potatoes1 & put "s  
fre% wat] to ! fl\r1 :i*1 z x settles v 
h>d1 mu/ be well /irr$ & /ra9$ into     
ano!r pan1 :]e let x rema9 till x is    
aga9 settl$ d[n1 & s d till ! wat] is q 
cle>1 :i* w be 9 f\r or five times mix+ 
9 fre% wat]2 once /ra9+ is suffici5t4   
,:5 cle> en\gh1 break ! fl\r up into a  
di%1 & dry x g5tly be=e ! fire2 x takes 
a good :ile1 z x mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$ & 
brok5 into a f9e p[d]4 ,x may !n be put 
away = use1 & keeps a long "t4 ,v small 
potatoes answ] ! purpose z well z l>ge2 
&1 :5 p]sons gr[ !m1 x uses up ^? t are 
too small = boil+4 ,t5 ounces & a half (
 />* h be5 produc$ f v small potatoes1  
:i* weigh$ only sev5 p\nds & a half be=e
 peel+ !m4 ,:5 ?is fl\r is made on a    

l>ge scale1 ! potatoes may be wa%$1 & !n
 gr\nd 9 a cid]-mill )\t p>+4  ,to      
pickle ,lemons4 ,grate (f ! r9d1 !n lay 
!m 9 salt = six days2 boil v9eg> ) a    
little turm]ic1 & p\r ov] !m boil+2 let 
!m /& till next day2 !n boil 9 be/      
v9eg>1 mace1 %allots1 an*ovy1 ,cay5ne   
pods1 & cloves2 boil ! lemons & liquor  
toge!r two m9utes1 & cov] !m close up4  
,9 a few days !y w be fit = use1 & are  
mu* admir$ ) fi%1 cutlets1 or cold meat4
  ,mixture = ,india ,pickle4 ,"o gallon 
( v9eg>1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( g>lic1 half 
a p\nd ( salt1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( g+]1  
two ounces ( :ite mu/>d se$1 & two      
teaspoonfuls ( ,cay5ne pepp]2 mix all   
well toge!r4 ,any vegetables1 su* z     
small onions1 caulifl[]s1 ,fr5* beans1  
radi% pods1 & gh]k9s1 may be laid 9 salt
 ?ree days1 dri$1 & put into ! above    
mixture1 & x is an excell5t pickle =    
g5]al use4  ,cucumb] ,v9eg>4 ,p>e &     
slice fifte5 l>ge cucumb]s1 & ?ree or   
f\r onions1 a few %allots1 & a clove or 
two ( g>lic4 ,!n put a lay] ( slices (  

cucumb] 9 a deep j>1 & /rew ov] x "s    
pepp] & salt1 & a little ,cay5ne pepp]2 
!n a lay] ( onions & %allots1 ) pepp] & 
salt z be=e2 repeat+ alt]nate lay]s (   
cucumb]s & onions till ! j> is ab\t half
 full1 :5 ?ree p9ts ( v9eg> is to be    
p\r$ on ! :ole4 ,aft] /&+ f\r days !    
v9eg> is /ra9$ (f1 & is ready = use4 ,x 
is a great improvem5t to cold meat4     
,excell5t ,walnut catsup4 ,take walnuts 
( ! size fit = pickl+2 cut & p\nd !m 9 a
 m>ble mort> to obta9 ! juice4 ,to a p9t
 ( ?is juice put a p\nd ( an*ovies4     
,boil till ! an*ovies are dissolv$1 & !n
 /ra9 ?r\gh a piece ( musl94 ,!n boil   
aga91 & add a qu>t] ( an ounce ( mace1  
half a qu>t] ( an ounce ( cloves1 "s    
:ole :ite pepp]1 & sev5 or eight        
%allots1 a few cloves ( g>lic1 & a p9t (
 :ite w9e v9eg>4 ,boil all toge!r till !
 %allots become t5d]2 !n /ra91 &1 :5    
cold1 bottle = use4  ,tomato sauce may  
be made by putt+ ripe tomatoes into an  
e>!n j>1 & sett+ x 9 an ov5 f :i* !     
bread has be5 j drawn4 ,:5 ! tomatoes h 

become s(t1 ! sk9s %\ld be tak5 out1 & !
 pulp %\ld be mix$ ) v9eg>1 a few cloves
 ( g>lic p\nd$1 ,cay5ne pepp]1 p[d]$    
g+]1 & salt1 to ! ta/e4 ,ano!r way is to
 /ew a gallon ( ripe tomatoes ) a p\nd (
 salt till !y are r$uc$ to a pulp2 !n   
rub !m ?r\gh a sieve1 & add half a dra*m
 ( co*9eal1 & ,cay5ne pepp]1 mace1      
allspice1 & g+] to ! ta/e4 ,let ! :ole  
boil g5tly = tw5ty m9utes1 & :5 cold put
 into wide-m\!d bottles = use4 ,by add+ 
a little br&y to ea* bottle1 ?is sauce w
 keep sev]al ye>s4 ,tomatoes are also v 
good1 boil$ g5tly 9 salt & wat]4  ,=    
,tomato sauce 7! ,spani% way74 ,cut six 
tomatoes 9 half1 &1 hav+ press$ out _!  
juice1 put to !m a suffici5t quantity ( 
gravy1 a qu>t] ( a head ( g>lic1 a      
little p>sley1 & a few drops ( v9eg>4   
,all ?is mu/ be boil$ toge!r = a %ort "t
 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,?is sauce is a 
great improvem5t to mutton *ops1 ham1   
boil$ beef1 or beef /eaks4  ,! ,spani%  
mode ( keep+ ,tomatoes4 ,boil "s sug>1 9
 ! proportion ( an ounce to ea* tomato1 

until x becomes c&i$4 ,add a t5? "p (   
onions2 & :5 !y beg9 to col\r put 9 !   
tomatoes1 ) salt1 pepp]1 cloves1 &      
nutmeg 9 suitable quantities4 ,boil !   
:ole on a v quick fire1 &1 :5 (         
suffici5t ?ickness1 /ra9 x ?r\gh a      
hair-sieve4 ,place x on ! fire aga9     
imm$iately1 &1 :5 x becomes solid1 put x
 into jelly-pots4 ,^! mu/ be cov]$ ) two
 plies ( pap]1 & kept ap>t f ! light4 ,!
 onions may be omitt$ f ! above2 9 :i*  
case x c be us$ z a sauce = a v>iety (  
di%es4  ,sirop de ,c]ises4 ,prep>e "s   
ripe *]ries by pull+ out _! /alks1 cru% 
!m1 & leave !m to f]m5t = tw5ty-f\r     
h\rs4 ,press ! *]ries1 & /ra9 _! juice  
?r\gh a sieve4 ,! liquid %\ld be q cle>1
 & to e sev5te5 ounces ( juice add two  
p\nds ( lump sug>4 ,put ! liquid into a 
/ewpan on ! fire1 & let x boil once1 !n 
take (f ! scum1 & :5 ! liquor is ne>ly  
cold bottle x4 ,all o!r syrups ( fruit  
are made 9 ! same mann]4  ,i ?9k y w n[ 
be z mu* tir$ ( read+ receipts = cook]y 
z ,i am ( writ+ !m1 & !re=e ,i w only   

add two receipts = mak+ ,pork pies1 !   
fir/ ( :i* is ! mode practis$ 9 my      
native c\nty1 ,w>wick%ire4  ,half a p\nd
 ( l>d is put into a saucepan conta9+ a 
qu>t ( wat]4 ,! saucepan is set on !    
fire1 & /irr$ till ! wat] boils4 ,!     
boil+ l>d & wat] is !n p\r$ sl[ly into z
 mu* fl\r z w suffice to make x into a  
smoo? & v /iff pa/e1 & mix$ ) a wood5   
spoon1 aft] :i* x mu/ be beat5 ) a      
roll+-p94 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts are ?or\ghly    
incorporat$1 ! pa/e is put into an e>!n 
pan1 cov]$ ) a l95 clo?1 & plac$ ne> !  
fire1 :]e x is left = ab\t half an h\r4 
,! meat is n[ prep>$ by be+ sep>at$ f e 
p>ticle ( bone1 sk91 & gri/le1 & cut    
into pieces ab\t ! size ( dice4 ,c>e is 
tak5 to keep ! fat & lean sep>ate2 b bo?
 are well season$ ) pepp] & salt4 ,a    
piece ( ! pa/e l>ge en\gh to =m "o pie  
is !n brok5 (f ! mass1 & ! re/ is aga9  
cov]$ up1 z x _c be work$ if x is too   
cold1 ?\gh x w n /& if x is too w>m4 ,if
 x breaks & crumbles1 in/ead ( be+      
pla/ic1 x is too cold2 & if x is too    

s(t1 & falls :5 rais$1 x is ei!r too w>m
 or too ri*4 ,:5 x is ( j ! "r heat to  
be> be+ m\ld$1 & yet to reta9 :atev]    
%ape may be giv5 to x1 ! piece ( pa/e is
 work$ ) ! h&s on a pa/ebo>d1 into ! =m 
( a high-peak$ hat1 ) a broad brim2 & !n
 ! peak ( ! hat be+ turn$ d[nw>ds on !  
bo>d1 "o ( ! h&s is put inside ! hat1 & 
! o!r us$ to raise & smoo? ! sides1 till
 ! pie is gradually work$ into a prop]  
%ape4 ,! meat is !n put into ! cru/ 9   
lay]s1 two ( lean to "o ( fat1 & press$ 
z closely z possible1 9 ord] t ! pie may
 cut firm :5 cold4 ,:5 ! pie is q full1 
! lid is put on1 & wet r\nd ! edge to   
make x adh]e to ! top ( ! walls1 on :i* 
x is laid1 ! two be+ p9*$ toge!r1 9 ord]
 to unite !m m ?or\ghly4  ,9            
,leice/]%ire1 & "s p>ts ( ,/af=d%ire1 a 
lay] ( rais9s is (t5 put bel[ ! meat1 &1
 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 pork pies or pa/ies 
are made ) ! same k9d ( cru/ z ,i h     
describ$1 b1 in/ead ( be+ rais$1 x is   
roll$ out1 & !n cut into pieces ( a     
prop] size = ! top & bottom1 ) a long   

piece ( ! necess>y wid? = ! sides4 ,!   
bottom is cem5t$ to ! walls ) egg1 ! two
 p>ts :i* are to adh]e be+ p9*$ toge!r2 
& ! cru/ is fill$ ) well-season$ meat1  
put 9 lay]s ( fat & lean z be=e2 ! lid  
is !n put on1 &1 aft] x has be5 made to 
adh]e to ! walls1 x is wa%$ ov] ) a     
fea!r dipp$ 9 :ite ( egg4  ,^! pies are 
frequ5tly bak$ 9 a t91 :i* is made s z  
only to support ! walls1 & is fa/5$ on  
"o side ) a k9d ( skew]1 :i* may be     
drawn out1 s z to all[ ! t9 to be remov$
 )\t break+ ! cru/4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! sides  
sometimes look too pale1 :5 ! pie is    
bak$ 9 a t91 ! pie may be put into ! ov5
 aga9 = a few m9utes aft] ! t9 is       
remov$1 9 ord] t ! walls may be prop]ly 
br[n$4  ,all pork pies %\ld be bak$     
sl[ly1 on acc\nt ( ! solid nature ( !   
meat2 & a hole is g5]ally made 9 !      
middle ( ! lid to let out ! /eam4 ,no   
wat] %\ld be put into ! pie :5 x is     
made2 b1 :5 x is bak$1 a little gravy   
made f ! bones ( ! pork may be p\r$ 9   
?r\gh ! hole 9 ! lid4 ,pork pies are    

nev] cut till !y are cold4 ,^? p]sons :o
 dislike l>d may use butt] in/ead ( x = 
! cru/2 b x is n q s good4     ,,lett]  
,,vi4  ,,! ,,l>d]4--,,salt+ ,,meat1     
,,bacon1 ,,& ,,hams4--,,!               
,,dairy4--,,managem5t ,,(               
,,milk4--,,mak+ ,,& ,,keep+             
,,butt]4--,,mak+ ,,*eese ,,( ,,v>i\s    
,,k9ds4--,,ice-,,h\se1 ,,ice-,,cell>1   
,,& ,,ice-,,cool]4   ,i w n[ proce$ to  
say a few words on ! o!r s]vants'       
(fices4 ,! ,l>d] 9 a c\ntry h\se is     
g5]ally a squ>e or oblong room ne> !    
kit*51 & sometimes sunk a /ep bel[ x4 ,x
 %\ld be kept z cool z possible1 & %\ld 
be contriv$ to be on ! nor? side ( !    
h\se4 ,:]e practicable1 !re %\ld be two 
w9d[s1 or r op5+s 9 ! walls1 opposite   
ea* o!r1 fill$ 9 ) wire network in/ead (
 glass1 to all[ a free curr5t ( air     
?r\gh ! room1 & yet to exclude flies &  
o!r insects4 ,! floor %\ld be ( brick1 &
 furni%$ ) a dra91 s t x may be         
frequ5tly wa%$ ) pl5ty ( wat]1 )\t mu*  
tr\ble4 ,! walls %\ld be :itewa%$1 & !re

 %\ld be fix$ 9 !m at int]vals /rong    
iron hooks or holdfa/s1 = ! purpose (   
susp5d+ uncook$ meat4 ,o!r hooks %\ld be
 fix$ 9 ! ceil+1 = hung beef1 tongues1  
hams1 c4 ,:5 ! l>d] is dry1 !re may be  
also bacon racks fix$ to ! ceil+2 b1 if 
! situation %\ld be damp1 ^! w be bett] 
9 ! kit*54 ,9 "s places a circul> rack  
is hung 9 ! c5tre ) hooks r\nd x = game2
 b 9 v l>ge e/abli%m5ts !re is a sep>ate
 l>d] = game1 z ! smell1 :5 x is high1  
gives an unpleasant flav\r to ! fre%    
meat kept ne> x4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! l>d] !re
 %\ld be a /rong wood5 table or         
*opp+-block = cutt+ ! meat ^u2 & close  
"u ! walls !re is frequ5tly a rais$     
settlice or dais ( brick1 ab\t two feet 
high1 :i* s]ves to support e>!n1 slate1 
or wood5 tr\ghs = salt+ meat4 ,9 "o ( ! 
deepe/ ( ^! %\ld be a k9d ( pickle or   
br9e1 9 :i* any?+ t is to be salt$ =    
keep+ may be put2 & ! o!r m %all[ tr\ghs
 may be employ$ = slightly salt+ meat t 
is soon to be us$4  ,! pickle = ! l>ge  
br9e tr\gh is made by mix+ f\r gallons (

 wat] ) a p\nd or a p\nd & a half (     
co>se sug>1 f\r ounces ( saltpetre1 &   
six p\nds ( common or bay salt4 ,?is    
mixture %\ld be boil$ 9 a l>ge kettle1 &
 ! scum tak5 (f z x rises4 ,:5 no m scum
 appe>s1 ! vessel %\ld be tak5 f ! fire1
 & ! liquid suff]$ to /& till x is cold4
 ,ano!r pickle is made by add+ to f\r   
gallons ( wat]1 f\rte5 p\nds ( common   
salt1 eight p\nds ( bay salt1 half a    
p\nd ( saltpetre1 & two ounces ( sal    
prunella4 ,boil ! :ole toge!r = half an 
h\r1 & take (f ! scum2 :5 cold x is fit 
= use4 ,! fir/ k9d is be/ = hung beef & 
tongues2 & ! latt] = salt beef & pickl$ 
pork4  ,:5 ! pickle is ready1 ! meat to 
be salt$ %\ld be exam9$1 & c>efully wip$
 dry ) a co>se clo?1 any flybl[s or     
bruis$ p>ts be+ remov$4 ,if tongues are 
to be salt$1 ! roots %\ld be cut (f1 &  
laid aside = s\ps2 & !n ! tongues %\ld  
be scrap$ & rubb$ dry be=e putt+ !m into
 ! pickl+-tr\gh4 ,! sk9 ( ! pork %\ld be
 scrap$ & clean$1 & ! fle%y "p %\ld be  
c>efully exam9$1 & wip$ dry1 any mass t 

!re may be ( congeal$ blood be+ remov$4 
,all ! meat t is to be cur$ be+ prop]ly 
prep>$1 x %\ld be laid 9 ! pickl+-tr\gh 
& ! br9e p\r$ ov] x2 &1 if !re are      
sev]al pieces ( meat1 c>e %\ld be tak5  
to lay !m s t ! br9e may t\* e "p1 &    
completely cov] ! :ole4 ,meat :i* has   
be5 pres]v$ 9 ! fir/ pickle = t5 weeks  
or m1 if cook$ )\t be+ hung up to dry1 w
 be p]fectly t5d]1 & w eat z well z meat
 t has be5 only fre%ly & slightly salt$4
  ,x is said t meat may be kept 9 ?is   
pickle = twelve mon?s1 provid$ ! pickle 
be boil$ & skimm$ ab\t once 9 two mon?s1
 & t dur+ ! boil+1 two ounces ( sug>1 & 
half a p\nd ( salt be add$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! 
articles :i* h be5 salt$1 aft] rema9+   
ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks 9 ! pickle1
 are tak5 out & hung up to dry4 ,"s     
p]sons lay !m to dra91 & !n hang !m up  
)\t any o!r prep>ation2 b o!rs advise !m
 to be wip$ q dry & put 9 pap] bags be=e
 !y are hung up4 ,:5ev] fre% articles   
are put into ! pickle1 e ?+ %\ld be tak5
 out ( ! tr\gh1 & ! br9e boil$ up1 !    

scum be+ tak5 (f & fre% salt & sug>     
add$1 z be=e direct$4 ,sometimes meat is
 m]ely salt$ :5 x is to be us$ 9 a few  
days2 9 :i* case ! meat is put into a   
small] tr\gh or pan1 & only salt is us$ 
9 ! proportion ( a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( salt
 to e two p\nds ( meat4 ,! salt %\ld be 
well rubb$ 91 & ! meat turn$ e day4  ,! 
foll[+ g5]al obs]vations z to cur+ meat 
w probably be ( m use ?an multiply+     
receipts4 ,:at is call$ bay salt 7t is1 
salt made by evaporat+ sea-wat]7 gives a
 f9] flav\r ?an common salt1 b r m %\ld 
be us$1 to produce ! same degree (      
saltness4 ,sug> makes meat t5d]1 & gives
 mell[ness & ri*ness1 b ! quantity us$  
%\ld nev] be m ?an "o qu>t] ( ! quantity
 ( salt1 or x w make ! meat ta/e        
insipid4 ,saltpetre gives a f9e r$      
col\r1 b x is apt to make ! meat h>d2 &1
 :5ev] x is us$1 !re %\ld be at lea/ an 
equal quantity ( sug> to c\nt]act its   
h>d5+ t5d5cy4 ,! usual proportion is1 a 
qu>t] ( an ounce ( saltpetre to a p\nd (
 salt2 or1 if us$ ) sug>1 "o ounce (    

saltpetre to ?ree p\nds ( sug>4 ,meat   
%\ld nev] be salt$ 9 v hot wea!r1 unless
 x is want$ = use 9 a few days2 & x %\ld
 nev] be put 9 pickle at t season4 ,if  
any meat 9 ! slighte/ degree ta9t$ be   
put into ! pickl+-tr\gh1 ! br9e w be    
spoil$1 & %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,:5 x is   
absolutely necess>y1 9 v hot wea!r1 to  
salt meat to keep1 x is said t a        
tea-spoonful ( muriatic acid & ( nitric 
acid 7spirits ( salt & aqua=tis71 9     
equal p>ts1 %\ld be add$ to e p\nd (    
salt4 ,x is also said t a               
dess]t-spoonful ( pyroligne\s acid add$ 
to e p\nd ( salt w give a f9e smoky     
flav\r1 )\t any ( ! tr\ble att5dant on  
smok+ dri$ meat2 b ?is la/ mu/ be us$ ) 
great c>e1 z too mu* w\ld spoil ! meat4 
,z ,hams require to be salt$ ) m c>e ?an
 any o!r k9d ( meat1 ,i h giv5 bel[ two 
or ?ree p>ticul> receipts = cur+ !m1 all
 ( :i* ,i "k to be excell5t4 ,! fir/ is 
v useful 9 ! c\ntry1 z ! hams cur$ by x 
may be cook$ )\t /eep+4  ,= a ham       
tw5ty-f\r p\nds 9 weight1 take two      

ounces ( saltpetre1 half a p\nd ( common
 salt1 "o p\nd ( bay salt1 & "o ounce ( 
black pepp]4 ,mix ^! toge!r1 & rub !m   
well into ! ham3 !n let x /& ?ree days1 
& at ! expiration ( t "t p\r "o p\nd (  
treacle ov] x1 & let x rema9 tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs2 aft] t "t1 let x be turn$ e day = 
a mon?1 & ea* "t rub ! liquor well into 
x4 ,aft] ?is1 /eep ! ham 9 cold wat] =  
twelve h\rs1 !n dry x well & hang x up4 
,x w n require any fur!r /eep+ :5 x is  
to be boil$2 & x %\ld be boil$ sl[ly1   
say at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree h\rs = a ham (
 ! weight ( t5 p\nds4 ,?is receipt 0    
giv5 me by ,mr4 ,beaton1 & x is         
impossible = any hams to be bett] ?an ^?
 cur$ 9 ?is way4  ,! foll[+ is ! way (  
cur+ hams to give !m ! ,we/phalian      
flav\r4 ,= two l>ge hams1 take "o p\nd &
 a qu>t] ( common salt1 two ounces & a  
half ( saltpetre1 ?ree p\nds ( bay salt1
 "o p\nd & a half ( br[n sug>1 & "o qu>t
 ( old be]2 boil !m all toge!r1 & p\r ! 
mixture ov] ! hams boil+ hot4 ,turn !m &
 rub !m well e day = sixte5 days2 !n    

smoke !m ) %ort horse-litt]1 & hang !m  
up to dry4  ,! foll[+ is ano!r mode (   
giv+ hams ! ,we/phalian flav\r1 & x is  
said to be excell5t4 ,= two hams weigh+ 
?irty p\nds1 take "o p\nd ( common salt1
 half a p\nd ( bay salt1 ?ree ounces (  
saltpetre1 & "o ounce & a half ( black  
pepp]1 ! latt] gr\nd1 & f9ely sift$4    
,mix all ^! well toge!r1 & rub ! hams ) 
! mixture = f\r days1 turn+ !m e day1 & 
hav+ fir/ wa%$ !m well ) v9eg>4 ,on !   
fif? day1 p\r ov] ! hams two p\nds (    
treacle1 & rub !m well ) two ounces (   
junip] b]ries bruis$4 ,let !m rema9 9   
?is pickle six weeks1 turn+ & rubb+ !m  
daily2 !n take !m out ( ! pickle1 & lay 
!m 9 spr+ wat] = f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs2 !n   
wipe !m dry & s5d !m to a *imney :]e    
wood is burnt4 ,:5 ?or\ghly smok$1 take 
!m d[n & put !m 9 a *e/ ) wood a%es4 ,i 
may "h obs]ve t1 :5 hams are cur$ 9 any 
ord9>y way1 x is said t ! ,we/phalian   
flav\r may be giv5 to !m by rubb+ ov] !m
 ?ree table-spoonfuls ( a mixture ( t> &
 spirits ( w9e1 :5 !y are j tak5 out ( !

 pickle4  ,! foll[+ is a mode ( mak+    
,mutton hams1 :i* "s p]sons are v fond  
(1 ?\gh !y are too /rong = delicate     
/oma*s4 ,cut a h9d qu>t] ( mutton l a   
ham1 & rub x ) "o ounce ( saltpetre1 "o 
p\nd ( sug>1 & "o p\nd ( salt4 ,lay x 9 
a pan1 ) ! sk9 d[nw>ds = a =tnight1 !n  
roll x 9 bran1 & hang x up to dry4  ,9  
"s places !re is no regul> l>d]1 b !    
uncook$ meat is kept 9 a hang+ ,safe 9 !
 op5 air1 :i* is drawn up & d[n by a    
pulley4 ,cook$ meat is ei!r kept 9 a    
simil> safe1 9 a fix$ safe1 9 a sep>ate 
room call$ a dry l>d]1 or on a table 9 !
 c5tre ( ! common or wet l>d]2 b1 9 !   
latt] case1 e di% %\ld be cov]$ ) a     
wire-clo? cov] to keep (f ! flies4 ,9 _m
 places ! salt+-room is ap>t f ! l>d]1 &
 ?is is a great improvem5t4  ,! ,dairy  
%\ld h ?ick walls1 & a brick or /one    
floor1 s contriv$ t x may be wa%$ )     
abundance ( wat] e day1 & yet h all !   
wat] run (f by means ( a wa/e-pipe or   
dra94 ,!re %\ld be a k9d ( %elf ( /one  
or slate r\nd x1 ab\t f\r feet f !      

gr\nd1 & a table ( simil> mat]ials 9 !  
c5tre1 = ! conv5i5ce ( hold+ ! vessels  
conta9+ ! milk & cream2 & ! w9d[1 if !re
 is b "o1 %\ld look t[>ds ! nor?1 & be  
fill$ 9 ) wire-clo?1 s z to admit ! air 
& yet exclude ! flies & o!r insects4    
,besides ?is wirework1 ! w9d[ %\ld also 
h ei!r a sa% frame ) gr\nd glass to op5 
inside1 or outside %utt]s1 to exclude ! 
sun 9 v hot wea!r1 & ! cold 9 w9t]4 ,a  
!rmomet] %\ld be kept 9 e dairy1 & !    
heat %\ld nev] be all[$ to rise above   
#ee1 or to fall bel[ #ej4 ,!re %\ld     
always be a scull]y atta*$ to ! dairy   
conta9+ a fireplace & boil]1 z ! vessels
 9 :i* milk is kept require to be       
frequ5tly wa%$ ) scald+-hot wat] to keep
 ! milk sweet1 & to prev5t ! butt] &    
cream f acquir+ an unpleasant ta/e4     
,?\gh ,i d n imag9e y\r k ( a dairy to  
be v great1 ,i suppose y are aw>e t !   
milk is drawn f ! c[ into a c or wood5  
pail1 & br\ght into ! dairy1 :]e x is   
/ra9$1 & !n put into %all[ vessels or   
milk-pans1 9 :i* x is left = sev]al h\rs

 9 ord] t ! cream may rise4 ,c[s are    
g5]ally milk$ twice a day2 ! morn+'s    
milk be+ skimm$ 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 !      
aft]noon's milk is put into pans1 or set
 up z ! dairy-maids call x1 & !         
aft]noon's milk be+ skimm$ 9 ! morn+4 ,!
 cream1 aft] :at is want$ = ! table has 
be5 tak5 out1 is put into a l>ge        
wide-m\!d j> or /e91 & sav$ = butt]4    
,*eese is g5]ally made ( new milk1 :i*  
is put at once into ! *eese-tub )\t     
sett+ x up 9 pans4 ,! *eese-tub &       
*eese-press1 ! *urn & all ! app>atus =  
mak+ butt]1 g5]ally /& 9 ! dairy        
scull]y1 :]e ! op]ations ( *eese & butt]
 mak+ are c>ri$ on4  ,v>i\s k9ds (      
vessels h be5 recomm5d$ = milk1 & !y h  
be5 made ( lead1 z9c1 slate1 & o!r      
mat]ials4 ,*9a are ! be/2 b !           
old-fa%ion$ wood5 or e>!nw>e pans appe> 
to be ! mo/ g5]al fav\rites2 ! only     
objections be+1 t wood5 pans require a  
great deal ( c>e to keep !m clean1 & t !
 lead5 glaze ( ! e>!nw>e pans is apt to 
be affect$ by ! acid ( ! milk1 if x %\ld

 be kept till x becomes s\r4 ,no good   
dairy-maid1 h[ev]1 w\ld ev] keep milk 9 
h] pans till x became acid3 &1 if by any
 *ance wood5 vessels became ta9t$ by    
hav+ _h 9 !m s\r or o!rwise spoil$ milk1
 !y %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] 9 :i* a l>ge   
piece ( soda has be5 dissolv$2 &1 if ?is
 does n sweet5 !m1 !y mu/ be boil$ 9    
soda & wat]1 & !n imm]s$ 9 pure cold    
wat] = a day or two4  ,milk :5 drawn f !
 c[ is w>m1 & x %\ld be set up 9 ! dairy
 be=e x is q cold1 or ! ,cream w n rise 
prop]ly4 ,cream = butt] may /& twelve   
h\rs on ! milk1 b ! cream t rises 9 two 
or ?ree h\rs aft] ! milk is set is      
consid]$ ! ri*e/4 ,9 _m places ! milk is
 skimm$ twice1 ! second "t twelve h\rs  
aft] ! fir/2 b ! second skimm+ is       
consid]$ v inf]ior to ! fir/4 ,9        
,devon%ire1 ! dairy-maids set !         
milk-pans on a hot he>?1 9 ord] to raise
 ! ri* cream peculi> to t c\nty4  ,9    
,scotl&1 ,butt] is made by *urn+ ! :ole 
( ! milk1 :i* is put into ! *urn z x    
comes f ! c[1 & kept !re till x is      

slightly s\r be=e x is *urn$2 b ?is     
makes ! op]ation ( *urn+ v labori\s1 & !
 butt] has always a s\r ta/e4 ,9 ,engl&1
 butt] is made only f ! cream1 :i* is n 
put into ! *urn till want$ = *urn+1 b is
 kept previ\sly f ?ree days to a week 9 
a deep e>!n vessel1 & is /irr$ e day :5 
fre% cream is put 94  ,*urns are ( two  
k9ds1 viz4 ! plunge-*urn1 ! motion ( :i*
 is up & d[n2 & ! b>rel-*urn1 :i* turns 
r\nd1 & is consid]$ mu* ! be/4 ,*urn+ is
 g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air 9 summ]1 & 9 
! dairy scull]y ne> ! fire 9 w9t]4 ,if  
kept too cold1 ! butt] w n come2 &1 if  
too hot1 ! butt] w be s(t1 & w soon     
become rancid4  ,:5 ! butt] has come1 z 
! dairy-maids call x1 x is ga!r$ toge!r 
) ! h& or a net1 & put into a k9d (     
%all[ tub2 ! butt]milk is !n empti$ out 
( ! *urn1 :i* %\ld be left to dra9 =    
half an h\r or !reab\ts1 & be aft]w>ds  
well wa%$ ) scald+ wat] & a little salt4
 ,! butt] 9 ! mean "t is knead$ & work$ 
) ! h&1 or ) two small & v smoo? pieces 
( wood1 to get all ! butt]milk out ( x2 

& 9 ,engl& wat] is g5]ally p\r$ ov] x to
 assi/ 9 ?is op]ation1 ?\gh 9 ,scotl& x 
is said t wat] spoils ! butt]4 ,:5 all !
 butt]milk is work$ out1 ! butt] is     
slightly salt$1 & !n made up into rolls 
or lumps ) ! two pieces ( wood4 ,9 !    
,s\? ( ,engl&1 z soon z ! butt] is made1
 x is put into wat]2 b 9 ! ,nor? x is   
laid 9 a dry cool place1 & cov]$ ov]4   
,:5 butt] is int5d$ = salt+1 x is n made
 into rolls1 b ! salt is work$ into x z 
soon z ! butt]milk has be5 remov$4 ,!   
foll[+ composition is recomm5d$ z a v   
good "o = salt+ butt] = home use4 ,take 
two p>ts ( salt1 "o "p ( lump sug>1 & "o
 "p ( saltpetre4 ,beat !m well toge!r1 &
 add "o ounce ( ?is composition to e    
sixte5 ounces ( butt]4  ,:5 c[s are f$  
on turnips1 an unpleasant ta/e is giv5  
bo? to ! milk & butt]2 b x may g5]ally  
be remov$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,p\r a qu>t 
( boil+ wat] on two ounces ( saltpetre1 
&1 :5 x is ?or\ghly dissolv$ & cold1    
bottle x = use4 ,if two table-spoonfuls 
( ?is mixture be put to e f\r gallons ( 

milk1 z soon z x is br\ght into ! dairy 
& /ra9$1 x is said to take (f !         
unpleasant ta/e2 or a lump ( saltpetre  
ab\t ! size ( a walnut may be put into !
 cream-pot & well /irr$ twice a day1 :5 
! fre% cream is add$4 ,9 w9t]1 butt] is 
sometimes s pale z to look almo/ l l>d1 
b x may be col\r$ by a little arnatto1  
:i* is sold = t purpose 9 ! groc]s'     
%ops2 or ! juice ( c>rot scrap$ & /ra9$ 
?r\gh musl91 or t ( ! fl[]s ( ! m>igold1
 may be us$4 ,9 ei!r case ! col\r+ matt]
 is mix$ ) ! cream be=e *urn+4  ,*eese  
is made by coagulat+ milk ) r5net1 & !n 
sep>at+ ! :ey or wat]y "p f ! curd1 :i*1
 :5 salt$1 press$1 & dri$1 becomes      
*eese4 ,r5net is ! /oma* ( a calf wa%$1 
clean$1 & salt$ ?or\ghly inside & out1  
be+ left 9 an e>!n j>1 ) a ?ick coat+ ( 
salt on x1 = ?ree or f\r days4 ,x is !n 
tak5 out ( ! pickle & hung up to dry1 & 
9 _m places x is kept 9 ?is /ate till   
want$2 b 9 o!rs1 aft] x has become dry1 
x is resalt$ & plac$ aga9 9 ! j>1 :i*   
has a bladd] or a piece ( ?ick pap]     

pi]c$ ) p9holes ti$ ov] x1 ! r5net be+  
kept twelve mon?s 9 ?is /ate be=e x is  
us$4 ,9 ,london1 calves' /oma*s & ^? (  
lambs1 prep>$ = r5net1 are kept 9 l>ge  
casks & sold 9 ! oilm5's %ops4 ,9 :atev]
 way ! r5net has be5 pickl$ & pres]v$1 x
 is always soak$ 9 br9e made ( salt &   
wat] or salt & :ey1 be=e x is us$1 & a  
bun* ( sweet h]bs is g5]ally put into ! 
br9e 9 :i* ! r5net is soak$1 9 ord] to  
give an agreeable flav\r to ! *eese4 ,! 
:ole1 h[ev]1 mu/ be /ra9$ (f cle> be=e x
 is put to ! milk4  ,:5ev] *eese is to  
be made1 ! milk mu/ be w>m$ to ab\t #ij 
( ,fahr5heit1 or ! r5net w n act4 ,z    
soon z ! curd has set1 x is sep>at$ f ! 
:ey 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 & on ! mann] 
9 :i* ?is is done ! k9d ( *eese produc$ 
w pr9cipally dep5d4 ,:5 a ,/ilton1 or   
any o!r k9d ( ri* butt]y *eese1 is to be
 made1 a v /rong br9e is prep>$ ( salt &
 cold wat]1 9 :i* is /eep$ a bundle (   
sweet h]bs1 consi/+ ( ?yme1 hyssop1     
m>joram1 & savory1 ) a bran* (          
sweet-bri>1 & a few pepp]corns4 ,?is is 

suff]$ to rema9 ?ree or f\r days1 aft]  
:i* x is /ra9$ (f1 & ! r5net hav+ be5   
put into x & soak$ f\r or five days1 is 
!n ready = use4 ,:5 all is prep>$1 !    
morn+'s new milk1 toge!r ) ! cream f !  
la/ night's milk+1 is put into a n>r[1 b
 deep1 circul> pan1 & ! liquid r5net put
 to x4  ,z soon z ! curd is =m$1 x is v 
c>efully remov$ f ! pan1 )\t break+ x1  
if possible1 & laid on a deep circul>   
sieve1 :]e x is slightly press$1 9 ord] 
t ! :ey may dra9 f x4 ,x is !n put into 
! *eese-vat1 :i* %\ld be t5 in*es & a   
half deep1 & eight in*es & a qu>t] ov]1 
) a moveable hoop ( wood on ! top1 ov]  
:i* a piece ( flat bo>d is g5]ally laid4
 ,z soon z ! *eese has acquir$ a        
suffici5t consi/5cy1 x is remov$ f ! vat
 & firmly b\nd r\nd ) a clean clo?1 :i* 
is *ang$ e day1 & ! *eese b\nd tight] & 
tight]1 till at la/ x becomes           
suffici5tly firm to /& alone4 ,e "t !   
clo? is *ang$1 ! *eese is wip$ at ! top 
& bottom & turn$1 s t ea* end may be    
equally level4 ,:5 x has become         

suffici5tly firm to support itself )\t !
 clo?1 ! *eese is remov$ to !           
*eese-room2 b x /ill requires to be     
turn$ twice a day1 & bru%$1 = ab\t ?ree 
mon?s4  ,s+le & d\ble ,gl\ce/] *eeses   
are made v diff]5tly f ,/ilton1 ?\gh !  
r5net is prep>$ = bo? 9 ne>ly ! same    
mann]1 except t "s allspice & a little  
saltpetre are g5]ally add$ to ! br9e4 ,9
 "s places ! br9e is made ( :ey1 9 :i*  
en\gh salt is put to make x float an    
egg2 b x is said t *eeses made 9 ?is    
mann] are v apt to heave4  ,! be/ s+le  
,gl\ce/] *eese = toa/+ is :at is call$ a
 "o-meal *eese2 t is to say1 x is made  
entirely ( new milk tak5 fre% f ! c[4   
,an inf]ior k9d is call$ a two-meal     
*eese1 & x is made ) ! ev5+'s milk aft] 
x has be5 skimm$ 9 ! morn+1 mix$ ) !    
morn+'s new milk4 ,! milk is !n w>m$1 & 
col\r$ ) a little arnatto1 c>e be+ tak51
 h[ev]1 t none ( ! solid "p ( ! drug    
goes into ! milk2 ! usual practice1     
inde$1 is to dip ! arnatto 9 a little   
milk1 & !n to rub x on a flat /one or   

plate4 ,! col\r+ matt] ?us produc$ is   
wa%$ (f into a bas9ful ( milk1 :i* is !n
 all[$ to /& & settle1 s z to deposit   
its s$im5t be=e x is p\r$ into !        
*eese-tub4 ,! r5net is !n add$1 & ! :ole
 is kept mod]ately w>m 7! milk %\ld nev]
 s9k bel[ #hj7 till ! curd is come1 :i* 
is g5]ally 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,! curd is !n 
brok5 up ) a flat piece ( wood call$ a  
*eese-knife1 & ! :ey is /ra9$ f x2 !    
fragm5ts ( curd be+ frequ5tly mov$ ab\t1
 to all[ ! :ey to escape f !m4 ,"s boil+
 wat] is !n mix$ ) a little ( ! cold    
:ey1 & p\r$ q hot ^u ! curd1 s z to cov]
 x1 ! curd be+ /irr$ briskly ab\t1 &    
aft]w>ds left = half an h\r to s9k4 ,!  
liquor is !n dra9$ (f1 & ! curd tak5 up 
by ! h&s & c>efully squeez$ z x is put  
into ! *eese-vat1 :i* is n only fill$1 b
 has z mu* pil$ on ! top z x w hold4 ,:5
 ?is is done1 ! curd 9 & on ! vat is    
turn$ into a *eese-clo?1 & ! vat is wa%$
 ) :ey4 ,! clo?1 ) ! curd 9 x1 is next  
plac$ 9 ! vat1 & ! ends ( ! clo? are    
turn$ ov] ! top ( ! curd1 & tuck$ into !

 vat r\nd ! edges4 ,x is !n put into !  
*eese-press1 :]e x rema9s ab\t ?ree     
h\rs1 aft] :i* x is tak5 out & ! clo?   
*ang$1 be=e x is aga9 put into ! vat &  
into ! press4 ,9 ?is /ate x rema9s ?ree 
or f\r h\rs long]4 ,x is !n tak5 out ( !
 vat & out ( ! clo?1 & rubb$ well ) salt
 all ov]1 tak+ c>e t ! salt t\*es e "p1 
aft] :i* x is put into ! vat )\t a clo?1
 & replac$ 9 ! press4 ,! next morn+ x is
 tak5 out ( ! press & aga9 salt$ &      
turn$1 & ! same op]ation is repeat$ 9 ! 
ev5+4 ,aft] ?is x is suff]$ to rema9    
five or six days 9 ! press1 be+ tak5 out
 e morn+ & turn$1 b n salt$4 ,x is !n   
remov$ to ! *eese-room1 :]e x is turn$ e
 day = t5 or twelve days1 & frequ5tly   
scrap$ & rubb$4 ,9 "s places1 :5 ! *eese
 is ?or\ghly dry1 ! out] r9d is pa9t$ ) 
a mixture ( ,spani% br[n & ,indian p9k1 
rubb$ 9 ) ! h&4 ,! :ey f ?is *eese      
produces a great deal ( butt]2 &1 inde$1
 x is g5]ally set up = cream z soon z x 
comes f ! curd4  ,! d\ble ,gl\ce/] *eese
 is always made ) "o meal's milk w>m f !

 c[1 & ! dairy-maids g5]ally put a      
lemon1 /uck ) cloves1 into ! br9e 9 :i* 
!y /eep _! r5net4 ,! *eese-mak+ !n      
proce$s 9 ! same mann] z = ! s+le       
,gl\ce/]1 except t1 :5 ab\t half ! curd 
has be5 put into ! vat1 an ounce ( salt 
is spr9kl$ ov] x be=e ! re/ ( ! curd is 
put 94 ,! rema9d] ( ! op]ation is ! same
 z = ! s+le ,gl\ce/]2 ! pr9cipal        
diff]5ce be+ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! *eese1    
:i*1 ( c\rse1 is occasion$ by ! great]  
dep? ( ! vat 9 :i* ! curd is put4  ,9 _m
 p>ts ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 :at is call$ ,sage
 *eese is made4 ,= ?is a c\ple ( h&fuls 
( sage leaves & a h&ful ( p>sley are    
g5]ally put into a portion ( ! ev5+'s   
milk1 & suff]$ to rema9 all night4 ,9 ! 
morn+ ! milk is w>m$1 &1 aft] be+ /ra9$ 
f ! leaves1 x is turn$ to curd ) ! r5net
 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ! mean "t a portion (
 ! morn+'s milk1 into :i* no col\r+     
matt] is put1 is turn$ to curd by r5net2
 & ! curds ( bo? k9ds are kept sep>ate  
?r\gh ! processes ( dra9+ & scald+1 till
 !y are ready to be put into ! vat1 :5  

!y are mix$ accord+ to ! fancy ( !      
dairy-maid4 ,sometimes ! gre5 curd is   
press$ into a t9 or wood5 m\ld1 s z to  
=m a dolph9 or "s o!r fanciful figure2 9
 :i* case x is tak5 c>efully out ( !    
m\ld1 & put into ! vat )\t break+ x1 & !
 :ite curd is crumbl$ betwe5 ! f+]s &   
press$ c>efully & firmly r\nd x4 ,9 o!r 
cases ! sage & p>sley leaves are only   
bruis$1 & ! juice :i* is press$ f !m is 
m+l$ ) a portion ( ! morn+'s milk2 or "o
 portion ( ! milk is col\r$ r$ ) ! juice
 ( boil$ beet-root1 ano!r gre5 ) ! juice
 f sp9a* leaves flav\r$ ) sage1 & ano!r 
yell[ ) ! bruis$ petals ( ! m>igold4    
,portions ( milk are col\r$ ) ^! diff]5t
 sub/ances & coagulat$ sep>ately1 ! curd
 be+ v>i$ :5 putt+ into ! vat1 accord+  
to ! fancy ( ! dairy-maid4 ,9 o!r cases 
! :ole ( ! milk is col\r$ & flav\r$ )   
sage4  ,*e%ire *eeses are g5]ally v     
l>ge1 mo/ ( ^? made 9 spr+ be+ "o       
hundr$weight ea*4 ,! r5net = a ,*e%ire  
*eese is n consid]$ fit = use till x is 
?ree ye>s old4 ,x is soak$ 9 w>m wat] ! 

night be=e x is want$1 & 9 ! morn+ !    
liquor is consid]$ ready )\t any fur!r  
prep>ation4 ,! ev5+'s milk is set up =  
cream 9 ! usual way1 & 9 ! morn+ ! cream
 is tak5 (f & put into a brass b[l made 
hot by r9s+ x ) boil+ wat]4 ,a ?ird "p (
 ! skimm$ milk is !n put into ano!r     
brass b[l1 w>m$ 9 ! same mann]2 & ! two 
are put into ! *eese-tub1 & mix$ ) !    
morn+'s milk w>m f ! c[4 ,! :ole is     
col\r$ ) ! juice ( scrap$ c>rots1 or ( !
 bruis$ fl[]s ( ! m>igold4 ,! liquor f !
 r5net is !n add$1 &1 be+ well /irr$ 91 
! tub is closely cov]$ & kept 9 a w>m   
temp]ature till ! coagulation is        
complete1 :i* is g5]ally 9 little m ?an 
half an h\r4  ,z soon z ! curd is well  
set1 x is divid$ & turn$ ov] ) a b[l to 
sep>ate x f ! :ey2 aft] :i* x is brok5  
into small pieces by ! h&1 & suff]$ to  
settle d[n1 :ile ! :ey1 :i* swims at !  
top1 is p\r$ (f4 ,! curd is press$ on "o
 side ( ! tub ) a loose bo>d1 & ! :ey t 
runs f x is aga9 p\r$ (f4 ,! curd is !n 
drawn into ! c5tre ( ! tub1 & =m$ into a

 heap1 & ! bo>d is laid on ! top & heavy
 weights plac$ on x1 g5]ally am\nt+ to a
 hundr$ p\nds4 ,?is presses ! curd into 
a solid mass1 & squeezes out an         
additional quantity ( :ey4  ,! mass (   
curd is !n cut into slices1 & bo>ds &   
weights put ^u ea* slice4 ,?is is       
repeat$ sev]al times1 till n a drop m   
:ey w run f ! curd2 aft] :i* x is remov$
 to a dry tub1 & crumbl$ ) ! f+]s z     
small z possible4 ,x is !n well salt$1 &
 put into a *eese-vat made w>m by be+   
scald$ ) boil+ wat]1 & heap$ up z high z
 x w g1 ! additional curd be+ kept 9 its
 place by a movable t9 hoop4 ,a flat    
bo>d is !n laid across ! top to press   
d[n ! curd1 :i* g5]ally rises to a po9t 
9 ! c5tre ( ! vat1 & ! heavy weights are
 aga9 put on x4 ,at ! same "t wood5     
skew]s are run into ! *eese1 9 ord] t e 
p>ticle ( :ey may be drawn out ( x4     
,aft] /&+ "s "t1 ! *eese is tak5 out ( !
 vat1 & laid on a l>ge *eese-clo?1 & !  
curd aga9 brok5 f ! top d[n ! c5tre1 & m
 salt mix$ ) x2 aft] :i* x is press$    

into ! vat by ! h& z be=e1 & weights are
 aga9 put ^u x1 :ile skew]s are run     
?r\gh holes purposely left 9 ! vat1 into
 ! sides ( ! *eese1 z be=e4 ,ano!r vat  
hav+ be5 scald$ by be+ r9s$ ) boil+     
wat]1 ! *eese is wrapp$ 9 a clo? & put  
into x2 ! ends ( ! clo? be+ fold$ ov] ! 
*eese z tightly z possible1 & tuck$     
inside ! vat1 :]e !y are kept d[n by a  
t9 hoop call$ a b9d]1 :i* is =c$ 9      
betwe5 ! *eese & ! upp] "p ( ! vat4 ,!  
*eese is !n put into ! press "u a       
pressure ( ab\t a ton weight1 & a numb] 
( ?9 iron skew]s are pass$ ?r\gh ! holes
 9 ! vat into ! sides ( ! *eese4 ,aft]  
f\r h\rs x is turn$1 & ! skew]s remov$  
to fre% places1 :5 ! *eese is put into !
 press = ano!r f\r h\rs2 aft] :i*1 !    
process is repeat$4 ,x is !n put into ! 
press1 & left !re all night2 ! foll[+   
morn+ x is aga9 turn$1 & put into !     
press )\t ! skew]s4 ,x rema9s 9 ! press 
= f\r or five days1 be+ regul>ly turn$ e
 morn+ & ev5+2 & x is tak5 f ! press    
into ! *eese-room1 :]e x is salt$ on !  

outside1 & tightly b\nd ) a l95 clo?4 ,x
 is kept 9 ?is /ate & turn$ twice a day 
= a week2 aft] :i* x is put on ! %elves 
to dry = a =tnight or ?ree weeks1 dur+  
:i* p]iod x mu/ be turn$ & wip$ e day4  
,la/ly1 x is !n laid on /raw1 & kept r  
w>m1 le/ ! r9d %\ld crack2 &1 :5 ! r9d  
beg9s to feel h>d1 its surface is rubb$ 
ov] ) butt]1 & ! *eese is ready = !     
m>ket4 ,x is r s+ul> t1 not)/&+ ! pa9s  
tak5 to dra9 e drop ( :ey f ! ,*e%ire   
*eese1 its :ey yields no butt]1 & is    
seldom made any use ( except = fe$+     
pigs4  ,*$d> *eese is made l ,*e%ire1   
except t :5 ! *eese is brok5 d[n to be  
resalt$1 be=e x is put 9 ! *eese-press1 
! curd is crumbl$1 & f\r or five p\nds (
 fre% butt] are mix$ ) x4 ,! *eese is !n
 put 9 a clo? into ! vat1 & plac$ "u !  
great press1 :]e x rema9s only ab\t a   
qu>t] ( an h\r1 be=e x is turn$ & put   
into a clean clo?3 ?is process is       
repeat$ ?ree or f\r times2 aft] :i* !   
*eese is wrapp$ 9 a v f9e clo?1 & has   
?ree or f\r o!r clo?s wrapp$ r\nd x4 ,x 

is !n put into ! press1 & rema9s !re =  
=ty-eight h\rs2 aft] :i* x is tak5 f !  
press1 wa%$ 9 :ey1 & !n laid on a %elf  
^u a clean clo? to dry4 ,x is aft]w>ds  
laid on a %elf )\t any clo?1 & turn$ e  
day till x beg9s to rip54  ,! ,wilt%ire 
*eeses are ( f\r k9ds3 ! ?91 ! ?ick1 !  
loaf *eese1 & ! p9e-apple1 or net1      
*eese4 ,! fir/ two k9ds are made ne>ly !
 same z ! ,gl\ce/] *eeses2 = :i*1 inde$1
 !y are frequ5tly sold 9 ! ,london      
m>kets4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce 9 !        
manufacture consi/s 9 ! curd1 be=e x is 
scald$1 be+ cut into dice ( ab\t an in* 
squ>e ea*1 & a ?ick lay] ( salt be+ ?r[n
 ov] !m1 :i* is said to h>d5 ! surface (
 ! curd1 & to prev5t its butt]y p>ticles
 be+ wa%$ away by ! hot wat]4 ,! curd is
 also put into ! vat :ile x is z hot z !
 dairy-maid c h&le x2 & salt is /rew$ 9 
betwe5 e lay]4 ,9 all o!r respects1 !   
manufacture ( ! *eese is exactly ! same 
z 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire till x is ready to be  
c>ri$ to ! *eese-room1 :]e x is ei!r    
laid ^u eld] leaves or ! %elves are wa%$

 ov] ) _! juice1 9 ord] to prev5t !     
deva/ations ( mites4 ,! loaf *eeses are 
made ! same z ! o!rs2 b _! vats are f t5
 in*es to a foot 9 diamet]1 & six in*es 
deep2 &1 :5 ! curd is put into ! vat1 x 
is 9 f\r lay]s1 ) alt]nate ?9 lay]s (   
salt4 ,^! are :at are g5]ally sold 9    
,london z ,wilt%ire *eeses4 ,! curd = ! 
p9e-apple *eese is prep>$ 9 ! same way z
 ! o!rs2 b1 in/ead ( be+ put into a vat 
& !n into ! *eese-press1 x is put into a
 net ) no o!r pressure ?an f ! h& ( !   
dairy-maid2 :o1 h[ev]1 prides h]self on 
gett+ z mu* into ! net z x c possibly   
hold4 ,! net is !n hung up 9 !          
*eese-room1 & requires no fur!r c>e4  ,i
 %all n[ give y only "o m receipt = mak+
 keep+-*eeses1 & t %all be = ! f>-fam$  
,p>mesan4 ,?is celebrat$ *eese is made )
 skim-milk4 ,! night's milk+ is skimm$ 9
 ! morn+1 & ! morn+'s milk is skimm$    
ab\t two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon3 ! two are
 !n mix$ toge!r & put into a l>ge copp] 
kettle1 susp5d$ ov] a fire by a crane4  
,! milk is /irr$ till x has rea*$ #abe (

 ,fahr5heit4 ,! kettle is n[ turn$ f !  
fire1 betwe5 :i* & x a wood5 scre5 is   
plac$2 &1 :5 ! bubbl+ ( ! milk has      
subsid$1 a piece ( r5net1 ti$ 9 a l95   
rag1 is put into ! milk1 & squeez$      
sev]al times 9 diff]5t places4 ,! r5net 
is !n tak5 out1 & ! milk well /irr$2    
aft] :i* x is left till ! curd has =m$1 
:i* is g5]ally 9 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an  
h\r4 ,z soon z ?is is ! case ! kettle is
 aga9 turn$ on ! fire1 & ! mass ( curd  
is heat$ to #aej1 be+ well /irr$ &      
divid$ :ile x is heat+4 ,a f\r? "p ( !  
:ey is n[ tak5 out ( ! kettle1 & ! curd 
is heat$ to #ahj1 /irr+ x rapidly all ! 
"t2 & a few p9*es ( p[d]$ saffron are   
?r[n 91 :i* n only col\r x1 b give t    
peculi> flav\r always p]ceptible 9      
,p>mesan *eese4 ,! *eese-mak] 7= z      
,p>mesan *eese is always made by a man1 
,i mu/ n say ! dairy-maid7 !n takes a   
small quantity ( ! curd 9 8 h&1 &       
squeezes x2 :51 if he f9ds x adh]e      
toge!r1 ! kettle is in/antly turn$ (f ! 
fire1 ! wood5 scre5 is aga9 int]pos$1 & 

! curd is left to settle4 ,! :ey :i*    
rises is imm$iately p\r$ (f1 & two or   
?ree pailfuls ( cold wat] are ?r[n ov] !
 curd4 ,! *eese-mak] imm$iately plunges 
8 arms into ! kettle1 &1 ga!r+ ! curd to
 "o side1 contrives to slip ! :ole mass 
into a l>ge clo?1 :i* is rais$ z rapidly
 z possible1 & transf]r$ to a m\ld )\t a
 bottom4 ,?is is an op]ation :i*        
requires bo? /r5g? & skill2 = ! *eese   
h>d5s s rapidly1 t x requires ! greate/ 
ex]tions to get x into ! m\ld )\t spoil+
 its %ape4 ,by its own p[] ( contraction
 x presses out e drop ( :ey4 ,an iron   
plate1 ) a slight weight on x1 is laid  
on ! top to keep x flat2 b1 by ! "t x is
 cold1 x is become s h>d z to require no
 fur!r pressure4 ,x is !n tak5 out ( !  
m\ld1 & a ?ick lay] ( salt put on its   
upp] surface4 ,! next day ! *eese is    
turn$1 & ! "u surface salt$ 9 ! same    
mann]4 ,9 ?is way ! *eese is turn$ &    
salt$ e day = ?irty or =ty days1 till ! 
salt w no long] dissolve4 ,! r9d ( !    
*eese is !n scrap$1 &1 aft] a little    

col\r+ matt] has be5 rubb$ ov] x1 x is  
cov]$ ) l9se$ oil4  ,i w n[ say a few   
words on ,cream *eeses1 & !n1 ,i ?9k1 y 
w h _h q en\gh ( ?is subject4  ,a ,york 
cream *eese is made by tak+ a qu>t ( new
 milk w>m f ! c[1 into :i* is sometimes 
put half a p9t ( cream1 & add+ to x two 
spoonfuls ( ! wat] 9 :i* a piece ( r5net
 has be5 /eep$ all night4 ,! milk is !n 
set be=e ! fire till ! curd is =m$1 :5 x
 %\ld be tak5 up )\t break+1 if         
possible1 & put into a frame made ( oak 
wood1 sev5 in*es long )91 f\r in*es     
wide1 & ?ree in*es & a half deep4 ,?is  
frame be+ op5 at ! top & bottom1 x mu/  
be plac$ ^u ru%es to p]mit ! :ey to run 
out2 to enc\rage :i*1 a bo>d mu/ be put 
)9 ! frame to support a weight to press 
d[n ! curd1 betwe5 :i* & ! curd "s ru%es
 mu/ be put4 ,aft] /&+ two days1 ! ru%es
 mu/ be r5ew$1 :5 ! *eese %\ld be tak5 f
 ! vat & turn$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,?is w 
make an excell5t cream *eese )\t !      
cream2 &1 inde$1 ! ,york *eeses sold 9 !
 %ops are always made ( milk only1 )\t  

any cream4 ,! ru%es %\ld be sew$ toge!r 
) ?read4  ,a k9d ( cream *eese is1      
h[ev]1 made 9 ,york%ire ( cream only1   
)\t any r5net4 ,take any quantity (     
cream & put x into a wet clo?4 ,tie x   
up1 & hang x 9 a cool place = sev5 or   
eight days4 ,!n take x f ! clo? & put x 
into a m\ld 79 ano!r clo?7 ) a weight ^u
 x1 = two or ?ree days long]4 ,turn x   
twice a day1 :5 x w be fit = use4  ,!   
foll[+ is a receipt = mak+ a ,ba? cream 
*eese4 ,add half a p9t ( cream to a qu>t
 ( new milk1 & w>m ! mixture till x is  
ab\t #hj ( ,fahr5heit2 !n /ir 9 z mu*   
r5net z w coagulate x4 ,z soon z ! curd 
has =m$1 put a clo? ov] ! bottom ( a    
l>ge %all[ vat1 &1 tak+ ! curd up ) a   
skimm+-di%1 place x 9 ! vat & wrap !    
clo? ov] x4 ,z ! curd %r9ks1 ! vat mu/  
be fill$ up ) fre% curd1 till ! *eese is
 ( a prop] ?ickness4 ,:5 ! *eese has    
become a little firm1 x is turn$ out ( !
 vat & laid 9 a dry clo?4 ,a bo>d is !n 
put ov] x1 on :i* is plac$ a weight (   
two p\nds4 ,at night x is put into ano!r

 clean clo?1 & ! next morn+ x is        
slightly salt$ ) a little f9e dry salt1 
& plac$ on a b$ ( fre% nettles or       
/rawb]ry leaves1 be+ cov]$ ) leaves ( ! 
same k9d4 ,^! leaves are *ang$ e morn+1 
& ! *eese is turn$ twice a day = a      
=tnight1 aft] :i* x is fit = use4  ,i   
?9k ,i h n[ told y almo/ all ,i "k      
relative to ^? po9ts ( dome/ic economy 9
 :i* a c\ntry life diff]s f a life 9    
t[n4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 omitt$ to m5tion an   
,ice-h\se1 :i* y w f9d an important     
addition to y\r com=t 9 summ]4 ,a common
 ice-h\se is a k9d ( well1 built 9      
,roman cem5t1 & sunk 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is   
ar*$ ov]1 & ! ice is put 9 ?r\gh a hole 
9 ! top4 ,a door is on "o side = tak+ ! 
ice out1 & !re is a dra9 at ! bottom =  
c>ry+ away ! wat] t runs (f z ! ice     
melts4  ,a m mod]n inv5tion is a small  
cell> built adjo9+ ! h\se1 ) d\ble      
walls1 ! space betwe5 ! walls be+ fill$ 
) *>coal4 ,! cell> has d\ble doors ) a  
space betwe51 s t "o may be %ut be=e !  
o!r is op5$1 to prev5t ! entrance ( !   

atmosph]ic air4 ,! ice is kept 9 a sunk 
"p made l a ba?1 at ! f>!r end ( !      
cell>1 furni%$ ) a dra9 to c>ry (f !    
sup]flu\s wat]2 & 9 ! o!r "p ( ! cell>  
are %elves1 on :i* w9e or food c be     
plac$ to be kept cool4 ,! old-fa%ion$   
ice-h\se 0 always made 9 ! p>k at "s    
di/ance f ! h\se1 & consequ5tly 0 ( v   
little use2 b ! mod]n ice-cell> is v    
useful = keep+ cool1 wat]1 butt]1 & o!r 
articles ( daily consumption2 :i* c be  
fet*$ out ( x :5 !y are want$1 z easily 
& exp$iti\sly z !y c\ld be out ( a      
common dairy or pantry4  ,:5 ice is     
suppli$ f a di/ance1 x w soon melt1 if  
expos$ to ! atmosph]ic air dur+ summ]4  
,to prev5t ?is x may be kept 9 an ice   
*e/1 t is1 a l>ge deep c(f] l9$ ) cork1 
& ) a d\ble lid2 or 9 a box call$ a     
refrig]ator1 :i* may ev5 be br\ght into 
! d9+-room4 ,! refrig]ator consi/s ( a  
d\ble frame ( wood1 ) ! space betwe5    
fill$ 9 ) *>coal4 ,! bottles ( w9e are  
plac$ 9 little t9 cases left = !m1 & ice
 is put betwe5 ! cases4 ,bel[ ! ice is a

 t9 grat+1 ?r\gh :i* ! melt$ wat] runs1 
& is let (f :5 requisite by a cock4 ,!  
box is made to hold two bottles ( w9e on
 "o side1 & a bottle ( wat] & a glass = 
butt] on ! o!r4  ,! ,am]ican refrig]ator
 is ano!r contrivance ( ! same nature1  
:i* w keep ! ice unmelt$ = a =tnight ev5
 dur+ ! hotte/ wea!r 9 summ]4 ,?is box1 
l ! o!r1 is d\ble1 ! inn] "p be+ ( lead1
 & ! space betwe5 ! two be+ fill$ )     
sawdu/4 ,!re are two lids s z completely
 to exclude ! air :5 bo? are clos$4  ,! 
usual mode ( cool+ w9e & o!r liquids by 
ice1 is to surr\nd ! bottle1 or o!r     
vessel 9 :i* ! liquor is conta9$1       
entirely ) ice1 obs]v+ t ! hotte/ "p ( !
 w9e is always at ! top ( ! bottle1 b t 
if ! top is *ill$ fa/] ?an ! bottom1 !  
cold w9e desc5ds1 & t :i* is /ill w>m   
rises & takes its place4 ,z1 !re=e1 !   
w9e is liable to be set 9 motion by !   
process ( cool+1 x is be/ to decant x   
be=e x is put into ! refrig]ator1 z     
o!rwise !re w be dang] ( di/urb+ !      
s$im5t ( :ite w9e & ! cru/ ( port4 ,:5  

ice is p]fectly clean & cle>1 l t ( !   
,w5ham ,lake1 x is sometimes brok5 into 
small pieces1 & put into ! liquid :i* is
 to be cool$2 b ?is c\ld n be done ) !  
ice collect$ f ! dirty ponds ne>        
,london4  ,:5 x is wi%$ to cool w9e     
rapidly1 x is only necess>y to put x    
into a ?9 glass bottle1 & to wet !      
outside ) e!r2 z cold is produc$ by     
rapid evaporation soon] ?an 9 any o!r   
mann]1 w9e-cool]s are =m$ on ?is        
pr9ciple4  ,a freez+ mixture = cool+    
w9e1 & = freez+ ice-creams1 may be =m$  
by mix+ five p>ts ( sal ammoniac ) five 
p>ts ( nitre & sixte5 ( wat]4 ,a mixture
 ( sn[ or p\nd$ ice & salt produces a   
mo/ int5se cold1 b x is only :ile ! salt
 is melt+ ! ice or sn[ t ! cold is felt4
 ,muriate ( lime1 mix$ ) sn[1 produces a
 /ill great] degree ( cold4 ,sev]al o!r 
mixtures may be us$ = freez+2 b ^?      
produc+ ! mo/ int5se cold are mixtures (
 ne>ly equal p>ts ( sulphate ( soda )   
nitr\s or sulphuric acid1 ! sulphate    
pr$om9at+4 ,eight p>ts ( sulphate (     

soda1 mix$ ) five p>ts ( muriatic acid1 
w produce a cold equal to z]o4 ,:5 any  
liquid is to be froz5 by ^! mixtures1 ! 
bottle conta9+ ! liquid is put into a   
wood5 vessel conta9+ ! mixture2 & if !  
cold is to be v int5se1 ! out] vessel   
may be plac$ on a flat piece ( cork 9 a 
mu* l>g] empty vessel1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ 
) a wooll5 clo?4 ,wat] freezes soone/ :5
 x has be5 boil$1 & =ms ! mo/ compact & 
beautiful ice4  ,! pr9cipal ut5sils     
requir$ = mak+ ice-creams are a tub l>ge
 en\gh to conta9 ab\t a bu%el ( ice1 :i*
 mu/ be p\nd$ small1 & mix$ ) salt1     
nitre1 or soda1 & a freez+-pot made (   
pewt]1 l ^? s5t out ) ice-creams4 ,copp]
 spoons or spaddles are also requir$ =  
/irr+ ! +r$i5ts ( :i* ! ice-creams are  
compos$1 :ile ! process ( freez+ is go+ 
on4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! +r$i5ts = !     
ice-creams are p\r$ into ! freez+-pot1  
:i* is put up to its cov] into ! tub    
full ( ice & salt1 & kept turn+ r\nd    
cont9ually by its h&le till ! freez+ is 
complet$4 ,! turn+ ! pot is ! mo/       

difficult "p ( ! op]ation1 & x requires 
great att5tion1 z1 unless ! +r$i5ts are 
kept 9 con/ant motion1 ! sug>1 :i* is ! 
heavie/1 w s9k to ! bottom1 & ! o!r     
articles w be unequally froz51 s z to =m
 unsightly lumps4 ,! cov] mu/ be tak5 (f
 occasionally1 to see h[ ! process is   
go+ on1 & ! cream t has adh]$ to ! sides
 ( ! freez+-pot %\ld be scrap$ (f1 &    
mix$ ) ! re/ by ! spaddle1 9 ord] to    
prev5t wa/e4 ,! :ole ( ! +r$i5ts %\ld   
also be mix$ toge!r ) ! spaddle if !y   
appe> to be settl+ irregul>ly4          
,ice-creams & wat]-ices %\ld be p]fectly
 smoo?1 & s(t en\gh to break easily ) a 
spoon4 ,! ice-creams are made by ma%+ ! 
fruit ) :i* !y are to be flav\r$1 & add+
 to a p9t ( ! juice1 aft] x has be5     
/ra9$1 a p9t ( ?ick cream1 ! juice (    
half a lemon1 & sug> to ! ta/e4 ,!      
lemon-juice %\ld be put 9 la/4          
,sometimes :ipp$ cream is us$1 ! cream  
be+ fir/ mix$ ) sug>1 & laid on a f9e   
sieve1 turn$ ! bottom upw>ds 9 a b[l1 z 
x is :ipp$1 s t ! cream :i* dra9s f x   

may n be wa/$4 ,wat]-ices are g5]ally   
only ! juice ( ! fruit /ra9$ & sweet5$1 
z1 if wat] is add$1 ! ice is apt to     
freeze too h>d4 ,lemon-ice is compos$ ( 
! juice ( f\r lemons1 & ! r9d ( "o1 to a
 p9t ( cl>ifi$ sug>-syrup1 ! :ole be+   
/ra9$ be=e putt+ x into ! freez+-pot4   
,illu/ration3 ,g>d5 ,front ( !          
,manor-,h\se 9 its improv$ /ate4        
,,book ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g>d54   ,,lett]      
,,vii4  ,,plant+ ,a ,,regul>            
,,geometrical ,,fl[]-,,g>d54--,,li/ ,,( 
,,plants4--,,mode ,,( ,,lay+ ,,out      
,,regul> ,,figures ,,on ,,!             
,,gr\nd4--,,rules ,,= ,,arrang+         
,,col\rs4--,,plant+ ,,side              
,,b$s4--,,plants ,,) ,,fragrant         
,,fl[]s4--,,culture ,,(                 
,,bulbs4--,,res]ve ,,gr\nd4--,,culture  
,,( ,,annuals1 ,,p]5nials1 ,,&          
,,bi5nials4--,,hotb$s ,,& ,,frames ,,=  
,,rais+ ,,& ,,keep+ ,,half-,,h>dy       
,,fl[]s4   ,x gives me great pa91 my de>
 ,annie1 to f9d t y /ill ?9k t y %all   
nev] l ! c\ntry s well z t[n4 ,i d n1   

h[ev]1 despair2 = ,i am conv9c$ t y d n 
at pres5t "k :e!r y %all l x or n4 ,!   
pleasures ( ! t[n & ! c\ntry are1 inde$1
 s diff]5t1 t x requires "s "t to become
 accu/om$ to ! *ange2 b1 :5 y are       
suffici5tly well acqua9t$ ) c\ntry      
pursuits to take an int]e/ 9 !m1 ,i am  
sure y w nev] feel any want ( !         
pleasures ( ! t[n4 ,! great secret ( be+
 happy is1 to be able to occupy         
ourselves ) ! objects ar\nd u1 s z to   
feel an int]e/ 9 wat*+ _! *anges2 &1 :5 
y c once d ?is 9 y\r pres5t situation1 y
 w no long] compla9 ( dulness or want ( 
excitem5t4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( :at
 ,i say1 y ne$ only rememb] ! pleasure  
y\r fri5d ,mrs4 ,p4 ,c4 takes 9 !       
cultivation ( h] g>d52 ! int]e/ ) :i* %e
 wat*es ! op5+ ( h] fl[]s1 ! com+ up ( !
 se$s %e has s[n1 & ! gr[? ( ! trees %e 
has plant$4 ,x is n ! positive beauty ( 
^! ?+s t occasions ! pleasure %e        
exp]i5ces 9 !m1 b ! int]e/ !y h creat$ 9
 h] m9d2 = ! entomologi/ w f9d pleasure 
9 ! mo/ hide\s cat]pill>s1 & ! geologi/ 

w pass :ole days delightfully among b>r5
 rocks4 ,all t is want$ to give an      
int]e/ 9 any subject is1 a suffici5t    
degree ( k respect+ x to be aw>e ( its  
*anges1 & our own natural love ( v>iety 
w d ! re/4  ,x is a great advantage 9 a 
c\ntry life1 t its pr9cipal objects (   
int]e/ mu/ be f\nd at home2 & h5ce1 z   
home is woman's peculi> dom9ion1 !      
noble/ & ! be/ feel+s ( ! female he>t   
are m likely to be call$ into action 9 !
 c\ntry ?an 9 ! t[n4 ,9 y\?1 especially1
 ! ameliorat+ effects ( c\ntry pursuits 
w soon be p]ceptible1 bo? morally &     
physically2 & y\r heal?1 :i* has always 
be5 delicate 9 a t[n1 w1 ,i h no d\bt1 9
 ! c\ntry become positively robu/4 ,z ! 
fir/ /ep t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ?is         
desirable object1 let me recomm5d to y  
to h a fl[]-g>d5 laid out z ne> ! h\se z
 possible4 ,i %\ld l to h ^? c$>s1 & !  
rema9d] ( ^? gloomy firs1 cle>$ away1   
:i* ,i see close to y\r h\se 9 y\r      
sket*es1 & y\r fl[]-g>d5 s plac$ t y    
c\ld /ep into x at once f ! w9d[s ( y\r 

usual sitt+-room4 ,i hope t ?is may soon
 be ! case1 &1 z ,i mu/ h a locale to   
make my descriptions und]/ood1 ,i w     
proce$ to give y "s h9ts z to ! lay+ out
 & plant+ ( su* a g>d5 z ,i %\ld l y to 
h 9 ! w>m & %elt]$ corn] "u ! s\!rn w9d[
 ( y\r morn+ room4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w
 be absolutely necess>y t ! rema9d] ( ! 
trees %\ld be n only cut d[n1 b grubb$  
up2 z x w be q impossible = any fl[]s to
 gr[ "u ! %ade ( tall ?ick trees1 &     
leav+ ! roots w\ld prev5t ! possibility 
( digg+ ! gr\nd4 ,9 o!r respects !      
situation is admirably adapt$ = !       
purpose1 z x is op5 to ! s\? & s\?-ea/1 
& protect$ f ! nor? & nor?-we/4 ,suppos+
 ! ,scot* p9es & c$>s to h be5 cut d[n1 
_! roots to h be5 grubb$ up1 & ! gr\nd  
to h be5 dug ov] & levell$1 ! next ?+ is
 to det]m9e ^u ! plan = ! g>d54 ,i ?9k x
 %\ld c]ta9ly be a regul> geometric     
figure1 & plant$ 9 masses1 ea* b$       
conta9+ fl[]s ( "o k9d1 s z to produce  
some?+ ( ! effect ( a ,turkey c>pet :5  
look$ d[n ^u f ! w9d[s ( ! h\se4 ,i     

enclose y a design :i* ,i ?9k w suit !  
situation1 & ,i w adapt :at ,i h to say 
to x1 ?\gh my obs]vations may easily be 
made suitable to ano!r plan1 if ano!r   
%\ld be f\nd m desirable4  ,we w suppose
 ! plan 7fig4 #g47 to consi/ ( twelve   
fl[]-b$s on grass1 ) a gravel walk r\nd1
 :i* may be bord]$ on ! side next y\r   
room by b$s = fl[]s1 ) little gravel    
op5+s opposite ea* ( y\r w9d[s2 or be   
pla9 gravel1 z y l4 ,!re may be a       
cons]vatory into :i* ! draw+room w9d[s  
fac+ ! s\? may op51 & on ! o!r side a   
%rubb]y to unite ! g>d5 ) ! lawn4 ,9 !  
c5tre ( ! fl[]-g>d5 !re may be a f\nta92
 &1 z ! fl[]-g>d5 is to be se5          
pr9cipally f y\r w9d[s1 ! b$s ne>e/ y   
%\ld be plant$ ) dw>f fl[]s1 s t ^? 9 ! 
back b$s may be se54 ,i %\ld also advise
 ! %rubb]y beh9d to consi/ ( lauru/9us &
 arbutus1 s z to furni% a h&some gre5   
back-gr\nd to ! fl[]s 9 summ]1 & yet to 
af=d a few fl[]s !mselves 9 w9t] & spr+1
 :5 fl[]s are sc>ce 9 ! b$s4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,plan = a       

,fl[]-,g>d54  ,i w n[ tell y h[ ,i w\ld 
plant ! b$s4 ,z ?is is ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 
& z ,i wi% y\r g>d5 to look well        
imm$iately1 ,i w\ld advise y to get a   
few pots ( ,cali=nian & o!r annuals1    
usually rais$ 9 pots1 f ! nurs]yman at !
 neighb\r+ t[n1 & to plant !m1 putt+    
?ree potfuls 9 ea* b$1 b no m4 ,9 ,no4  
#a4 put ,phlx ,drummndi1 ! fl[]s ( :i*  
are crimson ( v>i\s %ades1 & let ! /ems 
be pegg$ d[n1 s z to spread ov] ! b$4   
,no4 #b4 may be ,la/hnia califrnica1 !  
fl[]s ( :i* are yell[1 & ! /ems g5]ally 
procumb5t2 b !y may be pegg$ d[n to keep
 !m 9 _! prop] places1 t is1 to spread  
completely & regul>ly ov] ! b$4 ,no4 #c4
 %\ld be ,nemphila insgnis1 ! fl[]s (   
:i* are ( a beautiful blue1 & :i* w n   
require pegg+ d[n4 ,no4 #d4 may be      
,ersimum ,p](skinum1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are (
 a bright orange1 b ! /ems mu/ be pegg$ 
d[n1 or !y w gr[ tall & /raggl+4 ,no4   
#e4 may be ,nolna atripliciflia1 ! fl[]s
 ( :i* are blue1 & resemble ^? ( a      
convolvulus2 ?is is a procumb5t plant1 &

 w n require pegg+4 ,no4 #f4 may be     
,nemphila atomria1 :i* has :ite fl[]s1 &
 is a dw>f plant4 ,no4 #g4 may be       
,leptosphon d5siflrus1 a dw>f plant1 )  
pale purple fl[]s4 ,no4 #h4 may be ,glia
 bcolor1 a dw>f plant1 ) ne>ly :ite     
fl[]s4 ,no4 #i4 may be ,cl9tnia pul*lla1
 a beautiful little plant ) blue fl[]s4 
,no4 #aj4 may be ,glia trcolor1 a dw>f  
plant1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are :ite & v d>k   
purple4 ,no4 #aa4 may be ,leptosphon    
&rosceus1 a dw>f plant1 ) pale lilac    
fl[]s3 & ,no4 #ab4 ,s*izoptalon ,wlk]i1 
! fl[]s ( :i* are :ite1 & ! /ems mu/ be 
pegg$ d[n4 ,^! are all annuals1 :i* if  
prop]ly treat$ by pegg+ d[n1 & n plant$ 
too close1 w produce a mass ( fl[]s 9   
ea* b$ only j above ! surface1 & w h a v
 pretty effect f ! w9d[s4 ,mo/ ( !m l a 
poor clayey soil be/1 & !y w only       
require turn+ out ( ! pots )\t break+ ! 
ball1 into ! places prep>$ = !m4  ,if y 
?9k !re are too _m :ite b$s1 y c        
sub/itute ,sanvitlia procmb5s1 ! fl[]s (
 :i* are yell[1 = ,no4 #h41 b ! se$s mu/

 h be5 s[n ! previ\s autumn to br+ x    
=w>d1 z o!rwise x w n fl[] till late 9 !
 summ]2 & ,b>tnia area1 ! fl[]s ( :i*   
are ( a gold5 yell[1 may be plant$      
in/ead ( ,no4 #ab4 ,cladn?us arbicus1   
=m]ly call$ n!mis arbica1 :i* has yell[ 
fl[]s1 may be plant$ 9 ,no4 #h41 if     
,sanvitlia _c be obta9$4  ,i d n ?9k y h
 ev] told me :at soil y\rs is1 & p]haps 
y h>dly "k4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 easily         
recognise gravel or *alk2 if ! soil be  
r$1 x is probably1 if loose1 a s&1 & if 
close1 a m>l2 a peaty soil is black &   
loose2 & a clay may be kn[n by wat] /&+ 
9 little pools aft] ra91 )\t runn+ (f4  
,?is is "o ( ! wor/ soils = g>d5+       
purposes2 b x may be improv$ by mix+ x )
 s&4  ,i %all n[ give y a li/ (         
half-h>dy plants = autumn1 z mo/ ( !    
annuals w beg9 to look %abby 9 ,july or 
! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,no4 #a4 ,v]bna      
,melndres1 bright sc>let2 ,no4 #b4 no?ra
 ,drummndi1 yell[2 ,no4 #c4 ,loblia     
bcolor1 blue2 ,no4 #d4 ,calceolria      
rugsa1 pegg$ d[n2 ,no4 #e4 ,v]bna       

,twe$ina1 crimson2 ,no4 #f4 common ,:ite
 ,petunia2 ,no4 #g4 ,v]bna ,arranina1 or
 ,h5d]son's purple2 ,no4 #h4 ,calceolria
 integriflia1 yell[2 ,no4 #i4 ,purple   
,petunia2 ,no4 #aj4 ,v]bna teucriodes1  
:ite2 ,no4 #aa4 ,frogmore ,pel>gonium1  
bright sc>let2 ,no4 #ab4 ,musk plant1   
yell[4  ,9 ,octob] ! foll[+ bulbs & o!r 
plants may be put 9 = fl[]+ 9 e>ly spr+4
 ,no4 #a4 ,von ,?ol ,tulips2 ,no4 #b4   
,clo? ( ,gold1 or common ,yell[         
,crocuses2 ,no4 #c4 ,blue ,hepatica2    
,no4 #d4 ,yell[ ,crocuses1 or ,:ite     
,anemone2 ,no4 #e4 ,sclla vrna &        
sibrica1 blue2 ,no4 #f4 rabis lbida1    
:ite2 ,no4 #g4 ,d\ble ,p9k ,hepatica2   
,no4 #h4 ,w9t] ,aconite2 ,no4 #i4       
,purple ,crocuses2 ,no4 #aj4 ,sn[drops2 
,no4 #aa4 ,primroses2 ,no4 #ab4 ,:ite   
,hepatica1 or rabis alpna4  ,if y d n l 
! plan = a g>d5 :i* ,i h s5t y1 y c draw
 "o accord+ to y\r own fancy1 ( any     
figure y l2 b1 z ,i believe y h n yet a 
regul> g>d5]1 x w be necess>y to tea* y 
h[ to transf] ! plan y h decid$ ^u f !  

pap] to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !     
gr\nd mu/ be dug ov]1 rak$1 & made      
p]fectly smoo?4 ,! patt]n1 if a         
complicat$ "o1 mu/ !n be drawn on ,b]l9 
pap]1 :i* is cov]$ ) regul> squ>es1 & ! 
gr\nd to be laid out mu/ be cov]$ )     
simil> squ>es1 b l>g]2 ! usual          
proportion be+ t a squ>e in* on ! pap]  
repres5ts a squ>e foot on ! gr\nd4 ,!   
squ>es on ! gr\nd are usually =m$ by    
/ick+ 9 wood5 pegs at regul> di/ances1 &
 fa/5+ /r+s1 f peg to peg1 till ! :ole  
gr\nd is cov]$ ) a k9d ( latticework (  
/r+4 ,ea* /r+ is !n *alk$1 & made to    
?rill by pull+ x up %>ply & lett+ x g   
aga91 :i* transf]s ! *alk f ! /r+ to !  
gr\nd4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is ?us cov]$ ) :ite  
squ>es1 x is easy to trace ^u x1 ) a    
%>p-po9t$ /ick1 any patt]n :i* may h be5
 drawn on ! pap]2 ! portion 9 ea* squ>e 
on ! gr\nd be+ copi$ on a l>g] scale f t
 ( ! correspond+ squ>e on ! pap]4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,plan = a       
,fl[]-,g>d54  ,simple patt]ns 7fig4     
#h471 consi/+ ( /raight l9es1 ne$ only  

to be measur$1 & pieces ( /r+ /ret*$ f  
pegs put 9 at ! prop] di/ances1 s z to  
=m /raight l9es1 oblongs1 squ>es1       
triangles1 or diamonds4 ,if a circle is 
to be trac$1 x is done by gett+ a piece 
( /r+ half ! l5g? ( ! diamet] ( !       
circle1 ) a piece ( /ick ti$ to ea* end4
 ,"o /ick is !n driv5 into ! gr\nd 9 !  
c5tre ( ! circle1 & a l9e is trac$ ) a  
/ick at ! o!r extremity ( ! /r+ :i* is  
drawn out q tight4 ,an oval is made by  
trac+ two circles1 ! circumscrib+ l9e ( 
"o ( :i* j t\*es ! c5tre ( ! o!r2 %ort  
l9es are aft]w>ds made at ! top &       
bottom1 & ! c5tral l9es are oblit]at$4  
,a squ>e only requires a peg at ea*     
corn]1 ) a *alk$ /r+ drawn f peg to peg2
 & an oblong1 or p>allelogram1 is made  
by jo9+ two common squ>es1 & tak+ (f !  
corn]s if requir$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#i4  ,a he>t-%ap$ patt]n 7fig4 #i47 is  
made by draw+ a /raight l9e f a to b1 & 
!n fix+ a peg ) a /r+ ti$ to x1 half !  
l5g? ( ! /raight l9e1 & ano!r peg at !  
end1 exactly 9 ! middle ( ! l9e1 & draw+

 a half-circle ) x2 !n tak+ a peg ) a   
/r+ half ! l5g? ( ! o!r1 & ano!r peg ti$
 to ! end1 & trac+ ) x ! small]         
half-circles1 c & d4 ,) ! same /r+s &   
pegs y may easily trace1 or r h trac$1  
figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,ev5 ! latt]1 :i*      
appe>s at fir/ sight a v difficult      
figure to =m on ! gr\nd1 w be j z easily
 trac$ z ! o!rs4 ,y w obs]ve1 t 9 all ^!
 figures ! /raight l9e is only to s]ve z
 a guide to %[ ! prop] places = fix+ !  
pegs2 & t x is only to be =m$ by a piece
 ( /r+ /ret*$ by pegs f "o end ( !      
figure to ! o!r1 :i* is to be remov$ z  
soon z ! figure is sket*$1 & :i* is n to
 be trac$ on ! gr\nd at all4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #aa4  ,) ! aid ( ^! figures1 & !  
pegs & /r+s1 sev]al v complicat$ g>d5s  
may be =m$2 = in/ance1 t %[n 9 fig4 #ab4
 ,?is g>d5 is compos$ ( a b$ 9 ! c5tre =
 a tree rose ) a circle ( dw>f roses2 a 
gravel walk surr\nds ^!2 & !re are five 
he>t-%ap$ b$s1 :i* may be plant$ )      
,sc>let ,pel>goniums1 yell[             

,calceol>ias1 ,petunias :ite & purple1 &
 tall yell[ ,mimulus2 & ! cresc5t-%ap$  
b$s1 :i* are on grass1 may all be plant$
 ) diff]5t k9ds ( ,v]b5as4 ,?is plan is 
also a good design = a ros]y1 ! roses to
 be plant$ 9 ! b$s1 & 9 ! half cresc5ts 
:i* mu/ be on grass1 ) gravel walks     
betwe5 ! grass plots4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ab4 ,plan = a ,fl[]-,g>d54  ,all 
! b$s int5d$ = bulbs & half-h>dy plants 
%\ld be p>ticul>ly well dra9$2 & ! be/  
way ( do+ ?is is1 to dig out ! soil to !
 dep? ( two feet or m1 & !n to put 9 a  
lay] ( brick-bats & o!r rubbi%1 to !    
dep? ( n9e in*es or a foot4 ,on ?is %\ld
 be plac$ a lay] ( ri* m>ly soil1 9 :i* 
! bulbs %\ld be plant$4 ,dahlias1       
hollyhocks1 & o!r tall-gr[+1 %[y-fl[]$  
plants1 may h simil> b$s prep>$ = !m1 b 
! soil %\ld be made v ri* by ! addition 
( ! rema9s ( an old hotb$1 or "s o!r k9d
 ( half-rott5 animal manure4  ,y w      
obs]ve1 t :5 ,i give directions = plant+
 ! b$s 9 any ( ! plans ,i s5d y1 ,i     
m]ely say :at may be done1 & n :at is   

absolutely necess>y4 ,inde$1 x w be     
bett] = y to v>y ! fl[]s z mu* z        
possible1 accord+ to y\r own ta/e1      
provid$ y take c>e t ! plants are1 z    
ne>ly z y c contrive x1 ( ! same height1
 or t !y rise gradually1 & t y contra/ !
 col\rs well4 ,! rule 9 ! latt] case is1
 always to put "o ( ! primitive col\rs  
7r$1 blue1 or yell[7 next ano!r ( ^!    
col\rs1 or "s col\r comp\nd$ ( ! o!r    
two2 us+ :ite :]ev] y _c f9d any h&some 
plants ( a col\r t w suit ! b$ y want !m
 =4 ,?us1 = example1 if y plant "o b$ ) 
r$1 y may plant ! next ) blue1 yell[1   
gre51 hair-br[n1 or :ite1 b nev] ) any  
%ade ( purple1 z r$ ent]s into !        
composition ( t col\r2 nor ) any %ade ( 
r$di% br[n3 purple1 inde$1 mu/ always be
 next yell[1 hair-br[n1 or :ite1 b nev] 
next blue1 r$-br[n1 or r$4 ,orange w n  
look well ne> yell[ or r$2 & lilac mu/ n
 approa* blue or p9k4 ,a little practice
 w d m ?an any l5g!n$ details2 g5]ally  
speak+1 y may take ! same ta/e to guide 
y 9 arrang+ ! col\rs ( ! fl[]s 9 y\r    

p>t]re1 t y use 9 *oos+ ! col\rs ( y\r  
dresses2 & if y are 9 any d\bt1 y h only
 to col\r ! b$s 9 ! plan1 & see h[ !y   
look2 or to /ick col\r$ waf]s on a piece
 ( pap] = ! same purpose4  ,:5 y h      
settl$ :at to plant 9 ! b$s ( y\r g>d51 
suppos+ y to *oose ! plan fig4 #g41 y   
mu/ next ?9k ( ! b$s r\nd x4 ,i %\ld    
advise ^! to rema9 unplant$1 unless !y  
are s[n ) mignonette1 or some?+ ( t k9d4
 ,! %rubb]ies1 ,i h already /at$1 %\ld1 
,i ?9k1 consi/ *iefly ( ! f9] k9ds (    
h>dy ev]gre5s2 at lea/ t %\ld :i* is    
opposite ! w9d[s ( y\r sitt+-room4 ,!   
o!r %rubb]y1 :i* is int5d$ to unite !   
g>d5 sc5]y ) t ( ! p>k1 may be plant$ ) 
rhodod5drons1 acacias1 & kalmias2 !     
rhodod5drons be+ f>!/ f ! walk1 & c>ri$ 
a little out into ! p>k1 s z to make a  
brok5 l9e1 project+ 9 "s places & rec$+ 
9 o!rs1 & "h & !re mix$ ) bu%es (       
phillyrea1 alat]nus1 holly ( v>i\s k9ds1
 & cratgus1 s z gradually to m+le ) !   
clumps ( trees 9 ! p>k4 ,on ! side next 
y\r room1 if !re are to be b$s "u !     

w9d[s1 !re %\ld be spaces left 9 !m :i* 
%\ld be gravell$ s t y may ?r[ ! w9d[   
op51 & n only walk out on gravel1 b walk
 r\nd ! g>d5 on gravel also4 ,?is y w   
f9d a great conv5i5ce if ! wea!r %\ld be
 wet1 ?\gh y mu/ n m9d go+ ^u ! grass1  
if y are to be a real g>d5]1 & to att5d 
to ! fl[]s 9 ! regul> b$s4 ,) reg>d to !
 b$s ne> ! h\se1 ,i w\ld h a ,lonc]a    
flexusa tra9$ ov] ea* w9d[1 on acc\nt ( 
its delightful fragrance 9 summ]2 = a   
simil> reason ,i w\ld h ,*imonn?us      
frgrans aga9/ ! walls betwe5 ! w9d[s1 & 
mignonette & violets 9 ! b$s4  ,i ?9k   
no?+ c be m delightful ?an to ?r[ op5   
y\r w9d[1 & to inhale a refre%+ od\r f  
gr[+ fl[]s :5 !y are swept ov] by a     
balmy breeze1 p>ticul>ly aft] a slight  
%[]2 &1 = ?is purpose1 ,i w\ld /rongly  
recomm5d y to plant fl[]s ne> y\r w9d[s 
:i* h a refre%+1 b n a heavy1 sc5t4 ,!  
fl[]s ( ! ev]gre5 magnolia1 & ^? ( !    
orange1 h an oppressive fragrance1 z h  
^? ( ! heliotrope & ! tub]ose2 b ^? ( ! 
mignonette1 ! lemon-sc5t$ v]b5a1 ! rose1

 ! violet1 & ,lonc]a flexusa are        
refre%+1 at ! same "t t !y yield a      
delici\s p]fume4  ,i mu/ n[ give y "s   
h9ts on cultivat+ y\r fl[]s4 ,to beg9 ) 
! bulbs1 z !y fl[] fir/ 9 spr+4 ,!      
crocuses & sn[drops %\ld be plant$1 five
 or six toge!r1 z close z possible1 s z 
to =m little tufts2 & ^!1 :5 once       
plant$1 %\ld nev] be remov$1 unless !y  
%\ld gr[ out ( b\nds1 s z to spoil !    
%ape ( ! b$4 ,! tulips1 on ! contr>y1   
%\ld be tak5 up z soon z _! leaves beg9 
to decay1 & kept 9 a dry place till !   
prop] "t = plant+ !m next ye>4  ,y mu/  
obs]ve t !re are ?ree k9ds ( plants :i* 
are said to h bulb\s roots3 ^? :i* are  
solid1 & :i* %\ld be prop]ly call$      
corms1 su* z ! crocus1 ! corn-flag1 & _m
 ( ! half-h>dy plants ) simil>          
half-tubul> fl[]s2 ! tunicat$ bulbs1 :i*
 consi/ ( a numb] ( di/9ct lay]s1 call$ 
tunics1 t may be peel$ (f1 su* z !      
onion1 ! hyac9?1 & ! tulip2 & ! scaly   
bulbs su* z ! lily4 ,n[ ! real roots (  
all ^! plants are ! long fibres s5t d[n 

by ! l[] "p ( ! bulb1 :i* may be se5    
pla9ly 9 hyac9?s gr[n 9 glasses1 & 9 any
 ( ! k9ds if tak5 up :ile 9 a gr[+ /ate2
 & :at is call$ ! bulb is1 9 all !      
corms1 only a contract$ /em2 b1 9 !     
tunicat$ & scaly bulbs1 ! bulb\s "p is  
=m$ ( a contract$ /em & metamorphos$    
leaves4 ,if y w take ! tr\ble to exam9e 
a hyac9?1 y w f9d at ! base ( ! bulb a  
flat fle%y sub/ance1 call$ ! root-plate1
 & ?is is1 9 fact1 ! contract$ /em ( !  
plant2 :ile ! tunics are metamorphos$   
leaves4 ,9 ! scaly bulbs ! /em is pla9ly
 p]ceptible 9 ! c5tre1 & ! scales are   
evid5tly metamorphos$ leaves4 ,y w      
easily rememb] ^! di/9ctions1 & y w f9d 
x useful to att5d to !m 9 cultivat+ y\r 
g>d51 z all plants hav+ corms nev] fl[] 
well till !y h be5 all[$ to =m a mass1  
:i* !y w n d till !y h be5 9 ! gr\nd    
?ree or f\r ye>s4  ,_m p]sons fancy t ! 
,cape bulbs require to be tak5 up e ye>1
 b ?is is altoge!r a mi/ake3 all ! k9ds 
( gladiolus1 ixia1 tritonia1 & o!r      
simil> plants1 w live 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 &  

fl[] well1 if suff]$ to gr[ 9 masses1   
:i* w\ld be kill$ by a s+le ,engli% w9t]
 if plant$ sep>ately4 ,! f9e/ b$ ( !    
sc>let gladiolus ,i ev] saw 0 at        
,blair-,adam1 ne> ,/irl+1 :]e x 0 suff]$
 to rema9 ye> aft] ye> )\t alt]ation2 & 
! ,hon\rable & ,rev]5d ,william ,h]b]t1 
n[ ,dean ( ,man*e/]1 9 8 celebrat$ "w on
 ! ,am>yllidce1 /ates t he has _h b$s ( 
gladiolus1 ixia1 tritonia1 & o!r ,cape  
bulbs1 at ,sp(=? 9 ,york%ire1 :i* h     
rema9$ = sev]al ye>s1 )\t protection1 9 
! op5 gr\nd4 ,"s p]sons say t1 by manur+
 ! b$s e ye>1 tulips & hyac9?s may also 
be gr[n 9 ! same b$s )\t tak+ up1 =     
sev]al ye>s 9 succession2 b ?is ,i h    
nev] se5 tri$4  ,y mu/ obs]ve t y h no  
*ance ( keep+ y\r fl[]-g>d5 9 a prop]   
/ate1 unless y h 9 "s retir$ place :at  
is call$ a res]ve-g>d51 9 :i* ! plants  
may be br\ght =w>d till !y are 9 a prop]
 /ate = transplant+ into ! prop]        
fl[]-g>d54 ,?is res]ve-g>d5 is g5]ally  
plac$ ne> ! /able1 bo? to h x out (     
sight1 & = ! conv5i5ce ( manure2 z x mu/

 conta9 hotb$s & frames1 = re>+ t5d]    
annuals1 /rik+ cutt+s1 &1 9 %ort1 =     
p]=m+ all ^? g>d5+ op]ations :i* require
 to be c>ri$ on beh9d ! sc5es4  ,9 ?is  
res]ve-g>d5 y mu/ br+ =w>d y\r          
,cali=nian annuals2 & = ?is purpose     
*oose a piece ( h>d gr\nd1 a walk w d1  
or any place t has be5 mu* trodd5 on1 & 
cov] x ab\t an in* ?ick ) light ri*     
soil4 ,9 ?is ! se$s ( ! annuals %\ld be 
s[n ! fir/ week 9 ,septemb]1 & suff]$ to
 rema9 till ! bulbs h fad$1 & ! annuals 
are want$ to cov] ! b$s1 :i* w probably 
be ab\t ,april4 ,! annuals mu/ !n be    
tak5 up ) ! spade1 9 pat*es1 & be+      
remov$ to ! fl[]-g>d51 !y mu/ be laid   
c>efully on ! b$s1 s z to cov] !m       
exactly2 ! spaces betwe5 ! pat*es be+   
fill$ ) soil1 & press$ g5tly d[n1 s t ! 
surface ( ! b$s may be z ev5 z possible4
 ,^! annuals w come into blossom 9 ,may1
 b !y are kill$ by ! dry heat ( summ]2  
&1 ?\gh !y w\ld s[ !mselves if p]mitt$  
to se$1 x is bett] to remove !m z soon z
 !y h done fl[]+4 ,x is always a bad    

plan to p]mit annuals to s[ !mselves2 z 
e>ly 9 autumn1 :5 ! plants h done fl[]+1
 ! gr\nd n only becomes r\gh1 b x is    
cov]$ ) dead /alks & leaves1 :i* h      
always a mo/ mis]able & desolate        
appe>ance2 & ^! _c be remov$ till ! se$ 
has fall51 :ile ! b$s mu/ n be =k$ ov] &
 rak$ = fe> ( de/roy+ ! se$l+s4 ,x is   
!re=e mu* bett]1 z soon z ! annuals h   
done fl[]+1 to take !m up1 & ?r[ !m     
away2 a supply ( se$ be+ pres]v$ by hav+
 left "s plants 9 ! res]ve-gr\nd = t    
purpose4 ,a second or spr+ s[+ ( !      
,cali=nian annuals may be made 9 !      
res]ve-gr\nd1 to be ready = use 9 case  
any %\ld be want$ to fl[] 9 ! autumn4   
,?\gh ,i h only advis$ y to h ,cali=nian
 annuals 9 y\r b$s1 ,i may "h say a few 
words on ! culture ( annuals g5]ally4 ,y
 are1 ( c\rse1 aw>e t :at are call$     
annuals are plants t live only "o ye>1  
or1 r1 only a few mon?s2 = !y are       
g5]ally s[n e>ly 9 spr+1 & die z soon z 
!y h rip5$ _! se$s1 at ! latt] end (    
summ]1 or ! beg9n+ ( autumn4 ,^! plants 

are ( ?ree k9ds2 viz41 h>dy1 half-h>dy1 
& t5d]4  ,! h>dy annuals are s[n 9 ,m>*1
 ,april1 or ,may2 b ! fir/ mon? is to be
 pref]r$1 if ! wea!r is tol]ably op54 ,!
 gr\nd 9 :i* !y are to be s[n is fir/   
=k$ ov] & rak$1 & a little r\nd firm    
place hav+ be5 made by press+ ! bottom (
 ! sauc] ( a fl[]-pot on ! gr\nd1 a few 
se$s are scatt]$ ov] x1 tak+ great c>e t
 ! se$s d n lie "o ^u ano!r4 ,! se$s are
 !n firm$1 z ! g>d5]s call x1 by press+ 
! sauc] aga9 ^u !m1 & "s e>? is /rew$   
lightly ov] to f9i% ! op]ation4 ,y w    
obs]ve1 t1 ?\gh ,i h recomm5d$ y to take
 ! sauc] ( a fl[]-pot to firm ! gr\nd1  
bo? be=e & aft] s[+ y\r se$s1 regul>    
g>d5]s p]=m ?is "p ( ! op]ation ) _!    
spades1 & f>m]s roll _! l& be=e !y s[ _!
 se$s4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is ! same 9  
all2 & x is t e se$ requires to be      
securely fix$ 9 ! gr\nd be=e x beg9s to 
g]m9ate1 9 ord] to produce a /rong &    
heal?y plant4 ,aft] ! se$s are s[n1 x is
 cu/om>y to put a piece ( /ick into !   
gr\nd1 ) ! "n ( ! se$s writt5 ^u x1 to  

m>k ! place2 or1 if y l x bett]1 y c    
write ! "n on a c>d1 or a bit (         
pa/ebo>d1 & /ick x 9 a not* or cleft cut
 9 ! /ick4  ,:5 ! se$s h come up1 :i*1 9
 ! spr+1 is g5]ally f a =tnight to six  
weeks aft] s[+1 accord+ to _! nature1 ! 
se$l+s may be ?9n$ out1 & ! sup]num]>y  
plants ei!r transplant$ or ?r[n away4   
,if ! se$l+s are to be transplant$1 c>e 
%\ld be tak5 n to break or injure !     
roots1 & a little hole %\ld be made ) a 
/ick = ea* se$l+ 9 ! place to :i* x is  
to be remov$2 ! e>? be+ press$ close to 
! root at ! bottom ( ! hole be=e ! re/  
is fill$ 92 z1 if any holl[ place is    
left r\nd ! root1 x is sure to decay    
in/ead ( gr[+4 ,se$l+ h>dy annuals are1 
h[ev]1 v seldom wor? ! tr\ble (         
transplant+4 ,_m p]sons turn a fl[]-pot 
ov] e pat* ( se$s1 f ! idea t x w make  
!m come up soon]1 & protect !m f !      
birds4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v bad plan1 z air
 & light are p>ticul>ly necess>y to     
se$l+ plants2 & :5 !y are ev5 p>tially  
depriv$ ( ^! important ag5ts1 !y become 

drawn up ) weak sl5d] /ems1 & ?9        
discol\r$ leaves4  ,"s annuals1 su* z ! 
mignonette & ! l>kspur1 are mu* long]   
be=e !y vegetate ?an o!rs2 & ^! are     
bett] s[n 9 autumn4 ,o!rs1 su* z !      
es*oltzia1 ! coreopsis1 & ! ,ersimum    
,p][skinum1 w (t5 la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 
especially if !y happ5 to be late 9     
fl[]+ ! fir/ season4 ,!y also d be/ s[n 
9 autumn1 b !y mu/ be protect$1 if !    
w9t] %\ld be v sev]e1 by lay+ a mat ov] 
! b$4 ,y mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! mat mu/ 
only be resort$ to 9 fro/y wea!r1 z1 9  
case ! wea!r %\ld be at all damp1 !     
plants w be mu* bett] expos$ to x1 h[ev]
 cold x may feel1 ?an !y w\ld be "u any 
protection :atev]4  ,! half-h>dy        
annuals1 su* z ! ,fr5* & ,african       
m>igolds1 ! ,g]man & ,*9a a/]s1 !       
z9nias1 ! purple jacoba1 ! sweet sultan1
 ! purple & yell[ ev]la/+s1 & o!r simil>
 plants1 %\ld be s[n 9 pots1 & plung$   
into a slight hotb$ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 
,z soon z !y come up1 & h got _! second 
pair ( leaves1 ! e>? %\ld be turn$ out (

 ! pot1 & ! se$l+s be+ c>efully pick$   
out %\ld be transplant$ into o!r pots1  
?ree or five 9 ea*1 accord+ to ! size !y
 are expect$ to atta9 :5 full gr[n1 & ! 
pots aga9 plung$ into ! hotb$4          
,sometimes !y are transplant$ a second  
"t1 b !y are g5]ally left till ! beg9n+ 
( ,may1 :5 !y are remov$ to ! op5 bord]1
 to ! places :]e !y are int5d$ to fl[]4 
,:5 !y are plant$ 9 ! bord]1 !y may ei!r
 be transplant$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 or !    
ball ( e>? may be turn$ entire f ! pot  
into a hole made to receive x4 ,?is la/ 
plan is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/1 z x     
prev5ts ! plants f receiv+ any *eck by  
_! removal4 ,brompton t5-week1 & ,g]man 
/ocks1 ?\gh q h>dy1 make bett] plants :5
 treat$ l half-h>dy annuals1 z !y fl[]  
e>li] & mu* m vigor\sly4  ,t5d] annuals1
 su* z balsams1 cock's-combs1 globe     
am>an?s1 c41 mu/ be s[n 9 ,febru>y or   
,m>* 9 pots ( light ri* e>?1 & plung$ 9 
a hotb$4 ,z soon z ! plants come up !y  
%\ld be transplant$ into pots ( ! v     
smalle/ size1 "o 9 ea* pot2 & ^! small  

pots %\ld be set 9 ! hotb$ aga91 z ne> !
 glass z possible1 & slightly %ad$ dur+ 
sun%9e4 ,9 a week or two1 z soon z !    
roots h made _! appe>ance on ! outside (
 ! ball ( e>? )9 ! pot1 :i* is kn[n by  
turn+ ! ball ( e>? ) ! plant 9 x        
c>efully out ( ! pot )\t break+ x1 !    
plants are %ift$ into pots a size l>g]  
?an :at !y 7 9 be=e1 & ! space fill$ up 
) light ri* soil4 ,9 ano!r week or two !
 plants mu/ be %ift$ aga9 into pots a   
little l>g]1 always us+ light ri* m\ld  
to fill up ! pots1 & tak+ c>e t ! pots  
are well dra9$1 by putt+ pot%]ds1 t is1 
pieces ( brok5 pot at ! bottom4 ,z soon 
z ! plants are %ift$1 ! pots mu/ be     
replung$ 9 ! hotb$1 & %ad$ = ! rema9d] (
 ! day4 ,! %ift+ & replung+ mu/ be      
cont9u$ till ! plants beg9 to %[        
fl[]-buds2 aft] :i* !y mu/ nei!r be     
%ift$ nor plung$ 9 ! hotb$ any m1 b     
gradually h>d5$1 by ! frame 9 :i* !y are
 plac$ be+ left op5 all day1 &1 at la/1 
only p>tially clos$1 ev5 at night1 till 
! plants w be> sett+ out entirely 9 !   

op5 air2 unless !y %\ld be int5d$ to    
fl[] 9 a gre5h\se1 9 :i* case !y may be 
remov$ to ! gre5h\se z soon z !y h =m$  
fl[]-buds4  ,z ,i %all treat ( !        
managem5t ( ! gre5h\se plants1 :i* are  
to succe$ ! annuals1 9 my next1 ,i may z
 well fill up my pres5t lett] by say+ a 
few words on ! managem5t ( h>dy         
p]5nials1 9 case y %\ld pref] plant+    
bi5nials & p]5nials 9 y\r b$s at once1  
to go+ ?r\gh ! r\t9e t ,i h m>k$ out = y
 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is lett]4  ,p]5nials are 
^? p]man5t plants :i* are n woody1 & yet
 rema9 9 ! gr\nd z long z mo/ k9ds (    
%rubs1 produc+ fl[]s & se$s e ye>4      
,p]5nials are ( two k9ds3 ^? t die d[n  
to ! gr\nd e autumn1 & s5d up fre% /ems 
f ! root ! foll[+ spr+2 & ^? :i* rema9  
gre5 all ! ye>1 z1 = example1 ! p9ks &  
c>nations4 ,besides ^! k9ds1 !re are o!r
 sorts ( p]5nials1 z1 = example1 ^? t h 
tub]\s roots1 su* z ! dahlia4 ,bulbs are
 also p]5nials2 b ( ^! ,i h already     
spok54  ,mo/ k9ds ( p]5nials are        
propagat$ by divid+ ! roots2 b1 9 ! case

 ( ! dahlia1 ranunculus1 & anemone1 c>e 
mu/ be tak5 to *oose only ^? portions ( 
! tub]s t h buds or eyes1 z !y are      
call$1 z o!rwise ! tub]1 ?\gh x w s5d   
out fibr\s roots1 w nev] produce a /em2 
&1 9 divid+ fibr\s-root$ plants1 c>e mu/
 be tak5 t ! divid$ "p is furni%$ )     
buds4 ,almo/ all k9ds ( p]5nials may    
also be propagat$ by cutt+s2 & ^? ( p9ks
 & c>nations are call$ pip+s1 because1  
in/ead ( be+ cut1 !y are pull$ asund] at
 a jo9t1 & ?is gives ! sep>at$ p>ts a   
holl[ appe>ance l small pipes4 ,tub]s   
are frequ5tly tak5 up e autumn2 & ^? ( !
 ranunculus & anemone are replant$ 9    
,novemb] or ,janu>y1 ! =m] season be+   
mu* to be pref]r$4 ,! tub]s ( ! dahlia  
are g5]ally tak5 up 9 ,novemb]1 &       
replant$ 9 ,may or ,june4  ,mo/ p]5nials
 are improv$ by tak+ !m up occasionally 
& replant+ !m 9 ano!r place4 ,?is us$ to
 be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t plants ?rew  
out excrem5titi\s matt]1 :i*1 aft] a few
 ye>s1 poison$ ! soil 9 :i* !y grew2 b x
 is n[ suppos$ t1 z e plant requires    

peculi> e>?s = its n\ri%m5t1 !y mu/ be  
remov$ :5 !y h exhau/$ all ! p>ticul>   
k9d ( e>? !y want :i* lies )9 _! rea*4  
,x is r difficult to expla9 ?is )\t     
ent]+ into long details2 b x w be       
suffici5t = our pres5t purpose m]ely to 
/ate ! fact1 t plants d require _! roots
 to h a con/ant supply ( fre% e>?2 &1 to
 meet ?is want1 nature has provid$ t !  
roots ( trees1 & ( all plants t are     
int5d$ to rema9 = sev]al ye>s 9 ! soil1 
elongate !mselves e ye>1 s z to be      
cont9ually able to obta9 a fre% supply (
 n\ri%m5t4 ,9 g>d5s1 h[ev]1 ! con/ant   
digg+ t is go+ on = ! culture ( annual  
plants is unfav\rable to ! elongation ( 
! roots ( ! p]5nials1 & consequ5tly x is
 absolutely necess>y t ^? plants %\ld   
occasionally be tak5 up & replant$4 ,!  
season = tak+ up & replant+ p]5nial     
plants is ei!r 9 autumn1 aft] !y h done 
gr[+1 or 9 spr+1 be=e !y beg9 to %oot2  
&1 if ! soil ab\t ! roots looks black & 
wet1 or1 z ! g>d5]s express x1 s\r1 !   
roots %\ld be wa%$ q clean be=e         

replant+4 ,:5 ! roots ( plants are      
divid$1 x is ei!r done ) a %>p spade or 
a knife1 c>e be+ tak5 9 bo? cases to    
make :at is call$ a clean cut1 & n to   
leave any "p bruis$ or jagg$4  ,bi5nials
 are plants rais$ f se$s1 :i* d n fl[]  
till ! second ye>1 b :i* g5]ally die z  
soon z !y h rip5$ _! se$s4 ,bi5nials are
 usually s[n 9 a b$ ( light ri* e>? 9 ! 
op5 air 9 ! res]ve-gr\nd1 & !n          
transplant$ 9 ,septemb] to ! place :]e  
!y are to fl[] ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! f9] k9ds1
 su* z ! ,brompton /ocks & hollyhocks1  
%\ld h a b$ or pit prep>$ = !m1 ( ri*   
loamy soil1 9 :i* !y are plant$1 ) a    
small quantity ( manure4 ,wallfl[]s1    
snapdragons1 & ,cant]bury bells d n     
require any fur!r c>e ?an transplant+ to
 ! bord]2 &1 ?\gh !y are call$ bi5nials1
 !y w frequ5tly live & fl[] ?ree or f\r 
successive ye>s4  ,a hotb$ may be made (
 any mat]ial t w f]m5t1 s z to produce  
heat4 ,/able manure & dead leaves are1  
h[ev]1 g5]ally pref]r$ to all o!r       
mat]ials2 & /able manure is             

unque/ionably ! be/4 ,a c>t-load ( ?is  
manure w make a hotb$ suffici5tly l>ge =
 re>+ t5d] annuals2 b z1 :5 x is tak5   
out ( ! /able1 x consi/s p>tly ( ! dung 
( ! horse1 & p>tly ( :at is call$ long  
litt]1 t is1 /raw moi/5$ & discol\r$1 b 
n decay$1 x mu/ fir/ be ?r[n toge!r1 s z
 to =m a heap till ! /raw is decompos$4 
,a mo/ viol5t heat is produc$ by !      
f]m5tation ( ! /raw :ile decompos+2 &1 z
 ?is heat w\ld be too mu* = any plant   
expos$ to x1 x is absolutely necess>y to
 let ! heap rema9 = ab\t a =tnight1     
turn+ x ov] two or ?ree times dur+ t    
p]iod ) a =k1 till ! /raw is suffici5tly
 decompos$ to be easily torn to pieces )
 ! dung =k4 ,:5 ! manure is 9 ?is /ate x
 is fit = use4 ,! hotb$ %\ld be =m$ 9 an
 op5 situation1 on a surface rais$ ab\t 
six in*es f ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 ) a gutt] 
or %all[ dit* cut r\nd x1 to all[ ! wat]
 to dra9 (f4 ,! b$ is !n made2 &1 if    
only int5d$ = rais+ annuals & /rik+     
cutt+s1 x may be five feet long by f\r  
feet wide4 ,! manure %\ld be fir/       

regul>ly spread ov] ! l[] "p ( ! b$1 &  
!n cont9u$1 9 successive lay]s1 made z  
smoo? & level z possible1 till ! :ole ( 
! c>t-load ( manure has be5 us$4  ,z    
soon z ! b$ is f9i%$ ! frame %\ld be set
 on x4 ,! frame consi/s ( a box )\t a   
bottom1 & ) a movable top1 =m$ ( a glaz$
 sa% or sa%es4 ,a frame = a b$ ( ! size 
,i h m5tion$ w only require "o sa%1 or  
light z ! g>d5]s call x2 & x %\ld be    
?ree feet wide & f\r feet long1 s t ! b$
 may be half a foot l>g] ?an ! frame on 
e side4 ,! back ( ! box may be two feet 
high1 & ! front "o foot1 s t ! glass may
 slope f ! back to ! front4 ,ab\t two   
days aft] ! b$ is made1 ! f]m5tation w  
recomm5ce1 & a /eam w be obs]vable on ! 
glass4 ,! surface ( ! b$ %\ld n[ be     
cov]$ two or ?ree in*es ?ick ) light    
g>d5 m\ld1 & any common se$s may be s[n 
9 ?is4 ,x is m g5]al1 h[ev]1 to s[ !    
se$s 9 pots1 & !n ei!r to set !m on !   
surface ( ! b$1 or to plunge !m into x  
up to ! rim4 ,no b$ = rais+ annuals %\ld
 ev] be hott] ?an #fj1 & :5 x exce$s ?is

 heat ! glasses %\ld be left op5 s z to 
cool x4 ,! !rmomet] = asc]ta9+ ! heat   
%\ld be put on ! surface ( ! b$1 ) !    
glass %ut above x2 & x %\ld be exam9$ 9 
?is situation1 z x w fall a degree or   
two imm$iately on be+ tak5 into ! op5   
air1 if ! wea!r %\ld be v cold4  ,y w1 (
 c\rse1 h y\r hotb$ made 9 !            
res]ve-gr\nd2 &1 z ! "o ,i h giv5       
directions = w be a v small "o1 y w     
probably f9d x necess>y to h "o mu* l>g]
 = y\r cutt+s1 or to h ?ree or f\r small
 ones4 ,i %\ld advise ! latt] c\rse1 z  
small hotb$s are mu* m easily manag$ by 
inexp]i5c$ g>d5]s ?an l>ge ones4 ,a     
hotb$ ( two or ?ree lights w require two
 or ?ree c>t-loads ( manure1 & w1 (     
c\rse1 produce a great deal ( heat f !  
imm5se mass ( f]m5t+ mat]ials x conta9s2
 &1 z y w\ld f9d ?is additional quantity
 ( heat v difficult to regulate1 y might
 *ance1 "s f9e morn+1 :5 y visit$ y\r   
plants1 to see !m turn$ black1 ) _!     
leaves %rivell$ up1 or1 z ! g>d5]s t]m  
x1 burnt1 f ! too great heat ( ! b$4    

,!re is also dang] ( a hotb$ gett+ too  
cold in/ead ( be+ too hot1 &1 :5 ?is is 
! case1 ! heat %\ld be r5ew$ by !       
application ( dung l9+s1 t is1 a        
quantity ( fre% /able manure1 r\nd !    
outside ( ! b$2 or by hav+ l9+s ( dead  
leaves pil$ up r\nd ! outside ( ! b$4   
,if1 h[ev]1 y use y\r hotb$s only =     
rais+ se$s1 !y w n want any l9+s2 z x w 
be advantage\s = ! "y se$l+s to let !   
b$s gradually become cool z ! plants    
increase 9 size1 s t !y may acquire     
/r5g? & h>d9ess be=e !y are turn$ into !
 op5 gr\nd4  ,i w n[ say a few words on 
! gre5h\se plants t y w want = plant+ 9 
! op5 gr\nd 9 y\r fl[]-g>d54 ,petunias  
may be all rais$ f se$s ) ! o!r         
half-h>dy annuals2 z se$l+ plants bo?   
gr[ & fl[] mu* m vigor\sly :5 plant$ out
 into ! op5 gr\nd1 ?an plants t h be5   
rais$ f lay]s or cutt+s4 ,clsia or      
,alonsa urticiflia may also be rais$ f  
se$s2 z may ,?unbrgia alta1 & its :ite  
v>iety4 ,phlx ,drummndi is almo/ always 
rais$ 9 ?is mann]2 z are ! beautiful    

climb+ plants1 ,lophosprmum scnd5s & its
 v>ieties1 ,maurndya ,b>clayna1 ,coba   
scnd5s1 ,eccremocrpus or ,calmpelis     
scbra1 ,rhodo*ton volbile1 ! beautiful  
can>y-bird fl[] 7,trop'olum p]egrnum71 !
 mo/ spl5did ( ! ipomz1 & sev]al o!r    
well-kn[n plants4  ,g]aniums1 or        
pel>goniums1 z !y are n[ m prop]ly      
call$1 be+ half-%rubby plants1 require  
to be rais$ by cutt+s4 ,^! are g5]ally  
tak5 (f ! po9ts ( ! %oots 9 autumn2 &1 a
 good _m be+ put into "o pot1 !y are    
plung$ into ! hotb$ till !y h /ruck     
root1 & !n gradually h>d5$ & plac$ on ! 
back %elf ( a gre5h\se1 or 9 a cold     
frame1 till ! spr+1 :5 !y are remov$ to 
sep>ate pots till !y are want$ = plant+ 
out4 ,"s g>d5]s d n put !mselves to !   
tr\ble ( pott+ !m1 b keep !m 9 ! same   
pots 9 :i* ! cutt+s 7 /ruck till !y are 
want$ = plant+ out2 b ?is is a slov5ly  
mode ( culture1 z1 :5 ! plants are kept 
s long 9 "o pot1 !y become drawn up1 &  
nev] h ! compact bu%y appe>ance t !y h  
:5 !y are prop]ly transplant$ e>ly 9    

spr+4 ,v]b5as may be ei!r pres]v$ by    
cutt+s or lay]s1 or rais$ afre% f se$4  
,! usual way ( propagat+ !m1 h[ev]1 is  
by lay]s1 z !y /rike root readily at !  
jo9ts1 if ! jo9ts are cov]$ ) a little  
e>?4 ,all ! o!r gre5h\se plants :i* y   
may want to gr[ = plant+ out may be     
treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? ,i h m5tion$4
  ,a cold frame is a bottomless box ( ! 
k9d describ$ = a hotb$1 b =m$ ( brick or
 /one in/ead ( wood4 ,^! frames h a     
glass sa% at ! top1 b conta9 no manure2 
& !y are g5]ally sunk 9 ! soil1 t ! w>m?
 ( ! e>? ar\nd may aid 9 protect+ !     
plants !y conta9 f ! fro/4 ,^! frames1  
if !y h only "o light1 are g5]ally five 
feet 9 wid?2 t is1 f ! back to ! front2 
b1 if !y h two or ?ree lights1 ! wid? is
 g5]ally sev5 feet1 z ^! are ! dim5sions
 ( ! frames us$ = hotb$s 9 kit*5-g>d5s4 
,! gre5h\se plants t are to be pres]v$ 9
 ! cold frame are m]ely set 9 _! pots   
close toge!r1 &1 ! glass sa%es be+ !n   
clos$1 mats & o!r cov]+s are laid on to 
keep out ! fro/4  ,sometimes gre5h\se   

plants :i* are left 9 ! op5 gr\nd are   
pres]v$ f ! fro/ by cov]+s ( wick]-"w l 
beehives be+ put ov] !m1 or t9 hoops ov]
 :i* mats h be5 /ret*$2 or1 :]e ! plants
 are small1 a fl[]-pot may be turn$ ov] 
!m1 or a h&-glass us$ = ! same purpose4 
,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 wor? :ile to take  
mu* pa9s to pres]ve gre5h\se plants t h 
fl[]$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! ord9>y way is to  
make abundance ( cutt+s 9 autumn2 to    
/rike !m 9 a hotb$1 & !n1 aft] h>d5+ !m 
by degrees1 to pres]ve !m 9 a small     
gre5h\se1 or 9 a cold pit1 till ! "t =  
plant+ out next ye>4     ,,lett] ,,viii4
  ,,use ,,( ,,plant-,,h\ses4--,,nature  
,,( ,,climates--,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,(    
,,ho?\ses4--,,! ,,dry ,,/ove1 ,,! ,,b>k 
,,/ove1 ,,& ,,! ,,or*ide\s              
,,h\se4--,,culture ,,( ,,plants ,,9 ,,! 
,,b>k ,,/ove4--,,aqu>ium ,,& ,,wat]     
,,plants4--,,r$ ,,spid]4--,,culture ,,( 
,,succul5t ,,/ove ,,plants4--,,culture  
,,( ,,or*ide\s ,,plants4--,,!           
,,gre5h\se4--,,! ,,au/ralian ,,h\se1 ,,&
 ,,culture ,,( ,,its ,,plants4--,,!     

,,common ,,gre5h\se1 ,,! ,,hea? ,,h\se1 
,,! ,,cons]vatory1 ,,! ,,orang]y1 ,,&   
,,! ,,camellia ,,h\se4--,,! ,,culture   
,,( ,,plants ,,9 ,,! ,,common ,,gre5    
,,h\se4--,,pott+                        
,,plants4--,,hea?s4--,,culture ,,(      
,,plants ,,9 ,,!                        
,,cons]vatory4--,,culture ,,( ,,orange  
,,trees4--,,aphides4   ,be=e ,i say any 
?+ ( ! managem5t ( ! plants 9 y\r       
gre5h\se1 ,i mu/ rem9d y t1 9 ord] to   
gr[ plants well1 x is n en\gh m]ely to  
pres]ve !m f ! fro/1 b we mu/ imitate z 
well z we c _! native climate3 t is1 !  
degree ( heat1 light1 & moi/ure !y h be5
 accu/om$ to 9 _! native c\ntry1 toge!r 
) ! air & ! soil4 ,! latt] is ! easie/  
condition to fulfil2 z1 by comb9+       
diff]5t k9ds ( e>?1 we c1 )\t mu*       
difficulty1 produce a v tol]able        
imitation ( any soil we please3 b x is n
 s easy to give plants abundance ( light
 & air 9 comb9ation ) heat2 &1 ?\gh we c
 readily give plants pl5ty ( wat]1 x    
requires "s managem5t to surr\nd !m ) a 

moi/ w>m atmosph]e1 l t !y h be5 us$ to 
9 _! native woods4 ,to meet ^!          
difficulties1 build+s h be5 con/ruct$1  
suit$ = ! reception ( plants1 ) v>i\s   
contrivances = produc+ heat & di/ribut+ 
air & moi/ure1 & ) a glass ro(1 front1 &
 sides1 to admit abundance ( light4  ,^!
 /ructures are :at we call plant-h\ses2 
& !y are n only divid$ into ho?\ses =   
t5d] plants1 & gre5h\ses = half-h>dy    
plants1 b subdivid$ into v>i\s k9ds to  
suit ! v>i\s climates 9 :i* plants are  
f\nd4 ,^! climates1 h[ev]1 are n s      
num]\s z might at fir/ be suppos$2 z x  
is a curi\s fact 9 ! hi/ory ( plants1 t 
_m ( ! mo/ ornam5tal gr[ 9 pat*es 9 "s  
p>ts ( ! _w )\t be+ f\nd any:]e else1 z1
 = example1 ! pel>goniums or %rubby     
g]aniums at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,ev5 
:5 ! same plant is f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts (
 ! _w1 x is g5]ally 9 ! same climate1   
?\gh 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 & ?us p9es &   
firs1 oaks & bir*es1 spread l belts or  
zones r\nd ! globe1 f ,asia1 ?r\gh      
,europe1 to ,am]ica1 almo/ 9 ! same     

degree ( latitude1 mak+ an all[ance =   
isl&s be+ w>m] ?an cont95ts1 & m\nta9s  
cold] ?an valleys2 z y mu/ always       
rememb] t kn[+ ! degree ( latitude f :i*
 a plant comes is n suffici5t to tea*   
its culture1 unless we "k also :e!r x   
gr[s on ! m\nta9s or 9 ! valleys1 & :e!r
 ! climate ( ! locality is moi/ or dry4 
,a plant w be soon kill$ by a dry       
atmosph]e1 if x requires a moi/ "o2 & x 
w be z mu* injur$ by be+ kept too hot z 
too cold4 ,furze & hea? w n gr[ )9 !    
tropics2 & ! fir/ camellias introduc$   
into ,engl& 7 kill$ by be+ kept 9 a     
ho?\se4  ,f :at ,i h said1 y w p]ceive t
 z plants w only ?rive 9 climates       
suitable to !m1 x is n en\gh to h a     
ho?\se = tropical plants1 & a gre5h\se =
 ^? ( mod]ately w>m c\ntries1 b t y mu/ 
h ?ree or f\r h\ses imitat+ diff]5t     
climates1 if y wi% to gr[ diff]5t k9ds (
 plants to p]fection4 ,philosoph]s :o h 
writt5 on ! subject describe sixte5     
di/9ct k9ds ( climate1 includ+ our own2 
b1 z ^! w\ld be too _m to imitate1      

g>d5]s are oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) !
 foll[+ k9ds ( plant-h\ses & pits4  ,!  
dry /ove is g5]ally kept at a heat ( f  
#gj to #hd 9 ! day1 & nev] all[$ to fall
 bel[ #fe at night1 ev5 9 w9t]4 ,x %\ld 
be plac$ 9 a situation %elt]$ f cold    
w9ds1 b q op5 to ! sun2 z ! plants gr[n 
9 x require a /rong light1 mo/ ( !m be+ 
natives ( dry s&y pla9s1 on :i* !re is  
no tree high en\gh to ca/ a %ade4 ,!    
plants are gr[n 9 pots1 :i* are g5]ally 
plac$ on a frame or /age ( wood5 or /one
 %elves1 s z to h abundance ( air ar\nd 
!m2 & ! /ove is be/ heat$ by flues4 ,!  
plants suitable = a /ove ( ?is k9d are  
"s ( ! k9ds ( ,cactce1 su* z ! g5]a     
,melocctus1 ,epiphllum1 & ,creus1 ) !   
t5d] k9ds ( ,euphrbium1 ,mesembryn!mum1 
,/aplia1 ,crssula1 ,sdum1 ,semp]vvum1 & 
,agve1 & "s k9ds ( bulbs4  ,! b>k /ove  
has a brick pit fill$ ) tan or dead     
leaves 9 ! c5tre2 & x is g5]ally heat$ )
 pipes ( hot wat] or /eam1 f #fj at     
night to #hj 9 ! day2 ! pots 9 :i* !    
plants are gr[n be+ ei!r plung$ 9 ! tan1

 or plac$ on ! walls ( ! pit1 or on a   
/one %elf ne> ! glass 9 front4          
,sometimes ! trees ( hot climates are   
gr[n 9 ! b>k b$ 9 ! c5tre )\t pots2 &   
sometimes !re is no b>k pit1 b ! space 9
 ! c5tre ( ! h\se is fill$ ) boxes      
conta9+ tropical trees4 ,?is la/ k9d is 
frequ5tly call$ ! botanic /ove1 z x is  
mo/ common 9 botanic g>d5s2 & x is be/  
adapt$ = gr[+ palms1 & o!r              
monocotyl$on\s plants ) l>ge leaves1 su*
 z bananas1 :i* require abundance ( air 
& light4  ,! damp /ove1 or or*ide\s     
h\se1 is only suit$ = or*ide\s plants & 
exotic f]ns4 ,! heat %\ld be f #gj at   
night to #ij 9 ! day1 or ev5 m2 & ! h\se
 %\ld be heat$ ) hot flues1 on :i* wat] 
%\ld be ?r[n twice or ?ree times a day1 
& hot-wat] pipes ) op5 tanks2 z all !   
plants to be gr[n 9 ?is k9d ( h\se      
require excessive heat & con/ant        
moi/ure4 ,z !y are also plants t love ! 
%ade1 ! h\se %\ld h only a subdu$ light2
 & ?\gh ,i _c say t ,i approve ( !      
col\r$ glass adopt$ by "s cultivators1 z

 x decomposes ! rays ( light1 & deprives
 ! plants ( a portion ( ! heat !y w\ld  
o!rwise d]ive f ! sun1 yet ,i w\ld      
c]ta9ly advise t "s ( ^? climb+ plants  
:i* w gr[ 9 a moi/ w>m climate %\ld be  
tra9$ close "u ! glass1 to produce %ade4
  ,=c+-h\ses = grapes & e>ly /one fruits
 are ( ! nature ( ! b>k /ove2 & 9 !m !  
pit 9 ! c5tre is frequ5tly fill$ )      
p9e-apple plants1 9 pots plung$ up to ! 
rim 9 ! tan2 b ^! h\ses belong to !     
kit*5-g>d51 z d pits = gr[+ p9es1       
cucumb]s1 & melons4  ,y w ?us obs]ve t  
!re are only ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( ho?\ses 
9 use 9 ,briti% g>d5s1 viz4 ! damp /ove1
 or or*ide\s h\se1 :i* is ! hotte/2 !   
dry /ove1 or h\se = succul5t plants1 :i*
 is ! r>e/2 & ! b>k /ove1 :i* is ! mo/  
common1 & :i* may be said to h two      
v>ieties1 viz4 ! botanic /ove & !       
=c+-h\se4  ,! culture ( ho?\se plants 9 
! b>k /ove requires m c>e ?an c be      
expect$ f any "o n a regul> g>d5]2 &1 z 
mo/ tropical plants are valuable 9 ?is  
c\ntry1 ,i w\ld n advise y to try to    

manage !m y\rself1 z y w\ld be v mu*    
vex$ if y %\ld *ance to kill !m4 ,i w1  
h[ev]1 give y a few g5]al h9ts on !     
subject1 if y %\ld l to h a h\se ( ?is  
k9d4  ,all b>k-/ove plants require a    
great deal ( wat] :5 !y are 9 a gr[+    
/ate1 &1 z x is necess>y t ! wat] %\ld  
be ( ! same temp]ature z ! h\se1 !re    
%\ld be ei!r an op5 ci/]n 9 ! h\se1 or a
 ci/]n 9 ! %$ beh9d1 ne> ! furnace1 &   
communicat+ ) ! h\se by a pipe4 ,! be/  
plan is to h a ci/]n 9 ! h\se1 z x c be 
us$ z an aqu>ium2 & !re are _m beautiful
 tropical aquatics1 su* z ! diff]5t     
species ( ,nymph'a & ,nelmbium1 :i*     
des]ve gr[+ = _! beauty1 :ile o!rs are  
int]e/+ = _! curiosity1 su* z !         
,papyrus4 ,9 summ]1 b>k-/ove plants     
require v little c>e1 except to prev5t  
!m f receiv+ any sudd5 *eck1 z1 if !    
heat be n kept up regul>ly1 ! plants are
 v liable to /op gr[+1 &1 :5 ! heat is  
r5ew$1 to %oot a second "t1 & ?us to    
wa/e _! /r5g? 9 sickly & imp]fect gr[?4 
,great c>e is also requir$ 9 autumn to  

increase ! fire heat 9 proportion z !   
wea!r gr[s cold1 s z to prev5t ! plants 
f receiv+ any *eck f ! decrease (       
temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]ic air1 z        
tropical plants may be said to h only   
two seasons1 viz4 summ] & w9t]2 & ?us !y
 %\ld be kept z ne>ly z possible at !   
same heat z long z !y are 9 a gr[+ /ate2
 & !n h a complete *ange to a season (  
re/1 by nev] lett+ ! heat rise high] ?an
 f #fj to #fe dur+ ! d>k days ( w9t]4   
,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s v little air c be    
admitt$1 on acc\nt ( ! great diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! air ( ! atmosph]e & t )9 !     
h\se2 b 9 ! spr+1 advantage %\ld be tak5
 ( e w>m day1 ev5 9 ,m>* & ,april1 to   
op5 ! sa%es a few in*es wide = half an  
h\r or an h\r 9 ! middle ( ! day1 :5 !  
sun %9es2 b ! h\se %\ld be %ut up       
imm$iately if ! sun %\ld g 9 & ! air    
become *ill$4 ,z ! summ] advances1 air  
%\ld be admitt$ freely1 & cont9u$ till !
 beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 :5 x %\ld be       
gradually r$uc$ till ! cold ( w9t]      
prev5ts any be+ giv5 at all4 ,mo/ g>d5]s

 repot1 or %ift1 z !y call x1 all _!    
b>k-/ove plants ab\t ! middle or end (  
,april2 b ?is is too indiscrim9ate a    
practice1 &1 !re=e1 only ^? %\ld be     
repott$ t appe> to want su* an op]ation4
  ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties att5d+ ! 
culture ( plants 9 a b>k /ove is1 gu>d+ 
aga9/ ! ravages ( ! imm5se numb] (      
insects t are eng5d]$ by ! heat2 & "o ( 
! mo/ tr\blesome ( ^! is ! active little
 mite call$ by g>d5]s ! r$ spid] 7c>us  
telrius74 ,?is little pe/ bre$s 9 ! b>k1
 & :5 fir/ hat*$ x is s small z to be   
sc>cely p]ceptible2 p>ticul>ly z x is ( 
a pale gre51 ne>ly ! col\r ( ! "u side (
 ! leaf1 to :i* x fixes itself1 & !re   
sp9s a web4 ,z x gets old] x becomes ( a
 br[ni% r$1 & hav+ eight legs1 x runs ) 
! greate/ rapidity4 ,x is also furni%$ )
 a proboscis1 ) :i* x sucks ! juices ( !
 leaves1 mak+ !m )] & %rivel up2 & ?us !
 fl[]s & ! fruit ( ! trees are bo?      
spoil$1 z nei!r c atta9 p]fection unless
 ! sap t is to n\ri% !m be fir/ prop]ly 
matur$ 9 ! leaves4 ,tobacco smoke1 & mo/

 ( ! o!r usual rem$ies aga9/ insects1 h 
no effect on ! r$ spid]2 &1 ?\gh spr9kl+
 x ) v cold wat] w kill x1 x is         
difficult to apply )\t injur+ ! plants4 
,! be/ rem$y is all[+ pl5ty ( air to    
pass ?r\gh ! h\se1 :5ev] ! wea!r is hot 
en\gh to all[ ! atmosph]ic air to be    
admitt$ ) safety4  ,! culture ( ! plants
 conta9$ 9 ! dry /ove requires          
consid]able c>e4 ,! ,cctus family may be
 arrang$ 9 ?ree gr\ps2 fir/1 ! ,tree    
,cacti1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! g5us ,creus1
 & h long sl5d] /ems )\t a s+le leaf1   
sometimes ?irty or =ty feet high1 & n   
?ick] ?an a man's arm4 ,^! plants gr[ on
 ! summits ( ! m\nta9s 9 ,brazil1 & only
 require gre5h\se heat 9 ,engl&4        
,secondly1 ! ,mammillri & ,e*9occti1 :i*
 gr[ 9 ! valleys ( ! temp]ate p>ts (    
,s\? ,am]ica1 & %\ld be kept 9 a w>m    
gre5h\se 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ?irdly1 !      
,meloccti1 ! ,epiphllum1 ! ,opnti1 & !  
,rhpsalis1 :i* gr[ 9 ! tropics1 &       
require a dry /ove 9 ,engl&4 ,^! plants 
%\ld be gr[n 9 pots well dra9$ ) c9d]s1 

& !y %\ld be kept almo/ )\t wat] f      
,octob] till ,m>*1 & !n wat]$ pr(usely  
till !y are ab\t fl[]+1 :5 ! quantity ( 
wat] giv5 to !m %\ld be gradually       
dim9i%$4 ,"s cultivators keep a few ( _!
 plants 9 a b>k /ove1 & plunge ! pots 9 
! tan1 & !y are said to ?rive on ?is    
treatm5t1 if c>efully manag$2 b z x     
requires a great deal ( c>e to prev5t !m
 f damp+ (f1 ! ord9>y way is ! safe/ =  
an inexp]i5c$ g>d5]4 ,mesembryan!mums1  
:i* are also kept 9 a dry /ove1 require 
! same treatm5t z ! ,ccti4  ,!          
or*idace\s plants gr[n 9 a damp /ove are
 all epiphytes1 :i*1 9 _! natural /ate1 
gr[ ei!r on ! bran*es ( trees1 or on    
expos$ rocks4 ,! =m] ( ^! are f\nd 9 _! 
wild /ate ) _! roots hang+ d[n 9 ! air1 
& gr[+ 9 d5se =e/s1 :]e %ade1 moi/ure1 &
 excessive heat are ess5tial to _!      
exi/5ce4 ,mo/ ( ^! plants1 9 a /ate (   
culture1 are gr[n 9 ! husks (           
cocoa-nuts1 half fill$ ) moss1 f :i* !  
roots hang d[n1 or !y are ti$ ) wire to 
pieces ( wood hung f ! raft]s4 ,! wood  

g5]ally pref]r$ = ?is purpose 9 ,engl&  
is ! rob9ia1 or false acacia1 on acc\nt 
( ! r\ghness ( its b>k1 & ! s(tness (   
its wood3 & moss is g5]ally put betwe5 !
 epiphyte & log s z to make x q compact4
 ,"s g5]a ( or*ide\s plants1 su* z      
,d5drbium1 ,epidndrum1 & ,cattlya1 are  
always gr[n 9 pots1 :i* are fill$ )     
turfy peat1 *opp$ moss1 & lime rubbi%4  
,o!rs1 su* z ,/anhpea & ,catastum1 %\ld 
be gr[n 9 baskets half fill$ ) moss1 or 
9 a curi\s k9d ( frame1 made ( pieces ( 
turf fa/5$ betwe5 f\r upright pegs (    
wood2 z ! fl[]s ( ^! plants come f _!   
roots1 & !y mu/ be all[$ abundance (    
room to enable !m to protrude prop]ly4  
,! baskets or frames = ! ,/anhpea & o!r 
root-fl[]+ plants %\ld be f ?ree to six 
in*es deep1 & f six to t5 in*es wide2 & 
! frames %\ld be fill$ ) /rips ( turf1  
two or ?ree in*es wide1 pil$ up on "o   
ano!r s z to fill ! frame1 & yet leave a
 suffici5t space betwe5 to admit !      
passage ( ! fl[] /ems :i* protrude      
d[nw>ds f ! root4 ,:5 or*ide\s plants   

are gr[n 9 pots1 ! pots are dra9$ )     
c9d]s1 & !n fill$ ) *opp$ turf mix$ )   
lime rubbi% to keep x op54 ,! exotic    
f]ns gr[n 9 ! same h\se require no      
p>ticul> c>e1 except t ( pott+ !m s z to
 insure p]fect dra9age1 & keep+ !m      
frequ5tly syr+$ ov]head4  ,!re may be   
said to be five k9ds ( gre5h\se2 viz41 !
 ,au/ralian h\se1 ! common gre5h\se1 !  
hea? h\se1 ! cons]vatory1 & ! orang]y1  
to :i* is sometimes add$1 ! camellia    
h\se1 ?\gh ^! plants are g5]ally kept 9 
! cons]vatory4  ,! ,au/ralian h\se      
conta9s all ! curi\s ,new ,holl& plants1
 su* z ,bnksia1 ,dryndra1 ,grevllea1    
,melaleca1 ,calli/mon1 ,metrosidros1 &  
v>i\s g5]a belong+ to ! ,legum9s1 toge!r
 ) ! ,cape plants belong+ to ! ,protece 
& ,compsit4 ,^! plants require a        
consid]able degree ( heat1 & also z mu* 
air & light z c be giv5 to any plants   
:i* require %elt] f ! op5 air4 ,on ?is  
acc\nt !y are g5]ally gr[n 9 curvil9e>  
h\ses1 t is1 h\ses t h glass on all     
sides1 l t 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,london         

,horticultural ,society at ,turnham     
,gre54 ,all ! plants conta9$ 9 ?is h\se 
are extremely difficult to gr[1 & !y    
require ! greate/ c>e 9 wat]+1 s t !y   
may nev] h too mu*1 & yet nev] be suff]$
 to become too dry4 ,h\ses ( ?is k9d are
 g5]ally heat$ by pipes ( hot wat]1 &   
kept at a temp]ature ( f #dj to #ej or  
#fj4 ,!re is no pit 9 ! c5tre1 & !      
plants are ei!r plant$ 9 ! gr\nd z 9 a  
cons]vatory1 or kept on a /age =m$ (    
wood5 %elves4  ,! common gre5h\se has a 
brick wall at ! back1 ) a glass ro( at  
an angle ( ab\t #de1 & upright glass at 
! front & sides4 ,! plants are gr[n 9   
pots plac$ on a /age or range ( wood5   
%elves ris+ "o above ano!r1 ) a pa? all 
r\nd1 & a %elf = ! plants "u ! glass 9  
front4 ,all ! sa%es are made to op51 z x
 is ess5tial t !re %\ld be a free       
circulation ( air2 & s little fire is   
necess>y1 t "o fireplace w be suffici5t 
to heat a gre5h\se f ?irty to =ty feet  
long1 & f twelve to fifte5 feet wide4 ,!
 h\se may be heat$ ei!r by hot-wat]     

pipes or by flues2 9 ! latt] case ! flue
 %\ld g r\nd at ! front & return at !   
back1 be+ ab\t tw5ty in*es high & twelve
 in*es wide4 ,! heat ( a gre5h\se ( ?is 
nature ne$ nev] be m ?an #ej 9 ! day1 & 
x may be all[$ to s9k ev5 z l[ z #ce at 
night1 ! object be+ m]ely to keep out ! 
fro/4  ,! hea? h\se1 l ! ,au/ralian     
h\se1 requires to be z transp>5t1 & z   
?or\ghly v5tilat$1 z possible4 ,a       
hea!ry1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally a span-ro($   
h\se ) a walk d[n ! c5tre1 & %elves = ! 
plants on ea* side4 ,x is usually heat$ 
by hot wat]1 ! pipes = convey+ :i* are  
plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! h\se4 ,! wid? ( !   
h\se %\ld be ab\t t5 feet1 & ! height 9 
! c5tre ( ! span %\ld nev] exce$ n9e1 z 
x is ( great importance to h ! plants z 
ne> ! glass z possible4 ,! floor ( !    
h\se %\ld /& "o foot above ! level ( !  
gr\nd3 &1 :]e exp5se is n an object1 !  
h\se is sometimes built on ar*es to     
insure p]fect dryness4 ,all ! w9d[s are 
made to move 9 e possible direction s z 
to admit ( a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! h\se1 

:5ev] ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e w p]mit x4   
,! cons]vatory has all ! plants gr[+ 9 !
 soil1 in/ead ( be+ 9 pots & plac$ on   
%elves4 ,x is g5]ally m l(ty &          
ar*itectural ?an a gre5h\se1 & ( mu*    
great] ext5t2 & x is frequ5tly atta*$ to
 ! h\se1 be+ s contriv$ t x c be ent]$ f
 "o ( ! liv+-rooms4 ,! temp]ature ( !   
cons]vatory is g5]ally r w>m] ?an t ( ! 
common gre5h\se1 z x is kept at #fj dur+
 ! day1 & seldom all[$ to fall l[] ?an  
#dj at night4  ,! orang]y is a /ill m   
ar*itectural-look+ build+ ?an !         
cons]vatory1 & x has an opaque ro(4 ,x  
is us$ only = pres]v+ orange trees & o!r
 plants t rema9 9 a dormant /ate dur+ ! 
w9t]1 & x requires no m heat ?an is     
absolutely ess5tial to keep out ! fro/4 
,! camellia h\se is g5]ally =m$ l a     
common gre5h\se1 b s contriv$ z to all[ 
! :ole ( ! sa%es to be tak5 (f dur+ !   
summ]4 ,! plants are kept on /one       
%elves1 rais$ "o above ano!r2 & !re is  
g5]ally no walk at ! back4  ,( ! culture
 ( ! plants 9 ! ,au/ralian h\se ,i h    

already spok52 & ( ^? 9 ! gre5h\se ,i   
ne$ only detail ! managem5t dur+ ! w9t] 
mon?s1 z y\r gre5h\se w1 ,i suppose1 be 
9 ! res]ve-gr\nd1 & w be only us$ to    
pres]ve ^? plants dur+ w9t] :i* y h kept
 9 o!r m conspicu\s situations dur+ !   
summ]4  ,_m p]sons injure gre5h\se      
plants by keep+ !m too w>m1 & giv+ !m   
too little air dur+ w9t]1 & !n are      
surpris$ t _! plants become sickly &    
rema9 )\t fl[]+1 not)/&+ all ! c>e &    
exp5se t h be5 be/[$ ^u !m4 ,no gre5h\se
 ought to be kept at a great] heat at   
night ?an f #ce to #dj2 & 9 ! daytime x 
%\ld n be all[$ to rise above #ej1 or at
 mo/ #eb4 ,:5 !re happ5s to be sun%9e1 !
 fire ought to be less5$1 & :5ev] ! air 
is n fro/y ! w9d[s ought to be op5$ f   
twelve till two e day4 ,if a gre5h\se is
 kept too w>m1 x w induce premature     
vegetation1 & ! plants w wa/e _! /r5g? 9
 an attempt to produce fl[]s & fruit1 at
 a season :5 nature requires !m to be   
kept 9 a /ate ( complete repose4        
,gre5h\se plants %\ld be wat]$ g5]ally e

 morn+2 b 9 fro/y wea!r wat] ne$ n be   
giv5 e day1 & "s plants w n require     
wat]+ (t5] ?an once a week4 ,?is1 h[ev]1
 mu/ dep5d 9 a great measure on         
circum/ances1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 x may  
be obs]v$1 t wat] may always be giv5 9  
small quantities :5 ! surface ( ! e>?   
conta9$ 9 ! pot looks dry4 ,! pots %\ld 
nev] be all[$ to /& 9 sauc]s1 z /agnant 
wat] is peculi>ly injuri\s 9 w9t]4      
,:5ev] ! e>? looks black & sodd51 !     
plant %\ld be turn$ out ( ! pot1 &1 aft]
 ! black e>? has be5 c>efully %ak5 f !  
root1 x %\ld be repott$ 9 fre% soil1 an 
in* or m 9 ! bottom ( ! pot be+ fill$ 9 
) small pieces ( brok5 crocks4  ,9      
,febru>y or ,m>* gre5h\se plants %\ld be
 look$ ov]1 & repott$ :]e necess>y2 ^? t
 are too tall %\ld be cut 91 & cutt+s   
made ( _! %oots4 ,! "y plants rais$ f   
cutt+s made 9 autumn %\ld be repott$ 9  
l>g] pots = fl[]+2 & :]e ! plants d n   
require fre% pott+1 b h ! surface ( _!  
m\ld become gre5 & mossy1 ! moss %\ld be
 tak5 (f1 & ! gr\nd slightly /irr$ ) a  

flat /ick1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to g s    
deep z to injure ! roots4 ,:5 tr\ble is 
n an object1 all gre5h\se plants are !  
bett] = repott+ once a ye>1 ei!r 9 spr+ 
or autumn2 & :5 ! ball is tak5 out ( !  
pot = ?is purpose1 x %\ld be c>efully   
exam9$1 & all ! decay$ p>ts ( ! roots   
%\ld be cut (f4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! ball ( 
e>? is turn$ out1 ne>ly half ( x w fall 
(f almo/ )\t t\*+ x2 & :5 ?is is ! case1
 x w g5]ally be f\nd t !re is a worm 9 !
 pot4 ,worms d a great deal ( mis*ief to
 gre5h\se plants 9 cutt+ ?r\gh ! roots1 
z _! in/9ct tea*es !m to make _! way    
?r\gh ! e>? /raight across ! pot & back 
aga91 & !y _c d ?is )\t te>+ ! roots    
asund] e "t !y pass4  ,ano!r po9t to be 
att5d$ to 9 ! managem5t ( a gre5h\se is1
 keep+ ! plants z ne> z possible to !   
glass1 z1 unless ?is be done1 ! plants w
 become :at g>d5]s call drawn up1 t is1 
!y w be unnaturally tall & sl5d]1 f !   
ef=ts !y make to rea* ! light4  ,z ,i h 
frequ5tly m5tion$ repott+1 ,i may z well
 tell y "h ! be/ mode ( p]=m+ !         

op]ation4 ,! pot to :i* ! plant is to be
 remov$ %\ld always h be5 previ\sly wa%$
 q clean1 & be p]fectly dry4 ,"s bits ( 
brok5 pots1 call$ pot%]ds1 %\ld !n be   
put at ! bottom ( ! pot1 ! quantity v>y+
 f ?ree or f\r pieces 7s z j to cov] !  
hole7 to a mass an in* 9 dep?1 dep5d+ ^u
 ! nature ( ! plant4 ,if ! plant has n  
be5 9 a pot be=e1 ! roots are !n plac$ j
 above ! pot%]ds1 & ! e>? is fill$ 91 ! 
plant be+ occasionally %ak5 s z to all[ 
! e>? to get among/ its roots4 ,! soil  
is next consolidat$ by %ak+ ! pot1 & !n 
lift+ x up & sett+ x d[n aga9 ) a j]k2 &
 is r5d]$ firm & neat r\nd ! rim by     
means ( a broad smoo? piece ( /ick %ap$ 
some:at l a table-knife1 & call$ a      
pott+-/ick4 ,:5 a plant has be5 9 a pot 
be=e1 & is repott$ or %ift$1 z x is     
call$1 into a pot a size l>g]1 ! plant  
is turn$ out ( its old pot by putt+ ! h&
 ^u ! e>? & turn+ ! pot upside d[n2 or1 
if ! ball ( e>? does n come out readily1
 /rik+ ! rim ( ! pot aga9/ ! edge ( !   
pott+-table or %elf4 ,! ball conta9+ !  

plant w ?us drop out into ! left h&2 & !
 pot%]ds t adh]e to ! bottom ( ! ball   
hav+ be5 pick$ (f1 & any "p ( ! root t  
appe>s decay$ hav+ be5 remov$1 a little 
m\ld is put on ! dra9age 9 ! new pot2 & 
! ball ( e>?1 conta9+ ! plant hav+ be5  
plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 ! space betwe5 x & !   
pot is fill$ 9 ) light ri* m\ld1 & made 
firm ) ! pott+-/ick4 ,! op]ation is     
conclud$ by %ak+ ! pot1 & !n tak+ hold (
 ! rim ) bo? h&s1 & /rik+ ! bottom ( !  
pot two or ?ree times ) a j]k aga9/ !   
pott+-b5*4 ,! plant is !n wat]$1 & set 9
 ! %ade = ! rema9d] ( ! day4  ,hea?s are
 v difficult plants to manage2 b a great
 improvem5t has tak5 place 9 _! culture 
)9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,!y are gr[n 9 :at is
 call$ hea? m\ld1 t is1 a mixture ( peat
 & s&2 & :5 ?is e>? is put into ! pot1 x
 is mix$ ) good-siz$ entire pebbles1 "s 
( :i* are suff]$ to protrude ?r\gh !    
surface ( ! soil4 ,! roots ( hea?s are  
extremely f9e & hair-l1 & ! %elt] af=d$ 
by ! pebbles is s cong5ial to !m1 t1 if 
"o ( ! /ones be tak5 out1 a clu/] ( f9e1

 :ite1 vigor\s roots w be f\nd bel[ x4  
,! plants are always pott$ high1 s z to 
let ! base ( ! /em be above ! level ( ! 
rim ( ! pot1 z ! plants are v apt to    
damp (f if ! coll> ( ! plant be buri$ 9 
! gr\nd4 ,hea?s %\ld nev] be suff]$ to  
become too dry1 & nev] kept too wet4 ,!y
 require v little heat2 & _m exp]i5c$   
cultivators nev] apply fire-heat to _!  
hea!ries at all1 b m]ely keep out ! fro/
 by hav+ wood5 %utt]s to ! sa%es1 &     
cov]+ !m ) mats4 ,hea?s1 :5 gr[+        
rapidly1 %\ld be repott$ :5ev] ! roots h
 fill$ ! pot2 b !y %\ld n be %ift$ too  
(t52 &1 :5 !y h atta9$ _! full gr[?1 !y 
may be suff]$ to rema9 9 ! same pots    
?ree or f\r ye>s )\t injury4  ,z plants 
9 ! cons]vatory are gr[n 9 ! free soil1 
!y are 9 a mu* m natural /ate ?an any   
plants c be 9 pots1 & consequ5tly !y    
require mu* less c>e 9 _! culture4 ,!re 
is usually a walk all r\nd !            
cons]vatory1 next ! glass1 & "o d[n !   
middle1 on ea* side ( :i* are ! b$s     
conta9+ ! plants1 & "u :i* are plac$ !  

hot-wat] pipes t w>m ! h\se4 ,!         
consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t ! b$s 
on ea* side ! middle walk are s plant$ z
 to h _! highe/ %rubs 9 ! c5tre1 %elv+  
d[n to ^? ( l[] gr[? on ea* side2 & h5ce
 ! c5tre is g5]ally plant$ ) tall       
camellias1 acacias1 metrosid]os1        
eucalyptus1 c42 :ile ne> ! walk are     
plac$ ole&]s1 myrtles1 fu*sias ( diff]5t
 k9ds1 toge!r ) *orozemas1 & _m ( ! o!r 
mo/ ornam5tal ,new ,holl& plants2 & up !
 pill>s t support ! ro( are tra9$       
k5n$yas1 bignonias1 ipomz1 &            
passion-fl[]s 9 great v>iety4 ,clin?us  
punceus & ,polgala oppositiflia ought to
 f9d a place 9 e cons]vatory2 & a plant 
( ,wi/ria s9nsis may be tra9$ "u !      
raft]s s z to af=d %ade to ! camellias2 
z1 "u %elt]1 ! wi/>ia w fl[] twice 9 !  
ye>1 & its fl[]s w yield a delightful1  
?\gh v delicate1 fragrance4  ,z x is ( !
 greate/ importance to ! heal? ( !      
plants to h ! soil 9 a cons]vatory well 
dra9$1 _m p]sons =m ! b$s by excavat+   
pits ( ! prop] size1 ab\t two feet & a  

half deep1 & put at ! bottom a lay] (   
brick-bats1 /ones1 & o!r mat]ials =     
dra9age1 ab\t six in*es ?ick4 ,on ?is is
 deposit$ a ?9 lay] ( co>se r\gh gravel2
 & on ! gravel a lay] ( ri* m\ld1 :i*   
%\ld be ab\t two feet ?ick 9 ! c5tre ( !
 b$1 :]e ! l>ge/ %rubs are to be plant$1
 & %elv+ (f to ab\t sixte5 or eighte5   
in*es at ! sides next ! walks4 ,all !   
sa%es %\ld be made to op51 & !re ought  
to be l>ge glass doors 9 front1 :i* %\ld
 g5]ally /& op5 dur+ ! day 9 summ]1 9   
ord] to admit z mu* air z possible4  ,9 
"s places a movable frame is contriv$ = 
a cons]vatory1 into :i* sa%es fit 9     
w9t]1 & :i*1 9 sev]e wea!r1 is cov]$ )  
t>paul+1 made to pull d[n1 l a bl9d1 f a
 roll] along ! ridge ( ! ro(2 ! :ole    
frame be+ s contriv$ z to be entirely   
remov$ 9 summ]4 ,! upright po/s ( ?is   
frame are let into holes 9 ! gr\nd1 l ! 
po/s 9 a dry+-gr\nd1 s t :5 ! po/s are  
tak5 out1 ! holes may be /opp$ up )     
wood5 plugs ) r+s atta*$2 & ! ro( &     
horizontal pieces fit into ea* o!r1 &   

into ! uprights1 ! :ole be+ kept firm by
 bolts4 ,:5 a cons]vatory ( ?is k9d is  
to be remov$ = ! summ]1 ! side sa%es &  
doors are tak5 away fir/1 g5]ally ab\t !
 middle or end ( ,april4 ,a week or t5  
days aft]1 ! sa%es ( ! ro( are tak5 (f1 
b ! frame & t>paul+ are left 9 case (   
spr+ fro/s2 &1 :5 all dang] f ^! is ov]1
 ! :ole ( ! framework is remov$1 & !    
orange trees1 camellias1 & o!r exotic   
trees t h be5 plant$ 9 ! cons]vatory1   
appe> to be gr[+ 9 ! op5 air4  ,!       
orang]y is (t5 contriv$ s z to be us$ z 
a k9d ( liv+-room dur+ summ]1 z x is    
only int5d$ = ! reception ( ! orange    
trees1 & o!r plants belong+ to ! g5us   
,citrus1 dur+ w9t]4 ,! trees are g5]ally
 gr[n 9 l>ge tubs & boxes1 9 a ri* loamy
 soil1 & are set out 9 ! op5 air dur+   
summ]1 :5 !y require b little c>e1      
provid$ !y are frequ5tly wat]$ ov] !    
leaves1 ?\gh !y d n l mu* wat] to _!    
roots4 ,:5 "y plants are rais$ f se$1 !y
 seldom fl[] till !y h be5 budd$ or     
graft$ f an old tree4 ,orange trees are 

g5]ally put 9 ! op5 air 9 ,may1 & kept  
!re till ,septemb] or ,octob]2 & !y are 
v seldom %ift$4 ,!y require sc>cely any 
light or wat] dur+ w9t]1 & no heat      
beyond :at is necess>y to protect !m f !
 fro/4  ,"s ( ! v>ieties ( ,camllia     
japnica are suffici5tly h>dy to gr[ 9 ! 
op5 air 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1     
provid$ _! roots & ! l[] "p ( _! /ems   
are mul*$2 t is1 cov]$ ) /raw or litt]1 
& ! ma9 trunk wrapp$ r\nd ) a hay-b& a  
few in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,! h>die/ k9d is ! 
v>iegat$ r$4 ,camellias seldom d well 9 
pots1 except :5 !y are v small1 z1 :5 !y
 atta9 a tol]able size1 ! fl[]-buds are 
v apt to fall (f )\t exp&+4 ,! be/ mode 
( gr[+ camellias is1 !re=e1 to plant !m 
9 ! free soil ( a cons]vatory1 tak+ c>e 
t "s creep+ plant is tra9$ along !      
raft]s ov] _! heads1 z !y d n l to be   
expos$ to too mu* sun1 unless !y h also 
a great deal ( air1 & are frequ5tly &   
regul>ly wat]$4 ,! soil = camellias %\ld
 be peat mix$ ) a little s&y loam4 ,!   
temp]ature ( ! camellia h\se %\ld be f  

#ej to #fj dur+ ! :ole ( ! gr[+ season2 
b1 :5 ! fl[]-buds h =m$1 ! glasses are  
g5]ally tak5 (f dur+ ! re/ ( ! summ]4   
,e>ly 9 autumn1 h[ev]1 :5 ! fl[]-buds   
beg9 to swell1 ! glasses %\ld be put on 
& ! h\se kept w>m1 ! plants be+ regul>ly
 wat]$ morn+ & ev5+1 z1 if ! wat]+ be   
neglect$ a s+le day1 or if /agnant wat] 
be suff]$ to rema9 ab\t ! roots1 !      
fl[]-buds w be sure to drop (f )\t      
exp&+4 ,camellias d n require frequ5t   
repott+4 ,small camellias are g5]ally   
%ift$ only once 9 two ye>s1 & l>ge ones1
 t is1 ^? above five feet high1 n (t5]  
?an once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,! "t =    
%ift+ camellias is j :5 !y h done fl[]+1
 be=e !y are beg9n+ to s5d out _! "y    
%oots4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 !y are 
repott$ n to bruise ! roots1 z !y are v 
easily injur$4  ,bo? camellias & orange 
trees are v subject to ! attacks ( !    
black fly1 a k9d ( aphis4 ,! be/ way (  
de/roy+ ^! insects is to syr+e ! plants 
well1 lay+ !m d[n on _! sides :5 !y are 
9 pots1 or1 if !y are plant$ 9 ! free   

soil1 syr++ !m ) a g>d5 eng9e s z to ?r[
 ! wat] 9 a p[]ful /ream upw>ds1 9 ord] 
to get at ! "u surface ( ! leaves1 :]e !
 insects are g5]ally f\nd4 ,"s p]sons   
recomm5d fumigat+ ) tobacco smoke2 b ,i 
h nev] f\nd x s efficaci\s z syr++1 &   
wa%+ ! "u surface ( ! leaves ) a sponge1
 9 case ! insects %\ld be v num]\s4     
,,lett] ,,ix4  ,,! ,,p>k ,,&            
,,pleasure-,,gr\nds4--,,situation ,,(   
,,old ,,h\ses4--,,wat]4--,,=e/          
,,sc5]y4--,,effect ,,( ,a ,,%rubb]y ,,9 
,,h>monis+ ,a ,,fl[]-,,g>d5 ,,) ,a      
,,p>k4--,,op5+ ,,vi/as4--,,sc5es ,,9 ,a 
,,p>k4--,,f5ces ,,aga9/                 
,,cattle4--,,/yles ,,9 ,,g>d5+4--,,use  
,,( ,a ,,t]race4--,,patte               
,d',,oie4--,,plant+ ,,an ,,ar*itectural 
,,g>d54--,,plant+ ,,an                  
,,arboretum4--,,r5ovat+ ,,turf4   ,i am 
v glad to f9d t y h procur$ "s plants1 &
 t y beg9 to feel an int]e/ 9 !         
cultivation ( y\r fl[]s4 ,i d n at all  
agree ) y1 h[ev]1 9 ?9k+1 t ?is is m]ely
 because g>d5+ has ) y1 z yet1 ! *>m (  

novelty2 on ! contr>y1 ,i am q sure t z 
y become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 y w
 f9d y\r int]e/ 9 y\r g>d5 increase2 z  
g>d5+ is "o ( ^? happy arts 9 :i* !re is
 always "s n q c]ta9 *ange to look =w>d 
to1 & to be anxi\s ab\t4 ,l&scape-g>d5+ 
is1 h[ev]1 ! highe/ bran* ( ! art1 & x  
is ! m necess>y t y %\ld /udy x1 z1 f ! 
view y h s5t me ( y\r h\se1 x appe>s to 
me t ! g5]al aspect ( y\r p>k is at     
pres5t v monoton\s4  ,an anci5t mansion 
embosom$ 9 tall trees1 ) a f9e broad    
t]race at ! back1 hav+ a piece ( /ill   
wat] ly+ l a liquid mirror bel[ x1 & a  
l>ge p>k beyond1 ov]gr[n ) maje/ic trees
 ^: l[] bran*es repose ^u ! turf b5ea?  
!m1 =m a sc5e :i* s\nds exce$+ly well 9 
description1 b is v we>y+ to ! eye :i*  
is de/9$ cont9ually to re/ ^u x4 ,x is  
also n v heal?y2 z *illy vap\rs are sure
 to rise f ! wat]1 :ile ! mass ( trees  
beyond w ob/ruct ! free curr5t ( air4   
,y mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppose f ^! rem>ks t  
,i admire a h\se 9 an op5 expos$        
situation1 z ,i ?9k no?+ c h a m bleak &

 nak$ appe>ance4 ,besides1 a h\se       
entirely un%elt]$ by trees is sure to be
 a v uncom=table resid5ce1 f its        
exposure to ! heat 9 summ]1 & ! cold 9  
w9t]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ desirable to h a
 suffici5t quantity ( trees ne> ! h\se  
to %elt] x1 & yet to h num]\s op5+s     
?r\gh ^? trees to admit di/ant          
prospects1 & a free curr5t ( air4 ,if a 
few op5+s c\ld1 !re=e1 be made 9 !      
plantations ne> y\r dwell+1 ,i d n ?9k  
!re w\ld be any dang] 9 leav+ ! wat] 9  
its pres5t position2 z1 f y\r           
description1 ! h\se is elevat$ v mu*    
above x1 & z1 not)/&+ its appe>ance (   
/illness1 !re is a curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,!   
elevation at :i* ! h\se is above ! wat] 
w also prev5t ! unpleasant consequ5ces  
:i* sometimes ensue1 :5 wat] ov]fl[s its
 banks1 & makes its way into ! basem5t  
/ory ( a h\se4 ,z to y\r h\se be+ on !  
ridge ( a hill1 ,i d n ?9k t is any     
objection1 z ! rise is n v great on ei!r
 side1 & x is a pro( t ! prospect w\ld  
be good if y w\ld only cut d[n a        

suffici5t numb] ( trees to %[ x4 ,h\ses 
q 9 a valley are frequ5tly damp1 & if on
 ! summit ( a high hill !y are apt to be
 bleak2 s t ! side ( a hill or ! ridge (
 a knoll is1 9 fact1 ! be/ situation t c
 be imag9$4 ,our ance/ors1 inde$1 r>ely 
w5t wrong on ?is subject2 & x is q an   
extraord9>y case to f9d an old h\se     
badly plac$4 ,9 ! old times ! c\ntry    
g5try liv$ 9 _! mansions all ! ye>1 &   
only visit$ ,london occasionally1 s t !y
 7 m anxi\s to make _! homes com=table  
?an p]sons ( ! same rank at ! pres5t    
day1 :o live 9 ,london1 & only visit !  
seats ( _! ance/ors z !y w\ld a         
wat]+-place4  ,y compla9 bitt]ly ( y\r  
h\se n hav+ an ext5sive view f x4 ,y see
 no?+ b trees1 y say1 9 :i*ev] direction
 y look2 & y dete/ trees1 because _!    
foliage is monoton\s1 & s ?ick t y _c   
see two hundr$ y>ds be=e y4 ,?is la/ is 
! real po9t ( compla9t4  ,=e/ sc5]y is  
extremely beautiful 9 itself1 &         
pr9cipally f ! great v>iety x pres5ts 9 
! same objects4 ,a f9e tree1 ev5 :5 b>e 

( leaves 9 w9t]1 is beautiful1 f !      
delicate trac]y pres5t$ by its bran*es1 
:i* look l ! ma/s & rigg+ ( a l>ge %ip1 
intricate1 yet )\t confusion4 ,9 sn[1   
trees assume a new "*2 ! weight su/a9$  
by ! bran*es makes !m droop1 & a ?\s&   
graceful & elegant =ms take ! place (   
:at 0 be=e a /]n & rigid outl9e4 ,9     
ho>fro/ trees gli/5 ) a ?\s& gems1      
reflect+ ! rays ( light 9 s _m diff]5t  
col\rs1 t !y rem9d "o ( ! description ( 
,aladd9's magic g>d54 ,9 spr+ !y pres5t 
vivid ideas ( y\? & f]tility1 & all     
nature appe>s awak5+ into new & vigor\s 
life2 ! buds swell1 _! cov]+s bur/1 & ! 
"y leaves display _! t5d] & delicate    
gre52 at fir/ only half-unfold+ _!      
beautiful =ms1 & rem9d+ "o ( a "y &     
timid girl half-wi%+ & half-fe>+ to make
 h] fir/ appe>ance 9 ! busy _w4 ,trees  
n[ beg9 to assume ea* a new & decid$ "* 
( its own4 ,! leaves ( no two trees are 
alike3 ^? ( ! bee* are ( cle> d>k gre51 
& s ?9 t !y are almo/ transp>5t1 & yet  
!y are deeply m>k$ ) a /rongly ind5t$   

fea!r-l set ( ve9s4 ,! b>k ( ! bee* is  
cle> & smoo?1 z ?\gh nature _h int5d$ x 
= ! use to :i* x has s (t5 be5 appli$ by
 lov]s--to c>ve on x a fair "o's "n4 ,! 
leaves ( ! elm are ( a ?ick co>se       
texture1 rugg$ & di/ort$1 wr9kl$1 & ( a 
d+y gre52 & ! b>k ( ! tree is cut into a
 ?\s& furr[s4 ,! leaves ( ! a% are light
 & p5dul\s1 & cut into num]\s leaflets2 
^? ( ! oak are deeply ind5t$1 & g5]ally 
gr[ 9 tufts4 ,! palmate1 droop+ leaves (
 ! horse*e/nut contra/ ) ! long1 sl5d]1 
& ne>ly erect leaves ( ! :ite will[2 &  
^? ( ! black popl>1 :i* pres5t a smoo?  
outl9e1 ) ^? ( ! sweet *e/nut1 :i* are  
rem>kable = _! f9ely ind5t$ edges4 ,9   
%ort1 ! leaves ( e tree h beauties      
peculi> to !mselves1 9 =m z well z 9    
col\r4 ,9 autumn ^! col\rs become m     
decid$2 ! lime trees take a yell[i% t9t1
 & ! oak a r$di% br[n2 ! liquidamb>     
becomes ( a ri* purpli% crimson1 & !    
maples & ,am]ican oaks %[ a ?\s& v>i$   
dyes4  ,yes1 my de> ,annie1 ,i repeat1 !
 fault is n 9 ! trees1 = !y are         

beautiful2 y dislike !m only because !y 
are s cr[d$ t y _c see _! beauties4 ,i  
all[ x is a v difficult task to "k h[ to
 proce$ 9 a case l y\rs4 ,cutt+ d[n     
indiscrim9ately w nev] d2 ! trees mu/ be
 ?9n$1 n only ) a view to make op5+s    
?r\gh ! wood1 b ) c>e z to !mselves4 ,i 
?9k ! fir/ po9t w be1 to f9d out !      
h&some/ trees among ^? 9 ! plantations  
ne> ! h\se1 9 ord] to see :i* y w\ld h  
left4 ,"s w h be5 drawn up s mu*1 & w h 
be5 =c$ into su* awkw>d =ms by _! pres5t
 cr[d$ /ate1 t !y w\ld be hide\s if !   
trees t n[ surr\nd !m 7 remov$4 ,o!rs   
want room1 b h gr[n s t !y may easily be
 tra9$ into a bett] =m :5 space is giv5 
to !m4 ,"o great po9t to be att5d$ to   
is1 to break ! pres5t =mal outl9e2 b1 9 
do+ s1 x is sc>cely possible to avoid   
de/roy+ "s trees t y\r husb& might wi%  
to sp>e1 f local associations4 ,i hope1 
h[ev]1 he w all[ a suffici5t space to be
 cle>$1 n only to make y\r fl[]-g>d51 b 
to all[ ! plants 9 x to gr[ )\t be+     
ov]%ad[$ by trees4  ,:5 ! fl[]-g>d5 is  

=m$ x w be necess>y to h a %rubb]y1 s t 
! transition may n be too abrupt f !    
high /ate ( culture 9 a fl[]-g>d51 to ! 
wild nature ( ! =e/ trees4 ,?is %rubb]y1
 inde$1 w af=d ! only means ( h>monis+ a
 newly laid out g>d5 ) ! g5]al sc5]y ( !
 p>k1 z x w conta91 fir/1 dw>f fl[]+    
%rubs next ! g>d52 !n %rubs ( a l>g]    
gr[?1 su* z ! lauru/9us & arbutus2 &1   
la/ly1 fl[]+ trees1 f ! diff]5t k9ds (  
,crat'gus to ^? ( l(ti] gr[?1 su* z     
,pyrus spectbilis1 ,sophra japnica1 & ! 
tulip tree1 :i* la/ equals 9 height "s (
 ! l(tie/ =e/ trees 9 ! p>k4  ,:5 a     
suffici5t space = ! fl[]-g>d5 & ! adjo9+
 %rubb]y has be5 cle>$1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ 
trees m>k$1 ! next po9t is to asc]ta9   
:at di/ant prospects w be admitt$ by    
cutt+ an op5+ ?r\gh ! wood1 be=e x is   
f9ally decid$ 9 :at direction ! int5d$  
op5+s %all be made2 z1 = in/ance1 if !  
view ( a *ur* or ca/le w\ld be admitt$  
by cutt+ an op5+ 9 a p>ticul> direction1
 t direction %\ld be *os5 9 pref]5ce to 
any o!r1 & a vi/a made 9 t l9e1 ev5 ?\gh

 an op5+ 9 ano!r l9e w\ld be pref]able  
on o!r acc\nts4 ,%\ld su* an object be  
discov]$1 y mu/ take c>e n to obscure x 
:5 plant+ y\r %rubb]y2 & %\ld ! object y
 wi% to cat* a view ( be v di/ant1 & n  
di/9ctly m>k$1 ! eye may be guid$ to x  
by plant+ "s :iti%-leav$ l[ tree1 su* z 
,elgnus angu/iflia1 9 ! %rubb]y1 back$  
by d>k-leav$ %rubs1 su* z alat]nus &    
phillyrea2 & aga91 at a great] di/ance1 
plant+ an abele tree or :ite popl> 9 !  
same direction1 :]e x w be back$ by d>k 
masses ( ,scot* p9es or o!r simil>      
trees4 ,be=e y make an op5+1 y mu/ also 
asc]ta9 :e!r any disagreeable objects w 
be expos$ by y\r s do+2 &1 be=e cutt+   
d[n ev5 a s+le tree1 y mu/ consid] :at  
effect its removal w produce ^u ! trees 
ar\nd x4 ,y h (t5 told me ( ! exquisite 
ta/e y\r husb& possesses1 & 8 fondness =
 f9e pa9t+s3 he mu/1 !re=e1 be admirably
 qualifi$ = improv+ ! sc5]y r\nd 8 h\se 
himself4 ,l&scape-g>d5+ is1 9 fact1 b   
l&scape-pa9t+ on ! l>ge/ scale1 & ) !   
noble/ mat]ials2 ! same ta/e is requir$ 

9 bo?4  ,z ! plantations ne> ! h\se h   
be5 suff]$ to become s completely       
ov]gr[n1 ,i h no d\bt ^? 9 ! p>k are 9 a
 simil> /ate1 & t ! p>k itself w require
 consid]able improvem5t4 ,! same g5]al  
obs]vations ) reg>d to ?9n+ out         
plantations w apply 9 e case2 b 9 ! p>k 
,i ?9k y w f9d x advisable1 :5ev] an    
opportunity occurs1 to take advantage ( 
any natural feature to introduce :at    
l&scape-g>d5]s call a sc5e2 z1 =        
in/ance1 %\ld y\r p>k conta9 a rocky    
gl51 advantage may be tak5 ( x by plant+
 x ) diff]5t k9ds ( p9es & firs1 to =m  
an imitation ( alp9e sc5]y1 z 0 done1 9 
a v /rik+ mann]1 by ! late ,mr4 ,beck=d 
at ,fon?ill4 ,ano!r "p ( ! gr\nds might 
be plant$ 9 imitation ( ,am]ican sc5]y1 
) magnolias1 ,am]ican oaks1 & maples1 & 
tulip trees1 z 0 done by ! late ,duke ( 
,m>lbor\gh at ,:ite ,knights4 ,a pond1 9
 a seclud$ "p ( ! gr\nds might h a      
degree ( int]e/ giv5 to x by plant+ its 
banks ) ald]s & will[s4 ,a v>iety (     
simil> sc5es w no d\bt sugge/ !mselves  

to y1 :i* d n occur to me1 f my         
ignorance ( ! peculi> features ( !      
place4  ,i suppose nei!r de] nor cattle 
are all[$ to graze 9 y\r p>k1 z y speak 
( sev]al ( ! trees sweep+ ! grass ) _!  
foliage4 ,c[s are p>ticul>ly de/ructive 
to ! beauty ( p>k sc5]y1 z !y are v fond
 ( te>+ (f ! l[] bran*es ( ! trees1 &   
?us produc+ ! h>d l9e :i* looks z ?\gh !
 bran*es _h be5 %av$ (f ab\t five feet f
 ! gr\nd1 & :i* is call$ by             
l&scape-g>d5]s & pa9t]s ! br[s+ l9e4  ,x
 is disagreeable to h ev5 de] come close
 to ! w9d[s1 & !y are n only fond ( ! "y
 %oots ( trees1 b !y w\ld be decid$ly   
injuri\s to y\r fl[]-g>d5 & ! clumps (  
ornam5tal %rubs 9 ! pleasure-gr\nd4     
,%\ld y\r husb& h any de]1 x w be       
necess>y to h "s f5ce or l9e (          
dem>cation betwe5 ! p>k & !             
pleasure-gr\nd2 & x is always consid]$ a
 pro( ( skill 9 ! l&scape-g>d5] to      
conceal su* a f5ce z skilfully z        
possible4 ,:5 an iron f5ce is us$ x is  
g5]ally extremely slight1 & pa9t$ gre51 

s z to be almo/ invisible2 & :5 ?is f5ce
 is us$1 x is sometimes conceal$ by a   
plantation ( trees ?r[n toge!r          
indiscrim9ately1 z 9 fig4 #ac41 or      
plant$ arti/ically 9 gr\ps4 ,9 o!r cases
 a sunk wall1 =m+ a k9d ( dit*1 is us$1 
:i* is conceal$ by plantations2 or iron 
hurdles are /uck 91 & ! l9e is v>i$     
occasionally4 ,any ( ^! plans may be    
adopt$ 9 ! front ( y\r h\se1 to protect 
y\r g>d5 if necess>y4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ac4 ,p>k ,f5ce4  ,z ,i h already 
allud$ to ! improvem5t t w be effect$ by
 introduc+ a %rubb]y to h>monise !      
int5d$ fl[]-g>d5 ) ! trees 9 ! p>k1 y w 
probably wi% to "k if any ?+ ( ! k9d w  
be requir$ on ! back-front ( ! h\se2 b 9
 t case !re w be less difficulty1 z !   
t]race af=ds an admirable m$ium = unit+ 
! ar*itectural /iffness ( a mansion ) ! 
beautiful wildness & grace ( nature4    
,!re is always a degree ( incongruity 9 
pass+ abruptly f ! /iff symmetrical =ms 
( a build+1 to ! unsymmetric1 ?\gh      
graceful1 =ms ( a tree left 9 a /ate (  

nature2 & x 0 no d\bt a feel+ ( ?is k9d 
:i* induc$ our ance/ors to surr\nd _!   
h\ses ) =mal ar*itectural g>d5s & trees 
clipp$ into /iff & regul> =ms4 ,9 m     
mod]n times some?+ ( ! same k9d 0 done1 
by always add+ to ! h\se v]&as1         
porticos1 & t]races1 :i* =m$ a connect+ 
l9k betwe5 ! build+ & its gr\nds4 ,aft] 
a "t ^! also 7 laid aside2 & ab\t !     
beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ,br[n & 8     
foll[]s w\ld admit no?+ b :at !y call$  
nature 9 g>d5 sc5]y1 ! p>k 0 all[$ to   
come close up to ! w9d[s ( ! h\se1 &1 z 
a writ] 9 ! ,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e obs]ves1 !
 inhabitants ( ! mansion might leap f _!
 w9d[s into jungles1 & /eppes1 &        
wild]nesses1 :]e ! lion & ! pan!r w\ld  
be m at home ?an ! lady 9 h] silk5 %e54 
,y w see f ^! obs]vations t !re are     
/yles m>k+ diff]5t p]iods 9 g>d5+1 z    
well z 9 ar*itecture2 &1 9 "s cases1 x  
is advisable to pres]ve a c]ta9 degree (
 similitude betwe5 ! /yle ( ! g>d5 & t (
 ! h\se4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 ?is c only be 
done z f> z is consi/5t ) mod]n com=ts2 

& ! fact ( y\r h\se be+ p>tly           
,elizabe?an does n entail ^u y !        
necessity ( hav+ a =mal g>d5 ) high     
clipp$ h$ges1 & trees cut into a ?\s&   
fanta/ic =ms1 any m ?an x obliges y to  
sit 9 rooms d>k5$ by /one mullions &    
small-pan$ casem5ts1 because ! c\rti]s (
 ,que5 ,elizabe? 7 oblig$ to submit to  
su* inconv5i5ces4 ,) reg>d !n to !      
back-front ( y\r mansion1 ,i w\ld leave 
! t]race 9 its pres5t =m1 ) its /one    
alcoves at ea* end1 z x corresponds s   
well ) ! /yle ( t "p ( ! h\se :i* appe>s
 to h be5 add$ 9 ! reign ( ,anne or     
,george ,i42 & ,i w\ld pres]ve & repair 
! /one balu/rade ) urns at regul>       
int]vals1 & ! /one /eps lead+ f !       
t]race1 :i* are all 9 ! same /yle z !   
h\se2 ,i w\ld also h !m lead into an    
ar*itectural g>d5 bel[4 ,! =m ( ?is g>d5
 %\ld be q regul>1 or1 if y pref] ! t]m1
 q =mal2 & x %\ld be ornam5t$ ) f\nta9s1
 urns1 & /atues4 ,! natural b\nd>y ( ?is
 g>d5 is ! piece ( wat] be=e allud$ to1 
! bord]s ( :i* %\ld be plant$ ) a few   

tufts ( %rubs to break1 b n disguise1 ! 
regul>ity ( ! outl9e4 ,on ! o!r side ( !
 wat] ^! tufts mu/ be cont9u$1 b 9 a mu*
 wild] & m natural mann]2 & "h & !re !  
plantation mu/ take ! "* ( a clump1 &   
consi/ ( l[ trees1 m+l$ ) %rubs ( !     
l>ge/ size4 ,?is w unite ! h\se & g>d5 )
 ! p>k sc5]y z reg>ds ! view f !        
draw+room w9d[s1 & on ! side ( ! g>d51  
gravel walks may be c>ri$ on ?r\gh !    
v>i\s sc5]y ( ! p>k1 a /one bridge be+  
?r[n ov] ! wat] on ! side ne>e/ !       
entrance-front2 &1 f>!r on1 a ru/ic     
bridge may be ?r[n ov] ! /ream 9 a      
situation :]e x is n se5 f ! h\se4  ,i  
?9k x v desirable t op5+s %\ld be made 9
 sev]al places ?r\gh ! mass ( wood1 to  
admit views ( ! di/ant sc5]y f !        
draw+room2 z1 = in/ance1 if !re is a    
*ur* or a t[]1 or any o!r object t w\ld 
=m a suitable t]m9ation to a vi/a4 ,9 ! 
reign ( ,william & ,m>y1 :5 ! ,dut* /yle
 ( g>d5+ 0 fa%ionable1 no?+ 0 m common  
?an long vi/as ( ! k9d call$ patte      
d'oie1 all spr++ 9 rays f "o po9t1 & ea*

 t]m9at+ 9 "s ornam5tal object1 su* z a 
temple1 an obelisk1 or a /atue4 ,"s     
slight approximation to ?is /yle1 by    
cutt+ long vi/as ?r\gh y\r woods1 might 
!re=e be v consi/5tly introduc$ :]ev] a 
suitable occasion = x may occur4  ,9    
plant+ y\r ar*itectural g>d51 y mu/     
obs]ve t x %\ld h r a diff]5t "* f !    
small g>d5 9 front ( y\r sitt+-room     
w9d[4 ,! ar*itectural g>d5 %\ld conta9  
/&>d rose trees1 almond trees1          
d\ble-blossom$ pea*es & *]ries1 ! ,*9ese
 magnolia1 or yulan tree1 & o!r         
%[y-fl[]+ trees1 plant$ 9 company )     
arbutus1 phillyrea1 ,m9orca box1 & o!r  
ev]gre5s ( a simil> "*4 ,9 ! %rubb]y1 at
 ea* end ( ! g>d51 b n =m+ "p ( x1 ^!   
trees %\ld be cont9u$1 & mix$ ) v>iegat$
 hollies1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,crat'gus1 & 
o!r trees t are ornam5tal1 & t nev]     
atta9 a l>ge size4  ,i h already sugge/$
 t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! pleasure-gr\nds     
advantage %\ld be tak5 ( any natural    
inequalities t may exi/1 to =m diff]5t  
sc5es2 & ,i h n[ only to add t advantage

 may be tak5 ( s+ul> peculi>ities1 %\ld 
y wi% to =m 9 y\r gr\nds "o ( ^?        
arboretums :i* are n[ s fa%ionable4  ,an
 arboretum is a collection ( trees &    
%rubs1 9 :i* all ! diff]5t species (    
natural ord] are plant$ toge!r2 & x does
 n necess>ily imply t ^! ord]s %\ld be  
arrang$ 9 any p>ticul> mann]2 z inde$   
botani/s are n agre$ z to h[ !y %\ld be 
plac$1 ,jussieu hav+ adopt$ "o plan1 ,de
 ,c&olle ano!r1 & ,dr4 ,l9dley ano!r4 ,!
 only ess5tial po9t is1 t all ! plants  
:i* agree suffici5tly to =m an ord] %\ld
 be plac$ toge!r2 z1 = example1 all !   
,conf] or cone-be>+ trees1 su* z ! p9es 
& firs1 ! c$>s1 ! cypresses1 & !        
junip]s2 & all ! ,cupulf] or nut-be>+   
trees1 su* z ! oak1 ! *e/nut1 ! bee*1 & 
! hazel4 ,?us 9 y\r gr\nds1 :]e !re is a
 valley1 x may be =m$ into :at is call$ 
an ,am]ican gr\nd1 consi/+ ( ! %rubs    
alli$ to ! hea? family1 & plant$ )      
rhodod5drons1 azaleas1 kalmias1 & o!r   
simil> plants4 ,a gl5 may be plant$ )   
p9es & firs1 s z to =m x into a k9d (   

p9etum2 & an op5 space among trees may  
be turn$ into a rose-g>d5 or ros]y4 ,9  
?is way mo/ ( ! exotic trees & %rubs t w
 /& ! air 9 ,engli% g>d5s may be plant$ 
9 gr\ps1 )\t go+ to mu* exp5se1 & ) less
 =mal appe>ance ?an t ( a regul>        
arboretum4 ,besides1 ! beautiful col\rs 
:i* "s ( ! exotic trees w take 9 autumn 
give !m a spl5did appe>ance1 :5 !y are  
back$ by o!r trees ) v]dant foliage4  ,!
 rose-g>d5 w be a v beautiful object if 
skilfully arrang$2 &1 by ?us =m+ y\r p>k
 into a succession ( sc5es1 y w n only  
increase its beauty 9 ! eyes ( /rang]s1 
b add v mat]ially to y\r own enjoym5ts  
by increas+ ! objects ( int]e/ )9 y\r   
rea*4  ,i d n suppose y w h any occasion
 to r5ovate ! turf 9 any "p ( y\r p>k2  
b1 if y %\ld1 ! be/ way is to get a     
mixture ( ! se$s ( sev]al sorts (       
grasses1 su* z ! fox-tail mead[ grass   
7,alopecrus pratnsis71 ! sweet-sc5t$    
v]nal grass 7,an?oxn?um odortum71 !     
cre/$ dog's-tail grass 7,cynosrus       
cri/tus71 & o!r valuable k9ds4 ,if ev] y

 f9d a pat* ( grass has become b>e1 h an
 iron rake drawn ov] ! gr\nd two or ?ree
 times1 s z to loos5 x1 & !n s[ a few   
se$s ( ! grasses ,i h m5tion$1 :5 !     
gr\nd is 9 a tol]ably moi/ /ate f ra94  
,?is w g5]ally be suffici5t2 b if x %\ld
 n1 z ! se$ ( ! fox-tail mead[ grass is 
v (t5 bad1 y h only to add a little se$ 
( ! common :ite clov]1 & ! gr\nd w appe>
 gre5 9 a few days4     ,,lett] ,x4     
,,lay+ ,,out ,a ,,kit*5-,,g>d54--,,mak+ 
,,gravel ,,walks4--,,box                
,,edg+s4--,,crops ,,( ,,cul9>y          
,,vegetables4--,,cucumb]s1 ,,melons1 ,,&
 ,,mu%rooms4   ,i _h n int5d$ say+ any  
?+ ab\t ! kit*5-g>d51 z x h>dly comes )9
 a lady's prov9ce2 b z y tell me y are s
 mu* annoy$ by y\r old g>d5] nev] hav+ !
 ?+s y want :5 y want !m1 t y ?9k ( =m+ 
a small kit*5-g>d5 ne> ! h\se1 ,i %all  
be v happy to give y my advice z to :at 
appe>s to me to be ! be/ me?od ( do+ s4 
,e kit*5-g>d5 ought1 if possible1 to be 
ei!r squ>e or oblong1 = ! conv5i5ce (   
plant+ ! b$s1 & y w f9d a g>d5 ( "o acre

 9 ext5t q z mu* z y w be able to       
manage4 ,i w\ld advise y to h x surr\nd$
 by a wall ab\t t5 feet high = fruit    
trees2 & 9 front ( ?is wall !re %\ld be 
a bord] t5 or twelve feet wide2 beyond  
:i* %\ld be a gravel walk f\r feet wide1
 leav+ a squ>e or oblong plot ( gr\nd 9 
! c5tre = cul9>y vegetables4 ,?is c5tral
 plot may ei!r h a ma9 walk up ! c5tre1 
& two or ?ree side walks1 or be left all
 9 "o b$1 :i* may be divid$ into        
comp>tm5ts1 ) pa?s betwe51 to suit !    
conv5i5ce ( ! g>d5]4 ,! be/ situation = 
y\r kit*5-g>d5 w be z ne> ! /able z     
possible = ! conv5i5ce ( manure2 &1 (   
c\rse1 x w jo9 ! res]ve-gr\nd4 ,!       
surface ( ! gr\nd %\ld be level1 or     
g5tly slop+ to ! s\?1 & !re %\ld be no  
high trees ne> x4 ,! :ole ( ! g>d5 %\ld 
be well dra9$1 & y %\ld contrive x s z  
to h easy access to ei!r pond or riv]   
wat]4 ,a valley or a hill is a bad      
situation = a kit*5-g>d52 z ! valley is 
v liable to injury f fro/ on acc\nt ( ! 
damps t hang ov] x2 & ! hill is n only  

cold1 b expos$ to injury f high w9ds4   
,i h already m5tion$ t ! =m ( a         
kit*5-g>d5 %\ld be ei!r squ>e or oblong2
 & ,i may add1 t ! walks %\ld always be 
/raight1 z1 if !y 7 s]p5t9e1 x w\ld be  
difficult to :eel a b>r[ ( manure along 
!m )\t ov]turn+ x4 ,! squ>e =m ( ! g>d51
 h[ev]1 is n only on acc\nt ( ! walks1 b
 9 ord] t ! comp>tm5t 9 ! c5tre may be  
divid$ into oblong b$s1 z x is mo/      
conv5i5t to s[ vegetables 9 /raight l9es
 to all[ ( we$+ & hoe+ betwe5 !m1 e>?+  
!m up1 c4 ,! be/ soil = a kit*5-g>d5 is 
a s&y loam1 & ! surface soil %\ld be f  
two to ?ree feet deep4 ,y w f9d x v     
conv5i5t to h a v9]y or =c+-h\se close  
to ! kit*5-g>d52 & y c ei!r h a small   
sep>ate g>d5 = melon & cucumb]-b$s1     
call$ a melon-gr\nd1 or ?is may =m a "p 
( y\r res]ve-gr\nd4  ,! fir/ ?+ to be   
done :5 y h fix$ ^u y\r gr\nd is to =m !
 walks1 m>k+ !m out by two g>d5 l9es1 & 
!n digg+ out ! space betwe5 9 ! %ape (  
an inv]t$ ar*1 :i* %\ld be f "o to two  
feet deep 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ar* is !n p>tly 

fill$ 9 ) brick-bats1 /ones1 or any o!r 
h>d rubbi% :i* c be procur$1 leav+ a    
little holl[ space exactly 9 ! c5tre to 
s]ve z a dra94 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 :5     
fill+ 9 ! rubbi%1 to put ! l>ge/ pieces 
9 fir/1 !n pieces some:at small]1 & !n  
pieces brok5 v small1 :i* are ramm$ d[n 
z h>d z possible1 s z to make a smoo?   
surface imm$iately "u ! gravel4 ,!      
gravel be=e lay+ x d[n %\ld be sift$1 & 
all pieces l>g] ?an a mod]ate-siz$      
gooseb]ry %\ld be ?r[n on "o side4 ,z   
soon z ! small gravel is laid d[n &     
ev5ly spread x %\ld be roll$1 & ?is     
roll+ %\ld be repeat$ occasionally till 
! walk becomes q h>d & firm4 ,if !      
gravel does n b9d well1 x may be improv$
 by mix+ ) x p[d]$ burnt clay1 9 !      
proportion ( "o :eelb>r[ full ( clay to 
a two-horse c>t load ( gravel4 ,! clay  
may be burnt by mak+ x into a heap1     
int]mix$ )1 & surr\nd$ by1 faggot wood4 
,gravel walks %\ld always be slightly   
rais$ 9 ! middle1 9 ord] t ! wat] may   
run (f on ea* side4 ,if y %\ld h an old 

gravel walk t wants r5ovat+1 ! gravel   
%\ld be loos5$ ) a pick1 turn$ ov]1     
rak$1 & firmly roll$1 add+ a coat+ (    
fre% gravel if necess>y4 ,if we$s %\ld  
appe> on a gravel walk1 !y are be/ kill$
 by wat]+ !m ) salt & wat]1 & ?is liquid
 w prev5t any o!r we$s f appe>+4  ,box  
edg+s are ! be/ = gravel walks1 & ,m>*  
or ,april is a good season = plant+ !m4 
,! foll[+ is ! mode ( p]=m+ ?is         
op]ation1 :i* requires "s att5tion1 z ! 
beauty ( ! edg+ dep5ds on its regul>ity4
 ,! m>g9 ( ! b$ = ab\t a foot 9 bread?  
%\ld be wat]$1 & aft]w>ds beat5 firm &  
level ) ! back ( a spade2 a g>d5 l9e    
%\ld !n be /ret*$ along close to ! walk1
 & a %all[ tr5* op5$1 slop+ t[>ds x at  
an angle ( r less ?an #de4 ,"s dw>f box 
hav+ be5 procur$ f ! nurs]yman1 x %\ld  
be divid$ into sep>ate plants1 & !      
bran*es & roots trimm$1 s t ! plants may
 be ne>ly ( a size4 ,^! are laid along !
 slop+ face z regul>ly z possible1 ) _! 
tops ris+ ab\t an in* above ! soil1 & ! 
e>? is drawn ^u !m1 s z to fill up !    

tr5* & make !m q firm4 ,! plants are !n 
wat]$1 & no?+ fur!r is requir$ b to     
supply ! place ( any t may *ance to die1
 & to keep ! tips neatly trimm$4  ,!    
crops ( cul9>y vegetables are ( two     
k9ds1 ^? t are p]man5t1 & ^? t are      
tempor>y4 ,( ! p]man5t crops1 ! mo/     
important are ! asp>agus b$s1 on acc\nt 
( ! great l5g? ( "t !y take 9 prep>+4 ,!
 gr\nd mu/ be fir/ tr5*$ ?ree or f\r    
feet deep1 & pl5ty ( /able dung buri$ at
 ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,! b$s are !n m>k$  
out f\r feet wide1 & pa?s left betwe5   
!m2 & ! plants1 :i* mu/ be procur$ f a  
nurs]yman 7z !y %\ld be two ye>s old :5 
!y are fir/ put into ! b$71 mu/ be      
plant$ 9 r[s n9e in*es ap>t1 & deep     
en\gh to h ! cr[n ( ! root two in*es    
bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! b$s are    
cov]$ ) rott5 manure dur+ w9t]1 :i* is  
=k$ into ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+4 ,! asp>agus  
/alks are n cut till ! second or ?ird   
ye> aft] plant+2 b aft] t ! b$s cont9ue 
to produce = twelve or f\rte5 ye>s1 or  
ev5 m4 ,all ! %oots t pu% up f ,april to

 ,midsumm] may be cut (f & us$ = !      
table2 b ^? t spr+ aft] ,midsumm] %\ld  
be suff]$ to exp& _! leaves1 9 ord] t !y
 may elaborate _! sap1 & ?us /r5g!n !   
roots4  ,sea-kale is plant$ 9 b$s 9 !   
same mann] z asp>agus1 :5 ! plants are a
 ye> old4 ,! fir/ ye> ! plants w require
 little c>e1 except cutt+ d[n _! fl[]   
/ems :5ev] !y appe>2 b ! second ye>1 ea*
 plant mu/ be cov]$ ) riv]-s&1 & !n h a 
sea-kale pot turn$ ov] x1 on :i* mu/ be 
heap$ /able dung fifte5 or tw5ty in*es  
high1 9 ord] t ! heat may make ! "y     
%oots gr[ rapidly1 & ?us make !m t5d] & 
succul5t4  ,arti*okes1 t>t-rhub>b1 &    
hors]adi%1 are o!r p]man5t crops f\nd 9 
kit*5-g>d5s1 b !y d n require any       
p>ticul> c>e 9 _! culture4  ,! tempor>y 
crops 9 kit*5-g>d5s require a con/ant   
*ange1 z x is f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! same  
crop _c be gr[n on ! same gr\nd = two   
ye>s 9 succession1 )\t becom+ ( an      
inf]ior quality2 & ?us x is f\nd        
necess>y to fix :at is call$ ! rotation 
( crops1 & to arrange t 9 ea* comp>tm5t 

a fre% crop %all be gr[n e ye>1 z       
diff]5t z possible f ! "o t grew 9 x !  
ye> be=e4 ,?us1 onions may be succe$$ by
 lettuces1 c>rots by peas1 potatoes by  
cabbages1 & turnips by sp9a*4 ,^! plants
 may ( c\rse be v>i$ accord+ to         
circum/ances2 b ! pr9ciple is nev] to h 
two fle%y-root$ plants l ! c>rot & !    
potato succe$ ea* o!r2 b always to let a
 plant cultivat$ = its leaves or se$s   
foll[ "o cultivat$ = its root1 & s on4  
,! cabbage tribe is v mu* improv$ by    
cultivation1 b ! plants conta9$ 9 x     
require a great deal ( manure & frequ5t 
wat]+ to make !m succul5t & good4 ,x    
seems /range t su* diff]5t plants z     
broccoli1 caulifl[]s1 cabbages1 ,scot*  
gre5s1 & savoys %\ld all spr+ n only f  
"o g5us1 b f "o species 7,brssica       
ol]cea71 :i* is1 9 fact1 a ,briti%      
plant1 & :i* ,i h no d\bt y h se5 gr[+  
on ! cliffs at ,dov]1 ?\gh y w\ld h no  
idea t a tall /raggl+ plant1 ) alt]nate 
leaves & v pretty yell[ fl[]s1 c\ld be !
 wild cabbage4  ,! fir/ *ange f ?is     

loose-leav$ plant appe>s to be to :at   
are call$ ,scot* ,gre5s1 ,borecole1 or  
,kale2 & ^! plants accord+ly require !  
lea/ c>e 9 _! cultivation4 ,!y are      
g5]ally s[n 9 ,april1 & transplant$ 9   
r[s into ! kit*5-g>d51 :]e !y only ne$  
to be occasionally ho$ & e>!d up4 ,!re  
are a great _m sub-v>ieties ( ^! gre5s1 
all ( :i* g5]ally come true f           
se$4--,cabbages prop]ly s call$ h a f9e 
head or ball =m$ ( leaves fold$ closely 
ov] ea* o!r2 & :5 eat5 "y1 be=e ! heads 
h =m$1 !y are call$ coleworts4 ,cabbages
 are s[n ?ree times1 = ! spr+1 summ]1 & 
autumn crops4 ,! spr+ cabbages are s[n 9
 ! fir/ week ( ! ,augu/ ( ! previ\s ye>1
 & 9 ,octob] or ,novemb] !y w be ready =
 transplant+ into r[s twelve in*es ap>t1
 :]e !y w rema9 till !y are want$ = use 
! foll[+ spr+4 ,! summ] crop is s[n 9   
,febru>y1 & transplant$ 9 ,april1 !     
plants be+ eighte5 in*es ap>t e way2 & !
 autumn crop is s[n 9 ,may1 & plant$ out
 9 ,july4 ,all k9ds ( cabbage require a 
soil well enri*$ ) animal manure1       

frequ5t hoe+-up1 & abundance ( wat]1 or 
!y w become dry & ta/eless in/ead ( be+ 
succul5t4 ,! /alks ( ! summ] & autumn   
crops are g5]ally left /&+ to produce   
:at are call$ spr\ts2 & "s g>d5]s only  
gr[ "o crop ( regul> cabbages1 leav+ !  
/alks /&+ dur+ ! re/ ( ! season =       
spr\ts4--,savoys are l>ge cabbages )    
wr9kl$ leaves1 :i* are s[n 9 ,m>*1 &    
transplant$ 9 ,may or ,june to a b$ :]e 
!y /& two feet ap>t e way4 ,! crop is   
g5]ally ready 9 ,novemb]1 b savoys are  
nev] consid]$ good till !y h _h "s      
fro/4--,brussels ,spr\ts are a v>iety ( 
! ,savoy cabbage1 &1 z !y are said to be
 v inf]ior 9 quality if rais$ f se$     
rip5$ 9 ,brita91 y mu/ inquire if ! se$ 
y pur*ase has be5 procur$ f             
abroad4--,broccoli %\ld be treat$ l     
cabbage1 ! soil %\ld be deeply tr5*$ &  
manur$ be=e ! plants are                
transplant$4--,caulifl[]s require too   
mu* c>e 9 _! culture = me to advise y to
 h any ?+ to d ) !m4  ,peas & beans %\ld
 be gr[n 9 an op5 sunny situation1 & 9 a

 light soil t is tol]ably ri*1 b n      
fre%ly manur$2 & h5ce !y are well adapt$
 to succe$ ! cabbage tribe1 ! soil = :i*
 is always well manur$4  ,"s s[ _! e>ly 
peas 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 b v little  
is ga9$ by ?is2 &1 if ! w9t] %\ld be    
sev]e1 ! crop is sometimes lo/4 ,! be/  
"t1 !re=e1 = s[+ e>ly peas is 9         
,febru>y1 & ! late ones 9 two or ?ree   
s[+s f ,april to ,july4 ,be=e s[+1 !    
gr\nd %\ld be m>k$ = drills1 by /ret*+ a
 g>d5 l9e along ! l5g? ( ! b$1 & !n mak+
 a drill or furr[ along x ) a dibb]1    
press+ ! e>? firm at ! bottom ( ea*     
drill4 ,z soon z ! drill is prep>$1 !   
peas are regul>ly dropp$ along x1 two or
 ?ree to an in*1 if !y are small1 & an  
in* ap>t if l>ge1 & !n !y are cov]$ ) ! 
soil1 :i* is firmly press$ d[n ov] !m ) 
a spade or roll]4 ,! drills %\ld be an  
in* & a half deep1 & f two to ?ree feet 
asund]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! peas1 !   
m>r[fats & blue ,prussians requir+ m    
room ?an ! e>ly k9ds4 ,a p9t ( peas w s[
 f tw5ty to ?irty y>ds ( drills1 accord+

 to ! size ( ! peas4 ,dri$ furze is     
sometimes put ov] peas :5 !y are s[n1 & 
be=e !y are cov]$ ) e>?1 to save !m f   
mice4 ,if ! wea!r %\ld be dry1 ! drills 
may be occasionally wat]$2 & :5 ! "y    
plants are two or ?ree in*es high !y    
%\ld be ho$ up1 ! e>? be+ c>efully drawn
 up to _! roots4 ,:5 ab\t six in*es     
high1 !y %\ld be /ack$ ) two r[s ( /icks
 to ea* r[ ( peas1 c>e be+ tak5 to h !  
/icks high] ?an ! expect$ height ( !    
peas1 & n to let !m cross at top4 ,_m   
p]sons d n gr[ any e>ly peas 7:i* are   
always inf]ior to ! l>g] k9ds71 b s[ a  
crop ( dw>f m>r[fats & gre5 ,prussians 9
 ,m>* & ,april = ! pr9cipal crop1 s[+ ! 
tall m>r[fats & blue ,prussians 9 ,june 
& ,july = a late crop4 ,9 ?is mann] a   
supply ( f9e-flav\r$ peas may be obta9$ 
all ! summ]1 & 9 op5 seasons till ! end 
( ,septemb] or ,octob]4  ,beans are s[n 
at ! same "t z peas1 b !y %\ld be gr[n 9
 /rong] soil2 !y d n require /icks1 & !y
 are g5]ally topp$1 t is1 ! upp] "p ( ! 
lead+ %oot ( ea* plant is cut (f2 an    

op]ation t w\ld be fatal to peas4       
,kidneybeans are ( two q di/9ct k9ds4 ,!
 dw>f kidneybeans are annuals1 :i* %\ld 
be s[n 9 drills ab\t two feet ap>t1 !   
fir/ or second week 9 ,may2 b ! sc>let  
runn]s are p]5nials1 ! se$ ( :i* %\ld be
 s[n two or ?ree in*es asund]1 & v      
lightly cov]$2 & ! r[s %\ld at lea/ be  
?ree feet ap>t4 ,! plants w require     
/icks l peas4 ,kidneybeans are g5]ally  
eat5 9 ,engl& only 9 an unripe /ate1 !  
pods be+ eat5 z well z ! se$s2 ! ripe   
se$s are1 h[ev]1 commonly eat5 9 ,france
 "u ! "n ( h>icots blancs4  ,potatoes   
are propagat$ by :at are call$ sets1 t  
is1 pieces into :i* ! tub] is cut1 ea* (
 :i* conta9s a bud or eye4 ,be=e !y are 
plant$1 ! gr\nd %\ld be tr5*$ & rott5   
dung dug into x4 ,! e>ly potatoes are   
plant$ 9 ,m>*1 & ! late ones 9 ,may or  
,june4 ,:5 ! potatoes are to be plant$1 
a g>d5 l9e is /ret*$ across ! b$s1 &    
holes are made along x ) a dibb]1 ab\t  
six in*es deep1 & n9e in*es or a foot   
ap>t4 ,! sets are !n put into ! gr\nd1  

"o 9 ea* hole1 ) ! eye upw>ds1 & ! e>?  
firmly press$ d[n on !m4 ,:5 ! plants   
come up1 !y are frequ5tly ho$ & e>!d up2
 & z soon z !y come into blossom "s     
cultivators cut (f ! tops1 to prev5t !  
=mation ( ! se$4  ,! ,j]usalem arti*oke 
is propagat$ by sets1 l ! potato2 & !   
turnip1 ! c>rot1 & ! p>snep are         
propagat$ by se$ s[n 9 drills ab\t ,m>*4
  ,r$ beet is cultivat$ 9 ! same mann]1 
& plants t are s[n 9 ,m>* w h roots     
ready = ! table 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 
,great c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be us$ :ile tak+ 
!m out ( ! gr\nd1 n to w\nd ! out] sk92 
& 9 ! kit*5 !y mu/ be only wa%$ & n     
scrap$1 z1 if ! out] sk9 %\ld be remov$1
 all ! col\r+ matt] w escape :5 ! root  
is boil$1 & ! root1 in/ead ( its be+ (  
its usual bright r$1 w be ( a d+y :iti% 
p9k4  ,radi%es are s[n at diff]5t       
seasons2 g5]ally e =tnight1 f ,janu>y to
 ,july or ,augu/4  ,sp9a* is ( two k9ds3
 ! r\nd-leav$ v>iety1 :i* is g5]ally s[n
 = ! summ] crop 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 &
 ! roots ( :i* may be pull$ up & ?r[n   

away z soon z ! leaves are ga!r$2 & !   
,fl&]s sp9a*1 :i* has triangul> leaves1 
& :i* is s[n = ! w9t] crop 9 ,augu/4    
,?is la/ k9d %\ld h only ! out] leaves  
p9*$ or cut (f2 &1 ?us treat$1 x w      
cont9ue produc+ fre% leaves all ! w9t]1 
z x is q h>dy1 & n injur$ by fro/4 ,!   
se$s ( ?is plant w keep good f\r ye>s4  
,i d n suppose y w attempt to gr[       
onions1 z !y w require a great deal (   
c>e2 b y c s[ a few 9 ,m>* = salads4 ,if
 y wi% to gr[ onions ( an enorm\s size1 
y %\ld raise ! se$ on a hotb$ 9         
,febru>y1 & transplant !m into ! op5    
gr\nd 9 ,april or ,may4 ,! soil into :i*
 !y are transplant$ %\ld be v ri*1 &    
mix$ ) *>coal r\ghly p[d]$4 ,! onions   
%\ld be plant$ a foot ap>t e way1 only !
 fibr\s roots be+ buri$ 9 ! soil1 & !y  
%\ld be wat]$ regul>ly e day4 ,all !    
onion tribe require a v ri* soil1 :i* is
 v mu* improv$ = !m by mix+ *>coal ) x4 
,:5 x is wi%$ to gr[ onions to a v l>ge 
size1 a holl[ space or cup is made 9 !  
gr\nd1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! onion is plac$

 :5 x is transplant$1 ! fibr\s roots be+
 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! cup4 ,!
 bulb ( ! onion1 :5 ?us treat$1 & well  
wat]$1 swells to an enorm\s size1 &     
becomes extremely delicate4  ,lettuces  
are ( two k9ds3 ! cabbage lettuces1 :i* 
may be s[n broad-ca/ at any "t f        
,febru>y to ,augu/1 & require no aft]   
c>e1 except ?9n+ out & wat]+2 & ,cos    
lettuces1 :i* are g5]ally blan*$ by b5d+
 ! tips ( ! leaves ov] ! he>t1 & ty+ !m 
9 t position ) a bit ( ba/ mat4 ,endive 
& succory are blan*$ 9 ! same mann]1 &  
mu/>d & cress only require s[+1 z !y are
 cut = salads :ile 9 _! se$ leaves4 ,9  
,france1 lettuces are (t5 cut = salads 9
 _! se$ leaves l mu/>d & cress4  ,cel]y 
requires a good deal ( c>e 9 its        
culture4 ,! se$ mu/ be s[n 9 ,m>* or    
,april1 9 a b$ ! soil ( :i* is =m$ (    
equal p>ts ( loam & rott5 dung4 ,:5 ! "y
 plants come up1 !y are transplant$ into
 ano!r b$ ( v ri* soil1 & :5 !y are ab\t
 a foot high !y are remov$ into tr5*es =
 blan*+4 ,^! tr5*es are made f\r feet   

ap>t1 eighte5 in*es wide1 & twelve in*es
 deep1 & !y are fill$ n9e in*es high ) a
 ri* compo/ ( /rong fre% soil & rott5   
dung4 ,! plants are tak5 up ) z mu* e>? 
z w adh]e to _! roots2 &1 _! side %oots 
hav+ be5 remov$1 !y are set 9 ! c5tre ( 
! tr5* n9e or t5 in*es ap>t4 ,z !y gr[1 
! e>? is drawn up to !m1 a little at a  
"t1 tak+ c>e nev] to let ! e>? rise     
above ! he>t ( ! plant2 & ?is e>?+ up is
 repeat$ five or six times1 at int]vals 
( ab\t t5 days or a =tnight1 till !     
plants are ready = use4  ,! po!rbs1 z !y
 are cont9ually want$ 9 cook]y1 are mu* 
bett] 9 a g>d5 ne> ! kit*54 ,"o ( ! mo/ 
important is p>sley1 :i* is g5]ally s[n 
9 a drill 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 & ! plants
 ( :i* d n se$ till ! second ye>4 ,f5nel
 is a p]5nial1 :i*1 :5 once introduc$1  
requires no fur!r c>e1 except to prev5t 
x f spread+ too rapidly4 ,?yme1 sage1   
pot-m>joram1 & w9t] savory1 are all dw>f
 %rubs1 :i* require no c>e aft] !y h be5
 once plant$4 ,m9t1 w9t] m>joram1 & !   
common m>joram1 are p]5nials2 b ! sweet 

or knott$ m>joram1 summ] savory1 & basil
 require s[+ e ye> l p>sley4  ,i w\ld n 
advise y to gr[ cucumb]s or melons2 b1  
%\ld y feel incl9$ to try y\r skill1 y h
 only to h a hotb$ made l t = rais+ fl[]
 se$s2 b ) a two- or ?ree-light frame1  
rememb]+ t x w take a c>t-load ( /able  
dung = e light4 ,! plants are rais$ 9   
pots1 &1 :5 !y are ab\t five weeks old1 
!y are plant$ ?ree toge!r 9 little      
ridges ( e>? made "u ea* light4 ,:5 !   
plants h produc$ two r\gh leaves1 ! ends
 ( ! %oots are g5]ally p9*$ (f1 & ?is is
 call$ /opp+ ! runn]s4 ,:5 ! plants come
 into fl[]1 ! poll5 ( ! male fl[]s %\ld 
be convey$ to ! female ones1 z o!rwise !
 fruit v (t5 drops (f z soon z x is set4
 ,se$s = ! fir/ crop ( cucumb]s are s[n 
9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y2 b ! pr9cipal crop
 is s[n 9 ,m>*4 ,! great difficulty is  
to gr[ ! cucumb]s long & /raight1 & to  
keep !m gre51 & ) a beautiful bloom4 ,= 
! fir/ purpose a brick may be plac$ "u !
 fruit1 & = ! second1 abundance ( leaves
 %\ld be left on ! plant2 & ! gr\nd 9   

:i* x gr[s %\ld be kept q moi/1 z x is  
f\nd t ! plant succe$s be/ :5 x has     
abundance ( heat & moi/ure1 & has gr[n 9
 ! %ade4 ,melons require ! same treatm5t
 z cucumb]s1 ) ! exception ( _! b$s be+ 
ab\t #aj hott]2 z1 = example1 ! se$-b$  
%\ld n be less ?an #fe1 & ! fruit+-b$   
%\ld n be less ?an #ge4  ,g\rds &       
tomatoes %\ld be s[n 9 a hotb$ 9 ,m>*1 &
 plant$ out 9 ,may1 ! latt] aga9/ a s\? 
wall4  ,mu%rooms are g5]ally gr[n 9 !   
back %$ ( a v9]y or =c+-h\se1 9 b$s made
 ( fre% horse-dung1 :i* has la9 9 a heap
 "u cov]1 & be5 turn$ ov] sev]al times =
 ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks1 till e "p
 has ?or\ghly f]m5t$4 ,a b$ is !n m>k$  
out ab\t twelve or f\rte5 feet long1 &  
five feet broad2 &1 if x is on ! e>?1 a 
pit is made ( t size by tak+ out ! soil 
ab\t six in*es deep4 ,! bottom ( ! b$   
%\ld be =m$ by a lay] ( long fre% /able 
manure ab\t f\r in*es ?ick4 ,on ?is     
sev]al o!r lay]s mu/ be plac$ ( ! prep>$
 dung1 ea* be+ beat5 flat ) ! =k1 s z to
 make ! b$ z close & compact z possible1

 till x is ab\t five feet high1 :5 ! top
 %\ld be f9i%$ (f l ! ridge ( a h\se4 ,9
 ?is /ate ! b$ %\ld rema9 ab\t a        
=tnight1 & !n "s bricks ( mu%room spawn 
hav+ be5 procur$ f a nurs]yman1 !y %\ld 
be brok5 into pieces ab\t an in* or an  
in* & a half squ>e1 & /rew$ regul>ly ov]
 ! b$1 ea* piece ( ! spawn be+ buri$ by 
rais+ up a little ( ! dung & ins]t+ x4  
,aft] ?is1 ! surface ( ! b$ mu/ be beat5
 flat ) ! spade1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) a     
loamy soil1 & beat5 q smoo?4 ,! b$ is !n
 cov]$ ab\t a foot ?ick ) oat /raw1 &   
aga9 ) mats1 & x w require no fur!r c>e 
= a mon? or six weeks1 by :i* "t !      
mu%rooms w be ready = ! table4 ,c>e %\ld
 be tak5 9 ga!r+ !m to twi/ !m up by !  
roots1 z1 if !y are cut (f1 ! root1 :i* 
is left 9 ! gr\nd1 w decay1 & be        
injuri\s to ! "y plants4 ,mu%rooms may  
be made to gr[ 9 lawns1 by procur+ "s   
bricks ( mu%room spawn1 &1 aft] break+  
!m into pieces ab\t an in* or two in*es 
squ>e1 bury+ ^! pieces by rais+ a little
 ( ! turf :]ev] ! mu%rooms are wi%$ to  

gr[1 & plac+ ! spawn "u x4 ,?is is      
sometimes done 9 ,april or ,may2 b if ! 
season %\ld be dry1 ! spawn w n g]m9ate4
 ,o!rs put ! spawn into ! gr\nd 9       
,augu/1 or 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,septemb]2 ! 
lawn is aft]w>ds roll$1 & no o!r c>e w  
be requisite until ! mu%rooms are ready 
= ga!r+1 :i* w be 9 a mon? or six weeks 
aft] ! spawn is buri$4     ,,lett] ,,xi4
  ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,fruit           
,,trees4--,,plant+4--,,protect+ ,,!     
,,blossoms4--,,/one ,,fruits4--,,fig    
,,trees4--,,grapes4--,,managem5t ,,( ,a 
,,v9]y4--,,gr[+ ,,p9e-,,apples4--,,=c+  
,,pea*es ,,& ,,nect>9es4--,,/&>d ,,fruit
 ,,trees4--,,k]nel ,,fruits4--,,fruit   
,,%rubs4--,,/rawb]ries4--,,t>t-,,rhub>b4
   ,! fruit trees 9 a kit*5-g>d5 %\ld be
 all tra9$ aga9/ ! walls1 & ^? trees :i*
 are gr[n z /&>ds %\ld be 9 a sep>ate   
g>d5 or or*>d4 ,! walls are be/ :5 ab\t 
eight feet high1 & !y %\ld h /rong hooks
 or holdfa/s built into !m at ! top1 = !
 conv5i5ce ( support+ a wood5 cop+1 or (
 susp5d+ mats or nets4 ,"s p]sons       

recomm5d ! walls to be built on ar*es2 b
 ?is is a bad plan1 z x is ( importance 
to ! g>d5] to conf9e ! roots z mu* z    
possible to ! bord] )9 ! g>d54 ,! roots 
( fruit trees %\ld nev] g deeply into ! 
gr\nd1 z1 if ! roots are suff]$ to get s
 deep z to be out ( ! rea* ( ! air1 !   
trees w produce m leaves & bran*es ?an  
fruit4 ,on ?is acc\nt c>e %\ld be tak5 t
 ! soil %\ld n be m ?an eighte5 in*es   
deep2 & ! easie/ & mo/ effectual mode ( 
do+ ?is is1 to dig out ! bord] to ! dep?
 ( two feet1 & put a lay] ( brick-bats &
 o!r rubbi% cov]$ ) gravel well ramm$   
d[n to ! dep? ( six in*es1 & to fill up 
! rema9+ eighte5 in*es ) a f9e ri* m\ld4
 ,:5 a fruit tree bord] is 9 its prop]  
/ate1 ! g>d5] %\ld always be able to %[ 
! fibr\s roots ( 8 trees by remov+ a    
little ( ! e>? ) 8 h&4 ,:5 ! trees are  
plant$ ! roots %\ld be c>efully spread  
out to _! full ext5t1 & c>e %\ld be tak5
 always to keep ! coll> ( ! plant above 
! e>?1 z :5 x is buri$ ! tree is v      
liable to become cank]$4 ,z ! blossoms (

 pea*es1 apricots1 & nect>9es appe>     
e>ly1 !y are v liable to be injur$ by   
spr+ fro/s1 & _m plans h be5 devis$ =   
protect+ !m4 ,all1 h[ev]1 are liable1 m 
or less1 to objection1 z x is extremely 
difficult to put up mats )\t knock+ (f !
 blossoms4 ,! be/ way is to h a deep    
wood5 cop+ plac$ on ! holdfa/s t 7 let  
into ! wall1 ) hooks 9 front1 f :i* a   
curta9 ( bunt+ may be susp5d$1 :i* %\ld 
be kept up night & day dur+ fro/y wea!r2
 z !re is q z mu* dang] f ! sun dur+    
fro/y wea!r1 z f ! fro/4 ,9 fact1 9 mo/ 
cases :]e plants are injur$ by fro/1 x  
is 9 consequ5ce ( a w>m sunny day hav+  
succe$$ a sev]ely cold night4  ,pea*es &
 nect>9es are ! mo/ valuable ( our wall 
fruit trees4 ,!y %\ld be gr[n 9 tol]ably
 ri* soil1 b :i* has be5 enri*$ ) decay$
 leaves r ?an animal manure2 z1 :5 !y   
are manur$ ) dung1 !y are v apt to      
produce :at are call$ wat] %oots or     
g\rm&s1 t is1 /rong vigor\s %oots )\t   
any blossom buds4 ,pea* trees are       
g5]ally kept 9 ! nurs]y till !y are ?ree

 or f\r ye>s old1 & !y %\ld be remov$   
ab\t ! latt] end ( ,octob]1 or ! beg9n+ 
( ,novemb]4 ,!y are be/ tra9$ 9 ! fan   
mann]1 t is1 ) ! bran*es spread out     
regul>ly aga9/ ! wall 9 ! %ape ( a fan2 
&1 z !y always be> _! fruit on %oots ( a
 ye> old1 ^? %oots mu/ be left on 9     
prun+1 & ! old wood cut out4 ,! prun+   
%\ld be p]=m$ ei!r 9 ,novemb] or        
,febru>y2 b ! trees %\ld nev] be cut    
dur+ a sev]e fro/4 ,:5 ! fruit has /on$ 
x is ?9n$ out1 & nev] m ?an two %\ld be 
left gr[+ toge!r4  ,pea*es & nect>9es   
are g5]ally graft$ close to ! gr\nd1 s z
 to make dw>f trees1 & !y are consid]$  
be/ plant$ ab\t tw5ty feet ap>t1 ) "s   
k9d ( plum or *]ry1 graft$ /&>d high1   
plac$ betwe5 !m4  ,apricots are tra9$   
some:at horizontally1 & !y be> n only on
 ! %oots ( ! la/ ye>1 b on close spurs  
=m$ by ! two ye>s' old wood4 ,apricot   
trees are v apt to h l>ge limbs die (f  
)\t any app>5t cause2 b ?is may be      
prev5t$ by cov]+ all ! pr9cipal limbs 9 
,octob] ) hay-b&s1 & lett+ !m rema9 on  

till all dang] is ov] f fro/4 ,apricot  
trees %\ld be five & tw5ty feet ap>t on 
! wall1 z !y spread rapidly1 & d n be>  
cutt+ 94 ,! fruit %\ld be ?9n$ 9 ,may1  
or ! beg9n+ ( ,june4  ,plum trees w be> 
a little manure be+ laid on ! surface 9 
autumn1 & slightly =k$ 9 9 spr+4 ,!y are
 tra9$ horizontally1 & !y be> on :at are
 call$ spurs2 t is1 %ort rugg$-look+    
little bran*es1 jutt+ out f %oots two or
 ?ree ye>s old1 & :i* w cont9ue fruitful
 = sev]al ye>s4 ,plum trees1 9          
consequ5ce1 require v little prun+2 &1 9
 fact1 z !y are apt to gum :5 !y are    
w\nd$1 !y %\ld be v seldom t\*$ ) a     
knife4  ,*]ry trees resemble plum trees 
9 _! culture1 &1 :5 gr[n aga9/ a wall1  
mo/ ( ! k9ds are tra9$ horizontally1 &  
_! bran*es kept six or eight in*es ap>t4
 ,! morello *]ry is1 h[ev]1 an exception
 to ?is rule1 z x requires prun+ &      
tra9+1 l ! pea*4  ,fig trees %\ld nev]  
be prun$1 except to remove %oots t _c be
 tra9$1 z ! fruit is produc$ on ! "y    
wood at ! extremity ( ! bran*es4 ,fig   

trees %\ld be plant$ ?irty feet ap>t1 & 
tra9$ horizontally1 _! long bran*es be+ 
b5t backw>ds & =w>ds1 9 ord] to make !m 
?r[ out side %oots = be>+ fruit1 :i* !y 
w g5]ally d :]e ! b5d is made4 ,fig     
trees require to be well suppli$ ) wat]1
 ?\gh !y w n gr[ if any /agnant wat] be 
suff]$ to rema9 ab\t ! roots4  ,!       
pomegranate resembles ! fig tree 9      
produc+ its fl[]s only on ! po9ts ( its 
%oots1 & on %ort twigs project+ f its   
tra9$ bran*es4 ,pomegranates require a  
ri* soil2 & :5 x is wi%$ to ?r[ !m into 
fruit1 ! blossoms %\ld be %ad$ dur+ ! "t
 ( expansion1 z o!rwise ! poll5 w dry up
 )\t f]tilis+ ! /igma4  ,grapes are     
frequ5tly gr[n aga9/ a wall 9 ! op5 air2
 & 9 "s cases1 z1 = example1 by ,mr4    
,clem5t ,ho>e1 ne> ,s\?ampton1 ) v great
 success4 ,grapes h be5 also produc$ (  
excell5t quality aga9/ a flu$ wall2 t   
is1 a holl[ wall heat$ by means ( flues 
9 x1 z at ,ersk9e1 ne> ,gre5ock2 b z1 9 
bo? cases1 extraord9>y c>e is requir$1  
,i w\ld advise y only to h a common     

sweet-wat] v9e or two 9 y\r g>d5 on !   
op5 wall1 = ! purpose ( us+ its leaves 9
 g>ni%+1 & to gr[ v9es 9 a v9]y to      
produce ! grapes y require = ! table4   
,a v9]y is a common ho?\se or b>k /ove1 
heat$ ) hot-wat] pipes or flues1 & ) a  
pit 9 ! c5tre1 :i* is g5]ally fill$ )   
tan = p9es4 ,?is appe>s a v simple &    
economical arrangem5t1 b x has "o great 
disadvantage2 namely1 t ! p9es require  
heat at a season :5 ! v9es %\ld be 9    
p]fect repose1 unless v e>ly crops (    
grapes are desir$4 ,9 o!r cases ! c5tre 
( ! v9]y is plant$ ) pea* & nect>9e     
trees = e>ly =c+1 ! bran*es ( ! trees   
be+ tra9$ ov] a curv$ trellis1 & o!r    
pea* & nect>9e trees or v9es1 plant$ 9 !
 h\se1 be+ tra9$ aga9/ a trellis at !   
back4 ,! v9es = ! ma9 crop are1 h[ev]1  
plant$ on ! outside ( ! h\se1 9 a bord] 
prep>$ l t = ! fruit trees1 b ri*]2 & _!
 /ems are br\ght into ! v9]y1 ?r\gh     
holes left = t purpose 9 ! front wall4  
,sev]al compositions h be5 recomm5d$ =  
mak+ a compo/ = a v9e bord]2 b t mo/    

approv$ is1 two p>ts ( turfy loam mix$ )
 "o "p ( v rott5 dung or decay$ leaves1 
"o "p ( lime rubbi%1 & "o "p ( road     
drift4 ,on ! ,cont95t !y frequ5tly bury 
! p>ts cut (f ! v9e 9 prun+1 9 ! bord]1 
& ?is is said to make excell5t manure4  
,v9es are g5]ally n plant$ 9 ! bord]    
till ab\t a ye> old1 & !y are be/ /ruck 
f cutt+s ( "o bud or eye ea*1 ) ab\t    
half an in* ( /em left above & bel[ !   
eye2 ! cutt+ is !n plant$ 9 a small pot 
7#fj71 & cov]$ ) soil half an in* ?ick1 
aft] :i* ! pot is plung$ to ! rim 9 a   
common hotb$1 or into ! tan-pit 9 !     
c5tre ( ! v9]y1 cov]+ x 9 ! latt] case )
 a h&-glass2 ! object be+ to keep ! "y  
plant gr[+ 9 a moi/ heat ( #fj4 ,! "y   
plants %\ld be aft]w>ds %ift$ into l>g] 
& l>g] pots1 z !y require x2 & _! /ems1 
:i* w gr[ rapidly1 %\ld be tra9$ ei!r to
 a s+le /ick or to a framework ( /icks  
ti$ toge!r1 accord+ z ! plant is want$  
to be spread+ or tra9$ to a s+le /em4   
,if ! eye has be5 a l>ge & heal?y "o1 & 
! wood ( ! /em f :i* x 0 tak5 firm &    

well rip5$1 ! cutt+s w gr[ rapidly4 ,c>e
 mu/ be tak5 to give ! "y plant a g5tle 
spr9kl+ ( wat] e f\r or five days1 & to 
let x h pl5ty ( air1 & n too mu* heat f 
! b$4 ,! wat] %\ld be giv5 at night1 & !
 glasses ( ! frame %\ld be %ut close    
imm$iately1 z ! /eam ?us g5]at$ is f\nd 
v b5eficial to ! "y plant4 ,z :5 ! plant
 is %ift$ ! fir/ "t ! /em1 or cane z x  
is call$1 is g5]ally six or eight in*es 
long1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to injure 
ei!r x or ! spongioles ( ! roots 9      
%ift+2 &1 z ! /em or cane is ( c\rse    
always long] e "t ! plants are %ift$1   
additional c>e is requir$ e "t ( p]=m+ !
 op]ation4 ,:ile ! plant is 9 ! hotb$1 !
 wires or t5drils1 & also ! weak lat]al 
%oots1 mu/ be p9*$ (f z fa/ z !y are    
produc$4  ,if ! cutt+ 0 made 9 ! fir/   
week ( ,m>*1 & has be5 prop]ly treat$1 x
 w h a /rong /em ( t5 or twelve feet    
long1 & p]haps m1 by ! middle ( ,june or
 ! beg9n+ ( ,july4 ,_m g>d5]s advise    
plant+ ! v9es out at ?is season1 z !y   
say !y gr[ m vigor\sly1 & =m bett] wood1

 ) only _! /ems 9 ! ho?\se1 ?an :5 !y   
are conf9$ to ! moi/ close heat ( ! b$4 
,o!r g>d5]s1 h[ev]1 keep _! "y v9es 9 ! 
pots till ! foll[+ ,febru>y1 :5 ! canes 
are g5]ally five feet long1 & z ?ick z !
 little f+]4  ,:5 ! plants are put into 
! gr\nd !re %\ld be "o v9e to ea* hole2 
&1 z e hole is made opposite a raft]1   
!re is ?us "o v9e allott$ to e sa% or   
light4 ,a %all[ pit is made 9 ! gr\nd = 
ea* v9e1 &1 ! pot be+ ei!r brok5 ) !    
spade or ! plant c>efully turn$ out ( x1
 ! ball ( e>? conta9+ ! roots is plac$ 9
 ! pit1 9 su* a mann] z to leave ! cane 
z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same position z x
 occupi$ :5 ! plant 0 9 ! pot4 ,! ball (
 e>? is !n cov]$ ) light ri* m\ld ab\t  
two in*es ?ick1 & ! /em ( ! v9e is      
br\ght ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! wall into !     
h\se4 ,?is is an op]ation ( "s          
difficulty1 p>ticul>ly if ! cane be     
long1 & x is c>efully wrapp$ up 9 matt+ 
or 9 hay-b&s1 to prev5t x f receiv+ any 
injury4 ,:ile ! v9es are 9 pots !y are  
prun$1 s z to leave only ! ma9 %oot1 or 

at mo/ two %oots1 9 case "o %\ld be     
brok5 (f2 & 9 ! latt] case1 z soon z !  
ma9 %oot has be5 safely introduc$ &     
atta*$ to ! raft]1 ! o!r is remov$4 ,!  
side %oots are also tak5 (f z !y appe>  
till ! ma9 %oot has rea*$ ne>ly to ! end
 ( ! raft]1 :5 its po9t is p9*$ (f1 & ! 
/ronge/ ( ! side %oots are all[$ to     
develop !mselves4  ,if ! v9e 0 plant$ 9 
,may or ,june ! same ye> ! cutt+ 0      
/ruck1 & no?+ else is 9 ! v9]y1 x %\ld  
be all[$ to rema9 all summ] ) ! glasses 
(f1 & )\t fire heat2 9 ,septemb]1 h[ev]1
 ! glasses %\ld be put on1 & en\gh heat 
appli$ to keep ! temp]ature ( ! h\se at 
#ee or #fj1 b always giv+ air 9 ! middle
 ( ! day1 9 ord] to rip5 ! wood4 ,9     
,decemb]1 :5 ! leaves beg9 to fall1 !   
v9es %\ld be prun$1 & !y %\ld !n h a    
season ( re/1 till ! leaf-buds beg9 to  
swell 9 spr+4 ,:5 only v9es1 or v9es &  
pea*es1 are gr[n 9 a v9]y1 x is easy to 
give ?is season ( re/ by leav+ (f all   
fire heat1 except :at is necess>y to    
keep out ! fro/1 till ! middle (        

,febru>y2 b1 :5 p9es are gr[n 9 ! same  
h\se1 ! /ems ( ! v9es are g5]ally drawn 
out ( ! h\se dur+ "p ( ,decemb]1        
,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 & kept on ! outside
 c>efully wrapp$ up 9 mats & hay-b&s1 or
 laid along ! gr\nd & cov]$ ?ickly )    
dead leaves & /raw4 ,! v9e bord] %\ld   
always be cov]$ 9 ! same mann] dur+     
fro/y wea!r1 z nei!r /ems nor roots %\ld
 ev] be expos$ to a great] degree ( cold
 ?an #dj4 ,:5 ! v9es are plant$ out 9   
,june1 !y %\ld n be suff]$ to be> any   
fruit t ye>2 b1 :5 !y are n plant$ out  
till ! ,febru>y foll[+1 !y may be all[$ 
to be> "o or two bun*es ea* ! foll[+    
summ]4  ,9 prun+ ! v9e great c>e %\ld be
 tak5 nev] to cut close to a bud or eye1
 b g5]ally to cut ?r\gh ! /em j 9 !     
middle ( ! int]node or space betwe5 !   
buds1 or at lea/ half an in* f ! bud    
left4 ,! sap ( ! v9e rises ) great =ce2 
& if ! prun+ be delay$ till spr+1 or if 
! cut be made too ne> ! bud1 ! sap w fl[
 pr(usely1 & w v s]i\sly weak5 ! plant4 
,engli% g>d5]s call ?is ov]fl[+ ( ! sap 

ble$+2 b on ! ,cont95t !y call x ! te>s 
( ! v9e4 ,!re are ?ree modes ( prun+ &  
tra9+ ! v9e2 b ! be/ = v9]ies is :at is 
call$ ! spurr+-9 sy/em4 ,?is consi/s 9  
tra9+ ! plant ) "o long ma9 %oot1 :i* is
 always suff]$ to rema91 & %ort5+ !     
/ronge/ ( ! side %oots to "o or two eyes
 e w9t]1 & remov+ ^? t are weakly1 or t 
gr[ too closely toge!r1 z ! %oots left1 
:i* are call$ ! spurs1 %\ld always be   
ab\t twelve in*es ap>t4  ,! "t ( beg9n+ 
to =ce grape v9es dep5ds ^u ! season at 
:i* ! grapes are want$1 b ! usual season
 is ,febru>y4 ,! cane ( ! v9e is !n tak5
 into ! h\se1 if x has be5 w9t]$        
outside1 & c>efully tra9$ to ! raft]1 ! 
"p next ! gr\nd be+ /ill kept wrapp$    
r\nd ) hay-b&s1 & ! hole /opp$ close    
r\nd ! /em1 s z to prev5t ! v9e receiv+ 
any *eck f ! cold ( ! ext]nal air4 ,want
 ( att5tion to ?is p>ticul> is v apt to 
produce a disease 9 ! v9es1 :i* ends 9  
:at is call$ %ank+1 t is1 a %rivel+ ( ! 
%ort /ems ( ! grapes aft] !y h set4 ,!  
v9e bord] has !n its w9t] cov]+ remov$2 

&1 aft] be+ =k$ ov]1 a coat+ is laid on 
( rott5 dung1 two or ?ree in*es ?ick2   
or1 :at is bett]1 a coat+ is laid on (  
turfy loam *opp$ up1 & old lime mort>1  
ab\t two in*es deep1 & on t a coat+ (   
rott5 dung1 two in*es ?ick2 ov] ^! may  
be replac$ ! coat+ ( decay$ leaves a    
foot ?ick1 & /raw or re$ mat1 :i* 0 laid
 on ! b$ dur+ ! sev]e fro/s ( w9t]4 ,!  
gr& po9t is1 to keep ! roots & "p       
outside ! h\se 9 ! same temp]ature z t  
)91 or ev5 w>m]4  ,:5 fire heat is fir/ 
appli$1 ! !rmomet] %\ld be #ee at night1
 & #fj or #fe 9 ! day2 b ! heat %\ld be 
gradually increas$ z ! buds beg9 to     
swell1 keep+ ! heat at night ab\t #aj   
l[] ?an t ( ! day till ! fl[]-buds      
appe>1 :5 ! spurs are g5]ally /opp$ ab\t
 "o bud beyond ! fl[]-bud1 & !          
leaf-%oots1 :i* are opposite !          
fl[]-buds1 are ea* /opp$ at a s+le leaf4
 ,! bun*es mu/ also be ?9n$1 & n m ?an  
n9e or t5 all[$ to ea* v9e1 if tra9$ 9 !
 spur mann]4 ,! heat ( ! h\se %\ld n[ be
 ab\t #hj by day & #gj by night1 & a    

little air %\ld be giv5 = half an h\r e 
day1 :5ev] x c be done )\t l[]+ !       
temp]ature bel[ #gd4 ,! hot-wat] pipes  
or flues %\ld be frequ5tly spr9kl$ )    
wat] :5 ! v9es are go+ out ( fl[]1 & !  
grapes beg9n+ to swell2 & ! grapes 9 ea*
 bun* %\ld be ?9n$ out ) a pair (       
scissors1 & ! %\ld]s ( ! bun*es ti$ up  
to all[ ! grapes to swell4 ,! h\se %\ld 
n[ be at its greate/ heat1 viz4 #he by  
day1 & #gd or #ge at night2 air %\ld be 
giv5 freely1 :5ev] x c be done )\t l[]+ 
! temp]ature bel[ #gg2 & ! hot-wat]     
pipes %\ld be spr9kl$ ) wat] six or     
eight times dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 !
 fruit beg9s to *ange col\r = rip5+1 ?is
 spr9kl+ %\ld be left (f1 & air admitt$ 
freely1 ev5 at night1 :5ev] x c be done 
)\t l[]+ ! temp]ature too mu*4 ,dur+ !  
:ole ( ! =c+1 ! bord] %\ld be wat]$ )   
dung wat]2 &1 z soon z all dang] f fro/ 
is ov]1 ! leaves & /raw %\ld be ?r[n (f1
 & ! b$ slightly =k$ ov]1 to admit !    
w>m? ( ! sun to p5etrate ! e>?1 & ! air 
to rea* ! roots ( ! v9es1 z unless ! air

 is all[$ to rea* ! roots ! grapes w n  
set well4  ,if ! =c+ 0 comm5c$ 9        
,febru>y1 ! grapes w be ripe 9 ,july &  
,augu/2 ! ,sweetwat]s rip5+ fir/1 !     
,hamburgs next1 & ! ,we/'s ,/4 ,pet]'s &
 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria la/4 ,:5 grapes are
 wi%$ to be ripe 9 ,may or ,june1 ! =c+ 
mu/ beg9 ! fir/ ( ,decemb]1 & p9es may  
be gr[n ) ! same heat z w be requir$ = !
 v9es2 b1 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! v9es mu/ h
 an artificial w9t] giv5 to !m1 by ceas+
 all fire heat z soon z ! fruit is cut1 
& tak+ (f ! sa%es2 ! /ems are aft]w>ds  
kept 9 ! %ade1 & z cool z possible ?r\gh
 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 & !y are prun$ 9  
,novemb]4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 grapes are 
n requir$ be=e ,septemb]1 v little =c+  
is requisite2 b ! bun*es ( grapes mu/ be
 c>efully ?9n$1 & n m ?an t5 or twelve  
bun*es %\ld be all[$ on ea* v9e4 ,:5 !  
v9es are 9 fl[] & ! fruit sett+1 ! h\se 
%\ld be kept close1 & ! pipes or flues  
frequ5tly spr9kl$ ) wat]2 z a hot dry   
air makes ! calyx %rivel up be=e ! poll5
 has rea*$ ! ov>y1 &1 :5 ?is is ! case1 

! grapes w be small & frequ5tly )\t     
/ones4  ,x w\ld take too mu* space to   
expla9 to y ! o!r me?ods ( tra9+ &      
prun+1 & ,i ne$ only say t ! long me?od1
 :i* is ! only "o except ! spur sy/em 9 
g5]al use1 consi/s 9 cutt+ out ! old    
wood e second ye>1 & supply+ its place )
 wood ( ! previ\s season's gr[?4  ,y w  
?us see t ! pr9cipal po9ts to be att5d$ 
to 9 ! culture ( ! v9e are3--#a4 ,to    
prune ! plants s z to prev5t !m f =m+   
too mu* wood1 b n to cut too ne> ! buds2
 #b4 ,to keep ! roots & coll> ( !       
plants1 :5 =c+ beg9s1 at ! same         
temp]ature1 or ne>ly s1 z ! upp] "p ( ! 
/ems2 #c4 ,to admit air to ! roots z    
soon z all dang] is ov] f fro/2 #d4 ,to 
?9 bo? ! bran*es & grapes prop]ly & 9   
due "t2 #e4 ,to keep ! air ( ! h\se moi/
 :5 ! fruit is sett+ & swell+2 & #f4 ,to
 give ! plants a prop] season ( re/4    
,p9es are propagat$ by cr[ns1 t is1 !   
bun* ( leaves on ! upp] "p ( ! fruit2 or
 suck]s :i* =m by ! side ( ! old plant4 
,^! are pott$ 9 small pots 9 proportion 

to _! size1 9 a soil compos$ ( sev5     
eigh?s ( pure loam & "o ( silv] s&2 &   
plung$ ab\t two ?irds ( _! dep? into a  
b$ ( tan1 at ! heat ( ab\t #ie 9 ! b$1 &
 ! usual heat ( a =c+-h\se 9 !          
atmosph]e1 if gr[n 9 ! v9]y4 ,"y plants 
are sometimes gr[n )\t pots 9           
propagat+-pits2 f :i* !y are transf]r$1 
aft] be+ repott$1 to :at are call$      
succession pits2 &1 aft] rema9+ !re a   
long "t1 !y are ei!r remov$ to ! tan-pit
 9 ! v9]y to fruit1 or to fruit+-pits4  
,i %all n attempt to give y directions =
 _! culture dur+ all ^! *anges1 :i* take
 up a great deal ( "t2 ,jamaica p9es be+
 two ye>s be=e !y are ready to cut1     
,provid5ce p9es ab\t tw5ty or two &     
tw5ty mon?s1 & ,que5 p9es sixte5 or     
eighte5 mon?s4 ,y\r only *ance ( gr[+   
p9es is1 !re=e1 n to h !m till !y are   
put into fruit+-pots2 ^! are plung$ into
 ! tan-pit 9 ! v9]y 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 
:5 ! =c+ ( ! v9es beg9s2 & aft]w>ds !y w
 require no o!r c>e ?an wat]+ !m        
frequ5tly1 & keep+ ! atmosph]e moi/1 to 

make ! fruit swell4 ,p9e-apples are     
sometimes gr[n )\t pots1 9 peat soil1   
?r\gh :i* pipes ( hot wat] are c>ri$ s z
 to heat ! e>? to #ie1 :ile ! atmosph]e 
is kept moi/1 & decay$ leaves are laid  
on ! surface & drawn up r\nd ! plants4  
,9 ?is way1 ,que5 p9es h be5 gr[n to !  
size ( five or six p\nds1 & ,new        
,provid5ce p9es f twelve p\nds to fifte5
 p\nds4  ,:5 pea*es are =c$ 9 a v9]y1 ! 
trees %\ld be ?ree or f\r ye>s old be=e 
!y are put into ! h\se4 ,! be/ k9ds are1
 ! ,grosse ,mignonne1 ! ,royal ,george1 
! ,belleg>de1 & ! ,late ,admirable2 &1  
:]e only "o k9d is want$1 ! ,belleg>de  
is pref]r$1 z x is n s liable to !      
mildew z ! o!rs4 ,! be/ k9ds ( nect>9e =
 =c+ are ! ,elruge & ! ,violette htive4 
,if ! =c+ beg9s 9 ,decemb]1 ! fruit w be
 ready 9 ,may4 ,! leaves %\ld be        
frequ5tly syr+$ ) wat] at ! temp]ature (
 ! h\se2 &1 9 o!r respects1 ! culture is
 ! same z = pea*es 9 ! op5 air1 & ! =c+ 
! same z = v9es4 ,! greate/ objection to
 gr[+ pea*es 9 a v9]y is1 t ! %ade ?r[n 

by ! leaves ( ! v9es prev5ts ! prop]    
col\r+ & flav\r+ ( ! fruit4  ,/&>d fruit
 trees %\ld nev] be plant$ 9 a          
kit*5-g>d51 z f _! drip & %ade x is     
impossible to gr[ good cul9>y vegetables
 "u !m2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! con/ant    
digg+ & movem5t ( ! soil requir$ =      
cul9>y vegetables1 make ! roots ( !     
trees desc5d s f> t !y get beyond ! rea*
 ( ! air1 & c nev] produce good fruit4  
,dw>f /&>ds are fruit trees graft$ ne> !
 coll> ( ! plants1 & tra9$ 9 v>i\s ways 
to =m bu%es r ?an trees4 ,sometimes a   
hoop is plac$ inside1 & ! bran*es are   
tra9$ into a cup-%ape2 at o!rs1 !       
bran*es are =m$ into a k9d ( umbrella2  
&1 at o!rs1 !y are tra9$ into ! %ape ( a
 di/aff 7en qu5\ille71 or l a pyramid4  
,all ^! & _m o!r modes ( tra9+ dw>f     
/&>ds may be se5 at ! ,london           
,horticultural ,society's ,g>d5 at      
,*iswick3 b only pe>s1 apples1 & dw>f   
*]ries are treat$ 9 ?is mann]2 &1 ?\gh  
!y are conv5i5t to ga!r ! fruit f1 !y   
are 9 s unnatural a /ate z to be subject

 to cank] & o!r diseases1 & seldom live 
long4 ,espali] trees are subject to !   
same objections1 z !y are 9 a /ill m    
unnatural /ate ?an dw>f /&>ds4 ,! h>dy  
k]nel & /one fruits are !re=e be/ gr[n 9
 an or*>d1 & ,i %all n[ say a few words 
on _! treatm5t4  ,apples are ! mo/      
useful ( all fruits1 & !re are ?ree     
di/9ct k9ds1 ! dess]t or eat+ apples1 ! 
kit*5 or bak+ apples :i* fall or become 
s(t 9 cook+1 & ! cid] apples :i* are    
good = no?+ b cid]4 ,apple trees are    
g5]ally graft$ on crab /ocks2 &1 :5 !y  
are plant$1 ! coll> %\ld be rais$ a     
little above ! soil1 z if x is buri$ !  
tree w v probably become cank]$1 or     
affect$ ) ! ,am]ican blight4 ,cank] is  
sometimes cur$ by cutt+ out ! cank]$ "p1
 & admitt+ air to ! roots2 & ! insect   
call$ ! ,am]ican blight may be remov$ by
 wa%+ ! tree ) a bru% & s(t soap & w>m  
wat]1 or by pla/]+ x ov] ) a mixture (  
/iff clay & wat]4  ,pe> trees are v apt 
to s5d _! roots d[n to a great dep?1 &  
!n cease be>+2 s t x is desirable to    

keep ! roots ne> ! surface by mul*+ )   
manure or dead leaves4 ,! fruit is      
produc$ on spurs1 & :5 pe> trees are    
gr[n aga9/ a wall !y are tra9$          
horizontally1 ) %ort project+ bran*es or
 spurs4 ,pe> trees aga9/ a wall are v   
apt to be> _! fruit 9 clu/]s1 & to leave
 a great "p ( ! tree b>r52 & ?is arises 
f _! fl[]s hav+ naturally v little      
poll51 &1 :]e ! fl[]s are expos$ to     
great heat1 ! poll5 dry+ up )\t f]tilis+
 ! /igma4 ,! be/ rem$y is to syr+e !    
bran*es occasionally1 & to %ade !m :5 9 
blossom4  ,! qu9ce ?rives be/ ne> wat]2 
z does ! m$l>4 ,mulb]ry trees are be/   
plant$ on a lawn1 = ! conv5i5ce ( pick+ 
up ! fruit clean f ! grass2 z x falls z 
soon z x is ripe4 ,plums & *]ries       
require no p>ticul> c>e :5 gr[n z /&>ds1
 except to be sp>+ 9 ! use ( ! knife1 z 
bo? trees1 :5 w\nd$1 are v apt to       
produce gum2 & ?is1 :i* is an unnatural 
exudation ( ! sap1 simil> to ! ble$+ ( !
 v9es1 is v injuri\s to ! trees4  ,!    
almond is a k9d ( pea* tree1 ) a lea!ry 

fruit in/ead ( a juicy "o1 ! almond be+ 
! k]nel ( ! /one4 ,! bitt] almond ab\nds
 9 ,prussic acid2 b ?is p[]ful poison   
sc>cely exi/s 9 ! k]nel ( ! sweet       
v>iety4 ,almond trees are g5]ally graft$
 on plum /ocks2 & !y %\ld be gr[n 9 a   
dry soil & a %elt]$ situation1 z !      
bran*es are brittle & apt to be brok5 (f
 by high w9ds4 ,:5 almond se$s are s[n1 
! %>p end %\ld be press$ d[nw>ds2 & ! "y
 plants %\ld n be transplant$ except :5 
absolutely necess>y1 z !y h v long      
tap-roots4 ,:5 ! almond is plant$ =     
ornam5t x %\ld h a back-gr\nd (         
ev]gre5s1 z its fl[]s appe> be=e its    
leaves4  ,! walnut1 be+ a spread+ tree )
 l>ge leaves1 %\ld only be plant$ :]e no
 injury w be su/a9$ by a deep %ade be+  
ca/ ^u ! gr\nd2 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t its 
leaves are dislik$ by all cattle1 & are 
injuri\s to c[s4 ,9 prun+ x ! tips ( !  
bran*es %\ld be tak5 (f1 to make !m ?r[ 
out fruit-be>+ %oots4  ,sweet *e/nuts   
are always propagat$ by se$s1 & nev] gr[
 well unless ! soil conta9s a portion ( 

s&4 ,! wood is wor?less :5 old4 ,bo?    
walnuts & *e/nuts are g5]ally plant$ 9 !
 p>k4  ,! fruit %rubs gr[n 9 g>d5s may  
be consid]$ to include ! eld]1 ! b]b]ry1
 & ! filb]t1 ?\gh ^! are frequ5tly call$
 trees4 ,! eld] & ! b]b]ry w gr[ any:]e1
 & require no p>ticul> c>e 9 _! culture2
 ! filb]t is only a v>iety ( ! common   
hazel1 & bo? are g5]ally gr[n on !      
bord]s ( walks1 :]e !y are plant$ f five
 to t5 feet ap>t1 accord+ z !y are to be
 tra9$ upright or spread+4 ,z ! fruit is
 produc$ on ! "y %oots1 ! bu% %\ld be   
kept op5 & tra9$ 9 ! cup fa%ion1 9 ord] 
t ! ma9 bran*es may ?r[ out %ort "y     
wood4 ,filb]ts are propagat$ by s[+ !   
se$s2 & hazel trees by suck]s1 :i* !y   
?r[ up 9 abundance4  ,gooseb]ries are   
g5]ally propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* /rike  
easily2 & !y %\ld be gr[n 9 soil :i* is 
well dra9$1 & well manur$ by a coat+ (  
rott5 dung be+ laid ^u x e ?ird ye>4 ,! 
bu%es %\ld be plant$ 9 r[s eight or t5  
feet ap>t1 ! plants be+ ab\t six feet f 
ea* o!r4 ,!y %\ld be prun$ twice a ye>2 

9 ! w9t] to remove ! bran*es n likely to
 produce fruit1 & e>ly 9 summ] to remove
 ^? %oots t are n likely to rip54 ,!    
fruit is produc$ p>tly on ! old & p>tly 
on ! "y wood1 & x %\ld be ?9n$ :5 ga!r$ 
gre5 = pies & pudd+s1 by tak+ only a few
 f ea* bu%1 in/ead ( ga!r+ all t may be 
want$ f "o4  ,currants are rais$ f      
cutt+s g5]ally ab\t a foot long1 all !  
buds f :i* are tak5 (f1 except five or  
six at ! top2 & ! cutt+ is !n firmly    
fix$ 9 ! soil ab\t six in*es deep4 ,!   
currant be>s *iefly on spurs ( ! old    
wood1 s t ^! only are g5]ally left 9 !  
w9t] prun+4 ,! currant is v h>dy1 & w   
gr[ 9 any soil or situation1 ev5 "u !   
drip ( trees4  ,raspb]ries always be> on
 ! "y %oots1 s t ! art ( prun+ !m       
consi/s 9 cutt+ out ! old wood4 ,!y are 
propagat$ by suck]s1 & ?rive be/ 9 a    
light ri* soil1 & an op5 situation4  ,! 
cranb]ry is g5]ally gr[n 9 moi/ soil or 
peat e>?2 b x may be gr[n 9 b$s 9 !     
common g>d5 l ! /rawb]ry4 ,:5 cranb]ries
 are once plant$ !y require no aft] c>e1

 except remov+ ! runn]s :5 !y ext5d too 
f>4  ,hav+ n[1 ,i believe1 told y a     
little1 ?\gh ,i confess n mu*1 ( all !  
k9ds ( trees & %rubs usually gr[n 9 ?is 
c\ntry = _! fruit1 ,i h only to say a   
few words ( /rawb]ries & t>t-rhub>b1 &  
!n ,i ?9k ,i %all h giv5 y all !        
in=mation y w require = s small a g>d5 z
 y\rs4  ,/rawb]ries are r difficult     
plants to give directions =1 z !y succe$
 app>5tly equally well ) diff]5t k9ds ( 
treatm5t4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !y l a  
deep ri* soil1 well manur$2 & t1 :5 a   
new /rawb]ry b$ is plant$1 ! gr\nd %\ld 
be tr5*$ at lea/ two feet deep1 & a good
 deal ( rott5 dung 7! dung f an old     
hotb$ is be/7 %\ld be mix$ ) ! soil4 ,"s
 p]sons make fre% /rawb]ry b$s e ye>1 & 
"s e ?ird ye>2 b /rawb]ry b$s w cont9ue 
to produce = t5 or twelve ye>s1 if a    
?ick coat+ ( decay$ leaves be put on !  
b$ e w9t]1 & _! rema9s =k$ into ! b$ 9  
spr+4 ,:5 a new b$ is to be =m$1 !      
/ronge/ runn]s %\ld be select$ f ! old  
plants2 & !y may be plant$ 9 b$s conta9+

 ?ree r[s ea*1 eighte5 in*es ap>t1 !    
plants be+ ab\t twelve in*es ap>t 9 !   
l9e4 ,alp9e /rawb]ries may be rais$ f   
se$1 & w fruit ! fir/ ye>4 ,! ,p9e is an
 excell5t /rawb]ry = flav\r1 b ,ke5's   
se$l+ is ! be/ = g5]al use4 ,! ,hautbois
 requires a great deal ( manure1 &1 z ! 
male & female fl[]s are on diff]5t      
plants1 ne>ly "o half ! plants 9 a b$   
are unproductive4 ,/rawb]ries gr[ v well
 on banks fac+ ! s\? or s\?-ea/1 or on  
little t]races support$ by walls1 b 9 ^!
 situations !y mu/ be regul>ly wat]$    
twice a day4 ,/rawb]ry plants nev]      
produce good fruit unless !y h abundance
 ( leaves1 z %ade is ess5tial to ! fruit
 be+ juicy & ( a good flav\r4 ,mo/      
g>d5]s take (f ! runn]s 9 ,augu/ or     
,septemb]1 & plant !m 9 nurs+ b$s = !   
w9t]1 transplant+ !m to _! prop] b$s 9  
,m>*4  ,t>t-rhub>b is propagat$ by se$  
or by division ( ! root1 b ! =m] me?od  
is g5]ally consid]$ ! bett]4 ,:5 b$s (  
rhub>b are to be =m$1 ! soil %\ld be    
deeply tr5*$ & ri*ly manur$1 & ! se$ !n 

s[n 9 drills two feet ap>t = ! sc>let   
rhub>b1 & ?ree feet ap>t = ! l>g] k9ds4 
,:5 ! plants come up !y %\ld be ?9n$ out
 s z to leave ! plants ab\t ! same      
di/ance ap>t z ! r[s are asund]4 ,a few 
leaves may be ga!r$ f ea* plant ! second
 ye>1 b x is g5]ally consid]$ to /r5g!n 
! plants if no leaves are ga!r$ f !m    
till ! ?ird ye>4 ,rhub>b may be =c$ 9 ! 
op5 g>d5 by putt+ pots ov] x1 9 ! same  
mann] z is done = sea-kale2 or ! plants 
may be tak5 up & pott$1 aft] :i* !y may 
be plac$ 9 ! kit*5 ne> ! fire & cov]$ ) 
matt+ or old c>pet1 be+ wat]$ e day )   
w>m wat]4     ,,lett] ,,xii4            
,,op]ations ,,( ,,g>d5+4--,,digg+1      
,,=k+1 ,,& ,,hoe+4--,,s[+               
,,se$s4--,,tak+ ,,(f ,,suck]s4--,,mak+  
,,lay]s ,,& ,,cutt+s4--,,budd+1         
,,graft+1 ,,& ,,in>*+4--,,prun+ ,,&     
,,tra9+4--,,disbudd+4--,,manur+4--,,keep
+ ,,fruit ,,9 ,a ,,fruit-,,room4        
,digg+ is ! fir/ op]ation necess>y 9    
g>d5+1 z no?+ c be done 9 ! way (       
cultivat+ ! soil till x has be5 fir/    

pulv]is$1 s z to all[ ! f9e delicate    
roots ( ! plants to p5etrate among its  
p>ticles4 ,x is also necess>y t ! air   
%\ld h access to ! roots ( plants1 z !y 
dep5d = _! n\ri%m5t almo/ z mu* on !    
c>bon & o!r elem5ts :i* !y absorb f !   
air1 z on ^? :i* !y obta9 f ! soil4 ,on 
?is acc\nt x is necess>y1 n only to dig 
! soil well be=e any ?+ is plant$ 9 x1 b
 also to =k x ov] occasionally :5ev] its
 surface becomes h>d5$ & imp]vi\s to !  
air & ra94 ,:5 manure is appli$ also1 x 
is cu/om>y to dig x into ! soil2 & gr\nd
 is occasionally tr5*$ 9 ord] to br+ up 
fre% soil to ! surface1 :5ev] ! surface 
soil appe>s to be exhau/$ & to want     
r5ew+4 ,! op]ation ( digg+ requires     
consid]able /r5g?1 z x requires fir/ to 
be able to =ce ! spade into ! gr\nd1 &  
!n to raise z mu* e>? z w lie ^u ! blade
 & turn x ov]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a f9e      
heal?y occupation1 n only f its call+ ! 
muscles into vigor\s action1 b f ! smell
 ( ! new e>? be+ p>ticul>ly invigorat+2 
& y might h a lady's spade1 ) a smoo?   

will[ h&le1 t w enable y to dig a small 
b$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,y w be surpris$1
 h[ev]1 to f9d1 if y try ! exp]im5t1 t  
!re is an art 9 digg+ z well z 9 e ?+   
else2 & t x is extremely difficult1 bo? 
to dig 9 a /raight l9e1 & to make !     
gr\nd look ev5 tol]ably level aft] x has
 be5 dug ov]4 ,rak+1 ?\gh x appe>s s    
simple1 also requires consid]able skill 
to make ! gr\nd look smoo? & p]fectly   
level4 ,=k+ is n s difficult1 z x m]ely 
requires to h ! =k press$ into ! gr\nd1 
& !n pull$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 s z to     
loos5 a portion ( ! soil )\t turn+ x    
ov]4  ,!re are two sorts ( hoes3 !      
draw-hoe1 :i* is us$ = draw+ up ! e>? to
 any plant t is to be e>!d up2 & !      
?ru/-hoe1 :i* is pr9cipally us$ =       
de/roy+ we$s4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( bo?
 ^! =ms1 b ! common k9ds1 ,i ?9k1 y w   
f9d ! be/4 ,! mo/ useful in/rum5t1      
h[ev]1 = y w be a tr[el1 & ?is y w f9d  
indisp5sable1 z1 )\t x1 y w n be able   
ei!r to transplant or pot a s+le plant4 
,"s p]sons use :at is call$ a           

transplant]1 to enable !m :5 !y take up 
a plant1 to remove x )\t di/urb+ !      
roots2 b1 z f> z my own exp]i5ce goes1  
,i ?9k ^! in/rum5ts are m tr\blesome ?an
 advantage\s1 & ,i pref] us+ a tr[el4 ,y
 w also want a budd+-knife1 & a %>p     
knife = mak+ cutt+s2 & y w f9d a pair ( 
prun+-%e>s ) a slid+-jo9t extremely     
useful = cutt+ (f dead wood1 or remov+  
any badly-plac$ bran*es4  ,plants are   
propagat$ ei!r by se$1 or by division4  
,:5 !y are to be propagat$ by se$s1 !   
gr\nd mu/ be ei!r dug or =k$ ov] & made 
level4 ,x is !n firm$ by beat+ x ) !    
flat "p ( ! spade1 roll+ x1 or 9 any o!r
 mann]2 & ! se$s are scatt]$ ov] x1 if  
!y are to be s[n broad-ca/1 & cov]$ )   
e>? ! same ?ickness z !mselves4 ,:5 se$s
 are to be s[n 9 drills1 a n>r[ furr[   
mu/ be made1 by draw+ a /ick along !    
gr\nd 9 a /raight l9e1 or 9 any o!r way 
s z to make ! bottom ( ! furr[ firm1 & !
 se$s mu/ be dropp$ into x at regul>    
di/ances4 ,! furr[ is !n fill$ 91 s t ! 
se$s may be cov]$ to ! same dep? z _!   

own ?ickness2 & ! e>? is slightly press$
 d[n1 & aft]w>ds rak$ ov]4 ,l>g] se$s   
are s[n 9 sep>ate holes made by a dibb]1
 z are ! sets ( potatoes2 b ! aft]      
processes are ! same 9 all4 ,bulbs &    
tub]s are also plant$ 9 ! same mann]2   
tak+ c>e t ! eyes ( ! tub]s are upp]mo/1
 & ! flat "p ( ! bulbs d[nw>ds4 ,9      
plant+ ,ranunculus tub]s ! claws %\ld be
 d[nw>ds1 & if any are brok5 !y %\ld be 
cut (f smoo? ) a %>p knife4  ,!re are   
sev]al ways ( propagat+ plants by       
division1 viz4 tak+ (f suck]s1 mak+     
lay]s & cutt+s1 & budd+1 graft+1 &      
in>*+4  ,propagation by suck]s is v     
simple4 ,_m plants h a portion ( _! /ems
 "u gr\nd1 f ! buds 9 :i* new upright   
/ems rise into ! air & fibr\s roots     
desc5d into ! gr\nd4 ,x is ?us only     
necess>y to divide ! horizontal         
und]gr\nd /em by ! spade1 or by op5+ !  
gr\nd till ! /em is f\nd1 & !n cutt+ x  
?r\gh ) a knife1 & to take up ! "y plant
 :i* has sprung f x c>efully & )\t      
injur+ its roots1 cutt+ (f ! rema9s ( ! 

old plant be=e ! new "o is replant$4    
,suck]s sometimes spr+ f ! coll> ( ! old
 plant1 & :5 ?is is ! case !y require m 
c>e 9 remov+ !m1 to avoid injur+ ! plant
 f :i* !y spr+4  ,runn]s are suck]s     
proce$+ f horizontal /ems above gr\nd1 &
 (fsets are ! suck]s ( bulbs1 z !y      
proce$ ei!r f ! root-plate1 :i* is !    
compress$ /em ( ! hyac9?1 or f ! ma9    
body ( ! corm1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ! /em1 z 
9 ! crocus4  ,lay]s are produc$ by      
imitat+ ! process ( nature 9 mak+       
suck]s2 z1 9 mak+ lay]s1 a jo9t ( ! upp]
 /em is buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & kept moi/ to 
induce x to ?r[ out roots2 ! buri$ /em  
be+ g5]ally slit or twi/$ at ! jo9t1 s z
 to prev5t ! return ( ! sap1 & to       
occasion x to exp5d itself 9 roots      
in/ead ( circulat+ 9 its ord9>y way     
?r\gh ! bran*4 ,z soon z a lay] has     
produc$ roots x becomes ! same z a      
suck]1 & may be treat$ 9 exactly ! same 
mann]4  ,cutt+s are portions ( a plant  
cut (f j bel[ a bud1 & buri$ 9 ! e>? to 
induce !m to ?r[ out roots2 :i* is done 

mo/ effectually by expos+ !m to w>m? &  
moi/ure1 & %ad+ !m f ! light1 z t has a 
t5d5cy to draw ! sap t[>ds ! leaves1    
:il/ w>m? & bottom heat dispose ! cutt+s
 to ?r[ out roots4 ,on ?is acc\nt cutt+s
 always /rike mo/ readily :5 ! pots1 9  
:i* !y are plant$1 are plung$ into a    
hotb$1 & cov]$ closely ) a h&-glass4 ,x 
mu/ be obs]v$ 9 mak+ cutt+s1 t !y ought 
9 mo/ cases to consi/ ( two buds2 f !   
l[] "o ( :i* ! new roots are to spr+1   
:ile ! upp] "o is to produce ! /em ( !  
new plant4 ,cutt+s mu/ always be made q 
firm at ! base2 & !y g5]ally /rike mo/  
readily :5 ! bottom ( ! cutt+1 :i* is   
cut ?r\gh a jo9t & q flat1 re/s aga9/ a 
piece ( ! dra9age1 or ev5 ! bottom ( !  
pot1 be+ 9 bo? cases press$ s closely   
aga9/ its e>!nw>e support z to exclude !
 air4 ,:5 a cutt+ is made1 mo/ ( !      
leaves are remov$1 z ! evaporation f !m 
is great] ?an ! plant c support :ile x  
is )\t roots4 ,cutt+s ( succul5t plants 
are g5]ally laid ^u a %elf to dry be=e  
!y are put into ! gr\nd1 z if ?is is n  

done ! w\nd$ "p is apt to become rott51 
& to decay4 ,cutt+s are g5]ally /ruck   
ei!r 9 s& or v light e>?1 9 ord] t ! "y 
roots may meet ) z little ob/ruction z  
possible4  ,pip+s are portions ( p9ks & 
c>nations pull$ asund] at a jo9t in/ead 
( be+ divid$ ) a knife1 & aft]w>ds      
plant$1 & treat$ exactly l cutt+s4      
,budd+ is tak+ (f a s+le bud or eye1    
call$ a scion1 f "o plant1 & ins]t+ x 9 
ano!r plant call$ ! /ock4 ,?is op]ation 
is g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ,july or ,augu/4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 a slit is made on ea* side 
& above & bel[ a leaf :i* has a heal?y  
bud 9 its axil1 t is1 j betwe5 !        
foot-/alk ( ! leaf & ! bran* on :i* x   
gr[s4 ,! b>k ( ! bran* conta9+ ! bud & !
 leaf is !n deta*$ f ! bran*1 by pass+  
"u x ! bone h&le ( ! budd+-knife1 :i* is
 made flat & ?9 on purpose1 & rais+ x   
gradually up4 ,if ! b>k has be5 rais$   
c>efully & prop]ly1 !re w g5]ally be a  
little bit ( wood j "u ! bud1 :i* mu/ be
 c>efully tak5 out1 s t n ! smalle/     
p>ticle ( wood is left on ! "u side ( ! 

b>k4 ,a long slit is !n made 9 ! b>k ( !
 /ock1 ) a cross slit at ! top1 &1 ! b>k
 be+ g5tly rais$ at ea* ( ! corn]s made 
by ! int]section ( ! long slit & !      
horizontal slit1 ! piece ( b>k ) ! bud  
atta*$ is c>efully introduc$ "u ! b>k ( 
! /ock1 :i* is clos$ ov] x1 & b\nd      
tightly ) a bit ( ba/ mat1 9 ord] t !   
b>k conta9+ ! new bud may be press$ z   
closely to ! wood ( ! /ock z possible4  
,if ! op]ation has be5 prop]ly p]=m$ & !
 bud 0 a heal?y "o1 x w soon beg9 to    
swell2 &1 :5 x does s1 x w pu% (f !     
foot-/alk ( ! old leaf t 0 tak5 (f ) x1 
s t :5 ?is foot-/alk falls x is a sign !
 bud has tak54 ,:5 ! bud has develop$   
itself into leaves1 ! ligature %\ld be  
loos5$ to all[ ! bran* ( ! /alk to exp&4
 ,! op]ation ( budd+ requires a good    
deal ( nicety3 fir/1 to avoid w\nd+ !   
wood ( ! /ock 9 slitt+ ! b>k2 &1        
secondly1 to make ! b>k ( ! scion fit q 
closely to ! wood ( ! /ock1 z1 if ! lea/
 vacuity is left betwe5 !m1 ! bud w )]  
in/ead ( beg9n+ to gr[4  ,graft+ diff]s 

f budd+1 9 ! scion consi/+ ( sev]al buds
 in/ead ( "o4 ,x is also p]=m$ at a     
diff]5t "t ( ! ye>2 z ,m>* & ,april are 
! prop] seasons = graft+1 :]eas budd+ is
 nev] p]=m$ till aft] ,midsumm]4 ,9     
graft+1 sometimes ! head ( ! /ock is cut
 (f1 & sometimes only ! bran*1 & ! scion
 is select$ accord+ to ! size ( ! "p to 
:i* x is to be atta*$4 ,:5 ! scion & !  
/ock h be5 bo? *os51 !y are cut         
slant+ly1 s t "o may fit into ! o!r2 &  
c>e be+ tak5 t ! b>k & s(t wood ( ! two 
unite1 at lea/ on "o side1 ! two pieces 
are b\nd toge!r1 & ! ligature is cov]$ )
 :at is call$ graft+ clay1 t is1 a      
mixture ( /iff clay1 ) a f\r? "p ( fre% 
horse-dung1 & a small quantity ( cut    
hay4 ,ano!r k9d ( graft+ clay is compos$
 ( equal p>ts ( /iff clay & c[-dung4 ,x 
is ( v little consequ5ce :e!r ! scion & 
! /ock are ( ! same diamet]1 provid$ !y 
are s cut & fitt$1 z to leave no vacuity
 betwe5 !m1 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! union is to 
be effect$2 &1 to keep !m q closely     
atta*$ to ea* o!r1 x is cu/om>y to =m a 

tongue1 or little project+ "p1 by mak+ a
 slant+ cut 9 ! scion1 & to make a      
correspond+ slit 9 ! /ock to receive x4 
,!re are sev]al k9ds ( graft+2 b t :i*  
,i h describ$1 & :i* is call$ :ip or    
tongue graft+1 is ! mo/ common1 & x is  
always p]=m$ ) ! firm or rip5$ wood4    
,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r k9d ( graft+1 n[  
becom+ common 9 ! nurs]ies1 :i* is p]=m$
 ) ! "y1 or unrip5$ wood1 & ?is is call$
 h]bace\s graft+1 because ! p>ts ( ! /em
 ) :i* x is p]=m$ are z succul5t z !    
/ems ( h]bace\s plants4 ,9 ?is k9d (    
graft+1 ! %oot ( ! /ock is brok5 (f ab\t
 two in*es bel[ ! po9t1 & all ! leaves  
are tak5 (f except two1 "o on ea* side1 
:i* are left to draw up ! sap4 ,! /ock  
is !n split ) a v %>p knife betwe5 !    
leaves left on x2 &1 ! base ( ! scion   
hav+ be5 cut into a w$ge-%ape1 x is fix$
 into ! cleft made 9 ! /ock1 :i* is b\nd
 tightly up ) /rips ( c]eclo?1 or co>se 
cotton clo? cov]$ ) graft+ wax1 made (  
equal p>ts ( turp5t9e1 bees' wax & ros91
 ) a little tall[1 melt$ toge!r4        

,sometimes plants1 especially camellias 
9 pots1 are graft$ 9 ?is mann]1 & plac$ 
9 a ho?\se "u h&-glasses1 & ! pot       
surr\nd$ ) moss1 to keep ! cutt+ z close
 z possible4 ,?is mode ( graft+ is (    
,fr5* orig91 & x is call$ la greffe     
et\ffe4  ,in>*+ be>s consid]able        
resemblance to lay]+1 z x is p]=m$ )\t  
sep>at+ ! "p :i* is to =m ! new plant4  
,a bran* is b5t f a liv+ plant1 & p>tly 
cut ?r\gh1 &1 ! tongue ?us =m$ be+      
introduc$ into a slit made 9 ano!r      
plant1 ! two are b\nd closely toge!r4 ,x
 is obvi\s t ?is mode ( graft+1 :i* is  
call$ in>*+1 c only be practis$ ) plants
 9 pots1 z x requires ! two plants t are
 to be unit$ to be br\ght close toge!r1 
& to rema9 s till ! graft has tak5      
effect4  ,y mu/ obs]ve t1 9 all k9ds (  
graft+ & budd+1 !re mu/ be a consid]able
 degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! scion & !
 /ock1 = ! graft to take effect4 ,?us1  
?\gh "o /on$ fruit may be graft$ on     
ano!r1 su* z ! almond or pea* on ! plum1
 a /on$ fruit _c be graft$ on a k]nel$  

fruit1 su* z a plum on an apple or a    
pe>4 ,9 ! l mann]1 an apple _c be graft$
 on an orange1 :i* 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be
 done1 to produce a pomegranate2 nor a  
rose on a black currant1 :i* x 0 =m]ly  
believ$ w\ld produce a black rose4 ,x is
 true t plants are sometimes sold 9     
,italy :i* appe> to h be5 unnaturally   
graft$1 su* z a rose ^u an orange2 b x w
 be f\nd1 :5 closely exam9$1 t ! pi? ( !
 orange has be5 artfully scoop$ out1 & !
 /em ( ! rose tree introduc$ into !     
holl[ space ?us =m$1 ?r\gh a hole made 9
 ! /em close to ! root4 ,9 ?is way ! two
 plants may appe> to be "o = "s "t2 z ! 
/em ( ! orange tree w live & produce    
leaves two or ?ree ye>s aft] ! pi? is   
remov$1 provid$ ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$
 c>efully4  ,! o!r op]ations ( g>d5+ are
 prun+ & tra9+1 &1 z ,i h already spok5 
( ^! :5 treat+ ( ! diff]5t trees1 ,i h  
only to add "h t ! great art 9 prun+ is 
to give a clean slop+ cut )\t bruis+ !  
b>k1 z nature w make an ef=t to cov] !  
w\nd if ! edges ( ! b>k are left 9 a    

heal?y /ate4 ,! use ( a slop+ cut is1 to
 prev5t ! wat] f lodg+ on a w\nd$ "p4   
,trees %\ld nev] be cut 9 a h>d fro/2 & 
z little z possible 9 summ]1 z e bran*  
tak5 (f :ile ! plant is 9 a gr[+ /ate   
excites x to make fre% ef=ts to ?r[ out 
new %oots4 ,_m p]sons look ov] _! trees 
9 summ]1 & rub (f all ! buds :i* !y ?9k 
likely to produce useless %oots2 & ?is  
practice1 :i* is call$ disbudd+1 is a v 
good "o1 z x prev5ts ! tree f wa/+ its  
/r5g? unnecess>ily4 ,! pr9cipal object  
to be atta9$ 9 tra9+ a fruit tree is1 to
 make ! plant produce z mu* fruit z     
possible2 & = ?is purpose ! bran*es are 
b5t backw>ds & =w>ds to cause           
ob/ructions 9 ! sap1 z x is only f      
places :]e !re is an accumulation ( sap 
t fl[]s & fruit are produc$4 ,ano!r     
object 9 tra9+ /&>d trees is to let !   
air into ! c5tre ( ! tree1 s t x may    
rip5 ! wood2 & a second>y object 9 tra9+
 trees aga9/ a wall is1 t e "p ( ! wall 
may be cov]$4  ,i _c quit ! subject (   
g>d5+ )\t say+ a few words on manures4  

,! object ( manur+ gr\nd is1 to supply !
 soil ) c]ta9 prop]ties :i* are necess>y
 = ! nutrition ( ! plants1 & ?is is done
 p>tly by mix+ ) x "s k9d ( animal or ( 
vegetable manure1 & p>tly by add+ "s    
e>?1 9 :i* ! soil ( ! g>d5 may be       
defici5t4 ,! new manures :i* h lately   
be5 s fa%ionable are ( bo? k9ds3 guano  
is ! dung ( sea birds1 :i* has be5      
accumulat+ = ages on isl&s (f ! we/]n   
coa/s ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica2 &       
nitrate ( soda & ,humphrey's comp\nd are
 m9]al sub/ances :i* are v efficaci\s 9 
promot+ vegetation4 ,! be/ vegetable    
manure is =m$ f decay$ leaves1 & ?is is 
a manure :i* may always be us$ ) p]fect 
safety2 :]eas ! o!rs are v injuri\s if  
us$ 9 too huge a quantity4  ,no k9d (   
animal manure %\ld be us$ 9 a g>d5      
7except = mak+ hotb$s7 till x is        
?or\ghly decay$ & all f]m5tation is gone
 (f2 z :ile x is 9 process ( decay !    
gases x evolves are decid$ly hurtful to 
plants4 ,^? manures :i* ab\nd 9 nitrog51
 su* z /able manure & ! dung ( birds1   

are ! /ronge/ & mo/ dang]\s2 z if us$   
incauti\sly !y w black5 & %rivel up !   
leaves ( ! plants to :i* !y are appli$4 
,guano & pigeon's dung are v mu* alike 9
 _! prop]ties1 & bo? are ( an extremely 
cau/ic nature2 s t !y %\ld only be us$ 9
 v small quantities1 or be v mu* dilut$4
 ,"o ounce ( guano to a gallon ( wat] is
 a common proportion2 or ! guano may be 
mix$ ) six or sev5 times its own bulk ( 
loam1 peat1 or *>coal1 & dug into !     
gr\nd be=e ! crops are s[n3 if appli$   
aft]w>ds z a top dress+1 x %\ld be ei!r 
9 wet wea!r1 or ! soil %\ld be well     
wat]$4 ,*>coal is v efficaci\s 9 "s     
cases1 b x appe>s v>iable 9 its action2 
z sometimes x produces sc>cely any      
effect4 ,nitrate ( soda & saltpetre act 
pr9cipally by supply+ a p>ticul> k9d (  
e>? to plants t are 9 want ( x1 & (     
c\rse w n suit all plants2 b !y are also
 ( s]vice 9 keep+ ! e>? moi/1 & ?is1 :5 
n c>ri$ to an excess1 is always useful4 
,:5 x is wi%$ to keep plants con/antly 9
 a gr[+ /ate1 ! soil %\ld be r5d]$ ri*1 

& ! plants %\ld also be wat]$ frequ5tly1
 s z nev] to suff] ! soil to become q   
dry2 equal c>e be+ tak5 to keep x free f
 /agnant wat]1 :i* w\ld rot ! roots4    
,:51 h[ev]1 ! plant is to be h>d5$1 to  
/ay out ! w9t]1 x %\ld be kept z dry z  
possible1 & no manure %\ld be appli$ =  
"s "t previ\sly to ! cold wea!r sett+ 94
 ,no?+ is less g5]ally und]/ood ?an !   
use ( manures4 ,!y are 9 fact food2 &   
%\ld n be giv5 to plants 9 excess1 any m
 ?an *ildr5 %\ld be cramm$ ) food4 ,/>v+
 & repletion %\ld bo? be c>efully       
avoid$2 & ! great art ( ! cultivator is 
%[n 9 supply+ plants ) food only :5 !y  
ne$ x4 ,too mu* wat] w sometimes produce
 leaves & /ems in/ead ( fruit & fl[]s2 &
 %oots ( great luxuriance v frequ5tly d 
n rip51 & are kill$ by ! fir/ fro/4     
,aft] tell+ y h[ to gr[ fruit1 ,i mu/   
next tell y h[ to keep x4 ,a prop]      
fruit-room %\ld be fitt$ up ) broad     
%elves1 or wood5 trays ) rims 9 front to
 prev5t ! fruit f fall+ (f1 & divid$    
into comp>tm5ts = ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,!re  

is g5]ally a l>ge table 9 ! c5tre =     
sort+ ! fruits1 & a !rmomet] %\ld be    
hung on "o side to regulate !           
temp]ature4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,l9dley1 ! 
ess5tial po9ts = a fruit-room are1 a l[ 
& /eady temp]ature2 dryness to a c]ta9  
po9t1 = apples are f\nd to keep be/ 9 a 
r damp atmosph]e2 & exclusion ( !       
ext]nal air3 to ?is he adds1 t x is     
necess>y to keep ! fruit 9 comp>ative   
d>kness1 to prev5t x f becom+ %rivel$ & 
ripe prematurely2 t ! temp]ature ( !    
room %\ld n be mu* above #dj2 & t !     
%elves %\ld be ( :ite deal1 z t wood    
does n give an unpleasant ta/e to !     
fruit4  ,fruits keep be/ :5 laid        
sep>ately1 s z n to t\* ea* o!r2 &      
sometimes pe>s may be kept by pack+ !m 9
 f]n1 & grapes by pack+ !m 9 j>s 9      
sawdu/4 ,walnuts & *e/nuts %\ld be kept 
9 r a moi/ place1 & cov]$ ) f]n to      
exclude ! air z mu* z possible1 z !y are
 mu* injur$ if !y are kept too dry4  ,i 
may "h m5tion t :5 sweet *e/nuts are s5t
 to ! table1 !y ought always to be boil$

 fir/1 & roa/$ aft]w>ds2 z1 if roa/$ )\t
 previ\sly boil+1 x is sc>cely possible 
to cook !m suffici5tly to make !m       
:olesome1 )\t burn+ !m4 ,aft] !y h be5  
boil$1 be=e !y are put d[n to roa/1 c>e 
mu/ be tak5 to prick ! sk9s2 z1 if ?is  
is neglect$1 ! *e/nuts w fly ab\t 9 all 
directions z soon z ! out] sk9 becomes  
p>*$4     ,,book ,,iii4 ,,dome/ic       
,,animals4   ,,lett] ,,xiii4            
,,quadrup$s ,,kept ,,=                  
,,amusem5t4--,,horses ,,= ,,rid+ ,,&    
,,driv+ ,,9 ,,pony ,,c>riages4--,,mules1
 ,,zebras1 ,,quaggas1 ,,&               
,,donkeys4--,,dogs ,,& ,,cats4   ,i am  
delight$1 my de> ,annie1 to f9d t y are 
fond ( rid+4 ,!re is some?+ noble &     
invigorat+ 9 ! ex]cise4 ,if y\r horse is
 tractable & docile1 y w soon beg9 to   
consid] him z y\r fri5d2 & if he is     
refractory1 y w feel a pride 9 be+ able1
 by skill1 to conqu] a p[]ful be+       
possess+ /r5g? s sup]ior to y\r own4 ,i 
l to see a lady ride well & fe>lessly2  
&1 9 %ort1 ! only drawback ,i c f9d to !

 pleasure y\r lett] gave me is1 !       
some:at my/]i\s malady ( y\r horse1 on  
:i* y consult me4 ,y say t1 ?\gh a f9e  
spirit$ creature :5 y are on its back1 x
 appe>s dull & /upid :5 fir/ br\ght out1
 & t x %uffles aga9/ ?+s z if x 7       
half-bl9d4 ,y say y h consult$ a vet]9>y
 surgeon1 :o says t !re is no disease 9 
! eyes1 s t ,i suspect ! evil lies :]e y
 h probably nev] ?\ght ( look+ = x1 viz4
 9 ! /able4 ,if y\r /able is d>k1 !     
my/]y is expla9$ at once2 & ,i ?9k x is 
v probable t ?is may be ! case1 z y tell
 me t y\r horse is kept 9 a /able ap>t f
 ! re/1 t x may be tak5 m c>e (4  ,i    
believe1 inde$1 t m ( ! diseases (      
horses dep5d on ! /able ?an is g5]ally  
imag9$4 ,if ! /able be d>k ! eyes are   
affect$2 & if x be damp ! horse is      
liable to cat* cold2 & c\ghs1           
inflammation ( ! lungs1 & f9ally brok5  
w9d1 are ! results4 ,ano!r evil 9 _m    
cases arises f ! /able t y w\ld n       
readily ?9k (1 & t is1 if ! doorway is  
too small & ! po/s on ea* side ( x      

%>p-edg$1 ! hair ( ! horses is frequ5tly
 injur$ 9 go+ 9 & out4 ,horses are1 9   
fact1 mu* m delicate ?an is g5]ally     
imag9$1 & _m ( ! diseases ) :i* !y are  
afflict$ arise f a want ( prop] att5tion
 to _! com=ts4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! fir/ ?+
 9 ! managem5t ( a horse is1 to see t   
its /able is spaci\s1 light1 well air$1 
& dry4 ,9 att5d+ to ! latt] po9t1 h[ev]1
 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is kept dry by a  
dra9 9 ! c5tre & at ! back ( ! /all1 & t
 ! pav+ is z ne>ly level z possible4 ,x 
has = "s ye>s pa/ be5 ! fa%ion to make !
 pavem5t ( /ables slope s consid]ably   
t[>ds ! door t ! horse's =e-feet /& mu* 
high] ?an 8 h9d feet2 & ?is is n only a 
mo/ uncom=table position = a tir$ horse1
 b x is v apt to br+ on diseases 9 !    
=e-feet & legs4 ,x is also ( great      
importance t ! /alls %\ld be l>ge en\gh 
to all[ ea* horse room to turn himself1 
& to lie d[n com=tably 9 any position he
 may fancy4 ,we all "k :at a com=t x is 
:5 we are tir$1 to /ret* ourselves out  
h[ we l2 & a hunt] turn$ into a loose   

box1 aft] a h>d day's "w1 w (t5 be f\nd 
ly+ ) 8 legs /ret*$ out l a dog1 in/ead 
( hav+ !m d\bl$ "u him z horses are     
oblig$ to sleep :5 conf9$ 9 n>r[ /alls4 
,x is a great advantage :5 !re is a wide
 space betwe5 ! /alls & ! door1 z x     
prev5ts ! w9d f bl[+ directly ^u !      
horses e "t ! door is op5$4 ,x is also  
be/ n to h ! /able 9 an expos$          
situation1 b to h x s plac$ t x may be  
%elt]$ by "s o!r build+ f ! nor? & ea/  
w9ds4 ,! l(t9ess ( ! /able is ano!r v   
important po9t4 ,x is ! cu/om 9 _m      
places to h ! hay-l(t ov] x2 b ?is is   
bad 9 e po9t ( view1 z x n only makes ! 
ceil+ ( ! /able l[1 & by conf9+ ! air   
r5d]s ! horses liable to take cold e "t 
! door is op5$1 b ! du/ & se$s f ! hay  
are apt to fall f ! l(t :5ev] ! horse is
 suppli$ ) hay1 & to injure him by gett+
 into 8 eyes4 ,i am fully aw>e :5 ,i am 
say+ ?is1 t y c nei!r alt] ! position ( 
y\r /ables nor make !m l>g]1 )\t m      
exp5se be+ incurr$ ?an y\r husb& w\ld   
p]haps approve (4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t  

he w\ld object to hav+ an additional    
w9d[ made1 or to add+ to ! height ( !   
/able by remov+ ! floor ( ! l(t1        
p>ticul>ly if !re be any small room     
adjo9+ ! /able 9 :i* ! hay c conv5i5tly 
be kept4  ,a great deal1 also1 may be   
done by cleanl9ess4 ,:5ev] ! horse is   
out1 ! /able %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & !
 w9d[s op5$1 & :5ev] !re is an          
opportunity ! rack & mang] %\ld be well 
clean$ & sc\r$ ) a bru%4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  
important t ! /able %\ld be dry :5 !    
horse returns to x4 ,9 "s places /ables 
are w>m$ by flues or hot-wat] pipes1 or 
by a fire be+ kept 9 ! h>ness-room      
adjo9+2 &1 :5 !re are no means ( ?is    
k9d1 ! /able may be kept dry by hav+ a  
lamp con/antly burn+ 9 a lant]n susp5d$ 
f ! ro(4 ,x is1 inde$1 said t any /able1
 h[ev] damp1 may be dri$ ) ?is exp$i5t 9
 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & t a simil> lamp hung 
9 ! h>ness-room w be suffici5t1 )\t     
fires1 to keep ! h>ness un9jur$ = ye>s4 
,a great deal ( ! com=t & heal? ( y\r   
horses mu/1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! c>e &     

att5tion ( y\r grooms4 ,no?+ is m       
injuri\s to a horse ?an to be kept /&+  
on 8 litt] all day4 ,to use ! words ( an
 exce$+ly clev] writ] on ! subject 7,sir
 ,george ,/eph5s71 x makes ! ho(        
brittle2 dries up ! sole1 & de/roys its 
ela/icity2 cank]s ! frog1 & is a common 
cause ( grease & swell$ legs4 ,if1 on ! 
o!r h&1 ! dung is regul>ly remov$1 & !  
dry & clean /raw c>efully sep>at$ e     
morn+1 & plac$ "u ! mang] till want$1 ! 
/able is free f unpleasant smells1 &    
ab\t half ! quantity ( clean /raw w be  
consum$4  ,horses %\ld always be clean$ 
9 ! op5 air1 if ! wea!r w p]mit2 z !y   
frequ5tly hurt !mselves aga9/ _! /alls  
:5 clean$ 9 ! /able1 & sometimes acquire
 a habit ( crib-bit+4 ,_m horses h sk9s 
s f9e z to be unable to be> ! use ( !   
common curry-comb1 & ^! horses %\ld be  
clean$ ) bru%es ! bri/les ( :i* are (   
unev5 l5g?4 ,good clean+ is a mo/       
ess5tial po9t 9 ! managem5t ( a horse2 &
 ! horse ought to be s clean z n to soil
 y\r h&1 or y\r pocket-h&k]*ief1 if     

drawn ov] 8 back4 ,ano!r po9t to be     
att5d$ to1 aft] a horse has _h unusual  
"w1 is1 to let ! groom rub 8 legs d[n   
well1 p>ticul>ly 8 back s9ews3 ea* leg  
%\ld be rubb$ = at lea/ t5 m9utes4 ,:5  
horses come 9 w>m1 ) _! legs v dirty1 !y
 %\ld n be wa%$ imm$iately1 b !y %\ld be
 rubb$ dry ) /raw1 & only "s ( ! dirt   
tak5 (f ) a dry bru%4 ,! feet %\ld1     
h[ev]1 be exam9$1 & any /ones t may be 9
 %\ld be pick$ out1 & ! soles ( ! feet  
wa%$4 ,a horse1 :5 v hot1 %\ld also n be
 cov]$ ) a clo?1 till he has be5 rubb$  
dry ) /raw4 ,wa%+ ! legs ( a horse )    
cold wat]1 :5 ! horse comes 9 hot &     
dirty1 is sure to give a sudd5 *ill2 &  
putt+ on a clo?1 :ile ! hair ( a horse  
is wet f ! effects ( viol5t ex]cise1    
s5ds ! p]spiration 91 & is sure to lay !
 f\ndation = disease4 ,:5 a horse is v  
hot1 he %\ld be rubb$ = half an h\r be=e
 any clo? is put on at all2 & !n1 if !  
heat ( ! horse break out into moi/ure   
aga91 ! horse %\ld h a second rubb+1    
aft] :i* he %\ld be cov]$ ) ano!r q dry 

clo?4 ,! coat ( a horse g5]ally becomes 
?ick & %aggy 9 w9t]1 & :5 x does s !    
horse may ) p]fect safety be clipp$1 &  
inde$ x w be an advantage1 z ! hair1 if 
%ort1 is mu* easi] dri$ :5 wet1 & c be m
 ?or\ghly clean$4 ,great c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/
 be tak5 to protect a horse :5 newly    
clipp$ f cold2 &1 %\ld ! wea!r be sev]e1
 ! horse n only ought to h an additional
 clo? on 9 ! /able1 b 8 legs may be     
b&ag$ ) flannel roll]s4 ,! feet ( a     
horse %\ld be /opp$ e o!r night ) a     
mixture ( clay & c[-dung1 & ?is1 &      
ano9t+ ! ho( ) t> 9 hot wea!r1 w keep ! 
horny "p ( ! foot moi/ & ela/ic4 ,a     
great improvem5t has tak5 place 9 %oe+  
horses )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 by int]pos+ a 
?ick piece ( lea!r1 &1 9 "s cases1 (    
,india rubb]1 betwe5 ! iron %oe & ! ho( 
( ! horse4  ,horses %\ld always be f$ & 
ex]cis$ regul>ly4 ,if ! hay be cut1 less
 w be wa/$2 & if ! oats be bruis$ & mix$
 ) cut /raw1 ?ree fe$s a day w g5]ally  
be suffici5t in/ead ( f\r4 ,if ! s]vants
 compla9 ( ! additional lab\r ( bruis+ !

 oats1 a mill may be procur$ = t        
purpose1 :i* w co/ a m]e trifle1 & !    
turn+ ( :i* w af=d employm5t = ! poor4  
,x is seldom advisable to give a horse t
 is only mod]ately work$ beans1 b x %\ld
 nev] be /9t$ 9 its wat]1 except :5 go+ 
out4 ,if horses are kept %ort ( wat]1 !y
 w dr9k too mu* :5 !y h an opportunity2 
& ?us (t5 injure _! w9d4 ,:5 a horse is 
ov]-tir$1 & refuses 8 corn1 he w        
frequ5tly take a ma% ( oatmeal & wat]1  
p>ticul>ly if slightly w>m1 & no?+ c be 
bett] = him4  ,:5 a horse is slightly   
indispos$1 ,i w\ld n advise y to put him
 imm$iately into ! h&s ( a f>ri]4 ,mo/  
c\ntry f>ri]s are ignorant p1 :o h a    
c]ta9 set ( recipes :i* h be5 h&$ d[n f 
fa!r to son1 & :o are z f> beh9d !      
pres5t age z ,culpep]1 :5 he recomm5ds  
o9tm5ts ( c]ta9 h]bs ga!r$ "u ,m]cury to
 be kept 9 e h\se1 z a sov]eign rem$y = 
all compla9ts1 ev5 brok5 bones4 ,x is   
said t horses ?rive mo/ if !y h always a
 lump ( salt & ano!r ( *alk 9 ! mang]4  
,_m p]sons turn a horse out to grass to 

cure a c\gh1 b ?is g5]ally only makes   
matt]s worse1 if ! horse has be5        
previ\sly kept 9 ! /able4 ,:5 a horse   
has tak5 cold1 he may frequ5tly be cur$ 
by /opp+ 8 corn & giv+ him ma%es ( ?9   
gruel & bran = a few days4 ,slight      
fev]i% symptoms1 :i* (t5 att5d a cold1 &
 are kn[n by ! nose feel+ hot1 ! eyes   
look+ dull1 & ! coat r\gh1 ) loss (     
appetite1 may g5]ally be cur$ by simil> 
means1 ) a dose ( two dra*ms ( aloes = a
 horse1 & some:at less = a pony4 ,if ^! 
means are n suffici5t1 ! horse may be   
bl$2 b1 if x /ill cont9ues ill1 a       
vet]9>y surgeon mu/ be s5t =4 ,= a      
bruis$ leg or a light /ra9 a common     
bread p\ltice may be appli$2 a l>ge     
co>se /ock+ be+ drawn ov] ! leg fir/1 & 
!n ! p\ltice put into x s z to lie on ! 
diseas$ "p4 ,%\ld a horse break 8 knees1
 ! "p ought to be wa%$ ) w>m wat] & a   
sponge1 to remove any dirt or gravel2 & 
!n a little unsalt$ l>d or butt] %\ld be
 appli$1 ) a little p[d]$ alum 9 x if ! 
w\nd be l>ge2 &1 tak+ c>e to make ! hair

 lie z smoo? z possible1 a bit ( l95    
%\ld be laid on ! place1 & kept on ) a  
knee-cap1 n ti$ too tight4 ,if ! knee be
 bruis$ z well z cut1 a p\ltice %\ld be 
appli$1 & *ang$ two or ?ree times a day2
 b on no acc\nt use gunp[d]1 :i* is a   
fav\rite rem$y = brok5 knees ) ignorant 
p1 z x only irritates ! w\nd4  ,on no   
acc\nt keep a vici\s horse4 ,d n believe
 :at horse-jockeys or grooms may tell y 
( x be+ only play1 or be+ easily cur$4  
,x is true t horses (t5 become vici\s   
?r\gh ! teas+ ( grooms2 b vice1 :5 once 
%[n1 is nev] ?or\ghly eradicat$4 ,sir   
,george ,/eph5s has "s excell5t         
obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,a horse    
does n und]/& a je/3 tickl+ him or p9*+ 
him2 worry+ him 9 ! /all2 sometimes     
coax+ & !n scold+ him2 dress+ him :5    
fe$+2 pu%+ him ) ! =k2 all play ( ?is   
sort leads to retort1 :i*1 :5 x becomes 
habitual1 is incurable vice4 ,o!r faults
 9 horses arise f ! follies ( rid]s4 ,a 
horse %\ld be m\nt$ /eadily1 b promptly2
 & :5 m\nt$1 %\ld be all[$ to walk away 

quietly = ! fir/ hundr$ y>ds3 in/ead (  
?is1 no?+ is m common ?an to see a man1 
z soon z 8 foot is 9 ! /irrup1 apply !  
spur & *eck ! curb1 to %[ (f 8 horse's  
_s4 ,?us he becomes irritable & impati5t
 ! in/ant he is l$ out ( ! /able1 &     
sometimes acquires a habit ( re>+ &     
plung+ be=e ! rid] is well settl$ 9 8   
seat4 ,"s ?\ghtless blockheads c nev]   
pass a c>riage 7p>ticul>ly if !re are   
ladies 9 x7 )\t ! same ambition (       
display2 & h5ce ! animal views !        
approa*+ c>riage z a =]unn] ( puni%m5t1 
& resi/s e attempt to pass x4 ,9 h>ness 
horses frequ5tly acquire a habit ( gibb+
 or sw]v+ to "o ride f inatt5tion to !  
coll>2 z if x galls ! %\ld]1 or presses 
on ! w9dpipe1 :i* x (t5 does :5 n made  
expressly = ! horse t we>s x1 he resi/s 
! draught2 &1 :5 puni%$ = resi/ance1 he 
re>s or kicks2 &1 if he ?us vanqui%es a 
timid driv]1 he w repeat ! trick till x 
becomes habitual4 ,_m "y m5 take pride 9
 urg+ a horse =w>d1 & apply+ ! curb at !
 same "t to make ! horse collect        

himself1 & pi(f or make ! c\brette2 or1 
9 o!r words1 prance & re>4 ,if1 :5 !    
horse is 9 ?is /ate1 ! "r re9 be press$1
 ! horse w passage1 t is1 cross 8 legs1 
& g sideways to ! "r1 ) 8 head b5d+     
t[>ds ! "r2 b if ! left re9 be press$   
also1 ?\gh n q s /rongly z ! "r1 ! horse
 w p]=m ! manuvre call$ ! paule en      
d$ans1 & w g sideways to ! left1 b5d+ & 
look+ t[>ds ! "r4 ,b )\t go+ ?r\gh all !
 t]ms ( ! mange1 ,i may obs]ve t mo/    
rid+-ma/]s advise _! pupils to make !   
horse feel ! re92 & ?is1 :i* is call$ ! 
be>+ or appui1 is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce 9
 good horseman%ip4 ,!re %\ld inde$ be a 
prop] und]/&+1 if ,i may use ! t]m1     
betwe5 ! horse's m\? & ! rid]'s h&1 s z 
to make ! horse obey ! slighte/         
indication f ! re94 ,all ! movem5ts (   
guidance 9 a good rid] %\ld inde$ be s  
slight & g5tle z to be almo/            
imp]ceptible1 !re %\ld be no?+ approa*+ 
to j]k+ or pull+2 b ! horse %\ld seem   
in/9ctively to obey ! rid]'s w4 ,x is a 
v good plan to accu/om y\r horse to y\r 

voice1 & to pat or c>ess him & give him 
occasionally an apple1 a piece ( bread  
or a c>rot1 speak+ k9dly to him at !    
same "t4 ,horses may inde$ be taught z  
_m tricks z dogs1 & sometimes m4 ,i h   
kn[n sev]al in/ances ( %oot+ ponies     
le>n+ to op5 gates2 & ,i h he>d ( o!rs  
:o h be5 taught to pick up a h&k]*ief1 a
 glove1 or ev5 a :ip1 9 _! m\?s1 & to   
turn _! heads r\nd ) x1 s z to give x to
 _! rid]4  ,:5ev] y ride out1 take c>e t
 y\r hair is comb$ smoo?ly (f y\r face1 
& firmly twi/$ up beh9d2 y\r hat %\ld   
also fit prop]ly1 & be ti$ firmly "u y\r
 *91 n m]ely = ! com=t x w give y1 b    
because1 if ei!r y\r hair or y\r hat    
%\ld feel loose1 & y %\ld put up y\r h& 
to arrange !m1 y might t\* ! horse ) y\r
 :ip1 or slack5 y\r hold ( ! re9s 9 su* 
a mann] z to expose y\rself to ! greate/
 dang]4  ,x is h>dly possible to give   
directions = hold+ ! re9s prop]ly by    
words2 z y w\ld le>n bett] 9 five m9utes
 by be+ %[n1 ?an f a volume (           
descriptions4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 advise y to

 take c>e to sit 9 ! c5tre ( y\r saddle1
 & n to hang by ! left crutel ( y\r     
pommel4 ,y %\ld also take c>e to keep   
y\r body erect1 or slightly lean+       
backw>ds2 z1 if y all[ y\rself to lean  
=w>ds1 y w n only h an awkw>d air1 b be 
9 dang] ( mak+ y\r horse /umble1 by y\r 
weight be+ ?r[n too mu* ^u its %\ld]s4  
,! re9s look be/ :5 held only 9 ! left  
h&1 :ile ! :ip is held 9 ! "r1 c>e be+  
tak5 to c>ry x 9 su* a mann] z n to     
irritate ! flank ( ! horse4  ,9 mod]n   
side-saddles1 ! "r-h& crutel ( ! pommel 
is made v small2 b !re is a ?ird crutel 
add$ beh9d1 nom9ally = assi/ance 9      
leap+1 b :i* is v useful 9 enabl+ a lady
 to keep h] prop] position 9 ! saddle4  
,! /irrup is n[ consid]$ ( little use1  
except to support ! left foot1 & _m ( ! 
be/ rid+-ma/]s make _! pupils ride )\t  
"o1 & to put _! arms beh9d !m1 :ile !   
ma/] holds ! longe & urges ! horse to 8 
spe$4 ,:5 a lady c d ?is %e has le>n$ ! 
art ( rid+1 & w be able to rise & fall )
 h] horse )\t any app>5t ex]tion1 & z if

 ! fable ( ! ,c5taur 7 realis$1 & !     
horse & 8 rid] _h become "o body4  ,!   
pres]v+ ( a prop] balance is ! mo/      
difficult "p ( horseman%ip1 & x mu/ be  
att5d$ to 9 e movem5t t is giv5 to !    
horse1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( motion 9 
me*anics4 ,?us1 :5 ! horse is urg$ =w>d1
 ! body %\ld lean =w>ds likewise2 & :5 !
 horse is *eck$1 ! body %\ld be b5t     
backw>ds4 ,a lady is said to h a good   
seat :5 %e c see ! "r %oe ( h] horse 9  
all 8 paces1 by only b5d+ slightly      
=w>ds2 & :5 %e has a good seat1         
p>ticul>ly if %e be c\rage\s & h pres5ce
 ( m9d1 %e w n easily be ?r[n4 ,x is1   
h[ev]1 prop] to "k :at to d 9 cases (   
em]g5cy4 ,:5 a horse re>s1 ! rid] %\ld  
loos5 ! re91 & press ! weight ( h] body 
=w>d2 & :5 a horse kicks1 %e %\ld hold  
h] body back & keep a tight re94 ,:5 a  
horse w keep turn+ r\nd sev]al times1 he
 may g5]ally be *eck$ by pull+ 8 head 9 
! opposite direction to t 9 :i* he wants
 to turn2 &1 :5 a horse runs away1 ! be/
 way is n to attempt to pull him 91 b = 

! rid] to direct all h] en]gies to keep+
 h] horse 9 ! "r c\rse1 & reta9+ h]     
seat4 ,:5 a horse %ies x is f fe>1 & he 
%\ld be patt$ & enc\rag$2 &1 :5 a horse 
/umbles1 8 rid] %\ld raise & support him
 by pull+ 9 8 head1 & at ! same "t ?r[+ 
h] body back4  ,i d n "k :e!r y h a     
pony-c>riage2 b1 if y h n1 ,i w\ld      
advise y to get "o1 z y w\ld f9d x v    
useful 9 summ] to drive r\nd y\r p>k1 & 
to pay visits to y\r neighb\rs4 ,9 a    
close c>riage y see v little ( ! sc5]y1 
& enjoy b little b5efit f ! air2 :]eas1 
9 an op5 c>riage1 y h m enjoym5t ( !    
beauty ( ! c\ntry ?an ev5 9 walk+2 & y h
 e advantage f ! air )\t runn+ s mu*    
risk ( tak+ cold1 z y w\ld d if y 7 to  
op5 ! w9d[s ( a close c>riage4 propos to
 ?is1 ,i h (t5 wond]$ t no bett] means h
 yet be5 contriv$ ( v5tilat+ a close    
c>riage ?an op5+ ! w9d[s1 ! draught f   
:i* is sure to give cold to "s "o4      
,surely a v5tilator might be fix$ 9 !   
ro(1 & a little %utt] contriv$ to slide 
bel[ x1 :5 x 0 n want$1 :i* might be    

mov$ by a /r+ inside ! c>riage4 ,i h    
lately se51 9 ! c\p ( a ,fr5* dilig5ce 9
 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 a little op5+ j above
 ! w9d[s1 :i* 0 fill$ 9 ) d\ble toile   
mtallique1 or wire clo?1 s v f9e z to   
admit b little light1 & no p]ceptible   
air1 & :i* 0 yet suffici5t to prev5t !  
glass f becom+ cov]$ ) /eam :5 all !    
w9d[s 7 clos$2 & some?+ ( ! k9d might1  
,i ?9k1 be g5]ally adopt$4  ,b to return
 to y\r pony-c>riage4 ,if y buy "o1 take
 especial c>e t x runs light2 z x is n  
only a relief to ! feel+s to "k t y\r   
horses h z light a weight to draw z     
possible1 b y w f9d ! motion ( su* a    
c>riage inf9itely m agreeable ?an t ( "o
 :i* is dragg$ along ) difficulty4      
,besides1 a pony-c>riage t is int5d$    
only to c>ry a light weight1 & to run   
ov] smoo? turf or a good road1 ne$ n be 
built s /rongly z a travell+ c>riage1   
:i* is to convey luggage z well z       
pass5g]s1 & :i* w be expos$ to all !    
r\gh treatm5t x is likely to meet ) at  
inns1 z well z ! %ak+ x w probably      

und]go f ! diff]5t k9ds ( roads to be   
driv5 ov]4 ,x is curi\s en\gh1 h[ev]1 t 
a c>riage is r>ely s mu* hurt by pass+  
ov] pavem5t1 h[ev] mu* x appe>s to %ake1
 z x is by pass+ ov] bad roads1 !       
surface ( :i* is unev51 & by :i* ! spr+s
 & braces are /ra9$ unequally4 ,! ,fr5* 
po/ilions are s well aw>e ( ?is1 t !y   
always pref] rattl+ _! c>riages ov] !   
pav1 to driv+ on ! side roads1 h[ev]    
smoo? & invit+ !y may look4 ,9 anci5t   
times we are told ! ladies _h rods1     
call$ pomelles1 fix$ 9 ! ro(s ( _!      
c>riages1 ) a knob at ! end to hold by1 
9 ord] to /eady !mselves :5 ! c>riage 0 
j]k$ ab\t by ! deep ruts 9 ! roads4 ,?is
 01 ,i believe1 ab\t ! "t ( ,*auc]2 &   
?\gh we reta9 remnants ( ! cu/om 9 !    
lace-hold]s ( c>riages 9 mod]n days1 our
 c>riages are n[ too well hung to r5d]  
any?+ ( ! k9d really necess>y4  ,y are  
p]haps n aw>e t a c>riage is hung       
exactly on ! same pr9ciple z a hammock  
is susp5d$ 9 a %ip at sea1 viz4 to      
sub/itute a g5tle & regul> sw++ motion =

 an irregul> j]k+ "o4 ,! pr9ciple (     
susp5d+ c>riages is z old z ! "t ( !    
,saxons2 b x has be5 res]v$ = mod]n days
 to break ! =ce ( inevitable jolts1 by  
su* a v>iety ( pieces ( ela/ic /eel or  
spr+s1 z to r5d] travell+ 9 a c>riage z 
easy z glid+ 9 a boat d[n a smoo? riv]4 
,c>riages1 su* z ^? we h n[ 9 use1 are1 
z no d\bt y "k1 q a rec5t inv5tion4 ,y  
rememb] ! celebrat$ lett] ( ,h5ry ,,iv41
 9 :i* he says1 ,i _c come to y to-day1 
because my wife is us+ my coa*2 & ev5 9 
! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 !re 7 b fifty coa*es
 9 ,london & ,we/m9/]4 ,n[ x w\ld be r  
difficult to c\nt !m1 & x w\ld ev5 be a 
m t$i\s task ?an ,i %\ld l to und]take1 
to enum]ate _! k9ds4 ,i %all1 !re=e1    
cont5t myself ) m5tion+ ! po9ts t are ( 
mo/ importance 9 select+ a c>riage4  ,! 
fir/ ?+ to be exam9$ is1 :e!r x         
possesses prop] ela/icity2 & ?is is     
g5]ally tri$ by hav+ ! c>riage %ak5 on  
its spr+s1 & obs]v+ :e!r x appe>s rigid 
or yield+ to ! vibrations ( ! motion4   
,all c>riages ought to be built ( a%1   

:i* is at once ! mo/ ela/ic & ! t\ghe/ (
 our ,engli% woods2 b1 z x is r         
exp5sive1 *eap] woods are sometimes     
sub/itut$4 ,x is also kn[n t ! n>r[] !  
tread ( a c>riage is1 t is1 ! %ort] !   
axle-trees are1 ! easi] w be ! draught4 
,! spr+s %\ld !n be exam9$1 z ! c>riage 
runs light] & is easi] :5 ! plates ( !  
spr+s are ( equal ?ickness1 ?\gh ! l>ge/
 plate is frequ5tly made mu* ?ick] ?an !
 re/4 ,! /uff+ ( ! c>riage ought also to
 be exam9$1 z1 if ! mat]ial ) :i* x is  
/uff$ be n left suffici5tly loose to be 
ela/ic1 a /uff$ c>riage w be ne>ly z h>d
 & z uncom=table to ride 9 z a c>riage  
:i* 0 =m$ only ( b>e bo>ds2 & c>e %\ld  
be tak5 t ! seats are made suffici5tly  
wide & l[1 & f> en\gh ap>t n to cramp ! 
legs4  ,x is a great po9t1 z reg>ds !   
appe>ance ( a c>riage1 t ! horses %\ld  
be suit$ to x4 ,! mo/ elegant little    
c>riage 9 ! _w w\ld look ridicul\s if   
drawn by a pair ( heavy c>t-horses2 & :5
 a v heavy-look+ c>riage is drawn by    
ponies1 or v light blood-horses1 !      

unpleasant impression produc$ by !      
incongruity is increas$ by a feel+ ( pa9
 at see+ su* noble creatures z horses   
subject$ to lab\r unsuit$ = !m4  ,"s    
p]sons use mules = draw+ c>riages1 & !y 
h ! advantage ( be+ sure-foot$1 besides 
:i* !y are1 ,i believe1 mu* /rong]1 9   
proportion to _! size1 ?an horses4 ,!y1 
h[ev]1 p>take l>gely ( ! bad qualities  
d]iv$ f _! as99e p>5tage1 & are         
sometimes extremely ob/9ate & difficult 
to manage4  ,! quagga & ! zebra are o!r 
animals ( ! ass k9d1 :i* are sometimes  
kept 9 p>ks = _! beauty1 & occasionally 
driv5 9 c>riages4 ,h[ev]1 z ^? :o "k !m 
be/ say t !y are g5]ally wick$1         
trea*]\s1 ob/9ate1 & fickle 9 _!        
disposition1 ,i ?9k ! less a lady has to
 d ) !m ! bett]4  ,aft] say+ s mu* )    
reg>d to animals us$ = rid+ & draw+1 ,i 
mu/ n omit to m5tion asses4 ,mo/ p]sons 
resid+ 9 ! c\ntry keep "o or two ( ^!   
useful animals1 9 ord] t !y may be ready
 to d any k9d ( "w t _! pr\d rival1 !   
horse1 is unfit =4 ,x is sc>cely        

possible to imag9e two animals be>+     
consid]able resemblance to ea* o!r 9 =m1
 m unlike 9 "* & con/itution4 ,! horse1 
z an able writ] on ! subject says1 is   
pr\d1 fi]y1 & impetu\s2 nice 9 8 ta/e2 &
 delicate 9 8 con/itution4 ,! ass1 on ! 
contr>y1 is humble1 pati5t1 & cont5t$ ) 
scanty & co>se food1 :i* o!r cattle     
reject4 ,he be>s1 ) pati5ce & =titude1 !
 mo/ cruel treatm5t3 yet he is m        
susceptible ( /rong atta*m5t ?an !      
horse2 has1 app>5tly1 m prud5ce &       
reflection2 & is capable ( a degree (   
education :i* w\ld n be anticipat$ f !  
=lorn & deject$ appe>ance :i* co>se food
 & h>% treatm5t h r5d]$ habitual to him4
  ,i ?9k y told me 9 y\r fir/ lett] t y 
7 v mu* /ruck ) ! k9dness ( y\r husb&1  
:o1 hav+ recollect$ t y _h be5 accu/om$ 
to take asses' milk1 _h provid$ a %e-ass
 = y4 ,n[1 if t %e-ass has a foal1 let  
me recomm5d y to try :at c be done to   
improve x by good food & k9d treatm5t4  
,i d n mean t x %\ld h ?ree or f\r      
regul> fe$s ( corn e day1 l a horse2 b  

if x is f$ twice or ?rice a day on cut  
hay & /raw1 mix$ ) a v few bruis$ oats1 
x w soon gr[ l>ge & /rong1 & w display a
 degree ( livel9ess & _s t ^? :o only "k
 asses 9 _! degrad$ /ate w\ld sc>cely   
believe possible4  ,?\gh asses are      
prov]bially h>dy1 w>m? seems cong5ial to
 !m1 & x is a well-kn[n fact1 t 9 ,p]sia
 & ,arabia asses are noble &            
high-spirit$ creatures1 fet*+ a high]   
price ?an horses1 & g5]ally pref]r$ to  
!m = ! saddle4 ,ev5 9 ,spa91 !y are     
frequ5tly fifte5 h&s high1 t is1 z l>ge 
z a good-siz$ horse2 :ile 9 ! nor? !y   
are small1 & by no means common4 ,till  
lately !y 7 v seldom se5 9 ei!r ,scotl& 
or ,sw$51 & !y are unkn[n 9 ,norway4    
,if y br+ up y\r little donkey z ,i h   
advis$1 ,i ?9k y w f9d x advantage\s to 
h x regul>ly clean$ l a horse1 & y ne$ n
 be afraid ( y\r groom hurt+ x ) !      
curry-comb1 z ! sk9 ( ! ass is rem>kably
 ?ick4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be brok5 9 &      
regul>ly tra9$ be=e y v5ture to ride x1 
z y w f9d x full ( _s4 ,! usual age =   

break+ donkeys 9 is ab\t ?ree ye>s1 b1 z
 y\rs w be r precoci\s1 ,i ?9k y may    
beg9 :5 x is ab\t two ye>s old4 ,asses &
 mules are admirably adapt$ = m\nta9\s  
c\ntries1 z _! ho(s are long1 & furni%$ 
) v %>p rims1 leav+ a holl[ 9 ! c5tre l 
! r+ ( a patt54 ,! ho( ( ! horse1 on !  
contr>y1 is r\nd & ne>ly flat und]nea?4 
,x is ! peculi> =mation ( ! foot t r5d]s
 mules s valuable 9 ,spa91 :]e !re are s
 _m m\nta9 ridges to be climb$ ov]2 & ,i
 h be5 told t 9 ,spa9 sixty gu9eas      
,engli% is by no means an uncommon price
 to be giv5 = a good mule4 ,y mu/ n =m  
any idea ( :at y\r donkey w be f !      
specim5s y h se5 at wat]+ places2 = no  
d\bt y rememb] :at ! ,iri%man said ( a  
,ramsgate donkey--t x 0 ! h>de/-work$   
creature 9 ! univ]se2 = x 0 c>ry+ angels
 all ! day1 & spirits all ! night4 ,y\r 
donkey1 on ! contr>y1 w spurn ! gr\nd   
b5ea? him2 & ,i expect1 :5 ,i come to   
see y1 to f9d y cant]+ ov] ! d[ns ^u x )
 y\r little dog ,fair ,/> runn+ by y\r  
side4  ,hay+ m5tion$ y\r pretty little  

spaniel rem9ds me t ,i promis$ to give y
 "s h9ts on dog managem5t1 & ,i ?9k ,i  
_c make a m useful conclusion to my     
lett]4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is g5]ally   
all[$ by ! le>n$ 9 su* matt]s1 t :5ev] a
 dog becomes v fat1 :i* lap-dogs are v  
apt to d1 x is sure to h t di/ress+     
disease call$ ! can9e a/hma4 ,h[ _m poor
 dogs h ,i he>d :eez+ & pant+ ) ?is     
compla9t1 & h[ e>ne/ly h ,i long$ to    
become _! doctor6 ,:5 ! disease is (    
mod]ate /&+1 v frequ5tly a little       
ab/95ce1 & fe$+ regul>ly1 b only at /at$
 times1 w give relief2 b1 if ?is is n   
en\gh1 "o gra9 ( t>t> emetic ) two1     
?ree1 or f\r gra9s ( calomel1 accord+ to
 ! size ( ! dog1 w effect a cure4  ,sore
 eyes are = ! mo/ "p produc$ by "s      
d]angem5t ( ! /oma*2 &1 = _! cure1 putt+
 a /ick ( sulphur 9 "s wat] )9 rea* ( ! 
dog w g5]ally be suffici5t4 ,! wat] %\ld
 be *ang$ e day1 b ! same piece (       
sulphur w d = mon?s4  ,almo/ all "y dogs
 are liable to ! di/emp]1 & x kills _m4 
,:5 seiz$ ) x be=e !y are eighte5 mon?s 

old !y g5]ally die1 b aft] t age x is   
mu* less likely to prove fatal4 ,mo/    
dog-doctors give a dose ( t>t> emetic & 
calomel1 l t ,i h m5tion$ above1 if !y  
are call$ 9 :ile ! disease is 9 its fir/
 /age2 b1 :5 x is att5d$ ) a k9d (      
dys5t]y1 !y give balls made ( prep>$    
*alk1 gum arabic1 & cons]ve ( roses1 & !
 dog is f$ on rice-milk4 ,! be/ cure    
h[ev] is1 ,i believe1 a p[d] sold 9 !   
*emi/s' %ops comp\nd$ especially = ?is  
disease2 & y mu/ obs]ve1 :atev] means ( 
cure may be adopt$1 x is ess5tial dur+ !
 :ole progress ( ! compla9t t ! dog %\ld
 be kept w>m & well f$4  ,:5 dogs h fits
 !y may g5]ally be cur$ by ?r[+ cold    
wat] ov] !m1 & inflammation ( ! lungs   
requires ble$+4  ,inflammation ( ! b[els
 is g5]ally incurable1 z is likewise    
can9e madness2 & 9 ! latt] case1 (      
c\rse1 ! dog %\ld be kill$ z soon z     
possible4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 any human be+ or
 any animal be bitt51 ! foll[+ rem$y has
 be5 recomm5d$ to me by a highly valu$  
fri5d1 :o _h x f an em95t ,fr5* surgeon4

 ,x is simply to mix two table-spoonfuls
 ( fre% *loride ( lime1 9 p[d]1 ) half a
 p9t ( wat]1 & ) ?is keep cont9ually    
wa%+ ! w\nd4 ,! *lor9e evolv$ by ?is    
process is said to possess ! p[] (      
decompos+ ! virus2 b ,i hope & tru/ y   
may nev] h occasion to try its efficacy4
 ,*loride ( lime is1 y "k1 wond]fully   
efficaci\s 9 prev5t+ infection1 & 9     
dispell+ noxi\s gases4  ,z ,i am p>tial 
to cats1 ,i _c resi/ say+ a few words   
respect+ !m4 ,?\gh orig9ally ! natives (
 w>m climates1 !y are g5]ally mu* m h>dy
 ?an dogs4 ,!y l w>m?1 h[ev]1 & are v   
p[]fully affect$ by *anges 9 ! wea!r4 ,y
 are1 p]haps1 n aw>e t !re are f\r      
di/9ct races ( cats2 viz41 ! tabby1 :i* 
includes ! black cats1 & :i* is ne>e/   
alli$ to ! wild k9ds2 ! tortoise-%ell   
cat1 :i* came orig9ally f ,spa91 & !    
males ( :i* are buff1 ) /ripes ( a d>k] 
hue2 ! :ite & light-col\r$ cats1 :i* h  
r$di% eyes & a greyi% t9t 9 _! fur1 &   
are desc5d$ f ! ,*>treuse bre$2 & !     
,angora cats1 :i* are q di/9ct f all !  

o!rs1 & are kn[n by _! long fur4 ,!     
tailless cats ( ,cornwall & ! ,isle (   
,man belong to ! ,*>treuse bre$1 & !y   
are ! uglie/ ( _! k9d1 z ! ,angora cats 
are ! h&some/4 ,cats are seldom ill1    
except f cold1 :i* g5]ally gets well )\t
 any p>ticul> c>e be+ tak5 ( x2 b :5 !y 
h any s]i\s disease x g5]ally proves    
fatal4     ,,lett] ,,xiv4  ,,quadrup$s  
,,kept ,,= ,,supply+ ,,food4--,,c[s1    
,,calves1 ,,goats1 ,,pigs1 ,,rabbits1   
,,& ,,de]4   ,i am v glad1 my de>       
,annie1 to he> su* fav\rable acc\nts (  
y\r g>d51 & to f9d1 by ! inquiries y are
 beg9n+ to make1 t y really are tak+ a  
lively int]e/ 9 c\ntry affairs4 ,y say y
 are gett+ q fond ( y\r dairy2 b t y _c 
und]/& h[ x is t y\r c[s produce s mu*  
less milk 9 ! morn+ ?an !y d at night1  
:5 !re are exactly twelve h\rs betwe5 ! 
milk+s 9 bo? cases2 z !y are milk$ fir/ 
at five 9 ! morn+1 & aga9 at five 9 !   
aft]noon4 ,i h no d\bt f :at y say1 t   
y\r c[s are kept 9 ! c[-h\se dur+ !     
night1 & only turn$ out dur+ ! day1 z   

?is w\ld acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 !        
quantity ( milk4 ,b su* a mode (        
managem5t1 ?\gh x saves tr\ble to !     
dairy-maid1 :o f9ds x mu* easi] to milk 
! c[s 9 ! c[-h\se ?an 9 ! op5 field1 is 
bad = bo? ! c[s & ! dairy2 z ! c[s1 aft]
 fe$+ on grass all day1 _c ( c\rse reli%
 dry food at night1 & :5ev] !y fa/      
unnaturally v little milk is secret$4   
,y\r dairy-maid w probably tell y t c[s 
are v delicate1 & t !y w cat* cold if !y
 sleep 9 ! op5 air2 b f ,may till       
,septemb]1 unless ! wea!r be p>ticul>ly 
cold & ra9y1 !y are less liable to take 
cold if !y sleep 9 ! op5 air ?an if !y  
are kept 9 a w>m c[-h\se all night1 &   
turn$ out ab\t sunrise4 ,c[s are        
peculi>ly s5sible ( all sudd5 *anges (  
temp]ature1 especially f heat to cold2  
&1 aft] !y h be5 kept 9 a c[-h\se all ! 
w9t]1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to accu/om 
!m gradually to ! *ange :5 !y are fir/  
turn$ out to grass1 by lett+ !m out only
 = a few h\rs 9 ! middle ( ! day2 b :5  
!y are become accu/om$ to ! op5 air1 & !

 nights are w>m1 !y are mu* bett] kept 9
 ! op5 air altoge!r1 especially if !re  
is a %$ 9 ! field1 "u :i* !y c f9d a dry
 place to lie ^u if x %\ld ra94  ,!     
foll[+ obs]vations on ?is subject are f 
an excell5t "w1 entitl$ ,! ,book ( !    
,f>m1 publi%$ 9 #ahdd3--,?is mode (     
all[+ !m to lie out always 9 a %elt]$   
field1 no d\bt1 imposes a good deal (   
lab\r on ! dairy-maid & h] assi/ant1 9  
c>ry+ ! milk to ! dairy aft] ! calves h 
be5 wean$1 b ,i am p]suad$ x is an      
excell5t sy/em = ! heal? ( ! c[s4 ,"u x1
 c[s rise f _! lair at daybreak1 & fe$  
:ile ! dew is on ! grass2 & by ! "t :5 !
 h\r ( milk+ arrives1 say six o'clock1  
!y are already p>tially fill$ ) food1 & 
/& cont5t$1 *ew+ ! cud1 :ile ! milk+    
proce$s4 ,!y !n rove ab\t1 & fill       
!mselves1 & by n9e o'clock !y lie d[n 9 
a %ady "p ( ! field1 & *ew _! cud until 
milk+-"t arrives at mid-day2 aft] :i* !y
 aga9 roam ab\t = food1 &1 :5 ! aft]noon
 is hot1 w /& 9 ! coole/ "p ( ! field1  
:isk+ away ! flies ) _! tails & e>s4 ,! 

ev5+ milk+ takes place ab\t sev51 aft]  
:i* !y fe$ indu/ri\sly1 & take up _!    
lair ab\t sunset1 f :i* !y r\se !mselves
 9 ! morn+ be=e be+ milk$4 ,"s p are    
appreh5sive t c[s mu/ injure !mselves by
 eat+ grass :i* is wet ) dew 9 ! morn+2 
b x is a fact1 :i* ,i believe is n s    
suffici5tly kn[n z x %\ld be1 t b$ew$   
grass be=e sunrise1 & grass aft] x is   
dri$ by ! sun1 are alike :olesome =     
animals2 & x is only :5 ! dew is 9 ! act
 ( be+ evaporat$1 imm$iately aft]       
sunrise1 t grass proves injuri\s to !m4 
,:y x %\ld be injuri\s at t p>ticul>    
/ate ,i d n precisely "k1 b ,i imag9e x 
to be s1 because ! grass !n becomes     
sudd5ly cold by ! evaporation ( ! dew4  
,:5 c[s lie out1 !y h ne>ly fill$       
!mselves by ! "t ! dew is evaporat$1 &  
!re=e feel less incl9$ to eat ! grass   
:ile 9 ! dang]\s /ate2 :]eas c[s t are  
h\s$ all night are usually milk$ ab\t   
sunrise1 & put out to grass j at ! v "t 
! dew on x is be+ evaporat$1 & is1 (    
c\rse1 9 ! mo/ dang]\s /ate1 j :5 ! c[s 

feel ! greate/ hung]1 & eat mo/ grass4  
,:5 c[s eat a quantity ( grass 9 ?is    
/ate1 !y v (t5 h ! disease :i* is call$ 
hov5 or bl[n4 ,to make y und]/& ?is     
fe>ful compla9t1 ,i mu/ rem9d y t c[s1 9
 common ) all rum9at+ animals1 h f\r    
/oma*s2 & t1 :5 a c[ is turn$ into a    
field1 %e twi/s h] tongue r\nd m\?ful   
aft] m\?ful ( ! long grass1 & aft] bit+ 
ea* (f1 conveys x )\t *ew+ to h] fir/   
/oma* or paun*1 till ?is is ab\t half   
full1 :5 ! animal seems /imulat$ by     
nature to seek re/ & quiet1 = %e leaves 
(f eat+1 & ei!r /&s p]fectly /ill 9 "s  
%ady place1 or lies d[n4 ,! paun* n[    
beg9s to ex]t its extraord9>y p[] (     
sep>at+ a small portion ( ! food x      
conta9s1 & return+ x to ! m\?1 :5 !     
animal beg9s sl[ly to ma/icate x1 moi/5+
 x z %e does s ) small quantities ( wat]
 :i* %e draws up f "t to "t f h] second 
/oma*1 or honeycomb1 9 :i* wat] is      
reta9$ = t purpose2 & ?is op]ation is   
call$ *ew+ ! cud4 ,! food1 :5 ?or\ghly  
ma/icat$1 is convey$ by ano!r *annel to 

! ?ird /oma* or _m-plies1 :]e x is      
subject$ to muscul> action2 &1 f9ally1 x
 is convey$ into ! f\r? /oma*1 or r$    
bag1 :i* conta9s ! ga/ric juice1 & :i* 9
 calves is ! "p us$ = r5net2 & "h !     
process ( dige/ion is complet$4 ,%eep1  
goats1 de]1 & camels are all rum9at+    
animals1 & are1 ( c\rse1 all furni%$ ) !
 same app>atus = dige/ion2 b 9 %eep !   
paun* is small]1 z !y bite close to !   
gr\nd1 & take small] m\?fuls ?an cattle2
 & 9 camels ! second /oma*1 or          
receptacle = wat]1 is mu* l>g]4  ,:5ev] 
rum9at+ animals are p>ticul>ly hungry1  
or are excit$ by any o!r cause to eat   
too mu* food1 !y fill ! paun* s full t x
 is unable to ex]t its p[] ( sep>at+ !  
food x conta9s into small portions =    
ma/ication1 &1 ! :ole mass beg9n+ to    
f]m5t 9 ! paun*1 gases are g5]at$1 :i*  
di/5d ! paun* till x bur/s1 & !         
un=tunate animal is suffocat$1 unless x 
is reliev$ by punctur+ ! paun* ?r\gh !  
hide1 or by =c+ an in/rum5t call$ a     
probang d[n ! ?roat into ! paun*1 & ?us 

op5+ a passage = ! gases to escape4 ,a  
probang is a piece ( :alebone ) a bit ( 
sponge firmly fix$ to "o end2 b1 if "o  
is n at h&1 a cane ) a knot at ! end1 or
 ev5 a rid+-:ip1 ) a ?ick end1 w\ld     
probably suffice4 ,! be/ in/rum5t is a  
k9d ( /oma* pump2 b t1 ( c\rse1 c only  
be _h f a cattle doctor4 ,:5 ! paun* is 
to be punctur$1 ! animal mu/ be /abb$ ) 
a knife 7a p5knife w d7 midway betwe5 ! 
haun*-bone & ! la/ rib ( ! left side2 & 
! op5+ %\ld be prev5t$ f clos+1 by !    
introduction ( a t9 tube or some?+ ( t  
k9d1 till ! gases are dispell$4 ,9 !    
,s\? ( ,france a prop] in/rum5t is kept 
= ?is purpose1 made some?+ l an         
oy/]-knife1 ) a gu>d to prev5t x f go+  
too deeply into ! animal4 ,z soon z !   
animal is reliev$ a /rong /imulant %\ld 
be adm9i/]$1 su* z half a p9t ( g91 or  
an ounce ( h>t%orn 9 a p9t ( ale2 b !   
animal = "s days %\ld be f$ sp>+ly1 & a 
tonic compos$ ( g5tian1 aloes1 g+]1 &   
blue vitriol1 9 p[d]1 ea* "o dra*m1 &   
oak b>k 9 p[d] six dra*ms1 made into a  

ball ) honey1 may be giv5 e morn+4  ,z  
,i h begun to speak ( ! diseases ( c[s1 
,i may add t 9 cases ( cold & slight    
fev]i% symptoms1 !y are g5]ally reliev$ 
by giv+ !m half an ounce ( nitre 9 a ma%
 e night4 ,:]e !re are any symptoms (   
inflammation1 z1 = example1 if ! nose is
 v r$ & hot & dry1 & ! c[ appe>s v      
?ir/y1 & has h] body s h>d t %e seems to
 suff] pa9 :5 x is t\*$1 %e may be bl$1 
& a sal9e draught1 compos$ ( eight      
ounces ( ,epsom salts & f\r ounces (    
ca/or oil may be adm9i/]$2 or1 if a     
/rong] dose seems requisite1 to ^! may  
be add$ half an ounce ( p[d]$ aloes1    
beat5 up ) ! yolk ( an egg1 & mix$      
gradually ) eight ounces ( wat]4  ,9    
di>rha1 or dys5t]y1 give f\r ounces (   
suet boil$ 9 eight ounces ( skim-milk1 )
 six ounces ( />* dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1
 & "o dra*m ( p[d]$ alum2 & keep !      
animal 9 a w>m dry place1 giv+ x ma%es (
 b>ley meal or buck-:eat1 b n ( malt1 & 
only a little wat]1 :i* %\ld be w>m4    
,if ! c[ be affect$ ) ! yell[s1 :i* is  

kn[n by ! no/rils & eyelids look+ yell[1
 t5 gra9s ( calomel %\ld be giv5 e o!r  
night1 & a sal9e dose once a week1 !    
animal be+ kept w>m1 & only turn$ out 9 
! middle ( ! day1 9 a fre% pa/ure1 if   
practicable4  ,loss ( appetite may be   
reliev$ by tonics4  ,all o!r diseases ( 
cattle 7& !y are num]\s7 are too s]i\s  
to be tamp]$ )1 & %\ld be ref]r$ to a   
good cattle doctor at once4  ,_m p]sons 
say a great deal ( ! k9ds ( c[s t are to
 be pref]r$2 b ?is ,i ?9k ( v little    
consequ5ce1 z !re are good & bad milk]s 
( e bre$4 ,g5]ally speak+s small1 neat1 
compact-look+ c[s1 are be/ suit$ = a    
g5tleman's demesne1 z !y look bett] 9 ! 
l&scape1 & d n tread up ! gr\nd s mu* z 
l>ge heavy cattle4 ,ald]ney c[s are mu* 
admir$ = ! elegance ( _! =ms & ! ri*ness
 ( _! milk2 b !y are delicate1 & are    
subject to colds & loss ( appetite4 ,!  
,ayr%ire c[s are q z h&some1 & bo? bett]
 milk]s & mu* h>di]2 b !y are n (t5 to  
be met ) 9 ,engl&4  ,:atev] k9d y       
select1 a great deal dep5ds ^u _!       

managem5t4 ,!y are delicate 9 _!        
appetites1 & d n l grass t !y h trodd5  
d[n & brea!d ^u = _m days2 & !y require 
r long grass1 because !y always wrap !  
grass r\nd ) ! tongue be=e !y bite x1   
in/ead ( nibbl+ ! grass ) _! lips1 &    
bit+ close to ! gr\nd1 z is done by %eep
 & horses4 ,= ^! reasons c[s require to 
h _! pa/ure *ang$ e =tnight if          
practicable2 &1 :5 !y are remov$ f a    
field1 a man %\ld be employ$ to toss _! 
manure ab\t s z to prev5t x f ly+ 9     
pat*es1 z1 unless ?is is done1 co>se    
/rong grass1 :i* no c[ w eat1 w spr+ up 
f e place :]e a pat* ( c[-dung has la94 
,if1 h[ev]1 ! field be prop]ly treat$1 !
 c[ may be br\ght back to x 9 ab\t a    
=tnight1 or at mo/ 9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 
,c[s are v p>ticul> 9 hav+ clean wat]1  
?\gh !y d n dr9k (t51 z ! second /oma*  
s]ves z a res]voir2 & :]e !re is a pond 
!y g5]ally g into x till !y come to deep
 wat] be=e !y dr9k2 & ?is habit is good 
= _! feet4 ,!re %\ld also be ei!r an op5
 %$1 or at lea/ "o l>ge tree1 9 ! field1

 to af=d %ade = ! c[s :ile !y are *ew+ !
 cud2 & !y %\ld nev] be *ang$ sudd5ly f 
a v poor pa/ure to a v ri* "o1 or !     
rev]se4  ,:5 c[s are fir/ tak5 up f     
grass 9 autumn1 !y %\ld be f$ on cut    
grass1 mix$ occasionally ) a few c>rots2
 & !y %\ld be turn$ out 9 ! daytime1 b n
 till aft] n9e or t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 
& tak5 up be=e ! dew falls at night4 ,by
 degrees hay %\ld be m+l$ ) _! food1 & !
 quantity ( ?is %\ld be gradually       
increas$ :ile t ( ! grass is dim9i%$2 "s
 c>rots cut 9 tol]ably ?ick slices & a  
few gra9s be+ giv5 occasionally1 till ! 
c[s h become accu/om$ to _! dry food4   
,!re are few po9ts 9 ! managem5t ( c[s (
 great] difficulty ?an t ( enabl+ !m to 
be> ! transition f grass to dry food )\t
 los+ _! fle%1 or ! quantity ( _! milk  
be+ dim9i%$4 ,! "o is1 inde$1 g5]ally   
dep5d5t on ! o!r1 z no c[ w yield a     
prop] quantity ( milk unless %e is 9    
good condition2 & _m c[s refuse _! food 
altoge!r :5 !y are fir/ tak5 up = !     
w9t]1 z !y none ( !m l dry food s well z

 grass4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t _m f>m]s  
give _! c[s turnips :5 !y are fir/ tak5 
up f grass2 b all succul5t roots &      
vegetables1 except c>rots & boil$       
potatoes1 give an unpleasant flav\r to !
 milk2 s t !y ought nev] to be us$ 9    
private families1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 x is ( m
 importance to h ! butt] good ?an to h a
 l>ge quantity ( x4  ,_m p]sons milk _! 
c[s 9 summ] ?ree times a day1 & ,i      
believe ?is to be a v good plan1 :]e x  
is an object to get z mu* milk z        
possible1 z !re is no d\bt t frequ5t    
milk+ increases ! quantity ( milk       
secret$ by ! animal4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i h    
frequ5tly he>d t ! milk is poor] "u ?is 
managem5t1 9 mo/ cases ,i %\ld ?9k x    
h>dly wor? ! tr\ble4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v  
good plan to make ! dairy-maid take a   
little c ( w>m wat] ) h] :5 %e goes to !
 field1 & to make h] wa% ! udd]s & teats
 ( ! c[s well ) a sponge be=e %e beg9s  
to milk4 ,?is is n only a cleanly       
practice1 b x is agreeable to ! c[1 &   
makes h] "p ) h] milk m readily4 ,aft] !

 dairy-maid has milk$ all ! c[s1 %e %\ld
 beg9 ) ! fir/1 & milk !m all ov] aga91 
z ! milk produc$ by ?is second milk+1   
:i* is call$ ! dripp+s1 is always ri*]  
?an ! re/2 & besides1 if x is left 9 !  
udd]1 ! c[ w gradually become dry4  ,!re
 are _m op9ions ab\t ! l5g? ( "t t a c[ 
%\ld be suff]$ to be dry be=e calv+2 "s 
f>m]s advis+ ! c[s to be let dry two    
mon?s1 & o!rs milk+ !m till )9 a =tnight
 ( ! "t ( calv+4 ,z f> z my own exp]i5ce
 goes1 ! latt] plan is ! be/1 z ,i h    
obs]v$ t1 :5 c[s h be5 dry a long "t1 !y
 are v subject to inflammation 9 ! udd] 
:5 !y are aga9 milk$1 in/ead ( ! contr>y
 be+ ! case1 z is commonly suppos$4 ,:5 
a c[ is to be let dry1 a little milk is 
left 9 ! udd] e "t ( milk+1 & 9 ab\t a  
week or t5 days ! secretion ( milk w    
cease4  ,! fir/ milk aft] calv+ is call$
 bie/+s1 & is s v diff]5t 9 quality f ! 
o!r milk1 t x %\ld n be mix$ ) x4 ,x is 
( a yell[ col\r & a glut9\s nature1 &1  
?\gh x is us$ 9 "s places = mak+ pudd+s 
& cu/>ds )\t eggs1 x ought always to be 

res]v$ = ! calf1 to ^: use nature has   
especially assign$ x4 ,:5 calves are    
all[$ to suck _! mo!rs' milk = ! fir/   
f\r or five days aft] !y are calv$1 !y h
 seldom any ?+ ! matt] ) !m2 b1 :5 !y   
are f$ ) ! milk ( o!r c[s1 !y g5]ally   
require ca/or oil & o!r m$ic9es4        
,calves1 :5 !y are to be re>$1 are      
g5]ally f$ pr9cipally on milk = ! fir/  
?irte5 weeks1 aft] :i* !y are f$ p>tly )
 hay tea1 :i* ! dairy-maids make !m suck
 ?r\gh _! f+]s1 till !y are old en\gh to
 eat grass2 b ! re>+ ( calves is r too  
difficult a task = y to und]take f any  
directions t ,i c\ld give y2 &1 z = !   
managem5t ( ^? poor calves :i* are to be
 fatt5$ & !n sold to ! but*]1 ,i am sure
 y w\ld n wi% to "k any ?+ ab\t x4  ,"s 
p are v p>tial to goat's milk1 z x is   
rem>kably ri* & sweet2 b goats are r    
tr\blesome creatures4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !
 female goats are v caprici\s1 & w n    
only seldom p]mit a /rang] to milk !m1 b
 w (t5 refuse to give d[n _! milk ev5 to
 ^? to :om !y are accu/om$4 ,!y are also

 v tr\blesome f _! be+ mu* m p>tial to  
bran*es ( trees ?an grass2 & if !y c ev]
 contrive to get into a %rubb]y1 :i* !y 
w d if possible1 !y w de/roy ne>ly all !
 %rubs 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t4  
,besides ?is1 "s goats are v fond (     
butt+ at *ildr5 or any p]sons :o may    
appe> weak & delicate2 &1 ev5 ?\gh !y   
may n be able to d any s]i\s mis*ief1 !y
 may cause consid]able al>m4 ,_m p]sons 
are v fond ( ! fle% ( kids1 b x is m    
eat5 abroad ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 goats are 
kept1 !y d be/ 9 flocks1 & !y %\ld h    
access to %elt]1 bo? 9 w9t] & summ]1    
extremes ( heat & cold be+ alike        
prejudicial to !m2 & ! h\se 9 :i* !y are
 kept %\ld h a pav$ floor1 & no litt]4  
,:]ev] !re are c[s & a g>d51 pigs %\ld  
be kept2 z skim-milk & butt]milk1 ) !   
refuse ( a g>d51 are almo/ suffici5t to 
ma9ta9 a pig4 ,pigs are unlike mo/ o!r  
animals1 z !y fatt5 soone/ on s\r food2 
!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be kept clean1 & 9 _m   
places1 ,i am told1 ! cottag]s rub !m ) 
a broom4 ,s[s are v apt to de/roy _! "y 

:5 !y are litt]$ ) long /raw1 z ! pigs  
sometimes hide !mselves 9 x = w>m?1 &   
are trodd5 ^u accid5tally or smo!r$ by  
_! "m4 ,a s[ ought1 !re=e1 to be litt]$ 
) %ort /raw :5 %e is expect$ to produce 
"y4 ,pigs are gre$y creatures1 &1 :5 !re
 are sev]al toge!r1 ! ma/] pig g5]ally  
puts 8 foot 9 ! tr\gh :ile fe$+1 s z to 
prev5t any o!r pig com+ ne> him till he 
has done4  ,"y pigs are g5]ally wean$ :5
 !y are six or sev5 weeks old2 &1 :5 !y 
are kill$ at ?is age or soon]1 !y are   
t]m$ suck+-pigs1 & are g5]ally roa/$    
:ole4 ,aft] !y are tak5 f _! "m !y are  
g5]ally f$ ?ree times a day on a food   
compos$ ( ! wa%+ ( di%es1 skim-milk1    
butt]milk1 :ey1 potatoes1 gra9s1 cabbage
 leaves1 pea-%ells1 & any refuse f !    
g>d54 ,:ile pigs are gr[+ !y %\ld be    
all[$ z mu* lib]ty z !y c h )\t do+     
injury2 b pigs are v tr\blesome         
creatures to turn into a field1 z !y w  
dig up ! roots ( ! grass :]ev] !y c ) _!
 noses1 & on ?is acc\nt "y pigs are     
frequ5tly r+$2 t is1 a sl5d] iron r+ is 

pass$ ?r\gh ! c>tilage ( ! nose1 or !   
c>tilage itself is slit op5 ) a knife4  
,:5 !y are ab\t five or six mon?s old !y
 w h atta9$ _! full gr[?2 &1 if !y are  
int5d$ to be kill$ & eat5 = pork1 !y are
 put up 9 a /y1 & f$ ) boil$ potatoes1  
milk1 & a little b>ley meal4  ,:5 a pig 
is int5d$ = bacon1 he is call$ a        
/ore-pig till he is ab\t eight mon?s    
old1 :5 he is put up to be f$1 & is     
fatt5$ on peas1 meal1 potatoes1 & milk1 
always add+ a sack or two ( gr\nd oats1 
or cru%$ b>ley1 a %ort "t be=e he is    
kill$1 to make ! fat firm4 ,op9ions     
diff] v mu* z to :at k9d ( pig %\ld be  
pref]r$1 b ^? are g5]ally consid]$ ! be/
 :i* h l>ge deep bodies1 %ort legs1 &   
small heads4  ,rabbits are kept ei!r 9  
hut*es or 9 w>r5s1 :]e !y make burr[s 9 
! gr\nd1 & live almo/ 9 a /ate ( nature4
 ,rabbit w>r5s are ( v great ext5t1 v>y+
 f a hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& acres1 & !y c  
only be =m$ 9 dry s&y soils4 ,:5 rabbits
 are kept 9 hut*es1 ! rabbit-h\se %\ld  
be p>ticul>ly dry & well v5tilat$1 z    

rabbits are v subject to a disease call$
 ! rot1 :i* is a species ( liv]         
compla9t1 br\ght on by impure air &     
improp] food4 ,ea* hut* is g5]ally      
eighte5 in*es high1 & ab\t ?ree feet    
wide4 ,x is divid$ into two *amb]s1 9 "o
 ( :i* ! rabbit fe$s1 sleep+ 9 ! o!r4   
,^! *amb]s h a slid+-door betwe5 !m1 s t
 :5 ! rabbit is 9 "o *amb]1 ! door c be 
let d[n1 & ! o!r *amb] cle>$ out4       
,rabbits %\ld be f$ 9 a great measure on
 corn1 peas1 & bran2 & _! food may be   
div]sifi$ by c>rots1 cook$ potatoes1    
t>es1 & a few cabbage leaves2 b ^! la/  
%\ld be fre%1 & nev] 9 ! slighte/ degree
 decay$4 ,lettuces & o!r gre5 food may  
also be occasionally giv51 provid$ !y   
are q fre%1 & t :at ! rabbit does n eat 
is remov$ z soon z x has done fe$+4     
,rabbits %\ld be f$ twice or ?ree times 
a day1 &1 if to be fatt5$ = ! table1 !y 
are consid]$ be/ :5 ab\t ?ree or f\r    
mon?s old4 ,!y are liable to _m         
diseases1 mo/ ( :i* are incurable4 ,"s1 
h[ev]1 may be /opp$ 9 "t1 if1 :5ev] !   

rabbits appe> too l>ge 9 ! body1 _! food
 is *ang$1 & in/ead ( be+ f$ on gre5    
meat1 !y are giv5 no?+ b cut hay & corn1
 & gr\nd peas1 or "s simil> food4  ,i   
%all say no?+ ( ! managem5t ( %eep1 z !y
 c]ta9ly d n come )9 a lady's prov9ce4  
,_! con/itutions are v mu* l ^? (       
rabbits1 & !y are subject to ne>ly !    
same diseases4  ,! k9d ( de] mo/ common 
9 p>ks is ! fall[ de]4 ,^! creatures are
 g5]ally beautifully spott$1 & ! horns (
 ! buck are broad & flat4 ,!y are *ang$ 
e ye>1 be+ at fir/ %ap$ l a f+]1 & n mu*
 l>g]1 b !y aft]w>ds become bran*$1 &   
cont9ue increas+ rapidly 9 size1 & 9 !  
numb] ( _! bran*es1 till ! buck is five 
ye>s old2 !y aft]w>ds increase m sl[ly1 
b !y cont9ue *ang+ 9 =m = sev]al ye>s4  
,! does are exce$+ly tame1 & may be     
easily taught to come & fe$ out ( ! h&1 
:ile ! fawns are ! prettie/ little      
creatures imag9able4  ,! ^w fall[ is    
said to be d]iv$ f an anci5t ,saxon ^w  
signify+ to become pale1 9 allusion to !
 mann] 9 :i* ! col\r ( ! fall[ de] is   

%ad$ d[n f ! deep /reak ( d>k br[n on ! 
back1 to ! pale fawn ( ! sides & ! :ite 
"u ! body4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 b !
 diff]5ces consi/ *iefly 9 ! %ades (    
col\r4 ,! buck ( ! fall[ de] may be     
kill$ f ! middle ( ,june to ! middle (  
,septemb]2 & its v5ison1 :i* is consid]$
 mu* f9] ?an t ( ! doe1 is 9 p]fection  
:5 ! buck is f six to eight ye>s old4   
,does may be kill$ y\ng]2 & if !y h _h  
no fawns1 or h be5 soon depriv$ ( !m1 !y
 are 9 season f ! middle ( ,novemb] to !
 middle ( ,febru>y4  ,de]s are rum9at+  
animals1 &1 aft] !y h fill$ ! fir/      
/oma*1 !y g "u ! %ade ( trees to *ew !  
cud4 ,:5 sn[ is on ! gr\nd fall[ de] are
 g5]ally f$2 z1 if !y are n1 !y are apt 
to d a great deal ( mis*ief to ! trees 9
 ! p>k1 by te>+ d[n ! bran*es4 ,:5 !y   
are f$ x is ) cut hay & /raw1 mix$ ) "y 
%oots ( und]wood4  ,:5 fall[ de] are to 
be %ot1 ! keep] g5]ally gets into a k9d 
( hut1 s contriv$ z to h a loophole 9 ! 
back = ! rifle1 & to wat* ?r\gh1 s t1 :5
 ! h]d passes by1 ! keep] may rema9     

unse5 by ! de]1 & close en\gh to ! h]d  
to select & %oot ! "o mo/ suit$ to 8    
purpose4 ,^! huts h seats inside1 & are 
conv5i5t spots = obs]v+ ! habits ( birds
 & o!r creatures 9 a wild /ate1 :i* w\ld
 n1 "u o!r circum/ances1 suff] human    
be+s to approa* !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9
 p>ks t h be5 long us$ = keep+ de]1 t ^!
 huts are to be f\nd1 z mod]n gamekeep]s
 g5]ally consid] !mselves suffici5tly   
exp]t to select & %oot _! de] )\t any   
protection4 ,9 old p>ks1 likewise1 /rips
 ( bo>ds are frequ5tly f\nd nail$ to !  
trunks ( trees to enable ! keep]s to    
asc5d !m = ! purpose ( %oot+ ! de]2 &   
advantage is tak5 ( rocky sc5]y to make 
caves = ! same purpose4 ,! keep]s 7 also
 att5d$ by a bloodh\nd to *ase any      
un=tunate de] t might be w\nd$ )\t be+  
kill$2 b ?is is n[ also f\nd unnecess>y1
 z ! h]d drive a w\nd$ de] f !m ! mom5t 
x has be5 /ruck1 & ! only use ( !       
keep]'s dog is to foll[ ! de] 9 case x  
%\ld take to ?ick und]wood & lie d[n !re
 to die4  ,!re are two o!r di/9ct       

species ( de]1 viz4 ! r$ de] & ! roe2 b 
!y are n[ seldom kept 9 p>ks 9 ,engl&4  
,! r$ de] is abundant 9 ,scotl&1 & hunt+
 x & %oot+ x ) a rifle1 :i* la/ is call$
 de]-/alk+1 are two fav\rite sports ) ! 
,scot* l&$ proprietors4 ,! male ( ! r$  
de] is call$ a /ag1 ! female a h9d1 & ! 
"y a calf4 ,! /ag1 :5 "y1 is sometimes  
call$ a brocket1 & :5 x is m ?an six    
ye>s old x is call$ a h>t1 &1 if x      
belongs to a royal *ase1 a h>t-royal4 ,x
 /&s ab\t f\r feet high f ! %\ld]1 & "o 
has be5 kn[n to weigh upw>ds ( ?irty    
/one :5 kill$4 ,! roe is ! smalle/ ( !  
de] k9d1 seldom /&+ m ?an two feet high1
 measur+ f ! %\ld]4 ,x is v common 9 a  
wild /ate 9 ,scotl&1 p>ticul>ly on !    
banks ( ,lo* ,lomond1 b x is v seldom   
met ) 9 p>ks4 ,! male ( ! roe is call$ a
 roebuck2 ! female1 a roe2 & ! "y1 a    
fawn2 & ^! creatures d n live 9 h]ds l !
 o!r de]1 b 9 families ( f t5 to tw5ty  
ea*4  ,! natural process by :i* ! horns 
( de] are r5ew$ e ye> is extremely      
curi\s1 ,! "t :5 ! *ange takes place    

v>ies 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( de]3 ^? ( !    
/ag1 & ( ! buck ( ! fall[ de]1 fall (f 9
 spr+1 & are r5ew$ 9 summ]2 b ^? ( !    
roebuck fall (f 9 autumn1 & are r5ew$ 9 
w9t]4 ,v soon aft] ! old horns fall (f1 
a s(t tum\r appe>s :i* is cov]$ ) a     
velvet-l d[n1 & ?is d[ny sk9 rema9s on !
 horns z !y %oot upw>ds1 & divide into  
antl]s4 ,! horns h at ?is "t a v s+ul>  
appe>ance1 z ! s(t d[ny sk9 ) :i* !y are
 cov]$ is completely int]sect$ )        
blood-vessels :i* are design$ by nature 
to supply n\ri%m5t to ! horns1 & !      
furr[s =m$ by ! l>ge/ ( :i* may always  
be aft]w>ds trac$ 9 ! horn itself4 ,:5 !
 horns h atta9$ _! full gr[?1 ! velvet  
sk9 ) its blood-vessels beg9s to dry up2
 & ! /ags at ?is season become v        
injuri\s to trees1 z !y are cont9ually  
rubb+ _! horns aga9/ ! b>k1 9 ord] to   
get rid ( ! sk91 :i* has become         
tr\blesome to !m4 ,x is a s+ul> ?+1 t1  
?\gh /ags %$ _! horns e ye>1 ! old horns
 are sc>cely ev] f\nd2 & x is g5]ally   
suppos$ t ! animals bury !m z soon z !y 

fall (f4 ,! horns gr[ ) v great         
rapidity1 & a pair weigh+ tw5ty-five    
p\nds h be5 kn[n to be =m$ 9 t5 weeks4  
,de] are includ$ 9 ! bea/s subject to ! 
=e/ laws ( ,engl&1 ! o!rs be+ ! fox & ! 
m>t51 & accord+ to "s ! wild bo>2 & !re 
are c]ta9 laws /ill extant respect+ ^!  
bea/s :i* are v curi\s1 & :i* make x    
p5al to kill !m at any b ! prop]        
seasons4 ,=m]ly1 inde$1 kill+ a de]     
unlawfully 0 consid]$ a m he9\s (f5ce   
?an kill+ a man4     ,,lett] ,,xv4      
,,inhabitants ,,( ,,!                   
,,p\ltry-,,y>d4--,,f[ls1 ,,turkeys1     
,,gu9ea ,,f[ls1 ,,geese1 ,,ducks1 ,,&   
,,pigeons4--,,peacocks ,,&              
,,h5s4--,,diseases ,,( ,,p\ltry1 ,,&    
,,_! ,,cure4   ,my h9ts = tea*+ y h[ to 
enjoy a c\ntry life w\ld be sadly       
defici5t if ,i 7 to omit p\ltry1 z !    
duties ( att5d+ on !m are s completely  
fem99e1 t ev5 9 f>m-h\ses !y are        
entirely "u ! c>e ( females2 &1 inde$1  
few arti/s or au?ors w\ld ?9k a picture 
( rural life complete1 if !y did n      

introduce into x ! image ( a fair "y    
girl fe$+ p\ltry4 ,i h j be5 read+ a    
description ( ?is k9d 9 ,miss ,brem]'s  
beautiful /ory ( ,/rife & ,peace1 & x   
has pleas$ me s mu*1 & seems s          
appropriate1 t ,i _c resi/ ! temptation 
( quot+ x4  ,! morn+ 0 fre% & cle>4 ,!  
,septemb] sun %one brightly into !      
valley2 smoke rose f ! cottages4 ,!     
lady-mantles 9 ^: *annell$ cups cle>    
pe>ls trembl$1 ! silv] we$ ) its yell[  
fl[]s & silv]-bright leaves1 grew along 
a little footpa? :i* w\nd r\nd ! base ( 
a moss-gr[n hill4 ,x conduct$ to a spr+ 
( ! cle>e/ wat]1 :i*1 aft] =m+ a little 
pond1 l$ its silv] /ream1 danc+ &       
murmur+1 to ! riv]4 ,on ?is beautiful   
morn+ ,susanna approa*$ ! spr+2 & 9 h]  
tra9 came 'cock & h51 & *ick5 small4'   
,be=e h] waddl$ a troop ( geese1 gabbl+ 
noisily1 & all :ite b "o--a grey "o4 ,! 
grey goose walk$ ) a timid1 hesitat+    
air1 a little beh9d ! o!rs1 compell$ to 
reta9 ?is position by a tyrant 9 ! :ite 
flock1 :o drove him back ) out/ret*$    

neck & l\d cry :5ev] he attempt$ to     
approa* ! re/4 ,none ( ! o!r geese      
conc]n$ !mselves ab\t _! ill-us$        
companion1 b ,susanna took x "u h]      
especial protection1 & did all 9 h] p[] 
to console x = ! inju/ice ( its k9d4    
,aft] ! geese came ! demure b clumsy    
ducks2 ! petulant turkey-cock1 ) 8      
awkw>d dames1 "o :ite & "o black2 & la/1
 ! turbul5t race ( *ick5s1 ) _! /ately  
pugnaci\s cocks4 ,! prettie/ ( all !    
p>ty 7 a flock ( pigeons1 :o timidly1 b 
confid5tly at ! same "t1 n[ alight$ on  
,susanna's %\ld] & out/ret*$ h&1 & n[   
rose 9 ! air & flew 9 %9+ circles r\nd  
h] head2 !n dropp+ to ! e>?1 tripp$ on  
_! little fr+$ feet1 to dr9k at ! spr+2 
:ile ! geese1 ) l\d noise1 plung$ spla%+
 into ! riv]1 & ?rew ! wat] ov] ! grass 
9 a pe>ly %[]4  ,i mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 return
 f ! region ( poetry to pla9 matt] (    
fact4  ,f[ls %\ld always be kept 9 a    
p\ltry-y>d1 or enclos$ place set ap>t = 
!m1 z1 if all[$ to be at lib]ty 9 g>d5s 
or pleasure-gr\nds1 !y d a great deal ( 

mis*ief by half-bury+ !mselves 9        
newly-rak$ soil1 to clean _! fea!rs &   
get rid ( v]m92 & by scrat*+ up se$s1 & 
ev5 ! roots ( plants1 9 _! se>* aft]    
worms & insects4 ,:5 circum/ances all[1 
! p\ltry-y>d %\ld be at lea/ half an    
acre 9 ext5t1 z f[ls are nev] well      
unless !y are all[$ abundance ( room =  
ex]cise4 ,! usual =m = a p\ltry-y>d is a
 p>allelogram1 ( :i* ! h5-h\ses =m "o   
end & a pond ! o!r4 ,! :ole %\ld be     
surr\nd$ by a /rong f5ce ( pal+1 & !re  
%\ld be a l>ge tree1 or po/ ) bran*es   
fix$ 9 x1 9 ! c5tre1 ) a heap ( calc>e\s
 e>? ne> x4  ,! surface ( ! p\ltry-y>d  
7fig4 #ad47 %\ld be level2 & ab\t "o    
half ( x %\ld be laid d[n ) gravel1 b ! 
l[] "p1 ne> ! pond1 %\ld be grass1 z1   
unless !re is "s k9d ( h]bage1 !re w be 
nei!r insects nor snails1 & p\ltry      
require "s animal food to keep !m 9     
heal?4 ,! tree 9 ! c5tre %\ld h its     
bran*es depriv$ ( _! small] spray1 s t  
!y may af=d good roo/+-places = ! pea   
f[l & gu9ea f[ls1 bo? ( :i* pref] roo/+ 

9 ! op5 air4 ,! upp] "p ( ! y>d :i* is  
ne> ! h5-h\se1 & :i* is cov]$ ) gravel1 
ought to be ?or\ghly well dra9$1 s z to 
be z dry z possible2 & ! dra9s ought to 
be s contriv$ z to c>ry (f all ! wat]   
us$ 9 wa%+ ! h5-h\se1 )\t suff]+ x to   
approa* ! pond4 ,:]e aquatic f[ls are   
kept1 x is1 inde$1 a good plan = ! o!r  
f[ls to h dr9k+-tr\ghs ne> ! h5-h\se1   
:i* %\ld be fill$ ) pure wat] e day1 &  
frequ5tly & c>efully clean$ out4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,p\ltry-y>d4   
a1 ,fe$+-h\se1 fitt$ up ) boil]s = cook+
 ! food1 f :i* pipes ext5d on ea* side =
 heat+ ! lay+ & roo/+-places4  b1       
,sitt+-place = turkeys4  c1 ,roo/+-place
 = turkeys4  d1 ,sitt+-place = h5s4  e1 
,roo/+-place = h5s4  f1 ,fe$+-%$1 laid )
 /one4  g1 ,op5 %$1 laid ) s&4  h1 ,op5 
%$ ) roo/s1 = pea-f[ls4  i1 ,pheasantry1
 or place = *oice l& f[ls4  k k1 ,places
 = *oice aquatic f[ls4  l & m1 ,sleep+ &
 lay+ places = ducks4  n & o1 ,sleep+ & 
lay+ places = geese4  ,a pigeon-h\se may
 be erect$ at ! l[] "p ( ! y>d beyond ! 

pond1 or "o ( ! comp>tm5ts m>k$ k may be
 fitt$ up = pigeons4  ,besides !        
h5-h\se1 !re %\ld be an op5 %$ on ea*   
side ( ! p\ltry-y>d1 ext5d+ z f> z ! "p 
laid ) gravel4 ,! gr\nd "u "o ( ^! %$s  
%\ld be laid ) ! l>ge flag-/ones call$  
l&+-/ones1 9 ord] to h z few jo9ts z    
possible2 & "u ! o!r %$ ! e>? %\ld be   
dug out to ! dep? ( a foot or m1 & fill$
 up ) dry s&1 to enable ! f[ls to take  
:at may be call$ a s& ba?1 :i* is !     
pr9cipal means !y h ( gett+ rid ( ! body
 v]m9 ) :i* !y are g5]ally infe/$1 & :i*
 are v tr\blesome to !m4 ,! %$ :i* has  
s& at ! bottom may h b>s "u ! ro(1 to   
s]ve z an occasional roo/+-place =      
pea-f[l & gu9ea-f[l2 b ! "o :i* has !   
flag-/ones %\ld h no b>s across x1 z !  
/one floor is int5d$ to s]ve z a place =
 fe$+ ! f[ls on1 & x %\ld be kept z     
clean z possible4 ,x is a good plan to  
lay a few h&fuls ( un?re%$ /raw on ?is  
/one floor1 9 ord] t ! f[ls may amuse   
!mselves ) scrat*+ out ! gra9s2 & !y    
%\ld always h a small heap ( mort>1     

rubbi%1 or lime 9 "o corn] = !m to peck1
 z unless f[ls c h access to lime1 or to
 "s k9d ( calc>e\s e>?1 !y w produce    
eggs )\t %ells4  ,x is necess>y to      
obs]ve t l& f[ls are1 g5]ally speak+1   
mu* m t5d] 9 con/itution ?an aquatic    
ones4 ,! common h5s1 9 p>ticul>1 w nev] 
lay well unless !y are kept w>m2 &1 z a 
pro( ( ?is1 x is well kn[n by e         
h\sekeep] t eggs are mu* sc>c] & de>] 9 
w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,z ! diff]5t k9ds (   
f[ls require diff]5t treatm5t1 x is     
necess>y to keep !m sep>ate1 & x is also
 necess>y to keep ^? h5s t are sitt+    
sep>ate f ! re/4 ,on ?is acc\nt !       
h5-h\se %\ld be divid$ into five        
comp>tm5ts1 ! c5tre "o ( :i* 7a7 may be 
mu* l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & furni%$ ) a      
fireplace & boil]1 = boil+ potatoes &   
o!r food1 f :i* %\ld run hot-wat] pipes 
or flues1 s contriv$ z to heat ! :ole ( 
! comp>tm5ts4  ,on "o side ( ! c5tral   
room may be a place = h5 turkeys 7b71 z 
x is necess>y always to keep !m by      
!mselves :5 !y are incl9$ to sit2 z1 if 

! male turkeys see ! eggs1 !y g5]ally   
contrive to break !m4 ,beyond ?is %\ld  
be ! roo/+-h\se = ! turkeys 7c71 provid$
 ) /rong beams across1 at a suffici5t   
di/ance f ea* o!r1 to suit l>ge & heavy 
birds4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4        
,sitt+-box4  ,on ! o!r side ( ! c5tral  
room %\ld be ! comp>tm5t devot$ to lay+ 
& sitt+ h5s 7d7 & ?is %\ld be fitt$ up )
 boxes 7fig4 #ae47 :i* are made         
moveable1 & plac$ n q close to ea* o!r1 
z x di/urbs sitt+ h5s to he> o!r h5s    
close to !m4 ,! front "p ( ea* box %\ld 
be made to slide up & d[n1 s t x may be 
tak5 out1 & ! box ?or\ghly cleans$ ) a  
bru% & soap & wat]1 :5 n 9 use4 ,?is    
slid+ front1 :5 clos$1 has an ar*$ op5+ 
9 front = ! h5s to g 9 & out2 & ?is op5+
 is made s z n to rea* q to ! gr\nd1 9  
ord] n only to keep ! ne/ w>m & 9 its   
prop] place1 b to prev5t any dang] ( !  
eggs be+ suck$ by rats1 or o!r simil>   
depr$ators4 ,! h5-room %\ld be frequ5tly
 :itewa%$1 say twice a ye>1 c>e be+ tak5
 to d x ) z little di/urbance to ! f[ls 

z practicable2 & ! floor1 :i* %\ld be   
ei!r ( /one1 or laid ) bricks1 %\ld be  
swept out e day1 & wa%$ occasionally :5 
! wea!r is w>m & dry4 ,x is a v good    
plan to h ! boxes rais$ ) two pieces (  
wood bel[ ea*1 s z to leave a holl[     
space 9 ! middle bel[ ! box1 z ?is plan 
all[s ! h\se to be clean$ ) great]      
facility4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4     
,h5-roo/4  ,! o!r room 7e 9 fig4 #ad47  
%\ld be suppli$ ) rails & p]*es to s]ve 
z roo/+-places 7fig4 #af471 & ^! rails  
are be/ ( r\gh wood1 z !y af=d a m      
secure re/+-place = ! f[ls ?an if !y 7  
r\nd & smoo?4 ,f[ls are v apt to cr[d   
toge!r 9 _! roo/+-places2 &1 :5 ! rails 
are smoo? s t ! claws ( ! f[ls _c take a
 firm hold ( !m1 ! y\nge/ & weake/ ( !  
f[ls are v (t5 pu%$ (f4 ,! roo/+-places 
%\ld be furni%$ ) a slop+ bo>d ) /icks  
nail$ across1 to enable ! f[ls to asc5d 
to !m4 ,all ! rooms ( ! h5-h\se %\ld h  
w9d[s fill$ 9 ) wire lattice2 & !y %\ld 
h %utt]s to close 9 cold wea!r4 ,9 "s   
cases !y h ceil+s l ^? ( a h\se1 & 9    

o!rs !y are left op5 to ! beams ( ! ro(4
 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to att5d to is to keep  
!m scrupul\sly clean1 & ! walls         
frequ5tly :itewa%$4 ,! roo/+-place %\ld 
h ! dung remov$ e morn+1 & 9 w>m wea!r x
 %\ld be wa%$ out e day2 ev5 9 w9t]1    
unless ! wea!r is fro/y1 ! floor %\ld be
 wa%$ once a week4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( 
fix$ rails = ! f[ls to re/ ^u1 hang+ b>s
 are susp5d$ f ! ro(2 & sometimes ! ne/s
 = lay+ 9 & = sitt+ are fix$1 & 9 two   
r[s "o above ! o!r4 ,:]e dang] is       
appreh5d$ f ?ieves1 ! door ( !          
roo/+-h\se is kept lock$1 x be+ provid$ 
) an op5+ = ! f[ls to pass ?r\gh4       
,p\ltry %\ld nev] be f$ :]e !y roo/1 if 
x c possibly be avoid$1 & _! food %\ld  
g5]ally be giv5 to !m 9 ! op5 %$ act    
ap>t = t purpose4 ,9 wet wea!r1 h[ev]1  
!y may be f$ 9 ! fe$+-h\se 7a 9 fig4    
#ad471 :i* has t "n because x is ! place
 :]e ^? f[ls :i* are to be fatt5$ are   
kept "u coops 7fig4 #ag474 ,= my own "p 
,i am no fri5d to fatt5+ f[ls           
artificially1 z ,i ?9k !y are nev] half 

s good to eat z :5 !y are indulg$ )     
mod]ate ex]cise1 & kept 9 good condition
 by fe$+ !m ) b>ley1 oats1 or o!r gra91 
two or ?ree times a day4 ,:5 !          
p\ltry-y>d adjo9s a f>m-y>d1 s t ! f[ls 
c be let out occasionally to pick up !  
gra9s t are scatt]$ by ! ?re%]1 !y      
become s plump & s well fitt$ = ! table1
 t x is consid]$ ! highe/ praise t c be 
be/[$ on p\ltry1 to say t x eats z well 
z a b>n-door f[l4 ,:5 x is n practicable
 to admit p\ltry to ! f>m-y>d1 ! f[ls t 
are to be fatt5$ %\ld be kept 9 !       
fe$+-h\se1 & pl5ty ( un?re%$ /raw %\ld  
be giv5 to !m to peck at1 s z to let !m 
h con/antly q z mu* z !y c eat1 & yet be
 oblig$ to take ex]cise to get x2 or1 if
 m rapid fe$+ be requir$1 !y may be put 
"u coops & f$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( food1 ei!r 
raw or cook$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 
,coop4  ,a f[l1 :5 suppli$ ) abundance (
 food1 eats rapidly till x has fill$ its
 crop1 9 :i* ! food is m]ely /or$ z     
grass or hay is 9 ! paun* ( a c[1 & f   
:i* x passes ?r\gh ! second /oma* into !

 gizz>d1 :i* dige/s x1 by gr9d+ x into a
 mass1 p>tly by its own muscul> action1 
& p>tly by ! help ( num]\s little bits (
 gravel & small /ones :i* ! f[l swall[s4
 ,?is is necess>ily a sl[ process1 :5 ! 
food consi/s ( h>d dry b>ley2 b ( c\rse 
x is p]=m$ mu* quick] :5 ! food is s(t5$
 by boil+1 & equally1 ( c\rse1 ! "t 9   
:i* ! f[l gets fat is %ort5$ by !       
facility ) :i* x c dige/ its food4 ,?is 
is ! reason :y cook$ gra9 is n[ pref]r$ 
= fe$+ p\ltry1 & boil$ rice1 b>ley1     
oats1 & :eat are giv5 9 pref]5ce to !   
old mixture ( b>ley meal & milk & wat]4 
,boil$ or /eam$ potatoes are also       
recomm5d$1 & !y %\ld always be giv5 w>m4
 ,all ! f[ls may be f$ ) advantage on   
?is prep>$ food1 z x makes ! h5s lay    
bett] & ! *ick5s gr[ fa/]1 c>e be+ tak5 
t ! e>!n pans or wood5 tr\ghs 9 :i* x is
 conta9$ are always kept p]fectly clean1
 & t !y are daily sc\r$ ) boil+ wat] to 
prev5t !m f acquir+ a s\r ta/e4 ,! boil$
 food is always giv5 9 ! fe$+-h\se1 b   
aft] eat+ x ! f[ls are turn$ into ! y>d 

to cat] = !mselves if !y feel incl9$1 & 
_m p]sons advise a piece ( bullock's    
liv] or some?+ ( ! k9d to be ?r[n 9 !   
y>d1 z f> f ! h5-h\se z possible1 to    
bre$ maggots1 z !y are p>ticul>ly n\ri%+
 to "y *ick5s1 :o w dev\r !m gre$ily4 ,y
 w obs]ve t ,i h n giv5 any directions =
 cramm+ f[ls1 z ,i am q sure y w\ld n   
suff] any creatures "u y\r control to be
 subject$ to su* treatm5t4  ,p\ltry are 
p>ticul>ly liable to be attack$ by body 
v]m91 &1 :ile !y are annoy$ by ^!       
torm5ts1 !y w nev] fe$ prop]ly4 ,x is1  
!re=e1 ( ! greate/ importance t ! places
 9 :i* !y are kept %\ld be p]fectly     
clean1 & t !y %\ld h abundance ( s&1 9  
:i* !y c wall[ :5ev] !y feel incl9$4    
,dome/ic f[ls are v pugnaci\s1 & if !re 
are too _m cocks !y w be fight+         
incessantly4 ,! usual proportion is "o  
cock to sev5 h5s2 & ^? h5s %\ld be kept 
= lay+ :i* are d>k-col\r$1 z !y are n   
only bett] lay]s1 b are said to produce 
ri*] eggs4 ,:5 a h5 is ab\t to beg9 lay+
 %e makes a cackl+ noise = sev]al days1 

:5 a ne/ ( hay %\ld be prep>$ = h]1 & a 
ne/ egg put into x1 to induce h] to lay 
!re4 ,"s h5s lay e day1 & o!rs only once
 9 two days1 or once 9 ?ree days4 ,!    
eggs %\ld be remov$ z soon z laid1 z !  
h5 is apt to spoil or break !m1 by sitt+
 9 ! ne/ to lay o!rs4 ,eggs may be kept 
= sev]al mon?s suffici5tly fre% ei!r =  
sett+ or = ! table1 by dipp+ !m ei!r 9  
oil1 or 9 a mixture ( beef suet & mutton
 fat melt$ toge!r & us$ w>m4 ,h5s are   
consid]$ 9 _! prime at ?ree ye>s old1 b 
!y w produce eggs = sev]al ye>s2 & "s   
h5s w cont9ue lay+ all ! ye>1 except    
dur+ ! season = m\lt+1 :i* happ5s ) "y  
f[ls 9 spr+1 & ) old] ones g5]ally 9    
autumn4 ,at ?is season all birds are    
ill1 p>ticul>ly at ! "t :5 ! new fea!rs 
h j =c$ out ! old ones1 & h _! quills   
full ( blood to furni% nutrim5t = _!    
gr[?4  ,:5 a h5 is set1 c>e %\ld be tak5
 t %e has only z _m eggs z %e c cov]    
easily4 ,! usual numb] is f n9e to      
?irte52 &1 :5 !y h be5 put into ! ne/1 !
 h5 %\ld be plac$ g5tly ^u !m1 & cov]$ )

 a clo? till %e seems quiet4 ,:5 a h5 is
 sitt+1 %e %\ld be pl5tifully suppli$ ) 
wat] ne> at h&1 z %e is g5]ally ?ir/y1 b
 x is reckon$ be/ n to put h] food too  
close to h]1 z a little ex]cise does h] 
good4 ,a h5 sits tw5ty-"o days1 b "s ( !
 *ick5s are g5]ally hat*$ a day soon] or
 lat]4 ,ea* is tak5 f ! h5 z soon z x   
has left ! egg1 & is put 9 a basket on  
"s wool or flannel1 & set by ! fire2 b  
no food is giv5 till all ! brood is     
hat*$1 & return$ to ! h54 ,! *ick5s are 
!n f$ ) eggs boil$ h>d & *opp$ small1 & 
boil$ rice & grits2 &1 :5 !y are a      
little bigg]1 !y may be giv5 b>ley meal 
mix$ ) milk & wat]1 or1 :at is bett]1   
boil$ b>ley & rice1 ) a few boil$       
potatoes crumbl$ small4 ,!y w soon1     
h[ev]1 be /rong en\gh to fe$ ) ! h5 9   
%all[ vessels2 z o!rwise !y are apt to  
get into ! wat] to dr9k1 & wett+ _! feet
 & fea!rs br+s on _m diseases4 ,z soon z
 ! *ick5s are hat*$1 a little bit (     
wood1 ) a /rip nail$ across x1 to s]ve z
 a /ep1 %\ld be put f ! op5+ ( ! box :]e

 ! ne/ is to ! gr\nd1 to enable ! *ick5s
 to get 9 & out ( ! ne/ z easily z      
possible2 & :5 !y are p]mitt$ to g out (
 doors1 :i* is g5]ally 9 ?ree or f\r    
days1 ! h5 %\ld be put "u a coop1 to    
prev5t h] f w&]+1 till ! *ick5s are     
/rong en\gh to accompany h]1 :i* w      
probably be 9 ab\t t5 or fifte5 days4   
,!re are _m op9ions z to :at k9ds ( f[ls
 are ! be/2 b x is v difficult to decide
 ?is "q1 z almo/ all ! k9ds h advantages
 & disadvantages peculi> to !mselves2   
?\gh ^? are usually pref]r$ :i* h r %ort
 & sl5d] legs1 & r\nd1 compact1 fle%y   
bodies4 ,:ite or v light-col\r$ f[ls are
 consid]$ be/ = ! table2 b !y are said  
to be t5d] 9 con/itution & n good lay]s4
 ,! common b>n-door f[l is ! orig9al    
/ock f :i* mo/ ( ! v>ieties are d]iv$4  
,! ,game f[l are p]haps ! be/ = ! table2
 b ! eggs are small1 & ! *ick5s are     
difficult to re>1 unless !y c be suppli$
 ) maggots or "s o!r k9d ( animal food4 
,! ,dork+ f[ls are pref]r$ = ! table by 
! cat]]s = ! ,london m>ket1 on acc\nt ( 

_! l>ge size4 ,!y h g5]ally two h9d toes
 in/ead ( "o4 ,! ,jago1 or ,co*9-,*9a1  
f[ls are s v l>ge t x is said !y c pick 
crumbs f a table z !y /& on ! gr\nd1 &  
!y (t5 weigh f eight to t5 p\nds4 ,!y h 
d\ble combs & tufts ( fea!rs on ! head3 
! fea!rs on ! body are mottl$1 b ^? ( ! 
tail are a d>k glossy gre54 ,! eggs are 
v l>ge & good4 ,! ,cre/$1 or ,poli%1 f[l
 is black1 ) a :ite tuft on ! head4 ,!  
h5s are excell5t lay]s1 & ! *ick5s are  
good = ! table2 b ! h5s are n good      
sitt]s1 & are apt to lay away4 ,!       
,spani% f[ls are also black1 & v l>ge & 
h&some4 ,! ,malay f[ls are v l>ge1 & !  
col\r ( ! fea!rs is black1 /reak$ ) br[n
 & yell[4 ,!y are excell5t lay]s2 & _!  
eggs1 :i* are v l>ge1 h s mu* yolk1 t   
two ( _! eggs w g z f> z ?ree ( ^? (    
ord9>y f[ls4 ,! fle% is exce$+ly juicy &
 f9e-flav\r$2 b ! legs ( ! f[ls are r   
too l>ge & /rong to look well on !      
table4 ,i speak confid5tly ( ^! f[ls be+
 good1 bo? = ! table & z lay]s1 because 
our v k9d fri5d ,*>les ,wat]ton1 ,esq41 

keeps no o!rs at ,walton ,hall4  ,bantam
 f[ls are v small1 ) %ort legs1 :i* are 
g5]ally fea!r$ d[n to ! toes4 ,!y are   
mu* admir$ z ornam5tal f[ls1 b are (    
little use1 ei!r = ! table or z lay]s1 f
 _! v small size4  ,!re are sev]al k9ds 
( :at may be call$ fancy f[ls2 b ,i %all
 only m5tion "o ( !m1 & ?is is !        
,frizzl$ f[l1 or1 z x is sometimes      
call$1 ! ,friesl& f[l1 ?\gh ! "n appe>s 
to h no mean+1 & to h be5 only adopt$ f 
its resemblance to frizzl$4 ,?is f[l is 
a native ( ,japan1 & x c]ta9ly has a v  
s+ul> appe>ance1 f its fea!rs be+ curl$ 
up & app>5tly all turn$ ! wrong way4 ,x 
is1 h[ev]1 n wor? keep+1 except z an    
object ( curiosity2 z ! f[ls are small &
 bad lay]s1 & ! *ick5s are difficult to 
re>1 be+ extremely s5sitive to cold &   
wet4  ,turkeys are v wild 9 _! habits1 &
 apt to /ray1 & _! "y are consid]$      
difficult to re>4 ,turkey-h5s beg9 to   
lay 9 ,m>*1 lay+ ei!r e day or e o!r    
day2 &1 dur+ _! lay+ season1 _m p]sons w
 n let !m out ( _! roo/+-place 9 a morn+

 till !y h laid1 on acc\nt ( _!         
prop5sity to lay away4 ,"o turkey-cock  
is suffici5t = sev]al h5s2 & if !re are 
two !y g5]ally fight till ! /ronge/ has 
kill$ ! weake/4  ,:5 a turkey-h5 is ab\t
 to sit1 h] ne/ is made by twi/+ a pad (
 /raw l ^? worn by basket-wom5 on _!    
heads1 & s(t hay is laid 9 ! middle2 ?is
 is done on acc\nt ( ! project+         
brea/-bone ( ! turkey1 :i* makes x      
difficult = h] to cov] h] eggs1 unless  
%e has "s support4 ,h5 turkeys beg9 to  
sit 9 ,april2 ! numb] ( eggs is g5]ally 
elev5 or ?irte51 & !y sit f tw5ty-five  
to ?irty days4 ,x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y1 z !  
"y 7 hat*$1 to take !m away f ! h51 &1  
op5+ ! beak ) ! f+]s1 to =ce "o or two  
pepp]corns d[n ! poor little creatures' 
?roats2 b n[ ?is mode ( proce$+ is ?\ght
 unnecess>y1 & ! "y are left ) _! "m    
till !y are all hat*$4 ,!y may be !n f$ 
) crumbl$ curds mix$ ) *ives or nettles 
*opp$ small4 ,eggs boil$ h>d & cut into 
little bits2 & mutton or beef )\t salt1 
boil$ s mu* z to te> easily into %r$s1  

are also giv54 ,! old bird %\ld !n be   
put ) h] "y ones "u a coop 9 !          
hat*+-h\se1 & wat] %\ld be plac$ )9 h]  
rea* & t ( h] "y4 ,9 a few days ! "y    
ones1 ) _! "m /ill "u ! coop1 may be    
tak5 into ! op5 air2 b !y %\ld n be     
all[$ to rema9 !re long] ?an two or ?ree
 h\rs at a "t till !y are ab\t t5 days  
old2 & ! "m %\ld be kept 9 h] coop "u ! 
op5 %$ till !y are ab\t six weeks old1 s
 t till !y h atta9$ t age !y may always 
h a w>m dry place to fly to4 ,great     
numb]s ( turkey *ick5s die "y = want (  
^! precautions be+ att5d$ to4  ,:5      
turkey *ick5s are ab\t two mon?s old1 !y
 are call$ turkey p\lts1 & ab\t ?is "t !
 fle%y membranes on ! head & neck beg9  
to appe>4 ,?is is call$ %oot+ ! r$2 & a 
great _m "y turkeys die at ?is "t1      
unless !y are well f$ & kept w>m4 ,^?   
turkey p\lts :i* survive ?is p]iod are  
g5]ally re>$1 & :5 ab\t six mon?s old "s
 ( !m may be fatt5$ = ! table4 ,at      
twelve mon?s old !y lose ! "n ( p\lts1 &
 are consid]$ full-gr[n turkeys4  ,gu9ea

 f[ls c v seldom be p]suad$ to ent] a   
h5-h\se2 !y l to roo/ 9 ! op5 air1 & to 
lay 9 a bu% or "s simil> situation2 &1  
:]e !y are kept1 a few bu%es %\ld be    
plant$ 9 ! p\ltry-y>d = _!              
accommodation4 ,! h5 seldom sits on m   
?an sev5 eggs2 & :5 h] "y are hat*$ !y  
%\ld be treat$ l "y turkeys1 & ! h5 %\ld
 be put "u a coop 9 ! turkey-h\se4 ,:5 !
 "y f[ls get old en\gh to be tak5 into !
 op5 air1 ! h5 %\ld be kept "u a coop 9 
! op5 %$ till ! "y are ab\t two mon?s   
old1 z %e is a mo/ re/less creature1 &  
w\ld soon kill ! "y ones ) fatigue1 if  
h] activity 7 n *eck$4  ,peacocks %\ld  
nev] be kept 9 a p\ltry-y>d1 z !y h a   
prop5sity = kill+ all ! "y f[ls !y c    
rea*1 by giv+ !m a viol5t bl[ ) ! beak  
on ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,!y w ev5 kill _!   
own "y 9 a simil> way1 if !y see !m be=e
 ! tuft ( fea!rs on ! head has gr[n4    
,pea-h5s are v fond ( lay+ 9 bu%es or   
h$ges1 l gu9ea f[l1 & :5 !y are kept 9  
pleasure-gr\nds ) peacocks !y %\ld be   
n>r[ly wat*$4 ,if !y are obs]v$ to /eal 

secretly into a bu% or h$ge1 ! place    
%\ld be m>k$ & exam9$ :5 ! pea-h5 has   
left x2 &1 if a ne/ is f\nd1 all ! eggs 
%\ld be c>efully remov$ b "o4 ,9 do+ ?is
 ! eggs %\ld be h&l$ z little z         
possible1 z pea-h5s are v p>ticul>1 & w 
n sit ^u _! eggs if !y h be5 t\*$ by    
p]sons ) moi/ h&s4 ,:5 ,i liv$ 9 !      
c\ntry1 ,i nev] c\ld re> pea-f[ls till !
 idea /ruck me ( mak+ ! little c\ntry   
girl :om ,i us$ to employ to hunt = !   
eggs we> gloves1 & aft] t "t ,i nev]    
f\nd any difficulty 9 gett+ ! pea-h5s to
 sit4  ,:5 ! pea-h5 has laid f five to  
sev5 eggs %e g5]ally %[s a disposition  
to sit1 or r %e beg9s to sit on ! ne/ %e
 has made = h]self4 ,:5 ?is is ! case %e
 %\ld be left on h] ne/ till night1 & :5
 x is d>k a clo? %\ld be put ov] h]1 &  
%e %\ld be convey$1 ne/ & all1 if       
practicable1 to ei!r ! turkey's         
hat*+-h\se or ! fe$+-h\se1 :]e %e %\ld  
be plac$ on a ne/ prep>$ = h]1 conta9+  
all h] own eggs1 & !n cov]$ ) a coop1 & 
a clo? ?r[n ov] t4 ,:5 %e has settl$    

com=tably ! clo? may be remov$2 b %e    
%\ld be kept "u ! coop ! :ole "t %e is  
sitt+4 ,:5 ! "y ones are hat*$ !y are   
treat$ 9 ! same mann] z "y turkeys1 &1  
:5 _! head-fea!rs beg9 to gr[1 !y suff] 
ne>ly z mu* z ! turkey p\lts d :5 %oot+ 
! r$4  ,! h\ses = ! aquatic f[ls %\ld be
 at ! bottom ( ! p\ltry-y>d1 ne> ! pool1
 & !y %\ld consi/ ( sep>ate divisions = 
! sleep+ & lay+ places ( bo? geese &    
ducks4 ,a fe$+-h\se is (t5 add$1 & ?is  
is especially necess>y :5 ei!r ducks or 
geese are to be put up to fe$4 ,?\gh    
aquatic f[ls1 & p>ticul>ly ducks1 are   
prov]bially fond ( dirt1 ! h\se 9 :i* !y
 are kept %\ld be z clean z possible2 & 
x %\ld n only be frequ5tly wa%$ out1 b  
?or\ghly v5tilat$ by ! door be+ left op5
 all day4 ,! smell ( goose dung is v    
(f5sive2 & if ! h\se 9 :i* ! geese sleep
 be n kept v clean1 x w mat]ially       
det]iorate ! pleasure y w h 9 visit+ y\r
 p\ltry-y>d4  ,_m p object to geese 9 a 
p\ltry-y>d on acc\nt ( ! pugnaci\s      
habits ( ! g&]2 b :5 a g&] is br\ght up 

) o!r f[ls he becomes famili> ) !m1 & is
 n likely to d !m any injury4 ,"o g&] is
 suffici5t = sev]al geese2 & f\r or five
 geese w br+ up a brood ( =ty or fifty  
gosl+s4 ,geese g5]ally lay e o!r day2   
or1 if !y lay two days toge!r1 !y miss !
 ?ird day4 ,!y g5]ally beg9 to lay 9    
,m>*1 & lay f eight to twelve eggs be=e 
!y %[ any signs ( wi%+ to sit4          
,sometimes1 if !y are well f$1 & ! eggs 
tak5 away1 !y w cont9ue lay+ z _m z     
tw5ty or ev5 m4  ,:5 a goose is incl9$  
to sit1 %e beg9s to c>ry /raws ab\t 9 h]
 m\? z if to prep>e = mak+ a ne/2 &1 :5 
?is is ! case1 a ne/ %\ld be prep>$ = h]
 conta9+ elev5 or ?irte5 eggs4 ,! ne/   
%\ld be made 9 a box 9 "o ( ! h\ses =   
aquatic f[ls1 & food %\ld be plac$ ne>  
h]1 z geese sit v closely1 & sometimes  
suff] !mselves to be half-/>v$ r ?an    
leave ! ne/4 ,a goose %\ld1 h[ev]1 be   
frequ5tly exam9$ :ile sitt+1 z f h] ne/ 
be+ close to ! gr\nd x is v liable to be
 attack$ by rats1 :o w frequ5tly        
contrive to get ! eggs f "u ! goose )\t 

h] be+ able to prev5t x4  ,geese are    
voraci\s fe$]s1 & eat a great deal (    
grass z well z ( m sub/antial food4 ,:5 
!y are to be fatt5$ = ! table !y are put
 "u coops1 & f$ pr9cipally on oats      
moi/5$ ) wat]2 b at o!r times !y may be 
f$ on any k9d ( refuse vegetable mix$ ) 
any sort ( corn1 & ) boil$ potatoes1    
c>rots1 & turnips4 ,:5 geese are fatt5$ 
be=e !y are six weeks or two mon?s old  
!y are t]m$ gre5 geese2 & ^? :i* are    
kept a little long]1 s z to be ready =  
,mi*aelmas1 are call$ /ubble-geese1     
because1 if turn$ into ! corn-fields    
aft] ! crop has be5 c>ri$1 !y w g5]ally 
f9d among/ ! /ubble en\gh gra91 :i* has 
be5 dropp$ f ! %eaves1 to fatt5 !m4     
,ducks require m wat] ?an geese1 & !y   
eat less grass1 ?\gh !y are always bett]
 :5 grass is )9 _! rea*1 on acc\nt ( !  
great numb] ( slugs & o!r simil>        
creatures t !y f9d among x4 ,ducks are  
celebrat$ = ! voracity & co>s5ess ( _!  
appetites4 ,!y beg9 to lay 9 ,febru>y1 &
 w sometimes lay z _m z fifty eggs be=e 

!y %[ any incl9ation to sit4 ,!y are1   
inde$1 g5]ally bad sitt]s1 & w =sake _! 
eggs if !y h n pl5ty ( food & wat] plac$
 )9 _! rea*4 ,f n9e to elev5 eggs are z 
mu* z a duck c cov]1 &1 if %e has m ?an 
t numb]1 or any %e does n l1 %e w turn  
!m out ( ! ne/ )\t ! lea/ c]emony4  ,a  
duck g5]ally sits ?irty days2 b a %ort  
"t be=e ! expiration ( t p]iod a coop   
%\ld be put ov] h]1 or else1 v probably1
 z soon z two or ?ree duckl+s are hat*$ 
%e w take !m to ! wat]1 & des]t ! rema9+
 eggs4 ,"y duckl+s are v h>dy "u ord9>y 
circum/ances2 b ?is treatm5t frequ5tly  
kills !m1 z if ! wat] be at all cold !y 
are g5]ally seiz$ ) cramp1 & die a few  
h\rs aft] !y are hat*$4 ,x is on acc\nt 
( ducks be+ s c>eless ( _! "y t ducks'  
eggs are frequ5tly set "u h5s4          
,duckl+s1 :5 fir/ hat*$1 are g5]ally f$ 
^u oatmeal mix$ ) *opp$ nettles2 &1 :5  
!y are a little /rong]1 !y are giv5 bran
 soak$ 9 wat]1 & boil$ potatoes4 ,x is  
also a good plan to ?r[ a h&ful ( oats  
or b>ley into ! wat] giv5 to !m to dr9k1

 = !m to dabble =1 t !y may get accu/om$
 to ! wat] by degrees4 ,! "m %\ld1      
h[ev]1 be kept "u a coop till ! "y      
duckl+s are t5 days old1 to prev5t h] f 
tak+ !m into ! wat] till !y are /rong   
en\gh to be> x4  ,:5 ducks are to be    
fatt5$ !y mu/ be kept "u a coop1 & f$ ) 
boil$ potatoes mix$ ) oatmeal & bruis$  
oats4 ,acorns gr\nd or bruis$ are a     
fav\rite food ) !m1 & v fatt5+4         
,malt-du/ is likewise recomm5d$2 b b>ley
 is said to give !m a bad flav\r4 ,!    
,muscovy ducks %\ld n be kept 9 !       
p\ltry-y>d1 z !y are s mu* l>g] & /rong]
 ?an ! common k9d t !y are apt to fight 
) !m & deprive !m ( _! food2 & !y are m 
suitable to ! p>k & pleasure-gr\nd4     
,!re may be a dove-cot = pigeons 9 !    
p\ltry-y>d ) ! o!r f[ls4 ,:5 !          
pigeon-h\se is l>ge1 x is g5]ally built 
r\nd l a t[] f ! gr\nd upw>ds2 b :]e ?is
 is inconv5i5t1 a small wood5 dove-cot  
may be fix$ aga9/ ! walk4 ,9 y\r case ,i
 w\ld decid$ly advise y to h a          
pigeon-h\se 9 y\r p\ltry-y>d2 &1 if x is

 built l a t[]1 !re %\ld be holes 9 !   
upp] "p = ! birds to ent] by1 ) a %elf  
"u ea* r[ ( holes1 & a little p5?\se    
project+ f ! ro( to keep out ! wet4 ,!  
int]ior ( ! pigeon-h\se mu/ h cells =   
ne/s1 :i* are made by putt+ up %elves   
tw5ty in*es wide & "o foot ap>t1 &      
divid+ ! spaces betwe5 !m by upright    
p>titions1 ?ree feet f ea* o!r4 ,across 
! back ( ea* ne/ !re %\ld be a bo>d ?ree
 in*es wide1 slid+ up & d[n 9 a groove1 
to prev5t ! "y ones f fall+ out1 & yet  
to all[ ( ! ne/ be+ clean$4 ,:5 ! h\se  
has be5 /ock$ ) pigeons1 a little hay or
 s(t /raw is put into ea* cell = !      
pigeon to =m its ne/4 ,"s p]sons divide 
ea* cell into two ne/s1 z1 :5 ! "y are  
ab\t a =tnight old1 ! female1 )\t wait+ 
till !y are fl$g$1 (t5 beg9s to lay     
aga92 &1 :5 !re is only "o ne/1 x is n  
an uncommon ?+ to see a female pigeon   
sitt+ on a fre% set ( eggs1 :ile ! "y ( 
! =m] hat*+ are /ill "u h] c>e4 ,:5 a   
pigeon-h\se is to be /ock$1 a numb] ( "y
 birds are obta9$ ei!r 9 ,may or ,augu/1

 :5 !y are 9 ! /ate call$ squeak]s1 t is
 to say1 n fully gr[n1 b able to fe$    
!mselves4  ,:5 ! female pigeon beg9s to 
lay1 %e produces only "o egg1 & !n waits
 a day or two1 aft] :i* %e lays ano!r1 &
 imm$iately proce$s to sit4 ,%e cont9ues
 sitt+ f fifte5 to tw5ty days1 or r !   
male & female sit alt]nately dur+ t "t2 
b1 z soon z ! "y pigeons are hat*$1 ! "m
 nev] leaves !m1 = ! space ( ?ree days1 
?\gh aft] t "t %e commits !m1 v         
frequ5tly1 almo/ entirely to ! c>e ( a  
male1 :o fe$s !m 9 ! same mann] z %e    
does h]self1 by swall[+ peas or o!r l>ge
 se$s1 &1 aft] keep+ !m 9 ! crop till !y
 are p>tly mac]at$1 =c+ !m up aga91 &   
eject+ !m into ! op5 m\?s ( ! "y ones4  
,:ile ! "y are ?us f$1 !y are call$     
squabs1 & 9 t /ate !y are reckon$ be/ = 
pies2 b1 :5 !y get old en\gh to fe$     
!mselves1 !y are call$ squeak]s4 ,!y    
bre$ v (t51 b only cont9ue prolific = a 
few ye>s1 & are1 9 g5]al1 %ort-liv$4  ,a
 pigeon-h\se soon becomes v dirty1 & has
 a mo/ intol]able smell2 x %\ld1 !re=e1 

be clean$ out z (t5 z practicable1 tak+ 
c>e t ! clean+ is always done 9 ! morn+ 
be=e mid-day1 z pigeons g to roo/ v     
e>ly1 &1 if di/urb$ 9 ! aft]noon1 !y w v
 (t5 take a sulky fit1 & sit outside ( !
 pigeon-h\se all night4  ,pigeons %\ld  
always be f$ 9 ! op5 air1 ) peas1 small 
horse-beans1 buck-:eat1 & old t>es1 z   
new t>es are said to be un:olesome4 ,!y 
%\ld be suppli$ ) abundance ( wat]1 "s 9
 a %all[ vessel = !m to wa% 91 & "s 9 a 
wood5 tr\gh = !m to dr9k2 z !y are v    
cleanly1 & w n dr9k ! same wat] t !y h  
wa%$ 91 ?\gh !y require m wat] to dr9k  
?an any ( ! o!r inhabitants ( !         
p\ltry-y>d4 ,!y require to h access to  
gravel or s&1 & x is cu/om>y to supply  
!m ) a heap ( lime rubbi%1 ov] :i* salt 
& wat] has be5 p\r$2 & 9 "s cases ?is is
 put into an e>!nw>e vessel ) holes 9 x1
 call$ a salt cat2 9 o!r cases a little 
salt is ?r[n ov] a heap ( sift$ gravel4 
,:5 pigeons are put 9 a new h\se1 x is  
cu/om>y to give !m cumm9 se$ or         
asaftida1 z !y are s fond ( ^!          

/rong-smell+ sub/ances1 t !y soon take a
 lik+ to any place :]e !y are to be     
f\nd4  ,pigeons are v h>dy1 & are       
subject to v few diseases4 ,! two eggs  
laid by ! female pigeon g5]ally produce 
a male & female bird2 &1 :5 ?is is !    
case1 if by any *ance "o ( !m is kill$1 
x is v difficult to provide ! o!r ) a   
mate4 ,pigeons are prov]bial = _!       
con/ancy1 & ! same pair w produce broods
 = sev]al ye>s 9 succession4  ,!        
diseases ( p\ltry are v num]\s & (t5    
fatal4 ,! pip comes 9 ! %ape ( a little 
bli/] on ! tip ( ! tongue1 :i* aft]w>ds 
becomes a ?ick5$ membrane4 ,if se5 9 its
 fir/ /ate x %\ld be prick$1 & ! f[l    
kept a day or two )\t food1 b pl5ty (   
wat] %\ld be giv5 to x4 ,if ! membrane  
has =m$1 ! f[l is ?r[n on its back1 &1 !
 beak be+ op5$1 ! membrane is remov$ by 
pass+ ! f+] nail or a f9e ne$le "u x4 ,!
 tongue is !n moi/5$ ) a little oil1 & !
 f[l = a few days is giv5 v little to   
eat1 b pl5ty ( wat] to dr9k3 "s p]sons  
give f[ls affect$ ) ?is disease rue     

*opp$ f9e & mix$ ) butt]4 ,x is a v     
common disease ) "y f[ls1 & g5]ally     
attacks !m1 if ! wea!r %\ld be hot1 9   
,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,:5 f[ls appe> to   
suff] f immod]ate ?ir/1 x is a sign (   
fev]1 & !y %\ld be suppli$ ) abundance (
 cle> wat]1 & only f$ ) a little soak$  
bread2 & a simil> mode ( treatm5t is    
g5]ally efficaci\s :5 ! f[l appe>s to   
suff] f con/ipation4 ,:5 a f[l is       
crop-sick1 t is1 suff]s f indige/ion1 x 
is usual to put a piece ( iron 9 "s ( ! 
wat] giv5 to x1 b x %\ld also h pl5ty ( 
pure wat]4 ,pepp] is (t5 giv51 & no o!r 
food is all[$ ?an ma%$ potatoes or boil$
 cabbage cut small1 & bo? giv5 w>m4 ,:5 
f[ls h a voraci\s appetite1 & yet look  
out ( condition1 x probably arises f !  
f[l hav+ too mu* acid on its /oma*1 & x 
%\ld be f$ ) ma%$ potatoes mix$ ) *alk &
 giv5 w>m4 ,9 di>rha boil$ rice is giv51
 occasionally mix$ ) milk1 tak+ c>e1    
h[ev]1 t ! milk is p]fectly sweet2 or   
*alk may be giv51 & ! f[l f$ on :eat1   
oats1 or buck-:eat4 ,! r\p1 or influ5za1

 is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ fatal ( all ! diseases
 :i* attack p\ltry4 ,x beg9s ) :at is   
call$ ! gapes2 t is1 ! f[l1 be+ unable  
to brea! ?r\gh its no/rils1 keeps its   
beak op51 ) a k9d ( convulsive yawn2 !  
eyelids !n become swell$ & close1 & !re 
is an (f5sive dis*>ge f ! no/rils4 ,z   
soon z any f[l is obs]v$ to be affect$ )
 ?is disease1 x %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/1
 z ! disease is v infecti\s4 ,! m\? &   
no/rils %\ld be fir/ wa%$ ) w>m wat] &  
soap 7:i* w make ! creature sneeze &    
dis*>ge a great quantity ( ! (f5sive    
matt]71 & !n g5tly rubb$ ) a dry clo?4  
,a gra9 ( calomel made into a pill )    
bread may be giv51 & ! f[l put into a   
rabbit-hut* ne> ! fire1 on a b$ ( s(t   
w>m hay4 ,"s h\rs aft]w>ds ! head %\ld  
be aga9 wa%$ 9 w>m wat] & rubb$ dry1 & !
 f[l %\ld be cramm$ ) a few balls made (
 b>ley meal1 fl\r1 mu/>d1 & grat$ g+]2 &
 w>m wat] ) treacle 9 x %\ld be giv5 to 
dr9k4 ,! hay %\ld be *ang$ twice a day1 
& w>m$ be=e x is giv54 ,! wa%+ & fe$+   
%\ld be repeat$ sev]al times a day1 & 9 

ab\t a week a little m calomel %\ld be  
giv51 & aft]w>ds fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,?is  
treatm5t w soon effect a cure4          
,,lett] ,,xvi4  ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,(   
,,! ,,ponds3 ,,fi%2 ,,& ,,aquatic       
,,f[ls1 ,,includ+ ,,swans1 ,,exotic     
,,geese ,,& ,,ducks4--,,inhabitants ,,( 
,,! ,,woods3 ,,includ+ ,,pheasants ,,&  
,,p>tridges1 ,,h]ons ,,&                
,,bitt]ns4--,,avi>y4--,,api>y1 ,,& ,,!  
,,managem5t ,,( ,,bees4--,,silk-,,worms4
   ,:5 a fi%-pond is to be made1 a      
situation %\ld be *os5 :]e !re is a     
natural holl[1 s t ! gr\nd :i* is to =m 
! bottom ( ! pond may be z little       
di/urb$ z possible4 ,if ?is situation be
 ne> a riv] s t a fe$] may be l$ into x1
 no?+ else is want$ to =m a fi%-pond b  
an embankm5t & a sluice1 & ^! y mu/ h   
made by p]sons us$ to su* employm5ts4 ,x
 is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to take c>e t !    
pond is f$ f a riv]1 z spr+ wat] is n   
only too cold = ! fi%1 b is seldom q    
free f m9]al sub/ances4 ,! pond %\ld be 
made at lea/ six feet deep1 & if twelve 

feet or m x w be bett] = ! fi%3 z 9     
fro/y wea!r !y w rema9 ne> ! bottom1 & w
 f9d en\gh air 9 ! great body ( wat]    
above !m to enable !m to live a long "t 
aft] ! surface is froz5 ov]2 :ile1 on ! 
contr>y1 if ! pond be %all[1 ! fi% w    
soon exhau/ all ! air x conta9s1 & w    
p]i% unless ! ice be frequ5tly brok51 to
 admit air f ! atmosph]e4 ,9 %all[      
ponds1 also1 ! ru%es & o!r we$s gr[ s   
fa/ z to occasion consid]able exp5se &  
tr\ble 9 hav+ !m cle>$ away4  ,! ext5t (
 a pond mu/ dep5d ^u circum/ances1 b x  
%\ld nev] be less ?an five or six acres1
 & z mu* m z is conv5i5t2 9 %ape x %\ld 
be r long1 z reg>ds ! front ( ! mansion1
 ?an broad1 & its outl9e %\ld ei!r be   
v>i$1 or brok5 by plant+ trees & %rubs 9
 small gr\ps on its banks4 ,:]e ponds   
are int5d$ solely = fi%1 )\t reg>d to _!
 appe>ance 9 ! l&scape1 _! banks %\ld be
 q /raight1 & _! %ape squ>e or oblong4  
,! pond1 :e!r ornam5tal or n1 may be    
divid$ into two p>ts by an embankm5t 9 !
 c5tre1 :i* is kept ab\t two feet bel[ !

 g5]al surface ( ! wat] :5 ! pond is    
full4 ,! use ( ?is is1 t1 :5 ! pond is  
to be run dry1 ei!r = cle>+ x ( its mud 
or cat*+ ! l>g] fi%1 only "o half ne$ be
 empti$ at a "t2 & ! o!r half may s]ve z
 a place to put ! /ore fi% 9 :ile ! fir/
 division is be+ cle>$ out2 &1 :5 t is q
 clean & ! wat] let into x aga91 ! fi%  
may be transf]r$ to x :ile ! second half
 is be+ cle>$4 ,( c\rse1 accord+ to ?is 
arrangem5t1 !re mu/ be a wood5 sluice = 
lett+ (f ! wat] 9 ea* division4 ,!      
beauty ( a pond dep5ds pr9cipally ^u its
 be+ well suppli$ ) wat]1 & ?is con/ant 
supply c only be insur$ dur+ ! summ]    
mon?s1 by hav+ a brook or rivulet runn+ 
?r\gh ! pond4 ,:]e ! pond is ( suffici5t
 size1 !re %\ld be an isl& or two = !   
swans & o!r aquatic birds to make _!    
ne/s on4  ,:]e sev]al k9ds ( fi% are    
desir$1 diff]5t soils may be laid at !  
bottom ( ! pond1 to suit ! fi% :i* bre$ 
9 x4 ,?us1 tr\t w nev] ?rive unless !   
pond 9 :i* !y are kept has a gravelly   
bottom4 ,c>p 7( :i* !re are two k9ds1 ! 

common1 & ! ,prussian :i* is mu* small] 
?an ! o!r17 & t5* require loam1 )       
abundance ( aquatic we$s2 & eels w only 
?rive 9 mud4 ,x is v seldom practicable 
to keep all k9ds ( fi% 9 ! same pond1 z 
"s k9ds de/roy o!r k9ds2 b provid+ !m ) 
diff]5t bottoms is ! mo/ effectual way (
 keep+ !m1 z !y w rema9 9 sep>ate       
communities 9 ! "p ( ! pond t suits !m  
be/4  ,( ! k9ds ( fi%es ) :i* a pond    
%\ld be /ock$1 c>p are1 p]haps1 g5]ally 
speak+1 ! be/4 ,!y bre$ rapidly1 are v  
h>dy1 & gr[ v fa/4 ,t5* resemble c>p 9  
all ^! qualities1 & bo? are quiet fi%1  
:i* w\ld live toge!r )\t fight+ or      
de/roy+ ea* o!r4 ,p]*1 on ! contr>y1 are
 said to be s rav5\s t !y w dev\r _! own
 spawn1 & t ( o!r fi%es4 ,!y bre$ freely
 & are q h>dy1 b d n gr[ rapidly4 ,tr\t1
 :5 kept 9 ponds1 are r rav5\s2 b pike  
f> exce$ all o!r fi% 9 ?is respect4 ,a  
l>ge pike w de/roy ne>ly all ! small    
weak fi%es 9 a pond2 &1 inde$1 he has   
be5 kn[n to seize "y ducks1 & dev\r !m4 
,^! & simil> acts h obta9$ = ! pike ! "n

 ( ! fre%-wat] %>k4 ,among/ ! o!r       
enemies to "y fi% are c\nt$ ! little    
creatures call$ /icklebacks1 :i* are s  
small1 & app>5tly s insignificant1 t no 
"o w\ld suppose x possible t !y c\ld    
prev5t ! /ock+ ( a pond4 ,!y d s1 h[ev]1
 by dev\r+ ! spawn1 & ?us prev5t+ !     
numb] ( fi%es f increas+4 ,:5 a pond is 
once /ock$ v little c>e is necess>y2 !  
pr9cipal ?+ :i* ne$s to be att5d$ to be+
 to break ! ice 9 sev]e fro/s to supply 
! fi% ) air1 if ! pond %\ld n be deep   
en\gh to r5d] ?is unnecess>y4 ,:5 fi%   
appe> to want fe$+1 e>?worms1 /eep$     
gra91 & gr\nd malt1 %\ld be ?r[n into ! 
wat]4  ,besides ! regul> fi%-ponds1 x is
 v conv5i5t 9 ! c\ntry to h small ponds 
or /ews adjo9+ ! kit*5-g>d51 or some:]e 
contigu\s to ! h\se1 :]e fi% c be kept &
 f$1 & yet caught at any mom5t :5 !y may
 be requir$4 ,c>p & t5* are ! be/ fi% = 
keep+ 9 /ews1 z !y are ! quiete/2 b1 z  
/ews are s contriv$ t ! diff]5t k9ds (  
fi% may be kept 9 !m sep>ate f ea* o!r1 
p]* may be kept 9 "o ( ! divisions1 & f$

 ) g>bage or any refuse animal food f ! 
kit*51 till !y h atta9$ a l>ge size4    
,pike might be kept 9 ano!r /ew 9 ! same
 mann]1 b a pike %\ld nev] be put into a
 /ew ) any o!r fi%4  ,e pond 9 a        
pleasure-gr\nd %\ld h "s ornam5tal      
aquatic f[ls ^u x to make x look        
complete2 z )\t "s k9d ( liv+ creature1 
! f9e/ piece ( wat] 9 ! _w w\ld h a look
 ( coldness & desolation4  ,( all !     
ornam5tal aquatic f[ls kn[n 9 ,engl&1 ! 
swan1 ?\gh p]haps ! commone/1 is !      
noble/2 & x has ! advantage ( be+ useful
 9 cle>+ ponds ( we$s z well z be+      
ornam5tal4 ,a swan %\ld g5]ally h a pond
 at lea/ ?ree acres 9 ext5t1 & !y seldom
 ?rive unless !re is an isl& 9 ! c5tre  
ov]gr[n ) long grass or und]wood1 9 :i* 
!y c make _! ne/s4 ,swans are tol]ably  
h>dy1 & only require to be tak5 up 9 "t 
( fro/4 ,!y are v fond ( rambl+ ov]     
grass :5 !y feel !mselves 9 p]fect      
security2 & !y eat a great quantity (   
slugs & snails :5 ?us employ$4  ,9 !    
mon? ( ,may ! female swan g5]ally       

prep>es to make h] ne/1 :i* %e does     
secretly1 z1 if ! cobb or male bird     
p]ceives h]1 he w prev5t h] if possible4
 ,! cygnets1 or "y swans1 are g5]ally   
hat*$ ab\t ,july1 & :5 !y fir/ appe> _! 
fea!rs are ( a d+y br[n in/ead ( be+    
:ite4 ,:5 !y fir/ g into ! wat] !       
female1 or p5 bird1 z %e is call$1 only 
lets !m swim a little way1 & !n1 if !y  
appe> tir$1 %e takes !m on h] back4 ,:5 
! cygnets gr[ bigg]1 ! "m swims r\nd !  
pond ) !m foll[+ aft] h] l a company (  
soldi]s4 ,z soon z !y get ab\t ?ree p>ts
 gr[n1 ! cobb drives !m away f _! "m1 & 
=ces !m to provide = !mselves4 ,at ?is  
p]iod1 if !y happ5 to h be5 hat*$ late1 
!y may be f$ ) boil$ b>ley & bread4 ,!y 
d n become p]fectly :ite till ! second  
ye>4  ,:5 two full-gr[n cobb swans      
qu>rel !y fight trem5d\sly2 &1 ?\gh !   
common species is call$ ! mute swan1 !y 
make a l\d hiss+ noise some?+ l t ( !   
goose1 b l\d] & ho>s]4 ,a cobb swan w   
also1 :5 enrag$1 attack a dog1 or ev5 a 
man1 /rik+ trem5d\s bl[s ) its w+s4 ,x  

is said t a full-gr[n swan c\ld break a 
man's arm ) a bl[ ( its w+4 ,swans 7    
=m]ly consid]$ royal birds2 & ^? ^u !   
riv] ,?ames are /ill ! prop]ty ( ! cr[n1
 & ! "y ones are m>k$ e ye> "u !        
sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,"l ,mayor1 ! c]emony   
be+ call$ swan-hopp+1 :i* is said to be 
d]iv$ f swan-upp+1 a "p ( ! c]emony be+ 
to decide h[ f> up ! riv] ! swans h a "r
 to g4  ,9 h>d fro/s ! swans1 & all !   
o!r ornam5tal aquatic f[ls1 mu/ be      
%elt]$1 & f$ 9 ! same way z ! common    
ducks & geese 9 ! p\ltry-y>d2 & !re is  
g5]ally "s place contriv$ ne> ! wat] =  
?is purpose2 z1 = example1 "u !         
fi%+-h\se1 or adjo9+ ! boat-h\se4 ,x is 
also necess>y to take "s means ( prev5t+
 aquatic f[ls f fly+ away1 & ! b>b>\s   
op]ation ( cutt+ (f "o jo9t ( ! w+ ) a  
p5knife1 or a v f9e saw made f ! spr+ ( 
a wat*1 is frequ5tly resort$ to2 x be+ !
 second jo9t ( ! w+ t is tak5 (f4 ,= my 
own "p1 ,i %\ld pref] los+ my birds to  
resort+ to su* measures = _!            
pres]vation2 & ,i ?9k ,i h und]/ood1 t1 

by depriv+ !m ( ! alt]nate fea!rs ( _!  
w+s1 !y may be r5d]$ incapable ( fly+   
:ile !y are /rang]s to ! place1 & ,i    
w\ld tru/ to k9d treatm5t to make !m wi%
 to /ay ) me :5 we became bett]         
acqua9t$4  ,! black swan is a native (  
,au/ralia1 & x is s common 9 t c\ntry1 t
 x gives its "n to ! ,swan ,riv]4 ,9 a  
wild /ate1 x is g5]ally se5 float+ on   
lakes or riv]s1 9 long l9es =m$ by eight
 or t5 or m swans swimm+ 9 a s+le file2 
& :5 al>m$ !y rise all toge!r & fly (f1 
utt]+ wild b n unmusical screams1 reta9+
 9 ! air ! same position z t !y occupi$ 
9 ! wat]4 ,y mu/1 h[ev]1 take c>e1 if y 
put a black swan on ! "s wat] ) ! :ite  
ones1 t !y d n injure x4 ,"s ye>s ago1  
two :ite swans on ! wat] 9 ! ,reg5t's   
,p>k pursu$ a black "o ) ! greate/      
f]ocity2 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,y>rell1 f  
:om ,i h tak5 ?is acc\nt1 "o ( !m hav+  
succe$$ 9 grasp+ ! black swan's neck    
betwe5 ! m&ibles ( its beak1 %ook x     
viol5tly4 ,! black swan ) difficulty    
extricat$ itself f ?is murd]\s grasp1   

hurri$ on %ore1 tott]$ f ! wat]'s edge a
 few paces1 & !n fell to die4 ,! :ite   
swans did n attempt to pursue x1 b      
cont9u$ sail+ up & d[n ! wat] ) e fea!r 
on end1 & seem+ pr\d ( _! conque/4  ,(  
geese !re are _m ornam5tal k9ds4  ,!    
,*9ese goose is a beautiful creature1   
:i* bre$s readily 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,! bean
 goose is frequ5tly kept on ornam5tal   
pieces ( wat]2 & a pair belong+ to !    
,orni?ological ,society ( ,london h     
produc$ "y 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 & are   
rem>kably tame4 ,?is goose has receiv$  
its "n f its fondness = beans & o!r     
pulse2 & x is "o ( ! ?ree species ( wild
 geese :i* pay pass+ visits to ! ponds &
 lakes 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,x 
is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! ,hebrides 
& o!r we/]n isl&s ( ,scotl&2 & l>ge     
flocks fly toge!r1 ei!r 9 a diagonal l9e
 or 9 two su* l9es =m+ an acute angle1  
mak+ a l\d cackl+ noise z !y fly1 & go+1
 z has be5 suppos$1 at ! rate ( m ?an   
tw5ty miles an h\r4  ,! ,canada geese   
are v rem>kable 9 _! appe>ance1 f _!    

glossy black necks & :ite *eeks1 & _! v 
rem>kable trumpet-l notes4 ,^! birds    
appe> 9 su* quantities 9 ,canada1 t x is
 calculat$ t two or ?ree ?\s& are kill$ 
e ye> by ! ,engli% at ,hudson's ,bay4   
,?is bird is sometimes call$ ! cravat   
goose2 its beautiful black & glossy neck
 & :ite brea/ be>+ consid]able          
resemblance to a black silk cravat ^u a 
:ite %irt4  ,! b]nicle1 or br5t goose1  
is int]e/+ f ! curi\s sup]/ition :i*    
=m]ly prevail$ respect+ x1 z x 0 suppos$
 to h sprung f ! %ell call$ ! b>nacle or
 lepas1 :i* adh]es to ! bottoms ( %ips1 
& :i* has a fr+e ( cirri project+ f     
betwe5 its valves be>+ "s fa9t          
resemblance to ! fea!rs ( a bird4 ,^!   
geese are v small1 & n above half ! size
 ( ! ,canada geese2 & yet ,mr4 ,wat]ton 
f\nd a l>ge old ,canada goose on 8 noble
 %eet ( wat] at ,walton ,hall pair ) a  
b]nicle g&]4  ,! ,egyptian goose is     
int]e/+ f ! /rong resemblance x be>s to 
! figures ( a goose f\nd 9 ,egyptian    
hi]oglyphics1 9 :i* x 0 ! emblem (      

caution4  ,among/ ! o!r ornam5tal k9ds (
 geese f\nd on ponds 9 pleasure-gr\nds1 
,i may m5tion ! sn[1 or r$1 goose f     
,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* is ( l>ge size1 & has
 its bill arm$ ) tw5ty-?ree /rong       
ind5tations l tee?2 & ! laugh+ goose1   
:i* has a :ite front1 & makes a /range  
laugh+-l noise4 ,!re is also an ,african
 goose call$ ! gambo1 :i* is furni%$ ) a
 curi\s spur on ! upp] "p ( ! w+4  ,( ! 
ornam5tal ducks ! be/ kn[n species is t 
) r$ wattles on its head & neck1 :i* is 
g5]ally call$ ! ,muscovy duck1 b :i* is 
n1 z its "n imports1 a native (         
,muscovy2 = ! "n is a corruption (      
mos*ata or musk duck1 9 allusion to !   
peculi> smell ( ! creature4 ,^! ducks   
are f\nd wild 9 ,guiana1 :]e !y ne/le on
 ! trunks ( trees close to ! wat]'s     
edge4 ,!y are easily manag$ 9 ?is       
c\ntry1 b require protection 9 cold     
wea!r4 ,!y bre$ freely1 & are n         
difficult to re>1 except ab\t ! "t :5 ! 
r$ wattles appe> r\nd ! head1 :5 _m ( !m
 die4 ,9 o!r respects !y consid]ably    

resemble ! common duck4  ,! %ieldrake1  
or burr[ duck1 is rem>kable = its       
con/ancy1 z a male & female :5 !y once  
pair cont9ue to bre$ toge!r e ye> z long
 z !y live4 ,?is duck is also "o ( ! mo/
 beautiful ( ! ornam5tal wat]-f[l4 ,9   
its native /ate x is g5]ally f\nd on !  
sea-coa/1 or )9 a few miles ( ! sea1 :]e
 x bre$s 9 rabbit burr[s & o!r holes 9  
s&y soils4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 live 9 an inl&  
situation1 provid$ x is f$ ) p]iw9kles &
 o!r %ell-fi%1 & h5ce x 0 orig9ally     
call$ ! %elldrake4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl& 
x is call$ ! skeel+ goose4  ,!re is     
ano!r species ( %ieldrake :i* is        
sometimes call$ ! ruddy goose1 & :i* has
 a glossy black r+ r\nd its neck & a    
r$di% brea/4 ,?is bird has ! same burr[+
 habits z ! common species1 b x pref]s !
 neighb\rhood ( a riv] to t ( ! sea4 ,! 
voice ( ?is bird :5 fly+ is said to     
resemble ! tone ( a cl>9et2 b 9 a /ate (
 conf9em5t x be>s m resemblance to ! cry
 ( a peacock4  ,! %ovell]1 or           
broad-bill1 is a f[l occasionally kept  

on ponds 9 pleasure-gr\nds4 ,9 a wild   
/ate x inhabits m>%es & ! muddy %ores ( 
lakes & riv]s1 & is g5]ally consid]$    
only a w9t] visitor to ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh 
"s rema9 e ye> to bre$4 ,!y fe$         
pr9cipally on insects1 & are s fond (   
flies1 t "o ( ! common names ( ?is      
species 9 ,france is can>d gobe-m\*e4 ,!
 ,engli% "n ( %ovell] alludes to ! broad
 beak1 ea* m&ible ( :i* is bord]$ )     
close set r[s ( tee? resembl+ ^? ( a    
weav]'s re$1 & :i* fitt+ into ea* o!r =m
 a k9d ( sieve4 ,) ?is beak ! %ovell]   
digs up ! s(t mud1 & lett+ its wat]y    
p>ticles escape1 reta9s ! v small worms 
& o!r insects :i* con/itute ! pr9cipal  
food ( ! bird4 ,^! ducks be+ v ornam5tal
 & curi\s1 _m attempts h be5 made to    
keep !m on ! ornam5tal pieces ( wat] 9 !
 ,london p>ks & g>d5s1 b hi!rto )\t     
success2 = ,i am told1 on ! au?ority (  
our excell5t fri5d ,capta9 ,mangles1 t1 
?\gh !y may appe> heal?y = a "t1 !y are 
v apt to die (f sudd5ly )\t any app>5t  
cause4  ,! gadwall1 or grey duck1 is an 

ornam5tal bird2 b x is ( little use to h
 x 9 pleasure-gr\nds1 z x is s %y1 & s  
fond ( hid+ itself among ?ick we$s &    
long grass1 t ! pair 9 ! ,zoological    
,society's g>d5s are sc>cely ev] se54   
,! p9tail duck1 or sea pheasant1 ?\gh   
also %y 9 its native habitats1 is m     
easily tam$1 & is well des]v+ ( be+ kept
 on ornam5tal pieces ( wat]1 n only f ! 
beauty ( its plumage1 b f ! s+ul>       
appe>ance produc$ by its long tail :5 x 
is swimm+ on ! wat]4 ,?is bird has a    
s+ul> pat* ( gre5 on its w+s1 & yell[   
feet4 ,x is v difficult to get x to     
bre$4  ,! teal is ! smalle/ ( ! ,briti% 
ducks1 & "o ( ! prettie/4 ,its brea/ is 
spott$ ) black t+$ ) purple1 & x has a  
ri* d>k-br[n m>k on its head1 encircl+ !
 eye & spread+ d[n ! back ( ! neck4 ,!  
teal be>s conf9em5t well1 & x bre$s     
regul>ly e ye> 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,zoological
 ,society4 ,! eggs are :ite t+$ ) buff1 
& g5]ally ab\t an in* & a half 9 l5g?4  
,! ne/ is =m$ ( decay$ vegetable matt]1 
l9$ ) d[n & fea!rs1 & x conta9s eight or

 t5 eggs4 ,! teal fe$s on grass & wat]  
plants1 & also on v>i\s k9ds ( insects2 
b1 :5 kept 9 ?is c\ntry all ! ye>1 dur+ 
! w9t] x requires gra94  ,! widgeon1    
,mr4 ,wat]ton tells u1 is a mu* m       
famili> bird ?an ei!r ! po*>d or ! teal4
 ,:ile ^! congregate on ! wat]1 beyond !
 rea* ( man1 ! widgeon appe>s to h      
dive/$ itself ( ! timidity obs]vable 9  
all o!r species ( wild-f[l1 & approa*es 
v ne> to our habitations4 ,! widgeon has
 su* a %rill cry1 t x is sometimes call$
 ! :i/l+ duck4  ,! ,am]ican widgeon is !
 con/ant att5dant on ! canvass-back     
duck1 s celebrat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates =   
its excell5ce z an article ( food4 ,^!  
ducks h be5 introduc$ into ,engl&1 b !y 
d n ?rive 9 ?is c\ntry probably = want (
 a species ( ,vallisnria on :i* !y fe$ 9
 _! native l&4 ,! be/ way ( manag+ !m   
w\ld be1 to give !m pl5ty ( gra91       
p>ticul>ly :eat1 ( :i* !y are rem>kably 
fond2 ?\gh1 probably1 buck-:eat w\ld    
answ] ! purpose1 & w\ld be mu* m        
economical4 ,! ,vallisnria1 also1 on :i*

 !y fe$1 might be introduc$ into ,engl&1
 ?\gh x w\ld require to be gr[n 9 runn+ 
wat]4  ,! eid] duck is v sc>ce on       
ornam5tal pieces ( wat]1 ?\gh x is      
abundant 9 ! ,nor?1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,f]n
 ,isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&1 &      
especially on ,/4 ,cu?b]t's rock2 & h5ce
 x is sometimes call$ ,/ ,cu?b]t's duck4
 ,x 0 long suppos$ t ! eid] duck w\ld n 
live 9 conf9em5t2 b ! ,e>l ( ,d]by has  
sev]al 9 8 spl5did collection at        
,kn[sley1 :i* 7 re>$ by fe$+ !m on slugs
 & o!r mollusca4  ,! k+ duck1 !         
beautiful little we/]n duck1 !          
magnific5t surf scot]1 & ! r$-cre/$ duck
 7a beautiful /uff$ specim5 ( :i* is 9 !
 possession ( ,mr4 ,wat]ton71 are all   
highly ornam5tal1 & well des]ve to be   
kept 9 pleasure-gr\nds = _! beauty4  ,! 
po*>d1 or dun bird1 is rem>kable = !    
excell5ce ( its fle%1 :i* closely       
resembles t ( ! celebrat$ canvass-back  
duck ( ,am]ica4 ,l t duck x fe$s gre$ily
 on a species ( ,vallisnria & on        
grass-wrack & sea grass 7,rpia m>tima72 

:i* la/1 ,mr4 ,y>rell tells u1 is call$ 
also 9 ,am]ica eel-grass1 f ! =m & l5g? 
( ! /em4 ,! ducks dive & pull up ^!     
aquatic plants to obta9 ! t5d] roots1 ! 
only "p !y seem to eat4 ,! two plants   
la/ nam$ are common ne> ! coa/ 9 ,engl&4
  ,i ?9k y w n[ be pretty well tir$ (   
aquatic f[ls2 & !re=e ,i w only m5tion  
"o m1 viz4 ! coot1 respect+ :i* !re is a
 great div]sity ( op9ions4 ,if a        
g5tleman wi%es to h pl5ty ( wild-f[l on 
8 pool1 says ,col4 ,hawk]1 9 8          
,in/ructions to ,"y ,sportsm51 let him  
pres]ve ! coots & keep no tame swans4 ,!
 reason t all wild-f[ls seek ! company (
 ! coots is1 because ^! birds are su*   
good s5tries to give ! al>m by day :5 ! 
f[l g5]ally sleep4 ,if y wi% to h y\r   
wat]-f[l bre$1 says ,capta9 ,mangles1 h 
no coots1 = if y h !y w de/roy all !    
eggs4 ,:]e !re are coots1 & x is wi%$ to
 de/roy !m1 x is extremely difficult to 
d s by %oot+ at !m1 z ! mom5t !y see !  
gun1 !y dive into ! wat]1 & :5 !y come  
up aga91 are frequ5tly a hundr$ y>ds f !

 place :]e !y sank4 ,!y also make a     
great commotion 9 ! wat] by flapp+ _!   
w+s along its surface1 & mak+ a trem5d\s
 ru%+ noise1 s t x is n v easy to       
approa* !m ev5 ) a boat4  ,almo/ e p>k  
:]e !re are trees conta9s pheasants2 & 9
 _m places especial contrivances h be5  
resort$ to = fe$+ & keep+ ^! birds4 ,!  
places :i* !y l to frequ5t are woods &  
plantations :]e !re is pl5ty ( und]gr[?1
 & !y are p>ticul>ly fond ( places :]e  
f]n & brake gr[ abundantly4 ,:5 x is    
wi%$ to /ock a p>k ) pheasants1 x is    
usual to set ! eggs "u a common h51 & :5
 !y are hat*$1 :i* w be 9 f tw5ty-?ree  
to tw5ty-sev5 days1 ! "y ones %\ld be   
put into a basket ) a bit ( flannel till
 ! :ole are hat*$ & ! %ells h be5 remov$
 f ! ne/4 ,!y are !n put back to ! h51 &
 f$ ) eggs boil$ h>d & !n cut small1 &  
curd made by mix+ new milk ) ! wat] 9   
:i* a lump ( alum has be5 dissolv$4 ,!y 
%\ld also h a few ants' eggs if !y c be 
procur$1 &1 if !y _c1 a raw egg %\ld be 
beat5 up & mix$ ) z mu* fl\r z w make x 

into a pa/e1 & !n rubb$ ?r\gh a co>se   
sieve s z to leave x 9 little gra9s4 ,"y
 pheasants %\ld be f$ (t51 & h b a v    
little at a "t4 ,:5 !y are able to run  
ab\t1 !y are fir/ put out ) ! h5 "u a   
coop l *ick5s2 b1 :5 !y get old] &      
/rong]1 ! h5 is put on "o ( ! l[]       
bran*es ( ! tree 9 ! p\ltry-y>d1 & ti$  
to x by ! leg1 s t %e c move ab\t on !  
bran*1 b n desc5d to ! gr\nd2 ! "y      
pheasants see+ h] on ! tree w fly up to 
h]1 & ?us le>n to p]*4 ,9 a few days !  
h5 is put ^u "o ( ! high] bran*es ( !   
tree1 & ! "y pheasants soon le>n to     
foll[ h]4 ,9 a week or t5 days aft] ?is1
 !y are g5]ally old en\gh to leave ! h51
 & !y may be turn$ into ! woods2 ?\gh !y
 w require fe$+ e morn+ & ev5+ = "s     
weeks4 ,pheasants are naturally v %y1 & 
ev5 :5 re>$ 9 ?is mann] !y become s     
timid 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks t !y w n  
suff] any "o to come ne> !m4 ,_m p]sons 
suppose t1 z !y are natives ( ,asia     
,m9or1 !y are t5d]1 & easily affect$ by 
! cold2 b ?is is n ! case1 z !y w be>   

cold bett] ?an mo/ o!rs ( ! fea!r$ race4
  ,"s p]sons try to fatt5 pheasants by  
putt+ !m 9 a small enclosure cov]$ ) a  
net2 b pheasants treat$ 9 ?is mann] are 
nev] s good z ^? %ot wild 9 ! woods4    
,_m plans h be5 devis$ = fe$+ pheasants 
9 ! woods1 b none are bett] ?an ^? (    
,mr4 ,wat]ton at ,walton ,hall4 ,at t   
mo/ int]e/+ place1 :i* may be call$ !   
p>adise ( birds1 ,mr4 ,wat]ton has =m$  
clumps ( hollies1 by plant+ tw5ty or m 9
 a circle1 & !n mak+ an inn] circle1    
conta9+ t5 or fifte5 trees1 & scatt]+ ! 
food = ! birds betwe5 ! two circles1 or 
9 ! c5tre ( ! inn] "o4 ,9 o!r places a  
yew tree surr\nd$ by a holly h$ge =ms a 
place ( %elt] = ! birds2 b ! fir/ k9d is
 pref]r$ = a fe$+-place4 ,! pheasant    
requires a great deal ( food2 & ,mr4    
,wat]ton1 ^: k ( ! subject is prov]bial1
 tells u t x is fond ( acorns1 bee* ma/1
 ! b]ries ( ! haw?orn1 ! se$s ( ! wild  
rose1 & ! tub]s ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke4 
,boil$ potatoes 7:i* ! pheasant pref]s  
mu* to ^? 9 ! raw /ate7 are1 he adds1   

p]haps ! mo/ n\ri%+ ?+s t c be (f]$ 9 ! 
dep? ( w9t]4 ,! plantations ( hollies   
af=d ! pheasant a retreat to fe$ 9      
admirably suit$ to its timid nature1 &  
!y s]ve at ! same "t to keep ! small]   
birds at a di/ance4  ,pheasants are     
g5]ally consid]$ wor? enc\rag+ 9 a p>k1 
= _! ornam5tal effect :5 sitt+ on !     
trees1 or ris+ ) a l\d :irr f _! cov]s4 
,x is also agreeable to he> _! call 9 ! 
woods at roo/+-"t & e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,a  
wood )\t any liv+ creatures 9 x pres5ts 
only a dre>y sc5e1 or at be/ only gloomy
 pictures to ! imag9ation2 b1 z soon z x
 is in/9ct ) life1 its :ole aspect seems
 *ang$1 & *e]ful feel+s are excit$4 ,i  
l1 !re=e1 to enc\rage birds & o!r half  
wild animals 9 ext5sive p>ks1 & ,i w\ld 
only bani% ^? ^: natural prop5sities    
make _! pres5ce m likely to give pa9 ?an
 pleasure4  ,p>tridges require v little 
aid f man1 provid$ only ! common k9d is 
desir$4 ,all t is necess>y is1 to prev5t
 ! h5 f be+ di/urb$ :ile sitt+1 or :ile 
brood+ ov] h] "y4 ,may is ! mon? 9 :i* !

 p>tridge g5]ally lays h] eggs1 &1 f t  
"t till ! end ( ,june1 c>e %\ld be tak5 
n to di/urb h]4 ,p>tridges pair e>ly 9  
spr+1 & once unit$ x is r>e t any ?+ b  
dea? sep>ates !m4 ,! female lays f      
f\rte5 to tw5ty eggs1 & makes h] ne/ ^u 
! gr\nd4 ,! "y "o runs z soon z x is    
hat*$1 & frequ5tly :ile x has /ill "p ( 
! %ell ^u its head4 ,! h5 p>tridge re>s 
h] "y z a h5 does h] *ick5s1 scrat*+ !  
gr\nd to get insects = !m1 & %elt]+ !m  
"u h] w+s :ile !y are at re/4 ,p>tridges
 succe$ be/ 9 temp]ate climates2 =      
extremes ( heat & cold are alike        
unfav\rable to !m4 ,p>tridges make a    
peculi> noise call$ juck+ :5 !y settle  
d[n = ! night2 :5 ?is noise is he>d1 x  
is a c]ta9 indication t !re is a covey  
or brood ( "y birds close at h&4  ,!    
r$-legg$1 or ,gu]nsey1 p>tridge is v    
abundant 9 ,france1 & 9 _m p>ts ( !     
,cont95t2 b x is r>e 9 ,engl&1 except 9 
,suffolk1 :]e x is n lik$ = ! table4    
,its habits diff] mat]ially f ^? ( !    
common p>tridge4 ,x w only ?rive 9      

m\nta9\s situations cov]$ ) wood2 &1    
in/ead ( roo/+ on ! gr\nd1 x passes !   
night on trees4 ,x is also g5]ally f\nd 
p]*$ on trees 9 ! daytime2 & x lives 9  
l>ge flocks1 & n 9 coveys consi/+ only (
 a s+le family4 ,if y wi% to try !      
exp]im5t ( re>+ "s ( ^! birds1 y h only 
to get fifte5 or tw5ty ( ! eggs ?r\gh "s
 p\lt]] f ,france or ,gu]nsey1 or f     
,suffolk1 & to set !m "u a common h54   
,!y w be hat*$ 9 ab\t ! same "t z       
pheasants1 & ! "y birds require exactly 
! same treatm5t4  ,i d n ?9k ,i ne$ say 
any ?+ ( ! o!r k9ds ( game birds common 
9 ,engl&1 z y are n v likely to g out   
%oot+2 & !y are too wild to suff]       
!mselves to be approa*$4  ,h>es may be  
occasionally se5 ly+ 9 _! =ms1 or scudd+
 across a field2 b !y are too fond (    
p9ks & c>nations = me to be v p>tial to 
!m2 &1 inde$1 x is h>dly possible to h a
 good fl[]-g>d5 :]e !re are a great _m  
h>es & rabbits4  ,h]ons are v int]e/+   
birds1 b1 z !y only frequ5t m>%y l&1 x  
is n e situation t is suitable = !m4 ,!y

 h c]ta9ly a /rik+ appe>ance 9 a        
l&scape1 :5 !y are se5 /&+ = h\rs toge!r
 on ! banks ( a piece ( wat] wat*+ !    
fi%2 &1 :5 !y fly1 ! flapp+ ( _! long   
w+s1 & ! cries !y utt]1 h some?+ 9 !m   
extremely wild & romantic4  ,! boom+ ( !
 bitt]n1 too1 :i* is (t5 he>d on !      
bord]s ( m>%y l&1 has a v /rik+ effect1 
& h>monises well ) ! cry ( ! h]on4  ,if 
y h any gold & silv] pheasants1 or o!r  
curi\s birds t y d n l to tru/ wild 9 ! 
p>k1 y w p]haps f9d x advantage\s to h  
an avi>y2 ( :i* !re are two k9ds4 ,small
 avi>ies are1 9 fact1 b birdcages on a  
l>ge scale1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts to   
suit ! nature ( ! birds t are to be     
conf9$ 9 !m2 :ile a l>ge avi>y is only a
 sup]ior k9d ( p\ltry-y>d cov]$ 9 ) wire
 network to prev5t ! birds f escap+4 ,! 
avi>y ( ! ,e>l ( ,d]by at ,kn[sley ,p>k1
 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ 9 ,engl&1
 is ( ?is latt] description4  ,! api>y1 
or /& ( beehives1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a     
%elt]$ situation ) a s\!rly aspect1 &   
c>e %\ld be tak5 t !re are no bad smells

 ne> x2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? proce$+ f a
 pig/y or a dog-k5nel4 ,!re %\ld1 on !  
contr>y1 be a g>d5 full ( pleasant fl[]s
 z ne> z possible to ! bees1 z1 ?\gh !y 
w occasionally g ev5 miles 9 que/ (     
food1 x is mu* bett] = !m on e acc\nt to
 h x close at h&4 ,bees are p>ticul>ly  
fond ( ! fl[]s ( buck-:eat1 &1 ?\gh o!r 
plants may be m abundant 9 honey1 none  
are m useful 9 af=d+ :at is call$       
bee-bread1 or ! sub/ance on :i* ! bees  
live :ile !y are lay+ up _! w9t] /ore4  
,! work+ bees1 inde$1 manufacture ?ree  
di/9ct sub/ances f ! juices !y obta9 f !
 fl[]s4 ,^! sub/ances are1 ! wax ( :i*  
!y make _! combs2 ! honey :i* !y /ore 9 
!m1 = consumption dur+ w9t]2 & !        
bee-bread on :i* !y fe$1 & a portion (  
:i* !y lay up 9 ! cells 9 :i* eggs are  
deposit$1 9 ord] t ! "y bee may fe$ ^u x
 :ile 9 its l>va /ate4  ,:5 y want to =m
 an api>y1 x is necess>y at fir/ to     
decide ^u :at design y w pref]1 & !n to 
adapt y\r bee-h\se to x2 ! bee-h\se     
itself be+ a wood5 closet ) %elves 9 x1 

ea* l>ge en\gh to hold two or m hives4  
,! holes = ! entrance ( ! bees mu/ be 9 
front ( ! api>y2 & !y are g5]ally made  
?ree in*es long1 & a qu>t] ( an in*     
high1 ) a little %elf be=e ea* = ! bees 
to alight ^u be=e !y ent] ! hive4 ,_m   
k9ds ( hives h be5 recomm5d$1 & ,nutt's 
hive is a v good "o1 :]e ! bees are kept
 m]ely = an amusem5t1 & x is wi%$ to see
 !m at "w2 b1 :]e honey is an object1 ,i
 believe ! common /raw hives are f\nd to
 answ] be/4 ,i may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t :]e 
,nutt's hives are us$1 no ornam5tal     
front is requir$ to ! api>y1 z ! hives  
are q suffici5tly ornam5tal 9 !mselves4 
,:5 a hive ( bees is to be b\ght1 !     
p]son :o selects x g5]ally taps x to see
 if x is full ( bees1 &1 if he is       
satisfi$ 9 ?is respect1 a ?9 bo>d is    
slipp$ "u x1 & x is left quiet till     
night4 ,:5 x is d>k1 ! bo>d is g5tly    
rais$ by hav+ a p]son on ea* side ( x1 s
 z to keep x z level z possible4 ,a clo?
 is !n slipp$ "u ! bo>d1 & drawn up &   
ti$ closely ov] ! hive4 ,:5 ?us secur$ !

 hive may be easily c>ri$ to any di/ance
 t may be necess>y2 &1 :5 x is plac$ on 
! bo>d :]e x is f9ally to /&1 ! clo? mu/
 be tak5 away f ! l[] "p ( ! hive be=e x
 is plac$2 z1 :5 x is once fix$1 x %\ld 
n be mov$ aga9 if x c possibly be       
avoid$4  ,9 ,may or ,june bees g5]ally  
sw>m1 t is1 ! bees hav+ become too      
num]\s = ! hive1 a portion ( !m g =? to 
seek a new abode4 ,a %ort "t be=e sw>m+ 
! bees come out ( _! hive1 & hang toge!r
 s z to =m a *a94 ,aft] hang+ 9 ?is     
mann] = "s "t1 & frequ5tly = sev]al     
h\rs1 !y leave ! old hive & settle on a 
tree 9 ! neighb\rhood2 &1 z soon z ?is  
is ! case1 a table is set "u ! tree     
cov]$ ) a :ite clo?1 & a man exp]i5c$ 9 
su* matt]s asc5ds ! tree ) an empty hive
 9 8 h&1 & sweeps ! bees into x4 ,he !n 
br+s ! hive d[n1 & places x on ! table  
:i* 0 previ\sly cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,a v    
great bu/le imm$iately takes place among
 ! bees1 & ! clo? is completely cov]$ ) 
!m4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 !y become settl$ 
9 ! hive1 & at night ! clo? may be drawn

 r\nd !m1 & ! hive remov$ to :]ev] x may
 be wi%$ to place x4 ,!re mu/ be "o que5
 bee 9 e sw>m1 &1 if by any accid5t !   
que5 bee is kill$1 ! rema9+ bees are 9 !
 greate/ tr\ble & confusion1 z if seek+ 
= h]1 & if !y d n f9d h] !y sep>ate1 &  
disp]se !mselves among ! o!r hives4 ,if1
 on ! contr>y1 ! que5 is only held 9    
conf9em5t1 !y fly to h] z soon z !y f9d 
out :]e %e is1 & =m+ !mselves into a    
*a91 wait till %e comes =? to lead !m   
away4  ,!re are _m curi\s facts relat+  
to ! dome/ic economy ( bees well wor?y (
 y\r notice1 b ?is is n exactly ! place 
to relate !m4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 only say a
 few words on ! mode ( tak+ ! honey1 &  
on ! managem5t ( ! bees dur+ w9t]4 ,_m  
plans h be5 devis$ = tak+ ! honey )\t   
kill+ ! bees2 b ?is appe>s to be a      
mi/ak5 k9d ( humanity1 z x is m m]ciful 
to kill ! bees at once ?an to condemn !m
 to die ( />vation by depriv+ !m ( _!   
w9t] food4 ,! ord9>y mode is1 to put l95
 rags dipp$ 9 melt$ sulphur into a hole 
9 ! gr\nd1 &1 aft] hav+ light$ !m1 to   

set a hive full ( bees ov] ! hole4      
,ano!r plan is to set ! full hive on an 
empty "o inv]t$1 & !n to introduce a    
sulphure\s smoke into ! full hive by    
means ( a pair ( fumigat+ bell[s4 ,!    
bees w all fall f ! full hive into !    
empty "o1 & ! combs 9 ! full hive1 :5   
cle>$ ( ! bees1 may be cut out4 ,:5 !   
lives ( ! bees are to be pres]v$1 ! full
 hive is inv]t$1 & ! empty hive be+ put 
ov] x1 & bo? ( !m enclos$ 9 a clo?1 !   
l[] hive is tapp$ sev]al times on !     
outside ) a /ick1 & g5tly %ak51 s z to  
drive ! bees f x into ! upp] hive4 ,a   
bo>d is !n slipp$ betwe5 ! two1 &1 !    
hive conta9+ ! honeycombs be+ remov$1 ! 
o!r hive is left ) ! bees 9 x4 ,?is     
op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ,augu/1 z1 if x
 is lat] 9 ! season1 ! bees w n h "t to 
provide !mselves ) a fre% /ock ( honey  
be=e w9t]4 ,if ! bees are to be de/roy$ 
:5 ! honey is tak51 x is g5]ally done 9 
,octob]4  ,:5 w9t] sets 9 _m cov] _!    
hives ) a ?at*+ ( /raw2 &1 if a few w>m 
days occur :i* tempt ! bees out1 !y are 

f$ ) sug> & wat] boil$ into a syrup1 & n
 ) m]ely sug> dissolv$ 9 wat]1 z is     
frequ5tly ! case4 ,"s p]sons recomm5d ! 
syrup giv5 to bees to be put on a plate 
& cross$ ) /raws1 to enable ! bees to   
take x )\t dr[n+ !mselves2 :ile o!rs    
recomm5d pap] pi]c$ ) holes1 or p]=at$  
z9c1 = ! same purpose4 ,x may be useful 
to m5tion t ! /+ ( a bee1 be+ a p[]ful  
acid1 may be cur$ by ! application ( an 
alkali2 & ?us *alk1 or any simil>       
sub/ance1 w v soon allay ! pa94  ,i %all
 n[ add a few words on keep+ silk-worms1
 & !n ,i ?9k ,i %all h said q en\gh on !
 animals usually kept 9 ! c\ntry4       
,silk-worms succe$ be/ :5 f$ on ! leaves
 ( ! :ite mulb]ry1 b ^? ( ! black       
mulb]ry are un:olesome = !m4 ,:5 !      
leaves ( ! :ite mulb]ry _c be procur$1  
lettuce leaves or ^? ( ! maclura are !  
be/ sub/itute4 ,:]e ! mulb]ry is gr[n   
purposely = silk-worms1 ! trees are cut 
d[n to ! gr\nd e ye> to make !m s5d up  
/rong vigor\s %oots4 ,! leaves ( ^!     
%oots are ga!r$ 9 ! morn+ aft] ! dew has

 gone (f1 s t !y may be p]fectly dry1 &1
 :5 /ripp$ (f1 !y are deposit$ 9 a bag  
kept op5 ) a hoop r\nd ! top1 9 ord] t  
!y may be pres]v$ 9 z fre% a /ate z     
possible2 & e leaf is tak5 (f "o tree   
be=e ano!r is begun ^u1 z x is f\nd t   
?is plan ( /ripp+ ! trees entirely      
injures !m less ?an tak+ a few leaves f 
ea* at a "t2 z1 aft] ! tree has be5 = "s
 "t entirely d5ud$1 x =ms a fre% set (  
leaf buds1 & produces a second crop (   
leaves4 ,none ( ! leaves ( ?is second   
crop1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 (f4 ,:]e lab\r 
is suffici5tly *eap1 ! leaves are be/   
cut (f ) a pair ( scissors4  ,if y %\ld 
feel incl9$ to try y\r skill 9 fe$+     
silk-worms1 y c pur*ase ! eggs 9 ,cov5t 
,g>d5 m>ket = t5 %ill+s an ounce1 &1 if 
kept 9 a cool place1 !y w rema9 good =  
ne>ly a ye>4 ,:5 !y are to be hat*$1 !y 
mu/ be expos$ to a temp]ature ( #hf     
,fahr41 & !y are be/ kept 9 a room      
appropriat$ = ! purpose1 & heat$ by a   
/ove4 ,if y h any small room adjo9+ y\r 
laundry1 or any o!r place :]e !re is a  

con/ant fire1 y w h no difficulty 9     
manag+ y\r silk-worms4 ,suppos+ y to h a
 room ( ?is nature1 x w be well to h    
tables & %elves provid$ = keep+ !       
insects on2 ! %elves %\ld n be let into 
! wall1 b %\ld be s contriv$1 by be+    
susp5d$ on holdfa/s or 9 "s o!r way1 z  
to h ! air on e side2 & !y %\ld be      
furni%$ ) l$ges r\nd !m to prev5t !     
insects f fall+ (f4  ,z soon z ! mulb]ry
 beg9s to unfold its leaves1 ! eggs ( ! 
silk-worms %\ld be laid on ! %elves1 &  
:5 !y beg9 to turn :ite1 :i* w be 9 ab\t
 t5 days if ! room has be5 kept at a    
prop] temp]ature1 !y %\ld be cov]$ ov] )
 little trays made ( writ+-pap] turn$   
upside d[n1 & pi]c$ full ( holes ) a    
l>ge knitt+-ne$le4 ,on ea* tray %\ld be 
laid "s "y twigs ( ! mulb]ry1 :i* !     
insects w smell z soon z !y are hat*$1  
&1 crawl+ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! pap]1 w beg9
 to eat4 ,z soon z a twig is cov]$ all  
ov] ) silk-worms1 x %\ld be c>efully    
remov$ to ano!r %elf1 & ! insects plac$ 
on blott+-pap]4 ,ea* insect %\ld be     

all[$ ab\t a squ>e in* ( pap]4 ,x %\ld  
!n be f$ ) *opp$ leaves1 & x w appe> to 
pass ! great] "p ( its "t 9 sleep till x
 *anges its sk94 ,9 its second /ate x w 
also appe> to pass a great portion ( its
 "t 9 sleep2 b x may be f$ ) "y leaves  
)\t *opp+1 till x *anges its sk9 a      
second "t4 ,9 its ?ird /ate ! silk-worm 
becomes m lively & vigor\s1 & x w dev\r 
full-gr[n leaves )\t *opp+4 ,up to ?is  
p]iod ( its life x w be suffici5t to fe$
 x ?ree times a day4 ,aft] *ang+ its sk9
 a ?ird "t1 ! silk-worm becomes ( a fle%
 col\r1 & eats s gre$ily t x %\ld be    
kept suppli$ ) a succession ( leaves all
 day long4 ,aft] ! next *ange !         
silk-worm eats abundantly night & day1 &
 %\ld be kept w>m4 ,x n[ beg9s to get   
re/less1 & in/ead ( eat+ is cont9ually  
/ret*+ out its head z ?\gh x 7 9 se>* ( 
some?+2 its body w h become transp>5t1 (
 a cle> pe>ly hue1 ) b&s ( gold col\r4  
,little bits ( wood %\ld n[ be fix$ on !
 %elves 9 su* a way z to give ! insects 
a feel+ ( security2 & !y w imm$iately   

beg9 to make _! cocoons1 :i* !y w       
complete 9 f f\r to sev5 days4  ,:5 !   
insects h done work+1 ! cocoons are tak5
 f ! /icks1 & a few be+ select$ to bre$ 
f1 ! re/ are prep>$ = unw9d+4 ,! insects
 enclos$ are fir/ kill$1 ei!r by putt+  
!m 9 bags & enclos+ !m = half an h\r 9  
an ov5 heat$ to #hh2 or by putt+ !m 9   
sieves1 &1 aft] cov]+ !m closely ) a    
wooll5 clo?1 plac+ ! sieves ov] boil+   
wat] or boil+ spirits ( any k9d4 ,!     
insects be+ kill$1 ! loose or floss silk
 is remov$ f ! cocoons1 & !y are put by 
h&fuls into bas9s ( hot wat]1 :i* has   
be5 heat$ almo/ to ! boil+ po9t2 & !    
cocoons are /irr$ r\nd 9 x = a few      
m9utes ) a :isk ( broom4 ,9 a v %ort "t 
! gum ) :i* ! insect _h cov]$ ! cocoon  
is dissolv$1 & ! loose ?reads beg9n+ to 
float on ! wat]1 five or six ( !m are   
collect$1 & ! reel+ ( ! silk beg9s4 ,if 
well f$ & kept 9 a prop] temp]ature1 !  
cat]pill>s w f9i% _! lab\rs tw5ty-f\r   
days aft] !y are hat*$4 ,an ounce ( eggs
 w produce ab\t =ty ?\s& cat]pill>s1 :i*

 w consume ne>ly elev5 hundr$ p\nds (   
leaves1 & w produce ab\t eighty p\nds ( 
cocoons1 or eight p\nds ( raw silk4     
,,book ,,iv4 ,,rural ,,walks4   ,,lett] 
,,xvii4  ,,%oes ,,& ,,app>atus ,,=      
,,walk+4--,,rural ,,seats4--,,natural   
,,objects ,,not$ ,,9 ,a ,,c\ntry ,,walk3
 ,,! ,,mole2 ,,! ,,%rike2 ,,! ,,black   
,,snail2 ,,! ,,sill] ,,cups2 ,,!        
,,w\ndwort4--,,pleasures ,,( ,,/udy+    
,,botany4--,,granite4--,,appe>ance ,,(  
,,! ,,cl\ds4   ,x gives me ! greate/    
pleasure1 my de> ,annie1 to f9d t y are 
ent]+ s w>mly into c\ntry pursuits1 & ,i
 h read ov] repeat$ly ! passage 9 :i* y 
?ank me = hav+ taught y to love !       
c\ntry1 & 9 :i* y say t :5 y look at y\r
 beautiful g>d5 7n[ s brilliant ) bright
 sc>let v]b5as & gold5-yell[            
calceol>ias1 t y c sc>cely gaze at x 9 !
 sun%9e71 & t :5 y sit 9 y\r light      
*e]ful room1 or w&] ne> ! h\se1 & see 9 
"o direction ! village *ur* peep+ ?r\gh 
! trees1 & 9 ano!r a riv] w9d+ l a silv]
 rib& ?r\gh ! valley1 y c sc>cely       

believe x is ! same place z t :i* /ruck 
y z ! v palace ( gloom9ess only a few   
mon?s ago4 ,! v rooms !mselves seem     
*ang$1 y add1 & ev5 ! situation ( !     
h\se2 =1 in/ead ( be+ buri$ 9 a deep    
valley1 & surr\nd$ by a ?ick =e/ :i*    
rose on e side z if to entomb x1 & :i*  
appe>$ to =bid ! possibility ( walk+    
out1 x is n[ e ?+ ,i c\ld desire1 & ,i  
w\ld n alt] x ev5 if ,i _h ,aladd9's    
lamp4  ,i am n1 h[ev]1 q s well pleas$  
to f9d t x is sev]al weeks s9ce y h be5 
beyond ! prec9cts ( :at y call y\r own  
doma92 t is1 ! g>d51 p\ltry-y>d1 c41    
imm$iately adjo9+ ! h\se4 ,x is well to 
love home1 & to take a deep int]e/ 9 all
 relat+ to x2 b x is n well to live     
entirely 9 s conf9$ a sph]e4 ,! m9d     
inde$ becomes contract$ by dwell+ only  
on a limit$ numb] ( objects1 & ^? all 9 
:at may be call$ an artificial /ate2    
:ile1 on ! contr>y1 x is exp&$1 & noble 
feel+s are elicit$1 by communion )      
nature4 ,i h be5 talk+ to ! v9es1 said !
 great ,goe! aft] pay+ a visit to !     

c\ntry1 & y _c ?9k :at beautiful ?+s !y 
h said to me4 ,seek nature !n1 my de>   
,annie2 leave y\r trim fl[]-g>d51 & y\r 
tame p\ltry1 & w&] 9 ! woods1 admir+ !  
poetry ( =e/ sc5]y1 & wat*+ ! habits ( !
 v>i\s creatures :i* p :at seems to !   
c>eless obs]v] only "o va/ solitude4  ,y
 mu/ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,i want y to   
set =? l a female knight-errant 9 que/ (
 adv5tures2 b ,i d ?9k t att5d$ by y\r  
maid1 :o ,i 0 glad to he> is a highly   
respectable & well-educat$ "y woman1 y  
may w&] ?r\gh ! woods ( y\r own p>k )\t 
incurr+ any v s]i\s dang]s4  ,9 ! fir/  
place1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld advise y to       
provide y\rself ) a pair ( /rong & yet  
com=table boots4 ,i pref] ,g]man boots  
made to tie r\nd ! ankles1 s t !y c be  
easily tak5 (f :5 y come home ) !m      
dirty2 z x is n v agreeable1 :5 y are   
tir$1 to wait till y\r boots are unlac$ 
be=e y c enjoy ! com=t ( clean dry %oes 
aft] a fatigu+ walk4 ,if y c walk 9     
clogs com=tably !y w keep y v dry1 z two
 pairs ( ev5 ?9 soles admit less damp to

 ! feet ?an "o pair ( ?ick ones4 ,i d n1
 h[ev]1 ?9k y w f9d clogs advisable1    
unless y walk to *ur*1 or to make calls1
 z !y fatigue ! feet exce$+ly by _!     
irregul> pressure2 &1 :ile ,indian rubb]
 clogs make ! feet cold by prev5t+ !    
evaporation ( ! ins5sible p]spiration1 !
 jo9t$ clogs may v probably break at a  
consid]able di/ance f ! h\se1 & r$uce y 
to ! disagreeable necessity ( walk+ home
 9 ?9 %oes ?r\gh ! mud4 ,:5 y liv$ 9 t[n
 ,i rememb] y 7 n capable ( be>+ mu*    
fatigue1 & ?\gh ,i h no d\bt b ! c\ntry 
air has greatly invigorat$ y1 yet ,i ?9k
 y w f9d x advisable to let y\r maid    
c>ry a camp /ool ) y 9 y\r excursions1 z
 no?+ c be m injuri\s to a p]son (      
delicate con/itution ?an ov]-fatigue4   
,9 ! c\rse ( y\r walks1 y w d\btless f9d
 _m situations :]e a ru/ic seat might be
 introduc$ advantage\sly4 ,i d n mean "o
 ( ^? di/ort$ *airs or g>d5-seats made (
 crook$ pieces ( wood nail$ toge!r 9 !  
/range/ possible %apes & !n pa9t$ &     
v>ni%$1 b a real ru/ic seat =m$ by !    

/ump ( an old tree or ! trunk ( a fall5 
"o1 only made suffici5tly smoo? to      
prev5t x f te>+ y\r clo!s2 or1 at mo/1  
only a few pla9 pieces ( wood nail$     
toge!r by "s village workman1 & plac$ "u
 ! spread+ bran*es ( a tree1 s z to be n
 at all obtrusive4  ,:5 y fir/ beg9 to  
walk out y w probably f9d ! beauty ( !  
sc5]y q suffici5t to int]e/ y2 b aft] a 
"t1 z y\r walks mu/ all necess>ily      
p>take ( ! same "*1 y w want a little   
v>iety1 & y mu/ make s\rces ( int]e/ to 
y\rself by obs]v+ ! v>i\s natural       
objects y meet )1 & :5 y come home      
endeav\r+ to make y\rself acqua9t$ ) "s 
p>ticul>s respect+ !m4 ,to illu/rate :at
 ,i mean by an example1 ,i w j enum]ate 
! objects y may v probably meet ) 9 a   
morn+'s walk1 & %[ y h[ mu* ent]ta9m5t y
 may d]ive f !m4  ,i w suppose fir/1 t y
 see a mole-hill ) a mole caught & hang+
 9 a trap ne> x4 ,/ruck ) ! curi\s =m ( 
! mole1 its long sn\t1 its h&s1 & its   
velvet fur1 & y\r curiosity be+ excit$  
to "k some?+ ( its habits1 y write ! ^w 

mole 9 y\r notebook4 ,a little f>!r on1 
y see a r small bird1 ) a dead m\se 9   
its beak almo/ z l>ge z itself1 da% !   
m\se viol5tly aga9/ ! bran* ( a tree1 & 
leave x !re /ick+ 9 ! =k ( ! bran*4 ,?is
 appe>s s /range t y approa* ! bran* to 
exam9e x1 & f9d on ano!r bran* an insect
 completely impal$ on a twig1 :i*       
app>5tly "s boy has =c$ ?r\gh its body4 
,%udd]+ at ! cruelty ( human nature y   
walk on2 b %ortly aft]w>ds p]ceiv+ a    
curi\s excresc5ce on ! trunk ( a tree1  
:i* is almo/ above y\r rea*1 y /& to    
look at x1 & see to y\r a/oni%m5t "s o!r
 insects impal$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1
 at a height no boy c\ld rea*2 &1 q     
puzzl$1 y ent] a note 9 y\r j\rnal4 ,a  
little f>!r on1 y meet ) a black snail t
 crawls across y\r pa?1 & leaves a long 
l9e ( %9+ slime beh9d2 & y !n f9d "s    
curi\s little fungi 7fig4 #ah47 :i* look
 l fairy birds' ne/s full ( eggs4 ,y\r  
att5tion is next attract$ by a plant ) a
 squ>e /em1 & s(t hairy leaves1         
he>t-%ap$ at ! base1 & tap]+ to ! po9t2 

& v pretty spott$ p9k fl[]s1 some?+ l ^?
 ( ! snapdragon1 b mu* small]4 ,y       
aft]w>ds pick up a bit ( /one t appe>s  
compos$ ( v>i\s p>ticles2 &1 la/ly1 z y 
g home y obs]ve ! s+ul> appe>ance ( !   
cl\ds1 :i* look l long plumes ( fea!rs  
/ream+ 9 ! w9d4 ,y make notes ( all t y 
h se51 & :5 y get home amuse y\rself by 
se>*+ 9 books = an explanation ( ^?     
subjects :i* h excit$ y\r curiosity4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,nidulria      
campanulta4  ,fir/1 if y w look = !     
article ,mole 9 ,bell's ,briti%         
,quadrup$s1 y w f9d an engrav+ ( !      
curi\s little h&s1 or r paws1 by :i* !  
mole makes its passages ?r\gh ! e>?1 ) a
 plan ( its ca/le "u gr\nd2 & y w read a
 description ( ! little animal itself1 &
 ( its fur :i* is set horizontally f its
 sk91 s z n to (f] any ob/ruction 9 !   
n>r[ passages ?r\gh :i* x moves1        
sometimes =w>d & sometimes backw>d4 ,y w
 also read an acc\nt ( ! +5i\s exp]im5t 
( ,m4 ,h5ri ,le ,c\rt1 :o1 to discov] h[
 fa/ a mole c\ld g1 fix$ /raws 9 ! track

 ( ! mole's burr[2 & !n1 bl[+ a horn at 
! entrance1 c\nt$ ) :at rapidity !      
diff]5t /raws 7 ?r[n d[n1 & calculat$ t 
a mole c run z fa/ z a horse c trot4 ,! 
:ole acc\nt is extremely curi\s2 & ,i am
 q sure1 :5 y h read x1 y w feel an     
int]e/ 9 moles t y h nev] _h be=e2 & t y
 w look ) q diff]5t feel+s at e         
mole-hill t y may see4  ,! next ?+ y saw
 0 a bird hang+ a field-m\se ^u ! =k ( a
 bran*1 & ne> x y saw sev]al insects    
impal$ ^u twigs1 too high = x to h be5 !
 "w ( a mis*iev\s boy4 ,! bird y saw 0 !
 ,great] ,%rike1 or but*] bird1 ^: habit
 x is to hang up ! insects or small     
animals x kills z a but*] does ! meat 9 
8 /all1 & aft]w>ds to return to fe$ ^u  
!m4 ,y w f9d acc\nts ( ?is curi\s bird 9
 ,y>rell's ,briti% ,birds2 ,montagu's   
,orni?ological ,diction>y2 & ! ,p5ny    
,cyclopdia1 "u ! article ,%rike4  ,y w  
next f9d ent]$ 9 y\r j\rnal ! creature  
call$ a black snail1 b :i* is 9 fact a  
slug1 z x has no visible %ell4 ,on look+
 = ! ^w ,slug 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia y w  

f9d y\rself ref]r$ to ,limax1 & "u t    
head y w f9d a figure v ne>ly resembl+ !
 creature y are seek+ =1 ?\gh x diff]s 9
 col\r2 z x is call$ ,aron rfa1 or ! r$ 
slug1 :ile ! creature y saw 0 ! black   
slug1 call$ ,aron t]2 & if y h ! c\rage 
to exam9e ! liv+ animal y w f9d x v     
curi\sly =m$4 ,its back is cov]$ ) a    
black ribb$ sk91 & on ! upp] "p x be>s a
 %ield1 :i* consi/s ( a piece ( bone1 ! 
only "o 9 ! slug's body1 cov]$ ) sk92 ! 
%ield be+ design$ to protect ! air-hole 
?r\gh :i* ! creature brea!s4 ,:at we are
 accu/om$ to call its horns are1 9 fact1
 t5tacula or feel]s1 :i* ! creature has 
! p[] ( draw+ into its body or pu%+ out 
at pleasure1 & :i* are gift$ ) an       
exquisitely f9e s5se ( t\*4 ,! long %9+ 
l9e ) :i* ! creature m>k$ its pa? is !  
slime :i* proce$s f its body1 & ) :i* x 
is enabl$ to glide smoo?ly ov] s& or    
gravel t w\ld o!rwise injure x4 ,i h    
said m on ?is subject ?an ,i %\ld       
o!rwise h done1 because ,i wi% to po9t  
out to y t ev5 a creature s humble & s  

despicable z a slug1 is z curi\sly &    
wond]fully made1 & displays ! p[] &     
wisdom ( its ,creator1 z decid$ly1 z !  
noble/ & mo/ beautiful animal4 ,! /udy (
 natural hi/ory is1 inde$1 ,i ?9k1 m    
fitt$ ?an any o!r to op5 our m9ds to a  
prop] k ( ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god2 & 
! m we /udy x ! m firmly we %all be     
conv9c$ t no?+ has be5 made 9 va91 & t  
ev]y?+ has be5 mo/ admirably suit$ to ! 
/ation :i* x is de/9$ to fill4  ,!      
curi\s fungus y w f9d1 by comp>+ x ) !  
,encyclopdia ( ,plants1 is ,nidulria    
campanulta1 :i* ! ,scot* call ,sill]    
,cups4 ,!re is a popul> sup]/ition 9    
,scotl& respect+ ^! pretty little cups1 
:i* says t if y f9d !m alone y w h z mu*
 money z !y conta9 little balls4 ,^!    
balls are1 h[ev]1 cases conta9+ !       
sporules1 or se$s1 ( ! fungus4  ,i n[   
come to ! fl[] :i* ,i h suppos$ to h    
attract$ y\r att5tion1 & y w f9d1 ^u a  
m9ute exam9ation1 t x has a corolla     
divid$ into two di/9ct p>ts1 ! upp] "o  
/&+ up l a hood or helmet1 & ! l[] "o   

hang+ d[n l a p\t+ "u lip4 ,x is ?is la/
 :i* gives y a clue to f9d out :at !    
plant is1 z y p]ceive imm$iately t x    
belongs to ! ,labit1 or lipp$ plants4 ,y
 may !n turn to any "w y may possess on 
! ,briti% wild fl[]s1 :51 if ! text is  
arrang$ accord+ to ! natural sy/em1 y w 
f9d y\r plant "u ! head ( ,labit1 &1 if 
! "w has col\r$ plates1 y w recognise x 
)\t any fur!r tr\ble2 b1 if ! "w has no 
plates1 y mu/ endeav\r to id5tify x by !
 description1 & f9d+ y\r plant has a    
squ>e solid /em1 s(t1 hairy1 he>t-%ap$  
leaves1 :i* tap] gradually to a po9t1 & 
t ! l[] lip ( ! fl[]1 :i* is mu* l>g]   
?an ! helmet1 is spott$1 y discov] t !  
plant agrees 9 description ) ! common   
w\ndwort 7,/*ys sylvtica47 ,if y want to
 f9d x 9 ,s[]by's ,engli% ,botany1 y _h 
bett] take ! second edition ( t "w1 :]e 
y w f9d ! plant 9 "q 9 ! ,l9nan class & 
ord] ,didynmia ,gymnosprmia1 f two ( !  
/am5s be+ long] ?an ! o!rs1 & ! se$s be+
 :at is call$ nak$1 t is1 n enclos$ 9   
any visible pod or o!r se$-vessel4 ,?is 

w appe> difficult to y at fir/2 b1 z ,i 
?9k y h told me t y\r husb& und]/&s     
botany1 x w be an amusem5t to him to    
expla9 to y at 8 conv5i5ce ! pr9ciples  
bo? ( ! ,l9nan & ! natural sy/ems1 & to 
leave y to make a practical application 
( !m 9 y\r morn+ walks4  ,no?+ c be m   
delightful ?an to /udy a sci5ce 9 ?is   
mann]4 ,x is pleas+ to be s*ool$ by !   
lips ( ^? we love1 & ! wi% to prove     
y\rself des]v+ ( ! pa9s y\r ma/] takes )
 y1 w make y ex]t y\rself to conqu] any 
little difficulty y may meet )2 :ile1 on
 ! o!r h&1 y\r husb& w be pr\d ( !      
pr(ici5cy ( 8 pupil1 & a new occupation 
w be giv5 to y1 :i* w prev5t y\r        
conv]sations becom+ s monoton\s z ^? (  
two p]sons :o live toge!r1 & :o see few 
/rang]s1 w\ld o!rwise inevitably become4
 ,"o ( ! great secrets = enabl+ a woman 
to r5d] h] husb& happy1 &1 ( c\rse1 to  
be happy h]self1 is p>tak+ ) him z mu* z
 possible 9 bo? 8 amusem5ts & 8 /udies4 
,a woman %\ld h z _m subjects ( int]e/ z
 possible 9 common ) h] husb&2 &1 9     

fact1 %e %\ld h no objects ( int]e/ 9 ! 
c>es = :i* he _c p>ticipate4 ,x is true 
t 9 h] dome/ic occupations %e mu/ be    
employ$ diff]5tly f him1 z a man _c     
int]f]e 9 ! details ( h\sehold          
arrangem5ts2 b a good wife w always h h]
 husb&'s com=t 9 view1 ev5 :5 %e is     
att5d+ to h] /ore-room or h] kit*52 & %e
 w be pr\d to %[ him ! result ( h]      
lab\rs 9 _! due season4 ,m5 also h      
duties to att5d to 9 :i* a woman _c     
p>ticipate1 su* z ^? ( a ju/ice ( !     
peace2 & "s manly sports1 su* z %oot+ & 
hunt+4 ,b ^! w (t5 supply subjects =    
conv]sation1 & af=d t v>iety :i* gives  
life its greate/ *>m4 ,x is1 inde$1     
bett] t m>ri$ p %\ld h sep>ate          
occupations dur+ a "p ( ! day2 b !y %\ld
 nev] h sep>ate int]e/s1 & !y %\ld      
always /udy to h z _m subjects 9 common 
z possible4  ,b ,i am =gett+ t y h /ill 
two objects ( natural hi/ory to be      
expla9$1 :i* excit$ y\r att5tion dur+   
y\r walk4 ,! fir/ is ! piece ( /one t 0 
pick$ up1 & :i*1 f ! num]\s p>ticles x  

conta9s1 0 probably a piece ( ,granite1 
t is to say1 if %9+ p>ticles 7 mix$ )   
o!rs ( a diff]5t nature2 & x w be an    
amusem5t to y if y h any m9]alogical    
specim5s1 to endeav\r to f9d out :at x  
is by comp>+ x ) !m2 or1 if y h n1 to   
take x ) y ! fir/ "t y g to a t[n :]e   
!re is a museum4 ,! curi\s appe>ance y  
notic$ 9 ! cl\ds y w f9d1 by consult+ a 
book on meteorology1 0 ( ! k9d call$    
,cirrus1 or1 popul>ly1 m>e's tail1 & t x
 is said to indicate ! approa* ( w9dy   
wea!r4  ,x w\ld be useless to multiply  
in/ances ( ! mode 9 :i* an int]e/ may be
 creat$ 9 c\ntry walks2 b :at ,i h said 
w be suffici5t to %[ t1 ?\gh we may     
compla9 ( ! monotony ( a c\ntry life1   
!re are a ?\s& s\rces ( int]e/ 9 x )9   
our rea*1 if we w only give ourselves ! 
tr\ble to obs]ve !m4     ,,book ,v4     
,,c\ntry ,,amusem5ts4   ,,lett] ,,xviii4
  ,,ar*]y3 ,,t>gets2 ,,self ,,b[s ,,&   
,,back$ ,,b[s2 ,,b[/r+s2 ,,arr[s2 ,,arm 
,,brac] ,,& ,,%oot+-,,glove2 ,,belt ,,& 
,,tassel2 ,,& ,,quiv]4--,,sket*+ ,,9 ,,!

 ,,op5 ,,air3 ,,block-,,book ,,&        
,,p5cils2 ,,arti/',s ,,col\rs2 ,,t\* ,,(
 ,,! ,,diff]5t                          
,,trees4--,,sw++4--,,pleasure-,,boats4--
,,skat+4--,,?r[+ ,,(f ,,( ,,!           
,,h\nds4--,,sport+ ,,t]ms4   ,n[ t !    
autumn is rapidly advanc+1 y %\ld beg9  
to ?9k ( ^? amusem5ts :i* m prop]ly     
belong to ! season2 especially z y are  
expect+ soon to receive a visit f y\r   
si/]s1 & z y w1 ( c\rse1 be anxi\s to   
af=d !m z _m amusem5ts :ile !y /ay ) y z
 possible4  ,ar*]y is a fav\rite        
amusem5t ) ladies 9 ! c\ntry1 z few     
ex]cises display an elegant =m to m     
advantage4 ,! fir/ ?+ t is to be done is
 to *oose a suitable piece ( gr\nd2 &1 z
 mo/ old h\ses h a piece ( gr\nd :i* 0  
us$ z a b[l+-gre51 ,i h no d\bt y\rs has
 "o :i* w be q suitable = ! purpose4 ,! 
gr\nd hav+ be5 *os51 ! next ?+ is to set
 up a t>get1 & ! next to provide prop]  
b[s & arr[s1 brac]s1 & %oot+-gloves4  ,!
 t>get is g5]ally made ( wisps ( /raw   
ti$ toge!r at int]vals1 & !n w\nd r\nd &

 r\nd1 l an old-fa%ion$ door-mat1 only  
r\nd in/ead ( oval1 till ( ! prop] size4
 ,?is /raw framework is cov]$ ) canvass 
or lea!r1 pa9t$ ) r+s ( diff]5t col\rs1 
fir/ gre51 !n :ite1 !n black1 !n :ite1 &
 !n a v broad r+ ( d>k r$1 9 ! c5tre (  
:i* is a gilt spot call$ ! bull's eye4  
,o!r t>gets are made ( a hoop or circul>
 frame ( wood1 ) a piece ( lea!r /ret*$ 
ov] x1 pa9t$ 9 r+s & ) a bull's eye 9 ! 
c5tre1 l ! common k9ds2 & o!rs are      
squ>e1 & made ( iron = fir+ aga9/ )     
bullets4 ,9 all cases ! t>get /&s on    
?ree legs1 9 a slant+ direction1 & !    
m]it ( ! %oot] is e/imat$ by ! ne>ness )
 :i* ! arr[1 or ball1 approa*es ! c5tre4
  ,mod]n b[s are ( two k9ds1 viz4 self  
b[s & back$ b[s4 ,! self b[ is compos$ (
 only "o k9d ( wood2 b ! back$ b[ is    
compos$ ( two k9ds ( wood1 bo? ! full   
l5g? ( ! b[1 c>efully jo9$ toge!r4 ,b[s 
us$ =m]ly to be made ( ! yew1 & =eign   
yew 0 pref]r$ to ,briti%1 z be+ m       
ela/ic4 ,n[ ! yew is seldom us$1 & b[s  
are made1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 (         

ornam5tal woods1 su* z fu/ick1          
lance-wood1 or p>tridge-wood1 back$ by  
a% or elm4 ,b[s are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 b  
^? = ladies are g5]ally ab\t five feet  
long2 :ile m51 on ! contr>y1 g5]ally    
*oose a b[ ( _! own height4 ,! /r5g? ( a
 b[ is calculat$ by ! weight t x        
requires to be susp5d$ to ! b[/r+1 :5 ! 
b[ is /rung1 to draw ! /r+ to ! l5g? (  
an arr[ f ! b[1 & ?is is call$ ! b['s   
weight4 ,fifty p\nds is ! /&>d weight ( 
a man's b[1 & x requires a v /rong man  
to draw a b[ ( sixty p\nds' weight2 b   
b[s = ladies & *ildr5 are f two to ?irty
 p\nds' weight4 ,! b[ h&le1 t is1 ! "p  
:i* is ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! b[1 is       
usually cov]$ ) velvet1 9 ord] to give a
 firm hold )\t hurt+ ! h&s2 & ?is h&le  
is plac$1 n exactly 9 ! c5tre1 b bel[ x1
 s z to %ort5 ! l[] bran*1 z ! /ra9 ^u t
 "p is g5]ally consid]$ great] ?an on ! 
o!r1 & on ?is acc\nt1 also1 ! l[] "p ( !
 b[ is g5]ally ! ?icke/ & ! /ronge/4 ,! 
two ends ( ! b[ are tipp$ ) horn1 &     
not*es are made 9 ^! tipp+s to receive !

 b[/r+4  ,! be/ b[/r+s are made (       
,italian hemp1 dress$ ) gum or ,indian  
glue to pres]ve !m f ! wet2 & ! di/ance 
( ! /r+ f ! c5tre ( ! b[1 :5 /rung1 %\ld
 n be m ?an five in*es = a b[ five feet 
long1 & 9 ! l>ge/ b[s n m ?an six4  ,an 
arr[1 9 ! language ( ! b[-mak]1 consi/s 
( ?ree p>ts2 ! %aft or /ele1 ! head or  
pile1 & ! fea!r4 ,! be/ wood = ! %aft ( 
an arr[ is ! a%1 & ! next be/ ! bir* or 
hornbeam4 ,! asp5 & ! lime are also us$2
 b deal or will[-wood is too light1 & ! 
arr[s made ( ^! woods h an unc]ta9 wav]+
 flight4 ,! l5g? ( ! arr[ %\ld be       
regulat$ by t ( ! b[1 & = b[s ( five    
feet 9 l5g? arr[s ( two feet are g5]ally
 us$1 _! l5g? increas+ 9 proportion to t
 ( ! b[4 ,:5 arr[s are int5d$ = a long  
flight1 !y are g5]ally ?icke/ directly  
"u ! fea!rs1 & tap] gradually to ! pile4
 ,! nock ( ! arr[ 0 =m]ly made ( solid  
horn2 b x is n[ m]ely inlaid4 ,x %\ld be
 z ne>ly z possible ! size ( ! /r+1 s t 
x may fit closely1 & yet n require =ce  
to fix x4 ,! fea!r is a mo/ important "p

 ( ! arr[1 z )\t t ! arr[ w n fly       
/eadily4 ,e arr[ has ?ree fea!rs1 & !   
col\r ( "o ( !m1 :i* is sometimes t]m$ !
 cock-fea!r1 is g5]ally diff]5t f t ( ! 
o!r two2 & ?is fea!r mu/ always be      
upp]mo/1 :5 ! arr[ is plac$ on ! /r+4   
,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! fea!rs be all ( ! same  
col\r1 t "o is consid]$ ! cock-fea!r :i*
 is on ! horn ( ! nock4 ,aft] ! fea!rs  
are fix$ on ! arr[ !y are g5]ally cov]$ 
) gum wat]1 n made too /rong1 to give !m
 firmness & to make _! flight m /eady4  
,! brac] is a piece ( /\t poli%$ lea!r1 
:i* is buckl$ r\nd ! arm :i* holds ! b[1
 to prev5t ! /r+ f hurt+ x :5 x is let  
g4 ,ev5 ) t precaution1 ! /r+ v (t5     
bruises ! arm1 & ladies sometimes h !   
brac] wadd$1 or l9$ ) ,india rubb] to   
make x m ela/ic1 & ?us to dim9i% ! =ce (
 ! reb\nd4  ,! %oot+-glove consi/s (    
?ree f+]-/alls made ( v /rong1 b yet    
pliable lea!r4 ,x is worn ov] an ord9>y 
glove1 & is fa/5$ r\nd ! wri/ by a      
button or /r+4  ,! belt & tassel        
complete ! equipm5ts4 ,! fir/ buckles   

r\nd ! wai/1 & has a p\* = hold+ ! arr[s
 fix$ to x on ! "r side1 :ile on ! left 
is ! tassel1 :i* is us$ = wip+ ! heads (
 ! arr[s :5 !y h ent]$ ! gr\nd4 ,ladies 
v (t5 omit ! belt1 z !y h g5]ally "s    
p]son 9 att5dance on !m to supply !m )  
arr[s1 & to pick up & wipe ^? !y h !    
mis=tune to let ent] ! gr\nd4 ,i say    
mis=tune1 = all arr[s t d n rea* ! t>get
 are consid]$ ( no avail4  ,! di/ance at
 :i* ! ar*] /&s f 8 m>k dep5ds ^u       
circum/ances2 b ! ord9>y di/ance =      
ladies is a hundr$ y>ds4 ,a flat /one is
 (t5 let into ! gr\nd to %[ :]e ! ar*]  
is to /&1 & !n ! t>get is mov$ to !     
di/ance t may be agre$ ^u4 ,! b[ is held
 9 ! left h&1 & ! /r+ is pull$ by ! "r4 
,arr[s 7 =m]ly reckon$ by ! %eaf1 :i*   
consi/$ ( tw5ty-f\r arr[s1 :i* 7 c>ri$ 9
 a quiv] or arr[-case on ! back2 b arr[s
 = imm$iate use 7 always worn 9 !       
girdle4 ,:5 a portion ( ! ,engli%       
soldi]s 7 ar*]s1 e full-gr[n man 0      
=bidd5 by /atute to %oot at a butt :i* 0
 ne>] to him ?an two hundr$ & tw5ty     

y>ds2 & ! ar*]s drew _! b[/r+s to ! e>  
in/ead ( to ! brea/1 z is ! cu/om at !  
pres5t "t4 ,new+ton ,butts1 & sev]al o!r
 places r\nd ,london1 be> witness by _! 
names to _! hav+ be5 =m]ly places = !   
citiz5s to ex]cise _! skill 9 ar*]y2 b  
ev5 z late z ! reign ( ,elizabe? no     
p]son 0 all[$ to %oot ) a yew b[1 "u !  
age ( sev5te51 unless he 0 ! son ( a    
g5tleman4  ,sket*+ 9 ! op5 air is a v   
delightful c\ntry amusem5t1 p>ticul>ly  
:5 x c be s manag$ z to be done ) v     
little app>atus4 ,to g out ) a table &  
*air & e ?+ prep>$ is1 h[ev]1 en\gh to  
damp ! c\rage ( an amateur arti/2 &     
ne>ly all ! pleasure ( sket*+ f nature  
dep5ds ^u be+ able to gratify !         
inspiration ( ! mom5t1 at ! v mom5t :5 !
 desire to make a sket* is felt4 ,!re   
are happy mom5ts 9 :i* ! tal5ts appe> to
 h m brilliancy ?an at o!r times1 &1 z  
^! d n dep5d ^u ! w ( ! poet or ! arti/1
 !y mu/ be tak5 advantage ( :5 !y arise1
 or !y are lo/4  ,z ,i "k y h an        
admirable tal5t = sket*+ f nature1 & z  

,i h no d\bt !re are "s noble specim5s (
 trees 9 a p>k s old z y\rs is1 ,i w\ld 
advise y by all means to provide y\rself
 ) :at is call$ a block-book1 t is1 a   
draw+-book 9 :i* ! %eets ( pap] are fix$
 toge!r by a little gum1 or "s o!r      
glut9\s sub/ance1 be+ wa%$ ov] ! edges1 
s t !y are z p]fectly firm & solid z    
?\gh ! :ole book 7 a block ( wood ) a   
piece ( pap] pa/$ on x4 ,x is obvi\s t a
 book ( ?is k9d may be held 9 "o h&1 & a
 draw+ made ^u x ) ! o!r1 )\t requir+   
any table2 &1 :5 ! draw+ is f9i%$1 x may
 be deta*$ by putt+ ! ?umb-nail 9 !     
little holl[ left on "o side = t        
purpose1 & sep>at+ t "o %eet ( pap] f ! 
re/4 ,aft] :i*1 ! draw+ may be put into 
a flap or pocket provid$ = t purpose 9 !
 cov] ( ! book2 :ile ! next %eet is left
 ready = ano!r draw+ to be made ^u x4 ,a
 book ( ?is k9d is n l>g] ?an a ?9      
octavo1 & x may be easily c>ri$ by y\r  
maid 9 h] reticule )\t any p>ade1 z1 if 
x %\ld n be want$1 x w be ( v little    
incumbrance2 :]eas1 if y h a table & !  

app>atus = draw+ c>ri$ out1 & %\ld n    
happ5 to be visit$ by ! pictorial muse1 
y w f9d x v disagreeable to be jok$ on s
 =midable a prep>ation hav+ produc$ no  
result4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable         
circum/ances1 x is mu* m agreeable to   
draw f nature 9 a block-book ?an 9 any  
o!r way1 z ord9>y %eets ( pap] are      
always be+ curl$ up & mov$ ab\t by !    
w9d4 ,y w also f9d x advantage\s to     
supply y\rself ) "o ( ^? p5cils ) a     
broad lead :i* are sold = sket*+        
foliage1 & y w f9d x save bo? "t &      
tr\ble to take a case ( p5cils out ) y1 
) p5cils ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess cut 
= use4  ,%\ld y wi% to give ! effect (  
col\r to y\r l&scapes1 y w d well to    
provide y\rself ) an arti/'s col\r-box  
made ( t91 ) a place = ! col\rs to be   
rubb$ on inside ( ! lid2 & provid$ ) a  
small bottle = conta9+ wat]4 ,:5 y      
sket*1 be p>ticul> 9 m>k+ /rongly !     
effects ( light & %ade1 & ! di/ances2   
also pay p>ticul> att5tion to giv+ !    
prop] t\* to ! diff]5t trees4 ,! foliage

 ( ! p9e & fir tribe is *>act]is$ by a  
few small upright /rokes introduc$      
occasionally2 ! oak requires angul>     
t\*es1 & has a c]ta9 degree ( squ>5ess 9
 ! outl9e ( its twigs2 ! elm has a      
r\ndness 9 ! t\*2 ! t\* ( ! will[ is ?9 
& wiry2 & t ( ald] some:at he>t-%ap$4 ,x
 is difficult to expla9 :at ,i mean )\t 
! aid ( draw+s2 b y\r be/ way w be to   
get "s good sket*es ( trees1 & !n to    
take !m out ) y1 & comp>e !m ) ! effects
 y obs]ve 9 nature4  ,a sw+ is a v      
useful adjunct to ! amusem5ts ( !       
c\ntry1 z _m gr[n-up p are z fond ( sw++
 z *ildr54 ,! mo/ simple k9d ( sw+ is   
=m$ by ty+ ! two ends ( a /rong rope to 
! bran*es ( two trees :i* may *ance to  
be conv5i5tly plac$ = ! purpose1 ! rope 
hav+ be5 previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh two holes
 9 a piece ( flat bo>d1 :i* s]ves = !   
seat4 ,a sw+ ( ?is k9d requires no      
att5tion b turn+ ! seat ! wrong way     
upw>ds 9 wet wea!r1 & tak+ ! rope d[n 9 
autumn1 z x w become rott5 f exposure to
 ! wet dur+ w9t]4 ,! seat %\ld also h   

two /rips ( wood nail$ on its "u side1  
across ! gra9 ( ! wood1 9 ord] to prev5t
 x f splitt+ op51 :i* x w\ld o!rwise be 
v likely to d1 f be+ expos$ to !        
alt]nations ( wet & dry wea!r4 ,:]e !re 
are no trees conv5i5tly situat$ = a sw+1
 two upright pieces ( wood may be driv5 
into ! gr\nd1 ) hooks or r+s affix$ to !
 upp] "p1 to :i* o!r hooks are atta*$ t 
h be5 previ\sly fa/5$ to ! ends ( a     
/rong piece ( rope4 ,a sw+ ( ?is k9d is 
g5]ally furni%$ ) a *air or boat1 & x is
 m fitt$ = a c\rt or "s piece ( enclos$ 
gr\nd ?an = ! op5 pleasure-gr\nd4 ,at ! 
,duke ( ,devon%ire's1 at ,*iswick1 a    
hammock is hung betwe5 two trees = !    
purpose ( a sw+4  ,if y h a boat on y\r 
wat]1 take c>e1 :5 x is *a9$ up 9 !     
boat-h\se1 t x floats 9 wat]1 & does n  
lie 9 mud4 ,pleasure-boats %\ld be pa9t$
 e ye>1 & always be kept p]fectly clean 
& dry 9 ! inside4 ,!y %\ld nev] be      
expos$ = any l5g? ( "t to ! heat ( !    
sun1 & if ! smalle/ op5+ is p]ceiv$ x   
%\ld be m5d$ imm$iately4 ,great c>e %\ld

 be tak51 9 a small pleasure-boat1 to /&
 up z seldom z possible2 & nev] to be   
tempt$ by ! wi% ( see+ any p>ticul>     
object1 to ru% sudd5ly f "o side ( !    
boat to ! o!r4  ,skat+ is a w9t]        
amusem5t1 b x is a v heal?y "o1 & "o 9  
:i* a lady c1 )\t any impropriety1      
indulge4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to be att5d$ to1
 aft] hav+ provid$ y\rself ) a pair (   
good skates1 is to le>n to balance      
y\rself prop]ly fir/ on "o foot1 & !n on
 ! o!r4 ,:5 y fir/ beg9 to move1 y w f9d
 x v difficult to avoid fall+ ! mom5t y 
attempt to move "o foot )\t ! o!r2 & x w
 probably be all y c d to keep y\rself  
erect1 ev5 if y slide awkw>dly along )  
bo? heels close toge!r4 ,:5 y d v5ture  
to sep>ate y\r feet1 y mu/ contrive to  
balance y\r body s z to keep y\r ankles 
directly ov] y\r skates1 & n to suff] ! 
skates to b5d "u !m 9 a slant+          
direction4 ,:5 y see exp]i5c$ skat]s ) !
 /eel "p ( _! skates cutt+ ! ice 9 a    
slant+ direction1 y w obs]ve t _! skates
 only foll[ ! same incl9ation z _!      

bodies1 & t ! /eel ( ! skate is /ill    
exactly "u ! ankle ( ! foot4 ,:5 y beg9 
to skate prop]ly1 ! leg t is ^u ! ice   
%\ld be kept q /raight & ! weight ( !   
body ?r[n ^u x1 :ile ! o!r leg %\ld be  
kept /raight also1 b 9 a slant+         
direction1 & ) ! toe po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,x  
is well n to look at ei!r ! ice or !    
feet1 b to keep ! face erect & look+    
=w>ds4 ,:5 p]sons fir/ beg9 to skate !y 
balance !mselves ) _! arms almo/        
involunt>ily1 &1 :5 "o foot is (f ! ice1
 !y raise up ! arm on ! opposite side to
 prev5t !mselves f fall+4 ,?is is       
excusable 9 a beg9n]2 b1 z x has an     
inelegant appe>ance1 ! habit ( do+ s    
%\ld be %ak5 (f z soon z possible4 ,!   
be/ way is to fold ! arms across !      
brea/1 or to c>ry ! h&s 9 a muff4 ,!    
greate/ c>e ought to be paid to c>ry+ ! 
body gracefully & elegantly1 & avoid+   
all sudd5 j]ks4 ,skilful skat]s make !  
figure ( eight or ! cross-roll1 z x is  
call$1 ) ! greate/ facility2 b          
figure-skat+ is r ! accompli%m5t ( a    

g5tleman ?an a lady1 :o %\ld be cont5t$ 
to glide gracefully & easily along4  ,i 
believe ,i h n[ m5tion$ mo/ ( ! ord9>y  
k9ds ( c\ntry amusem5ts 9 :i* a lady c  
prop]ly indulge2 z ,i mu/ confess ,i    
%\ld n l to see y hunt+ or c\rs+1 ?\gh  
,i h he>d ( "s ladies do+ s4 ,x is q    
natural t a lady %\ld l to see ! h\nds  
?r[ (f1 z no?+ c be m animat+ ?an su* a 
sc5e2 b t is1 ,i ?9k1 all t c be all[$4 
,z1 h[ev]1 y\r husb& is mo/ probably    
fond ( sport+1 x may be z well to m5tion
 a few ( ! t]ms us$ by sportsm5 :5      
speak+ ( ! *ase1 t y may und]/& :at is  
meant1 if y\r husb& %\ld give y any     
acc\nt ( ! day's sport1 )\t tr\bl+ him  
by ask+ cont9ual explanations4 ,:5      
sportsm5 are speak+ ( dogs1 !y say a    
brace ( greyh\nds if !y mean two1 or a  
lea% if !y mean ?ree2 b !y say a c\ple (
 h\nds1 or a c\ple & a half if !y mean  
?ree4 ,9 speak+ ( a fox-*ase1 !y say !y 
h unk5nel$ a fox :5 !y h m]ely f\nd a   
wild "o4 ,a %>p bur/ is :5 ! h\nds g (f 
v fa/ at fir/2 b a *eck is :5 !y lose ! 

sc5t4 ,if ! fox is by any accid5t turn$ 
back1 he is said to be head$4 ,! place  
:]e ! fox is likely to be f\nd is call$ 
! cov]1 & :5 ! h\nds are tak5 into x to 
try if !y c f9d ! fox1 !y are said to be
 draw+ ! cov]4 ,! sc5t left by ! fox is 
call$ ! drag4 ,:5 ! h\nds f9d ! sc5t !y 
g5]ally utt] a cry1 :i* is call$ giv+   
tongue2 & :5 ! :ole pack g (f aft] !    
fox1 utt]+ ?is s\nd1 !y are said to be 9
 full cry4 ,! foot ( ! fox is call$ !   
pad1 & 8 tail ! bru%4 ,"s sportsm51     
in/ead ( say+ a pack ( fox-h\nds1 say a 
k5nel1 & only say a pack ( h>ri]s1 or a 
pack ( beagles2 ! latt] be+ a v small   
k9d ( h>ri]4 ,9 h>e-hunt+1 sportsm5 say 
!y h />t$ ! h>e f h] =m1 :5 !y h f\nd   
"o4 ,:5 a h>e returns to ! place f :i*  
%e />t$1 x is said %e d\bles4 ,! tail ( 
! h>e is call$ ! scut1 & t ( ! dog is   
sometimes call$ ! /]n2 b ?is la/ t]m1 ,i
 believe1 only relates to dogs us$ 9    
hunt+4  ,y w obs]ve1 my de> ,annie1 t   
?\gh ,i h m5tion$ a few sport+ t]ms1 ) !
 mean+s t are1 ,i believe1 g5]ally      

assign$ to !m1 ,i w\ld advise y nev] to 
make use ( !m 9 conv]sation2 z no?+ c be
 m unfem99e ?an = a woman to use t]ms   
only adapt$ to manly amusem5ts4 ,i am   
sure y\r husb& w\ld dislike to he> y ape
 ! sportsman2 z m51 ) v few exceptions1 
always feel disgu/ at a mascul9e woman4 
,,book ,,vi4 ,,c\ntry ,,duties4         
,,lett] ,,xix4  ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,a  
,,l&$ ,,proprietor ,,& ,,! ,,cottag]s   
,,on ,,8 ,,e/ate4--,,h[ ,,to ,,relieve  
,,! ,,poor4--,,e/abli%+                 
,,s*ools4--,,tea*+ ,,! ,,daught]s ,,(   
,,! ,,poor ,,to ,,make ,,clo!s1 ,,&     
,,tea*+ ,,!m ,,cook+4--,,employ+ ,,!    
,,poor4--,,assi/+ ,,! ,,poor ,,9        
,,illness4--,,mak+ ,,clo!s ,,= ,,!      
,,poor4   ,i h n[1 my de> ,annie1 a few 
words to say on a m important subject   
?an ^? ,i h yet t\*$ ^u2 ,i mean !      
duties :i* are impos$ ^u y by y\r       
resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z y\r husb& is !  
la/ desc5dant ( an anci5t family1 x is  
p>ticul>ly incumb5t ^u him1 &1 ( c\rse1 
also ^u y1 to keep up z mu* z possible !

 k9dly feel+ :i* exi/$ 9 ! old5 "t      
betwe5 ! lords ( ! soil & its           
cultivators1 b :i* has1 ( late ye>s1 be5
 too mu* neglect$4 ,! proprietor ( a    
l>ge e/ate ought to be reg>d$ by !      
lab\r+ cottag]s 9 ! light ( a protector1
 to :om !y c look up = advice &         
assi/ance 9 _! tr\bles2 & z a fri5d ^u  
^: k9dness !y may confid5tly rely1 & :o 
!y "k w be int]e/$ 9 _! welf>e4 ,:5 ?is 
is ! case1 ! t5antry ( a c\ntry g5tleman
 w =m 8 be/ body-gu>d2 &1 in/ead ( ev]  
attempt+ to injure 8 prop]ty1 !y w d all
 9 _! p[] to protect x4  ,i ?9k x highly
 desirable t y %\ld be p]sonally        
acqua9t$ ) ! poor p 9 ! vic9ity ( y\r   
husb&'s mansion1 t y may "k h[ to af=d  
!m ! mo/ acceptable assi/ance1 & :o are 
mo/ des]v+ ( x4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i ?9k y 
%\ld occasionally walk ?r\gh ! village1 
in/ead ( conf9+ y\r rambles exclusively 
to ! p>k1 & call frequ5tly on y\r poor] 
neighb\rs2 n ) ! app>5t wi% ( dictat+ to
 !m h[ !y %\ld live1 & h[ !y %\ld manage
 _! families1 b ) ! o/5sible purpose (  

employ+ !m 9 "s little "w1 & 9 reality  
to see h[ y c be/ be s]viceable to !m1 &
 h[ y c d !m ! mo/ positive good4 ,x is 
! bless$ privilege ( weal? & rank t !y  
give u ! p[] ( mak+ our fell[-creatures 
happy1 ) v trifl+ inconv5i5ce to        
ourselves4 ,a ^w or a k9d look f ! ri*  
to ! poor speaks volumes1 & c>ries ) x  
enc\ragem5t & pleasure1 :i* no ef=ts (  
p]sons 9 _! own rank 9 life c give4 ,x  
is1 h[ev]1 difficult = ! ri* to "k h[ to
 be ( real s]vice to ! poor1 z giv+ alms
 seldom does good except 9 cases ( sudd5
 & un=ese5 di/ress4 ,! be/ *>ity is fir/
 to tea* ! poor h[ to ma9ta9 !mselves1 &
 next to give !m employm5t2 & :5 !y h   
?is1 !y h a bett] *ance ( happ9ess ?an  
any ri*es c\ld be/[ comb9$ ) idl5ess4   
,p]haps1 inde$1 !re is no /ate ( exi/5ce
 m happy ?an t ( a p]son :o is usefully 
& pr(itably employ$1 & ^: employm5t is (
 su* a nature z to ex]cise mod]ately !  
faculties bo? ( ! body & ! m9d4         
,e/abli%+ s*ools is an important duty   
:i* ! ri* owe to ! poor4 ,e girl ought  

to be able to sew neatly & well1 & to   
read1 write1 & keep acc\nts4 ,i ?9k also
 x w\ld be a great advantage if all !   
girls :o h atta9$ ! age ( f\rte5 7 to   
receive a few lessons 9 dress-mak+1 &   
mak+ wai/coats & boys' clo!s1 f ! regul>
 mantua-mak] & tailor ( ! village2 or y 
might pay = ?is out ( y\r own pocket1 & 
make x a rew>d = good conduct4 ,x is    
p>ticul>ly useful to ! wife ( a lab\r+  
man to "k h[ to cut out & make or alt]  
clo!s1 z "w ( ?is k9d c be tak5 up &    
laid d[n :ile ! "m is nurs+ h] *ildr51  
or wat*+ ! boil+ ( a pot1 or "s simil>  
k9d ( simple cook]y4  ,_m poor wom5 wa/e
 a great deal ( food by n kn[+ h[ to use
 x to ! be/ advantage2 = in/ance1 !y (t5
 ?r[ away ! wat] 9 :i* meat has be5     
boil$1 & ( :i* an excell5t s\p might be 
made by ! addition ( a few vegetables1 &
 ?ick5+ x ) oatmeal1 fl\r1 or pe>l      
b>ley2 & !y sometimes spoil meat1 :5 !y 
h x1 by lett+ x boil s fa/ z to become  
h>d & indige/ible4 ,i d n mean1 by mak+ 
^! obs]vations1 t ,i ?9k y %\ld make    

inquiries into :at y\r poor neighb\rs h 
= d9n]1 or h[ !y cook _! food1 z !re are
 no po9ts on :i* ! poor g5]ally dislike 
to be int]f]$ 9 m ?an ^!2 b ,i only mean
 t y %\ld1 if possible1 get ! daught]s  
taught ! be/ way ( cook+ food suitable  
to _! rank 9 life1 by "s exp]i5c$ p]son1
 & t !n x %\ld be left = ! mo!rs to     
adopt ^! new plans or n1 z !y lik$4     
,g5]ally speak+1 ,i w\ld n h y too fond 
( (f]+ to h ! daught]s ( ! cottag]s     
taught any ?+ by y\r own s]vants4 ,!    
modes ( liv+ ( ! ri* & ! poor are       
necess>ily s diff]5t1 t a cottag]'s     
daught] w\ld reap v little advantage f  
see+ h[ ! di%es 7 prep>$ = y\r table1   
:ile %e might be r5d]$ discont5t$ by    
obs]v+ ! v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! mode 
( liv+ 9 y\r kit*5 & 9 h] own cottage4  
,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is rule1
 9 ! case ( girls :o wi% to become      
s]vants2 &1 :5ev] t happ5s1 ,i w\ld     
advise y always to h ! girls s5t to !   
mansion-h\se1 to be plac$ "u ! direction
 ( ! s]vant 9 ^: dep>tm5t %e might wi%  

to be employ$4  ,be=e comm5c+ y\r visits
 to ! poor1 ,i w\ld advise y to inquire 
9 :at way y c be/ af=d !m employm5t2 =  
in/ance1 9 y\r neighb\rhood1 ,i believe1
 ! c\ntry p employ !mselves g5]ally 9   
mak+ lace2 kn[+ ?is1 y c\ld n d bett]1  
:5 call+ ^u "s ( ! cottag]s1 ?an to give
 an ord] = lace1 & 9 do+ s y might ent] 
into conv]sation ) !m ab\t _! patt]ns1 !
 l5g? ( "t !y h be5 employ$ 9 ! bus9ess1
 & a v>iety ( o!r topics :i* w sugge/   
!mselves naturally4 ,?is w deprive y\r  
visit ( ! pa9ful feel+ :i* w\ld h att5d$
 x if y _h call$ )\t any direct object 9
 view1 & x w give y an opportunity (    
becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t memb]s ( !  
family1 & see+ :e!r !re are any too "y  
or too old to "w 9 ! same mann] z !     
o!rs1 & = :om y may possibly be able to 
f9d fitt+ employm5t4  ,plait+ co>se /raw
 or bulru%es is an employm5t t c be     
foll[$ bo? by old p & "y *ildr52 & y w  
f9d cov]s made ( /raw plait$ into b&s1 &
 !n s[n toge!r1 ( great s]vice 9        
protect+ y\r half-h>dy plants dur+ fro/y

 wea!r4 ,g>d5 mats1 baskets = fl[]s1 &  
v>i\s o!r ?+s1 may be made 9 ! same     
mann]1 & y w easily f9d out :at w be mo/
 suitable to y\r protges1 & :at !y c d )
 lea/ difficulty to !mselves4  ,9 cases 
( illness1 ,i am sure y w be happy to   
assi/ y\r poor neighb\rs 9 e way 9 y\r  
p[]4 ,:5 poor p are ill _! means (      
support are /opp$1 & !y h n only to     
lab\r ?r\gh ! pa9s ( illness1 b !y are  
also expos$ to ! greate/ privations = ! 
want ( food1 at ! v mom5t :5 food ( a m 
n\ri%+ nature ?an usual is requir$ = !m4
 ,!n x is t ! help+ h& ( ! ri* is ( !   
greate/ value to ! poor1 & t *>ity takes
 its mo/ graceful =m4  ,_m ladies 9 !   
c\ntry employ a portion ( _! "t 9 mak+  
clo!s = ! poor2 b ) ! exception (       
p]mitt+ "y p to make baby-l951 ,i "q    
:e!r x is advisable t mu* %\ld be done 9
 ?is way4 ,! feel+s ( ! poor are (t5    
hurt by hav+ x dictat$ to !m :at !y are 
to we>1 & !y are apt to look ^u ! clo!s 
?us giv5 to !m1 & :i* are probably q    
diff]5t f :at !y w\ld h pur*as$ =       

!mselves1 almo/ z a badge ( slav]y :i*  
!y are compell$ to we> to please _!     
patrons1 b ( :i* !y hate ! v sight4  ,& 
n[1 my de> ,annie1 ,i %all bid y adieu )
 my p51 z next week ,i hope to be able  
to accept y\r (t5 repeat$ invitation to 
come & see myself ! result ( my         
admonitions4 ,i %all c]ta9ly be delight$
 to visit y\r g>d5s1 y\r p\ltry-y>d1 y\r
 dairy1 & all y\r fav\rite haunts2 b :at
 w give me mo/ pleasure w be to see y   
happy1 & to be assur$ f y\r exp]i5ce t x
 is possible = a "y & beautiful woman1  
?\gh br\ght up amid/ all ! gaieties ( a 
t[n life1 to ab&on !m )\t a sigh1 & to  
enjoy rationally a ,c\ntry ,life4       
,,index4  ,n reta9$ 9 ?is text v]sion