,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #id4 ,,nitrog5 ,,bact]ia ,,& ,,legumes 7,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,r$ ,,clov]1 ,,c[peas1 ,,soy ,,beans1 ,,alfalfa1 ,,& ,,sweet ,,clov]1 ,,on ,,ill9ois ,,soils74 ,,by ,,cyril ,g4 ,,hopk9s4 ,"w & ,k are a /rong] team ?an ,"w & ,"w4 ,illu/ration ,,urbana1 ,,ill9ois1 ,,febru>y1 #aijd4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #id4 #a4 ,soil nitrog5 _c be us$ by plants until x is *ang$ to ! =m ( nitrate nitrog5 by ! nitrify+ bact]ia4 ,page #cjg #b4 ,atmosph]ic nitrog5 _c be us$ by any agricultural plants1 except+ legumes1 & ev5 legum9\s plants h no p[] to obta9 nitrog5 f ! air unless !y are provid$ ) ! prop] nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia4 ,page #cji #c4 ,z a rule ea* important agricultural legume mu/ h its own p>ticul> species ( bact]ia4 ,page #caa #d4 ,! frequ5t failure ( r$ clov] 9 normal seasons1 especially on normal soils occupy+ ! highe/ l&1 is und\bt$ly due 9 "p at lea/ to ! abs5ce ( ! prop] bact]ia 7sometimes ! soil lacks lime or phosphorus74 ,page #cac #e4 ,on ! v acid soils1 :]e clov] has nev] be5 gr[n successfully1 applications ( gr\nd lime/one %\ld be made :]e legumes are to be gr[n4 ,page #cae #f4 ,c[peas ne$ n be inoculat$1 because ! c[pea bact]ia are usually ei!r pres5t 9 ! soil or are introduc$ ) ! se$ 9 suffici5t numb]s to effect a good degree ( infection if ! soil is suitable & if c[peas are se$$ ^u ! same l& = two successive ye>s4 ,page #cag #g4 ,c[peas gr[n on infect$ soil on ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois soil exp]im5t field conta9$ f\r times z mu* nitrog5 z ! same k9d ( c[peas gr[n on simil> l& :i* 0 n infect$4 ,page #cai #h4 ,z a rule soy bean fields %\ld be inoculat$ :5 fir/ se$$ to soy beans1 o!rwise !y may be gr[n on ! same l& = ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e ! soil becomes ?or\ghly infect$4 ,page #cbj #i4 ,inve/igations1 report$ 9 ?is bullet91 furni% conclusive pro( t infect$ sweet clov] soil c be us$ = inoculat+ alfalfa fields & ) ! same results z are obta9$ :5 ! infect$ soil is obta9$ f an old alfalfa field4 7,sweet clov] is a tall1 rank-gr[+1 sweet-sc5t$ legum9\s plant widely di/ribut$ ov] ,ill9ois1 especially along ! roadsides 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral p>ts ( ! /ate1 & 9 _m places 9 bottom l&s 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois47 ,page #cbd #aj4 ,?is bullet9 w be s5t free ( *>ge to any "o int]e/$ 9 ,ill9ois agriculture ^u reque/ to ,e4 ,dav5port1 ,director ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois2 &1 if s reque/$1 ! "n ( ! applicant w be plac$ ^u ! p]man5t mail+ li/ ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 s t all bullet9s w be s5t to him z !y are issu$4 ,conclusions ,page #cbg ,,nitrog5 ,,bact]ia ,,& ,,legumes 7,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,r$ ,,clov]1 ,,c[peas1 ,,soy ,,beans1 ,,alfalfa1 ,,& ,,sweet ,,clov]1 ,,on ,,ill9ois ,,soils74 ,,by ,,cyril ,g4 ,,hopk9s1 ,,*ief ,,9 ,,agronomy ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,among ! sev]al diff]5t classes or gr\ps ( bact]ia !re are two :i* are ( special importance to agriculture because ( _! relation to ! elem5t nitrog51 ?is be+ commonly consid]$ ! mo/ valuable elem5t ( plant food4#a ,^! two classes ( bact]ia are1 fir/1 ! nitrify+ bact]ia1 &1 second1 ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia4 ,,! ,,nitrify+ ,,bact]ia4 ,! nitrify+ bact]ia are ^? :i* h ! p[] to =m nitrates4 ,9 ! foll[+ brief discussion ( ?is subject we include at lea/ ?ree species ( bact]ia :i* by _! comb9$ or successive action h ! p[] to trans=m organic nitrog5 into nitrate nitrog51 :i* is a suitable =m ( nitrog5 = plant food4 ,= ! exact in=mation :i* we n[ h reg>d+ ! nitrify+ bact]ia we are indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,pa/eur & ,s*ls+ & ,mntz ( ,france1 ,w9ogradsky ( ,russia1 ,w>+ton ( ,engl&1 & o!rs4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! soil is almo/ entirely 9 organic comp\nds2 t is1 ! nitrog5 7:i* is a gas 9 ! free1 or uncomb9$1 /ate7 is unit$ or comb9$ ) o!r elem5ts1 notably ) c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 9 ! =m ( p>tially decay$ vegetable or organic matt]4 7,by organic matt] we mean matt] :i* has be5 =m$ by ! gr[? ( "s organism1 ei!r plant or animal1 z grass or fle%47 ,plants _c use ! free nitrog5 ( ! air z plant food1 nei!r c !y use ! organic comp\nds ( nitrog5 :i* occur 9 ! soil4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( bact]ia1 & also ?ree diff]5t /eps or /ages involv$ 9 ! process ( nitrification1 ! nitrog5 be+ *ang$ f ! organic comp\nds fir/ into ! ammonia#b =m1 second1 into ! nitrite =m1 & ?ird into ! nitrate =m4 ,dur+ ! process ! nitrog5 is sep>at$ f ! c>bon & o!r elem5ts compos+ ! insoluble organic matt]1 & is unit$ or comb9$ ) oxyg5 & "s alkal9e elem5t 7z calcium7 to =m ! soluble nitrate1 su* z calcium nitrate1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ suitable comp\nds ( nitrog5 = plant food4 ,calcium is ! alkal9e elem5t conta9$ 9 lime or lime/one4 ,! "n calcium nitrate indicates j :at elem5ts ?is comp\nd conta9s2 namely1 calcium1 nitrog51 & oxyg54 7,9 ! names ( comp\nds ! end+ -ate always means oxyg547 ,?is is ! g5]al process ( nitrification 9 :i* ! nitrify+ bact]ia trans=m or transf] ! nitrog5 f insoluble organic comp\nds into soluble comp\nds 9 :i* x may s]ve z available plant food4 ,! nitrate :i* is ?us =m$ may be calcium nitrate or magnesium nitrate or potassium nitrate or ev5 sodium nitrate1 dep5d+ ^u :i* ( ^! alkal9e elem5ts is pres5t 9 ! mu/ suitable =m4 ,if no alkal9e elem5t is pres5t 9 available =m !n no nitrates c be made 9 ! soil4 ,"o ( ! reasons = apply+ gr\nd lime/one to soils :i* are defici5t 9 lime is to furni% ! elem5t calcium 9 suitable =m = ! =mation ( nitrates 9 ! process ( nitrification4 ,gr\nd lime/one is calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o71 a comp\nd conta9+ "o atom ( calcium 7,ca71 "o atom ( c>bon 7,c7 & ?ree atoms ( oxyg5 7,o74 ,?is is ! same =m ( lime :i* is conta9$ naturally 9 lime/one soils--soils :i* are not$ = _! great productiv5ess--& x is g5]ally ! mo/ economical =m ( lime to use = correct+ soil acidity & promot+ nitrification4 ,9 ! process ( nitrification1 t is 9 ! =mation ( nitrates1 !re is requir$1 n only ! pres5ce ( calcium1 or "s o!r alkal9e elem5t1 9 suitable =m1 b also a good supply ( ! elem5t oxyg52 = calcium nitrate1 ,ca7,,no71 conta9s "o atom ( calcium 7,ca71 two atoms ( nitrog5 7,n71 & six atoms ( oxyg5 7,o71 9 ea* molecule z indicat$ 9 ! =mula1 ,ca7,,no74 ,magnesium nitrate1 ,mg7,,no71 potassium nitrate1 ,,kno 7,k is f ! ,lat9 ^w ,kalium1 :i* means potassium71 & all o!r nitrates1 also1 conta9 oxyg54 ,! supply ( oxyg5 = ! =mation ( nitrates 9 ! soil comes f ! air1 :i* consi/s ( ab\t tw5ty p]c5t oxyg51 sev5ty-eight p]c5t nitrog51 & two p]c5t ( o!r elem5ts & comp\nds1 z argon1 c>bon dioxid1 ,,co1 wat] vapor1 ,h,o1 etc4 ,"o ( ! important effects ( cultivation1 or tillage1 is t x p]mits ! air m freely to ent] ! soil1 & ?us promotes nitrification4 ,,! ,,nitrog5-,,ga!r+ ,,bact]ia4 ,z /at$ above1 ! nitrog5 naturally 9 ! soil is conta9$ almo/ entirely 9 ! organic matt]4 ,any process :i* t5ds to decompose or de/roy ?is organic matt]1 su* z nitrification or o!r =ms ( oxidation1 w also t5d to r$uce ! total /ock ( nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,because ( ?is fact ! matt] ( re/or+ nitrog5 to ! soil becomes ( v great importance4 ,( c\rse a "p ( ! nitrog5 remov$ 9 crops may be return$ 9 ! manure produc$ on ! f>m2 & nitrog5 may also be b\ght 9 ! m>kets 9 su* =ms z sodium nitrate 7conta9+ #ae to #af p]c5t ( nitrog571 ammonium sulfate 7conta9+ #bj to #ba p]c5t ( nitrog571 & dri$ blood 7conta9+ #ab to #ae p]c5t nitrog572 b1 :5 we be> 9 m9d t su* comm]cial nitrog5 co/s ab\t #ae c5ts a p\nd1 & t "o bu%el ( corn conta9s ab\t "o p\nd ( nitrog51 x w be se5 at once t ! pur*ase ( nitrog5 _c be consid]$ practicable 9 g5]al f>m+1 al?\gh 9 m>ket g>d5+1 & 9 "s o!r k9ds ( int5sive agriculture1 comm]cial nitrog5 c (t5 he us$ ) v m>k$ pr(it4 ,nitrog5 is remov$ f ! soil n only 9 ! crops gr[n1 b also1 & frequ5tly 9 l>g] am\nts p] annum1 9 ! dra9age wat]s1 & 9 "s o!r ways1 z by d5itrification & by ! bl[+ & wa%+ ( ! surface soil4 ,pr(essor ,snyd]1 ( ! ,m9nesota ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 has %[n t dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s ! total loss ( nitrog5 f "s ,m9nesota soils 9 "s cases am\nts to sev]al times ! am\nt actually us$ 9 ! crops produc$4 ,consid]+ all ( ^! facts1 & ! additional facts t !re are ab\t sev5ty-five million p\nds ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 re/+ ^u e acre ( l&1 & t x is possible to obta9 unlimit$ quantities ( nitrog5 f ! air = use ( f>m crops1 & at v small co/1 ! inevitable conclusion is t ! inexhau/ible supply ( nitrog5 9 ! air is ! /ore f :i* we mu/ draw to ma9ta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( ?is elem5t 9 ! soil = ! mo/ pr(itable crop yields4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t legum9\s plants1 su* z clov]1 h p[] to obta9 free nitrog5 f ! air4 ,?is is n /rictly true4 ,r$ clov]1 = example1 has no p[] 9 itself to get nitrog5 f ! air4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! microscopic organisms#c :i* commonly live 9 tub]cles ^u ! roots ( ! clov] plant d h ! p[] to take free nitrog5 f ! air & cause x to unite ) o!r elem5ts to =m comp\nds suitable = plant food4 ,! clov] plant !n draws ^u ?is comb9$ nitrog5 9 ! root tub]cles1 & makes use ( x 9 its own gr[?1 bo? 9 ! tops & 9 ! roots ( ! plant4 ,^! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia live 9 tub]cles ^u ! roots ( v>i\s legum9\s plants1#d su* z r$ clov]1 :ite clov]1 alfalfa1 sweet clov]1 c[peas1 soy beans1 vet*1 field-peas1 g>d5-peas1 field & g>d5 beans1 etc4 ,^! tub]cles v>y 9 size f a p9head to a pea1 v>y+ ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( plants1 be+ especially small ^u "s ( ! clov]s1 & v l>ge ^u c[peas & soy beans4 ,! tub]cles are1 ( c\rse1 easily se5 ) ! eye1 b ! tub]cle is only ! home ( ! bact]ia1 some:at z ! ball ^u ! will[ twig is ! home ( ! insects )94 ,! bact]ia !mselves are f> too small to be se5 ) ! unaid$ eye1 al?\gh !y c be se5 by means ( ! mo/ p[]ful microscope4 ,sev]al million bact]ia may inhabit a s+le tub]cle4 ,x is n necess>y to see ! bact]ia1 because if we f9d ! tub]cles ^u ! roots ( ! plant1 we "k t ! bact]ia are pres5t )91 z o!rwise ! tub]cle w\ld n be =m$4 ,al?\gh ! plant itself1 z clov]1 = example1 has no p[] to fe$ ^u ! free or uncomb9$ nitrog5 9 ! air1 yet ^! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia d h ! p[] to absorb ! free nitrog5 & cause x to comb9e ) o!r elem5ts1 =m+ nitrates or o!r comp\nds :i* are suitable =ms ( nitrog5 = plant food4 ,x has also be5 demon/rat$ t1 z a rule1 !re are diff]5t species ( nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia = m>k$ly diff]5t species ( legum9\s plants4 ,?us we h "o k9d ( bact]ia = r$ clov]1 ano!r k9d = c[peas1 ano!r k9d = soy beans1 & /ill a diff]5t k9d = alfalfa4#e ,,! ,,r$ ,,clov] ,,bact]ia4 ,t clov] has no p[] 9 itself to ga!r atmosph]ic nitrog51 & t ! bact]ia d h p[] to fe$ ! clov] plant ) nitrog5 ga!r$ f ! air is v easy to demon/rate4 ,x is "o ( ! regul> laboratory practices ( ! /ud5ts 9 soil f]tility 9 ! ,agricultural ,college to make ?is demon/ration4 ,plate #a is an illu/ration ( su* /ud5t "w4 ,! two pots :i* are %[n 7 provid$ ) all elem5ts ( plant food1 except+ ! "o elem5t nitrog54 ,?us f> ! two pots are exactly alike4 ,ea* conta9s no nitrog51 z indicat$ by ! label 8,no ,n40 ,ea* pot is plant$ ) ! same numb] ( r$ clov] se$s4 ,to ! "r-h& pot1 h[ev]1 "s bact]ia 78,bac407 7 add$1 :ile none 7 add$ to ! left-h& pot4 ,^! bact]ia 7 obta9$ by tak+ ab\t "o p\nd ( soil f a clov]-field :]e abundance ( tub]cles 7 f\nd on ! clov] roots1 add+ ?is soil to ab\t "o qu>t ( pure wat]1 %ak+ = a few m9utes1 all[+ ! soil to settle1 !n tak+ a small quantity ( almo/ cle> solution1 & add+ x to ! pot :i* we wi%$ to inoculate ) ! r$ clov] bact]ia4 ,aside f ! addition ( ^! microscopic bact]ia to ! "r-h& pot1 ^! two pots 7 treat$ exactly alike ?r\gh\t ! exp]im5t4 ,x w be pla9ly se5 t :]e ! bact]ia 7 add$ ! clov] 0 furni%$ ) suffici5t nitrog5 to make a /rong & luxuriant gr[?1 :ile )\t ! bact]ia ! clov] 79 ! left-h& pot7 only g]m9at$ & made :at little gr[? x c\ld ) ! small am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,?is result is ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure ( ! clov] crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,r$ ,,clov]3 ,,effect ,,( ,,bact]ia4 ,,no ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,! ,,soil ,,( ,,ei!r ,,pot4 ,9 g5]al ! clov] bact]ia are well di/ribut$ ov] ! nor!rn & c5tral "p ( ,ill9ois1 b we n[ h "s v /rong evid5ce t !y are n well di/ribut$ 9 "s soils ( l>ge area 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,!re is also "s evid5ce t !y 7 n orig9ally pres5t ev5 9 ! soils :]e !y are n[ f\nd 9 great abundance2 &1 fur!rmore1 x seems v probable t ^! bact]ia may cease to live 9 a soil :]e !y h once be5 pres5t1 provid$ clov] is n gr[n on ! l& = sev]al ye>s4 ,x w help u to und]/& ?is matt] if we be> 9 m9d t ! home ( ^! bact]ia is ! tub]cle ^u ! clov] root4 ,x is q evid5t t !y w cont9ue to live ^u ! decay+ tub]cles or roots = ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ! clov] plant has be5 kill$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h "s notable evid5ce t ! bact]ia d n cont9ue to live 9 a soil aft] five or six ye>s' cont9u\s cropp+ ) absolutely no clov] gr[+ on ! l& dur+ ^? ye>s4 ,x is a simple matt] = any "o to det]m9e :e!r ! bact]ia are pres5t or n1 = ! tub]cles :i* are =m$ if ! bact]ia are pres5t are pla9ly se5 atta*$ to small roots4 ,!y look some:at l m9iature potatoes1 v>y+ 9 size f p9heads on clov] to peas on soy beans or c[peas4 7,see ,plates #b & #d47 ,x is important to rememb] t ! bact]ia live 9 ! soil & n 9 ! se$4 ,:5 clov] is cut = se$1 x is frequ5tly left to lie ^u ! gr\nd until ! /raw becomes half rott5 & v dirty2 &1 consequ5tly :5 x is ?re%$1 x practically always happ5s t !re is at lea/ "s small am\nt ( du/ & dirt tak5 ) ! se$4 ,?is dirt is almo/ sure to c>ry ) x "s bact]ia f ! soil4 ,if ^! few bact]ia are scatt]$ ) ! clov] se$ :5 x is s[$ !y w inoculate at lea/ a few plants1 & if !y are all[$ to multiply on ^! plants1 & especially if ! same field is repeat$ly se$$ ) clov]1 ! soil w ultimately become ?or\ghly infect$ ) ! clov] bact]ia4 ,( c\rse !y may be c>ri$ f "o "p ( ! f>m to ano!r1 or ev5 f "o f>m to ano!r1 by v>i\s ag5cies1 z du/ or w9d /orms1 surface dra9age or flood wat]s1 manure made f clov] hay1 implem5ts us$ 9 cultivat+ ! soil1 etc41 etc4 ,_m ( ! old] f>m]s ( ,ill9ois h /at$ to ! writ] t :5 ?is c\ntry 0 v new x 0 commonly f\nd difficult to get a 8cat*0 ( clov] on new l&4 ,aft] a good 8cat*0 0 once gott51 !n x 0 easi] to get clov] to gr[ on t l& ! next "t4 ,!re 0 a say+ among ! f>m]s t clov] w\ld n d well until !y got ! 8wild nature0 out ( ! l&4 ,_! f9al success 0 und\bt$ly due1 n to gett+ any?+ out ( ! l&1 b r to gett+ ! bact]ia into ! l&4 ,sev]al ,ill9ois f>m]s h report$ "s q rem>kable results f v light applications ( ! clov] *aff or /raw 7obta9$ 9 hull+ clov]7 9 its b5eficial effect on clov] on l& :]e x 0 o!rwise difficult to get a 8cat*40 ,!re is a some:at g5]al belief among f>m]s ( long exp]i5ce t clov] /raw or *aff has "s special value 9 gett+ a cat* ( clov] aside f its value z manure or = ! se$ :i* x sometimes conta9s4 ,manag] ,f4 ,a4 ,w>n] ( ! ,sibley ,e/ate1 ,=d ,c\nty1 rec5tly /at$ to ! writ] t !y _h _h v great difficulty to get clov] to gr[ :5 !y fir/ began gr[+ clov] on t l>ge e/ate1 "s six or eight ye>s ago1 al?\gh1 aft] a good crop 0 once secur$1 !y r>ely _h any fur!r difficulty 9 gett+ a cat* ( clov] on ! same l&4 ,on ! common gray prairie soil ( ! ,l[] ,ill9oisan ,glaciation1 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 ! commone/ type ( soil 9 m ?an tw5ty c\nties1 practically no r$ clov] is gr[n4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijc we se$$ r$ clov] on t type ( soil 9 ?ree places2 namely1 on ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois soil exp]im5t fields ne> ,edgewood1 ,eff+ham ,c\nty1 ne> ,du ,bois1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 & ne> ,cutl]1 ,p]ry ,c\nty4 ,on c]ta9 plots ! soil acidity _h be5 correct$ ) lime & an abundant supply ( phosphorus 79 bone meal7 _h be5 provid$1 potassium also hav+ be5 add$ on "s plots4 ,^! fields 7 c>efully exam9$ ! latt] "p ( ,june1 & at ,cutl] & ,du ,bois ! clov] 0 f\nd to be dead or dy+1 & no tub]cles c\ld be f\nd ^u ! clov] roots1 al?\gh on ! clov] :i* _h be5 se$$ at ab\t ! same "t on ! ,univ]sity fields at ,urbana ! root tub]cles 7 f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,at ,edgewood a few tub]cles 7 f\nd & ! clov] appe>$ to be gr[+ fairly well4 ,infect$ r$ clov] soil 0 at once procur$ & scatt]$ ov] ! fields at ,edgewood1 ,du ,bois1 & ,cutl]1 b x 0 evid5tly too late to be ( any m>k$ b5efit4 ,at ,cutl] & at ,du ,bois ! clov] 0 a complete failure4 7,x w be tri$ aga9 next ye>47 ,at ,edgewood x cont9u$ to gr[ fairly well1 & its progress next season 7#aijd7 w be wat*$ ) mu* int]e/4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation has be5 gr[+ clov] = sev]al ye>s ) v>y+ degrees ( failure on l& adjo9+ ! pres5t clov] field at ,edgewood1 & x is possible t ?is ye>'s app>5t success f ! />t is due 9 "p at lea/ to ! bact]ia :i* h be5 incid5tally introduc$ & multipli$ ye> aft] ye> & scatt]$ ov] ! adjo9+ l& by w9d & du/ /orms4 ,be=e ! close ( ! season ! tub]cles develop$ 9 abundance on ! roots ( ! clov] at ,edgewood4 ,an exp]i5ce report$ by ,pr(essor ,h]b]t ,w4 ,mum=d1 ( ! ,animal ,husb&ry ,dep>tm5t ( ?is univ]sity1 w be ( int]e/ & value 9 ?is connection4 ,pr(essor ,mum=d commonly gr[s clov] 9 8 rotations on 8 own private f>m1 b he /ates t at "o "t "o p>ticul> field 0 cropp$ cont9u\sly ) timo?y1 oats1 & corn = "s six ye>s or m )\t any clov] :atev]4 ,x 0 !n aga9 se$$ to clov]1 b ! crop made a complete failure1 al?\gh on o!r l& :]e clov] _h be5 gr[n m rec5tly a successful clov] crop 0 gr[n f ! same k9d ( se$ se$$ at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! foll[+ ye> ?is p>ticul> field 0 aga9 se$$ to clov]4 ,?is "t ! 8cat*0 0 n a total failure1 b x 0 too poor to save1 & x 0 pl[$ up & ! l& aga9 se$$ to clov] ! next ye>1 & an excell5t cat* ( clov] result$4 ,aft] ?is1 clov] 0 frequ5tly gr[n on ?is field1 & no special difficulty 0 _h 9 gett+ good crops4 ,:ile ! failure ( clov] may (t5 be due to dr\?1 & 9 "s places due to soil acidity 7lack ( lime71 & sometimes ev5 due to an insuffici5t supply ( available phosphorus or ( potassium1 we n[ "k ) c]ta9ty t x sometimes fails because ( ! abs5ce ( ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia1 especially on l& :i* has nev] gr[n clov]1 & probably also on l& :i* has n gr[n x rec5tly4 ,we %\ld always rememb] t ! bact]ia d n ?rive 9 /rongly acid soils4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y may sometimes live 9 su* soils & p]haps produce "s tub]cles ^u ! roots ( c]ta9 h>dy1 /rong gr[+ legumes1 l c[peas1 nev]!less we are obta9+ "s /rong evid5ce t 9 su* acid soils !y h b little p[] to ga!r nitrog5 f ! air4 ,t gr\nd lime/one is ! mo/ economical & satisfactory mat]ial to use 9 correct+ ! acidity ( soils is /rongly indicat$ by ! in=mation we h ?us f> obta9$4 ,on ! upl& prairie soils ( ! ,l[] ,ill9oisan ,glaciation :]e r$ clov] has nev] be5 gr[n successfully1 l>gely because ( ! acidity ( ! soil1 x w und\bt$ly be helpful & pr(itable n only to correct ! acidity ( ! soil ) gr\nd lime/one1 b also to secure infect$ soil f "s field ( timb] l& or bottom l& :]e r$ clov] is gr[+1 well provid$ ) root tub]cles1 & inoculate ! field ) x4 ,?is soil %\ld be collect$ to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es & scatt]$ ov] ! prairie l& at ! rate ( a few hundr$ p\nds p] acre at ! "t ! clov] is se$$ or be=e4 ,,! ,,c[pea ,,bact]ia4 ,plate #b is made f a photograph ( a c[pea root ) ! tub]cles ^u x4 ,?is illu/ration %[s ! c[pea tub]cles at ne>ly natural size1 :i* is ab\t z l>ge z ! se$ ( ord9>y g>d5 peas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,c[pea ,,root ,,tub]cles1 ,,natural ,,size4 ,! c[pea bact]ia are already q widely di/ribut$ 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 especially :]e ?is crop has be5 gr[n = sev]al ye>s1 b !y are n common 9 ! soils ( o!r p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if x is necess>y or ev5 wor? :ile to take ! tr\ble to inoculate soil = c[peas4 ,"s few tub]cles almo/ inv>iably develop on c[pea roots ! fir/ ye> !y are se$$1 ev5 :]e !y h nev] be5 gr[n be=e1 & if se$$ ! second ye> on ! same l& ! plants are usually abundantly provid$ ) root tub]cles4 ,j :y ! c[pea bact]ia develop s rapidly ev5 )\t special inoculation is n def9itely kn[n4 ,x may be t ! same bact]ia also live on "s o!r legum9\s plant :i* is m or less widely di/ribut$ ov] ! /ate1 b x seems m likely t ! bact]ia are br\ght ) ! se$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! c[pea h>ve/ is usually dirty4 ,?is is an annual plant1 & consequ5tly ! crop is gr[n on rec5tly pl[$ l& & is sometimes cultivat$ dur+ ! season4 ,c[peas are commonly h>ve/$ ) a m[+ ma*9e & !n rak$ up on ! loose gr\nd4 ,:5 !y are ?re%$ m or less dirt rema9s ) ! se$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! se$ coats are n infrequ5tly crack$1 ?us provid+ an excell5t place = ! lodgm5t ( p>ticles ( soil4 ,:e!r x w\ld be pr(itable to inoculate ! l& = c[peas w\ld dep5d v l>gely ^u ! difficulty or co/ ( obta9+ ! infect$ mat]ial4 ,if soil ?or\ghly infect$ ) ! c[pea bact]ia c be scatt]$ ov] ! l& at ! rate ( ab\t #b1jjj p\nds to ! acre at a co/ ( #a4jj or less p] ton1 x might prove pr(itable4 ,x is d\btful if a light application ( #ajj or #bjj p\nds w\ld produce any v m>k$ effect 9 ! yield ! fir/ season4 ,aft] ! soil becomes well infect$ ! c[peas !n obta9 mu* nitrog5 f ! air1 & ! yield ( c[peas is likely to be l>gely increas$4 ,( c\rse !re is no fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 if !re are no tub]cles on ! roots4 ,9 #aijb sev]al plots ( c[peas 7 se$$ on ! soil exp]im5t field at ! univ]sity4 ,"o ( ^? plots 7#djd7 _h become ?or\ghly infect$ ) ! c[pea bact]ia because ( its be+ s situat$ t m or less surface dra9age wat] fl[$ ov] x f an adjac5t field ^u :i* c[peas _h be5 gr[n = ?ree successive ye>s4 ,ano!r plot 7#djh71 ow+ to a slightly diff]5t situation1 _h n become infect$4 ,! two plots 7 se$$ 9 ,july aft] a crop ( oats _h be5 remov$ f ! l&4 ,)9 ?ree weeks aft] se$+1 num]\s root tub]cles c\ld be f\nd on ! plants on ! infect$ plot4 ,lat] on1 t5 av]age consecutive plants 7 tak5 up z completely z possible1 & #dab tub]cles 7 f\nd on ! roots1 mak+ an av]age ( m ?an #dj tub]cles to ! plant4 ,on ,plot #djh only an occasional plant 0 f\nd infect$1 & su* plants w\ld usually h only a s+le l>ge tub]cle on _! roots4 ,t5 av]age plants n infect$ 7 collect$ f ,plot #djh = comp>ison ) ! t5 infect$ plants f ,plot #djd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,c[peas2 ,,effect ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,ord9>y ,,ill9ois ,,black ,,prairie ,,soil4 ,plate #c %[s ^! two bun*es ( plants1 ! infect$ plants ) root tub]cles on ! "r1 & ! plants )\t tub]cles on ! left4 ,f\r m sets ( t5 plants ea* 7 !n collect$1 two sets f ,plot #djd & two f ,plot #djh4 ,ea* set ( infect$ plants 0 sep>at$ into ?ree p>ts1 7#a7 tops1 7#b7 roots1 7#c7 tub]cles2 & ea* set ( plants n infect$ 0 sep>at$ into 7#a7 tops1 & 7#b7 roots4 ,all ( ^! samples 7 dri$ & analyz$ = nitrog54 ,! results obta9$ are %[n 9 ,table #a4 ,! results cle>ly %[ ! v great value ( ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia 9 gr[+ c[peas4 ,9 ea* ( ! sep>ate trials ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ! infect$ plants conta9$ ab\t twice z mu* total dry matt] z ! plants n infect$4 ,! infect$ plants also conta9$ a mu* high] p]c5t ( nitrog5 ?an ! plants n infect$1 ! infect$ plants conta9+ #d4ji to #d4cc p]c5t 9 ! tops & #a4de to #a4ec p]c5t 9 ! roots1 :ile ^? n infect$ conta9$ only #b4cb to #b4fi p]c5t 9 ! tops & 4#hh p]c5t 9 ! roots4 ,besides ?is1 ! tub]cles on ! infect$ plants conta9 #e4gf to #f4je p]c5t ( nitrog54 ,9 ^! "y & rapidly gr[+ plants ! tub]cles are mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an any o!r "p ( ! plant4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t z ! plants approa* maturity ! nitrog5 is l>gely absorb$ f ! tub]cles & /or$ 9 ! tops & roots4 ,at ! "t ^! plants 7 tak5 up ! tub]cles actually conta9$ m nitrog5 ?an ! roots4 ,! infect$ plants conta9$ ne>ly f\r times z mu* nitrog5 z ! plants n infect$1 & ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total nitrog5 9 ! infect$ plants 0 obta9$ f ! air4 ,! roots & tub]cles ( ! infect$ plants conta9$ six to sev5 times z mu* nitrog5 z ! roots ( ! plants n infect$4 ,,table ,i4--,,fixation ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,by ,,c[peas4 ,,c[pea ,,plants4 ,dry ,nitrog5,nitrog5,nitrog5 ---------------------------- matt]1cont5t1am\nt1 fix$ by ,no4 ,"p cgs4 p]c5t4 cgs4 bact]ia1 cgs4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a#a--,t5 plants1 ,tops #cehj #d4ji #adf ) bact]ia ,roots #fbj #a4de #i pres5t4 ,tub]cles #aij #e4ig #aa ---- --- ,total #dcij #aff #abe ------------------------ ,a#b--,t5 plants1 ,tops #aefj #b4db #ch )\t bact]ia ,roots #cjj 4#hh #c ---- --- ,total #ahfj #da ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b#a--,t5 plants1 ,tops #cigj #d4ca #aga ) bact]ia ,roots #fij #a4dg #aj pres5t4 ,tub]cles #cjj #f4je #ah ---- --- ,total #difj #aii #adj ------------------------ ,b#b--,t5 plants1 ,tops #bjfj #b4fi #ee )\t bact]ia ,roots #dcj 4#hh #d ---- --- ,total #bdij #ei ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,c#a--,t5 plants1 ,tops #ccjj #d4cc #adc ) bact]ia ,roots #ebj #a4ec #h pres5t4 ,tub]cles #bij #e4gf #ag ---- --- ,total #daaj #afh #abd ------------------------ ,c#b--,t5 plants1 ,tops #agcj #b4cb #dj )\t bact]ia ,roots #djj 4#hh #d ---- --- ,total #bacj #dd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,! ,,soy ,,bean ,,bact]ia4 ,soy bean bact]ia are evid5tly mu* less likely to be c>ri$ ) ! se$ ?an are ! c[pea bact]ia4 ,! soy bean plant gr[s m erectly ?an ! c[pea 7see ,circul> ,no4 #fi1 8,! ,c[pea & ,soy ,bean 9 ,ill9ois071 & ! crop is q commonly h>ve/$ ) a self-b9d] :i* keeps x q free f dirt4 ,! soy bean se$ is ne>ly r\nd & smoo?1 & ! se$ coat is n commonly crack$4 ,^! facts may expla9 :y ! soy bean se$ c>ry s few bact]ia z comp>$ ) c[peas4 ,on "o ( ! soil exp]im5t fields on ! univ]sity f>m at ,urbana1 :]e soy beams h be5 gr[n = ?ree ye>s1 no tub]cles c\ld be f\nd on ! plants ei!r ! fir/ or second ye>1 & only an occasional plant ) tub]cles c\ld be f\nd ! ?ird ye>4 ,9 #aijb a s]ies ( plots1 "s ( :i* _h be5 treat$ 9 diff]5t ways ) applications ( lime/one1 phosphorus1 & potassium1 7 se$$ ) soy beans4 ,no tub]cles c\ld be f\nd at any "t dur+ ! season on ! soy beans gr[+ on any ( ! diff]5t plots4 ,9 #aijc ! same plots 7 aga9 se$$ to soy beans1 & at ! same "t "p ( ea* plot 0 inoculat$ ) infect$ soy bean soil drill$ 9 ) ! se$ at ! rate ( ab\t #ejj p\nds ( infect$ soil to ! acre4 ,:5 ! plants 7 only a few weeks old tub]cles 7 to be f\nd ^u _m plants gr[+ :]e ! infect$ soil _h be5 appli$1 & be=e ! close ( ! season at lea/ half ( ^! plants 9 ! inoculat$ "p ( ! field _h "o or m tub]cles ^u _! roots1 & "s plants c\ld be f\nd ^: roots 7 abundantly provid$ ) tub]cles4 7,see ,plate #d47 ,on ! un9oculat$ "p ( ! field soy bean plants 7 exam9$ probably fifty times dur+ ! season1 sev]al plants be+ tak5 up ea* "t1 b n a s+le tub]cle 0 f\nd at any "t1 not)/&+ t ?is 0 ! second crop ( soy beans ^u ?is soil4 ,( c\rse ! inoculat$ "p ( ! field did n become suffici5tly infect$ to m>k$ly b5efit ! #aijc crop1 b x is plann$ to gr[ soy beans ^u ?is field aga9 9 #aijd :5 ! bact]ia w d\btless h multipli$ suffici5tly to produce m>k$ results 9 ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,f ^! & f o!r some:at simil> exp]im5ts x is conclud$ t z a rule soy beans %\ld be inoculat$ :5 !y are fir/ se$$1 & t !y %\ld !n be gr[n a second ye> ^u ! same l&4 ,if soy beans are aft]w>d gr[n ^u ?is l& once 9 e ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ! soil w d\btless rema9 well infect$ ) ! soy bean bact]ia4 ,x is believ$ t #ajj p\nds ( infect$ soy bean soil p] acre w be suffici5t to produce a ?or\gh infection ! second ye>1 & x is improbable t "o ton ( infect$ soil p] acre w\ld produce a ?or\gh inoculation ! fir/ season4 ,"o ton is only tw5ty times #ajj p\nds1 :ile "o tub]cle :i* w be produc$ dur+ a s+le season f a s+le bact]ium may conta9 _m million bact]ia1 ?us x w be se5 t x w be m economical to inoculate r lightly & all[ ! bact]ia to multiply !mselves r ?an to inoculate heavily at great exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,soy ,,bean ,,root ,,tub]cles1 ,,natural ,,size4 ,x may be /at$ t ! infect$ soy bean soil us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 obta9$ f ,mr ,a4 ,a4 ,h9kley ( ,du ,bois1 ,ill9ois1 :o has be5 gr[+ soy beans on ! same l& = _m ye>s until x has become well infect$4 ,mr4 ,h9kley has cons5t$ to furni% infect$ soy bean soil s f> z he is able to d )\t s]i\s int]f]5ce ) 8 regul> "w1 to any "o :o may desire x1 at a price :i* w cov] 8 exp5se & loss4 ,?is w probably am\nt to ab\t #a4jj = ! fir/ #ajj p\nds & fifty c5ts = ea* additional #ajj p\nds1 9 ! %ipm5t1 includ+ ! co/ ( bags1 ! pur*as] to pay freight f ,bois /ation1 :i* is locat$ 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 on ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad4 ,,! ,,alfalfa ,,& ,,sweet ,,clov] ,,bact]ia4 ,t soil inoculation ) alfalfa bact]ia is commonly ( v great value 9 gr[+ alfalfa has be5 %[n v conclusively by ! inve/igations report$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #gf1f 8,alfalfa on ,ill9ois ,soil40 ,9 "s places1 h[ev]1 inoculation 0 f\nd to be unnecess>y4 ,a c>eful & ext5sive inve/igation ( alfalfa gr[+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,ill9ois reveal$ ! fact1 z /at$ 9 ,bullet9 #gf1 8t ! alfalfa bact]ia are c]ta9ly pres5t 9 "s places 9 ! /ate :ile 9 mo/ o!r places !y are c]ta9ly n pres5t 9 suffici5t numb] to become ( appreciable assi/ance to ! alfalfa )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & ! "q naturally arises h[ x happ5s t "s fields are already infect$ :ile o!rs are n40 ,x 0 sugge/$ 9 t bullet9 t ! alfalfa bact]ia may 8live on "s o!r plants besides alfalfa & t "o ( ^! plants is native or has be5 introduc$ 9 c]ta9 sections0 ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 also sugge/$ 8t a few bact]ia are always c>ri$ ) alfalfa se$1 & t if ! alfalfa is gr[n cont9u\sly or repeat$ly 9 any place ! soil w f9ally become ?or\ghly infect$1 & ! bact]ia w !n be c>ri$ by flood wat]s1 du/ /orms1 etc41 ov] adjo9+ fields1 & possibly = long di/ances1 especially along riv] valleys40 ,?is latt] sugge/ion 0 kn[n to be a fact at ! "t x 0 writt52 & subsequ5t inve/igations h furni%$ conclusive pro( t ! alfalfa bact]ia d live ^u ano!r plant2 namely1 ! ord9>y sweet clov] 7melilotus alba74 ,?is is a rank-gr[+ legum9\s plant1 frequ5tly rea*+ a height ( f\r to six feet4 ,:5 "y x m>k$ly resembles alfalfa1 b x c easily be di/+ui%$ by its *>act]i/ic odor :5 cut or bruis$1 z by rubb+ betwe5 ! h&s4 ,z ! sweet clov] approa*es maturity x diff]s v mu* f alfalfa4 ,! sweet clov] gr[s v tall1 & usually bran*es f a ma9 /em4 ,x has :ite fl[]s 7!re is also a less common yell[ v>iety71 & ! se$s are borne 9 small r\nd pods 7usually conta9+ only "o or two se$s ea*71 arrang$ on long sl5d] spikes1 ea* spike be>+ _m pods4 ,! alfalfa commonly gr[s ab\t two & a half feet high1 ) _m /ems gr[+ f ! cr[n ( ! root1 especially aft] x is two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,x be>s purple fl[]s & peculi> spiral-%ap$ se$ pods4 ,sweet clov] is a bi5nial plant1 dy+ aft] rea*+ maturity1 :i* commonly occurs ! second ye> ( its gr[?4 ,l _m o!r bi5nial plants1 x probably (t5 lives m ?an two ye>s if n all[$ to produce se$4 ,alfalfa is a p]5nial plant1 & x is said t !re are alfalfa fields :i* h be5 cut annually = m ?an fifty ye>s )\t rese$+4 ,! simil>ity ( alfalfa & sweet clov] :5 "y1 & also ! simil>ity ( ! tub]cles =m$ on ! roots ( ea* h long be5 notic$1 & ! possibility ( ! same bact]ia liv+ ^u bo? plants has already be5 sugge/$ 9 ! agricultural press4 ,dur+ ! season ( #aijc ! writ] sp5t "s "t 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,ill9ois 9 connection ) ! g5]al & detail surveys ( ,ill9ois soil4 ,_m new fields ( alfalfa 7 obs]v$1 & !y 7 c>efully exam9$ = root tub]cles4 ,9 ,w9nebago ,c\nty1 :]e sweet clov] is v preval5t along roadsides & 9 wa/e places1 x 0 not$ t ! abundance ( root tub]cles on ! alfalfa plants seem$ to be closely relat$ to ! pres5ce ( sweet clov] 9 ! vic9ity1 /rongly indicat+ t ! bact]ia :i* live ^u sweet clov] 7 also at home ^u ! alfalfa roots4 ,^! indications 7 /r5g!n$ by fur!r inve/igations 9 ,lake ,c\nty1 especially ^u ! ,f[l] f>m1 ne> ,lake ,villa1 :]e a field ( alfalfa se$$ la/ spr+ )\t artificial inoculation 0 f\nd to be ?or\ghly infect$ ) ! bact]ia1 & gr[+ vigor\sly ) a good d>k gre5 color4 ,?is field _h a few sweet clov] plants gr[+ 9 x1 & ! bord]s ( ! field 7 cov]$ ) sweet clov]4 ,o!r fields ( alfalfa se$$ 9 ! neighborhood at ! same "t1 b ^u soils :]e sweet clov] _h n gr[n ne> by1 7 app>5tly complete failures1 _m ( ! plants hav+ di$ & mo/ ( ^? /ill liv+ be+ only a few in*es high1 v weak1 & yell[ or pale gre5 9 color4#g ,9 ord] to obta9 m absolute k reg>d+ ?is important subject1 a s]ies ( pot culture exp]im5ts has be5 c>ri$ on "u controll$ conditions 9 ! pot culture laboratory at ! univ]sity4 ,five pots 7 fill$ ) /]iliz$ s& :i* 0 practically devoid ( plant food4 ,a supply ( phosphorus1 potassium1 & all o!r m9]al elem5ts necess>y = ! gr[? ( plants 0 add$ to ea* ( ! five pots1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! s& practically free ( comb9$ nitrog54 ,alfalfa se$ 7 !n plant$ 9 ea* ( ! five pots1 & at ! same "t f\r ( ! five pots 7 inoculat$ z foll[s3 ,pot ,no4 #a4--,n inoculat$ 7*eck pot74 ,pot ,no4 #b4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f infect$ alfalfa soil4 ,pot ,no4 #c4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f alfalfa root tub]cles4 ,pot ,no4 #d4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f infect$ sweet clov] soil4 ,pot ,no4 #e4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f sweet clov] root tub]cles4 ,plate #e cle>ly %[s ! results obta9$ & c]ta9ly furni%es conclusive pro( t ! same effect is produc$ ^u ! gr[? ( ! alfalfa :e!r ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia us$ = ! inoculation are obta9$ f alfalfa soil1 f alfalfa tub]cles1 f sweet clov] soil1 or f sweet clov] tub]cles4 ,x also illu/rates ! importance ( bact]ia 9 gr[+ alfalfa z w be se5 by comp>+ ! f\r inoculat$ pots ) ! un9oculat$ pot1 :i* is ,no4 #a1 on ! left 9 ea* s]ies ( views4 ,! upp] view 0 tak5 :5 ! alfalfa plants 7 five weeks old2 ! next s]ies :5 !y 7 six weeks old2 ! next1 sev5 weeks old2 & ! l[] s]ies :5 !y 7 eight weeks old1 f ! "t ( se$+4 ,a duplicate s]ies ( pots prep>$ 9 exactly ! same mann] gave simil> results4 ,! infect$ alfalfa soil 0 obta9$ f a field ( ?ree-ye>-old alfalfa1 :i* 0 inoculat$ :5 fir/ se$$1 ) infect$ alfalfa soil obta9$ f an old alfalfa field 9 ,kansas4 ,ab\t "o p\nd ( ?is soil 0 %ak5 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 ! soil all[$ to settle1 & "s ( ! ne>ly cle> solution us$ = ! inoculation ( ,pot ,no4 #b4 ,! alfalfa tub]cles f :i* bact]ia 7 obta9$ 7 c>efully wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat] to free !m f adh]+ soil p>ticles1 & !n rubb$ up 9 di/ill$ wat]1 a small am\nt ( ?is wat] be+ !n us$ = ! inoculation ( ,pot ,no4 #c4 ,! infect$ sweet clov] soil 0 obta9$ f a place by ! roadside :]e sweet clov] 0 gr[+ luxuriantly & well provid$ ) root tub]cles4 ,?is place 0 ab\t two miles f ! ne>e/ field ev] se$$ to alfalfa1 s f> z kn[n4 ,a wat] extract f ?is soil 0 us$ to inoculate ,pot ,no4 #d4 ,! bact]ia f sweet clov] tub]cles 7 obta9$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? f alfalfa tub]cles1 & 7 us$ to inoculate ,pot ,no4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,alfalfa3 ,,effect ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,f ,,alfalfa ,,& ,,f ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,pot #a4--,no bact]ia4 ,pots #b & #c4--;,bact]ia f alfalfa4 ,pots #d & #e4--;,bact]ia f sweet clov]4 ,! f\r s]ies ( photographs 7 tak5 five1 six1 sev5 & eight weeks f "t ( plant+1 respectively4 ,f ^! inve/igations we ?us h conclusive evid5ce t infect$ sweet clov] soil c be us$ = ! inoculation ( alfalfa fields1 ! bact]ia ( ! two plants act+ ! same4 ,! infect$ soil may be obta9$ f any place :]e ! sweet clov] is f\nd gr[+ ) abundance ( tub]cles on its roots4 ,! soil may be collect$ to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es & scatt]$ ov] ! alfalfa field at ! rate ( #ajj p\nds or m to ! acre4 ,x is well to scatt] ! infect$ soil at ab\t ! "t ! alfalfa is se$$1 & h>r[ x 9 ) ! alfalfa se$1 al?\gh x may be appli$ "s days or ev5 "s weeks be=e se$+ "t1 & probably x w\ld be all "r to apply ! infect$ soil ! fall be=e1 = x is kn[n t ! bact]ia w live 9 soil = sev]al mon?s1 ev5 ?\gh ! soil be plac$ 9 sacks & all[$ to become q dry4 ,inve/igations h %[n t #ajj p\nds ( ?or\ghly infect$ soil to ! acre is suffici5t to produce a v satisfactory inoculation )9 "o ye> f ! "t x is appli$4 ,( c\rse1 some:at heavi] applications may well be made if x c be done at small exp5se4 ,! infect$ soil ne$ n be appli$ ) any high degree ( uni=mity1 b special c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! high] places & wat]%$s are n miss$ 9 scatt]+ x ov] ! field4 ,if a few squ>e y>ds1 or ev5 squ>e rods1 %\ld be miss$ on ! slopes or l[] l&1 x w\ld make b little diff]5ce1 z ! bact]ia w be wa%$ ov] su* places f ! high] l&4 ,aft] ! soil becomes some:at dry x is easily scatt]$ by h& f ! wagon or f a sack :i* "o c c>ry4 ,sometimes x is appli$ by means ( an end gate se$] or a f]tiliz] drill1 or x c\ld be spread by a manure spread] ) an application ( manure4 ,! "q naturally arises :e!r !re is n dang] ( gett+ "s sweet clov] se$ ) ! infect$ sweet clov] soil1 & ?us ( gett+ sweet clov] mix$ ) ! alfalfa 9 ! field4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion !re is little or no?+ to fe> 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! am\nt ( sweet clov] se$ ?us obta9$ w\ld be v small1 probably none at all1 if "o 7 c>eful to scrape (f ! vegetable matt]1 & p]haps a half in* ( e>? be=e collect+ ! infect$ soil 7mo/ ( ! bact]ia are probably betwe5 "o-half in* & six in*es 9 dep?1 z mo/ ( ! tub]cles develop & decay betwe5 ^? dep?s72 second2 x is d\btful if a small am\nt ( sweet clov] hay w\ld less5 ! value ( alfalfa hay 9 ! lea/1 = /ock frequ5tly eat small am\nts ( sweet clov] ( _! own *oice ev5 :5 x is ne>ly mature1 & if x is cut :ile /ill q immature & t5d] x makes q satisfactory hay1 s mu* s t 9 "s sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,s\?1 sweet clov] is regul>ly se$$ on fields & cut = hay1 & x is f\nd to be a valuable & v nutriti\s fe$1 ! live /ock eat+ x 9 l>ge quantities1 & ) app>5t reli%1 aft] !y h acquir$ a ta/e = x2 ?ird1 sweet clov] is n kn[n z a bad we$ 9 ! fields or mead[s1 ev5 :]e x has be5 a common roadside plant = _m ye>s1 &1 be+ naturally a bi5nial plant1 if x 7 cut d[n e five or six weeks1 z we commonly cut alfalfa dur+ ! season1 x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly die out aft] a few ye>s :ile alfalfa1 a p]5nial plant1 w\ld cont9ue to live4 ,only "o in/ance has come to ! writ]'s att5tion :]e alfalfa has be5 gr[+ = sev]al ye>s ) sweet clov] gr[+ 9 ! field or f5ce r[s beside x4 ,?is is on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,mayhew1 ( ,m]c] ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 :o writes z foll[s reg>d+ ! matt]3 8,w say t ! sweet clov] has made no headway 9 my mead[1 z x did n g to se$1 on acc\nt ( my cutt+ x s (t54 ,! sweet clov] got into ! alfalfa 9 ! se$ :5 ,i s[$ x4 ,i d n ?9k x w d any h>m 9 a mead[1 b ,i believe x w\ld d h>m 9 a pa/ure if x wasn't cut d[n z /ock w n eat ! sweet clov]40 ,( c\rse if sweet clov] %\ld get into ! field & p]si/ 9 gr[+1 & if x 7 f\nd to injure ! alfalfa appreciably or m>k$ly1 we c always resort to pl[+ ! gr\nd up & gr[+ corn or o!r crops1 ?us obta9+ "s b5efit f ! legum9\s crop = its f]tiliz+ value1 & at ! same "t completely eradicat+ ! sweet clov]1 b leav+ ! soil well infect$ ) alfalfa bact]ia ready to s]ve 9 case alfalfa %\ld be aga9 se$$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,,conclusions4 ,9 g5]al agriculture 9 ,ill9ois1 :e!r x be gra9 f>m+ or ord9>y live/ock f>m+1 ! gr[+ ( legumes is absolutely ess5tial z a "p ( any economic sy/em :i* %all ma9ta9 ! f]tility ( ! soil2 & = ! successful gr[+ ( legumes ! pres5ce & assi/ance ( ! prop] species ( nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia are also absolutely ess5tial4 ,^! facts be+ grant$1 x c]ta9ly foll[s t :5 s[+ any legume on l&1 :]e ! same legume has nev] be5 gr[n be=e1 or p]haps :]e x has n be5 successfully gr[n )9 rec5t ye>s1 we %\ld always consid] ! matt] ( inoculation2 &1 unless !re is good reason to believe t ! soil has be5 inoculat$ by ! wa%+ f o!r high] ly+ l& :]e ^! bact]ia are kn[n to be pres5t or by applications ( manure made f t legume1 or by "s o!r su* incid5tal means2 or unless !re is evid5ce t ! bact]ia are c>ri$ ) ! se$ 9 suffici5t quantity to effect a satisfactory inoculation 7z appe>s to be ! case ) ! c[pea71 !n we %\ld inoculate ! soil directly ) ! specific bact]ia requir$ by ! legume :i* we desire to gr[4 ,:ile "s ,ill9ois soils are becom+ defici5t 9 phosphorus & 9 lime1 especially 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate1 & :ile phosphorus#h & gr\nd lime/one c be appli$ to su* soils ) m>k$ b5efit & pr(it1 especially = ! gr[+ ( legumes1 !re is abundant evid5ce t "o ( ! dom9ant causes = ! failure or unsatisfactory gr[? ( "s ( our mo/ valuable legumes1 & on "s soils ! sole cause ( failure1 is ! abs5ce ( ! prop] nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia4 ,!re is no reason to believe t any ( ! diff]5t species ( nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia w live 9 ! soil = m ?an a few ye>s#i 9 ! entire abs5ce ( any legume ^u :i* !y naturally live1 & ! accumulat+ evid5ce /rongly indicates t ! bact]ia :i* are pres5t 9 places 9 our soils1 su* z ! r$ clov] bact]ia1 n[ f\nd abundantly 9 _m places 9 ! /ate1 especially 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,ill9ois1 ! c[pea bact]ia m common 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & ! alfalfa or sweet clov] bact]ia1 :i* are becom+ preval5t 9 "s sections--t all ^! h be51 & are be+1 gradually introduc$ & ext5d$ almo/ entirely by m]e *ance4 ,( c\rse if ! wagon-:eel1 :i* c>ries ! mud along ! road1 c>ries ) x sweet clov] se$ f "o place to ano!r1 x may also c>ry ! sweet clov] bact]ia :i* live on ! sweet clov] roots4 ,x n[ seems absurd to suppose t !re 7 r$ clov] bact]ia 9 ,ill9ois soil be=e r$ clov] itself 0 gr[n on ,ill9ois soil1 unless ! same bact]ia live also ^u "s o!r legume :i* 0 native to our soils4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t ! vet* bact]ia are native to our soil1 possibly liv+ ^u ! native wild vet*es4 ,at any rate1 tub]cles commonly develop on vet* roots )\t artificial inoculation4 ,inve/igations are 9 progress to asc]ta9 :e!r ! notori\s failure ( crimson clov] 9 ,ill9ois may n be due 9 "p1 at lea/1 to ! abs5ce ( ! prop] bact]ia4 7,x has be5 /at$ by "s writ]s t ! bact]ia ( crimson clov] & ^? ( r$ clov] are id5tical1 b we already h "s reason to d\bt ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t47 ,,footnotes #a ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re are t5 ess5tial elem5ts ( plant food ea* ( :i* is ( equal importance to ! plant1 = if ! plant is depriv$ ( any "o ( ! t5 ess5tial elem5ts x is impossible = x to develop & mature4 ,c>bon has no m>ket value z plant food because ! plant obta9s c>bon 9 ! =m ( c>bon dioxid1 a gas :i* is pres5t ev]y:]e 9 ! atmosph]e & :i* ! plant inhales ?r\gh its leaves4 ,bo? hydrog5 & oxyg5 are )\t m>ket value because !y are ! elem5ts :i* compose wat]1 a liquid comp\nd :i* plants absorb ?r\gh _! roots4 ,calcium1 magnesium1 iron1 & sulfur h no m>ket value z elem5ts ( plant food because !y are pres5t 9 practically all soils 9 abundance z comp>$ ) ! am\nts requir$ 9 plant gr[?4 ,! ?ree elem5ts nitrog51 phosphorus1 & potassium1 d h m>ket values1 because !y are requir$ by plants 9 v consid]able quantities1 & !y are pres5t 9 mo/ soils 9 r limit$ am\nts1 & :5 ! available supply ( any "o ( ^! elem5ts becomes too mu* r$uc$ 9 a soil ! crop yield also becomes r$uc$4 ,= fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! use ( ^! elem5ts ( plant food on ,ill9ois soils1 see ,circul> ,no4 #fh1 8,me?ods ( ,ma9ta9+ ! ,productive ,capacity ( ,ill9ois ,soils40 #b ,te*nically ?is fir/ /ep is prelim9>y to1 & n a "p (1 nitrification4 #c ,among ! sci5ti/s :o 7 prom95t 9 mak+ ^! discov]ies reg>d+ ! action ( bact]ia 9 ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 7 ,hellriegel1 ,willf>?1 & ,nobbe 9 ,g]many1 ,atwat] 9 ,am]ica1 ,lawes & ,gilb]t 9 ,engl&1 & ,b\ss+ault & ,ville 9 ,france4 #d ,x may be well to call att5tion to ! fact t !re are num]\s in/ances :]e two diff]5t k9ds ( plants live toge!r 9 intimate p>tn]%ip relation4 ,if only "o ( ! two plants receives b5efit f ?is relation%ip or association1 !n ! plant receiv+ ! b5efit is cell$ a p>asite4 ,?us ! mi/letoe is a p>asite ^u ! elm or gum or o!r tree on :i* x lives4 ,! mi/letoe draws its n\ri%m5t f ! tree4 ,! tree is injur$ r ?an b5efit$ by ! mi/letoe4 ,dodd] is also a p>asitic plant1 liv+ ^u o!r plants1 except dur+ ! e>ly "p ( its gr[?4 ,ticks & lice are common examples ( animal p>asites liv+ ^u o!r animals4 ,9 "s cases a relation%ip exi/s :i* is n p>asitic b symbiotic4 ,! t]m symbiosis1 :i* is commonly us$ by biologi/s to def9e ?is relation%ip1 means liv+ toge!r 9 mutual helpfulness4 ,! association ( bees & fl[]s may s]ve to illu/rate ?is mutual helpfulness1 al?\gh ?is is n an example ( intimate symbiosis4 ,?us ! bees obta9 _! food f ! fl[]s &1 9 turn1 ! fl[]s1 _m ( !m1 are incapable ( produc+ se$ or fruit unless ! poll5 is c>ri$ f ! male fl[] to ! female fl[] by bees or o!r ag5cies4 ,x is well kn[n t plant lice & ants are mutually helpful4 ,likewise ! association ( nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia & legum9\s plants is a relation%ip ( mutual helpfulness & ?is is "o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( :at is meant by symbiosis4 ,! legume furni%es a home = ! bact]ia & also furni%es 9 its juice or sap mo/ ( ! n\ri%m5t ^u :i* ! bact]ia live4 ,! bact]ia1 on ! o!r h&1 take nitrog5 f ! air conta9$ 9 ! pores ( ! soil1 & cause ?is nitrog5 to comb9e ) o!r elem5ts 9 suitable =m = plant food :i* is !n giv5 up to ! legume = its own n\ri%m5t4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( rem>kable p>asitism1 if n1 inde$1 "o ( true symbiosis1 is f\nd 9 ! common li*5s liv+ ^u rocks & trees4 ,! li*5 is n a s+le plant1 b two plants--an alga1 :i* lives ^u ! wood or /one1 & a fungus :i* lives ^u ! alga4 ,alg also live 9 ! free /ate sep>ate f fungi1 & ! pres5t op9ion ( botani/s seems to be t :5 ! two are associat$ 9 ! =m ( li*5s ?is association is n detrim5tal1 b r b5eficial1 to ! alga1 z well z to ! p>asitic fungus4 ,if ?is is true1 !n x is ano!r case ( true symbiosis4 7,!re is reason to believe t ! fungus has "s p[] to fe$ ^u atmosph]ic nitrog51 & !n to furni% comb9$ nitrog5 to ! alga ^u :i* x lives47 ,9 ! symbiosis ( legum9\s plants & nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia we h a p>tn]%ip or relation%ip ( immeasurable value to agriculture4 ,"h is a class ( plants 7legumes7 t are capable ( consum+ or utiliz+ nitrog5 9 quantities l>g] ?an c\ld possibly be obta9$ f ord9>y soils = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,!y h no p[] 9 !mselves ( tak+ nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e1 & to !m ! symbiotic relation ) ?is l[ ord] ( plants 7! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia7 is especially helpful1 & = ! be/ results x is absolutely necess>y4 #e ,!re are "s notewor?y exceptions to ?is rule 7see foll[+ pages = illu/ration71 & !re is "s evid5ce t1 by a comp>atively long process ( bre$+1 or evolution1 ! bact]ia :i* naturally live ^u "o k9d ( legume may gradually develop ! p[] to live ^u a di/9ctly diff]5t legume to :i* !y 7 n at fir/ adapt$4 ,( c\rse ?is process ( =c+ bact]ia to live ^u a legume to :i* !y are n naturally adapt$ has little or no practical value because x is unnecess>y if !re is a species ( bact]ia :i* naturally lives ^u ! same legume4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 by any su* process ( bre$+1 or evolution1 a species ( nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia c\ld be develop$ :i* c\ld live on a non-legum9\s plant1 z corn1 = example1 x w\ld be ( incalculable practical value4 ,z yet ! ef=ts ( bact]iologi/s1 work+ on ?is problem1 h giv5 only negative results1 s f> z kn[n to ! writ]4 #f ,9 ?is connection att5tion is call$ to ! fact t ! s-call$ 8spot disease0 ( alfalfa1 :i* is n uncommon 9 ! we/]n /ates1 especially dur+ wet seasons1 became some:at preval5t 9 ,ill9ois 9 #aijc4 ,:5 ! effect ( ?is disease becomes m>k$1 ! leaves turn yell[ & gr[? is ret>d$4 ,if ?is occurs ! alfalfa %\ld be clipp$4 ,?is is ! only effective rem$y kn[n to be practicable4 ,se$+ alfalfa ) a light nurse crop is ga9+ favor 9 ,ill9ois4 #g ,"s ( ^! obs]vations h already be5 report$ 9 ! agricultural press4 7,see1 = example1 ! ,bre$]s' ,gazette1 ,septemb] #i1 #aijc1 page #cia1 & ,septemb] #af1 #aijc1 page #ddb47 #h ,/eam$ bone meal is ! mo/ economical & satisfactory =m ( phosphorus = use on ,ill9ois soils1 unless gr\nd rock phosphate 7n acid phosphate7 %all prove to be /ill m economical4 ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ?is are 9 progress4 #i ,j h[ long ! bact]ia w live 9 a soil )\t a legum9\s crop ^u :i* !y c fe$ is n def9itely kn[n4 ,c]ta9ly !y live = two or ?ree ye>s1 b probably n m ?an five or six ye>s4 ,fur!r inve/igation is ne$$ to e/abli% ! l5g? ( "t ! diff]5t k9ds ( bact]ia may rema9 9 ! soil "u diff]5t conditions4