,illu/ration3 ,,yezdi ,,types4 ,! numb]s are f ! left4 #a4 ,a qan'at mak]4 ,?is is ! man :o digs ! tunnels by :i* ! wat] is br\ght f ! base ( ! hills to ! t[ns 9 ! pla94 ,! lea!r bag on 8 arm is a bucket4 #b4 ,a ,p>si raiyat1 or agriculturi/1 ) 8 spade4 #c4 ,a port]4 #d4 ,a *>vad> 7mulete]7 f ,lri/n4 ,^! v big m5 (t5 come to ,yezd ) c>avans4 #e4 ,a ,jew1 :o is div9+ f 8 book = ! *>vad>4 ,! ,jew has 8 boy ) him4 #f4 ,an oil-sell]4 ,he c>ries ! oil 9 g\rds4 #g4 ,a d>vi%1 or religi\s m5dicant4 #h4 ,an ,arab4 ,^! are sometimes se5 9 ,yezd1 b l ! ,l>i *>vad> !y d n really belong to ! t[n4 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,9 ,a ,,p]sian ,,t[n ,,by ,,napi] ,,malcolm ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,& ,,company #aije ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,preface ,i feel t ?is %ort sket* ( a ,p]sian t[n ne$s an apology4 ,x w n improbably be mi/ak5 = a book ( travel4 ,/opp+ five ye>s 9 "o place is n travell+1 & ! exp]i5ce ( su* a /ay is n a travell]'s exp]i5ce4 ,! descriptions t w be f\nd 9 ?is volume ref] to a v small area1 & consequ5tly a good deal ( m9ute "w has be5 attempt$ t w\ld h be5 out ( place 9 ! pa9t+ ( a l>g] sph]e4 ,!n1 aga91 ?is is n a book ^u mission "w4 ,!re is comp>atively little ab\t ! v int]e/+ "w :i* is be+ c>ri$ on 9 ,yezd by ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 b !re is a great deal ab\t ! circum/ances "u :i* mission>ies "w1 = ! book is really a description ( a ,p]sian t[n f ! mission>y po9t ( view4 ,?is w expla9 :y c]ta9 details1 su* z ! dress & food ( ! p1 are left out altoge!r2 =1 al?\gh !re may be "s connection betwe5 ^! ?+s & ! k9d ( way 9 :i* mission>y "w ought to be conduct$1 x is n at pres5t app>5t to ! writ]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]al effects ( h\se1 /reet1 & des]t1 :i* meet ! ,yezdi's eye at e turn1 h be5 r elaborately describ$1 = sc5]y & sc5ic surr\nd+s h mu* effect on "*1 & ! /udy ( "* is ess5tial 9 mission>y "w4 ,9 mo/ ( ! descriptions ,i h tak5 special c>e to pres]ve ! true proportion betwe5 good & evil1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to e/imate x 9 ! ?+ describ$4 ,i h specially done ?is 9 ! necess>ily incomplete sket*es :i* ,i h drawn ( ! ,yezdi's "* & religi\s beliefs4 ,b 9 deal+ ) ! ,p]sian ,gov]nm5t ,i h consci\sly deviat$ f ?is practice4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i mu/ ask ! read] to reg>d all ref]5ces to ! ,gov]nm5t z go+ no fur!r ?an ! actual /atem5ts4 ,i h also1 z f> z possible1 avoid$ allud+ to political problems2 =1 9 a c\ntry l ,p]sia1 = a man engag$ 9 s]i\s mission>y "w ab/5tion f politics is almo/ a s9e qua non4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be felt by "s t m ought to be made ( ! po9ts 9 common betwe5 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fact is t :5 p come to ! mission>y !y d n want to f9d agreem5t b disagreem5t1 & consequ5tly ! mission>y gets to ?9k n s mu* ( :at !y "k z ( :at !y d n "k4 ,s a mission>y writ] is1 p]haps1 incl9$ to pass ov] common po9ts1 :atev] religion he is writ+ ab\t4 ,9 ! case ( ,islam !re are really n _m to note1 & 9 support ( ?is /atem5t ,i may relate a /ory told by an (fic] ( ,indian troops4 ,"o day a ,mohamm$an1 9 ! c\rse ( a conv]sation1 said to him3 8,( c\rse1 ,sahib1 y\r religion & ours are v ne> toge!r4 ,y\r ,*ri/ is "o ( our prophets40 ,my fri5d repli$3 8,:at d y mean8 ,( c\rse ,*ri/ is "o ( y\r prophets1 b to u ,he is m ?an a prophet2 ,he is ! ,son ( ,god & ! patt]n ( our lives4 ,besides !re is h>dly a s+le practical po9t :]e ,mohamm$ans & ,*ri/ians are n entirely at issue40 ,! man look$ up & said3 8,sahib1 y h read ! ,quran1 & y h read y\r ,bible4 ,i always make t rem>k to ,*ri/ians3 ,i made x to a padre ! o!r day3 & !y almo/ always say1 #8,v true2 ,mohamm$anism has a great deal 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity4' ,well1 ,sahib1 :5 !y say t1 ,i "k t !y h n read ! ,quran & !y h n read _! ,bibles40 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,miss ,,m>y ,,bird1 ^: "n is well kn[n bo? 9 ,p]sia & to all int]e/$ 9 t c\ntry1 = ! valuable assi/ance t %e has giv5 me out ( ! wide & unique exp]i5ce t %e possesses on ! subjects h&l$ 9 my book4 ,i am also v grateful to ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,,furness ,,smi? = sev]al valuable sugge/ions4 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,/ileman & to ,mr ,,paul ,,pet] = "s ( ! photographs illu/rat+ ! book4 ,! col\r$ pr9ts & ! picture ( ! ,s*ool are f draw+s by a native arti/1 ,,mirza ,,abu',l ,,qasim4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,yezd di/rict--,des]t--,wat] supply--,villages--,! t[n ( ,yezd--,g>d5s--,/reets--,h\ses--,furnitu re--,cleanl9ess--,undurability ( build+s--,built = heat--,hill villages--,effect ( surr\nd+s on intellect & "* #a-ce ,,*apt] ,,ii ,isolation & insul>ity--,! t[n ! geographical & political unit--,ext5sion ( citiz5%ip to /rang]s--,bigotry--,oppression & p]secution ( ,p>sis--,improvem5t 9 _! position--,position ( ,jews--,fanaticism l>gely non-religi\s--,position ( ,european colony #cf-ei ,,*apt] ,,iii ,p]sian ,mohamm$anism--,mohamm$--,f\nd+ ( ,islam--,%iahs & ,sunnis--,laxity di/+ui%$ f infidelity--,c5tral doctr9es ( ,islam--,! ,div9e ,unity--,! prophe?ood--,behi view ( ! prophe?ood--,! ,bb--,! ,behullah--,behism--,its prospects--,islam--,pr$e/9ation--,rep5ta nce--,savbs--,eat+ ) unbeliev]s--,*>ge ( pan!ism--,effect ( ,islam on "* #fj-aad ,,*apt] ,,iv ,results ( ,islam--,untru?fulness--,sup]/itions--,p ilgrimages-- ,div9+--,j9s & ,dvs--,! evil eye--,trivial comm&m5ts-- ,ent]ta9m5ts--,islam includes r ?an controls ! life--,two purposes bett] ?an "o--,c]emonial uncleanness #aae-ace ,,*apt] ,v ,"* ( ! ,yezdi--,sy/ematis$ inconsi/5cy--,loyalty to causes & individuals--,unreliability ( evid5ce--,%ame--,hum\r--,disreg>d ( "t--,language--,lack ( initiative--,c\rage--,! ,yezdi soldi]--,etiquette & mann]s--,triviality--,pride--,k9dl9ess & cruelty--,di%one/y--,difficulty 9 obta9+ any?+--,t5d5cy to fatalism--,lat5t /r5g? ( ,p]sian "*--,family ties--,! jus pat]num--,religi\s lib]ty--,op5-h&$ness-- ,summ>y #acf-ahg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,difficulties 9 deal+ ) enquir]s--,language--,argum5t-- ,p>abolic int]pretations--,di/ru/ ( evid5ce--,ignorance-- ,atta*m5t to ,islam z repres5t+ :ole s*eme ( life--,! problem ( conv]ts--,indu/rial missions--,employm5t by mission>ies--,helpful po9ts--,read9ess = religi\s discussion--,quickness 9 grasp+ s+le po9ts--,yezdi wants di/9ctive & sy/ematic tea*+--,& a concrete example--,difficulties 9 accept+ conv]ts--,te/s #ahh-baf ,,*apt] ,,vii ,gett+ into t\* ) ! natives--,! mission>y's /yle ( life--,visit+ & receiv+ visitors--,philan?ropic "w--,poor relief--,s*ool "w--,m$ical "w #bag-bee ,,conclusion #bef ,,gloss>y #bfe ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,yezdi ,,types ,frontispiece ,,hujjatabad1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,f ,,yezd ,to face p4 #f ,,sweet ,,eat+ ,,9 ,a ,,tal> 0 #bf ,,dehbala 0 #cd ,,small ,,squ>e ,,9 ,,yezd 0 #gf ,,corpses ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,qum ,,cemet]y 0 #abj ,,s&y ,,des]t ,,ne> ,,yezd 0 #abj ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,nakhl ,,9 ,,! ,,big ,,squ>e ,,9 ,,yezd 0 #acd ,,squ>e ,,outside ,,gov]nor',s ,,resid5ce ,,9 ,,yezd 0 #ahd ,a ,,view ,,( ,,yezd 0 #baf ,,sc5es ,,9 ,,yezdi ,,life 0 #bbf ,,! ,,s*ool 0 #bdb ,,map at ! ,end ,,five ,,ye>s ,,9 ,a ,,p]sian ,,t[n ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,yezd di/rict--,des]t--,wat] supply--,villages--,! t[n ( ,yezd--,g>d5s--,/reets--,h\ses--,furnitu re--,cleanl9ess--,undurability ( build+s--,built = heat--,hill villages--,effect ( surr\nd+s on intellect & "*4 ,9 ! v c5tre ( c5tral ,p]sia !re is a t[n call$ ,yezd1 :i* 9 "s ways may be un9t]e/+1 b ought = a /ud5t ( ,p]sia to h ! greate/ int]e/1 = x possesses all ! regul> attributes ( a ,p]sian t[n to an exagg]at$ degree4 ,^! ,p]sian t[ns c be bett] und]/ood aft] "s consid]ation ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y lie4 ,"s "o1 ,i ?9k1 has said t ,p]sia consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! salt des]t1 & ! des]t :i* is n salt2 & ?\gh ?is is n true ( all p>ts ( ,p]sia1 ) reg>d to mo/ ( ! int]ior ( ,p]sia x is z ne>ly true z a reasonable man c expect an aphorism to be4 ,9 ! va/ di/rict :]e ,yezd lies y f9d an ar*ipelago1 ) s& = sea1 & t[ns & villages = isl&s4 ,if y want to "k h[ big t des]t area is1 ,i c only tell y t we w5t to ,yezd1 :i* lies 9 ! v c5tre ( ,p]sia1 f ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,caspian1 :i* is ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! c\ntry1 & ) ! exception ( a belt ( l& at ! extreme nor? ab\t ?irty miles broad1 & a pat* r\nd ,teh]an ab\t tw5ty miles across1 we lit]ally pass$ ?r\gh no?+ b des]t4 ,b des]t 9 ,p]sia is ( _m k9ds3 ev5 ! salt des]t is n all ! same4 ,!re are places :]e ! gr\nd is absolutely b>e1 except = ! ?ick cru/s ( salt t lie l sn[drifts /reak+ ! surface 9 e direction4 ,!re are also places equally salt :]e ! proximity ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( useless wat] produces a l>g] quantity ( plant life ?an 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ord9>y des]t4 ,! ord9>y des]t is good soil1 & :]ev] wat] c be br\ght to x1 x is extremely f]tile4 ,g5]ally x has a h>d b r gravelly surface4 ,sometimes x is fleck$ ) dry br[ni% %rubs ab\t ! size ( b$d+-out plants1 sometimes x is q b>e4 ,!re is 9 p>ts a good deal ( scatt]$ gr[?1 b two plants nev] t\* "o ano!r4 ,9 ! m fav\rable places %rubs may be f\nd at an av]age ( n m ?an two y>ds ap>t1 b1 ) "o exception1 ,i h nev] se5 9 ! des]t pla9s ( c5tral ,p]sia a place away f ! hills ) suffici5t natural gr[? to modify ! col\r ( ! di/ance4 ,!n !re is ! s&y des]t4 ,"h also1 if ! s& is scrap$ away & wat] br\ght1 ! soil is good1 b 9 appe>ance ! s&y des]t is ! mo/ desolate ( all4 ,absolutely no?+ gr[s on x4 ,x is l ! wor/ k9d ( salt des]t1 )\t ! relief ( ! :ite pat*es4 ,yezd lies 9 a big /ret* ( s&y des]t4 ,sometimes ! s& may be brok5 by a l>ge piece ( gravelly pla91 b su* places are g5]ally z b>e z ! s&s !mselves1 & =m no real break 9 ! dull monotony4 ,( c\rse !re are oases2 b :at is call$ an oasis is n really v diff]5t 9 "* f ! des]t t surr\nds x4 ,x is ! same des]t artificially cultivat$4 ,9 ! pla9s ! wat] is br\ght f a di/ance1 & :5 x is appli$ ! gr\nd cons5ts to n\ri% exactly ^? se$s t h be5 s[n4 ,!re are h>dly any we$s1 no turf1 no tangle1 no h$ges1 & no wa/e gre54 ,e blade 9 ! artificial :eat-field is an isolat$ unit1 t may be pull$ up )\t di/urb+ its neighb\r4 ,ev5 9 ! fre%]-look+ g>d5s1 enclos$ & conceal$ by high mud walls1 !re is ! same meagre1 b$d$-out appe>ance on e side4 ,9 spite ( ! possibility ( ?ree artificial h>ve/s 9 ! ye>1 "o sees at a glance t ! v roots w inevitably be annihilat$ :5 ! wat] is cut (f1 & ( c\rse ?is happ5s pretty frequ5tly4 ,!re are no wild trees at all1 & ^? t are re>$ are v small1 & scanty 9 leafage4 ,su* oases z ^! g by diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! quantity ( wat]4 ,^? t c support a fairly l>ge population are t[ns1 ^? t c support a small] "o are villages1 ^? t c only support "o or two h\seholds are call$ cultivations1 or mazra's4 ,b1 h[ev] big or h[ev] small1 !y are no int]ruption to ! cont9uity ( ! des]t4 ,9 ! hills & r\nd _! bases !re is a trifle m plant life1 b !re is no /rong contra/ to ! b>r5ness bel[4 ,only high up 9 ! creases ( ! m\nta9 sides1 "r above ! cultivations & villages1 !re are ! n>r[e/ /rips ( turf on ei!r side ( ! sn[ torr5ts4 ,"h "o may f9d small f]ns ne/l+ "u ! b\ld]s1 & quantities ( s(t fl[]s1 or an occasional wild b>b]ry bu%4 ,away f ! actual b$ ( ! m\nta9 /reams "o is aga9 9 des]t ( a k9d1 ?\gh "h1 too1 ! scatt]$ dry %rubs w be f\nd alt]nat+ ) m succul5t v>ieties ( plants1 & ! l&scape is by no means entirely b>e4 ,z soon z ^! /reams rea* gr\nd t x is possible to level into t]races1 !y are us$ = irrigation1 & become ! /alks ( m9ute mazra's4 ,!n come long hill villages ) or*>d trees & walnuts2 & la/ly1 if !re is any wat] left at ! real m\nta9 base1 !re w be a r\nd irrigat$ pat* ( r l>g] ext5t on ! edge ( ! pla94 ,9 ! middle ( ! pla9s wat] may be f\nd ab\t sixty y>ds b5ea? ! surface1 a dep? f :i* x may be drawn ?r\gh wells = dr9k+ purposes1 b n 9 l>ge quantities = irrigation4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! sn[ torr5ts 7 ! only s\rce ( wat] supply1 ! c5tres ( ! ,p]sian pla9s w\ld be un9habitable2 = 9 di/ricts l t ( ,yezd ! ra9fall is s trifl+ t n9e or t5 n ov] l>ge falls ( ra9 or sn[ 9 ! twelve mon?s con/itute a wet ye>4 ,b wat] t is f\nd at sixty1 or ev5 a hundr$1 y>ds d[n at ! base ( ! hills is by no means useless4 ,f ?is po9t to ! c5tre ( ! pla9 !re is a consid]able1 ?\gh v gradual declivity4 ,s :5 ! orig9al %aft has be5 sunk1 & wat] has be5 f\nd1 p]haps at ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface1 a long l9e ( simil> %afts are sunk t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! des]t1 at di/ances v>y+ f tw5ty to =ty y>ds1 ! l9e sometimes /ret*+ = m ?an ?irty miles1 until a po9t ( des]t has be5 rea*$ t lies z deep d[n z ! orig9al wat]-level4 ,!n all ! %afts are connect$ at ! bottom by burr[s1 j big en\gh to af=d passage to a man2 ! wat] is let 91 & appe>s 9 an op5 dit* 9 ! c5tre ( ! des]t4 ,( c\rse conveyance ( wat] by ^! qan'ts z !y are call$1 :i* are (t5 ?irty or =ty miles long1 is by no means inexp5sive1 s z a rule ! wat] is us$ imm$iately x c be br\ght to ! surface4 ,consequ5tly we f9d all ?r\gh ! b>r5 ,p]sian pla9s two /range ph5om5a3 little cultivations1 f$ by artificial *annels1 /&+ all by !mselves1 leagues away f any:]e1 9 ! middle ( a desolate & wat]less expanse2 & l>ge t[ns su* z ,yezd1 situat$ f> away f any natural wat] supply1 9 ! b>e/ spot to be f\nd 9 all ! des]t1 ! c5tral holl[ :]e ! drift+ s&s h collect$ & cov]$ ov] ev5 ! fa9te/ ve/ige ( vegetable life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hujjatabad1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,f ,,yezd4 ,s&y des]t1 ) qan'at pits 9 =egr\nd4 ,! typical ,p]sian pla9 is v long1 appe>+ to be comp>atively n>r[1 & c]ta9ly flat beyond conception4 ,! pla9s ?r\gh :i* "o approa*es ,yezd f ,ka%an or ,kirman are probably on ! av]age ab\t sixty miles broad4 ,b ! huge b>r5 m\nta9s1 ly+ 9 long jagg$ ranges to ! "r & left1 %[ ) su* pla9ness ( detail f e po9t1 t ! travell] unus$ to ! cle> atmosph]e ( ! ,ea/ c h>dly cr$it ! full size & di/ance4 ,m\nta9s1 pla9s1 =egr\nd1 & f> p]spective1 ev]y?+1 9 ! ,yezd di/rict at any rate1 is "o neutral t9t ( br[n1 except = ! sn[ ly+ on ! rocks ( ! m\nta9-top1 ! long flakes ( salt scatt]$ "h & !re ab\t ! pla91 or ! cont9ual mov+ mirage4 ,ev5 at sunrise & sunset1 :5 ! sky & di/ant hills put on a col\r+ ( glori\s brilliancy1 !re is an utt] abs5ce ( ^? s(t tones 9 ! =egr\nd :i* c only be giv5 by sunlight 9 a humid atmosph]e4 ,ne> ,yezd !re rise into sight br[n villages1 excresc5ces ( ! same mat]ial z t on :i* !y /&1 isolat$ sep>ate objects ) %>p def9ite b\nds4 ,! scanty1 h$geless crops t surr\nd !m1 usually arrang$ 9 oblong pat*es l small allotm5ts1 seldom %[ until ! travell] is q ne>2 ! few trees are wret*$ly poor 9 size & col\r1 & ! walls & build+s are simply mud1 ( :i* ?ree p>ts are 9 ru9s4 ,aft] a few ( ^! villages we come to ,yezd itself1 equally isolat$ f ev]y?+1 & 9 o!r respects v mu* ! same z ! villages4 ,h[ev]1 z we approa* ! t[n by mo/ ( ! ma9 roads1 !re are no fields & no trees at all4 ,also !re are /ick+ out f ! t[n a lot ( high squ>e air-%afts1 look+ l %ort factory *imneys4 ,yezd1 l ! villages1 is br[n1 b !re are a few pat*es ( :ite4 ,!re are "o or two v fa9tly til$ m9>ets & a new]-look+ gre5 dome2 b ^! ?+s are n suffici5tly /rik+ to modify ! g5]al br[n effect4 ,n[ we are among ! bghs4#a ,a bgh is an enclosure1 g5]ally oblong1 consi/+ ( mud walls twelve feet high1 surr\nd+ a plant$ area4 ,v (t5 a bagh conta9s no?+ b fields ( f>m crops4 ,! bett] class baghs1 belong+ to ! ri*] ,p]sians1 h 9 ! c5tre a k9d ( summ] dwell+-h\se ) pl5ty ( porticos1 built on a v op5-air patt]n4 ,su* baghs are well /ock$ ) fruit trees & rose bu%es2 !re may also be a few small elms1 or %ort popl>s1 or p]haps "s cypresses4 ,!re are n _m fl[]s4 ,"h1 too1 mo/ ( ! area is giv5 up to f>m crops4 ,ev]y?+ is laid out aft] ! plan ( a ,dut* g>d51 b )\t ! turf & ?ick foliage1 & also )\t ! extreme trimness t we connect ) su* places4 ,9 ! bett] g>d5s !re is always a small gutt] ( runn+ wat]1 & g5]ally an artificial tank ) a /one bord]4 ,?is is ! "p ( ! bagh mo/ highly priz$ by ! natives4 ,9 ,p]sia a small artificial *annel ) a /ream ( wat] ab\t two feet across seems to give t air ( di/9ction to a h\se :i* we expect f a well-kept lawn ) good fl[]-b$s4 ,f ! road no?+ c be se5 ( all ?is gre5]y except ! tops ( ! highe/ trees4 ,9 ,yezd inde$ only ! baghs t lie "s way out up ! c\rse ( ! qan'ats %[ z mu* z ?is4 ,j r\nd ! t[n no?+ is to be se5 b ! b>e walls & ! gateways ( ! g>d5s4 ,! gateways h "s brickwork ab\t !m1 & are sometimes p>tially :it5$4 ,!y /& back f ! road4 ,! tops ( ! mud walls are g5]ally 9 bad repair1 & "h & !re we come across a jagg$ hole t has be5 made z a %ort cut into ! g>d5 by ! g>d5]4 ,9 su* cases ! pieces ( mud & sun-dri$ bricks1 :5 !y h be5 tak5 out1 lie 9 ! /reet4 ,:]e ! surface ( ! ?or\ghf>e has n be5 tak5 up = bricks1 :i* by ! way are left to bake 9 ! sun 9 ! middle ( ! road1 x is g5]ally us$ = dry+ manure t has be5 knead$ ) a modicum ( e>?4 ,! dy]s also use ! /reet = hang+ up _! clo?s to dry1 & also = arrang+ _! ske9s ( silk1 :i* !y twi/ r\nd wood5 pegs /uck into ! wall ab\t =ty y>ds ap>t4 ,! road surface is a little irregul>1 & occasionally x is made m int]e/+ by a %aft lead+ into a qan'at4 ,z we approa* ! h\ses prop] ! road n>r[s1 = x is only ! natural lane betwe5 enclosures1 & ! h\se enclosures1 :i* f ! outside are exactly simil> to ! baghs1 lie clos] toge!r4 ,occasionally1 z we ne> ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 we come across op5 squ>es ) a small mosque on ! "o side4 ,! wall ( ! mosque is dirty :ite1 & !re is a little black lett]+ ov] ! doorway1 b v little tile or brick4 ,9 ! middle !re may be a dilapidat$ octagon ) a flat top1 ab\t five feet high & six across1 built ( mud cov]$ ) tiles r ! worse = we>4 ,r\nd su* squ>es !re are g5]ally ar*$ recesses1 fill$ 9 at ! bottom1 s z to make a l$ge ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! baza>s are j ! old n>r[ lanes1 cov]$ by a succession ( mud domes =m+ a cont9u\s b untidy ro(4 ,! goods are display$ on ti]s ( mud l$ges1 & !re is a mud room beh9d4 ,quantities ( ! w>es are mud4 ,firepans1 b>rels = gra91 sev]al k9ds ( toys1 bread receptacles1 & "s o!r h\sehold implem5ts are simply clay1 m\ld$ into a r\gh =m1 & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,wat]-bottles1 v>i\s k9ds ( pit*]s1 *ildr5's money-boxes1 & hookah-b[ls are bak$ ) fire1 b )\t ! slighte/ glaze4 ,! bak]'s ov5s are made ( mud1 d[n to ! v doors4 ,_m ( ! ,yezdis ev5 eat mud1 & develop an un:olesome muddy complexion4 ,! clev]ness ( ! ,yezdi 9 manipulat+ mud is beyond belief4 ,sometimes y may see m5 9 ! /reets mak+ b>rels = /or+ gra94 ,fir/ ( all a smoo? r\nd slab ( mud ab\t an in* & a half ?ick1 is m\ld$ on ! gr\nd4 ,!n ano!r piece ( mud is knead$ into a long sausage1 & plac$ 9 a hoop ^u ! edge ( ! slab4 ,sausage aft] sausage is add$ hoopwise1 "o on ! top ( ! o!r1 until a height ( ab\t f\r feet has be5 rea*$4 ,ea* hoop1 z x is laid 9 position1 is work$ ) ! h& into smoo? connection ) ! hoop bel[1 & :5 ! b>rel is complet$ !re is n ! lea/ ve/ige ( a jo94 ,! :ole is done )\t :eel or ma*9]y ( any k9d4 ,a mud lid is add$ :i* is sold]$ on ) mud :5 ! b>rel is fill$4 ,i h h>dly yet succe$$ 9 giv+ any adequate impression ( ! untid9ess ( ! /reets4 ,! c5tral c\rty>d ( ! h\se is g5]ally a fair-siz$ g>d54 ,= reasons connect$ ) ! wat] supply ! inhabitants ( ! h\ses are cont9ually alt]+ ! level ( ^! places1 & l>ge quantities ( e>? are empti$ into ! /reet or c>ri$ out ( x e day z occasion may arise4 ,all along ! sides ( ! /reets !re are %all[ holes = rubbi% heaps2 "h & !re !re are cesspools2 & yet ) all ?is ! /reets are s well scav5g$ by dogs & *ildr5 t1 except 9 ! ,jewi% qu>t]1 ! ?or\ghf>e is comp>atively clean1 :ile1 ?anks to ! p[]ful sun & ! absolute abs5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 almo/ ! only obtrusive smells f "o end ( ! t[n to ! o!r are ^? t hang r\nd ! public ba?s & ! places us$ by ! dy]s4 ,let u n[ ent] "o ( ! doorways t leads into a bett] class h\se4 ,we f9d ourselves fir/ ( all 9 a r\nd or octagonal por*1 cov]$ by a small dome1 :i* is g5]ally pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre to admit light4 ,f ?is por* we g ?r\gh a passage into "o ( ! c\rt-y>ds4 ,9 a good h\se !re are two1 or ev5 ?ree c\rt-y>ds4 ,! :ole family live 9 ! bett] comp\nd1 & ! m5 receive _! visitors 9 ! small] "o4 ,?\gh ?is rule is n )\t exception1 ! bett] class wom5 9 ,yezd d n seem to h mu* to compla9 ( 9 ! matt] ( h\s+4 ,9 ! c\rt-y>d !re w be f\nd an op5 tank & "s fl[]-b$s2 ! re/ is g5]ally pav$4 ,! fl[]-b$s are bel[ ! level ( ! pavem5t1 & are irrigat$ f ! tank4 ,wat]+-pots are us$ = wat]+ ! pavem5t only4 ,sometimes ! :ole g>d5 is sunk to ! level ( ! cell> floor1 s z to get ne>] to ! qan'at4 ,! h\se itself consi/s ( two sets ( build+s1 *iefly "o /ory1 ) p]haps "o or two up/airs rooms4 ,! upp] rooms1 h[ev]1 d n really =m a sep>ate /ory1 b are built ov] ! l[e/ ( ! gr\nd-floor rooms1 s z to br+ ! ro( m or less to "o level4 ,! ro(s are g5]ally pav$ ) flat bricks ( ! %ape ( tiles1 & are surr\nd$ by a l[ mud wall1 s z to =m a m or less seclud$ & cool place1 :]e ! family may sleep 9 summ]4 ,p]haps a dome may p>tially project above ! level ( ! re/ ( ! ro(4 ,also !re is ! inevitable bd-gr1 or squ>e air-%aft1 runn+ d[n to ! back ( ! big summ] portico1 or tlr1 & furni%$ at ! top ) long slits on all f\r sides to cat* any air t may be mov+4 ,?is tal> is ! pr9cipal room on ! summ] side1 :i* faces nor?4 ,x is (t5 built 9 ! =m ( a cross ) v /umpy arms1 or r ( an oblong ) ! corn]s s tak5 (f z to r5d] x slightly cruci=m4 ,! long side ( ! oblong faces ! c\rt-y>d1 & has no wall at all1 b !re is a curta9 ( t5t-clo? t moves up & d[n on pulleys4 ,to ! "r & left ( ?is sun-bl9d are %ort wall$-(f passages1 :i* are us$ z entrances4 ,correspond+ to ! project+ front "p betwe5 ! passages !re is at ! back a recess "u ! bad-gir1 complet+ ! cruci=m design4 ,! ro( is ar*$ into a high dome4 ,! :ole tal> is rais$ ?ree feet above ! level ( ! g>d51 s z to give room = a two-foot upright grat+1 :i* is ! w9d[ ( ! cell> room und]nea?4 ,= five mon?s 9 ! ye> ^! are ! only habitable rooms 9 a ,p]sian h\se2 & !y are bo? furni%$ z liv+-rooms4 ,! rooms on ei!r side ( ! tal> are s l ! w9t] rooms t x is unnecess>y to describe !m sep>ately4 ,! :ole /ructure ( ! place is q diff]5t f t ( an ,engli% build+4 ,except = enclos+ a r\gh g>d5 ! ,p]sian build] h>dly ev] makes a blank wall4 ,sometimes ! walls ( ! comp\nd1 g5]ally ! walls ( /ables & ou?\ses1 b always ! sides ( rooms1 passages1 & porticos consi/ ( a s]ies ( ar*es m or less c>efully m\ld$4 ,9 ! h\se1 unless !y are int5d$ = doors1 w9d[s1 or cupbo>ds1 ^! ar*$ recesses are fill$ 9 to a height ( ?ree feet2 s t r\nd e ,p]sian room !re is a s]ies ( l$ges1 call$ tq*as1 ab\t ! size ( a small mantelpiece1 g5]ally a span deep1 b sometimes v mu* deep]1 & runn+ 9 in/ead ( runn+ out4 ,if ! height ( ! room w all[ x1 !re is a l9e ( /raight m\ld+ above ^! ar*es1 & above t a second r[1 usually mu* %ort] ?an ! l[] ones4 ,above t comes a second s]ies ( l9es ( /raight m\ld+1 %elv+ into ! ar* ( ! ro(1 = ! ceil+s are always con/ruct$ on ! ar* pr9ciple1 al?\gh !y are sometimes flatt5$ on ! top :5 x is int5d$ to build an upp] room4 ,^! ar*es are built ( brick & mud only1 )\t any wood or wood5 f\ndation2 & inde$ no wood is us$ 9 a ,yezd h\se at all1 except = doors & w9d[s4 ,y w f9d ?ree /yles ( wall 9 ,p]sian h\ses4 ,sometimes ! r\gh mud is coat$ ov] ) a smoo!r surface1 ei!r clay & *opp$ /raw1 or clay & s&1 & ! br[n col\r is left un*ang$4 ,9 fairly good h\ses ?is /yle is (t5 ?\ght good en\gh = ! summ] portico4 ,v (t5 ! angles ( ! m\ld+s are po9t$ ) :ite gypsum1 & :5 ornam5tal designs 9 ! same fa%ion are add$1 ! effect is exce$+ly pretty4 ,b g5]ally ! liv+ rooms 9 a ,p]sian h\se are entirely :it5$ ) gypsum1 & a m\ld$ design1 ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 is made 9 ! c5tre ( ! ceil+4 ,^! complicat$ & accurate geometrical designs are produc$ by ! natives ) no bett] tools ?an a *isel & a bit ( /r+4 ,! =mation ( ! ar*es & /raight m\ld+s )\t in/rum5ts is equally wond]ful1 b ?\gh ! appe>ance is geometrical two ar*es nev] exactly correspond ) "o ano!r if "o comes to measure4 ,/ill ! con/ruction ( a ,p]sian room1 p]haps ) a l>ge dome1 )\t any bett] mat]ials ?an clay1 gypsum1 & a small modicum ( bak$ brick1 )\t any scaffold+ or wood5 basis1 & ) ! help ( none b ! v simple/ tools1 is a ?+ t may be acc\nt$ "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y m>vels ( ! ,ea/4 ,z 9 ! summ]1 s 9 ! w9t] side1 ! be/ room is g5]ally 9 ! c5tre4 ,! bett] rooms are almo/ inv>iably approa*$ f ! side & n f ! front1 be+ sep>at$ f "o ano!r by passages t run to ! :ole dep? ( ! build+s4 ,?is enables ! entire frontage ( ! room to be giv5 up to w9d[s4 ,g5]ally "s ( ! rooms h a l>ge cupbo>d room at ! back1 :i* is frequ5tly us$ = sleep+ 94 ,z ! floor ( ! h\se is ?ree feet above ! level ( ! comp\nd1 ! passages betwe5 ! rooms are furni%$ ) /eps1 b !y h no doors4 ,consequ5tly1 to %ift "o's qu>t]s 9 su* a h\se necessitates go+ into ! op5 air4 ,! small] rooms are g5]ally approa*$ f ! front1 & 9 ?is case !y sometimes h an aivn1 or mud v]&ah4 ,! w9t] rooms always take up ! nor? end ( ! comp\nd1 b are (t5 built along ! ea/ or we/ side z well4 ,rooms are g5]ally nam$ by ! numb] ( _! w9d[s1 :i* is usually ?ree or five4 ,a good five-w9d[$ room w h a frontage ( five ar*es fill$ 9 ) ,fr5* w9d[s4 ,! semi-circul> fanlight consi/s ( pieces ( col\r$ glass fix$ toge!r 9 a wood5 lattice4 ,! lattice at a di/ance resembles fret-"w1 b is really elaborately piec$ toge!r4 ,"s ( ! old] w9d[s conta9 exce$+ly f9e "w1 b ev5 :5 x is well done x is n v durable1 & n[adays !y c only d v r\gh "w4 ,"s ( ! "w t is =ty or fifty ye>s old is m>vell\s1 b c\ld n be done at ! pres5t "t = love or money4 ,! ,fr5* w9d[ itself consi/s ( two doors :i* are suppos$ to meet 9 ! middle4 ,!re are no h+es1 b ea* door has a wood5 foot :i* turns 9 a mud socket4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! col\r$ glasses :i* =ms ! panes is extremely arti/ic4 ,! same sort ( wood5 lattice is us$1 b ! patt]n is r l>g] ?an ! patt]n ( ! fanlight4 ,z may be suppos$1 x is extremely difficult to keep ^! w9d[s clean1 = ! panes1 besides be+ v m9ute1 are simply caught into grooves 9 ! wood2 &1 z ! "w is done )\t any great accuracy1 !y v seldom fit4 ,! doors are made aft] ! same design z ! w9d[s1 b !y h wood5 panels4 ,!y are (t5 surm\nt$ by a glaz$ fanlight4 ,! wood ( ! doors & w9d[s is cov]$ ) a yell[i%-br[n pa9t1 & w>ps v badly1 z x is us$ 9 an unseason$ /ate4 ,our cat c\ld g5]ally get 9 ?r\gh a bolt$ door4 ,( c\rse !re is no =m ( door fa/5+ :i* c be us$ f bo? sides1 & 9 ?is way z 9 o!rs a ,p]sian h\se is di/9ctly inconv5i5t4 ,/ill ! /yle ( build+ :5 fre% is v pretty4 ,^! masses ( ,fr5* w9d[s ) _! col\r$ panes arti/ically arrang$1 ! l9es ( :ite ar*es all along ! sides1 & ! high-ar*$ ceil+ ) its curi\s m\ld+s give ! room an ecclesia/ical appe>ance4 ,at ! back ( ! room !re is n infrequ5tly a correspond+ l9e ( door-w9d[s1 lead+ to "o ( ^? cupbo>d-rooms :i* ,i h be=e m5tion$4 ,?is arrangem5t increases ! regul>ity ( ! g5]al design4 ,be=e pass+ on to describe ! furniture ,i mu/ m5tion t !re is "o o!r totally diff]5t /yle ( w9d[1 :i* lifts up 9 a sa%1 )\t pulleys1 & is support$ :5 op5 by metal /ays4 ,also x is v common to f9d wood5 lattices unglaz$4 ,pap] or calico is pa/$ ov] ^! 9 ! w9t]4 ,!re are "o or two o!r =ms ( ornam5tation t are n uncommon4 ,p]haps a l9e ( pa9t+1 qua9t b di/9ctly arti/ic1 may run r\nd ! room j bel[ ! taq*as1 giv+ ! effect ( a dado4 ,sometimes ! ro( is mu* m elaborately m\ld$1 & is spangl$ ) little bits ( look+-glass2 :5 ?is is n ov]done ! effect is pleas+4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d v poor look+-glasses1 ab\t twelve by six in*es1 let into ! walls4 ,!re are 9 almo/ e room r+s atta*$ to /aples1 :i* are int5d$ to support ! baby's hammock4 ,fireplaces are a ,european importation1 b !y are g5]ally to be f\nd 9 at lea/ "o room ( ! bett] class h\ses4 ,!y are almo/ always n>r[1 & comp>atively high1 s z to con=m to ! ar* design1 & !y are made 9 ! wall )\t any metal4 ,! metal fitt+s ( ! room1 su* z hammock-r+s1 /aples1 & door & w9d[ lat*es1 are made ( :it5$ iron curi\sly engrav$2 & nails ( ! same mat]ial ) v l>ge heads1 f "o in* to ?ree or f\r in*es across1 are us$ freely by ! ,p]sians = ornam5t+ woodwork4 ,! movable furniture ( a ,p]sian room is v simple4 ,curta9s are n us$ v freely1 & ^? t are us$ are r scanty4 ,g5]ally !y are hung up by ! corn]s )\t any /r+4 ,9 ! m5's ap>tm5ts !y are us$ m = doors ?an = w9d[s4 ,! fav\rite patt]n is a v crude gre5 or r$ ) a l>ge loz5ge 9 ! middle1 l ! design on a wat]$ silk4 ,! only really valuable ?+s 9 a ,p]sian room are ! c>pets4 ,9 "s cases ^! are laid "r up to ! walls1 & a piece ( drugget some?+ less ?an a y>d wide is also laid along ! walls1 usually on ?ree sides ( ! room4 ,9 o!r cases !re is a bord] ( v ?ick clumsy felts arrang$ r\nd ! c>pet :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! floor4 ,! felts are self-col\r$1 ) a small am\nt ( /amp$ patt]n4 ,!y h n got cut edges1 b are made 9 "o piece1 consequ5tly ! %ape is v inaccurate4 ,!y co/ ne>ly z mu* z good c>pets1 & are (t5 protect$ ) druggets 9 ! same way4 ,9 ! place ( hon\r1 fur!/ f ! door1 is a mattress /uff$ ) cotton1 cov]$ ) "s sort ( *9tz or cretonne1 & furni%$ ) "o or two v l>ge r\nd bol/]s4 ,9 ! w9t] !re is also occasionally a kurs 9 evid5ce1 b !y are less common 9 ,yezd ?an 9 o!r ,p]sian t[ns4 ,! kursi is a r\gh /ool1 ab\t z high z a milk+-/ool1 & ab\t eighte5 in*es squ>e1 completely cov]$ ) cotton quilts & rugs1 :i* trail on ! gr\nd on e side4 ,b5ea? ?is an iron brazi] ( light$ *>coal is plac$1 & ! family tuck _! legs und]nea? ! wraps1 & squat r\nd ! kursi on ! floor4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n g5]ally kept 9 ! room except 9 ! colde/ weeks4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ seasons ! brazi] is (t5 br\ght 9 on a l>ge copp] tray1 ei!r = heat+ ! room1 or = keep+ ! teapot w>m & = opium smok+4 ,all copp] & iron ut5sils 9 ,p]sia1 su* z ^! trays & brazi]s1 are c>efully t9n$4 ,tables 9 ,yezd are made 9 ! r\ghe/ fa%ion1 b ! legs are nicely turn$1 ! ,yezd c>p5t]s be+ greatly inf]ior to ! turn]s1 :o are entirely di/9ct f !m1 & :o produce v good "w ) ! simple/ class ( h&-la! work$ ) a b[4 ,! c>p5t]1 on ! o!r h&1 is incapable ( putt+ up a %elf /raight4 ,he nev] dovetails1 & he disguises ! inaccuracy ( 8 jo9ts ) pl5tiful deposits ( clay4 ,_m ( ! ,yezdis use little tables ab\t ?ree feet by two1 & /&+ ab\t twelve in*es high4 ,^! are us$ only = tea-?+s4 ,b tea is g5]ally made by an inf]ior1 /&+ at a tall table 9 ! corn] ( ! room4 ,^! tables are r l>g]1 n less ?an f\r feet by two4 ,!y /& z high z an ,engli% sidebo>d1 & h a r\gh bord] ( curv$ or dog-too? patt]n fall+ d[n f ! slab1 s t !y v mu* sugge/ a r\gh dress+-table4 ,!y are (t5 br\ght 9 & out ( ! rooms z !y are want$4 ,p :o wi% to be ?or\ghly ,european 9 _! mann]s sometimes h a l>g] table ( ! same k9d p]man5tly 9 ! room1 surr\nd$ by a few b5twood *airs1 :i* are br\ght up f ,bombay1 or fold+-*airs ) cane seats1 :i* ,i ?9k !y br+ f ,isfahn1 & ab\t :i* ! less said ! bett]4 ,su* a table is always cov]$ by a :ite clo?1 ! mo/ fa%ionable v>iety be+ a ,turkey ba?-t[el4 ,^! *airs & l>g] tables are no real "p ( ,p]sian pl5i%+1 :ile ! tea-tables are be+ cont9ually c>ri$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 & are n necess>y to ! equipm5t ( ! room4 ,consequ5tly ! room does n pres5t a v fill$ appe>ance4 ,! few ut5sils :i* x conta9s1 o!r ?an ^? m5tion$1 are plac$ ^u ! taq*as4 ,on "o ( ^! taq*as may be se5 a pair ( llas4 ,! lala is a spr+ c&le/ick ) a globe1 & is1 ,i believe1 made 9 ,europe4 ,! c&les are also import$4 ,all lights 9 ,p]sia h to be c>efully protect$ f ! w9d1 z ! h\se is n a cont9u\s build+1 b a s]ies ( ou?\ses4 ,on ano!r taq*a w be f\nd a lamp1 also ( ,european manufacture4 ,p]sian lamps1 :i* are simply sauc]s ( native vegetable oil ) a float+ wick1 are us$ freely ab\t ! h\se :5 a /rong light is n requir$1 b !y h ! disadvantage ( black5+ ! gypsum ( ! walls4 ,) reg>d to ! import$ lamps x is a curi\s ?+ t1 al?\gh ! lamps us$ are ( ! *eape/ v>iety1 ) /ems & res]voirs ( blue or :ite glass1 lamps ) %ort /ems1 :i* might be br\ght into ! c\ntry at an inf9itely less co/1 d n seem to h come into fa%ion4 ,on a ?ird taq*a is sure to be f\nd a specim5 ( ! ,p]sian hookah1 or qalin4 ,?is is a mo/ elaborate pipe1 & is bo? made & b\ght 9 sections4 ,! l>ge b[ls1 h[ev]1 :5 !y are made ( glass1 are1 ,i believe1 import$2 also "s ( ! *9a heads4 ,sometimes y w f9d on ! taq*as a pair ( ,european vases4 ,9 ,yezd ! patt]n is almo/ always t ( ! h& ris+ up f a /& & grasp+ a tap]$ vessel4 ,sometimes also y w f9d *eap ,cont95tal oleographs1 g5]ally ladies' heads4 ,^! are b\ght by ! pair1 & y w f9d two copies ( ! same picture /&+ side by side4 ,ano!r ,european import to :i* ! ,yezdis are mu* atta*$ is a look+-glass4 ,^! are ( ! oblong %ape1 ) v>ni%$ or gilt frames4 ,p]haps also "o w see on ! taq*as a cov]$ glass vessel ) a long sp\t1 conta9+ rose-wat]4 ,9 ! wom5's rooms !re is occasionally a l>ge wood5 trunk = clo!s1 cov]$ ) gold & silv] pap]1 & ( a v clumsy design4 ,! taq*as may be cov]$ ) plu% clo?s1 & ?is is sometimes ! case 9 ! m5's ap>tm5ts4 ,! wom5 are also fond ( highly ornam5t$ tr9ket boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sweet ,,eat+ ,,9 ,a ,,tal>4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal "p ( ! summ] build+s 9 a ,p]sian h\se1 & ! bottom ( ! picture is ! level ( ! comp\nd4 ,! room und]nea? is a liv+ room1 & is light$ by ! grat+ "u ! tal>4 ,x is only us$ 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,! door to ! cell> /aircase is se5 on ! "r ( ! picture4 ,! passage is ! approa* to ! tal> itself4 ,! ?ree m5 are sitt+ 9 ! ord9>y ,p]sian way r\nd a tray ( sweets4 ,! ,yezd sweets are rem>kably good & h no co>se flav\r4 ,!y eat !m z we d cakes1 b 9 r l>g] quantities4 ,?is tal> is a small "o4 ,! l>g] ones are g5]ally cruci=m 9 %ape4 ,x has no bad-gir 7air-%aft7 or front curta94 ,! bett] class ,yezd h\ses are exce$+ly clean1 & s on ! :ole are ! p :o live 9 !m4 ,9 ?is ,yezd is di/9ctly sup]ior to "s o!r ,p]sian t[ns4 ,! h\ses ( ! r poor] classes 9 ,yezd are dirti]1 b !y w\ld comp>e fav\rably ) ^? ( a correspond+ class 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! v poor class are cr[d$ toge!r1 _m families to "o h\se1 & live 9 a condition ( fil? z great z ! dry atmosph]e w p]mit4 ,y mu/ rememb] t ! native nev] removes 8 clo!s = ! night2 inde$ he only removes 8 clo!s or wa%es 8 body :5 he goes to ! public ba?4 ,! fee = admission is a m]e trifle1 b p d n g to ! ba? unless !y h an absolutely clean set ( clo!s to *ange into :5 !y h ba!d4 ,a few ( ! poor p take (f _! clo!s on arriv+ at ! ba? & wa% !m1 /ay+ 9 ! ba? until !y are dry en\gh to put on aga94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is exceptional1 & g5]ally speak+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! /&>d ( cleanl9ess accept$ by ! ri*] & poor] ,yezdis is v l>ge4 ,h\ses t are n v new are always m or less tumble-d[n4 ,! mud ceil+s crack v easily1 & ! :ite gypsum flakes (f at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,! m ess5tial p>ts ( ! /ructure are equally undurable4 ,b y mu/ rememb] t no ,yezdi wants 8 h\se to la/ = ev]4 ,:5 ! h\se is fir/ ( all built1 a l>ge *amb] is made bel[ ! surface to receive ! dra9age1 & ! size ( ?is is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( "t ! own] wi%es 8 h\se to la/1 :i* is g5]ally =ty to fifty ye>s4 ,:5 ! *amb] is full1 ! ri* occupants move to ano!r h\se1 & ! h\se gradually falls to pieces4 ,to ! ,yezdi an old h\se means a bad h\se1 & ?is idea is s deeply root$1 t ev5 9 8 bagh he seems to pref] "y trees to ^? :i* h atta9$ _! full size4 ,! idea ( a resid5ce :i* be>s ! m>ks ( natural gr[?1 & is n simply artificial1 has nev] ent]$ into ! ,yezdi's m9d2 & ! abs5ce ( ?is to u famili> idea1 has to be reckon$ ) 9 deal+ ) 8 "*4 ,also x mu/ be rememb]$ t two-?irds ( a ,p]sian t[n1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ,p]sian village1 is f v>i\s causes inv>iably 9 ru9s4 ,i suppose t 9 an ,engli% climate ! be/-built ,yezd dwell+ h\ses w\ld rema9 /&+ = ab\t a =tnight4 ,9 spite ( _! palatial design !y are really no?+ b mud huts1 & :5 y live 9 !m1 or r ab\t !m1 = y are 9 ! op5 air z (t5 z y are inside1 y le>n _! imp]fections to y\r co/4 ,nobody c realise ! imm5se am\nt ( damage t c be done 9 a t[n l ,yezd by a really wet day4 ,"s :ile ago we _h tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ra91 :i* de/roy$1 ,i believe1 ab\t a c\ple ( hundr$ ro(s1 &1 :at is worse1 caus$ ! old] qan'at pits to fall 91 block+ ! wat] supply 9 "s p>ts ( ! t[n = ?ree mon?s4 ,is !re any o!r t[n 9 ! _w :]e a little extra ra9 causes a ?ree mon?s' dr\ght8 ,!re is a /ory 9 ,tehran ab\t a ,dut* ,ambassador1 :o 0 s afraid ( ! ro( fall+ d[n t 9 wet wea!r he inv>iably slept "u ! table4 ,h[ev] he 0 a v tall man1 &1 :5 ! cata/rophe happ5$1 he got 8 foot cru%$4 ,/ill ! summ] build+s 9 a ,yezd h\se are really n bad4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,p]sian builds well = heat & badly = cold4 ,yet ! %ort ,yezdi w9t] is a v sev]e "o2 & we1 :o are accu/om$ to a long] cold season1 are a/oni%$ to see ! philosophic way 9 :i* ! ,yezdi sets himself to endure ! cold :ile x la/s1 )\t tak+ any p>ticul> precautions to def5d himself f x4 ,! long w9d[-front is a mass ( spaces & cracks4 ,ev5 :5 panes are n miss+1 daylight is frequ5tly to be se5 betwe5 ! glass & ! lattice1 betwe5 ! w9d[ & its frame1 & sometimes betwe5 ! frame & ! wall4 ,?is ( c\rse is n includ+ ! crack betwe5 ! two doors1 :i* is (t5 half an in* wide4 ,rememb] t e door 9 ! h\se is a front door1 lead+ into ! op5 air1 & y w get "s idea ( ! provision made aga9/ ! w9t] cold4 ,! fact is t ! ,p]sian only und]/&s two k9ds ( w9t] requirem5ts1 t ( ! h>d liv+ work+-man :o dem&s only ! simple/ %elt] aga9/ ! cold1 & t ( ! man :o on cold days c devote himself to keep+ w>m ) a kursi 9 an inn] ap>tm5t4 ,a man :o wants to d 8 "w com=tably 9 any sort ( wea!r is entirely beyond 8 calculation4 ,on ! few days :5 sn[ falls ! m]*ants' (fices are practically des]t$1 & no "o b ! small] tradesm5 & artisans goes to ! baza>s4 ,! h\se1 z ,i h said1 is really built = a protection aga9/ heat4 ,:5 ,i fir/ w5t to ,yezd ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d h[ trem5d\sly ! natives 7 affect$ by ! hot wea!r4 ,! native is c]ta9ly less affect$ ?an ! ,european by ! direct rays ( ! sun2 b al?\gh some?+ 9 ! climate seems to tell on ,europeans aft] two or ?ree ye>s' resid5ce1 ,i w\ld back a fairly /rong ,engli%man1 furni%$ ) a sun-helmet1 aga9/ ! av]age t[n ,yezdi1 to get ?r\gh a piece ( "w on a hot day1 or to keep up cont9u\s h>d "w = a season or two4 ,consequ5tly e ,yezdi :o c af=d x tries to get away f t[n = at lea/ two mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! hill villages1 :i* ! ,p]sians call yailq1 or summ] qu>t]s1 lie ab\t ?irty miles away f ! t[n4 ,e well-to-d ,p]sian has a h\se 9 "o or o!r ( ^! villages1 & !re is a fa%ion ab\t !m1 "s be+ resorts *iefly patronis$ by ! artisans1 & "s by ! big m]*ants4 ,z mo/ ( ! ri*] ,p]sians h m ?an "o h\se 9 ! villages1 ,europeans g5]ally h no great difficulty 9 hir+ a place to /ay at4 ,! h\ses are left dur+ ! w9t] 9 *>ge ( a villag]1 :o uses ! l[] rooms only1 ! upp] ones be+ !n un9habitable f ! int5se cold4 ,inde$ ! cold is s great t we 7 told t "o w9t] ! animals _h be5 dy+ ( ?ir/1 z ! wat] 0 froz5 beyond ! possibility ( break+ ! ice1 & !y _h n fuel en\gh to melt x4 ,! :ole build+ is mu* r\gh] ?an ! t[n h\se1 ?\gh ! ro(s h to be made m c>efully4 ,! villages are v small & isolat$1 & ! w9t] population is q trifl+4 ,!re is 9 ^! villages a little arable l&1 b ! p dep5d *iefly on root-crops1 nuts1 & dri$ fruit = _! w9t] /ores1 & on ! produce ( ! %eep & goats4 ,! animals are t5d$ 9 summ] by ! *ildr54 ,! little boys sp5d mo/ ( _! "t up ! walnut trees1 ?r[+ d[n leaves = !m to eat1 :ile ! little ragg$ %eph]desses c>ry a twelve-foot /aff = :ack+ ! walnut trees1 :5 !y d n climb !m 9 ! same way z _! bro!rs4 ,^? :o g to ! villages 9 ! summ] take ) !m ev]y?+ !y ne$ 9 ! way ( c>pets1 furniture1 & cook+ ut5sils1 also all groc]ies1 & ev5 :eat & *>coal2 = ! commone/ ?+s ( ?is k9d are (t5 absolutely unprocurable4 ,a ri* ,p]sian has /ores frequ5tly s5t to him f ,yezd dur+ 8 /ay4 ,ev5 9 ,yezd "s necess>y /ore or o!r is almo/ always runn+ %ort1 s t some?+ is g5]ally at fam9e prices4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is due to ! great isolation ( ! t[n4 ,b 9 ! villages x is int5sifi$4 ,sometimes !re w be no meat1 at ano!r "t h>dly any bread1 & "s ye>s ago we f\nd x almo/ impossible to procure milk1 & 7 told by our ,p]sian fri5ds t !y _h ! same difficulty4 ,?is eighte5-h\r j\rney1 ) all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! home1 is ! av]age ,yezdi's only exp]i5ce ( =eign travel2 & = ?is reason ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to give "s acc\nt ( :at he sees & f9ds4 ,i h n[ done my be/ to describe 9 detail almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,yezdi's surr\nd+s1 ! furniture ( 8 room1 ! patt]n ( 8 h\se1 ! /reets ( 8 t[n1 & ! va/ des]ts by :i* he is isolat$ f ! _w4 ,:5 he gets up 9 ! morn+1 he f9ds himself 9 a room practically conta9+ no?+ b a c>pet1 ! walls & ceil+ an expanse ( :ite gypsum1 & ! taq*as provid$ ) solit>y objects ^u :i* 8 eye c re/ 9 turn )\t ! slighte/ div]sion to any?+ else4 ,!re is no confusion1 b at ! same "t !re is no arrangem5t4 ,9 su* a room1 ) su* furniture1 ! necessity = arrangem5t nev] occurs to him4 ,he goes out into 8 c\rt-y>d2 c]ta9ly !re are fl[]-b$s1 b !y are n cut l ,engli% fl[]-b$s 9 ! middle ( necess>ily exi/+ gr[? & gre5]y4 ,! %ape ( ! b$s & ! nature ( _! cont5ts has n be5 *os5 ) ! slighte/ view to _! arti/ic surr\nd+s2 !y are simply artificial con/ructions 9 a wa/e ( pavem5t :i* itself conceals ! des]t :i* /&s to ! ,p]sian 9 ! place ( ! natural _w4 ,inside ! b$s ea* plant gr[s its own life1 by itself1 unt\*$ by its neighb\r1 & ! eye unconsci\sly fixes itself ^u x z on an isolat$ unit4 ,! ,yezdi leaves 8 h\se & passes ?r\gh an absolutely dry & sc5tless atmosph]e along /reets :i* pres5t v>iety only 9 ! matt] ( =m4 ,he goes = a j\rney across ! des]t pla9s2 to ! "r !re is only "o object to be se51 a range ( di/ant m\nta9s1 ) a slight v>iety ( jags along ! top2 to ! left !re is a simil> range4 ,e n[ & aga9 he comes across a %rub :i* attracts 8 eye by its h]mit exi/5ce4 ,beh9d him is ! solit>y city2 e six miles1 :ile he is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n1 !re is an equally solit>y village1 or p]haps a wat]-ci/]n ) a dom$ ro(2 = league aft] league he c see 9 front ( him 8 solit>y manzil1 :]e he int5ds to /ay ! night4 ,ev5 :5 he goes to ! villages ?is sp>s5ess ( life & circum/ance is sc>cely modifi$4 ,c y be surpris$ if ?is h\rly contemplation ( isolat$ units produces a m9d :i* x is impossible = ! tangle-re>$ ,european ev] to fully und]/&8 ,c y be surpris$ if an intellect is produc$ accu/om$ to almo/ unbelievable conc5tration ^u s+le & solit>y ideas1 b almo/ unrea*able by m9ds t are accu/om$ to complicat$ tra9s ( ?\ght1 to c>eful evasions ( contradictions1 & to sy/ematic arrangem5ts ( _! intellectual k8 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! use ( ! qan'at4 ,notice t all ! cultivation ab\t ! hills is irrigat$ f ! sn[ torr5t4 ,yezd is irrigat$ by qan'at wat]1 br\ght 9 "s cases f a po9t #cj miles di/ant1 = ! qan'ats d n g /raight to ! c5tre ( ! pla9 b make = a l[ "p ( ! pla9 f :]ev] wat] is f\nd4 ,! #cjj ft4 well 9 ,yezd is useless = irrigation1 !re be+ no l[] po9t ?an ,yezd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dehbala4 ,a hill village on "o ( ! sn[ torr5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,isolation & insul>ity--,! t[n ! geographical & political unit--,ext5sion ( citiz5%ip to /rang]s--,bigotry--,oppression & p]secution ( ,p>sis#b--;,improvem5t 9 _! position--,position ( ,jews--,fanaticism l>gely non-religi\s--,position ( ,european colony4 ,! population ( ,yezd c only be guess$ at1 b probably t ( ! t[n prop] is betwe5 ?irty & =ty ?\s&1 & t ( ! t[n & surr\nd+ villages betwe5 fifty & sixty ?\s&4 ,?is little community is insul> beyond ! insul>ity ( isl&s4 ,)9 two hundr$ miles !re are ?ree sizable cities1 ,%rz1 ,kirmn1 & ,isfahn1 ( :i* ,isfahan is slightly ! ne>e/4 ,:5 y s5d a lett] to ,isfahan f ,yezd1 if y\r fri5d writes by return ( po/ y may get back y\r answ] 9 a mon?2 al?\gh a runn]1 tak+ ! slightly %ort] road by ! m\nta9s1 c\ld g & return )9 ! week4 ,travell+ 9 ! ord9>y way ! j\rney takes eight days !re1 & eight back4 ,x is a great pity t )9 ! la/ two ye>s !y h got rid ( ! native telegraph l9e4 ,dur+ my j\rney up six ye>s ago ?is contrivance 0 a s\rce ( nev]-fail+ int]e/ & surprise to me4 ,fir/ ( all !re 7 ! poles4 ,!y 7 r\gh /icks1 exactly l :at a wa%]woman 9 ,engl& uses = propp+ up h] clo!s-l9e3 ,i suppose1 tak+ ! good l9e ) ! bad1 !re 0 on ! av]age ab\t "o insulator to e ?ree poles2 ?is is )\t c\nt+ ! insulators :i* 7 hung midway betwe5 ! poles1 app>5tly by way ( ornam5t4 ,! wire itself 0 at diff]5t levels3 9 a good _m places x lay on ! gr\nd1 b at o!rs x cross$ ! road ab\t ! level ( a horseman's *94 ,"o day 9 ,yezd "o ( ! ,european resid5ts want$ to s5d a telegram1 & s5t to ! telegraph (fice to ask :5 ! l9e w\ld be up4 ,!y s5t back a v polite message to say t ! tr\ble 0 n t ! l9e 0 d[n2 x 0 always d[n3 ! difficulty 0 t a camel _h /epp$ ^u x4 ,( c\rse !y d repair ! l9e3 we saw a man repair+ x4 ,he _h a =k$ /ick ab\t half ! l5g? ( "o ( ! poles on :i* ! l9e 0 hung4 ,) ?is he caught ! wire & hit*$ x on to ! ne>e/ =k ( ! telegraph pole1 a proc$ure :i* _h at any rate ! advantage ( economy4 ,i ?9k ,i may say t telegrams by ?is l9e nev] w5t fa/] ?an ! po/ goes 9 ,engl&4 ,! slighte/ fall ( sn[ or any o!r simil> cause cut ! communications altoge!r1 sometimes = a =tnight2 &1 on simil> l9es t 7 a little long]1 if y s5t a telegram to y\r de/9ation :ile y y\rself 7 on a j\rney1 x 0 a q common occurr5ce = ! telegraph ma/] at ! next t[n to ask y to c>ry x y\rself z ! quicke/ way ( ha/5+ its arrival4 ,su* an app>atus z ?is c\ld h>dly be expect$ to prove a great connect+ influ5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,yezdi reg>ds ! ,isfahani z a =eign]4 ,:5 ,i 0 leav+ ,yezd ,i rememb] ! s5sation among/ my s]vants :5 !y he>d t my successor1 :o 0 go+ to take on mo/ ( !m1 want$ to br+ an ,isfahani butl]4 ,yezdis h>dly recognise ! bond ( a common c\ntry at all4 ,!re are ?ree connect+ l9ks :i* appeal to !m2 ! l9k ( a common religion2 ! l9k ( a common family or bus9ess1 = ! family tie is ( a "* t includes ! relation betwe5 employ & employ]2 & la/ly1 ! l9k ( ! common t[n4#c ,! bond ( fell[-t[nsman%ip is p]haps n consid]$ a v close "o1 b = all t x is a real l9k4 ,h[ev]1 if y 7 to sugge/ to a ,yezdi t he ought to h some?+ 9 common ) a ,bu%r1 irrespective ( ! "q ( religion1 simply because !y bo? paid taxes to a common k+1 ,i v mu* d\bt :e!r he w\ld und]/& :at y meant1 &1 if he did1 ,i am q sure t he w\ld ?9k t y 7 ei!r jok+ or a lunatic4 ,9 ! vocabul>y ( ! common p x is difficult to f9d an intelligible ^w = c\ntry4 ,!re is a ^w = empire1 b ! natural equival5t 9 ! ,p]sian m9d to our expression c\ntry1 mean+ fa!rl&1 is %ahr1 :i* d5otes a t[n1 or vatan1 :i* is ! home-di/rict1 & is us$ 9 v mu* ! same way4 8,:at is y\r t[n80 is ! ,p]sian's way ( say+1 8,:]e d y come f80 & al?\gh he has be5 taught to call an ,engli%man ,+ls1 he almo/ inv>iably calls ,engl& ,l&an2 inde$ x is ?is :i* we put z an address on all our ,engli% lett]s4 ,! ,yezdi's ideas on ! regions beyond 8 v n>r[ horizon are di/9ctly confus$4 ,if y beg9 to talk to him ab\t o!r places1 y are met n by m]e ignorance ( geography1 b by a conception ( ! surface ( ! e>? t is ludicr\sly impossible4 ,x is difficult = a ,european to conceive ( a numb] ( t[ns & villages1 conta9+ sev]al millions ( p1 b$d$ out ov] an enorm\s des]t area consid]ably l>g] ?an ! :ole ( ,france4 ,x is equally difficult = ! ,yezdi to conceive ( a natural & cont9u\s l&4 ,ev5 ^? :o h travell$ a little outside ,yezd1 & h be5 oblig$ to modify slightly ! ,yezdi conception ( ! univ]se1 h built up _! notions ( ! _w's surface ^u :at seems to u a mo/ peculi> fir/ idea2 & !y h 9 mo/ cases clung to f> m ( _! orig9al views ?an we %\ld believe possible4 ,! ,yezdi's idea ( ! t[n z ! only geographical & political unit is simply a g5]alisation f ! circum/ances ( 8 own city4 ,yezd is a solit>y object ris+ abruptly out ( a va/ des]t t is ab\t ! ne>e/ ?+ to a vacuum :i* ,nature has yet produc$4 ,!n too1 ! me?ods by :i* ! ,%ah reta9s 8 half ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry--,i say 8 half1 = half ( ! real control ( ! p is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,mussulman cl]gy--is 9 "s po9ts simil> to ! old ,roman sy/em ( prov9cial gov]nm5t4 ,! local gov]nor1 & n ! supreme sov]eign1 is ! real rul]1 & he r ?an 8 p is responsible to ! head ( ! ,/ate4 ,( c\rse he is only appo9t$ = a "t1 & is 9 con/ant expectation ( recall4 ,/ill1 :ile he rema9s1 8 p[] is limit$ m by ! p[] ( ! ,mohamm$an mulls on ! "o h&1 & by ! /r5g? & numb] ( 8 subord9ate (ficials & gu>ds on ! o!r1 & mu* less by ! ord]s & au?ority t he receives f ,tehran4 ,b x is true t ! ,yezdi exagg]ates ! sep>at5ess ( 8 t[n1 = he h>dly recognises ! actual limitations to ! ,gov]nor's p[] made & en=c$ by ! ,%ah4 ,( c\rse x is ?or\ghly und]/ood t ! ,gov]nor only holds 8 (fice by ! ,%ah's appo9tm5t2 b x is v difficult = ! ,yezdi to realise t t appo9tm5t1 :ile x la/s1 is to any?+ %ort ( autocracy4 ,s to him ! local ,gov]nm5t is ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! local ,gov]nor ! real rul] ( 8 c\ntry1 t is to say ( ! di/rict surr\nd+ 8 t[n2 & x w\ld puzzle him if y 7 to tell him t !re 7 p 9 ?is _w1 liv+ toge!r 9 "o sph]e ( gov]nm5t1 :o 7 n resid5t 9 "o t[n1 or 9 ! di/rict t belong$ to x4 ,x may be urg$ t ,i am speak+ ( ! un$ucat$ & ignorant class1 b !re are v few 9 a t[n l ,yezd :o are n un$ucat$ & ignorant1 & ev5 ^? :o h sup]add$ a c]ta9 degree ( k1 h1 9 almo/ all cases1 reta9$ ! majority ( _! preconceptions4 ,p]sians are v sl[ 9 see+ a contradiction2 consequ5tly1 ,i believe t ?is conception ( ! univ]se1 :i* is c]ta9ly accept$ by ! ord9>y ,yezdi1 is ) small modifications v g5]al ev5 among ! slightly travell$ or educat$ classes4 ,nor %\ld a /ud5t ( ! m5tal attitude ( a p ignore ! curi\s ideas t are to be f\nd among/ ! wom54 ,"o :o _h mov$ a great deal among/ ! wom5 ( ,yezd1 assur$ me t !y 7 almo/ inv>iably "u ! impression t ! less famili> words occurr+ 9 ! ,p]sian translation ( ! ,scriptures 7 ,engli%1 & t x 0 a common ?+ = a woman :o 0 accu/om$ to ! ,european pronunciation ( ,p]sian1 to be ref]r$ to z kn[+ ! language ( ! ,f]angis4 ,su* p w\ld1 ( c\rse1 fail to compreh5d ! possibility ( a l+ui/ic b>ri] v mu* great] ?an ! some:at consid]able diff]5ce ( dialect :i* sep>ates !m f _! neighb\rs 9 ,isfahan4 ,t su* a /ate ( m9d w\ld be equally possible among/ ! m5 ,i d n = a mom5t suppose1 b if ?is is ! view ( ! wom51 "o may be sure t !re is a view ( ! ,f]angi /rang]1 m or less approximat+ to x1 among/ _m ( ! ignorant hobbl$ehoys & "y fell[s1 :o contribute ! l>ge/ %>e to ! "* ( a fanatical ,p]sian cr[d4 ,n[ ! p ( ,yezd are q ready aft] a due int]val to ext5d ! citiz5%ip to /rang]s f o!r t[ns1 provid$ t ! newcom]s int5d to /ay1 & are ready to ent] into ! life ( ! community4 ,! ,k%s f ,k%n1 ! ,%rzs f ,%rz1 ! ,lrs f ,lri/n1 & ! ,ra%ts f ,ra%t1 are all well-kn[n ,yezd families1 & are n by any means reg>d$ z =eign]s4 ,also ! ,yezd community includes p]sons ( ?ree or f\r diff]5t religions4 ,!re are 9 ! t[n f\rte5 hundr$ ,p>si h\ses1 ! inhabitants ( :i* are ,zoroa/rian4 ,!re is also a small] colony ( ,jews4 ,! rema9d] are ,mohamm$ans2 b a consid]able numb] ( ^! belong to ! ,beh sect1 & are consid]$ rank h]etics4 ,! ,p>sis1 ?\gh greatly oppress$ 9 ! pa/1 & /ill liable to "s disabilities1 h ( late ye>s become weal?y & prosp]\s4 ,! ,jews are 9 "s ways less re/rict$ ?an ! ,p>sis2 b1 z !y are /ill wret*$ly poor1 !y are really mu* m d[n-trodd54 ,t religi\s bigotry /ill exi/s among ! ,mussulmans 9 ,yezd has only lately be5 made p]fectly pla9 by ! gha/ly massacre ( ! ,behs 9 ! summ] ( #aijc2 b ,mohamm$an bigotry 9 ,p]sia is by no means )\t limitations4 ,x is spasmodic 9 its action1 nor does x entirely oblit]ate e o!r feel+4 ,a few ye>s ago ,yezd _h ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! mo/ bigot$ ( ! t[ns ( ,p]sia4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,zoroa/rian remnant1 :o 7 subject to ! grosse/ p]secution1 s]v$ only to keep alive ! fire ( religi\s hatr$2 & ! community ( ,jews 9 a less] degree _h ! same effect4 ,! /ories ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,p>sis 7 bulli$ & p]secut$ are int]e/+1 z %[+1 among/ o!r ?+s1 ! int5se *ildi%ness ( ! ,p]sian ,mussulman4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! t[n seems to h resembl$1 z inde$ x /ill resembles1 t ( a prep>atory s*ool = little boys4 ,up to #ahie no ,p>si 0 all[$ to c>ry an umbrella4 ,ev5 dur+ ! "t t ,i 0 9 ,yezd !y c\ld n c>ry "o 9 t[n4 ,up to #ahie !re 0 a /rong prohibition ^u eye-glasses & spectacles2 up to #ahhe !y 7 prev5t$ f we>+ r+s2 _! girdles _h to be made ( r\gh canvas1 b aft] #ahhe any :ite mat]ial 0 p]mitt$4 ,up to #ahif ! ,p>sis 7 oblig$ to twi/ _! turbans in/ead ( fold+ !m4 ,up to ab\t #ahih only br[n1 grey1 & yell[ 7 all[$ = ! qab or arkhlq 7body g>m5ts71 b aft] t all col\rs 7 p]mitt$1 except blue1 black1 bright r$1 or gre54 ,!re 0 also a prohibition aga9/ :ite /ock+s1 & up to ab\t #ahhj ! ,p>sis _h to we> a special k9d ( peculi>ly hide\s %oe ) a broad1 turn$-up toe4 ,up to #ahhe !y _h to we> a torn cap4 ,up to ab\t #ahhj !y _h to we> tight knick]s1 self-col\r$1 in/ead ( tr\s]s4 ,up to #ahia all ,zoroa/rians _h to walk 9 t[n1 & ev5 9 ! des]t !y _h to dism\nt if !y met a ,mussulman ( any rank :atsoev]4 ,dur+ ! "t t ,i 0 9 ,yezd !y 7 all[$ to ride 9 ! des]t1 & only _h to dism\nt if !y met a big ,mussulman4 ,!re 7 o!r simil> dress re/rictions too num]\s & trifl+ to m5tion4 ,!n ! h\ses ( bo? ! ,p>sis & ! ,jews1 ) ! surr\nd+ walls1 _h to be built s l[ t ! top c\ld be rea*$ by a ,mussulman ) 8 h& ext5d$2 !y might1 h[ev]1 dig d[n bel[ ! level ( ! road4 ,! walls _h to be spla%$ ) :ite r\nd ! door4 ,d\ble doors1 ! common =m ( ,p]sian door1 7 =bidd51 also rooms conta9+ ?ree or m w9d[s4 ,bad-girs 7 /ill =bidd5 to ! ,p>sis :ile we 7 9 ,yezd1 b 9 #aijj "o ( ! bigg] ,p>si m]*ants gave a l>ge pres5t to ! ,gov]nor & to ! *ief mujtahid 7,mohamm$an prie/7 to be all[$ to build "o4 ,upp] rooms 7 also =bidd54 ,up to ab\t #ahfj ,p>sis c\ld n engage 9 trade4 ,!y us$ to hide ?+s 9 _! cell> rooms1 & sell !m secretly4 ,!y c n[ trade 9 ! c>avans]ais or ho/elries1 b n 9 ! baza>s1 nor may !y trade 9 l95 drap]y4 ,up to #ahgj !y 7 n p]mitt$ to h a s*ool = _! *ildr54 ,! am\nt ( ! jazya1 or tax ^u infidels1 diff]$ accord+ to ! weal? ( ! individual ,p>si1 b x 0 nev] less ?an two tomns4 ,a toman is n[ wor? ab\t ?ree %ill+s & eight p5ce1 b x us$ to be wor? mu* m4 ,ev5 n[1 :5 money has mu* depreciat$1 x repres5ts a lab\r]'s wage = t5 days4 ,! money _h to be paid on ! spot1 :5 ! f>ra%1 :o 0 act+ z collector1 met ! man4 ,! f>ra% 0 at lib]ty to d :at he lik$ :5 collect+ jaziya4 ,! man 0 n ev5 all[$ to g home & fet* ! money1 b 0 at once beat5 until x 0 giv54 ,ab\t #ahfe a f>r% collect+ ?is tax ti$ a man to a dog1 & gave a bl[ to ea* 9 turn4 ,ab\t #ahia a mujtahid caught a ,zoroa/rian m]*ant we>+ :ite /ock+s 9 "o ( ! public squ>es ( ! t[n4 ,he ord]$ ! man to be beat5 & ! /ock+s tak5 (f4 ,ab\t #ahfj a man ( sev5ty w5t to ! baza>s 9 :ite tr\s]s ( r\gh canvas4 ,!y hit him ab\t a good deal1 took (f 8 tr\s]s1 & s5t him home ) !m "u 8 arm4 ,sometimes ,p>sis w\ld be made to /& on "o leg 9 a mujtahid's h\se until !y cons5t$ to pay a consid]able sum ( money4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! *ildi% mock]y t p]vad$ ! p]secut+ ord9ances enabl$ ! ,zoroa/rians to evade ! disabilities propos$4 ,= in/ance1 z ! ,jews _h to we> a pat* on ! qaba1 or coat1 ! mujtahids 9 ab\t #ahhj tri$ to make ! ,p>sis we> an obvi\s pat* on ! %irt4 ,muhammad ,hasan ,khan 0 !n ,gov]nor1 & ,mulla ,bahrm ( ,khurram%r1 a ,p>si1 ask$ him to arrange t 8 p %\ld h ?ree days' respite to get ! pat*es ready4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree days ! ,p>si wom5 set to "w1 & made a neat embroid]$ bord] r\nd ! neck & op5+ ( ! %irt4 ,?is ! ,p>sis exhibit$ z ! requir$ pat*2 & z x 0 v obvi\s1 & 0 c]ta9ly an ins]tion1 !re 0 really no?+ m to be said4 ,9 ,yezd a small score l ?is c\nts = m ?an does a firman ( ! ,%ah4 ,9 ! reign ( ! late ,%ah ,nsiru'd ,dn1 ,mnukj ,limj1 a ,briti% ,p>si f ,india1 0 = a long :ile 9 ,tehran z ,p>si repres5tative4 ,almo/ all ! ,p>si disabilities 7 )drawn1 ! jaziya1 ! clo!s re/rictions1 ! rid+ re/rictions1 & ^? ) reg>d to h\ses1 b ! law ( inh]itance 0 n alt]$1 accord+ to :i* a ,p>si :o has become a ,mussulman takes prec$5ce ( 8 ,zoroa/rian bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! jaziya 0 actually remitt$1 & also "s ( ! re/rictions z to h\ses1 b ! re/ ( ! firman 0 a dead lett]4 ,9 #ahih ! pres5t ,%ah1 ,muzaff>u'd ,dn1 gave a firman to ,dnyr1 ! pres5t ,qalnt> ( ! ,p>si ,anjuman1 or ,committee1 revok+ all ! rema9+ ,p>si disabilities1 & also decl>+ x unlawful to use fraud or deception 9 mak+ conv]sions ( ,p>sis to ,islam4 ,?is firman does n appe> to h _h any effect at all4 ,ab\t #ahhc1 aft] ! firman ( ,nsiru'd ,dn ,%ah _h be5 promulgat$1 "o ( ! ,p>sis1 ,ru/ami ,ardi%ri ,dnyr1 built 9 ,k*a ,biyuk1 "o ( ! villages ne> ,yezd1 a h\se ) an upp] room1 slightly above ! height to :i* ! ,p>sis us$ to be limit$4 ,he he>d t ! ,mussulmans 7 go+ to kill him1 s he fl$ by night to ,tehran4 ,!y kill$ ano!r ,p>si1 ,tr&z1 9 mi/ake = him1 b did n de/roy ! h\se4 ,s ! great difficulty 0 n to get ! law improv$1 b r to get x en=c$4 ,:5 ,manukji 0 at ,yezd1 ab\t #ahgj1 two ,p>sis 7 attack$ by two ,mussulmans outside ! t[n1 & "o 0 kill$1 ! o!r be+ t]ribly w\nd$1 z !y _h tri$ to cut (f 8 head4 ,! ,gov]nor br\ght ! crim9als to ,yezd1 b did no?+ to !m4 ,manukji !n got leave to take !m to ,tehran4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/]1 h[ev]1 told him t no ,mussulman w\ld be kill$ = a ,z>d%t1 or ,zoroa/rian1 & t !y w\ld only be ba/9ado$4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,manukji enquir$ :e!r x 0 true t ! blood-price ( a ,z>du%ti 0 to be sev5 tomans4 ,he got back ! (ficial reply t x 0 to be a little ov]4 ,! ,yezd ,p>sis h be5 help$ consid]ably by ag5ts f ,bombay1 :o are ,briti% subjects1 & ( late ye>s ?+s h slightly improv$4 ,ab\t #ahhe1 a ,seyid1 t is1 a desc5dant ( ,muhammad1 kill$ a ,z>du%ti woman 9 ,yezd4 ,ibrhm ,qall ,khn took him1 &1 by ord] ( ! ,zillu's ,sultn1 ,pr9ce ,gov]nor ( ,isfahan1 & eld] bro!r ( ! ,%ah1 kill$ him be=e daybreak4 ,:5 ! ,mohamm$an mullas he>d ( x 9 ! morn+1 !y gave ord]s = a g5]al slaught] ( ! ,p>sis4 ,_m ( ! ,p>sis 7 injur$1 b none kill$4 ,!n 9 #ahii ! ,sahmu'l ,mulk1 at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 gov]nor%ip ( ,yezd1 kill$ a ,mussulman s]vant ( ! ,mu%ru'l ,mamlik = a crim9al assault ^u a ,zoroa/rian woman4 ,?is man 0 n a ,seyid1 :i* made ! matt] m simple4 ,j be=e1 :5 ! ,mu%ru'l ,mamlik 0 tempor>y ,gov]nor1 ,isf&ir1 ! ,p>si s*oolma/] at ,taft1 "o ( ! l>ge ,yezd villages1 & ,salmat1 ano!r ,p>si1 7 kill$ by two lts 7r\ghs7 )\t reason4 ,"o ( ^! lutis 0 a ,seyid4 ,bo? 7 s5t to ,tehran1 & a mujtahid w5t up ) !m to ask = _! release4 ,! ,%ah ord]$ ! ,seyid's release1 b ! fate ( ! o!r is n kn[n4 ,t ! ,seyid 0 n mu* intimidat$ is c]ta91 z 9 ! ,augu/ ( #aija1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,taft1 he us$ to w&] ab\t ) o!r lutis q op5ly4 ,dur+ ! la/ n9e or t5 ye>s ! gov]nors 9 ,yezd h be5 mu* /rong]1 & !y h1 g5]ally speak+1 be5 fri5dly to ! ,p>sis4 ,! ,p>sis are an indu/ri\s & intellig5t p1 & !y h become 9 ,yezd a weal?y community4 ,also !re is an extremely weal?y ,p>si 9 ,tehran1 ,arbb ,jam%d1 :o is probably m able to influ5ce ! ,p]sian ,gov]nm5t 9 fav\r ( 8 c\ntrym5 ?an are ! ,indian ,p>sis f ,bombay4 ,n[adays no gov]nor :o wants to rema9 9 ,yezd c af=d to leave ! ,p>si community out ( 8 calculations4 ,! real advance made by ! ,p>si colony seems to date f ! second t]m ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,jallu'd ,daula1 elde/ son ( ! ,zillu's ,sultn1 ,gov]nor ( ,isfahan4 ,! ,p>sis !mselves also put d[n a great deal ( ! improvem5t 9 _! circum/ances to ! spread ( ! ,beh fai?1 & c]ta9ly1 al?\gh a semi-secret sect1 ! ,behs individually plead op5ly = a g5]al religi\s lib]ty & tol]ation4 ,naturally su* a movem5t has be5 ( consid]able assi/ance to ! ,p>sis4 ,z an indication ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,p>sis1 x is int]e/+ to notice t dur+ ! late ,beh massacres1 imm$iately !re 0 talk ( an attack on ! ,p>si qu>t]1 ! ,mussulman cl]gy appli$ !mselves to suppress+ ! movem5t4 ,al?\gh ! ,jews are v mu* weak] & poor]1 !y h _! place 9 ! social organisation ( ! t[n1 & ! contempt 9 :i* !y are held does n prev5t ! ,yezdis f recognis+ _! "r to a k9d ( citiz5%ip4 ,_! religion ( c\rse is held 9 mu* great] respect ?an t ( ! ,p>sis1 = !y are p ( ! ,book1 & al?\gh ! ,p]sian ,%iahs grant$ ! ,zoroa/rians a c]ta9 %>e 9 ?is /atus1 :5 !y all[$ !m to cont9ue 9 ! c\ntry on ! same t]ms z ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 ! ord9>y ,yezdi ( to-day hesitates consid]ably be=e he all[s t ,zoroa/] 0 9 any s5se a prophet4 ,i myself h met ,mussulmans s]v+ 9 a m5ial capacity 9 ,p>si h\ses2 ,i h ent]ta9$ ,p>sis ( /&+ & ,mussulmans ( /&+ toge!r on public occasions2 & ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t ev5 ! bigot$ ,mussulman recognises ! bond ( common citiz5%ip1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly true t on mo/ occasions he pref]s ! bond ( religion4 ,/ill1 a ,p]sian's religi\s feel+1 ev5 :5 x seems to am\nt to fanatical bigotry1 is g5]ally s connect$ ) self-int]e/1 t1 :5 x is disconnect$ f ?\ghts ( pr(it1 x is difficult to "k h[ mu* influ5ce x w possess ) him4 ,x is c]ta9ly a fact t a ye> or two ago1 :5 an ,isfahani ,seyid came & prea*$ 9 ! ,yezd mosques aga9/ pa9t$ trays1 ,man*e/] cottons1 bank-notes1 & ,bibles1 ! ,yezdi ,mussulmans gave him ! cold %\ld]1 & treat$ him z a =eign] :o _h intrud$ himself into _! dome/ic conc]ns4 ,p 7 surpris$ at ?is happ5+ 9 ! city :i* a few ye>s be=e _h be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ fanatical 9 ! :ole ( ,p]sia4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! s-call$ fanaticism ( ,yezd 0 two-?irds ( x non-religi\s 9 "*4 ,!re 0 an elem5t ( turbul5cy1 produc$ by a s]ies ( weak gov]nors2 !re 0 a real religi\s elem5t2 & !re 0 an elem5t ( insul>ity1 utt]ly unconnect$ ) cre$ & doctr9e4 ,9 spite ( ! smallness ( ! ,*ri/ian colony1 :i* ev5 at pres5t consi/s ( only eighte5 ,europeans1 to :i* may be add$ tw5ty-two ,arm5ians 7! h\seholds ( m5 9 ,european employm5t71 ! p ( ! t[n :i* is aft] all n l>ge1 _h soon become famili>is$ ) ?is little settlem5t z a ,yezd in/itution4 ,!n ! insul> _s came to be enli/$ on ! side ( ! ,f]angis1 &1 ! turbul5ce produc$ by weak gov]nor%ip be+ elim9at$1 !re 0 only ! religi\s difficulty left4 ,!re h only be5 ,europeans 9 ,yezd = "s twelve ye>s4 ,! e>ly arrivals 7 a bank manag] & a m]*ant's ag5t4 ,! "w ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society has be5 e/abli%$ !re = "s six ye>s1 & ! ,engli% telegraph cl]k has be5 !re = ab\t a ye>4 ,n[ all ! memb]s ( ! colony h contribut$ some?+ to ! life ( ! t[n1 & all ! ,europeans h work$ toge!r ) m>k$ cordiality & h>mony4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s h c]ta9ly _h a great effect 9 ha/5+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! colony 9 ! t[n1 & 9 w9n+ = x ! support ( ! ,yezdis' insul> prejudices4 ,! m]*ants are di/9ctly glad ( ! bank1 & ( ! resid5t ag5t f a responsible ,man*e/] firm4 ,! p h le>nt to value ! ,m$ical ,mission2 & ! s*ools1 ?\gh !y appeal to a small] class1 appeal equally /rongly4 ,ev5 ! directly spiritual "w ( a ,mission is grant$ an e/abli%$ position 9 ! t[n by ! natives1 if x is p>tially 9 connection ) ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,hav+ grant$ a community "r ( resid5ce no ,mohamm$an w\ld d5y !m ! "r ( religi\s obs]vance4 ,inde$ ?is w\ld be expect$ to exi/ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is q true t ,*ri/ian missions 9 ,p]sia d n possess ! treaty "r to make conv]ts f ,mohamm$anism4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,p]sians are mu* m incl9$ to reg>d cu/om ?an law1 nor are !y us$ to ! accurate obs]vance ( a f9e di/9ction4 ,all t c be said is t1 at pres5t1 ! "r ( a ,*ri/ian mission>y to baptize a ,mussulman is 9 ,yezd by no means e/abli%$1 b t 8 "r to live & "w & prea* 9 ! t[n z1 prim>ily1 ! mujtahid ( ! ,f]angis1 & second>ily1 an accept$ ,yezd tea*]1 is practically recognis$ by all4 ,?is po9t seems to h be5 arriv$ at *iefly ?r\gh ! acceptance ( ! entire ,european colony z unit$ly ,*ri/ian & z a real "p ( ! t[n4 ,?+s t h help$ u to arrive at x h be5 ! usefulness ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( "w engag$ 9 by ! ,europeans1 _! g5]al /raight=w>dness & hone/y ( life1 comb9$ ) _! ready co-op]ation 9 ,*ri/ian ef=t2 also ! extreme acceptability ( ! "w ( ! m$ical missions1 & ! l9k+ ( ! cl]ical "w ) ! life ( ! t[n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s*ools4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! smallness ( ,yezd1 :i* makes x impossible = ! population consi/5tly to ignore or refuse to assimilate any important b& ( work]s t c ma9ta9 a resid5ce at all prolong$ )9 its walls1 & ! insul>ity :i* makes x impossible to refuse altoge!r to *ampion :at has become "p ( ! t[n4 ,also we mu/ n =get ! natural pron5ess ( ! ,%iah to religi\s speculation1 & ! special f]m5t ( religi\s ideas at pres5t prevail+ ?r\gh\t ,p]sia4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] t w be dealt ) at l5g?1 lat] on4 ,a curi\s incid5t occurr$ 9 ,yezd n long ago1 t w p]haps s]ve to po9t to ! extraord9>y way 9 :i* ! ,europeans h 9 ! m9d ( ! ,yezdi become an e/abli%$ "p ( ! t[n population1 ) rights & privileges simil> to ^? possess$ by ! native section ( ! t[nsfolk4 ,"o ( ! ,european resid5ts _h receiv$ a ?reat5+ lett] f a "y ,mussulman1 :om he _h dismiss$ f 8 employ2 & he _h paid z little att5tion to ! matt] z x des]v$4 ,x s happ5$ t ! next day he came to our h\se = a week's visit1 ,i be+ a cl]ical mission>y2 & ! dismiss$ s]vant !n spread ! report ?r\gh ! baza>s t 8 ma/] 0 fright5$1 & _h tak5 sanctu>y ) 8 mujtahid1 ?is be+ a common ,mussulman cu/om :5 dang] is appreh5d$ ei!r f lutis or f ! law4 ,n only 0 ! report believ$1 b "o ( ! o!r ,europeans 0 oblig$ to give up a visit :i* he _h int5d$ to pay u1 z he 0 a bus9ess man1 & 8 cr$it might h be5 tempor>ily %ak54 ,a simil> /ory is told by ,canon ,bruce1 ( an exp]i5ce 9 ,isfahan4 ,?\gh 9 "s ways m curi\s1 x is1 h[ev]1 less conv9c+ ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> moral to :i* ,i am attempt+ to po9t1 s9ce ! ,canon 0 !n work+ l>gely among/ ! ,arm5ian ,*ri/ians ( ,julfa1 :o are a consid]able colony1 & subjects ( ! ,%ah4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,arm5ian prie/s1 :o 7 also work+ among/ ! ,arm5ian ,*ri/ians1 got ! *ief ,mussulman mujtahid ( ,isfahan1 ( :i* ,julfa is a suburb1 to summon ,canon ,bruce to 8 h\se4 ,! mujtahid1 !y said1 01 aft] all1 ! *ief religi\s au?ority 9 ! place1 & ,canon ,bruce 0 z mu* a h]etic 9 ,*ri/ianity z ! ,babis 7 9 ,islam4 ,?is qua9t summons 0 actually issu$1 & ! ,mussulman mujtahid requir$ ,canon ,bruce to def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( prea*+ incorrect ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 an acceptance ( ,canon ,bruce's position2 b ! acceptance ( ! position ( a cl]ical mission>y 9 a place :]e !re 7 only eight or n9e h\seholds belong+ to ,*ri/ian races1 ,european or ,arm5ian1 is /rang] /ill4 ,! possibility ( su* a ?+ ought1 h[ev]1 to enc\rage u ) reg>d to ! future ( mission>y "w 9 isolat$ & app>5tly bigot$ ,p]sian t[ns1 & also to make mission>ies realise ! imm5se value ( ! co-op]ation ( ,*ri/ian resid5ts1 & ! necessity ( att5d+ fully to _! spiritual ne$s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,p]sian ,mohamm$anism--,mohamm$--,f\nd+ ( ,islam--,%iahs & ,sunnis--,laxity di/+ui%$ f infidelity--,c5tral doctr9es ( ,islam--,! ,div9e ,unity--,! prophe?ood--,beh view ( ! prophe?ood--,! ,bab--,! ,behu'llah--,behism--,its prospects--,islam--,pr$e/9ation--,rep5ta nce--,savbs--,eat+ ) unbeliev]s--,*>ge ( pan!ism--,effect ( ,islam on "*4 ,we h se5 t ! ,yezdis h long be5 accu/om$ to h 9 _! mid/ pr(essors ( ?ree di/9ct religions1 ! ,jewi%1 ! ,zoroa/rian & ! ,mohamm$an4 ,b z ! ,jews are nei!r num]\s nor influ5tial1 & ! ,zoroa/rian ,p>sis1 ?\gh m num]\s ?an ! ,jews1 are nev]!less n m ?an a ti! ( ! population1 ! religion t *iefly dem&s our att5tion is ,mohamm$anism1 :i* is ! e/abli%$ fai? ( ,p]sia4 ,! ,mohamm$anism ( ,p]sia is n q ! same z t ( ,india or ,turkey1 & ! ,p]sians call !mselves ,%iahs or noncon=mi/s4 ,9 ,p]sia !re is "o cre$ ( noncon=mity :i* is !re accept$ z or?odox1 s ^? pr(ess+ ?is cre$ w = ! future 9 ^! pages be call$ ,%iahs )\t fur!r qualification4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! "n ,%iah is n prop]ly conf9$ to ?is "o sect1 & also t ?is sect itself1 l o!r noncon=mi/ bodies1 has always %[n a great t5d5cy to subdivide4 ,9 ,p]sia besides ,%iahs1 t is ! m or?odox ,%iahs1 !re has always be5 "o o!r small] sect ( ,mohamm$ans attract+ g5]al att5tion4 ,at pres5t ! diss5t+ doctr9e mo/ widely taught is t ( ! ,behs1 :o h laid hold ( ! popul> imag9ation1 p>tly because ( _! great /eadfa/ness "u ! mo/ t]rible p]secutions1 p>tly because ( ! some:at popul> nature ( _! tea*+1 b *iefly because ,p]sia is n[ be+ br\ght into r clos] t\* ) ,europe1 & ! p z a :ole feel t ! tea*+ ( ! ,%iah mullas ne$s to be modifi$ if ,islam is to be pres]v$4 ,i ?9k "o may g fur!r1 & say t !re is at pres5t 9 ,p]sia a p]iod ( enquiry & spiritual awak5+1 :i* gives a special opportunity1 n only to ,mohamm$an sect>ies1 b also to ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,lat] on fur!r allusion w be made to ^! ,behs1 b we mu/ n =get t our fir/ task is n s mu* ! /udy ( ! complex religi\s sy/ems ( ,p]sia1 z ! analysis ( ^? religi\s influ5ces to :i* ! ,yezdi has be5 subject$4 ,! ord9>y ,yezdi ,mussulman is desc5d$ p>tly f ! orig9al ,aryan inhabitants ( ,p]sia1 & p>tly f _! ,arabian conqu]ors3 b ! enorm\s diff]5ce 9 "* t exi/s betwe5 him & ! purely ,aryan ,p>si is c]ta9ly due less to race & m to religion1 = ! jadds1 or conv]ts f ,p>siism1 (t5 develop all ! ,mussulman *>act]i/ics 9 a few g5]ations1 )\t ! slighte/ admixture ( race4 ,s be=e attempt+ to describe ! "* ( ! p1 x w be necess>y to pay z mu* att5tion to ! religi\s ideas t h be5 br\ght to be> ^u !m z we h already paid to ! nature ( _! c\ntry & ! seclusion ( _! t[n life4 ,"s aspects ( ! ,yezdi's religion w be left to a future *apt]1 & we mu/ at pres5t cont5t ourselves ) try+ to und]/& ! ess5tial nature ( ,islam1 p>ticul>ly dwell+ on ^? po9ts ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+ & example :i* seem to h produc$ mo/ impression on ! ,p]sian m9d4 ,to d ?is we mu/ dive/ ourselves ( all pre-judgm5ts ( ! prophet's life & doctr9e1 & simply /udy ! facts ( hi/ory1 rememb]+ t ! conception ( ,islam :i* is to be f\nd among/ ! ,sunnis ( ,india & ,turkey _c be all[$ to pass un*all5g$1 = ! ,mohamm$an _w is by no means unanim\s ab\t x2 & also t ! well-kn[n ,european !ory1 t !re 0 a diff]5ce 9 ,mohamm$'s aims & objects 9 ,mecca & ,m$9a1 & t ! ,meccan p]iod r ?an ! ,m$9an indicates ! ess5tial idea ( ,mohamm$anism1 is "o :i* no educat$ ,mussulman w\ld = a mom5t tol]ate4 ,z = ! /ill m fav\rable views t h be5 lately br\ght =w>d by ,european au?ors1 ,i c only pass on a /ory t 0 told me ( an educat$ ,mussulman 9 ,india :o _h be5 %[n su* a treatise4 8,?is g5tleman1 ,sahib10 he said1 z he h&$ back ! volume1 8appe>s to "k v little ab\t 8 own religion1 & absolutely no?+ ab\t ours40 ,i myself w5t to ,p]sia ) ! int5tion ( mak+ ! mo/ ( ! good po9ts ( ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! c\ntry4 ,) reg>d to ! ,p>sis ,i 0 n disappo9t$4 ,l _m o!r mission>ies1 ,i />t$ ) ! idea t ,i %\ld f9d ^! p possess$ ( a great _m radically wrong notions ab\t ! nature & p[] ( ,god1 :i* 7 ess5tial to _! religion4 ,i n[ believe t ,i 0 wrong1 & ,i h nev] he>d my "r-h& man1 ,mihraban1 :o is himself a ,p>si1 & also "o ( ! mo/ s9c]e & e>ne/ ,*ri/ians :om ,i h ev] met1 speak "o ^w aga9/ ! real gr\ndwork ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,9 ?is religion x is n untea*+ b tea*+ t is requir$ to lead ! p to ,*ri/2 b1 9 ,mohamm$anism1 9 spite ( its great] pret5sions1 almo/ e app>5t tru? crumbles into m]e truism or actual falsity ! mom5t t y try to make x ! basis ( any?+ practical4 ,also ! m ,i read ( ! life ( ,mohamm$1 ! m conv9c$ ,i am t ! radical rott5ness ( ! sy/em is due to 8 orig9al tea*+4 ,p]haps ?is may be a confession ( n>r[ness1 b "o _c be broad all r\nd4 ,unless we are go+ to d5y ! iniquity & wick$ness ( mod]n ,islam1 we %all h to believe t somebody is to blame2 &1 if x is n ,mohamm$1 ,i suppose x mu/ be ei!r ! mullas or ! ,mussulman laity4 ,i d n "k :y we %\ld exp5d all our bread? on ! big p3 ,i myself h "s sympa?y ) ! little ones3 & ,i firmly believe t ! difficulties 9 ! ,islam ( to-day are due r to ! ess5tial wrongness ( ! sy/em ?an to its corruption by ! masses4 ,mohamm$ 0 born 9 ,mecca t[>ds ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! important family :o _h *>ge ( ! ,ka'aba1 :i* 0 a hea!n temple t ! ,meccans _h attempt$ to make a common meet+-gr\nd = ! :ole ( ,arabia1 by includ+ )9 its limits ! idols & symbols ( wor%ip t 7 respect$ by ! diff]5t tribes4 ,"s ( ^! tribes _h adopt$ ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism2 s pictures ev5 ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian sa9ts 7 to be f\nd )9 ! walls ( ! ,meccan temple4 ,! ,mussulman hi/orians ( ,mohamm$'s life tell u t !re _h be5 9 ,arabia1 = "s ye>s be=e ! prophet came =w>d1 a set ( re=m]s call$ ,hanfs1 :o seem to h be5 half political & half religi\s1 b to h be5 all ( !m conv9c$ t "s =m ( religion1 pur] ?an t repres5t$ by ! ,ka'aba1 0 ne$$ to unite ,arabia aga9/ its common foes4 ,"s ( ^! ,hanifs end$ by adopt+ ,*ri/ianity or ,judaism2 o!rs 7 incl9$ to ! adoption ( a m ess5tially national =m ( mono!ism1 :i* %\ld reta9 ! ,ka'aba z its c5tre4 ,! mo/ notable ( ! latt] p>ty 0 ,zaid ibn ,amr1 a man s mu* admir$ by ,mohamm$ t he decl>$ him a prophet1 & 9 o!r ways pr(ess$ 8 complete acceptation ( 8 pr9ciples & tea*+4 ,mohamm$ by 8 m>riage ) ,khadja 0 c]ta9ly introduc$ into ?is set ( re=m]s4 ,w>aka ibn ,nawfal 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ,hanifs1 & we h indisputable evid5ce t he 0 "o ( ,khadija's mo/ intimate fri5ds1 bo? at ! "t ( h] m>riage1 & also at ! "t :5 h] husb& receiv$ 8 fir/ revelation4 ,mohamm$ himself _h be5 f *ildhood ( a hy/]ical disposition1 & 0 subject to fits1 dur+ :i* he saw visions1 :i* on recov]+ consci\sness he 0 able to recollect2 consequ5tly :ile 9 ?is company he became conv9c$ t he 0 ! expect$ prophet :o 0 to b9d ,arabia toge!r by a politico-religi\s sy/em4 ,9 plac+ himself at ! head ( ! ,hanif movem5t1 ,mohamm$ probably gave m prom95ce to ! political aspect ?an _h mo/ ( ! =m] & less successful lead]s4 ,?is is br\ght out by ,koelle 9 8 life ( ,mohamm$2 & inde$ x is obvi\s t ! man :o c\ld all[ an unbeliev+ fri5d1 ev5 ?\gh a close relation1 to play ! important "p 9 ! build+ ( 8 *ur* t ,abbs play$ 9 ! second meet+ on ! em95ce1 0 prim>ily a politician r ?an a religi\s re=m]3 = x 0 ,abbas :o on t occasion fir/ propos$ ! oa? t may almo/ be call$ ! basis ( ,islam4 ,a critical /udy ( ,mohamm$'s e>ly deal+s ) ! ,arabians br+s u to a simil> conclusion4 ,( ! o!r /ories collect$ by ,koelle f ,mussulman s\rces to prove ?is po9t1 p]haps ! mo/ =cible is t ( ! discussion betwe5 ! prophet1 8 uncle1 ,abu ,tlib1 "u ^: protection he 0 !n liv+1 & ,abu ,jahl4 ,abu ,talib call$ 8 nephew & said to him1 8,?\ see/ ! nobles ( ?y p are assembl$ "h to conc$e to !e c]ta9 ?+s1 &1 9 return1 to receive concessions f !e40 ,mohamm$ made ?is reply3 8,well1 !n1 give me a ^w :]eby ! ,arabs may be gov]n$ & ! ,p]sians subjugat$40 ,abu ,jahl respond$ to ?is reque/ 9 ! "n ( 8 fell[-eld]s by say+3 8,?\ %alt h t5 words40 ,b ,mohamm$ sett+ him "r1 & indicat+ :at k9d ( ^w 9 8 op9ion c\ld alone answ] ! purpose1 rejo9$3 8,say1 #8,!re is no ,god except ,allah6' & r5\nce :at y wor%ip besides ,him40 ,?is /ory ,koelle quotes f ,ibn ,i%k1 ! e>lie/ & mo/ tru/wor?y biograph]4 ,c]ta9ly ! movem5t f paganism to mono!ism1 :i* took place 9 ,arabia 9 ^? days1 0 9 itself a f9e ?+2 & x 0 accompani$ by mu* s9c]ity & religi\s zeal4 ,x is also obvi\s t ,mohamm$ possess$ a p]sonality peculi>ly attractive to ! ,arabian1 & t ?is1 z well z 8 en?usiasm on ! subject ( 8 mission1 _h ! effect ( attract+ _m to ! cause4 ,b n only did ,mohamm$ pay mu* m reg>d to politics ?an c be possibly excus$1 he also accept$ ! religi\s & e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,hanifs only 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial mann]2 &1 "u ! cov] ( v]bal con=mity1 reta9$ z mu* z possible ( ! orig9al pagan ideas 9 :i* he _h be5 re>$4 ,! result is t 8 foll[]s are /ill to be f\nd possess$ ( :at seems at fir/ sight to be correct doctr9e ^u fundam5tals1 & yet are unable to advance by its assi/ance along ! pa? ( light & progress4 ,! popul> idea1 t fanatical intol]ance ( all pr(essors ( o!r religions is an ess5tial & fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ,mohamm$anism1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,! paganism ( ,mecca 0 di/9ctly latitud9>ian1 s ,mohamm$ accept$ 9 full ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 z w\ld h seem$ natural to an ,arabian ( t age1 especially to a mono!i/ic tea*] :o 0 closely connect$ ) ! ,ka'aba4 ,?is does n mean t he 9 any way appreh5d$ ! mean+ ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! doctr9e ( ! p]petuity ( ! moral law nev] seems to h ent]$ into 8 m9d1 ev5 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y =m4 ,he wi%$ to say t he _h himself receiv$ a revelation sup]s$+ all =m] ones by ! m&ate ( ,god1 & he did n wi% to make tr\ble by pron\nc+ o!r religions to be false1 )\t absolute necessity4 ,8 real object 0 to unite ! ,arabs by a re=m$ religion1 & at fir/ he reg>d$ 8 mission z a purely national "o4 ,:atev] 7 8 ultimate designs ^u ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 ,arabia1 he int5tionally convey$ to !m ! impression t1 if !y recognis$ him z a prophet to o!rs1 he w\ld be cont5t )\t _! accept+ him !mselves4 ,inde$1 :ile he 0 /ill at ,mecca1 he 0 ev5 unc]ta9 :e!r ! idolat]s :o accept$ him might n be all[$ to reta9 "s ( _! idols z int]m$i>ies betwe5 !mselves & ,allah4 ,he w5t s f> on "o occasion z to actually effect a reconciliation on ?is basis2 b z su* a concession mu/ h greatly damag$ 8 influ5ce ) ^? :o 7 fav\rably dispos$ to ! ,hanif movem5t1 he aft]w>ds repudiat$ ! transaction1 & decl>$ t he _h act$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! devil4 ,8 "w 9 ,mecca 0 n v successful2 & ! opposition he enc\nt]$ 0 s /rong t he _h at la/ to beg9 to make attempts to />t "w 9 "s o!r place1 & he 0 f9ally successful 9 mak+ a fre% beg9n+ 9 ,m$9a4 ,"h he 0 able to take advantage ( a family connection ) "s ( ! pr9cipal citiz5s1 & also ( a long-/&+ rivalry betwe5 ,m$9a & ,mecca4 ,al?\gh ! movem5t 9 ,mecca _h n be5 widely successful1 ,mohamm$ _h ga!r$ among/ 8 foll[]s sev]al really prom95t m54 ,consequ5tly1 ! p ( ,m$9a1 al?\gh divid$ on ! subject ( 8 prophetic mission1 7 unanim\s z to ! advisability ( receiv+ him & 8 foll[]s into _! t[n4 ,settl$ 9 ,m$9a1 ,mohamm$'s =tunes und]w5t a *ange4 ,! *ieftancy ( ! tribe to :i* 8 gr&mo!r _h belong$ fell vacant1 &1 z mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ?is tribe _h become ,mussulmans1 ,mohamm$ _h no difficulty 9 himself becom+ _! *ief4 ,consid]+ himself re/ra9$ by no preconception or =m] revelation ( ! moral law1 he 0 able1 )\t dropp+ = "o mom5t 8 pret5sions to prophe?ood1 to use e means ( fraud & viol5ce :i* seem$ conducive to 8 political end4 ,z ,koelle has po9t$ out1 !re is no reason to suppose t 8 pr9ciples 9 any way *ang$1 b "u ! alt]$ conditions & environm5t ! utt]ly non-e?ical !ory ( revelation held by ! prophet became m app>5t4 ,?is is p]haps mo/ cle>ly br\ght out by 8 utt]ly unscrupul\s deal+ ) ! ,jews1 & also by ! /ory ( ,zaid & ,za9ab1 9 all :i* affairs ,mohamm$ pr(ess$ himself to be act+ "u ,div9e direction1 nor is x at all obvi\s t he did n actually believe x4 ,f9ally1 be=e 8 dea?1 he succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ 8 religion & political sy/em ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,arabia4 ,( c\rse x 0 impossible = a movem5t l ?is to take place )\t rival prophets appe>+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,two ( ^! appe>$ dur+ ,mohamm$'s lifetime1 & he ?\ght x be/ to gu>d aga9/ future s*isms ( a simil> k9d by decl>+ himself ! la/ ( ! prophets4 ,exactly :at he meant by ?is is n v cle>3 if ! almo/ univ]sal voice ( ,islam is to be accept$1 he did n mean t he 0 ! la/ div9ely appo9t$ tea*]1 = all ,mussulmans look =w>d to ! com+ ( a ,mehdi or ,mahdi1 :o1 toge!r ) ,jesus1 ! son ( ,m>y1 is to appe> 9 ! la/ days1 & spread ! doctr9es ( ,islam ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,or?odox ,mussulmans1 h[ev]1 always look ^u ,mohamm$ z ! la/ great shibi kitb1 or book-be>]4 ,! ord9>y ,sunnis1 :o are ! l>ge/ & be/-kn[n ,mussulman sect1 ass]t t1 z a matt] ( fact1 s9ce ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 no div9ely-appo9t$ tea*] has z yet appe>$4 ,! ,khalfs 7 9 _! eyes simply appo9t$ by ! congregation1 & ! f\r great writ]s ( ! sunnat1 :i* is to !m ! only au?oritative comm5t>y ^u ! doctr9es ( ,islam1 7 only le>n$ & sa9tly m54 ,n[1 !y hold1 ^! doctr9es c only be le>nt f ?is book1 & f ! ,qurn itself2 = ! mujtahid or high mulla1 capable ( giv+ au?oritative decisions on moot po9ts1 no long] exi/s4 ,! ,%iahs h v diff]5t t5ets4 ,mohamm$ accord+ to _! tea*+ 0 ! fir/ ( a hi]>*ic dyna/y ( ?irte51 consi/+ ( himself & ! twelve great ,imms1 ( :om ! fir/ 0 ,ali1 ! son-9-law ( ! prophet1 & :o 7 all z c]ta9ly div9ely appo9t$ z ,mohamm$ himself4 ,mohamm$ is only ! la/ great book-be>]1 & !re=e ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t era4 ,! la/ ( ! ,imams 0 ! ,mehdi1 :o accord+ to ! ,sunnis has n yet be5 born1 b accord+ to ! ,%iahs appe>$ long ago4 ,?is man did n die1 b disappe>$1 rema9+ at fir/ accessible to 8 foll[]s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( f\r successive ,bbs1 or gates ( k1 :o 7 9 t\* ) him dur+ 8 concealm5t4 ,l ! ,imams1 ! ,babs came to an end1 = ! la/ ( !m refus$ to appo9t a successor4 ,all ?is ( c\rse is v anci5t hi/ory4 ,! ,%iahs h _! own traditioni/s1 = !y reject ! sunnat altoge!r4 ,betwe5 ! traditions ( ! ,%iahs & ! ,sunnis !re is n mu* to *oose3 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( hi/orical fact embodi$ 9 bo?1 & !re is also a great deal ( absolute nons5se4 ,h[ev]1 _m o!rwise or?odox ,%iahs ei!r reject ! traditions altoge!r1 or int]pret !m allegorically4 ,!re is m fre$om ( int]pretation among/ ! ,%iahs ?an among/ ! ,sunnis3 inde$ _m ,%iahs believe t "s ( ! mo/ objectionable *apt]s ( ! ,quran describ+ ! delights ( heav5 are entirely p>abolic4 ,( c\rse ) mujtahids 7suppos$ to be able to pron\nce au?oritatively on moot po9ts7 scatt]$ all ov] ,p]sia1 ! fixity ( doctr9e t prevails among/ ,mohamm$ans ( ,sunni c\ntries w\ld be impossible4 ,! t5ets ( ! ,%iahs are n d]ogatory to ! mission ( ,mohamm$1 or to ! position ( ! ,quran1 b !y make ! solit>y figure ( ! prophet /& out mu* less prom95tly4 ,= in/ance1 if a ,p]sian is told t 8 religion possesses no?+ correspond+ to ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 he w inv>iably reply by po9t+ to ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,imam ,husa94 ,also ! ,mehdi1 or occult ,imam1 is n ! future1 b ! pres5t rul] ( ,islam2 & s he is 9 "s ways z important a p]sonage z ! orig9al prophet4 ,n v long ago ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia us$ to pay r5t = 8 palace to ! ,mehdi1 ! money go+ to ! mujtahids z ! repres5tatives ( ! ,imam3 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is practice is /ill cont9u$1 b ! !ory on :i* x 0 bas$ is c]ta9ly n ext9ct4 ,aga9 !re is a common say+ t ! ,imam ,ali is pres5t 9 ! he>t ( ! true believ]1 b ,i ?9k x is only reg>d$ by ! ord9>y ,yezdi z a poetical expression4 ,! po9t to be not$ is t ! say+ is always ab\t ,ali1 n ab\t ,mohamm$4 ,%iahs invoke ! ,imams ,ali & ,husa9 v mu* m frequ5tly ?an !y invoke ,mohamm$2 & ?\gh ! inscription ov] a ,p]sian mosque %\ld be1 8,y ,ali1 ,y ,muhammad10 t is1 8,o ,ali6 ,o ,mohamm$60 ! 8,y ,muhammad0 is (t5 omitt$ & ! 8,y ,ali0 left to /& alone4 ,! excuse is sometimes br\ght =w>d t ,mohamm$ is too great = con/ant invocation4 ,consid]+ ! way 9 :i* ! ,%iah uses ! "n ( ,god1 ?is mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be reg>d$ z a m]e excuse = a habit due to :olly diff]5t causes4 ,?is extreme atta*m5t to ! ,imams is probably due to two ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re c be no d\bt t ! cause ( ,ali & 8 sons 0 tak5 up 9 ,p]sia z an outlet to national jeal\sy1 = ! ,aryan conv]ts 7 n sorry :5 a pretext occurr$ = diff]5tiat+ !mselves f ! majority ( _! ,arab conqu]ors4 ,9 ! ,%iah religion ! e>ly ,khalifs1 :o rul$ ,islam :ile ! holy ,imams 7 /ill alive1 are held up to ! bitt]e/ execration1 & ,om> 9 p>ticul>1 :o1 by ! way1 0 ! conqu]or ( ,p]sia1 takes mu* ! same place 9 ! ,%iah sy/em t ,judas ,isc>iot does 9 ! ,*ri/ian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,squ>e ,,9 ,,yezd4 ,to ! left is a small ,nakhl1 & 9 ! c5tre a mosque door ) ! inscription 8,ya ,ali40 ,secondly1 ! influ5ce ( sects ( my/ics1 pr(ess$ly ,mohamm$an b hav+ 9 _! doctr9es a di/9ctly pan!i/ic t5d5cy1 mu/ be rememb]$4 ,anci5t ,p]sia 0 full ( pan!ism1 & :5 x became ,mussulman ! incl9ation t[>ds su* tea*+ /ill cont9u$1 = ! broad] views held by ! ,%iahs z to fre$om ( int]pretation 9 read+ ! ,quran gave a possible /atus 9 ! c\ntry to v h]etical sects4 ,^! ,p]sian my/ics (t5 pref]r$ to make ! ,imams1 especially ,ali1 at lea/ z prom95t 9 _! sy/ems z ,mohamm$1 ^: tea*+ 0 m difficult to b5d to _! purposes2 & al?\gh ! ord9>y ,yezdi is c]ta9ly n a pan!i/1 !y h und\bt$ly int5sifi$ 8 en?usiasm = ! p]sonalities ( ! ,imams1 & ?r\gh _! poetry !y h famili>is$ him ) religi\s expressions ( a some:at unor?odox "*4 ,?is is 9 "s ways an advantage to ! mission>y1 b he mu/ bew>e t x does n give him a false view ( ! progress t he is mak+4 ,z to ! !ory ( ! div9ely appo9t$ ,imamate x might be urg$ t ! ret5tion ( ! :ole glory ( ! e>ly sa9?ood = ! close relations & desc5dants ( ! prophet is an excess ( zeal t ,mohamm$ w\ld h greatly approv$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! doctr9e is n obvi\sly oppos$ to ,mohamm$anism4 ,! ,%iahs are c]ta9ly mu* lax] ?an ! ,sunnis ) reg>d to "s ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,qurn4 ,pa9t+1 & ! mak+ ( figures is consid]$ by ! ,sunnis to be a violation ( ! law aga9/ idolatry4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a regul> s*ool ( ,p]sian pa9t+2 & clay models ( m51 animals & demons1 z well z rag dolls1 are giv5 to ! *ildr5 z toys4 ,! prote/s made by ! mullas aga9/ ^! ?+s are v fa9t4 ,!y are r l\d] 9 _! d5unciations ( all =ms ( music1 :i* among/ or?odox ,mohamm$ans is suppos$ to h no purpose b ! excit+ ( ! passions4 ,z to ! dr9k+ ( w9e & spirits1 ! avoidance ( ! regul> ,mohamm$an fa/ 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 & ! omission ( ! prescrib$ pray]s1 ! ,%iah mullas take a view :i* is at lea/ intelligible4 ,to beg9 )1 su* ?+s d n am\nt to infidelity unless !y are done wilfully & consi/5tly4 ,a =mal acceptation ( ! :ole ( ! ord9ances is dem&$4 ,!re mu/ be no drunk5ness 9 ! /reets1 no eat+ 9 ,ramazan :5 anybody is ne> unless a legitimate excuse c be br\ght =w>d1 & if pray]s h n be5 said m5 mu/ say t !y h said !m4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ext]nal gov]nm5t does n g2 & z a matt] ( fact _m irreligi\s ,p]sians secretly dr9k !mselves drunk 9 _! h\ses1 =get to say _! pray]s regul>ly1 & make up :at w\ld1 if true1 be valid excuses = n keep+ ! fa/ 9 ,ramazan4 ,su* p are well aw>e t !y are liable to puni%m5t1 b !y also "k t1 unless !y prove disloyal to ,islam by accept+ "s o!r fai?1 !y are n 9 any great dang]4 ,x is true t e n[ & aga9 ! mullas incite ! p to jo9 !m 9 cleans+ ! l& ( infidelity1 & on su* occasions sect>ies l ! ,babis1 & ^? :o are suppos$ to sympa?ise ) !m1 may greatly suff]1 b ^? :o h be5 m]ely lax 9 _! obs]vance ( ,islam are apt to make up = _! pa/ defici5cies by a peculi> %[ ( zeal4 ,x may be ask$ :e!r ! mullas 9 ,p]sia are ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ no m p]si/5t ef=ts to en=ce ,mohamm$an law1 & :e!r _! w9k+ at su* irregul>ities is n 9 itself disloyalty to ! sy/em ( ,islam4 ,probably x w\ld be easy = !m to %[ t !y 7 ju/ifi$ by ! example ( ,mohamm$ himself4 ,if ,mohamm$ en=c$ a mu* /rict] discipl9e 9 ! t[n :]e he 0 himself pres5t--a matt] :i* ,i ?9k is op5 to d\bt--x w\ld be almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 t he caus$ su* discipl9e to be en=c$ among ! ,arab tribes4 ,^! tribes 7 g5]ally accept$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! *ief1 :o usually came to ,mohamm$ 9 p]son1 _h a %ort int]view ) him1 "p ( :i* 0 devot$ to political subjects1 & (t5 w5t back to 8 tribe on ! same day4 ,x is true t ,mohamm$ made a di/9ction betwe5 hypocrites--munfiqn1 & true believ]s1 b he g5]ally meant by hypocrites p :o 7 n really on 8 side aga9/ o!rs1 & "h ! ord9>y ,%iah is unimpea*able4 ,! fact is t ,islam conta9s mu* m ?an an assortm5t ( comm&m5ts4 ,o!rwise x w\ld nev] h impress$ its adh]5ts 9 s di/9ct & rem>kable a mann] ) special *>act]i/ics4 ,! c5tral idea ( ! religion is t we are all "u ! dom9ion ( an invisible & absolutely p[]ful ,god1 ,:o has creat$ all ?+s1 & has will$ & orda9$ ev]y?+ bo? good & evil t is to be f\nd 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is true t !re is a ,%iah dogma aga9/ ! extreme pr$e/9>ianism :i* *>act]ises ! ,sunni cre$1 b ,i d n believe t x has 9 ! lea/ affect$ ! fatali/ic view ( ! ord9>y p4 ,9 ,islam ,god may be call$ good because x is our duty to accept z good :atev] ,he does1 & ,he may also be call$ by o!r names accord+ to ! "* ( ,8 kn[n actions t[>ds u2 b ,8 own nature is absolutely diff]5t f t ( man2 consequ5tly no?+ c be kn[n ( ,8 moral "* beyond ! fact ( c]ta9 explicit actions4 ,?is ,god f "t to "t s5ds to ! _w prophets1 ^: duty is to tea* mank9d ! doctr9e ( ,8 unity1 ! necessity ( wor%ip1 & ! necessity ( do+ :at is = ! "t be+ ,8 w4 ,accord+ to ! popul> op9ion !re h be5 a hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& ( ^! prophets1 b ( ?is numb] only a few h be5 au?oris$ to publi% a new code ( human duty4 ,^? s au?oris$ are kn[n z book-be>]s1 & ,adam1 ,se?1 ,eno*1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,david1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$ 7 all ( ?is class4 ,! ,behs add ! "n ( ,behu'llah aft] t ( ,mohamm$4 ,^! book-be>]s are always m>k$ by ! possession ( "s sort ( sup]natural p[]s appeal+ to ! intellect1 & also1 9 ! case ( ! latt] ones1 by ! fulfilm5t ( signs m5tion$ by ! =m] prophets4 ,ob$i5ce to !m is rew>d$ by v>i\s degrees ( bliss 9 ,heav51 disob$i5ce is puni%$ by ,hell4 ,! prophet mu/ con=m to previ\s revelations 9 ! ass]tion ( ,god's unity1 invisibility & omnipot5ce1 b x is n necess>y t !re %\ld be any coh]5ce betwe5 ! directions ab\t human action z set =? 9 successive disp5sations1 nor is any diff]5ce made betwe5 c]emonial & moral comm&m5ts4 ,?is c5tral doctr9e ( ,mohamm$anism conc]ns ,god1 ! prophet1 man & creation2 s we come across x "u f\r names1 giv+ ! f\r possible po9ts ( view4 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! "n ( tauhd1 or ass]tion ( ! ,div9e unity4 ,! ,mussulman means by ?is v mu* m ?an ! m]e ass]tion t ,god is a s+le ,be+4 ,he includes 9 x ! doctr9e ( ! invisibility ( ,god & ( ,8 absolutely sep>ate nature1 & x appe>s to cla% ) ! ,*ri/ian conception 9 two important p>ticul>s4 ,!re is an absolute d5ial ( ! /atem5t1 ^u :i* mo/ ,*ri/ians m or less consci\sly base _! belief 9 ! p]petuity & absolute nature ( ! law ( human morals1 t 89 ! image ( ,god creat$ ,he man40 ,consequ5tly we %all aft]w>ds f9d t 9 ,islam !re is no belief 9 ! p]man5cy ( ! moral law1 = no?+ is ?\ght by ! ,mussulman to be necess>ily p]man5t except ?+s connect$ ) ! nature ( ,god2 & z our nature diff]s entirely f t ( ! ,creator ! law giv5 = x _c be necess>ily p]man5t4 ,!re is also 9 reality a fundam5tal contradiction ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 ! ,mohamm$an's r5d]+ ( ! /atem5t t ,god is a s+le ,be+4 ,?is is be/ expla9$ by a simple illu/ration4 ,suppos+ a man 7 to say1 8,london is "o place10 x is conceivable t he might mean "o ( two ?+s4 ,ei!r he might mean t ! ,city ( ,london 0 ! only true ,london1 & t !re 0 no o!r "p ( ! t[n 9 ,middlesex or ,surrey t ought to be call$ by ! same "n2 or he might mean t ! :ole ( ^? places :i* g by ! "n ( ! ,c\nty ( ,london are 9 reality only "o place2 & ^! two /atem5ts are n simil> /atem5ts ) a slight diff]5ce1 b !y are absolutely contradictory4 ,s ! ,*ri/ian says !re is only "o ,god1 by :i* he means to ass]t ! unity ( ! all-good ,creator1 ! all-good ,p]sonality ,:o 0 reveal$ z ! ,son1 & ! all-good ,_s ,:o is ! only s\rce ( good 9 ! he>t4 ,z ,god to ! ,*ri/ian means ! ,all-good1 :at he ne$s is a doctr9e t ass]ts ! ess5tial unity ( ! ,all-good :]ev] he f9ds x4 ,! ,*ri/ian is ( c\rse n a pan!i/1 b 8 conception ( ! "o ,god has to be suffici5tly inclusive to cov] ^? ,?ree ,:o1 z he kn[s1 c]ta9ly possess ! attributes ( ,deity4 ,! ,mussulman on ! o!r h& does n pret5d to "k any?+ ab\t ! attributes ( ,deity1 except+ t ,god is "o1 invisible & omnipot5t4 ,consequ5tly he frames 8 def9ition ( ! ,deity s z to purposely exclude :at ! ,*ri/ian ) 8 l>g] k kn[s to be ! manife/ation ( ! same ess5ce4 ,to pass on to ! ,mussulman's conception ( 8 religion z x relates to ! prophet4 ,! paighamb>1 or ! br++ ( messages f ! ,deity1 is 9 _m ways a peculi> idea4 ,mohamm$ himself _h v little notion ( 8 message be+ an advance on :at _h be5 giv5 be=e1 & ( ! gradual gr[? ( revelation he _h no conception at all4 ,he 0 cont5t to ass]t t 8 tea*+ 0 ! religion ( ,abraham1 a phrase ( :i* he frequ5tly made use4 ,x is true t ,mussulmans sometimes say t p>ts ( ,god's ,^w 7 reveal$ to =m] paighamb>s1 b t ! complete comm&m5t 0 giv5 to ,mohamm$1 & al?\gh ?is is v diff]5t f ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! gr[? ( revelation1 x might possibly be reg>d$ z a sub/itute = x2 b ! fact is t1 ?\gh x may be traceable to ! prophet1 x is q =eign to ! ess5tial sy/em ( ,islam4 ,we frequ5tly f9d su* =eign ideas :i* h be5 import$ into ,islam1 occasionally by ,mohamm$ b m frequ5tly by 8 foll[]s1 simply to answ] "s specific objection1 or to ma9ta9 ! sup]iority ( ! sy/em ov] all o!rs4 ,su* importations c z a rule be easily sep>at$ f ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ,islam1 & 9 mo/ cases !y h n affect$ ! g5]al "* ( ! religion4 ,?is is due to ! religion z fir/ conceiv$ by ,mohamm$ hav+ be5 cle> 9 its ess5tial po9ts1 & x is ^! po9ts r ?an ! accretions t h left su* a /rong m>k ^u ! body ( ,mussulmans4 ,! paighamb>i1 m ?an any o!r doctr9e or expression ( doctr9e1 br+s out ) int5se pla9ness ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! ,mussulman & ! ,*ri/ian1 t enorm\s div]g5ce ( view reg>d+ ! moral law :i* lies at ! root ( almo/ all _! diff]5ces 9 subord9ate !ories & t5ets4 ,s :5 we are discuss+ ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$an ideas ^u "*1 x is well to rememb] t sects :i* d n hold ?is !ory ( ! paighamb>i ought to be reg>d$ sep>ately4 ,!re are 9 ,p]sia sects :i* are only nom9ally ,mussulman1 & :i* l>gely owe _! orig9 to non-,mohamm$an s\rces4 ,! ,sfis1 = in/ance1 are only half ,mohamm$an1 & _! philosophy is really pan!i/ic4 ,sufis are to be f\nd 9 ,yezd1 b !re are n v _m s]i\s ones1 & ! sect has l>gely lo/ its direct influ5ce 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b ! ,babis1 ( :om ! ,beh bran* is rapidly spread+ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,p]sian t[ns1 h be5 influ5c$ by ,sufi ideas to a mu* great] ext5t ?an h ! or?odox ,%iahs1 :o1 we agre$1 are n pan!i/ic4 ,p]haps "s pr(ess+ ,behs are really v ne> to ! ,sufis 9 ideas1 b ?is is n ! case ) ! m or?odox1 :o1 ?\gh !y h modifi$ ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,mohamm$anism 9 su* a way z to remove ! gulf betwe5 ,god & ! prophet1 h n produc$ a !ology :i* is free f ! obvi\s defects ( t ( ,islam4 ,! ,beh appe>s to hold t ! sup]ior prophet1 t is1 ! book-be>]1 is 9 e case an inc>nation ( ! ,deity1 b he goes on to say t !re is an absolute di/9ction betwe5 ! prophet & 8 p2 = ! book-be>] is ,god1 & ! p are n ,god2 nor are !y1 s f> z ,i c und]/&1 capable ( receiv+ ! ,_s ( ,god1 ei!r f ! prophet or directly f ,god ,himself4 ,!y c only be impress$ by ! prophet z wax is impress$ by a seal4 ,:e!r ?is doctr9e is really ,behu'llah's or n1 x 0 c]ta9ly giv5 to me by m5 :o ought to h kn[n ! tru? ab\t ! ,beh fai?4 ,! adh]5ts ( ?is sect 9 ,p]sia are n[ exce$+ly num]\s1 & _m p believe t 9 ! end ! :ole c\ntry w become ,beh2 s ! "q :e!r ! ,behs are m reliable ?an ! or?odox ,%iahs has become an important "o4 ,c]ta9ly !y tea* a clean] & pur] doctr9e on po9ts ( e?ics2 b :at ,p]sia ne$s is n s mu* a high] moral tea*+1 b r a high] basis = morality4 ,a religion t puts ! comm&m5t n to /eal on ! same level z ! direction n to /ew y\r dates b to fry !m1 w nev] produce ! high *>act]s t are to be f\nd 9 su* communities z ! ,p>si4 ,x w\ld be irrev]5t to comp>e su* a fai? ) ! religion giv5 to u by ! ,savi\r4 ,dur+ ! late ,beh massacre1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( discuss+ :at 0 go+ on ) a ,beh muballigh1 t is1 an au?oris$ ,beh tea*] & mission>y4 ,i h no int5tion ( unnecess>ily dwell+ on ! gha/ly horrors t 7 !n be+ p]petrat$1 b a few details are unavoidable4 ,! ,beh sect>ies 7 n at t "t be+ execut$ be=e ! mujtahids1 b 7 be+ torn 9 pieces by ! cr[d4 ,:at _h excit$ ! p 0 n simply religi\s feel+1 b x 0 v l>gely ! /atem5t by ! cl]ical au?orities t ! goods ( ! ,behs 7 8lawful10 t is1 t any "o might plund] !m :o c>$ to d s4 ,! attacks 7 (t5 made by m5 :o _h liv$ = a long :ile 9 close companion%ip ) ! ,behs1 kn[+ !m all ! "t to be memb]s ( ! sect1 & yet consort+ & eat+ ) !m freely4 ,holes 7 bor$ 9 ! heads ( "s ( ^! poor wret*es ) awls1 oil 0 !n p\r$ into ! hole & light$4 ,o!r =ms ( torture 7 us$ ab\t :i* "o _c write4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 7 v seldom actually kill$1 b 7 fe>fully ill-treat$1 & sometimes left to die ( />vation4 ,x 0 report$ t 9 "o ( ! villages ,babi *ildr5 di$ )9 full sight ( ! villag]s1 aft] wait+ = days "u ! trees :]e _! murd]$ p>5ts _h left !m4 ,! ,beh muballigh ) :om ,i 0 talk+ 0 c]ta9ly well aw>e1 9 a g5]al way1 ( :at 0 go+ on2 yet ,i c\ld n get him to see t ^! ?+s1 done 9 ! "n ( religion to 8 own sect1 7 9 !mselves wrong1 & t man's eyes _h be5 op5$1 or c\ld be op5$1 to _! ess5tial wrongness4 ,( c\rse he ma9ta9$ t ! action ( ! ,mussulmans 0 evil1 b 8 reason 0 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? p]secut$ 7 spiritually "r1 &1 9 ! second place1 ev5 _h !y n be5 s1 ! la/ book-be>]1 ! ,behu'llah1 _h promulgat$ a ,div9e comm&m5t t !re 0 to be no religi\s p]secution4 ,i !n ask$ him if su* p]secution c\ld aga9 become lawful if ano!r book-be>] appe>$ & promulgat$ a diff]5t comm&m5t4 ,he answ]$ t x 0 impossible = ano!r book-be>] to appe> = a long p]iod4 ,i !n ask$ him if he w\ld accept a new book-be>]1 :o1 besides satisfy+ ! o!r conditions1 exhibit$ a text 9 "o ( ! previ\sly receiv$ ,scriptures1 /at+ t "o day 9 ,god's sight is z a ?\s& ye>s4 ,he repli$ t1 if su* a v]se c\ld be %[n1 & ! o!r conditions 7 satisfi$1 su* a man might be accept$ to-morr[1 ev5 al?\gh he taught a doctr9e simil> to t ( ,mohamm$ ab\t religi\s p]secution & o!r matt]s ( ! same sort4 ,n[ !re are ?ree po9ts to be not$ by ^? :o expect great ?+s ( ! ,beh movem5t4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,behs accept ! :ole ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 include a v]se ( ! k9d above m5tion$4 ,secondly1 !y h already _h ?ree book-be>]s2 ! ,bab1 :o 0 ! orig9al f\nd] ( ! ,babi sects1 & :o n only exhibit$ a ,div9e book1 b also claim$ to be ! resurrection ( ,mohamm$ 9 ! same way t ,mohamm$ 0 ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 ,subhi ,azal1 :om = "s ye>s !y recognis$ z ! ,bab's successor2 & la/ly1 ,behu'llah1 :om ! ,behs n[ hold to be ! only major prophet ( ! ?ree4 ,?irdly1 ! ,behs1 9 attempt+ to prove t ! ,bab 0 a less] prophet & a m]e =]unn] ( ! ,behu'llah1 & also t ,subhi ,azal 0 nev] a really great p]sonage1 h s]i\sly falsifi$ _! records4 ,! read] :o desires fur!r in=mation on ?is subject _c d bett] ?an consult ,pr(essor ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne's admirable introduction to 8 translation ( ! ,trkhi ,jadd4 ,! ,bab1 :o came =w>d r less ?an a c5tury ago1 0 a "y ,%irazi ,p]sian1 a ,seyid ( ! m]*ant class1 ^: real "n 0 ,ali ,mohamm$4 ,! ,%aikhi sect 7 at t "t pr$ict+ ! appe>ance ( a great religi\s lead]1 & ! ,bab came =w>d claim+ to be ?is prophet4 ,he call$ himself ! ,bab1 or ,gate ( ,k1 & 0 at fir/ suppos$ by 8 foll[]s to be ! ,gate ( ,access to ! ,mehdi2 b he seems to h us$ ^! t]ms 9 a v broad & allegorical fa%ion1 & to h held ! doctr9e ( ! ess5tial unity ( all book-be>]s4 ,he lat] decl>$ himself to be ! ,mehdi1 & also to be ! ,gate ( ,access to ,"o ,:om ,god %\ld manife/4 ,! movem5t caus$ a great deal ( fight+ 9 ,p]sia1 & ?\gh ! ,babis 7 act+ on ! def5sive1 !re is v little d\bt t !y _h h>b\r$ political designs4 ,! ,bab1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ,mohamm$ 9 hav+ be51 s f> z we c judge1 prim>ily a religi\s re=m]1 & hav+ done 8 be/ to make ! movem5t z spiritual z possible4 ,8 foll[]s 7 treat$ ) ! mo/ b>b>\s sev]ity1 & he himself 0 aft] a few ye>s put to dea?4 ,be=e ?is he appo9t$ ,subhi ,azal1 "o ( 8 foll[]s1 to be 8 successor1 & = a few ye>s ?is man 0 receiv$ z 8,he ,:om ,god %\ld manife/40 ,lat] on1 ,subhi ,azal's half-bro!r1 ! ,behu'llah1 manag$ to get himself accept$ z head ( ! sect4 ,_m ( ! foll[]s ( ,subhi ,azal 7 assass9at$1 & ! sect 0 re-organis$ ) "s important diff]5ces4 ,x n[ purports to be absolutely non-political1 & ! tea*+ has become m simple & practical4 ,! ,behs are anxi\s to reta9 ! use ( ! ,quran1 s z to pres]ve _! claim to tol]ation1 al?\gh !y imag9e t ! law ( ! ,quran no long] /&s1 its place hav+ be5 tak5 by a lat] revelation4 ,p>tially to avoid inconsi/5cy 9 ?is matt]1 & p>tially to keep be=e ! m9ds ( ! ,mussulmans ! possibility ( "o really div9e book be+ replac$ by ano!r1 !y enc\rage ! read+ ( all ! ,scripture consid]$ div9e by ,mohamm$ans1 t is1 n only ! ,quran1 b also ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bible1 nor d !y g5]ally call ! au!nticity ( ! extant v]sion 9 "q4 ,behism is obvi\sly an attempt to adapt ,islam to ! exig5cies ( mod]n circum/ances1 tak+ advantage ( ! special t5ets ( ! ,%iahs4 ,! ,nor? ( ,p]sia is be+ at pres5t rapidly ov]run by ,russia1 & ev5 9 ! ,s\? ! ,p]sian feels t he is on ! eve ( political *anges4 ,! ,behs consid] t !y h a cre$ :i* enables !m to meet ! =eign] )\t cont9ual j> & (f5ce4 ,9 ?is !y are "r1 = !y d n veil _! wom51 !y d n consid] infidels unclean1 & !y g fur!r ?an does ! broade/ ,%iah 9 ! matt] ( respect to o!r =ms ( fai?4 ,"s or?odox ,%iahs accept ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures z !y /&1 )\t press+ ! /ory t ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians alt]$ _! books to suit _! own purposes4 ,almo/ all ,p]sians are op5 to argum5t on ?is po9t1 ?\gh mo/ w say t to ^? possess$ ( ! ,quran ! p]usal ( =m] ,scriptures is unnecess>y4 ,b ! ,behs hold t1 unless />t$ by a real prophet1 no religion c possibly survive1 & consequ5tly !y all[ to ev5 ! grosse/ =ms ( idolatry a div9e orig91 & ! possession ( a c]ta9 sub/ratum ( tru?4 ,9 ,p]sia !re c nev] h be5 t almo/ imp5etrable wall ( dogmatic ass]tion & self-assurance :i* seems to exi/ 9 _m ,sunni l&s1 b some?+ ( ! k9d is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ,islam4 ,z ! self-satisfaction ( ! ,beh is almo/ z /rong z t ( ! ,sunni1 & inf9itely /rong] ?an t ( ! ,%iah1 x seems a p>adox to say t ,babiism has giv5 u 9 ,p]sia a prep>$ soil = mission>y "w4 ,! fact is t ! field prep>$ is n among/ ! ,babis !mselves1 b among/ ! ,%iahs :o h be5 9 t\* ) ,babis1 & are nev]!less unconv9c$4 ,consequ5tly x is a field :i* _c be expect$ to la/ = ev]1 b ( :i* advantage ought to be tak5 imm$iately1 = x is v seldom t we f9d s exceptional an opportunity giv5 to u = attack+ ,mohamm$anism on its own gr\nd4 ,9 ,yezd ! ,behs h atta*$ to !mselves _m ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ,mussulmans4 ,! tea*+ ( ! sect ab\t behavi\r & practice is n bad1 ?\gh1 9 matt]s connect$ ) wom51 !re is an incl9ation to adopt cu/oms t are r dang]\s consid]+ ! l[ moral atmosph]e4 ,! t5d5cy to m9imise ! miracul\s elem5t 9 religion is n altoge!r :olesome1 & "s pr(ess+ ,babis are incl9$ to a r crude rationalism1 ! end ( :i* x is difficult to =esee4 ,?is t5d5cy is p]haps fo/]$ by ! peculi> mann] ( int]pret+ ! sacr$ books1 a me?od difficult to describe1 z x fluctuates betwe5 ! wilde/ flights ( metaphor1 & ! l[e/ dep?s ( pu]ile lit]alism1 ! balance betwe5 ! two be+ decid$ by a v det]m9$ preconception ( :at ought to be4 ,to give a specim5 ( ?is1 x 0 s]i\sly urg$ 9 a ,beh pamphlet1 review$ & summ>is$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,rice 9 ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 t ,isaiah xxv4 #f-i1 :]e ,god is describ$ z mak+ 8unto all p a fea/ ( fat ?+s1 a fea/ ( w9e on ! lees1 ( fat ?+s full ( m>r[1 ( w9es on ! lees well ref9$10 ref]s to ! ent]ta9+ ( visitors by ,behu'llah dur+ 8 bani%m5t at ,acre4 ,! 8w9es on ! lees well ref9$0 are ! tea1 :i* ,p]sians g5]ally p\r ?r\gh a small /ra9]4 ,! passage also ref]s to ! fact t ,god 8w swall[ up dea? 9 victory10 & w 8wipe away all te>s f (f all faces2 & ! rebuke ( ,8 p %all ,he take away f (f all ! e>?40 ,to ?is "p only a spiritual int]pretation is giv54 ,i tri$ be=e ,i left ,p]sia to f9d out ! impression t ! sect _h made ^u o!r ,europeans1 s z n to give a "o-sid$ op9ion ab\t !m4 ,p]sonally1 ,i came to ! conclusion t1 9 matt]s ev5 remotely connect$ ) religion1 !y 7 less tru?ful ?an ! ord9>y ,%iah1 b t 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life !y 7 a trifle m reliable4 ,"s o!r mission>ies _h a l[] op9ion ( _! tru?fulness1 & mo/ ( ^? :o _h _h bus9ess deal+s ) !m consid]$ t !y 7 n m tru/wor?y ?an ord9>y ,mussulmans4 ,my conclusion is t1 ?\gh !y may succe$ 9 e/abli%+ _! cre$ 9 ,p]sia1 & may ev5 make ! ,p]sians m easy to deal )1 !y w n greatly alt] ! moral "* ( ! p4 ,!y h n done s hi!rto1 & an exam9ation ( _! fai? %[s t !y cl+1 9 ! ma91 to ! ,mussulman !ory ( ! paighamb>i1 or at any rate h n *ang$ x = a doctr9e :i* gives a man m cog5t reasons = adh]+ to an approv$ l9e ( conduct 9 times ( difficulty4 ,! "n giv5 9 ,mohamm$'s sy/em to ! /ate ( ! true believ] is ,islm1 :i* means 8,resignation to ,god40 ,by ?is ! ,mussulman seems to und]/& t he mu/ n criticise ! prophet1 :atev] he may d or tea*1 & t 9 ! same way he mu/ accept ev]y?+ t happ5s z ! w ( ,god4 ,a waiv+ ( p]sonal responsibility1 & an acceptance ( all occurr5ces z ! ,div9e int5tion1 is to ! ,p]sian an und\bt$ virtue4 ,! /eadfa/ pursuit ( a purpose :i* has be5 ?w>t$ w (t5 appe> to him actually vici\s1 al?\gh su* p]si/5cy might be ju/ifi$ 9 8 eyes by its success1 :i* w\ld prove x to h be5 9 h>mony ) ,god's w4 ,! ^w :i* expresses ! duty ( ! believ] be+ ,islam1 or resignation1 ! correspond+ ^w us$ by ! ,mussulman to describe 8 !ory ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts is taqdr1 or pr$e/9ation4 ,!re is1 z ,i h said1 9 ,%iah dogma an attempt to modify ! extreme pr$e/9>ian doctr9es ( ! ,sunni4 ,b ^! doctr9es are s mu* an integral "p ( ,mohamm$anism t x is impossible = ! ,mussulman1 ,%iah or o!rwise1 to be any?+ b a gross fatali/4 ,?is !n completes ! li/ ( names "u :i* ! ess5tial & fundam5tal conceptions ( ,islam are taught1 ,tauhid1 ,paighamb>i1 ,islam1 & ,taqdir4 ,!re are also 9 ,mohamm$anism c]ta9 o!r doctr9es :i* seem to be "p ( ! sy/em1 b :i* are n q s fundam5tal z ^? t h be5 /at$4 ,"s ( ^! are n q pla93 x is v difficult1 = in/ance1 to und]/& :at 0 ,mohamm$'s tea*+ on ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 & !re is great confusion ( ?\ght on ?is po9t among/ 8 foll[]s4 ,c]ta9ly an infidel becom+ a ,mussulman has 8 s9s =giv51 ?\gh he does n expect to receive any peculi> /r5g? = ! future1 b only a direction z to :at ,god wants him to d & to avoid4 ,aft] ?is ! motives ( 8 actions w be khauf u jiz1 t is to say1 ! fe> ( ,hell & ! expectation ( ,heav54 ,he w h to be puni%$ 9 ,hell = 8 s9s accord+ to _! assess$ value1 unless he has previ\sly wip$ !m out1 ei!r by savbs1 t is1 by works ( m]it1 or by rep5tance4 ,rep5tance ( a real k9d is suppos$ to h a c]ta9 value1 ?\gh x is h>d to /ate exactly :at t value is4 ,=mal rep5tance1 :i* does n 9 ! m9d ( ! common ,p]sian necess>ily involve ! giv+ up ( su* fruits ( s9 z /ol5 articles1 has also a c]ta9 value4 ,b ! mo/ effici5t way ( aton+ = s9 is by savabs4 ,f9ally no ,mussulman1 at any rate among ! ,%iahs1 w\ld consid] x ju/ifiable to hold himself free f ! fe> ( ,hell4 ,puni%m5t 9 ,hell accord+ to ! ,mussulman idea is n necess>ily ev]la/+1 = mo/ ( ! ,p]sians believe t1 by ! int]cession ( ,mohamm$1 all 8 p w f9ally get to ,heav54 ,b 9 ,heav5 !re are _m grades1 & ! position ( ! individual w be det]m9$ by ! relative weight ( 8 savabs & s9s4 ,prop]ly1 a savab is a "w ( sup]]ogation consid]$ z possess+ m]it2 b ! ^w is (t5 us$ less exactly = any action :i* w be put to ! acc\nt ( a man z a good de$4 ,i believe t ,p]sian ,mohamm$ans :5 us+ ?is ^w almo/ univ]sally accept ! view t ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 numb] ( approv$ actions makes x less necess>y to adh]e to ! pa? ( duty4 ,also1 to put x crudely1 ! good de$ is n reg>d$ z ! gift ( ,god to man1 b z ! gift ( man to ,god2 & ,i feel conv9c$ t ! ^w is b\nd up ) ! assumption t ,heav5-seek+ or ! fe> ( ,hell are ! only possible motives = "r behavi\r4 ,! ord9>y ,yezdi has no d\bt t a non-,mussulman c d a savab1 especially if he b5efits a ,mussulman2 & ! belief t su* a man if he 0 a ,jew or a ,*ri/ian1 c\ld get to ,heav51 w\ld n be consid]$ v h]etical4#d ,"s ,yezdis might all[ t idolat]s c\ld get to ,heav5 by savabs1 b ?is w\ld be consid]$ a m dang]\s doctr9e4 ,! fact is t !re 0 9 ,mohamm$'s ess5tial tea*+ a v l>ge am\nt ( latitud9>ianism1 & ?is comes out 9 ! common ideas ( ,mussulmans :o are n repress$ by a sy/em su* z t ( ! ,sunnis4 ,! m]it ( an action is decid$ by ! int5tion ( ! do] & n by its result4 ,?is is br\ght out by a native /ory1 fram$ = ! purpose4 8,"o day a travell] came to a well1 :]e he dism\nt$1 fa/5$ 8 animal to a p91 & satisfi$ 8 ?ir/4 ,z he return$ to 8 animal x occurr$ to him t x w\ld be a savab to leave ! p9 beh9d1 = o!r travell]s :o might wi% to te!r _! bea/s4 ,! next to arrive at ! well 0 a man on foot1 :o1 be+ v ?ir/y & 9 a hurry1 fell ov] ! p94 ,?is man ?rew ! p9 d[n ! well1 s z to prev5t any "o else f hav+ a simil> accid5t4 ,a le>n$ man 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 ask$ :i* ( ! two did ! savab1 ! man :o left ! p9 or ! man :o ?rew x away4 ,he answ]$1 #8,bo?1 = _! int5tions 7 equally good4'0 ,t !re is tru? 9 ?is tea*+ is obvi\s1 b ! /ory ignores ! necessity ( tak+ ?\ght & pa9s1 s t "o's impulses may n d m h>m ?an good4 ,?is is always ignor$ 9 ,p]sia1 & ,i ?9k ,i am "r 9 putt+ x d[n to ! tea*+ connect$ ) ! use ( ! ^w4 ,l>ge sums ( money are giv5 = ! poor1 & yet ! alleviation ( pov]ty is v small2 & ! same sort ( ?+ happ5s 9 o!r bran*es ( philan?ropy4 ,! gift once giv51 ! donor loses all int]e/ 9 its be/[al2 funds are squ&]$ on ! mo/ paltry objects1 & ! g5]al effect seems to be t money giv5 9 ?is way becomes money wa/$4 ,*>ity is also mu* vitiat$ 9 ,p]sia by unpractical1 & 9 _m cases sup]/iti\s ideas4 ,to give alms to a ,seyid is a great] savab ?an to help an ord9>y begg>1 s a l>ge proportion ( ! philan?ropy ( ,p]sia goes to support a begg+ class1 :o are 9 e way a burd51 & 9 "s ways a dang] to society4 ,! ,seyids are also m lightly puni%$1 & consid] !mselves outside ! rea* ( ! v small am\nt ( ju/ice t exi/s4 ,aga91 x is m m]itori\s to give on a ,?ursday1 z ! eve ( ! ,friday holiday1 or on ! eve ( a fea/1 ?an on an ord9>y day2 & la/ly1 ! p expect t !y w amass m m]it by giv+ microscopic sums to all com]s ?an by giv+ m effective assi/ance to a limit$ numb]4 ,z ,i h said1 ! doctr9e connect$ ) savabs ackn[l$ges only two motives ( action1 ! fe> ( puni%m5t & ! expectation ( rew>d1 & x is n all[$ t any o!r motive c possibly exi/4 ,p]sian wom5 are v inquisitive1 & "o day "s ( !m 7 que/ion+ ! ladies ( ! ,yezd mission z to :at !y ate = breakfa/4 ,:5 x transpir$ t ! o!rs ate eggs & "o did n1 ! rem>k 0 imm$iately made1 8,y see %e is try+ to get a high] place 9 ,heav540 ,at ano!r "t :5 my wife 0 try+ to expla9 to "s wom5 t we d n look to works ( m]it to secure salvation1 %e 0 met by ! answ]1 8,b ! ,hakm ,khnum 7lady doctor7 does2 or :y %\ld %e h tak5 all t tr\ble ab\t ! ,seyid's wife :5 %e 0 ill80 ,%iahs (t5 consid] t by lett+ o!rs d a savab = !m !y conf] a fav\r great] ?an !y !mselves receive4 ,"o might imag9e t ?is w\ld only apply to b5efactors :o agre$ ) _! religi\s notions2 b ev5 if y c conv9ce a ,%iah t y d n believe 9 ! possibility ( w9n+ ,heav5 by savabs1 he w reply1 v logically1 t y\r want ( fai? does n prev5t ! fact be+ true1 & t x is absurd to expect him to be grateful because ( y\r unbelief 9 facts4 ,i rememb] try+ to make a v badly-behav$ y\ng/]1 :o 0 9 ! s*ool "u my *>ge1 see t we _h "s reason to expect m gratitude f him1 z we _h really tak5 great tr\ble ) him1 & ,*ri/ians did n ?9k x necess>y to d su* ?+s = ! sake ( _! future welf>e4 ,8 answ] 0 t if we did n consid] t savabs 7 necess>y ,mussulmans did4 ,savabs are n necess>ily good actions1 b almo/ all actions :i* are directly k9d are includ$ 9 ! t]m4 ,s al?\gh ! doctr9e connect$ ) savabs is n 9 e way a good ?+1 x /ill has a c]ta9 value4 ,( c\rse x is true t m5 :o are anxi\s to d big savabs 9 ord] to wipe (f ! s9s ( v evil lives g5]ally *oose non-e?ical ones4 ,dur+ ! late ,babi massacre a soldi] f\nd a ,yezdi :o 0 dragg+ ab\t ano!r man1 & try+ to make out :e!r he 0 really a ,beh4 8,y see10 he said1 8,i h be5 a wick$ man all my life1 & h nev] said my pray]s or done any o!r savabs1 s1 unless ,i c d a big savab1 ,i %all c]ta9ly g to ,hell4 ,if ?is man is a ,babi1 ,i mu/n't let him g1 = if ,i kill an infidel ( c\rse ,i %all g /raight to ,heav540 ,nev]!less ! ord9>y savab is a k9d action1 & 9 ! idea ( _! efficacy we get some?+ almo/ correspond+ to a moral pr9ciple4 ,sometimes inde$ ! ,p]sian's conception ( a "w ( m]it t5ds to correct & *eck ! worse comm&m5ts ( 8 code4 ,= in/ance1 al?\gh ! kill+ ( a ,babi z an infidel may be consid]$ a savab1 ! sav+ ( a life1 ev5 if x is ! life ( ! same ,babi1 may also be held a m]itori\s act ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,t ! ,p]sian's notions z to :at con/itutes an act ( m]it are a sav+ clause 9 8 religion ,i h no d\bt at all4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n q c]ta9 :e!r ?is sav+ clause prop]ly belongs to ,mohamm$anism1 = x be>s on ! face ( x a family lik5ess to ! doctr9es ( sup]ior sy/ems1 & x w n q fit into ! sy/em ( ,islam4 ,! re/ ( ! ,%iah ideas ab\t ,heav51 ,hell1 ! efficacy ( savabs1 & rep5tance1 seem to be really ,mussulman1 ?\gh ev]y?+ is n q coh]5t4 ,p]haps ! fact is t 9 ^! po9ts ,mohamm$ 0 an opportuni/1 & taught any doctr9e :i* he ?\ght w\ld make p ob$i5t to 8 law4 ,he 0 c>eful n to expect too mu*1 &1 :ile keep+ 8 foll[]s z long z possible 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty z to _! salvation1 he tri$ nev] to %ut ! door on hope4 ,s x is que/ionable :e!r ei!r ! tea*+ ( ! ,quran1 or ! ideas ( ! ,p]sians on ^! subjects1 c\ld possibly be pres5t$ 9 a q consi/5t =m4 ,i h tri$ to enum]ate 9 ?is *apt] j ^? doctr9es :i* =m ! orig9al philosophy or !ology ^u :i* ev]y?+ 9 ,islam re/s1 & to %[ t n only does ! ord9>y ,%iah ,yezdi accept !m 9 toto1 b t1 ) ! "o small exception t has be5 /at$1 all 8 fundam5tal beliefs are to be f\nd 9 ?is category4 ,( c\rse ^! ideas are a mu* m s]i\s "p ( a religion ?an is a code ( comm&m5ts t is n believ$ to be p]man5t4 ,inde$ x is q possible t great] laxity 9 ! obs]vance ( su* a code may be due to a ju/] appreciation ( ! notions ) :i* x 0 promulgat$4 ,to say t ,p]sia has n be5 greatly influ5c$ by ,mohamm$anism because ! ,p]sians get drunk 9 _! h\ses1 is %all[ criticism4 ,x is /ill %all[] to imag9e t ! fact t "s ( ! ,%iah ord9ances are 9 !mselves lax] ?an ! ,sunni makes x pla9 t ,p]sians are less ,mussulman ?an ,turks & ,indians4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,%iahs h a cu/om ( tempor>y m>riages1 accord+ to :i* x is lawful = a man1 besides ! f\r regul> wives all[$ by ,islam1 to h z _m inf]ior wives z he likes1 contract+ ^! m>riages = any l5g? ( "t he pleases1 f a few days upw>ds4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a legal fiction by :i* ^! wom5 are suppos$ to be l[]$ to ! rank ( slaves1 :i* ought to entirely remove ! ,sunni objection2 =1 unless x c be prov$ t ! tempor>y own]%ip ( a slave is impossible1 x is v difficult to und]/& :y ?is evasion %\ld n be consid]$ q legitimate accord+ to ! und\bt$ pr9ciples ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,t !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( latitud9>ianism 9 ,%iah ,islam is indisputable1 b s !re is 9 ! :ole ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+ & practice4 ,z a matt] ( fact 8 attitude t[>ds ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & ev5 t[>ds ! idolat]s1 0 l>gely opportuni/4 ,at "o "t he made leagues ) ! ,jews1 promis+ t !y %\ld n be di/urb$ 9 _! religion2 at o!r times he pick$ qu>rels ) !m1 & put e "o :o w\ld n accept ,islam to ! sword4 ,?is latitud9>ianism has f\nd its way into ! ,quran itself1 :]e a v]se is to be f\nd tell+ ,mohamm$ans t !y may eat ! food ( 8! p ( ! book10 t is1 ( ! p hold+ religions ^: orig9 he recognis$ z div9e4 ,! /rict ,%iahs 9 ,yezd int]pret ?is z mean+ dry food4 ,!y make a great di/9ction betwe5 wet & dry2 only a few ye>s ago x 0 dang]\s = an ,arm5ian ,*ri/ian to leave 8 suburb & g into ! baza>s 9 ,isfahan on a wet day4 8,a wet dog is worse ?an a dry dog40 ,nev]!less1 !re are great diff]5ces ( op9ion on ?is po9t1 & mo/ non-cl]ical ,%iahs w\ld take tea at any ,european's h\se4 ,!re 0 a ,%iah woman :o us$ to freely take tea at ! h\se ( a ,*ri/ian lady1 ! lady h]self mak+ x & p\r+ x out1 b %e refus$ to use ! tea-glasses us$ 9 ! same h\se by ,babi wom54 ,ano!r ,%iah l5t a donkey = a ,*ri/ian lady1 b told h] t he c\ld n use x aga9 if %e all[$ h] ,p>si nurse to ride ^u x4 ,& yet x is m easy to get ! ,mussulmans to eat food ) ! ,p>sis ?an ) ! ,jews1 ^: religion ranks high] ?an ,zoroa/rianism 9 ! popul> reg>d1 ?\gh !y !mselves are specially despis$ by ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,?is curi\s mixture ( bread? & bigotry is only explicable on ! assumption t ! ,%iah's ma9 ideal is exactly t opportuni/ position :i* 0 tak5 up by ,mohamm$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,p]haps we ought n to leave ?is subject )\t discuss+ r m fully ! ass]tion :i* has be5 made ab\t ! ,p]sian ,%iahs1 t !y h *ang$ ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god = a loose pan!ism1 & h de?ron$ ! ,quran = ! utt]ance ( ,sufi poets4 ,t ! ,p]sians z a race h an extreme v5]ation = ,sufi poetry1 :i* conta9s expressions ( que/ionable or?odoxy1 _c well be call$ 9 "q2 b be=e discuss+ ! m s]i\s "p ( ! allegation1 x is necess>y to ?or\ghly und]/& ab\t :om x is /at$2 = !re are small ,%iah sects1 ( :om x is q true t !y are only half ,mussulman1 b ^! are v diff]5t f ! sect :i* is at pres5t pr$om9ant 9 ,p]sia1 & :i* 9 ,yezd at any rate does n appe> to lack v5]ation = ! ,quran4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be grant$1 & t is1 t all ,p]sian ,mussulmans1 or?odox or o!rwise1 are (t5 l$ to express acquiesc5ce 9 a /atem5t :i* appe>s to be 9 itself correct1 h[ev] oppos$ x may be to ! g5]al t5or ( _! o!r beliefs4 ,! fact is t !y d n easily see a contradiction1 & ?is has made x possible = ! ,%iah to accept poetry :i* he w\ld o!rwise h absolutely reject$4 ,i d n myself "k a s+le ,*ri/ian doctr9e to :i* ,i c\ld n get mo/ ,%iahs to agree1 if ,i 0 c>eful to /ate x 9 language ) :i* !y 7 famili>1 & n to dwell on its div]g5ce f ! ,mussulman idea4 ,b doctr9es s all[$ to pass1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,sufi1 w\ld h no /r5g? aga9/ ! sy/em ( ,islam1 :i* mo/ ,yezdis h grasp$ z an integral :ole4 ,! g5]al plan ( ,mussulman doctr9e1 con/ruct$ z x 0 = inhabitants ( a des]t1 is peculi>ly compreh5sible to p l ! ,yezdis1 :o are accu/om$ to isolat$ objects & ideas1 & are sl[ at grasp+ a too elaborately connect$ argum5t4 ,= ! sy/em ( ,islam is n elaborately connect$3 t !re is a g5]al consi/5cy 9 x1 is true1 b ! consi/5cy is l t ( a c]ta9 h\sewife's acc\nts1 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( items 7 ent]$ "u ! head+ ( 8=gets40 ,! acc\nts 7 true & accurate1 b !y 7 n highly in/ructive4 ,simil>ly 9 ,islam a l>ge v>iety ( comm&m5ts h be5 labell$1 8comm&m5ts = ! age ( ,moses10 or 8comm&m5ts = ! age ( ,mohamm$10 & ! doctr9e ( ! paighamb>i is s =mulat$ z to make fur!r sy/ematisation unnecess>y4 ,?is be+ a s*eme ( arrangem5t :i* a ,p]sian c und]/&1 x has laid hold ( 8 m9d to a peculi> degree4 ,phrases & expressions t are oppos$ to x1 he w (t5 accept1 b _! influ5ce on 8 behavi\r is exce$+ly small4 ,! ?+ :i* dom9ates him1 & w1 unless explicitly resi/$ & combat$1 always cont9ue to dom9ate him1 is ,islam & ,islam alone4 ,be=e go+ on to discuss 9 ano!r *apt] "s o!r important aspects ( ! ,yezdi's religion1 x w be well to consid] h[ ! :ole ,mussulman !ory has affect$ 8 "*4 ,fir/ ( all1 x has made him ev5 m dispos$ to unconnect$ & disjunctive views ( life ?an he w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,?is becomes pla9 :5 we comp>e him ) 8 fell[-t[nsm5 :o h be5 9 t\* ) o!r religions4 ,secondly1 we f9d t he possesses a v l[ view ( ! value ( morality1 :i* 9 ,mohamm$anism has no unique place1 b is only "o ( ! ways ( atta9+ salvation4 ,ano!r way is ?r\gh accuracy ( religi\s obs]vance1 &1 :5 a ,p]sian takes to ?is1 he g5]ally ab&ons any attempt to live /raight4 ,resid5ts 9 ! c\ntry are well aw>e ( ?is1 & are ju/ly incl9$ to di/ru/ a man :o is v p>ticul> ab\t 8 pray]s & c]emonial duties4 ,i mu/ ask ! read] to p>don me if ,i h said 9 ?is *apt] any?+ :i* appe>s disrespectful to ,mohamm$anism4 ,9 try+ to record facts & to correctly weigh impressions1 "o _c avoid frankly /at+ :at has be5 =cibly br\ght be=e bo? m9d & eyes1 ev5 ?\gh ! ?+s /at$ may n be exactly :at !y are expect$ to be4 ,! fact is t ,islam has ru9$ ,p]sia2 & x is n fair to ! real "* ( ! p to und]rate ! effect t ?is religion has produc$ on !m4 ,z to ,mohamm$1 ,i believe t ,i h /at$ no?+ ab\t him :i* is n a matt] ( common k4 ,d\btless ! au?or :o />ts ) ! det]m9ation to write an int]e/+ & sympa!tic book1 w be able1 by select+ 8 incid5ts1 to convey a m fav\rable impression1 j z a crim9al lawy] may be able to f9d mu* 9 fav\r ( ev5 a guilty cli5t2 b ! hi/orical critic :o />ts on ! exam9ation ( ,mohamm$'s hi/ory )\t any pre-judgm5t mu/ necess>ily f9d x difficult n to come to a v unfav\rable conclusion4 ,! ,arabian prophet head$ a mono!i/ic movem5t :i* _h />t$ )\t him1 & :i* w\ld h probably succe$$ to a v l>ge ext5t :e!r he _h t\*$ x or n1 & to ?is movem5t he did a great deal ( damage )\t mak+ any s]i\s e?ical contribution4 ,x may be readily admitt$ t ,mohamm$ 0 an attractive p]son1 & t he possess$ o!r great gifts1 "o ( :i* 0 unusual eloqu5ce4 ,he seems to h be5 an en?usia/ :o 9 8 wor/ mom5ts absolutely believ$ 9 himself & 9 8 mission1 & !re is no d\bt t he drew into 8 company1 bo? by p]suasion & viol5ce1 m5 :o might h look$ askance at a m spiritual lead]4 ,b ^? :o want to "k :at ,islam does = a p :o accept x _h bett] comp>e ! ,yezdi ,mussulman ) ! ,yezdi ,p>si4 ,! ,p>sis h a curi\s & int]e/+ religion1 ! ma9 po9t ( :i* seems to be ! belief t ,god has creat$ all ?+s ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & t ,he !re=e expects f all ,8 creatures a rev]5tial & sympa!tic treatm5t ( "o ano!r4 ,! religion is ,gospelless1 x is coat$ ov] ) gross sup]/itions1 & x has ! v great defect ( be+ s elem5t>y 9 its tea*+ t !re is a /rong t5d5cy among/ its pr(essors to d5y revelation altoge!r1 & to become simply rationali/s4 ,= all ?is ! ,zoroa/rian ,p>si possesses1 z a rule1 a /rong moral "*1 :i*1 :5 he becomes a ,mohamm$an1 is almo/ always lo/ 9 a few g5]ations4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,beh movem5t is j n[ attract+ a l>ge numb] ( ,zoroa/rians1 & is becom+ a s]i\s dang]2 = ! ,beh1 :atev] he may say to ! contr>y1 is really a ,mussulman1 & 8 sy/em1 9 :i* opportunism takes ! place ( ! doctr9e ( ! gr[? ( ! moral law1 reta9s mo/ ( ! m s]i\s defects ( ,islam4 ,h[ev]1 z ! majority ( ! ,yezdi ,p>sis are n likely to become ,behs1 x is a matt] = congratulation t any ,european p[] t may h to solve ! problem ( e/abli%+ good gov]nm5t 9 ,s\!rn ,p]sia w f9d ready to h& a consid]able community ( ?is intellig5t & int]e/+ p 9 at lea/ "o ( ! ,p]sian t[ns4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,results ( ,islam--,untru?fulness--,sup]/itions--,p ilgrimages-- ,div9+--,j9s & dvs--,! evil eye--,trivial comm&m5ts--,ent]ta9m5ts--,islam includes r ?an controls ! life--,two purposes bett] ?an "o--,c]emonial uncleanness4 ,x is n[ necess>y = u to t\* on "s aspects ( ,mohamm$anism 9 ,yezd ) :i* x 0 impossible to deal fully :ile sket*+ ! ess5tial sy/em4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we 7 prim>ily deal+ ) ! religi\s ideas t _h be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! c\ntry z influ5ces1 b 9 ?is *apt] we %all speak r m ( _! results4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i %\ld l to give two /ories4 ,i give ! two1 because "o is ! acc\nt ( a conv]sation :i* ,i _h ) a man :o 0 n an or?odox ,%iah2 &1 al?\gh ,i fancy ,i h he>d simil> rem>ks made by m5 ^: or?odoxy 0 unimpea*able1 x is well to be on ! safe side4 ,i _h be5 *all5g$ to give my reasons = pref]r+ ,*ri/ianity to ,mohamm$anism1 & 9 reply ,i gave an acc\nt ( a conv]sation ,i _h _h ) ano!r ,mohamm$an only a day or two be=e4 ,i _h be5 try+ to %[ him t ly+ 0 a s91 & he _h repli$ to me3 8,x's all v well = ,f]angis to say t2 b ! fact is t !y c't tell lies1 & we c40 ,i quot$ ?is /ory simply z br++ out v =cibly a common ,p]sian idea1 = ,p]sians tru/ ,f]angis implicitly1 n because !y respect !m1 b because !y believe !y h a con/itutional difficulty 9 tell+ lies4 ,hav+ quot$ x1 ,i w5t on to say t z we all ackn[l$g$ 9 !ory t tru?-tell+ 0 "r1 x 0 reasonable to inf] t a religion :i* _h produc$ a m5tal con/itution suppos$ to be incapable ( falsehood1 0 bett] ?an a religion :i* _h produc$ ! exact contr>y4 ,! answ] ( ! ,mohamm$an 0 t tru?-speak+ & hone/y _h no?+ to d ) religion1 b 7 purely a matt] ( climate4 8,9 t case10 ,i said1 8! p ( ,p]sia ought to speak ! tru? v well1 = "o ( ! ,greek hi/orians :o liv$ be=e ! ,mohamm$an era decl>$ t ! ,p]sians 7 fam\s = speak+ ! tru?40 8,b :o does n "k10 said ! ,mohamm$an1 8t ! climate ( a c\ntry *anges entirely e two ?\s& ye>s80 ,at ano!r "t a ,mohamm$an ( und\bt$ or?odoxy 0 answ]+ a simil> position1 only he 0 try+ to expla9 away n only ! diff]5ce 9 hone/y1 b also 9 o!r matt]s4 ,he said3 8,^! facts _c be d5i$1 b !y prove ! tru? ( ,islam1 & n its falsity4 ,if y f9d t ?ieves h brok5 ! doors & w9d[s ( a h\se1 d y n conclude t !re is some?+ wor? /eal+ inside80 ,i h reason to believe t ?is is a well-kn[n retort1 = o!r ,europeans 9 o!r p>ts ( ,p]sia h be5 met by x4 ,x is !re=e well wor? exam9ation4 ,i myself f9d 9 x two assumptions :i* seem to me to be peculi> features ( ,islam4 ,fir/ !re is ! assumption t ! possession ( ! treasure gives no safety to ! doors & w9d[s3 t is to say t ! possession ( true religion does n 9 any way assi/ ! keep+ ( ,god's comm&m5ts4 ,! fact is t ,mohamm$'s comm&m5t is n expect$ to be a s\rce ( spiritual /r5g?1 b only a set ( ord]s4 ,!n !re is ! equally un-,*ri/ian assumption t ! keep+ ( ! moral comm&m5ts ( ,god is 9 no s5se ! treasure1 b some?+ entirely extrane\s to x1 :i* is n ess5tial to ! /ate ( ! treasure-hold]4 ,^! two assumptions are to be f\nd runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,p]sian ,islam1 & produc+ ! mo/ extraord9>y results4 ,v few ,mohamm$ans w hesitate to ackn[l$ge ! l[ /ate ( ,mussulman morality z oppos$ to t ( ! ,arm5ians1 or ev5 ( ! ,p>sis1 :om !y reg>d z little bett] ?an idolat]s4 ,if a ,mussulman ( ! tea*] class has any?+ to ga9 by confess+ or mak+ x pla9 to an infidel t he has be5 guilty ( gross s91 he w n consid] t he has 9 ! lea/ =feit$ 8 claim to a sup]ior position by do+ s4 ,( c\rse be+ non-e?ical ! religion becomes sup]/iti\s4 ,! ,mohamm$an consid]s t !re is no kn[n pr9ciple by :i* ! comm&s ( ! ,deity c be connect$ & und]/ood1 consequ5tly he admits actions 9 8 religi\s code :i* we %\ld reg>d z ridicul\s4 ,! :ole !ory ( ,mussulman pilgrimages is absurd1 & ! practice is ev5 m s4 ,:at c be m intr9sically fooli%1 z well z he>tless & cruel1 ?an ! cu/om ( s5d+ (f ! old wom51 :5 !y are pa/ "w1 to "s holy %r9e1 "u ! impression t1 if !y die on ! v difficult j\rney1 z 9 a c]ta9 class ( cases !y g5]ally d1 !y w g /raight to ,heav58 ,x is r a gha/ly cu/om to s5d va/ quantities ( bodies = int]m5t 9 ! exce$+ly inadequate space at ,qum1 ov] a c\ntry :]e !re is no vehicul> transport4 ,b ! natural dem& = a m easy set ( roads to ,heav5 has caus$ a multiplication ( su* practices z ^! f> beyond any?+ t 0 orig9ally taught 9 ! mosques4 ,?+s h gone s f> 9 ?is respect1 t ! mo/ popul> edition ( ! ,quran 9 ,p]sia is a v m9ute r\nd "o 9 two p>ts1 absolutely illegible1 & only suitable = we>+ 9 a sewn-up case4 ,z 9 mo/ sup]/iti\s c\ntries1 we f9d a numb] ( sup]/itions connect$ ) div9+2 & ^! are l>gely sanction$ by ! mullas1 :o w div9e ) ! ,quran 9 a mosque = a fee4 ,! common] =m ( div9+ is ) a ros>y1 r on ! plan ( 8,two1 f\r1 six1 eight1 ,m>y at ! cottage gate40 ,p]sians use ?is to an ext5t t is h>dly believable4 ,!y w consult ! beads z to :e!r to s5d = ! doctor1 & aga91 aft] he has come1 to see :e!r !y %\ld buy ! m$ic9e he prescribes1 & f9ally1 aft] buy+ x1 !y consult !m once m be=e decid+ :e!r ! pati5t %all take a dose4 ,at ! same "t x is q p]missible to 8call ?rees40 ,a woman ) rag+ too?a*e got p]mission f ! beads to s5d = a ,european lady to extract ! too?1 b on tak+ ! beads = ! extraction aft] h] arrival !y 7 unfav\rable1 s arrangem5ts 7 at once made = div9+ ) ! ,quran at a mosque1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse ov]rule any result ) ! beads4 ,a ,p]sian w consid] himself q ju/ifi$ 9 break+ a bus9ess engagem5t if ! beads tell him he _h bett] avoid ! int]view2 inde$ v (t5 he w n s mu* z fix a date = ! paym5t ( a bill be=e he has consult$ 8 almanac1 & discov]$ :i* are ! lucky & :i* are ! unlucky days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corpses ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,qum ,,cemet]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s&y ,,des]t ,,ne> ,,yezd4 ,! va/ empty des]ts :i* surr\nd ,yezd1 & ! huge m\nta9 ridges :i* =m ! horizon are to ! ,yezdi by no means empty4 ,x is an axiom ( sci5ce t ,nature abhors a vacuum1 & x is a correspond+ psy*ological law t ! human imag9ation _c tol]ate absolute empt9ess4 ,s ! ,yezdi1 l ! ,arabian1 peoples 8 des]ts ) j9s & dvs & devils1 & :]ev] !re is a space n fill$ 9 he imag9es /range =ms ( animal life4 ,at ! risk ( be+ consid]$ sup]/iti\s myself ,i mu/ own t ,i %\ld l to see "s ( ! travell]s' tales ( ,p]sia m c>efully inve/igat$1 p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to ! exi/5ce ( v l>ge liz>ds :i* are dang]\s to human life4 ,"o is famili> ) ! def5ces t are be+ con/antly br\ght =w>d = ! fable ( ! sea-s]p5t2 h[ t ! sea is aft] all an almo/ unkn[n wa/e1 only cross$ 9 a v few places by well e/abli%$ wat]-roads t c be mo/ easily avoid$2 & al?\gh ! des]t _c be said to af=d z mu* cov] z ! ocean1 = x is n possible to plunge bel[ ! surface at any po9t at any "t1 /ill its va/ expanses are almo/ z untrav]s$ & unkn[n z ! ocean wa/es1 & !re are n a few places1 especially 9 ! m\nta9s1 honeycomb$ ) caves & clefts4 ,?is h[ev] is a digression4 ,9 su* a c\ntry z ,i h describ$1 ) its va/ & b>r5 solitudes1 x w\ld be difficult = a p to exi/ & ma9ta9 _! reason1 if !y did n believe 9 some?+ correspond+ to ! j9s & divs4 ,consequ5tly we f9d j9s 9 ! keyholes1 j9s 9 ! qan'ats1 divs 9 ! m\nta9s1 divs 9 ! rocks1 any:]e1 ev]y:]e1 a va/ population fill+ up ! huge int]/ices left by ,nature4 ,mo/ ( ?is population is malevol5t2 s naturally ! ord9>y ,p]sian is a mass ( *>ms3 nobody goes ab\t )\t cold iron 9 8 pocket1 & a l>ge numb] ( p we> ei!r ! sacr$ book 9 its entirety1 or l>ge portions ( x some:]e ab\t _! p]son4 ,also !y are t]ribly afraid ( ! evil eye2 & numb]s ( _! *>ms1 especially = ! *ildr51 are direct$ aga9/ x4 ,x is n t !y ?9k ! evil eye common3 any ,p]sian w tell y t v few p h x1 b !y all "k ( at lea/ "o case1 & !y are t]ribly afraid ( x1 sometimes refus+ to admit /rang]s to _! h\se until !y are satisfi$ !y h n got x4 ,if a "m sees a dead body be=e ! bir? ( h] *ild1 !n1 unless %e takes ! precaution ( plac+ "s salt on ! corpse1 & aft]w>ds putt+ a little ( x 9 ! *ild's eye1 h] *ild w inevitably h ! evil eye1 & ev]y?+ t is pleas+ to its eye w be curs$4 ,! evil eye is likely to kill *ildr5 ( t5d] ye>s1 s v "y *ildr5 are always hidd5 "u ! *d> :5 c>ri$ 9 ! /reet4 ,^! sup]/itions are exce$+ly g5]al1 & sometimes co-exi/ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( intellig5ce & education4 ,i rememb] a man :o _h obvi\sly be5 9 t\* ) "s ( ! ,p]sian my/ics1 & 0 q capable ( discuss+ & m or less und]/&+ complicat$ ideas1 tell+ me t he consid]$ t ! silkworm own]s 9 ! ,yezd di/rict 7 exce$+ly wise 9 refus+ to admit /rang]s to see ! worms4 ,he expla9$ to me t !y 7 creatures ( su* extreme h>mlessness & guilelessness t !y 7 peculi>ly susceptible to malevol5t influ5ces f ! outside _w4 ,sup]/itions ( ?is k9d w be f\nd 9 all c\ntries1 & 9 mo/ l&s !re are 9 addition sup]/itions t seem to be m intimately connect$ ) ! religion4 ,! nature ( ! c\ntry fo/]s ! t5d5cy 9 ,p]sia1 & ! ,p>sis are ne>ly z sup]/iti\s z ! ,mussulmans4 ,b 9 ,mohamm$anism ! peculi> difficulty is t !re is no?+ to guide a man 9 sep>at+ ! sup]/iti\s practices f any connect$ ) a c5tral true idea4 ,! :ole religion is a m$ley ( trivialities4 ,! hi/ory ( ,mohamm$ & 8 e>ly admiration = ! ,jews1 ) :om he mu/ h be5 con/antly 9 t\*1 expla9s ?is4 ,he saw ! result ( _! c]emonial law & _! national religi\s cu/oms1 b9d+ !m toge!r & mak+ !m a peculi> p 9 e action ( _! h\sehold life2 b ( ! p>abolic significance ( ?is law1 ( ! doctr9al sy/em :i* gov]n$ x1 he saw & 0 taught v little or no?+4 ,nor did he want x3 he want$ simply ! political result1 & 9 gett+ ?is he 0 em95tly successful4 ,he copi$ ! sy/em1 b he gave to ,islam a maximum ( ord9ances conta9+ a m9imum ( tea*+4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! m9uti w5t on accumulat+1 until ev]y?+ 9 ! life ( a ,mussulman took a religi\s col\r4 ,9 ,p]sia ! v dress is suppos$ to be m or less modell$ on t worn by ! prophet4 ,! p n only kill _! animals & eat _! food accord+ to ! precepts ( ! ,quran1 b rely+ on _! v ext5sive traditions !y foll[ a prescrib$ religi\s practice 9 attitude & language4 ,%iahs are p>ticul>ly scrupul\s ab\t c]ta9 ( _! wa%+s1 & ?9k almo/ z mu* ab\t !m z !y d ab\t ! regul>ity ( _! pray]s4 8,if ,i become a ,*ri/ian1 :5 & h[ am ,i to wa% myself80 ,?is is "o ( ! commone/ que/ions = an enquir] to put to a mission>y4 ,ano!r v common "o is1 8,h[ am ,i to dress80 ,! ,mussulman h>dly und]/&s y if y tell him t su* po9ts are left to ! individual judgm5t4 ,i rememb] a ,p]sian try+ to prove to me t ,i c\ld n possibly consid] all meats lawful & c]emonially clean1 or ,i %\ld eat cat4 ,x is v difficult to expla9 to ! ,yezdi t ! dr9k+ ( w9e at meals is n a necess>y ,*ri/ian in/itution1 & = ?is reason ! consid]ation ( ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ ,*ri/ian lib]ty is 9 ,p]sia r an argum5t = total ab/95ce ?an aga9/ x4 ,9 ,yezd we are cont9ually be+ ask$ :e!r ! commone/ peculi>ities ( ,european cu/om1 su* z eat+ ) a knife & =k1 7 orda9$ by ,*ri/4 ,9 "o h\se !y _h to make away ) "s kitt5s1 & ! s]vant 0 direct$ to dig a hole 9 ! comp\nd = _! reception4 ,:ile he 0 do+ s he ask$ 8 mi/ress1 8,did y\r prophet direct y to bury kitt5s80 ,b ! extreme po9t ( triviality 0 rea*$ by a man :o _h seem$ a mo/ intellig5t enquir]1 & _h ask$ me to expla9 ! ess5tial po9ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* he li/5$ mo/ att5tively1 appe>+ to weigh !m 9 8 m9d4 ,:5 ,i _h f9i%$1 he paus$ to consid] ! :ole position3 8,sahib10 he said v sl[ly1 8man mas'ala dram40--8,sir1 ,i h a religi\s "q to br+ be=e y40 ,i said1 8,bif>myd40--8,please proce$40 8y ,mash10 he said v delib]ately1 8vz i str hall dni/80--8,did ,*ri/ consid] humm+ lawful80 ,i reassur$ him on ! po9t1 & tri$ to expla9 ! spiritual nature ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,i !n left ! room to get a book1 &1 :5 ,i came back1 he 0 humm+ to himself cont5t$ly4 ,religion also provides ! ,yezdi ) 8 ent]ta9m5ts & excitem5ts2 ! place ( ! !atre is tak5 by ! ,muh>ram miracle play1 & t ( ! ord9>y conc]t by ! rza khn or religi\s recitation1 :ile ev5 /reet riot+ is g5]ally connect$ ) ! p]secution ( p :o d n agree ) ! religi\s op9ions ( ! riot]s4 ,all ?is s]ves to /r5g!n ! atta*m5t ( ! common p to ! religi\s sy/em1 :i* /&s to !m 9 ! place ( c\ntry1 /&>d ( etiquette1 habits ( life & code ( cleanl9ess4 ,z a matt] ( fact religion is n q ! "r t]m = ! ,mohamm$an sy/em1 = religion means re/ra9t1 & ! object ( almo/ all ( ! o!r sy/ems call$ religions has be5 to pres5t a pr$om9ant idea :i* is to gov]n & re/ra9 all o!r ideas & aspects ( life4 ,9 ,mohamm$anism !re is ! pr$om9ant idea ( ! tauhid & paighamb>i1 b ?is conception m resembles ! c5tral doctr9e ( a philosophy ?an ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( a religion4 ,to put x 9 o!r words1 ,mohamm$ s\ght by 8 !ological tea*+ r to include ev]y?+ ?an to control ev]y?+4 ,consequ5tly ! ,mussulman1 :o reflects ! _s ( 8 ma/] mu* m ?an is g5]ally all[$1 is nev] satisfi$ ) himself unless he is us+ religi\s language4 ,:at he does matt]s comp>atively little1 b ! way 9 :i* he reg>ds 8 action matt]s a great deal4 ,if he =gets to m5tion ,god's "n1 he corrects himself2 b to 8 m9d !re is little or no blasphemy 9 connect+ ,god's "n ) any action ( life1 important or trivial1 good or bad4 ,! result ( ?is is t ^? :o are accu/om$ to religions possess+ m influ5ce ov] moral action are amaz$ at ! religiosity ( ! ,mohamm$an3 b al?\gh ?is religiosity is a fact1 ! :ole wond] ( x ceases :5 ! religion is c>efully exam9$4 ,o!rs are equally a/\nd$ at :at !y consid] ! hypocrisy ( ! ,mussulman2 b ?is also is a misnom]3 a ,mussulman is n hypocritical3 r he has tak5 up a position t[>ds affairs :i* r5d]s hypocrisy unnecess>y4 ,9 ,p]sia1 at any rate1 !re is a fur!r mi/ake :i* ought to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,islam is n m]e worldl9ess sanctifi$ by ! use ( religi\s t]ms3 x includes a great deal ( unworldly ?\ght1 al?\gh x comb9es all consid]ations1 worldly or unworldly1 ) little if any di/9ction4 ,/ill x mu/ be own$ t ! worldly consid]ations are apt to pr$om9ate1 = ! ,p]sian ,%iah seems to be a reflection ( ,mohamm$1 :o sugge/$ t pilgrimages %\ld be us$ = purposes ( trade1 invit$ p to become ,mussulmans = political reasons1 & n only w9k$ at ! mak+ ( conv]ts by ?reats & t]rorism1 b laid ?is d[n z "o ( ! ess5tial means = spread+ ! religion4 ,x is n suffici5t to call su* a sy/em politico-religi\s1 = x n only includes matt]s ( public exp$i5cy 9 ! religi\s idea1 b x also sanctifies consid]ations ( exp$i5cy t are purely p]sonal4 ,yet !re is "o ?+ t ! mission>y 9 su* a l& z ,p]sia _c too fully realise2 & t is t he is deal+ ) p :o are n 9 ! lea/ a%am$ ( d\bl5ess ( motive4 ,9 _! view1 two purposes are bett] ?an "o2 & :5 x has be5 prov$ t _! purposes are worldly1 x has /ill to be consid]$ :e!r !re is n an unworldly purpose z well4 ,m5 frequ5tly come to enquire ab\t ,*ri/ianity1 drawn by :at seems to u a /range mixture ( motives4 ,!y naturally en\gh put _! m spiritual purposes fir/1 = !y realise t ^! are mo/ appreciat$ by ^? to :om !y talk1 & !y also consid] t ?+s l ?is ought to h a !oretical priority4 ,temporal ne$s are1 h[ev]1 mu* m press+1 & ^! h j z mu* claim to be satisfi$ by a new religion4 ,( c\rse su* a position is likely to be fruitful1 n only ( ! grave/ difficulties1 b also ( ! mo/ lam5table misund]/&+s4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t a sy/em l ?is c easily be made to cov] ideas :i* appe> inconsi/5t1 & z a matt] ( fact1 x is v difficult to def9e "s ( ! notions :i* ,p]sian ,%iahs hold to a po9t ( fanaticism4 ,= in/ance1 !re is room = consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to h[ f> ! ,yezdi reg>ds ! =eign] z unclean4 ,! ,mohamm$an is taught to reg>d z unclean ! eat+ ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 contact ) c]ta9 animals1 & also contact ) ! p]sons ( p :o h n be5 c]emonially cleans$4 ,!re seem1 h[ev]1 to be degrees ( uncleanness4 ,mohamm$ 9 "o v]se ( ! ,quran decl>$ ! food ( ! ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 z well z all food t _h be5 prop]ly prep>$ by a ,mussulman1 to be lawful2 b we _c suppose t he reg>d$ ^! diff]5t classes ( food z equally clean4 ,bigot$ ,p]sians sometimes ignore ?is p]mission ( _! prophet's1 & decl>e t x ref]s only to dry food prep>$ by ,jews or ,*ri/ians2 b 9 ?is !y are n consi/5t1 = !y eat dry food prep>$ by pagans also4 ,! tru? is t ! attitude ( ! ,p]sian t[>ds ! infidel is n altoge!r decid$ by ,mohamm$'s direct tea*+1 b to a v l>ge ext5t x is bas$ ^u an elem5t>y human feel+ :i* c be f\nd 9 almo/ e c\ntry "u ! sun4 ,mo/ p 9 ,engl& h a physical %r9k+ f undue contact ) o!r p]sons4 ,we d n c>e to dr9k out ( a cup t o!r p h us$1 until x has be5 wa%$2 we %\ld1 v few ( u1 c>e to take alt]nate bites at an apple ) somebody else1 & mo/ ,engli%m5 h a v simil> objection to kiss+4 ,we are mu* less p>ticul> ab\t contact ) ! h&1 ?\gh "h also we feel t a l9e has got to be drawn some:]e4 ,)9 ! family we are less p>ticul>4 ,( c\rse 9 connection ) ^! ?+s !re is 9 ,engl& a great deal ( talk ab\t infection & ! laws ( hygi5e1 b ! in/9ct exi/s ap>t f any notion ( hygi5e at all4 ,n[ 9 ,p]sia y h got to rememb] t ev]y?+ takes a religi\s col\r1 & ?is has t5d$ to slightly modify ! natural in/9ct1 break+ d[n ! wall ( res]ve )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,islam1 & giv+ ! feel+ ! col\r ( a religi\s prejudice :5 appli$ to ! outside _w4 ,( c\rse !re are hundr$s ( ,yezdi ,mussulmans :o w eat freely ) a ,european )\t ! slighte/ scruple1 & a /ill l>g] numb] :o d n all[ _! scruples to make any practical diff]5ce3 at ! same "t p :o wi% to get into close t\* ) ! natives %\ld rememb] t ! feel+ ( nijsat1 or c]emonial uncleanness1 is a some:at complex "o1 & t x w be m easy to ov]come x if a c]ta9 discretion is obs]v$4 ,p]sians eat+ ! food ( a ,european are on ! look out = any?+ :i* is /range & peculi>1 & if su* peculi>ities are obs]v$ !y naturally feel m /rongly ! diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & _! ho/4 ,?is n only r5d]s !m less approa*able1 b x also makes !m mu* m %y ( adopt+ ,*ri/ian ideas1 & 9 ! case ( enquir]s1 :o1 z ,i h said be=e1 f9d x v difficult to und]/& t our cu/oms are n all regulat$ by religion1 a feel+ may gr[ up t ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity is n possible to a native ,p]sian4 ,z ?is book is n ab\t ,mohamm$anism b ab\t ! ,yezdi1 ,i h p]haps devot$ z mu* space to ! religion ( ,islam 9 ,yezd z is w>rant$ by my *oice ( subject matt]4 ,at ! same "t !re is no d\bt t ,i h left out a great deal t might h be5 said1 ev5 )\t go+ into ^? details ( doctr9e & practice :i* x has be5 my int5tion to avoid4 ,i h tri$ to give "s idea ( :at ,islam means to ord9>y p 9 an ord9>y ,p]sian t[n1 & ,i h _h to dwell r m at l5g? on po9ts :]e !re 0 dang] ( misconception ei!r ?r\gh too precise a /udy ( ! accurate doctr9es ( ,islam1 or ?r\gh a too sup]ficial view ( ! result4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i fe> t ,i may h pass$ ov] too rapidly ! m famili> aspects ( ! religion1 ! int5se excitem5t ( ! spectators & actors at ! ,muh>ram games1 ! m\rn+ = ,hasan & ,husa91 ! fr5zi$ fanaticism ( ! mob aft] a r\s+ s]mon at ! mosques1 & ! close adh]5ce ( _m ,mussulmans to wa%+ & pray]s4 ,?is is "o side ( ,%iah ,islam1 b z x is bett] kn[n ,i h attempt$ to give ! o!r4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 leave ! subject )\t rem9d+ ^? :o h to d ) ,p]sians ( two mo/ important ?+s2 fir/1 t !re is a real spiritual seek+ among/ ,mussulmans1 & t ! pres5ce ( worldly motives does n preclude x2 secondly1 t !re is real en?usiasm = _! religion 9 spite ( latitud9>ian ideas4 ,to ! ,mussulman1 z has be5 be=e /at$1 ! sy/em ( ,islam is ev]y?+1 & he cl+s to x z de>ly z to life itself1 = x repres5ts to him e habit t he has =m$1 & its cause is ! cause ( e motive t he ackn[l$ges to be possible4 ,! religi\s c]emonies :i* 9 ,p]sia ar\se ! greate/ en?usiasm & f]v\r are ess5tially ,%iah4 ,! ye>ly miracle play 9 ! mon? ( ,muh>ram depicts ! dea? ( ! ,imam ,husa91 son ( ,ali & ,ftima1 & gr&son ( ,mohamm$4 ,?is is ! occasion ( ! mo/ viol5t exhibitions ( emotion on ! "p ( bo? play]s & spectators4 ,m5 la% _! nak$ bodies ) *a9s 9 an ec/asy ( fr5zy1 & ! :ole cr[d bur/s into groans & te>s ( grief4 ,feel+ runs s high1 & becomes s unmanageable on ^! occasions1 t ! secul> au?orities h tri$ to keep ! p]=mances out ( ! l>g] t[ns4 ,b ! atmosph]e :i* is creat$ is n by any means anti-=eign 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,! ,imam ,husa9 0 done to dea? by 8 co-religioni/s1 & tradition reports t a ,f]angi ambassador int]c$$ ) ,yazd = ! m>tyr's life4 ,?is ambassador appe>s 9 ! play1 & ,p]sians (t5 try to borr[ an ,engli% saddle = 8 horse f ! ,european resid5ts4 ,at ! p]=mance at ! big village ( ,taft1 :i* is ne> ,yezd1 ,i ?9k ! ambassador 0 (t5 dress$ z a mod]n ,engli%man1 b ,i _c v\* = ?is4 ,at ,yezd itself1 ! miracle play 0 n act$2 b ! c>ry+ ( ! ,nakhl1 a c]emony suppos$ to be fraught ) ! same k9d ( dang]1 took place ye>ly4 ,! ,nakhl is a huge wood5 erection hung on "o side ) dagg]s1 & on ! o!r side ) look+-glasses4 ,!re are sev]al ,nakhls 9 ,yezd1 & two are v l>ge4 ,?is cu/om also is connect$ ) ! dea? ( ! ,%iah m>tyrs4 ,! ,nakhl is suppos$ to be mov$ f its place 9 ! squ>e by ! miracul\s ag5cy ( ,fatima2 b a good _m p take x on !mselves to assi/ h]4 ,la/ly1 !re is a night set ap>t = ! burn+ ( ,om>1 ! usurp+ ,khalif1 & ! c>ry+ ( ! effigy ?r\gh ! t[n is ! occasion ( extreme excitem5t4 ,"o _c help be+ /rongly rem9d$ ( ,guy ,fawkes' day 9 ,engl&4 ,om>1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is a ,sunni sa9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,nakhl ,,9 ,,! ,,big ,,squ>e ,,9 ,,yezd4 ,,*apt] ,v ,"* ( ! ,yezdi--,sy/ematis$ inconsi/5cy--,loyalty to causes & individuals--,unreliability ( evid5ce--,%ame--,hum\r--,disreg>d ( "t--,language--,lack ( initiative--,c\rage--,! ,yezdi soldi]--,etiquette & mann]s--,triviality--,pride--,k9dl9ess & cruelty--,di%one/y--,difficulty 9 obta9+ any?+--,t5d5cy to fatalism--,lat5t /r5g? ( ,p]sian "*--,family ties--,! ,jus ,pat]num--,religi\s lib]ty--,op5-h&$ness--,summ>y4 ,if x 7 n absolutely ess5tial to ! purpose ( a book l ?is t !re %\ld be a m or less detail$ analysis ( ! "* ( ! ,yezdi1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly %irk mak+ su* an analysis4 ,! ,yezdi's faults are num]\s1 gl>+1 & int]e/+4 ,8 virtues are n only few]1 b !re is mu* less to be said ab\t !m4 ,9 ! concrete man1 ^! virtues %[ fairly prom95tly1 ! vices h _! peculi> hum\r1 & ! :ole is n unlovable4 ,on pap]1 :ile discuss+ ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,yezdi's "* "o by "o1 x w be almo/ impossible to convey ! g5]al effect made by ! entire human be+4 ,:5 "o fir/ becomes acqua9t$ ) ! ,yezdi1 "o is incl9$ to reg>d him z s inconsi/5t 9 matt]s ( morals z to be utt]ly devoid ( all pr9ciple1 bad or good4 ,!re is ! same unc]ta9ty ab\t 8 actions t !re is ab\t ! fall ( an unload$ die4 ,b j z ! fall ( ! die is regulat$ by ! law ( av]ages1 s ! actions ( ! ,yezdi are m or less consci\sly decid$ by :at c only be t]m$ sy/ematis$ inconsi/5cy1 a k9d ( law ( balance :i* seems to him to possess ! m]it ( a pr9ciple4 ,:5 he has done a c]ta9 numb] ( good actions1 :i* x mu/ be confess$ is frequ5tly ! case1 !n x is "t = him to d "s bad ones2 & vice v]s1 :5 he has done en\gh bad ones1 he comes back = a "t to good ones4 ,?is is p>tially ! result ( ! !ory ( savabs2 & ! pa9ful ?+ ab\t x is t x makes moral tru/wor?9ess impossible4 ,if a man holds ?is p]nici\s !ory z x 0 sket*$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 !n ! m he has done "r 9 ! pa/ ! m he w feel ju/ifi$ 9 do+ wrong 9 ! future2 & ?is 9 ,yezd is no m]e nightm>e1 b ! lit]al fact4 ,a good _m ( ! ,yezdis are frequ5tly fair & /raight 9 _! deal+s1 b ,i d n "k a s+le ,mussulman among !m1 ) reg>d to :om x w\ld be fairly safe to dep5d on 8 do+ ! "r ?+ on any p>ticul> occasion simply because he knew x to be "r4 ,!re are m5 ^: ord9>y habits are fairly good1 b to a man :o consid]s t d]elictions ( duty c be absolutely paid = by pa/ or future acts ( m]it n necess>ily involv+ v mu* tr\ble1 ! temptation to yield to slightly increas$ pressure is v /rong1 & is likely to frequ5tly ov]come ! bias ( habit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,p]sians h v /rong notions ( loyalty bo? to causes & to individuals4 ,no?+ has br\ght ?is out m ?an ! hi/ory ( ! ,babi movem5t1 :i* has c]ta9ly exhibit$ ! /r5g? ( ,p]sian "*4 ,boys & "y m5 h 9 ?is movem5t will+ly und]gone ! mo/ t]rible tortures 9 ! s]vice ( _! spiritual tea*]s & ! common cause4 ,x ought to be und]/ood t ! motives ( ! ,babi m>tyr are n q ! same z ^? :i* h g5]ally influ5c$ ! ,*ri/ians :o h di$ = _! fai?4 ,! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs h g5]ally di$ r ?an d "s act :i* !y felt to be s9ful1 or leave undone some?+ :i* !y reg>d$ z ess5tial4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! ,babi m>tyrs on ! o!r h& h di$ because !y *ose n to d5y _! fai?1 :i* accord+ to _! t5ets 0 p]fectly p]missible to d4 ,n[ ,i "k ( at lea/ "o man1 a ,p]sian ( high position1 :o 0 kill$ z a ,babi1 b :o w\ld h pref]r$ embrac+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at 0 8 connection ) ,babiism ,i _c say3 he w\ld1 ,i believe1 h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity _h x n be5 t he %rank f a religion :]e a direct d5ial ( "o's fai? mu/ always be acc\nt$ s9ful4 ,:atev] he 01 he c]ta9ly did n %r9k f mak+ 8 div]g5ce f or?odox ,islam dang]\sly pla91 & 9 ?is way he met 8 dea?4 ,my purpose 9 m5tion+ ! fact is to %[ t x is mo/ difficult to induce a ,mussulman to accept a v h>d & fa/ l9e4 ,( c\rse ! /ory is only an illu/ration & does n prove ! po9t1 because !re mu/ h be5 o!r consid]ations :i* made ,babiism1 or a degree ( unor?odoxy :i* pass$ = ,babiism1 easi] to su* a man ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t he 0 only influ5c$ by a dislike to unb5d+ rules2 = ! inability to ev] d5y 8 fai? might h expos$ him to petty insults1 :i* w\ld h be5 to him worse ?an dea?4 ,also 8 position z a ,*ri/ian w\ld h be51 humanly speak+1 a m solit>y "o4 ,/ill1 :5 all has be5 said1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! con/itutional dislike to a h>d & fa/ rule play$ at lea/ "s "p 9 br++ ! man to 8 decision1 & also t ?is dislike is m pron\nc$ 9 ! ,mussulman ,yezdi ?an 9 ! ,yezdi ,p>si4 ,a ,p]sian :o atta*es himself to an individual w (t5 prove himself v tru/wor?y 9 all matt]s affect+ t individual's int]e/2 & g5]ally speak+1 atta*m5t to a ,european w\ld be likely to produce a m dep5dable loyalty ?an atta*m5t to ano!r ,p]sian4 ,! feel+ t a ,european fri5d w\ld always himself act 9 a c]ta9 mann] frequ5tly leads a ,p]sian to try & act 9 ! same way t[>ds him4 ,i rememb] a ,p]sian s]vant once reply+ to my wife1 :o _h expo/ulat$ ) him on ! subject ( "s egregi\s falsehood t he _h j told 9 ! baza>s1 8,( c\rse1 ,khanum1 ,i don't tell lies to y1 = y don't l x2 b ^! p expect me to lie1 & "o c\ldn't tell ! tru? to !m40 ,p]haps "o might g fur!r1 & say t ! ,yezdi ,mussulman frequ5tly que/ions ! virtue ( keep+ to an ab/ract pr9ciple1 p>ticul>ly :5 by ab&on+ x "o might d a good turn to a fri5d4 ,imp>tiality is a ?+ :i* he absolutely fails to und]/&3 inde$ he consid]s x simply ano!r "n = disloyalty1 & "h x is probable t mo/ o!r ,ea/]ns w\ld agree ) him4 ,x is impossible to treat ! inconsi/5cy ( ,yezdi ,mussulmans z simple weakness4 ,x is r ! abs5ce ( su* pr9ciples z ,we/]ns g5]ally possess ?an ! inability to keep to !m2 & inde$ x is (t5 ! result ( o!r pr9ciples ( a peculi> k9d1 diametrically oppos$ to ^? to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,! ,yezdis are a free-h&$ folk1 & !y despise a man :o does n sp5d freely4 ,!y l to appe> to live up to _! incomes1 & ,i ?9k t "s ( !m h a feel+ ( ! same k9d ab\t _! debit & cr$it acc\nt ) _! ,creator4 ,also we mu/ n =get t ,p]sian inconsi/5cy is n always a deviation t[>ds wrong1 b equally (t5 a deviation t[>ds "r4 ,?\gh 9 ,p]sia x is nev] well to tru/ to a man's "*1 x is always advisable to appeal to high pr9ciples1 ev5 :5 deal+ ) app>5tly ! mo/ ab&on$4 ,:ile we 7 9 ,yezd we 7 br\ght into contact ) ?ree m5 9 high position1 ^: names x is n necess>y to m5tion1 b :om ,i w\ld put d[n z ! ?ree wor/ prom95t m5 9 ,yezd4 ,! fir/ 0 an ari/ocratic (ficial1 ! second a cl]ic1 & ! ?ird an (ficial & a n\veau ri*e4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! ?ree at "s "t or o!r made himself conspicu\s by conduct t "o 0 b\nd to comm5d & approve4 ,x is impossible to always analyse motives1 b 9 at lea/ "o case ! action seem$ to h be5 due to no?+ b a dis9t]e/$ & unselfi% impulse4 ,9 ! o!r cases x is m probable t exp$i5cy1 or a consci\s int5tion ( pay+ = s9s by savabs1 ent]$ into ! matt]4 ,to trace ?is peculi>ity ( ! ,yezdi's "* to its s\rce is n easy4 ,sometimes x appe>s to be a species ( h$g+1 = x is v difficult to f9d out ! tru? 9 ,p]sia1 & a g5]al disbelief 9 ev]y?+ may h l$ ! ,p]sian to feel t x is unsafe to /ake 8 all on "o !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,! am\nt ( ly+ t is done 9 a t[n l ,yezd baffles description4 ,an ,engli%man :5 9 d\bt tells ! tru?4 ,a ,p]sian :5 9 d\bt tells a lie4 ,?is w\ld be m tol]able 7 x n t a ,p]sian is always 9 d\bt4 ,9 ,yezd security is a ?+ unkn[n1 & tell+ lies becomes "p ( ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,!n aga9 ! lies are ( a new k9d4 ,lies 9 ,engl& are g5]ally told to deceive p 9 "s p>ticul>2 9 ,yezd !y are j z frequ5tly told 9 ord] to make ! v se>* = tru? impossible4 ,:5 ,i h _h to exam9e into cases ( petty !ft among/ s*oolboys1 ,i h f\nd t to get at ! tru? is an almo/ sup]human task4 ,engli% boys1 if !y d n tell ! tru?1 w at lea/ tell z few falsehoods z possible1 if = no o!r reason1 to avoid be+ f\nd out4 ,p]sian boys w n only lie on ! subject !y wi% to conceal1 b !y w tell z _m untru?s z !y c cram into ! /ory1 s z to r5d] any attempt at inve/igation futile4 ,( c\rse y "k t !y are ly+1 b1 z !y nev] imag9e t y w suspect !m ( tell+ ! tru?1 !y are n mu* det]r$4 ,! result ( ?is practice is t 9 ! ,yezd baza>s1 tak+ toge!r all /atem5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ trivial1 t are made by ,mussulmans1 probably n less ?an "o-?ird ( ! spee*es made are falsehoods4 ,i d n ?9k t ! ,p]sian begg> ev] expects to be believ$4 ,a woman once came to ! h\se1 ask+ = a quilt because %e _h none1 & h] son 0 ill4 ,to h no quilt1 t is1 to h no b$-clo!s1 is by no means an unbelievable /ate ( pov]ty1 & !re is no d\bt t ! woman expect$ to h h] words tak5 lit]ally4 ,x transpir$ t h] son 0 q well1 b 0 tak+ sanctu>y to avoid be+ mole/$ = a debt4 ,! woman _h a p]fectly possible quilt1 b x 0 old & pat*$4 ,%e actually br\ght x to u ! next morn+1 n to prove t aft] all !y 7 v poor1 b to %[ t 9 say+ %e _h none %e _h spok5 ! tru?4 ,ano!r woman once told me 9 ! /reet1 t %e _h six orphan *ildr5 & h] husb& 0 sick4 ,9 a c\ntry l ?is x is n surpris+ t evid5ce is at a disc\nt1 & t !re are intellig5t p absolutely conv9c$ t tru? is unkn[able4 ,a man :o is accu/om$ to act ^u ?is !ory 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 is naturally incl9$ to apply ! same pr9ciple to :atev] religion or philosophy he possesses4 ,s we get m5 :o are unwill+ to /ake ev]y?+ on any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,if !y h previ\sly assum$ t x is mo/ advantage\s to d :at is "r1 !n x is well to p]=m j a few actions on ! assumption t x is m advantage\s to d wrong4 ,if !y h hi!rto act$ on ! pr9ciple t x is bett] to d :at is wrong1 !n x is well n to put all _! eggs into t basket ei!r4 ,& inde$ ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t _m ( ! ,yezdis w\ld apply ! same philosophy to _! non-e?ical ideas4 ,if !y h bas$ mo/ ( _! op9ions on ! assumption t some?+ is true1 x is well to base o!rs on ! assumption t ! same ?+ is false4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 s\nds to u m]e nons5se1 b once grant ) _m ( ! ,yezdis t evid5ce is valueless1 & tru? absolutely unkn[able1 & x at once becomes an approximation to s5se4 ,x is q possible t "s ( my read]s may ask :e!r ?is la/ attempt to expla9 ! inconsi/5cy ( ! ,yezdis is to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,to say t ,i d n "k is r a weak confession1 b at ! same "t x is true4 ,i c]ta9ly d n p9 my fai? to x1 yet x seems to be ! way 9 :i* ! bewild]+ topsy-turvydom ( ,p]sia is work+4 ,nev] =get t ! jokes ( ,w4 ,s4 ,gilb]t are ! facts ( ,p]sia4 ,= in/ance1 9 an isolat$ place l ,yezd1 ! laws ( supply & dem& op]ate s peculi>ly t ! ord9>y cu/om ( disc\nt on quantity is inv]t$2 y w be able to get ?+s usually sold at ?ree = a p5ny at p]haps ?irty = a %ill+4 ,!re 0 a gov]nor 9 ,yezd1 c]ta9ly n m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 :o _h m5 ba/9ado$ = walk+ 9 ! baza>s )\t tread+ d[n ! heels ( _! slipp]s4 ,9 su* a c\ntry x is v difficult to say :at is 9 itself ridicul\s & impossible4 ,"o c only judge f evid5ce1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ,i h j sugge/$ z a possible explanation ( und\bt$ facts4 ,at ! same "t ! unreliability ( ! ,yezdi is probably due to sev]al causes1 & !re is "o ( ^! causes ab\t :i* "o may speak ) less unc]ta9ty4 ,?is is ! piecemeal appreciation ( ideas & circum/ances1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$ z ! result ( ! impression made on ! ,yezdi's m9d by ! isolat$ objects :i* cont9ually surr\nd him1 & :i* is probably height5$ by a religion :i* 0 con/ruct$ "u circum/ances v simil> to ^? ( ! ,p]sian des]ts4 ,%ame is ! feel+ ( vexation consequ5t ^u ! consci\sness ( hav+ fall5 bel[ an accept$ /&>d ( conduct1 & :]e su* a /&>d is n to be f\nd1 %ame does n exi/4 ,consequ5tly ! ,yezdi1 :o has only ! fa9te/ idea ( a moral /&>d t ought to gov]n 8 :ole life1 is n susceptible to %ame 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 a r /rong] idea ( a g5]al /&>d ( intellig5ce up to :i* he ought to live1 s x is (t5 a great] det]r5t to him to po9t out t a c]ta9 action w be reg>d$ z ignorant or silly ?an to %[ t x is less moral ?an 8 ord9>y behavi\r4 ,he also possesses a v ke5 appreciation ( :at he consid]s to be ! e?ical proprieties ( a p>ticul> occasion4 ,we mu/ rememb] t :at he lacks 9 bread? ( view he makes up = 9 p[] ( conc5tration on ! comp>atively small field ( ideas t c come simultane\sly )9 ! range ( 8 m5tal vision4 ,= example1 :5 ,european mission>ies h be5 9 va9 attempt+ to simplify a mo/ ab/ruse & metaphysical doctr9e by spread+ x ov] sev]al easy /eps1 !y sometimes f9d t ! ,p]sian m9d1 ?\gh x utt]ly fails to grasp ! simpl] tra9 ( reason+1 c )\t any assi/ance take 9 ! m difficult idea1 s long z x is express$ ) suffici5t brevity4 ,9 ! same way ! ,yezdi1 :o seems to h little or no s5se ( ! proprieties ( a lifetime1 w h an appreciation ( :at is "r & fitt+ on a p>ticul> occasion /rong] ?an t ( ! ,european4 ,?is is :at makes him s dignifi$ at times & seasons1 & s undignifi$ 9 8 life4 ,al?\gh 8 s5se ( propriety does n always "w1 :]e x does "w x is s f> f be+ weak t to violate x seems to give him a s5sation t is ne> ak9 to physical pa94 ,y _c make a ,yezdi apologise3 if he has done an injury1 he is q cont5t to ignore x1 or to ass]t t x has n tak5 place1 :i* is ! ord9>y sub/itute = an apology 9 ,p]sia3 b ! man's s5se ( %ame is too great to all[ him to confess to su* an action be=e ! man he has wrong$4 ,he has no objection to ! man kn[+ :at has happ5$2 b at ! int]view 8 d5ial mu/ be accept$ or ! injury ignor$4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* he c submit to ! meet+4 ,! ,yezdi has n a v f9e s5se ( hum\r1 b he is easily amus$4 ,p]haps x is wor? :ile to in/ance an occasion :i* occurr$ dur+ our /ay 9 ,yezd :5 ! natives seem$ really tickl$4 ,a c]ta9 ,russian doctor resid5t 9 ! t[n1 :o _h n a v complete & accurate k ( ,p]sian1 want$ to use bad language to 8 s]vant1 :o _h 9 "s way (f5d$ him4 ,z he knew no suitable expressions he seiz$ ! diction>y & kept look+ !m out "o aft] ano!r1 & hurl$ !m at ! un=tunate man's head z fa/ z ?is process w\ld p]mit4 ,?is /ory 0 retail$ ) v great appreciation by "s ( ! bett] class natives4 ,i r ?9k x seem$ to !m v mu* m funny ?an x does to u1 & ?is = two reasons4 ,p]sians h a great respect = lit]ature1 includ+ diction>ies1 & !y w\ld h>dly und]/& _! be+ frivol\sly h&l$2 also !y are v p>ticul> 9 adapt+ _! language to ! occasion1 & x w\ld /rike !m z ! height ( absurdity to abuse a s]vant 9 book language1 z ! doctor mu/ h done1 unless inde$ ! ,russian publication he consult$ conta9$ real specim5s ( colloquial abuse1 :i* w\ld h /ruck ! ,p]sians z ev5 m funny4 ,! /ory ( ,mulla ,nsiru'd ,dn & 8 mule is a v fair in/ance ( ,p]sian hum\r at its be/4 ,! ,mulla1 :o 0 a notori\s wit1 _h s5t a mule to ! m>ket-place :]e su* bea/s 7 sold4 ,p 7 suspici\s ow+ to ! ,mulla's reputation1 b nobody suppos$ t he w\ld let himself d[n by s5d+ an unsaleable animal to ! baza>s4 ,s fir/ ( all someone exam9$ its =elegs1 & got badly paw$2 !n someone w5t to its h9d-legs & got kick$2 next !y look$ at its m\? & got bitt52 f9ally !y tri$ to put saddle-bags on to its back1 & x ?rew !m (f imm$iately4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! ,mulla /roll$ d[n ev]yone laugh$ at him1 & ask$ him if he really expect$ anybody to buy x4 8,no1 my fri5ds10 said ! ,mulla1 8,i nev] expect$ any ( y to buy x2 b ,i want$ y to "k :at ,i h to put up ) at home40 ,"o ( ! ?+s t is mo/ difficult = a ,european to tol]ate 9 a ,yezdi is 8 extraord9>y disreg>d ( "t4 ,x is n only t he does n c>e h[ long he takes ov] a ?+1 "o might tell /ory aft] /ory on ?is po9t1 b ?is is a malady common 9 ! ,ea/4 ,:at ,i 0 n prep>$ = 0 t he %\ld h no idea :at "t means4 ,9 ,p]sia a cl]gyman's "w consi/s m ( see+ p 9 8 own h\se1 & less ( visit+2 b ! great difficulty 9 receiv+ visitors is t1 if "o wants to see p>ties sep>ately1 a s+le reception is all "o c satisfactorily arrange 9 an aft]noon4 ,?is is :at happ5s4 ,two p>ties s5d to ask :5 !y c see y1 & y reply by ask+ :5 x w be conv5i5t = !m to come4 ,bo? mess5g]s /ate ) ! mo/ absolute polit5ess t x makes no diff]5ce to _! ma/]s :5 y say1 & t !y wi% y to *oose ! "t4 ,if y are wise y w tell "o p>ty to come two h\rs aft] noon1 & ! o!r to come at "o h\r to sunset1 :i*1 suppos+ ! sun to be sett+ at six1 w be five o'clock4 ,!y w bo? acquiesce1 b y w h to be ready to receive ! p>ty due at two at "o o'clock1 & y mu/ n consid] !m late if !y arrive at ?ree4 ,simil>ly y w prep>e = ! second p>ty at f\r1 & n consid] !m late be=e six4 ,b ! probabilities are t bo? p>ties w arrive at f\r1 ! fav\rite visit+ h\r1 hav+ bo? decid$ on t "t be=e s5d+ to ask y4#e ,ano!r great difficulty is ! ,p]sian language4 ,p]sian is a pretty language ) an extremely l>ge vocabul>y4 ,:at is m1 e class ( ,yezdi1 t is1 ( ! m51 uses a v l>ge numb] ( words4 ,= all ?is x is almo/ impossible to accurately def9e an idea1 = ! language l>gely consi/s ( synonyms1 :i* _c be us$ indiscrim9ately1 b mu/ be c>efully select$ accord+ to ! occasion4 ,"s ( ^! synonyms really possess accurate mean+s1 b if y *oose y\r ^w accord+ to ! s5se y wi% to convey1 y talk bad ,p]sian4 ,to give an illu/ration ( ?is1 suppose 9 deal+ ) ! ,inc>nation y desir$ to br+ out ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e t ,god is n only ! ,fri5d ( man b also 8 close ,companion4 ,i am q c]ta9 t 9 ord9>y ,yezdi ,p]sian !re is no suffici5tly appropriate t]m = 8companion10 t c\ld be appli$ to ,god 9 su* a way z to br+ out y\r mean+1 )\t expos+ y to a *>ge ( irrev]5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,i once tri$ to convey ?is idea 9 a ,p]sian s]mon1 & 0 met ) ?is difficulty4 ,i aft]w>ds tri$ to get ?ree or f\r native ,*ri/ians1 "o ( :om 0 a tea*] ( ,p]sian1 to sugge/ a possible ^w1 b ! only expression !y c\ld propose 0 ! ^w ,i _h us$4 ,! words "o uses 9 a lett] 9 ,p]sian1 ev5 = ! commone/ objects1 are almo/ entirely di/9ct f ! words "o uses conv]sationally1 & ! words :i* "o w\ld use 9 an ord9>y prose hi/ory book are aga9 diff]5t4 ,!n x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ! t5ses2 ! true future is h>dly ev] us$1 consequ5tly ! pres5t & ! future are indi/+ui%able2 & ! pret]ite is frequ5tly us$ ( action :i* 0 begun 9 ! pa/ b :i* is /ill cont9u+4 ,la/ly1 ! adjective is g5]ally indi/+ui%able f ! sub/antive1 & ! l9k betwe5 an adjective & ! t]m :i* x qualifies is ! same z ! sign ( ! g5itive4 ,= in/ance ! text1 8,?is is ,my belov$ ,son10 may be read 9 ! ,p]sian ,bible1 8,?is is ! son ( ,my belov$0 )\t ! slighte/ viol5ce to ! gramm>2 nor1 inde$1 is !re any obvi\s way out ( ! difficulty4 ,i h m5tion$ ^! peculi>ities ( language because ,i ?9k !y are greatly connect$ ) ! ,yezdi's inaccuracy ( ideas1 ?\gh :i* is ! cause & :i* is ! effect is sometimes difficult to say4 ,!re is no situation 9 :i* ! ,yezdi is s incalculable z t :i* seems to dem& a c]ta9 am\nt ( d>+4 ,sometimes ! p seem absolutely want+ 9 ! p[] ( tak+ ! initiative1 & expect to be direct$ l *ildr54 ,!y h an av]sion to kill+ animals except = food1 ev5 :5 !re is dang] to human life 9 all[+ !m to live4 ,"o day an ,engli% lady ask$ :y a dang]\s dog :i* _h bitt5 sev]al p 0 n kill$4 ,! answ] 01 8,if y tell u to kill x we w d s1 b n o!rwise40 ,! fact is no "o m9d$ kill+ ! dog1 b !y fanci$ ! curse might lie ) ! initiator ( ! movem5t4 ,!y w g on lett+ ?+s be1 or all[+ !m to get m & m dang]\s1 until !y h accu/om$ !mselves to an am\nt ( risk to incur :i* w\ld be acc\nt$ by a ,european m]e foolh>d9ess4 ,9 ?is !y are l>gely influ5c$ by pr$e/9>ian notions4 ,an ,engli% lady 0 "o day /&+ by an op5 tank 9 a ,p]sian comp\nd1 into :i* "o ( ! *ildr5 _h fall5 t morn+1 & %e rem>k$ on its extreme dang]4 8,yes10 said ! "m1 8,i h lo/ ?ree *ildr5 9 t tank40 ,to build a small wall r\nd su* a tank w\ld be 9 ,p]sia exce$+ly easy4 ,p]haps ! little p[] ( initiative t is left !m by _! pr$e/9>ianism is de/roy$ by ! insecurity ( ! c\ntry4 ,p get 9 ! way ( mak+ z few improvem5ts z possible1 & ( nev] expos+ _! capital m ?an !y c help4 ,9 fraudul5t bus9ess1 h[ev]1 !re is a great deal ( audacity1 sometimes comb9$ ) a good deal ( +5uity4 ,!y are export+ at pres5t to ,*9a a quality ( s-call$ opium 9 :i* !re is absolutely no morphia4 ,! /uff is really an entirely diff]5t sub/ance1 & v *eap1 & x is ti$ up 9 bags /eep$ 9 a solution ( opium4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 m h>mful to smoke ?an ! real article4 ,passive c\rage ! ,yezdi possesses to a v high degree1 b he mu/ h a cause = :i* he c>es suffici5tly1 if ?is c\rage is to be call$ out4 ,if ! t]rible ,babi massacres t h tak5 place f "t to "t 9 ,p]sia h prov$ no?+ else1 !y h at lea/ %[n t !re is grit some:]e 9 ,p]sian "*4 ,! way 9 :i* m]e lads 9 ,yezd w5t to _! dea? 9 t gha/ly summ] ( #aijc 0 wond]ful4 ,!re 0 "o boy :om !y tri$ v h>d to sp>e1 = sometimes ! mob 7 mov$ by some?+ ak9 to pity4 ,!y took him to ! mujtahid fir/1 & told him to recant1 & he w\ld n4 ,!n !y took him to ! op5 squ>e1 & held him up to give him "o m *ance1 if he w\ld curse ! ,behu'llah & ! ,behs4 8,! curse be on y\rselves10 0 all he said2 & !n !y tore him 9 pieces4 ,! e>ly ,babis %[$ good fight+ qualities 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia1 z well z passive c\rage1 &1 z !y 7 *iefly t[nsm51 we may presume t !re are milit>y possibilities 9 ! ,p]sian p1 ev5 among/ ^? :o dwell 9 cities4 ,b to look = milit>y feel+ 9 ! k9d ( soldi] t we get 9 ,yezd is n fair4 ,he is1 ,i believe1 collect$ by a sort ( conscription f c]ta9 localities4 ,:5 collect$ he is taught ab\t z mu* ( ! ord9>y elem5ts ( drill z is consid]$ necess>y 9 ,engl& = ! national s*oolboy4 ,he is also assign$ a wage ( a toman a mon?1 :i* if punctually paid w\ld be insuffici5t to cov] any?+ b ! b>e/ food exp5ses4 ,?is mi/ake is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally rem$i$ by 8 sup]ior (fic]s1 :o usually int]cept s mu* ( 8 wages t he is b\nd to look = o!r means ( support4 ,9 ?is he is n disc\rag$4 ,if he has a little ready ca% he usually sets up z a money-l5d]1 8 (ficial position & possession ( a bayonet assi/+ him to collect 8 debts4 ,o!rwise he /eals %oes1 or takes up "s o!r simil> =m ( employm5t :i* does n dem& an ext5sive capital2 sometimes he ev5 makes %oes4 ,once a ye> he is suppos$ to be suppli$ ) a uni=m1 b1 ?\gh ! uni=ms are probably n wor? m ?an a few %ill+s1 !y are v seldom regul>ly suppli$4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 free to add to 8 uni=m z well z to 8 pay1 & at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> !re is v little left ( ! orig9al outfit except an old cap ) a metal badge1 & possibly a belt4 ,:5 on s5try duty he amuses himself by plant+ a small g>d51 f\r in*es by two1 9 front ( 8 /ation1 & he keeps a heap ( rose-heads to press into ! h&s ( pass]s-by on ! *ance ( extract+ odd halfp5ce4 ,dur+ ! latt] days ( ! ,babi massacres1 a gu>d ( f\r m51 a s]geant & ?ree privates1 0 plac$ at ! doors ( ! ,european h\ses by ! ,gov]nor4 ,e soldi] came to u ) a ?+ t look$ l a gun & c]ta9ly _h a bayonet atta*$ to x2 b we he>d t at "o h\se x became necess>y to s5d d[n an extra weapon :i* w\ld %oot = ! common use ( ! p>ty4 ,( c\rse ! gun t w\ld %oot 0 )drawn at ! e>lie/ possible opportunity4 ,! high] (fic]s ( ?is extraord9>y =ce are surpris+ly num]\s1 b z !re are among !m1 ,i believe1 boys ( ab\t twelve :o hold ! title ( ,field-,m>%al1 !re is "s excuse = a r$uplication ( (fic]s4 ,x is only ju/ice to add t "s ( ^! soldi]s are 9 _! way v good fell[s3 ! gu>d s5t to our h\se 7 by no means a bad lot2 & ,i %ortly aft]w>ds met a milit>y (fic] :om ,i w\ld class ) ! be/ ,p]sians ,i "k4 ,nor does ! c\rage ( ,p]sia come out v /rongly 9 ! high (ficial class1 ?\gh "h too !re are hon\rable exceptions4 ,/ill1 z a g5]al rule1 among/ ^? :o claim nobility !re is v little appreh5sion ( ! maxim 8noblesse oblige40 ,( c\rse !re is 9 ,yezdi mann]s & cu/oms mu* t /rikes ! outsid] z int5sely funny4 ,= in/ance1 ! etiquette is di/9ctly peculi>1 & al?\gh v c]emoni\s1 x does n always appe> to ! ,european to be *>act]is$ by great polit5ess4 ,:5 y come into ! room ! fir/ two m9utes w be sp5t 9 phrases int5d$ to convey an exagg]at$ respectfulness4 ,9 upp] middle-class h\ses y\r ho/ w take ^u himself ! m5ial (fices ( s]vice1 n only mak+ y\r tea himself1 b go+ out ( ! room e two m9utes to supplem5t ! crock]y1 or to fet* ano!r lump ( sug>4 ,if y h a s]vant ) y1 y\r ho/ or 8 o!r visitors w disc\rse freely ) ?is man be=e y\r face z to y\r mo/ trivial p]sonal affairs1 & if !re is a pause 9 ! conv]sation !y w make side rem>ks to "o ano!r on ! numb] ( y\r virtues1 & :5 !y h discov]$ a c]ta9 cons5sus ( op9ion1 !y w turn to y & give y ! b5efit ( x directly1 by tell+ y t y are a v good man4 ,f ?is y mu/ n inf] t ,p]sian fri5dl9ess is holl[3 all t c be said is t ! etiquette is artificial4 ,ev5 s x means some?+2 = :5 a man is anxi\s to pay y prop] respect he adh]es to x closely1 unless he has reason to suppose t y w\ld l him to adopt some?+ ( ,european mann]s1 :i* "s ,p]sians deal+ ) ,europeans try to d4 ,h[ev] ! etiquette is too elaborate & artificial = univ]sal use1 & g5]ally speak+ x is n mu* us$ except 9 matt]s relat+ to visits & to lett]-writ+4 ,on o!r occasions ,p]sians :o h no int5tion ( impolit5ess are (t5 a little (f-h& z comp>$ ) o!r ,ea/]ns1 & ^? :o int5d to be rude f9d pl5ty ( opportunities = be+ s4 ,!re is1 ,i suppose1 betwe5 ! ,p]sian & ! ,european a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at con/itutes pu]ility4 ,"o ( ! ,gov]nors ( ,yezd once boa/$ to an ,engli% resid5t t x 0 no good try+ to hide ?+s f him1 z he knew :at e ,european 9 ! t[n _h = d9n]4 ,!n !re is ! cu/om ( mak+ absolutely wor?less pres5ts ) ! mo/ sup]b empressem5t4 ,once :5 ,i 0 9 a big village ne> ,yezd ) my wife & baby & mirza1 a woman :om my wife knew came 91 & aft] greet+ u pres5t$ u ) f\r v crumpl$ lettuce leaves1 select+ ! leaves accord+ to h] ideas ( our exact prec$5ce ) ! utmo/ c>e & circumspection1 & hav+ 9 ! :ole transaction v mu* ! air ( a maid5 aunt giv+ a tip to a s*oolboy4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ^! cu/oms only obta9 among/ ! wom54 ,a ,european bank] once told me t if "o ( 8 brok]s gave him any?+1 ! o!rs always foll[$ 8 example2 & t once at ! bank "o ( !m pres5t$ him ) a rose-head1 ! second at once plung$ 8 h& into 8 pocket & produc$ an old sweet1 ! ?ird fumbl$ among 8 treasures1 & at la/ f\nd some?+ :i* look$ l a lump ( gum4 ,he c\ld n q rememb] :at ! f\r? pres5tation 01 b he fanci$ x 0 ano!r sweet4 ,sometimes1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,p>si h\ses1 pres5ts ( ?is sort w be elaborately h&$ ab\t1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( a r\nd game1 ev]ybody giv+ some?+ to ev]ybody1 & f9i%+ ) exactly ! same am\nt z !y _h at ! beg9n+4 ,?is game1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally play$ on a special occasion1 & ! pres5ts ( fruit & sprigs ( myrtle h a c]ta9 symbolical significance :i* gives grace & dignity to ! p]=mance4 ,( c\rse ! int]*ange ( pres5ts :i* al?\gh trifl+ h a positive value is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! social int]c\rse ( ,p]sia4 ,?is is a cu/om :i* ne$s to be und]/ood1 & :i* soon deg5]ates into extravagance1 b ess5tially x is a good cu/om4 ,a high] value is always plac$ on :at are call$ saughts or travell]s' pres5ts1 & ,europeans ei!r travell+ or resid+ 9 ,p]sia %\ld rememb] t a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! w be expect$ ( !m4 ,:5 a ,p]sian has done y a real civility1 he feels t to a c]ta9 ext5t he has introduc$ y to 8 home1 & any little ,european ?+ :i* y may give him he takes z a graceful introduction to y\r sep>ate life1 & he values x f ?is po9t ( view mu* m ?an w\ld be o!rwise possible4 ,! cu/om1 h[ev]1 has its drawbacks2 = x is ! fa%ion 9 ,p]sia always to pres5t any?+ :i* a visitor has admir$1 & ?is becomes a peculi>ly holl[ piece ( etiquette4 ,occasionally big ,p]sians 9 deal+ ) inf]iors use ?is cu/om z a means ( enri*+ !mselves1 b ?is ( c\rse is exceptional4 ,:5 all has be5 said ,i ?9k t we mu/ admit t = "s reason or o!r ! ,p]sian is will+ to exp5d 8 en]gies ^u ?+s :i* seem to u to be absolute trifles4 ,?is 0 curi\sly illu/rat$ on "o occasion by "o ( ! ,yezdi g5tlem5 :o is suppos$ to h advanc$ mo/ 9 civilisation & culture4 ,i 0 call+ at 8 h\se at ! "t1 & he h&$ me a mo/ elaborate atlas ) *>ts & diagrams illu/rat+ all sorts ( out-(-!-way ?+s4 ,"s ( ^! ,i did n feel myself compet5t to expla91 b ev]y?+ t ,i c\ld expla9 he und]/ood at once1 & he _h obvi\sly be=e my arrival discov]$ ! mean+ ( _m ( ! diagrams4 ,we pass$ on f ?is to discuss sev]al ( ! great inv5tions ( ! age1 includ+ wireless telegraphy4 ,9 ev]y?+ he %[$ a mo/ intellig5t int]e/1 & great quickness ( p]ception4 ,f9ally1 he produc$ a photograph ( a man :o _h be5 %[n at an exhibition1 ,i ?9k at ,p>is4 ,! man _h an enorm\s be>d1 "s twelve feet long4 ,my ,p]sian fri5d made no diff]5ce at all 9 8 mann]1 b discuss$ ?is peculi> ph5om5on 9 exactly ! same way4 ,i _c rememb] all ! details ( ?is int]view1 or ! exact am\nt ( smile :i* my ho/ all[$ himself :5 we 7 discuss+ ! photograph1 b ,i h attempt$ to fai?fully convey ! g5]al impression left on me by 8 mann]4 ,i ?9k ,i am "r 9 say+ t x all po9ts to ! fact t ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,p]sia & ,europe is t ! ,p]sian t5ds to take ?+s piecemeal1 & ! ,european to reg>d ideas 9 _! relation to o!rs4 ,at ! same "t ?is is n always at once obvi\s4 ,a ,european is firmly conv9c$ ( ! value ( sci5tific k1 & w decorate a man :o has discov]$ all t is to be discov]$ ab\t a black beetle4 ,"h ! ,p]sian w laugh at ! ,european1 z he also w :5 ! ,european rew>ds highly extreme excell5ce 9 ! practical trivialities ( life4 ,b x is obvi\s t ^! exceptions are m app>5t ?an real4 ,! ,p]sian is l a man :o has got a pair ( glasses t give him a v cle> view ( a v small field ( vision4 ,he does n view ?+s absolutely piecemeal1 b he g5]ally reg>ds only a v small area at a "t4 ,a man :o picks up %ells ) an idea ( add+ to ! g5]al /ore ( human k is to him an imbecile2 b he is only will+ to pay ! same att5tion to an inv5tion l ,m>coni's t he w\ld to an improv$ hair-wa%4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! ,yezdi v soon adapts himself sup]ficially to circum/ances1 & x is v easy to v5e] him1 b he does n easily assimilate fre% pr9ciples ( action4 ,9 deal+ ) ,p]sians x is well to realise ?is1 & n to build too mu* on _! adaptability4 ,a ,p]sian visitor1 :5 he is behav+ accord+ to /rict etiquette1 depreciates n only himself b all 8 belong+s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! admiration :i* is frequ5tly express$ = =eign cu/oms & ideas is really due to ?is etiquette1 & simil>ly t ! belittl+ ( ,p]sia z a c\ntry t has gone to pieces is due to ! same cause4 ,?is sugge/ion is1 ,i believe1 entirely incorrect4 ,a ,yezdi w belittle himself1 8 h\se1 8 relations1 & ! c\ntry ( ,p]sia1 because he reg>ds ! fir/ ?ree z purely p]sonal1 & does n c>e ! lea/ bit ab\t ! f\r?2 b if he belittles 8 t[n1 8 etiquette1 or ! f\ndations ( 8 cre$1 he w make x v pla9 t he expects y to und]/& t he simply does x out ( civility4 ,!re is "o ?+ t a ,yezdi puts be=e ev]y?+1 & t is ! wat]-supply ( 8 t[n4 ,i p]sonally got on v well ) ! ,yezdis1 al?\gh ,i _h to own t ,i did n admire ,mohamm$ or 8 religion4 ,b ano!r ,european1 :o op5ly /at$ t he did n approve ( _! wat]1 succe$$ 9 absolutely ali5at+ _! affections4 ,^! exceptions %[ t ,yezdis are will+ to exhibit _! pride 9 :at !y really love4 ,!y are also v pr\d ( _! lit]ature1 _! language1 & _! intellig5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 consid]+ _! extreme ignorance1 !y are n a conceit$ p1 & _! will+ness to adopt =eign ?+s m or less po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,"s ( !m1 & ^! are g5]ally ! mo/ ignorant1 are insuff]ably conceit$1 b z a rule _! comp>ative fre$om f ?is vice makes !m peculi>ly likeable4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a moral pr9ciple t ,i c f9d among/ ! ,p]sians is _! comm5dation ( simple acts ( k9dness4 ,z ,i h be=e m5tion$ ! idea ( savabs cov]s _m actions :i* h no e?ical po9t1 & x fails to cov] 9 ! ,p]sian m9d _m actions ( a moral "* :]e ! b5efit is n at once app>5t4 ,b ,yezdis are br\ght up to admire simple & direct acts ( k9dness1 & to enjoy do+ !m4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y are v good-natur$1 & 9 no?+ is ?is s obvi\s z 9 _! conduct t[>ds *ildr54 ,( c\rse cases ( gross cruelty to *ildr5 come to "o's notice occasionally1 b !y are aft] all ! exception & n ! rule1 & ! *ildr5 are m (t5 spoilt by weak indulg5ce4 ,! ,yezdi's conduct t[>ds animals v well illu/rates 8 "*4 ,i believe t !re is less wanton cruelty1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds wild animals1 ?an y w\ld f9d 9 a ,european t[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cruelty t[>ds work+ bea/s is beyond description1 !re be+ 9 ?is case an ult]ior object4 ,aga91 ! dogs 9 ! /reet1 :i* are m or less "u ! ban ( ! ,mussulman religion1 are treat$ 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y way4 ,!y are made ! recipi5ts ( little acts ( good-natur$ k9dness1 p]haps "u ! impression t a savab1 ev5 to a dog1 _c d any h>m1 p]haps because a ,yezdi is (t5 bett] ?an 8 ideas4 ,!y are also treat$ on occasions ) ! mo/ fe>ful cruelty1 & ! cruelty 9 ?is case has no po9t b ! satisfaction ( a religi\s prejudice4 ,?is is1 aft] all1 exactly ! way 9 :i* ! ,yezdi ,mussulman treats ! human be+ :om he consid]s unclean4 ,he has alt]native pr9ciples :i* he *ooses accord+ to 8 mood & circum/ances4 ,sometimes ! prejudice aga9/ kill+ animals gives rise to v great cruelty4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ a s9 to kill an animal except 9 self def5ce or = food1 b y may d any?+ to x %ort ( ext+ui%+ life ) y\r own h&4 ,to sum up1 9 ! case ( (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son ,yezdis h an inkl+ ( an e?ical pr9ciple1 :i* is frequ5tly at issue ) ! m explicit tea*+ ( _! religion4 ,?is seems to me to be "o ( ! mo/ hopeful po9ts 9 ,p]sian "*1 & "o :i* ! mission>y ought to mo/ c>efully /udy1 try+ to make x 9 _m cases ! basis ( 8 appeals4 ,b we h to bew>e ( trad+ too mu* ^u ?is v rudim5t>y pr9ciple4 ,:5 we come to (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty1 we %all f9d x appli$ mu* less frequ5tly1 & work+ ) mu* less =ce4 ,!re is no incl9ation to hone/y 9 a ,mussulman's "* to correspond ) ! incl9ation to k9dly action4 ,if y want to f9d any?+ ( ?is k9d y mu/ g to ! ,p>sis4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is no?+ t gives ! ,yezdi ,mussulman su* int5se satisfaction z ! feel+ t he has scor$ by 8 wits4 ,he w\ld mu* r /eal "o kran ?an e>n two by ! same exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( di%one/y is recognis$1 & is n 9 any way res5t$4 ,! s]vants1 = in/ance1 expect to make a c]ta9 pr(it ^u all transactions4 ,! ext5t ( _! pr(it is by cu/om left entirely to ! consci5ce ( ! s]vant1 b ev]ybody w\ld confess t tak+ m ?an a c]ta9 am\nt 0 wrong4 ,y w frequ5tly cat* less tru/wor?y s]vants try+ to make ov] fifty p] c5t41 & sometimes ov] a hundr$4 ,z to ! morality ( ?is cu/om :5 ! l[e/ possible p]c5tage is drawn ,i c only say t ,i am n :olly conv9c$1 z x appe>s to me t s]vants :o are try+ to live a /raight life nev] ask = x to be sanction$1 & sometimes c]ta9ly give x up1 at any rate 9 its direct =m4 ,b ! po9t is t wages are g5]ally arrang$ on a scale t all[s = a man tak+ v mu* m ?an ! m9imum p]c5tage4 ,nor is ?is sort ( all[ance = di%one/y only made 9 s]vants' wages4 ,"o day ! cook ( "o ( ! ,europeans w5t to ! baza>s = meat1 & aft] ! usual haggl+ ! price 0 fix$ at twelve krans a man' 7?irte5 p\nds71 8,b10 said ! cook1 8y h got y\r ?umb on ! scale40 8,& d y ?9k10 retort$ ! but*]1 8t ,i am go+ to give y meat at twelve krans a man'1 unless ,i keep my ?umb on ! scale80 ,?is %[s y some?+ ( ,p]sian bus9ess pr9ciples1 & inde$ trick]y is reg>d$ by all ,p]sians z "p ( ! ord9>y r\t9e ( life4 ,our s]vant once ask$ ! milkman if he c\ld sell u "s cream1 & ! man repli$ q gravely1 8,no1 if ,i take (f ! cream !y w compla9 ( ! milk40 ,he obvi\sly ?\ght t ! natural way to supply u ) cream w\ld be to skim ! milk he sold u4 ,pass+ to ! m]*ant class ! opium trade af=ds a good in/ance ( ! mo/ b>efac$ type ( :olesale fraud4 ,inde$1 ! fraud ( a ,p]sian t[n is beyond conception4 ,we _h a neighb\r 9 ,yezd :o 0 consid]$ a fairly respectable man1 & ^: sole bus9ess 0 ! =g+ ( seals4 ,b ! fact is t e class1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 is ?or\ghly p]meat$ by ! leav5 ( di%one/y4 ,!re is s little security = prop]ty 9 ,p]sia t m5 d n consid] x wor? _! :ile to amass weal? by ord9>y means4 ,ev]ybody 9 a t[n l ,yezd is try+ to effect a c\p1 ei!r a big "o or a small "o1 & "o ( ! results is ! mo/ extraord9>ily rapid %ift+ ( social positions4 ,9 ,p]sia ! road f begg>y to pr9c$om is a v %ort "o1 & ! road f pr9c$om to begg>y is n v l5g?y2 only 9 ?is return j\rney x is some:at difficult to prev5t be+ assass9at$1 = :5 a big man is disgrac$ 8 life is 9 extreme dang]4 ,?is inatt5tion to ord9>y & petty bus9ess ent]prise has curi\s results4 ,:5 ,i fir/ w5t to ,yezd ,i f\nd x almo/ an impossibility to get ! ?+s ,i want$ f ! baza>s4 ,! ,european has to deal ) ! baza> ?r\gh 8 s]vants1 & x took my m5 ab\t ?ree days to get ! commone/ articles o!r ?an necess>y provisions4 ,articles :i* ,i knew w\ld ne$ a little hunt+ = 7 sometimes1 if ,i insi/$1 procur$ )9 ! mon?4 ,?is is absolutely )\t exagg]ation2 &1 al?\gh ,i believe ,i 0 un=tunate1 o!r resid5ts & travell]s 9 ,p]sia h confess$ to simil> difficulties4 ,y may g into a t[n :]e ! *ief occupation is weav+1 & decl>e t y want "s ( ! wov5 articles :i* x is _! pr9cipal bus9ess to make1 & x is v possible t y may be unable to procure !m1 or only able to get ! mo/ inf]ior specim5s1 if y are pass+ ?r\gh quickly4 ,?is is r less true ( ! l>g] places on ! ma9 roads1 l ,tehran & ,isfahan1 b 9 t[ns l ,yezd !re is ! greate/ difficulty 9 gett+ :at y want4 ,9 an em]g5cy x is frequ5tly almo/ impossible = a ,european to get :at is ne$$1 if ! ?+s requir$ are n su* z he has be5 accu/om$ to buy at o!r times4 ,to (f] r m ?an ! price "o usually gives is n ( mu* use1 & frequ5tly has ! v rev]se effect to :at is int5d$2 = ! sell] 9 su* a case may decide to =ego ! pr(its ( legitimate trad+ = ! *ances ( effect+ a c\p4 ,b ! real difficulty is r t ! retail trad+ ( ,yezd is totally devoid ( ord9>y ent]prise4 ,:5 ! trad] moves out ( ! ord9>y rut ( 8 e-day comm]ce he pref]s to be fraudul5t4 ,9 8 cu/om>y bus9ess ! %op-keep] makes a fair pr(it1 & al?\gh 8 deal+s may n be v ext5sive1 !re is always ! *ance ( some?+ really good com+ 8 way4 ,mean:ile he has a position v mu* m dignifi$ ?an t ( ! ,engli% %op-keep]4 ,9 ,yezd ! sell]1 n ! buy]1 is ! conf]r] ( ! b5efit1 & s f> z ! relation is conc]n$1 ! sup]ior4 ,:5 he sells v small quantities1 he (t5 *>ges less ?an ! usual price4 ,:5 he sells l>ge quantities1 he frequ5tly *>ges some?+ extra4 ,europeans 9 an ord9>y way h n mu* difficulty 9 gett+ regul> supplies :5 !y become well kn[n1 ?\gh !y h to pay m = !m ?an ! natives d4 ,an ,arm5ian also has to pay m ?an a ,yezdi1 b less ?an a ,european4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! poor] natives suff] f ! difficulty ( procur+ on em]g5cies ?+s :i* !y d n ord9>ily buy q z mu* z ourselves1 ?\gh probably ! ri*] ,p]sians h m facilities4 ,?is is j "o specim5 ( ! in]tia ( ,yezd4 ,9 matt]s ( transport "o is ev5 m 9 ! h&s ( o!r p4 ,x is extremely difficult to f9d transport at less ?an ?ree days' notice1 & "o c seldom get (f on a j\rney )9 two h\rs ( ! "t arrang$4 ,dur+ ! j\rney !re is ! same difficulty 9 controll+ affairs4 ,"u su* circum/ances p naturally get a t5d5cy t[>ds fatalism1 & undue p]si/5ce ev5 gets to be reg>d$ z a s94 ,probably ?is has "s effect on ! religi\s conceptions ( ! p1 =1 if a man :o /icks to 8 po9t is n to be admir$1 x is difficult to und]/& :y we %\ld consid] un*angeabl5ess ( purpose a necess>y attribute ( ! ,deity4 ,:atev] may be ! or?odox doctr9e ( ,islam ^u ! subject1 !re is no d\bt t ! ,yezdi fails utt]ly to und]/& :y !re %\ld be any p]si/5ce or consi/5cy 9 ! view tak5 by ! ,deity ( human s91 = ! ,yezdi himself w\ld h>dly feel ju/ifi$ z a fa!r1 or p]son 9 au?ority1 9 tak+ a simil> firm /&4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e is t weakness is h>dly acc\nt$ a s9 at all4 ,i rememb] two conv]sations ) ,babi mullas 9 :i* ?is came out v =cibly4 ,!y tri$ to argue t taqya1 t is1 ! cu/om ( d5y+ "o's fai? "u ! /ress ( dang]1 0 sanction$ 9 ! gospels by ! /ory ( ,pet]'s d5ial4 ,i h also f\nd o!r ,p]sians :o h disput$ ! s9fulness ( ,pet]'s action1 on ! gr\nd t he 0 ! victim ( compulsion4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s sugge/ion ) reg>d to ! def5sibility ( weak conduct 0 made by ano!r p>ty ( ,babi mullas1 :o consid]$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =be>ance ( ,*ri/ t[>ds ,8 enemies & ! impati5ce exhibit$ by ,mohamm$ 0 fully acc\nt$ = by ! respective l5g?s ( _! m9i/ries4 ,"o f9ds ! m>ks ( ?is want ( p]si/5ce ev]y:]e4 ,i h seldom se5 a tomb/one 9 ,yezd t has be5 f9i%$ accurately1 & !re is sc>cely a build+ t has n got a r\gh1 unf9i%$ corn]4 ,simil>ly e "o :o has se5 a ,p]sian c>pet kn[s t ! design is almo/ always brok5 9 at lea/ "o place4 ,i suppose ! prima facie conclusion is t ! ,yezdi is ! weake/ ( weak be+s1 b ,i am v d\btful :e!r ?is conclusion is true4 ,repose & weakness are two diff]5t ?+s1 & al?\gh we seldom f9d ! ,yezdi putt+ out 8 /r5g?1 ! condition ( ! c\ntry is h>dly su* z to r\se him4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! sph]e ( morals ! ,yezdi's religion gives him v little inducem5t to a consi/5t life4 8,! ,light ,t lighte? e man t come? into ! _w0 is n want+ 9 ,p]sia4 ,sometimes x makes ,mussulmans sup]ior to _! cre$1 b1 if ,i may be all[$ to express an op9ion1 ,i ?9k ?is ,light op]ates m 9 call+ m5 out ( ,islam ?an 9 guid+ !m 9 x4#f ,i %\ld hesitate to make a simil> /atem5t ab\t ! ,p>sis4 ,x is n my int5tion to discuss ,zoroa/rianism at l5g?1 b al?\gh x is a religion )\t a gospel1 almo/ all ! ess5tial ideas ab\t ,god1 & "r & wrong1 & ! bases ( human action are und\bt$ly true s f> z !y g4 ,if "o wants to "k :e!r ! ,yezdi ,mussulman is /rong or weak1 "o mu/ exam9e 8 conduct :5 he is sure ( 8 cause4 ,i ?9k he is wor?y ( "s praise = ! self-re/ra9t he habitually %[s :5 he is con=m+ to ! by no means easy re/rictions ( an e/abli%$ & elaborate etiquette4 ,b1 z ,i h previ\sly said1 ! ?+ :i* has op5$ p's eyes to ! enorm\s /r5g? ( ,p]sian "* "u p>tially fav\rable moral conditions1 is ! way 9 :i* ! ,babis h expos$ !mselves to m>tyrdom1 & h /ood firm to _! beliefs & cause "u tortures too horrible = description4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t1 al?\gh ,yezdis1 :ile !y rema9 ,mussulmans1 d n %[ any great en?usiasm = a di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 !y /ill possess ! greate/ p[]s ( loyalty bo? to causes & to individuals4 ,9 _! affection = ^? = :om !y c>e !y are any?+ b weak1 & :5 !y really atta* !mselves to ,*ri/ianity & realise ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,*ri/1 !y develop an unexpect$ /r5g? ( "*4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e ( expect+ an utt] *ange ( con/itution to take place at ! "t ( conv]sion4 ,a ,yezdi's p]sonal atta*m5ts d n run s closely along ! l9es ( duty & relation%ip z might be expect$ by p com+ to ,p]sia f o!r ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! family tie is n always a v /rong "o1 ?\gh x is sometimes exce$+ly /rong4 ,p]haps "o reason = ?is is ! extreme loos5ess ( matrimonial relations4 ,a ,%iah may h f\r regul> & p]man5t wives4 ,:5 he m>ries1 a settlem5t is made on ! woman1 :o may be divorc$ at any "t if he c>es to pay ! settlem5t4 ,! woman may also divorce h] husb&1 if %e c>es to =feit ! settlem5t1 t is if %e is suffici5tly mi/ress ( h] own movem5ts to be able to make ! necess>y arrangem5ts4 ,!re is no limit to ! numb] ( divorces & re-m>riages1 s long z no man possesses at any "t m ?an f\r wives4 ,besides ^! he may h z _m tempor>y wives z he likes4 ,x is true t ^! wives are !oretically only slaves1 b ?is1 aft] all1 is simply a legal quibble4 ,!y c be m>ri$ ei!r = a few days or = a few ye>s4 ,babis may only h "o wife1 & divorce is disc\rag$1 ?\gh among/ ! less respectable ,babis 9 ,yezd divorce is z common z any:]e4 ,"s ( ! m respectable ,mussulmans 9 ,yezd op5ly pr(ess a belief t monogamy is ! m respectable /ate1 & among ! bett] ,yezdi m]*ants x is v common4 ,girls are sometimes m>ri$ extremely "y1 = in/ance at n9e or t51 b !re is a gr[+ feel+ t to m>ry a v "y *ild is n altoge!r respectable1 & "s ( ! bett] class m]*ants pref] n to let _! girls be m>ri$ be=e f\rte54 ,( c\rse ?is is an unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s1 b "o mu/ n fly to ! conclusion t !re is no affection 9 ,p]sian m>riages4 ,"o ( ! mission>ies _h a lad ( ab\t eighte5 9 8 employm5t1 & !re _h be5 talk ( a m>riage betwe5 him & a *ild ( t5 or twelve4 ,go+ home "o ev5+ = 8 night (f1 he f\nd t he _h l&$ 9 ! middle ( 8 own m>riage c]emony1 :i* took place t night4 ,he 0 a good-natur$ lad1 fond ( *ildr51 & ! little wife 0 devot$ to him & 0 t]ribly di/ress$ at 8 n com+ home ! next night1 = %e _h got ev]y?+ ready = him1 & w\ld n believe he 0 n com+4 ,:5 "o ( ! ladies f ! mission>y's h\se w5t to call on h] "s days aft] %e came v close up & :isp]$ t %e want$ h] husb& to come home e night4 ,! wom5 ( ! highe/ (ficial class are kept v close 9 ,yezd1 p]haps only go+ out once 9 six mon?s1 except to ! ba?2 b ! m]*ants' wives h consid]ably m lib]ty1 & ! common] wom5 g ab\t freely4 ,sometimes !re is a great deal ( real affection 9 ! home1 at o!r times exce$+ly little1 especially :5 !re is m ?an "o wife1 & sometimes !re is ! grosse/ cruelty4 ,! fact is t ,p]sians are l$ by impulse 9 ^! matt]s4 ,!y are v slightly con/ra9$ by any feel+ ( pr9ciple4 ,z a class p]haps ! old mo!rs are ! wor/ treat$1 & an old woman g5]ally pref]s go+ to h] daught] r ?an to h] son4 ,"o ( ! ri*e/ m]*ants 9 ,yezd _h an old "m :o 0 v ill1 & he refus$ ev5 to buy a *ick5 to make ! bro? ! doctor _h ord]$4 ,at la/ a fav\rite black slave :e$l$ "o out ( him1 & made ! bro? = ! old woman4 ,slaves 9 ,p]sia are v valuable & are g5]ally well treat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ano!r well-kn[n m]*ant & l&[n]1 ^: old "m-9-law 0 v ill1 ?\ght no?+ too good = h]2 he insi/$ on h] hav+ all %e want$ promptly1 & came himself to h] room at lea/ once a day to enquire aft] h] heal?4 ,! same man took a p]sonal int]e/ 9 see+ t e provision 0 made = ! com=t ( 8 old cook :5 %e 0 pa/ "w1 & ! g5]al tone ( ! h\sehold 0 "o ( affection & consid]ation4 ,ano!r big m]*ant1 ^: old "m _h fall5 (f a ro(1 %[$ ! v greate/ solicitude = h] com=t 9 e possible way1 sp5d+ h\rs ) h]1 & himself lift+ h] mo/ c>efully4 ,at ! same "t ! old wom5 z a class are n well treat$1 & 9 ! bett] class h\ses x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% !m f ! s]vants4 ,! poor] classes are g5]ally no bett]4 ,i rememb] t at "o "t my wife 0 try+ to expla9 to "o ( my s]vants' wives :at +ratitude meant4 ,! woman 0 v fond ( h] *ildr51 s my wife ask$1 8,w\ld y n ?9k x v ungrateful1 if1 :5 y 7 old & poor1 y\r boy refus$ to d any?+ = y80 8,no10 %e said1 8( c\rse t is :at ,i expect4 ,our boys are always l t4 ,we only say1 #8,x is ! w ( ,god4'0 ,sev]al wom5 pres5t jo9$ 9 ! laugh at my wife's ignorance4 ,( c\rse a great deal ( cruelty goes on 9 ! less respectable ,p]sian h\seholds1 & ! use ( poison is n uncommon4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t 9 ,p]sia p :o are n ev5 pr(ess$ly respectable are to be f\nd 9 e class1 & 9 a comm]cial t[n l ,yezd /atus goes l>gely by weal?1 & c>ries ) x no obligation to keep up ev5 a sup]ficial reputation4 ,! organisation ( ! h\sehold is v l>gely outside ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y law4 ,i d n "k :at is ! exact legal limit ( ! jus pat]num1 b ,i am q sure t x is v difficult to br+ to book ! head ( a h\sehold = murd]+ any memb] ( 8 family4 ,also 9 ! case ( a memb] ( ! family leav+ ,islam1 ! matt] w\ld probably be prim>ily left to ! head ( ! h\sehold1 al?\gh if ! case 0 flagrant ! matt] might also be tak5 up by outsid]s4 ,x is v necess>y to und]/& ?is :5 discuss+ ! possibility ( religi\s lib]ty 9 ,p]sia4 ,religi\s lib]ty1 proclaim$ by a firman ( ! ,%ah1 w\ld n h ! enorm\s value :i* is sometimes suppos$4 ,inde$ x w\ld be almo/ entirely )\t imm$iate value1 unless ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t 7 consid]ably /r5g!n$1 & a limitation put on ! jus pat]num4 ,a decision by lead+ mujtahids t x 0 exp$i5t to give su* lib]ty ei!r to ! individual or to ! family1 w\ld probably h m imm$iate effect1 b1 ev5 7 su* a ?+ possible1 x w\ld be difficult to say h[ long su* a decision w\ld rema9 un*ang$ if advantage 0 really tak5 ( x1 & ! prec$5t ( ! decision w\ld on ! :ole be r a bad "o4 ,ano!r conceivable =m ( religi\s lib]ty is t ! "r ( mak+ conv]ts f ,islam %\ld be secur$ by treaty to ! ,european mission>y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n put a /op to ! p]secution ( conv]ts4 ,!re is s mu* inju/ice t is done 9 ,p]sia z a matt] ( c\rse1 t x w\ld be v difficult to prove t ,p]sian subjects :o 7 conv]ts _h be5 int]f]$ ) = religi\s reasons4 ,"o ( ! difficulties t mission>ies exp]i5ce at pres5t1 is t conv]ts are always br++ =w>d in/ances ( inju/ice :i* !y !mselves believe to be due to _! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 :]eas ! mission>y1 :o has consid]able d\bts on ! subject1 is (t5 afraid ( call+ d[n real p]secution by us+ 8 influ5ce on _! behalf4 ,! subject ( religi\s lib]ty is a v difficult "o1 & al?\gh "s p feel t an ext5sion ( treaty rights w\ld be a good ?+1 & o!rs1 t a firman ( ! ,%ah giv+ religi\s lib]ty to 8 subjects w\ld help ! gr[? ( s\nd & civilis$ ideas 9 8 doma91 !re c be no d\bt t ! prim>y want is /rong & good gov]nm5t4 ,i h tri$ 9 ?is *apt] n to discuss ! gov]nm5t ( ,p]sia m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is ( c\rse f> f p]fect4 ,at ! same "t1 dur+ my /ay 9 ,yezd1 ! gov]nors ( ! t[n1 & notably ! ,jallu'd ,daula1 %[$ great fri5dl9ess to ! :ole ,european colony1 & great fairness 9 _! attitude t[>ds ! mission4 ,! /r5g!n+ ( ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t is a cle> ga9 to ! mission>y1 & see+ t /rong gov]nm5t )\t religi\s lib]ty c\ld c]ta9ly d = u inf9itely m ?an religi\s lib]ty )\t /rong gov]nm5t1 ,i p]sonally feel t ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t1 c5tral & local1 is at pres5t ! ma9 desid]atum4 ,at ! same "t1 ) ,god all ?+s are possible1 & ,i %\ld hesitate to press ?is view on o!r p4 ,"o or two in/ances ( ! l5g?s to :i* crime c g 9 ,p]sian h\ses )\t ar\s+ mu* notice f ! au?orities might be record$4 ,!re 0 9 ,yezd "o man :o /abb$ 8 own *ild 9 its "m's arms1 & rema9$ absolutely unpuni%$4 ,he 0 /ill flagrantly ill-treat+ 8 wife & *ildr5 :ile we 7 9 ! t[n4 ,9 ! ,isfahan di/rict1 a man murd]$ 8 *ild-wife by p\r+ p>aff9 ov] h] & light+ x4 ,! *ild di$ 9 ! ,julfa hospital4 ,if any puni%m5t 0 inflict$ x 0 a v light "o4 ,!re 0 ano!r woman 9 ,yezd dang]\sly /abb$ by h] son-9-law1 b z %e did n die1 ev5 h] family took v little notice ( ! matt]4 ,^! are a few typical specim5s ( ! way 9 :i* ! family is all[$ to manage1 or mismanage1 its own affairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squ>e ,,outside ,,gov]nor',s ,,resid5ce ,,9 ,,yezd4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,yezdis are op5-h&$4 ,!y h n ! lea/ %ame ab\t begg+1 & w %[ ! greate/ meanness 9 money-gett+1 b ?is does n prev5t _! be+ !mselves g5]\s at times4 ,! fact is1 t !y reg>d begg>y z a b>ga92 "o man gets a co91 & ! o!r a savab4 ,!y accept k9dnesses ( any sort 9 ?is mann]1 & consid] t !y give z good z !y get1 p>ticul>ly if !y are ,seyids2 b = all ?is1 !y are frequ5tly ready to take ! o!r side 9 ! game4 ,probably n less ?an t5 p] c5t ( ! population are pr(essional begg>s1 & z !y d n />ve1 we may conclude t a great deal ( money is giv5 away4 ,b ! op5-h&$ness ( ! ,yezdi takes o!r =ms besides ! m]e giv+ ( money to ^? :o ask = x4 ,he sp5ds money freely ^u 8 own pleasures3 consid]+ 8 pov]ty he lives well3 ?is is true ( all classes3 f9ally1 he really enjoys %[+ hospitality4 ,!re is 9 ,p]sian hospitality a great deal m ?an ! obs]vance ( etiquette4 ,ev5 ! inquisitiv5ess ( ! ,yezdi is a k9d ( attempt to get into real t\* ) 8 gue/4 ,9 a ^w1 he is ess5tially human4 ,mo/ ,europeans :o h liv$ 9 ,p]sia f9d x r difficult to expla9 :y !y l ! p4 ,9 ! ,yezdi !re is c]ta9ly mu* to lam5t1 b !re is some?+ to admire1 & v mu* m to l4 ,a p :o are op5-h&$1 good-natur$1 affectionate1 n always extravagantly conceit$1 & above all1 int5sely human1 are a p "o _c help gett+ to l :5 "o lives among !m = any "t4 ,at ! same "t1 _! inquisitiv5ess1 unpunctuality1 int5se di%one/y1 frequ5t +ratitude1 & absolute want ( pr9ciple 9 ev]y?+1 are1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 v try+4 ,z to _! exact position 9 ! scale ( civilisation1 my p]sonal op9ion ( !m greatly *ang$ aft] liv+ ?r\gh ! ,babi massacre ( #aijc4 ,to f9d m51 & wom5 too1 :o _h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t influ5c$ by contact ) ,we/]n ideas & /&>ds1 & :o prid$ !mselves on repres5t+ ! section ( ,p]sian ,society mo/ advanc$ 9 civilisation & ref9em5t1 op5ly gloat+ ov] horrors t w\ld pollute ^! pages if ,i 7 to write !m1 seem$ to u to be an indication ( a m radical difficulty ?an 0 evid5c$ by ! horrors !mselves4 ,at ! same "t1 ! behavi\r ( ! ,babis "u p]secution 0 suffici5t to conv9ce any "o t !re is pl5ty ( /r5g? 9 ! ,p]sian "*1 if only x c be call$ out4 ,my conclusion is t x is unfair to ! ,yezdi's "* to 9 any way depreciate ! evil effects ( ! circum/ances among :i* he lives4 ,8 want ( pr9ciple1 8 f]ocity1 & o!r simil> po9ts 9 8 "* c mo/ ( !m be trac$ to a religi\s sy/em :i* 0 =c$ ^u him by ! sword2 = we mu/ rememb] t he is f\r-fif?s a ,p>si1 & only "o-fif? an ,arab4 ,! good po9ts 9 8 "* are mu* less easy to trace to 8 religion4 ,he is n indispos$ to re=m1 a fact :i* is prov$ by ! success ( ! ,babi movem5t1 ! possibilities ( :i* h be5 discuss$ already4 ,"u ^! circum/ances "o c h>dly imag9e a c\ntry :]e ! call to ,*ri/ian mission>y "w 0 s p]emptory1 bo? because ( ! ne$ & because ( ! peculi> op5+ af=d$4 ,mission>y "w mu/1 ( c\rse1 be bas$ r ^u ! direct comm&m5t ( ! ,savi\r ?an ^u human judgm5t4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt t ,god sometimes acc5tuates ,8 writt5 comm&s by plac+ peculi> circum/ances be=e our eyes1 & ,i _c conceive places appeal+ m /rongly to ! intellig5t /ud5t ( ! mission>y field ?an ^! isolat$ t[ns ( ,p]sia1 "o ( :i* ,i h attempt$ to describe4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,difficulties 9 deal+ ) enquir]s--,language--,argum5t--,p>abolic int]pretation--,di/ru/ ( evid5ce--,ignorance--,atta*m5t to ,islam z repres5t+ :ole s*eme ( life--,! problem ( conv]ts--,indu/rial missions--,employm5t by mission>ies--,helpful po9ts--,read9ess = religi\s discussion--,quickness 9 grasp+ s+le po9ts--,yezdi wants di/9ctive & sy/ematic tea*+--,& a concrete example--,difficulties 9 accept+ conv]ts--,te/s4 ,f :at has be5 previ\sly said x w be und]/ood t f ! mission>y po9t ( view !re are1 :5 deal+ ) ! ,p]sian1 c]ta9 peculi> difficulties1 & also c]ta9 ?+s :i* t5d to make mission>y "w m easy4 ,we h to deal ) a p ^: fundam5tal notions ( ,god & ( ,8 deal+s ) m5 are absolutely diff]5t f our own4 ,i am n n[ s mu* speak+ ( ^? t5ets on :i* ! ,mussulman loves to dwell1 b r ( ^? t5ets ( :i* he does n ?9k x necess>y to speak1 :i* are n s mu* ! objects ( 8 fai?1 b r indisputable facts :i* /& outside ! sph]e ( fai?4 ,! difficulty is n s mu* t ! ,p]sian is repell$ by our hold+ contr>y ideas2 he _c believe t we hold !m2 & inde$ x is a s]i\s difficulty t 9 accept+ ! ,p]sian language we (t5 unconsci\sly admit ! v ,mussulman ideas :i* we int5d to attack1 & give to ! ,p]sian premises ^u :i* he c build 8 :ole argum5t4 ,to give an illu/ration2 a ,p]sian enquir] w say to ! mission>y1 8,( c\rse y all[ t ,moses & ,david 7 prophets80 ,! mission>y w probably admit ?is4 ,n[ if ! ,p]sian has us$ ! mo/ ord9>y t]m = su* prophets1 t is1 ! t]m paighamb>1 he w naturally suppose t ! mission>y has admitt$ ! foll[+3 fir/ ( all1 t ,god s5ds f "t to "t m5 :o are appo9t$ by ,him to reveal a new law ( human action1 :i*1 s f> z ! moral comm&m5ts are conc]n$1 has no necess>y connection ) previ\s revelation2 secondly1 t ,moses & ,david gave ea* ( !m a suffici5t direction to ! peoples ( _! day to enable !m to appreh5d salvation4 ,9 all probability y\r ,mussulman fri5d w assume t y h grant$ ev5 m2 = in/ance1 t ,moses & ,david 7 bo? ( !m commission$ to invite ev]yone !y came across to accept _! religion2 & ,i %\ld be sorry to say t y w\ld n h be5 suppos$ to h made o!r /ill m impossible admissions4 ,i d n ?9k t x w\ld be possible to avoid ?is difficulty by extreme scrupulosity 9 accept+ t]ms4 ,! result ( su* hesitation w\ld probably be to puzzle & p]plex ! s9c]e enquir] :o 0 g5u9ely anxi\s to f9d out :at ,*ri/ianity really meant4 ,a m possible way out ( ! difficulty is to take ! fir/ opportunity ( /at+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mussulman & ,*ri/ian belief ^u ^! subjects1 & ,i %all p]haps be p>don$ = sugge/+ t su* matt]s ought to be ?or\ghly ?\ght out be=eh&4 ,!re are a good _m t]ms t we use 9 ! pres5t day1 su* z 8p]petuity ( ! moral law10 & 8cont9uity & gr[? ( revelation10 :i* require v c>eful analysis be=e !y c be pres5t$ to m9ds :i* h n be5 accu/om$ to ! ideas !y repres5t4 ,i h previ\sly comp>$ ! m9d ( ! ,yezdi to a field-glass ( v small range & high p[]1 & h po9t$ out t ! man possess+ su* a glass sees v cle>ly )9 a limit$ area4 ,! ,yezdi is utt]ly diff]5t f ! ,european4 ,! latt] looks = a g5]ally consi/5t sy/em1 &1 kn[+ h[ difficult x is to get su* a ?+1 he is cont5t to f9d c]ta9 po9ts :]e ! agreem5t has n be5 ?or\ghly work$ out4 ,! typical ,yezdi expects a mu* m cle>ly work$ out conception ( t small numb] ( po9ts :i* are at "o "t pres5t$ to 8 range ( vision4 ,b :5 he has turn$ 8 glasses 9 ano!r direction ! fir/ set ( ideas is blott$ out1 & ! second gr\p z a :ole may be absolutely contradictory to ! fir/1 s long z x is consi/5t 9 itself4 ,! result is t he is absolutely unt\*$ by criticism :i* appe>s to ! ,european cru%+ & f9al4 ,!n ! mission>y gets to reg>d him z an imbecile1 & pres5ts to him an idea :i* he has n cle>ly ?\ght out himself4 ,! ,p]sian turns ! tables on him 9 a mom5t1 & frequ5tly ! mission>y is greatly surpris$4 ,! only way to meet ?is difficulty is bo? to prep>e & select y\r argum5ts c>efully1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 y c nev] use ) ! ord9>y ,%iah ,mussulman an argum5t t conta9s m ?an ?ree /eps4 ,z to ! difficulties ( ! language1 "s h be5 previ\sly m5tion$1 & to ^! mu/ be add$ ! entire abs5ce ( words convey+ c]ta9 important conceptions4 ,p]haps we are n q s badly (f z ! mission>y to ! ,esquimaux1 :o has to expla9 our ,"l's p>ables to p :o "k ( h>dly any dome/ic animals at all1 & :o h nev] se5 a tree2 nor is ! ,p]sian s int5sely dull z ! inhabitants ( ! ,indian di/rict :]e ! mirzas decl>$ t ! mean+ ( ! 8field to bury /rang]s 90 c\ld n possibly be und]/ood unless ! /rang]s 7 describ$ z dead2 b to f9d a p :o are suffici5tly advanc$ to h an elaborate sy/em ( psy*ology1 & yet h no t]m = consci5ce is a difficulty ( almo/ a new k9d4 ,betwe5 ?is sort ( defici5cy on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! impossibility ( =m+ a s5t5ce ) an accurate mean+1 or ( mak+ ! mean+ und]/ood :5 x is =m$1 ! mission>y is sometimes incl9$ to wi% ! ,p]sian language at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,a v simil> difficulty is to be f\nd 9 ! absolute d5ial1 especially by ! ,babis1 ( any limitations to ! use ( p>abolic language4 ,i c be/ expla9 ?is by in/anc+ a v common ,babi argum5t1 by :i* x is attempt$ to m9imise ! extraord9>y nature ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 ?is be+ a prep>atory /ep to ! advancem5t ( ! claims ( ,behu'llah4 ,*ri/ on "o occasion said1 8,let ! dead bury _! dead40 ,9 ?is text x is obvi\s t ! ^w 8dead0 ref]s 9 "o case r to spiritual ?an to physical dea?4 ,consequ5tly1 !y say1 ! miracles ( rais+ ! dead to life :i* are rec\nt$ 9 ! ,gospels are n to be tak5 z ref]r+ to physical dea? ei!r4 ,! obvi\s answ]1 t p>abolic language1 :5 us$ )\t any w>n+ & "u circum/ances t make x c]ta9 to be int]pret$ z lit]al /atem5t1 is simply ano!r "n = falsehood1 entirely fails to appeal to ! ,p]sian m9d1 ev5 ?\gh x is po9t$ out 9 addition t1 9 ! /ories ( ! rais+ ( ! dead1 local col\r & special circum/ances are add$ 9 su* a way t ! details ( ! /ories d n admit ( any intelligible allegoric int]pretation4 ,9 meet+ ?is k9d ( position ! difficulty is occasionally increas$ by ! ,babi controv]siali/ be+ aw>e t c]ta9 ,european objectors hold a v simil> op9ion ab\t our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i am "r 9 say+ t no ,european critic has ev] attempt$ to take up :at seems to u ! impossible position ( accept+ ! absolute tru? & inspiration ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* ! ,babi fully admits1 :ile at ! same "t try+ to expla9 away ! pla9 /atem5ts ( ! ,gospels4 ,ano!r difficulty is t "s1 & ^? n always ! lea/ intellig5t1 ( ! ,yezdi enquir]s mi/ru/ absolutely all report$ evid5ce4 ,?is is aft] all only ! logical result ( life 9 a ,p]sian t[n4 ,to say t a c]ta9 po9t1 ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y1 su* z ! fact ( our ,"l's appe>ance 9 ,pale/9e n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 is a matt] ( hi/ory1 or is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 means to ! ,yezdi absolutely no?+4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 :5 y are able to expla9 t hi/orical criticism is n an impossibility 9 ,europe1 ?is extreme scepticism p>tially subsides1 p>ticul>ly :5 y are able to %[ t ! dem& = direct evid5ce is n altoge!r impossible to satisfy4 ,( c\rse1 too1 !re are difficulties 9 argum5t aris+ f ! int5se ignorance ( ! ,yezdi1 & m p>ticul>ly f 8 extremely limit$ ideas ( ! size ( ! _w4 ,= in/ance1 :5 he is repeat+ ! /ory t ! text ( ! ,bible 0 *ang$ 9 ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 ! v]ses ref]r+ to ! prophet be+ elim9at$1 x is almo/ impossible to expla9 ! enorm\s difficulty t w\ld h att5d$ su* a proce$+4 ,?is mu/ ( c\rse be ! case 9 o!r places1 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! peculi> nature ( ! ,p]sian des]t t[ns makes ?is /ate ( m9d compatible ) a great] degree ( intellig5ce ?an "o w\ld h believ$ possible4 ,:5 ev]y?+ has be5 said1 ! /rong atta*m5t felt by ! ,yezdi to ,islam rema9s ! greate/ difficulty ( all4 ,x has be5 previ\sly %[n t ,islam is mu* m ?an a cre$1 & mu* m ?an a set ( comm&m5ts4 ,beh9d ^! ?+s are a numb] ( m or less connect$ ideas ^u ! relations ( ,god & man1 :i* h n only be5 accept$ )\t "q = g5]ations1 b are consid]$ by ! ,mussulman to be axiomatic & impossible to call 9 "q4 ,also ar\nd ,islam !re has gr[n up a sy/em ( dome/ic & social life & ( p]sonal habit1 :i* fills up e mom5t ( ! day4 ,habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 ! sy/em ( cook+ food1 ! fa%ion ( dress1 & ! me?od ( spee* are all m or less connect$ ) ,islam4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! m normal amusem5ts ( ! ,yezdi4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( s++ & play+ :i* is 9 direct contrav5tion ( ,mohamm$an law2 b ! ?+s :i* 9 ! life ( ! p take ! place ( ! conc]t-hall & ( ! !atre are ! ruza-khani1 :i* is ! recitation ( religi\s poems by ! ,mohamm$an mulla1 & ! ,muh>ram fe/ival1 :i* is entirely religi\s1 be+ a miracle-play depict+ ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,imam ,husa94 ,ev5 ! m usual /reet %[s1 :i* are pres5t$ by /ory-tell+ d]vi%es1 are ! prop]ty ( a class possess+ a peculi> religi\s /atus4 ,"u ^! circum/ances :o c wond] t to sep>ate himself f ,islam )\t leav+ ! c\ntry seems to ! enquir] almo/ impossible8 ,fur!r1 he is incl9$ to say t1 if x is possible1 x is only to be done by jo9+ himself to ! life ( ! ,f]angi h\sehold4 ,x is v difficult to expla9 to ! ,mussulman t ,*ri/ianity is n a politico-religi\s sy/em l ,islam1 b x is /ill m difficult to make him und]/& t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! ,islamic sy/em c 9 any way rema9 lawful to him :5 he becomes a ,*ri/ian4 ,! difficulty is really an enorm\s "o4 ,m5 :o w\ld be ready to face dea?1 if dea? 0 9 ! air1 are n always ready to face boycott & petty p]secution1 _! neighb\rs reg>d+ !m z unclean1 & _! new co-religioni/s1 ?\gh n refus+ to associate ) !m1 hav+ app>5tly no idea ( provid+ !m ) a new home atmosph]e4 ,^?1 too1 :o are dep5d5t on _! pr(essions or trades feel t z ,*ri/ians ! friction ) ,islam w be s great t1 ev5 if !y are n treat$ z infidels & at once turn$ adrift1 _! seek+ ( _! livelihood w be a daily m>tyrdom1 (t5 extremely di/ress+ to _! newly-awak5$ religi\s feel+s4 ,all ( ! obvi\s solutions ( ?is problem are almo/ z difficult z ! difficulty itself4 ,fir/ ( all1 x might be possible to create an indu/rial mission1 & to provide new employm5t & new circum/ances ( life = ! conv]ts4 ,su* a move w\ld attract s mu* att5tion 9 a t[n l ,yezd t x might v possibly provoke a s]i\s riot2 &1 ev5 if x did n d ?is1 x w\ld involve an enorm\s f9ancial loss4 ,x w\ld be impossible to get = su* an ent]prise ! sympa?y ( ! ,p]sian au?orities4 ,! und]tak+ w\ld be attack$ by a cont9ual succession ( intrigues1 & ev5 )\t ^! disadvantages x is d\btful :e!r ,europeans :o _h to deal ) ,p]sians 9 matt]s ( trade )\t be+ prim>ily trad]s c\ld possibly avoid bankruptcy aft] a v %ort p]iod4 ,besides ?is if any su* plan 0 />t$1 ! possibilities ( ! situation f ! employ's po9t ( view w\ld s appeal to ! ,p]sian t numb]s w\ld come & pr(ess conv]sion 9 ord] to reap _! %>e 9 ! b5efits4 ,x _c be too fully po9t$ out t 9 ,yezd ! man :o is n 9 e>ne/1 & :o is will+ to d5y s9c]ity ( motive1 risks absolutely no?+1 ev5 ?\gh he may cons5t to public or semi-public c]emonies4 ,ano!r solution ( ! difficulty is to employ conv]ts 9 ! mission>ies' h\seholds1 b aft] all ?is only provides = a c]ta9 numb]1 & ^? only ( c]ta9 classes4 ,if ! less satisfactory s]vants & employs 7 cont9ually ou/$ to make room = conv]ts1 a fur!r v s]i\s difficulty w\ld be creat$1 z !re w\ld be a numb] ( p 9 ! t[n do+ _! be/ to /ir up tr\ble4 ,! position is fur!r complicat$ by ! numb] ( s]vants 9 a ,p]sian h\sehold be+ v mu* few] ?an ! usual numb] 9 an ,indian "o4 ,at ! same "t ?is solution ( ! difficulty1 :5 x is possible1 is c]ta9ly ! be/ "o4 ,conv]ts :o are employ$ by ,*ri/ians are 9 ,s\? ,p]sia a f> f unsatisfactory class1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y h giv5 up m remun]ative "w4 ,:5 ! conv]ts are left too mu* to f5d = !mselves ! results are n always satisfactory1 = ev5 :5 !y pull ?r\gh1 a feel+ ( n hav+ be5 prop]ly treat$ is sometimes left beh9d1 :i* is n helpful to _! ,*ri/ian life4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i feel t1 at ! pres5t /age1 conv]ts %\ld1 :5 possible1 be drawn c>efully into ! organisation ( ! mission or ! mission h\seholds1 :i* w\ld also h ! effect ( increas+ ! mission>y /aff4 ,if x is due to our fai? 9 ,*ri/1 z x mo/ surely is1 to s5d out e ,european man or woman :o comes =w>d = mission "w1 & aft] pray]ful & c>eful exam9ation or tra9+ /ill seems to be set ap>t = t "w by ,god1 surely 9 ! ,p]sian mission "u pres5t circum/ances we might receive z fell[-work]s ^? :o aft] accept+ ! ,gospel are ?r[n ^u our h&s by ! same ,god4 ,lat] on x may become possible to connect ! ,p]sian mission /ations ) an indu/rial organisation at ,bombay1 or ,god may %[ "s o!r simil> way out ( ! app>5t cul-de-sac4 ,b ! :ole difficulty is s great1 t p]haps x w\ld be well to keep x 9 m9d :5 we are det]m9+ ! organisation ( missions1 = "s me?ods ( "w t5d to absorb natives ( v>i\s classes1 :ile o!rs %[ no t5d5cy to d s4 ,9 spite ( ! imm5se difficulties 9 ! way ( regul> indu/rial missions1 "s ,p]sian mission>ies hold t !y ought to be />t$1 "u ! *>ge ( ?or\ghly compet5t m5 s5t out = ! purpose4 ,my p]sonal op9ion is t1 if x 0 ! ma9 int5tion t su* "w %\ld lead to ! =mation ( an indu/rial community ( conv]ts e>n+ _! own liv+ & pay+ _! own exp5ses1 !re w\ld probably be a great deal ( disappo9tm5t ab\t ! results4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* "w 0 attempt$ x w\ld h to be done 9 v close conjunction ) ! /ronge/ ( ! m$ical missions1 & a responsibility = back+ x up w\ld h to re/ ) ! doctors 9 *>ge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e/abli%m5t ( indu/rial tra9+ classes "u compet5t tea*]s1 n necess>ily ,european1 w\ld n be op5 to ! same objections4 ,x w\ld really be a developm5t ( s*ool "w1 & ! prim>y object w\ld be ! assi/ance ( ! native population & ! spread+ ( ! ,gospel message among/ !m4 ,l o!r bran*es ( mission "w x w\ld be work$ at z small a loss z possible4 ,b x w\ld n be a settlem5t ( ! great difficulty1 ?\gh we might reasonably expect x to prove a /ep t[>ds su* a settlem5t1 = x w\ld obvi\sly put u 9 a position to consid] fur!r /eps z occasion (f]$4 ,aft] all1 mission>y "w is ! attempt+ ( ! impossible 9 dep5d5ce on ! ,almighty1 & "u su* circum/ances to attempt to look too f> ahead is absurd4 ,9 ! face ( ^! difficulties x is really wond]ful t mission>y "w 9 ,yezd %\ld h gone s f> =w>d4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ,yezdi "* & ideas t h prov$ a v great assi/ance to ! mission>y4 ,yezdis are always ready to talk ab\t religion1 & !y are ?or\ghly sociable4 ,!n !y are always int]e/$ 9 new ideas1 & are quick to adapt !mselves to circum/ances4 ,fur!r1 ! ord9>y ,%iah's ideas ab\t ! ,bible1 t is1 ! ,law ( ,moses & ! ,gospel1 are some:at unc]ta94 ,he g5]ally reg>ds x z ! ,^w ( ,god1 = he does n consid] t ! alt]ations :i* he believes to h be5 made 9 ! text are suffici5t to rob ! ,book ( its :ole value4 ,altoge!r1 8 ideas are mu* less /]eotyp$ ?an ^? ( ! ,sunni1 & x is (t5 possible to conv9ce him t ! ,book is correct ?r\gh\t4 ,!n !re is ! extreme intellig5ce ( ! ,%iah 9 grasp+ s+le po9ts4 ,"s mission>ies "w ^u ?is1 & also on 8 ess5tial weakness1 by tea*+ him ,*ri/ian ideas1 & n po9t+ out _! contradiction to ^? conta9$ 9 ,islam until he has _h "t to grasp _! value4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t al?\gh ?is me?od ( tea*+ may be possible ) p :o d n come prim>ily z enquir]s1 x is n s suitable = ! ,yezdi :o comes to y = discussion or tea*+ on ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,if y want to ga9 a p>ticul> po9t ) a ,p]sian1 = in/ance if y wi% to dissuade him f "s p>ticul> act ( cruelty1 d n use too long an argum5t1 b put :at y want to say & y\r reasons = say+ x z %ortly z possible4 ,ev5 if he does n recognise y\r pr9ciple g5]ally1 he may v possibly accept x = ! p>ticul> occasion1 if y\r argum5t is a pla9 & %ort "o2 b :5 an enquir] aft] ,*ri/ianity comes to y1 he comes to y z to a foll[] ( ,*ri/4 ,he does n want y\r advice ab\t any p>ticul> "p ( 8 conduct2 he wants to "k :y y foll[ ,*ri/ r ?an ,mohamm$4 ,z a matt] ( fact y h to tea* him m1 b ! attempt to tea* him less g5]ally produces a /range /ate ( bewild]m5t1 9 :i* ! man is n v likely to obey any explicit direction y may h giv5 him4 ,! man wants1 n necess>ily controv]sy1 b tea*+ ( a controv]sial nature1 oppos$ to ,mohamm$anism1 t is to ! doctr9e ( ! supremacy ( ,mohamm$'s religion1 & he g5]ally wants su* tea*+ to be bas$ on "s k9d ( argum5t1 & n on m]e ass]tion4 ,i ?9k ?is la/ /atem5t is less true ( ! wom54 ,b 9 our e>ly days at ,yezd1 :5 ,dr ,:ite & ,i 7 bo? /ruggl+ ) ! ,p]sian language1 & all ( ! tea*+ _h to be done by ,arm5ian hospital assi/ants1 :o1 al?\gh admirable fell[s1 _h p]haps n :olly grasp$ exactly :at 0 want$1 we _h /rong evid5ce ( :at ,i am n[ say+4 ,= ! mom5t ,i c\ld speak ! language & began to see some?+ ( ! p1 man aft] man w\ld come to me1 all ) ! same "q1 8,we h he>d a great deal2 a great deal ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 & a great deal ab\t ,jesus ,*ri/2 b ,sahib1 matlab */80 :i* may be translat$1 8,:at is ! po9t ( x all80 ,f :at has be5 writt5 x w be obvi\s t "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts 9 deal+ ) ,p]sian visitors is to und]/& ?or\ghly :o are enquir]s & :o are n4 ,^? :o are n prim>ily enquir]s may (t5 be br\ght to ,*ri/ianity almo/ z easily z ^? :o come z se>*]s aft] tru?1 = :5 y get to "k ,p]sians1 y c d mu* ) !m ?r\gh p]sonal influ5ce1 & inde$1 :5 all has be5 writt5 ab\t ways & me?ods1 ! ?+ mo/ us$ ( ,god 9 ,p]sia is ! p]sonality ( p>ticul> mission>ies4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x is n always ! popul> p]sonality by :i* ! ,p]sian is mo/ affect$ 9 big matt]s1 b he is enorm\sly affect$ by :at we call "*4 ,z to enquir]s1 x seems to me t no h>m is done by be+ v c>eful :om we accept z su*4 ,i mu/ own t ,i h n always work$ on t pr9ciple1 & !re 0 a "t :5 ,i 0 "u ! impression t to refuse to see a visitor1 or to keep him wait+ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 w\ld be to d]ogate f ! importance ( ! message t ,i _h to give1 & :5 ,i w\ld plunge )\t hesitation into ! argum5ts = ! ,*ri/ian position ) any "o :o ask$ me to d s4 ,possibly at ! "t x 0 ! be/ ?+ to d1 = x 0 n until ,i _h pursu$ ?is plan t ,i ga9$ any exp]i5ce to enable me to discrim9ate2 b ,i %\ld c]ta9ly hesitate to advise anybody to foll[ my example4 ,unless a man pr(esses "s s]i\s & practical reason = want+ to "k :y he ought to become a ,*ri/ian x is n always advisable to tell him4 ,latt]ly1 :5 ,i 0 approa*$ on ! subject ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i always repli$ by ask+ ! enquir]'s reasons = se>*+1 & also by ask+ ( :at he 0 9 se>*1 &1 if f 8 answ] x 0 obvi\s t he 0 9 se>* ( some?+ :i* c\ld be f\nd outside ,*ri/ianity1 ,i always told him s4 ,y mu/ rememb] t su* a man naturally cont9ues talk+ ) y1 g5]ally on religi\s subjects1 & inde$ y h !n ! opportunity ( expla9+ :at ,*ri/ianity really is1 )\t ! necessity ( controv]sially prov+ its tru?4 ,he is also j z likely to return to y\r h\se z a man ) :om y h ent]$ into regul> argum5t1 & ,i am q conv9c$ t he is n less likely to appreciate ,*ri/ianity at its true value ?an if y _h all[$ him to consid] t any "o 0 a prop] applicant = admission into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! ?+ :i* seems to me to succe$ be/ ) ,yezdi enquir]s is controv]sial tea*+ ( a sy/ematic k9d4 ,pure controv]sy is sometimes necess>y to remove p>ticul> objections to ! ,gospel message1 b x has to be foll[$ by regul> in/ruction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 in/ruction t does n br+ out v cle>ly ! contra/ betwe5 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity is liable n to be und]/ood4 ,p]sian enquir]s seem z a rule to want help 9 und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ,scripture4 ,sev]al ,p]sian conv]ts h be5 br\ght 9 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,bible )\t ! help ( ! mission>y2 b su* cases are n common4 ,!n "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts t ! mission>y has to be> 9 m9d is t ! ,p]sian expects a concrete example ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,he is mu* m able to und]/& :at he sees ?an :at he simply reads1 & he is anxi\s to "k h[ ! :ole s*eme works out1 = he wi%es to und]/& h[ mu* ( ! practical tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity is really int5d$ = ev]yday use4 ,he is aw>e t 9 8 own religion a good deal c be expla9$ away by ! mulla1 & also t r diff]5t conduct is expect$ f ! cl]ical & non-cl]ical classes respectively4 ,x is true t 9 ,islam ?is diff]5ce is n s great z "o w\ld expect1 b ! ,mussulman cl]ics z a class are c]ta9ly m p>ticul> ?an ! laity ab\t pray]s1 fa/s1 & att5dance at ! mosques4 ,:5 a ,p]sian sees ! ,*ri/ian colony entirely at v>iance ) ! mission>y h\seholds z to religi\s cu/oms & ideas1 he naturally comes to ! conclusion t z a ,*ri/ian layman he w h to con=m mu* m to ! practice ( ! laity ?an to ! practice ( ! cl]ical class1 "u :i* head+ he w include all mission>ies4 ,= ?is reason x seems to me t x is lam5table = mission>ies1 cl]ical or o!rwise1 to sep>ate !mselves too mu* f ! social life ( ! ,european colony4 ,"w 9 su* t[ns z ,yezd ought to be prim>ily *ur* ext5sion1 & :5 bo? mission>ies & o!r ,europeans realise ?is fact1 & d _! be/ to %[ ! native t ,*ri/ is a real =ce 9 ! concrete ,european life ( ! pres5t day1 ! hopefulness ( mission prospects becomes increas$ a ?\s&fold4 ,b ! task be=e ! mission>y is a r m complex "o1 = 8 duty is n only to pres5t ,*ri/ z a liv+ =ce 9 8 ev]yday life1 b he ought also to try & avoid all conduct :i* he le>ns by exp]i5ce w seem to ! native n to tally ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture4 ,9 o!r words1 he mu/ be ready to give up lawful ?+s :i* he is unable to ju/ify to ^? :om he is /riv+ to tea*4 ,su* a det]m9ation w dem& n only /r5g? ( purpose1 b also c>eful & pray]ful ,bible /udy2 b unless ! det]m9ation is made1 ! "w w inevitably suff]4 ,"o unusually intellig5t ,beh1 :o1 ,i am glad to say1 aft]w>ds became a ,*ri/ian1 once br\ght =w>d an objection to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* ,i ?9k is wor? closely not+4 ,he said1 8,y po9t to ! comp>ative prosp]ity ( ,europe z an evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i1 :o h be5 9 ,india1 d n d\bt t ,europeans h accompli%$ some?+4 ,b x seems to me t :at has be5 done has be5 done by ! ,/ate organisation1 :i* re/s ^u ! law ( retaliation1 & is !re=e 9 direct opposition to ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,consequ5tly ^! successes prove n ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 b r ! p[] ( "w done on exactly opposite pr9ciples40 ,my answ]1 :i* 0 accept$1 0 to po9t out t al?\gh ,*ri/ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt %[$ t ! pr9ciple ( retaliation 0 n to gov]n ! actions ( individual ,*ri/ians1 ,*ri/'s religion bo? z exp\nd$ by ,himself be=e ,pilate1 & z pres5t$ by ,8 apo/les 9 ! ,epi/les1 recognises ! p[] ( ! =ce-us+ gov]nor z t ( ,god's m9i/]4 ,i also po9t$ out t ! be/ ,european ,/ate organisations _h only be5 made possible by ! ,*ur*4 ,h[ev]1 ! objection 0 c]ta9ly "o :i* a s]i\s enquir] might be p>don$ = advanc+1 & x is int]e/+ z %[+ ! tr5d ( ! ,p]sian's m9d :5 he comes into contact ) ,european cu/oms & ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,!re rema9 sev]al difficulties1 connect$ r ) ! acceptance ( conv]ts ?an ) ! mak+ ( !m4 ,! ,p]sian is exce$+ly impulsive1 & a great _m enquir]s :o are really 9 e>ne/ ask to be baptiz$ )\t realis+ all t x w mean4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 is a difficulty "o f9ds ev]y:]e4 ,a difficulty m peculi> to ,p]sia has already be5 m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 namely1 ! feel+ t two motives are bett] ?an "o1 & t ! desire = e>?ly z well z spiritual ga9 only makes a man a m e>ne/ applicant4 ,9 ,yezd x is impossible to treat p :o h ?is feel+ z radically uns\nd1 b ( c\rse !y h to be taught t x is impossible to become a ,*ri/ian f ! two po9ts ( view1 & t if !y int5d to make ,*ri/ianity pay f ! e>?ly po9t ( view1 !y w lose ! spiritual b5efit4 ,! "q may p]haps be ask$1 h[ is x t 9 a ,mohamm$an c\ntry !re c be suppos$ to be any temporal advantage 9 becom+ a ,*ri/ian8 ,! answ] to ?is is t ! ,yezdi ,p]sian is accu/om$ n s mu* to religi\s z to politico-religi\s sy/ems3 s he reg>ds ! :ole ,european colony ) _! native s]vants1 ,p>si & ,mussulman1 z all belong+ to ,*ri/ianity & "u ! protection ( ! ,*ri/ian au?orities1 & ?is idea is v l>gely kept up by ! s]vants !mselves4 ,s]vants 9 a ,*ri/ian h\sehold w almo/ inv>iably jo9 9 any =m ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 & x w\ld be impossible to expla9 to !m t !y did n to "s ext5t p>ticipate 9 ! spiritual advantages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y recognise1 h[ev]1 a di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 tak+ s]vice & accept+ baptism4 ,probably 9 _! he>t ( he>ts !y believe t tak+ s]vice is tempor>y1 & accept+ baptism p]man5t4 ,among/ p :o are accu/om$ to a view ( ! h\sehold l>gely correspond+ to ! patri>*al view1 su* notions _c be altoge!r eradicat$4 ,s enquir]s1 :5 !y fir/ ask = baptism1 d n necess>ily see ! enorm\s dang]1 b only realise t !y w be br\ght into close t\* ) a community t seems to !m to include o!r natives :o we> ! same dress z !mselves4 ,( c\rse :5 ! enquir]s are junior memb]s ( /rict ,mussulman h\seholds1 or 9 o!r equally unfav\rable circum/ances1 !y realise t _! p]il w be extreme2 b heads ( h\seholds sometimes expect mu* less dang]4 ,!n aga91 ! ,mussulman is accu/om$ to secret religions1 = taqiya1 ! d5ial ( fai? 9 times ( dang]1 has always be5 consid]$ lawful by ,%iahs1 & x is us$ by ! ,babis4 ,al?\gh ! enquir] le>ns at a v e>ly date t su* conduct is reg>d$ by ! ,*ri/ian z s91 x takes him "s "t to realise ! exact degree to :i* 8 ,*ri/ianity is likely to be public4 ,la/ly1 al?\gh he may be told t conv]ts are n "u consul> protection1 9 a c\ntry :]e law means s little & cu/om s mu* he is n likely to und]/& h[ real are ! b\nd>ies ( treaty rights4 ,?is w p]haps give "s idea ( ! am\nt ( misappreh5sion1 bo? z to ! mean+ ( ,*ri/ianity & also z to ! dang] ( accept+ x1 :i* may possibly exi/ aft] a consid]able am\nt ( talk & enquiry2 nor w\ld ! dang]s ( embrac+ ,*ri/ianity be made altoge!r obvi\s by a s+le riot or m>tyrdom2 = ! :ole op]ation ( ,p]sian law1 or want ( law1 is irregul> & spasmodic1 & 9 a t[n l ,yezd ?+s :i* are foolh>dy 9 ,janu>y are (t5 att5d$ ) no m ?an ord9>y risk 9 ,june4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! "q ( ! admission ( pr(ess+ conv]ts to baptism mu/ necess>ily be extremely difficult4 ,9 t[ns :]e ! mission "w is 9 a pione]+ /age x has to be prim>ily settl$ by ! ,european mission>y2 & n until ! difficulty has be5 by him suffici5tly solv$ to admit ( ! f\ndation ( a *ur*1 c mu* ( ?is burd5 be plac$ ^u o!r %\ld]s4 ,sometimes he may h ! good =tune to h among 8 e>li] conv]ts a :olly tru/wor?y man1 :o1 f 8 great] exp]i5ce ( native "* & k ( :at is go+ on 9 ! t[n1 c advise & c\nsel him1 b ev5 !n ! ma9 responsibility mu/ re/ ) ! ,european4 ,! difficulty is greatly enhanc$ by ! fact t ! mission>y 9 ,p]sia does n really live among/ ! p1 & t ! cl]ical mission>y usually sees enquir]s only 9 8 own h\se4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is p]haps well n to apply too _m te/s1 = x is n easy to get a te/ :i* is really s\nd4 ,"o te/ :i* is sometimes advocat$ is ! practice ( keep+ ! cate*um5 wait+ = a long p]iod2 b ! result ( ?is is frequ5tly to det] ^? :o are weakly 9 e>ne/1 :]eas a ,p]sian :o has a worldly end to s]ve is capable ( extraord9>y pati5ce4 ,x is sometimes urg$ t an uns\nd conv]t br+s ! :ole b& ( native ,*ri/ians & enquir]s into extreme dang]2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t1 9 ! circum/ances ( our pione] missions z !y at pres5t exi/1 a totally uns\nd cate*um5 may d almo/ z mu* h>m z ev5 an uns\nd conv]t4 ,x is h>d to avoid ! conclusion t ! only way to deal ) ! situation is to baptize all p]sons :o aft] full in/ruction1 n too hurri$ly giv51 pr(ess conv]sion & dem& baptism1 & ev5 aft] baptism to obs]ve a c]ta9 degree ( caution t[>ds ! newly baptiz$4 ,if x is absolutely prov$ t su* conv]ts are behav+ 9 a mann] t is n only weak b actively ho/ile t[>ds ,*ri/'s cause1 !y mu/ be excommunicat$2 b ! mo/ necess>y po9t ( all is t z mu* att5tion %\ld be paid to ! in/ruction ( conv]ts z to ! in/ruction ( cate*um5s4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to expect t all po9ts ( "* %\ld be absolutely *ang$ aft] baptism1 & nobody ought to be cut loose f ! ,*ur* 9 a place l ,yezd1 unless he is actively ho/ile2 &1 ev5 :5 actual ho/ility has be5 prov$1 an opportunity ought to be giv5 = ! man's return4 ,z to ! advisability ( giv+ conv]ts mat]ial help1 a great deal may be said aga9/ x 9 !ory1 b 9 practice x is at times absolutely necess>y4 ,aft] all1 x is impossible to avoid mi/akes1 & ! attempt to avoid all mi/akes 9 detail is only too likely to lead to ! m g5]al "o ( entirely fail+ to pres5t ,*ri/ 9 any =m :atsoev]4 ,! conclusions :i* h be5 /at$ 9 ?is *apt] are n int5d$ to be tak5 z ! fully ?\ght out summ+ up ( an extremely complex & difficult problem4 ,!y are ! result ( r less ?an six ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ! mission-field4 ,b j z !re is a value 9 fir/ impressions ( c\ntry1 s !re is a value 9 fir/ impressions ( difficulties 9 "w4 ,at five & a half ye>s fir/ impressions ( c\ntry h pass$ away1 & consequ5tly ! cont5ts ( ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is book1 :i* deal ) c\ntry & surr\nd+s1 c h>dly be s *>act]is$2 b at ?is p]iod ! difficulties ( mission "w are only j beg9n+ to spread !mselves out be=e "o's eyes4 ,s :5 we pass f c\ntry to "*1 f "* to opportunity1 & f opportunity to sugge/ion1 we pass f subjects ) :i* x is comp>atively easy to become famili> to subjects :i* ne$ life-long & c>eful /udy4 ,i h tri$ 9 writ+ ?is *apt] to elim9ate f ! /yle t consci\sness ( unc]ta9ty :i* is frequ5tly s irritat+ to ! read]2 b 9 do+ ?is ,i %\ld expla9 t ,i am fully consci\s ( ! sup]ficial nature ( mu* t ,i h writt54 ,at ! same "t1 ! view t ,i h ga9$ ( mission "w 9 ,yezd is a full "o comp>$ ) t :i* is possible = p at a di/ance1 & = t reason x may be consid]$ wor? /at+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,yezd4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,gett+ into t\* ) ! natives--,! mission>y's /yle ( life--,visit+ & receiv+ visitors--,philan?ropic "w--,poor relief--,s*ool "w--,m$ical "w4 ,9 ,p]sia ! mission>y has no "r to tea* & prea* 9 public places4 ,he _c take up 8 /& 9 ! baza>s & proclaim ! ,gospel4 ,he c talk to ! p :o come to 8 h\se1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t he c talk ) cr[ds 9 op5 c>avans]ais or 9 ! villages1 b any?+ approximat+ to public tea*+ is only done on suff]ance1 & )\t any e/abli%$ lic5ce4 ,s ! ord9>y evangeli/ic mission>y's fir/ task is to get on t]ms ( social int]c\rse ) a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( natives to af=d him a field = "w4 ,aft]w>ds he may arrange = s]vices1 ei!r 9 8 own h\se or 9 ! h\se ( "s o!r ,european1 & s 8 visitors w become congregations & 8 talks s]mons4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is obvi\s t su* "w c only be c>ri$ on :5 x is acceptable to ! natives1 ! "w may be accept$ = v v>i\s reasons4 ,if ! mission>y kn[s en\gh ( ! ,p]sian language1 ( native ideas1 & above all ( ! message he has come to deliv]1 he w1 9 a t[n l ,yezd1 )\t ! help ( s*ool or m$ical "w1 attract a l>ge numb] ( p to 8 h\se4 ,9 ,p]sia !re is j n[ a great seek+ aft] tru?1 :i*1 ?\gh due 9 "p to traceable causes1 seems 9 its entirety to be simply "o ( ^? my/]i\s movem5ts :i* ,god evokes at c]ta9 seasons 9 all l&s = ! fur!rance ( ,8 ,k+dom4 ,"o class attract$ by su* a man z ,i h describ$ w\ld !re=e be real enquir]s1 & ) !m w\ld be mix$ a second class ( p :o h be5 call$ religi\s sightse]s4 ,^! m5 ?\gh n app>5tly s good a field = "w z ! fir/ class1 w\ld /ill1 if prop]ly h&l$ & direct$1 prove a p]fectly possible sph]e = s]i\s mission>y op]ations4 ,s also w\ld ! ?ird class ( call]s1 :o w\ld be m5 n prim>ily int]e/$ 9 religi\s que/ions at all1 b :o w\ld nev]!less foll[ ! fa%ion ( call+ on ! newly-arriv$ =eign]1 & w\ld be g5]ally will+ to foll[ any l9e ( conv]sation t 0 agreeable to _! ho/4 ,( c\rse a man :o did n int5d to engage 9 s*ool or m$ical "w w\ld naturally be c>eful to take full advantage ( su* contacts z ^!1 & ( o!rs t he w\ld naturally make f "t to "t2 he w\ld ord] 8 life 9 su* a way z to get day by day into close t\* ) ! p ( ! t[n2 & he w\ld equip himself ) a mat]ial outfit t w\ld enable him to ex*ange c\rtesies ) natives ( v>i\s classes4 ,i am n speak+ ( a man :o elect$ to sp5d mo/ ( 8 "t it9]at+ 9 ! villages3 ( su* "w z ?is ,i h little exp]i5ce3 b ,i am conv9c$ t a /ation>y mission>y1 fairly well equipp$ at all po9ts1 does n 9 a t[n l ,yezd absolutely ne$ ! help ( m elaborate aids to enable him to get into t\* ) 8 "w4 ,to suppose ?is is to ignore ! extraord9>y prep>ation :i* ,god has made 9 ,p]sia = ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! v real dem& = mission>ies ( a some:at diff]5t k9d1 x w be well to m5tion "s po9ts connect$ ) ! life ( ! ,european mission>y 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re are probably v few m5 or wom5 at pres5t work+ 9 ,p]sia1 :o h n at ! outset ( _! "w felt d\btful :e!r ! details ( _! h\sehold life c\ld n be simplifi$1 s z to br+ !m into clos] t\* ) ! poor] "p ( ! population4 ,x is h>dly possible to write a s]i\s book on mission>y conditions )\t express+ an op9ion on ?is "q4 ,!re is1 ,i ?9k1 no d\bt t x is a great mi/ake = a mission>y 9 ,p]sia to be kn[n z "o :o is lead+ ! life ( a weal?y man4 ,x is consid]$ by _m ( ! enquir]s to be absolutely inconsi/5t ) ,*ri/ianity1 & ,i am n sure t ?is judgm5t is incorrect4 ,tempor>y advantages might sometimes be ga9$ by su* a reputation1 b 9 ! end ! "w w\ld suff]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 x is ! habit ( mission>ies 9 ! ,p]sian /ations to live z economically z is compatible ) ,european /yle1 s f> z _! /rictly p]sonal exp5ses are conc]n$4 ,_m ?+s :i* appe> at fir/ sight to be luxuri\s prove on clos] acqua9tance to be m]e sub/itutes = ! ord9>y necess>ies ( ! simple/ ,engli% life4 ,o!r ?+s prove to be absolutely ess5tial to heal? 9 a hot climate1 :ile yet ano!r class are n exactly necess>y1 b !y are com=ts ( ! *eape/ k9d4 ,p :o are economis+ s]i\sly 9 ,ea/]n l&s h to put up ) s mu* t is really difficult t !y make a great mi/ake if !y unnecess>ily d5y !mselves small ?+s :i* c be _h = ! ask+1 simply because !y h reg>d$ su* ?+s z luxuries 9 ,engl&4 ,b al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( c>eful economies on ,european l9es may be suffici5t to prev5t an intellig5t enquir] f ?9k+ t ! mission>y is untrue to 8 cre$1 su* economies c nev] br+ ! mission>y into t\* ) ! poor ( ! ,ea/ 9 ! same way t liv+ 9 a model lodg+-h\se might "u "s circum/ances br+ a home cl]gyman into close t\* ) ! ,engli% poor4 ,! real analogy w\ld be = ! mission>y to live z an ,ea/]n d]vi%1 or z a native ( ! artisan class1 & al?\gh ?is might be sometimes helpful & advisable1 ! pr9ciple ( its g5]al advisability c\ld n be accept$4 ,to beg9 )1 x w\ld be only possible = a ba*elor1 &1 9 a c\ntry :]e no man c possibly give individual in/ruction to wom51 ! ba*elor is at a great disadvantage4 ,secondly1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 al?\gh ! mission>y liv+ ! life ( an ,european has be5 accept$ 9 ,p]sia1 ! mission>y we>+ ,p]sian dress & liv+ l a native has n yet be5 accept$1 & w\ld probably f9d himself n only at v>iance ) ! consul> au?orities b also reg>d$ ) a great deal ( suspicion by ! natives !mselves4 ,9 a matt] ( ?is k9d x is impossible to ignore apo/olic prec$5t1 & "o ?+ t _c b /rike ! /ud5t ( ! mission>y me?ods ( ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is t ! apo/les g5]ally1 & notably ,/ ,paul1 seem nev] to h adopt$ a me?od ( mission>y "w :i* w\ld h seem$ to ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict to be outr1 :5 "s m natural me?od ( "w 0 equally possible4 ,no?+ w\ld /rike ! ,p]sian z m outr ?an = ! ord9>y ,european to drop ! =m ( life :i* is expect$ ( ! ,f]angi1 & to adopt ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! native ( ,p]sia1 p>ticul>ly z he w\ld probably h to p]iodically re-assume ,european clo!s4 ,if he 0 go+ to "w among ! ,mussulmans z a ,*ri/ian mission>y1 ,i suppose he w\ld h to *oose betwe5 life z an ,arm5ian & life z a ,mussulman4 ,life z an ,arm5ian w\ld h ?is advantage ov] ! o!r1 t he w\ld n be suppos$ to be hid+ 8 religion4 ,b ! life ( ! ,arm5ian 9 a t[n l ,yezd is ! life ( a /rang] 9 a =eign t[n1 & w\ld n br+ ! mission>y into v mu* clos] t\* ) ! ,mussulmans ?an life z a ,european4 ,by assum+ ! dress & mann]s ( an ,arm5ian ( any class :atsoev]1 "o w\ld simply =feit ! respect t is usually paid by ! ,p]sian to ! ,f]angi1 )\t ga9+ any?+ t c\ld n h be5 ga9$ by o!r & m ord9>y me?ods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 life z a ,mussulman w\ld be att5d$ ) s]i\s difficulties4 ,9 a t[n :]e !re 0 a ,f]angi colony we>+ ,european dress1 su* a man w\ld v possibly be reg>d$ z a soldi] is reg>d$ :o attempts to mix ) ! enemy )\t 8 uni=m4 ,i c conceive circum/ances :i* might make an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d wor? try+1 b x w\ld be madness = any "o to attempt x = mission>y purposes1 :o _h n extraord9>y exp]i5ce ( ! c\ntry & a full ma/]y ov] ! language4 ,i ?9k !n we mu/ take x = grant$ t ! k9d ( life :i* mission>ies are liv+ 9 ,p]sia at ! pres5t "t w h to be accept$1 ) su* modifications z future ev5ts & fur!r exp]i5ce may sugge/1 z ! normal me?od = ,europeans :o wi% to c>ry on mission>y "w 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re are "o or two tasks :i* lie be=e ! pione] mission>y :i* seem to be made m easy by ! possession ( an ord9>y ,european h\sehold4 ,fir/ ( all1 he has to be prep>$ to "w among/ ! ,european colony4 ,secondly1 x is well = him to possess suffici5t influ5ce & /&+ 9 ! t[n to be able to help ! conv]ts or enquir]s 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,?irdly1 he wants to be 9 t\* ) all classes ( natives1 & ?is w\ld probably only be possible = a man :o /ood 9 ! highe/ rank z a native1 or = "o :o /ood outside native rank altoge!r4 ,e mission>y has to d a good deal ( visit+4 ,all visits h n got to be return$1 b a c]ta9 numb] mu/ be4 ,x is well n to return all visits1 = o!rwise x is difficult to get secret enquir]s to come to y\r h\se1 or p :o are too poor to receive y 9 _! own h\ses4 ,! usual ,p]sian habit is nev] to pay a visit )\t fir/ ( all ask+ leave1 b ?\gh ?is rule has to be obs]v$ t[>ds o!rs1 x is be/ to make x cle> t y\r own h\se is an (fice1 & only to insi/ on notice = visits ( civility :5 !y are made by p :o are likely to prove awkw>d4 ,pay+ visits to ,p]sian h\ses has a c]ta9 value to ! mission>y1 z x introduces him to ,p]sian life & mann]s1 & puts him on easi] t]ms ) ! natives1 b x seldom af=ds ! evangeli/ic mission>y :o is work+ among/ m5 8 be/ opportunity = direct mission>y "w4 ,!re is too mu* publicity1 & too _m int]ruptions4 ,! be/ mission>y "w is usually done on "o's own premises2 & 9 ,yezd ,i h kn[n enquir]s & visitors beg9 com+ at six o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & g on almo/ )\t int]mission till t5 o'clock at night2 b at t "t ,i 0 connect$ ) s*ola/ic "w1 :i*1 al?\gh requir+ only sup]9t5d5ce1 adv]tis$ my pres5ce 9 ! t[n to a consid]able degree4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t is !re=e mo/ necess>y 9 a place l ,yezd = ! evangeli/ic mission>y is an absolutely well-ord]$ h\sehold4 ,ev]y?+ ought to g by clockwork4 ,almo/ e visitor has to be treat$ z an ord9>y social gue/1 & unless ! arrangem5ts are ne>ly p]fect1 ei!r 8 att5tion or ! mission>y's w be call$ away f ! conv]sation4 ,a mission>y 9 su* a position ought to pay close att5tion to ! numb] & description ( 8 tea-cups & pipes4 ,"o class ( visitors ought to be prop]ly s]v$ ) silv]-m\nt$ hookahs & ?ree t9y cups ( v hot tea1 br\ght 9 at int]vals ( t5 m9utes1 & ?is )\t any previ\s notice to ! s]vant4 ,ano!r class ( visitor ought to h a ,european cup ( tea hold+ ab\t ?ree times z mu* z ! ,p]sian cup1 & a box ( cig>ettes1 s t he & 8 ho/ may be able to talk )\t fur!r int]ruption till ! end ( ! int]view4 ,a ?ird class ( visitor1 :o has giv5 notice1 ought to be prep>$ = be=eh&1 & s]v$ ) ic$ %]bet4 ,!n aga91 a decision has to be made accord+ to ! /atus ( ! gue/ z to :e!r ! mission>y %all be s]v$ ) tea at ! same "t or n4 ,all ?is requires ! mo/ c>eful tra9+ ( s]vants1 & any inatt5tion to detail may produce an atmosph]e :i* makes tea*+ exce$+ly difficult4 ,fur!r1 ! s]vants h to "k :o %\ld be %[n into a private room1 & :o c be all[$ to mix ) o!r gue/s4 ,^! are j a few ( ! m9or po9ts :i* are nev]!less ( real importance4 ,to come to po9ts :i* are obvi\sly m s]i\s4 ,s]vants h to be procur$ :o c act ) firmness :5 p attempt to take lib]ties1 & :o are at ! same "t absolutely civil4 ,s]vants 9 a ,*ri/ian h\sehold h to be good-temp]$2 & 9 ord] to effect ?is !y h to be kept well occupi$ )\t be+ ov]work$1 9 a h\se :]e ! *ief "w is meet+ em]g5cies4 ,!y h to be taught "s consi/5t & sy/ematic l9e t is to be obs]v$ 9 deal+ ) ! c\ntless begg>s :o e day come to y\r h\se4 ,!y h to be r5d]$ z tru?ful z possible 9 e matt] connect$ ) ! mission>y's bus9ess4 ,!y h to be paid a rate ( wages :i* w make hone/y & cont5tm5t possible1 & :i* w nei!r spoil ! m>ket1 nor be incompatible ) reasonable economy4 ,x is ne$less to say v mu* m ab\t ^! matt]s2 suffici5t has already be5 said to make x pla9 t ! problem ( h\sehold arrangem5t is an exce$+ly difficult "o1 p>ticul>ly z ! s]vants sleep 9 _! own h\ses at a di/ance1 all b "o1 :o /ays = ! night2 & !y g5]ally expect to g home = _! mid-day meal4 ,my own impression is t z ! evangeli/ic mission>y's h\se is almo/ 8 p>i%1 he may be excus$ if he ?9ks "r to exp5d a v great deal ( "t ov] its arrangem5ts1 & to consid] ?is j z mu* mission>y "w z ! tea*+ ( enquir]s4 ,if ! mission>y int5ds to aim at any?+ t is likely to be satisfactory 9 ?is matt]1 he c]ta9ly ne$s an enorm\s degree ( fai?1 & w d well to make 8 ef=ts 9 ?is direction ! subject ( v e>ne/ pray]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5es ,,( ,,yezdi ,,life4 ,! c5tre ( ^! ?ree pictures repres5ts two m5 smok+ opium4 ,beh9d !m is a qalian1 or hookah1 = tobacco2 9 front is a %]bet b[l1 & also a small tea-table ) sweets und]nea?4 ,! picture on ! left repres5ts two m52 "o hold+ a ros>y1 & ! o!r hold+ a hookah4 ,! s+le figure on ! "r is a ,jew1 ) 8 book = div9+4 ,! ,p]sians use ! ,jews z div9]s a good deal4 ,ano!r difficulty 9 see+ enquir]s 9 ! h\se is ! arrangem5t ( times4 ,mission>ies are sometimes blam$ = n suffici5tly consort+ ) ,europeans 9 ! ord9>y amusem5ts ( ! colony1 b !re is "o great difficulty ab\t ?is4 ,! times :5 y naturally take ex]cise 9 ! ,ea/ are ! times :5 ! native artisan or %opkeep] is (f "w4 ,suppos+ t ! evangeli/ic mission>y is seldom at home at su* times z ^!1 ! m indu/ri\s ,p]sians get to reg>d him z inaccessible1 & 8 enquir]s beg9 to consi/ ( p :o = "s reason or o!r h v little to d4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to ent] into ! difficulties t may foll[4 ,we h be5 hi!rto speak+ only ( directly evangeli/ic me?ods ( mission>y "w2 b almo/ all mission>ies h some?+ to d ) philan?ropic "w also4 ,^! philan?ropic ef=ts are n solely und]tak5 z means to an end4 ,9 mo/ cases !y are treat$ z an end 9 !mselves by ! mission>y1 & g5]ally speak+ !y are ?+s :i* c\ld n well be left undone4 ,m$ical mission>ies w tell y t _! /&+ ord]s are to heal ! sick & prea* ! ,gospel2 b ,i ?9k we may say v mu* m g5]ally t ! pres5tation ( ! ,gospel )\t adequate & proportionate c>e = ! m9ds & bodies ( ^? surr\nd+ u1 w\ld be impossible4 ,= ! ,gospel is ! message ( our ,savi\r1 & any message t 0 s deliv]$ w\ld entirely fail to repres5t t ,savi\r's attitude4 ,i d\bt :e!r any "o w\ld call 9 "q ?is aspect ( ! case1 b :5 we come to discuss h[ mu* philan?ropic "w is really necess>y1 we are face to face ) a difficult problem4 ,9 matt]s l ?is ! decision mu/ dep5d n only ^u ! ne$s ( ! p ) :om ! mission>ies are br\ght 9 contact1 b also ^u ! nature ( ! *ur* or congregation ( ,*ri/ians t supports !m1 & ^: mat]ial z well z spiritual =ce !y are appo9t$ to convey to ! mission field4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! position ( a b& ( m5 s5t out by an inf9itesimal body ( e>ne/ ,*ri/ians :o h ! greate/ difficulty 9 subscrib+ ! means ( _! support1 & t ( a b& s5t out by an exce$+ly weal?y ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,pres5t-day mission>ies s5t out by ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society h pass$ outside ! conditions ( ! fir/ class1 b !y _c be said to fully belong to ! second4 ,!y are support$ by a l>ge numb] ( p1 b ^? :o give mo/ are g5]ally ^? ^: purses are lea/ ela/ic4 ,9 ! c\ntries to :i* !y g !y are treat$ ) ! greate/ c\rtesy by ,briti% (ficials1 & accept$ z repres5tatives ( ! religion ( ,engl& by _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,naturally ! native expects m f !m ?an !y are really able to give1 & ?is increases ! difficulty :5 !y h to decide :at !y are b\nd to d z m9i/]s ( ,*ri/ & z repres5tatives ( ^? :o s5d !m1 = ! p committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,naturally1 & ,i ?9k rightly1 !y d n :olly %ut _! eyes to ! attitude & expectations ( ! natives4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! ,p]sians ?9k t !re ought to be no difficulty ab\t any?+4 ,! av]age native _c get out ( 8 head ! idea t we are s5t by ! ,gov]nm5t1 or1 if n by ! ,gov]nm5t1 by ! :ole nation "u its religi\s au?orities4 ,^? :o "k any?+ ( ,engli% ?\ght & feel+ realise t =eign missions are n[ well e/abli%$ 9 ! popul> reg>d 9 ,engl&1 & _m ,yezdis h a confus$ notion t 9 our c\ntry education1 m$ical att5dance1 & support 9 old age are free to ev]ybody1 irrespective ( class1 & t z ,*ri/ians we are all anxi\s to ext5d ?is sy/em z f> z we c to o!r nations4 ,( c\rse views l ?is are v>iable1 b x may be se5 aft] a mom5t's consid]ation t 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ne$ = s*ools1 = hospitals1 & sometimes = relief is v real1 & :]e ! native is capable ( believ+ su* absurdities ab\t ! ,european z h be5 /at$1 if ! mission>y does n to a l>ge ext5t take up ! :ite man's burd51 he is likely to lose any influ5ce :i* ,god may h giv5 him4 ,consequ5tly ,i ?9k we may say t ! philan?ropic "w ( mission>ies 9 ,p]sia mu/ n only be reg>d$ z a means to evangelisation1 al?\gh ?is is an aspect :i* mu/ l>gely det]m9e its importance4 ,prim>ily x is a spiritual necessity creat$ by ?ree ?+s1 ! comp>ative weal? ( ! ,*ri/ians :o s5d out ! mission>ies1 ! comp>ative pov]ty ( ! natives :o are ready to be reliev$1 & ! obvi\s comm&m5t ( ,almighty ,god4 ,philan?ropic "w 9 ,yezd is ( ?ree k9ds2 m$ical "w1 s*ool "w1 & ! "w ( poor relief4 ,! la/ is ( c\rse n recognis$ or support$ by ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book to deal ) ei!r ( ^! ?ree prov9ces ( "w 9 detail4 ,all t ,i wi% at pres5t to expla9 is ! way 9 :i* !y seem to /rike ! ,p]sian m9d1 & contribute to ! g5]al campaign ( ! mission4 ,relief "w is ( all ! ?ree mo/ absolutely necessitat$ by ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! circum/ances ( ! mission>y & 8 support]s on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( a c]ta9 section ( ! natives on ! o!r4 ,b f an evangeli/ic /&po9t x is ! lea/ directly productive 9 effect2 s we h nev] 9 ,yezd us$ = ?is purpose any funds n specially subscrib$ = x1 & su* money has be5 collect$ almo/ entirely f ! resid5t ,europeans4 ,!re is a v great deal ( t]rible pov]ty 9 ,p]sia :i* is n t\*$ by ! native *>ities4 ,9 ,yezd1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! end ( our /ay 9 ! t[n1 ?+s 7 9 a v bad way4 ,yezd is really an indu/rial t[n1 & n less ?an half ( ! gra9 supply comes f outside1 *iefly f ! ,%iraz di/rict4 ,mo/ ( ! p are silk weav]s4 ,! silkworms us$ to be re>$ 9 ! ,yezd di/rict1 b ! extreme dr\ghts r5d]$ ?is s\rce ( supply v insecure1 & aft] ! great fam9e t occurr$ "s ye>s ago !re 7 n suffici5t trees left = ! bus9ess to be cont9u$ 9 ?is way4 ,cocoons 7 !n br\ght f ,ra%t1 & ?is sy/em prov$ m satisfactory till lately1 :5 ! ,ra%t cocoons 7 div]t$ to ,france & ,italy4 ,! natural result 0 a great deal ( pov]ty 9 ,yezd1 :i* 0 mo/ felt among ! poor ,jews1 :o s9ce ! fam9e ye> h _h no looms b h devot$ !mselves to w9d+ & sp9n+ ! silk4 ,!n aga91 aft] ! ,babi massacre ( #aijc1 some?+ _h to be done = ! l>ge numb] ( wid[s & orphans4 ,9 ?is "w ! ,europeans 7 by no means alone1 = ! suff]]s 7 help$ bo? by ! ,babi m]*ants & also by a l>ge numb] ( ! ,p>sis4 ,! ,p>sis are g5]ally v good 9 look+ aft] _! own poor1 b ! ,mussulmans give money s indiscrim9ately t _! *>ities cause m pov]ty ?an !y relieve4 ,al?\gh ! "w ( poor relief is n z a rule ! direct means ( br++ 9 conv]ts1 x helps ! evangeli/ic "w enorm\sly by sav+ valuable "t4 ,be=e x c\ld be organis$ ! numb] ( begg+ enquir]s :o _h ! v smalle/ int]e/1 if any1 9 ! ,gospel message1 0 s l>ge z to s]i\sly imp$e m important "w4 ,x is mu* easi] & bett] to keep ! two ?+s m sep>ate1 & to be able to say to a man1 8,if y want to read ) me1 well & good1 b if y want mat]ial help1 !n y mu/ d s & s40 ,?is does n necess>ily mean t ! man :o is reliev$ gets no *ance ( he>+ ! ,gospel4 ,! ,jews1 :o came 9 a body1 us$ always to h a *apt] ( ! ,gospel read to !m by my mirza1 & any man :o %[$ a disposition to come z a real enquir] aft] 8 case _h be5 look$ into & reliev$ 0 ?or\ghly welcom$4 ,b ! practice ( try+ to e>n a kran by wa/+ h\rs ( ! mission>y's "t 0 effectually disc\rag$4 ,i ?9k also t ! practice ( sep>at+ poor relief z mu* z possible f ! "w ) enquir]s helps to expla9 to ! native our view ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,t "s explanation is necess>y is und\bt$4 ,dur+ a sev]e fam9e 9 ,kirman1 ov] two hundr$ respectable ,mussulmans1 *iefly %opkeep]s1 came into ! c\rty>d ( ! ,consulate1 & want$ to take protection "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,major ,phillott 0 !n ,consul1 & !y expla9$ to him t ! price ( bread 0 s prohibitive t !y c\ld n live any long] "u ! regulations ( ! ,p]sian (ficials4 ,_! lead] 0 a ,seyid4 ,major ,phillott tri$ to expla9 t1 al?\gh he sympa?is$ ) !m greatly1 he c\ld d no?+ = !m unless x 0 to give !m pecuni>y help4 ,he (f]$ !m a hundr$ krans1 b !y expla9$ t !y 7 n begg>s4 ,!y fur!r said t !y 7 q ready to become ,*ri/ians if !y c\ld only get *eap bread4 ,! end ( ! :ole bus9ess 0 t ! ,consul paid an un(ficial visit to ! ,gov]nor1 & got him to promise t bread %\ld be l[]$ to a m or less normal price by gradual r$uctions spread ov] a p]iod ( t5 days4 ,x is easy to und]/& t p :o c\ld g to a ,consul 9 a fam9e & ask to be accept$ z ,*ri/ians 9 ord] to be able to buy bread at a fair price1 ?9k+ ,i suppose t ,consul> pressure w\ld !n be br\ght to be> ^u ! ,gov]nor on _! behalf1 might easily get an absolutely wrong notion ( :at 0 go+ on1 if circum/ances =c$ ! mission>y ^: g5]al bus9ess 0 see+ enquir]s to use funds = poor relief )\t c>efully sep>at+ ^! two bran*es ( "w4 ,ev5 ! practice ( giv+ occasional relief to v poor enquir]s f "o's own purse is liable to great mis9t]pretation & abuse4 ,m5 w frequ5tly come to y & ask = support1 s z to enable !m to leave _! ord9>y trades & li/5 to y\r tea*+4 ,myself1 ,i ?9k t !re are occasions :5 poor p h come f a di/ance & are c]ta9ly int]e/$1 :]e some?+ ( ?is k9d has to be done1 ! man if possible be+ made to "w = 8 money2 b x is easy to see h[ extremely dang]\s x w\ld be to enc\rage expectations1 & h[ easily natives might get ! idea t enquiry1 & /ill m ,*ri/ianity1 entitl$ !m to paym5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 if x c\ld n be demon/rat$ t an actual sav+ ( "t 0 effect$ by mak+ ( poor relief a di/9ct organisation1 !re w\ld be /ill a v great deal to be said = ! practice4 ,to adm9i/] poor relief 9 a t[n l ,yezd on any?+ approa*+ to a s\nd sy/em necessitates a great deal ( reliance ^u native in=mation1 & also a c]ta9 am\nt ( high-h&$ deal+4 ,any food or clo?+ giv5 mu/ be ( a class only acceptable to ! v poore/1 = o!rwise ! c&idates = relief w\ld be too num]\s to deal ) 9 ev5 ! r\ghe/ fa%ion4 ,^! consid]ations w expla9 two ?+s2 fir/ ( all x w be readily und]/ood t x is mu* easi] to give sy/ematic relief to memb]s ( a native community :i* is m or less d[n-trodd51 su* z ! ,jews or ,babis2 = al?\gh a c]ta9 numb] ( mi/akes w be made 9 deal+ ) ^! peoples1 !y w be mu* less res5t$1 & w militate mu* less aga9/ ! success ( ! :ole ef=t4 ,secondly1 x w be obvi\s t su* relief w n call =? v mu* gratitude f ! recipi5ts4 ,! v fact ( inve/igation gives ! idea to ! ,p]sian m9d t *>ity is giv5 grudg+ly4 ,also x is impossible to h&le a hundr$ scream+ wom5 9 a small comp\nd )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( :at appe>s to be /]n deal+1 & aft] all 9 mo/ in/ances ! relief giv5 is n z mu* z we ourselves w\ld l x to be4 ,add$ to ?is1 mo/ ( ! p receiv+ relief are "u ! impression t we are simply disp5s+ a small "p ( ! l>ge supplies s5t to u = ! purpose f abroad2 & ! ,jews1 ( :om ne>ly a hundr$ families 7 receiv+ relief 9 ,yezd la/ w9t]1 believ$ t all t 0 giv5 to !m came f _! co-religioni/s 9 ,europe4 ,! ,babis ( c\rse look$ ^u ! matt] r diff]5tly1 b p :o hold ! !ory ( savabs 9 ! way 9 :i* ,p]sians d1 h always a feel+ t any?+ giv5 to !m means "o = !m & two = ! giv]4 ,at ! same "t ,p]sians :o are int]e/$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & :o are n !mselves c&idates = poor relief1 see a great deal m 9 ! sy/em ?an d ^? :o are m intimately conc]n$ ) x4 ,!y (t5 und]/& t ! will+ness to take tr\ble 9 localis+ ne$1 & ! absolute recklessness ) :i* we incur z _m curses z bless+s 9 ! p]=mance ( our "w1 po9ts to an utt]ly diff]5t ideal f t :i* is accept$ 9 ,islam2 & :e!r !y are prep>$ to approve x or n1 any?+ :i* %[s ! native "p ( ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity mu/ 9 ! end be ( enorm\s assi/ance 9 mission>y "w4 ,s*ool "w 9 ,yezd is v greatly appreciat$ by a some:at limit$ class1 b x means cont9ual friction4 ,! :ole ,mussulman cl]ical class z a body are ke5ly oppos$ to x4 ,m curi\sly x ar\s$ ! greate/ opposition f a small b n unimportant section ( ! ,p>sis4 ,! ,p>sis are a puzzl+ p4 ,= ?\gh !y are /rong1 intellig5t1 ?rifty1 indu/ri\s1 grateful1 & comp>atively hone/1 !y seem to h a t5d5cy to produce 9 _! community a suffici5t numb] ( exceptionally disagreeable specim5s ( humanity to greatly *eck _! natural progress4 ,i myself believe t ?is is due to ! preval5ce ( agno/icism among/ !m1 b1 h[ev] t may be1 ! result is t ! ,yezd community is always pe/]$ by int]nal intrigues4 ,i d n ?9k t ! opposition to my s*ool 0 religi\s1 = ! da/rs1 t is ! ,zoroa/rian prie/s1 7 always v fri5dly4 ,i h always put x d[n r to int]nal intrigue4 ,my s*ool "w 0 orig9ally und]tak5 at ! explicit reque/ ( ! natives1 & ! boys came *iefly1 b n :olly1 f ! upp] classes4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 & v que/ionably advisable1 to />t s*ool "w 9 a t[n l ,yezd except "u pressure f ! natives4 ,ev5 :5 ! "w has be5 =c$ on "o1 x is v difficult to ma9ta9 x4 ,n only is !re /ill opposition f su* qu>t]s z ,i h m5tion$1 b x is only ) ! greate/ difficulty t compet5t native assi/ance c be secur$4 ,if native assi/ance _c be secur$1 ! mission>y :o has "w ) enquir]s w h difficulty 9 f9d+ "t ev5 = %ort classes4 ,%ort classes may be ! be/ ?+ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 b 9 a t[n l ,yezd !y d n meet ! :ole ne$4 ,boys are br\ght to y 9 ,p]sia 9 mo/ cases prim>ily to be taught ,engli%1 b ?is dem& = ,engli% is n ! only requirem5t1 nor is x ! only ne$ t is felt by ! ,p]sians4 ,p]sians w frequ5tly tell y t !y br+ _! boys to y = education 9 ! l>ge/ s5se2 b we made x a practice 9 ,yezd only to accept boys :o wi%$ to le>n ,engli%1 & ^: p>5ts c\ld %[ t ! k ( ,engli% 0 likely to be ( "s use to !m4 ,v frequ5tly poor lads w\ld come1 "u ! impression t ! t[n 0 go+ to be occupi$ by ,europeans1 & t all :o _h le>nt ,engli% w\ld get remun]ative employm5t 9 ,yezd4 ,! only ?+ to d "u su* circum/ances 0 to expla9 ! true /ate ( affairs1 & !n to insi/ on paym5t be+ made 9 advance = all books1 & also ^u ! paym5t ( a six mon?s' fee4 ,! fir/ argum5t 0 g5]ally r ineffectual1 b support$ by ! second x always _h ! desir$ result4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t a poor boy 0 likely to reap advantage f a k ( ,engli%1 fees 7 always remitt$1 & 9 "s cases books 7 provid$4 ,! ord9>y fees 7 v small1 b _h to be paid 9 advance = ! half ye>4 ,! education giv5 compris$ ,p]sian subjects1 ari?metic1 ,engli%1 & elem5t>y geography4 ,! ,bible 0 read 9 ,p]sian1 night & morn+1 & ! boys 7 expect$ to be pres5t dur+ ! ,bible read+ & pray]s4 ,latt]ly ! :ole r\t9e "w 0 put into ! h&s ( natives1 b ,i paid z mu* att5tion n only to sup]9t5d5ce b also to conv]sational classes z my o!r engagem5ts w\ld all[4 ,naturally !re 0 a great diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( ! s*ool at diff]5t times4 ,at fir/ x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty t ! "w c\ld be c>ri$ on at all1 & :at ,i 0 able to d 0 ( ! mo/ trivial "*4 ,9 ! end1 ow+ to ! excell5t "w done by my ,arm5ian assi/ants1 & by ,mihraban1 my ,p>si mirza1 ! results 7 really excell5t4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k ,i may say t ! confid5ce repos$ 9 ! s*ool sy/em by ! natives1 0 great] ?an ,i c\ld h expect$1 & 9 _m ?+s bo? boys & p>5ts prov$ excessively =be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s*ool4 ,?is 0 drawn :5 ! s*ool 0 q small4 ,! figure on ! left sitt+ 9 a *air is ,mesak1 my fir/ ,arm5ian s*oolma/]4 ,i am on ! "r lean+ aga9/ a desk4 ,! ?+ 9 my h& is a po9t] & n an in/rum5t ( puni%m5t4 ,!re is a wall 9 front ( me on :i* 0 hung ! ?+ to :i* ,i 0 po9t+4 ,i %\ld p]haps m5tion t ! squ>e fire-place com+ =w>d into ! room is n ( a usual %ape3 fire-places are g5]ally let into ! wall4 ,all ! boys 9 ?is picture are ,mussulmans4 ,9 ! matt] ( gratitude !y %[$ discrim9ation1 b ! gratitude t 0 %[n me by ! pupils :o /uck to ! s*ool = any "t1 & by _! p>5ts1 0 extraord9>y4 ,! lads !mselves1 bo? ,p>si & ,mussulman1 7 on ! :ole intellig5t & tea*able4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 v mu* great] success 9 deal+ ) !m :5 ,i _h n myself to und]take ! r\t9e "w ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,possibly ?is 0 due p>tially to my n be+ suit$ = su* "w1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 mo/ cases elem5t>y s*ool "w is n q ! prop] field = ! ,european mission>y 9 ,p]sia4 ,!re is p]haps no h>m 9 ! evangeli/ic mission>y :o has n yet p]fect$ himself 9 ! language devot+ m ( 8 "t to x2 b1 consid]+ ! enorm\s value ( ! "w f a spiritual po9t ( view1 !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 gett+ funds to employ extra native assi/ants :]e ! ,european mission>y feels himself 9 a position to organise & sup]9t5d a s*ool = native boys4 ,^! rem>ks d n apply to s*ools = girls1 = :i* prop]ly qualifi$ native tea*]s c only be f\nd ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,my feel+ is t n only c ! fully qualifi$ ,european mission>y be m usefully employ$ if 8 "t is n too l>gely giv5 up to s*ool "w1 b also mu* ( ! actual "w ( ! s*ool is bett] done by natives "u ,european managem5t1 & ! influ5ce ( ! mission>y ) ! boys may be r increas$ ?an *eck$ by 8 n hav+ to tea* !m _! ord9>y lessons4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to sep>ate :at may be tak5 z a g5]al pr9ciple 9 ,p]sia f :at 0 true ( our p>ticul> circum/ances 9 ,yezd4 ,i h be=e m5tion$ t ,i d n consid] myself v fitt$ = ord9>y s*ool "w4 ,9 ! boys' s*ool 9 ,yezd we _h at fir/ a cu/om ( nev] admitt+ a *ild until 8 fa!r _h be5 se51 & _h ?or\ghly und]/ood to :at ext5t he w\ld receive religi\s tea*+4 ,i us$ to pl$ge myself to tea* no?+ to ! boy ( ,*ri/ian tradition ap>t f :at c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,kalmu'llah1 t is1 ! ,^w ( ,god accept$ by ! ,mohamm$ans1 an expression :i* 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood to include ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bible4 ,?is may seem at fir/ sight to h be5 m]ely a quibble1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 9 deal+ ) ! ,mussulman1 t he is afraid ( some?+ l ,romanism :i* w /& out 9 political z well z religi\s rivalry to ,islam1 & t he kn[s v little ( ! special t5ets ( ,prote/ants4 ,my assurance w\ld at lea/ h satisfi$ him t no attempt w\ld be made to draw ! boy into a =eign politico-religi\s sy/em4 ,! fa!rs 7 also told t ! boys w\ld be expect$ to att5d pray]s4 ,latt]ly1 z ! s*ool & its me?ods got bett] kn[n1 ! necessity = ^! precautions disappe>$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 boys at ! s*ool came to me1 z !y frequ5tly did1 & told me t !y wi%$ to "k m ab\t ,*ri/ianity1 ,i inv>iably insi/$ t _! fa!rs or gu>dians %\ld be in=m$ be=e !y receiv$ special in/ruction4 ,( c\rse !y 7 always free to come to ! ,sunday ,s*ool1 :i* 0 held = !m by my ,arm5ian assi/ant1 & :i* 0 att5d$ by a few boys f o!r s*ools z well1 & occasionally by "o or two m54 ,_m ( ! boys also 7 extremely regul> 9 _! att5dance at ! s]vices1 :i* we held at fir/ 9 our h\ses1 & aft]w>ds 9 a *apel :i* 0 built 9 ! hospital4 ,our s*ool "w 9 ,yezd 0 9 e way a ?or\ghly effective evangeli/ic ag5cy4 ,x br\ght me into t\* ) scores ( adults :o )\t x w\ld nev] h ent]$ my h\se4 ,by increas+ ! g5]al bus9ess ) :i* ,i 0 surr\nd$1 x also greatly facilitat$ my contact ) ^? :o came to me z regul> enquir]s4 ,all ?is 0 additional to ! direct effects ( ! s*ool "w1 :i* ,i h reason to believe 7 exce$+ly satisfactory4 ,altoge!r s*ool "w prov$ 9 ,yezd to be "o ( ! mo/ effective =ms ( mission>y ef=t4 ,at ! same "t "o or two ?+s h to be borne 9 m9d ab\t x4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is extremely difficult = ! evangeli/ic mission>y to organise s*ool "w = ! tea*+ ( ,p]sian subjects only t w successfully compete ) ! native s*ools4 ,fur!r1 ! ne$ = su* "w is n greatly felt by ! natives4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ,engli% is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* mission>ies are di/9ctly ask$ to und]take1 & :i* !y are able to und]take ) great advantage4 ,9 a %ort "t ,i h no d\bt t indu/rial education w be an ev5 m press+ ne$4 ,! argum5t = s*ools z aga9/ classes is t _! effect ^u ! moral "* ( ! boys is mu* great]1 & t ! qualifi$ mission>y has by himself "t = nei!r1 unless inde$ ! classes are to be v %ort ones1 & ! /aff t w\ld be ne$$ to prop]ly und]take classes might j z well manage a s*ool4 ,) reg>d to fees1 x seems to me t :5 assi/ants are employ$ fees %\ld be *>g$2 b to get fees t w\ld really cov] ! exp5ses w\ld be impossible1 & ,i p]sonally ?9k t ! l[] ! fee ! m easy x is to en=ce its paym5t1 & to keep ! arrangem5ts ( ! s*ool entirely 9 "o's own h&s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ov] :i* !re is pl5ty ( room = diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,( "o ?+ ,i am c]ta91 & t is t 9 ! up-c\ntry t[ns educational "w mu/ beg9 among/ classes :o c support ! mission>y aga9/ ,p]sian intrigues & ! direct opposition ( ! ,mulla class4 ,9 />t+ a s*ool 9 a ,mussulman c\ntry ! object ( ! mission>y mu/ always be to get ! e/abli%m5t reg>d$ z a settl$ fact1 consequ5tly c]ta9 ?+s :i* w\ld o!rwise be unimportant become matt]s ( extreme mom5t4 ,= in/ance1 if any?+ %\ld happ5 to ! tea*+ /aff1 ! s*ool mu/ be kept runn+1 ev5 if ! pupils _c "u ! circum/ances make great progress4 ,at "o "t ,i _h to keep ! s*ool go+ :5 ,i 0 myself laid up 9 a sick room1 & _h no assi/ant capable ( tea*+ mu* m ?an ! prim]s4 ,! day's "w = ! fir/ class 0 writt5 out by my wife1 & s5t into ! s*ool by a s]vant4 ,h[ev]1 ! s*ool surviv$1 & "s :ile lat]1 :5 x 0 aga9 prop]ly /aff$1 we saw ! effects ( our p]si/5ce1 = :ile ! t[n 0 absolutely "u mob law1 ! s*ool 0 nev] )\t a c]ta9 numb] ( boys att5d+ at ! regul> h\rs4 ,aga91 :5 ! position ( ! s*ool is tempor>ily assur$1 no?+ c be bett] ?an "s sort ( public ,spee* ,day1 :i* bo? adv]tises its exi/5ce1 & makes p und]/& t y reg>d its p]man5ce z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! fact is t 9 ,p]sia all opposition & p]secution is spasmodic1 & if y c manage to g y\r own way = a suffici5t "t & !n take y\r position = grant$1 y w be all[$ to d ?+s :i* va/ly exce$ y\r recognis$ rights & lib]ties4 ,m$ical mission "w 9 ,p]sia has be5 describ$ by ^? :o h be5 actively engag$ 9 x4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,i int5d to speak v mu* less ab\t x ?an ,i h done ab\t o!r me?ods ( "w1 ?\gh x is at lea/ z important z any4 ,x w\ld be possible to divide ! prov9ces ( m$ical "w 9 sev]al ways1 b x seems to me to be be/ treat$ "u ?ree heads3 hospital "w1 disp5s>y "w1 & m$ical visit+4 ,! bran* ( m$ical "w :i* is mo/ obvi\sly necess>y1 & also p]haps lea/ productive ( direct spiritual results is ! "w ( ! disp5s>y4 ,a doctor settl$ 9 a ,p]sian t[n is prim>ily expect$ to see all com]s & to provide !m ) m$ic9es4 ,inde$ ! ,p]sian w come to ! ,european = treatm5t :e!r he is a doctor or n4 ,! bus9ess ( ! disp5s>y af=ds an excell5t opportunity = giv+ an address on religi\s subjects1 b comp>atively little = sy/ematic tea*+ ( individuals1 ?\gh contacts may be made dur+ disp5s>y h\rs t may lead to fur!r enquiry1 & ( c\rse ev5 sy/ematic tea*+ c be giv5 dur+ disp5s>y h\rs by a det]m9$ work]4 ,m$ical visit+ is j :at ! mission>y is able to make x4 ,! ov]-work$ doctor ) m visits ?an he c pay 9 ! day has to be cont5t ) a v occasional read+ & a ^w "h & !re z opportunity (f]s2 b !re is no d\bt t ! opportunity is unique1 & if "t c be made dur+ m$ical visits = m sy/ematic spiritual tea*+1 su* tea*+ is likely = sev]al reasons to c>ry exceptional weight4 ,al?\gh p]haps m$ical visits give a bett] opportunity to ! doctor :o wi%es to himself foll[ up ! "w ) religi\s tea*+1 disp5s>y "w af=ds a mu* bett] opportunity = ! br++ ( o!r evangeli/s into su* t\* ) ! pati5ts z w make x possible to f9d out any s]i\s enquir]s & to r\se o!rs to fur!r int]e/4 ,! great difficulty 9 disp5s>y "w & m$ical visit+1 reg>d$ z evangeli/ic ag5cies 9 ,p]sia1 is t ! numb] ( contacts is almo/ too l>ge to h&le4 ,to beg9 )1 ! /aff ( mission>ies is inadequate1 & ! difficulty is fur!r increas$ by ! peculi>ities ( ! ,p]sian1 :o 9 mo/ cases is almo/ unt\*$ by any tea*+ t is n sy/ematic1 & t does n g some:at deeply into fundam5tals4 ,( c\rse ^! k9ds ( m$ical "w produce m contacts ?an does any?+ else1 b ! difficulty 9 ,p]sia is n to br+ p )9 ! he>+ ( ! ,gospels1 b to convey to !m some?+ ( ! mean+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,:at makes ! m$ical mission ( ! pres5t "t 9 ,p]sia all-important is n t x is absolutely necess>y = ! purpose ( br++ ! evangeli/ into t\* ) ! native1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 times & places x may be /ill greatly ne$$ = ?is purpose2 b ! great po9t is t x has (t5 expla9$ ! mean+ ( ,*ri/ crucifi$ to m5 & wom5 :o )\t x seem$ unable to grasp ! ,*ri/ian idea4 ,?is ,i believe to be true ( all bran*es ( m$ical mission "w t ,i h m5tion$1 b at ! same "t x mu/ be own$ t ! bran* :i* has hi!rto prov$ mo/ satisfactory z a direct evangeli/ic ag5cy is t connect$ ) ! hospital4 ,nobody c speak too highly ( ! pot5tialities ( hospital "w 9 ,p]sia4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable :at misund]/&+ ( ! doctor's attitude is possible 9 out-pati5t "w 9 a ,mussulman c\ntry4 ,he is a bad man try+ to "w (f 8 s9s4 ,he is s5t out by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t at a high sal>y4 ,he is mak+ a v good pr(it out ( ! "w4 ,he is an in/ance ( ! subjection ( ! infidel to ! ,mussulman by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,all ^! notions gradually die away "u ! sy/ematic life & discipl9e ( ! hospital1 ) its atmosph]e ( tru/ & repose4 ,day by day m5 meet ! doctor & 8 assi/ants & le>n to "k !m2 !y see ! quiet p]si/5ce ( _! k9dness1 & its p5etration into ! smalle/ detail2 be/ ( all1 !y he> ! ,^w ( ,god day by day br\ght into a connect$ /ory & an intelligible sy/em ( salvation4 ,9 ! be/ conduct$ hospitals ! only misconception t is likely to rema9 is ! belief t ! mission>ies z a body are try+ to w9 a high place 9 ,heav5 by savabs4 ,?is dies v h>d1 & all we c say is t ! hospital sy/em1 p]haps p>tly by its m def9ite discipl9e1 t5ds to eradicate x4 ,x is true t "s work]s h produc$ simil> results by import+ ! atmosph]e ( ,*ri/ian hospital "w into ! m$ical visit or ! disp5s>y2 b ! po9t to be not$ is t :at is natural 9 ! ,*ri/ian hospital has 9 o!r =ms ( m$ical "w to be delib]ately & p]si/5tly fo/]$4 ,9 ^! if ! highe/ spiritual results are to be obta9$1 !re mu/ be on ! "p ( ! work] a det]m9ation r to guide ! organisation t[>ds !m1 ?an to dep5d on its ess5tial qualities z a mission>y =ce4 ,x is n t hospital equipm5t is an ess5tial = a doctor :o wants to prea* ! ,gospel1 b no matt] :at a mission>y may be1 cl]gyman1 lay evangeli/1 or m$ical1 x is only by gett+ into close t\* ) ! native1 & by sy/ematic & p]sev]+ tea*+1 t he c expect to ext5d ,*ri/'s ,k+dom 9 ,p]sian t[ns4 ,( c\rse ! position ( ! m$ical mission>y :o is invit$ to ! t[n by ^? 9 au?ority1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 is v diff]5t f t ( mo/ o!r mission>ies4 ,!re may be a real dem& = s*ool tea*+1 b ev5 :5 s*ool "w has be5 />t$ & plac$ on a satisfactory foot+1 x nev] appeals s g5]ally to ! int]e/ ( all classes z to be sup]ior to any intrigue t may arise1 or to bur/s ( fanatical bigotry4 ,at ! same "t ! m$ical mission>y :o has gone to a new /ation f9ds t ev5 :5 invit$ he is on trial4 ,:5 free m$ic9es are giv51 z on "s occasions !y h be5 = a %ort p]iod1 two-?irds ( ! p ?r[ !m away )\t us+ !m4 ,ev5 ^? :o h invit$ him are q ready to turn aga9/ him1 at any rate beh9d 8 back4 ,^! difficulties1 al?\gh real1 are m9or ones1 & !re are v few ,european doctors1 possess$ ( an ord9>y am\nt ( common-s5se & a good mat]ial equipm5t1 :o _c get ov] !m 9 a %ort :ile4 ,! real dang] is le/ ! mission>y by reg>d+ ^! difficulties z m s]i\s ?an !y really are %\ld become too absorb$ 9 8 ef=ts to ov]come !m4 ,m$ical "w is really an enorm\s p[]4 ,x may make possible1 "u ,god's provid5ce1 /eps & measures :i* w\ld o!rwise be utt]ly impossible4 ,b if x is to be fully us$ to ,god's glory1 ^! ,god-giv5 p[]s mu/ be realis$1 & put =? to _! full ext5t4 ,m$ical & s*ool "w h "o o!r advantage besides ^? t h be5 m5tion$1 = !y enable a class ( m5 to p>ticipate 9 mission "w :o z ord9>y evangeli/ic mission>ies w\ld be useless4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! newly-arriv$ ,european1 :o imp]fectly und]/&s ! language1 & :o yet may d m or less effective "w :ile he is /ill /udy+1 if he is connect$ ) a m$ical or educational organisation4 ,secondly1 if x 7 n = s*ools & m$ical "w x w\ld be exce$+ly difficult = ! ,p]sian missions to employ natives1 except 9 m5ial capacities or 9 positions att5d$ ) ! grave/ p]il4 ,"h to my m9d we h "o ( ! greate/ argum5ts = m$ical & s*ool "w1 & ?is f ! directly evangeli/ic /&po9t4 ,?is br+s ! subject ( me?ods ( "w 9 ,p]sian t[ns l ,yezd to a conclusion4 ,x is n impossible to "w z a simple evangeli/1 b x ne$s c]ta9 qualifications & abilities4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ord9>y mission>y mu/ be prep>$ to use bo? h&s & bo? feet1 & to ent] 9 :atev] way seems mo/ exp$i5t into ! life ( ! t[n4 ,!re is no room = univ]sity "w1 & te*nical in/ruction has n yet be5 tri$1 b elem5t>y s*ool "w & m$ical "w are bo? mu* ne$$ & mu* appreciat$1 & !y fur!r af=d an abundant field = directly evangeli/ic lab\r4 ,,conclusion4 ,we h n[ se5 some?+ n only ( ! ,yezdi's life1 ( 8 "*1 & ( 8 m5tal attitude t[>ds ! mission>y1 b also some?+ ( ! way 9 :i* ! mod]n mission>y attempts to meet ?is attitude4 ,( c\rse x _c be claim$ t ! e/imate ( ! ,yezdi's position t has be5 made 9 ^! pages is 9 any way f9al1 or t x is "o ) :i* all acqua9t$ ) ! subject w\ld c]ta9ly concur4 ,to h limit$ myself to ! greate/ common measure ( op9ion on su* a matt] w\ld h prev5t$ me altoge!r f t\*+ on _m que/ions1 & w\ld h left me v little to say on o!rs4 ,z ! book /&s1 ,i c claim t x is tru?ful 9 matt]s ( fact1 & 9 o!r ?+s suffici5tly s\nd to =m a basis = o!r p's corrections2 & z _m f9d x less easy to /ate _! own views ?an to combat ^? ( o!r p]sons1 ,i am n )\t hopes t x may be useful1 ev5 if my conclusions %\ld prove altoge!r unacceptable4 ,also x may be po9t$ out t1 ?\gh ,i h ?r\gh\t spok5 ( ! ,yezdi & ( ,yezd1 ^! h be5 tak5 z special in/ances ( a ,p]sian & 8 t[n4 ,o!r places 9 c5tral ,p]sia may diff] 9 p>ticul>s1 b !re w 9 mo/ cases be a g5]al simil>ity4 ,p]haps a %ort summ>y ( ! po9ts :i* h be5 not$ 9 ! prec$+ pages may n be )\t value4 ,we h se5 fir/ ( all ! /range /accato effect ( ,p]sian sc5]y1 p>ticul>ly ( t :i* meets ! eye ( ! ,yezdi1 & h notic$ h[ ?is has influ5c$ ! ,yezdi's m9d4 ,!n we h se5 ! extreme insul>ity ( ! t[n1 & h[ ?is has giv5 rise to symptoms :i* resemble int5se fanatical bigotry1 b on ! o!r h& h[ ?is insul>ity may be utilis$ by ! =eign] :5 x is once und]/ood4 ,!n we h tri$ to discov] ! ess5tial sy/em ( ,islam1 & to decide :e!r or n ! ,p]sian ,%iah has be5 greatly influ5c$ by ! prophet's life & tea*+4 ,my own op9ion is t ,p]sia is mo/ /rongly ,mohamm$an1 b see+ t ! po9t ( ?is book is n s mu* to express op9ions z to give ! facts t h l$ to _! =mation1 ,i mu/ n compla9 if _m ( my read]s d n agree ) me4 ,an attempt has also be5 made to expla9 ! religiosity ( ! ,mohamm$an1 & to %[ t x is nei!r hypocrisy1 nor yet religion 9 ! ,we/]n s5se4 ,!n !re 0 a *apt] on ! ,yezdi's "*1 & ,i ?9k t 9 ?is my ma9 po9t 0 to %[ h[ sup]ficial is ! judgm5t t pron\nces ! ,p]sian ?or\ghly weak & effete4 ,he really %[s great /r5g? ( purpose :5 he has a purpose1 he has "s peculi> abilities1 & is at bottom ?or\ghly likeable & loveable1 b he is spoilt by ! unhappy circum/ances ( 8 exi/5ce & v specially by 8 cre$4 ,aft] t !re 0 an attempt to %[ ! peculi> nature ( ! se>* aft] tru? t is j n[ go+ on 9 ,p]sia1 & v p>ticul>ly 9 ,yezd4 ,t ?is is ,god's do+1 int5d$ to prep>e ! way = ,*ri/ian tea*+1 ,i h 9 my own m9d no d\bt at all2 b ,i h tri$ to describe x z a ph5om5on1 & sometimes to trace x to imm$iate causes :]e su* causes are easily discov]able4 ,la/ly1 ,i h tri$ to %[ t t[ns l ,yezd pres5t a field1 n only workable by "o class ( mission>y organisation1 b approa*able 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,i s9c]ely tru/ t ^? :o h foll[$ ! argum5t ( ^! *apt]s w h come to my own conclusion1 t1 al?\gh !re are enorm\s difficulties 9 mission>y "w 9 ,p]sia1 !re are also enorm\s opportunities1 & t !re is great reason to expect t 9 su* a c\ntry ?+s w "o day come ) a ru%3 fur!r1 t :5 ! b>ri] ( ,mohamm$anism is remov$1 !re are gr\nds = hop+ t ,p]sian "* w recov] its equilibrium & ! nation prove by no means decad5t4 ,if 9 addition ! spiritual =ce ( ,*ri/ianity be br\ght to be> ^u ! p1 ,p]sia may prove 9 ! future ! mission>y p[] ( ! ne> ,ea/4 ,p]sia at ?is mom5t is full ( religi\s enquir]s1 will+ to make imm5se sacrifices = _! convictions2 & beh9d ^! !re is a mass ( simple p1 religi\sly m9d$ & yet utt]ly dissatisfi$ ) _! pres5t cre$4 ,!re are ( c\rse great prejudices /ill exi/+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 b ^! prejudices h be5 by ,god's bless+ brok5 d[n 9 individual in/ances1 & :5 _! nature is bett] realis$ !y may m g5]ally disappe>4 ,x is n necess>y to give actual /ati/ics ) ref]5ce to conv]ts3 x is en\gh to say t ! numb] ( ^? :o h come =w>d 9 ,yezd is suffici5t to prove two ?+s2 fir/ly1 t ,god is will+ to bless ! "w v fully1 & secondly1 t we are n q ready = ,8 bless+4#g ,if any fur!r pro( 7 ne$$ ( ,god's will+ness to =w>d ! "w ( ! ,yezd mission1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian in/itutions 9 ! t[n4 ,! m$ical "w 0 f\nd$ by ,dr ,h5ry ,:ite ab\t six ye>s & a half back1 he hav+ be5 9 ! ,isfahan di/rict = ab\t twelve mon?s previ\s to 8 arrival 9 ,yezd4 ,!re is n[ n only a m5's hospital & disp5s>y 9 ! t[n1 b also two disp5s>ies 9 ! outly+ villages1 & a wom5's hospital & disp5s>y "u ,dr ,elsie ,taylor4 ,9 connection ) ! m$ical "w "o c h>dly help m5tion+ ! "n ( ,miss ,bird1 :o really f\nd$ ! "w among/ ! wom51 & t ( ,dr ,griffi?1 :o did mo/ valuable "w dur+ ! furl\gh ( ,dr ,:ite4 ,! site = ! m5's hospital 0 giv5 to ! ,society %ortly aft] ,dr ,:ite's arrival1 by ! late ,mr ,gud>z1 a prom95t ,p>si m]*ant 9 ! t[n4 ,! m$ical mission 9 ,yezd may be said to be q z firmly e/abli%$ z ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,i myself came to ,yezd six mon?s lat] ?an ,dr ,:ite1 )\t any previ\s exp]i5ce ( ,p]sia4 ,my successor1 ,mr ,boyl&1 has n[ "u 8 *>ge a s*ool ( ab\t sixty boys1 ,mussulmans1 ,babis & ,p>sis1 ) a /aff ( native ma/]s4 ,! boys 9 spite ( _! religi\s diff]5ces play football toge!r4 ,! religi\s tea*+ 9 ! s*ool is giv5 )\t ! slighte/ concealm5t4 ,!re is also a s*ool = ,p>si girls m lately e/abli%$ by ,miss ,brighty4 ,9 ?is s*ool religi\s in/ruction is also giv54 ,:5 ,i left ,yezd ! numb] ( ! pupils 0 ab\t =ty4 ,i may also m5tion t 9 ! *apel :i* we h built 9 ! hospital we (t5 h congregations ( ov] a hundr$ ,p]sians4 ,! *apel co/ some?+ "u a hundr$ p\nds1 & ! funds 7 subscrib$1 all b tw5ty-five p\nds1 by ! memb]s ( ! ,european colony4 ,x is a great mi/ake to reg>d su* "w z we h 9 ,yezd z prim>ily ( a prep>atory nature 9 view ( "s future opportunity4 ,babiism1 :i* is 9 "s ways m oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity ?an ! religion ( ! av]age ,p]sian ,mussulman1 is fa/ ga9+ gr\nd1 & ! exceptional opportunity1 :i* is occasion$ by ! prep>ation ( ! soil by ,babi mission>ies :o h n yet be5 successful 9 plant+ _! ideas1 is fa/ pass+ away4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t !re is n mu* hope ( real religi\s lib]ty "u native rule4 ,"s p ?9k t !re are %ortly go+ to be *anges 9 ,p]sia :i* w entirely deprive ! ,briti% mission>y ( 8 opportunity4 ,if we take ?is view we ought to act quickly4 ,tak+ a second & m hopeful view ( ! future1 o!r political developm5ts :i* might make religi\s lib]ty 9 any s5se a reality1 w\ld f9d u by no means 9 a position to make ! be/ use ( !m1 unless we _h a native *ur* ga!r$ 9 "t ( /ress & /ra9 ^u ^: judgm5t to rely4 ,consequ5tly mission "w 9 ,p]sia is a matt] :i* dem&s mo/ c>eful consid]ation1 mo/ unsp>+ ef=t1 & mo/ e>ne/ pray]4 ,we ought n to lack recruits4 ,t !re are difficulties to be solv$ is true1 b :5 all has be5 said ! ov]:elm+ horror ( mod]n ,mohamm$anism1 ! int5se hopefulness ( ,p]sian "*1 & la/ b n lea/1 ! obvi\s prep>ation made by ,god 9 ?is c\ntry = human evangeli/ic lab\rs1 all toge!r pres5t a situation :i* _c b appeal to ! ,*ri/ian ,engli%man4 ,,footnotes #a ,! au?or has1 ) a few exceptions1 acc5tuat$ native words only :]e !y fir/ occur 9 ! book4 #b ,! dates giv5 ) reg>d to ?is p]secution are approximately correct2 b1 al?\gh reasonable c>e has be5 tak5 to f9d ! exact ye> 9 :i* ! *anges ( re/riction 7 made1 ! absolute accuracy ( "s ( ^! dates _c be gu>ante$4 #c ,! ,yezdi realises ! l9k ( a common language1 b by ?is he means a common dialect4 ,consequ5tly ,i h includ$ ?is idea 9 fell[-t[nsman%ip2 x 9 no way takes ! place ( ! bond ( c\ntry4 #d ,i 0 in=m$1 h[ev]1 by ,dr ,griffi? t ! ,mussulmans ( ,kirman welcom$ 8 com+ & ! "w ( ! m$ical mission on ! gr\nd t 8 savabs1 be+ ! savabs ( an infidel1 w\ld be cr$it$ n to him b to ! acc\nt ( ! ,mohamm$ans ( ! t[n1 :o /ood r sorely 9 ne$ ( !m4 #e ,?is only ref]s to visits ( c]emony4 ,:5 p f\nd t !y c\ld come to my h\se )\t notice1 ,i (t5 _h a cont9ual succession ( visitors ?r\gh\t ! day4 #f ,c]ta9ly ! ,light also op]ates inside ,islam4 ,dur+ ! ,babi massacre a numb] ( wom5 :o _h be5 horrifi$ by ! sights 9 ! /reets said to my wife1 8,!y say t we c't be ,mussulmans if we m9d ^! ?+s1 b _c ^! ?+s sick5 ev5 ,mohamm$ans80 #g ,! op9ion t ,p]sia is *ang+ its religion1 or at lea/ its =m ( ,mohamm$anism1 is n conf9$ to mission>y circles4 ,,gloss>y ,aivn ,a k9d ( portico1 or ro($ recess4 ,anjuman ,assembly1 committee4 ,arkhlq ,"u-coat4 ,bb ,foll[] ( ! ,bb4 ,bd-gr ,air-%aft4 ,bgh ,enclos$ cultivation4 ,beh ,foll[] ( ,behu'llah4 ,*d> ,%eet2 especially ! cotton %awl worn ov] ! head & :ole body by ! wom54 ,*rvdr ,mulete]1 or donkey c>avan driv]4 ,da/r ,p>si prie/4 ,dv ,demon4 ,f>r% ,lit]ally a c>pet-sweep]4 ,really a s]vant1 *iefly outdoor4 ,f]ang ,frank1 ,european4 ,firmn ,gov]nm5t ord]4 ,islm ,resignation to ,god4 ,! "n giv5 by ,mohamm$ to 8 religion4 ,jazya ,poll tax levi$ by ,mohamm$ans on non-,mohamm$an mono!i/s liv+ 9 _! c\ntry4 ,j9 ,g5ius2 a be+ compos$ ( fire4 ,kajva ,a k9d ( wood5 panni] ) a hood4 ,khn ,a h]$it>y title4 ,krn ,a co9 wor? ab\t #d;d41 ! t5? "p ( a tomn4 ,kurs ,wood5 /ool4 ,especially "o us$ ov] a pan ( *>coal to support a quilt4 ,lla ,a spr+ c&le/ick ) a globe4 ,lt ,a r\gh2 a bad "*4 ,man' ,a weight v>y+ 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,9 ,yezd x is ab\t #ac lbs4 ,manzil ,halt+-place4 ,mazra' ,a piece ( cultivat$ l&4 ,mirz ,cl]k1 secret>y4 ,muballigh ,a mission>y4 ,! ^w is g5]ally us$ ( ! ,beh mission>ies 9 ,yezd4 ,mujtahid ,! highe/ class ( ! ,mohamm$an cl]gy4 ,mull ,a ^w v l our t]m 8cl]k40 ,x is g5]ally us$ ( ! cl]gy1 b x is sometimes a m]e c\rtesy title1 & sometimes means a man :o c read4 ,mussulmn1 ,muslim ,a believ] 9 ,islam4 ,"o :o is resign$ to ,god4 ,nakhl ,a religi\s implem5t4 ,nijsat ,c]emonial uncleanness4 ,paighamb> ,message be>]1 prophet4 ,paighamb> ,prophe?ood4 ,qab ,out] coat4 ,qalnt> ,head-man4 ,! title is us$ 9 ,yezd = ! head-man ( ! ,p>sis4 ,qalin ,p]sian hookah4 ,qan't ,und]gr\nd wat]-*annel4 ,raiyat ,agriculturi/1 a t5ant f>m] :o pays r5t 9 k9d4 ,x also means a subject4 ,rza khn ,religi\s recitation4 ,saught ,a travell]'s pres5t4 ,savb ,"w ( m]it4 ,seyid ,a desc5dant ( ,mohamm$4 ,%iah ,noncon=mi/4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a ,%iah sect held or?odox 9 ,p]sia4 ,sunnat ,anci5t traditions & ,comm5t>y on ! ,quran accept$ by ! ,sunnis4 ,sunn ,a memb] ( ! ,mohamm$an sect accept+ ! ,sunnat1 :o are consid]$ or?odox 9 ,turkey1 ,india1 & ,africa1 z oppos$ to ! ,%iahs ( ,p]sia & else:]e4 ,taqdr ,pr$e/9ation4 ,taqya ,concealm5t ( fai? by d5ial 9 times ( dang]4 ,tauhd ,ass]tion ( ! ,div9e ,unity4 ,tomn ,a sum ( money1 #aj1jjj d9>s1 equival5t to ab\t #cs4 #h;d4 ,yailq ,summ] qu>t]s1 g5]ally a village 9 ! hills4 ,z>d%t ,foll[] ( ,z>d%t or ,zoroa/]1 ! ,p>si prophet4 ,,index ,abbs1 #fg ,abu ,jahl1 #fg ,abu ,tlib1 ,mohamm$'s uncle1 #fg ,avan1 #ah ,ali1 ,imam1 #ge-gg ,ali ,mohamm$ 7,bab71 #ij1 #ia ,anjuman1 #di ,arbb ,jam%d1 a weal?y ,p>si at ,tehran1 #ea ,ar*es1 #af ,arkhlq1 #de ,arm5ian ,*ri/ians1 #eh1 #ajg ,aryan ,p>sis1 #fb ,atmosph]e1 abs5ce ( moi/ure 91 #ac ,bb1 gate ( k1 #gc ----1 fir/ book-be>] ( ! ,behs1 f\nd] ( ! ,babi sect1 #ij1 #ia ,babis1 !1 #gi1 #hf1 #hh1 #ia1 #id1 #ajh1 #agg1 #ahg1 #aic1 #bab2 massacre (1 #ajd1 #aee-aeg1 #ahf2 m>tyrs1 #ach1 #aci ,bd-gr1 #ad1 #ae1 #df ,bgh1 #i-aa ,baza>s1 #aa ,behs1 !1 #fa1 #ha2 massacre (1 #dd1 #eb1 #hg-hi1 #ajd2 t5ets (1 #hf1 #ij1 #ib-if1 #ajd1 #aad ,beha'llah1 fir/ book-be>] ( ! ,behs1 #ha1 #hg1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ie1 #aic ,bigotry1 9 ,yezd1 #dd ,bird1 ,miss1 #bfj ,boyl&1 ,mr1 #bfa ,brighty1 ,miss1 #bfa ,br[ne1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,g41 translator ( ! ,trkhi ,jadd1 #ia ,bruce1 ,canon1 #eh1 #ei ,c>p5t]s1 ( ,yezd1 #bc ,c>pets1 #bb ,caspian ,sea1 #b ,*d>1 #abb ,*airs1 #bd ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 #ie ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 #ee1 #bcj1 #bcb ,cleanl9ess1 ( ,yezdis1 #bf ,conv]ts1 problem (1 #aif-aih1 #bab-bae ,crime1 indiff]5ce to1 #ahd ,curta9s1 #ba ,des]ts1 salt & s&y1 #b1 #c ,dnyr1 ,qalnt> ( ! ,p>si ,committee1 #di ,divorce1 #agh ,dvs1 #aba1 #abb ,doors1 #ai1 #bj ,etiquette & ,mann]s1 ( ! ,yezdis1 #aeh ,european colony1 9 ,yezd1 #ee ,evil ,eye1 #abb ,fanaticism1 ( ,yezdis1 #ed ,f>r%1 #dg ,fireplaces1 #ba ,fitt+s ( h\ses1 #ba ,fl[]-b$s1 #cc1 #cd ,=giv5ess ( s9s1 ,mohamm$'s tea*+ on !1 #ih ,furniture1 #ba-bf ,g>d5s1 #i ,griffi?1 ,dr1 #ajj1 #bfj ,gud>z1 ,mr1 a prom95t ,p>si m]*ant ( ,yezd1 #bfa ,gypsum1 #ag ,hakim ,khnum1 lady doctor1 #ajb ,hanifs1 re=m]s1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj ,hasan1 ,imam1 #acc1 #acd ,heav5 & ,hell1 ,mussulman idea (1 #ih1 #ii ,hill villages1 #ca1 #cb ,hookahs1 ,p]sian1 #be ,h\ses1 #ac-cc2 built = heat1 #bi1 #cj ,husa91 ,imam1 #acc1 #acd ,huts1 mud1 #bh ,ibn ,i%k1 ! biograph]1 #fh ,ibrhm ,qall ,khn1 #ej ,imam ,ali1 #ge-gg ---- ,hasan1 #acc1 #acd ---- ,husa91 #acc1 #acd ,imams1 !1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg ,indu/rial missions--a sugge/ion1 #aig-bja ,infidels1 ,p]sian attitude t[>ds1 #acj ,insul>ity1 ( ,yezd1 #cf ,isaiah1 quot$1 #ie ,isfahan1 #cf ,isfahanis1 & ,yezdis1 #ch ,isf&ir1 a ,p>si s*oolma/] at ,taft1 #ea ,islm1 doctr9e (1 #fd1 #fe1 #hj-hb1 #if1 #ig1 #aaj1 #acb1 #acc2 has ru9$ ,p]sia1 #aab ,isolation1 ( ,yezd1 #cf ,jadd1 a conv]t f ,p>siism1 #fb ,jallu'd ,daula1 !1 #eb1 #ahc ,jazya1 #dg1 #di ,jews1 9 ,yezd1 #dd1 #eb2 ,mohamm$'s deal+s )1 #ga ,j9s1 #aba1 #abb ,julfa1 a suburb ( ,isfahan1 #eh ,jus ,pat]num1 9 ,yezd1 #aha ,ka'aba1 a hea!n temple ( ! ,meccans1 #fe ,k%n1 #g1 #dc ,khadja1 wife ( ,mohamm$1 #ff ,khalfs1 !1 #gb1 #gf ,khauf u jiz1 fe> ( hell & expectation ( heav51 #ih ,kirmn1 #g1 #cf ,koelle1 ,life ( ,mohamm$1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga ,k*a ,biyuk1 village1 #di ,kurs1 #bb1 #cj ,lla1 #be ,lamps1 #be ,language1 ,p]sian1 #aeb ,lri/n1 #dc ,lattices1 #ai ,l$ges1 #af ,look+-glasses1 #ba ,lts1 #ea1 #eh ,mahdi1 or ,mehdi1 ! la/ ( ! ,imams1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge ,mnukj ,limj1 ,p>si repres5tative 9 ,tehran1 #dh1 #ej ,manzil1 #cd ,m>riages1 ,p]sian1 #agh ,mazra'1 #d1 #e ,mecca1 #fc1 #fe1 #fi1 #gj ,m$ical ,missions1 9 ,yezd1 #ee1 #bbi1 #bdh-bed ,m$9a1 #fc1 #gj1 #ga ,mihraban1 a ,p>si1 #fd ,miracle play1 ,muh>ram1 #abf1 #acd ,mission>y 9 ,p]sia1 !1 8 difficulties1 #ahh-baf2 ! problem ( conv]ts1 #aif-aih1 #bab-bae2 8 tasks & duties1 #bag-bee2 philan?ropic "w1 #bbi-bcb2 poor relief1 #bcb-bci2 s*ool & m$ical "w1 #bci-bed ,missions1 ,*ri/ian1 tol]at$ 9 ,yezd1 #ee1 #ef2 indu/rial1 #aig-bja ,mohamm$1 #fc-gb1 #hd1 #he1 #ij1 #ia1 #if1 #ig1 #aab1 #aac1 #abh1 #acj2 8 bir?1 #fe2 8 wife1 #ff2 head ( ! ,hanif movem5t1 #fg2 8 admiration ( ! ,jews1 #abd ,mohamm$anism1 ,p]sian1 #fj1 #fd-aad2 aspects 9 ,yezd (1 #aae-ace ,monogamy1 #agg1 #agh ,m\nta9 /reams1 #e ,muballigh1 tea*] & mission>y1 #hh1 #hi ,mud1 use (1 #ab2 huts (1 #bh ,muhammad ,hasan ,khan1 ,gov]nor ( ,yezd1 #dh ,muh>ram1 #acc ,mujtahid1 #df-dh1 #ef1 #eh1 #gc-ge1 #hh ,mulla ,bahrm ( ,khuram%r1 a ,p>si1 #dh ,munfiqn1 hypocrites1 #hj ,mu%ru'l ,mamlik1 !1 #ea ,mussulman v4 ,arm5ian morality1 #aah ,muzaff>u'd ,dn1 ,%ah1 #di ,nakhl1 #acd ,nsiru'd ,dn1 ,%ah1 #dh ,nsiru'd ,dn1 ,mulla1 & 8 mule1 /ory (1 #adi ,nijsat1 #acb ,non-con=mity 9 ,p]sia1 #fa ,oasis1 #c1 #d ,om>1 ,khalf1 #gf1 #ace ,opium trade1 #agj ,ornam5tation1 ( h\ses1 #ag ,paighamb>1 #hd1 #he1 #if1 #aaj1 #abg ,p>sis 9 ,yezd1 oppression & p]secution (1 #dd-eb ,pilgrimages1 ,mussulman1 #aah1 #abh ,pla91 a typical ,p]sian1 #g ,polygamy1 #agg ,poor relief1 #bcb-bci ,po/al arrangem5ts1 9 ,yezd1 #cf ,qab1 #de1 #dh ,qalnt>1 #di ,qalin1 #be ,qum1 #aai ,qurn1 !1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #ib1 #ic1 #aje1 #ajg-aji1 #aai1 #abj1 #abd1 #acj ,ra9fall1 #f1 #bi ,ramazn1 ,mohamm$an ,fa/1 #gh ,ra%t1 #dc1 #bcc ,rice1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,a41 #ie ,ru/ami ,ardi%ri ,dnyr1 a ,p>si1 #di ,rza khn1 #abf1 #aif ,sahmu'l ,mulk1 #ea ,shibi kitb1 a book-be>]1 ,mohamm$ reg>d$ z ! la/1 #gb ,salmat1 a ,p>si1 #ea ,salt & s&y des]ts1 #b1 #c ,saughts1 #afb ,savbs1 #ih-aje ,s*ool "w1 9 ,yezd1 #bci-bdh ,seyid1 a desc5dant ( ,mohamm$1 #ej1 #aja1 #ajb ,%aikhi sect1 !1 #ia ,%ahr1 a t[n1 #ci ,%iahs1 or noncon=mi/s1 #fj1 #gc-gh1 #hf1 #hg1 #ic-ih1 #ajc1 #aje-aji1 #abd1 #abh1 #acd1 #agg1 #bab ,%rz1 #cf1 #dc ,silkworms1 #bcc ,soldi]s1 ,p]sian1 #aef ,/reams1 m\nta91 #e ,subhi ,azal1 second book-be>] ( ! ,behs1 #ij1 #ib ,sufis1 sect ( !1 #hf1 #ajh ,summ] build+s1 #ae1 #bi ,sunnat1 #gc1 #gd ,sunnis1 & _! cre$1 #fc1 #gb1 #gd1 #gg1 #hj1 #id1 #ajf ,sup]/ition1 #aba-abc ,tables1 #bc1 #bd ,taft village1 #ea1 #acd ,tlr1 summ] portico1 #ad1 #ae ,tq*as1 l$ges1 #af1 #bd-bf ,taqdr1 #ig ,taqiya1 #bab ,trkhi ,jadd1 #ia ,tauhid1 #abg ,taylor1 ,dr ,elsie1 #bfj ,teh]an1 #b ,telegraph l9e1 native1 #cg ,tr&z1 a ,p>si1 #di ,tomn1 #dg ,tr9ket boxes1 #bf ,turn]s1 ( ,yezd1 #bc ,uncleanness1 degrees (1 #acj-acb ,untru?fulness ( ,p]sians1 #aaf1 #adb ,vatan1 home-di/rict1 #ci ,villages1 #h2 hill-1 #ca1 #cb ,walls1 h\se-1 #af ,w>aka ibn ,nawfal1 a prom95t ,hanif1 #ff ,wat] sy/em1 #f ,:ite1 ,dr ,h5ry1 #bjd1 #bfj1 #bfa ,w9d[s1 #ai1 #bj ,w9t] rooms1 #ah ,yailq1 #ca ,yazd1 #acd ,yezd di/rict1 h\ses 91 #a-ce2 its isolation & insul>ity1 #cf ,yezdis1 & ,isfahanis1 #ch2 _! religion1 #aaa1 #abj-abf2 "* ( !1 #acf-ahg2 sy/ematis$ inconsi/5cy1 #acg2 loyalty1 #ach2 s5se ( %ame1 #adg2 hum\r1 #adh2 _! disreg>d ( "t1 #aej2 difficulties ( _! language1 #aeb2 lack ( initiative1 #aed2 _! c\rage1 #aee2 etiquette & mann]s (1 #aeh2 _! triviality1 #afj2 pride1 #afe1 #aff2 k9dl9ess1 cruelty1 #aff2 di%one/y1 #adb1 #afh2 lack ( bus9ess habits1 #aga2 fatalism1 #agc2 lat5t /r5g?1 #agf2 _! family ties1 #agg2 jus pat]num1 #aha2 religi\s lib]ty1 #aha-ahc2 indiff]5ce to crime1 #ahd2 op5-h&ness1 #ahd ,zaid1 #ga ,zaid ibn ,amr1 #ff ,za9ab1 #ga ,z>d%t 7,zoroa/rian71 #ej ,zillu's ,sultn1 #ej1 #eb ,zoroa/rians1 9 ,yezd1 #df-ec1 #aac ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,press1 #i ,,& #aa ,,"y ,,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5tral ,,p]sia illu/rat+ ,,five ,,ye>s ,,9 ,a ,,p]sian ,,t[n4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,napi] ,malcolm4