,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,by ,,james ,,mill ,,) ,,notes ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,critical ,,by ,,alex&] ,,ba9 ,,&rew ,,f9dlat] ,,& ,,george ,,grote ,,edit$ ,,) ,,additional ,,notes ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,second ,,edition ,,london ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,read]1 ,,& ,,dy]4 #ahgh ,9 ord] to prep>e ! way = a j & compreh5sive sy/em ( ,logic1 a previ\s survey ( our nature1 consid]$ z a great :ole1 is an indisp5sable requisite4--,philosophical ,essays 7,prelim4 ,diss]t47 p4 lxvii4 by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,esq4 ,w\ld n ,education be necess>ily r5d]$ m sy/ematical & enlight5$1 if ! p[]s & faculties on :i* x op]ates 7 m sci5tifically exam9$1 & bett] und]/ood8 ,ibid4 p4 xlviii4 ,"r ( ,translation res]v$4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,edition4 ,,9 ! /udy ( ,nature1 ei!r m5tal or physical1 ! aim ( ! sci5tific enquir] is to dim9i% z mu* z possible ! catalogue ( ultimate tru?s4 ,:51 )\t do+ viol5ce to facts1 he is able to br+ "o ph5om5on )9 ! laws ( ano!r2 :5 he c %ew t a fact or ag5cy1 :i* seem$ to be orig9al & di/9ct1 c\ld h be5 produc$ by o!r kn[n facts & ag5cies1 act+ accord+ to _! own laws2 ! enquir] :o has arriv$ at ?is result1 consid]s himself to h made an important advance 9 ! k ( nature1 & to h br\ght sci5ce1 9 t dep>tm5t1 a /ep ne>] to p]fection4 ,o!r accessions to sci5ce1 h[ev] important practically1 are1 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 m]e additions to ! mat]ials3 ?is is some?+ done t[>ds p]fect+ ! /ructure itself4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is sci5tific improvem5t takes place is by ! resolution ( ph5om5a :i* vi are special & complex into o!rs m g5]al & simple4 ,two cases ( ?is sort may be r\ghly di/+ui%$1 ?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 !m w n be f\nd on accurate exam9ation to be fundam5tal4 ,9 "o case x is ! ord] ( ! ph5om5a t is analys$ & simplifi$2 9 ! o!r x is ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,:5 ! obs]v$ facts relat+ to ! weight ( t]re/rial objects1 & ^? relat+ to ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 7 f\nd to con=m to "o & ! same law1 t ( ! gravitation ( e p>ticle ( matt] to e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce v>y+ z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ?is 0 an example ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,! ord] ( ! ph5om5a 0 resolv$ into a m g5]al law4 ,a great numb] ( ! successions :i* take place 9 ! mat]ial _w 7 %ewn to be p>ticul> cases ( a law ( causation p]vad+ all ,nature4 ,! o!r class ( inve/igations are ^? :i* deal1 n ) ! successions ( ph5om5a1 b ) ! complex ph5om5a !mselves1 & disclose to u t ! v fact :i* we are /udy+ is made up ( simpl] facts3 z :5 ! sub/ance ,wat] 0 f\nd to be an actual comp\nd ( two o!r bodies1 hydrog5 & oxyg52 sub/ances v unlike itself1 b bo? actually pres5t 9 e "o ( its p>ticles4 ,by processes l ^? employ$ 9 ?is case1 all ! v>iety ( sub/ances :i* meet our s5ses & compose ! planet on :i* we live1 h be5 %ewn to be vii con/itut$ by ! intimate union1 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( fix$ proportions1 ( "s two or m ( sixty or sev5ty bodies1 call$ ,elem5ts or ,simple ,sub/ances1 by :i* is only meant t !y h n hi!rto be5 f\nd capable ( fur!r decomposition4 ,?is la/ process is kn[n by ! "n ( *emical analysis3 b ! fir/ m5tion$1 ( :i* ! ,newtonian g5]alization is ! mo/ p]fect type1 is no less analytical4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t ! "o analyses sub/ances into simpl] sub/ances2 ! o!r1 laws into simpl] laws4 ,! "o is p>tly a physical op]ation2 ! o!r is :olly intellectual4 ,bo? ^! processes are z l>gely applicable1 & z mu* requir$1 9 ! inve/igation ( m5tal ph5om5a z ( mat]ial4 ,& 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! advance ( sci5tific k may be measur$ by ! progress made 9 resolv+ complex facts into simpl] ones4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! ,m9d include multitudes ( facts1 ( an extraord9>y degree ( complexity4 ,by obs]v+ !m "o at a "t ) suffici5t c>e1 x is possible 9 ! m5tal1 z x is 9 ! mat]ial _w1 to obta9 empirical g5]alizations ( limit$ compass1 b ( great value = practice4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we f9d x possible to connect _m ( ^! deta*$ g5]alizations toge!r1 by discov]+ ! m g5]al laws ( :i* !y are cases1 & to ! op]ation ( :i* 9 "s p>ticul> sets ( viii circum/ances !y are due1 we ga9 n only a sci5tific1 b a practical advantage2 = we !n fir/ le>n h[ f> we c rely on ! m limit$ g5]alizations2 )9 :at conditions _! tru? is conf9$2 by :at *anges ( circum/ances !y w\ld be defeat$ or modifi$4 ,n only is ! ord] 9 :i* ! m complex m5tal ph5om5a foll[ or accompany "o ano!r1 r$ucible1 by an analysis simil> 9 k9d to ! ,newtonian1 to a comp>atively small numb] ( laws ( succession among simpl] facts1 connect$ z cause & effect2 b ! ph5om5a !mselves c mo/ly be %ewn1 by an analysis resembl+ ^? ( *emi/ry1 to be made up ( simpl] ph5om5a4 ,9 ! m9d ( man1 says ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n1 9 "o ( 8 ,introductory ,lectures1 all is 9 a /ate ( con/ant & ev]-v>y+ complexity1 & a s+le s5tim5t may be ! sl[ result ( innum]able feel+s4 ,!re is n a s+le pleasure1 or pa91 or ?\ght1 or emotion1 t may n1 by ! influ5ce ( t associat+ pr9ciple :i* is aft]w>ds to come "u our consid]ation1 be s connect$ ) o!r pleasures1 or pa9s1 or ?\ghts1 or emotions1 z to =m ) !m1 = ev] aft]1 an union ! mo/ intimate4 ,! complex1 or seem+ly complex1 ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 :i* result f ! con/ant op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! m9d1 x is ! lab\r ( ! intellectual inquir] to analyse1 z ix x is ! lab\r ( ! *emi/ to r$uce ! comp\nd bodies on :i* he op]ates1 h[ev] close & intimate _! comb9ation may be1 to _! con/itu5t elem5ts4444 ,f ! v in/ant ( its fir/ exi/5ce1 ! m9d is con/antly exhibit+ ph5om5a m & m complex3 s5sations1 ?\ghts1 emotions1 all m+l+ toge!r1 & almo/ e feel+ modify+1 9 "s great] or less degree1 ! feel+s t succe$ x2 & z1 9 *emi/ry1 x (t5 happ5s t ! qualities ( ! sep>ate +r$i5ts ( a comp\nd body are n recognizable by u 9 ! app>5tly diff]5t qualities ( ! comp\nd itself1--s 9 ?is spontane\s *emi/ry ( ! m9d1 ! comp\nd s5tim5t t results f ! association ( =m] feel+s has1 9 _m cases1 on fir/ consid]ation1 s little resemblance to ^! con/itu5ts ( x1 z =m]ly exi/+ 9 _! elem5t>y /ate1 t x requires ! mo/ att5tive reflection to sep>ate1 & evolve di/9ctly to o!rs1 ! assemblages :i* ev5 a few ye>s may h produc$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 sc>cely possible to advance ev5 a s+le /ep1 9 intellectual physics1 )\t ! necessity ( p]=m+ "s sort ( analysis1 by :i* we r$uce to simpl] elem5ts "s complex feel+ t seems to u virtually to involve !m4 ,^! explanations def9e & *>act]ize ! task :i* 0 propos$ to himself by ! au?or ( ! x pres5t treatise1 & :i* he concisely express$ by nam+ 8 "w an ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,x is an attempt to rea* ! simple/ elem5ts :i* by _! comb9ation g5]ate ! manifold complexity ( our m5tal /ates1 & to assign ! laws ( ^? elem5ts1 & ! elem5t>y laws ( _! comb9ation1 f :i* laws1 ! subord9ate ones :i* gov]n ! comp\nd /ates are consequ5ces & coroll>ies4 ,! conception ( ! problem did n1 ( c\rse1 orig9ate ) ! au?or2 he m]ely appli$ to m5tal sci5ce ! idea ( sci5tific inquiry :i* _h be5 matur$ by ! successful pursuit1 = _m g5]ations1 ( ! k ( ext]nal nature4 ,ev5 9 ! p>ticul> pa? by :i* he endeav\r$ to rea* ! end1 he _h em95t precursors4 ,! analytic /udy ( ! facts ( ! human m9d began ) ,ari/otle2 x 0 fir/ c>ri$ to a consid]able height by ,hobbes & ,locke1 :o are ! real f\nd]s ( t view ( ! ,m9d :i* reg>ds ! great] "p ( its intellectual /ructure z hav+ be5 built up by ,exp]i5ce4 ,^! ?ree philosoph]s h all left _! names id5tifi$ ) ! great fundam5tal law ( ,association ( ,ideas2 yet none ( !m saw f> en\gh to p]ceive t x is ?r\gh ?is law t ,exp]i5ce op]ates 9 m\ld+ our ?\ghts & =m+ our ?9k+ p[]s4 ,dr4 ,h>tley 0 ! man ( g5ius :o fir/ cle>ly xi disc]n$ t ?is is ! key to ! explanation ( ! m complex m5tal ph5om5a1 ?\gh he1 too1 0 indebt$ = ! orig9al conjecture to ano!r wise =gott5 ?9k]1 ,mr4 ,gay4 ,dr4 ,h>tley's treatise 7,obs]vations on ,man7 goes ov] ! :ole field ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 bo? intellectual & emotional1 & po9ts out ! way 9 :i*1 z he ?9ks1 s5sations1 ideas ( s5sation1 & association1 g5]ate & acc\nt = ! pr9cipal complications ( our m5tal nature4 ,if ?is doctr9e is de/9$ to be accept$ z1 9 ! ma91 ! true !ory ( ! ,m9d1 to ,h>tley w always belong ! glory ( hav+ orig9at$ x4 ,b 8 book made sc>cely any impression ^u ! ?\ght ( 8 age4 ,he incumb]$ 8 !ory ( ,association ) a premature hypo!sis respect+ ! physical me*anism ( s5sation & ?\ght2 & ev5 _h he n done s1 8 mode ( exposition 0 little calculat$ to make any conv]ts b su* z 7 capable ( work+ out ! sy/em = !mselves f a few h9ts4 ,8 book is made up ( h9ts r ?an ( pro(s4 ,x is l ! production ( a ?9k] :o has c>ri$ 8 doctr9es s long 9 8 m9d )\t communicat+ !m1 t he has become accu/om$ to leap ov] _m ( ! int]m$iate l9ks necess>y = enabl+ o!r p]sons to rea* 8 conclusions1 & :o1 :5 at la/ he sits d[n to write1 is unable to recov] !m4 ,x 0 ano!r great disadvantage to ,h>tley's !ory1 t its xii publication s ne>ly co9cid$ ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! reaction aga9/ ! ,exp]i5ce psy*ology1 provok$ by ! h>dy scepticism ( ,hume4 ,f ^! v>i\s causes1 ?\gh ! philosophy ( ,h>tley nev] di$ out1 hav+ be5 kept alive by ,prie/ley1 ! eld] ,d>w91 & _! pupils1 x 0 g5]ally neglect$1 until at l5g? ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w gave x an importance t x c nev] aga9 lose4 ,"o di/+ui%$ ?9k]1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n1 reg>d$ "s ( ! m5tal ph5om5a f a po9t ( view simil> to ,h>tley's1 & all t he did = psy*ology 0 9 ?is direction2 b he _h read ,h>tley's "w ei!r v sup]ficially1 or n at all3 he seems to h d]iv$ no?+ f x1 & ?\gh he made "s successful analyses ( m5tal ph5om5a by means ( ! laws ( association1 he reject$1 or ignor$1 ! m se>*+ applications ( ^? laws2 re/+ cont5t1 :5 he arriv$ at ! m difficult problems1 ) m]e v]bal g5]alizations1 su* z 8 futile explanations by :at he t]m$ relative sugge/ion4 ,br[n's psy*ology 0 no outcome ( ,h>tley's2 x mu/ be class$ z an orig9al b feebl] ef=t 9 a some:at simil> direction4 ,x is to ! au?or ( ! pres5t volumes t ! hon\r belongs ( be+ ! reviv] & second f\nd] ( ! ,association psy*ology4 ,great z is ?is m]it1 x 0 b "o among _m s]vices :i* he r5d]$ to 8 g5]ation & to mank9d4 ,:5 xiii ! lit]>y & philosophical hi/ory ( ?is c5tury comes to be writt5 z x des]ves to be1 v few are ! names figur+ 9 x to :om z high a place w be aw>d$ z to ,james ,mill4 ,9 ! vig\r & p5etration ( 8 intellect he has _h few sup]iors 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght3 9 ! wide compass ( ! human int]e/s :i* he c>$ = & s]v$1 he 0 almo/ equally rem>kable3 & ! en]gy & det]m9ation ( 8 "*1 giv+ effect to z s+le-m9d$ an ard\r = ! improvem5t ( mank9d & ( human life z ,i believe has ev] exi/$1 make 8 life a memorable example4 ,all 8 "w z a ?9k] 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( mank9d1 ei!r by ! direct improvem5t ( _! beliefs & s5tim5ts1 or by w>r+ aga9/ ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* he reg>d$ z ob/acles to _! progress3 & :ile he put z mu* consci5ti\s ?\ght & lab\r into ev]y?+ he did1 z if he _h nev] done any?+ else1 ! subjects on :i* he wrote took z wide a range z if he _h writt5 )\t any lab\r at all4 ,t ! same man %\ld h be5 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,india & ( ! pres5t treatise1 is ( itself suffici5tly significant4 ,! =m] ( ^? works1 :i* by mo/ m5 w\ld h be5 ?\ght a suffici5t a*ievem5t = a :ole lit]>y life1 may be said )\t exagg]ation to h be5 ! comm5cem5t ( rational ?9k+ on ! subject ( ,india3 & by t1 & 8 subsequ5t xiv lab\rs z an adm9i/rator ( ,indian int]e/s "u ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 he effect$ a great am\nt ( good1 & laid ! f\ndation ( mu* m1 to ! _m millions ( ,asiatics = ^: bad or good gov]nm5t 8 c\ntry is responsible4 ,! same great "w is full ( f>-rea*+ ideas on ! practical int]e/s ( ! _w2 & :ile =m+ an important *apt] 9 ! hi/ory & philosophy ( civilization 7a subject :i* _h n !n be5 s sci5tifically /udi$ z x has be5 s9ce7 x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions yet made ev5 to ! ,engli% hi/ory ( ! p]iod x embraces4 ,if1 9 addition to ! ,hi/ory & to ! pres5t treatise1 all ! au?or's m9or writ+s 7 collect$2 ! outl9e treatises on ne>ly all ! great bran*es ( moral & political sci5ce :i* he drew up = ! ,supplem5t to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 & 8 c\ntless contributions to _m p]iodical works2 al?\gh advanc$ ?9k]s h outgr[n "s ( 8 op9ions1 & include1 on _m subjects1 9 _! speculations1 a wid] range ( consid]ations ?an 81 e "o w\ld be a/oni%$ at ! v>iety ( 8 topics1 & ! abundance ( ! k he exhibit$ respect+ !m all4 ,"o ( 8 m9or s]vices 01 t he 0 ! fir/ to put toge!r 9 a compact & sy/ematic =m1 & 9 a mann]1 adapt$ to le>n]s1 ! pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy z r5ovat$ by ! g5ius ( ,ric>do3 ^: great xv "w1 x may be m5tion$ by ! way1 w\ld probably nev] h se5 ! light1 if 8 intimate & atta*$ fri5d ,mr4 ,mill _h n enc\rag$ & urg$ him1 fir/ to commit to pap] 8 pr(\nd ?\ghts1 & aft]w>ds to s5d !m =? to ! _w4 ,_m o!r cases might be m5tion$ 9 :i* ,mr4 ,mill's private & p]sonal influ5ce 0 a means ( do+ good1 h>dly inf]ior to 8 public ex]tions4 ,?\gh1 l all :o value _! "t = high] purposes1 he w5t little into :at is call$ society1 he help$1 enc\rag$1 & n seldom prompt$1 _m ( ! m5 :o 7 mo/ useful 9 _! g5]ation3 f 8 obscure privacy he 0 dur+ _m ye>s ( 8 life ! s\l ( :at is n[ call$ ! advanc$ ,lib]al p>ty2 & su* 0 ! effect ( 8 conv]sation1 & ( ! tone ( 8 "*1 on ^? :o 7 )9 rea* ( its influ5ce1 t _m1 !n "y1 :o h s9ce made !mselves hon\r$ 9 ! _w by a valuable c>e]1 look back to _! int]c\rse ) him z hav+ _h a consid]able %>e 9 decid+ _! c\rse ?r\gh life4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( !m all1 ,mr4 ,grote1 has put on record1 9 a rec5t publication1 8 s5se ( ^! obligations1 9 t]ms equally hon\rable to bo?4 ,z a conv]s]1 ,mr4 ,mill has _h few equals2 z an argum5tative conv]s]1 9 mod]n tunes probably none4 ,all 8 m5tal res\rces seem$ to be at 8 comm& at any mom5t1 & 7 !n freely xvi employ$ 9 remov+ difficulties :i* 9 8 writ+s = ! public he (t5 did n ?9k x wor? :ile to notice4 ,to a logical acum5 :i* has always be5 ackn[l$g$1 he unit$ a cle> appreciation ( ! practical side ( ?+s1 = :i* he did n always receive cr$it f ^? :o _h no p]sonal k ( him1 b :i* made a deep impression on ^? :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! (ficial correspond5ce ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company conduct$ by him4 ,! moral qualities :i* %one 9 8 conv]sation 71 if possible1 m valuable to ^? :o _h ! privilege ( %>+ x1 ?an ev5 ! intellectual4 ,!y 7 precisely su* z "y m5 ( cultivat$ intellect1 ) good aspirations b a "* n yet ?or\ghly =m$1 are likely to d]ive mo/ b5efit f4 ,a deeply root$ tru/ 9 ! g5]al progress ( ! human race1 jo9$ ) a good s5se :i* made him nev] build unreasonable or exagg]at$ hopes on any "o ev5t or cont+5cy2 an habitual e/imate ( m5 accord+ to _! real wor? z s\rces ( good to _! fell[-creatures1 & an unaffect$ contempt = ! weaknesses or temptations t div]t !m f t object1 mak+ ^? ) :om he conv]s$ feel h[ pa9ful x w\ld be to !m to be c\nt$ by him among su* backslid]s2 a su/a9$ e>ne/ness1 9 :i* nei!r vanity nor p]sonal ambition _h any "p1 & :i* spread f him by a sympa!tic contagion to ^? xvii :o _h suffici5t moral prep>ation to value & seek ! opportunity2 ?is 0 ! mixture ( qualities :i* made 8 conv]sation almo/ unrivall$ 9 its salut>y moral effect4 ,he has be5 accus$ ( asp]ity1 & !re 0 asp]ity 9 "s few ( 8 writ+s2 b no p>ty _s1 p]sonal rivalry1 or w\nd$ am\r-propre ev] /irr$ x up4 ,ev5 :5 he _h receiv$ direct p]sonal (f5ce1 he 0 ! mo/ placable ( m54 ,! bitt]e/ & able/ attack ev] publicly made on him 0 t :i* 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! introduction ( ,mr4 ,macaulay into public life4 ,he felt x ke5ly at ! "t1 b ) a q imp]sonal feel+1 z he w\ld h felt any ?+ t he ?\ght unju/ly said aga9/ any op9ion or cause :i* 0 de> to him2 & )9 a v few ye>s aft]w>ds he 0 on t]ms ( p]sonal fri5d%ip ) its au?or1 z ,"l ,macaulay himself1 9 a v cr$itable passage ( ! preface to 8 collect$ ,essays1 has1 9 feel+ t]ms1 commemorat$4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ( ,mr4 ,mill's philosophical life1 ,h>tley's "w _h tak5 a /rong hold ( 8 m9d2 & 9 ! maturity ( 8 p[]s he =m$ & execut$ ! purpose ( foll[+ up ,h>tley's lead+ ?\ght1 & complet+ :at t ?9k] _h begun4 ,! result 0 ! pres5t "w1 :i* is n only an imm5se advance on ,h>tley's 9 ! qualities :i* facilitate ! access ( recondite xviii ?\ghts to m9ds to :i* !y are new1 b atta9s an elevation f> beyond ,h>tley's 9 ! ?\ghts !mselves4 ,comp>$ ) x1 ,h>tley's is little m ?an a sket*1 ?\gh an em95tly sugge/ive "o3 (t5 r %[+ :]e to seek = ! explanation ( ! m complex m5tal ph5om5a1 ?an actually expla9+ !m4 ,! pres5t treatise makes cle>1 mu* t ,h>tley left obscure3 x possesses ! great secret = cle>ness1 ?\gh a secret commonly neglect$--x be/[s an extra am\nt ( explanation & exemplification on ! mo/ elem5t>y p>ts4 ,x analyses _m important m5tal ph5om5a :i* ,h>tley pass$ ov]1 & analyses m completely & satisfactorily mo/ ( ^? ( :i* he comm5c$ ! analysis4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! au?or 0 ! fir/ :o fully und]/ood & exp\nd$ 7?\gh ! g]ms ( ?is z ( all ! re/ ( ! !ory are 9 ,h>tley7 ! rem>kable case ( ,insep>able ,association3 & inasmu* z _m ( ! m difficult analyses ( ! m5tal ph5om5a c only be p]=m$ by ! aid ( t doctr9e1 mu* _h be5 left = him to analyse4 ,i am f> f ?9k+ t ! m recondite specim5s ( analysis 9 ?is "w are always successful1 or t ! au?or has n left some?+ to be correct$ z well z mu* to be complet$ by 8 successors4 ,! completion has be5 especially ! "w ( two di/+ui%$ ?9k]s 9 ! pres5t xix g5]ation1 ,pr(essor ,ba9 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 9 ! writ+s ( bo? ( :om1 ! ,association ,psy*ology has rea*$ a /ill high] developm5t4 ,! =m] ( ^! has fav\r$ me ) 8 invaluable collaboration 9 annotat+ ! pres5t "w4 ,9 ! annotations x has be5 our object n only to illu/rate & en=ce1 b to criticise1 :]e criticism seem$ call$ =4 ,:at !re is 9 ! "w t seems to ne$ correction1 arises *iefly f two causes4 ,fir/1 ! imp]fection ( physiological sci5ce at ! "t at :i* x 0 writt51 & ! mu* great] k s9ce acquir$ ( ! functions ( our n]v\s organism & _! relations ) ! m5tal op]ations4 ,secondly1 an op5+ 0 made = "s mi/akes1 & occasional insuffici5cy ( analysis1 by a m5tal quality :i* ! au?or exhibits n unfrequ5tly 9 8 speculations1 ?\gh z a practical ?9k] bo? on public & on private matt]s x 0 q o!rwise2 a c]ta9 impati5ce ( detail4 ,! b5t ( 8 m9d 0 t[>ds t1 9 :i* also 8 greate/ /r5g? lay2 9 seiz+ ! l>g] features ( a subject--! comm&+ laws :i* gov]n & connect _m ph5om5a4 ,hav+ rea*$ ^!1 he sometimes gives himself up to ! curr5t ( ?\ghts :i* ^? compreh5sive laws sugge/1 n /opp+ to gu>d himself c>efully 9 ! m9uti ( _! application1 nor devot+ mu* ( 8 ?\ghts to anticipat+ all ! objections t xx c\ld be made1 ?\gh ! necessity ( reply+ to "s ( !m might h l$ him to detect imp]fections 9 8 analyses4 ,f ?is cause 7z x appe>s to me71 he has occasionally gone fur!r 9 ! pursuit ( simplification1 & 9 ! r$uction ( ! m recondite m5tal ph5om5a to ! m elem5t>y1 ?an ,i am able to foll[ him2 & has left "s ( 8 op9ions op5 to objections1 :i* he has n af=d$ ! means ( answ]+4 ,:5 ?is appe>$ to ,mr4 ,ba9 or myself to be ! case1 we h made su* attempts z we 7 able to place ! matt] 9 a cle>] light2 & "o or o!r1 or bo?1 h suppli$ :at our own inve/igations or ^? ( o!rs h provid$1 t[>ds correct+ any %ortcom+s 9 ! !ory4 ,mr4 ,f9dlat]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,editor ( ,*amb]s' ,cyclopdia1 has k9dly communicat$1 f ! ri* /ores ( 8 philological k1 ! corrections requir$ by ! some:at obsolete philology :i* ! au?or _h borr[$ f ,horne ,tooke4 ,= ! rectification ( an errone\s /atem5t respect+ ! relation ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ,g5]al ,ideas to ! ,platonic1 & = "s o!r contributions 9 :i* hi/orical is comb9$ ) philosophical int]e/1 ,i am indebt$ to ! illu/ri\s hi/orian ( ,greece & ( ! ,greek philosophy4 ,mr4 ,grote's1 ,mr4 ,ba9's & ,mr4 ,f9dlat]'s notes are di/+ui%$ by _! initials2 my own1 z ^? ( ! ,editor4 xxi ,! "q pres5t$ itself1 :e!r ! annotations w\ld be mo/ useful1 collect$ at ! end ( ! "w1 or app5d$ to ! *apt]s or passages to :i* !y m p>ticul>ly relate4 ,ei!r plan has its recomm5dations1 b ^? ( ! c\rse :i* ,i h adopt$ seem$ to me on ! :ole to prepond]ate4 ,! read] c1 if he ?9ks fit1 7&1 if he is a real /ud5t1 ,i v5ture to recomm5d t he %\ld d s7 comb9e ! advantages ( bo? modes1 by giv+ a fir/ c>eful read+ to ! book itself1 or at all ev5ts to e successive *apt] ( ! book1 )\t pay+ any att5tion to ! annotations4 ,no o!r mode ( proce$+ w give p]fectly fair play to ! au?or1 ^: ?\ghts w 9 ?is mann] h z full an opportunity ( impress+ !mselves on ! m9d1 )\t hav+ _! consecutiv5ess brok5 9 ^u by any o!r p]son's ?\ghts1 z !y w\ld h _h if simply republi%$ )\t comm5t4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has done all he c ) ! au?or's own exposition--has possess$ himself ( ! ideas1 & felt1 p]haps1 "s ( ! difficulties1 he w be 9 a bett] position = pr(it+ by any aid t ! notes may af=d1 & w be 9 less dang] ( accept+1 )\t due exam9ation1 ! op9ion ( ! la/ com] z ! be/4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,s5sation #b ,,section #a4 ,smell #g #b4 ,he>+ #af #c4 ,sight #ba #d4 ,ta/e #be #e4 ,t\* #bh #f4 ,s5sations ( ,disorganization1 or ( ! ,approa* to ,disorganization1 9 any "p ( ! ,body #cg #g4 ,muscul> ,s5sations1 or ^? ,feel+s :i* accompany ! ,action ( ! ,muscles #dj #h4 ,s5sations 9 ! ,alim5t>y ,canal #de ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ideas #ea ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,association ( ,ideas #gj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,nam+ #abg ,,section #a4 ,n\ns ,sub/antive #acd #b4 ,n\ns ,adjective #add #c4 ,v]bs #aea #d4 ,pr$ication #aei xxiv ,,section #e4 ,pron\ns #aid #f4 ,adv]bs #aii #g4 ,prepositions #bja #h4 ,conjunctions #bab ,,*apt] ,v4 ,consci\sness #bbc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,conception #bcc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,imag9ation #bch ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,classification #bdg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,ab/raction #bid ,,*apt] ,x4 ,memory #cah ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,belief #cda ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,ratioc9ation #dbd ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,evid5ce #dbh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix #ddj ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,page ,"s ,names :i* require a p>ticul> ,explanation #a ,,section #a4 ,names ( ,names #c #b4 ,relative ,t]ms #f ,ab/ract ,relative ,t]ms #gb #c4 ,numb]s #hi #d4 ,privative ,t]ms #ii #e4 ,"t #aaf #f4 ,motion #adb #g4 ,id5tity #afd ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,reflection #agf ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,intellectual & ,active ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d #aha ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,causes ( ! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,ideas ( ! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 & ( ! ,causes ( !m #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 contemplat$ z pass$1 or future #aif vi ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,! ,causes ( ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 contemplat$ z pass$1 or future #bja ,,section #a4 ,! imm$iate ,causes ( ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 contemplat$ z pass$1 or z future #bja #b4 ,! ,remote ,causes ( ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations contemplat$ z pass$1 or future #bjf ,,sub-,,sect4 #a4 ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 & _! ,contr>ies1 contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s #bjg #b4 ,our ,fell[-,creatures contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s #bad #a4--;,fri5d%ip #baf #b4--,k9dness #baf #c4--;,family #bah #d4--;,c\ntry #bbf #e4--,p>ty2 ,class #bbg #f4--,mank9d #bbi #c4 ,! ,objects call$ ,sublime & ,beautiful1 & _! ,contr>ies1 contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s #bcj ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,motives #bef ,,section #a4 ,pleasurable or ,pa9ful ,/ates1 contemplat$ z ! ,consequ5ts ( our own ,acts #bef #b4 ,causes ( our ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,/ates1 contemplat$ z ! ,consequ5ts ( our own ,acts #bfe ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,! ,acts ( our ,fell[-creatures1 :i* are ,causes ( our ,pa9s & ,pleasures1 contemplat$ z ,consequ5ts ( our own ,acts #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,w #cbg ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,int5tion 99#cif ,,analysis ,,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction ,i %all inquire into ! orig9al ( ^? ideas1 notions1 or :atev] else y please to call !m1 :i* a man obs]ves & is consci\s to himself he has 9 8 m9d2 & ! ways :]eby ! und]/&+ comes to be furni%$ ) !m4 ,locke1 i4 #a1 #c4 ,,philosophical inquiries into ! human m9d h = _! ma91 & ultimate object1 ! exposition ( its m complex ph5om5a4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! simple %\ld be premis$2 because !y are ! elem5ts ( :i* ! complex are =m$2 & because a di/9ct k ( ! elem5ts is indisp5sable to an accurate conception ( t :i* is comp\nd$ ( !m4 ,! feel+s :i* we h ?r\gh ! ext]nal s5ses are ! mo/ simple1 at lea/ ! mo/ famili>1 ( ! m5tal ph5om5a4 ,h5ce ! propriety ( comm5c+ ) ?is class ( our feel+s4 #b ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,s5sation4 ,i %all n at pres5t m$dle ) ! physical consid]ation ( ! m9d1 or tr\ble myself to exam9e :]e9 its ess5ce consi/s2 or by :at motions ( our spirits1 or alt]ations ( our bodies1 we come to h any ,s5sation by our organs1 or any ,ideas 9 our und]/&+s2 & :e!r ^? ideas d 9 _! =mation1 any or all ( !m1 dep5d on matt] or no4 ,^! are speculations :i*1 h[ev] curi\s & ent]ta9+1 ,i %all decl9e1 z ly+ out ( my way 9 ! design ,i am n[ ^u4--,locke1 i4 #a1 #b4 ,,my object1 9 :at ,i %all say respect+ ! ph5om5a class$ "u ! head ( ,,s5sation1 is1 to lead su* ( my read]s z are new to ?is species ( inquiry to conceive ! feel+s di/9ctly4 ,all m5 are famili> ) !m2 b ?is v famili>ity1 z ! m9d runs easily f "o well kn[n object to ano!r1 is a reason :y ! b\nd>y betwe5 !m & o!r feel+s is n always obs]v$4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! le>n] %\ld by practice acquire ! habit ( reflect+ ^u 8 ,s5sations1 z a di/9ct class ( feel+s2 & %\ld be h5ce prep>$ to m>k well ! di/9ction betwe5 !m & o!r /ates ( m9d1 :5 he #c advances to ! analysis ( ! m my/]i\s ph5om5a4 ,:at we commonly mean1 :5 we use ! t]ms ,s5sation or ph5om5a ( ,s5sation1 are ! feel+s :i* we h by ! five s5ses1--,,smell1 ,,ta/e1 ,,he>+1 ,,t\*1 & ,,sight4 ,^! are ! feel+s f :i* we d]ive our notions ( :at we d5om9ate ! ext]nal _w2--! ?+s by :i* we are surr\nd$3 t is1 ! antec$5ts ( ! mo/ int]e/+ consequ5ts1 9 ! :ole s]ies ( feel+s1 :i* con/itute our m5tal tra91 or exi/5ce4 ,! feel+s1 h[ev]1 :i* belong to ! five ext]nal ,s5ses are n a full enum]ation ( ! feel+s :i* x seems prop] to rank "u ! head ( ,s5sations1 & :i* mu/ be consid]$ z be>+ an important "p 9 ^? complicat$ ph5om5a1 :i* x is our pr9cipal bus9ess1 9 ?is inquiry1 to sep>ate into _! pr9cipal elem5ts1 & expla94 ,( ^! unnam$1 & g5]ally unreg>d$1 ,s5sations1 two pr9cipal classes may be di/+ui%$3--fir/1 ,^? :i* accompany ! action ( ! sev]al muscles ( ! body2 &1 secondly1 ,^? :i* h _! place 9 ! ,alim5t>y ,canal4#a ,ba9's footnote #a3 ,important po9ts ( ,psy*ology are rais$ 9 classify+ ! s5ses1 & 9 assign+ ! ord] ( _! exposition4 ,! au?or ju/ly animadv]ts on ! insuffici5cy ( ! common enum]ation ( ! ,five ,s5ses1 & indicates two gr& omissions--! ,muscul> ,s5sibilities1 & ! feel+s associat$ ) ,dige/ion4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ omission--! ,muscul> ,feel+s1--a fur!r advance has be5 f\nd requisite4 ,in/ead ( add+ ^! to ! li/1 z a six? s5se1 !y are made a g5us ap>t #d & put 9 contra/ to ! ,s5sations z commonly und]/ood4 ,!y are ! feel+s ( our ,,activity1 ( ! ,active side ( our nature1 & are 9 relation to ! ,motor or ,outc>ry+ n]ves ( ! body4 ,! ,s5sations prop]1 su* z ,smell & ,he>+1 are ! feel+s ( our ,,receptivity1 or ,passivity1 & arise 9 connection ) ! ,s5ti5t1 or ,inc>ry+ n]ves4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 h[ev]1 a muscul> elem5t is almo/ always comb9$4 ,?is is conspicu\s 9 ,t\*1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly accompani$ ) movem5ts ( ! h&1 or o!r p>ts t\*$2 x is also ! case ) ,sight1 !re be+ six muscles con/antly engag$ 9 mov+ ! eye-ball4 ,!re is lea/ muscul>ity 9 ,he>+ & ,smell1 b 9 nei!r is x :olly abs5t4 ,?us 9 ,he>+1 !re are c]ta9 small muscles = adju/+ ! tightness ( ! membrane ( ! tympanum2 ap>t f :i*1 !re are movem5ts ( ! head 9 conjunction ) he>+4 ,s 9 ,smell2 ! sniff+ action ) ! brea? is muscul>4 ,nev]!less1 x is easy to sep>ate1 9 all ! s5ses1 ! passive & prop] s5sibility ( ! s5se1 7call$ by ,hamilton ! idiopa?ic s5sibility7 f ! active accompanim5t4 ,we c make exp]im5ts ^u passive t\*1 or pure contact2 we c isolate 9 our consci\sness ! optical s5sibility ( ! eye2 we c elim9ate activity f ! e>2 & we c att5d to ! s5sations ( smell 9 _! pure passivity4 ,! be/ c\rse ( proce$+ is to deal ) ,muscul>ity ap>t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to give x ! priority 9 ! ord] ( exposition4 ,*ronologically x is an e>li] fact ( our be+2 we move be=e we feel2 !re is an inborn en]gy ( action 9 ! animal sy/em1 :i* goes out1 z x 71 & meets ! objects ( s5sation4 ,?is is "o reason ( priority4 ,ano!r is ! fact j /at$ t movem5t accompanies all ! s5ses1 or is a common factor 9 s5sation4 ,to discuss its peculi> s5sibility is ?us a prep>ation = treat+ ( ! s5ses4 ,! importance ( draw+ a broad l9e betwe5 ! active & ! passive bran*es ( our prim>y s5sibilities is se5 9 v>i\s applications1 b mo/ especially 9 ! problem ( #e ,ext]nal ,p]ception4 ,! great di/9ction t ?is problem requires u to draw betwe5 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal sides ( our be+ 7s describ$ by an imp]fect metaphor7 has its deepe/ f\ndation 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! s5se ( exp5d$ muscul> en]gy & ! feel+s t are nei!r en]gy 9 !mselves1 nor v>y def9itely accord+ to our en]gies4 ,! qualities ( ?+s admitt$ on all h&s to be qualities ( ! ext]nal 7or object7 _w--call$ ! ,prim>y ,qualities1 ,resi/ance & ,ext5sion1--are modes ( our muscul> en]gies2 ! qualities t d n ( !mselves sugge/ ext]nality1 or objectivity1--! second>y qualities1 z ,heat1 ,col\r1 c4--are our passive s5sibilities1 & d n conta9 muscul> en]gy4 ,:5 ^! second>y qualities ent] into def9ite connections ) our movem5ts1 !y are !n ref]r$ to ! ext]nal1 or object _w4 ,light & col\r1 :5 v>y+ def9itely ) our v>i\s movem5ts1 z po/ures & actions1 are f t circum/ance ref]r$ to ! ext]nal1 or non-ego2 )\t su* connections !y w\ld be call$ int]nal or subjective /ates4 ,! contra/$ t]ms ',object' & ',subject' are ! lea/ exceptionable = express+ ! fundam5tal anti!sis ( consci\sness & ( exi/5ce4 ,matt] & ,m9d1 ,ext]nal & ,int]nal1 are ! popul> synonyms1 b are less free f mislead+ sugge/ions4 ,ext5sion is ! ,object fact by pre-em95ce2 ,pleasure & ,pa9 are ! mo/ m>k$ phases ( pure ,subjectivity4 ,betwe5 ! consci\sness ( ext5sion & ! consci\sness ( a pleasure !re is ! broade/ l9e t c be drawn )9 ! human exp]i5ce2 ! broade/ di/9ction 9 ! :ole univ]se ( be+4 ,^! !n are ! ,object & ,subject extremes2 &1 9 ! f9al analysis1 ! object extreme appe>s to be gr\nd$ on ! feel+ ( exp5d$ muscul> en]gy4 ,! second omission allud$ to is ! ,dige/ive ,s5sibility1 :i* ought und\bt$ly to be includ$ among s5sations1 hav+ all ! con/itu5ts ( a s5se2 an object--! food2 a s5sitive organ--! /oma*2 & a *>act]i/ic =m ( s5sibility or feel+4 ,! au?or f>!r takes notice ( #f ',s5sations ( ,disorganization1 or ( ! approa* to ,disorganization1 9 any "p ( ! body1' :i* too des]ve to be reckon$ among m5tal facts4 ,he might f>!r h adv]t$ to ! acute & depress+ feel+s ( ! ,lungs1 9 case ( p>tial suffocation1 ) ! exhil>ation att5d+ ! relief f su* a /ate1 & ! *ange f a close to a fre% atmosph]e4 ,moreov]1 !re are /ates ( purely physical com=t1 associat$ ) a vigor\s circulation1 ) heal?y inn]vation1 ) ! prop] action ( ! sk92 & feel+s ( discom=t & depression f ! opposite /ates4 ,a slight allusion to ^! v>i\s feel+s occurs 9 *apt] second t[>ds ! close4 ,^! v>i\s modes ( s5sibility seem to be fitly gr\p$ toge!r "u ! common head ( ,s5sations ( ,organic ,life3 _! detail be+ arrang$ accord+ to ! sev]al organs--viz4--! ,alim5t>y ,canal1 ,lungs1 ,circulation1 ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 c4 ,^! w\ld make a six? ,s5se prop]ly s call$1 or a dep>tm5t ( passive s5sibility4--,b4 #g ,,section ,i4 ,,smell4 ,x is n mat]ial to ! pres5t purpose 9 :at ord] we survey ! subdivisions ( ?is elem5t>y class ( ! m5tal ph5om5a4 ,x w be conv5i5t to take ^? fir/1 :i* c be mo/ easily ?\ght ( by !mselves2 t is1 ( :i* a conception1 free f ! mixture ( any extrane\s +r$i5t1 c be mo/ c]ta9ly =m$4 ,= ?is reason we beg9 ) ,,smell4#b ,ba9's footnote #b3 ,! ord] ( exposition ( ! s5ses is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! au?or1 l ,condillac1 select$ ,smell to beg9 )1 z be+ a rem>kably simple & *>act]i/ic feel+2 he has f\nd ano!r expository advantage 9 x1 by di/urb+ our r\t9e mode ( reg>d+ ! intellect z pr9cipally made up ( s5sations ( sight4 ,x has a />tl+ effect on ! read]1 to sugge/ a m5tal life consi/+ :olly ( smells & ideas ( smell4 ,!re are two pr9ciples ( arrangem5t ( ! s5ses1 ea* good = its own purpose2 x be+ und]/ood t ! active or muscul> s5sibility is tak5 ap>t f1 & prior to1 s5sation prop]4 ,! fir/ is to take !m 9 ! ord] ( ,intellectual developm5t4 ,"s ( ! s5ses are evid5tly intellectual 9 a high degree1 z ,sight & ,he>+1 o!rs are intellectual 9 a mu* small] degree1 z ,smell & ,ta/e4 ,! organic s5sations are /ill less connect$ ) ! op]ations ( ! intellect4 ,_m ( ! lea/ intellectual s5sations are rem>kably int5se1 z pleasure & pa92 p]haps m s ?an ! intellectually high] class4 ,! organic pa9s are m un5durable ?an ! wor/ pa9s ( he>+ or ( sight1 unless ^! are assimilat$ to ! o!r class1 by injury ( ! organs4 ,! intellectual sup]iority ( ! high] s5ses %[s itself 9 two ways1 ! "o /rictly 9 ! doma9 ( ,intellect1 ! o!r 9 ! doma9 ( ,feel+4 ,z reg>ds ,intellect1 x is %[n 9 ! pr$om9ance ( ! ideas ( ! high] s5ses4 ,our intellectual or ideal tra9s1 ! mat]ials ( ?\ght & k1 are made up mo/ ( all ( ideas ( sight1 next ( ideas ( he>+1 to a less degree ( ideas ( t\* or sk9 contact1 &1 lea/ ( all1 ( ideas ( /oma* & lung s5sations or o!r organic /ates4 ,! tra9s ( ! sci5tific man1 ( ! man ( bus9ess1 & ev5 ( ! h&icraft work]1 are almo/ entirely made up ( ideas ( sight & ( he>+ 7) active or muscul> ideas74 ,our und]/&+ ( ! ord] ( nature1 our v notion ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 is a va/ & complex s*eme ( ideas ( sight4 ,! intellectual sup]iority ( ! high] s5ses 9 ! doma9 ( ,feel+ is connect$ ) ! remembrance or ideal p]si/5ce ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,! pleasures ( ,dige/ion are weakly & ineffectively rememb]$1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! actuality4 ,! pleasures ( ,smell are rememb]$ bett]4 ,! pleasures & pa9s ( ,he>+ & ,sight are rememb]$ be/ ( any4 ,?is gives !m a high] value 9 life2 ! addition made to ! actual1 by ! ideal1 is1 9 _! case1 ! greate/ ( all4 ,!y are said1 = ?is among o!r reasons1 to be m ref9$4 ,! arrangem5t dictat$ by ! gradation ( intellectuality w\ld be z foll[s3--#a4 ,s5sations ( ,organic ,life4 #b4 ,ta/e4 #c4 ,smell4 #d4 ,t\*4 #e4 ,he>+4 #f4 ,sight4 ,! second pr9ciple ( arrangem5t />ts ) ,t\*1 z ! mo/ simple 9 its mode ( action1 & ! mo/ diffus$ 9 its op]ation4 ,t\* consi/s 9 m]e me*anical pressure on a s5sitive surface2 ?is is ! mo/ simple & elem5t>y ( all /imuli4 ,! o!r s5ses are reg>d$ z specialis$ modifications ( ,t\*4 ,9 ,he>+1 ! mode ( action is t\* or me*anical contact4 ,9 ! rema9+ s5ses1 ! contact is accompani$ ) o!r =ces4 ,ta/e & ,smell involve *emical *ange1 z well z contact4 ,! action ( ,light on ! eye is probably "s species ( molecul> di/urbance involv+ *emical action4 ,?is mode ( view+ ! ord] & dep5d5ce ( ! s5ses belongs m especially to ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! organic sy/em1 :i* is made prom95t 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! arrangem5t might be v>i\sly express$3--x might be ,t\*1 ,he>+1 ,sight1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 ,organic ,s5sibility2 or ,t\*1 ,he>+1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 ,organic ,s5sibility1 ,sight4--,b4 #h ,9 ! ,smell ?ree ?+s are commonly di/+ui%$4 ,!re is ! ,,organ1 !re is ! ,,s5sation1 & !re is ! antec$5t ( ! ,s5sation1 ! #i ext]nal ,,object1 z x is commonly d5om9at$1#a99 to :i* ! ,s5sation is ref]r$ z an effect to its cause4 ,mill's footnote #a3 ,x is necess>y "h to obs]ve1 t ,i use1 ?r\gh\t ?is ,inquiry1 ! language mo/ commonly 9 use4 ,?is is att5d$ ) its disadvantages2 = on ! subject ( m9d ! ord9>y language almo/ always involves m or less ( !ory1 :i* may or may n appe> to me to correspond ) ! true exposition ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! advantages1 h[ev]1 ( n dep>t+ f famili> t]ms /ill appe>$ to me to prepond]ate2 & ,i am will+ to hope1 t su* errone\s sugge/ions1 z are sometimes insep>able f ! language ,i h ?\ght x be/ ^u ! :ole to employ1 w be correct$1 )\t any p>ticul> notice1 by ! analysis :i* ,i %all pres5t4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,^! ?ree di/+ui%able p>ticul>s are common to all ! five ,s5ses4 ,) reg>d to ! ,,organ1 :i* is a physical r ?an a m5tal subject ( inquiry1 ,i %all h occasion to say little m ?an is requir$ to make my read] di/+ui%1 ) suffici5t accuracy1 ! "p ( 8 body to :i* ! #aj sep>ate feel+s ( 8 five ,s5ses belong4 ,& ) reg>d to ! antec$5t ( ! ,s5sation1 or ,,object ( ! ,s5ses1 ! prop] place = expla9+ :at is capable ( be+ kn[n ( x is at a subsequ5t "p ( ?is inquiry4 ,my desire at pres5t is1 to fix ! att5tion ( ! read] ^u ! ,,s5sation2 t he may m>k x z a m5tal /ate ( a p>ticul> k9d1 di/9ct f e o!r feel+ ( 8 nature4 ,! ,,organ ( ,smell1 z e body kn[s1 is situat$ 9 ! m\? & no/rils1 or 9 ! n]ves1 appropriat$ to smell+1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! passage betwe5 ! m\? & no/rils1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( t passage4 ,?\gh x appe>s to be asc]ta9$ t ! n]ves are necess>y to s5sation1 x is by no means asc]ta9$ 9 :at way !y become necess>y4 ,x is a my/]y h[ ! n]ves1 simil> 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 af=d u1 9 "o place1 ! s5sation ( s\nd2 9 ano!r1 ! s5sations ( light & col\rs2 9 ano!r1 ^? ( od\rs1 9 ano!r ^? ( flav\rs1 & ta/es1 & s on4 ,) respect to ! ext]nal ,,object1 z x is usually d5om9at$1 ( ?is p>ticul> s5se2 9 o!r words1 ! antec$5t1 ( :i* ! ,s5sation ,smell is ! consequ5t2 x is1 9 vulg> appreh5sion1 ! visible1 tangible object1 f :i* ! od\r proce$s4 ,?us1 we are said to smell a rose1 :5 we h ! s5sation d]iv$ f ! od\r ( ! rose4 ,x is m correct language1 h[ev]1 to say1 t we smell ! odor\s p>ticles :i* proce$ f ! visible1 tangible object1 ?an t we smell ! object itself2 =1 if any ?+ prev5ts ! odor\s p>ticles1 :i* ! body emits1 f rea*+ ! organ ( smell1 ! #aa s5sation is n obta9$4 ,! object ( ! s5se ( smell+ !n are odor\s p>ticles1 :i* only op]ate1 or produce ! s5sation1 :5 !y rea* ! organ ( smell4 ,b :at is meant by odor\s p>ticles we are /ill 9 ignorance4 ,some?+1 nei!r visible nor tangible1 is convey$1 ?r\gh ! air1 to ! olfactory n]ves2 b ( ?is some?+ we "k no m ?an t x is ! antec$5t ( t n]v\s *ange1 or v>iety ( consci\sness1 :i* we d5ote by ! ^w smell4 ,/ill f>!r1 ,:5 we say t ! odor\s p>ticles1 ( :i* we are ?us ignorant1 rea* ! n]ves :i* con/itute ! organ ( smell1 we atta* h>dly any mean+ to ! ^w rea*4 ,we "k n :e!r ! p>ticles 9 "q produce _! effect1 by contact1 or )\t contact4 ,z ! n]ves 9 e "p ( ! body are cov]$1 we "k n h[ any ext]nal p>ticles c rea* !m4 ,we "k n :e!r su* p>ticles op]ate ^u ! n]ves1 by _! own1 or by any o!r influ5ce2 ! galvanic1 = example1 or electrical1 influ5ce4 ,^! obs]vations1 ) reg>d to ! organ ( smell1 & ! object ( smell1 are ( importance1 *iefly z !y %[ u h[ imp]fect our k /ill is ( all t is m]ely corporeal 9 s5sation1 & enable u to fix our att5tion m exclusively ^u t :i* alone is mat]ial to our subsequ5t inquiries--t po9t ( consci\sness :i* we 99d5om9ate ! s5sation ( smell1 ! m]e feel+1 deta*$ f e ?+ else4 ,:5 we smell a rose1 !re is a p>ticul> feel+1 a p>ticul> consci\sness1 di/9ct f all o!rs1 :i* we mean to d5ote1 :5 we call x ! smell #ab ( ! rose4 ,9 l mann] we speak ( ! smell ( hay1 ! smell ( turp5t9e1 & ! smell ( a fox4 ,we also speak ( good smells1 & bad smells2 mean+ by ! "o1 ^? :i* are agreeable to u2 by ! o!r1 ^? :i* are (f5sive4 ,9 all ^! cases :at we speak ( is a po9t ( consci\sness1 a ?+ :i* we c describe no o!rwise ?an by call+ x a feel+2 a "p ( t s]ies1 t succession1 t fl[ ( some?+1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call ourselves liv+ or s5sitive creatures4 ,we c di/+ui% ?is feel+1 ?is consci\sness1 ! s5sation ( smell1 f e o!r s5sation4 ,smell & ,s\nd are two v diff]5t ?+s2 s are smell & sight4 ,! smell ( a rose is diff]5t f ! col\r ( ! rose2 x is also diff]5t f ! smoo?ness ( ! rose1 or ! s5sation we h by t\*+ ! rose4 ,we n only di/+ui% ! s5sations ( smell f ^? ( ! o!r s5ses1 b we di/+ui% ! s5sations ( smell f "o ano!r4 ,! smell ( a rose is "o s5sation2 ! smell ( a violet is ano!r4 ,! diff]5ce we f9d betwe5 "o smell & ano!r is 9 "s cases v great2 betwe5 ! smell ( a rose1 = example1 & t ( c>rion or assafoetida4 ,! numb] ( di/+ui%able smells is v great4 ,almo/ e object 9 nature has a peculi> smell2 e animal1 e plant1 & almo/ e m9]al4 ,n only h ! diff]5t classes ( objects diff]5t smells1 b probably diff]5t individuals 9 ! same class4 ,! diff]5t smells ( diff]5t individuals are p]ceptible1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ev5 by ! human organs1 & to a mu* great] ext5t by ^? ( ! #ac dog1 & o!r animals1 ^: s5se ( smell+ is m acute4 ,we c conceive ourselves1 z end[$ ) smell+1 & n enjoy+ any o!r faculty4 ,9 t case1 we %\ld h no idea ( objects z seeable1 z he>able1 z t\*able1 or ta/eable4 ,we %\ld h a tra9 ( smells2 ! smell at "o "t ( ! rose1 at ano!r ( ! violet1 at ano!r ( c>rion1 & s on4 ,! successive po9ts ( consci\sness1 compos+ our s5ti5t be+1 w\ld be m]e smells4 ,our life w\ld be a tra9 ( smells1 & no?+ m4 ,smell1 & ,life1 w\ld be two names = ! same ?+4 ,! t]ms :i* our language supplies1 = speak+ ( ?is s5se1 are exce$+ly imp]fect4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly be desirable to h1 at any rate1 di/9ct names = ! ,,organ1 = ! ,,object1 & = ! ,,s5sation2 & t ^! names %\ld nev] be conf\nd$4 ,x happ5s1 un=tunately1 t ! ^w ,,smell is applicable to all ! ?ree4 ,t ! ^w smell expresses1 bo? ! quality1 z we vulg>ly say1 ( ! object smelt2 & also ! feel+ ( him by :om x is smelt1 e "o is aw>e4 ,if y ask :e!r ! smell1 :5 ,i hold a violet to my no/rils1 is 9 me or 9 ! violet1 x w\ld be p]fectly prop] to say1 9 bo?4 ,! same ?+1 h[ev]1 is n 9 bo?1 ?\gh ! two ?+s h ! same "n4 ,:at is 9 me is ! s5sation1 ! feel+1 ! po9t ( consci\sness2 & t c be 9 no?+ b a s5ti5t be+4 ,:at is 9 ! rose1 is :at ,i call a quality ( ! rose2 9 fact1 ! antec$5t ( my s5sation2 ( :i*1 beside its be+ ! antec$5t ( my s5sation1 ,i "k no?+4 ,if ,i 7 speak+ ( a place 9 :i* my s5ses _h be5 #ad v>i\sly affect$1 & %\ld say1 t1 along ) o!r pleasures1 ,i _h enjoy$ a succession ( ! mo/ delightful smells1 ,i %\ld be und]/ood to speak ( my s5sations4 ,if ,i 7 speak+ ( a numb] ( unkn[n objects1 & %\ld say ( "o1 t x _h a smell l t ( honey2 ( ano!r1 t x _h a smell l t ( g>lick2 ,i %\ld be und]/ood z speak+ ( ! object ( ea* s5sation1 a quality ( ! ?+ smelt4 ,! ^w smell1 beside d5ot+ ! s5sation & ! object1 d5otes also ! organ1 9 su* phrases z ! foll[+2 ,sight & ,he>+ are two ( ! inlets ( my k1 & ,smell is a ?ird2 ,! faculty by :i* ,i become s5sible ( od\r is my ,smell4#c ,editor's footnote #c3 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 9 ! phrases "h cit$1 ! ^w ,smell /&s = ! olfactory organ4 ,x w\ld p]haps be mo/ correct to say1 t 9 ^! cases x d5otes ! ab/ract capacity ( smell+1 r ?an ! concrete physical in/rum5t4 ,ev5 :5 smell is said to be "o ( ! five s5ses1 x may fairly be d\bt$ :e!r a "p ( ! mean+ int5d$ is1 t x is "o ( ! five organs ( s5sation4 ,no?+ m seems to be meant1 ?an t x is "o ( five di/+ui%able modes ( hav+ s5sations1 :atev] ! intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 ^? modes may be4 ,9 ! au?or's footnote he recognises t ! ab/ract p[] ( smell+ ent]s into ?is p>ticul> application ( ! ^w ,smell2 & ref]s to a subsequ5t "p ( ! treatise = ! mean+ ( ,p[]4 ,b he ?9ks t along ) ! p[]1 or z "p ( ! conception ( ,p[]1 ! mat]ial organ is also signifi$4 ,x seems to me t ! organ does n ent] 9 ei!r ( ^! modes1 into ! signification ( ! ^w4 ,we c imag9e ourselves ignorant t we possess physical organs2 or aw>e t we possess !m1 b n aw>e t our s5sations ( smell are connect$ ) !m4 ,yet on ei!r ( ^! suppositions ! p[] ( smell+ w\ld be p]fectly intelligible1 & w\ld h ! same mean+ to u :i* x has n[4--,ed4 #ae ,9 ! phrases 9 :i* smell is call$ a ,,s5se1 z :5 we say1 t smell is "o ( ! five s5ses1 !re is consid]able complexity4 ,! t]m "h imports ! organ1 x imports ! s5sation1 &1 9 a c]ta9 way1 x imports also ! object4 ,x imports ! organ z exi/+ cont9u\sly1 ! s5sation z exi/+ only "u a c]ta9 condition1 & t condition ! pres5ce ( ! object4#b99 ,mill's footnote #b3 ,x w naturally occur to "s ( my read]s1 t1 9 ! t]m s5se ( smell+1 ! idea ( p[] is also includ$4 ,!y w say1 t :5 we speak ( ! s5se ( smell+1 we mean n only ! organ1 b ! function ( ! organ1 or its p[] ( produc+ a c]ta9 effect4 ,?is is und\bt$ly true2 b :5 ! real mean+ ( ! language is evolv$1 x only am\nts to t :i* is deliv]$ 9 ! text4 ,= :at does any p]son mean :5 he says t1 9 ! s5se ( smell+1 he has ! p[] ( smell+8 ,only ?is1 t he has an organ1 & t :5 ! object ( t organ is pres5t$ to x1 s5sation is ! consequ5ce4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is no?+ b ! organ1 ! object1 & ! s5sation1 conceiv$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,?is w m fully appe> :5 ! mean+ ( ! relative t]ms1 cause & effect1 has be5 expla9$4--7,au?or's ,note47 #af ,,section ,,ii4 ,,he>+4 ,9 ,he>+1 ! same ?ree p>ticul>s1 ! ,,organ1 ! ,,object1 & ! ,,feel+1 require to be di/+ui%$4 ,! "n ( ! organ is ! ,e>2 & its nice & complicat$ /ructure has be5 describ$ ) m9ut5ess & admiration by anatomi/s & physiologi/s4 ,9 vulg> disc\rse1 ! object ( our ,s5se ( ,he>+ is a s\nd+ body4 ,we say t we he> ! bell1 ! trumpet1 ! cannon4 ,?is language1 h[ev]1 is n correct4 ,t :i* prec$es ! feel+ receiv$ ?r\gh ! e>1 is ! approa* ( vibrat+ air to ! e>4 ,c]ta9 bodies1 made to vibrate 9 a c]ta9 way1 communicate vibrations to ! air1 & ! vibrat+ air1 admitt$ into ! e>1 is foll[$ by ! s5sation ( he>+4 ,if ! air :i* ! body makes to vibrate does n ent] ! e>1 h[ev] ! body itself may vibrate1 s5sation does n foll[2 he>+ does n take place4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no s\nd4 ,( ! circum/ances 9 :i* s\nd is g5]at$1 "p only 7 pres5t4 ,!re 0 ! organ1 & !re 0 ! object1 b n t juxta-position :i* is ne$$ to make ! antec$5t ( ! s5sation complete4 ,air vibrat+ 9 juxta-position to ! organ1 is ! object ( ,he>+4 ,h[ air 9 vibration %\ld produce ! #ag rem>kable effect1 call$ he>+1 9 ! n]ves ( ! e>1 & no effect 9 ^? ( ! eye1 9 ^? ( smell+1 or ^? ( ta/e1 our k does n enable u to tell4 ,x is n v difficult to ?9k ( ! s5sation ( he>+1 ap>t f ! organ1 & f ! object1 z well z f e o!r feel+4 ,i he> ! hum ( bees4 ,! feel+ to :i* ,i give ?is "n is a po9t ( my own consci\sness2 x is an elem5t>y "p ( my s5sitive be+2 ( t ?read ( consci\sness1 drawn out 9 succession1 :i* ,i call myself4 ,i h ! he>+2 x is a s5sation ( my own2 x is my feel+1 & no o!r man's feel+2 x is a v diff]5t feel+ f ta/e1 & a v diff]5t feel+ f smell1 & f all my o!r feel+s4 ,i he> ! song ( birds1 ,i he> ! l[+ ( ox51 ,i he> ! sigh+ ( ! w9d1 ,i he> ! ro>+ ( ! sea4 ,i h a feel+1 9 ea* ( ^! cases2 a consci\sness1 :i* ,i c di/+ui% n only f ! feel+s ( my o!r s5ses1 b f ! o!r feel+s ( ! same s5se4 ,if ,i am ask$1 :at takes place 9 me1 :5 a trumpet is unexpect$ly s\nd$ 9 ! next room1 ,i answ]1 a s5sation1 a p>ticul> feel+4 ,i become consci\s 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,! numb] ( ^? feel+s :i* we are able to di/+ui% is v great4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! organ ( he>+ 9 man1 is mu* m p]fect ?an ! organ ( smell4 ,! organ ( he>+ c di/+ui%1 n only ! voices ( diff]5t classes1 b ( diff]5t individuals 9 ! same class4 ,!re nev]1 probably1 #ah 0 a man ^: voice 0 n di/+ui%able f t ( e o!r man1 by ^? :o 7 famili>ly acqua9t$ ) x4 ,! mo/ simple case ( s\nd is t p]haps ( a s+le note on a musical in/rum5t4 ,?is note may be s\nd$ on an endless numb] ( in/rum5ts1 & by an endless numb] ( human voices1 f no two ( :i* w ! same s\nd exactly be return$4 ,we c ?9k ( ourselves z hav+ ! feel+s ( ?is class1 & hav+ no o!r4 ,9 t case1 our :ole be+ w\ld be a s]ies ( ,he>+s4 ,x w\ld be "o s5sation ( he>+1 ano!r s5sation ( he>+1 & no?+ m4 ,our ?read ( consci\sness w\ld be ! s5sation1 :i* we d5om9ate s\nd4 ,life & s\nd w\ld be two names = ! same ?+4 ,! language by :i* we speak ( ! s5se ( he>+1 is also imp]fect4 ,we h1 inde$1 ! t]m ,e>1 to express ! ,,organ1 b we h no appropriate "n = ! ,,s5sation1 nor = ! ,,object4 ,! t]m s\nd is a "n bo? ( ! s5sation & ! object4 ,if ,i 7 ask$1 :5 ! bell r+s1 :e!r ! s\nd is 9 me1 or 9 ! bell1 ,i might answ]1 9 bo?2 n t ! same ?+ is 9 bo?2 ! ?+s are diff]5t2 hav+ ! same "n4 ,! s5sation call$ a s\nd is 9 me1 ! vibration call$ a s\nd is 9 ! bell4 ,he>+ is equally ambigu\s2 a "n bo? ( ! organ & ! feel+4 ,if ask$1 by :i* ( my organs ,i h ! k ( s\nd1 ,i %\ld answ]1 my he>+4 ,& if ask$ :at feel+ x is ,i h by ! e>1 ,i /ill %\ld say1 he>+4 ,he>+ is r>ely made use ( to d5ote #ai ! object ( he>+1 & h>dly at all except by figure4 ,noise is a "n :i* d5otes ! object1 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,!re is a c]ta9 class ( s\nds1 to :i* we give ! "n noise4 ,9 ^? cases1 h[ev]1 noise is also ! "n ( ! s5sation4 ,9 fact1 x is ! "n ( ! s5sation fir/1 & only by transf]5ce t ( ! object4 ,9 ! phrase1 s5se ( he>+1 ! ^w has ! same complexity ( mean+1 :i* we f\nd 9 ! ^w smell+1 9 ! correspond+ application ( t t]m4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i h ! s5se ( he>+1 ,i mean to say1 t ,i h an organ1 :i* organ has an appropriate object2 & t :5 ! organ & ! object are 9 ! appropriate position1 ! s5sation ( he>+ is ! consequ5t4 ,9 ! t]m1 s5se ( he>+1 !n1 is includ$1 ! organ1 ! object1 & ! s5sation1 ) ! idea ( a syn*ron\s ord] ( ! two fir/1 & a successive ord] ( ! ?ird4 ,s5se ( he>+ is ?us se5 to be ! "n ( a v complex idea1 includ+ five di/+ui%able +r$i5ts1 ! idea ( ! organ ( he>+1 ! idea ( ! s5sation1 ! idea ( ! object ( he>+1 ! idea ( a syn*ron\s ord]1 & ! idea ( a successive ord]4#d ,editor's footnote #d3 ,9 ! case ( he>+1 z ( smell1 "o ( ! ambiguities br\ght to notice by ! au?or is ( que/ionable reality4 ,x is d\btful if he>+ is ev] us$ z a "n ( ! organ4 ,to ! "q suppos$ 9 ! text1 by :i* ( my organs d ,i h ! k ( s\nd ! correct answ] w\ld surely be1 n my he>+--an expression :i*1 s #bj appli$1 c\ld only be accept$ z elliptical1--b my organ ( he>+1 or 7/ill bett]7 my e>4 ,aga91 ! phrase ,i h ! s5se ( he>+ signifies t ,i h a capacity ( he>+1 & t ?is capacity is class$ z "o ( s5se1 or 9 o!r words1 t ! feel+s to :i* x has ref]5ce belong to ! class ,s5sations3 b ! organ1 ?\gh a necess>y condition ( my hav+ ! s5sations1 does n seem to be impli$ 9 ! "n4--,ed4 #ba ,,section ,,iii4 ,,sight4 ,9 ,,sight1 ! organ is v conspicu\s1 & has an appropriate "n1 ! ,eye4 ,9 ord9>y language1 ! object ( sight is ! body :i* is said to be se54 ,?is is a simil> error to ^? :i* we h detect$ 9 ! vulg> language relat+ to ! s5ses ( smell & he>+4 ,x is ,light alone :i* ent]s ! eye2 & ,light1 ) its num]\s modifications1 is ! sole object on sight4 ,h[ ! p>ticles ( light affect ! n]ves ( ! eye1 9 ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* !y are affect$ 9 sight1 )\t affect+ ! o!r n]ves ( ! body1 9 any simil> mann]1 we c r5d] no acc\nt4 ,t ! feel+ we h 9 sight1 is v diff]5t f ! feel+ we h 9 he>+1 9 smell+1 9 ta/+1 or t\*+1 e man kn[s4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to deta* ! feel+ we h 9 sight f e o!r feel+2 because !re are o!r feel+s :i* we are con/antly 9 ! habit ( connect+ ) x2 & ! passage 9 ! m9d f ! "o to ! o!r is s rapid1 t !y run toge!r1 & c n easily be di/+ui%$4 ,! diff]5t modifications ( light we call col\r4 ,b we _c ?9k ( ! s5sation ( col\r1 )\t at ! same "t #bb ?9k+ ( some?+ col\r$1 ( surface or ext5sion1 a notion d]iv$ f ano!r s5se4 ,t ! feel+s ( sight :i* we are capable ( di/+ui%+ f "o ano!r1 are exce$+ly num]\s1 is obvi\s f ?is1 t x is by !m we di/+ui% ! inf9ite v>iety ( visible objects4 ,we h ! s5sation2 ! s5sation sugge/s ! object2 & x is only by ! diff]5ce ( s5sation1 t ! diff]5ce ( object c be indicat$4 ,"s ( ! ?+s sugge/$ by ! s5sations ( sight1 z ext5sion & figure1 are sugge/$ s in/antane\sly1 t !y appe> to be objects ( sight1 ?+s actually se54 ,b ?is important law ( our nature1 by :i* s _m ?+s appe> to be se51 :i* are only sugge/$ by ! feel+s ( sight1 x requires ! k ( o!r elem5ts ( ! m5tal ph5om5a to expla94 ,! imp]fections ( ! language1 by :i* we h to speak ( ! ph5om5a ( sight1 des]ve ! greate/ att5tion4 ,we h an appropriate "n = ! organ2 x is ! ,eye4 ,& we h an appropriate "n = ! ,object2 x is light4 ,b we h no appropriate "n = ! ,s5sation4 ,f confusion ( names1 proce$s confusion ( ideas4 ,& f misnam+1 on ?is "o po9t1 n a little unpr(itable disc\rse on ! subject ( ! human m9d has be5 d]iv$4 ,! ^w sight1 9 c]ta9 phrases1 d5otes ! s5sation4 ,if ,i am ask$1 :at is ! feel+ :i* ,i h by ! eye8 ,i answ]1 sight4 ,b sight is also a "n ( ! object4 ,! light ( day is said to be a beautiful sight4 ,& sight is sometimes employ$ z a "n ( ! organ4 ,an old man in=ms u1 #bc t 8 sight is fail+1 mean+ t 8 eyes are fail+4#e ,editor's footnote #e3 ,! example giv5 does n seem to me to prove t sight is ev] employ$ z a "n ( ! organ4 ,:5 an old man says t 8 sight is fail+1 he means only t he is less capable ( see+4 ,8 eyes might be fail+ 9 "s o!r respect1 :5 he w\ld n say t 8 sight 0 fail+4 ,! t]m s5se ( sight1 l s5se ( he>+ or ( smell1 /&s1 z x seems to me1 = ! capability1 )\t ref]5ce to ! organ4--,ed4 ,col\r is a "n1 z well ( ! object1 z ( ! s5sation4 ,x is mo/ commonly a "n ( ! object4 ,col\r is1 prop]ly speak+1 a modification ( light1 ?\gh x is nev] conceiv$ b z some?+ spread ov] a surface2 x is1 !re=e1 n ! "n ( light simply1 b ! "n ( ?ree ?+s unit$1 light1 surface1 & a c]ta9 position ( ! two4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 we h no o!r "n = ! s5sation4 ,if ,i am ask$1 :at feel+ ,i h :5 a r$ light is pres5t$ to my eyes1 ,i c only say1 ! col\r ( r$2 & s ( o!r visual feel+s1 ! col\r ( gre51 ! col\r ( :ite1 & s on4 ,9 ! t]m s5se ( sight1 ! same complexity ( mean+ is involv$ :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! t]ms s5se ( smell1 & s5se ( he>+4 ,:5 ,i speak ( my s5se ( sight1 z :5 ,i speak ( ! attraction ( ! load-/one1 ,i mean to d5ote an antec$5t1 & a consequ5t2 ! organ ) its object 9 appropriate position1 ! antec$5t2 ! s5sation1 ! consequ5t4 ,?is is m]ely ! philosophical /atem5t ( ! fact1 t1 :5 light is receiv$ into ! eye1 ! s5sation ( sight is ! consequ5ce4 ,vision1 a ^w expressive ( ! ph5om5a ( #bd sight1 is ambigu\s 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is sometimes us$ to d5ote ! s5se ( see+2 t is1 ! antec$5t & consequ5t1 z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,?us we say1 ! ph5om5a ( vision1 ) ! same propriety z we say ! ph5om5a ( sight4 ,x is sometimes employ$ to d5ote ! s5sation4 ,if we ask :at feel+ a bl9d man is depriv$ (1 x w\ld be p]fectly prop] to say1 vision is ! feel+ ( :i* he is depriv$4 ,x is1 also1 employ$ to d5ote ! object4 ,:at vision 0 t8 w\ld be a v intelligible "q1 on ! sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance ( some?+ :i* attract$ ! eye4#f ,editor's footnote #f3 ,vision1 ,i believe1 is us$ to d5ote ! object ( sight1 only :5 x is suppos$ t ?is object is some?+ unreal1 i4e41 t x has n any ext5d$ & resi/+ sub/ance beh9d x3 or rhetorically1 to signify t ! object looks m l a phantom ?an a reality2 z :5 ,burke calls ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 z once se5 by him1 a delightful vision4--,ed4 #be ,,section ,,iv4 ,,ta/e4 ,! ,,organ ( ,,ta/e is 9 ! m\? & fauces4 ,9 ord9>y language1 ! ,,object ( ta/e is any ?+1 :i*1 tak5 into ! m\?1 & ta/$1 z x is call$1 produces ! peculi> ,,s5sation ( ?is s5se4 ,nor has philosophy z yet enabl$ u to /ate ! object ( ta/e m correctly4 ,!re are exp]im5ts :i* %[1 t galvanism is conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a1 b n 9 :at way4 ,! ,,s5sation1 9 ?is case1 is di/+ui%$ by e body4 ,! ta/e ( sug>1 ! ta/e ( an apple1 are words :i* imm$iately recall ! ideas ( di/9ct feel+s4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! feel+s ( ?is s5se are v (t5 unit$ ) ^? ( ! s5se ( smell2 ! two organs be+ (t5 affect$ by ! same ?+1 at ! same "t4 ,9 t case1 ?\gh we h two s5sations1 !y are s intimately bl5d$ z to seem b "o2 & ! flav\r ( ! apple1 ! flav\r ( ! w9e1 appe>s to be a simple s5sation1 ?\gh comp\nd$ ( ta/e & smell4#g ,editor's footnote #g3 ,"s physiologi/s h be5 ( op9ion t a l>ge proportion ( :at are class$ z ta/es1 includ+ all flav\rs1 z di/+ui%$ f ! g5]ic ta/es ( sweet1 s\r1 bitt]1 c41 are really affections ( ! n]ves ( smell1 & are mi/ak5 = ta/es only because !y are exp]i5c$ along ) ta/es1 z a consequ5ce ( tak+ food into ! m\?4--,ed4 #bf ,x is n s easy1 9 ! case ( ?is1 z ( "s ( ! o!r s5ses1 to conceive ourselves z hav+ ?is class ( feel+s & no o!r4 ,antec$5t to ! s5sation ( ta/e1 !re is g5]ally "s motion ( ! m\?1 by :i* ! object & ! organ are br\ght into ! prop] position & /ate4 ,! s5sation c h>dly be ?\ght ( )\t ?9k+ ( ?is motion1 t is1 ( o!r feel+s4 ,besides1 ! organ ( ta/e is also ! organ ( ano!r s5se4 ,! organ ( ta/e has ! s5se ( t\*1 & mo/ objects ( ta/e are objects ( t\*4 ,s5sations ( t\*1 !re=e1 are intimately bl5d$ ) ^? ( ta/e4 ,by a little pa9s1 h[ev]1 any "o may conceive ! s5sations ( ta/+1 :ile he conceives 8 o!r organs to rema9 9 a p]fectly inactive /ate1 & himself z no?+ b a passive recipi5t ( "o ta/e aft] ano!r4 ,if he conceives a m]e tra9 ( ^? s5sations1 p]fectly unmix$ ) any o!r feel+1 he w h ! conception ( a be+ made up ( ta/es2 a ?read ( consci\sness1 :i* maybe call$ m]e ta/e2 a life :i* is m]ely ta/e4 ,! language employ$ ab\t ?is s5se is n less faulty1 ?an t employ$ ab\t ! o!r s5ses1 :i* we h already survey$4 ,!re is no prop] "n = ! organ4 ,! ^w ,m\?1 :i* we are (t5 oblig$ to employ = t purpose1 is ! "n ( ?is organ & a great deal m4 ,!re is no prop] "n = ! object4 ,we are oblig$ to call x1 t :i* has ta/e4 ,! ^w flav\r is us$ to d5ote t quality1 :i* is m peculi>ly ! object ( ta/e1 9 c]ta9 articles ( food2 & sometimes we borr[ ! ^w sapidity1 #bg f ! ,lat91 to answ] ! same purpose m ext5sively4 ,! ^w ta/e is a "n = ! s5sation4 ,we g5]ally call ! feel+1 :i* is ! po9t ( consci\sness 9 ?is case1 by ! "n ta/e4 ,?us we say "o ta/e is pleasant1 ano!r unpleasant2 & no?+ is pleasant or unpleasant b a feel+4 ,! ^w ta/e is also a "n = ! object1 z :5 we say1 t any ?+ has ta/e4 ,x is fur!r employ$ z a "n ( ! organ4 ,z we are said to p]ceive qualities by ! eye1 ! e>1 & ! t\*2 s we are said to p]ceive !m by ! ta/e4 ,9 ! phrase1 s5se ( ta/e1 !re is ! same complexity ( mean+ z we h obs]v$ 9 ! correspond+ phrase 9 ! case ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,9 ?is phrase1 ta/e expresses all ! lead+ p>ticul>s2 ! organ1 ! object1 & ! s5sation1 toge!r ) ! ord] ( position 9 ! two fir/1 & ! ord] ( con/ant sequ5ce 9 ! la/4#h ,editor's footnote #h3 ,! /atem5t t ta/e is sometimes employ$ z a "n ( ! organ1 seems to me1 l ! simil> /atem5ts respect+ ! names ( our o!r s5ses1 disputable4--,ed4 #bh ,,section ,v4 ,,t\*4 ,9 disc\rs+ ab\t ! ,,organ1 ! ,,s5sations1 & ! ,,objects1 ( t\*1 m vagu5ess has be5 admitt$1 ?an 9 ! case ( any ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,9 fact1 e s5sation :i* c\ld n prop]ly be assign$ to any o!r ( ! s5ses1 has be5 allott$ to ! t\*4 ,! s5sations class$1 or r jumbl$ toge!r1 "u ?is head1 =m a k9d ( miscellany1 :]e9 are includ$ feel+s totally unlike4 ,! ,,organ ( ,,t\* is diffus$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! body1 & rea*es a c]ta9 way into ! alim5t>y canal4 ,( food1 z m]ely tangible1 !re is seldom a di/9ct s5sation 9 ! /oma*1 or any l[] "p ( ! *annel1 except t[>ds ! extremity4 ,! /oma*1 h[ev]1 is s5sible to heat1 & s is ! :ole ( ! alim5t>y canal1 z f> at lea/ z any exp]im5t is capable ( be+ made4 ,x may1 inde$1 be inf]r$1 t we are ins5sible to ! feel+s ( t\*1 ?r\gh\t ! inte/9al canal1 only f ! habit ( n att5d+ to !m4#i ,ba9's footnote #i3 ,! surface ( ! s5se ( ,t\* prop]ly s call$ is ! sk91 or common integum5t ( ! body1 ! int]ior ( ! m\? & ! tongue1 & ! int]ior ( ! nose4 ,!re are common anatomical peculi>ities 9 ^! organs2 :i* di/+ui% !m f ! alim5t>y canal & all ! o!r int]ior surfaces ( ! body4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh1 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 !re is solid or liquid contact ) a s5sitive surface1 ! mode ( excit+ ! s5sitive n]ves1 & ! result+ s5sibility1 are peculi> & di/9ct4 ,! mode ( action 9 t\* is me*anical contact or pressure1 ma9ly ( solid & resi/+ bodies2 9 dige/ion1 ! n]ves are affect$ ?r\gh *emical & o!r processes--solution1 absorption1 assimilation1 c4 ,9 t\*1 !re is ! peculi> feel+ kn[n z h>d contact1 toge!r ) ! v>y+ discrim9ation ( plurality ( po9ts4 ,9 dige/ion1 :5 heal?y1 ! feel+ ( contact is entirely abs5t4--,b4 #bi ,we h next to consid] ! ,,object ( ,,t\*4 ,:atev] yields resi/ance1 & :atev] is ext5d$1 figur$1 hot1 or cold1 we set d[n1 9 ord9>y language1 z objects ( t\*4 ,i %all %[1 :5 ! necess>y explanations h be5 af=d$1 t ! idea ( resi/ance1 ! idea ( ext5sion1 & ! idea ( figure1 include m ?an c be ref]r$ to ! t\*1 z ! ideas ( visible figure & magnitude include m ?an c be ref]r$ to ! eye4 ,x has be5 long kn[n1 t _m ( ! ?+s1 :i* ! feel+ by ! eye seems to include1 x only sugge/s4 ,x is n less important to "k1 t ! same is ! case ) ! tactual feel+2 t ?is also sugge/s v>i\s p>ticul>s :i* x has be5 suppos$ to compreh5d4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( our inve/igation1 x is n exp$i5t to pu% v f> ! inquiry1 :at x is1 or is n1 prop]1 to class z s5sations ( t\*1 because t c be settl$ ) mu* great] advantage h]eaft]4 ,! s5sations ( heat & cold (f] ?is advantage1--t be+ (t5 felt )\t ! accompanim5t ( #cj any ?+ visible or ext5d$1 :i* c be call$ an object1 !y c be m di/9ctly conceiv$ z simple feel+s1 ?an mo/ ( our o!r s5sations4#aj ,!y are feel+s v diff]5t f ! ord9>y s5sations ( t\*2 & possibly ! only reason = class+ !m ) ^? s5sations 01 t ! organ ( !m1 l t ( t\*1 is diffus$ ov] ! :ole body4 ,we "k n t ! n]ves appropriat$ to ! s5sations ( heat & cold are ! same ) ^? :i* h ! s5sation ( t\*4 ,if !y be ! same1 !y mu/ at any rate be affect$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,ba9's footnote #aj3 ,! s5sations ( heat & cold are1 ( all s5sations1 ! mo/ subjective4 ,! reason is t !y are lea/ connect$ ) def9ite muscul> en]gies4 ,! rise & fall ( ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air may induce s5sations :olly indep5d5t ( our own movem5ts2 & to :atev] ext5t su* indep5d5ce exi/s1 !re is a correspond+ abs5ce ( objectivity4 ,?is indep5d5ce1 h[ev]1 is /ill only p>tial1 ev5 9 ! case ( heat & cold2 9 a great numb]1 p]haps a majority1 ( in/ances1 !y dep5d ^u our movem5ts2 z 9 *ang+ our position ) ref]5ce to a fire1 9 our clo?+1 & s on4 ,x is ! possibility ( conceiv+ !m 9 ! pure subject "*1 & ap>t f object relations1 t con/itutes !m simple feel+s1 9 ! acceptation ( ! text4 ,al?\gh n 9 an equal degree1 ! same is true ( s5sations ( he>+1 on :i* ! au?or made a simil> rem>k4--,b4 ,to :atev] class we may ref] ! s5sations ( heat & cold1 9 _! mod]ate degrees1 x seems t good reasons may be giv5 = n rank+ !m ) ! s5sations ( t\*1 :5 !y rise to ! degree ( pa94 ,all ^? acute feel+s :i* att5d ! disorganization1 or t5d5cy t[>d disorganization1 #ca ( ! sev]al p>ts ( our frame1 seem entirely di/9ct f ! feel+s ( t\*4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( cutt+1 or lac]ation1 ! m]e t\* ( ! knife or o!r in/rum5t is "o feel+1 ! pa9 ( ! cut1 or lac]ation1 ano!r feel+1 z mu* z1 9 ! m\?1 ! t\* ( ! sug> is "o feel+1 ! sweetness ( x ano!r4 ,z we %all (f] reasons h]eaft] to %[1 t ! feel+s ( resi/ance1 ext5sion1 & figure1 are n feel+s ( t\*1 we %\ld endeav\r to conceive :at feel+ x is :i* rema9s :5 ^? feel+s are tak5 away4 ,:5 we deta* ! feel+ ( resi/ance1 we1 ( c\rse1 deta* ^? ( h>dness & s(tness1 r\ghness & smoo?ness1 :i* are b diff]5t modifications ( resi/ance4 ,& :5 ^!1 & ! feel+s ( ext5sion & figure1 are deta*$1 a v simple s5sation seems to rema91 ! feel+ :i* we h :5 some?+1 )\t be+ se51 comes g5tly 9 contact ) our sk91 9 su* a way1 t we _c say :e!r x is h>d or s(t1 r\gh or smoo?1 ( :at figure x is1 or ( :at size4 ,a s5se ( some?+ pres5t on ! sk91 & p]haps also on ! int]ior p>ts ( ! body1 tak5 purely by itself1 seems alone ! feel+ ( t\*4 ,! feel+s ( ?is s5se are mo/ly mod]ate1 p>tak+ v little ( ei!r pa9 or pleasure4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! /rong] feel+s1 :i* are connect$ ) !m1 ^? ( resi/ance1 & ext5sion1 pr$om9ate 9 ! gr\pe1 & prev5t att5tion to ! s5sations ( t\*4 ,! s5sations ( t\* op]ate z signs to introduce ! ideas ( resi/ance & ext5sion1 & are no m reg>d$4 #cb ,! imp]fection ( ! language :i* we employ1 9 speak+ ( ?is s5se1 des]ves n less ( our reg>d1 ?an t ( ! language we employ1 9 speak+ ( our o!r s5ses4 ,we ne$ di/9ct & appropriate names1 = ! organ1 = ! object1 & = ! s5sation4 ,we h no su* "n = any ( !m4 ,! ^w t\* is made to /& = all ! ?ree4 ,i speak ( my t\*1 :5 ,i mean to d5ote my organ ( t\*4 ,i speak also ( my t\*1 :5 ,i mean to d5ote my s5sation4 ,& 9 "s cases1 speak+ ( ! object1 ,i call x t\*4 ,if ,i 7 to call a piece ( f9e & brilliant velvet a f9e sight1 ano!r p]son might say1 x is a f9e t\* z well z f9e sight4#aa ,editor's footnote #aa3 ,x is m true ( ! ^w t\*1 ?an ( ! names ( our o!r s5ses1 t x is occasionally employ$ to d5ote ! organ ( t\*2 because t organ1 be+ ! :ole surface ( ! body1 has n1 l ! organs ( ! special s5ses1 a compact di/9ctive "n4 ,b x may be d\bt$ if ! ^w t\* ev] /&s = ! object ( t\*4 ,if a p]son made use ( ! phrase 9 ! text1 x is a f9e t\* z well z a f9e sight1 he w\ld probably be reg>d$ z pur*as+ an epigrammatic turn ( expression at ! exp5se ( "s viol5ce to language4--,ed4 ,9 ord9>y language1 ! ^w feel+ is appropriat$ to ?is s5se2 ?\gh x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t1 9 philosophical disc\rse1 to make ! t]m g5]ical1 s z to include e modification ( consci\sness4#c99 ,mill's footnote #c3 ,! ^w feel+1 ?\gh 9 _m cases we use x z synonym\s to t\*+1 has1 h[ev]1 a mu* m ext5sive signification1 & is frequ5tly employ$ to d5ote our int]nal1 z well z our ext]nal1 affections4 ,we feel hung] & ?ir/1 we feel joy & sorr[1 we feel love & hatr$4--,ad4 ,smi?1 on ! ,ext]nal ,s5ses4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,:5 ,i say t ,i feel ! table1 !re is a consid]able complexity ( mean+4 ,dr4 ,reid1 & 8 foll[]s1 ma9ta91 t ,i h n "o po9t ( #cc consci\sness only1 b two2 t ,i feel ! s5sation1 & t ,i feel ! table2 t ! s5sation is "o ?+1 ! feel+ ( ! table ano!r4 ,expositions :i* w be giv5 h]eaft] are necess>y to ! complete elucidation ( :at takes place4 ,b ! explanations :i* h be5 already af=d$ w enable u to /ate ! facts ) consid]able cle>ness4 ,9 :at is call$ feel+ ! table1 my organ ( t\*1 & an object ( t\*1 9 ! appropriate position1 are ! antec$5t2 ( ?is antec$5t1 s5sation is ! consequ5t4 ,! expression1 ,i feel ! table1 includes bo? ! antec$5t & ! consequ5t4 ,x does n m>k ! s5sation alone2 x m>ks ! s5sation1 &1 along ) ! s5sation1 its antec$5t1 namely1 ! organ1 & its object 9 conjunction4 ,! phrase1 s5se ( t\*1 or ! ^w feel+1 (t5 synonym\s1 has ! same complexity ( mean+1 :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! phrases1 s5se ( he>+1 s5se ( sight1 & ! re/ ( ! s5ses4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i t\*1 or h ! s5se ( t\*1 ,i mean to say1 t ,i h a c]ta9 feel+1 consequ5t ^u a c]ta9 antec$5t4 ,! phrase1 !re=e1 notes ! s5sation1 & at ! same "t connotes#d99 ! foll[+ ?+s3 #a/1 ! organ2 #b;dly1 #cd ! object ( ! organ2 #c;dly1 ! syn*ron\s ord] ( ! organ & object2 #d?ly1 ! successive ord] ( ! s5sation2 ! syn*ron\s ord] be+1 z usual1 ! antec$5t ( ! successive ord]4#e99 #ab ,mill's footnote #d3 ,! use1 :i* ,i %all make1 ( ! t]m connotation1 ne$s to be expla9$4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( words1 :i* d5ote two ?+s1 bo? toge!r2 b ! "o p]fectly di/+ui%able f ! o!r4 ,( ^! two ?+s1 also1 x is obs]vable1 t su* words express ! "o1 prim>ily1 z x 72 ! o!r1 9 a way :i* may be call$ second>y4 ,?us1 :ite1 9 ! phrase :ite horse1 d5otes two ?+s1 ! col\r1 & ! horse2 b x d5otes ! col\r prim>ily1 ! horse second>ily4 ,we %all f9d x v conv5i5t1 to say1 !re=e1 t x notes ! prim>y1 connotes ! second>y1 signification4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,reasons w be assign$ fur!r on1 :y ! words to connote & connotation _h bett] be employ$1 n z "h indicat$1 b 9 a diff]5t & m special s5se4--,,ed4 ,mill's footnote #e3 ,! t]ms syn*ron\s ord]1 & successive ord]1 w be fully expla9$ h]eaft]1 :5 any obscurity :i* may n[ seem to re/ ^u !m w be remov$2 x may be useful at pres5t to say1 t1 by syn*ron\s ord]1 is meant ord] 9 space1 by successive ord]1 ord] 9 "t2 ! fir/1 or ord] 9 space1 be+ no?+ b ! plac+ or position ( ! objects at any giv5 "t2 ! second1 or ord] 9 "t1 be+ no?+ b ! antec$5ce ( ! "o1 & ! consequ5ce ( ! o!r4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,ba9's footnote #ab3 ,additional ,obs]vations on ! ,s5se ( ,t\*4--,! au?or is "r 9 draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 ,t\* prop] & ! s5sibility to ,heat & ,cold1 :i*1 ?\gh pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! sk91 ext5ds beyond ! seat ( tactile s5sibility1 z1 = example1 to ! alim5t>y canal1 & to ! lungs4 ,x is a debat$ po9t1 :e!r ! n]ves ( ,t\* are also ! n]ves ( ,heat & ,cold2 "s p]sons cont5d+ = special n]ves ( ,temp]ature4 ,su* special n]ves1 h[ev]1 h n be5 prov$ to exi/4 ,! rem>k is also correct1 t ! feel+s ( temp]ature c be m easily att5d$ to1 z simple feel+s1 ?an ! #ce feel+s ( t\* prop]4 ,! reason is n precisely /at$4 ,x is t radiant heat may affect ! surface ( ! body )\t occasion+ resi/ance or movem5t1 & is ?us a purely passive s5sibility2 a subject-/ate )\t an object-accompanim5t4 ,:5 ! degree ( ! s5sation v>ies def9itely ) def9ite movem5ts1 x is treat$ z an object s5sibility1 or z po9t+ to ! object _w4 ,?us :5 we gr[ w>m] z we move 9 "o direction1 & cold] z we move 9 ano!r1 we no long] ?9k ( ! feel+ z a purely subject fact1 b z hav+ an object1 or ext]nal embodim5t4 ,x is also ju/ly rem>k$ 9 ! text1 t ! sev]e s5sations ( heat1 & cold1 z well z ^? f lac]ation ( ! sk91 may be prop]ly class$ ) feel+s ( disorganization g5]ally4 ,at ! same "t1 ^! pa9ful feel+s h a "* v>y+ ) ! organ affect$2 ! fact ( injury ( tissue may be ! same1 b ! feel+ w n be ! same1 9 ! sk91 ! no/rils1 ! e>1 ! eye1 ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! description above giv5 ( ! feel+ t rema9s1 :5 ! diff]5t modifications ( resi/ance are d$uct$1 is sc>cely adequate to repres5t ! reality4 ,frequ5tly x is true ( !m1 t !y 'are mo/ly mod]ate1 p>tak+ v little ( ei!r pa9 or pleasure1' b !re are occasions :5 !y rise into prom95ce & p[]4 ,we may ref] to ! contact ( ! b$clo!s at night1 :5 ! body is reliev$ f ! tight & dead5+ embrace ( ! ord9>y clo?+4 ,! case ( greate/ mom5t1 h[ev]1 is ! contact ( "o human be+ or animal ) ano!r2 su* contact be+ ! physical elem5t 9 ! t5d] z well z 9 ! sexual affections4 ,!re is a comb9ation ( tactile s5sibility & w>m? 9 ?is in/ance1 ea* c\nt+ = a "p ( ! pleasure4 ,! influ5ce is well en\gh kn[n z exp]i5c$ among human be+s2 b ! sph]e ( its op]ation 9 animals has be5 b imp]fectly explor$4 ,if we obs]ve c>efully ! fir/ movem5ts ( a new-born animal1 a mammal = example1 we f9d t ! guid+ & #cf controll+ s5sation ( its fir/ mom5ts1 is ! contact ) ! "m4 ,9 t contact1 x f9ds satisfaction & repose2 9 sep>ation1 x is 9 discom=t & disquiet4 ,its e>lie/ volitions are to reta9 & to recov] ! s(t w>m t\* ( ! mat]nal body4 ,:5 x comm5ces suck+1 & has ! s5sation ( n\ri%m5t1 a new int]e/ spr+s up1 p]haps /ill m p[]ful 9 its attractions1 & able to sup]s$e ! fir/1 or at lea/ to put x into a second place2 yet1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( mat]nal dep5d5ce1 ! feel+ ( t\* is a s\rce ( p[]ful s5sibility bo? to ! "m & to ! (fspr+4 ,among animals born 9 litt]1 z pigs1 kitt5s1 c41 ! embrace is equally acceptable betwe5 ! fell[-prog5y !mselves4 ,! s5sual pleasure ( ?is contact is ! ess5ce1 ! fact1 ( animal affection1 p>5tal & frat]nal2 & x is ! g]m1 or f\ndation1 & concomitant ( t5d] affection 9 human be+s4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( ?is agreeable contact t prep>es ! way = a /ill clos] conjunction aft] ! animal rea*es pub]ty4 ,indep5d5t (1 & antec$5t to1 t /ill m acute s5sibility1 !re is a pleasure 9 ! w>m embrace ( two animals1 & !y are ready to ent] ^u x1 at all times :5 ! o!r int]e/s1 z n\ri%m5t1 ex]cise & repose1 are n engross+4 ,! play ( animals ) "o ano!r cle>ly involves ! pleasure ( ! embrace1 ev5 )\t sexuality2 & x leads to ! sexual enc\nt] at ! ripe mom5t4--,b4 #cg ,,section ,,vi4 ,,s5sations ,,( ,,disorganization1 ,,or ,,( ,,! ,,approa* ,,to ,,disorganization1 ,,9 ,,any ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,t we h s5sations 9 p>ts ( ! body suff]+1 or approa*+ to1 disorganization1 does n require illu/ration4 ,! disorganizations ( :i* we speak proce$ sometimes f ext]nal1 sometimes f int]nal1 causes4 ,lac]ations1 cuts1 bruises1 burn+s1 poison+s1 are ( ! =m] k9d2 inflammation1 & o!r diseases 9 ! p>ts1 are ! latt]4 ,^! s5sations are specifically diff]5t f ^? class$ "u ! sev]al heads ( s5se4 ,! feel+s !mselves1 if att5d$ to1 are evid5ce ( ?is4 ,9 ! next place1 !y h nei!r organ1 nor object1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^? latt] feel+s h !m4 ,we d n talk ( an organ ( burn+2 an organ ( pa92 nor d we talk ( an object ( any ( !m2 we d n say ! object ( a cut1 ! object ( an a*e1 ! object ( a sore4 ,mo/ ( ^? s5sations are ( ! pa9ful k9d2 ?\gh "s are o!rwise4 ,"s slight1 or locally m9ute inflammations1 produce a s5sation call$ it*+1 :i* is f> f disagreeable1 z appe>s f ! desire to scrat*1 :i* excites x4#ac ,editor's footnote #ac3 ,! au?or1 9 ?is passage1 uses ! ^w it*+ out ( its ord9>y s5se2 mak+ x d5ote ! pleasant s5sation accompany+ ! relief by scrat*+1 in/ead ( ! slightly pa9ful1 & sometimes highly irritat+1 s5sation :i* ! scrat*+ relieves4--,ed4 #ch ,! scrat*+1 :i* excites ! pleasure ( it*+1 is a species ( friction1 & friction1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! body1 excites a s5sation v diff]5t f ! m]e s5se ( t\*+ or ! simple feel+ ( ! object4 ,! tickl+ ( ! fea!r 9 ! nose1 = example1 is v diff]5t f ! m]e feel+ ( ! fea!r 9 t\*4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! body ! mo/ int5se s5sations are produc$ by friction4 ,!re is difficulty 9 class+ ^? s5sations4 ,!y are n ! same ) ^? ( any ( ! five s5ses3 & !y are n ! same ) ^? :i* rise f any t5d5cy to disorganization 9 ! p>ts ( ! body to :i* !y are ref]r$4 ,great accuracy1 h[ev]1 9 ! classification ( ! s5sations1 is n ess5tial to t acqua9tance ) !m1 :i* is requisite = ! subsequ5t p>ts ( ?is inquiry4 ,x w suffice = our purpose1 if ! read] s f> att5d to !m1 z to be secure f ! dang] ( ov]look+ or mi/ak+ !m1 :]e a di/9ct consid]ation ( !m is necess>y = develop+ any ( ! complicat$ ph5om5a 9 :i* !y are conc]n$4#ad ,ba9's footnote #ad3 ,organic ,s5sibilities4--,! au?or did well to signalize ^! s5sibilities1 s p[]ful 9 _! influ5ce on human life4 ,!y are n conf9$ to ! side ( pa94 ,! same organs ^: disorganization is connect$ ) pa91 are1 9 _! heal?y & vigor\s work+1 m or less connect$ ) pleasure4 ,?is is true n m]ely ( ! dige/ive functions1 b ( ! respiration1 ! circulation1 & o!rs4 ,nor is x difficult 9 _! case to make up ! full analogy #ci ( a s5se1 z hav+ an ,object1 an ,organ1 & a *>act]i/ic ,s5sation4 ,9 dige/ion1 ! object is ! food1 ! organ is ! alim5t>y canal2 9 respiration1 ! object is ! air1 & ! organ ! lungs4 ,if x be said t ! air is an impalpable ag5t & n discov]$ to ! m9d by its mode ( op]at+1 s is heat1 ! object ( an admitt$ s5se4 ,! accurate classification ( ^! feel+s may n h mu* speculative int]e/1 9 ,psy*ology1 b x has a great practical int]e/ 9 ! diagnosis ( disease4 ,= want ( subjective k on ! "p ( ! pati5t1 & ( a well und]/ood nom5clature ( subjective symptoms1 ! discrim9ation ( disease by ! feel+s is usually v r\gh4 ,! be/ mode ( arrang+ ^! s5sibilities seems to be to connect !m ) _! organs1 or seats--,muscul> ,tissue1 ,bones & ,ligam5ts1 ,n]ves1 ,he>t & ,circulation1 ,lungs1 ,alim5t>y ,canal4 ,! s5sations ( it*+ & tickl+ are modes ( sk9 s5sibility4 ,tickl+ is an effect n well und]/ood1 al?\gh "s int]e/+ obs]vations h be5 made ^u x4--,b4 #dj ,,section ,,vii4 ,,muscul> ,,s5sations1 ,,or ,,^? ,,feel+s ,,:i* ,,accompany ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,muscles4 ,!re is no "p ( our ,consci\sness1 :i* des]ves great] att5tion ?an ?is2 ?\gh1 till lately1 x has be5 mis]ably ov]look$4 ,h>tley1 ,d>w91 & ,br[n1 are ! only philosophical inquir]s into ,m9d1 at lea/ 9 our own c\ntry1 :o seem to h be5 aw>e t x fell )9 ! prov9ce ( _! speculations4 ,! muscles are bundles ( fibres1 :i*1 by _! contraction & relaxation1 produce all ! motions ( ! body4 ,! n]ves1 ) :i* !y are suppli$1 seem to be ! imm$iate in/rum5ts ( ! muscul> action4 ,t ^! muscles h ! p[] ( acute s5sation1 we "k1 by :at happ5s1 :5 !y are diseas$1 :5 !y suff] any ext]nal injury1 or ev5 :51 ! integum5ts be+ remov$1 !y c be t\*$1 ?\gh ev] s g5tly4 ,x has be5 said1#f99 t if we _h b "o s5sation1 #da & t un9t]rupt$1 x w\ld be z if we _h no s5sation at all2 &1 to ! ju/ice ( ?is obs]vation1 "s v /rik+ facts appe> to be> evid5ce4 ,we "k t ! air is cont9ually press+ ^u our bodies4 ,b1 ! s5sation be+ cont9ual1 )\t any call to att5d to x1 we lose1 f habit1 ! p[] ( do+ s4 ,! s5sation is z if x did n exi/4 ,we feel ! air :5 x is 9 motion1 or :5 x is hott] or cold]1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ?an our bodies2 b x is because we h ! habit ( att5d+ to x 9 ^? /ates4 ,z ! muscles are always 9 contact ) ! same ?+s1 ! s5sations ( ! muscles mu/ be almo/ con/antly ! same4 ,?is is "o reason :y !y are v little att5d$ to1 &1 amid ! cr[d ( o!r feel+s1 are1 9 g5]al1 :olly =gott54 ,!y are ( t class ( feel+s :i* occur z antec$5ts to o!r m int]e/+ feel+s4 ,to ^! ! att5tion is imm$iately call$ (f1 & ^? :i* prec$$ & introduc$ !m are =gott54 ,9 su* cases ! ?\ght ( ! less int]e/+ s5sations is m]g$ 9 t ( ! m int]e/+4 ,mill's footnote #f3 ,itaque et s5sioni adhret1 proprie dict1 ut ei aliqua insita sit p]petuo phantasmatum v>ietas1 ita ut aliud ab alio disc]ni posset4 ,si suppon]emus1 enim1 esse hom9em1 oculis quidem cl>is ct]isque vid5di organis recte se hab5tibus compositum1 nullo autem alio s5su prditum1 eumque ad e&em rem eodem semp] colore et specie s9e ulla vel m9ima v>ietate app>5tem obv]sum esse1 mihi c]te1 quicquid dicant alii1 non magis vid]e vid]etur1 quam ego videor mihi p] tacts organa s5tire lac]torum meorum ossa4 ,ea tam5 p]petuo et undequaque s5sibilissima membrana cont+untur4--,adeo s5tire semp] idem1 et non s5tire1 ad idem recidunt4 ,hobbes1 ,elem4 ,philos4 ,p>s ,,iv4 c4 xxv4 #e4--7;,au?or's ,note47 ,if we _h n direct pro(1 analogy w\ld lead u to conclude1 t no *ange c\ld take place1 9 p>ts ( s mu* s5sibility z ! muscles1 )\t a *ange ( feel+2 9 p>ticul>1 t a #db di/+ui%able feel+ mu/ att5d e contraction1 & relaxation4 ,we h pro( t !re is su* a feel+1 because intimation is convey$ to ! m9d t ! relaxation or contraction is made4 ,i w1 to move my arm2 & ?\gh ,i obs]ve ! motion by none ( my s5ses1 ,i "k t ! motion is made4 ,! feel+ t att5ds ! motion has exi/$4 ,yet s complete is my habit ( att5d+ only to ! motion1 & n to ! feel+1 t no att5tion c make me di/9ctly s5sible t ,i h x4 ,nay1 !re are "s muscles ( ! body 9 con/ant & vehem5t action1 z ! he>t1 ( ! feel+s att5dant ^u ! action ( :i* we seem to h no cognisance at all4 ,t ?is is no argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ^? feel+s1 w be made app>5t1 by ! subsequ5t explanation ( o!r ph5om5a1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 feel+s1 & an acquir$ incapacity ( att5d+ to !m1 are out ( dispute4#ae ,editor's footnote #ae3 ,! p>adox1 ( feel+s :i* we h no cognisance (--feel+s :i* are n felt--w be discuss$ at l>ge 9 a future note4--,ed4 ,9 mo/ cases ( ! muscul> feel+s1 !re is n only t obscurity1 ( :i* we h imm$iately spok51 b great complexity2 z sev]al muscles almo/ always act toge!r2 9 _m ( ! common actions ( ! body1 a great numb]4 ,! result ( ^! complex feel+s is (t5 suffici5tly p]ceptible1 ?\gh ! feel+s1 sep>ately1 c h>dly be made objects ( att5tion4 ,! unpleasant feel+ ( fatigue1 9 "p at lea/ a muscul> feel+1 is "o ( ^? results4 ,! pleasure :i* almo/ all ! m p]fect animals1 especially ! #dc "y1 appe> to feel1 9 ev5 viol5t ex]cise1 may be reg>d$ z ano!r4 ,! re/lessness ( a heal?y *ild2 ! uneas9ess 9 conf9em5t1 ! delight 9 ! activity ( fre$om1 :i* s /rongly di/+ui% ! vigor\s s*oolboy2 seem to indicate1 bo? a pa9ful /ate ( ! muscul> sy/em 9 re/1 & a pleasurable /ate ( x 9 action4 ,:o has n rem>k$ ! playful activity ( ! kitt5 & ! puppy8 ,! delight ( ! dog1 on be+ p]mitt$ to take ex]cise ) 8 ma/]1 ext5ds ?r\gh ! great] "p ( 8 life4 ,"o ( ! cases 9 :i* ! feel+ ( muscul> action seems ! mo/ capable ( be+ att5d$ to1 is ! pleasure accompany+ ! act ( /ret*+1 :i* mo/ animals p]=m 9 dr[s9ess1 or aft] sleep4 ,a v slight degree ( reflection is suffici5t to ev9ce1 t we c\ld n h _h ! idea ( resi/ance1 :i* =ms s great a "p ( :at we call our idea ( matt]1 )\t ! feel+s :i* att5d muscul> action4 ,resi/ance means a =ce oppos$ to a =ce2 ! =ce ( ! object1 oppos$ to ! =ce :i* we apply to x4 ,! =ce :i* we apply is ! action ( our muscles1 :i* is only kn[n to u by ! feel+s :i* accompany x4 ,our idea ( resi/ance1 !n1 is ! idea ( our own feel+s 9 apply+ muscul> =ce4 ,x is true1 t ! m]e feel+ ( ! muscles 9 action is n ! only feel+ conc]n$ 9 ! case4 ,! muscles move 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,w2 & :at ! ,w is1 we are n z yet prep>$ to expla94 ,:at is necess>y at pres5t is1 n to %ew all ! simple feel+s :i* ent] into ! feel+ ( resi/ance2 b to %ew #dd t ! simple feel+ ( muscul> action is "o ( !m4 ,! feel+ ( resi/ance admits ( great v>ieties4 ,! feel+ ( a plate ( iron is "o ?+1 ! feel+ ( a bl[n bladd] is ano!r1 ! feel+ ( quicksilv] is a ?ird1 ! feel+ ( wat] a f\r?1 & s on4 ,! feel+ ( weight1 or attraction1 is also a feel+ ( resi/ance4 #de ,,section ,,viii4 ,,s5sations ,,9 ,,! ,,alim5t>y ,,canal4 ,:5 ! s5sations 9 ! alim5t>y canal become acutely pa9ful1 !y are precise objects ( att5tion to e body4 ,!re is reason to believe t a p]petual tra9 ( s5sations is go+ on 9 e "p ( x4 ,! food /imulates ! /oma*4 ,x und]goes important *anges1 &1 mix$ ) "s v /imulat+ +r$i5ts1 passes into ! l[] inte/9es2 9 e "p ( :i* x is /ill f>!r *ang$4 ,! degree1 & ev5 ! nature1 ( "s ( ! *anges1 are diff]5t1 accord+ z ! passage ?r\gh ! canal is sl[]1 or quick]2 !y are diff]5t1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! organs1 & accord+ to ! nature ( ! food4 ,( ! multitude ( s5sations1 :i* mu/ att5d ?is process1 v few become objects ( att5tion2 &1 9 "t1 an incapacity is g5]at$1 ( mak+ !m objects ( att5tion4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 z we %all aft]w>ds p]ceive1 feeble ag5ts1 or insignificant elem5ts1 9 ! tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,!y are ( t class ( feel+s1 to :i* we h already be5 "u ! necessity ( allud+2 a class1 :i* s]ve z antec$5ts1 to feel+s m int]e/+ ?an !mselves2 & f :i* ! att5tion is s in/antane\sly drawn1 to ! m int]e/+ feel+s by :i* !y are succe$$1 t we are z little s5sible ( _! exi/5ce1 z we (t5 are ( ! #df s\nd ( ! clock1 :i* may /rike 9 ! room beside u1 & ( c\rse affect our e> 9 ! usual mann]1 & yet leave no trace ( ! s5sations beh9d4 ,! complicat$ s5sations 9 ! inte/9al canal1 l ^? 9 ! muscles1 ?\gh obscure1 & ev5 unkn[n1 z individual s5sations1 (t5 con/itute a g5]al /ate ( feel+1 :i* is sometimes exhil>at+1 & sometimes depress+4 ,! effects ( opium1 & ( inebriat+ liquors1 9 produc+ exhil>ation1 are well kn[n2 & ?\gh mu* ( ! pleasure 9 ^! /ates is ow+ to association1 z we %all aft]w>ds expla91 yet ! agreeable feel+s 9 ! /oma*1 are ! orig9 & cause ( ! joy\s associations4#af ,! /ate ( feel+ 9 ! /oma* 9 seasickness1 or "u ! op]ation ( an emetic1 is1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! mo/ di/ress+ )9 our exp]i5ce2 ?\gh we c nei!r call x a pa91 nor h any m di/9ct conception ( x1 ?an z a /ate ( g5]al uneas9ess4 ,ba9's footnote #af3 ,! exact mode ( op]ation ( opium & alcohol is /ill unkn[n2 b ! "p affect$ is probably ! n]v\s sub/ance & n ! /oma*4 ,x c h>dly be said ) propriety t any "p ( ! pleasure ( ^! /imulants is due to association4 ,no d\bt ! exhil>at$ tone ( ! m9d is fav\rable to ! fl[ ( joyful ideas1 :i* s]ve to height5 ! pleasure2 b t pleasure c\ld n be arre/$ or subdu$ ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( any supposable associations4--,b4 ,! g5]al effects ( indige/ion are well kn[n4 ,:5 ! organs ( dige/ion become disord]$1 & indige/ion becomes habitual1 a s5se ( wret*$ness is ! consequ5ce2 a g5]al /ate ( feel+ compos$ ( a multitude ( m9or feel+s1 none ( #dg :i* individually c be made an object ( att5tion4 ,9 ! s5se ( wret*$ness1 :i* accompanies indige/ion1 & :i* sometimes proce$s to ! dreadful /ate ( melan*oly madness1 x is difficult to say1 h[ mu* is s5sation1 & h[ mu* association4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta92 t s5sations :i* are ! orig9 ( s mu* mis]y are ( high importance to u2 :e!r !y1 or ! associations !y introduce1 are ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! afflict+ /ate :i* !y contribute to create4 ,! effects ( indige/ion 9 produc+ pa9ful associations1 is /rik+ly exemplifi$ by ! horrible dreams :i* x produces 9 sleep2 n only 9 ^? ^: organs are diseas$2 b 9 ! mo/ heal?y /ate ( ! /oma*1 :5 x has receiv$ :at1 9 ord9>y language1 is said1 :e!r f quantity or quality1 to h disagre$ ) x4 ,! g5]al /ates ( feel+ compos$ ( ! multitude ( obscure & unnotic$ feel+s 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 ?\gh mo/ apt to be notic$ :5 !y are ( ! pa9ful k9d1 are n less frequ5tly ( ! pleasurable k9d4 ,t p>ticul> sorts ( foods1 z well z liquors1 h an exhil>at+ effect1 ne$s h>dly to be /at$4 ,& x is only necess>y to revive ! recollection ( ! feel+ ( g5]al com=t1 ! ela/icity1 z x seems1 ( ! :ole frame1 ! feel+ ( /r5g?1 ! disposition to activity & enjoym5t1 :i* e man mu/ h exp]i5c$1 :5 8 dige/ion 0 vigor\s & s\nd4#ag ,ba9's footnote #ag3 ,^! effects pass beyond ! influ5ce ( m]e dige/ion4 ,all ! visc]a contribute to ! condition ( high g5]al #dh vig\r & com=t "h suppos$4 ,if "o 7 to v5ture ^u a scale ( relative importance ( ! diff]5t organs1 "o w\ld place ! n]v\s c5tres fir/1 & ! dige/ion second4 ,! pres5t section is op5 to sev]al rem>ks4 ,"s qualification mu/ be giv5 to ! au?or's surmise 't a p]petual tra9 ( s5sations is go+ on 9 e "p ( ! alim5t>y canal4' ,x is h>dly correct to say t !re are p]petual s5sations 9 any "p ( x3 dur+ a great "p ( our "t we are 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce z to /oma*ic *anges2 & n m]ely because we are n dispos$ to att5d to !m1 b because !y sc>cely exi/4 ,! s5sibility ( ! organ is %[n1 on anatomical gr\nds1 to be ma9ly 9 ! /oma*1 & 9 ! rectum2 ^! p>ts are suppli$ by ! n]vus vagus2 & v few n]ves1 besides ^? ( ! sympa!tic sy/em1 are f\nd 9 ! small]1 or 9 ! l>g] inte/9e1 s t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ^? p>ts is manife/$ only 9 case ( viol5t disorganization1 z cramp1 /oppage1 or inflammation4 ,h5ce ! feel+s are pr9cipally att5dant on ! *anges 9 ! /oma*1 z :5 food has j be5 tak51 & aft] long privation1 :5 ! /ate call$ hung] %[s itself4 ,x is n correct to class ! s5sations ( ! alim5t>y canal1 z a :ole1 ) ^? t lose _! hold ( ! att5tion1 t become unhe$$ 9 !mselves1 & are valu$ only z ! antec$5ts ( o!r m pleasurable feel+s4 ,! rem>k is inapplicable to ! s5sations ma9ly *>act]iz$ z pleasure or pa92 no?+ c be m int]e/+ ?an a pleasure1 except a /ill great] pleasure4 ,x applies only to ^? slight irritations t are 9 !mselves no?+1 b may be ! symptoms or precursors ( ill heal?1 or ( return+ good heal?4 ,! au?or's doctr9e z to our acquir+ artificially ! habit ( n att5d+ to alim5t>y /ates1 dem&s a full] explanation4 ,! usual cause ( inatt5tion to impressions is unbrok5 cont9uance2 9 accordance ) ! univ]sal law #di ( ,relativity or ,*ange1 we are usually ins5sible to ! contact ( our clo?+ ) ! sk91 except at ! mom5ts :5 we put on or take (f any "p ( x4 ,9 walk+1 & 9 /&+1 = a l5g? ( "t1 we are ins5sible to ! body's weight2 on ris+ f ! recumb5t position we are r5d]$ 9 "s degree consci\s ( x4 ,n[ z ! alim5t>y s5sations--,hung] & ,repletion--are int]mitt$ & alt]nat$ ) o!r /ates1 !y fulfil ! *ief condition ( wakeful consci\sness4 ,! example ( ! /rik+ ( ! clock1 adduc$ 9 ! text1 br+s into op]ation a diff]5t p[] ( ! m9d1 :i* may g f> to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( *ange4 ,"u a v engross+ s5sation1 or occupation1 we become ins5sible to ! /imulation ( ! s5ses by o!r ag5ts4 ,! /ra9 ( ! m9d 9 "s "o direction causes a sort ( incapacity = go+ out 9 any o!r direction :ile ! /ra9 la/s4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! indiff]5ce to ! /rik+ ( ! clock4 ,by ! f>!r influ5ce ( habit1 inatt5tion to a c]ta9 class ( impressions may become habitual2 z 9 ! p[] ( c>ry+ on m5tal "w 9 ! mid/ ( di/ract+ noises4 ,! same effect may arise 9 connection ) ! alim5t>y feel+s4 ,a p]son v mu* engross$ ) a subject is unconsci\s ( hung]1 & does n feel ! pleasures ( eat+4 ,%\ld any "o be absorb$ habitually ) "s occupation or pursuit1 su* an "o may contract a settl$ indiff]5ce to ! recurr+ phases ( alim5t>y s5sation2 b ?is is an extreme & unusual case4 ,any ord9>y degree ( int]e/ 9 ! avocations & pursuits ( bus9ess is compatible ) full att5tion to ! feel+s ( hung]1 & ( repletion1 z well z to ! occasional pa9s & discom=ts ( indige/ion4 ,we d n (t5 *oose to contract an indiff]5ce to pleasures1 & we seldom succe$ 9 acquir+ an indiff]5ce to pa9s1 al?\gh we may h mom5ts ( su* indiff]5ce1 "u "s special engrossm5t ( m9d by o!r ?+s4 ,x is ov]-rat+ ! influ5ce ( association to make x a #ej *ief elem5t 9 ! pleasure ( intoxicat+ /imulants1 or 9 ! wret*$ feel+s ( diseas$ dige/ion4 ,^! /ates are direct results ( physical ag5cy1 & are ! same ?r\gh\t all /ages ( life1 ) _m or ) few opportunities ( be+ associat$ ) o!r feel+s4 ,!y are n ! cases fav\rable = illu/rat+ ! p[] ( association1 9 ! important dep>tm5t ( ! feel+s4--,b4 #ea ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ideas4 ,hc 9 g5]e sors esse solet humana1 ut quid 9 quovis g5]e recte aut cogit>i aut effici possit s5tiant prius quam p]spiciant4 ,laborem autem haud ita levem illum v]iti1 qui 9 eo imp5d5dus erat ut1 ideas op]atione analytica p5itus evolv5tes1 quid t&em vel9t1 aut qunam res agatur1 sibi ipsis rationem suffici5tem r$dant1 confusis1 aut saltem haud satia explicatis rationibus1 ratioc9ia1 et sci5ti>um adeo sy/emata sup]/ru]e sol5t communit]1 eoque confid5tius1 quo ejus quam tractant sci5ti fundam5tum solidum magis ignorant4--,s*midt-,phiseldek1 ,philos4 ,critic ,expositio ,sy/ematica1 t4 i4 p4 #efa4 ,p\r sy/ematis] une sci5ce1 c'e/--dire1 p\r ram5] une suite de phnomnes leur pr9cipe1 un phnomne lm5taire qui eng5dre successivem5t t\s les autres1 il faut saisir leurs rapports1 le rapport de gnration qui les lie2 et p\r cela1 il e/ clair qu'il faut comm5c] p> exam9] ces diffr5s phnomnes sp>m5t4--,c\s91 ,fragm4 ,philos41 p4 #h4 ,,! s5sations :i* we h ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses exi/ only by ! pres5ce ( ! object1 & cease ^u its abs5ce2 no?+ be+ "h meant by ! pres5ce ( ! object1 b t position ( x ) respect to ! organ1 :i* is ! antec$5t ( ! s5sation2 or by its abs5ce1 b any o!r position4 ,x is a kn[n "p ( our con/itution1 t :5 our s5sations cease1 by ! abs5ce ( _! objects1 some?+ rema9s4 ,aft] ,i h se5 ! sun1 & #eb by %utt+ my eyes see him no long]1 ,i c /ill ?9k ( him4 ,i h /ill a feel+1 ! consequ5ce ( ! s5sation1 :i*1 ?\gh ,i c di/+ui% x f ! s5sation1 & treat x z n ! s5sation1 b some?+ diff]5t f ! s5sation1 is yet m l ! s5sation1 ?an any?+ else c be2 s l1 t ,i call x a copy1 an image1 ( ! s5sation2 sometimes1 a repres5tation1 or trace1 ( ! s5sation4 ,ano!r "n1 by :i* we d5ote ?is trace1 ?is copy1 ( ! s5sation1 :i* rema9s aft] ! s5sation ceases1 is ,,idea4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t "n1 & x is t by :i* ! copies ( ! s5sation ?us describ$ w be commonly d5om9at$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,! ^w ,,idea1 9 ?is s5se1 w express no !ory :atsoev]2 no?+ b ! b>e fact1 :i* is indisputable4 ,we h two classes ( feel+s2 "o1 t :i* exi/s :5 ! object ( s5se is pres5t2 ano!r1 t :i* exi/s aft] ! object ( s5se has ceas$ to be pres5t4 ,! "o class ( feel+s ,i call ,,s5sations2 ! o!r class ( feel+s ,i call ,,ideas4 ,x is an inconv5i5ce1 t ! ^w ,,idea is us$ ) great latitude ( mean+1 bo? 9 ord9>y1 & 9 philosophical disc\rse2 & x w n be always exp$i5t t ,i %\ld avoid us+ x 9 s5ses diff]5t f t :i* ,i h n[ assign$4 ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 ,i %all 9 no case leave x d\btful1 9 :at s5se x is to be und]/ood4 ,! t]m ,s5sation has a d\ble mean+4 ,x signifies n only an individual s5sation2 z :5 ,i say1 ,i smell ?is rose1 or ,i look at my h&3 b x also signifies ! g5]al faculty ( s5sation2 t is1 #ec ! complex notion ( all ! ph5om5a toge!r1 z a "p ( our nature4 ,! ^w ,idea has only ! mean+ :i* corresponds to ! fir/ ( ^? significations2 x d5otes an individual idea2 & we h n a "n = t complex notion :i* embraces1 z "o :ole1 all ! diff]5t ph5om5a to :i* ! t]m ,idea relates4 ,z we say ,s5sation1 we might say also1 ,ideation2 x w\ld be a v useful ^w2 & !re is no objection to x1 except ! p$antic habit ( decry+ a new t]m4 ,s5sation w\ld 9 t case be ! g5]al "n = "o "p ( our con/itution1 ,ideation = ano!r4 ,x is ( great importance1 be=e ! le>n] proce$s any f>!r1 t he %\ld n only h an accurate conception ( ?is "p ( 8 con/itution2 b %\ld acquire1 by repetition1 by complete famili>ity1 a ready habit ( m>k+ ^? imm$iate copies ( 8 s5sations1 & ( di/+ui%+ !m f e o!r ph5om5on ( 8 m9d4 ,x has be5 repres5t$1 t ! s5sations ( sight & he>+ leave ! mo/ vivid traces2 9 o!r words1 t ! ideas correspond+ to ^? s5sations1 are cle>] ?an o!rs4 ,b :at is meant by cle>] & m vivid 9 ?is case1 is n v app>5t4 ,if ,i h a v cle> idea ( ! col\r ( ! trumpet :i* ,i h se51 & a v cle> idea ( its s\nd :i* ,i h he>d1 ,i h no less cle> ideas ( its %ape1 & ( its size2 ideas ( ! s5sations1 nei!r ( ! eye1 nor ( ! e>4 ,x is n easy1 9 a subject l ?is1 to det]m9e :at degree ( illu/ration is ne$ful4 ,to ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( di/+ui%+ _! m5tal #ed ph5om5a1 ! subject w appe> too simple to require illu/ration4 ,to ^? :o are new to ?is important op]ation1 a great] numb] ( illu/rations w\ld be useful1 ?an ,i %all deem x advisable to pres5t4 ,x is necess>y to take notice1 t1 z ea* ( our s5ses has its sep>ate class ( s5sations1 s ea* has its sep>ate class ( ideas4 ,we h ideas ( ,sight1 ideas ( ,t\*1 ideas ( ,he>+1 ideas ( ,ta/e1 & ideas ( ,smell4 #a4 ,by ,sight1 z we h s5sations ( r$1 yell[1 blue1 c41 & ( ! innum]able modifications ( !m1 s h we ideas ( ^? col\rs4 ,we c ?9k ( ^? col\rs 9 ! d>k2 t is1 we h a feel+ or consci\sness1 :i* is n ! same ) ! s5sation1 b :i* we contemplate z a copy ( ! s5sation1 an image ( x2 some?+ m l x1 ?an any ?+ else c be2 some?+ :i* rema9s ) u1 aft] ! s5sation is gone1 & :i*1 9 ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 we c use z its repres5tative4 #b4 ,! s5sations ( ,t\*1 accord+ to ! limitation "u :i* !y %\ld be und]/ood1 are n greatly v>i$4 ,! g5tle feel+1 :i* we d]ive f ! m]e contact ( an object1 :5 we consid] x ap>t f ! feel+ ( resi/ance1 & ap>t f ! s5sation ( heat or cold1 is n v diff]5t1 z d]iv$ f diff]5t objects4 ,! idea ( ?is tactual feel+1 !re=e1 is n vivid1 nor susceptible ( _m modifications4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our ideas ( heat & cold1 ! feel+s :i* we call ! ?\ght ( !m1 exi/+ :5 ! s5sations no long] exi/1 are among ! mo/ di/9ct ( ! feel+s :i* we di/+ui% by ! "n ( ideas4 #ee #c4 ,i he> ! ,s\nd ( ?und]2 & ,i c ?9k ( x aft] x is gone4 ,?is feel+1 ! repres5tative ( ! m]e s\nd1 ?is ?9k+1 or hav+ ! ?\ght ( ! s\nd1 ?is /ate ( consci\sness1 is ! idea4 ,! he>+ ( ! s\nd is ! prim>y /ate ( consci\sness2 ! idea ( ! s\nd is ! second>y /ate ( consci\sness2 :i* exi/s only :5 ! fir/ has previ\sly exi/$4 ,! numb] ( s\nds1 ( :i* we c h di/9ct ideas1 z well z di/9ct s5sations1 is imm5se4 ,we c di/+ui% all animals by _! voices4 ,:5 ,i he> ! horse neigh1 ,i "k x is n ! voice ( ! ox4 ,:y8 ,because ,i h ! idea ( ! voice ( ! ox1 s di/9ct1 t ,i "k ! s5sation ,i h1 is diff]5t f ! s5sation ( :i* t is ! copy or repres5tative4 ,we c di/+ui% ! s\nds ( a great numb] ( diff]5t musical in/rum5ts1 by ! same process4 ,! m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ( our intimate acqua9tance1 we c di/+ui%1 & "n1 by _! voices2 t is1 we h an idea ( ! pa/ s5sation1 :i* enables u to decl>e1 t ! pres5t is ! voice ( ! same p]son4 #d4 ,t ! s5sations ( ,ta/e recur 9 ?\ght1 :5 ! s5sation no long] exi/s1 is a po9t ( e man's exp]i5ce4 ,?is recurr+1 9 ?\ght1 ( ! feel+ :i* we h by ! s5se1 :5 ! feel+ by ! s5se is gone1 is ! idea ( t feel+1 ! second>y /ate ( consci\sness1 z we nam$ x above4#ah ,t we c di/+ui% a v #ef great numb] ( ta/es1 & di/+ui% !m accurately1 is pro( t we h a va/ numb] ( di/9ct ideas ( ta/e2 because1 = ! purpose ( mak+ su* di/9ction1 we h j se5 t !re mu/ be a s5sation & an idea2 ! s5sation ( ! pres5t object1 & ! idea ( ! s5sation ( ea* ( ! o!r objects f :i* we di/+ui% x4 ,y h ta/$ port w9e1 & y h ta/$ cl>et2 :5 y ta/e cl>et aga91 y c di/+ui% x f port w9e2 t is1 y h ! idea ( ! ta/e ( port w9e1 9 conjunction ) ! s5sation ( cl>et4 ,y call x bad cl>et4 ,:y8 ,because1 along ) ! pres5t ta/e1 y h ! idea ( ano!r1 :i*1 :5 x 0 s5sation1 0 m agreeable ?an ! pres5t s5sation4 ,ba9's footnote #ah3 ,discrim9ation & ,ret5tiv5ess 7! hav+ ( ,ideas z ! produce ( ,s5sations7 are diff]5t functions1 al?\gh mutually involv$1 &1 9 all likelihood1 develop$ 9 proportionate degrees 9 ! same organ4 ,we beg9 by discrim9at+ *anges ( impression2 ?is process is necess>y 9 ord] to our hav+ ev5 a s5sation2 ! m delicate ! discrim9at+ p[]1 ! great] ! numb] ( our prim>y s5sations4 ,he t c discrim9ate tw5ty %ades ( yell[ has tw5ty s5sations ( yell[2 ! two /atem5ts express ! same fact4 ,^! v>i\s s5sations be+ (t5 repeat$1 acquire at la/ an ideal p]si/5ce2 !y c be ma9ta9$ z ideas1 )\t ! orig9als4 ,! function or p[] ( ! ,intellect :]eby !y are ?us r5d]$ self-subsi/+ z ideas1 is n ! same function z discrim9ation2 we call x ,memory1 ,ret5tiv5ess1 ,adhesiv5ess1 ,association1 & s on4 ,:at may be affirm$ ab\t x1 on ! evid5ce ( induction1 is1 t :]e discrim9ation is good1 memory or ret5tiv5ess is also good4 ,! discrim9ative eye = col\r is accompani$ ) a good memory = col\r2 ! musical e> is bo? discrim9ative & ret5tive4--,b4 #e4 ,s9ce we di/+ui% smells1 z well z ta/es1 #eg we h ! same pro( ( ! numb] & di/9ctness ( ! ideas ( ?is class ( s5sations4 ,!re is none ( ! num]\s smells to :i* we h be5 accu/om$1 :i* we d n imm$iately recognise4 ,b = t recognition ! idea ( ! pa/ s5sation mu/ be conjo9$ ) ! pres5t s5sation4 #f4 ,( t class ( s5sations1 :i* ,i h call$ s5sations ( disorganization1 we h also ideas4 ,we are capable ( hav+ ! ?\ght ( !m :5 ! s5sation is gone2 & t ?\ght is ! idea4 ,a sp>k f ! c&le flew ^u my h&3 ,i _h ! s5sation ( burn+4 ,i at ?is mom5t ?9k ( t s5sation2 t is1 ,i h ! idea ( t s5sation2 & ,i c ?9k ( x1 z diff]5t f t5 ?\s& o!r pa9ful s5sations3 t is1 ,i h ideas ( z _m o!r s5sations ( ?is class4 #g4 ,! ideas ( ! s5sations :i* att5d ! action ( ! muscles are among ! mo/ important ( ! elem5ts :i* con/itute our be+4 ,f ^! we h ! ideas ( resi/ance1 ( compressibility1 ( h>dness1 ( s(tness1 ( r\ghness1 ( smoo?ness1 ( solidity1 ( liquidity1 ( weight1 ( levity1 ( ext5sion1 ( figure1 ( magnitude1 ( :ole & ( p>ts1 ( motion1 ( re/4 ,x is1 inde$1 to be obs]v$1 t ^! are all complex ideas1 & t o!r feel+s ?an ! m]e muscul> feel+ are conc]n$ 9 _! composition4 ,9 almo/ all ! ideas ref]rible to ! muscul> feel+s1 ( suffici5t importance to h names1 ! ,w is includ$4 ,! muscul> action is ! consequ5t1 ! ,w ! antec$5t2 & ! "n ( ! idea1 includes bo?4 ,?us ! idea ( resi/ance is ! ?\ght1 or idea1 ( #eh ! feel+s we h1 :5 we w to contract c]ta9 muscles1 & feel ! contraction imp$$4#ai #bj ,editor's footnote #ai3 ,r1 :5 we w to contract c]ta9 muscles1 & ! contraction takes place1 b is n foll[$ by ! accu/om$ movem5t ( ! limb2 :at foll[s1 in/ead1 be+ a s5sation ( pressure1 proportion$ to ! degree ( ! contraction4 ,x is n ! muscul> contraction itself :i* is imp$$ by ! resi/+ object3 t contraction takes place3 b ! outw>d effect :i* x 0 ! t5d5cy1 & p]haps ! purpose1 ( ! muscul> contraction to produce1 fails to be produc$4--,ed4 ,ba9's footnote #bj3 ,x is unnecess>y to adv]t to ! op]ation ( ! ,w1 79 ! fir/ in/ance at lea/17 9 consid]+ ! feel+s ( muscul> action4 ,! w is ! pr9cipal1 b n ! only1 s\rce ( our activity4 ,! m]e spontane\s vig\r ( ! sy/em may put ! muscles 9 motion4 ,likewise ! muscul> pleasure itself op]ates1 by ! fundam5tal law ( ! w1 = its own cont9uance2 a process n commonly call$ volunt>y4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x seems advisable to consid] & describe ! consci\sness ( muscul> ex]tion by itself1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! w4--,b4 ,!re is no feel+ ( our nature ( m importance to u1 ?an t ( resi/ance4 ,( all our s5sations1 x is ! mo/ un9t]mitt$2 =1 :e!r we sit1 or lie1 or /&1 or walk1 /ill ! feel+ ( resi/ance is pres5t to u4 ,e ?+ we t\*1 at ! same "t resi/s2 & e ?+ we he>1 see1 ta/e1 or smell1 sugge/s ! idea ( some?+ t resi/s4 ,x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( resi/ance1 t e act by :i* we subject to our use ! objects & laws ( nature1 is p]=m$4 ,&1 ( ! complex /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* ! philosophy ( m9d is call$ ^u to expla91 !re is h>dly "o1 9 :i* ! feel+ or idea ( resi/ance is n includ$4 ,x is p>tly ow+ to ?is comb9ation ( some?+ #ei else ) ! muscul> feel+1 9 all ! /ates ( consci\sness to :i* we h giv5 names1 t x is s difficult to ?9k ( ! m]e muscul> feel+ by itself2 t our notion ( ! muscul> s5sations is s indi/9ct & obscure2 & t we c r be said to h ideas ( c]ta9 g5]al /ates ( muscul> feel+1 z ( fatigue1 or activity1 compos$ ( a great numb] ( individual feel+s1 ?an ( ! individual feel+s !mselves4 #h4 ,z ! feel+s1 or s5sations :i* we h 9 ! inte/9al canal1 are almo/ always mix$ up indi/9ctly ) o!r feel+s1 &1 except 9 ! cases ( acute pa91 are seldom tak5 notice ( b z con/itut+ g5]al /ates1 we h>dly h ! p[] ( ?9k+ ( ^? s5sations "o by "o2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 c h>dly be said to h ideas ( !m4 ,!y are important1 z =m+ compon5t p>ts ( _m complex ideas1 :i* h great influ5ce on our happ9ess4 ,b to unfold ! my/]y ( complex ideas1 o!r p>ts ( our m5tal process h yet to be expla9$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 di/ressful feel+1 call$ ! feel+ ( bad heal?1 :i* is consid]ably diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases1 b 9 :i* s5sations ( ! inte/9al canal are almo/ always a mat]ial "p4 ,indige/ion is ! "n ( an idea1 9 :i* ! feel+s ( ! inte/9al canal are ma9ly conc]n$4 ,hung]1 & ?ir/1 are also names ( ideas1 :i* *iefly ref] to s5sations 9 ! same "p ( our sy/em4#ba #bb ,ba9's footnote #ba3 ,?ir/ is a s5sation ( ! fauces & ( ! /oma*2 x is also a feel+ ( ! body g5]ally1 due to a defici5cy ( wat] 9 ! blood4 ,x is also caus$ by an excess ( sal9e +r$i5ts 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 l mann]1 a di/9ction is to be drawn betwe5 ,inanition1 f defici5cy ( nutritive mat]ial 9 ! body1 & ,hung]1 or ! /ate ( ! /oma* prep>atory to ! act ( eat+4 ,! two /ates mu/ 9 a great measure concur3 yet !y may be di/9ct4 ,! acc\nt ( ! organic /ates giv5 9 ?is *apt] w\ld h come 9 appropriately "u ,s5sation--,b4 ,editor's footnote #bb3 ,i v5ture to ?9k t x is n a philosophically correct mode ( expression1 to speak ( indige/ion1 or ( hung] & ?ir/1 z names ( ideas4 ,hung] & ?ir/ are names ( def9ite s5sations2 & indige/ion is a "n ( a l>ge gr\p ( s5sations1 held toge!r by v complicat$ laws ( causation4 ,if x be object$1 t ! ^w indige/ion1 & ev5 ! words hung] & ?ir/1 compreh5d 9 _! mean+ o!r elem5ts ?an ! imm$iate s5sations2 t ! mean+1 = in/ance1 ( hung]1 includes a defici5cy ( food1 ! mean+ ( indige/ion a d]angem5t ( ! functions ( ! dige/ive organs2 x /ill rema9s true t ^! additional portions ( mean+ are physical ph5om5a1 & are n our ?\ghts or ideas ( physical ph5om5a2 & mu/1 !re=e1 9 ! g5]al p>tition ( human consci\sness betwe5 s5sations & ideas1 take _! place ) ! =m]1 & n ) ! latt]4--,ed4 #fj ,x is prop] to rem>k1 t1 beside ! int]nal feel+s to :i* ,i h hi!rto direct$ ! read]'s att5tion1 !re are o!rs1 :i* might be class$1 & consid]$ ap>t4 ,! blood-vessels1 = example1 & motion ( ! blood1 con/itute an important "p ( our ,sy/em1 n )\t feel+s ( its own2 feel+s sometimes am\nt+ to /ates :i* s]i\sly comm& our att5tion4 ,( ! feel+s :i* accompany fev]1 a portion may reasonably be assign$ to ! *ange ( action 9 ! blood-vessels4 ,!re are /ates ( feel+1 v di/+ui%able1 #fa accompany+ diseas$ /ates ( ! he>t1 & ( ! n]v\s & art]ial sy/ems4 ,beside ! blood & its vessels1 ! gl&ul> sy/em is an important "p ( ! active organs ( ! body2 n )\t s5sibility1 & ( c\rse1 n )\t habitual s5sations4 ,! same may be said ( ! sy/em ( ! absorb5ts1 ( ! lymphatics1 & ( ! vascul> sy/em 9 g5]al4 ,! /ate ( ! n]ves & bra91 ! mo/ wond]ful "p ( our sy/em1 is susceptible ( *anges1 & ^! *anges are accompani$ ) kn[n *anges ( feel+4 ,!re is a class ( diseases :i* g by ! "n ( n]v\s diseases3 & ?\gh !y are n a v def9ite class2 ?\gh x is n ev5 v well asc]ta9$ h[ f> any morbid /ate ( ! n]ves has to d ) !m2 x is n d\btful t 9 "s ( ^? diseases !re are peculi> feel+s1 :i* ought to be ref]r$ to ! n]ves4 ,! n]ves & bra9 may ?us be1 n only ! organs ( s5sations1 d]iv$ f o!r s5ses1 b organs ( s5sations1 d]iv$ f !mselves4 ,on ?is subject we _c speak o!rwise ?an obscurely1 because we h n di/9ct names = ! ?+s :i* are to be express$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y1 9 trac+ ! simple feel+s :i* ent] into ! m complex /ates ( consci\sness1 to dwell ^u ! obscur] classes ( our inw>d s5sations2 because x is only 9 a v g5]al way t we c make use ( !m1 9 exp\nd+ ! m my/]i\s ph5om5a4 ,hav+ nev] acquir$ ! habit ( att5d+ to !m1 & hav+1 by ! habit ( inatt5tion1 lo/ ! p[] ( rem>k+ !m1 except 9 _! g5]al results1 we #fb c d little m ?an satisfy ourselves ( ! cases 9 :i* !y ent] = m or less ( ! effect4 ,we h n[ consid]$ :at x is to h s5sations1 9 ! simple1 uncomp\nd$ cases2 & :at x is to h ! second>y feel+s1 :i* are ! consequ5ces ( ^? s5sations1 & :i* we consid] z _! copies1 images1 or repres5tatives4 ,if ! illu/rations ,i h employ$ h enabl$ my read] to famili>ize himself ) ?is "p ( 8 con/itution1 he has made great progress t[>ds ! solution ( all t appe>s intricate 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 ,he has acqua9t$ himself ) ! two prim>y /ates ( consci\sness2 ! v>ieties ( :i* are v num]\s2 & ! possible comb9ations ( :i* are capable ( compos+ a tra9 ( /ates ( consci\sness1 ! div]sities ( :i* transc5d ! limits ( computation4#bc #bd ,ba9's footnote #bc3 ,! ,s5sation & ! ,idea comp>$4--,great importance1 9 e way1 atta*es to ! po9ts ( agreem5t & ( diff]5ce ( ! ,s5sation & ( ! ,idea4 ,by ! ,s5sation1 we mean ! :ole /ate ( consci\sness1 "u an actual or pres5t impression ( s5se1 z 9 look+ at ! moon1 9 li/5+ to music1 9 ta/+ w9e4 ,by ! ,idea is meant ! /ate ( m9d t rema9s aft] ! s5sible ag5t is )drawn1 or t may be aft]w>ds recov]$ by ! =ce ( recollection4 #a4 ,= _m purposes ! s5sation & ! idea are id5tical4 ,!y are comp>$ to orig9al & copy1 :i*1 al?\gh n 9 all respects ( equal value1 c (t5 answ] ! same ends4 ,a p]fect recollection ( a process t we wi% to repeat1 is z good z actually see+ x4 ,= all purposes ( k1 & ( practical guidance1 a fai?ful remembrance is equal to ! real pres5ce4 ,s1 z reg>ds ! emotional ideas1 or ! recollection ( /ates ( pleasure & ( pa91 :i* #fc prompt our volunt>y actions1 9 pursuit & 9 avoidance1 ! memory op]ates 9 ! same way z ! orig9al fact1 all[ance be+ made = diff]5ce ( degree4 ,a pleas+ melody induces u to li/5 to x1 & to crave = its repetition2 ! aft] recollection ( x1 also moves u to he> x aga94 ,if we f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( di/ract+ noises1 we are impell$ to escape2 ! m]e remembrance1 at an aft] "t1 has ! same influ5ce on ! w4 #b4 ,x is highly probable1 if n c]ta91 t ! same n]v\s tracks ( ! bra9 are actuat$ dur+ ! s5sation1 & dur+ ! idea1 ) diff]5ce ( degree correspond+ to ! diff]5ce ( vivacity or int5sity ( ! actual & rememb]$ /ates4 ,( ! po9ts :]e9 ! ,s5sation & ! ,idea are f\nd to diff]1 ! mo/ obvi\s is _! degree ( int5sity4 ,we are able to ma9ta9 9 idea1 ! /ate ( m9d correspond+ to ! sight ( ! sun1 ! s\nd ( a bell1 or ! smell ( a rose1 b we are consci\s ( a great inf]iority 9 ! degree or vividness ( ! /ate4 ,! bright lum9osity ( ! orig9al sun turns into a feeble effect1 )\t dazzle or excitem5t4 ,! ?rill ( a f9e musical air _c be su/a9$ by ! m]e memory ( x1 ev5 9 ! fre%ness ( ! imm$iately succe$+ mom5t4 ,a c]ta9 pleas+ remembrance atta*es to a good d9n]1 b h[ f> bel[ ! orig9al6 ,moreov]1 9 a complicat$ object ( s5se1 a great _m ( ! p>ts & l9eam5ts drop entirely out ( view4 ,memory is unequal to reta9+1 )\t long famili>ity & practice1 ! exact picture ( a l&scape1 a build+1 or an int]ior4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! fulness ( ! idea1 z comp>$ ) ! s5sation1 is no less rem>kable ?an ! diff]5ce ( vivacity or int5sity4 ,?is inf]iority 9 ! idea z comp>$ ) ! actuality is ( v v>i\s am\nt2 be+ 9 "s cases v great1 & 9 o!rs v slight4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 proportion to ! m9d's p[] ( ret5tiv5ess1 a p[] v>y+ accord+ to sev]al circum/ances or conditions1 :i* h to be di/9ctly enunciat$ by ! ,psy*ologi/4 ,= example1 x is well kn[n1 t frequ5cy ( repetition enables ! idea to #fd gr[ 9 vivacity & 9 fulness1 & to approximate 9 ^? respects to ! orig9al4 ,x is also kn[n1 t "s m9ds are by nature ret5tive1 &1 by a small numb] ( repetitions1 ga9 ! po9t t o!rs rea* only by a great] numb]4 ,n[1 t ! vivacity & fulness ( a rememb]$ idea %\ld con/itute ! exact measure ( ! m9d's ret5tiv5ess 9 t p>ticul> in/ance1 is a ?+ ( c\rse4 ,!re is no o!r measure ( ret5tiv5ess b ! p[] ( reproduc+ 9 idea1 :at has be5 be=e u1 9 actuality1 or z s5sation2 & ! great] ! approa* ( ! idea to ! orig9al s5sation1 ! bett] is ! reta9+ faculty4 ,!re is an app>5t exception to ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,! memory ( ! same idea1 or ! same feel+1 9 ! same p]son1 may be at "o "t full & vivid1 & at ano!r "t meagre & fa9t4 ,9 p>ticul> mom5ts1 we may recall =m] exp]i5ces ) especial =ce1 z if !re 7 some?+ t co-op]at$ ) ! prop] =ce ( ret5tiv5ess4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^! additional or concurr+ =ces8 ,hume recognises ! influ5ce ( disease 9 giv+ pret]natural int5sity to ideas4 ,! answ] is t "s o!r recollection concurs )1 & adds its quota to ! support (1 ! "o 9 "q4 ,:51 9 ! view ( "o natural prospect1 we recall ano!r ) great fulness1 ! pres5t s5sation supplies or fills 9 ! p>ts ( ! rememb]$ sc5e2 :i* sc5e1 !re=e1 does n exi/ 9 ! m9d by memory alone1 b z a comp\nd ( memory & actuality4 ,s :ile li/5+ ) pleasure to a b& ( music1 we rememb] /rongly ! pleasure ( "s previ\s musical p]=mance2 yet1 ! vivid consci\sness ( ! pa/ is n dep5d5t ^u ! memory ( ! pa/1 b ^u ! /imulus ( ! pres5t2 we are m prop]ly "u s5sation1 ?an "u idea4 ,9 all m5tal resuscitation1 !re is a degree ( vividness & ( fulness1 due to ! prop] ret5tiv5ess ( ! m9d = ea* p>ticul> ?+1 accord+ to natural p[]1 repetition1 c4 ,:atev] is beyond ?is1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! accid5tal concurr5ce ( o!r /imulants1 ei!r ( pres5t s5sation1 or ( rememb]$ impressions4 #fe ,9 recollection1 !re is an influ5ce designat$ by ! t]m excitem5t1 :i* means t portions ( ! bra9 are 9 a /ate ( exalt$ activity4 ,any ideas embodi$ 9 ! p>ts s excit$1 if 9 op]ation at all1 are m ?an ord9>ily vivid4 ,?us 9 fev]1 fad$ memories bright5 up into vivacity & cle>ness4 ,to ?is case ! same rem>k applies2 ! result is p>tly memory1 or ! prop] ret5tiv5ess ( ! sy/em1 & p>tly an excitation ( ! bra91 ?r\gh pres5t influ5ces4 ,! prop] p[] ( memory is a con/ant quantity1 v>y+ only ) repetition1 & ! /rict conditions ( memory2 ! int5sity or fulness ( a resuscitat$ idea is a complex result ( memory prop] & pres5t /imulants1 or s5sations4 ,diff]5ce ( vividness 0 ! only di/9ction adv]t$ to by ,hume 9 8 ,psy*ology1 :i* resolv$ all our intellectual elem5ts into ,impressions & ,ideas4 ,8 op5+ words are3--,all ! p]ceptions ( ! human m9d resolve !mselves into two di/9ct k9ds1 :i* ,i %all call impressions & ideas4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! consi/s 9 ! degrees ( =ce & livel9ess1 ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! m9d1 & make _! way into our ?\ght or consci\sness4 ,he aft]w>ds all[s t 9 p>ticul> circum/ances1 z 9 sleep1 9 fev]1 or 9 madness1 our ideas may approa* 9 vividness to our s5sations4 ,ano!r di/9ction betwe5 ! ,s5sation & ! ,idea1 is ( ! mo/ vital importance4 ,to ! ,s5sation belongs ,objective ,reality2 ! ,idea is purely ,subjective4 ,?is di/9ction lies at ! root ( ! "q ( an ,ext]nal ,_w2 b on e view ( t "q1 objectivity is connect$ ) ! ,s5sation2 9 contra/ to :i* ! ,idea is an elem5t exclusively m5tal or subjective4 ,mean+s ( ,s5sation4--,! ^w ,s5sation has sev]al mean+s1 n always cle>ly di/+ui%$1 & caus+ s]i\s embroilm5ts 9 philosophical controv]sy4 #a4 ,!re be+1 9 ,s5sation1 ! concurr5ce ( a s]ies ( physical or physiological facts ) a m5tal fact1 ! "n may be inadv]t5tly employ$ to express ! physical1 z well #ff z ! m5tal elem5t1 or at all ev5ts to include ! physical "p z well z ! m5tal4 ,! *ange made on ! ret9a by light1 & ! n]v\s influ5ces trav]s+ ! bra91 may v readily be consid]$ z ent]+ into ! ph5om5on ( s5sation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an impropriety4 ,! prop] use ( ,s5sation is to signify ! m5tal fact1 to ! exclusion ( all ! physical processes ess5tial to its production4 #b4 ,9 ord9>y ,s5sation1 z 9 look+ r\nd a room1 !re is a d\ble consci\sness1--objective & subjective4 ,9 ! objective consci\sness1 we are affect$ ) ! qualities nam$ magnitude1 di/ance1 =m1 col\r1 c42 ^! are call$ object prop]ties1 prop]ties ( ! ext]nal & ext5d$ univ]se4 ,9 ! subject consci\sness1 we are alive to /ates ( pleasure or ( pa91 :i* may g along ) ! o!r4 ,we d n usually exi/ 9 bo? modes at "o in/ant2 we pass out ( "o into ! o!r4 ,n[ ! ^w ,s5sation cov]s bo?1 al?\gh1 to ! object consci\sness1 ,p]ception is m /rictly applicable2 & 9 contra/ to ,p]ception1 ,s5sation w\ld mean ! subjective consci\sness1 ! mom5ts :5 we relapse f ! object attitude & become subjective or self-consci\s1 or alive to pleasure & pa94 ,:5 ! m9d is 9 ! object phase1 x is neutral or indiff]5t z respects enjoym5t4 #c4 ,9 ,s5sation1 a di/9ction may be drawn betwe5 ! pres5t effect ^u ! m9d1 or ! impression t w\ld arise if ! outw>d ag5t _h op]at$ = ! fir/ "t1 & ! total ( ! pa/ impressions ( ! same ag5t1 :i* by its repetition are recall$ to fuse ) ! pres5t effect4 ,! pres5t view ( ! moon re9/ates ! sum total ( ! previ\s views held by memory1 & is n :at we %\ld exp]i5ce if we saw ! moon = ! fir/ "t4 ,n[1 if ! recall ( ! previ\s impressions1 or ( ! jo9t & it]at$ idea1 be consid]$ an addition made by ! ,intellect1 be+ dep5d5t on ! ret5tive p[] ( ! m9d1 ,s5sation1 z oppos$ to ,intellect1 w\ld mean ! =ce ( ! pres5t impression & no?+ m2 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! #fg vividness ( reality1 & ! inf]ior vividness ( recollection4 ,:at we c reta9 :5 we %ut our eyes w\ld repres5t ! =ce ( our intellig5ce2 ! additional int5sity :5 we resume our gaze1 w\ld repres5t ! p[] ( s5sation or ! actual exp]i5ce4 ,?is di/9ction sugge/s an important rem>k z to ! :ole nature ( ,s5sation1 namely1 t !re c h>dly be su* a ?+ z pure ,s5sation1 mean+ ,s5sation )\t any admixture ( ! ,intellect4 ,we may attribute ?is purity to ! e>lie/ impressions made ^u ! m9d1 b n to any?+ kn[n 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! adult4 ,?is mixture ( ,intellect ) ,s5se is n conf9$ to ,ret5tiv5ess2 ! o!r intellectual functions1 ,discrim9ation & p]ception ( ,agreem5t1 are insep>able f ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses4 ,we _c h a s5sation )\t a feel+ ( diff]5ce2 w>m? is a transition f cold1 & a consci\s discrim9ation ( ! two facts4 ,s1 :5ev] we repeat a s5sation1 we h ! consci\sness ( ! repetition1 or agreem5t4 ,7 n ^! modes ( consci\sness pres5t1 we %\ld h no s5sation1 inde$ no consci\sness4 ,!re is ?us no h>d l9e betwe5 s5se & intellect4 ,! "q z to ! orig9 ( our ,ideas 9 ,s5se is n a real "q1 until we expla9 :at we mean by ,s5se1 & make all[ance = ?is unavoidable p>ticipation ( ,intellect 9 s5sation4 #d4 ,s5sation is commonly us$ to employ ! :ole ( our prim>y feel+s & susceptibilities1 z oppos$ to ! ,emotions :i* are second>y or d]iv$4 ,x ?us conf\nds toge!r two diff]5t sides ( our susceptibility1 ! active & ! passive2 ! feel+s aris+ 9 connection ) our ex]tion ( inw>d =ce or en]gy1 & ^? aris+ "u impressions f ext]nal ?+s4 ,bo? are prim>y /ates ( consci\sness2 !y are alike dep5d5t on modifications ( our s5sitive tissues4 ,b1 betwe5 ! two1 !re is a contra/1 wide1 deep1 & fundam5tal1 completely miss$ by ! old] ,psy*ologi/s1 to ! detrim5t ( _! h&l+ ( su* vital que/ions z ! orig9 ( k1 & ! p]ception ( a mat]ial _w4 ,! "n ,s5sation1 po9t+ imm$iately to #fh ! op]ation ( ! five s5ses1 gave ! slip to ! feel+s ( en]gy1 or br\ght !m 9 p>tially & inadequately4 ,yet x is ! only "n we h = ! prim>y susceptibilities ( ! organism includ+ bo? movem5t & passive s5sibility4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #bd3 ,a "q :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 has be5 pass$ ov] by psy*ologi/s1 b :i* ought n to be left unansw]$1 is ?is3 ,c we h ideas ( ideas8 ,we h s5sations1 & we h copies ( ^! s5sations1 call$ ideas ( !m3 c we also h copies ( ^! copies1 con/itut+ a second ord] ( ideas1 two removes in/ead ( "o f s5sation8 ,e "o w admit t we c ?9k ( a ?\ght4 ,we rememb] ourselves rememb]+1 or imag9e ourselves rememb]+1 an object or an ev5t1 j z we rememb] or imag9e ourselves see+ "o4 ,b 9 ! case ( a simple idea ( s5sation1 i4e4 ! idea or remembrance ( a s+le undivid$ s5sation1 !re seems no?+ to di/+ui% ! idea ( ! idea1 f ! idea ( ! s5sation itself4 ,:5 ,i imag9e myself ?9k+ ( ! col\r ( sn[1 ,i am n aw>e ( any diff]5ce1 ev5 9 degree ( int5sity1 betwe5 ! image !n pres5t to my m9d ( ! :ite col\r1 & ! image pres5t :5 ,i imag9e myself to be see+ ! col\r4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is some:at diff]5t ) ^? comb9ations ( simple ideas :i* h nev] be5 pres5t$ to my m9d o!rwise ?an z ideas4 ,i h an idea ( ,p]icles2 b x is d]iv$ only f ! te/imony ( hi/ory3 ! real ,p]icles nev] 0 pres5t to my s5ses4 ,i h an idea ( ,hamlet1 & ( ,fal/aff2 comb9ations :i*1 ?\gh made up ( ideas ( s5sation1 nev] exi/$ at all 9 ! _w ( s5se2 !y nev] 7 any?+ m ?an ideas 9 any m9d4 ,yet1 hav+ _h ^! comb9ations ( ideas pres5t$ to me ?r\gh ! words ( ,%akespe>e1 ,i h =m$ :at is prop]ly an idea n ( an outw>d object1 b ( an idea 9 ,%akespe>e's m9d2 & ,i may communicate my idea to o!rs1 ^: idea w !n be an idea ( an idea 9 my m9d4 ,my idea ( ,p]icles1 or my idea ( any p]son n[ alive :om ,i h nev] se51 diff]s f ^! 9 ! circum/ance t ,i #fi am p]suad$ t a real object correspond+ to ! idea does n[1 or did once1 exi/ 9 ! _w ( s5sation3 b z ,i did n d]ive my idea f ! object1 b f "s o!r p]son's words1 my idea is n a copy ( ! orig9al1 b a copy 7m or less imp]fect7 ( "s o!r p]son's copy3 x is an idea ( an idea4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! complex idea ,i h ( an object :i* nev] 0 pres5t$ to my s5ses1 is rightly describ$ z an idea ( an idea2 my remembrance ( a complex idea :i* ,i h _h be=e1 does n seem to me to diff] f ! rememb]$ idea z an idea diff]s f a s5sation4 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 my visual idea ( ,mont ,blanc & ! actual sight ( ! m\nta91 :i* ,i d n f9d betwe5 my remembrance ( ,fal/aff & ! orig9al impression f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,my pres5t ?\ght ( ,fal/aff seems to me n a copy b a repetition ( ! orig9al idea2 a repetition :i* may be dimm$ by di/ance1 or :i* may1 on ! contr>y1 be height5$ by int]m$iate processes ( ?\ght2 may h lo/ "s ( its features by lapse ( "t1 & may h acquir$ o!rs by ref]5ce to ! orig9al s\rces2 b :i* resembles ! fir/ impression n z ! ?\ght ( an object resembles ! sight ( x1 b z a second or ?ird sight ( an object resembles ! fir/4 ,?is "q w meet u aga9 9 ! psy*ological exam9ation ( ,memory1 ! !ory ( :i* is 9 no small degree dep5d5t ^u x4--,ed4 #gj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 ,to h a cle> view ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 z m]e affections or /ates ( x1 exi/+ successively1 & 9 a c]ta9 s]ies1 :i* we are able1 !re=e1 to pr$ict1 9 consequ5ce ( our k ( ! pa/1 is1 ,i conceive1 to h made ! mo/ important acquisition :i* ! intellectual inquir] c make4 ,br[n1 ,lectures1 i4 #edd4 ,,?\ght succe$s ?\ght2 idea foll[s idea1 incessantly4 ,if our s5ses are awake1 we are cont9ually receiv+ s5sations1 ( ! eye1 ! e>1 ! t\*1 & s =?2 b n s5sations alone4 ,aft] s5sations1 ideas are p]petually excit$ ( s5sations =m]ly receiv$2 aft] ^? ideas1 o!r ideas3 & dur+ ! :ole ( our lives1 a s]ies ( ^? two /ates ( consci\sness1 call$ s5sations1 & ideas1 is con/antly go+ on4 ,i see a horse3 t is a s5sation4 ,imm$iately ,i ?9k ( 8 ma/]3 t is an idea4 ,! idea ( 8 ma/] makes me ?9k ( 8 (fice2 he is a m9i/] ( /ate3 t is ano!r idea4 ,! idea ( a m9i/] ( /ate makes me ?9k ( public affairs2 & ,i am l$ into a tra9 ( political ideas2 :5 ,i am summon$ to d9n]4 ,?is is a new s5sation1 foll[$ by ! idea ( d9n]1 & ( ! company ) :om ,i am to p>take x4 ,! sight ( ! company & ( ! food are o!r #ga s5sations2 ^! sugge/ ideas )\t end2 o!r s5sations p]petually int]v5e1 sugge/+ o!r ideas3 & s ! process goes on4 ,9 contemplat+ ?is tra9 ( feel+s1 ( :i* our lives consi/1 x fir/ ( all /rikes ! contemplator1 z ( importance to asc]ta91 :e!r !y occur casually & irregul>ly1 or accord+ to a c]ta9 ord]4 ,) respect to ! ,,s5sations1 x is obvi\s en\gh t !y occur1 accord+ to ! ord] e/abli%$ among :at we call ! objects ( nature1 :atev] ^? objects are2 to asc]ta9 m & m ( :i* ord] is ! bus9ess ( physical philosophy 9 all its bran*es4 ,( ! ord] e/abli%$ among ! objects ( nature1 by :i* we mean ! objects ( our s5ses1 two rem>kable cases are all :i* "h we are call$ ^u to notice2 ! ,,syn*ron\s ,,ord]1 & ! ,,successive ,,ord]4 ,! syn*ron\s ord]1 or ord] ( simultane\s exi/5ce1 is ! ord] 9 space2 ! successive ord]1 or ord] ( antec$5t & consequ5t exi/5ce1 is ! ord] 9 "t4 ,?us ! v>i\s objects 9 my room1 ! *airs1 ! tables1 ! books1 h ! syn*ron\s ord]1 or ord] 9 space4 ,! fall+ ( ! sp>k1 & ! explosion ( ! gunp[d]1 h ! successive ord]1 or ord] 9 "t4 ,accord+ to ?is ord]1 9 ! objects ( s5se1 !re is a syn*ron\s1 & a successive1 ord] ( our s5sations4 ,i h ,,syn*ronically1 or at ! same in/ant1 ! sight ( a great v>iety ( objects2 t\* ( all ! objects ) :i* my body is 9 contact2 he>+ ( all ! s\nds :i* are rea*+ my e>s2 smell+ ( all ! smells :i* are rea*+ my #gb no/rils2 ta/e ( ! apple :i* ,i am eat+2 ! s5sation ( resi/ance bo? f ! apple :i* is 9 my m\?1 & ! gr\nd on :i* ,i /&2 ) ! s5sation ( motion f ! act ( walk+4 ,i h ,,successively ! sight ( ! fla% f ! mort> fir$ at a di/ance1 ! he>+ ( ! report1 ! sight ( ! bomb1 & ( its motion 9 ! air1 ! sight ( its fall1 ! sight & he>+ ( its explosion1 & la/ly1 ! sight ( all ! effects ( t explosion4#be ,ba9's footnote #be3 ,!re is "h rais$ ! int]e/+ & important "q1 h[ f> are we able to ent]ta9 syn*ron\s s5sations2 9 o!r words1 :e!r or n we c be cognisant ( a plurality ( s5sations at ! same in/ant ( "t4 ,!re are v>i\s circum/ances t5d+ to obscure ?is po9t2 ! *ief be+ ! extreme rapidity ( our m5tal transitions4 ,x is requisite to view ! "q f two sides1 ! side ( s5sation & ! side ( action4 ,on ! fir/1 ! appe>ances are m 9 fav\r ( plurality2 on ! second1 m 9 fav\r ( unity4 ,z reg>ds ,s5sation1 we are incessantly solicit$ by a v>iety ( ag5cies1 outw>d & inw>d4 ,we may be r\s$ into consci\sness1 ?r\gh ! eye1 ?r\gh ! e>1 ?r\gh ! t\*1 ?r\gh ! ta/e1 ?r\gh ! smell1 ?r\gh ! organic s5sibilities2 & all ?is at ! same "t ) ! rise ( emotions or ideas ?r\gh purely m5tal causes4 ,nay m2 ev5 "u a s+le s5se1 we may h a plurality ( di/+ui%able impressions4 ,sight is ! greate/ example4 ,he>+ is little inf]ior2 witness ! complexity ( a b& ( music1 & ! tumult ( a /ormy sea4 ,9 ,t\*1 likewise1 we may h a plurality ( di/+ui%able feel+s ( contact ov] ! body4 ,! po9t to be consid]$1 !n1 is1 h[ _m ( ^! multitud9\s effects1 /rictly syn*ron\s 9 _! occurr5ce1 are capable ( op]at+ syn*ron\sly1 ei!r 9 direct+ ! ?\ghts1 or 9 impress+ ! memory4 ,h[ _m ( !m are able to "w ! smalle/ assignable *ange ^u ! consci\sness8 ,to all appe>ance1 m ?an "o at a "t4 ,consid] fir/ ! two s5ses mo/ conc]n$ 9 develop+ 7out ( muscul> feel+ z ! basis7 ! notion ( ,space or ,ext5sion2 t is1 ,t\* & ,sight4 ,x w be en\gh to comm5t ^u ,sight4 ,! eye1 z is kn[n1 takes 9 a wide prospect2 ! ret9as ( ! two eyes comb9$ c embrace a l>ge fraction ( ! surr\nd+ visible sph]e4 ,n[1 ! att5tion at any "o mom5t is conf9$ to a limit$ portion3 ! precise limits are n "h consid]$2 !re be+ a complication ( action ) s5sation prop]1 :i* w be adv]t$ to aft]w>ds4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is conf9em5t ( ! att5tion1 !re is a consci\sness ( ! :ole visible expanse2 z is prov$ 9 ! case ( any sudd5 *ange at any "p2 ! att5tion is !n in/antly div]t$ to t "p4 ,we might say t !re is1 at e mom5t1 a ramifi$ area ( s5sibility1 at its maximum 9 ! c5tre--! l9e ( direction ( ! eyes1 & decreas+ to ! extremity or circumf]5ce ( ! visible expanse4 ,to "o gaz+ at ! heav5s1 ! fla% ( a meteor w\ld be felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole area ( visibility2 :ile x w\ld be m c]ta9 9 its effect1 ! ne>] x 0 to ! l9e ( p]fect vision1 :i* is ! place ( special att5tion4 ,a fa9t corruscation aris+ ne> ! circumf]5ce might pass unhe$$4 ,next z to ! s5se ( ,he>+4 ,peculi> difficulties att5d ! explanation ( ?is s5se4 ,!re is only "o ma9 l9e ( access to ! inn] e>1 :]e ! n]ves are di/ribut$1 namely1 ! solid *a9 ( bones ( ! middle e>2 & t l9e c h>dly be suppos$ capable ( convey+ at ! same in/ant a plurality ( diff]5t s]ies ( vibrations4 ,yet we fancy t we he> a concurr+ plurality ( s\nds4 ,( :at avail w\ld be a b& ( a hundr$ p]=m]s if !re 7 no p[] ( tak+ 9 simultane\s pulses ( s\nd8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an abs5ce ( accurate inve/igation ( ?is po9t2 no "o has endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! complex effect is due to ! rapid transitions ( ! e> f "o s\nd to ano!r1 h[ mu* to ! concurr5ce ( sev]al s]ies ( pulses 9 "o augm5t$ s]ies1 & h[ mu* to ! composition ( successive effects 9 ! e> into a syn*ron\s :ole 9 ! emotional wave1 or g5]al excitem5t ( ! bra94 ,x w be f\nd1 by any c>eful obs]v]1 t 9 li/5+ to a b&1 we are really occupi$ ) v few ( ! s\nds at ! same in/ant ( "t2 we p]=m a numb] ( rapid movem5ts ( ! att5tion f "o to ano!r2 :ile1 at ea* mom5t1 we are "u an influ5ce rema9+ f ! rec5tly occurr+ beats1 to :i* we are n n[ giv+ our full att5tion4 ,t\* is exactly p>allel to ,sight1 & ne$ n be dwelt ^u4 ,9 ,smell1 & 9 ,ta/e1 we may h a plurality ( di/+ui%able effects at "o mom5t3 we (t5 exp]i5ce complex od\rs & ta/es4 ,! above rem>ks w apply to ^!4 ,! und\bt$ t5d5cy ( ! m9d is to s+le out1 = att5tion1 ! sep>ate con/itu5ts by turns1 & to pass ) rapidity f "o to ano!r2 :ile x is also true t ! individual effects t are = ! mom5t seem+ly neglect$1 /ill ex]cise an influ5ce on ! consci\sness2 :i* w\ld be decisively %[n 7z 9 ! case ( sight7 on any occasion ( _! sudd5ly increas+ 9 =ce1 or sudd5ly vani%+4 ,also1 9 _! /ate ( hav+ fall5 out ( att5tion1 !y /ill leave an influ5ce to modify ! pres5t s5sation1 ! effect ( _! be+ att5d$ to 9 ! previ\s in/ant4 ,until we c measure ! rapidity ( ^? transitions ( ! att5tion1 we are n 9 a position to affirm absolutely ! p[] ( d\ble1 triple1 or multiple att5tion1 al?\gh to all practical int5ts su* a p[] is possess$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! m9d is e mom5t actuat$ & det]m9$ by a plurality ( influ5ces1 impressions1 consid]ations1 ?\ghts4 ,almo/ e act ( ! w is a resultant ( _m motives4 ,our ?\ghts seldom spr+ up at ! in/ance ( a simple l9k ( association2 al?\gh x may happ5 t "s "o l9k is suffic+ & ov]p[]+1 & !re=e gov]ns ! recall2 yet !re are almo/ always o!rs aid+ or *eck+ ! p>ticul> resuscitation4 ,nev]!less1 su* complication ( antec$5ts is n inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( v rapid transitions ( att5tion1 !re be+ a c]ta9 p]si/+ influ5ce f ea* sep>ate act4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a great] !oretical simplicity1 z well z a less appe>ance ( /ra9+ a po9t1 if we c\ld suppose t ! sev]al conspir+ ag5cies unite 9 a /rictly syn*ron\s :ole4 ,let u next view ! "q f ! side ( ,activity4 ,"h ! circum/ance t w\ld mo/ decisively limit ! p[] ( att5tion1 & impose an absolute unity 7qualifi$ by rapidity ( transition7 is ! s+l5ess ( ! muscul> executive4 ,no "o organ c p]=m two movem5ts at ! same in/ant4 ,plurality c arise only by ! sep>ate organs p]=m+ sep>ate actions4 ,9 su* a case z play+ on ! pian(orte1 !re is a v complicat$ s]ies ( muscul> ex]tions4 ,! eyes are occupi$ ) ! pr9t$ music2 bo? h&s are ex]t$1 & e f+] p]=ms a sep>ate note2 ! foot also may be br\ght into action4 ,at ! same "t1 ! e> has to be on ! al]t4 ,! plurality is "h v great2 yet x seems mu* great] ?an x is4 ,=1 at ! /age :5 su* a p]=mance is possible1 !re is a great am\nt ( acquirem5t2 _m syn*ron\s gr\p+s h be5 made by long repetition1 s z to disp5se ) att5d+ to ! sev]al acts 9 sep>ation4 ,! real att5tion is conc5trat$ on "o1 or on a v few acts2 s few t x is n impossible = !m to be comm&$ by ! m]e rapidity ( transition f "o to ano!r4 ,! p]=m] ne$ n att5d to ! notes ( ! music1 & to ! action ( ! f+]s at ! same absolute in/ant ( "t4 ,x is 9 ! case ( comm5c+ "s act entirely new to u1 t ! limitation ( ! muscul> executive is mo/ app>5t4 ,9 le>n+ ! fir/ elem5ts ( any accompli%m5t by imitat+ a ma/]1 ! :ole att5tion is conc5trat$ on s+le movem5ts2 at "o in/ant on ! ma/]1 & ! next in/ant on ! act ( imitat+2 ! only syn*ron\s addition to ?is la/ be+ ! rema9+ trace ( ! impression ( ! model4 ,if ! act is complicat$1 & requires concurr+ movem5ts ( diff]5t organs1 ! att5tion1 at ! outset1 mu/ be giv5 to "o at a "t2 ! conjunction ( indep5d5t movem5ts is n a primitive1 b an acquir$ p[]4 ,previ\s to acquir$ gr\p+s1 ! re/riction ( ! att5tion to "o movem5t is ! rule4 ,let u n[ consid] ! s5ses z comp\nd$ ( passive s5sation & movem5t4 ,! eye1 = example1 is a mov+ organ "u ! comm& ( ! w2 bo? eyes be+ mov$ 9 "o indivisible volition4 ,visual att5tion consi/s sometimes 9 mov+ ! eyes to & fro1 at o!r times1 9 fix+ !m 9 "o immoveable attitude4 ,we h se5 t s f> z ! optical s5sibility is conc]n$1 !re is at ea* in/ant an effective impression ( a wide area1 al?\gh ( v unequal di/9ctness4 ,! impressions d]iv$ f ! movem5ts ( ! eye are mu* m limit$4 ,at ! same absolute in/ant ( "t1 we c scan only a v small portion2 say ! outl9e ( "s isolat$ =m1 or ! trace ( an isolat$ movem5t4 ,we c run rapidly r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a r\nd body1 or along ! edge ( a cubical block4 ,9 look+ at a tree1 we p]=m a s]ies ( muscul> sweeps1 sc>cely includ+1 at "o "t1 m ?an a s+le outl9e c\rse4 ,no d\bt our optical s5sibility is receiv+1 9 a fa9t way1 a complicat$ sup]ficies2 yet ! ocul> sweep1 on :i* we dep5d = our ideas ( =m1 c h>dly be suppos$ to take m ?an "o l9e at ! same in/ant4 ,! rapidity ( transition is v great2 b !re is a consci\s transition :5 we wi% to comb9e ! impression ( a circle inscrib$ 9 a squ>e4--,b4 #gc ,among ! objects :i* ,i h ?us obs]v$ syn*ronically1 or successively2 t is1 f :i* ,i #gd h _h syn*ronical or successive s5sations2 !re are "s :i* ,i h s obs]v$ frequ5tly2 o!rs #ge :i* ,i h s obs]v$ n frequ5tly3 9 o!r words1 ( my s5sations "s h be5 frequ5tly #gf syn*ronical1 o!rs n frequ5tly2 "s frequ5tly successive1 o!rs n frequ5tly4 ,?us1 my sight ( #gg roa/ beef1 & my ta/e ( roa/ beef1 h be5 frequ5tly ,,syn*ronical2 my smell ( a rose1 & my sight & t\* ( a rose1 h be5 frequ5tly syn*ronical2 my sight ( a /one1 & my s5sations ( its h>dness1 & weight1 h be5 frequ5tly syn*ronical4 ,o!rs ( my s5sations h n be5 frequ5tly syn*ronical3 my sight ( a lion1 & ! he>+ ( 8 ro>2 my sight ( a knife1 & its /abb+ a man4 ,my sight ( ! fla% ( lightn+1 & my he>+ ( ! ?und]1 h be5 (t5 ,,successive2 ! pa9 ( cold1 & ! pleasure ( heat1 h be5 (t5 successive2 ! sight ( a trumpet1 & ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 h be5 (t5 successive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my sight ( hemlock1 & my ta/e ( hemlock1 h n be5 (t5 successive3 & s on4 ,x s happ5s1 t1 ( ! objects f :i* we d]ive ! greate/ "p ( our s5sations1 mo/ ( ^? :i* are obs]v$ syn*ronically1 are frequ5tly obs]v$ syn*ronically2 mo/ ( ^? :i* are obs]v$ successively1 are frequ5tly obs]v$ successively4 ,9 o!r words1 mo/ ( our syn*ronical s5sations1 h be5 frequ5tly syn*ronical2 mo/ ( our successive s5sations1 h be5 frequ5tly successive4 ,?us1 mo/ ( our syn*ronical s5sations are d]iv$ f ! objects ar\nd u1 ! objects :i* we h ! mo/ frequ5t occasion to he> & see2 ! memb]s ( our family2 ! furniture ( our h\ses2 our food2 ! in/rum5ts ( #gh our occupations or amusem5ts4 ,9 l mann]1 ( ^? s5sations :i* we h _h 9 succession1 we h _h ! greate/ numb] repeat$ly 9 succession2 ! sight ( fire1 & its w>m?2 ! t\* ( sn[1 & its cold2 ! sight ( food1 & its ta/e4 ,?us mu* ) reg>d to ! ord] ( ,,s5sations2 next ) reg>d to ! ord] ( ,,ideas4 ,z ideas are n d]iv$ f objects1 we %\ld n expect _! ord] to be d]iv$ f ! ord] ( objects2 b z !y are d]iv$ f s5sations1 we might by analogy expect1 t !y w\ld d]ive _! ord] f t ( ! s5sations2 & ?is to a great ext5t is ! case4 ,our ideas spr+ up1 or exi/1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! s5sations exi/$1 ( :i* !y are ! copies4 ,?is is ! g5]al law ( ! ,association ( ,ideas2 by :i* t]m1 let x be rememb]$1 no?+ is "h meant to be express$1 b ! ord] ( occurr5ce4 ,9 ?is law1 ! foll[+ ?+s are to be c>efully obs]v$4 #a4 ,( ^? s5sations :i* occurr$ syn*ronically1 ! ideas also spr+ up syn*ronically4 ,i h se5 a viol91 & he>d ! tones ( ! viol91 syn*ronically4 ,if ,i ?9k ( ! tones ( ! viol91 ! visible appe>ance ( ! viol9 at ! same "t occurs to me4 ,i h se5 ! sun1 & ! sky 9 :i* x is plac$1 syn*ronically4 ,if ,i ?9k ( ! "o1 ,i ?9k ( ! o!r at ! same "t4 ,"o ( ! cases ( syn*ronical s5sation1 :i* des]ves ! mo/ p>ticul> att5tion1 is1 t ( ! sev]al s5sations d]iv$ f "o & ! same #gi object2 a /one1 = example1 a fl[]1 a table1 a *air1 a horse1 a man4 ,f a /one ,i h _h1 syn*ronically1 ! s5sation ( col\r1 ! s5sation ( h>dness1 ! s5sations ( %ape1 & size1 ! s5sation ( weight4 ,:5 ! idea ( "o ( ^! s5sations occurs1 ! ideas ( all ( !m occur4#bf ,!y exi/ 9 my m9d syn*ronically2 & _! syn*ronical exi/5ce is call$ ! idea ( ! /one2 :i*1 x is ?us pla91 is n a s+le idea1 b a numb] ( ideas 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( comb9ation4 ,ba9's footnote #bf3 ,?is mu/ be qualifi$ by ! fact t ! same individual s5sation may be f\nd 9 _m gr\p+s1 & !re=e may n br+ up any "o aggregate or concrete object 9 p>ticul>4 ,! col\r1 :ite1 is se5 9 conjunction ) _m diff]5t %apes1 magnitudes1 & weight2 consequ5tly x does n sugge/ a specific %ape or magnitude4 ,9 su* a case1 ! recall may be v v>i\s accord+ to circum/ances2 "s individual may h a great] prom95ce ?an ! re/1 & be s+l$ out on t gr\nd2 two or ?ree may be br\ght to view2 or a /ill great] numb] may be reviv$4 ,?is is an important limitation ( ! work+ ( ! associat+ pr9ciple4 ,an individual ?+ is n re/or$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 unless ! l9k ( connexion po9ts to x alone2 z is (t5 effect$ by a plurality ( bonds4 ,?us a musical air is n sugge/$ until z _m notes are he>d z to di/+ui% x f e o!r kn[n air4--,b4 ,?us1 aga91 ,i h smelt a rose1 & look$ at1 & h&l$ a rose1 syn*ronically2 accord+ly ! "n rose sugge/s to me all ^? ideas syn*ronically2 & ?is comb9ation ( ^? simple ideas is call$ my idea ( ! rose4 ,my idea ( an animal is /ill m complex4 ,! #hj ^w ?ru%1 = example1 n only sugge/s an idea ( a p>ticul> col\r & %ape1 & size1 b ( song1 & flight1 & ne/l+1 & eggs1 & call[ "y1 & o!rs4 ,my idea ( a man is ! mo/ complex ( all2 includ+ n only col\r1 & %ape1 & voice1 b ! :ole class ( ev5ts 9 :i* ,i h obs]v$ him ei!r ! ag5t or ! pati5t4 #b4 ,z ! ideas ( ! s5sations :i* occurr$ syn*ronically1 rise syn*ronically1 s ! ideas ( ! s5sations :i* occurr$ successively1 rise successively4 ,( ?is important case ( association1 or ( ! successive ord] ( our ideas1 _m rem>kable in/ances might be adduc$4 ,( ^! none seems bett] adapt$ to ! le>n] ?an ! repetition ( any passage1 or words2 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 = example1 committ$ to memory4 ,9 le>n+ ! passage1 we repeat x2 t is1 we pron\nce ! words1 9 successive ord]1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,! ord] ( ! s5sations is successive4 ,:5 we proce$ to repeat ! passage1 ! ideas ( ! words also rise 9 succession1 ! prec$+ always sugge/+ ! succe$+1 & no o!r4 ,our sugge/s ,fa!r1 ,fa!r sugge/s :i*1 :i* sugge/s art2 & s on1 to ! end4 ,h[ rem>kably ?is is ! case1 any "o may conv9ce himself1 by try+ to repeat backw>ds1 ev5 a passage ) :i* he is z famili> z ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,! case is ! same ) numb]s4 ,a man c g on ) ! numb]s 9 ! progressive ord]1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 c4 sc>cely ?9k+ ( 8 act2 & ?\gh x is possible = him to repeat !m backw>d1 because he is accu/om$ #ha to subtraction ( numb]s1 he _c d s )\t an ef=t4 ,( witnesses 9 c\rts ( ju/ice x has be5 rem>k$1 t eye-witnesses1 & e>-witnesses1 always tell _! /ory 9 ! *ronological ord]2 9 o!r words1 ! ideas occur to !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! s5sations occurr$2 on ! o!r h&1 t witnesses1 :o are inv5t+1 r>ely adh]e to ! *ronological ord]4 #c4 ,a f> great] numb] ( our s5sations are receiv$ 9 ! successive1 ?an 9 ! syn*ronical ord]4 ,( our ideas1 also1 ! numb] is inf9itely great] t rise 9 ! successive ?an ! syn*ronical ord]4 #d4 ,9 ! successive ord] ( ideas1 t :i* prec$es1 is sometimes call$ ! sugge/+1 t :i* succe$s1 ! sugge/$ idea2 n t any p[] is suppos$ to reside 9 ! antec$5t ov] ! consequ5t2 sugge/+1 & sugge/$1 mean only antec$5t & consequ5t1 ) ! additional idea1 t su* ord] is n casual1 b1 to a c]ta9 degree1 p]man5t4 #e4 ,( ! antec$5t & consequ5t feel+s1 or ! sugge/+1 & sugge/$2 ! antec$5t may be ei!r s5sations or ideas2 ! consequ5t are always ideas4 ,an idea may be excit$ ei!r by a s5sation or an idea4 ,! sight ( ! dog ( my fri5d is a s5sation1 & x excites ! idea ( my fri5d4 ,! idea ( ,pr(essor ,dugald ,/ew>t deliv]+ a lecture1 recals ! idea ( ! delight ) :i* ,i he>d him2 t1 ! idea ( ! /udies 9 :i* x engag$ me2 t1 ! tra9s ( ?\ght :i* succe$$2 & ea* epo* ( my m5tal hi/ory1 ! succe$+ "o1 till ! pres5t mom5t2 9 :i* ,i am endeav\r+ to pres5t to o!rs :at appe>s to me valuable among #hb ! innum]able ideas ( :i* ?is l5g!n$ tra9 has be5 compos$4 #f4 ,z !re are degrees 9 s5sation1 & degrees 9 ideas2 = "o s5sation is m vivid ?an ano!r s5sation1 "o idea m vivid ?an ano!r idea2 s !re are degrees 9 association4 ,"o association1 we say1 is /rong] ?an ano!r3 ,fir/1 :5 x is m p]man5t ?an ano!r3 ,secondly1 :5 x is p]=m$ ) m c]ta9ty3 ,?irdly1 :5 x is p]=m$ ) m facility4 ,x is well kn[n1 t "s associations are v transi5t1 o!rs v p]man5t4 ,! case :i* we =m]ly m5tion$1 t ( repeat+ words committ$ to memory1 af=ds an apt illu/ration4 ,9 "s cases1 we c p]=m ! repetition1 :5 a few h\rs1 or a few days h elaps$2 b n aft] a long] p]iod4 ,9 o!rs1 we c p]=m x aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s4 ,!re are few *ildr5 9 ^: m9ds "s association has n be5 =m$ betwe5 d>kness & gho/s4 ,9 "s ?is association is soon dissolv$2 9 "s x cont9ues = life4#bg ,ba9's footnote #bg3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 transi5t & p]man5t recollections turns entirely ^u ! /r5g? ( ! association4 ,!re is n "o specific mode ( association suit$ to tempor>y recollection & ano!r to p]man5t2 ! p]man5t conta9s ! tempor>y1 z ! great] does ! less4 ,! reason :y a feebl] association w suffice = tempor>y purposes1 is t a rec5t impression /ill reta9s some?+ ( ! hold ( a pres5t reality4 ,! *ords /ruck dur+ ! actual pres5ce h n ceas$ to vibrate4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ) precision ! influ5ce ( rec5cy2 we "k x to be v consid]able4 ,a ?+ di/9ctly rememb]$ = a few h\rs w be =gott51 or else held z a m]e fragm5t1 at ! end ( a mon?2 :ile any?+ t p]si/s = two or ?ree mon?s may be consid]$ z indep5d5t ( ! p[] ( rec5cy1 & may la/ = ye>s4--,b4 ,9 "s cases ! association takes place ) less1 9 "s ) great] c]ta9ty4 ,?us1 9 repeat+ words1 ,i am n sure t ,i %all n commit mi/akes1 if !y are imp]fectly got2 & ,i may at "o #hc trial repeat !m "r1 at ano!r wrong3 ,i am sure ( always repeat+ ^? correctly1 :i* ,i h got p]fectly4 ,?us1 9 my native language1 ! association betwe5 ! "n & ! ?+ is c]ta92 9 a language ) :i* ,i am imp]fectly acqua9t$1 n c]ta94 ,9 express+ myself 9 my own language1 ! idea ( ! ?+ sugge/s ! idea ( ! "n ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 speak+ a language ) :i* ,i am imp]fectly acqua9t$1 ! idea ( ! ?+ does n ) c]ta9ty sugge/ ! idea ( ! "n2 at "o "t x may1 at ano!r n4 ,t ideas are associat$ 9 "s cases ) m1 9 "s ) less facility1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! same in/ance1 ( a language ) :i* we are well1 & a language ) :i* we are imp]fectly1 acqua9t$4 ,9 speak+ our own language1 we are n consci\s ( any ef=t2 ! associations betwe5 ! words & ! ideas appe> spontane\s4 ,9 endeav\r+ to speak a language ) :i* we are imp]fectly acqua9t$1 we are s5sible ( a pa9ful ef=t3 ! associations betwe5 ! words & ideas be+ n ready1 or imm$iate4 #g4 ,! causes ( /r5g? 9 association seem all to be resolvable into two2 ! vividness ( ! associat$ feel+s2 & ! frequ5cy ( ! association4 ,9 g5]al1 we convey n a v precise mean+1 #hd :5 we speak ( ! vividness ( s5sations & ideas4 ,we may be und]/ood :5 we say t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! s5sation is m vivid ?an ! idea2 or ! prim>y1 ?an ! second>y feel+2 ?\gh 9 dreams1 & 9 delirium1 ideas are mi/ak5 = s5sations4 ,b :5 we say t "o s5sation is m vivid ?an ano!r1 !re is mu* m unc]ta9ty4 ,we c di/+ui% ^? s5sations :i* are pleasurable1 & ^? :i* are pa9ful1 f su* z are n s2 & :5 we call ! pleasurable & pa9ful m vivid1 ?an ^? :i* are n s1 we speak intelligibly4 ,we c also di/+ui% degrees ( pleasure1 & ( pa92 & :5 we call ! s5sation ( ! high] degree m vivid ?an ! s5sation ( ! l[] degree1 we may aga9 be consid]$ z express+ a mean+ tol]ably precise4 ,9 call+ "o ,,idea m vivid ?an ano!r1 if we conf9e ! appellation to ! ideas ( su* ,,s5sations z may ) precision be call$ m or less vivid2 ! s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 9 _! v>i\s degrees1 comp>$ ) s5sations :i* we d n call ei!r pleasurable or pa9ful2 our language w /ill h a c]ta9 degree ( precision4 ,b :at is ! mean+ :i* ,i annex to my words1 :5 ,i say1 t my idea ( ! ta/e ( ! p9e-apple :i* ,i ta/$ ye/]day is vivid2 my idea ( ! ta/e ( ! =eign fruit :i* ,i nev] ta/$ b once 9 e>ly life1 is n vivid8 ,if ,i mean t ,i c m c]ta9ly di/+ui% ! m rec5t1 ?an ! m di/ant s5sation1 !re is /ill "s precision 9 my language2 because x seems true ( all my s5ses1 t if ,i comp>e a di/ant s5sation ) a pres5t1 ,i am less sure ( its be+ or n be+ a repetition ( ! same1 ?an #he if ,i comp>e a rec5t s5sation ) a pres5t "o4 ,?us1 if ,i ye/]day _h a smell ( a v peculi> k9d1 & comp>e x ) a pres5t smell1 ,i c judge m accurately ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! two s5sations1 ?an if ,i comp>$ ! pres5t ) "o mu* m remote4 ,! same is ! case ) col\rs1 ) s\nds1 ) feel+s ( t\*1 & ( resi/ance4 ,x is !re=e suffici5tly c]ta91 t ! idea ( ! m rec5t s5sation af=ds ! means ( a m accurate comp>ison1 g5]ally1 ?an ! idea ( ! m remote s5sation4 ,& ?us we h ?ree cases ( vividness1 ( :i* we c speak ) "s precision3 ! case ( s5sations1 z comp>$ ) ideas2 ! case ( pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations1 & _! ideas1 z comp>$ ) ^? :i* are n pleasurable or pa9ful2 & ! case ( ! m rec5t1 comp>$ ) ! m remote4#bh ,editor's footnote #bh3 ,if x be admitt$ t 9 ! ?ree cases "h specifi$ ! ^w vividness1 z appli$ to our impressions1 has a def9ite mean+1 x seems to foll[ t ?is mean+ may be ext5d$ 9 ! way ( analogy1 to o!r cases ?an ^!4 ,!re are1 = example1 s5sations :i* diff] f "s o!r s5sations l fa9t] feel+s ( ! same k9d1 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! idea ( a s5sation diff]s f ! s5sation itself3 & we may1 by ext5sion1 call ^! s5sations less vivid4 ,aga91 "o idea may diff] f ano!r idea 9 ! same sort ( way 9 :i* ! idea ( a s5sation _h long ago diff]s f t ( a simil> s5sation receiv$ rec5tly3 t is1 x is a m fad$ copy--its col\rs & its outl9es are m effac$3 ?is idea may fairly be said to be less vivid ?an ! o!r4 ,! au?or himself1 a few pages f>!r on1 speaks ( "s complex ideas z be+ m obscure ?an o!rs1 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! great] complexity4 ,obscurity1 inde$1 9 ?is case1 means a diff]5t quality f ! abs5ce ( vividness1 b a quality fully z indef9ite4 ,mr4 ,ba91 ^: view ( ! subject w be f\nd fur!r on1 draws a fundam5tal di/9ction 7already indicat$ 9 a =m] note7 betwe5 ! attributes :i* belong to a s5sation reg>d$ 9 an intellectual po9t ( view1 z a portion ( our k1 & ^? :i* belong to ! elem5t ( ,feel+ conta9$ 9 x2 ,feel+ be+ "h tak5 9 ! n>r[] acceptation ( ! ^w1 t 9 :i* ,feel+ is oppos$ to ,intellect or ,?\ght4 ,to s5sations 9 _! intellectual aspect ,mr4 ,ba9 consid]s ! t]m vividness to be inapplicable3 !y c only be di/9ct or indi/9ct4 ,he res]ves ! ^w vividness to express ! degree ( int5sity ( ! s5sation1 consid]$ 9 :at may be call$ its emotional aspect1 :e!r ( pleasure1 ( pa91 or ( m]e excitem5t4 ,:e!r we accept ?is re/riction or n1 x is 9 any case c]ta91 t ! prop]ty ( produc+ a /rong & durable association )\t ! aid ( repetition1 belongs pr9cipally to our pleasures & pa9s4 ,! m int5se ! pa9 or pleasure1 ! m promptly & p[]fully does x associate itself ) its accompany+ circum/ances1 ev5 ) ^? :i* are only accid5tally pres5t4 ,9 ! cases m5tion$ 9 ! text1 a s+le occurr5ce ( ! pa9ful s5sation is suffici5t to produce an association1 :i* nei!r "t c we> out nor c\nt]-associations dissolve1 betwe5 ! idea ( ! pa9 & ! ideas ( ! s5sations :i* casually accompani$ x 9 t "o in/ance1 h[ev] intr9sically indiff]5t ^! may be4--,ed4 #hf ,t ! association ( two ideas1 b = once1 does1 9 "s cases1 give !m a v /rong connection1 is )9 ! sph]e ( e man's exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ rem>kable cases are probably ^? ( pa9 & pleasure4 ,"s p]sons :o h exp]i5c$ a v pa9ful surgical op]ation1 c nev] aft]w>ds be> ! sight ( ! op]ator1 h[ev] /rong ! #hg gratitude :i* !y may actually feel t[>ds him4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! sight ( ! op]ator1 by a /rong association1 calls up s vividly ! idea ( ! pa9 ( ! op]ation1 t x is itself a pa94 ,! spot on :i* a t5d] maid5 p>t$ ) h] lov]1 :5 he emb>k$ on ! voyage f :i* he nev] return$1 _c aft]w>ds be se5 by h] )\t an agony ( grief4 ,^! cases1 also1 furni% an apt illu/ration ( ! sup]iority :i* ! s5sation possesses ov] ! idea1 z an associat+ cause4 ,?\gh ! sight ( ! surgeon1 ! sight ( ! place1 w\ld awak5 ! ideas :i* we h describ$1 ! m]e ?\ght ( !m might be att5d$ ) no peculi> effect4 ,^? p]sons :o h ! association ( frightful objects ) d>kness1 & :o are transport$ ) t]rors :5 plac$ 9 ! d>k1 c /ill ?9k ( d>kness )\t any emotion4 ,! same cases furni% an illu/ration ( ! effect ( rec5cy on ! /r5g? ( association4 ,! sight1 ( ! affect+ spot by ! maid51 ( ! surgeon by ! pati5t1 w\ld c]ta9ly produce a m int5se emotion1 aft] a %ort1 ?an aft] a long int]val4 ,) mo/ p]sons1 "t w\ld weak51 & at la/ dissolve1 ! association4 ,s mu* ) reg>d to vividness1 z a cause ( /rong associations4 ,next1 we h to consid] frequ5cy or repetition2 :i* is ! mo/ rem>kable & important cause ( ! /r5g? ( our associations4 ,( any two s5sations1 frequ5tly p]ceiv$ toge!r1 ! ideas are associat$4 ,?us1 at lea/1 9 ! m9ds ( ,engli%m51 ! idea ( a soldi]1 & ! idea ( a r$ coat are associat$2 ! idea ( a #hh cl]gyman1 & ! idea ( a black coat2 ! idea ( a quak]1 & ( a broad-brimm$ hat2 ! idea ( a woman & ! idea ( petticoats4 ,a peculi> ta/e sugge/s ! idea ( an apple2 a peculi> smell ! idea ( a rose4 ,if ,i h he>d a p>ticul> air frequ5tly sung by a p>ticul> p]son1 ! he>+ ( ! air sugge/s ! idea ( ! p]son4 ,! mo/ rem>kable exemplification ( ! effect ( degrees ( frequ5cy1 9 produc+ degrees ( /r5g? 9 ! associations1 is to be f\nd 9 ! cases 9 :i* ! association is purposely & /udi\sly contract$2 ! cases 9 :i* we le>n some?+2 ! use ( words1 = example4 ,e *ild le>ns ! language :i* is spok5 by ^? ar\nd him4 ,he also le>ns x by degrees4 ,he le>ns fir/ ! names ( ! mo/ famili> objects2 & among famili> objects1 ! names ( ^? :i* he mo/ frequ5tly has occasion to "n2 himself1 8 nurse1 8 food1 8 play?+s4 ,a s\nd he>d once 9 conjunction ) ano!r s5sation2 ! ^w mamma1 = example1 ) ! sight ( a woman1 w\ld produce no great] effect on ! *ild1 ?an ! conjunction ( any o!r s5sation1 :i* once exi/s & is gone = ev]4 ,b if ! ^w mamma is frequ5tly pron\nc$1 9 conjunction ) ! sight ( a p>ticul> woman1 ! s\nd w by degrees become associat$ ) ! sight2 & z ! pron\nc+ ( ! "n w call up ! idea ( ! woman1 s ! sight ( ! woman w call up ! idea ( ! "n4 ,! process becomes v p]ceptible to u1 :51 at ye>s ( reflection1 we proce$ to le>n a dead or =eign language4 ,at ! fir/ lesson1 we are told1 or #hi we see 9 ! diction>y1 ! mean+ ( p]haps tw5ty words4 ,b x is n jo9+ ! ^w & its mean+ once1 t w make ! ^w sugge/ its mean+ to u ano!r "t4 ,we repeat ! two 9 conjunction1 till we ?9k ! mean+ s well associat$ ) ! ^w1 t :5ev] ! ^w occurs to u1 ! mean+ w occur along ) x4 ,we are (t5 deceiv$ 9 ?is anticipation2 & f9d+ t ! mean+ is n sugge/$ by ! ^w1 we h to r5ew ! process ( repetition1 & ?is1 p]haps1 aga91 & aga94 ,by =ce ( repetition ! mean+ is associat$1 at la/1 ) e ^w ( ! language1 & s p]fectly1 t ! "o nev] occurs to u )\t ! o!r4 ,le>n+ to play on a musical in/rum5t is ano!r rem>kable illu/ration ( ! effect ( repetition 9 /r5g!n+ associations1 9 r5d]+ ^? sequ5ces1 :i*1 at fir/1 are sl[1 & difficult1 aft]w>ds1 rapid1 & easy4 ,at fir/1 ! le>n]1 aft] ?9k+ ( ea* successive note1 z x /&s 9 8 book1 has ea* "t to look out ) c>e = ! key or ! /r+ :i* he is to t\*1 & ! f+] he is to t\* x )1 & is e mom5t committ+ mi/akes4 ,repetition is well kn[n to be ! only means ( ov]com+ ^! difficulties4 ,z ! repetition goes on1 ! sight ( ! note1 or ev5 ! idea ( ! note1 becomes associat$ ) ! place ( ! key or ! /r+2 & t ( ! key or ! /r+ ) ! prop] f+]4 ,! association = a "t is imp]fect1 b at la/ becomes s /rong1 t x is p]=m$ ) ! greate/ rapidity1 )\t an ef=t1 & almo/ )\t consci\sness4 ,9 few cases is ! /r5g? ( association1 d]iv$ #ij f repetition1 m wor?y ( att5tion1 ?an 9 p]=m+ ari?metic4 ,all m51 ^: practice is n great1 f9d ! addition ( a long column ( numb]s1 t$i\s1 & ! accuracy ( ! op]ation1 by no means c]ta94 ,till a man has _h consid]able practice1 !re are few acts ( ! m9d m toilsome4 ,! reason is1 t ! names ( ! numb]s1 :i* correspond to ! diff]5t /eps1 d n readily occur2 t is1 are n /rongly associat$ ) ! names :i* prec$e !m4 ,?us1 #g add$ to #e1 make #ab2 b ! antec$5t1 #g add$ to #e1 is n /rongly associat$ ) ! consequ5t #ab1 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n]1 & he has to wait & se>* till ! "n occurs4 ,?us1 aga91 #ab & #g make #ai2 #ai & #h make #bg1 & s on to any am\nt2 b if ! practice ( ! p]=m] has be5 small1 ! association 9 ea* in/ance is imp]fect1 & ! process irksome & sl[4 ,practice1 h[ev]2 t is1 frequ5cy ( repetition2 makes ! association betwe5 ea* ( ^! antec$5ts & its prop] consequ5t s p]fect1 t no soon] is ! "o conceiv$ ?an ! o!r is conceiv$1 & an exp]t ari?metician c tell ! am\nt ( a long column ( figures1 ) a rapidity1 :i* seems almo/ miracul\s to ! man ^: faculty ( num]ation is ( ! ord9>y /&>d4 #h4 ,:]e two or m ideas h be5 (t5 repeat$ toge!r1 & ! association has become v /rong1 !y sometimes spr+ up 9 su* close comb9ation z n to be di/+ui%able4 ,"s cases ( s5sation are analog\s4 ,= example2 :5 a :eel1 on ! sev5 p>ts ( :i* ! sev5 prismatic col\rs are respectively pa9t$1 is made to revolve rapidly1 x appe>s n ( sev5 col\rs1 b ( "o #ia uni=m col\r1 :ite4 ,by ! rapidity ( ! succession1 ! sev]al s5sations cease to be di/+ui%able2 !y run1 z x 71 toge!r1 & a new s5sation1 comp\nd$ ( all ! sev51 b app>5tly a simple "o1 is ! result4 ,ideas1 also1 :i* h be5 s (t5 conjo9$1 t :5ev] "o exi/s 9 ! m9d1 ! o!rs imm$iately exi/ along ) x1 seem to run into "o ano!r1 to coalesce1 z x 71 & out ( _m to =m "o idea2 :i* idea1 h[ev] 9 reality complex1 appe>s to be no less simple1 ?an any "o ( ^? ( :i* x is comp\nd$4 ,! ^w gold1 = example1 or ! ^w iron1 appe>s to express z simple an idea1 z ! ^w col\r1 or ! ^w s\nd4 ,yet x is imm$iately se51 t ! idea ( ea* ( ^? metals is made up ( ! sep>ate ideas ( sev]al s5sations2 col\r1 h>dness1 ext5sion1 weight4 ,^? ideas1 h[ev]1 pres5t !mselves 9 su* intimate union1 t !y are con/antly spok5 ( z "o1 n _m4 ,we say1 our idea ( iron1 our idea ( gold2 & x is only ) an ef=t t reflect+ m5 p]=m ! decomposition4 ,! idea express$ by ! t]m weight1 appe>s s p]fectly simple1 t he is a good metaphysician1 :o c trace its composition4 ,yet x involves1 ( c\rse1 ! idea ( resi/ance1 :i* we h %ewn above to be comp\nd$1 & to involve ! feel+ att5dant ^u ! contraction ( muscles2 & ! feel+ or feel+s1 d5om9at$ ,w2 x involves ! idea1 n ( resi/ance simply1 b ( resi/ance 9 a p>ticul> direction2 ! idea ( direction1 !re=e1 is includ$ 9 x1 & 9 t are involv$ ! ideas ( ext5sion1 & ( place & motion1 "s ( ! mo/ complicat$ ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 #ib ,! ideas ( h>dness & ext5sion h be5 s uni=mly reg>d$ z simple1 t ! greate/ metaphysicians h set !m d[n z ! copies ( simple s5sations ( t\*4 ,h>tley & ,d>w91 71 ,i believe1 ! fir/ :o ?\ght ( assign+ to !m a diff]5t orig94 ,we call a ?+ h>d1 because x resi/s compression1 or sep>ation ( p>ts2 t is1 because to compress x1 or sep>ate x into p>ts1 :at we call muscul> =ce is requir$4 ,! idea1 !n1 ( muscul> action1 & ( all ! feel+s :i* g to x1 are involv$ 9 ! idea ( h>dness4 ,! idea ( ext5sion is d]iv$ f ! muscul> feel+s 9 :at we call ! motion ( p>ts ( our own bodies2 z = example1 ! h&s4 ,i move my h& along a l9e2 ,i h c]ta9 s5sations2 on acc\nt ( ^! s5sations1 ,i call ! l9e long1 or ext5d$4 ,! idea ( l9es 9 ! direction ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 con/itutes ! g5]al idea ( ext5sion4 ,9 ! idea ( ext5sion1 !re are includ$ ?ree ( ! mo/ complex ( our ideas2 motion2 "t1 :i* is includ$ 9 motion2 & space1 :i* is includ$ 9 direction4 ,we are n yet prep>$ to expla9 ! simple ideas :i* compose ! v complex ideas1 ( motion1 space1 & "t2 x is en\gh at pres5t to h %ewn1 t 9 ! idea ( ext5sion1 :i* appe>s s v simple1 a great numb] ( ideas are nev]!less includ$2 & t ?is is a case ( t comb9ation ( ideas 9 ! high] degrees ( association1 9 :i* ! simple ideas are s intimately bl5d$1 z to h ! appe>ance1 n ( a complex1 b ( a simple idea4 ,x is to ?is great law ( association1 t we trace #ic ! =mation ( our ideas ( :at we call ext]nal objects2 t is1 ! ideas ( a c]ta9 numb] ( s5sations1 receiv$ toge!r s frequ5tly t !y coalesce z x 71 & are spok5 ( "u ! idea ( unity4 ,h5ce1 :at we call ! idea ( a tree1 ! idea ( a /one1 ! idea ( a horse1 ! idea ( a man4 ,9 us+ ! names1 tree1 horse1 man1 ! names ( :at ,i call objects1 ,i am ref]r+1 & c be ref]r+1 only to my own s5sations2 9 fact1 !re=e1 only nam+ a c]ta9 numb] ( s5sations1 reg>d$ z 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( comb9ation2 t is1 concomitance4 ,p>ticul> s5sations ( sight1 ( t\*1 ( ! muscles1 are ! s5sations1 to ! ideas ( :i*1 col\r1 ext5sion1 r\ghness1 h>dness1 smoo?ness1 ta/e1 smell1 s coalesc+ z to appe> "o idea1 ,i give ! "n1 idea ( a tree4 ,to ?is case ( high association1 ?is bl5d+ toge!r ( _m ideas1 9 s close a comb9ation t !y appe> n _m ideas1 b "o idea1 we owe1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds m fully expla91 ! p[] ( classification1 & all ! advantages ( language4 ,x is obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ( ! greate/ mom5t1 t ?is important ph5om5on %\ld be well und]/ood4 #i4 ,"s ideas are by frequ5cy & /r5g? ( association s closely comb9$1 t !y _c be sep>at$4 ,if "o exi/s1 ! o!r exi/s along ) x1 9 spite ( :atev] ef=t we make to disjo9 !m4 ,= example2 x is n 9 our p[] to ?9k ( col\r1 )\t ?9k+ ( ext5sion2 or ( solidity1 )\t figure4 ,we h se5 col\r con/antly 9 comb9ation ) ext5sion1 spread1 z x 71 ^u a #id surface4 ,we h nev] se5 x except 9 ?is connection4 ,col\r & ext5sion h be5 inv>iably conjo9$4 ,! idea ( col\r1 !re=e1 uni=mly comes into ! m9d1 br++ t ( ext5sion along ) x2 & s close is ! association1 t x is n 9 our p[] to dissolve x4 ,we _c1 if we w1 ?9k ( col\r1 b 9 comb9ation ) ext5sion4 ,! "o idea calls up ! o!r1 & reta9s x1 s long z ! o!r is reta9$4 ,?is great law ( our nature is illu/rat$ 9 a mann] equally /rik+1 by ! connection betwe5 ! ideas ( solidity & figure4 ,we nev] h ! s5sations f :i* ! idea ( solidity is d]iv$1 b 9 conjunction ) ! s5sations :5ce ! idea ( figure is d]iv$4 ,if we h&le any ?+ solid1 x is always ei!r r\nd1 squ>e1 or ( "s o!r =m4 ,! ideas correspond ) ! s5sations4 ,if ! idea ( solidity rises1 t ( figure rises along ) x4 ,! idea ( figure :i* rises1 is1 ( c\rse1 m obscure ?an t ( ext5sion2 because1 figures be+ innum]able1 ! g5]al idea is exce$+ly complex1 & h5ce1 ( necessity1 obscure4 ,b1 su* z x is1 ! idea ( figure is always pres5t :5 t ( solidity is pres5t2 nor c we1 by any ef=t1 ?9k ( ! "o )\t ?9k+ ( ! o!r at ! same "t4 ,( all ! cases ( ?is important law ( association1 !re is none m extraord9>y ?an :at "s philosoph]s h call$1 ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( sight4 ,:5 ,i lift my eyes f ! pap] on :i* ,i am writ+1 ,i see ! *airs1 & tables1 & walls ( my room1 ea* ( its prop] %ape1 & at its prop] #ie di/ance4 ,i see1 f my w9d[1 trees1 & mead[s1 & horses1 & ox51 & di/ant hills4 ,i see ea* ( its prop] size1 ( its prop] =m1 & at its prop] di/ance2 & ^! p>ticul>s appe> z imm$iate in=mations ( ! eye1 z ! col\rs :i* ,i see by means ( x4 ,yet1 philosophy has asc]ta9$1 t we d]ive no?+ f ! eye :atev]1 b s5sations ( col\r2 t ! idea ( ext5sion1 9 :i* size1 & =m1 & di/ance are includ$1 is d]iv$ f s5sations1 n 9 ! eye1 b 9 ! muscul> "p ( our frame4 ,h[1 !n1 is x1 t we receive accurate in=mation1 by ! eye1 ( size1 & %ape1 & di/ance8 ,by association m]ely4#bi ,ba9's footnote #bi3 ,we d]ive ?r\gh ! eye 7#a7 s5sations ( light 9 its v>i\s degrees1 & ( col\rs & _! %ades2 7#b7 visible =m & visible magnitude1 toge!r ) _! *anges2 & also visible movem5ts4 ,! second gr\p ( feel+s dep5ds on ! movem5ts ( ! eyes2 & !y are feel+s ( activity1 or ( muscul> exp5diture4 ,we h1 besides1 a c]ta9 int]nal muscul> s5sibility to ! alt]ations ( ! eye ball 9 adju/+ = di/ance--,b4 ,! col\rs ^u a body are diff]5t1 accord+ to its figure1 its di/ance1 & its size4 ,b ! s5sations ( col\r1 & :at we may "h1 = brevity1 call ! s5sations 99( ext5sion1 ( figure1 ( di/ance1 h be5 s (t5 unit$1 felt 9 conjunction1 t ! s5sation ( ! col\r is nev] exp]i5c$ )\t rais+ ! ideas ( ! ext5sion1 ! figure1 ! di/ance1 9 su* intimate union ) x1 t !y n only _c be sep>at$1 b are actually suppos$ to be se54 ,! sight1 z x is call$1 ( figure1 or #if di/ance1 appe>+1 z x does1 a simple s5sation1 is 9 reality a complex /ate ( consci\sness2 a sequ5ce1 9 :i* ! antec$5t1 a s5sation ( col\r1 & ! consequ5t1 a numb] ( ideas1 are s closely comb9$ by association1 t !y appe> n "o idea1 b "o s5sation4 ,"s p]sons1 by ! folly ( ^? ab\t !m1 9 e>ly life1 h =m$ associations betwe5 ! s\nd ( ?und]1 & dang] to _! lives4 ,!y are accord+ly 9 a /ate ( agitation dur+ a ?und] /orm4 ,! s\nd ( ! ?und] calls up ! idea ( dang]1 & no ef=t !y c make1 no reason+ !y c use ) !mselves1 to %[ h[ small ! *ance t !y w be h>m$1 emp[]s !m to dissolve ! spell1 to break ! association1 & deliv] !mselves f ! torm5t+ idea1 :ile ! s5sation or ! expectation ( x rema9s4 ,ano!r v famili> illu/ration may be adduc$4 ,"s p]sons h :at is call$ an antipa?y to a spid]1 a toad1 or a rat4 ,^! feel+s g5]ally orig9ate 9 "s e>ly fright4 ,! idea ( dang] has be5 on "s occasion s int5sely excit$ along ) ! t\* or sight ( ! animal1 & h5ce ! association s /rongly =m$1 t x _c be dissolv$4 ,! s5sation1 9 spite ( !m1 excites ! idea1 & produces ! uneas9ess :i* ! idea imports4 ,! foll[+ ( "o idea aft] ano!r idea1 or aft] a s5sation1 s c]ta9ly t we _c prev5t ! comb9ation1 nor avoid hav+ ! consequ5t feel+ z (t5 z we h ! antec$5t1 is a law ( association1 ! op]ation ( :i* we %all aft]w>ds f9d to be ext5sive1 & be>+ a pr9cipal "p 9 #ig "s ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 ,z !re are "s ideas s intimately bl5d$ by association1 t x is n 9 our p[] to sep>ate !m2 !re seem to be o!rs1 :i* x is n 9 our p[] to comb9e4 ,dr4 ,br[n1 9 expos+ "s errors ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ) respect to ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( sight1 obs]ves3 ,i _c bl5d my notions ( ! two surfaces1 a plane1 & a convex1 z "o surface1 bo? plane & convex1 m ?an ,i c ?9k ( a :ole :i* is less ?an a fraction ( itself1 or a squ>e ( :i* ! sides are n equal4 ,! case1 "h1 appe>s to be1 t a /rong association excludes :atev] is opposite to x4 ,i _c associate ! two ideas ( assafoetida1 & ! ta/e ( sug>4 ,:y8 ,because ! idea ( assafoetida is s /rongly associat$ ) ! idea ( ano!r ta/e1 t ! idea ( t o!r ta/e rises 9 comb9ation ) ! idea ( assafoetida1 & ( c\rse ! idea ( sug> does n rise4 ,i h "o idea associat$ ) ! ^w pa94 ,:y c ,i n associate pleasure ) ! ^w pa98 ,because ano!r indissoluble association spr+s up1 & excludes x4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 only a case ( indissoluble association2 b "o ( mu* importance1 z we %all f9d :5 we come to ! exposition ( "s ( ! m complicat$ ( our m5tal ph5om5a4#cj ,editor's footnote #cj3 ,"s fur!r elucidation seems ne$ful ( :at is "h said1 9 s summ>y a mann]1 respect+ ideas :i* x is n 9 our p[] to comb9e3 an inability :i* x is ess5tial to ! analysis ( "s ( ! m complex ph5om5a ( m9d t we %\ld und]/& ! mean+ (4 ,! explanation is indicat$1 b h>dly m ?an indicat$1 9 ! text4 ,x seems to foll[ f ! univ]sal law ( association1 t any idea c\ld be associat$ ) any o!r idea1 if ! correspond+ s5sations1 or ev5 ! ideas !mselves1 7 pres5t$ 9 juxtaposition ) suffici5t frequ5cy4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re are ideas :i* _c be associat$ ) ea* o!r1 x mu/ be because !re is some?+ t prev5ts ?is juxtaposition4 ,two conditions h5ce appe> to be requir$1 to r5d] ideas incapable ( comb9ation4 ,fir/1 ! s5sations mu/ be incapable ( be+ _h toge!r4 ,if we _c associate ! ta/e ( assafoetida ) ! ta/e ( sug>1 x is impli$1 t we _c h ! ta/e ( assafoetida along ) ! ta/e ( sug>4 ,if we c\ld1 a suffici5t exp]i5ce w\ld enable u to associate ! ideas4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is "o necess>y condition ( ! impossibility ( associat+ c]ta9 ideas ) "o ano!r4 ,b ?is condition1 ?\gh necess>y1 is n suffici5t4 ,we are b too capable ( associat+ ideas toge!r ?\gh ! correspond+ ext]nal facts are really incompatible4 ,9 ! case ( _m errors1 prejudices1 & sup]/itions1 two ideas are s closely & ob/9ately associat$1 t ! man _c1 at lea/ = ! "t1 help believ+ t ! association repres5ts a real coexi/5ce or sequ5ce betwe5 outw>d facts1 ?\gh su* coexi/5ce or sequ5ce may contradict a positive law ( ! physical _w4 ,!re is !re=e a fur!r condition requir$ to r5d] two ideas unassociable1 & ?is is1 t "o ( !m %all be already associat$ ) "s idea :i* excludes ! o!r4 ,?us f> ! analysis is c>ri$ 9 ! au?or's text4 ,b ! "q rema9s1 :at ideas exclude "o ano!r8 ,on c>eful consid]ation ,i c only f9d "o case ( su* exclusion3 :5 "o ( ! ideas ei!r conta9s1 or raises up by association1 ! idea ( ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4 ,i am aw>e ( no case ( absolute incompatibility ( ?\ght or ( imag9ation1 except betwe5 ! pres5ce ( some?+ & its abs5ce2 betwe5 an affirmative & ! correspond+ negative4 ,if an idea irresi/ibly raises up ! idea ( ! abs5ce ( a c]ta9 s5sation1 x _c become associat$ ) ! idea ( t s5sation2 = x is impossible to comb9e toge!r 9 ! same m5tal repres5tation1 ! pres5ce ( a s5sation & its abs5ce4 ,we are n yet1 h[ev]1 at ! end ( ! difficulty2 = x may be object$1 t ! idea ( ! abs5ce ( any?+ is ! idea ( a negation1 ( a nullity2 & ! idea ( no?+ mu/ itself be no?+--no idea at all4 ,?is objection has impos$ ^u m ?an "o metaphysician2 b ! solution ( ! p>adox is v simple4 ,! idea ( ! pres5ce ( a s5sation is ! idea ( ! s5sation itself along ) c]ta9 accompany+ circum/ances3 ! idea ( ! abs5ce ( ! s5sation is ! idea ( ! same accompany+ circum/ances )\t ! s5sation4 ,= example3 my idea ( a body is ! idea ( a feel+ ( resi/ance1 accompany+ a c]ta9 muscul> action ( my own1 say ( my h&2 my idea ( no body1 9 o!r words1 ( empty space1 is ! idea ( ! same or a simil> muscul> action ( my own1 n att5d$ by any feel+ ( resi/ance4 ,nei!r ( ^! is an idea ( a m]e negation2 bo? are positive m5tal repres5tations3 b inasmu* z "o ( !m includes ! negation ( some?+ positive :i* is an actual "p ( ! o!r1 !y are mutually incompatible3 & any idea :i* is s associat$ ) "o ( !m z to recall x in/antly & irresi/ibly1 is incapable ( be+ associat$ ) ! o!r4 ,! in/ance cit$ by ! au?or f ,dr4 ,br[n1 is a good illu/ration ( ! law4 ,we c associate ! ideas ( a plane & ( a convex surface z two surfaces side by side2 b we _c fuse ! two m5tal images into "o1 & repres5t to ourselves ! v same s]ies ( po9ts giv+ u ! s5sations we receive f a plane surface & ^? we receive f a convex surface bo? at once4 ,t ?is _c b be s1 is a coroll>y f ! elem5t>y law ( association4 ,n only has no in/ance ev] occurr$ 9 our exp]i5ce ( a surface :i* gave u at ! same mom5t bo? ^! sets ( s5sations2 b :5ev] 9 our exp]i5ce a surface orig9ally plane1 came to give u ! s5sations we receive f a convex surface 7z = in/ance :5 we b5d a flat %eet ( pap]71 x1 at ! v same mom5t1 ceas$ to be1 or to appe>1 a plane4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! "o set ( s5sations has always be5 simultane\s ) ! cessation ( ! o!r set1 & ?is exp]i5ce1 n be+ affect$ by any *ange ( circum/ances1 has ! con/ancy & inv>iability ( a law ( nature4 ,x =ms a correspond+ly /rong association2 & we become unable to h an idea ( ei!r set ( s5sations1 ^? ( plan5ess or ^? ( convexity1 )\t hav+ ! idea ( ! disappe>ance ( ! o!r set1 if !y exi/$ previ\sly4 ,i believe x w be f\nd t all ! m5tal incompatibilities1 ! impossibilities ( ?\ght1 ( :i* s mu* is made by a c]ta9 class ( metaphysicians1 c be acc\nt$ = 9 a simil> mann]4--,ed4 #ih #aj4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s 9 our associat$ feel+s1 t ! antec$5t is ( no importance #ii f>!r ?an z x introduces ! consequ5t4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! consequ5t absorbs all ! att5tion1 #ajj & ! antec$5t is in/antly =gott54 ,( ?is a v intelligible illu/ration is af=d$ by :at happ5s 9 ord9>y disc\rse4 ,a fri5d arrives f a di/ant c\ntry1 & br+s me ! fir/ intellig5ce ( ! la/ illness1 ! la/ words1 ! la/ acts1 & dea? ( my son4 ,! s\nd ( ! voice1 ! articulation ( e ^w1 makes its s5sation 9 my e>2 b x is to ! ideas t my att5tion flies4 ,x is my son t is be=e me1 suff]+1 act+1 speak+1 dy+4 ,! words :i* h introduc$ ! ideas1 & k9dl$ ! affections1 h be5 z little he$$1 z ! respiration :i* has be5 accel]at$1 :ile ! ideas 7 receiv$4 ,x is important 9 respect to ?is case ( association #aja to rem>k1 t !re are l>ge classes ( our s5sations1 su* z _m ( ^? 9 ! alim5t>y duct1 & _m 9 ! n]v\s & vascul> sy/ems1 :i* s]ve1 z antec$5ts1 to introduce ideas1 z consequ5ts2 b z ! consequ5ts are f> m int]e/+ ?an !mselves1 & imm$iately absorb ! att5tion1 ! antec$5ts are habitually ov]look$2 & ?\gh !y ex]cise1 by ! tra9s :i* !y introduce1 a great influ5ce on our happ9ess or mis]y1 !y !mselves are g5]ally :olly unkn[n4 ,t !re are connections betwe5 our ideas & c]ta9 /ates ( ! int]nal organs1 is prov$ by _m famili> in/ances4 ,?us1 anxiety1 9 mo/ p1 disord]s ! dige/ion4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t ! int]nal feel+s :i* accompany indige/ion1 %\ld excite ! ideas :i* prevail 9 a /ate ( anxiety4 ,fe>1 9 mo/ p1 accel]ates1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! v]micul> motion ( ! inte/9es4 ,!re is an association1 !re=e1 betwe5 c]ta9 /ates ( ! inte/9es1 & t]rible ideas2 & ?is is suffici5tly confirm$ by ! horrible dreams to :i* m5 are subject f indige/ion2 & ! hypo*ondria1 m or less afflict+1 :i* almo/ always accompanies c]ta9 morbid /ates ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,! grateful food :i* excites pleasurable s5sations 9 ! m\?1 cont9ues !m 9 ! /oma*2 &1 z pleasures excite ideas ( _! causes1 & ^! ( simil> causes1 & causes excite ideas ( _! effects1 & s on1 tra9s ( pleasurable ideas take _! orig9 f pleasurable s5sations 9 ! /oma*4 ,uneasy s5sations 9 ! /oma*1 produce analog\s effects4 ,disagreeable s5sations are #ajb associat$ ) disagreeable circum/ances3 a tra9 is introduc$1 9 :i*1 "o pa9ful idea foll[+ ano!r1 comb9ations1 to ! la/ degree afflictive1 are sometimes introduc$1 & ! suff]] is altoge!r ov]:elm$ by dismal associations4#ca #cb ,ba9's footnote #ca3 ,!re is m ?an association 9 ! case "h suppos$4 ,fe>1 anxiety1 & pa9ful emotions g5]ally1 cause disord] 9 ! dige/ive & o!r vital functions1 z a "p ( _! nature4 ,e m5tal /ate c be prov$ to h its c\nt]p>t physical /ate2 joy1 sorr[1 fe>1 are ea* embodi$ 9 a di/9ct gr\p ( physical effects 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! muscul> movem5ts1 & ! organic processes4 ,! physical side ( agreeable emotions1 z a rule1 is a height5$ tone ( ! purely animal functions4 ,! physical side ( fe> is a complicat$ s]ies ( effects1 "o ( !m be+ ! depression ( ! organic processes1 dige/ion among ! re/4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 x m or less resembles sev]e pa91 sorr[1 %ame1 remorse1 & o!r /ates1 *>act]is$ by ! g5]al phrase depress+ passions2 ! depression be+ bo? m5tal & physical4 ,! reciprocal ag5cy describ$ 9 ! text1 :]eby ! pa9ful s5sations ( indige/ion induce fe>1 is n dep5d5t on ! association ( ideas1 b on ! deep connections ( ! emotional /ates ) "o ano!r1 ?r\gh _! physical accompanim5ts4 ,a pa9ful feel+ ( indige/ion has mu* 9 common ) /ates ( depression due to m5tal causes1 z1 = example1 ! %ock ( a mis=tune1 fe>1 sorr[1 & ! l4 ,f ?is alliance x fav\rs ! ideas ( depress+ /ates4 ,x does m2 x directly r$uces t vigor\s tone ( ! sy/em1 :i* is ! support ( ! c\rage\s & sangu9e disposition2 & h5ce1 surr5d]s ! m9d an easy prey to any *ance inc5tive ( al>m or anxiety4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #cb3 ,! law ( association laid d[n 9 ?is section ranks among ! pr9cipal ( :at may be t]m$ ! laws ( ,oblivisc5ce4 ,x is "o ( ! wide/ 9 its action1 & mo/ important 9 its consequ5ces ( all ! laws ( ! m9d2 & ! m]it ( ! au?or1 9 ! l>ge use he makes ( x is v great1 z1 ?\gh x is ! key t unlocks _m ( ! m my/]i\s ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 x is among ! lea/ famili> ( ! m5tal laws1 & is n only ov]look$ by ! great majority ( psy*ologi/s1 b "s1 o!rwise ( m]it1 seem unable to see & und]/& ! law aft] any quantity ( explanation4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1 ( ! examples by :i* ! au?or illu/rates ?is law1 is n m>k$ by 8 usual felicity4 ,its %ortcom+s are po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,ba9 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,! int]nal feel+s 7says ! au?or7 :i* accompany indige/ion1 introduce tra9s ( ideas 7z 9 ! case ( horrible dreams1 & ( hypo*ondria7 :i* are acutely pa9ful1 & may embitt] ! :ole exi/5ce1 :ile ! s5sations !mselves1 be+ comp>atively ( little int]e/1 are unhe$$ & =gott54 ,x is true t ! s5sations 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 directly produc$ by indige/ion1 ?\gh 7z e "o kn[s7 9 "s cases int5se1 are 9 o!rs s slight z n to fix ! att5tion1 & yet may be foll[$ by melan*oly tra9s ( ?\ght1 ! connection ( :i* ) ! /ate ( ! dige/ion may be entirely unobs]v$3 b by f> ! mo/ probable supposition appe>s to be1 t ^! pa9ful tra9s are n excit$ by ! s5sations1 b t !y & ! s5sations are jo9t or successive effects ( a common organic cause4 ,x is difficult to compreh5d h[ ^! obscure s5sations c excite ! di/ress+ tra9s ( ideas by ! laws ( association2 = :at opportunity h ^! s5sations usually _h ( becom+ associat$1 ei!r syn*ron\sly or successively1 ) ^? ideas8 ,! explanation1 9 ! text1 ( ?is difficulty1 seems surpris+ly insuffici5t4 ,anxiety1 9 mo/ p1 disord]s ! dige/ion2 & consequ5tly1 accord+ to ! au?or1 ! s5sations ( indige/ion excite ! ideas :i* prevail 9 a /ate ( anxiety4 ,if t 7 ! true explanation1 ! only p]sons ) :om indige/ion w\ld depress ! spirits1 w\ld be ^? :o _h suff]$ previ\s depression ( spirits1 suffici5t 9 duration & int5sity to disord] ! dige/ion1 & to keep x disord]$ long en\gh to effect a close & insep>able cohesion betwe5 ev5 v slight s5sations ( indige/ion & pa9ful ideas excit$ by o!r causes4 ,surely ?is is n ! fact4 ,! !ory has a true application 9 ! case ( ! confirm$ hypo*ondriac4 ,:5 ! s5sations h be5 repeat$ly exp]i5c$ along ) ! melan*oly tra9s ( ?\ght1 a direct association is likely to gr[ up betwe5 ! two2 & :5 ?is has be5 effect$1 ! fir/ t\* ( ! s5sations may br+ back 9 full measure ! mis]able m5tal /ate :i* _h coexi/$ ) !m1 ?us increas+ n only ! frequ5cy ( its recurr5ce1 b1 by ! conjunction ( two excit+ causes1 ! int5sity ( ! mis]y4 ,b ! orig9 ( ! /ate mu/ be look$ = else:]e1 & is probably to be s\ght 9 physiology4 ,! o!r example 9 ! text seems /ill less relevant4 ,fe> t5ds to accel]ate ! p]i/altic motion1 !re=e !re is a connection betwe5 c]ta9 /ates ( ! inte/9es & t]rible ideas4 ,to make ?is available = ! au?or's purpose1 ! consequ5ce ( ! connection ought to be1 t accel]ation ( ! p]i/altic motion excites ideas ( t]ror4 ,b does x8 ,! /ate ( indige/ion *>act]i/ic ( hypo*ondria is n loos5ess ( ! b[els1 b is commonly att5d$ ) ! exact opposite4 ,! au?or's usual acut5ess ( disc]nm5t seems to h be51 9 ^! cases1 blunt$ by an unwill+ness to admit ! possibility t ideas z well z s5sations may be directly affect$ by mat]ial conditions4 ,b if1 z he admits1 ideas h a direct action on our bodily organs1 a prima facie case is made out = ! localization ( our ideas1 equally ) our s5sations1 9 "s "p ( our bodily sy/em2 & !re is at lea/ no antec$5t presumption aga9/ ! supposition t ! action may be reciprocal--t z ideas sometimes d]ange ! organic functions1 s d]angem5ts ( organic functions may sometimes modify ! tra9s ( our ideas by _! own physical action on ! bra9 & n]ves1 & n ?r\gh ! associations connect$ ) ! s5sations !y excite4--,ed4 #ajc ,9 illu/ration ( ! fact1 t s5sations & ideas1 :i* are ess5tial to "s ( ! mo/ important #ajd op]ations ( our m9ds1 s]ve only z antec$5ts to m important consequ5ts1 & are !mselves s #aje habitually ov]look$1 t _! exi/5ce is unkn[n1 we may recur to ! rem>kable case :i* we h j expla9$1 ( ! ideas introduc$ by ! s5sations ( sight4 ,! m9ute gradations ( col\r1 :i* accompany v>ieties ( ext5sion1 figure1 & di/ance1 are insignificant4 ,! figure1 ! size1 ! di/ance1 !mselves1 on ! o!r h&1 are matt]s ( ! greate/ importance4 ,! fir/ hav+ introduc$ ! la/1 _! "w is done4 ,! consequ5ts rema9 ! sole objects ( att5tion1 ! antec$5ts are =gott52 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 n completely2 9 o!r in/ances1 s completely1 t !y _c be recognis$4#cc #cd ,ba9's footnote #cc3 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable case ( s5sations ov]look$ on _! own acc\nt1 & consid]$ only z a means ( sugge/+ some?+ else1 is ! visual1 or ret9al1 magnitude ( objects se5 by ! eye4 ,?is is probably ! mo/ delicate s5sibility )9 ! compass ( ! m9d2 & yet we habitually disreg>d x = all ?+s ne> u1 & use x solely = p]ceiv+ real magnitude z e/imat$ by our locomotive & o!r memb]s4 ,! visual magnitude ( a table1 or o!r article 9 a room1 is nev] ?\ght ( = itself2 al?\gh incessantly fluctuat+ we nev] ?9k ( ! fluctuations2 we pass f ^! to ! "o con/ant p]ception1 nam$ ! true or real magnitude4 ,x is only = remote objects1 z ! sun & moon1 ! cl\ds1 ! di/ant hills1 t ! ret9al magnitude abides ) u 9 its own prop] "*4 ,9 look+ d[n a vi/a1 we may also be ar\s$ to ! feel+ ( ret9al magnitude4 ,= p]spective draw+1 x is necess>y t we %\ld arre/ ! /rong t5d5cy to pass f ! visible1 to ! real1 =ms & dim5sions ( ?+s4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #cd3 ,! read]1 x may be hop$1 is n[ famili> ) ! important psy*ological fact1 s p[]fully grasp$ & s disc]n+ly employ$ by ,h>tley & ! au?or ( ! ,analysis1--t :51 ?r\gh ! frequ5t repetition ( a s]ies ( s5sations1 ! correspond+ tra9 ( ideas ru%es ?r\gh ! m9d ) extreme rapidity1 "s ( ! l9ks are apt to disappe> f consci\sness z completely z if !y _h nev] =m$ "p ( ! s]ies4 ,x has be5 a subject ( dispute among philosoph]s :i* ( ?ree ?+s takes place 9 ?is case4 ,d ! lo/ ideas pass ?r\gh ! m9d )\t consci\sness8 ,d !y pass consci\sly ?r\gh ! m9d & are !y !n in/antly =gott58 ,or d !y nev] come into ! m9d at all1 be+1 z x 71 ov]leap$ & press$ out by ! ru% ( ! subsequ5t ideas8 ,x w\ld seem1 at fir/ sight1 t ! fir/ & ?ird suppositions involve impossibilities1 & t ! second1 !re=e1 is ! only "o :i* we are at lib]ty to adopt4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 x may be said--,h[ c we h a feel+ )\t feel+ x1 9 o!r words1 )\t be+ consci\s ( x8 ,) reg>d to ! ?ird1 h[1 x may be ask$1 c any l9k ( ! *a9 h be5 altoge!r abs5t1 ?r\gh ! pressure ( ! subsequ5t l9ks8 ,! subsequ5t ideas are only !re because call$ up by x1 & w\ld n h aris5 at all unless x _h aris5 fir/1 h[ev] %ort a "t x may h la/$4 ,^! argum5ts seem /rong1 b are n s /rong z !y seem4 ,9 fav\r ( ! fir/ supposition1 t feel+s may be unconsci\sly pres5t1 v>i\s facts & argum5ts are adduc$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton 9 8 ,lectures2 b ,i ?9k ,i h %ewn 9 ano!r "w1 t ! argum5ts are inconclusive1 & ! facts equally reconcilable ) ! second ( ! ?ree hypo!ses4 ,t a feel+ %\ld n be felt appe>s to me a contradiction bo? 9 words & 9 nature4 ,b1 ?\gh a feel+ _c exi/ )\t be+ felt1 ! organic /ate :i* is ! antec$5t ( x may exi/1 & ! feel+ itself n foll[4 ,?is happ5s1 ei!r if ! organic /ate is n ( suffici5t duration1 or if an organic /ate /rong] ?an itself1 & conflict+ ) x1 is affect+ u at ! same mom5t4 ,i hope to be excus$ = quot+ :at ,i h said else:]e on ?is subject 7,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 *4 #ae74 ,9 ! case1 = in/ance1 ( a soldi] :o receives a w\nd 9 battle1 b 9 ! excitem5t ( ! mom5t is n aw>e ( ! fact1 x is difficult n to believe t if ! w\nd _h be5 accompani$ by ! usual s5sation1 s vivid a feel+ w\ld h =c$ itself to be att5d$ to & rememb]$4 ,! supposition :i* seems mo/ probable is1 t ! n]ves ( ! p>ticul> "p 7 affect$ z !y w\ld h be5 by ! same cause 9 any o!r circum/ances1 b t1 ! n]v\s c5tres be+ int5sely occupi$ ) o!r impressions1 ! affection ( ! local n]ves did n rea* !m1 & no s5sation 0 excit$4 ,9 l mann]1 if we admit 7:at physiology is r5d]+ m & m probable7 t our m5tal feel+s1 z well z our s5sations1 h = _! physical antec$5ts p>ticul> /ates ( ! n]ves2 x may well be believ$ t ! app>5tly suppress$ l9ks 9 a *a9 ( association1 ^? :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton consid]s z lat5t1 really are s2 t !y are n1 ev5 mom5t>ily1 felt2 ! *a9 ( causation be+ cont9u$ only physically1 by "o organic /ate ( ! n]ves succe$+ ano!r s rapidly t ! /ate ( m5tal consci\sness appropriate to ea* is n produc$4 ,we h only to suppose1 ei!r t a n]v\s modification ( too %ort duration does n produce any s5sation or m5tal feel+ at all1 or t ! rapid succession ( diff]5t n]v\s modifications makes ! feel+s produc$ by !m int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 & become conf\nd$ 9 "o mass4 ,! =m] ( ^! suppositions is extremely probable1 :ile ( ! tru? ( ! latt] we h positive pro(4 ,an example ( x is ! exp]im5t :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton quot$ f ,mr4 ,mill1 & :i* _h be5 notic$ be=e ei!r ( !m by ,h>tley4 ,x is kn[n t ! sev5 prismatic col\rs1 comb9$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 produce ! :ite light ( ! sol> ray4 ,n[1 if ! sev5 col\rs are pa9t$ on spaces be>+ ! same proportion to "o ano!r z 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & ! col\r$ surface s produc$ is pass$ rapidly be=e ! eyes1 z by ! turn+ ( a :eel1 ! :ole is se5 z :ite4 ,! physiological explanation ( ?is ph5om5on may be d$uc$ f ano!r common exp]im5t4 ,if a light$ tor*1 or a b> heat$ to lum9\sness1 is wav$ rapidly be=e ! eye1 ! appe>ance produc$ is t ( a ribbon ( light2 :i* is univ]sally und]/ood to prove t ! visual s5sation p]si/s = a c]ta9 %ort "t aft] its cause has ceas$4 ,n[1 if ?is happ5s ) a s+le col\r1 x w happ5 ) a s]ies ( col\rs3 & if ! :eel on :i* ! prismatic col\rs h be5 pa9t$1 is turn$ ) ! same rapidity ) :i* ! tor* 0 wav$1 ea* ( ! sev5 s5sations ( col\r w la/ long en\gh to be contemporane\s ) all ! o!rs1 & !y w naturally produce by _! comb9ation ! same col\r z if !y _h1 f ! beg9n+1 be5 excit$ simultane\sly4 ,if any?+ simil> to ?is obta9s 9 our consci\sness g5]ally 7& t x obta9s 9 _m cases ( consci\sness !re c be no d\bt7 x w foll[ t :5ev] ! organic modifications ( our n]v\s fibres succe$ "o ano!r at an int]val %ort] ?an ! duration ( ! s5sations or o!r feel+s correspond+ to !m1 ^? s5sations or feel+s w1 s to speak1 ov]lap "o ano!r1 & becom+ simultane\s in/ead ( successive1 w bl5d into a /ate ( feel+1 probably z unlike ! elem5ts out ( :i* x is eng5d]$1 z ! col\r :ite is unlike ! prismatic col\rs4 ,& ?is may be ! s\rce ( _m ( ^? /ates ( int]nal or m5tal feel+ :i* we _c di/9ctly ref] to a prototype 9 exp]i5ce1 our exp]i5ce only supply+ ! elem5ts f :i*1 by ?is k9d ( m5tal *emi/ry1 !y are compos$4 ,! elem5t>y feel+s may !n be said to be lat5tly pres5t1 or to be pres5t b n 9 consci\sness4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 is t ! feel+s !mselves are n pres5t1 consci\sly or lat5tly1 b t ! n]v\s modifications :i* are _! usual antec$5ts h be5 pres5t1 :ile ! consequ5ts h be5 fru/rat$1 & ano!r consequ5t has be5 produc$ in/ead4 ,9 ?is modifi$ =m1 !re=e1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree hypo!ses may possibly be true4 ,let u n[ consid] ! ?ird1 t ( ! entire elision ( "s ( ! ideas :i* =m ! associat$ tra94 ,?is supposition seem$ to be inadmissible1 because ! loss ( any l9k w\ld1 x 0 suppos$1 cause ! *a9 itself to break (f at t po9t4 ,to make ! hypo!sis possible1 x is only1 h[ev]1 necess>y to suppose1 t1 :ile ! association is acquir+ ! promptitude & rapidity :i* x ultimately atta9s1 ea* ( ! successive ideas abides = a brief int]val 9 our consci\sness aft] x has already call$ up ! idea :i* is to succe$ x4 ,ea* idea 9 ! s]ies1 ?\gh introduc$1 n by syn*ron\s1 b by successive association1 is ?us1 dur+ a "p ( its cont9uance1 syn*ron\s ) ! idea :i* introduc$ x3 & z ! rapidity ( ! sugge/ions increases by /ill fur!r repetition1 an idea may become syn*ron\s ) ano!r :i* 0 orig9ally n ev5 contigu\s to x1 b sep>at$ f x by an int]v5+ l9k2 or may come into imm$iate in/ead ( m$iate sequ5ce ) su* an idea4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! /ates ( ?+s has cont9u$ = "s "t1 a direct association ( ! syn*ron\s or ( ! successive k9d w be g5]at$ betwe5 two ideas :i* are n proximate l9ks 9 ! *a92 ,a w acquire a direct p[] ( excit+ ,c1 indep5d5tly ( ! int]v5+ idea ,b4 ,if1 !n1 ,b is mu* less int]e/+ ?an ,c1 & especially if ,b is ( no importance at all 9 itself1 b only by excit+ ,c1 & has !re=e no?+ to make ! m9d dwell on x aft] ,c has be5 rea*$1 ! association ( ,a ) ,c is likely to become /rong] ?an t ( ,a ) ,b3 ,c w be habitually excit$ directly by ,a2 z ! m9d runs (f to ! fur!r ideas sugge/$ by ,c1 ,b w cease to be excit$ at all2 & ! tra9 ( association1 l a /ream :i* break+ ?\gh its bank cuts (f a b5d 9 its c\rse1 w !nce=? fl[ 9 ! direct l9e ,,ac1 omitt+ ,b4 ,?is supposition acc\nts m plausibly ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs = ! truly wond]ful rapidity ( ?\ght1 s9ce x does n make s l>ge a dem& z ! o!r !ories on our ability to believe t a prodigi\s numb] ( diff]5t ideas c successively ru% ?r\gh ! m9d 9 an in/ant too %ort = measurem5t4 ,! result is1 t all ! ?ree !ories ( ?is m5tal process seem to be q possible2 & x is n unlikely t ea* ( !m may be ! real process 9 "s cases1 ei!r 9 diff]5t p]sons1 or 9 ! same p]sons "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,i c only remit ! "q to future psy*ologi/s1 :o may be able to contrive crucial exp]im5ts = decid+ among ^! v>i\s possibilities4--,ed4 #ajf #aa4 ,mr4 ,hume1 & aft] him o!r philosoph]s1 h said t our ideas are associat$ accord+ to #ajg ?ree pr9ciples2 ,contiguity 9 "t & place1 ,causation1 & ,resemblance4 ,! ,contiguity 9 "t & #ajh place1 mu/ mean1 t ( ! s5sations2 & s f> x is affirm$1 t ! ord] ( ! ideas foll[s t #aji ( ! s5sations4 ,contiguity ( two s5sations 9 "t1 means ! successive ord]4 ,contiguity ( two #aaj s5sations 9 place1 means ! syn*ron\s ord]4 ,we h expla9$ ! mode 9 :i* ideas are associat$1 9 ! syn*ron\s1 z well z ! successive ord]1 & h trac$ ! pr9ciple ( contiguity to its prop] s\rce4 ,causation1 ! second ( ,mr4 ,hume's pr9ciples1 is ! same ) contiguity 9 "t1 or ! ord] ( succession4 ,causation is only a "n = ! ord] e/abli%$ betwe5 an antec$5t & a consequ5t2 t is1 ! e/abli%$ or con/ant antec$5ce ( ! "o1 #aaa & consequ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,resemblance only rema9s1 z an alleg$ pr9ciple ( association1 & x is necess>y to inquire :e!r x is includ$ 9 ! laws :i* h be5 above exp\nd$4 ,i believe x w be f\nd t we are accu/om$ to see l ?+s toge!r4 ,:5 we see a tree1 we g5]ally see m trees ?an "o2 :5 we see an ox1 we g5]ally see m ox5 ?an "o2 a %eep1 m %eep ?an "o2 a man1 m m5 ?an "o4 ,f ?is obs]vation1 ,i ?9k1 we may ref] resemblance to ! law ( frequ5cy1 ( :i* x seems to =m only a p>ticul> case4#ce ,editor's footnote #ce3 ,! reason assign$ by ! au?or = consid]+ association by resemblance z a case ( association by contiguity1 is p]haps ! lea/ successful attempt at a g5]alisation & simplification ( ! laws ( m5tal ph5om5a1 to be f\nd 9 ! "w4 ,x ought to be rememb]$ t ! au?or1 z ! text %[s1 atta*$ little importance to x4 ,& p]haps1 n ?9k+ x important1 he pass$ x ov] ) a less am\nt ( pati5t ?\ght ?an he usually be/[$ on 8 analyses4 ,objects1 he ?9ks1 rem9d u ( o!r objects resembl+ !m1 because we are accu/om$ to see l ?+s toge!r4 ,b we are also accu/om$ to see l ?+s sep>ate4 ,:5 two comb9ations incompatible ) "o ano!r are bo? realis$ 9 famili> exp]i5ce1 x requires a v great prepond]ance ( exp]i5ce on "o side to det]m9e ! association specially to ei!r4 ,we are also mu* accu/om$ to see unlike ?+s toge!r2 ,i d n mean ?+s contra/$1 b simply unlike4 ,unlik5ess1 !re=e1 n am\nt+ to contra/1 ought to be z mu* a cause ( association z lik5ess4 ,besides1 ! fact t :5 we see 7= in/ance7 a %eep1 we usually see m %eep ?an "o1 may cause u1 :5 we ?9k ( a %eep1 to ?9k ( an entire flock2 b x does n expla9 :y1 :5 we see a %eep ) a black m>k on its =ehead1 we are rem9d$ ( a %eep ) a simil> m>k1 =m]ly se51 ?\gh we nev] saw two su* %eep toge!r4 ,x does n expla9 :y a portrait makes u ?9k ( ! orig9al1 or :y a /rang] :om we see = ! fir/ "t rem9ds u ( a p]son ( simil> appe>ance :om we saw _m ye>s ago4 ,! law by :i* an object rem9ds u ( simil> objects :i* we h be5 us$ to see along ) x1 mu/ be a diff]5t law f t by :i* x rem9ds u ( simil> objects :i* we h n be5 us$ to see along ) x4 ,b x is ! same law by :i* x rem9ds u ( dissimil> objects :i* we h be5 us$ to see along ) x4 ,! sight ( a %eep1 if x rem9ds u ( a flock ( %eep1 probably by ! same law ( contiguity1 rem9ds u ( a mead[2 b x mu/ be by "s o!r law t x rem9ds u ( a s+le %eep previ\sly se51 & ( ! occasion on :i* we saw t s+le %eep4 ,! attempt to resolve association by resemblance into association by contiguity mu/ p]=ce be unsuccessful1 inasmu* z !re nev] c\ld h be5 association by contiguity )\t a previ\s association by resemblance4 ,:y does a s5sation receiv$ ?is in/ant rem9d me ( s5sations :i* ,i =m]ly _h 7z we commonly say71 along ) x8 ,i nev] _h !m along ) ?is v s5sation4 ,i nev] _h ?is s5sation until n[1 & c nev] h x aga94 ,i _h ! =m] s5sations 9 conjunction n ) x1 b ) a s5sation exactly l x4 ,& my pres5t s5sation c\ld n rem9d me ( ^? =m] s5sations unlike itself1 unless by fir/ rem9d+ me ( ! s5sation l itself1 :i* really did coexi/ ) !m4 ,!re is ?us a law ( association ant]ior to1 & presuppos$ by1 ! law ( contiguity3 namely1 t a s5sation t5ds to recall :at is call$ ! idea ( itself1 t is1 ! remembrance ( a s5sation l itself1 if su* has previ\sly be5 exp]i5c$4 ,?is is impli$ 9 :at we call recognis+ a s5sation1 z "o :i* has be5 felt be=e2 m correctly1 z undi/+ui%ably resembl+ "o :i* has be5 felt be=e4 ,! law 9 "q 0 sci5tifically enunciat$1 & includ$1 ,i believe = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! li/ ( ,laws ( ,association1 by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 "o ( ! ,diss]tations app5d$ to 8 edition ( ,reid3 b ! fact itself is recognis$ by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis1 9 v>i\s passages ( 8 "w2 m especially 9 ! second section ( ! f\rte5? *apt]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a sugge/ion by resemblance--a call+ up ( ! idea ( a pa/ s5sation by a pres5t s5sation l x--:i* n only does n dep5d on association by contiguity1 b is itself ! f\ndation :i* association by contiguity requires = its support4 ,:5 x is admitt$ t simple s5sations rem9d u ( "o ano!r by direct resemblance1 _m ( ! complex cases ( sugge/ion by resemblance may be analys$ into ?is elem5t>y case ( association by resemblance1 comb9$ ) an association by contiguity4 ,a fl[]1 = in/ance1 may rem9d u ( a =m] fl[] resembl+ x1 because ! pres5t fl[] exhibits to u c]ta9 qualities1 t is1 excites 9 u c]ta9 s5sations1 resembl+ & recall+ to our remembrance ^? we _h f ! =m] fl[]1 & ^! recall ! entire image ( ! fl[] by ! law ( association by contiguity4 ,b ?is explanation1 ?\gh x s]ves = _m cases ( complex ph5om5a sugge/+ "o ano!r by resemblance1 does n suffice = all4 ,=1 ! resemblance ( complex facts (t5 consi/s1 n solely1 or pr9cipally1 9 lik5ess betwe5 ! simple s5sations1 b f> m 9 lik5ess ( ! mann] ( _! comb9ation1 & x is (t5 by ?is1 r ?an by ! s+le features1 t !y recall "o ano!r4 ,aft] we _h se51 & well obs]v$1 a s+le triangle1 :5 we aft]w>ds saw a second !re c be little d\bt t x w\ld at once rem9d u ( ! fir/ by m]e resemblance4 ,b ! sugge/ion w\ld n dep5d on ! sides or on ! angles1 any or all ( !m2 = we might h se5 su* sides & su* angles uncomb9$1 or comb9$ into "s o!r figure4 ,! resemblance by :i* "o triangle recalls ! idea ( ano!r is n resemblance 9 ! p>ts1 b pr9cipally & emphatically 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>ts are put toge!r4 ,i am unable to see any mode 9 :i* ?is case ( sugge/ion c be acc\nt$ = by contiguity2 any mode1 at lea/1 :i* w\ld fit all cases ( ! k9d4--,ed4 #aab ,mr4 ,hume makes contra/ a pr9ciple ( association1 b n a sep>ate "o1 z he ?9ks x is comp\nd$ #aac ( ,resemblance & ,causation4 ,x is n necess>y = u to %[ t ?is is an unsatisfactory acc\nt #aad ( contra/4 ,x is only necess>y to obs]ve1 t1 z a case ( association1 x is n di/9ct f ^? :i* we h above expla9$4 ,a dw>f sugge/s ! idea ( a giant4 ,h[8 ,we call a dw>f a dw>f1 because he dep>ts f a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,we call a giant a giant1 because he dep>ts f ! same /&>d4 ,?is is a case1 !re=e1 ( resemblance1 t is1 ( frequ5cy4 ,pa9 is said to make u ?9k ( pleasure2 & ?is is consid]$ a case ( association by contra/4 ,!re is no d\bt t pa9 makes u ?9k ( relief f x2 because !y h be5 conjo9$1 & ! great vividness ( ! s5sations makes ! association /rong4 ,relief f pa9 is a species ( pleasure2 & "o pleasure leads to ?9k ( ano!r1 f ! resemblance4 ,?is is a comp\nd case1 !re=e1 ( vividness & frequ5cy4 ,all o!r cases ( contra/1 ,i believe1 may be exp\nd$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to be t$i\s 9 exp\nd+ ! obs]vations :i* ,i h ?us /at$2 = :e!r ! read] supposes t resemblance is1 or is n1 an orig9al pr9ciple ( association1 w n affect our future inve/igations4 #ab4 ,n only d simple ideas1 by /rong association1 run toge!r1 & =m complex ideas3 b a #aae complex idea1 :5 ! simple ideas :i* compose x h become s consolidat$ t x always appe>s z "o1 is capable ( ent]+ into comb9ations ) o!r ideas1 bo? simple & complex4 ,?us two complex ideas may be unit$ toge!r1 by a /rong association1 & coalesce into "o1 9 ! same mann] z two or m simple ideas coalesce into "o4 ,?is union ( two complex ideas into "o1 ,dr4 ,h>tley has call$ a duplex idea4#cg ,two also ( ^! duplex1 or d\bly comp\nd$ ideas1 may unite into "o2 & ^! aga9 into o!r comp\nds1 )\t end4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to m5tion1 t z two complex ideas unite to =m a duplex "o1 n only two1 b m ?an two may s unite2 & :at he calls a duplex idea may be comp\nd$ ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or any numb] ( complex ideas4 ,editor's footnote #cg3 ,i h be5 unable to trace 9 ,h>tley ! expression "h ascrib$ to him4 ,9 e passage t ,i c discov]1 ! "n he gives to a comb9ation ( two or m complex ideas is t ( a decomplex idea4--,ed4 ,"s ( ! mo/ famili> objects ) :i* we are acqua9t$ furni% in/ances ( ^! unions ( complex & duplex ideas4 ,brick is "o complex idea1 mort> is ano!r complex idea2 ^! ideas1 ) ideas ( position & quantity1 compose my idea ( a wall4 ,my idea ( a plank is a complex idea1 my idea ( a raft] is a complex idea1 my idea ( a nail is a complex idea4 ,^!1 unit$ ) ! same ideas ( position & quantity1 compose my duplex idea ( a floor4 ,9 ! same mann] my complex idea ( glass1 & wood1 & o!rs1 compose my duplex idea ( a w9d[2 & #aaf ^! duplex ideas1 unit$ toge!r1 compose my idea ( a h\se1 :i* is made up ( v>i\s duplex ideas4 ,h[ _m complex1 or duplex ideas1 are all unit$ 9 ! idea ( furniture8 ,h[ _m m 9 ! idea ( m]*&ize8 ,h[ _m m 9 ! idea call$ ,e ,?+8#ch #ci ,ba9's footnote #ch3 ,?is *apt] raises que/ions ( ! mo/ fundam5tal k9d relat+ to our intellectual con/itution4 ,! ,association ( ,ideas1 compreh5sively view$1 involves ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! m5tal p]si/5ce & reproduction ( ideas2 be+ (f]$ z adequate to expla9 ! op]ations nam$ ,memory1 ,reason1 & ,imag9ation4 ,conditions ( ! ,gr[? ( ,association1 or ( ! ,ret5tiv5ess ( ! ,m9d4--,a practical1 z well z a !oretical1 int]e/ atta*es to ! precise /atem5t ( ! conditions or circum/ances t regulate ! gr[? ( our associations1 9 o!r words our m5tal culture g5]ally4 ,all agree 9 ! efficacy ( ! two conditions m5tion$ 9 ! text2 ! vividness ( ! feel+s associat$1 & ! frequ5cy ( ! association1 t is repetition or practice4 ,x is well rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! phrase vividness ( ! s5sations or ideas does n convey a v precise mean+4 ,! prop] attribute ( a s5sation1 or an idea1 consid]$ z an intellectual elem5t1 is great] or less di/9ctness2 :5 an object se5 or rememb]$ is se5 or rememb]$ di/9ctly & fully1 & )\t any unusual lab\r or ef=t1 !re is no?+ m to be desir$1 s f> z conc]ns our intellig5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! object is accompani$ ) feel+--) pleasure or pa9--a new elem5t is introduc$1 to :i* o!r epi!ts are applicable4 ,a feel+ is m or less /rong or int5se2 & ! addition ( an int5se feel+ to an intellectual conception is a sum1 comb9+ bo? sets ( attributes--di/9ctness & adequacy 9 ! conception1 & int5sity 9 ! feel+4 ,an object ^: p]ception or conception is ?us accompani$ ) ! animation ( /rong feel+1 is call$ lively1 or vivid2 #aag 9 ! abs5ce ( feel+1 ^! epi!ts are unsuitable4 ,h5ce1 ! associat+ /imulus express$ by vividness is bett] express$ by ! /r5g? ( ! feel+s4 ,any /rong feel+ impresses on ! m9d :atev] is ! object ( x1 or is 9 any way mix$ up ) x4 ,we rememb] by pref]5ce ! ?+s t h giv5 u ei!r pleasure or pa92 & ! effect may be produc$ by m]e excitem5t al?\gh nei!r pleasurable nor pa9ful2 ! influ5ce ( a surprise be+ a case 9 po9t4 ,our int]e/ 9 a ?+ is b ano!r "n = ! pleasure t x gives u2 & to inspire int]e/ is to aid ! memory4 ,hamilton's ,law ( ,pref]5ce ref]s to ?is s\rce2 & appe>s to exclude1 or n to recognise1 ! efficacy ( feel+s n pleasurable1 namely1 su* z are ei!r pa9ful or neutral4 ,! compreh5sive law %\ld include all ! feel+s1 al?\gh !re are specific *>act]s atta*+ to ! influ5ce ( ea* ( ! ?ree modes4 ,pleasure is ! mo/ effectual 9 /amp+ ! memory1 z x is ! mo/ p[]ful 9 deta9+ ! att5tion & ! ?\ghts4 ,pa9 has a conflict+ op]ation2 z affect+ ! w1 x repels ! object2 b z m]e excitem5t x reta9s x2 we _c =get :at is disagreeable1 m]ely because we wi% to =get x4 ,! /imulant ( pa91 z appli$ 9 education1 is an indirect pleasure4 ,x is n int5d$ to make ! subject ( ! lesson disagreeable1 b to r5d] pa9ful all div]sions f t t[>ds o!r subjects2 s t comp>atively ! mo/ pleas+ c\rse to a pupil may be to abide by ! task prescrib$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,feel+s ^u ,ret5tiv5ess is n ?r\gh\t 9 proportion to _! degree1 :e!r !y are pleasurable1 pa9ful1 or neutral4 ,we h to introduce a modify+ circum/ance into ! case1 namely1 t great /r5g? ( feel+ absorbs ! =ces ( ! sy/em1 & dim9i%es ! p[] available = cem5t+ an intellectual association4 ,a /rong feel+ once ar\s$1 :ile inflam+ ! att5tion ^u :atev] is b\nd up ) x1 necess>ily engages u ) itself4 ,! pla/ic process ( fix+ a tra9 or aggregate ( ideas has b a %>e ( ! en]gies awak5$ "u feel+4 ,x is possible also to /imulate att5tion1 & !reby to #aah quick5 memory1 )\t ! excitem5t ( ! feel+s1 z 9 pure volunt>y att5tion4 ,= al?\gh ! w1 9 ! la/ resort1 is /imulat$ by an end 7:i* mu/ involve ! feel+s71 yet we may be /rongly mov$ )\t be+ "u ! excitem5t ( ! feel+s t ent] into ! f9al end4 ,our volitions may be en]getic1 )\t ! pres5ce ( /rong emotions1 not)/&+ t1 ap>t f our possess+ su* emotions1 we %\ld n be /rongly mov$ to action4 ,?us1 a diff]5ce is made betwe5 ! influ5ce ( ! feel+s & ! influ5ce ( ! w2 bo? be+ p[]s to impress ! memory4 ,! two consid]ations n[ advanc$1 namely1 ! want ( /rict concomitance betwe5 /r5g? ( feel+ & ! /imulus to memory1 & ! op]ation ( ! w 9 ! abeyance ( pres5t feel+1 make x desirable to f9d "s o!r mode ( /at+ ! elem5t or condition t qualifies ! influ5ce ( ,frequ5cy or ,repetition1 9 ! gr[? ( memory & association4 ,p]haps ! be/ mode ( s+l+ out ! op]ative circum/ance is to describe x z ,conc5tration ( ,m9d2 ! devotion ( ! m5tal =ces to ! ?+ to be done or rememb]$--! )drawal ( p[] f o!r ex]cises1 to exp5d x on ! ex]cise 9 h&4 ,e circum/ance t at once r\ses ! m5tal & n]v\s en]gies1 & keeps !m fix$ ^u any subject ( /udy or ! practice ( any art1 is a circum/ance 9 aid ( acquisition4 ,no fact m compreh5sive1 m exactly 9 po9t1 c be assign$ ?an ! "o n[ /at$4 ,:at rema9s is to apply x 9 ! detail1 or to po9t out ! occasions & conditions t fav\r1 & ^? t ob/ruct1 ! conc5tration ( ! m5tal en]gy4 ,x is "u ?is view t we c be/ appreciate ! efficacy ( pleasure 7int]e/ 9 ! subject71 ( pa91 ( m]e excitem5t1 & ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,we c also see1 z an obvi\s coroll>y1 ! advantage ( hav+ ! m9d unoccupi$1 or dis5gag$ = ! "w1 & ! disadvantage ( be+ div]t$1 or di/ract$ by o!r objects4 ,fe>1 c>e1 anxiety1 are ho/ile to culture by l[]+ ! tone or en]gy ( ! m9d2 :ile :at p[] is left conc5trates itself ^u ! subject matt] ( ! anxi\s feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 g5]al vig\r ( ! #aai sy/em1 good heal?1 easy circum/ances1 are all 9 fav\r ( m5tal improvem5t1 provid$ ! =ce ?us made available c be res]v$ & devot$ to t end4 ,?us ! two lead+ conditions ( ! pla/ic process are ,frequ5cy ( ,repetition1 & ,m5tal ,conc5tration4 ,= practical purposes1 ^! are all t we ne$ to consid]1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! same individual4 ,we h no art or device = tra9+ ei!r body or m9d b :at is compris$ "u "o or o!r ( ^! heads4 ,!re are me?ods ( sup]s$+ ! lab\r ( new acquirem5t1 by adapt+ exi/+ acquirem5ts to new cases2 b no means c be assign$ = ! orig9al con/ruction ( adhesive l9ks1 ap>t f ^! two circum/ances4 ,/ill1 9 a l>ge & exhau/ive view ( ! ,ret5tive p[] ( ! m9d1 we %\ld n omit to all[ = ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o m9d & ano!r 9 respect ( ,natural ,aptitude = acquir+4 ,:5 two p]sons engag$ 9 ! same lesson1 = equal p]iods ( "t1 & ) ab\t equal conc5tration ( m9d1 make v unequal progress1 we mu/ admit a diff]5ce 9 natural or con/itutional pla/icity on t p>ticul> subject4 ,sometimes we f9d extraord9>y progress made 9 acquisition g5]ally2 ! same p]son excell+ 9 languages1 9 sci5ces1 9 practical arts1 & 9 f9e arts4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 we f9d an aptitude = "s subject 9 p>ticul>1 comb9$ ) defici5cy 9 o!r ?+s4 ,"o p]son has great me*anical acquirem5ts1 ano!r l+ual1 & s on4 ,! fir/ case is suffici5tly common to ju/ify ! assumption ( degrees ( acquisitive or pla/ic aptitude on ! :ole1 or a v>iety 9 ! c]ebral end[m5t correspond+ to ! adhesion ( tra9s ( actions & ideas t h be5 m or less frequ5tly br\ght toge!r4 ,if ! diff]5ces among human be+s are n s broad z to make ?is app>5t1 we may ref] to ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! l[] animals & man4 ,! animals h ! p[] ( acquir+1 b s limit$ is t p[] 9 comp>ison ) human be+s1 t p h (t5 d\bt$ its exi/5ce4 #abj ,! second case1 ! inequality ( ! same p]son's progress 9 diff]5t subjects1 may be look$ at 9 ano!r way4 ,we may view x z incid5t to ! bett] or worse quality1 = all purposes1 ( ! special organs conc]n$4 ,?us to take musical acquisition4 ,?is is commonly attribut$ to a good e>1 mean+ a delicate s5se ( musical notes1 z %[n 9 _! nice discrim9ation4 ,discrim9at+ is a diff]5t function f rememb]+2 yet1 we c only d\bt t ! fact ( be+ able to discrim9ate acutely is accompani$ by ! p[] ( rememb]+ or reta9+ ! impressions ( ! s5se4 ,! sup]iority ( end[m5t t %[s itself 9 ! "o function1 embraces also ! o!r4 ,h5ce we are entitl$ to say t ! special ret5tiv5ess = any "o subject1 or dep>tm5t ( tra9+1 v>ies ) ! local end[m5t involv$3 :i* is n to ma9ta9 an id5tical proposition1 = ! local end[m5t may be held z te/$ by delicacy ( discrim9ation1 a di/9ct fact f memory4 ,?us1 a delicate s5se ( %ades ( col\r w\ld entail a good visual memory = spectacle2 a delicate e> = articulation w\ld indicate a memory = %ades & v>ieties ( pronunciation1 !reby c\nt+ z a "p ( ! v]bal memory4 ,s1 delicate discrim9ation 9 ! tactile muscles w\ld be foll[$ by rapid acquirem5ts 9 manipulative or manual art4 ,! ,ultimate ,analysis ( ! ,laws ( ,association4--,x is easy to r$uce all ! laws ev] assign$1 z gov]n+ ! reproduction ( our ideas1 to ?ree1 ,contiguity1 ,simil>ity1 & ,contra/4 ,x is op5 to "q :e!r ^! c be resolv$ any f>!r4 ,! au?or has endeav\r$ to r$uce ,simil>ity to ,contiguity1 b 8 reasons %[ t he _h n deeply consid]$ ! work+s ( simil>ity4 ,hamilton's criticisms on ! attempt 7,reid1 p4 #iad7 are j & irrefragable4 ,by f> ! mo/ important examples ( ! work+ ( simil>ity are su* z1 by _! v nature1 preclude a =m] contiguity3 z1 = example1 ,frankl9's id5tification ( ,electricity & lightn+4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a consid]able degree ( subtlety 9 ! relation%ip ( ! two pr9ciples4 ,!re may be good reasons #aba = treat+ !m z di/9ct1 b 9 _! work+ !y are inextricably comb9$4 ,!re c be no contiguity )\t simil>ity1 & no simil>ity )\t contiguity4 ,:51 look+ at a riv]1 we pron\nce its "n1 we are prop]ly said to exemplify contiguity2 ! riv] & ! "n by frequ5t association are s unit$ t ea* recalls ! o!r4 ,b m>k ! /eps ( ! recall4 ,:at is /rictly pres5t to our view is ! impression made by ! riv] :ile we gaze on x4 ,x is necess>y t ?is impression %\ld1 by virtue ( simil>ity or id5tity1 re-in/ate ! previ\s impression ( ! riv]1 to :i* ! previ\s impression ( ! "n 0 contigu\s4 ,if "o c\ld suppose failure 9 ! re-in/atem5t ( ! =m] idea ( ! riv]1 "u ! new pres5tation1 !re w\ld be no opportunity giv5 to ! contigu\s bond to come into op]ation4 ,9 t accumulation ( ! impressions ( contigu\s ideas1 end+ at la/ 9 a firm association1 !re mu/ be a process ( simil>ity to ! ext5t ( reviv+ ! sum ( ! pa/ at ! in/ance ( ! pres5t4 ,?is is a case ( simil>ity t we give little he$ to1 because x is sure & unfail+2 we conc]n ourselves m ) :at is liable to unc]ta9ty1 ! acquir$ /r5g? ( ! contigu\s adhesion4 ,yet x /rictly comes "u ! case ( reproduction ?r\gh simil>ity4 ,consid] aga91 :at may be call$ a case ( ,simil>ity prop]1 z :5 a portrait recalls ! orig9al4 ,! s5su\s effects possess$ 9 common by ! portrait & by its subject br+ ab\t a re/oration ( ! idea ( ! subject1 9 spite ( c]ta9 diff]5ces or discrepancies4 ,! int]e/ ( ?is case is ow+ to ! fact t a p>tial lik5ess1 a lik5ess 9 unlik5ess1 w (t5 reproduce a pa/ idea2 ?us enabl+ u to assemble 9 ! m9d a numb] ( ?+s diff]+ 9 "s respects because !y agree 9 o!r respects4 ,?is is n id5tify+ a ?+ ) itself1 view$ at a =m] "t1 b assimilat+ "o ?+ ) o!r ?+s plac$ f> asund] 9 nature1 & hav+ _m features ( diff]5ce4 ,let u try & express ! consecutive /eps ( ?is case ( reproduction4 ,! ?+ n[ pres5t to ! m9d has c]ta9 #abb peculi>ities 9 common ) "o or m ?+s =m]ly pres5t2 z :51 9 a portrait1 ! outl9e & col\r+ resembles a subject orig9al4 ,^! s5sible effects make alive ! previ\s recurr5ce ( !m1 or put u 9 ! c]ebral & m5tal attitude =m]ly exp]i5c$ by ! correspond+ effects ( ! resembl+ object4 ,we are aw>e1 by ! livel9ess ( our impression1 t we h gone 9 ^u an old track2 we h ! peculi> consci\sness call$ ! consci\sness ( ,id5tity or ,agreem5t4 ,?is is "o /ep1 b n ! :ole4 ,9 ord] t ! complete re/oration may be effect$1 ! features ( community mu/ be 9 su* firm contigu\s alliance ) ! features ( diff]5ce--! special "p ( ! previ\s subject t ! "o %all re9/ate ! idea ( ! o!r4 ,! po9ts common to a pres5t portrait & a pa/ orig9al mu/ be s /rongly coh]5t ) ! rema9+ features ( ! orig9al1 t ! "o _c be awak5$ )\t ! o!r foll[+4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! v he>t ( ,simil>ity1 is an indisp5sable bond ( ,contiguity2 %[+ t x is n possible = ei!r process to be accompli%$ 9 sep>ation f ! o!r4 ,! mutual coh]5ce ( p>ts1 n[ describ$ z ess5tial to reproduction1 may be too weak = ! purpose1 & ! recov]+ /roke ( simil>ity w 9 t case fail4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be suppos$ t ,simil>ity is1 aft] all1 b a mode ( ,contiguity1 namely1 ! contiguity or association ( ! diff]5t features or p>ts ( a complex :ole4 ,! inf]5ce is too ha/y4 ,because contiguity is a "p ( ! fact ( ! re/oration ( simil>s1 x is n ! entire fact4 ,!re is a di/9ct & *>act]i/ic /ep prec$+ ! play ( ?is mutual coh]5ce ( ! p>ts ( ! ?+ to be recov]$4 ,! /rik+ into ! =m] track ( ! agree+ "p ( ! new & ! old1 is a m5tal movem5t by itself1 :i* ! o!r foll[s1 b does n d away )4 ,! effect above describ$1 z ! consci\sness ( agreem5t or id5tity1 ! fla% ( a felt simil>ity1 is real & di/9ct4 ,we are consci\s ( x by itself2 !re are occasions :5 we h x )\t ! o!r1 t is to say1 )\t ! full re-in/atem5t ( ! =m] #abc object 9 its entir5ess4 ,we (t5 aw>e ( an id5tity )\t be+ able to say :at is ! ?+ id5tifi$2 z :5 a portrait gives u ! impression t we h se5 ! orig9al1 )\t enabl+ u to say :o ! orig9al is4 ,we h be5 affect$ by ! /roke ( id5tity or simil>ity2 b ! re/oration fails f ! feebl5ess ( ! contigu\s adh]5ce ( ! p>ts ( ! object id5tifi$4 ,!re is ?us a g5u9e effect ( ! nature ( pure simil>ity1 or resemblance1 & a mode ( consci\sness accompany+ t effect2 b !re is n ! full en]gy ( reproduction )\t a concurr+ bond ( pure contiguity4 ,a portrait may fail to give u ! consci\sness ( hav+ ev] se5 ! orig9al4 ,on ! supposition t we h se5 ! orig9al1 ?is w\ld be a failure ( pure simil>ity4 ,?us 9 e act ( reproduc+ a pa/ m5tal exp]i5ce1 !re is a complication1 involv+ bo? contiguity prop] & simil>ity prop]4 ,:5 ! simil>ity am\nts to id5tity1 z :5 a new impression ( a ?+ puts u 9 ! track ( ! old impressions ( ! same ?+1 ! effect is s sure1 s obvi\s1 s easily arriv$ at1 t we d n ne$ to ?9k ( x1 to make a "q ( x4 ,x does n prev5t u f reg>d+ ! op]ation ( recall+ a "n :5 we see ! ?+1 or recall+ a ?+ :5 we he> ! "n1 z pure contiguity4 ,! /r5g? ( ! coh]5ce may be defici5t1 & ! re/oration may fail on ?is acc\nt2 x c nev] fail on acc\nt ( insuffici5t simil>ity4 ,no inconv5i5ce w arise f speak+ ( ?is case z if x 7 ,contiguity & no?+ else4 ,! situation ( ,simil>ity 9 ,div]sity is q di/9ct4 ,! div]sity ob/ructs ! op]ation ( simil>ity2 we _c be sure t ! new %all put u on ! track ( ! old4 ,x is always a "q :e!r su* simil>ities %all be felt at all2 :e!r we %all exp]i5ce ! fla%1 ! peculi> consci\sness1 ( agreem5t 9 diff]5ce4 ,x is a f>!r "q1 :e!r ! int]nal coh]5ce ( ! ?+ id5tifi$ is en\gh to re/ore x 9 complet5ess4 ,?is la/ /ep may be all[$ to be a case ( prop] contiguity2 :ile ! fla% ( id5tity /ruck betwe5 a pres5t & a pa/1 nev] c\pl$ 9 ! #abd m9d be=e1 is an effect sui g5]is1 & n resolvable into any mode or incid5t ( contiguity4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is id5tify+ /roke are s num]\s & f>-rea*+ z to dem& a special exemplification4 ,"s ( ! broade/ di/9ctions ( intellectual "* c be gr\nd$ on ! di/9ctive aptitudes ( ! m9d = ,contiguity & = ,simil>ity4 ,le>n+1 ,acquisition1 ,memory1 ,habit1 all designate ! pla/ic adh]5ce ( contigu\s impressions4 ,! processes ( ,classification1 ,reason+1 ,imag9ation1 & ! ,inv5tive faculty g5]ally1 dep5d ^u ! id5tify+ /roke ( lik5ess 9 unlik5ess4 ,"s =ms ( intellectual /r5g?1 z a :ole1 are be/ repres5t$ by a highly en]getic ,adhesiv5ess2 di/9ction z a le>n]1 a foll[] ( r\t9e1 turns ^u ?is p[]4 ,o!r1 & high]1 =ms ( intellig5ce dep5d ^u f>-rea*+ /rokes ( simil>ity2 ! id5tification ( lik5ess %r\d$ 9 div]sity1 expresses mu* ( ! g5ius ( ! poet1 ! philosoph]1 ! man ( practice4 ,!re rema9s ! consid]ation ( ,contra/1 z a l9k ( association4 ,x is easy to %[ t bo? ,contiguity & ,simil>ity may ent] into ! association ( contra/s4 ,all contra/s t we are int]e/$ 9 are habitually c\pl$ 9 language1 z light & d>k1 heat & cold1 up & d[n1 life & dea?4 ,aga9 contra/s suppose a common g5us1 t is a g5]ic simil>ity2 at lea/ until we asc5d to ! highe/ contra/ ( all1 ! subject m9d1 & ! object or ext5d$ _w4 ,cold & ,hot are grades ( ! common attribute call$ ,temp]ature4 ,z ^! l9ks ( contiguity & simil>ity are pres5t1 & ( consid]able /r5g?1 !y practically lead to ! mutual sugge/ion ( contra/+ ?+s4 ,/ill1 we _c ov]look ! deep] circum/ance t 9 contra/ !re is relation1 & !re=e mutual implication1 s t ! two memb]s mu/ always be virtually pres5t1 al?\gh !y are n equally att5d$ to4 ,heat has no mean+1 no exi/5ce1 b z a *ange f cold2 ! nor? implicates ! s\?4 ,we h two modes ( reg>d+ ^! relation%ips1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by language1 z if we #abe c\ld ab/ract ! "o side f ! o!r2 t is1 we ?9k ( heat ap>t f cold1 & ( ! nor? ap>t f ! s\?4 ,b if "o side is pres5t1 bo? mu/ be pres5t1 & no?+ is want$ b a motive1 to make u rev]se ! conception1 & br+ into prom95ce ! side t 0 9 abeyance1 cold in/ead ( heat1 s\? in/ead ( nor?4 ,?is view ( ,contra/ is v>i\sly express$ by ,hamilton4 7,reid1 ,note ,d 99 99 9974 ,contra/1 !re=e1 z an associat+ l9k1 w\ld draw f ?ree s\rces1 ,relativity1 ,contiguity1 & ,simil>ity4 ,x w\ld also be height5$1 9 _m in/ances1 by ! pres5ce ( /rong feel+s or emotions1 z 9 ! contemplation ( />tl+ *anges1 & ! vicissitudes ( ?+s4 ,be+ "o ( ! effects habitually introduc$ 9 ,art & 9 ,oratory1 we are m ?an ord9>ily impress$ by ! ?+s s made use (--infancy beside old age1 squalor foll[+ on spl5d\r1 abasem5t succe$+ to elevation4 ,! associat+ pr9ciple ( ,contra/ _c be put =w>d z a basis ( di/9ction 9 intellectual "*4 ,!re is no su* a ?+ z a special aptitude = ,contra/s4 ,!re may be1 9 c]ta9 m9ds giv5 to emotion1 a fondness = ! impressive or emotional contra/s2 b !re is no intellectual gift1 subsi/+ ap>t f o!r p[]s & ris+ & fall+ indep5d5tly1 = ! mutual recall ( contra/+ qualities4 ,:5ev] we feel a diff]5ce we make a contra/2 ! two diff]+ ?+s1 are contra/+ ?+s1 & are bo? kn[n 9 "o indivisible act ( ?\ght4 ,to be unable to br+ up ! contra/ ( a subject pres5t to ! view1 is n to "k ! subject2 we _c possess intellig5tly ! conception ( up1 & be oblivi\s to1 or incapable ( rememb]+1 d[n4 ,=getfulness 9 ?is dep>tm5t is n ! snapp+ ( a l9k1 z 9 ,contiguity1 or ! dulness t _c rea* a similitude2 x is ! entire blank ( conception or k4 ,! nor? pole ( a magnet _c be 9 ! view1 & ! s\? pole 9 oblivion4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #ci3 ,! au?or & ,mr4 ,ba9 agree 9 reject+ ,contra/ z an indep5d5t pr9ciple ( association4 ,i ?9k !y might #abf h gone fur!r1 & d5i$ x ev5 z a d]ivative "o4 ,all ! cases consid]$ z examples ( x seem to me to dep5d on some?+ else4 ,i greatly d\bt if ! sight or ?\ght ( a dw>f has intr9sically any t5d5cy to recall ! idea ( a giant4 ,?+s c]ta9ly d rem9d u ( _! own abs5ce1 because 7z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,ba97 we are only consci\s ( _! pres5ce by comp>ison ) _! abs5ce2 & = a fur!r reason1 aris+ out ( ! =m]1 viz4 t1 9 our practical judgm5ts1 we are l$ to ?9k ( ! case ( _! pres5ce & ! case ( _! abs5ce by "o & ! same act ( ?\ght1 hav+ commonly to *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,b x does n seem to me t ?+s h any special t5d5cy to rem9d u ( _! positive opposites4 ,black does n rem9d u ( :ite m ?an ( r$ or gre54 ,if light rem9ds u ( d>kness1 x is because d>kness is ! m]e negation1 or abs5ce1 ( light4 ,! case ( heat & cold is m complex4 ,! s5sation ( heat recalls to u ! abs5ce ( t s5sation3 if ! s5sation am\nts to pa91 x calls up ! idea ( relief f x2 t is1 ( its abs5ce1 associat$ by contiguity ) ! pleasant feel+ :i* accompanies ! *ange4 ,b cold is n ! m]e abs5ce ( heat2 x is itself a positive s5sation4 ,if heat sugge/s to u ! idea ( ! s5sation ( cold1 x is n because ( ! contra/1 b because ! close connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ! outw>d conditions ( bo?1 & ! consequ5t id5tity ( ! means we employ = regulat+ !m1 cause ! ?\ght ( cold & t ( heat to be frequ5tly pres5t$ to u 9 contiguity4--,ed4 #abg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,nam+4 ,i endeav\r1 z mu* z ,i c1 to deliv] myself f ^? fallacies :i* we are apt to put ^u ourselves1 by tak+ words = ?+s4 ,x helps n our ignorance to feign a k :]e we h none1 by mak+ a noise ) s\nds )\t cle> & di/9ct significations4 ,names made at pleasure1 nei!r alt] ! nature ( ?+s1 nor make u und]/& !m1 b z !y are signs (1 & /& =1 det]m9$ ideas4--,locke1 ,hum4 ,und4 b4 ii4 *4 #ac1 #ah4 ,,we h n[ survey$ ! m simple & obvi\s ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 ,we h se51 fir/1 t we h ,,s5sations2 secondly1 t we h ,,ideas1 ! copies ( ^? s5sations2 ?irdly1 t ^? ideas are sometimes ,,simple1 ! copies ( "o s5sation2 sometimes ,,complex1 ! copies ( sev]al s5sations s comb9$ z to appe> n sev]al ideas1 b "o idea2 &1 f\r?ly1 t we h ,,tra9s ( ^? ideas1 or "o succe$+ ano!r )\t end4 ,^! are simple facts ( our nature1 atte/$ by exp]i5ce2 & my *ief object 9 fix+ ^u !m ! att5tion ( ! read] has be51 to convey to him t accurate & /eady conception ( !m1 :i* is requisite = ! successful prosecution ( ! subsequ5t inquiries4 #abh ,aft] del9eat+ ! simple & elem5t>y /ates ( consci\sness1 x foll[s1 9 ord]1 t we %\ld endeav\r to %[ :at is conta9$ 9 ^? t are complex4 ,b 9 all ! m complicat$ cases ( human consci\sness some?+ ( ! process ( ,nam+ is involv$4 ,^! cases1 ( c\rse1 _c be unfold$1 till ! artifice ( ,nam+ is made kn[n4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is necess>ily an int]m$iate inquiry2 & "o to :i* x is necess>y t we %\ld devote a p>ticul> degree ( att5tion4 ,!re are two purposes1 bo? ( great importance1 = :i* m>ks ( our ideas1 & s5sations2 or signs by :i* !y may be d5ot$2 are necess>y4 ,"o ( ^! purposes is1 ,t we maybe able to make kn[n to o!rs :at passes )9 u4 ,! o!r is1 ,t we may secure to ourselves ! k ( :at at any prec$+ "t has pass$ 9 our m9ds4 ,! s5sations & ideas ( "o man are hidd5 f all o!r m52 unless !y h rec\rse to "s exp$i5t = disclos+ !m4 ,we _c convey to ano!r man our s5sations & ideas directly4 ,our means ( int]c\rse ) o!r m5 are ?r\gh _! s5ses exclusively4 ,we mu/ !re=e *oose "s ,,s5sible ,,objects1 z ,,signs ( our inw>d feel+s4 ,if two m5 agree1 t ea* %all use a c]ta9 s5sible sign1 :5 "o ( !m means to make kn[n to ! o!r t he has a c]ta9 s5sation1 or idea1 !y1 9 ?is1 & 9 no o!r way1 c communicate a k ( ^? feel+s to "o ano!r4 ,almo/ all ! advantages1 :i* man possesses above ! inf]ior animals1 arise f 8 p[] ( act+ 9 comb9ation ) 8 fell[s2 & ( accompli%+1 by ! unit$ ef=ts ( numb]s1 :at c\ld #abi n be accompli%$ by ! deta*$ ef=ts ( individuals4 ,)\t ! p[] ( communicat+ to "o ano!r _! s5sations & ideas1 ?is co-op]ation w\ld be impossible4 ,! importance1 !re=e1 ( ! inv5tion ( signs1 or m>ks1 by :i* alone t communication c be effect$1 is obvi\s4 ,among s5sible objects1 ^? alone :i* are address$ to ! s5ses ( see+ & he>+ h suffici5t precision & v>iety to be adapt$ to ?is end4 ,! language ( ,action1 z x has be5 call$1 t is1 c]ta9 ge/iculations & motions1 has v g5]ally1 especially among rude p1 ^: spok5 language is scanty1 be5 f\nd 9 use to indicate c]ta9 /ates1 g5]ally complicat$ /ates1 ( m9d4 ,b1 = precision1 v>iety1 & rapidity1 ! flexibility ( ! voice pres5t$ su* obvi\s advantages1 n to m5tion t visible signs mu/ be altoge!r useless 9 ! d>k1 t s\nds1 among all ! v>ieties ( our species1 h be5 assum$ z ! pr9cipal m$ium by :i* _! s5sations & ideas 7 made kn[n to "o ano!r4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 ( ! two uses ( m>ks1 ,communicat+ our ?\ghts1 & ,record+ !m1 ! advantage ( ! fir/ w\ld be ! e>lie/ felt2 & t signs = ,communicat+ w\ld be long inv5t$1 be=e any p]son w\ld see ! advantage ( ,record+ 8 ?\ghts4 ,aft] ! use ( signs = ,communication _h become famili>1 x w\ld n fail1 9 "t1 to appe> t signs might be employ$ = ,recordation also2 & t1 f ?is use ( !m1 ! highe/ advantages might be d]iv$4 ,9 respect to ^? advantages1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are to be obs]v$4 #acj #a4 ,we _c recall any idea1 or tra9 ( ideas1 at w4 ,?\ghts come into ! m9d unbidd54 ,if !y did n come unbidd51 !y mu/ h be5 9 ! m9d be=e !y came into x2 :i* is a contradiction4 ,y _c bid a ?\ght come into ! m9d1 )\t kn[+ t :i* y bid2 b to "k a ?\ght is to h ! ?\ght3 ! k ( ! ?\ght1 & ! ?\ght's be+ 9 ! m9d1 are n two ?+s b "o & ! same ?+1 "u diff]5t names4 ,if we _c recall at pleasure a s+le idea1 we are n less unable to recall a tra94 ,e p]son kn[s h[ evanesc5t 8 ?\ghts are1 & h[ impossible x is = him to beg9 at ! beg9n+ ( a pa/ tra91 if x is n a tra9 ( ! individual objects famili> to 8 s5ses1 & g on to ! end1 nei!r leav+ out any ( ! items :i* compos$ x1 nor all[+ any :i* did n belong to x1 to ent] 94 #b4 ,x is mo/ obvi\s t1 by ideas alone1 ! ev5ts :i* are pass$1 are to u any ?+4 ,if ! objects :i* we h se51 he>d1 smelt1 ta/$1 & t\*$1 left no traces ( !mselves2 if ! imm$iate s5sation 7 e ?+1 & a blank ensu$ :5 ! s5sation end$1 ! pa/ w\ld be to u z if x _h nev] be54 ,ye/]day w\ld be z unkn[n z ! mon?s we pass$ 9 ! womb1 or ! myriads ( ye>s be=e we 7 born4 #c4 ,x is only by our ideas ( ! pa/1 t we h any p[] ( anticipat+ ! future4 ,& if we _h no p[] ( anticipat+ ! future1 we %\ld h no pr9ciple ( action1 b ! physical impulses1 :i* we h 9 common ) ! brutes4 ,?is great law ( our nature1 ! anticipation ( ! future f ! #aca pa/1 w be fully illu/rat$ 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is inquiry3 at pres5t1 all t is requir$ is1 ! admission1 :i* w probably n be refus$1 ( ?is g5]al tru?3 ,t ! ord]1 9 :i* ev5ts h be5 obs]v$ to take place1 is ! ord] 9 :i* !y are expect$ to take place2 t ! ord] 9 :i* !y h tak5 place is te/ifi$ to u only by our ideas2 & t ^u ! correctness1 ) :i* !y are s te/ifi$1 dep5ds ! faculty we possess ( conv]t+ ! p[]s ( nature into ! in/rum5ts ( our w2 & ( br++ to pass ! ev5ts :i* we desire4 #d4 ,b all ?is p[] dep5ds ^u ! ord] ( our ideas4 ,! importance1 !re=e1 is unspeakable1 ( be+ able to insure ! ord] ( our ideas2 to make1 9 o!r words1 ! ord] ( a tra9 ( ideas correspond un]r+ly ) a tra9 ( pa/ s5sations4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 a direct comm& ov] ! tra9 ( our ideas4 ,a tra9 ( ideas may h pass$ 9 our m9ds correspond+ to ev5ts ( great importance2 b t tra9 w n pass aga91 unv>i$1 except 9 v simple cases1 )\t ! use ( exp$i5ts4 #e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! occasions ( our ,,ideas1 & ! occasions ( our ,,s5sations1 af=ds a res\rce = ?is purpose4 ,ov] ! occasions ( our s5sations2 we h an ext5sive p[]4 ,we c comm& ! smell ( a rose1 ! he>+ ( a bell1 ! sight ( a tree1 ! s5sation ( heat or ( cold1 & s on4 ,ov] ! occasions ( our ideas we h little or no direct p[]4 ,our ideas come & g4 ,!re is a p]petual tra9 ( !m1 "o succe$+ ano!r2 b we _c w any l9k 9 t *a9 ( ideas2 ea* l9k is det]m9$ by ! =ego+2 & e man kn[s1 h[ impossible #acb x is1 by m]e will+1 to make su* a tra9 z he desires4 ,?\ghts obtrude !mselves )\t 8 bidd+2 & ?\ghts :i* he is 9 que/ ( w n arise4 ,by ! p[]1 h[ev]1 :i* we h ov] ! occasions ( our s5sations1 we c make sure ( hav+ a tra9 ( s5sations exactly ! same z we h _h be=e4 ,?is af=ds u ! means ( hav+ a tra9 ( ideas exactly ! same z we h _h be=e4 ,if we *oose a numb] ( s5sible objects1 & make use ( !m z m>ks ( our ideas1 we c ensure any succession :i* we please ( ! s5sible objects2 &1 by ! association betwe5 !m & ! ideas1 a correspond+ succession ( ! ideas4 #f4 ,to "o ( ! two sets ( occasions1 ^u :i* ,signs are ?us useful1 evanesc5t ,signs are ! be/ adapt$2 p]man5t signs are absolutely necess>y = ! o!r4 ,= ! purposes ( spee*1 or imm$iate communication1 s\nds are ! mo/ conv5i5t m>ks4 ,s\nds1 h[ev]1 p]i% 9 ! mak+4 ,b = ! purpose ( retrac+ a tra9 ( ideas1 :i* we h =m]ly _h1 x is necess>y we %\ld h m>ks :i* d n p]i%4 ,m>ks1 address$ to ! sight1 or ! t\*1 h ! requisite p]man5ce2 &1 ( ! two1 ^? address$ to ! eye h ! advantage4 ,( m>ks address$ to ! eye1 two k9ds h be5 adopt$2 ei!r m>ks imm$iately ( ! ideas int5d$ to be recall$2 su* z ! picture-writ+1 or hi]oglyphics1 ( "s nations3 or1 visible m>ks1 by lett]s1 ( ! audible m>ks employ$ 9 oral communication4 ,?is latt] k9d has be5 f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t1 & 9 use among ! l>ge/1 & mo/ intellig5t portion ( our species4 #acc ,accord+ to ?is s*eme1 spok5 language is ! use ( imm$iate m>ks ( ! ideas2 writt5 language1 is ! use ( second>y m>ks ( ! ideas4 ,! writt5 m>ks are only signs ( ! audible m>ks2 ! audible m>ks1 are signs ( ! ideas4#dj ,editor's footnote #dj3 ,?is exposition ( ,nam+ 9 its mo/ g5]al aspect1 ne$s nei!r explanation nor comm5t4 ,x is "o ( ^? specim5s ( cle> & vigor\s /atem5t1 go+ /raight to ! he>t ( ! matt]1 & dwell+ on x j long en\gh & no long] ?an necess>y1 9 :i* ! ,analysis ab\nds4--,ed4 #acd ,,section ,i4 ,,n\ns ,,sub/antive4 ,! p[] ( ,language ess5tially consi/s1 9 two ?+s2 fir/1 9 our hav+ m>ks ( our ,,s5sations1 & ,,ideas3 &1 secondly1 9 s arrang+ !m1 t !y may correctly d5ote a ,,tra9 ( ^? m5tal /ates or feel+s4 ,x is evid5t1 t if we convey to o!rs ! ideas :i* pass 9 our own m9ds1 & also convey !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y pass1 ! bus9ess ( ,,communication is complet$4 ,&1 if we e/abli% ! means ( reviv+ ! ideas :i* we h =m]ly _h1 & also ( reviv+ !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we =m]ly _h !m1 ! bus9ess ( ,,recordation is complet$4 ,we n[ proce$ to %[1 by :at contrivances1 ! exp$i5t ( ,m>k+ is r5d]$ effici5t to ^? sev]al ends4 ,! prim>y importance to m51 ( be+ able to make kn[n to "o ano!r _! ,,s5sations1 made !m 9 all probability beg9 ) inv5t+ m>ks = t purpose2 9 o!r words1 mak+ ,names = _! ,,s5sations4 ,two modes pres5t$ !mselves4 ,"o 0 to give a "n to ea* s+le s5sation4 ,ano!r 0 to be/[ a "n on a clu/] ( s5sations1 :5ev] !y 7 su* z occur 9 a clu/]4 ,( ?is latt] class1 are all names ( :at are call$ ,ext]nal ,objects2 rose1 wat]1 /one1 & s on4 ,ea* ( ^! names is ! m>k ( z _m s5sations 7sight1 t\*1 smell1 ta/e1 s\nd7 z we are said to d]ive f ^? objects4 ,! "n rose1 is ! #ace m>k ( a s5sation ( col\r1 a s5sation ( %ape1 a s5sation ( t\*1 a s5sation ( smell1 all 9 conjunction4 ,! "n wat]1 is ! m>k ( a s5sation ( col\r1 a s5sation ( t\*1 a s5sation ( ta/e1 & o!r s5sations1 reg>d$ n sep>ately1 b z a comp\nd4#da ,f9dlat]'s footnote #da3 ,x is n int5d$ to be und]/ood t all ?is complex mean+ ent]$ into ! names z orig9ally giv54 ,! process ( nam+ seems to h be5 ?is3 ,ea* object 0 designat$ by a t]m expressive ( "s "o prom95t quality1 & ( t only4 ,?us rose is ref]r$ ) e probability to ! same root z ! adjective r$ 7comp>e ,greek ,greek3 r7o_/don1 a rose1 ,greek3 e7ru?ros r$1 ,g]man ro?1 ,lat9 rutilus71 & ?us meant ! ruddy 7fl[]74 ,o!r objects w\ld d\btless also be call$ ruddy1 & w\ld dispute ! epi!t ) ! rose2 b by a process ( natural selection1 ea* w\ld settle d[n 9 possession ( ! t]m f\nd be/ suit$ to di/+ui% x2 :i* w\ld ?us cease to be an attributive1 & become a "n sub/antive ) a complex connotation d]iv$ f association4 ,all names ( objects ^: orig9 c be trac$ are f\nd to be ?us simple 9 _! prim>y signification4 ,! />s 7,sans4 />as7 7 s call$ because !y 7 /rew]s 7( light74--,f4 ,!re is a conv5i5ce 9 giv+ a s+le m>k to any numb] ( s5sations1 :i* we ?us h 9 clu/]s2 because !re is h5ce a great sav+ ( m>ks4 ,! s5sations ( sight1 ( t\*1 ( smell1 & s on1 d]iv$ f a rose1 might h receiv$ m>ks1 & h be5 enum]at$1 "o by "o2 b ! t]m rose1 p]=ms all ?is mu* m exp$iti\sly1 & also m c]ta9ly4 ,! occasions1 h[ev]1 are p]petual1 on :i* we ne$ m>ks = s5sations1 n 9 clu/]s1 b tak5 sep>ately4 ,& language is suppli$ ) #acf names ( ?is description4 ,we h ! t]ms1 r$1 gre51 hot1 cold1 sweet1 bitt]1 h>d1 s(t1 noise1 /5*1 compos+ 9 ! :ole a num]\s class4 ,= _m s5sations1 h[ev]1 we h n names 9 "o ^w2 b make a "n out ( two or m words3 ?us1 = ! s5sation ( he>+1 d]iv$ f a trumpet1 we h only ! "n1 s\nd ( a trumpet2 9 ! same mann]1 we h smell ( a rose1 ta/e ( an apple1 sight ( a tree1 feel+ ( velvet4 ,( ^? names :i* d5ote clu/]s ( s5sations1 x is obvi\s 7b /ill v necess>y7 to rem>k1 t "s include a great]1 "s a less] numb] ( s5sations4 ,?us1 /one includes only s5sations ( t\*1 & sight4 ,apple1 beside s5sations ( t\* & sight1 includes s5sations ( smell & ta/e4 ,we n only give names to clu/]s ( s5sations1 b to clu/]s ( clu/]s2 t is1 to a numb] ( m9or clu/]s1 unit$ into a great] clu/]4 ,?us we give ! "n wood to a p>ticul> clu/] ( s5sations1 ! "n canvas to ano!r1 ! "n rope to ano!r4 ,to ^! clu/]s1 & _m o!rs1 jo9$ toge!r 9 "o great clu/]1 we give ! "n %ip4 ,to a numb] ( ^! great clu/]s unit$ into "o1 we give ! "n fleet1 & s on4 ,h[ great a numb] ( clu/]s are unit$ 9 ! t]m ,h\se8 ,& h[ _m m 9 ! t]m ,city8 ,s5sations be+ inf9itely num]\s1 all _c receive m>ks or signs4 ,a selection mu/ be made4 ,only ^? :i* are ! mo/ important are nam$4 ,names1 to be useful1 _c exce$ a c]ta9 numb]4 ,!y c\ld n o!rwise be rememb]$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( ! greate/ importance t ea* "n %\ld accompli% z mu* z possible4 ,to ?is end1 #acg ! great] numb] ( names /&1 n = individuals only1 b classes4 ,?us ! t]ms r$1 sweet1 hot1 l\d1 are names1 n ( "o s5sation only1 b ( classes ( s5sations2 t is1 e s5sation ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,?us also ! t]m1 rose1 is n ! "n ( "o s+le clu/]1 b ( e clu/] com+ "u a c]ta9 description4 ,z rose d5otes "o class1 /one d5otes ano!r1 iron ano!r1 ox ano!r1 & s on4#db ,editor's footnote #db3 ,economy 9 ! use ( names is a v small "p ( ! motive lead+ to ! creation ( names ( classes4 ,if we _h a "n = e individual object :i* exi/s 9 ! univ]se1 & c\ld rememb] all ^? names1 we %\ld /ill require names = :at ^? objects or "s ( !m h 9 common2 9 o!r words1 we %\ld require classification1 & class names4 ,?is w be obvi\s if x is consid]$ t _h we no names b names ( individuals1 we %\ld n h ! means ( mak+ any affirmation respect+ any object2 we c\ld n pr$icate ( x any qualities4 ,b ( ?is m l>gely 9 a future note4--,ed4 ,z we ne$ m>ks = ,,s5sations1 we ne$ m>ks also = ,,ideas4 ,! ,ideas :i* we h occasion to "n1 are fir/1 ,simple ,ideas1 ! copies ( simple s5sations2 secondly1 ,complex ,ideas1 ! copies ( sev]al s5sations1 comb9$4 ,( ^? complex ideas1 also1 !re is "o species1 ^? copi$ directly f s5sations1 9 ! =mation ( :i* ! m9d has ex]cis$ b little control2 z ! ideas ( rose1 horse1 /one1 & ( :at are call$ ! objects ( s5se 9 g5]al4 ,!re is ano!r species ( complex ideas :i*1 ?\gh d]iv$ also f ! s5ses1 are put toge!r 9 a great degree at our discretion1 z ! ideas ( a #ach c5taur1 a m\nta9 ( gold1 ( com=t1 ( meanness2 all t class ( ideas 9 %ort :i* ,mr4 ,locke has call$ mix$ modes4 ,we may ?us di/+ui% ?ree classes ( ideas1 :i* we h occasion to "n3 #a1 simple ideas1 ! copies ( s+le s5sations3 #b1 complex ideas1 copi$ directly f s5sations3 #c1 complex ideas1 d]iv$ inde$ f ! s5ses1 b put toge!r 9 arbitr>y comb9ations4 ,! two =m] classes may be call$ ,s5sible1 ! la/ ,m5tal ,ideas4 ,) respect to ideas1 ( ! fir/ two classes1 ^? :i* are ! direct copies ( our s5sations1 ei!r s+ly1 or 9 gr\ps2 x is ( great importance to obs]ve1 & also to rememb]1 t1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! words1 :i* are employ$ z m>ks ( ! ,s5sations1 are made to s]ve ! fur!r purpose ( be+ m>ks also ( ! ,ideas4 ,! same ^w is at once ! "n ( ! s5sations1 & ! ideas4 ,if any p]son 7 ask$1 :e!r ! ^w ,,be+ is ! "n ( a ,s5sation1 or ( an ,idea2 he w\ld imm$iately reply1 t x is ! "n ( an ,idea4 ,9 l mann]1 if he 7 ask$1 :e!r ! ^w ,,animal is ! m>k ( a clu/] ( ,s5sations1 or ( a clu/] ( ,ideas2 he w\ld ) equal read9ess say1 ( a clu/] ( ,ideas4 ,b if we 7 to ask1 :e!r ! "n ,%eep is ! "n ( a clu/] ( ,s5sations1 or ( a clu/] ( ,ideas2 he w\ld probably say1 t ,%eep is ! "n ( ,s5sations2 9 ! same mann] z rose1 or apple4 ,yet1 :at is ! diff]5ce8 ,only ?is1 t ,,animal is ! m g5]al "n1 & includes %eep along ) o!r species2 & t ,,be+ is /ill m g5]al1 & includes animal along ) vegetable1 m9]al1 & o!r #aci g5]a4 ,if %eep1 !re=e1 or /one1 be a "n ( s5sations1 s is animal or be+2 & if animal1 or be+1 be a "n ( ideas1 s is %eep or /one a "n ( ideas4 ,! fact is1 !y are all names ( bo?4 ,!y are names ( ! ,s5sations1 prim>ily2 b are aft]w>ds employ$ z names also ( ! ,ideas or copies ( ^? s5sations4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! names g5]ally ( :at are call$ ! objects ( s5se are equivocal2 & :]eas x w\ld h be5 a security aga9/ confusion to h be5 provid$ ) appropriate names1 "o1 9 ea* in/ance1 = ! ,s5sation1 & "o = ! ,idea1 ! same "n has be5 made to s]ve z ! m>k = bo?4 ,! t]m horse is n only made to /& = ! s5sations ( sight1 ( he>+1 ( t\*1 & ev5 ( smell1 :i* give me occasion = ! use ( ! t]m horse2 b x /&s also = ! ideas ( ^? s5sations1 z (t5 z ,i h occasion to speak ( t clu/] ( ideas :i* compose my notion ( a horse4 ,! t]m tree d5otes und\bt$ly ! ,idea 9 my m9d1 :5 ,i mean to convey ! idea tree into ! m9d ( ano!r man2 b x also /&s = ! s5sations :5ce ,i h d]iv$ my idea ( a tree4 ,?us1 too1 if ,i mean to "n my simple ideas2 ^?1 = example1 ( sight2 ,i h no o!r names ?an r$1 blue1 violet1 c42 b all ^! are names ( ! s5sations4 ,:5 =c$ to di/+ui% !m1 ,i mu/ use ! awkw>d expressions1 my s5sation ( r$1 my idea ( r$4 ,aga92 s\nd ( a trumpet1 is ! "n1 z well ( ! s5sation1 z ! idea2 flight ( a bird1 ! "n1 z well ( ! s5sation1 z ! idea2 light ! "n z well ( ! s5sation z ! idea2 pa9 #adj ! "n z well ( ! s5sation z ! idea2 heat ! "n z well ( ! s5sation z ! idea4#dc ,editor's footnote #dc3 ,9 /rict propriety ( language all ^! are names only ( s5sations1 or clu/]s ( s5sations2 n ( ideas4 ,a p]son /udi\s ( precision w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 say heat1 mean+ ! idea ( heat1 or a tree1 :5 he meant ! idea ( a tree4 ,he w\ld use heat z ! "n only ( ! s5sation ( heat1 & tree z ! "n ( ! outw>d object1 or clu/] ( s5sations2 & if he _h occasion to speak ( ! idea1 he w\ld say1 my idea 7or ! idea7 ( heat2 my idea 7or ! idea7 ( a tree4--,ed4 ,z we h rem>k$1 9 reg>d to ,,s5sations1 s+ly1 or 9 clu/]s1 t !y are too num]\s to receive names b 9 classes1 t is names common to e individual ( a class1 ! same is obvi\sly true ( ! ,,ideas4 ,! great] numb] ( names ( ,s5sible ,ideas are names ( classes3 man is ! "n ( a class2 lion1 horse1 eagle1 s]p5t1 & s on1 are names ( classes4 ,ideas1 ( ! ?ird class1 ^? :i* ! m9d =ms arbitr>ily1 are innum]able2 because ! comb9ations capable ( be+ =m$ ( ! num]\s elem5ts :i* compose !m1 exce$ computation4 ,all ^! comb9ations _c receive names4 ,! memory c manage b a mod]ate numb]4 ,( possible comb9ations1 !re=e1 a small proportion mu/ be select$ = nam+4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are ! comb9ations :i* are sugge/$ by ! occasions ( life1 & conduce to ! ends :i* we pursue4 ,we arrange ^? ideas1 also1 9 classes2 to ! end t e "n may s]ve ! purpose ( m>k+1 z ext5sively z possible4 ,?us ! t]m fe> is #ada applicable to a /ate ( m9d1 ( :i* ! in/ances =m a class4 ,9 l mann]1 c\rage is ! "n ( a class2 temp]ance1 ignorance1 piety1 & s on1 names ( classes4 ,republic1 ari/ocracy1 mon>*y1 are names1 ea* ( !m1 n ( an individual gov]nm5t1 a gov]nm5t at "o "t & place1 b ( a class1 a sort ( gov]nm5t1 at any "t & place4 ,! names ( ! ideas :i* are ?us m5tally clu/]$1 are exempt f t ambiguity :i* we saw belong$ to ! names ( bo? classes ( s5sible ideas4 ,! names ( s5sible ideas g5]ally /& = ! s5sations z well z ! ideas4 ,! names ( ! m5tal ideas are n transf]able to s5sations4 ,b !y are subject to ano!r unc]ta9ty1 /ill m f]tile 9 confusion1 & emb>rassm5t4 ,z ! comb9ations are =m$ arbitr>ily1 or 9 o!r words1 z ! ideas ( :i* !y are compos$1 are m or less num]\s1 accord+ to pleasure1 & ea* man ( necessity =ms 8 own comb9ation1 x v (t5 happ5s1 t "o man includes some?+ m or some?+ less ?an ano!r man 9 ! comb9ation to :i* !y bo? give ! same "n4 ,us+ ! same words1 !y h n exactly ! same ideas4 ,9 ! t]m piety1 = example1 a good ca?olic includes _m ?+s :i* are n includ$ 9 x by a good prote/ant4 ,9 ! t]m good mann]s1 an ,engli%man ( ! pres5t day does n include ! same ideas :i* 7 includ$ 9 x by an ,engli%man two c5turies ago2 /ill less ^? :i* are includ$ 9 x by =eign]s ( habits & usages dissimil> to our own4 ,prud5ce1 9 ! m9d ( a man ( rank & =tune1 has a v diff]5t mean+ f :at x be>s 9 ! m9ds ( ! #adb frugal & indu/ri\s poor4 ,"u ?is unc]ta9ty 9 language1 x n only happ5s t m5 are (t5 us+ ! same expressions :5 !y h diff]5t ideas2 b diff]5t1 :5 !y h ! same ideas4#dd ,editor's footnote #dd3 ,!re is "s ne$ = additional elucidation ( ! class ( complex ideas di/+ui%$ 7"u ! "n ( ,mix$ ,modes7 by ,locke1 & recognis$ by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis1 z put toge!r 9 a great degree at our discretion2 z ^? :i* ! m9d =ms arbitr>ily1 s t ! ideas ( :i* !y are compos$ are m or less num]\s accord+ to pleasure1 & ea* man ( necessity =ms 8 own comb9ation4 ,f ^! & simil> phrases1 int]pret$ lit]ally1 x might be suppos$ t 9 ! in/ances giv51 a c5taur1 a m\nta9 ( gold1 com=t1 meanness1 fe>1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 ignorance1 republic1 ari/ocracy1 mon>*y1 piety1 good mann]s1 prud5ce--! elem5ts :i* con/itute ^! sev]al complex ideas are put toge!r prem$itat$ly1 by an act ( w1 :i* ea* individual p]=ms = himself1 & ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 happ5s only 9 cases ( inv5tion1 or ( :at is call$ creative imag9ation4 ,a c5taur & a m\nta9 ( gold are inv5tions3 comb9ations int5tionally made1 at lea/ on ! "p ( ! fir/ inv5tor2 & are n copies or lik5esses ( any comb9ation ( impressions receiv$ by ! s5ses1 nor are suppos$ to h any su* outw>d ph5om5a correspond+ to !m4 ,b ! o!r ideas m5tion$ 9 ! text1 ^? ( c\rage1 temp]ance1 ari/ocracy1 mon>*y1 c41 are suppos$ to h real orig9als outside our ?\ghts4 ,^! ideas1 j z mu* z ^? ( a horse & a tree1 are products ( g5]alization & ab/raction3 !y are believ$ to be ideas ( c]ta9 po9ts or features 9 :i* a numb] ( ! clu/]s ( s5sations :i* we call real objects agree3 & in/ead ( be+ =m$ by int5tionally putt+ toge!r simple ideas1 !y are =m$ by /ripp+ (f1 or r1 by n att5d+ to1 su* ( ! simple s5sations or ideas ent]+ into ! #adc clu/]s z are peculi> to any ( !m1 & e/abli%+ an extremely close association among ^? :i* are common to !m all4 ,^! complex ideas1 !re=e1 are n1 9 reality1 l ! creations ( m]e imag9ation1 put toge!r at discretion1 any m ?an ! complex ideas1 comp\nd$ ( ! obvi\s s5sible qualities ( objects1 :i* we call our ideas ( ! objects4 ,!y are =m$ 9 ! same mann] z ^!1 only n s rapidly or s easily1 s9ce ! p>ticul>s ( :i* !y are compos$ d n obtrude !mselves ^u ! s5ses1 b suppose a p]ception ( qualities & sequ5ces n imm$iately obvi\s4 ,f ?is circum/ance results ! consequ5ce notic$ by ! au?or1 t ?is class ( complex ideas are (t5 ( diff]5t composition 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 diff]5t p]sons ab/ract _! ideas ( ?is sort f diff]5t individual in/ances2 & secondly1 "s p]sons ab/ract mu* bett] ?an o!rs2 t is1 take m accurate notice ( ! obscur] features ( in/ances1 & disc]n m correctly :at are ^? 9 :i* all ! in/ances agree4 ,?is important subject w be m fully ent]$ into :5 we rea* t "p ( ! pres5t "w :i* treats ( ! ideas connect$ ) ,g5]al ,t]ms4--,ed4 #add ,,section ,,ii4 ,,n\ns ,,adjective4 ,z ! purpose ( language is to d5ote s5sations & ideas2 to m>k !m = our own use1 or to give indication ( !m to our fell[ m52 x is obvi\s t ! names ( s5sations & ideas are ! fundam5tal p>ts ( language4 ,b z ideas are v num]\s1 & ! limits ( ! human memory admit ! use ( only a limit$ numb] ( m>ks or names1 v>i\s contrivances are employ$ to make "o "n s]ve z _m purposes z possible4 ,( ! contrivances = mak+ ! use ( ea* ^w z ext5sive z possible1 we h already adv]t$ to "o ( great importance2 t ( arrang+ ideas 9 classes1 & mak+ "o "n /& = ea* individual ( ! class4 ,:5 ! classes are l>ge1 "o ^w or m>k s]ves to "n or indicate _m individuals4 ,b :51 = ! sake ( economiz+ names1 ^? classes h be5 made z l>ge z possible1 we (t5 f9d occasion = break+ !m d[n into small] p>cels1 or sub-classes1 & speak+ ( ^! sub-classes by !mselves4 ,an example w r5d] :at is "h express$ suffici5tly pla94 ,! t]m s\nd1 is ! "n ( a l>ge class ( ideas or s5sations2 = x is equally ! "n ( bo?2 ! s\nd ( ?und]1 ! s\nd ( a cannon1 ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d1 ! voice ( a man1 ! h[l+ ( a dog1 & s on4 #ade ,among ^! s\nds ,i p]ceive diff]5ces2 "s affect me 9 "o way1 & ,i wi% to m>k !m z do+ s2 "s affect me 9 ano!r way1 & ,i wi% to m>k !m z affect+ me 9 t p>ticul> way4 ,x is obvi\s t names might be inv5t$ = ^! subord9ate classes1 to m>k su* ( !m z we h occasion to m>k2 & ! cases are num]\s1 9 :i* ?is is ! exp$i5t adopt$4 ,?us ! t]m animal is ! "n ( a l>ge class4 ,b we h occasion to speak ap>t ( v>i\s portions ( ?is class1 to all ! m important ( :i* portions1 we h giv5 p>ticul> names4 ,horse is ! "n ( "o portion1 man ( ano!r1 %eep ( ano!r1 & s ( ! re/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r mode ( nam+ subord9ate classes2 a mode by :i* ! use ( names is greatly economiz$1 & ( :i* ! utility is !re=e conspicu\s4 ,! subord9ate class is di/+ui%$ f !y re/ ( ! great] class by "s peculi>ity1 some?+ 9 :i* ! individuals ( x agree ) "o ano!r1 & d n agree ) ! re/4 ,?us to recur to ! example ( s\nd4 ,"o set ( s\nds affect me 9 a c]ta9 way1 a way peculi> to t set4 ,wi%+ to di/+ui% ^! s\nds f o!rs by a m>k1 ,i call !m l\d4 ,ano!r set ( s\nds affect me 9 ano!r way1 & ,i call !m l[2 a ?ird set 9 ano!r way1 & ,i call !m h>%2 a f\r? 9 ano!r way1 & ,i call !m sweet4 ,by means ( ^? adjectives appli$ z m>ks ^u ! m>k ( ! great class1 ,i h ! names ( f\r species1 or sub-classes2 #a1 l\d s\nds2 #b1 l[ s\nds2 #c1 h>% s\nds2 #d1 #adf sweet s\nds2 & ! numb] might be greatly enl>g$4 ,x ?us appe>s t1 z n\ns sub/antive are m>ks ( ideas1 or s5sations1 n\ns adjective are m>ks put ^u n\ns sub/antive1 or m>ks ^u m>ks2 9 ord] to limit ! signification ( ! n\n sub/antive2 & in/ead ( its m>k+ a l>ge class1 to make x m>k a subdivision ( t class4 ,?us ! ^w1 rose1 is ! m>k ( a l>ge class3 apply to x ! adjective yell[1 t is1 put ! m>k yell[ ^u ! m>k rose1 & y h ! "n1 yell[ rose1 :i* is a sub-division1 or species1 ( ! class ,rose4 ,?is peculi>ity ( nam+1 ?is putt+ ( m>ks ^u m>ks1 9 ord] to modify ! mean+ ( a c]ta9 m>k1 is a contrivance :i* des]ves ! greate/ att5tion4 ,x is "o ( ! pr9cipal exp$i5ts = ! great purpose ( economiz+ names1 & p]=m+ ! bus9ess ( m>k+ ) ! smalle/ numb] ( m>ks2 b1 l ! re/ ( ! contrivances = ?is purpose1 x contributes to obscure ! simple process ( nam+2 & :5 n di/9ctly kn[n & att5d$ to1 op]ates z a s\rce ( confusion & error4 ,! use ( adjectives1 9 economiz+ names1 is mo/ conspicu\s1 9 ! case ( ^? subdivisions :i* apply to ! greate/ numb] ( classes4 ,!re is "o di/9ction :i* applies to mo/ classes2 ! di/9ction betwe5 :at pleases1 & :at does n please u1 no matt] on :at acc\nt4 ,! fir/ we call good1 ! second evil4 ,^! two t]ms s]ve to m>k a v great numb] ( subord9ate classes1 &1 ( c\rse1 save1 to a great ext5t1 ! multiplication ( names4 #adg ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! s5ses1 we h ! ^w ta/e1 ! m>k ( "o great class ( s5sations4 ,ta/es we divide into sub-classes by ! words good & evil2 good ta/es be+ "o class1 bad ta/es ano!r4 ,if we _h inv5t$ sep>ate m>ks = ea* ( ^! two classes1 we %\ld h _h ?ree names1 to m>k ! class ta/e ) ^! its two prim>y subdivisions2 & we %\ld h _h occasion = ! same numb] ( names 9 ! case ( ea* ( ! five s5ses2 or1 fifte5 diff]5t names4 ,b ! adjectives1 good1 & evil1 !y be+ applicable to all ! s5ses1 save u ! inv5tion ( names = ! sub-classes ( ! o!r f\r s5ses2 z we say good smells1 bad smells1 9 ! same mann] z good ta/es1 & bad ta/es4 ,!y save1 !re=e1 eight names out ( fifte51 or m ?an "o-half4 ,! economiz+ p[] ( adjectives is /ill m rem>kable1 :5 we dep>t f simple s5sations & ideas1 & apply !m z m>ks ^u ! names ( ! complex1 :i* are f> m num]\s4 ,?us1 ! t]m horse is ! m>k ( a complex idea1 & ! "n ( a class ( objects4 ,we say good horse & bad horse1 good dog & bad dog1 good h\se & bad h\se1 & s 9 cases )\t numb]2 9 ea* ( :i*1 ! repetition ( ! two adjectives1 good1 & bad1 saves u ! use & emb>rassm5t ( sep>ate names4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ! t]ms good & evil apply mu* m g5]ally to t class ( complex ideas1 9 ! =mation ( :i* ! m9d has b little control2 namely1 ^? ( ext]nal objects2 ?an !y d to ! o!r class ( complex ideas :i* ! m9d makes up 9 an arbitr>y #adh mann] to suit its own conv5i5ce4 ,ideas ( ! latt] description are v (t5 made up accord+ to ! di/9ction ( good & evil4 ,?us1 ! idea glory1 is compos$ ( +r$i5ts all ( :i* belong to ! classes1 good2 & ! idea good1 is multif>i\sly includ$ 9 ! "n4 ,aft] ! same mann]1 ! idea ( evil is multif>i\sly includ$ 9 ! complex idea disgrace4 ,good is impli$ 9 ! t]m virtue1 evil 9 ! t]m vice2 good is impli$ 9 ! t]m weal?1 evil 9 ! t]m pov]ty2 good is impli$ 9 ! t]m p[]1 evil 9 ! t]m weakness4 ,9 "s cases1 ! ideas ( ?is class are s g5]al1 t good & evil are bo? includ$2 &1 9 su* cases1 adjectives are necess>y to m>k ! subdivisions or species4 ,?us1 we say good mann]s1 bad mann]s2 good s5se1 bad s5se2 good conduct1 bad conduct2 & s on4 ,next to ! adjectives :i* =m ! num]\s sub-classes ( good & evil1 ^? :i* m>k degrees are ( ! mo/ ext5sive application1 & 9 ! op]ation ( sub-m>k+ save ! greate/ numb] ( names4 ,?us ! t]ms1 great1 & little1 are applicable to a great proportion ( ! m>ks ( complex ideas ( bo? =mations4 ,we say a great tree1 a little tree2 a great man1 a little man2 a great crime1 a small crime2 great blame1 little blame2 great hon\r1 little hon\r2 great value1 little value2 great weight1 little weight2 great /r5g?1 little /r5g?1 & s on4 ,diff]5t adjectives diff] 9 ! numb] ( classes to ! subdivision ( :i* !y are subs]vi5t4 ,?us hot & cold are only applicable :]e div]sities ( temp]ature are includ$2 r\nd1 squ>e1 & #adi s on1 :]e figure is includ$2 :ite or black1 :]e col\r2 & s on4 ,beside ! use ( adjectives1 9 divid+ great classes into small] ones1 )\t multiplication ( names2 !y sometimes answ] ano!r purpose4 ,x (t5 happ5s t1 9 ! clu/] ( s5sations or ideas :i* h "o "n2 we h occasion to call att5tion p>ticul>ly to "s "o +r$i5t ( ! clu/]4 ,adjectives r5d] ?is s]vice1 z well z t ( m>k+ a class4 ,?is rose1 ,i say1 is r$2 t rose is yell[3 ?is /one is hot1 t /one is cold4 ,! t]m1 r$ rose1 or yell[ rose1 is ! "n ( a class4 ,b :5 ,i say1 ?is rose is r$1 :]e an individual is nam$1 ,i m>k emphatically ! specific diff]5ce2 namely1 r$1 or yell[2 :i* con/itutes t subdivision ( ! g5us rose1 to :i* ! individual belongs4#de ,editor's footnote #de3 ,9 ! conclud+ p>agraph we f9d ! fir/ recognition by ! au?or t class names s]ve any purpose1 or are introduc$ = any reason1 except to save multiplication ( names4 ,adjectives1 x is "h said1 answ] also ! purpose ( call+ att5tion to "s "o +r$i5t ( ! clu/] ( s5sations comb9$ "u "o "n4 ,t is to say1 !y enable u to affirm t ! clu/] conta9s t +r$i5t3 = !y d n m]ely call att5tion to ! +r$i5t1 or rem9d ! he>] ( x3 ! he>]1 v (t51 did n "k t ! clu/] conta9$ ! +r$i5t1 until he 0 appris$ by ! proposition4 ,b surely x is n only adjectives :i* fulfil ei!r (fice1 :e!r ( giv+ in=mation ( an +r$i5t1 or m]ely fix+ ! att5tion ^u x4 ,all g5]al names d s1 :5 us$ z pr$icates4 ,:5 ,i say t a di/ant object :i* ,i am po9t+ at is a tree1 or a build+1 ,i j z mu* call att5tion to c]ta9 +r$i5ts 9 ! clu/] ( s5sations con/itut+ ! object1 z ,i d :5 ,i say1 ,?is rose is r$4 ,s #aej f> is x f be+ true t adjectives are di/+ui%$ f sub/antives by hav+ ?is function 9 addition to t ( economiz+ names1 t x is1 on ! contr>y1 mu* m ne>ly true ( adjectives ?an ( ! class-names :i* are n\ns sub/antive1 t ! economiz+ ( names is ! pr9cipal motive = _! in/itution4 ,= ?\gh g5]al names ( "s sort are indisp5sable to pr$ication1 adjectives are n4 ,z is well %ewn 9 ! text1 ! peculi>ity1 :i* really di/+ui%es adjectives f o!r g5]al names1 is t !y m>k cross divisions4 ,all nature hav+ fir/ be5 m>k$ out into classes by means ( n\ns sub/antive1 we might g on by ! same means subdivid+ ea* class4 ,we might call ! l>ge individuals ( a class by "o n\n sub/antive & ! small ones by ano!r1 & ^! sub/antives w\ld s]ve all purposes ( pr$ication2 b to d ?is we %\ld ne$ j twice z _m additional n\ns sub/antive z !re are classes ( objects4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction ( l>ge & small applies to all classes alike1 "o pair ( names w suffice to designate x4 ,in/ead !re=e ( divid+ e class into sub-classes1 ea* ) its own "n1 we draw a l9e across all ! classes1 divid+ all nature into l>ge ?+s & small1 & by us+ ^! two words z adjectives1 t is1 by add+ "o or o!r ( !m z ! occasion requires to e n\n sub/antive :i* is ! "n ( a class1 we are able to m>k univ]sally ! di/9ction ( l>ge & small by two names only1 in/ead ( _m millions4--,ed4 #aea ,,section ,,iii4 ,,v]bs4 #a4 ,!re is "o class ( complex ideas1 ( s p>ticul> a nature1 & ( :i* we h s frequ5t occasion to speak1 t ! means ( sub-divid+ !m require additional contrivances4 ,m>ks put ^u m>ks are /ill ! in/rum5t4 ,b ! in/rum5t1 to r5d] x m effectual to ?is p>ticul> purpose1 is fa%ion$ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,i allude to ! class ( words d5om9at$ ,v]bs3 :i* are1 9 _! ess5ce1 adjectives1 & appli$ z m>ks ^u m>ks2 b receive a p>ticul> =m1 9 ord] to r5d] !m1 at ! same "t1 subs]vi5t to o!r purposes4 ,! mode ( _! m>k+1 & ! peculi>ity ( _! m>k+ p[] may easily1 ,i hope1 be ?us conceiv$4 ,a billi>d-ball affects my s5ses1 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 ,i call x r\nd2 & ! t]m r\nd is ev] aft] a m>k to me ( a portion ( ! s5sations :i* ,i d]ive f x4 ,x affects me 9 ano!r mann]4 ,i call x on t acc\nt :ite1 & ! t]m :ite is to me a m>k ( ?is o!r mode 9 :i* x affects me3 & 9 ! same mann] z ,i call x :ite1 r\nd1 on acc\nt ( su* & su* s5sations1 ,i call x ,mov+1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 o!r s5sations1 ( :i* ! t]m ,mov+ is to me a p]petual m>k4 #aeb ,! mann] ( affect+ me on acc\nt ( :i* ,i call x mov+1 ,i le>n f exp]i5ce to be peculi>ly entitl$ to my reg>d4 ,i f9d t x is a mode ( affect+ me1 :i* belongs to almo/ all bodies2 & ,i f9d t ^u ?is attribute ( !irs ! greate/ "p ( my int]e/+ s5sations dep5d4 ,i am !re=e deeply conc]n$ 9 ! k ( motions2 & h ! /ronge/ inducem5t to divide !m into su* classes z may 9 ! highe/ degree facilitate t k4 ,motions are divid$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,sometimes we divide !m accord+ to _! subjects4 ,?us1 ! motion ( a bird is "o class ( motions2 ! motion ( a horse ano!r2 s ! motion ( a s]p5t1 ! motion ( an arr[1 ! motion ( a :eel4 ,at o!r times we =m classes ( motions accord+ to ! mann]4 ,?us we h runn+1 fly+1 roll+1 leap+1 /agg]+1 ?r[+1 /rik+1 & s on4 ,( all ! classifications ( motions1 h[ev]1 t :i* des]ves ! greate/ att5tion is ! di/9ction ( !m into ! motions :i* orig9ate )9 ! mov+ body1 & ^? :i* orig9ate )\t x4 ,( ! motions :i* orig9ate )9 ! mov+ body1 ! pr9cipal are ! liv+ motions ( animals4 ,we f9d1 also1 t ( all ! motions ( animals1 ^? ( m5 are ! mo/ important to m54 ,! motions ( m5 are divid$ into a great numb] ( classes4 ,on acc\nt ( "o set ( motions we call a man walk+2 on acc\nt ( ano!r sort we call him runn+2 ano!r1 writ+2 ano!r1 danc+2 ano!r1 f5c+2 ano!r1 box+2 ano!r1 build+2 & s on4 ,we h also frequ5t occasion = a "n :i* %all #aec embrace all ^! motions ( m54 ,= ?is purpose ! ^w ,act+ is employ$3 & ! t]m ,action d5otes any ( ! motions1 :i* orig9ate )9 a man z ! mov+ body4 ,x is no objection to ?is acc\nt ( ! use ( ! ^w action1 t x is sometimes employ$ 9 cases 9 :i* ! motion is n ! pr9cipal object ( att5tion2 z 9 ! act ( s++1 or t ( speak+4 ,"h1 ?\gh x is n ! motion1 b ! effect ( ! motion1 :i* is ! object ( att5tion to ! he>]1 ! act ( ! s+] or speak] is n ! less truly a motion4 ,! ^w action1 :5 ?us inv5t$1 & us$1 is aft]w>ds appli$ metaphorically to motions :i* d n orig9ate 9 ! mov+ body1 z :5 we say ! action ( a sword2 & also to c]ta9 processes ( ! m9d1 :i*1 z !y are accompani$ ) ! feel+ we call ef=t1 resembl+ t :i* accompanies ! volunt>y motions1 are sometimes class$ along ) !m1 &1 by an ext5sion ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 receive ! "n ( actions4 ,9 ?is mann]1 rememb]+1 comput+1 comp>+1 ev5 he>+1 & see+1 are d5om9at$ actions4 #b4 ,9 apply+ ! t]m ,act+1 or ! t]ms expressive ( ! sev]al k9ds ( act+1 ! ,"t ! action is a mat]ial circum/ance4 ,! gr& divisions ( "t are ! ,pa/1 ! ,pres5t1 & ! ,future4 ,!re is great utility 9 a %ort me?od ( m>k+ ^! divisions ( "t 9 conjunction ) ! m>k ( ! action4 ,?is is effect$ by ! ,t5ses ( ,v]bs4 #c4 ,:5 ! "n ( an act is appli$ to an ag5t ! ag5t is ei!r ! p]son speak+1 ! p]son spok5 to1 or "s o!r p]son4 ,! ^w d5ot+ #aed ! action is1 by :at are call$ ! ,p]sons ( ! v]b1 made to connote ^! div]sities4 ,?us amo notes ! act1 & connotes ! p]son speak+ z ! actor2 amas notes ! act1 & connotes ! p]son spok5 to1 z ! actor2 amat notes ! act1 & connotes "s p]son1 z ! actor1 :o is nei!r ! p]son speak+1 nor ! p]son spok5 to4#df ,editor's footnote #df3 ,!re is "h a fre% in/ance ( ! ov]sight already po9t$ out1 t ( n includ+ 9 ! function = :i* g5]al names are requir$1 _! employm5t 9 ,pr$ication4 ,amo1 amas1 & amamus1 _c1 ,i conceive1 ) any propriety be call$ names ( actions1 or names at all4 ,!y are entire pr$ications4 ,x is "o ( ! prop]ties ( ! k9d ( g5]al names call$ v]bs1 t !y _c be us$ except 9 a ,proposition or ,pr$ication1 & inde$ only z ! pr$icate ( x3 7= ! inf9itive is n a v]b1 b ! ab/ract ( a v]b74 ,:at else !re is to di/+ui% v]bs f o!r g5]al names w be m p>ticul>ly consid]$ fur!r on4--,ed4 #d4 ,:5 ! names ( actions are appli$ to ag5ts1 !y are appli$ to "o or a great] numb]4 ,a %ort me?od ( connot+ ?is gr& di/9ction ( numb]s is effect$ by ! m>ks ( ! ,s+ul> & ,plural numb]4 ,?us amo notes ! act1 & connotes "o actor2 amamus notes ! act1 & connotes m ?an "o actor4 #e4 ,9 apply+ ! names ( actions to ! prop] subjects ( !m1 !re are ?ree ,modes ( ! action1 "o or o!r ( :i* is always impli$4 ,! fir/ is1 :5 ! action has no ref]5ce to any ?+ previ\sly spok5 (4 ,! second is1 :5 x has a ref]5ce to some?+ previ\sly spok5 (4 ,! ?ird is1 :5 x has a ref]5ce to "s /ate ( ! w ( #aee ! speak] or p]son spok5 (4 ,^! div]sities ( mode are connot$ by ! ,moods ( ! v]b4 ,! ,indicative is us$ :5 no ref]5ce is made to any ?+ :i* prec$es3 ! ,subjunctive1 :5 a ref]5ce is made to some?+ :i* prec$es3 & ! ,optative1 & ,imp]ative1 :5 ! ref]5ce is to ! /ate ( ! w ( ! speak] or ! p]son spok5 (4 ,su* are ! contrivances to make ! m>ks or names ( action1 by _! connotative p[]s1 a m & m effectual in/rum5t ( notation4 ,accurately speak+1 !y are adjectives1 s fa%ion$ z to connote1 a ?reefold di/9ction ( ag5ts1 ) a tw(old di/9ction ( _! numb]1 a ?reefold di/9ction ( ! mann] ( ! action1 & a ?reefold di/9ction ( its "t2 &1 along ) all ?is ano!r important p>ticul>1 ab\t to be expla9$1 namely1 ! ,,copula 9 ,,pr$ication4#dg ,editor's footnote #dg3 ,! imp]fection ( ?is !ory ( ,v]bs is suffici5tly app>5t4 ,!y are1 says ! au?or1 a p>ticul> k9d ( ,adjectives4 ,adjectives1 accord+ to ! prec$+ ,section1 are words employ$ to enable u1 )\t inconv5i5t multiplication ( names1 to subdivide great classes into small] ones4 ,c x be said1 or w\ld x h be5 said by ! au?or1 t ! only1 or ! pr9cipal reason = hav+ ,v]bs1 is to enable u to subdivide classes ( objects ) ! greate/ economy ( names8 ,nei!r is x /rictly accurate to say t ,v]bs are always m>ks ( motion1 or ( action1 ev5 includ+1 z ! au?or does1 by an ext5sion ( ! mean+ ( ^? t]ms1 e process :i* is att5d$ ) a feel+ ( ef=t4 ,_m v]bs1 ( ! k9d :i* gramm>ians call neut] or intransitive v]bs1 express re/1 or inaction3 z sit1 lie1 & 9 "s cases1 /&4 ,x is true h[ev] t ! v]bs fir/ inv5t$1 z f> z we "k any?+ ( !m1 express$ =ms ( motion1 & ! pr9cipal function ( v]bs /ill is to affirm or d5y action4 ,or1 to speak yet m g5]ally1 x is by means ( v]bs t we pr$icate ev5ts4 ,ev5ts1 or *anges1 are ! mo/ important facts1 to u1 9 ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,v]bs are ! res\rce :i* language af=ds = pr$icat+ ev5ts4 ,!y are n ! names ( ev5ts2 all names ( ev5ts are sub/antives1 z sunrise1 disa/]1 or 99inf9itives1 z to rise1 & inf9itives are logically sub/antives4 ,b x is by means ( v]bs t we ass]t1 or give in=mation (1 ev5ts2 z1 ,! sun rises1 or1 ,disa/] has occurr$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a class ( neut] v]bs already ref]r$ to1 :i* d n pr$icate ev5ts1 b /ates ( an un*ang+ object1 z lie1 sit1 rema91 exi/4 ,x w\ld be incorrect1 !re=e1 to give a def9ition ( ,v]bs :i* %\ld limit !m to ! expression ( ev5ts4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! di/9ction betwe5 n\ns & v]bs is n logical1 b m]ely grammatical1 & t e ^w1 :atev] be its mean+1 mu/ be reput$ a v]b1 :i* is s con/ruct$ grammatically t x c only be us$ z ! pr$icate ( a proposition4 ,any mean+ :atev] is1 9 /rictness1 capable ( be+ ?r[n into ?is =m3 b x is only c]ta9 mean+s1 *iefly actions or ev5ts1 :i* !re is1 9 g5]al1 any motive = putt+ into ?is p>ticul> %ape4--,ed4 #aef #f4 ,we h1 la/ ( all1 "u ?is head1 to consid] ! m>k+ p[] ( a v peculi>1 & mo/ compreh5sive ^w1 ! ,,sub/antive ,,v]b1 z x has be5 call$ by gramm>ians1 or ! ^w expressive ( ,,be+4 ,! /eps1 :i* we h already trac$1 9 ! process ( nam+1 w aid u 9 obta9+ a true conception ( ?is1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important /eps1 9 t process4 ,we h se5 t1 beside ! names ( p>ticul> species ( motions1 z walk+1 runn+1 fly+1 !re 0 occasion = a g5]al "n :i* might include #aeg ! :ole ( ^? motions4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! names ,action & ,act+ 7 employ$4 ,x is n[ to be rememb]$1 t ^? s5sations :i* we m>k by ! names ( action1 z walk+1 runn+1 c41 are b "p ( ! s5sations :i* we d]ive f objects2 t we h o!r s5sations1 & clu/]s ( s5sations1 f !m1 on acc\nt ( :i* we apply to !m o!r names2 z :5 we call a man tall1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 s5sations2 d>k1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 o!r s5sations1 & s on4 ,n[1 z we _h occasion = a "n to include ! sep>ate clu/]s1 call$ walk+1 runn+1 fly+1 roll+1 fall+1 & s on1 & = t purpose adopt$ ! "n ,act+2 s1 hav+ f objects o!r s5sations ?an ^? m>k$ by ! ^w act+1 we h occasion = a "n :i* %all include bo? ^? s5sations1 & ^? compreh5d$ 9 ! ^w act+ along ) !m3 9 %ort1 a ^w t %all embrace all s5sations1 ( :atev] k9d1 :i* any object is capable ( excit+ 9 u4 ,?is purpose is effect$ by ! ^w affirmative ( ,exi/5ce4 ,:5 we affirm ( any ?+ t x ,,exi/s1 t x ,,is3 :at we mean1 is1 t we may h s5sations f x2 no?+1 )\t ourselves1 be+ kn[n to u1 or capable ( be+ kn[n1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our s5ses4 ,!re is ! same occasion = mak+ ! ,sub/antive ,v]b connote ! ?ree di/9ctions ( ,,"t ,,pa/1 ,,"t ,,pres5t1 & ,,"t ,,future1 z 9 ! case ( o!r v]bs2 also to connote ! di/9ctions ( ,,p]sons & ,,numb]s2 &1 la/ly1 to connote ! ,,?ree ,,modes1 t 9 :i* !re is no ref]5ce to any ?+ prec$+1 t 9 :i* !re is a ref]5ce to some?+ prec$+1 & t 9 :i* ref]5ce #aeh is made to ! w ( "o ( ! ,,p]sons4 ,accord+ly ! ,sub/antive ,v]b has ,,t5ses1 ,,moods1 ,,numb]s1 & ,,p]sons1 l any o!r v]b4 ,su* is ! nature & object ( ! ,sub/antive ,v]b4 ,x is ! mo/ ,,g5]ical ( all ! words1 :i* we h *>act]iz$1 z m>ks ^u m>ks4 ,^! are ! words usually call$ ,,attributives4 ,accord+ to ! view :i* we h giv5 ( !m1 !y may be m appropriately d5om9at$1 ,,second>y ,,m>ks4 ,! names ( ! l>g] classes1 z tree1 horse1 /r5g?1 we may call ,,prim>y ,,m>ks4 ,! subsidi>y names by :i* small] classes are m>k$ out ( ! l>g]2 z :5 we say1 tall tree1 great /r5g?1 runn+ horse1 walk+ man2 t is1 all attributives1 or m>ks appli$ ^u m>ks2 we may call ,,second>y ,,m>ks4 #aei ,,section ,,iv4 ,,pr$ication4 ,! purposes ( language are two4 ,we h occasion to m>k s5sations or ideas s+ly2 & we h occasion to m>k !m 9 tra9s2 9 o!r words1 we h ne$ ( contrivances to m>k n only s5sations & ideas2 b also ! ord] ( !m4 ,! contrivances :i* are necess>y to m>k ?is ord] are ! ma9 cause ( ! complexity ( language4 ,if all names 7 names ( "o sort1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 m>k+ a tra9 ( ! feel+s :i* !y s]ve to d5ote4 ,?us1 if all names 7 names ( individuals1 z ,john1 ,james1 ,pet]1 we %\ld h no difficulty 9 m>k+ a tra9 ( ! ideas ( ^! individuals2 all t w\ld be necess>y w\ld be to set d[n ! m>ks1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 ! same ord] 9 :i*1 "o aft] ano!r1 ! ideas occurr$4 ,if all names 7 names ( ,species1 z man1 horse1 eagle1 ! facility ( m>k+ ! ord] ( ! ideas :i* !y repres5t w\ld be ! same4 ,if ! idea man occurr$ fir/1 ! idea horse second1 ! idea eagle ?ird2 all t w\ld be necess>y w\ld be to put d[n ! "n or m>k man ! fir/1 ! "n or m>k horse ! second1 & ! ord] ( m>ks w\ld repres5t ! ord] ( ideas4 ,b we h already se51 t ! facility ( communication requires names ( diff]5t degrees ( #afj compreh5siv5ess2 names ( individuals1 names ( classes1 & names bo? ( ! l>g] & ! small] classes4 ,= ! y\ng] & less in/ruct$ "p ( my read]s1 x may be necess>y to m5tion1 t ! names ( ! small] classes1 are call$ names ( ,species1 or specific names2 ! names ( ! l>g] classes1 names ( ,g5]a1 or g5]ic names4 ,?us1 ! t]m animal1 d5otes a l>ge class2 a class :i* conta9s ! small] classes1 man1 horse1 dog1 c4 ,! "n animal1 !re=e1 is call$ a ,g5us1 or a g5]ic "n2 ! "n man1 a ,species1 or a specific "n4 ,9 us+ names ( ^! diff]5t k9ds2 names ( individuals :5 ! idea is re/rict$ to "o individual2 &1 = brevity1 ! names ( classes2 ! names ( ! less :5 necess>y1 ( ! l>ge :5 practicable2 !re is p]petual ne$ ( ! sub/itution ( "o "n = ano!r4 ,:5 ,i h us$ ! names1 ,james & ,john1 ,?omas & ,william1 & _m m1 hav+ to speak ( su* peculi>ities ( ea*1 z di/+ui% him f e o!r1 ,i may proce$ to speak ( !m 9 g5]al1 z includ$ 9 a class4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ,i h occasion = ! "n ( ! class1 & to sub/itute ! "n ( ! class1 = ! names ( ! individuals4 ,by :at contrivance is ?is p]=m$8 ,i h ! "n ( ! individual1 ,john2 & ! "n ( ! class man2 & ,i c set d[n my two names2 ,john1 man2 9 juxta-position4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t to effect ! communication ,i desire2 namely1 t ! ^w man is a m>k ( ! same idea ( :i* ,john is a m>k1 & a m>k ( o!r ideas along ) x1 ^? to wit1 ( :i* ,james1 ,?omas1 c4 are m>ks4 ,to complete my contrivance1 ,i inv5t a m>k1 :i*1 plac$ betwe5 my m>ks1 #afa ,john & man1 fixes ! idea ,i mean to convey1 t man1 is ano!r m>k to t idea ( :i* ,john is a m>k1 :ile x is a m>k ( ! o!r ideas1 ( :i* ,james1 ,?omas1 c41 are m>ks4 ,= ?is purpose1 we use 9 ,engli%1 ! m>k is4 ,by help ( ?is1 my object is imm$iately atta9$4 ,i say1 ,john is a man4 ,i1 !n1 use ! ^w man1 in/ead ( ! ^w ,john1 ) _m advantages2 because e ?+ :i* ,i c affirm ( ! ^w man1 is true n only ( ,john1 b ( ,james1 & ,pet]1 & e o!r individual ( ! class4 ,! jo9+ ( two names by ?is peculi> m>k is ! act :i* has be5 d5om9at$1 ,,pr$ication2 & x is ! gr& contrivance by :i* ! m>ks ( s5sations & ideas are s ord]$ 9 disc\rse1 z to m>k ! ord] ( ! tra9s1 :i* x is our purpose to communicate1 or to record4 ,! =m ( expression1 ,john is a man1 is call$ a ,proposition4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree m>ks4 ,( ^!1 ,john1 is d5om9at$ ! ,,subject2 man1 ! ,,pr$icate2 & is1 ! ,,copula4 ,to speak g5]ally1 & 9 ! language ( ! gramm>ians1 ! nom9ative ( ! v]b is ! subject ( ! proposition2 ! sub/antive1 or adjective1 :i* agrees ) ! nom9ative1 is ! pr$icate1 & ! v]b is ! copula4 ,by a few simple examples1 ! read] may r5d] famili> to himself ! use ( ,,pr$ication1 z ! gr& exp$i5t1 by :i* language is enabl$ to m>k n only s5sations & ideas1 b also ! ord] ( !m4#dh ,editor's footnote #dh3 ,! !ory ( ,pr$ication "h set =?1 /&s 9 ne$ ( fur!r elucidation1 & p]haps ( "s correction & addition4 ,! acc\nt :i* ! au?or gives ( a ,pr$ication1 or ,proposition1 is1 fir/1 t x is a mode ( s putt+ toge!r ! m>ks ( s5sations & ideas1 z to m>k ! ord] ( !m4 ,secondly1 t x consi/s 9 sub/itut+ "o "n = ano!r1 s z to signify t a c]ta9 "n 7call$ ! pr$icate71 is a m>k ( ! same idea :i* ano!r "n 7call$ ! subject7 is a m>k (4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t a pr$ication1 or proposition1 is int5d$ to m>k "s portion ( ! ord] ei!r ( our s5sations or ( our ideas1 i4e41 "s "p ( ! coexi/5ces or sequ5ces :i* take place ei!r 9 our m9ds1 or 9 :at we t]m ! ext]nal _w4 ,b :at sort ( ord] is x t a pr$ication m>ks8 ,an ord] suppos$ to be believ$ 94 ,:5 ,john1 or man1 are said to be m>ks ( an individual object1 all !re is 9 ! matt] is t ^! words1 be+ associat$ ) ! idea ( ! object1 are int5d$ to raise t idea 9 ! m9d ( ! p]son :o he>s or reads !m4 ,b :5 we say1 ,john is a man1 or1 ,john is an old man1 we int5d to d m ?an call up 9 ! he>]'s m9d ! images ( ,john1 ( a man1 & ( an old man4 ,we int5d to d m ?an in=m him t we h ?\ght (1 or ev5 se51 ,john & a man1 or ,john & an old man1 toge!r4 ,we in=m him ( a fact respect+ ,john1 namely1 t he is an old man1 or at all ev5ts1 ( our belief t ?is is a fact4 ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 a pr$ication & any o!r =m ( spee*1 is1 t x does n m]ely br+ to m9d a c]ta9 object 7:i* is ! only function ( a m>k1 m]ely z su*72 x ass]ts some?+ respect+ x4 ,n[ x may be true1 & ,i ?9k x is true1 t e ass]tion1 e object ( ,belief1--ev]y?+ t c be true or false--t c be an object ( ass5t or diss5t--is "s ord] ( s5sations or ( ideas3 "s coexi/5ce or succession ( s5sations or ideas actually exp]i5c$1 or suppos$ capable ( be+ exp]i5c$4 ,& ?us x may appe> 9 ! end t 9 express+ a belief1 we are aft] all only decl>+ ! ord] ( a gr\p or s]ies ( s5sations or ideas4 ,b ! ord] :i* we decl>e is n an imag9>y ord]2 x is an ord] believ$ to be real4 ,:atev] view we adopt ( ! psy*ological nature ( ,belief1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! m]e sugge/ion1 to ! m9d ( a c]ta9 ord] among s5sations or ideas su* z takes place :5 we ?9k ( ! alphabet1 or ! num]ation table & ! indication t ?is ord] is an actual fact1 :i* is occurr+1 or :i* has occurr$ once or (t5]1 or :i*1 9 c]ta9 def9ite circum/ances1 always occurs2 :i* are ! ?+s indicat$ z true by an affirmative pr$ication1 & z false by a negative "o4 ,t a pr$ication diff]s f a "n 9 do+ m ?an m]ely call+ up an idea1 is admitt$ 9 :at ,i h not$ z ! second half ( ! au?or's !ory ( ,pr$ication4 ,t second half po9ts out t e pr$ication is a communication1 int5d$ to act1 n on ! m]e ideas ( ! li/5]1 b on 8 p]suasion or belief3 & :at he is int5d$ to believe1 accord+ to ! au?or1 is1 t ( ! two names :i* are conjo9$ 9 ! pr$ication1 "o is a m>k ( ! same idea 7or let me add1 ( ! same s5sation or clu/] ( s5sations7 ( :i* ! o!r is a m>k4 ,?is is a doctr9e ( ,hobbes1 ! "o :i* caus$ him to be t]m$ by ,leibnitz1 9 words :i* h be5 (t5 quot$1 plus quam nom9alis4 ,x is q true t :5 we pr$icate ,b ( ,a--:5 we ass]t ( ,a t x is a ,b--,b mu/1 if ! ass]tion is true1 be a "n ( ,a1 i4e41 a "n applicable to ,a2 "o ( ! innum]able names :i*1 9 virtue ( _! signification1 c be us$ z descriptive ( ,a3 b is ?is ! in=mation :i* we want to convey to ! he>]8 ,x is s :5 we are speak+ only ( names & _! mean+1 z :5 we enunciate a def9ition4 ,9 e o!r case1 :at we want to convey is a matt] ( fact1 ( :i* ?is relation betwe5 ! names is b an incid5tal consequ5ce4 ,:5 we say1 ,john walk$ out ?is morn+1 x is n a correct expression ( ! communication we desire to make1 t hav+ walk$ out ?is morn+ or a p]son :o has walk$ out ?is morn+ are two ( ! innum]able names ( ,john4 ,!y are only accid5tally & mom5t>ily names ( ,john by reason ( a c]ta9 ev5t1 & ! in=mation we mean to give is1 t ?is ev5t has happ5$4 ,! ev5t is n resolvable into an id5tity ( mean+ betwe5 names1 b into an actual s]ies ( s5sations t occurr$ to ,john1 & a belief t any "o :o _h be5 pres5t & us+ 8 eyes w\ld h _h ano!r s]ies ( s5sations1 :i* we call see+ ,john 9 ! act ( walk+ out4 ,aga91 :5 we say1 ,negroes are woolly-hair$1 we mean to make kn[n to ! he>]1 n t woolly-hair$ is a "n ( e negro1 b t :]ev] ! clu/] ( s5sations signifi$ by ! ^w negro1 are exp]i5c$1 ! s5sations signifi$ by ! ^w woolly-hair$ w be f\nd ei!r among !m or conjo9$ ) !m4 ,?is is an ord] ( s5sations3 & x is only 9 consequ5ce ( x t ! "n woolly-hair$ comes to be applicable to e individual ( :om ! t]m negro is a "n4 ,!re is no?+ positively oppos$ to all ?is 9 ! au?or's text3 inde$ he mu/ be consid]$ to h meant ?is1 :5 he said1 t by means ( sub/itut+ "o "n = ano!r1 a pr$ication m>ks ! ord] ( our s5sations & ideas4 ,! omission consi/s 9 n rem>k+ t :at is di/9ctively signifi$ by a pr$ication1 z su*1 is ,belief 9 a c]ta9 ord] ( s5sations or ideas4 ,& :5 ?is has be5 said1 ! ,hobbian addition1 t x does s by decl>+ ! pr$icate to be a "n ( ev]y?+ ( :i* ! subject is a "n1 may be omitt$ z surplusage1 & z div]t+ ! m9d f ! ess5tial features ( ! case4 ,pr$ication may ?us be def9$1 a =m ( spee* :i* expresses a belief t a c]ta9 coexi/5ce or sequ5ce ( s5sations or ideas1 did1 does1 or1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 w\ld take place3 & ! rev]se ( ?is :5 ! pr$ication is negative4--,ed4 #afb ,= ! m complete elucidation ( ?is important "p ( ! bus9ess ( ,nam+1 x is necess>y to #afc rem>k1 t ,logicians h class$ ,pr$ications1 "u five heads2 #a/1 :5 ! ,g5us is pr$icat$1 #afd ( any subject2 #b;dly1 :5 ! ,species is pr$icat$2 #c;dly1 :5 ! ,specific ,diff]5ce is pr$icat$2 #d?ly1 #afe :5 a ,prop]ty is pr$icat$2 #e?ly1 :5 an ,accid5t is pr$icat$4 ,^! five classes ( names1 ! ?+s capable ( be+ pr$icat$1 are nam$ ,,pr$icables4 ,! five ,pr$icables1 9 ,lat91 ! language 9 :i* !y are commonly express$1 are nam$ ,g5us1 ,species1 ,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 ,accid5s4 ,we h already se51 p]haps at suffici5t l5g?1 ! mann] 9 :i*1 & ! end = :i*1 ! ,g5us1 & ! ,species are pr$icat$ ( any subject4 ,x is1 t ! m compreh5sive "n1 may be sub/itut$ = ! less compreh5sive2 s t ea* ( our m>ks may answ] ! purpose ( m>k+1 to z great an ext5t z possible4 ,9 ?is mann] we sub/itute ! ^w man1 = example1 = ! ^w ,?omas1 :5 we pr$icate ! ,species ( ! individual1 9 ! proposition1 ,?omas is a man2 ! ^w animal1 = ! ^w man1 :5 we pr$icate ! ,g5us ( ! ,species1 9 ! proposition1 man1 is an animal4#di ,editor's footnote #di3 ,if :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ note is correct1 x is a v inadequate view ( ! purpose = :i* a g5]ic or specific "n is pr$icat$ ( any subject1 to say t x is 9 ord] t ! m compreh5sive "n may be sub/itut$ = ! less compreh5sive1 s t ea* ( our m>ks may answ] ! purpose ( m>k+ to z great an ext5t z possible4 ,! m compreh5sive & ! less compreh5sive "n h ea* _! uses1 & ! function ( ea* n only c\ld n be dis*>g$ ) equal conv5i5ce by ! o!r1 b c\ld n be dis*>g$ by x at all4 ,! purpose1 9 pr$icat+ ( any?+ ! "n ( a class to :i* x belongs1 is n to obta9 a bett] or m commodi\s "n = x1 b to make kn[n ! fact ( its possess+ ! attributes :i* con/itute ! class1 & :i* are !re=e signifi$ by ! class-"n4 ,x is evid5t t ! "n ( "o class _c possibly p]=m ?is (fice vic>i\sly = ! "n ( ano!r4--,ed4 #aff ,we h already1 also1 tak5 notice ( ! artifice1 by :i* small] classes are =m$ out ( l>g]1 by ! help ( second>y m>ks4 ,( ^! second>y m>ks1 ! pr9cipal classes are designat$ by ! t]ms ,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 ,accid5s4 ,no v di/9ct b\nd>ies1 are1 inde$1 m>k$ by ^! t]ms2 nor d !y effect a sci5tific division2 b1 = ! pres5t purpose1 ! elucidation ( ! end to :i* ,pr$ication is subs]vi5t1 !y are suffici5t4 ,diff]5tia is always an ,attributive1 applicable to a ,g5us1 & :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) x1 m>ks out a ,species2 z ! ^w rational1 :i* is applicable to ! ,g5us animal1 & :5 appli$ to x1 9 ! phrase rational animal1 m>ks out a ,species1 & is synonym\s ) ! ^w man4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! ^w s5sitive is applicable to body1 & m>ks out ! subord9ate ,g5us1 animal4 ,proprium is also an ,attributive1 & ! ,attributives class$ "u ?is title diff] f ^? class$ "u ! title diff]5tia1 *iefly 9 ?is2 ,t ^? class$ "u diff]5tia1 are reg>d$ z m expressly involv$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! ,species :i* !y seem to cut out f ! ,g5us4 ,?us1 bo? rational1 & risible1 :5 appli$ to animal1 cut out ( x ! class ,man2 b rational is call$ ,,diff]5tia1 risible ,,proprium1 because rational1 is /rictly involv$ 9 ! def9ition ( man2 risible is n4 ,"s ,attributives are class$ "u ! title proprium1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to ! g5us1 d n con/itute ! same ,species1 con/itut$ by ! diff]5tia1 b a diff]5t ,species2 z bipes1 two-foot$ animal1 is ! "n ( a class includ+ at lea/ ! two classes ( m51 & birds2 hot-blood$ animal1 is ! "n ( a class s #afg l>ge z to include man1 horse1 lion1 dog1 & ! great] "p ( ! m p]fectly organiz$ ,species4 ,!re are "s ,attributives1 class$ "u ! title proprium1 :i* cut out ( ! ,g5us a class ev5 less ?an t :i* is cut by ! diff]5tia2 z1 = example1 ! ^w grammatical4 ,?is ^w grammatical1 appli$ to ! ^w animal1 9 ! t]m grammatical animal1 sep>ates a class s small1 z to include only "p ( ! ,species man1 ^? :o are call$ ,gramm>ians4 ,su* ,attributives1 = an obvi\s reason1 are applicable1 z well to ! "n ( ! ,species1 z to t ( ! ,g5us4 ,?us1 we say1 a grammatical man1 z well z a grammatical animal1 & t ) great] propriety1 z cutt+ out ! sub-species f ! ,species m imm$iately4 ,! ,attributives1 class$ "u ! title accid5s1 are reg>d$1 l ^? class$ "u diff]5tia1 & proprium1 z applicable to ! class cut out by ! diff]5tia1 b applicable to x r =tuit\sly ?an by any fix$ connection4 ,! t]m lame is an example ( su* ,attributives4 ,! t]m lame1 h[ev]1 appli$ to ! "n ( ! ,species1 does n ! less take out ( x a sub-species1 z lame man1 lame horse4 ,) respect to ^! classes ( ,attributives 7,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 ,accid5s7 ?is is necess>y to be obs]v$1 & rememb]$2 t !y diff] f "o ano!r only by ! accid5t ( _! application4 ,?us1 :5 rational1 appli$ to ! ,g5us animal1 con/itutes ! ,species man1 all o!r ,attributives appli$ to t ,species are ei!r accid5s1 or proprium2 b ^! ,attributives !mselves may be ! diff]5tia 9 ! case ( o!r classes4 ,?us1 w>m-blood$1 appli$ to man1 /&s "u ! class proprium2 b #afh :5 appli$ to ! animals :i* /& di/+ui%$ f ! cold-blood$1 z con/itut+ a class1 x becomes ! diff]5tia1 & rational1 ) respect to ?is compreh5sive class1 is only an accid5s4#ej ,editor's footnote #ej3 ,! au?or says1 t no v di/9ct b\nd>ies are m>k$ by ! ?ree t]ms1 ,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 & ,accid5s1 nor d !y effect a sci5tific division4 ,z us$1 h[ev]1 by ! m accurate ( ! s*ool logicians1 !y d m>k out di/9ct b\nd>ies1 & d effect a sci5tific division4 ,( ! attributes common to a class1 "s h be5 tak5 into consid]ation 9 =m+ ! class1 & are includ$ 9 ! signification ( its "n4 ,su*1 9 ! case ( man1 are rationality1 & ! outw>d =m :i* we call ! human4 ,^! attributes are its ,diff]5ti2 ! fundam5tal diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% t class f ! o!rs mo/ ne>ly alli$ to x4 ,! s*ool logicians 7 cont5t$ ) "o ,diff]5tia1 :5ev] "o 0 suffici5t completely to circumscribe ! class4 ,b ?is 0 an error1 because "o attribute may be suffici5t = di/9ction1 & yet may n exhau/ ! signification ( ! class-"n4 ,all attributes1 !n1 :i* are "p ( t signification1 are set ap>t z ,diff]5ti4 ,o!r attributes1 ?\gh n includ$ among ^? :i* con/itute ! class1 & :i* are directly signifi$ by its "n1 are consequ5ces ( "s ( ^? :i* con/itute ! class1 & always f\nd along ) !m4 ,^! attributes ( ! class are its ,propria4 ,?us1 to be b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es is ! ,diff]5tia ( a triangle3 to h ! sum ( its ?ree angles equal to two "r angles1 be+ a consequ5ce ( its ,diff]5tia1 is a ,proprium ( x4 ,rationality is a ,diff]5tia ( ! class ,man3 to be able to build cities is a ,proprium1 be+ a consequ5ce ( rationality1 b n1 z t is1 includ$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,man4 ,all o!r attributes ( ! class1 :i* are nei!r includ$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! "n1 nor are consequ5ces ( any :i* are includ$1 are ,accid5ts1 h[ev] univ]sally & con/antly !y may be true ( ! class2 z blackness1 ( cr[s4 ,! au?or's rem>k1 t ^! ?ree classes ( ,attributives diff] f "o ano!r only 9 ! accid5t ( _! application1 is mo/ j4 ,!re are n "s attributes :i* are always ,diff]5ti1 & o!rs :i* are always ,propria1 or always ,accid5ts4 ,! same attribute :i* is a ,diff]5tia ( "o g5us or species1 may be1 & (t5 is1 a ,proprium or an ,accid5s ( o!rs1 & s on4--,ed4 #afi ,we n[ arrive at a v important conclusion2 = x ?us appe>s1 t all ,pr$ication1 is ,pr$ication ( ,g5us or ,species1 s9ce ! ,attributives class$ "u ! titles ( ,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 ,accid5s1 _c be us$ b z "p ( ! "n ( a ,species4 ,b we h se51 above1 t ,pr$ication by ,g5us & ,species is m]ely ! sub/itution ( "o "n = ano!r1 ! m g5]al = ! less g5]al2 ! fact ( ! sub/itution be+ m>k$ by ! ,copula4 ,x foll[s1 if all ,pr$ication is by ,g5us & ,species1 t all ,pr$ication is ! sub/itution ( "o "n = ano!r1 ! m = ! less g5]al4 ,x w be easy = ! le>n] to make ?is mat]ial fact famili> to himself1 by att5d+ to a few in/ances4 ,?us1 :5 x is said t man is rational1 ! t]m rational is evid5tly elliptical1 & ! ^w animal is und]/ood4 ,! ^w rational1 accord+ to grammatical language1 is an adjective1 & is significant only 9 conjunction ) a sub/antive4 ,accord+ to logical language1 x is a connotative t]m1 & is )\t a mean+ :5 disjo9$ f ! object1 ! prop]ty or prop]ties ( :i* x connotes4#ea ,editor's footnote #ea3 ,i am unable to feel ! =ce ( ?is rem>k4 ,e pr$ication ascribes an attribute to a subject4 ,diff]5tiae1 ,propria1 & ,accid5ts1 agree ) g5]ic & specific names 9 express+ attributes1 & ! attributes !y express are ! :ole ( _! mean+4 ,i !re=e _c see :y !re %\ld n be ,pr$ication ( any ( ^!1 z well z ( ,g5us & ,species4 ,^! ?ree ,pr$icables1 ! au?or says1 _c be us$ b z "p ( ! "n ( a g5us or species3 !y are adjectives1 & _c be employ$ )\t a sub/antive und]/ood4 ,all[+ ?is to be logically1 z x is grammatically1 true1 /ill ! compreh5sive & almo/ insignificant sub/antive1 ?+ or be+1 fully answ]s ! purpose2 & ! entire mean+ ( ! pr$ication is conta9$ 9 ! adjective4 ,^! adjectives1 z ! au?or rem>ks1 are connotative t]ms2 b s1 on 8 own %ew+ else:]e1 are all concrete sub/antives1 except prop] names4 ,:y1 :5 x is said t man is rational1 mu/ ! ^w animal be und]/ood8 ,no?+ is und]/ood b t ! be+1 ,man1 has ! attribute ( reason4 ,if we say1 ,god is rational1 is animal und]/ood8 ,x 0 only ! ,greeks :o class$ _! gods z ,greek3 za a7?a_/nata4 ,! exclusion ( ! ?ree latt] ,pr$icables f pr$ication probably recomm5d$ itself to ! au?or z a support to 8 doctr9e t all ,pr$ication is ! sub/itution ( "o "n = ano!r1 :i* he consid]$ himself to h already demon/rat$ s f> z reg>ds ,g5us & ,species4 ,b pro(s h j be5 giv5 t 9 ! pr$ication ( ,g5us & ,species no m ?an 9 t ( ,diff]5tia1 ,proprium1 or ,accid5s1 is any?+ :i* turns ^u names ! ma9 consid]ation4 ,except 9 ! case ( def9itions1 & o!r m]ely v]bal propositions1 e proposition is int5d$ to communicate a matt] ( fact3 ,?is subject has t attribute--,?is clu/] ( s5sations is always accompani$ by t s5sation4 ,let me rem>k by ! way1 t ! ^w connote is "h us$ by ! au?or 9 :at ,i consid] its legitimate s5se--t 9 :i* a "n is said to connote a prop]ty or prop]ties belong+ to ! object x is pr$icat$ (4 ,he aft]w>ds ca/s (f ?is use ( ! t]m1 & introduces "o ! exact rev]se3 b ( ?is h]eaft]4--,ed4 #agj ,) respect1 h[ev]1 to su* examples z ?is la/1 namely1 all ^? 9 :i* ! pr$icate consi/s #aga ( ! g5us & diff]5tia1 ! proposition is a m]e def9ition2 & ! pr$icate1 & ! subject1 are precisely equival5t4 ,?us1 rational animal is precisely ! same class z man2 & !y are only two names = ! same ?+2 ! "o a simple1 or s+le-word$ "n2 ! o!r a complex1 or d\ble-word$1 "n4 ,su* propositions !re=e are1 prop]ly speak+1 n ,pr$ications at all4 ,:5 !y are us$ = any o!r purpose ?an to make kn[n1 or to fix1 ! mean+ ( a t]m1 !y are useless1 & are d5om9at$ id5tical propositions4#eb ,editor's footnote #eb3 ,9 ?is passage ! au?or virtually gives up ! "p ( 8 !ory ( ,pr$ication :i* is borr[$ f ,hobbes4 ,accord+ to 8 doctr9e 9 ?is place1 :5ev] ! pr$icate & ! subject are exactly equival5t1 & are only two names = ! same ?+1 ! pr$ication s]ves only to make kn[n1 or to fix1 ! mean+ ( a t]m1 & su* propositions are1 prop]ly speak+1 n ,pr$ications at all4--,ed4 ,! prec$+ expositions h %[n ! peculi> use ( ! ,copula4 ,! ,pr$ication consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( two m>ks1 :]e( ! fir/ is call$ ! ,subject1 ! latt] ! ,pr$icate2 ! ,pr$icate be+ set d[n z a "n to be us$ = e ?+ ( :i* ! ,subject is a "n2 & ! ,copula is m]ely a m>k necess>y to %ew t ! ,pr$icate is to be tak5 & us$ z a sub/itute = ! ,subject4 ,!re is a great conv5i5ce 9 giv+ to ! ,copula ! same p[]s ( connotation1 9 respect ( ,"t1 #agb ,mann]1 ,p]son1 & ,numb]1 z we h se5 to be usefully annex$ to ! ,v]b4 ,x is necess>y to expla9 a little ?is conv5i5ce2 & ! explanation w h ano!r advantage1 t x w /ill f>!r illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* ,pr$ication s]ves ! great purpose ( m>k+ ! ,ord] ( ideas 9 a ,tra94 ,if ! s5sations or ideas 9 a tra9 7 to be m>k$ z m]ely s _m indep5d5t items1 ! mode ( m>k+ ! ord] ( !m w\ld be simple2 ! ord] ( ! m>ks itself might suffice4 ,if ?is1 = example1 7 ! tra92 smell ( a rose1 sight ( a rat1 s\nd ( a trumpet1 t\* ( velvet1 prick ( a p91 ^! names plac$ 9 ord] might d5ote ! ord] ( ! s5sations4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to m>k ! tra9 z ! tra9 ( somebody2 & = ?is purpose additional ma*9]y is requir$4 ,suppose t ! tra9 ,i h to m>k is ! tra9 ( ,john1 a tra9 ( ! s5sations ( ,john2 :at are ! m>ks = :i* ,i %all h occasion8 ,x is fir/ ( all evid5t t ,i mu/ h a m>k = ,john1 & a m>k = ea* ( ! s5sations4 ,suppose x is my purpose to repres5t ,john z hav+ a s5sation by ea* ( 8 s5ses1 sight1 smell1 c41 h[ mu/ ,i proce$8 ,i h fir/ ! ^w ,john1 = ! m>k ( ! p]son2 & ,i h ! ^w see+1 = ! m>k ( ! s5sation4 ,b beside ! m>ks1 ,john1 see+1 ,i h occasion = a m>k to %[ t ,i mean ! m>k see+ to be appli$ to ! m>k ,john1 & n to any o!r4 ,= t purpose ,i use ! ^w is4 ,i say ,john is see+1 & ! fir/ s5sation ( ,john's tra9 is n[ suffici5tly #agc d5ot$4 ,9 ! same mann] ,i proce$ ) ! re/2 ,john is smell+1 ,john is ta/+1 ,john is he>+1 ,john is t\*+4 ,b ,i h (t5 occasion to speak n only ( ,john's pres5t s5sations1 b ( 8 pa/ or 8 future s5sations2 n ( ,john z m]ely n[ see+1 he>+1 c41 b z hav+ be51 or z go+ to be1 ! subject ( ^! s5sations4 ,! ,copula may be s contriv$ z mo/ commodi\sly to connote ! ma9 di/9ctions ( ,"t3 n m]ely to m>k ! connection betwe5 ! two m>ks :i* =m ! subject & ! pr$icate ( ! proposition1 b to m>k1 along ) ?is1 ei!r pa/1 or pres5t1 or future1 ,"t4 ,?us1 if ,i say ,john is see+1 ! copula m>ks pres5t "t along ) ! peculi> connection betwe5 ! pr$icate & ! subject2 if ,i say ,john 0 see+1 x connotes pa/ "t2 if ,i say ,john w be see+1 x connotes future "t4 ,z1 9 expla9+ ! functions ( v]bs1 !re appe>$ a conv5i5ce 9 ! contrivance by :i* !y 7 made to connote ?ree ,mann]s2 fir/1 :5 no ref]5ce is made to any ?+ :i* is previ\sly spok5 (2 secondly1 :5 a ref]5ce is made to some?+ :i* is previ\sly spok5 (2 ?irdly1 :5 a ref]5ce is made to ! w ( "o ( ! ,,p]sons2 x w n[ be se5 t !re is ! same conv5i5ce 9 mak+ ! ,copula connote ^! ref]5ces by a simil> contrivance4 ,?us1 :5 we speak ( a man hav+ s5sations1 we may speak ( him z hav+ !m or z n hav+ !m1 9 consequ5ce ( some?+ previ\sly spok5 (2 or we may speak ( him z hav+ !m 9 consequ5ce ( our w4 ,x is1 !re=e1 useful1 t ! ,copula %\ld #agd h moods z well z t5ses4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( p]sons & numb]s2 ( :i* no illu/ration seems to be requir$4 ,we come next to an obs]vation respect+ ! ,copula1 to :i* ! greate/ att5tion is due4 ,9 all ,languages1 ! ,v]b :i* d5otes ,,exi/5ce has be5 employ$ to answ] ! additional purpose ( ! ,copula 9 ,pr$ication4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is h be5 mo/ lam5table4 ,!re is ?us a d\ble mean+ 9 ! ,copula1 :i* has produc$ a mo/ un=tunate mixture & confusion ( ideas4 ,x has involv$ 9 my/]y ! :ole bus9ess ( ,pr$ication2 ! gr& contrivance by :i* language is r5d]$ compet5t to its end4 ,by d>k5+ ,pr$ication1 x has spread su* a veil ov] ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 z conceal$ !m f ord9>y eyes1 & all[$ !m to be b imp]fectly se5 by ^? :i* 7 ! mo/ disc]n+4 ,9 our own language1 ! v]b1 ,,to ,,be1 is ! important ^w :i* is employ$ to connote1 along ) its ,subject1 :atev] x be1 ! gr& idea ( ,,exi/5ce4 ,?us1 if ,i use ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( its indicative mood1 & say1 ,i am1 ,i affirm ,,exi/5ce ( myself4 ,i am1 is ! equival5t ( ,i am ,,exi/+4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! expressions1 ,i am1 ! m>k am involves 9 x ! =ce ( two m>ks2 x involves ! mean+ ( ! ^w exi/+1 & ! m>k+ p[] or mean+ ( ! ,copula4 ,9 ! second expression ,i am exi/+1 ! ^w am ought to s]ve ! purpose ( ! ,copula only4 ,b 9 reality its connotation ( ,,exi/5ce /ill adh]es to x2 & :]eas ! expression ought to consi/ ( ! ?ree e/abli%$ p>ts ( a ,pr$ication2 #a1 ! subject #age ,i2 #b1 ! pr$icate ,,exi/+2 & #c1 ! copula2 x 9 reality consi/s (1 #a1 ! subject ,i2 #b1 ! pr$icate ,,exi/+2 #c1 ! ,copula2 :i* signifies1 #d1 ,,exi/+1 ov] aga94 ,let u take1 z ano!r case1 t 9 :i* ! subject & pr$icate ( my int5d$ proposition are1 ! ^w ,i & read+4 ,i want = ! purpose ( pr$ication only a ,copula to signify nak$ly t ! m>k read+ is appli$ to ! m>k ,i2 b in/ead ( ?is ,i am oblig$ to use a ^w :i* connotes ,,exi/5ce1 along ) ! =ce ( ! ,copula2 & :5 ,i say ,i am read+1 n only read+ is pr$icat$ ( me1 b ,,exi/+ also4 ,suppose1 aga91 my subject is ,john1 my pr$icate dead1 ,i am oblig$ to use = my ,copula ! ^w is1 :i* connotes ,,exi/5ce1 & ,i ?us pr$icate ( ,john bo? exi/5ce & dea?4 ,x may be easily collect$1 f ?is "o example1 :at het]og5e\s & inconsi/5t ideas may be =c$ into connection by ! use ( ! ,sub/antive ,v]b z ! ,copula 9 ,pr$ication2 & :at confusion 9 ! m5tal processes x t5ds to produce4 ,x is 9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! high] ab/ractions1 & ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ideas :i* ! m9d1 9 ! processes ( enquir+ & m>k+1 =ms = its own conv5i5ce1 to obta9 a great] comm& ov] its /ores & great] facility 9 communicat+ !m1 t ! use ( ! v]b :i* conjo9s ! ,pr$ication ( ,,exi/5ce ) e o!r ,pr$ication1 has produc$ ! wilde/ confusion1 & be5 ! mo/ deeply injuri\s4 ,is x any wond]1 = example1 t ,*ance1 & ,fate1 & ,nature1 h be5 p]sonifi$1 & h _h an ,,exi/5ce ascrib$ #agf to !m1 z objects1 :5 we h no means ( pr$icat+ any?+ :atsoev] ( !m1 )\t pr$icat+ su* ,,exi/5ce at ! same "t4 ,if we say t *ance is no?+2 we pr$icate ( x1 by ! ^w is1 bo? exi/5ce & no?+ness4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x is by no means to be wond]$ at1 t philosoph]s %\ld s long h inquir$ :at ^? ,,exi/5ces are :i* ab/ract t]ms 7 employ$ to express2 & %\ld h lo/ !mselves 9 fruitless speculations ab\t ! nature ( entity1 & quiddity1 sub/ance1 & quality1 space1 "t1 necessity1 et]nity1 & s on4 ,x is necess>y "h to take notice ( a "p ( ! m>k+ p[] ( ,v]bs1 :i* c\ld n be expla9$ till ! nature ( ! copula 0 und]/ood4 ,e ,v]b involves 9 x ! =ce ( ! copula4 ,x comb9es ! m>k+ p[]s ( an adjective1 & ( ! copula2 & all ,v]bs may be resolv$ into ^? elem5ts4 ,?us1 ,john walks1 is ! same ) ,john is walk+4 ,v]bs1 !re=e1 are attributives1 ( ! same nature z adjectives1 only ) additional connotative p[]s2 & !y cut small] classes out ( l>g]1 9 ! mann] ( adjectives4 ,?us ,john walks1 is an expression1 ! same 9 import z ! ,pr$ication ,john is a walk+ man2 &1 walk+ m51 /&+ m51 runn+ m51 ly+ m51 are all sub-species ( ! ,species ,man4 ,! same unhappy duplicity ( mean+1 :i* is incurr$ by us+ ! ,sub/antive ,v]b z ! copula 9 ,pr$ication1 is inflict$ on o!r ,v]bs1 9 t "p ( _! m>k+ p[] by :i* !y exhibit ! connection betwe5 ! two t]ms ( a ,pr$ication4 ,! copula1 includ$ 9 ,v]bs1 is n ! ,,pure copula1 #agg b ! ,,actual copula2 ! copula famili> & 9 con/ant use2 namely1 ! ,sub/antive ,v]b4 ,f ?is x results1 t :atev] ! peculi> attribute1 :i* is pr$icat$ by means ( any v]b1 ,,exi/5ce is always pr$icat$ along ) x4 ,?us1 :5 ,i say ,john walks1 :i* is equival5t to ,john is walk+1 ,i pr$icate bo? exi/5ce1 & walk+1 ( ,john4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,caliban exi/$ n1 :i* is ! same z ,caliban 0 n exi/+1 ,i pr$icate bo? exi/5ce1 & non-exi/5ce1 ( ! imag9>y be+ ,caliban4 ,by ! two fir/ words ( ! ,pr$ication1 ,caliban 01 exi/5ce is pr$icat$ ( him2 by ! addition ( ! comp\nd t]m n exi/+1 ! opposite is pr$icat$ ( him4 ,! in/ances1 9 :i* ! m complicat$ =mations ( ! m9d are ! subjects ( ?is d\ble ,pr$ication1 are ^? :i*1 f ! importance ( _! consequ5ces1 des]ve ! greate/ degree ( att5tion4 ,?us1 :5 we say virtue exalts1 bo? exi/+1 & exalt+1 are pr$icat$ ( virtue4 ,:5 we say t passion impels1 bo? exi/5ce1 & impulsion1 are pr$icat$ ( passion4 ,:5 we say t ,"t g5]ates1 & ,space conta9s all ?+s1 we affirm exi/5ce ( space & "t1 by ! same expression by :i* we affirm ( ! "o1 t x g5]ates2 ( ! o!r1 t x conta9s4 ,?is con/ancy ( ,pr$ication1 =c+ ! same con/ancy 9 ! junction ( ! ideas1 furni%es a rem>kable in/ance ( t important case ( association1 ( :i* we took notice above1 :]e1 by frequ5cy ( association1 two ideas become s jo9$1 t ! "o con/antly rises1 & _c be prev5t$ f ris+1 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r4 ,?us x is1 #agh t ,"t =ces itself ^u u z an object4 ,s x is ) ,space4 ,we _c ?9k ( ,space1 we _c ?9k ( ,"t1 )\t ?9k+ ( !m z exi/5t4 ,) ! ideas ( space & "t1 ! idea ( ,,exi/5ce1 z x is pr$icat$ ( objects1 is s associat$1 by ! use ( ! ,sub/antive ,v]b z ! copula 9 pr$ication1 t we _c disjo9 !m4 ,! same w\ld h be5 ! case ) ,*ance1 & ,fate1 & ,nature2 if our religi\s education did n c\nt]act ! association4 ,x 0 precisely ! same1 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ^: religi\s education _h n t effect4#ec #ed ,f9dlat]'s footnote #ec3 ,! acc\nt ( pr$ication above giv5 is 9 con=mity ) ! ph5om5a ( ! family ( languages kn[n z ! ,indo-,european4 ,logicians1 9 fact1 9 treat+ ( ?is subject h _h almo/ exclusive reg>d to ,greek & ,lat9 & ! lit]>y languages ( mod]n ,europe1 :i* are all ( "o type4 ,x might !re=e be presum$ t ! !ory ?us =m$ w\ld be f\nd n to fit 9 all its p>ts :5 appli$ to languages ( an altoge!r diff]5t /ructure4 ,! m5tal process mu/ d\btless be ! same 9 all2 b ! words t express ! sev]al p>ts may be us$ 9 new & unprec$5t$ ways4 ,7 naturali/s to con/ruct a s*eme ( ! animal organism )\t ev] hav+ se5 any o!r animals ?an ^? ( ! v]tebrate type1 ! !ory w\ld c]ta9ly fail 9 g5]ality2 c]ta9 organs or functions w\ld be set d[n z ess5tial to animal exi/5ce :i* acqua9tance ) o!r classes ( creatures %[s c be q well disp5s$ )4 ,simil>ly1 ! curr5t !ory ( pr$ication1 :5 view$ 9 ! light ( a wid] & deep] k ( ! organism ( spee*1 seems to atta* an exagg]at$ importance to ! peculi> pr$icative p[] presum$ to be inh]5t 9 v]bs1 & especially 9 ! v]b ( exi/5ce4 ,x is n[ a well kn[n fact t 9 ! monosyllabic class ( languages1 9 :i* a ?ird "p ( ! human race express _! ?\ghts1 !re is no di/9ction among ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,9 ,*9ese1 = example1 ! ^w ta expresses indiff]5tly great1 greatness1 to be great1 to make great or magnify1 greatly4 ,x is only position t det]m9es 9 ea* case h[ ! ^w is to be und]/ood2 ?us traditional conv5tion assigns to ta fu ! mean+ ( a great man1 & to fu ta t ( ! man is great4 ,be+ habituat$ to ! con/ant use ( ! v]b is 9 su* a case z ! latt]1 we are apt to suppose t ! expression d]ives its pr$icative =ce f its sugge/+ ! v]b ( exi/5ce1 :i* ! m9d in/9ctively & necess>ily supplies = itself4 ,h[ little gr\nd !re is = ?is presum$ necessity1 has be5 conclusively %[n by ! late ,mr4 ,g>nett1 9 8 pr(\nd & exhau/ive essay on ! ,nature & ,analysis ( ! ,v]b4 ,speak+ ( ! !ory t makes ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! v]b & o!r p>ts ( spee* to reside 9 ! v]b sub/antive1 :i* is to be suppli$ by ! m9d 9 all cases :]e ! functions ( ! v]b prop] are to be call$ into requisition1 he obs]ves3 ,?is !ory presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a v]b sub/antive 9 ! languages 9 "q1 & consci\sness ( t exi/5ce & ( ! =ce & capabilities ( ! elem5t 9 ^? :o speak !m4 ,un=tunately ! ,spani% gramm>ians1 to :om we are indebt$ = :at k we possess ( ! ,philipp9e dialects1 unanim\sly concur 9 /at+ t !re is no v]b sub/antive ei!r 9 ,tagal1 ,pampanga1 or ,bisaya1 nor any means ( supply+ ! place ( "o1 except ! employm5t ( pron\ns & p>ticles4 ,m>9] makes a simil> rem>k respect+ ! ,tonga language2 & we may v5ture to affirm t !re is n su* a ?+ z a true v]b sub/antive 9 any "o memb] ( ! great ,polynesian family4 ,x is true t ! ,malayan1 ,javanese & ,malagassy gramm>ians talk ( words signify+ to be2 b an att5tive comp>ison ( ! elem5ts :i* !y pr(ess to give z su*1 %[s cle>ly t !y are no v]bs at all1 b simply pron\ns or indecl9able p>ticles1 commonly indicat+ ! "t1 place or mann] ( ! specifi$ action or relation4 ,x is n !re=e easy to conceive h[ ! m9d ( a ,philipp9e isl&]1 or ( any o!r p]son1 c supply a ^w totally unkn[n to x1 & :i* !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce to %[ t x ev] ?\ght (4 ,( ! sub/itutes put 9 place ( ! sub/antive v]b1 by f> ! mo/ common are pron\ns1 & p>ticles indicat+ position4 ,?us 9 ,coptic1 ! desc5dant ( ! anci5t ,egyptian1 ! demon/rative pe1 ?is1 aft] a n\n s+ul> mascul9e1 or te :5 ! n\n is fem99e1 is equival5t to is2 & ne1 ^!1 aft] a plural1 to are4 ,9 ! anci5t hi]oglyphic monum5ts ! function ( ! sub/antive v]b is p]=m$ by ! same means4 ,ev5 9 ! ,semitic languages1 :i* h sub/antive v]bs1 pron\ns are habitually us$ in/ead ( !m2 s t ,i ,i1 or ,i he1 /&s = ,i am1 & we we or we !y1 = we are4 ,?\ art my ,k+ 7,ps4 #dd1 #e7 is 9 ! ,hebrew ,?\ he my ,k+2 ,we are ! s]vants ( ! ,god ( heav5 7,ezra #e1 #aa7 is 9 ,*aldee ,we !y s]vants ( ! ,god ( heav52 ,i am ! light ( ! _w1 is 9 ,arabic ,i he ! light ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh su* modes ( expression are =eign to ! ,indo-,european languages1 ev5 !y furni% abundant evid5ce ( ! pr$icative p[] ( pron\ns & p>ticles4 ,if any ^w requir$ to h inh]5t 9 x ! peculi> affirmative p[] attribut$ to v]bs1 x is ! ^w yes4 ,accord+ly ,tooke d]ives x f ! ,fr5* imp]ative a-yez3 =gett+1 or n kn[+1 t ! ,anglo-,saxon gese or yea 7cognate ) ! ,sanscrit pron\n ya7 0 9 exi/5ce long be=e ! ,fr5* ayez4 ,! fact is t ,eng4 yes1 ,g]4 ja1 & ! correspond+ words 9 ! o!r ,european languages are oblique cases ( demon/rative pron\ns1 & mean simply 9 ?is 7mann]71 or ?us4 ,! ,italian si 7yes7 is f ,lat4 sic1 7?us72 ! ,prov5al oc is f ,lat4 hoc2 & ! mod]n ,fr4 oui 0 orig9ally a comb9ation ( hoc illo1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages ( ocil & oil into its pres5t =m4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! & a multitude ( simil> ph5om5a sugge/s1 t ! ,sanscrit z-mi1 ,gr4 ei-mi1 ,lat4 s-um 7= es-um71 ,eng4 a-m1 may h _h = its root ! demon/rative pron\n sa1 & meant prim>ily t 7or !re7 z to me4 ,be t z x may1 all philologi/s are agre$ t ! v]bs n[ us$ to express be+ 9 ! ab/ract1 express$ orig9ally some?+ physical & palpable4 ,?us ,ital4 /ato1 ,fr4 t1 be51 are f ! ,lat4 /atum1 ! p>ticiple ( /o1 to /&2 & exi/ itself meant to /& out or be prom95t4 ,eng4 be1 ,lat4 fu- is id5tical ) ,gr4 phy- to gr[2 &1 accord+ to ,max ,mll]1 z ! root ( z-mi meant brea? or brea?+4 ,x may !n be safely affirm$ t no ^w _h = its prim>y function to express m]e exi/5ce2 x seems en\gh = ! purpose ( pr$ication t exi/5ce be impli$4 ,) reg>d to ord9>y v]bs1 ! analytic processes ( comp>ative gramm> %[ no traces ( a sub/antive v]b ent]+ into _! /ructure4 ,x is n[ an accept$ doctr9e ( philology t1 z a rule1 ! root ( a v]b is ( ! nature ( an ab/ract n\n2 & t x became a v]b simply by ! addition ( a pronom9al affix--z 9 ! ,greek ,greek3 di_/-d-mi1 di_/-d-s1 di_/-d-si1 9 :i* ! t]m9ations 7 orig9ally ,greek3 -mi1 -si1 -ti4 ,! habits ( ?\ght aris+ out ( ! pres5t analytic /ate ( ! ,indo-,european languages naturally lead u to conceive ^! pronom9al affixes z nom9atives4 ,b gift ,i does n seem a v natural way ( gett+ at ! mean+ ,i give2 & !re=e ,mr4 ,g>nett ma9ta9s t ! affixes 7 orig9ally 9 an oblique case--! g5itive or ! in/rum5tal--s t ! lit]al mean+ 0 gift ( me1 or giv+ by me4 ,t ?is is ! nature ( ! v]b 9 ! agglut9ate languages--by f> ! mo/ num]\s class--x seems h>dly possible to dispute2 = 9 ^! ! affixes rema9 rigidly di/9ct & little disguis$4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,g>nett1 ! ,wotiak1 9 ord] to express my son1 ?y son1 c41 jo9s oblique cases ( ! p]sonal pron\ns to ! n\n pi 9 ! foll[+ way3-- pi-7i 4444 son ( me pi-ed 4 4 4 son ( !e pi-ez 4 4 4 son ( him pi-mi 4 4 4 son ( u pi-dy 4 4 4 son ( y pi-zy 4 4 4 son ( !m ,9 an exactly simil> way ! pret]ite ( ! v]b to speak /&s ?us-- b]a-i 4 4 4 spee* ( me ,i spoke b]a-d 4 4 4 spee* ( !e b]a-z 4 4 4 spee* ( him b]a-my 4 4 spee* ( u b]a-dy 4 4 spee* ( y b]a-zy 4 4 spee* ( !m ,9 ! ,fiji language loma means he>t or w2 & loma-qu 7he>t ( me7 may1 accord+ to ! connection1 signify ei!r my he>t or w1 or ,i w4 ,9 ! inflect$ languages ! affixes are s amalgamat$ ) ! root & o!rwise oblit]at$ t !re is no su* direct evid5ce ( _! nature2 b a great _m facts t5d to %[ t ! /ructure ( ! v]b 0 orig9ally ! same z 9 ! agglut9ate family4 ,if ?is analysis ( ! v]b is correct1 ! affirmation ( exi/5ce f\nd no expression 9 ! e>ly /ages ( language2 ! real copula connect+ ! subject ) ! pr$icate 0 ! proposition conta9$ 9 ! oblique case ( ! pronom9al affix4--,f4 ,editor's footnote #ed3 ,! int]e/+ & important philological facts adduc$ by ,mr4 ,f9dlat]1 confirm & illu/rate 9 a v /rik+ mann] ! doctr9e 9 ! text1 ( ! radical di/9ction betwe5 ! functions ( ! copula 9 pr$ication1 & ^? ( ! sub/antive v]b2 by %ew+ t _m languages h no sub/antive v]b1 no v]b expressive ( m]e 99exi/5ce1 & yet signify _! pr$ications by o!r means2 & t probably all languages began )\t a sub/antive v]b1 ?\gh !y mu/ always h _h pr$ications4 ,! confusion betwe5 ^! two diff]5t functions 9 ! ,european languages1 & ! ambiguity ( ! v]b ,to ,be1 :i* fulfils !m bo?1 are among ! mo/ important ( ! m9or philosophical tru?s to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis4 ,z 9 ! case ( _m o!r lum9\s ?\ghts1 an approa* is f\nd to h be5 made to x by previ\s ?9k]s4 ,hobbes1 ?\gh he did n rea* x1 came v close to x1 & x 0 /ill m di/9ctly anticipat$ by ,l>omiguire1 ?\gh )\t any suffici5t p]ception ( its value4 ,x occurs 9 a criticism on a passage ( ,pascal1 & 9 ! foll[+ words4 ,qu& on dit1 l'tre e/1 etc4 le mot e/1 ou le v]be1 n'exprime pas la mme *ose que le mot tre1 sujet de la df9ition4 ,si j'nonce la proposition suivante3 ,dieu e/ exi/ant1 je ne v\drais pas dire assurm5t1 ,dieu exi/e exi/ant3 cela ne f]ait pas un s5s2 de mme1 si je dis que ,virgile e/ pote1 je ne veux pas donn] ent5dre que ,virgile exi/e4 ,le v]be e/1 dans la proposition1 n'exprime donc pas l'exi/5ce relle2 il n'exprime qu'un rapport spcial entre le sujet et l'attribut1 le rapport du cont5ant au cont5u1 c4 7,leons de ,philosophie1 #gme ed4 vol4 i4 p4 #cjg47 ,hav+ ?us hit ^u an unobvi\s tru? 9 ! c\rse ( an argum5t direct$ to ano!r purpose1 he passes on & takes no fur!r notice ( x4 ,x may seem /range t ! v]b :i* signifies exi/5ce %\ld h be5 employ$ 9 s _m diff]5t languages z ! sign ( pr$ication1 if !re is no real connection betwe5 ! two mean+s4 ,b languages h be5 built up by ! ext5sion ( an orig9ally small numb] ( words1 ) or )\t alt]ations ( =m1 to express new mean+s1 ! *oice ( ! ^w be+ (t5 det]m9$ by v di/ant analogies4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! analogy is n di/ant4 ,all our pr$ications are int5d$ to decl>e ! mann] 9 :i* some?+ affects1 or w\ld affect1 ourselves or o!rs4 ,our idea ( exi/5ce is simply ! idea ( some?+ :i* affects or w\ld affect u someh[1 )\t di/9ction ( mode4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 :i* we c h occasion to ass]t ( an exi/+ ?+1 may be look$ ^u z a p>ticul> mode ( its exi/5ce4 ,s9ce sn[ is :ite1 & s9ce sn[ exi/s1 x may be said to exi/ :ite2 & if a sign 0 want$ by :i* to pr$icate :ite ( sn[1 ! ^w exi/s w\ld be v likely to pres5t itself4 ,b mo/ ( our pr$ications d relate to exi/+ ?+s3 & ?is be+ s1 x is 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ! human m9d t ! same sign %\ld be adh]$ to :5 we are pr$icat+ some?+ ( a m]ely imag9>y ?+ 7an ab/raction1 = in/ance7 & t1 be+ s us$1 x %\ld create an association betwe5 ! ab/raction & ! notion ( real exi/5ce4--,ed4 #agi ,we h n[ obs]v$1 :]e9 ,pr$ication consi/s1 & ! in/rum5ts by :i* x is p]=m$4 #ahj ,we h also1 9 "p1 contemplat$ ! ,end :i* x is de/9$ to fulfil2 t is1 to m>k ! ord] 9 :i* s5sations & ideas foll[ "o ano!r 9 a #aha tra94 ,on ?is la/ "p ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ obs]vations are /ill requir$4 ,! tra9s1 ! ord] ( :i* we h occasion to #ahb m>k1 may = ! elucidation ( ! pres5t subject1 be divid$ into two classes4 ,we h occasion to #ahc m>k1 ei!r1 fir/1 ,! s]ies ( ! objects we h se51 he>d1 or o!rwise p]ceiv$ by our s5ses2 or1 #ahd secondly1 ,a tra9 ( ?\ghts :i* may h pass$ 9 our m9ds4 #a4 ,:5 we come to record a tra9 ( ! objects we h p]ceiv$1 t is1 a tra9 ( s5sations1 ! s5sations h become ideas2 = ! objects are n n[ act+ on our s5ses1 & ! s5sations are at an end4 ,! ord] ( ! objects ( our s5ses1 is ei!r ! ord] ( "t1 or ! ord] ( place4 ,! fir/ is ! ord] ( ,,succession2 :5 "o object comes fir/1 ano!r next1 & s on4 ,! second is ! ord] ( ,,position2 :5 ! objects are consid]$ z simultane\s1 b diff]5t 9 di/ance & direction f a p>ticul> po9t4 ,let u obs]ve 9 :at mann] ! artifice ( #ahe ,pr$ication is adapt$ to ! m>k+ ( a tra9 9 ei!r ( ^? ord]s3 & fir/1 ) respect to a tra9 9 ! ord] ( ,"t4 ,( ?is ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a simple example4 ,! sun rises2 cl\ds =m2 cl\ds cov] ! sky2 lightn+ fla%es2 ?und] ro>s4 ,x is easy 9 ^! expressions to obs]ve1 :at 7 ! s5sations1 & 9 :at ord] !y succe$$ "o ano!r4 ,x is also obs]vable1 t ! ord] is d5ot$ by s _m ,pr$ications2 & t ,pr$ication is our only exp$i5t = d5ot+ _! ord]4 ,fir/ s5sation1 sight ( ! sun2 second s5sation1 ris+ ( ! sun2 ^! two d5ot$ %ortly & 9 _! ord] by ! ,pr$ication1 ! sun rises4 ,?ird s5sation1 sight ( cl\ds2 f\r? s5sation1 =m+ ( cl\ds2 ^! two aga9 %ortly d5ot$ 9 _! ord] by ! ,pr$ication1 cl\ds =m4 ,! next1 cl\ds cov] ! sky1 ne$s no fur!r explanation2 b !re is a peculi> artifice ( language 9 ! two foll[+ ,pr$ications2 lightn+ fla%es1 ?und] ro>s1 :i* des]ves to be well und]/ood4 ,lightn+ fla%es2 "h !re is b "o s5sation1 ! s5sation ( sight1 :i* we call a fla%4 ,b !re are v>i\s k9ds ( fla%es2 ?is is a peculi> "o1 & ,i want to m>k peculi>ly :at x is4 ,x is n a fla% on ! e>?1 b a fla% 9 ! sky2 x w n1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly di/+ui% ! fla% 9 "q1 to say1 ! sky fla%es1 because o!r fla%es come f ! sky4 ,:at !n is my contrivance8 ,i =m ! fancy ( a cause ( ?is p>ticul> fla%1 ?\gh ,i "k no?+ conc]n+ x1 & = ?is unkn[n cause ,i inv5t a "n1 & call x lightn+4 ,i h !n an expression :i* always accurately #ahf m>ks ! s5sation ,i mean to d5ote3 ,i say1 ! lightn+ fla%es1 a fla% ( lightn+1 & s on4 ,?und] ro>s1 is ano!r case ( ! same artifice4 ,! noise "h is ! only s5sation2 b 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f all o!r noises1 ,i inv5t a "n = its unkn[n cause1 & by its means c m>k ! s5sation ) p]fect precision4 ,! ,fictions1 aft] ?is mann] resort$ to1 = ! purpose ( m>k+2 ?\gh important among ! artifices ( nam+2 h contribut$ l>gely to ! misdirection ( ?\ght4 ,by ! un=tunate ambiguity ( ! ,copula1 ,,exi/5ce is affirm$ ( !m 9 e ,pr$ication into :i* !y ent]4 ,! idea ( ,,exi/5ce becomes1 by ?is means1 insep>able f !m2 & _! true nature1 z ,creatures ( ! m9d1 & no?+ m1 is r>ely1 & n )\t difficulty1 p]ceiv$4 ,! mode 9 :i* a tra91 9 ! ord] ( place1 is m>k$ by ! artifice ( ,pr$ication1 may be ?us exemplifi$3 ,! h\se is on a hill2 a lawn is 9 front2 a /able is on ! left h&2 a g>d5 is on ! "r2 a wood is beh9d4 ,x is n necess>y1 aft] ! exposition ( ! prec$+ example1 to exhibit ! detail ( ! m>k+ p]=m$ by ^! ,pr$ications4 ,! read] c trace ! s5sations1 ! ord] ( !m1 & ! mode ( ! m>k+1 accord+ to ! specim5 :i* has j be5 exhibit$4 #b4 ,! tra9s ( ?\ght :i* pass 9 our m9ds1 are sequ5ces1 ! items ( :i* are connect$ 9 ?ree pr9cipal ways3 #a/1 z cause & effect2 #b;dly1 z resembl+2 #c;dly1 z includ$ "u ! same "n4 ,a %ort illu/ration ( ea* ( ^! cases w #ahg complete ! acc\nt ( pr$ication1 z a contrivance = m>k+ ! ord] ( ideas4 ,to illu/rate a sequ5ce1 connect$ z ,cause & ,effect1 let me suppose t ,i h a fl9t & /eel 9 my h&1 :i* ,i am ab\t to /rike1 "o aga9/ ! o!r1 b at t in/ant p]ceive a b>rel ( gunp[d] op51 close be=e me4 ,i )hold ! /roke 9 consequ5ce ( ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* sugge/s to me ! ultimate effect4 ,if ,i h occasion to m>k ! tra91 ,i c only d x by a s]ies ( ,pr$ications1 ea* ( :i* m>ks a sequ5ce 9 ! tra9 ( causes & effects4 ,i /rike ! fl9t on ! /eel1 fir/ sequ5ce4 ,! /roke produces a sp>k1 second sequ5ce4 ,! sp>k falls on gunp[d]1 ?ird sequ5ce4 ,! sp>k ignites ! gunp[d]1 f\r? sequ5ce4 ,! gunp[d] ignit$ makes an explosion1 fif? sequ5ce4 ,! ideas conta9$ 9 ^! propositions mu/ all h pass$ ?r\gh my m9d1 & ?is is ! only mode 9 :i* language enables me to m>k !m 9 _! ord]4#ee ,editor's footnote #ee3 ,x is necess>y aga9 to notice ! consi/5t omission1 ?r\gh\t ! au?or's !ory ( ,pr$ication1 ( ! elem5t ,belief4 ,9 ! case suppos$1 ! ideas conta9$ 9 all ! propositions might h pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d1 )\t our be+ l$ to ass]t ! propositions4 ,i might h ?\ght ( e /ep 9 ! s]ies ( ph5om5a m5tion$1 might h pictur$ all ( !m 9 my imag9ation1 & h come to ! conclusion t !y w\ld n happ54 ,i !re=e %\ld n h made1 ei!r 9 words or 9 ?\ght1 ! pr$ication1 ,?is gunp[d] w explode if ,i /rike ! fl9t aga9/ ! /eel4 ,yet ! same ideas w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh my m9d 9 ! same ord]1 9 :i* !y /& 9 ! text4 ,! only defici5t l9k w\ld h be5 ! f9al "o1 ! ,belief4--,ed4 #ahh ,! sequ5ces ( :i* ! items are connect$ by ,resemblance w n require mu* illu/ration4 ,i see ,a1 :o sugge/s ,b to me by 8 /ature4 ,b sugge/s ,c by ! l5g? ( 8 nose4 ,c sugge/s ,d by ! simil>ity ( _! pr(ession1 & s on4 ,! s]ies ( my ?\ghts is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,h[ d ,i proce$ :5 ,i h occasion to m>k x8 ,i use a s]ies ( pr$ications4 ,i see ,a2 ?is pr$ication m>ks ! fir/ item1 my sight ( ,a4 ,a is tall1 ! second4 ,a man ( l tallness is ,b1 ! ?ird2 & s on4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?\ghts are unit$ 9 a ,syllogism1 is ! lead+ example ( ! ?ird case4 ,let u consid] ! foll[+ v famili> in/ance4 ,e tree is a vegetable3 e oak is a tree3 !re=e1 e oak is a vegetable4 ,?is is evid5tly a process ( nam+4 ,! prim>y idea is t ( ! object call$ an oak2 f ! "n oak1 ,i proce$ to ! "n tree1 f9d+ t ! "n oak1 is includ$ 9 ! "n tree2 & f ! "n tree1 ,i proce$ to ! "n vegetable1 f9d+ t ! "n tree is includ$ 9 ! "n vegetable1 & by consequ5ce ! "n oak4 ,?is is ! s]ies ( ?\ghts1 :i* is m>k$ 9 ord]1 by ! ?ree propositions or pr$ications ( ! syllogism4#ef ,editor's footnote #ef3 ,= ! pres5t ,i %all only rem>k on ?is !ory ( ! syllogism1 t x mu/ /& or fall ) ! !ory ( ,pr$ication ( :i* x is ! sequel4 ,if1 z ,i h ma9ta9$1 ! propositions :i* are ! premises ( ! syllogism are n correctly describ$ z m]e processes ( nam+1 nei!r is ! =mula by :i* a ?ird proposition is elicit$ f ^! two a process ( m]e nam+4 ,:at x is1 w be consid]$ h]eaft]4--,ed4 #ahi ,! ,pr$ications ( ,ari?metic are ano!r in/ance ( ! same ?+4 ,"o & "o are two4 ,?is aga9 is a m]e process ( nam+4 ,:at ,i call "o & "o1 9 numb]+ ?+s1 are objects1 s5sations1 or clu/]s ( s5sations2 suppose1 ! /rik+ ( ! clock4 ,! same s\nds :i* ,i call "o & "o1 ,i call also two2 ,i h = ^! s5sations1 !re=e1 two names :i* are exactly equival5t3 s :5 ,i say1 "o & "o & "o are ?ree3 or :5 ,i say1 two & two are f\r3 t5 & t5 are tw5ty3 & ! same :5 ,i put toge!r any two numb]s :atsoev]4 ,! s]ies ( ?\ghts 9 ^! in/ances is m]ely a s]ies ( names applicable to ! same ?+1 & mean+ ! same ?+4 ,beside ! two purposes ( language1 ( :i* ,i took notice at ! beg9n+ ( ?is inquiry2 ! record+ ( a man's ?\ghts = 8 own use1 & ! communication ( !m to o!rs2 !re is a use1 to :i* language is subs]vi5t1 ( :i* "s acc\nt is yet to be giv54 ,!re are complex s5sations1 & complex ideas1 made up ( s _m items1 t "o is n di/+ui%able f ano!r4 ,?us1 a figure ( "o hundr$ sides1 is n di/+ui%able f "o ( n9ety-n9e sides4 ,a ?\s& m5 9 a cr[d are n di/+ui%able f n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e4 ,b 9 all cases1 9 :i* ! complexity ( ! idea arises f ! repetition ( ! same idea1 names c be inv5t$ ^u a plan1 :i* %all r5d] !m di/9ct1 up to ! v highe/ degree ( complication4 ,numb]s are a set ( names contriv$ ^u ?is plan1 & = ?is v purpose4 ,t5 & ! numb]s bel[ t51 are ! repetition ( s _m ones3 tw5ty1 ?irty1 =ty1 c41 up to a hundr$1 are #aij ! repetition ( s _m t5s3 two hundr$1 ?ree hundr$1 c41 ! repetition ( s _m hundr$s2 & s on4 ,^! are names1 :i* af=d an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! ones or units1 ( :i* !y are compos$2 & ! highe/ numb]s are z easily di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5ce ( a unit z ! l[e/4 ,all ! processes ( ,ari?metic are only s _m contrivances to sub/itute a di/9ct "n = an indi/9ct "o4 ,:at1 = example1 is ! purpose ( addition8 ,suppose ,i h six numb]s1 ( :i* ,i desire to take ! sum1 #ah1 #ad1 #i1 #be1 #ai1 #ae2 ^! names1 eighte51 & f\rte51 & n9e1 c41 =m a comp\nd "n2 b a "n :i* is n di/9ct4 ,by summ+ !m up1 ,i get ano!r "n1 exactly equival5t1 "o hundr$1 :i* is 9 ! highe/ degree di/9ct1 & gives me an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! units or items ( :i* x is compos$2 & ?is is ( ! highe/ utility4 ,t ! ,pr$ications ( ,geometry are ( ! same nature ) ^? ( ,ari?metic1 is a tru? ( ! greate/ importance1 & capable ( be+ e/abli%$ by v obvi\s reason+4 ,x is well kn[n1 t all reason+ ab\t quantity c be express$ 9 ! =m ( algebraic equations4 ,b ! two sides ( an algebraic equation are ( necessity two m>ks or two names = ! same ?+2 ( :i* ! "o on ! "r-h& side is m di/9ct1 at lea/ to ! pres5t purpose ( ! inquir]1 ?an ! "o on ! left-h& side2 & ! :ole purpose ( an algebraic inve/igation1 :i* is a m]e s]ies ( *anges ( names1 is to obta91 at la/1 a di/9ct "n1 a "n ! m>k+ p[] ( :i* is p]fectly kn[n to u1 on ! "r-h& side ( ! equation4 ,! language ( geometry #aia itself1 9 ! m simple cases1 makes manife/ ! same obs]vation4 ,! am\nt ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle1 is twice a "r angle4 ,i arrive at ?is conclusion1 z x is call$1 by a process ( reason+3 t is to say1 ,i f9d out a "n twice a "r angle1 :i* mu* m di/9ctly po9ts out to me a c]ta9 quantity1 ?an my fir/ "n1 am\nt ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle2 & ! process by :i* ,i arrive at ?is "n is a successive *ange ( names1 & no?+ m2 z any "o may prove to himself by m]ely obs]v+ ! /eps ( ! demon/ration4#eg ,editor's footnote #eg3 ,i _c see any propriety 9 ! expression t :5 we inf] ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle to be twice a "r angle1 ! op]ation consi/s 9 f9d+ a second "n :i* m di/9ctly po9ts out ! quantity ?an ! fir/ "n4 ,:5 we ass5t to ! pro( ( ?is !orem1 we d mu* m ?an obta9 a new & m expressive "n = a kn[n fact2 we le>n a fact previ\sly unkn[n4 ,x is true t "o result ( our k ( ?is !orem is to give u a "n = ! sum ( ! ?ree angles1 ! m>k+ p[] ( :i* is p]fectly kn[n to u3 b x 0 n = want ( kn[+ ! m>k+ p[] ( ! phrase sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle t we did n "k :at t sum am\nt$ to4 ,we knew p]fectly :at ! expression sum ( ! ?ree angles 0 appo9t$ to m>k4 ,:at we h obta9$1 t we did n previ\sly possess1 is n a bett] m>k = ! same ?+1 b an additional fact to m>k ! fact :i* is m>k$ by pr$icat+ ( t sum1 ! phrase twice a "r angle4--,ed4 ,!re is "o important class ( words1 ! ,,names ( ,,names2 ( :i* we %all h occasion to take acc\nt m p>ticul>ly h]eaft]1 & ( :i* x is necess>y "h to speak only z !y =m a v>iety ( ,pr$ication4 ,a few examples w make ! case #aib intelligible4 ,,^w is a g5]ical "n = all ,names4 ,x is n ! "n ( a ,?+1 z *air is ! "n ( a ?+1 or wat*1 or picture4 ,b ^w is a "n = ^! sev]al names2 *air is a ^w1 wat* is a ^w1 picture is a ^w1 & s ( all o!r names4 ,?us grammatical & logical t]ms are names ( names4 ,! ^w n\n1 is ! "n ( "o class ( words1 v]b ( ano!r1 preposition ( ano!r1 & s on4 ,! ^w s5t5ce1 is ! "n ( a s]ies ( words put toge!r = a c]ta9 purpose2 ! ^w p>agraph ! same2 & s oration1 disc\rse1 essay1 treatise1 c4 ,! words g5us & species1 are n names ( ?+s1 b ( names4 ,g5us is n ! "n ( any ?+ call$ animal or any ?+ call$ body2 x is a "n ( ! names animal1 body1 & s on2 ! "n animal is a g5us1 ! "n body is a g5us2 & 9 l mann] is ! "n man a species1 ! "n horse1 ! "n cr[1 & s on4 ,! "n proposition1 ! "n syllogism1 are names ( a s]ies ( words put toge!r = a p>ticul> purpose2 & s is ! t]m def9ition2 & ! t]m argum5t4 ,x w be easily se5 t ^! words ent] into ,pr$ication precisely on ! same pr9ciples z o!r words4 ,ei!r ! m di/9ct is pr$icat$ ( ! less di/9ct1 its equival5t2 or ! m compreh5sive ( ! less compreh5sive4 ,?us we say1 t n\ns & v]bs are decl9ables2 preposition & adv]b indecl9ables2 :]e ! m compreh5sive t]ms are pr$icat$ ( ! less4 ,?us we say1 t adjectives & v]bs are attributes2 :]e ! m di/9ct is pr$icat$ ( ! less4#eh ,editor's footnote #eh3 ,?is exposition ( ! class ( words :i* are prop]ly names ( names1 belongs orig9ally to ,hobbes1 & is highly #aic important4 ,!y are a k9d ( names1 ! signification ( :i* is v (t5 misund]/ood1 & has giv5 occasion to mu* hazy speculation4 ,x %\ld h[ev] be rem>k$ t ! words g5us & species are n solely names ( names2 !y are ambigu\s4 ,a g5us nev] inde$ means 7z _m ( ! s*oolm5 suppos$7 an ab/ract entity1 di/9ct f all ! individuals compos+ ! class2 b x (t5 means ! sum ( ^? individuals tak5 collectively2 ! class z a :ole1 di/+ui%$ on ! "o h& f ! s+le objects compris+ x1 & on ! o!r h& f ! class "n4--,ed4 #aid ,,section ,v4 ,,pron\ns4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! artifice ( ,nam+ is n[ expla9$4 ,we h consid]$ ! nature ( ! m necess>y m>ks1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are comb9$ s z to repres5t ! ord] ( a tra94 ,beside ^? m>ks1 :i* are ! fundam5tal "p ( language1 !re are sev]al classes ( auxili>y words or m>ks1 ! use ( :i* is1 to abbreviate expression1 & to r5d] x1 :at is ( great importance1 a m rapid vehicle ( ?\ght4 ,^! are usually compreh5d$ "u ! titles ( pron\n1 adv]b1 preposition1 & conjunction2 a classification :i*1 = our pres5t purpose1 has ! be/ recomm5dation1 t ( be+ famili>ly kn[n4 ,x is to be di/9ctly und]/ood1 t 9 ! acc\nt :i* is "h to be giv5 ( ! subsidi>y p>ts ( spee*1 x is b "o "p ( ! explanation ( !m :i* w be attempt$4 ,! ideas1 :i* _m ( !m /& =1 are ( ! mo/ complicat$ k9d1 & h n yet be5 exp\nd$4 ,we are1 !re=e1 n yet prep>$ to po9t out ! items :i* !y m>k4 ,our pres5t bus9ess is only to indicate ! mode 9 :i* !y are us$ 9 ,pr$ication1 z "p ( ! great contrivance = m>k+ ! ord] ( a tra9 ( ideas1 & = economiz+ ! numb] ( words4 ,x is also necess>y to obs]ve1 t ,i h limit$ myself1 9 ?is "p1 to brief indications1 )\t #aie go+ into m9ute developm5t1 ! l5g? ( :i*1 x appe>$ to me1 w\ld n be comp5sat$ by ! advantage4 ,9 all spee* 99!re is a speak]2 !re is "s p]son spok5 to2 & !re is "s p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 ,^! objects con/itute ?ree ,classes1 m>ks ( :i* are p]petually requir$4 ,any artifice1 !re=e1 to abridge ! use ( m>ks1 ( su* frequ5t recurr5ce1 0 highly to be desir$4 ,"o exp$i5t (f]$ itself obvi\sly1 z likely to prove ( ! highe/ utility4 ,speak]s con/itut$ "o class1 ) num]\s names2 p]sons spok5 to1 a second class2 p]sons & ?+s spok5 (1 a ?ird4 ,a g5]ical "n might be inv5t$ = ea* class2 a "n1 :i* w\ld include all ( a class1 & :i* s+ly might be us$ z ! sub/itute ( _m4 ,= ?is end 7 ! ,p]sonal ,pron\ns inv5t$ & su* is _! "* & (fice4 ,i1 is ! g5]ical m>k :i* includes all m>ks ( ! class1 speak]s4 ,?\1 is a g5]ical m>k1 :i* includes all m>ks ( ! class1 p]sons spok5 to4 ,he1 %e1 x1 are m>ks1 :i* include all m>ks ( ! class1 p]sons or ?+s spok5 (4 ,by =m+ ,adjectives f c]ta9 k9ds ( ,n\ns we obta9 a useful class ( specific names4 ,f wool we make wooll52 & wooll51 atta*$ to v>i\s g5]ic names1 furni%es u ) specific names2 ?us we say wooll5 clo?1 :i* is a species ( clo?2 wooll5 y>n1 :i* is a species ( y>n2 wooll5 g>m5t1 :i* is a species ( g>m5t4 ,s1 f ! ^w gold we make gold51 :i* furni%es u ) a great] numb] ( specific names2 f wood wood51 :i* furni%es u ) a /ill great] numb]4 ,adjectives are #aif =m$ 9 l mann] f ! p]sonal pron\ns3 f ,i1 my or m9e2 f ,?\1 ?y or ?9e2 f ,he1 ,%e1 ,x1 81 h]s1 its2 also f ! plurals ( !m1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs4 ,^! adjectives answ] a purpose ( v frequ5t recurr5ce2 t ( s+l+ out1 f any class ( objects1 a sub-class1 or an individual1 be>+ a peculi> relation1 to ! p]son speak+1 ! p]son spok5 to1 or ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 ,?us1 :5 ,i say1 my %eep or my ox51 ,i d5ote a sub-class ( ^? animals1 ^? :i* /& 9 ! relation ( prop]ty to ! speak]2 :5 ,i say ?y %eep or ox51 ,i d5ote a sub-class 9 ! same relation to ! p]son spok5 to2 & :5 ,i say 8 %eep or ox51 a sub-class1 /&+ 9 t relation to ! p]son spok5 (4 ,:5 ,i say my son1 ?y wife1 8 fa!r1 ,i s+le out individuals hav+ t relation4 ,! ,demon/rative ,pron\ns1 ,?is & ,t1 are ( great utility4 ,!y s]ve to individualize any ?+ 9 a class4 ,"o ( ^! m>ks put ^u a specific m>k1 makes x an individual m>k4 ,?us1 ! m>k man1 is ! "n ( a class3 put ^u x ! m>k ?is1 or t2 ?is man1 & t man1 are m>ks1 signs1 or names1 ( individuals4 ,9 ?is mann] innum]able individual names c be made1 )\t add+ a s+le ^w to ! cumbr\s mat]ials ( language4 ,! nature ( ! ,relative ,pron\n is n difficult to und]/&4 ,x supplies ! place ( a p]sonal pron\n & a conjunction1 9 connect+ a ,pr$ication ) ! subject1 or pr$icate ( ano!r proposition4 ,?us1 ,john receiv$ a w\nd1 :i* occasion$ 8 dea?1 is ( ! same import z ,john receiv$ a w\nd1 & x occasion$ 8 dea?4 ,?is #aig is a case 9 :i* ! ,relative connects a subsequ5t pr$ication ) ! pr$icate ( an antec$5t pr$ication4 ,! foll[+ are cases 9 :i* x connects a subord9ate pr$ication ) ! subject ( ! pr9cipal "o3 ,erasmus1 :o 0 a lov] ( tru?1 b ( a timid "*1 hesitat$ betwe5 ! new & ! old religion4 ,erasmus1 & he 0 a lov] ( tru?1 c4 ,! man :o spoke to y is my fa!r4 ,! man spoke to y1 & he is my fa!r4#ei ,f9dlat]'s footnote #ei3 ,!re is really no well m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 relative pron\ns & demon/rative pron\ns1 ei!r 9 _! orig9 or 9 _! use4 ,( ! demon/rative roots ka1 sa1 ta1 ja1 d]ivatives f ! 99guttural ka prevail z relatives 9 ,lat9 & its mod]n desc5dants 7,lat4 qui1 ,x4 *e1 ,fr4 qui71 & 9 ! ,teutonic languages 7,go?4 hva1 ,eng4 :o1 ,g]4 w]1 wel*71 b by no means exclusively4 ,9 ,greek ! relative diff]s little f ! article1 :i* is also us$ z a demon/rative & a p]sonal pron\n4 ,mod]n ,italian uses z a demon/rative a comp\nd ( ! ,lat9 qui ) i/e & illa--que/o1 quella4 ,9 ,g]man ! relative prop]1 viz4 wel*1 is comp>atively little us$1 its place be+ suppli$ by ! article d]1 :i* is m]ely an unemphatic demon/rative2 & 9 ,engli% t is p]haps z (t5 us$ z :o or :i*4 ,! relative s]ves = two purposes1 :i* x is useful to di/+ui%4 7#a7 ,x may add on ei!r a clause conta9+ an indep5d5t proposition1 z 9 ! example 9 ! text1 ,john receiv$ a w\nd1 :i* occasion$ 8 dea?2 or a clause dep5d5t 9 "s way ^u ! prec$+--e4g4 assign+ ! reason ( x1 z1 ,x 0 unju/ to puni% ! s]vant1 :o only did :at he 0 ord]$4 7#b7 ,! clause introduc$ by ! relative may s]ve simply to limit or def9e a n\n1 9 ! way t an adjective or ano!r n\n 9 apposition does1 z ,! man :o spoke to y is my fa!r4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] use ( ! relative1 & 9 no o!r1 t x is p]missible 9 ,engli% to use t2 to sub/itute t = :i* 9 ! fir/ ( ! o!r two s5t5ces1 or = :o 9 ! second1 w\ld give a diff]5t mean+4 ,n[ x is only 9 ! cases 9 :i* t c\ld n be sub/itut$ = :o or :i* t ! relative involves ! =ce ( a conjunction2 & x is n always & t is ! conjunction involv$4 ,! conjunction has no v]bal expression1 & nev] _h2 x is only sugge/$1 & ! m9d supplies t :i* be/ suits ! logical connection4 ,:5 ! pr$ication ( ! relative clause is co-ord9ate ) ! prec$+1 z 9 ! fir/ example1 & is ! prop] conjunction to supply4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ab\t ! puni%m5t ( ! s]vant1 :o is equival5t to = he2 & 9 t ab\t ,erasmus1 9 ! text1 to inasmu* z he4 ,:5 ! relative clause m]ely def9es1 no conjunction ( any k9d is ev5 impli$4 ,9 su* a s5t5ce z ,he rew>d$ ! man t rescu$ him1 ! relative clause is ! answ] to a "q naturally sugge/$ by ,he rew>d$ ! man--:at man8 ,! or t 7man7 rescu$ him2 :i* is equival5t to1 8 rescu]4 ,to resolve x into ,& t man rescu$ him1 gives q a diff]5t mean+2 namely1 t he rew>d$ "s man 7o!rwise kn[n to ! he>]s7 = some?+ 7likewise kn[n to !m71 & t ?is man n[ rescu$ him4--,f4 #aih ,! ,int]rogative is easily expla9$4 ,x is m]ely ! ,relative1 9 a v elliptical =m ( expression4 ,! int]rogative s5t5ce1 ,:o gave y t book8 :5 ! subaudition is suppli$1 is ?us express$3 ,! p]son gave y ! book1 & him ,i w y to "n to me4 ,:at is ! h\r ( ! day8 is an elliptical =m (1--,x is an h\r ( ! day1 & x ,i w y to tell me4 #aii ,,section ,,vi4 ,,adv]bs4 ,! p[] ( ?is class ( words1 9 ! great bus9ess ( m>k+1 & ! ext5t ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by !m1 w be s easily se51 t a few words w suffice to expla9 !m4 ,adv]bs may be r$uc$ "u five heads2 #a1 ,adv]bs ( ,"t2 #b1 ,adv]bs ( ,place2 #c1 ,adv]bs ( ,quantity2 #d1 ,adv]bs ( ,quality2 #e1 ,adv]bs ( ,relation4 ,!y are mo/ly abridgm5ts1 capable ( be+ sub/itut$ = long] m>ks4 ,& !y are always employ$ = ! purpose ( putt+ a modification ^u ! ,subject1 or ! ,pr$icate1 ( a ,proposition4 ,a few examples w suffice = ! fur!r elucidation ( ?is subject4 ,anci5tly1 is an adv]b ( "t4 ,x is ( ! same import z ! expression1 ,9 di/ant pa/ "t4 ,x is appli$ to modify ! subject1 or pr$icate1 ( a proposition1 z 9 ! foll[+ example3 ,a numb] ( m5 anci5tly 9 ,engl& _h wives 9 common4 ,_h wives 9 common1 is ! pr$icate ( ! above proposition1 & x is modifi$1 or limit$1 9 respect to "t1 by ! ^w anci5tly4 ,adv]bs ( place x is easy to exemplify 9 ! same mann]4 ,"u adv]bs ( quantity all ^? :i* m>k degrees may be includ$2 z greatly1 m9utely3 ,?us1 ,he enl>g$ greatly ^u patriotism3 ,greatly "h means 9 _m words2 & x modifies ! pr$icate1 enl>g$1 c4 ,adv]bs ( #bjj quality & relation are exce$+ly num]\s1 because !y are easily made f ! words :i* connote ! quality or relation3 ?us1 f h>d1 h>dly2 f l\d1 l\dly2 f sweet1 sweetly2 f w>m1 w>mly3 aga91 f fa!r1 pat]nally2 f son1 filially2 f magi/rate1 magi/]ially2 f high1 highly2 f exp5sive1 exp5sively2 & s on4 ,9 all ?is no difficulty is pres5t$ :i* requires remov+4#fj ,editor's footnote #fj3 ,9 _m cases1 & ev5 9 "s ( ! examples giv51 ! adv]b does n modify ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate1 b ! application ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,anci5tly1 9 ! proposition cit$1 is int5d$ to limit & qualify n m51 nor community ( wives1 b ! practice by m5 ( community ( wives3 x is a circum/ance affect+ n ! subject or ! pr$icate1 b ! pr$ication4 ,! qualification ( pa/ & di/ant "t atta*es to ! fact ass]t$1 & to ! copula1 :i* is ! m>k ( ass]tion4 ,! reason ( its seem+ to atta* to ! pr$icate is because1 z ! au?or rem>k$ 9 a previ\s section1 ! pr$icate1 :5 a v]b1 includes ! copula4--,ed4 #bja ,,section ,,vii4 ,,prepositions4 ,x is easy to see 9 :at mann] ,prepositions are employ$ to abridge ! process ( disc\rse4 ,!y r5d] u ! same s]vice :i*1 we h se51 is r5d]$ by adjectives1 9 af=d+ ! means ( nam+ m9or classes1 tak5 out ( l>g]1 ) a great economy ( names4 ,?us1 :5 we say1 a man ) a black sk91 ?is comp\nd "n1 a man ) a black sk92 is ! "n ( a sub-class1 tak5 out ( ! class man2 & :5 we say1 a black man ) a flat nose & woolly hair2 ?is /ill m comp\nd "n is ! "n ( a m9or class1 tak5 out ( ! sub-class1 m5 ) a black sk94 ,prepositions always /& be=e "s ^w ( ! class call$ by gramm>ians n\ns sub/antive4 ,& ^! n\ns sub/antive !y connect ) o!r n\ns sub/antive1 ) adjectives1 or ) v]bs4 ,we %all consid] ! use ( !m1 9 ea* ( ^? cases4 #a4 ,sub/antives are unit$ to ,sub/antives by prepositions1 on purpose to m>k some?+ add$1 some?+ tak5 away1 some?+ possess$ or own$4 ,?us1 a man ) a dog1 a horse )\t a saddle1 a man ( weal?1 a man ( pleasure1 & s on4 ,x 0 fir/ %ewn by ,mr4 ,horne ,tooke1 t prepositions1 9 _! orig91 are v]bs1 or n\ns4 ,?us ! prepositions 9 ,engli%1 :i* note ! modifications effect$ by add+ to1 or tak+ f1 7 #bjb orig9ally concrete words1 :i*1 beside some?+ connot$ by !m1 m>k$ p>ticul>ly junction1 or disjunction4 ,9 ! use ( !m z prepositions1 t "p ( _! signification1 :i* we h call$ ! connotation1 has be5 dropp$2 & ! notation alone rema9s4 ,prepositions1 !re=e1 are a sort ( ab/ract t]ms1 to answ] a p>ticul> purpose4 ,to express my idea ( a man ) a dog 7a v complex idea1 consi/+ ( two clu/]s2 "o1 t :i* is m>k$ by ! t]m man2 ! o!r1 t :i* is m>k$ by ! t]m dog72 x is n en\gh t ,i set d[n ! t]m ,man1 & ! t]m ,dog2 x is necess>y1 besides1 t ,i h a m>k = t p>ticul> junction ( !m1 :i* my m9d is mak+4 ,= t m>k ,i use ! preposition )4 ,)\t d5otes disjunction 9 a simil> mann]1 & requires no fur!r explanation4 ,! preposition (1 by :i* possession or own]%ip is d5ot$1 7=m]ly1 z rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,gil*ri/1 writt5 og1 oc1 ac1 c471 is eke1 or add4 ,if we suppose t our v]b h is ( ! same orig91 ( is m]ely ! v]b1 :i* signifies possess+2 & ! le>n] may ?us conceive ! nature ( its diff]5t applications4#g99 ,a man ( weal?1 a man hav7+7 weal?2 a field ( t5 acres1 a field hav7+7 t5 acres2 s1 a h\se ( spl5d\r2 a woman ( gallantry2 9 all ( :i* cases1 beside ! two clu/]s ( ideas1 m>k$ by ! two names :i* ! preposition connects1 !re is an idea ( possession com+ betwe54 99,mill's footnote #g3 ,see note at p4 #bji4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a peculi>ity is to be not$4 ,:5 !re is a possessor1 !re is some?+ possess$4 #bjc ,! preposition1 !re=e1 :i* m>ks ! relation betwe5 ! possessor & ! possess$1 /&s ambigu\sly betwe5 ! active & ! passive p[]4 ,x1 !re=e1 p>takes m ( ! active or ! passive signification1 accord+ to ! position ( ! words :i* x is employ$ to connect4 ,9 ! in/ances previ\sly giv51 we h se5 t x _h cle>ly an active signification4 ,9 ! foll[+ x has cle>ly a passive4 ,! book ( ,john2 ! book (1 hav7ed7 ,john4 ,! ,creator ( ! _w2 ,creator hav7ed74 ,! weal? ( ,croesus2 weal? hav7ed74 ,( is employ$ 9 a p>titive s5se1 :5 "o ( ! words d5otes a "p ( ! o!r2 z half ( ! army2 _m ( ! p2 mu* ( ! loss4 ,9 ?is case ! idea ( possession is suffici5tly obvi\s to support ! analogy4 ,! p>ts are possess$1 _h1 by ! :ole4 ,"p ( ! debt1 "p hav7ed7 ! debt4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! preposition ) a sub/antive1 s]ves ! purpose ( a new adjective4 ,?us1 9 ! expression1 a man ) "o eye1 ! words1 ) "o eye1 might h be5 suppli$ by an adjective1 hav+ ! same mean+ or m>k+ p[]2 & ! ,fr5* language actually has su* an adjective1 9 ! m>k borgne4 ,we say1 a man ) r$ hair1 & we h ! adjective1 r$-hair$2 a man ( weal?1 & we h ! adjective1 weal?y2 a man ( /r5g?1 & we h ! adjective1 /rong2 cases :i* di/9ctly exemplify our obs]vation4 #b4 ,we come n[ to %ew 9 :at mann]1 & ) :at advantage1 prepositions are employ$ to connect ,sub/antives ) ,adjectives4 ,! foll[+ #bjd classes ( adjectives w furni% suffici5t illu/ration ( ?is "p ( ! subject3 #a1 ,adjectives ( place or position2 99#b1 ,adjectives ( "t or succession2 #c1 ,adjectives signify+ pr(it or dispr(it2 #d1 ,adjectives ( pl5ty or want2 #e1 ,adjectives signify+ an affection or /ate ( ! m9d4 ,adjectives ( position1 su* z ne>1 di/ant1 high1 l[1 h ! ord9>y p[] ( adjectives1 z m>ks ^u m>ks2 & an additional p[]1 :i* w be/ be expla9$ by examples4 ,:5 we say a di/ant h\se1 a neighb\r+ t[n2 ! words di/ant1 & neighb\r+1 are n only m>ks ^u h\se1 & t[n1 b ref] to some?+ else3 a di/ant h\se1 is a h\se di/ant f some?+2 a neighb\r+ t[n1 is a t[n neighb\r+ some?+3 x may mean a h\se di/ant f my h\se1 a t[n neighb\r+ my h\se3 9 ^! cases1 we %\ld say t ! adjective has bo? a notation1 & a connotation4 ,! adjective di/ant1 = example1 notes h\se1 & connotes my h\se2 neighb\r+1 notes t[n1 connotes my h\se4 ,x is next1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$1 t ! connotation1 9 su* cases1 w\ld be vague )\t a m>k to det]m9e x4 ,! expression w\ld be v imp]fect1 if1 aft] ! ^w high1 we 7 m]ely to put ! ^w hill2 & say1 ! h\se is high ! hill2 or1 ! h\se is di/ant ! po/-t[n4 ,prepositions supply ?is defect4 ,we say1 ! h\se is high on ! hill2 ! h\se is di/ant f ! po/-t[n4 ,9 ! case ( "s adjectives1 _! juxta-position makes ! ref]5ce suffici5tly precise2 & 9 t case1 ! preposition may be disp5s$ )2 z1 ne> ! t[n1 ne> ! road1 c4 #bje ,x is obs]vable1 t ! adjectives ( position are n num]\s4 ,"s v g5]al ones are us$2 & ! sub-species are =m$ out ( !m by ! aid ( prepositions4 ,?us we h ! ^w plac$1 :i* includes all positions2 & ?is1 jo9$ ) a sub/antive & a preposition1 m>ks positions ( all k9ds3 ?us we c say1 plac$ on ! "r h&1 plac$ on ! left h&1 plac$ beh9d ! h\se1 plac$ be=e ! h\se1 plac$ above x1 plac$ bel[ x1 plac$ 9 x1 & s on4 ,x is n my int5tion to inquire into ! precise mean+ ( ea* ( ! prepositions4 ,x is suffici5t to h giv5 a sample ( ! inquiry1 z 9 ! case ( ! prepositions :i* connect sub/antives ) sub/antives2 & to h %ewn ! mode ( _! signification1 z a k9d ( ab/ract t]ms1 ei!r active or passive4 ,! v>ieties ( "t or succession are n _m1 & ! words to d5ote !m1 proportionally few4 ,previ\s1 simultane\s1 po/]ior1 are ! pr9cipal adjectives2 & ! t]ms to :i* ^! words ( ref]5ce po9t1 are m>k$ by prepositions3 ?us we say1 previ\s to1 simultane\s to1 & also )2 )1 z we h se51 d5ot+ junction1 sam5ess ( "t4 ,adjectives ( pr(it or dispr(it1 ne$ prepositions to m>k _! connexion ) ! ?+s b5efit$ or hurt2 z1 hurtful to ! crop2 good = ! heal?4 ,^! adjectives af=d a good example ( ! mann] 9 :i* g5]ical adjectives are divid$ into num]\s sub-species1 )\t ! inconv5i5ce ( new names1 by ! aid ( ! prepositions3 ?us1 hurtful1 :i* notes all k9ds ( hurtfulness1 is made to note #bjf its v>i\s species1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 hurtful to ! heal?1 hurtful to ! eyes1 hurtful to ! /oma*1 hurtful to ! crops1 hurtful to ! reputation3 all diff]5t species ( hurtfulness1 :i* might be not$ by adjectives sev]ally appropriat$ to !m4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul> to be rem>k$ ( ! mann] 9 :i* adjectives ( pl5ty1 or want1 or ^? signify+ an affection ( ! m9d1 are connect$ ) ! objects !y connote1 by prepositions2 we %all1 !re=e1 proce$ to %ew ! mann] 9 :i* v]bs are connect$ ) sub/antives1 by _! means4 #c4 ,all v]bs are adjectives1 ei!r active or passive1 put into a p>ticul> =m1 = ! sake ( a p>ticul> connotation4 ,all actions1 sav+ ^? :i* beg9 & end 9 ! actor1 h a ref]5ce to a pati5t1 or some?+ act$ on2 & ! be+ act$ on2 ! passion z x is call$2 has a ref]5ce to ! actor4 ,action1 !re=e1 & passion1 are relative t]ms1 /&+ 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect2 ag5t & pati5t1 are ! names ( ! subjects ( ! action & ! passion1 ! cause & ! effect4 ,mo/ actions are motions1 or nam$ by analogy to motions4 ,9 apply+ t]ms d5ot+ motion1 !re is p>ticul> occasion = m>k+ ! two po9ts ( t]m9ation2 ! po9t at :i* x began1 & ! po9t at :i* x end$4 ,?is is effect$ by ! "n ( ! two places1 & a preposition4 ,! contrivance w be suffici5tly illu/rat$ by an obvi\s example3 ,john travell$ f ,london to ,dov]3 ,travell$1 ! "n ( ! motion2 ,london1 ! po9t ( comm5cem5t2 ,dov]1 ! po9t ( t]m9ation3 f1 a ^w d5ot+ comm5cem5t1 #bjg connect+ ,london ) travell$2 to1 a ^w signify+ completion1 connect+ ! ^w ,dov]1 ) ! ^w travell$4 ,"s v]bs1 :i* imply motion1 h _! ma91 or only ref]5ce1 to ! po9t ( its t]m9ation4 ,?us1 he /opp$ at ,dov]3 he /ruck him on ! head3 he /abb$ him 9 ! side4 ,^! prepositions1 :atev] _! precise import1 :i* we %all n n[ /op to inquire1 m>k1 :5 ?us appli$ to ! "n ( ! place at :i* ! respective motions t]m9at$1 ! connexion ( ! two names1 t ( ! motion1 & t ( its po9t ( t]m9ation4 ,) respect to motions1 we h occasion to m>k1 n only ! po9ts ( _! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation1 b also _! direction4 ,! direction ( a motion1 by :i* we mean ! position ( ! mov+ body1 at ! sev]al po9ts ( its c\rse1 c only be m>k$ by a ref]5ce to o!r bodies1 ^: position is kn[n4 ,?us1 ,he walk$ ?r\gh ! field4 ,! direction ( ! walk1 or ! position ( ! walk+ man1 at ! sev]al mom5ts ( x1 is m>k$ by a ref]5ce to ! field ^: position is kn[n to me1 & a ^w :i* means f side to side4 ,! expression1 ,x flew 9 a /raight l9e1 is less full & p>ticul> 9 its m>k+1 b cle> & di/9ct1 z f> z x goes1 by ref]5ce to a modification ( position2 namely1 a l9e1 ) :i* ,i am p]fectly famili>4 ,9 us+ v]bs ( action & passion1 t is1 words :i* m>k a c]ta9 clu/] ( ideas1 we h occasion to modify su* clu/]s1 by add+ to1 or tak+ f !m1 n only ideas ( ,position1 z above1 b v>i\s o!r ideas2 ( :i* ! idea ( #bjh ! ,cause1 or ,end1 ( ! action1 ! idea ( ! ,in/rum5t ) :i* x 0 p]=m$1 & ! idea ( ! ,mann] ( ! p]=mance1 are among ! pr9cipal4 ,john work$2 to ?is1 a m>k ( a c]ta9 clu/] ( ideas1 ,i want to make an addition1 t ( ! ,cause or ,end ( 8 work+4 ,t ,end is1 ,bread4 ,to m>k ?is z ! cause ( 8 work+1 x is n en\gh to set d[n ! "n bread2 ,i ne$ a m>k to fix its connexion ) ! work+1 & ! k9d ( its connexion4 ,i say1 ,john work$ = 7cause7 bread4 ,john 0 robb$ = 7cause ( ! robb]y7 8 money4 ,! ideas ( mann] & in/rum5t are commonly annex$ by "o preposition2 ,john work$ ) 7jo9+7 dilig5ce1 ! mann]2 ,john work$ ) a spade1 ! same idea1 z ,john ) 7jo9$7 a spade work$2 spade1 ! in/rum5t4 ,john work$ by ! job1 work$ by ! day2 mann]3 ,john work$ by ma*9]y1 ! in/rum5t4 ,he 0 kill$ ) b>b>ity1 ) a cudgel4 ,we say1 done ) hurry1 or 9 a hurry1 done 9 ha/e4 ,91 :i* seems to m>k a modification ( position1 is "h appli$ to t :i* does n admit ( position4 ,hurry & ha/e seem 9 su* expressions to be p]sonifi$2 to be ?+s :i* surr\nd an action1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x is done4 ,we h comp\nd names = _m actions4 ,?us we may say1 he hurt ,john1 or he did hurt to ,john1 he gave a lecture to ,john1 or1 he lectur$ ,john4 ,! reason :y a preposition is requir$ be=e ! pati5t1 9 ! case ( ! comp\nd "n ( ! action1 & n ( ! s+le "n1 is1 t ! ^w :i* /&s ) respect to ! v]b 9 ! #bji imm$iate relation ( ! recipi5t or pati5t ( ! action1 is n ! man1 b ! ?+ done4 ,?us1 9 ! phrase1 he did hurt to ,john1 x is n ,john :i* is done1 b hurt3 9 ! phrase1 he gave a lecture to ,john1 x is n ,john :o is giv51 b a lecture4 ,!re are "h z x 71 two pati5ts1 lecture1 ! prim>y1 ,john1 ! second>y2 juxta-position m>ks ! connexion ( ! prim>y2 b a preposition is necess>y1 to m>k t ( ! second>y4 ,! foll[+ phrases seem to admit ( a simil> explanation4 ,he rem9d$ him ( 8 promise2 he accus$ him ( p]jury2 he depriv$ him ( 8 wife3 ! second>y pati5ts be+ promise1 p]jury1 wife4 ,he rem9d$ him ( 8 promise 7hav7ed7 8 promise72 ! promise be+ ! ?+ _h or conceiv$ 9 ! rem9d+3 accus$ him ( p]jury2 p]jury be+ ! ?+ _h 9 ! accusation1 ! matt] ( ! accusation3 depriv$ him ( 8 wife2 8 wife be+ ! matt] ( ! deprivation2 ! ?+ hav7ed7 9 x4#fa ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fa3 ,! +5i\s speculations ( ,mr4 ,tooke did great s]vice to ! cause ( philology 9 ,engl&1 by awak5+ a v g5]al int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,b 8 k ( ! cognate languages 0 f> too circumscrib$ to w>rant 8 sweep+ inductions4 ,9 8 day1 9 fact1 ! accesses _h n yet be5 op5$ up to ?is new m9e1 nor ! "r ve9s /ruck t h s9ce yield$ su* ri* results4 ,accord+ly ne>ly all ,tooke's d]ivations are n[ discr$it$1 & among o!rs 8 acc\nt ( prepositions4 ,"o or two ,engli% prepositions1 ( comp>atively rec5t =mation1 seem to be =m$ f n\ns2 z among ,ang4 ,sax4 gemang or ongemang1 gemang mean+ mixture2 & aga9/1 ,ang4 ,sax4 on-geg5 9 :i* geg51 f its use 9 cognate dialects1 appe>s to be #baj a n\n1 ?\gh its prim>y mean+ is n v cle>4 ,^! h[ev] /ill involve a preposition :i* has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,betwe51 aga91 is by twa91 ne> two2 & except1 save1 dur+ 7 orig9ally p>ticiples 9 ! case absolute2 except ?is 0 orig9ally ?is except$1 ,lat4 hoc excepto4 ,b ! simple prepositions 91 (1 by belong to ! radical elem5ts ( language1 & are m indep5d5t ( n\ns & v]bs ?an n\ns & v]bs are ( !m4 ,comp>ative philology1 :i* did n exi/ 9 ,tooke's days1 has %ewn1 t1 besides pr$icative roots1 z !y are call$--t is syllables expressive ( "s action or prop]ty1 su* z to g1 to eat1 to be bright1 to speak1 c41 :i* =m ! bases ( n\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs--!re 0 a class ( roots d5ot+ simply relations 9 space1 t is1 place or direction 7"h or ?is1 !re or t1 up1 d[n1 away1 c474 ,x is easy to see h[ ! audible m>ks ( su* notions1 at fir/1 d\btless1 vague en\gh1 w\ld be r5d]$ precise & intelligible by ge/iculations2 or p]haps ! ge/iculations 7 ! orig9al signs1 & ! words m]e involunt>y exclamations accompany+ !m1 & 9 "t tak+ _! place4 ,^! syllables h be5 call$ local1 demon/rative1 or pronom9al roots1 & play a mo/ important "p 9 language4 ,!y are jo9$ to o!r roots to =m d]ivatives ( v>i\s k9ds2 & x is ( !m t ! inflexional end+s ( n\ns & v]bs are built up4 ,s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 !y con/itute ! pron\ns1 p]sonal z well z demon/rative4 ,ab/ract z are n[ ! mean+s ( ,i1 he1 !y 7 once pat5t to ! s5ses2 ma 0 an emphatic "h1 call+ att5tion to ! speak]2 sa or ta1 !re1 t1 some?+ diff]5t f bo? speak] & he>]4 ,mo/ ( ! prepositions orig9at$ 9 roots ( ?is class4 ,! roots ( "s ( !m1 at lea/1 are id5tical ) ^? ( pron\ns2 o!rs express direction1 & ?us imply motion4 ,?us up means1 7motion7 f bel[ to above2 9 ! root ,,fr 7z 9 =1 f71 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,sans4 ,gr4 & ,lat4 by ,,pr 7pro71 ! gr\nd idea is1 motion or removal f ! speak]1 9 ! front direction4 ,( is ! ,go?ic af1 ,old ,g]4 aba or apa1 ,sans4 apa1 ,gr4 ,greek3 a7po #baa ,lat4 a or ab4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e ! precise physical relation prim>ily express$ by ?is p>ticle2 probably proce$+ f1 or desc5d+ or dep5d+ f4 ,if !re is any connection betwe5 ( & h1 x is m likely t h is d]iv$ f ( ?an ! rev]se4 ,t n a few v]bs h ?is k9d ( orig91 is n[ recognis$2 ! ,engli% utt] f out is a signal example4 ,! prim>y relations express$ by prepositions 7 always physical or s5sible2 b ! transition to ! ab/ruse m5tal relations :i* !y n[ s]ve to m>k 7cause in/rum5tality1 sup]iority1 c47 is1 z a rule1 suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,= example1 issu+ or proce$+ f passes ins5sibly into be+ "p (1 belong+ to1 9 ! possession (4--,f4 #bab ,,section ,,viii4 ,,conjunctions4 ,! ,conjunctions are di/+ui%$ f ! ,prepositions1 by connect+ ,pr$ications2 :ile ! ,prepositions connect only ,words4 ,!re are seem+ exceptions1 h[ev]1 to ?is description1 ! nature ( :i* ought to be und]/ood4 ,!y are all ( "o k9d2 !y all belong to ^? cases ( ,pr$ication1 9 :i* ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate consi/s ( enum]at$ p>ticul>s2 & 9 :i* ! ,conjunction is employ$ to m>k ! enum]ation4 ,?us we say1 ,f\r1 & f\r1 & two1 are t54 ,"h ! subject ( ! pr$ication consi/s ( ?ree enum]at$ p>ticul>s1 & ! conjunction seems to connect words1 & n pr$ications4 ,9 l mann]1 we say1 ,8 bag 0 full ( h>es1 & pheasants1 & p>tridges4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 ! pr$icate is compos$ ( enum]at$ p>ticul>s4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 ! words call$ conjunctions1 appe> to p]=m ! bus9ess ( prepositions1 9 jo9+ words3 & 9 fact1 !y may be suppli$ by prepositions4 ,?us1 in/ead ( f\r1 & f\r1 & two1 are t51 we may say f\r1 ) f\r1 ) two1 are t53 &1 9 ! same way1 ,8 bag 0 full ( h>es1 & pheasants1 & p>tridges1 may be put full ( h>es1 ) pheasants1 ) p>tridges4 ,& no?+ c be m simple ?an su* a v>iety 9 ! use ( su* words4 #bac ,) means jo92 & means add4#fb ,^! are words ( ! same k9d1 & ! same import2 & no?+ b use has appropriat$ ! "o to ! jo9+ ( words r ?an pr$ications1 ! o!r to ! jo9+ ( pr$ications r ?an words4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fb3 ,?is is accord+ to ,tooke's etymology1 :o traces & to an ,ang4 ,sax4 v]b anan1 to add4 ,un=tunately1 ,anglo-,saxon s*ol>s d5y t !re is su* a v]b4 ,! ne>e/ to x is unnan1 :i* means1 h[ev]1 m]ely to wi% well to1 to fav\r4 ,no satisfactory acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( &1 b ! analogy ( o!r conjunctions w\ld connect x ) a demon/rative root4 ,j4 ,grimm is incl9$ to consid] x z a nasalis$ =m ( ! ,lat4 et2 :i* 9 its turn may be an inv]sion ( ,greek ,greek3 ti1 j z ac1 is ( ,greek3 kai4 ,all conjunctions are ess5tially adv]bs1 & d]ive _! connective p[] f _! adv]bial mean+4 ,?is is well se5 9 also1 ! radical mean+ ( :i* is all 7q7 9 t 7! same7 way4 ,mo/ ( ! adv]bs us$ z conjunctions are obvi\sly oblique cases ( pron\ns2 s1 z1 ?an1 :51 :]e1 tum1 ubi1 quam1 quum4 ,9 ,go?ic1 jah1 7,old ,g]4 ja1 ,f9ni% ja2 ( ! same orig9 z ,eng4 yes7 takes ! place ( &1 & means 9 t or ! same 7mann]74 ,! ,gr4 ,greek3 kai & ! ,lat4 que1 &1 are simil>ly oblique cases f ! root ka1 & equival5t to 9 :i* or t 7mann]74 ,! id5tity ( mann] or circum/ance con/itutes ! m5tal bond4 ,x is easy to see h[ a preposition us$ adv]bially & express+ proximity1 di/ance1 or o!r relative position1 w\ld connect pr$ications or ideas2 e4g4 ,aft] he _h re/$ a little1 he began aga94--,f4 ,our object1 h[ev]1 on ! pres5t occasion1 is di/9ct1 bo? f t ( ! gramm>ian1 & t ( ! etymologi/4 ,we h %ewn1 t a set ( m>ks are exce$+ly useful to connect s+le words1 & by :at contrivances ?is end is accompli%$2 x rema9s = u to %ew1 :at use !re is ( m>ks #bad to connect ,pr$ications2 & by :at contrivances t object is atta9$4 ,! occasions = ! use ( m>ks to connect ,pr$ications1 seem to be ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 ,:5 two ,pr$ications are to be m>k$1 z foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,secondly1 ,:5 !y are to be m>k$1 z modifi$1 ! "o by ! o!r4 #a4 ,^? ( ! fir/ k9d ne$ b few words = _! explanation4 ,i may say1 ,newton 0 a ma!matician1 ,locke 0 a metaphysician1 ,milton 0 a poet4 ,s /at$1 ^! ,pr$ications d n m>k any p>ticul> ord] 9 my ?\ghts4 ,i desire1 h[ev]1 to %[1 t ! ideas !reby express$1 7 proximate p>ts ( ! tra9 9 my m9d4 ,! ^w &1 :i* means add1 plac$ betwe5 e pair1 af=ds ! requisite indication4 ,l &1 ! conjunction nor m>ks pr$ications 9 sequ5ce4 ,x diff]s f & only 9 unit+ negative pr$ications4 ,! act is n hon\rable1 nor is ! man hone/4 ,9 ?is case1 x is obvi\s t nor1 :atev] its orig91 has ! mean+ ( & n4 ,! pr$ications !n are two negative pr$ications1 ! sequ5ce ( :i*1 is m>k$ by ! ^w &4 ,b1 ?\gh x has be5 o!rwise class$1 & call$ adv]sative1 is ( ! same k9d1 & simply m>ks ! sequ5ce4 ,?us we say1 ,catil9e 0 a brave man1 b ,catil9e 0 a wick$ man4 ,! mean+ ( b is sc>cely diff]5t f t ( &1 addition be+ ! fundam5tal idea signifi$ by bo? ( !m4 ,! opposition betwe5 ! two pr$ications is signifi$ by ! pr$ications !mselves1 n by ! #bae connective4#fc ,9 fact1 ! s5se w\ld n be *ang$1 if we sub/itut$ & = b4 ,x is only because1 9 use1 b has be5 commonly conf9$ to ! sequ5ce ( two oppos+ pr$ications1 t ! ^w b is no soon] express$1 ?an an oppos+ pr$ication is anticipat$4 ,?is is a simple case ( association4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fc3 ,?is is n /rictly correct4 ,b is comp\nd$ ( ! two prepositions or local p>ticles by & out 7,ang4 ,sax4 bi utan72 & ! =ce ( x1 9 ! example giv5 9 ! text1 may be ?us p>aphras$3 ,catil9e 0 a brave man2 b 7by1 ne> or beside t fact1 put ano!r fact1 :i* is out1 away1 or diff]5t f x1 namely7 ,catil9e 0 a wick$ man4 ,?is is some?+ m ?an a simple case ( association2 ! opposition is express$ z well z ! addition4--,f4 #b4 ,x is n necess>y = u to d m ?an exemplify ! pr9cipal cases 9 :i* "o ,pr$ication is modifi$ by ano!r4 ,! space is triangul>1 if x is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es4 ,! space is triangul>1 because x is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es4 ,! space is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es1 !re=e x is triangul>4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ?ree propositions1 !re are two pr$ications2 ! "o ( :i* is dep5d5t on ! o!r4 ,! dep5d5ce is t ( necess>y consequ5ce4 ,! triangul>ity is ! consequ5ce ( be+ b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es4 ,9 ord] to h names = two ,pr$ications ?us relat$1 we may call ! "o ! condition+1 ! o!r ! condition$4 ,9 ! above in/ances1 ,! space is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es1 is ! condition+ #baf pr$ication2 ,! space is triangul>1 is ! condition$4 ,!re are two /ates ( ! condition+ pr$ication2 "o1 9 :i* x is cont+5t2 ano!r1 9 :i* x is positive4 ,obs]ve1 n[1 ! simple contrivance = m>k+ ! dep5d5ce ( ! condition$ ^u ! condition+ pr$ication1 9 all ! above cases4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! examples1 ,! space is triangul>1 if x is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es1 ! condition+ pr$ication is cont+5t4 ,! ^w if1 :i* is equival5t to give1#fd prefix$ to ! condition+ pr$ication1 m>ks x bo? z ! condition+ pr$ication1 & z cont+5t4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fd3 ,t if has no connection ) give1 is manife/ f ! cognate =ms2 ,go?4 jabai1 ,frisic jef1 ,ang4 ,sax4 gif1 ,old ,g]4 ibu1 ,letti% ja1 all mean+ prim>ily 9 :i* or 9 t case1 or supposition4 ,jabai--f :i* ! o!r ,g]manic =ms are desc5d$--appe>s to h orig9ally be5 a dative or in/rum5tal case ( ja1 analog\s to tubya ,lat9 tibi3 comp>e ibi1 ubi1 ,gr4 ,greek3 bi_/phi1 ,slavonic tebje tibi4--,g>nett4--,f4 ,9 ! second ( ! examples1 ,! space is triangul>1 because x is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es1 ! condition+ pr$ication is positive2 ! ^w because 7hav+ ! mean+ (1 cause be1 or cause is7#fe prefix$ to x1 m>ks x z at once ! condition+ pr$ication1 & also positive4 ,if = _h be5 ! #bag m>k in/ead ( because1 ! artifice w\ld h be5 /ill ! same1 z = has ! mean+ ( cause4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fe3 ,! syllable be1 9 because1 be=e1 c41 is ! simple preposition by1 ,sans4 abhi1 ,gr4 ,greek3 epi1 ne>1 close to4 ,!re=e is = t2 9 :i* = is a preposition1 mean+ prim>ily position 9 front1 & !nce1 by metaphor1 ! relation ( motive or cause4--,f4 ,9 ! ?ird ( ! examples1 ,! space is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es1 !re=e x is triangul>2 ! ord] ( ! pr$ications is inv]t$1 ! condition+ be+ put fir/4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 we ne$ a m>k to %[ t ! la/ pr$ication is condition$1 & condition$ by ! prec$+4 ,?is is done by prefix+ to x ! comp\nd ^w1 !re=e1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p !re is equival5t to t1 & =e or = means cause4 ,! expression 9 its elem5t>y =m be+1 ,! space is b\nd$ by ?ree /raight l9es2 = t1 or cause t1 ! space is triangul>4 ,9 ^! cases we h examples ( :at are call$1 ! ,suppositive1 ! ,causal1 & ! ,illative conjunctions4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( :at are call$ ! ,disjunctive4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$2 else x w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,unless ! %ip _h be5 well mann$1 x w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,9 ^! two examples1 ! condition+ 99pr$ications are1 ,! %ip 0 well mann$2 ,! %ip _h be5 well mann$3 ! condition$ is1 x w\ld h be5 lo/1 9 bo? in/ances4 ,! dep5d5ce "h1 betwe5 ! condition+ & condition$1 is t ( physical consequ5ce4 ,! %ip's n be+ lo/1 0 ! consequ5ce ( its be+ well mann$4 ,! contrivance = m>k+ ?is dep5d5ce is ak9 to t :i* we h trac$ 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! two examples1 ! condition+ #bah pr$ication /&s fir/4 ,h[ d ,i m>k t ! next is condition$1 & condition$ z a physical consequ5t8 ,i int]pose ! ^w else4 ,?is is "p ( an obsolete v]b1 signify+1 to dismiss1 to turn out1 to take away4#ff ,& ! s5t5ce is ?us resolv$3 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 take away t 7take away ! cause1 ! effect is tak5 away also7 %e w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #ff3 ,else is ! g5itive ( an obsolete adjective1 9 ,go?ic alis1 correspond+ to ,lat4 alius2 & is analog\s ) ,lat4 alias4--,f4 ,o!r conjunctions ( ! disjunctive k9d1 z !y are call$1 w\ld "h h answ]$ ! same purpose ) else4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 o!rwise1 %e w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,o!rwise "h is precisely ( ! same import z else4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$2 t be+ dismiss$1 t be+ o!r ?an x 02 x w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 or x w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,or1 9 ,g]man od]1 is o!r4 ,! resolution ( ?is s5t5ce1 !re=e1 is ! same z ! =m]4 ,9 ! second ( ! two examples1 ,unless ! %ip _h be5 well mann$1 x w\ld h be5 lo/1 ! contrivance is ! same1 ) a m]e *ange ( position4 ,unless1 is a ^w ( ! same import1 r ! same ^w1 z else4 ,unless is ,,prefix$ to ! condition+ pr$ication1 :]eas else is ,,suffix$2 & t is ! diff]5ce4#fg ,! ^w except1 :i* signifies take #bai away1 may be sub/itut$ = unless4 ,a peculi> application ( if 7give7 may "h also be exemplifi$4 ,if ) ! negative1 7if n17 has a simil> signification ) unless1 except2 ,if ! %ip _h n be5 well mann$1 c4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fg3 ,unless is simply on less1 correspond+ to ,fr4 mo9s1 & is equival5t to if n4--,f4 ,let u n[ pass to ano!r case4 ,al?\gh ! %ip 0 well mann$1 x 0 lo/4 ,! two pr$ications may *ange places1 )\t *ange ( mean+4 ,! %ip 0 lo/1 al?\gh x 0 well mann$4 ,:at 7z above7 0 to be m>k$ by else1 unless1 if n1 except1 & s on1 0 ! connexion betwe5 a cause & its usual effect2 t is1 ! mann+ ( a %ip1 & ! safety ( ! %ip4 ,:at is to be m>k$ 9 ?is case is ! want ( connexion betwe5 a cause & its usual effect4 ,x is done by simil> means4 ,al?\gh is "p ( an obsolete v]b1 to all[1 to grant4#fh ,! two pr$ications are3 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 ,! %ip 0 lo/4 ,i want to m>k betwe5 my two pr$ications n only a connexion1 t ( ! antec$5ce & consequ5ce ( ! pr$icat$ ev5ts1 b ! exi/5ce ( a consequ5t diff]+ f t by :i* ! antec$5t is usually foll[$4 ,al?\gh1 prefix$ to ! pr$ication ( ! antec$5t ev5t1 gives notice ( ano!r pr$ication1 t ( ! consequ5t1 & ( a consequ5t diff]+ f t by :i* ! antec$5t might h be5 #bbj foll[$3 ,grant su* an antec$5t1 su* & n su* 0 ! consequ5t4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fh3 ,al?\gh is a comp\nd pronom9al adv]b resembl+ ,lat4 tam51 & means 7! case be+7 q ?us 7yet74--,f4 ,! same connection is m>k$ by o!r conjunctions4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 nev]!less x 0 lo/4 ,nev]!less1 means n less = t4#fi ,not)/&+ ! %ip 0 well mann$1 x 0 lo/4 ,not)/&+1 is1 n be+ able to prev5t1 maugre1 9 spite (4 ,! resolution ( ! above s5t5ces is obvi\s4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 yet x 0 lo/4 ,yet is ! v]b get1 & has "h ! =ce ( al?\gh1 grant4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 yet 7or got1 t be+ got1 _h1 grant$7 x 0 lo/4#gj ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 /ill1 x 0 lo/4 ,/ill is "p ( an obsolete v]b1 to put1 to fix1 to e/abli%4 ,! %ip 0 well mann$1 /ill 7t put1 t suppos$7 x 0 lo/4#ga ,f9dlat]'s footnote #fi3 ,nev]!less means lit]ally1 n less by 7or =7 t4 ,9 ?is comp\nd ! is n ! article1 b an adv]b1 9 ,ang4 ,sax4 ?y1 by t mu*1 & corresponds to ,lat4 eo 9 ! expression eo m9us4--,f4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #gj3 ,yet is ( pronom9al orig9 l ,gr4 ,greek3 i7_/ti1 ,g]4 jetzt1 & has no connection ) ! v]b get4--,f4 ,f9dlat]'s footnote #ga3 ,/ill seems to be ! adjective /ill1 quiet1 us$ adv]bially1 & hav+ ! =ce ( undi/urb$1 un9t]rupt$ by t4--,f4 ,a few m cases w exemplify all t is mat]ial 9 ! m>k+ p[] ( ! conjunctions4 ,we /udy1 t1 we may be le>n$4 ,! connexion "h1 aga91 is t ( cause & effect4 ,we /udy3 ,we may be le>n$1 are ! two pr$ications1 betwe5 :i* ! connexion 9 "q is to #bba be m>k$4 ,! demon/rative pron\n p]=ms ! s]vice4 ,we may be le>n$1 t we /udy3 we /udy2 :at8 to be le>n$4 ,john is m le>n$ ?an ,james is eloqu5t4 ,! conjunction "h is a relative t]m1 & consi/s ( ! two words1 m ?an4 ,! two pr$ications are1 ,john is le>n$1 ,james is eloqu5t4 ,! connexion betwe5 !m is1 t !y are ! two p>ts ( a comp>ison turn+ ^u ! po9t ( greatness 9 degree4 ,! two words m ?an1 suffice to m>k t connexion4 ,?an is b a mode ( spell+ & pron\nc+ t1 :i* use has appropriat$ to ?is p>ticul> case4 ,john is le>n$1 m t 7t be+ ! m1 ! o!r ( c\rse is ! less71 ,james is eloqu5t4#gb ,f9dlat]'s footnote #gb3 ,?an is only ano!r =m ( !n1 & m>ks t ! "o comes aft] ! o!r1 & is !re=e inf]ior4--,f4 ,z1 obsolete z a pron\n1 only exi/s z a conjunction4 ,x is a ^w ( ! same import ) t4 ,! foll[+ w suffice 9 exemplification ( ! m>k+ prop]ty :i* x reta9s4 ,virgil 0 z great a poet z ,cic]o an orator4 ,! two pr$ications are1 ,virgil 0 a great poet1 ,cic]o 0 a great orator4 ,!y also are connect$ z ! two p>ts ( a comp>ison1 turn+ ^u ! po9t ( equality 9 degree4 ,z1 or t1 suffices to m>k t connexion4 ,virgil 0 a great poet1 t 7namely great7 ,cic]o 0 an orator4 ,we %all see aft]w>ds1 9 ! composition ( ,,relative ,,t]ms1 t e su* t]m consi/s ( two words1 or ! same ^w tak5 twice4 ,! conjunction "h is a relative t]m1 & consi/s #bbb ( two words1 namely1 z1 or t1 tak5 twice4 ,virgil 0 a poet great1 t t1 an orator 0 ,cic]o2 ! fir/ t m>k+ great z poet2 ! second t1 m>k+ great z orator4#gc ,f9dlat]'s footnote #gc3 ,z is an oblique case ( ! demon/rative root sa1 & is equival5t to 9 ?is 7degree72 & ! nature ( ! connection is ?is3 ,virgil 0 a poet great 9 ?is degree2 ,cic]o 0 an orator great 9 ?is degree2 t is1 ! degree ( greatness 0 ! same 9 bo?4--,f4 #bbc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,consci\sness4 ,x is n easy = ! m9d to put (f ^? confus$ notions & prejudices x has imbib$ f cu/om1 inadv]t5cy1 & common conv]sation4 ,x requires pa9s & assiduity to exam9e its ideas1 till x resolves !m into ^? cle> & di/9ct simple ones out ( :i* !y are comp\nd$2 & to see :i*1 among/ its simple ones1 h or h n a necess>y connexion & dep5d5ce "o ^u ano!r4 ,till a man do? ?is 9 ! prim>y & orig9al notions ( ?+s1 he builds ^u float+ & unc]ta9 pr9ciples1 & w (t5 f9d himself at a loss4--,locke1 ,hum4 ,und4 b4 ii4 c4 #ac4 s4 #bh4 ,,x w n[ be in/ructive to retrace our /eps1 to look back ^u ! space we h pass$1 & contemplate ! progress we h made t[>d our j\rney's end4 ,we h become acqua9t$ ) ! elem5t>y feel+s ( our nature2 fir/1 ^? d]iv$ imm$iately f our bodies1 :e!r by impressions made on ! surface ( !m1 or unse5 causes op]at+ on !m )92 secondly1 ! feel+s :i*1 aft] ! above m5tion$ feel+s h ceas$1 are capable ( exi/+ z copies or repres5tatives ( !m4 ,we h also obs]v$ ! mann] 9 :i* ^? second>y ,feel+s1 to :i* we h giv5 ! "n ( ,,ideas1 fl[1 ei!r into gr\ps1 or into tra9s4 ,& #bbd we h explor$ ! sy/em ( contrivances1 to :i* mank9d h _h rec\rse1 = ,,m>k+ ^? feel+s1 & ! tra9s ( !m2 s z ei!r to fix ! k ( !m = "o's own use1 or to make communication ( !m to o!rs4 ,9 :at has be5 ?us already pres5t$1 x w be se5 t sev]al expositions ( consid]able importance are includ$4 ,s5sations1 & ,ideas1 are bo? feel+s4 ,:5 we h a s5sation we feel1 or h a feel+2 :5 we h an idea we feel1 or h a feel+4 ,hav+ a ,,s5sation1 & hav+ a feel+1 are n two ?+s4 ,! ?+ is "o1 ! names only are two4 ,i am prick$ by a p94 ,! s5sation is "o2 b ,i may call x s5sation1 or a feel+1 or a pa91 z ,i please4 ,n[1 :51 hav+ ! s5sation1 ,i say ,i feel ! s5sation1 ,i only use a tautological expression3 ! s5sation is n "o ?+1 ! feel+ ano!r2 ! s5sation is ! feel+4 ,:51 in/ead ( ! ^w feel+1 ,i use ! ^w consci\s1 ,i d exactly ! same ?+1 ,i m]ely use a tautological expression4 ,to say ,i feel a s5sation1 is m]ely to say ,i feel a feel+2 :i* is an impropriety ( spee*4 ,& to say ,i am consci\s ( a feel+1 is m]ely to say t ,i feel x4 ,to h a feel+ is to be consci\s2 & to be consci\s is to h a feel+4 ,to be consci\s ( ! prick ( ! p91 is m]ely to h ! s5sation4 ,& ?\gh ,i h ^! v>i\s modes ( nam+ my s5sation1 by say+1 ,i feel ! prick ( a p91 ,i feel ! pa9 ( a prick1 ,i h ! s5sation ( a prick1 ,i h ! feel+ ( a prick1 ,i am consci\s ( ! feel+2 ! ?+ nam$ 9 all ^! v>i\s ways is "o & ! same4 #bbe ,! same explanation w easily be se5 to apply to ,,ideas4 ,?\gh1 at pres5t1 ,i h n ! s5sation1 call$ ! prick ( a p91 ,i h a di/9ct idea ( x4 ,! hav+ an idea1 & ! n hav+ x1 are di/+ui%$ by ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 feel+4 ,to h an idea1 & ! feel+ ( t idea1 are n two ?+s2 !y are "o & ! same ?+4 ,to feel an idea1 & to be consci\s ( t feel+1 are n two ?+s2 ! feel+ & ! consci\sness are b two names = ! same ?+4 ,9 ! v ^w feel+ all t is impli$ 9 ! ^w ,consci\sness is involv$4 ,^? philosoph]s1 !re=e1 :o h spok5 ( ,consci\sness z a feel+1 di/9ct f all o!r feel+s1 committ$ a mi/ake1 & "o1 ! evil consequ5ces ( :i* h be5 mo/ important2 =1 by comb9+ a *im]ical +r$i5t ) ! elem5ts ( ?\ght1 !y involv$ _! inquiries 9 confusion & my/]y1 f ! v comm5cem5t4 ,x is easy to see :at is ! nature ( ! t]ms ,,consci\s1 & ,,consci\sness1 & :at is ! m>k+ function :i* !y are de/9$ to p]=m4 ,x 0 ( great importance1 = ! purpose ( nam+1 t we %\ld n only h names to di/+ui% ! diff]5t classes ( our feel+s1 b also a "n applicable equally to all ^? classes4 ,?is purpose is answ]$ by ! concrete t]m ,consci\s2 & ! ab/ract ( x1 ,consci\sness4 ,?us1 if we are 9 any way s5ti5t2 t is1 h any ( ! feel+s :atsoev] ( a liv+ creature2 ! ^w ,consci\s is applicable to ! feel]1 & ,consci\sness to ! feel+3 t is to say1 ! words are ,,g5]ical m>ks1 "u :i* all ! names ( ! subord9ate classes #bbf ( ! feel+s ( a s5ti5t creature are includ$4 ,:5 ,i smell a rose1 ,i am consci\s2 :5 ,i h ! idea ( a fire1 ,i am consci\s2 :5 ,i rememb]1 ,i am consci\s2 :5 ,i reason1 & :5 ,i believe1 ,i am consci\s2 b believ+1 & be+ consci\s ( belief1 are n two ?+s1 !y are ! same ?+2 ?\gh ?is same ?+ ,i c "n1 at "o "t )\t ! aid ( ! g5]ical m>k1 :ile at ano!r "t x suits me to employ ! g5]ical m>k4#gd #ge ,ba9's footnote #gd3 ,! mi/ake ( ,reid 9 rais+ ,consci\sness to a sep>ate faculty has be5 comm5t$ on by ,br[n1 ,hamilton1 & o!rs4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t to feel & to be consci\s are n two ?+s b ! same ?+3 t is to say1 ! use ( ! t]m consci\sness1 :e!r 9 common life or 9 philosophical discussion1 does n po9t to kn[+1 & exclude feel+4 ,consci\sness is ! wide/ ^w 9 our vocabul>y4 ,by common cons5t x embraces ev]y?+ t m9d embraces2 :ile "o mode ( extricat+ ! great problem ( ,p]ception f self-contradictions1 makes x mean m ?an m9d /rictly means4 ,we speak ( ! object-consci\sness z our attitude 9 be+ cognisant ( ! ext5d$ univ]se2 :ile our attitude "u feel+1 & ?\ght1 we call subject-consci\sness1 or m9d4 ,! object-consci\sness foll[s "o set ( laws1 ! laws ( matt] & space1 z prop\nd$ 9 ,ma!matics1 ,natural ,philosophy1 & s on4 ,! subject-consci\sness foll[s a diff]5t set ( laws1 su* z ! laws ( pleasure & pa91 & ! association ( ideas1 treat$ ( 9 ,psy*ology4 ,we are consci\s objectively1 9 c\nt+ ! />s1 we are consci\s subjectively1 9 feel+ oppress$ by _! numb]4 ,! subject-consci\sness comprises all our feel+s & ?\ghts2 x ent]s into volition2 & x makes a "p ( s5sation1 9 :i* bo? attitudes are conjo9$4 ,?is #bbg consci\sness may be fa9t & limit$1 or x may be int5se & v>iegat$4 ,we may be 9 a /ate ( pleasure ) little or no?+ ( ?\ght accompany+2 we are /ill prop]ly said to be consci\s or "u consci\sness4 ,b we may add to ! m]e fact ( pleasure1 ! cognition ( ! /ate1 z a /ate ( pleasure1 & z a /ate belong+ to u at ! "t4 ,?is is n ! same ?+ z be=e3 x is some?+ new sup]pos$ ^u ! previ\s consci\sness4 ,:5 we take note ( ! fact t we are pleas$1 we proce$ beyond ! b>e exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t pleasure1 to an intellectual act ( comp>ison1 assimilation1 or classification ) pa/ pleasures2 we probably introduce ! ma*9]y ( language to express ourselves z pleas$2 all ?is is s mu* extra consci\sness4 ,^! kn[+ op]ations are n involv$ 9 m]e feel+2 we may feel )\t !m4 ,inde$1 if ! cognitive p[]s are br\ght into v active ex]cise ^u our feel+s1 z 9 ! self-dissection ( ! ,psy*ologi/1 ! feel+s !mselves are apt to subside4 ,x is ?us correct to draw a l9e betwe5 feel+1 & kn[+ t we feel2 al?\gh !re is great delicacy 9 ! op]ation4 ,x may be said1 9 "o s5se1 t we _c feel )\t kn[+ t we feel1 b ! ass]tion is v]g+ on error2 = feel+ may be accompani$ ) a m9imum ( cognitive en]gy1 or z good z none at all2 or x may be accompani$ ) an express application ( our kn[+ p[]s1 :i* is purely optional on our "p1 & ev5 ho/ile to ! full developm5t ( ! feel+ z feel+1 z pleasure or pa94 ,reid want$ a "n to express ! act ( scrut9iz+ or exam9+ ! m9d1 & to correspond ) su* names z ,p]ception1 ,obs]vation1 = ! /udy ( ! ext5d$ or object univ]se4 ,he us$ ,consci\sness = ?is purpose2 a ^w t _h be5 probably m appli$ to our cognitive en]gies ?an to our exp]i5ce ( m]e feel+ 9 its simple/ manife/ation4 ,x is n (t5 t consci\sness is employ$ z ! popul> designation ( /ates ( feel+ z su*1 /ates ( m>k$ enjoym5t or suff]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w is frequ5tly made use ( to designate ! act ( cogniz+ or #bbh ?9k+ ( our /ates ( feel+2 = :i*1 h[ev]1 self-consci\sness is und\bt$ly ! m prop] appellative4 ,hamilton t]ms consci\sness a condition ( our feel+s & m5tal op]ations2 m correctly x is ! op]ations !mselves2 ! consci\sness is n ! condition ( ! feel+1 b ! feel+ itself4 ,m mat]ial is ! op9ion1 held by ,hamilton 9 common ) mo/ ( ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 t ! f\ndation ( all consci\sness is kn[+2 t we feel1 only z we "k t we feel4 ,he says1 ,x is evid5t t e m5tal ph5om5on is ei!r an act ( k1 or only possible ?r\gh an act ( k3 = consci\sness is a k--a ph5om5on ( cognition4 7,metaphysics1 ,lect xi47 ,n[ al?\gh we may n be able to rebut ?is s+ul> ass]tion by po9t+ to a /ate ( feel+ su* z to entirely exclude k1 we may ask1 d ! two prop]ties1 said to be ?us implicat$1 rise & fall 9 /eady concomitance2 ! m ! k1 ! great] ! feel+8 ,! answ] mu/ be negative4 ,a fav\rite doctr9e ( ,hamilton1 conta9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru?1 affirms an inv]se ratio betwe5 kn[+ & feel+2 :i* x is difficult to reconcile ) ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,a new di/9ction mu/ be laid d[n betwe5 ! k9d ( kn[+ t con/itutes feel+1 & ! k9d ( kn[+ t con/itutes kn[+ 9 ! /rict s5se ( k4 ,we may conc$e to ,hamilton t feel+ mu/ always be )9 rea* ( a cognitive ex]tion1 b x _c be conc$$ t an actual cognitive ex]tion is ess5tial to ! manife/ation ( ! feel+4 ,su* ex]tion unless kept )9 n>r[ limits ( int5sity cools d[n in/ead ( promot+ ! emotional /ate4 ,! facts ( ! case appe> to be be/ repres5t$1 by all[+ ! /ate ( ,feel+ to /& on its own indep5d5t f\ndation z a mode ( ! subject-consci\sness1 or ( m9d4 ,!re may1 & almo/ always does1 g along ) x a c]ta9 degree ( cognitive ef=t4 ,we c sc>cely be "u feel+1 )\t p]=m+ "s function ( an intellectual k9d2 ! divisions ( ! m5tal en]gies d n imply t !y c exi/ 9 absolute sep>ation4 ,! act ( discrim9at+ ! #bbi degree ( feel+1--( pron\nc+ a pleasure to be great] ?an1 or equal to1 "s o!r pleasure1--is prop]ly an intellectual1 or cognitive ex]cise2 b ?is discrim9ation does n make ! feel+4 ,s a feel+ _c exi/ )\t impress+ ! memory 9 "s degree1 :i* is an intellectual function2 "o may truly affirm t we d n feel unless1 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 we rememb] t we felt4 ,x is an incid5t or concomitant ( feel+ to leave an impression beh9d1 b ?is does n *>act]ize or def9e ! /ate ( feel+4 ,be+ an accompanim5t or concomitant ( an emotional excitem5t1 we may po9t to memory z a pro( ( its exi/5ce & a crit]ion ( its degree1 b we %\ld confuse all ! b\nd>ies ( m5tal ph5om5a1 if we treat$ memory or ret5tiv5ess o!rwise ?an z an intellectual prop]ty1 a prop]ty ^: sph]e is intellect & n feel+4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #ge3 ,^? psy*ologi/s :o ?9k t be+ consci\s ( a feel+ is some?+ diff]5t f m]ely hav+ ! feel+1 g5]ally give ! "n ,consci\sness to ! m5tal act by :i* we ref] ! feel+ to ourself2 or1 9 o!r words1 reg>d x 9 its relation to ! s]ies ( _m feel+s1 :i* con/itutes our s5ti5t life4 ,_m philosoph]s h ?\ght t ?is ref]5ce is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! fact ( s5sation3 we _c1 !y ?9k1 h a feel+1 )\t hav+ ! k awak5$ 9 u at ! same mom5t1 ( a ,self :o feels x4 ,b ( ?is z a primordial fact ( our nature1 x is impossible to h direct evid5ce2 & a supposition may be made :i* r5d]s its tru? at lea/ que/ionable4 ,suppose a be+1 gift$ ) s5sation b devoid ( memory2 ^: s5sations foll[ "o aft] ano!r1 b leave no trace ( _! exi/5ce :5 !y cease4 ,c\ld ?is be+ h any k or notion ( a ,self8 ,w\ld he ev] say to himself1 ,i feel2 ?is s5sation is m9e8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! notion ( a ,self is1 ,i appreh5d1 a consequ5ce ( ,memory4 ,!re is no mean+ 9 ! ^w ,ego or ,i1 unless ! ,i ( to-day is also ! ,i ( ye/]day2 a p]man5t elem5t :i* abides ?r\gh a succession ( feel+s1 & connects ! feel+ ( ea* mom5t ) ! remembrance ( previ\s feel+s4 ,we h1 no #bcj d\bt1 a consid]able difficulty 9 believ+ t a s5ti5t be+ c exi/ )\t ! consci\sness ( ,itself4 ,b ?is difficulty arises f ! irresi/ible association :i* we1 :o possess ,memory1 =m 9 our e>ly infancy betwe5 e "o ( our feel+s & our remembrance ( ! entire s]ies ( feel+s ( :i* x =ms a "p1 & consequ5tly betwe5 e "o ( our feel+s & our ,self4 ,a slight correction1 !re=e1 seems requisite to ! doctr9e ( ! au?or laid d[n 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,!re is a m5tal process1 ov] & above ! m]e hav+ a feel+1 to :i* ! ^w ,consci\sness is sometimes1 & x c h>dly be said improp]ly1 appli$1 viz4 ! ref]5ce ( ! feel+ to our ,self4 ,b ?is process1 ?\gh sep>able 9 ?\ght f ! actual feel+1 & 9 all probability n accompany+ x 9 ! beg9n+1 is1 f a v e>ly p]iod ( our exi/5ce1 insep>ably att5dant on x1 ?\gh1 l _m o!r m5tal processes1 x (t5 takes place too rapidly to be rememb]$ at ! next in/ant4 ,o!r ?9k]s1 or p]haps ! same ?9k]s on o!r occasions1 employ ! ^w ,consci\sness z almo/ a synonyme ( ,att5tion4 ,we all "k t we h a p[]1 p>tly volunt>y1 ?\gh (t5 act+ indep5d5tly ( our w1 ( att5d+ 7z x is call$7 to a p>ticul> s5sation or ?\ght4 ,! ess5ce ( ,att5tion is t ! s5sation or ?\ght is1 z x 71 magnifi$1 or /r5g!n$3 x becomes m int5se z a :ole1 & at ! same "t m di/9ct & def9ite 9 its v>i\s p>ts1 l a visible object :5 a /rong] light is ?r[n ^u x3 :ile all o!r s5sations or ?\ghts :i* d or :i* might pres5t !mselves at ! same mom5t are blunt$ & dimm$1 or altoge!r exclud$4 ,?is height5+ ( ! feel+ we may call1 if we please1 height5+ ! consci\sness ( ! feel+2 & x may be said t we are made m consci\s ( ! feel+ ?an we 7 be=e3 b ! expression is sc>cely correct1 = we are n m consci\s ( ! feel+1 b are consci\s ( m feel+4 ,9 "s cases we are ev5 said to be1 by an act ( att5tion1 made consci\s ( a feel+ ( :i* we %\ld o!rwise h #bca be5 unconsci\s3 & !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at x is :i* really occurs 9 ?is case4 ,! po9t has receiv$ "s consid]ation 9 a =m] ,note1 b !re may be advantage 9 aga9 recall+ x to remembrance4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s 7examples ( x are abundant 9 ! ,analysis7 t c]ta9 ( our s5sations1 or c]ta9 p>ts ( ! s]ies ( our ?\ghts1 n be+ suffici5tly pleasurable or pa9ful to compel att5tion1 & !re be+ no motive = att5d+ to !m volunt>ily1 pass (f )\t hav+ be5 att5d$ to2 &1 n hav+ receiv$ t artificial int5sification1 !y are too slight & too fugitive to be rememb]$4 ,we (t5 h evid5ce t ^! s5sations or ideas h be5 9 ! m9d2 because1 dur+ _! %ort passage1 !y h call$ up o!r ideas by association4 ,a good example is ! case ( read+ f a book1 :5 we mu/ h p]ceiv$ & recogniz$ ! visible lett]s & syllables1 yet we reta9 a remembrance only ( ! s5se :i* !y convey$4 ,9 su* cases _m psy*ologi/s ?9k t ! impressions h pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d )\t our be+ consci\s ( !m4 ,b to h feel+s unconsci\sly1 to h _h !m )\t be+ aw>e1 is some?+ l a contradiction4 ,all we really "k is t we d n rememb] hav+ _h !m2 :5ce we reasonably conclude t if we _h !m1 we did n att5d to !m2 & ?is inatt5tion to our feel+s is :at seems to be "h meant by be+ unconsci\s ( !m4 ,ei!r we _h ! s5sations or o!r feel+s )\t att5d+ to !m1 & !re=e imm$iately =got !m1 or we nev]1 9 reality1 _h !m4 ,?is la/ has be5 ! op9ion ( "s ( ! pr(\nde/ psy*ologi/s4 ,ev5 9 cases 9 :i* x is c]ta9 t we once _h ^! feel+s1 & _h !m ) a lively consci\sness 7z ( ! lett]s & syllables :5 we 7 only le>n+ to read7 yet :5 ?r\gh numb]less repetitions ! process has become s rapid t we no long] rememb] hav+ ^? visual s5sations1 ^! philosoph]s ?9k t !y are elid$1--t we cease to h !m at all4 ,! usual impressions are made on our organs by ! writt5 *>act]s1 & are transmitt$ to ! bra91 b ^! organic /ates1 #bcb !y ?9k1 pass away )\t hav+ _h "t to excite ! s5sations correspond+ to !m1 ! *a9 ( association be+ kept up by ! organic /ates )\t ne$ ( ! s5sations4 ,?is 0 app>5tly ! op9ion ( ,h>tley2 & is di/9ctly t ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! conflict+ suppositions are bo? consi/5t ) ! kn[n facts ( our m5tal nature4 ,:i* ( !m is ! true1 our pres5t k does n1 ,i ?9k1 enable u to decide4 ,! au?or ( ! ,analysis (t5 insi/s on ! important doctr9e t we h _m feel+s1 bo? ( ! physical & ( ! m5tal class1 :i*1 ei!r because !y are p]man5t & un*angeable1 or = ! contr>y reason1 t !y are extremely fugitive & evanesc5t1 & are at ! same "t un9t]e/+ to u except = ! m5tal processes !y orig9ate1 we =m ! habit ( n att5d+ to2 & ?is habit1 aft] a "t1 gr[s into an incapacity2 we become unable to att5d to !m1 ev5 if we wi%4 ,9 su* cases we are usually n aw>e t we h _h ! feel+s2 yet ! au?or seems to be ( op9ion t we really h !m4 ,he says1 = example1 9 ! section on ,muscul> ,s5sations 7*4 i4 sect4 vii47 ,we "k t ! air is cont9ually press+ ^u our bodies4 ,b ! s5sation be+ cont9ual1 )\t any call to att5d to x1 we lose f habit1 ! p[] ( do+ s4 ,! s5sation is z if x did n exi/4 ,is x n ! mo/ reasonable supposition t ! s5sation does n exi/2 t ! necess>y condition ( s5sation is *ange2 t an un*ang+ s5sation1 in/ead ( becom+ lat5t1 dw9dles 9 int5sity1 until x dies away1 & ceases to be a s5sation8 ,mr4 ,ba9 expresses ?is m5tal law by say+1 t a necess>y condition ( ,consci\sness is *ange2 t we are consci\s only ( *anges ( /ate4 ,i appreh5d t *ange is necess>y to consci\sness ( feel+1 only because x is necess>y to feel+3 :5 !re is no *ange1 !re is1 n a p]man5t feel+ ( :i* we are unconsci\s1 b no feel+ at all4 ,9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ,mr4 ,ba9's great "w1 !re is an enum]ation ( ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* ! ^w ,consci\sness is us$4 ,he f9ds !m no few] ?an ?irte54--,ed4 #bcc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,conception4 ,! g5]alizations ( language are already made = u1 be=e we h ourselves begun to g5]alize2 & our m9d receives ! ab/ract phrases )\t any def9ite analysis1 almo/ z readily z x receives & adopts ! simple names ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,! sep>ate co-exi/+ ph5om5a1 & ! sep>ate sequ5ces ( a long succession ( words1 :i* x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to compreh5d 9 a s+le ^w1 are h5ce1 f ! con/ant use ( t s+le ^w1 reg>d$ by ! m9d almo/ 9 ! same mann]1 z if !y 7 only "o ph5om5on1 or "o ev5t4--,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect4 ,by ,?omas ,br[n1 ,m4,d4 ,note ,m1 p4 #efg4 ,,! philosoph]s1 :o erect$ ,,consci\sness into :at !y call$ a ,p[] ( ! m9d1 h be/[$ ! same rank ^u ,,conception4 ,:5 we h a ,s5sation1 we are n said1 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 to ,conceive4 ,if burn$ ) ! c&le1 ,i d n say1 ,i conceive ! pa92 ,i d n say1 if ,i smelt putresc5ce1 t ,i conceive ! /5*4 ,x ev5 seems to be n )\t a sort ( impropriety1 if ! t]m is ev] appli$ to m>k a simple ,idea4 ,we %\ld n1 9 ord9>y language1 say1 ,i conceive r$1 ,i conceive gre54 ,we say1 h[ev]1 ,i conceive a horse1 ,i conceive a tree12 ,i conceive a %ip2 we say also1 ,i conceive an #bcd argum5t1 ,i conceive a plan4 ,9 ^! examples1 :i* may be tak5 z a suffici5t specim5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! t]m ,conception is us$1 we see t x is appli$ exclusively to cases ( ! second>y feel+s2 to ! ,idea1 n ! ,s5sation2 & to ! case ( comp\nd1 n ( s+le ideas4 ,) ?is use1 ! etymology ( ! ^w v accurately corresponds3 ,i conceive1 t is1 ,i take toge!r1 a horse2 t is1 ! sev]al ideas1 comb9$ "u ! "n horse1 & con/itut+ a comp\nd idea4 ,! t]m conception1 we h se51 applies n only to ^? comb9ations ( ideas1 :i* we call ! ideas ( ext]nal objects1 b to ^? comb9ations :i* ! m9d makes = its own purposes4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! ^w ,,conception is a g5]ical "n1 l ,,consci\sness2 b less compreh5sive4 ,we call ourselves consci\s1 :5 we h any s5sation1 or any idea4 ,we say t we conceive1 only :5 we h "s complex idea4 ,x rema9s to be inquir$1 :e!r by say+ we conceive1 or h a conception1 we mean any ?+ :atsoev] beside hav+ an idea4 ,if ,i say1 ,i h ! idea ( a horse1 ,i c expla9 di/9ctly :at ,i mean4 ,i h ! ideas ( ! s5sations ( sight1 ( t\*1 ( he>+1 ( smell+1 ) :i* ! body & actions ( a horse h impress$ me2 ^! ideas1 all comb9$1 & s closely1 t _! exi/5ce appe>s simultane\s1 & "o4 ,?is is my ,,idea ( a horse4 ,if ,i say1 ,i h a ,,conception ( a horse1 & am ask$ to expla9 :at ,i mean1 ,i give ! same acc\nt exactly1 & ,i c give no o!r4 ,my ,,conception ( ! horse1 is m]ely my tak+ toge!r1 9 "o1 ! simple ideas ( ! #bce s5sations :i* con/itute my k ( ! horse2 & my ,,idea ( ! horse is ! same ?+4 ,we may notice "h1 h[ev]1 "o ( ^? curi\s illusions1 :i* ! intimate associations ( ideas ) words1 s (t51 & sometimes s inconv5i5tly1 occasion4 ,! t]m ,i conceive1 has ! =m ( an active v]b2 & ) ! =m ( an active v]b ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,action is s frequ5tly conjo9$1 t we are r>ely able to sep>ate !m4 ,by ?is means1 ! idea ( activ5ess is (t5 mix$ up ) o!r ideas1 :5 x is :olly misplac$ & illusive4 ,i use ! same =m ( expression :5 ,i say1 ,i dream2 z :5 ,i say1 ,i /udy1 ,i argue1 ,i imag9e4 ,9 ^! cases ! idea ( :at ,i call activity is prop]ly includ$3 9 ! expression ,i dream1 x is n prop]ly includ$2 ?\gh ! active =m ( ! v]b s inv>iably calls up a c]ta9 idea ( activity1 & s /rongly t5ds to mix x ) ! o!r ideas1 t 9 us+ ! t]m1 ,i dream1 we seem to consid] ourselves z1 someh[1 ag5ts4 ,ev5 9 us+ ! t]m1 ,i die1 we _c escape ! illusion2 ?\gh ! ideas are s highly incongru\s4 ,x w\ld be obvi\sly absurd to affirm t we are less active :5 we say we h an idea1 ?an :5 we say we h a conception1 yet !re is con/antly a feel+1 :5 we use ! phrase ,i conceive1 z if we 7 9 "s mann] active2 & no su* feel+1 :5 we use ! phrase ,i h an idea4 ,! t]ms1 !re=e1 ! concrete conceive1 & its ab/ract conception1 are some:at inconv5i5t1 & misguid+1 z !y infuse into ! complex ideas to :i* !y are appli$1 an +r$i5t :i* does n belong to !m4 ,! relation :i* ! words1 ,,consci\sness1 & #bcf ,,conception1 be> to "o ano!r1 is n[1 !re=e1 app>5t4 ,consci\sness is ! m g5]ical ( ! two names4 ,conception is ! "n ( a class includ$ "u ! "n ,consci\sness4 ,consci\sness applies to s5sations1 & to ideas1 :e!r simple or complex2 to all ! feel+s1 :atsoev] !y may be1 ( our s5ti5t nature4 ,conception applies only to ideas2 & to ideas1 only 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,x is a g5]ical "n includ+ ! sev]al classes ( complex ideas4#gf ,editor's footnote #gf3 ,! doctr9e ( ?is *apt] is z j z x is admirably /at$4 ,a conception is no?+ :atev] b a complex idea1 & to conceive is to h a complex idea4 ,b z !re mu/ always h be5 "s cause :y a second "n is us$ :5 !re is already a fir/1 !re is g5]ally "s diff]5ce 9 ! occasions ( _! employm5t3 & a recognition ( ?is diff]5ce is necess>y to ! complet5ess ( ! exposition4 ,x seems to me t conception & to conceive are phrases appropriat$ to ! case 9 :i* ! ?+ conceiv$ is suppos$ to be some?+ ext]nal to my own m9d4 ,i am n said to conceive my own ?\ghts2 unless x be 9 ! ease ( an inv5tion1 or m5tal creation2 & ev5 !n1 to conceive x1 means to imag9e x realiz$1 s t x may be pres5t$ to myself or o!rs z an ext]nal object4 ,to conceive some?+ is to und]/& :at x is2 to adapt my complex idea to some?+ pres5t$ to me objectively4 ,i am ask$ to conceive an iceb]g3 x is n en\gh t ,i =m to myself "s complex idea2 x mu/ be a complex idea :i* %all really resemble an iceb]g1 i4e41 :at is call$ an iceb]g by o!r p4 ,my complex idea mu/ be made up ( ! elem5ts 9 my m9d :i* correspond to ! elem5ts mak+ up ! idea ( an iceb]g 9 !irs4 ,?is is connect$ ) "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & mislead+ ( ! illusions ( g5]al language4 ,! purposes ( g5]al names w\ld n be answ]$1 unless ! complex idea #bcg connect$ ) a g5]al "n 9 "o p]son's m9d 7 compos$ ( ess5tially ! same elem5ts z ! idea connect$ ) x 9 ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,!re h5ce arises a natural illusion1 mak+ u feel z if1 in/ead ( ideas z num]\s z m9ds1 & m]ely resembl+ "o ano!r1 !re 7 "o idea1 indep5d5t ( individual m9ds1 & to :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ea* to le>n to make 8 private idea correspond4 ,?is is ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ,ideas 9 all its purity3 & z half ! speculative _w are ,platoni/s )\t kn[+ x1 h5ce x also is t 9 ! writ+s ( s _m psy*ologi/s we read ( ! conception or ! concept ( s & s2 z if !re 0 a concept ( a ?+ or ( a class ( ?+s1 o!r ?an ! ideas 9 individual m9ds--a concept belong+ to ev]ybody1 ! common inh]itance ( ! human race1 b indep5d5t ( any ( ! p>ticul> m9ds :i* conceive x4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is common concept is b ! sum ( ! elem5ts :i* x is requisite = ! purposes ( disc\rse t p %\ld agree ) "o ano!r 9 includ+ 9 ! complex idea :i* !y associate ) a class "n4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 ^! are only a "p1 & (t5 b a small "p1 ( ea* p]son's complex idea1 b !y are ! "p :i* x is necess>y %\ld be ! same 9 all4--,ed4 #bch ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,imag9ation4 ,,! ,,imag9ation is ano!r t]m1 ! explanation ( :i* w be f\nd to be includ$ 9 ! expositions :i* h previ\sly be5 giv54 ,! ph5om5a class$ "u ?is title are expla9$1 by mod]n ,philosoph]s1 on ! pr9ciples ( ,association4 ,_! acc\nts ( ! m5tal process1 to :i* ! "n ,imag9ation is appli$1 include _! explanation ( ! laws ( ,association1 or ! mann] 9 :i* ideas succe$ "o ano!r 9 a tra91 ) little else1 except rem>ks on ! causes to :i* div]sity 9 ! sev]al k9ds ( ,imag9ation may be trac$4 ,x is n to be ov]look$ t ! t]m ,,imag9ation is "h us$ 9 ! s5se :i* is giv5 to x by philosoph]s :5 !y rank x z a p>ticul> p[] ( ! m9d2 = x is no d\bt true1 t x is (t5 us$1 9 vulg> spee*1 z synonym\s ) ,conception1 & ) ,supposition1 & ) ,conjecture2 z ! v]b1 to imag9e1 is1 ) ! v]bs1 to discov]1 to suppose1 conjecture1 believe1 & p]haps o!rs4 ,we h se5 t ,consci\sness1 & ,conception1 are names ( feel+s1 tak5 "o by "o3 ,consci\sness #bci ( any ( our feel+s s tak52 ,conception ( a p>ticul> class ( !m1 namely1 complex ideas4 ,,imag9ation is n a "n ( any "o idea4 ,i am n said to imag9e1 unless ,i comb9e ideas successively 9 a less or great] numb]4 ,an imag9ation1 !re=e1 is ! "n ( a tra94 ,i am said to h an imag9ation :5 ,i h a tra9 ( ideas2 & :5 ,i am said to imag9e1 ,i h ! same ?+2 nor is !re any tra9 ( ideas1 to :i* ! t]m imag9ation may n be appli$4 ,9 ?is compreh5sive mean+ ( ! ^w ,imag9ation1 !re is no man :o has n ,imag9ation1 & no man :o has x n 9 an equal degree ) any o!r4 ,e man imag9es1 nay1 is con/antly1 & unavoidably1 imag9+4 ,he _c help imag9+4 ,he c no m /op ! curr5t ( 8 ideas1 ?an he c /op ! curr5t ( 8 blood4 ,9 ! phrase we h j employ$1 !re is no man :o has n imag9ation1 x is meant1 t !re is no man :o n[ has n1 :o has n always _h1 & :o w n always h a tra9 ( ideas4 ,imag9ation1 !re=e1 is a ^w connot+ indef9ite "t2 x is1 to use ! language ( ! ,greek gramm>ians1 aori/ical4 ,:5 x connotes1 :i* by ! /ra9 ( ! passage x may be made to d1 a p>ticul> "t1 x m>ks a p>ticul> tra94 ,:5 x connotes "t indef9itely1 x m>ks tra9s indef9itely1 any tra9 at any "t4 ,! hav+ or do+ a ?+ at any "t1 means ! pot5tiality ( hav+ or do+ x4 ,imag9ation1 !n1 has two mean+s4 ,x means ei!r "s "o tra91 or ! pot5tiality ( a tra94 ,^! are two mean+s :i* x is v necess>y n to conf\nd4 #bdj ,!re is great div]sity ( tra9s4 ,n only has ! same individual an endless v>iety ( tra9s2 b a diff]5t "* belongs to ! :ole s]ies ( tra9s :i* pass ?r\gh ! m9ds ( diff]5t individuals or classes ( individuals4 ,! diff]5t pursuits 9 :i* ! sev]al classes ( m5 are engag$1 r5d] p>ticul> tra9s ( ideas m common to !m ?an o!r tra9s4 ,"o man is a m]*ant2 & tra9s respect+ ! goods 9 :i* he deals1 ! m>kets 9 :i* he buys1 & ^? 9 :i* he sells1 are habitual 9 8 m9d4 ,ano!r man is a lawy]1 & ideas ( cli5ts1 & fees1 & judges1 & witnesses1 & legal in/rum5ts1 & po9ts ( conte/ation1 & ! practice ( 8 c\rt1 are habitually pass+ 9 8 m9d4 ,ideas ( ano!r k9d occupy ! m9d ( ! physician2 ( ano!r k9d /ill1 ! m9d ( ! w>rior4 ,! /atesman is occupi$ ) a tra9 diff]5t f t ( any ( ! classes t h be5 m5tion$2 & "o /atesman ) a v diff]5t tra9 f ano!r1 accord+ z 8 m9d is runn+ ^u exp$i5ts :i* may s]ve ! purpose ( ! day1 or arrangem5ts :i* may secure ! happ9ess ( ! population f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,a peculi> "* belongs to ! tra9 :i* habitually occupies ! m9d ( ! ma!matician4 ,! m9d ( ! metaphysician is also occupi$ by a tra9 di/+ui%$ f t ( o!r classes4 ,& !re is "o man1 yet to be m5tion$1 ! poet1 ! peculi>ity ( ^: tra9s has be5 a subject ( p>ticul> obs]vation4 ,to su* a degree1 inde$1 h ! tra9s ( ! poet be5 s+l$ out = di/9ction1 t ! ^w ,imag9ation1 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 is appropriat$ to !m4 ,we d n #bda call ! tra9s ( ! lawy]1 or ! tra9s ( ! m]*ant1 imag9ation4 ,we d n speak ( !m z imag9+1 :5 !y are revolv+1 ea*1 ! ideas :i* belong to 8 peculi> occupation2 x is only to ! poet1 t ! epi!t ( imag9+ is appli$4 ,8 tra9s1 or tra9s analog\s to 81 are ^? :i* receive ! "n ( ,imag9ation4 ,x is !n a "q1 to :i* we %\ld f9d an answ]1 :e!r1 9 t by :i* ! tra9s ( ! poet diff] f ! tra9s ( o!r m51 !re be any ?+ :i*1 be+ :olly abs5t f t by :i* ! tra9s ( o!r classes are di/+ui%$1 lays a f\ndation = ?is peculi>ity ( nam+4 ,! tra9s ( "o class diff] f ^? ( ano!r1 ! tra9s ( ! m]*ant1 = example1 f ^? ( ! lawy]1 n 9 ?is1 t ! ideas foll[ "o an o!r by any o!r law1 9 ! m9d ( ! "o1 & ! m9d ( ! o!r2 !y foll[ by ! same laws exactly2 & are equally compos$ ( ideas1 mix$ inde$ ) s5sations1 9 ! m9ds ( bo?4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! ideas :i* fl[ 9 _! m9ds1 & compose _! tra9s1 are ideas ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,! ideas ( ! lawy] are ideas ( ! legal provisions1 =ms1 & di/9ctions1 & ( ! actions1 bodily1 & m5tal1 ab\t :i* he is conv]sant4 ,! ideas ( ! m]*ant are equally ideas ( ! objects & op]ations1 ab\t :i* he is conc]n$1 & ! ends t[>d :i* 8 actions are direct$2 b ! objects & op]ations !mselves1 are rem>kably diff]5t4 ,! tra9s ( poets1 also1 d n diff] f ! tra9s ( o!r m51 b p]fectly agree ) !m1 9 ?is1 t !y are compos$ ( ideas1 & t ^? ideas succe$ "o ano!r1 #bdb accord+ to ! same laws1 9 _!1 & 9 o!r m9ds4 ,!y are ideas1 h[ev]1 ( v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! ideas ( ! poet are ideas ( all t is mo/ lovely & /rik+ 9 ! visible appe>ances ( nature1 & ( all t is mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! actions & affections ( human be+s4 ,x ?us1 h[ev]1 appe>s mo/ manife/ly1 t ! tra9s ( poets diff] f ^? ( o!r m5 9 no o!r way1 ?an ^? ( o!r m5 diff] f "o ano!r2 t !y diff] f !m by ?is only1 t ! ideas ( :i* !y are compos$1 are ideas ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,!re is also no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is1 t1 be+ tra9s ( pleasurable ideas1 !y %\ld h attract$ a peculi> degree ( att5tion2 & 9 an e>ly age1 :5 poetry 0 ! only lit]ature1 %\ld h be5 ?\ght wor?y ( a m p>ticul> nam+1 ?an ! tra9s ( any o!r class4 ,^! reasons seem to acc\nt = a sort ( appropriation ( ! "n ,imag9ation1 to ! tra9s ( ! poet4 ,an additional reason may be se5 9 ano!r circum/ance1 :i* also af=ds an int]e/+ illu/ration ( a law ( association already prop\nd$2 namely1 ! obscuration ( ! antec$5t "p ( a tra91 :i* leads to a subsequ5t1 m int]e/+ ?an itself4 ,9 ! case ( ! lawy]1 ! tra9 leads to a decision fav\rable to ! side :i* he advocates4 ,! tra9 has no?+ pleasurable 9 itself4 ,! pleasure is all d]iv$ f ! end4 ,! same is ! case ) ! m]*ant4 ,8 tra9s are direct$ to a p>ticul> end4 ,& x is ! end alone1 :i* gives a value to ! tra94 ,! end ( ! metaphysical1 & ! end ( ! ma!matical inquir]1 is ! discov]y ( tru?3 #bdc _! tra9s are direct$ to t object2 & are1 or are n1 a s\rce ( pleasure1 z t end is or is n atta9$4 ,b ! case is p]fectly diff]5t ) ! poet4 ,8 tra9 is its own end4 ,x is all delightful1 or ! purpose is fru/rate4 ,f ! e/abli%$ laws ( association1 ?is consequ5ce unavoidably foll[$2 t1 9 ! case ( ! tra9s ( ^? o!r classes1 ! int]e/ ( :i* 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! end1 att5tion 0 )drawn f ! tra9 by be+ fix$ ^u ! end2 t 9 ! case ( ! poet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tra9 itself be+ ! only object1 & t pleasurable1 ! att5tion 0 :olly fix$ ^u ! tra92 t h5ce ! tra9 ( ! poet 0 provid$ ) a "n2 t 9 ! cases ( ! tra9s ( o!r m51 :]e ! end only 0 int]e/+1 x 0 ?\ght en\gh t ! end itself %\ld be nam$1 ! tra9 0 neglect$4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is obs]vation1 we f9d1 t :]ev] !re is a tra9 :i* leads to no?+ beyond itself1 & has any pret5sion to ! "* ( pleasurable 7! v>i\s k9ds ( rev]ie1 = example71 x is all[$ ! "n ( ,imag9ation4 ,?us we say t ,r\sseau indulg$ 8 imag9ation1 :51 z he himself describes x1 ly+ on 8 back1 9 8 boat1 on ! little lake ( ,bi5ne1 he deliv]$ himself up = h\rs to tra9s1 ( :i*1 he says1 ! pleasure surpass$ e o!r enjoym5t4 ,pr(essor ,dugald ,/ew>t has giv5 to ! ^w ,imag9ation1 a te*nical mean+2 )\t1 z x appe>s to me1 any correspond+ advantage4 ,he conf9es x to ! cases 9 :i* ! m9d =ms new comb9ations2 or1 z he calls !m1 creations2 t is1 #bdd to cases 9 :i* ! ideas :i* compose ! tra9 d n come toge!r 9 ! same comb9ations 9 :i* s5sations _h ev] be5 receiv$4 ,b ?is is no specific diff]5ce4 ,?is happ5s1 9 e tra9 ( any consid]able l5g?1 :e!r direct$ to any end1 or n s direct$4 ,x is impli$ 9 e wi% ( ! *ild to fly1 or to jump ov] ! h\se2 9 a l>ge proportion ( all 8 playful expressions1 z puss 9 boots1 a hog 9 arm\r1 a monkey prea*+1 & s on4 ,x is manife/$ 9 p]fection 9 e dream4 ,x is well kn[n t1 = ! discov]y ( tru?s 9 philosophy1 !re is a dem& = new tra9s ( ?\ght1 multitudes ( :i* pass 9 review be=e ! m9d1 are contemplat$1 & reject$1 be=e ! happy comb9ation is atta9$1 9 :i* ! discov]y is involv$4 ,if imag9ation consi/s 9 br++ tra9s be=e ! m9d involv+ a numb] ( new comb9ations1 imag9ation is probably m ! occupation ( ! philosoph] ?an ( ! poet4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t appe>s n to h und]/ood ! real di/9ction betwe5 ! use ( ! words ,conception1 & ,imag9ation2 t ! "o is ! "n ( a s+le idea1 ! o!r t ( a tra94 ,he also involves1 )\t seem+ to be :olly aw>e ( x1 ! idea ( a tra9 de/9$ to a p>ticul> end 9 ! mean+ :i* he be/[s on ! ^w ,imag9ation4 ,imag9ation is ) him1 n ! "n ( a tra9 hav+ m]ely new comb9ations1 b ( a tra9 hav+ new comb9ations1 & ^? de/9$ to "s end4 ,b ?is is n m ! "* ( ! tra9s :i* belong to ! pa9t] & ! poet1 z 8 language appe>s to imply1 ?an x is ( ! lawy]1 or ! metaphysician2 or1 inde$1 ! pr(essors ( _m #bde ( ! vulg> arts2 ! tailor1 = example1 & ! mantua-mak]4#gg ,ba9's footnote #gg3 ,! =ego+ analysis ( ! ,imag9ation br+s to view "s ( ! important po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 x & ! o!r faculties2 = example1 ! circum/ance t ! tra9s & con/ructions ( ! ,imag9ation are _! own ends1 & n a means to f>!r ends1 z 9 ! con/ructions ( sci5ce & ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,all creative orig9ality is n imag9ation2 ! /eam-eng9e 0 n a product ( ?is faculty4 ,! ma9 features t di/+ui% ! ,imag9ation seem to be ^! ?ree3-- #a4 ,x is a faculty ( ! ,,concrete1 l ,p]ception & ,memory1 & n ( ! ,ab/ract1 z ! sci5tific faculties4 ,:5 we imag9e a ?+1 we picture x to ! m9d1 z f> z we are able1 9 its full concrete reality4 ,our imag9ation ( a sc5e 9 ! tropics is ( ! "* ( an actual p]ception2 x embraces1 or %\ld embrace1 :atev] w\ld /rike ! view ( any "o survey+ ! reality4 #b4 ,imag9ation rises above ,p]ception & ,memory1 9 be+ a ,,con/ructive faculty4 ,x alt]s1 re-arranges1 puts toge!r ! mat]ials ( p]ception & memory to satisfy c]ta9 dem&s ( ! m9d4 ,9 ?is respect1 x is m ?an ,conception1 :i* z view$ by ! au?or1 is also a faculty ( ! concrete1 b introduces no novelty ( comb9ation4 ,conception may involve a great con/ructive ef=t1 z :5 we try to picture to ourselves a poet's creation by ! help ( 8 language2 nev]!less1 ! t]m imag9ation loses its *>act]i/ic =ce1 & leaves an important mean+ )\t a "n1 if appli$ to ?is conceiv+ or realiz+ ef=t4 ,! imag9ative /ret* belongs to ! poet or arti/2 ! p[] ( conceiv+ is :at ! read] ( a poem br+s into ex]cise4 #c4 ,imag9ation is sway$ by "s ,,pres5t ,,emotion4 ,?is is ano!r way ( express+ ! au?or's view t x is an end 9 itself4 ,if we 7 to use ! g5]al ^w feel+1 we %\ld enc\nt] ! difficulty ( sep>at+ imag9ation #bdf f common indu/ry1 :i* is all int5d$ to ga9 pleasures or w>d (f pa9s4 ,! brief designation pres5t emotion approximates to1 b does n fully br+ out1 ! precise op]ation ( ! feel+s 9 ! con/ructions ( ,imag9ation4 ,:51 actuat$ by ! love ( ! m>vell\s1 any "o inv5ts a fabul\s /ory1 or highly exagg]ates a real occurr5ce1 ! process is a typical in/ance ( ! imag9ative work+s4 ,! ,f9e ,arts are ! doma9 ( ,imag9ation2 ! "o goes f> to specify ! o!r4 ,if ! co9cid5ce 7 exact1 ,imag9ation w\ld be def9$ by a def9ition ( ! /hetic emotions4 ,n[1 al?\gh any orig9al con/ruction1 select$ & put toge!r to gratify an /hetic emotion1 is a "w ( ,imag9ation1 yet imag9ation is n exhau/$ by f9e art4 ,! picture t an angry man draws ( 8 enemy w\ld be call$ an ef=t ( imag9ation1 b n a "w ( f9e art4 ,all our emotions1--,wond]1 ,fe>1 ,love1 ,ang]1 ,vanity--det]m9e ! con/ructions ( ! intellect1 :5 call$ into active ex]cise2 & = ^! con/ructions we h no o!r "n b imag9ation1 :e!r !y may1 or may n give pleasure z works ( art4 ,p]haps ?is exceptional region may be m>k$ out by a /atem5t ( ! p]v]t+ influ5ce1 or bias1 ( ! feel+s 9 matt]s ( tru? & falsehood1 or 9 works ( utility4 ,:5 ! true & ! useful1 in/ead ( be+ det]m9$ by _! own ends1 or _! prop] crit]ia1 are sway$ by extrane\s emotions--giv+ bir? to my?ical or fictiti\s creations--we h ! corrupt+ sub/itution ( ,imag9ation = ,reason 9 m5's judgm5ts & op9ions4 ,?us1 ,fe> is a pot5t spur to ,imag9ation2 its creations may n be /hetically agreeable1 & !re=e may n come "u ! def9ition ( ,f9e ,art2 yet !y are fairly to be describ$ z p]v]t+ ! judgm5t ( true & false4--,b4 #bdg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,classification4 ,dans l'ordre hi/orique1 la philosophie transc5dante a devanc la philosophie lm5taire4 ,il ne faut po9t s'en tonn]2 les gr&s problmes de la mtaphysique et de la morale se prs5t5t l'homme1 dans l'enfance mme de son intellig5ce1 avec une gr&eur et une obscurit qui le sduis5t et qui l'attir5t4 ,l'homme1 qui se s5t fait p\r connotre1 c\rt d'abord la vrit avec plus d'ardeur que de sagesse2 il *]*e dev9] ce qu'il ne peut compr5dre1 et se p]d dans des conjectures absurdes ou tmraires4 ,les ?ogonies et les cosmogonies sont antrieures la sa9e physique1 et l'esprit huma9 a pass trav]s t\tes les agitations et les dlires de la mtaphysique transc5dante avant d'arriv] la psy*ologie4--,c\s91 ,frag4 ,philos4 p4 #ge4 ,,! process by :i* we connect :at we call ! objects ( our s5ses1 & also our ideas1 into c]ta9 aggregates call$ classes1 is ( too mu* importance n to h attract$ ! att5tion ( ^? :o h engag$ 9 ! /udy ( m9d4 ,yet x is d\btful1 :e!r metaphysicians h reg>d$ ,,classification z an orig9al p[] ( ! m9d1 or h all[$ t :at is includ$ "u t "n might be resolv$ into simpl] elem5ts4 ,! t]m ,ab/raction1 ,i ?9k1 !y h g5]ally tak5 z ! "n ( a di/9ct1 & orig9al1 p[]1 n susceptible ( fur!r analysis4 ,b1 9 do+ s1 x seems 7= ! language ( writ]s #bdh is too loose on ?is subject1 to all[ u ! use ( m affirmative t]ms71 !y h re/rict$ ! "n to ! p[] ( =m+ su* ideas z are repres5t$ by ! t]ms1 h>dness1 s(tness1 l5g?1 bread?1 space1 & s on4 ,& ?is op]ation !y r consid] z subs]vi5t to classification1 ?an z t op]ation itself4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 ( gr\p+ individuals into classes1 has be5 reg>d$ z suffici5tly my/]i\s4 ,! nature ( x has be5 ! object ( deep curiosity2 & ! errone\s op9ions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ ( x bewild]$1 = _m ages1 ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s2 & enfeebl$ ! human m9d4 ,:at 7x 0 inquir$7 is t :i* is really done by ! m9d1 :5 x =ms individuals into classes2 sep>ates su* & su* ?+s f o!rs1 & reg>ds !m1 "u a c]ta9 idea ( unity1 z "s ?+ by !mselves8 ,:y is ! segregation ?\ght (8 ,& = :at end is x made8 ,^! que/ions all receiv$ answ]s2 b x 0 _m ages be=e !y receiv$ an answ] approa*+ ! tru?2 & x is only necess>y to read ) c>e ! writ+s ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle1 & ( all philosoph]s1 ) v few exceptions1 f !irs to ! pres5t "t1 to see1 t a misund]/&+ ( ! nature ( ,g5]al ,t]ms is t :i* *iefly p]plex$ !m 9 _! inquiries1 & involv$ !m 9 a confusion1 :i* 0 inextricable1 s long z ^? t]ms 7 unexpla9$4 ,! process 9 =m+ ^? classes 0 said to be ?is4 ,! ,m9d leaves out ( its view ?is1 & t1 & ! o!r ?+1 9 :i* individuals diff] f "o ano!r2 & reta9+ only ^? 9 :i* !y all agree1 x =ms !m into a class4 ,b :at is #bdi ?is =m+ ( a class8 ,:at does x mean8 ,:5 ,i =m a mat]ial aggregate2 :5 ,i collect a libr>y2 :5 ,i build a h\se2 :5 ,i ev5 raise a heap ( /ones2 ,i move ! ?+s1 :atev] !y may be1 & place !m1 ei!r regul>ly or irregul>ly1 9 a mass toge!r4 ,b :5 ,i =m a class1 ,i p]=m no op]ation ( ?is sort4 ,i t\* n1 nor d ,i 9 any way :atsoev] act ^u ! individuals :i* ,i class4 ,! proce$+ is all m5tal4 ,=m+ a class ( individuals1 is a mode ( reg>d+ !m4 ,b :at is meant by a mode ( reg>d+ ?+s8 ,?is is my/]i\s2 & is z my/]i\sly expla9$1 :5 x is said to be ! tak+ into view ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* individuals agree4 ,= :at is !re1 :i* x is possible = ! m9d to take into view1 9 t 9 :i* individuals agree8 ,e col\r is an individual col\r1 e size is an individual size1 e %ape is an individual %ape4 ,b ?+s h no individual col\r 9 common1 no individual %ape 9 common1 no individual size 9 common2 t is to say1 !y h nei!r %ape1 col\r1 nor size 9 common4 ,:at1 !n1 is x :i* !y h 9 common1 :i* ! m9d c take into view8 ,^? :o affirm$ t x 0 some?+1 c\ld by no means tell4 ,!y sub/itut$ words = ?+s2 us+ vague & my/ical phrases1 :i*1 :5 exam9$1 meant no?+4 ,plato call$ x ,greek3 i7de_/a1 ,ari/otle1 ,greek3 ei7dos1 bo?1 words tak5 f ! v]b to see2 intimat+1 some?+ z x 7 se51 or view$1 z we call x4 ,at bottom1 ,ari/otle's ,greek3 ei7dos1 is ! same ) ,plato's ,greek3 i7de_/a1 ?\gh ,ari/otle makes a great affair ( "s v trifl+ diff]5ces1 :i* he creates & sets up betwe5 !m4 ,! ,lat9s1 translat$ bo? ,greek3 i7de_/a1 & #bej ,greek3 ei7dos1 by ! same words1 & 7 v mu* at a loss = "o to answ] ! purpose2 !y us$ species1 d]iv$ 9 l mann] f a v]b to see1 b :i*1 hav+ o!r mean+s1 0 ill adapt$ = a sci5tific ^w2 !y br\ght1 !re=e1 ano!r ^w 9 aid1 =ma1 ! same ) ,greek3 o7_/rama1 d]iv$ equally f a v]b signify+ to see1 :i* suit$ ! purpose j z imp]fectly z species2 & z writ]s us$ bo? t]ms1 accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r appe>$ be/ to correspond ) _! mean+1 !y ?ick5$ by ?is means ! confusion4 ,aft] a "t1 un=tunately a long "t1 x began to be p]ceiv$1 t :at 0 ?us repres5t$ z ! object ( ! m9d 9 ! =mation ( classes1 0 *im]ical & absurd2 :5 a set ( inquir]s appe>$1 :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( all su* objects1 affirm$ t ideas 7 all individual1 & t no?+ 0 g5]al b names4 ,! "q rose to ! dignity ( a controv]sy2 & to ! hateful viol5ce ( a religi\s controv]sy4 ,!y :o affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( g5]al ideas 7 call$ ,reali/s1 !y :o d5i$ _! exi/5ce ,nom9ali/s4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ( ! two ! ,nom9ali/s approa*$1 by f>1 ! ne>e/ to ! tru?2 & _! speculations t5d$ /rongly to remove f m5tal sci5ce ! confusion 9 :i* ! total misappreh5sion ( ab/ract t]ms _h involv$ x4 ,b ! cl]gy br\ght religion into ! qu>rel1 & z usual on ! wrong side4 ,realism 0 prea*$ z ! doctr9e :i* alone 0 consi/5t ) or?odoxy2 ! ,nom9ali/s 7 hunt$ d[n2 & p]secution1 well kn[+ h] object1 clung to ! books z well z ! m52 s t ! books ( ! ,nom9ali/s1 #bea ?\gh ! art ( pr9t+ t5d$ /rongly to pres]ve !m1 7 suppress$ & de/roy$1 to su* a degree1 t x is n[ exce$+ly difficult to collect !m2 & n easy to obta9 copies ev5 ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,! op9ion1 t ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* ! individuals ( a class agree 7 di/9ct ,objects ( ! ,m9d1 soon made !m di/9ct ,,exi/5ces2 !y 7 ! ,ess5ce ( ?+s2 ! ,et]nal ,exempl>s1 accord+ to :i* individual ?+s 7 made2 !y 7 call$ ,,univ]sals1 & reg>d$ z alone ! ,objects ( ! ,intellect4 ,!y 7 inv>iable1 always ! same2 individuals1 n ! objects ( intellect b only ! l[ objects ( s5se1 7 9 p]petual flux1 & nev]1 = any consid]able p]iod1 ! same4 ,univ]sals alone h ,unity2 !y alone 7 ! subject ( sci5ce2 ,individuals 7 innum]able1 e "o diff]5t f ano!r2 & cognoscible only by ! l[]1 ! s5sitive "p ( our nature4 ,endless 7 ! subtleties into :i* +5i\s m5 7 misl$1 9 ! contemplation ( ^? ,fictions2 & wond]ful 7 ! attributes :i* !y be/[$ ^u !m4 ,x is1 !n1 on ^! p]man5t ,phantasms1 says ,mr4 ,h>ris1 copy+ ! anci5t ,philosoph]s1 t ! human m9d fir/ works1 & by an en]gy z spontane\s & famili> to its nature1 z ! see+ ( col\r is famili> to ! eye1 x disc]ns at once :at 9 ,,_m is ,,"o2 :at 9 ?+s ,,dissimil> & ,,diff]5t is ,,simil> & ! ,,same4 ,by ?is x comes to behold a k9d ( sup]ior ,objects2 a new ,race ( ,p]ceptions1 m compreh5sive ?an ^? ( s5se2 a ,race ( ,p]ceptions1 ea* "o ( :i*1 may be f\nd entire & :ole 9 ! sep>ate #beb individuals ( an inf9ite & fleet+ multitude1 )\t dep>t+ f ! unity & p]man5ce ( its own nature4#h99 ,"h we h some?+ suffici5tly my/ical2 a ?+ :i* is1 at once1 ,,"o1 & ,,_m2 :i* is ,,"o1 x seems1 by its v nature1 & yet may exi/1 entire & :ole1 9 ! sep>ate individuals ( an inf9ite ,,multitude4 ,?is is a specim5 ( _! ,doctr9e2 a specim5 ( :at !y call ,,! ,,sublime 9 ,intellection4 ,mill's footnote #h3 ,h]mes1 b4 iii4 *4 #d4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,= z1 :5 we =m a m9or class1 z man1 !re is a c]ta9 ,,"o1 ! object ( intellect1 complete 9 e individual2 ,,_m1 !re=e1 & at ! same "t1 ,,"o2 s :5 we =m a l>g] class1 animal1 !re is a c]ta9 ,,"o1 ! object ( intellect1 complete 9 e "o ( ^? individuals4 ,& :5 we g /ill high]1 z to ! gr& class1 ,,body1 !re is always a ,,"o1 ! object ( intellect1 complete 9 e "o ( ^? m num]\s individuals4 ,:5 we m\nt up to ! v summit1 & embrace all ?+s 9 "o class1 ,,be+1 !re is 9 l mann] a ,,"o1 ! object ( intellect1 complete 9 e individual t exi/s4 ,?is is ! gr& ,,"o2 ! ,,"o pre-em95tly4 ,?is is ! ,,"o2 ,greek3 to_/ e7_/n2 ,,on5ess2 ,,"o 9 ! ab/ract4 ,?is 0 a conception deem$ truly ,,sublime4 ,! l(tie/ epi!ts 7 be/[$ ^u ,greek3 to_/ e7_/n1 ! ,,"o4 ,x 0 ,,div9e2 x 0 m ?an t2 = be+ n concrete1 b ab/ract1 x 0 ,,div9ity4 ,all ?+s 7 conta9$ 9 ! ,,"o2 & ! ,,"o 0 9 all ?+s4 ,! ,,"o 0 ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( ,be+4 ,x 0 immutable1 et]nal4 #bec ,^! ,,ones !y also call$ by ! names ( ,int]nal ,=ms1 & ,intelligible ,=ms4 ,?us ,h>ris3 ,let u suppose any man to look = ! fir/ "t ^u "s ,"w ( ,art2 z1 = example1 ^u a ,clock2 &1 hav+ suffici5tly view$ x1 at l5g? to dep>t4 ,w\ld he n reta91 :5 abs5t1 an ,idea ( :at he _h se58 ,& :at is x1 to reta9 su* ,idea8 ,x is to h ,a ,,=m ,,int]nal correspond5t to ,,! ,,ext]nal2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ,int]nal ,=m is devoid ( ! ,matt]2 ! ,ext]nal is unit$ ) x1 be+ se5 9 ! metal1 ! wood1 & ! l4 ,n[1 if we suppose ?is ,spectator to view _m su* ,ma*9es1 & n simply to view1 b to consid] e "p ( !m1 s z to compreh5d h[ ^? p>ts all op]ate to "o ,end1 he might be !n said to possess a k9d ( ,,intelligible ,,=m1 by :i* he w\ld n only und]/& & "k ! clocks1 :i* he _h se5 already1 b e ,"w1 also1 ( l ,sort1 :i* he might see h]eaft]4 ,we might "h rem>k ^u ! my/ical j>gon1 :i* is ?us employ$ to obscure ! simple fact1 t aft] a man has se5 an individual ( a p>ticul> k9d he has ! idea ( t individual2 & aft] he has se5 v>i\s individuals ( ! same k9d1 he has ideas ( ! v>i\s individuals1 & has !m comb9$ by association4 ,b we mu/ he> ,mr4 ,h>ris a little fur!r4 ,aft] tell+ u t !re are two ord]s ( ^! immutable ,,intelligible ,,=ms2 "o belong+ to ! ,contemplator ( objects1 & subsequ5t to _! exi/5ce2 ano!r belong+ to ! ,mak] ( !m1 be+ ! ar*etype1 accord+ to :i* !y 7 =m$2 he ?us proce$s3 ,! ,,:ole ,,visible #bed ,,_w1 exhibits no?+ m ?an s _m pass+ pictures ( ^! ,,immutable ,,ar*etypes4 ,nay1 ?r\gh ^! x atta9s ev5 a ,semblance ( ,immortality1 & cont9ues ?r\gh\t ages to be ,,specifically ,,"o1 amid ^? inf9ite p>ticul> *anges1 t befall x e mom5t4 ,may we be all[$ !n to cr$it ^? speculative m51 :o tell u1 x is 9 ^! p]man5t & compreh5sive ,,=ms t ! ,,deity views at once1 )\t look+ abroad1 all possible productions bo? pres5t1 pa/1 & future2 t ?is great & /up5d\s view is b a view ( himself1 :]e all ?+s lie envelop$ 9 _! ,pr9ciples & ,exempl>s1 z be+ ess5tial to ! fulness ( ?is univ]sal ,intellection8 ,i %all exhibit b "o o!r specim5 ( ! mode ( speculat+ ab\t ^! imag9>y ,be+s1 f ano!r great ma/] ( ! anci5t philosophy1 ,cudwor?4 ,bo? ,ari/otle & ,plato1 he says1 ackn[l$g$ two sorts ( ,entities1 ! "o mutable1 or subject to flux & motion1 su* z are especially individual corporeal ?+s2 ! o!r immutable1 t always re/ or /& /ill1 :i* are ! prop] objects ( c]ta91 con/ant1 & immutable k1 t !re=e _c be m]e no?+s1 non-entities4 ,:i* latt] k9d ( be+1 t is1 ! immutable ess5ce1 z a di/9ct ?+ f individual s5sibles1 ,ari/otle pla9ly ass]ts aga9/ ,h]aclitus1 & ^? o!r fl[+ philosoph]s 9 ^! words3 ',we w\ld h ^! philosoph]s to "k1 t besides s5sible ?+s t are always mutable1 !re is ano!r k9d ( be+ or entity ( su* ?+s z are nei!r subject to motion1 corruption1 nor g5]ation4' ,& else:]e he tells u1 t ?is immovable ess5ce #bee is ! object ( !oretical k1 ( ! fir/ philosophy1 & ( ! pure ma!matics4 ,n[ ^! immutable entities are ! univ]sal rationes1 or intelligible natures & ess5ces ( all ?+s1 :i* "s comp>e to unities1 b ,ari/otle to numb]s2 :i* =mally consid]$1 are indivisible3 sai? he1 ',! ess5ces ( ?+s are l to numb]s2' because if b ! lea/ ?+ be add$ to any numb]1 or subtract$ f x1 ! numb] is de/roy$4 ,& ^! are ! objects ( all c]ta9 k4 ,z = example1 ! objects ( geometry are n any individual mat]ial triangles1 squ>es1 circles1 pyramids1 cubes1 sph]es1 & ! l2 :i* because !y are always mutable1 no?+ c be immutably affirm$ ( !m2 b !y are ^? indivisible & un*angeable rationes ( a triangle1 squ>e1 circle2 :i* are ev] ! same to all geometricians1 9 all ages & places1 ( :i* su* immutable !orems z ^! are demon/rat$1 z t a triangle has necess>ily ?ree angles equal to two "r angles4 ,b if any "o dem& "h1 :]e ?is ,greek3 a7ki_/ntos ou7si_/a1 ^! immutable entities d exi/8 ,i answ]1 fir/1 t z !y are consid]$ =mally1 !y d n prop]ly exi/ 9 ! individuals )\t u1 z if !y 7 f !m impr9t$ ^u ! und]/&+1 :i* "s h tak5 to be ,ari/otle's op9ion2 because no individual mat]ial ?+ is ei!r univ]sal or immutable4 ,& if ^! ?+s 7 only lodg$ 9 ! individual s5sibles1 !n !y w\ld be unavoidably obnoxi\s to ! fluctuat+ waves ( ! same reciprocat+ ,euripus1 9 :i* all individual mat]ial ?+s are p]petually :irl$4 ,b because #bef !y p]i% n toge!r ) !m1 x is a c]ta9 argum5t t !y exi/ indep5d5tly ^u !m4 ,nei!r 9 ! next place1 d !y exi/ some:]e else ap>t f ! individual s5sibles1 & )\t ! m9d1 :i* is t op9ion t ,ari/otle ju/ly condemns1 b ei!r unju/ly or unskilfully attributes to ,plato4 ,= if ! m9d look$ abroad = its objects :olly )\t itself1 !n all its k w\ld be no?+ b s5se & passion4 ,= to "k a ?+ is no?+ else b to compreh5d x by "s inw>d ideas t are dome/ic to ! m9d1 & actively ex]t$ f x4 ,:]e=e ^! intelligible ideas or ess5ces ( ?+s1 ^? =ms by :i* we und]/& all ?+s1 exi/ no :]e b 9 ! m9d itself2 = x 0 v well det]m9$ long ago by ,socrates1 9 ,plato's ,p>m5ides1 t ^! ?+s are no?+ b nomata3 ^! species or ideas are all ( !m no?+ b nomata1 or notions t exi/ no :]e b 9 ! s\l itself4' ,:]e=e1 to say t !re are immutable natures & ess5ces1 & 99rationes ( ?+s1 di/9ct f ! individuals t exi/ )\t u1 is all "o z if "o %\ld say1 t !re is 9 ! univ]se above ! orb ( matt] & body1 ano!r sup]ior orb ( intellectual be+1 t compreh5ds its own imm$iate objects1 t is1 ! immutable rationes & ideas ( ?+s )9 itself1 by :i* x und]/&s & kn[s all ?+s )\t itself4 ,& yet not)/&+ ?\gh ^! ?+s exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 !y are n !re=e m]e figm5ts ( ! und]/&+3 = if ! subjects ( all sci5tifical !orems 7 no?+ b figm5ts1 !n all tru? & k t is built ^u !m w\ld #beg be a m]e fictiti\s ?+2 & if tru? itself1 & ! intellectual nature be fictiti\s ?+s1 !n :at c be real or solid 9 ! _w8 ,b x is evid5t1 t ?\gh ! m9d ?9ks ( ^! ?+s at pleasure1 yet !y are n arbitr>ily fram$ by ! m9d1 b h c]ta91 det]m9ate1 & immutable natures ( _! own1 :i* are indep5d5t ^u ! m9d1 & :i* are n bl[n away into no?+ at ! pleasure ( ! same be+ t arbitr>ily made !m4 ,b we all naturally conceive t ^? ?+s h n only an et]nal1 b also a necess>y exi/5ce1 s t !y c\ld n ev] b be1 su* & s _m z !y are1 & c nev] possibly p]i% or cease to be1 b are absolutely unde/royable4 ,:i* is a ?+ frequ5tly ackn[l$g$ 9 ! writ+s ( bo? ^? fam\s philosoph]s1 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! =m] ( !m call+ ^? ?+s1 '?+s t 7 nev] made1 b always are1' & '?+s t 7 nev] made1 nor c be de/roy$4' ',?+s +5]able & unp]i%able2' ,qu ,plato negat gigni s$ semp] esse 7z ,tully expresse? x7 et ratione et intellig5tia cont9]i4 ,& ,philo ! ,platonical ,jew1 calls ! ,greek3 ta ,nota1 :i* are ! same ?+s we speak (1 ,greek3 a7nagkaio_/tatai ou7si_/ai1 ! mo/ necess>y ess5ces1 t is1 su* ?+s z c\ld n b be1 & _c possibly n be4 ,& ,ari/otle himself calls ! rationes ( ?+s 9 8 metaphysics1 n only ,greek3 *ri/a & ,greek3 a7ki_/nta1 ?+s sep>ate f matt] & immutable1 b also ,greek3 a7_/dia1 or et]nal2 & 9 8 e?ics likewise1 he calls geometrical tru?s ,greek3 a7_/dia1 et]nal ?+s1 #a4 #c1 c4 #e2 ':]e he makes ! geometrical tru? conc]n+ ! incomm5surability betwixt ! #beh diamet] & ! side ( a squ>e1 to be an et]nal ?+4' ,else:]e he tells u1 t ',sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 is n ( ?+s corruptible & cont+5t1' b ( ?+s necess>y1 incorruptible & et]nal4 ,:i* immutable & et]nal objects ( sci5ce1 9 ! place be=e quot$1 he describ$ ?us3 ',su* a k9d ( entity ( ?+s has nei!r motion nor g5]ation1 nor corruption1' t is1 su* ?+s z 7 nev] made1 & c nev] be de/roy$4 ,to :i*1 he sai?1 ! m9d is necess>ily det]m9$4 ,= sci5ce or k has no?+ ei!r ( fiction or ( arbitr>9ess 9 x1 b is '! compreh5sion ( t :i* immutably is4' ,moreov]1 ^! ?+s h a con/ant be+1 :5 our p>ticul> creat$ m9ds d n actually ?9k ( !m1 & !re=e !y are immutable 9 ano!r s5se likewise1 n only because !y are indivisibly ! same :5 we ?9k ( !m1 b also because !y h a con/ant & nev]-fail+ entity2 & always are1 :e!r our p>ticul> m9ds ?9k ( !m or n4 ,= ! intelligible natures & ess5ces ( a triangle1 squ>e1 circle1 pyramid1 cube1 sph]e1 c41 & all ! necess>y geometrical v]ities belong+ to ^! sev]al figures1 7 n ! creatures ( ,ar*im$es1 ,euclid1 or ,py?agoras1 or any o!r inv5tors ( ,geometry2 nor did !n fir/ beg9 to be2 b all ^! rationes & v]ities _h a real & actual entity be=e1 & w\ld cont9ue /ill1 ?\gh all ! geometricians 9 ! _w 7 q ext9ct1 & no man knew !m or ?\ght ( !m4 ,nay1 ?\gh all ! mat]ial _w 7 q swept away1 & also all p>ticul> creat$ m9ds annihilat$ toge!r ) x2 yet !re is no d\bt b ! #bei intelligible natures or ess5ces ( all geometrical figures1 & ! necess>y v]ities belong+ to !m1 w\ld not)/&+ rema9 safe & s\nd4 ,:]e=e ^! ?+s _h a be+ also be=e ! mat]ial _w & all p>ticul> intellects 7 creat$4 ,= x is n at all conceivable1 t ev] !re 0 a "t :5 !re 0 no intelligible nature ( a triangle1 nor any su* ?+ cogitable at all1 & :5 x 0 n yet actually true t a triangle has ?ree angles equal to two "r angles1 b t ^! ?+s 7 aft]w>d arbitr>ily made & br\ght into be+ out ( an antec$5t no?+ or non-entity2 s t ! be+ ( !m bore "s c]ta9 date1 & _h a y\ngness 9 !m1 & s by ! same reason might wax old1 & decay aga92 :i* notion he (t5 h>ps ^u1 :5 he speaks ( ! ,greek3 ,ei7_/d1 or =ms ( ?+s1 z :5 he says1 '!re is no g5]ation ( ! ess5ce ( a sph]e1' t is1 x is a ?+ t is n made2 b always is3 & else:]e he pron\nces univ]sally ( ! ,greek3 ,ei7_/d1 ',! =ms ( mat]ial ?+s are )\t g5]ation & corruption1' & 't none makes ! =m ( any ?+1 = x is nev] g5]at$4' ,div]s h c5sur$ ,ari/otle 9 "s ( su* passages too mu* to conf\nd physics & metaphysics toge!r2 = inde$ ^! ?+s are n true 9 a physical1 b only 9 a metaphysical s5se4 ,t is1 ! imm$iate objects ( intellection & sci5ce1 are et]nal1 necess>ily exi/5t1 & incorruptible4#i99 ,mill's footnote #i3 ,a ,treatise conc]n+ ,et]nal & ,immutable ,morality4 ,by ,ralph ,cudwor?1 ,d4,d4--pp4 #bda--bej4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* notions z ^!1 m5 #bfj 7 l$ away f ! real object ( ,classification2 :i* rema9$1 till a late p]iod 9 metaphysical inquiry1 n at all und]/ood4 ,yet ! tru? appe>s by no means difficult to f9d1 if we only obs]ve ! /eps1 by :i* ! m9d acquires its k1 & ! exig5cies :i* give occasion to ! contrivances to :i* x resorts4 ,man fir/ becomes acqua9t$ ) individuals4 ,he fir/ names individuals4 ,b individuals are innum]able1 & he _c h innum]able names4 ,he mu/ make "o "n s]ve = _m individuals4 ,x is ?us obvi\s1 & c]ta91 t m5 7 l$ to class solely = ! purpose ( economiz+ 9 ! use ( names4 ,c\ld ! processes ( nam+ & disc\rse h be5 z conv5i5tly manag$ by a "n = e individual1 ! names ( classes1 & ! idea ( classification1 w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,b z ! limits ( ! human memory did n enable m5 to reta9 beyond a v limit$ numb] ( names2 & ev5 if x _h1 z x w\ld h requir$ a mo/ inconv5i5t portion ( "t1 to run ov] 9 disc\rse1 z _m names ( individuals1 & ( individual qualities1 z !re is occasion to ref] to 9 disc\rse1 x 0 necess>y to h contrivances ( abridgm5t2 t is1 to employ names :i* m>k$ equally a numb] ( individuals1 ) all _! sep>ate prop]ties2 & enabl$ u to speak ( multitudes at once4#gh ,editor's footnote #gh3 ,! doctr9e t m5 7 l$ to class solely = ! purpose ( economiz+ 9 ! use ( names1 is "h reass]t$ 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ t]ms4 ,! au?or pla9ly says t if our memory _h be5 suffici5tly va/ to conta9 a "n = e individual1 ! names ( classes & ! idea ( classification w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,yet h[ 7,i am oblig$ to ask7 c\ld we h done )\t !m8 ,we c\ld n h disp5s$ ) names to m>k ! po9ts 9 :i* diff]5t individuals resemble "o ano!r3 & ^! are class-names4 ,! fact t we require names = ! purpose ( mak+ affirmations--( pr$icat+ qualities--is 9 "s measure recognis$ by ! au?or1 :5 he says x w\ld h requir$ a mo/ inconv5i5t portion ( "t to run ov] 9 disc\rse z _m names ( individuals & ( individual qualities z !re is occasion to ref] to 9 disc\rse4 ,b :at is meant by an individual quality8 ,x is n individual qualities t we ev] h occasion to pr$icate4 ,x is true t ! qualities ( an object are only ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* we or o!r m9ds are affect$ by x1 & ^! affections are n ! same 9 diff]5t objects1 except 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w same /&s = exact simil>ity4 ,b we nev] h occasion to pr$icate ( an object ! individual & in/antane\s impressions :i* x produces 9 u4 ,! only mean+ ( pr$icat+ a quality at all1 is to affirm a resemblance4 ,:5 we ascribe a quality to an object1 we int5d to ass]t t ! object affects u 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 :i* we are affect$ by a kn[n class ( objects4 ,a quality1 inde$1 9 ! cu/om ( language1 does n admit ( individuality3 x is suppos$ to be "o ?+ common to _m2 :i*1 be+ expla9$1 means t x is ! "n ( a resemblance among our s5sations1 & n a "n ( ! individual s5sations :i* resemble4 ,qualities1 !re=e1 _c be pr$icat$ )\t g5]al names2 nor1 consequ5tly1 )\t classification4 ,:]ev] !re is a g5]al "n !re is a class3 classification1 & g5]al names1 are ?+s exactly coext5sive4 ,x ?us appe>s t1 )\t classification1 language w\ld n fulfil its mo/ important function4 ,_h we no names b ^? ( individuals1 ! names might s]ve z m>ks to br+ ^? individuals to m9d1 b w\ld n enable u to make a s+le ass]tion respect+ !m1 except t "o individual is n ano!r4 ,n a p>ticle ( ! k we h ( !m c\ld be express$ 9 words4--,ed4 #bfa ,x 0 impossible t ?is process %\ld n be involv$ 9 obscurity1 & liable to great #bfb misappreh5sion1 s long z ! mann]1 9 :i* words become significant1 0 unexpla9$4 ,aft] ?is k 0 imp>t$1 & pretty g5]ally diffus$1 ! value ( x seem$ = a long "t to be little und]/ood4 ,words become significant purely by association4 ,a ^w is pron\nc$ 9 conjunction ) an idea2 x is pron\nc$ aga9 & aga92 &1 by degrees1 ! idea & ! ^w become s associat$1 t ! "o c nev] occur )\t ! o!r4 ,to take fir/ ! example ( an individual object4 ,! ^w1 ,/4 ,paul's1 has be5 s (t5 nam$ 9 conjunction ) ! idea ( a p>ticul> build+1 t ! ^w1 ,/4 ,paul's1 nev] occurs )\t call+ up ! idea ( ! build+1 nor ! idea ( ! build+ )\t call+ up ! "n1 ,/4 ,paul's4 ,! effect ( association is simil>ly exemplifi$ 9 connect+ ! visible m>k ) ! audible4 ,*ildr5 le>n fir/ to speak4 ,!y le>n next to read4 ,9 le>n+ to speak1 !y associate ! audible m>k ) _! s5sations & ideas2 ! s\nd tree is associat$ ) ! sight ( ! tree1 or ! idea ( ! tree4 ,9 le>n+ to read1 a new association has to be =m$4 ,! writt5 ^w is a visible sign ( ! audible sign4 ,:at read+ accompli%es1 by degrees1 is1 to associate ! visible sign s closely ) ! audible1 t at ! same in/ant ) ! sight ( ! ^w ! s\nd ( x1 & ) ! s\nd ( x ! s5se1 occurs4 ,aft] ! explanations :i* h be5 already #bfc giv51 no difficulty c rema9 ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* names come to signify ! individuals ( :i* !y are appo9t$ to be ! m>ks4 ,let u n[1 proce$+ to ! simple/ cases fir/1 & by !m exp\nd+ su* z are m complicat$1 suppose t our "n ( "o individual is appli$ to ano!r individual4 ,let u suppose t ! ^w1 foot1 has be5 fir/ associat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild ) "o foot only2 x w 9 t case call up ! idea ( t "o1 & n ( ! o!r4 ,"h is "o "n1 & "o ?+ nam$4 ,suppose next1 t ! same "n1 foot1 beg9s to be appli$ to ! *ild's o!r foot4 ,! s\nd is n[ associat$ n con/antly ) "o ?+1 b sometimes ) "o ?+1 & sometimes ) ano!r4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t x calls up sometimes ! "o1 & sometimes ! o!r4 ,"h two ?+s1 ! two feet1 are bo? ( !m associat$ ) "o ?+1 ! "n4 ,! "o ?+1 ! "n1 has ! p[] ( call+ up bo?1 & 9 rapid succession4 ,! ^w foot sugge/s ! idea ( "o ( ! feet2 ?is foot ) its "n1 is a complex idea2 & ?is complex idea sugge/s its l1 ! o!r foot ) its "n4 ,?is is a peculi> & a highly important case ( association2 b n ! less simple & indisputable4 ,we h already suffici5tly exemplifi$ ! two gr& cases ( ! =mation ( complex ideas by association2--t 9 :i* ! ideas ( syn*ron\s s5sations are s concret$ by con/ant conjunction z to appe>1 ?\gh num]\s1 only "o2 ( :i* ! ideas ( s5sible objects1 a rose1 a pl\gh1 a h\se1 a %ip1 are examples2--& t 9 :i* ! ideas ( successive s5sations are s concret$2 ( :i*1 ! idea ( a #bfd tune 9 music1 ! idea ( ! revolution ( a :eel1 ( a walk1 a hunt1 a horse-race1 are in/ances4 ,x is easy to see :]e9 ! pres5t case agrees )1 & :]e9 x diff]s f1 ^? famili> cases4 ,! ^w1 man1 we %all say1 is fir/ appli$ to an individual2 x is fir/ associat$ ) ! idea ( t individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him2 x is next appli$ to ano!r individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him2 s ( ano!r1 & ano!r1 till x has become associat$ ) an indef9ite numb]1 & has acquir$ ! p[] ( call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ^? ideas indiff]5tly4 ,:at happ5s8 ,x does call up an indef9ite numb] ( ! ideas ( individuals1 z (t5 z x occurs2 & call+ !m up 9 close connexion1 x =ms !m into a species ( complex idea4 ,!re c be no difficulty 9 admitt+ t association does =m ! ideas ( an indef9ite numb] ( individuals into "o complex idea2 because x is an ackn[l$g$ fact4 ,h we n ! idea ( an army8 ,& is n t precisely ! ideas ( an indef9ite numb] ( m5 =m$ into "o idea8 ,h we n ! idea ( a wood1 or a =e/2 & is n t ! idea ( an indef9ite numb] ( trees =m$ into "o idea8 ,^! are in/ances ( ! concretion ( syn*ron\s ideas4 ,( ! concretion ( successive ideas indef9ite 9 numb]1 ! idea ( a conc]t is "o in/ance1 ! idea ( a disc\rse is ano!r1 ! idea ( ! life ( a man is ano!r1 ! idea ( a ye>1 or ( a c5tury1 is ano!r1 & s on4 ,! idea1 :i* is m>k$ by ! t]m race ( man1 is complex 9 bo? ways1 = x is n only ! idea ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 b ( all successive g5]ations4 #bfe ,x is also a fact1 t :5 an idea becomes to a c]ta9 degree complex1 f ! multiplicity ( ! ideas x compreh5ds1 x is ( necessity indi/9ct4 ,?us ! idea ( a figure ( "o ?\s& sides is incurably indi/9ct2 ! idea ( an army is also indi/9ct2 ! idea ( a =e/1 or ! idea ( a mob4 ,& "o ( ! uses ( language1 is1 to enable u1 by di/9ct m>ks1 to speak ) di/9ctness ( ^? comb9ations ( ideas1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are too num]\s = di/9ctness4 ,?us1 by our m>ks ( numb]s1 we c speak1 ) ! mo/ p]fect precision1 ( a figure n only ( a ?\s&1 b ( t5 ?\s& sides1 & d$uce its peculi> prop]ties2 ?\gh x is z impossible1 by ! idea1 z by ! s5sations1 to di/+ui% "o ( a ?\s&1 f "o ( a ?\s& & "o1 sides4 ,?us1 :5 ! ^w man calls up ! ideas ( an indef9ite numb] ( individuals1 n only ( all ^? to :om ,i h individually giv5 ! "n1 b ( all ^? to :om ,i h 9 imag9ation giv5 x or imag9e x w ev] be giv51 & =ms all ^? ideas into "o1--x is evid5tly a v complex idea1 &1 !re=e1 indi/9ct2 & ?is indi/9ctness has1 d\btless1 be5 ! ma9 cause ( ! my/]y1 :i* has appe>$ to belong to x4 ,t ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! process1 is an inevitable result ( ! laws ( association4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! ^w1 man1 is n a ^w hav+ a v simple idea1 z 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,reali/s2 nor a ^w hav+ no idea at all1 z 0 t ( ! ,nom9ali/s2 b a ^w call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ideas1 by ! irresi/ible laws ( association1 & =m+ !m into "o v #bff complex1 & indi/9ct1 b n !re=e un9telligible1 idea4 ,x is ?us to be se51 t appellatives1 or g5]al names1 are significant1 9 two modes4 ,we h frequ5tly _h occasion to recur to ! mode 9 :i* ! simple ideas ( s5sation are associat$ or concret$1 s z to =m :at we call ! complex ideas ( objects4 ,?us1 ,i h ! complex ideas ( ?is p51 ?is desk1 ?is room1 ?is man1 ?is h&writ+4 ,! simple ideas1 s concret$ into a complex idea 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 are "o ?+ signifi$ by ea* appellative2 & ?is complex idea ( ! individual1 concret$ ) ano!r1 & ano!r ( ! same k9d1 & s on )\t end1 is ! o!r ( ! ?+s :i* are signifi$ by x4 ,?us1 ! ^w rose1 signifies1 fir/ ( all1 a c]ta9 od\r1 a c]ta9 col\r1 a c]ta9 %ape1 a c]ta9 consi/5ce1 s associat$ z to =m "o idea1 t ( ! individual2 next1 x signifies ?is individual associat$ ) ano!r1 & ano!r1 & ano!r1 & s on2 9 o!r words1 x signifies ! class4 ,! complexity ( ! idea1 9 ! latt] ( ! two cases1 is di/+ui%$ by a peculi>ity f t ( ! =m]4 ,9 apply+ ! "n to ! od\r1 & col\r1 & s on1 ( ! rose1 concret$ into "o idea1 ! "n is n ! "n ( ea* ( ! s5sations tak5 s+ly1 only ( all tak5 toge!r4 ,9 apply+ ! "n to rose1 & rose1 & rose1 )\t end1 ! "n is at once a "n ( ea* ( ! individuals1 & also ! "n ( ! complex association :i* is =m$ ( !m4 ,?is too1 is itself a peculi> association4 ,x is n ! association ( a "n ) a numb] ( p>ticul>s clu/]$ toge!r #bfg z "o2 b ! association ( a "n ) ea* ( an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticul>s1 & all ^? p>ticul>s associat$ back aga9 ) ! "n4 ,?is peculi>ity may require a little fur!r explanation4 ,x is well kn[n1 t betwe5 an idea1 & ! "n :i* /&s = x1 !re is a d\ble association4 ,! "n calls up ! idea 9 close association1 & ! idea calls up ! "n 9 equally close association2 & ?is !y h a t5d5cy to d 9 a s]ies ( repetitions2 ! "n br++ up ! idea1 ! idea ! "n1 & !n ! "n ! idea aga91 & s on1 = any numb] ( times4 ,?is is1 9 great "p1 ! way 9 :i* language is le>n$1 z we obs]ve by ! repetitions to :i* *ildr5 are prone4 ,& ?is1 inde$1 is :at1 9 _m cases1 we mean :5 we speak ( dwell+ ^u an idea4 ,x is a famili> obs]vation1 t no idea dwells 9 ! m9d1 or c2 = x has innum]able associations1 & :atev] association occurs1 ( c\rse1 displaces t by :i* x is introduc$4 ,b if ! idea :i* ?us displaces x1 aga9 calls x up1 & ^! two g on call+ up "o ano!r1 t :i* is ! m int]e/+ ( ! two appe>s to be t :i* alone is occupy+ ! att5tion4 ,?is alt]nation is frequ5t betwe5 ! "n & ! idea4 ,n[1 !n1 let ! ^w1 man1 be suppos$1 fir/ ( all1 ! "n ( an individual2 x becomes associat$ ) ! idea ( ! individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up t idea4 ,let u next suppose x appli$ to "o o!r individual1 & no m3 x becomes associat$ ) ?is o!r idea2 & x n[ has ! p[] ( call+ up ei!r4 ,! foll[+ is1 !n1 a v natural tra93-- #a1 ,! "n occurs2 #b1 ! "n #bfh sugge/s ! idea ( "o ( ! individuals2 #c1 t idea sugge/s ! "n back aga92 #d1 ! "n sugge/s ! idea ( ! second individual4 ,all ?is may pass1 &1 aft] suffici5t repetition1 does pass1 ) ! rapidity ( lightn+4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ! "n is associat$1 ) ! ideas n ( two individuals1 b ( _m2 ! same tra9 may g on2 ! "n excit+ ! idea ( "o individual1 t idea ! "n1 ! "n ano!r individual1 & s on1 to an indef9ite ext5t2 all 9 t small portion ( "t ( :i* ! m9d takes no acc\nt4 ,! comb9ation ?us =m$ /&s 9 ne$ ( a "n4 ,& ! "n1 man1 :ile x is ! "n ( e individual includ$ 9 ! process1 is also ! "n ( ! :ole comb9ation2 t is1 ( a v complex idea4 ,"o o!r "q1 respect+ classification1 may /ill seem to require solution2 namely1 :at x is by :i* we are det]m9$ 9 plac+ su* & su* ?+s toge!r 9 a class 9 pref]5ce to o!rs2 :at1 9 o!r words1 is ! pr9ciple ( ,classification8 ,i answ]1 t1 z x is = ! purpose ( nam+1 ( nam+ ) great] facility1 t we =m classes at all2 s x is 9 fur!rance ( t same facility t su* & su* ?+s only are includ$ 9 "o class1 su* & su* 9 ano!r4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es :at sort ( gr\p+ answ]s ! purposes ( nam+ be/2 "u ! sugge/ions ( t exp]i5ce1 ! application ( a g5]al ^w is tacitly & )\t mu* ( reflection regulat$2 & by ?is process1 & no o!r1 x is1 t ,classification is p]=m$4 ,x is ! aggregation ( an indef9ite numb] ( individuals1 by _! association ) a p>ticul> "n4 ,x may seem t ?is answ] is /ill v g5]al #bfi & t to make ! explanation suffici5t1 ! sugge/ions by :i* exp]i5ce recomm5ds ?is or t classification %\ld be p>ticul>iz$4 ,= ! purpose ( ! pres5t *apt]1 h[ev]1 namely1 to %ew t ! bus9ess ( ,classification is m]ely a process ( nam+1 & is all resolvable into association1 ! obs]vation1 ?\gh g5]al1 is full & satisfactory4 ,! detail ( ! purposes to be answ]$ by g5]al t]ms belongs m prop]ly to ! next head ( ,disc\rse1 & z f> z ! developm5t ( ! m5tal ph5om5a seems to require x1 w !re be pres5t$4 ,x may /ill be useful to adv]t to ! ?ree pr9cipal cases into :i* ,classification may be resolv$2 #a1 t ( objects consid]$ z syn*ronical2 #b1 t ( objects consid]$ z successive2 #c1 t ( feel+s4 ,! fir/ is exemplifi$ 9 ! common classes ( s5sible objects1 z m51 horses1 trees1 & s on2 & requires no fur!r explanation4 ,! second is exemplifi$ 9 ! classes ( ev5ts1 d5ot$ by su* words1 z ,bir?1 ,dea?1 ,sn[+1 ,?und]+1 ,freez+1 ,fly+1 ,creep+4 ,by ^! words !re is always d5ot$ "o antec$5t & "o consequ5t1 g5]ally m1 sometimes a long tra9 ( !m4 ,& x is obvi\s t ea* ( !m is1 at once1 ! "n ( ea* in/ance individually1 & ( all tak5 g5]ally toge!r4 ,?us1 ,freez+1 is n ! "n ( an individual in/ance ( freez+ only1 b ( t & ( all o!r in/ances ( ,freez+4 ,! same is ! case ) o!r words ( a /ill m g5]al1 & !nce m obscure signification1 z ,gravitation1 ,attraction1 ,motion1 ,=ce1 c42 :i* words h ?is additional s\rce ( confusion1 t !y are #bgj ambigu\s1 be+ bo? ab/ract & concrete4 ,:5 we say t !re is a ?ird case ( classification1 relat+ to ,feel+s1 x does n mean t ! two =m] d n relate to feel+s3 = :5 we say1 t we classify objects1 z m51 horses1 c42--or ev5ts1 z ! sequ5ces nam$ bir?s1 dea?s1 & s on2--x is obvi\s t our op]ation is ab\t our own feel+s1 & no?+ else2 z ! objects1 & _! successions1 are1 to u1 ! feel+s m]ely :i* we ?us designate4 ,b z !re are feel+s :i* we d ?us designate2 & feel+s :i* we d n2 x is conv5i5t1 = ! purpose ( tea*+1 to treat ( !m ap>t4 ,! ,feel+s1 ( ?is latt] k9d1 :i* we classify1 are ei!r s+le feel+s1 or tra9s4 ,?us1 ,pa9 is ! "n ( a s+le feel+1 & ! "n bo? ( an individual in/ance1 & ( indef9ite in/ances1 =m+ a mo/ ext5sive class4 ,memory is ! "n n ( a s+le feel+ or idea1 b ( a tra92 & x is ! "n n only ( a s+le in/ance1 b ( all in/ances ( su* a tra91 t is1 ( a class4 ,! same is ! case ) ,belief4 ,x is ! "n ( a tra9 consi/+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( l9ks2 & x is ! "n n only ( an individual in/ance ( su* tra9s1 b ( all in/ances1 =m+ an ext5sive class4 ,imag9ation is ano!r in/ance ( ! same sort ( classification4 ,s also is ,judgm5t1 & ,reason+1 & ,d\bt+1 & we might "n _m m4 ,x is easy to see1 among ! pr9ciples ( ,association1 :at p>ticul> pr9ciple x is1 :i* is ma9ly conc]n$ 9 ,classification1 & by :i* we are r5d]$ capable ( t mighty op]ation2 on :i*1 z its basis1 ! :ole ( our intellectual /ructure is re>$4 ,t pr9ciple is ,resemblance4 ,x seems to #bga be simil>ity or resemblance :i*1 :5 we h appli$ a "n to "o individual1 leads u to apply x to ano!r1 & ano!r1 till ! :ole =ms an aggregate1 connect$ toge!r by ! common relation ( e "p ( ! aggregate to "o & ! same "n4 ,simil>ity1 or ,resemblance1 we mu/ reg>d z an ,idea famili> & suffici5tly und]/ood = ! illu/ration at pres5t requir$4 ,x w itself be /rictly analys$1 at a subsequ5t "p ( ?is ,inquiry4 ,s deeply 0 ! sagaci\s m9d ( ,plato1 f> m philosophical ?an t ( any :o succe$$ him1 dur+ _m ages1 /ruck ) ! importance ( ,classification1 t he seems to h reg>d$ x z ! sum ( all philosophy2 :i* he describ$1 z be+ ! faculty ( see+ ! ,,"o 9 ! ,,_m1 & ! ,,_m 9 ! ,,"o2 a phrase :i*1 :5 /ripp$ f ! subtleties ( ! sophi/s :om he expos$1 & f ! my/ical visions ( 8 successors1 ( :i* he nev] dream$1 is really a /rik+ expression ( :at 9 classification is ! matt] ( fact4 ,8 error lay1 9 misconceiv+ ! ,,"o2 :i* he took1 n = ! aggregate1 b some?+ p]vad+ ! aggregate4#gi #hj ,grote's footnote #gi3 ,! two *apt]s 7,,vii4 & ,,viii47 ( ,mr4 ,james ,mill's ,analysis are highly in/ructive1 & exhibit all 8 cu/om>y =ce & p]spicuity4 ,b 9 respect to ,classification & ,ab/raction1 ,i ?9k t ! anci5t philosoph]s ( ! ,sokratic s*ool g5]ally1 are entitl$ to m cr$it ?an he all[s !m2 & moreov] t 9 respect to ! diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 he has assign$ an undue sup]iority to ! =m] at ! exp5se ( ! latt]4 ,! read] w\ld take v inadequate measure ( ^! #bgb anci5t philosoph]s1 if he judg$ !m f ! two citations out ( ,h>ris & ,cudwor?1 produc$ by ,mr4 ,james ,mill z sett+ =? ! mo/ successful speculations ( ! anci5t _w4 ,bo? ^! passages are br\ght to illu/rate ! my/ical j>gon 7p4 #bec7 ) :i* ! anci5ts are said to h obscur$ a cle> & simple subject4 ,! my/icism 9 bo? citations is to a c]ta9 ext5t real2 b x dep5ds also 9 "p on ! use ( a t]m9ology n[ obsolete1 r ?an on confusion ( ideas4 ,9 reg>d to ! citation f ,h>ris1 x is a passage 9 :i* t au?or passes into !ology1 & includes ,god & ,immortality3 topics ^u :i* my/ical language c seldom be avoid$3 moreov]1 if we comp>e ! rem>ks on ,h>ris 7p4 #bea7 ) p4 #bga1 we %all f9d ,mr4 ,james ,mill ridicul+ z my/ical1 :5 us$ by ,h>ris1 ! same language 7ab\t ! ,"o 9 ! ,_m7 :i*1 :5 employ$ by ,plato1 he eulogises z foll[s--a phrase :i*1 :5 /ripp$ f ! subtleties ( ! sophi/s :om he 7,plato7 expos$1 & f ! my/ical visions ( 8 successors1 ( :i* he nev] dream$1 is really a /rik+ expression ( :at 9 classification is ! matt] ( fact4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld concur ) ,mr4 ,james ,mill 9 exon]at+ ,plato f ^! my/ical visions1 & imput+ !m exclusively to 8 successors4 ,b ,i f9d !m too manife/ly proclaim$ 9 ! ,timu1 ,phdon1 ,phdrus1 ,symposion1 ,republic1 & o!r dialogues1 to admit ( su* an acquittal3 ,i also f9d subtleties q z p]plex+ z ^? ( any sophi/ :om he expos$4 ,along ) ^! elem5ts1 ! dialogues und\bt$ly pres5t o!rs entirely disp>ate1 mu* s\nd] & nobl]4 ,i h 9 ano!r "w endeav\r$ to r5d] a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! multif>i\s ,platonic aggregate1 /amp$ 9 all its p>ts1--:e!r ( negative dialectic1 poetical fancy1 or e?ical dogmatism1--) ! unrivall$ g5ius ( expression belong+ to ! au?or4 ,! mis=tune is t 8 ,neo-,platonic successors select$ by pref]5ce 8 dreams & visions = _! amplify+ comm5t & eulogy1 leav+ comp>atively unnotic$ ! in/ructive lessons ( philosophy #bgc accompany+ !m4 ,to ?is ext5t ! ,neo-,platoni/s fully des]ve ! criticism "h be/[$ on !m4 ,! long passage1 extract$ 9 ! ,analysis f ,cudwor?1 conta9s two grave mis-/atem5ts1 respect+ bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle2 :i* des]ve ! m att5tion because !y seem to h misl$ ,mr4 ,james ,mill himself4 ,respect+ ,univ]sals1 ,cudwor?1 aft] say+ t !y d n exi/ 9 ! individual s5sibles1 proce$s z foll[s 7p4 #bee-bef7-- #a4 ,nei!r1 9 ! next place1 d !y exi/ some:]e else ap>t f ! individual s5sibles1 & )\t ! m9d3 :i* is t op9ion t ,ari/otle ju/ly condemns1 b ei!r unju/ly or unskilfully attributes to ,plato4 #b4 ,:]e=e ^! intelligible ideas or ess5ces ( ?+s1 ^? =ms by :i* we und]/& all ?+s1 exi/ n[h]e b 9 ! m9d itself3 = x 0 v well det]m9$ long ago by ,socrates1 9 ,plato's ,p>m5ides1 t ^! ?+s are no?+ b nomata3 ^! species or ideas are all ( !m no?+ b nomata1 or notions t exi/ n[h]e b 9 ! s\l itself4 ,n[1 nei!r ( ^! ass]tions ( ,cudwor? w be f\nd accurate3 nei!r ! det]m9ation :i* he ascribes to ! ,platonic ,sokrates--nor ! c5sure ( unju/ or unskilful :i* he atta*es to ,ari/otle4 ,x is inde$ true t ! op9ion "h m5tion$ is enunciat$ by ,sokrates 9 ,plato's ,p>m5ides4 ,b f> f be+ giv5 z a det]m9ation1 x is enunciat$ only to be refut$ & dropt4a ,9 t dialogue1 ,sokrates is introduc$ z a y\?ful & ard5t aspirant 9 philosophy1 ma9ta9+ ! g5u9e ,platonic !ory ( self-exi/5t & sep>ate ,ideas4 ,he f9ds himself unable to repel sev]al acute objections t5d]$ aga9/ ! !ory by ! vet]an ,p>m5ides3 he is driv5 f position to position3 & "o among !m1 n m t5able ?an ! re/1 is ! sugge/ion cit$ by ,cudwor?4 ,yet ,p>m5ides1 ?\gh 8 objections rema9 unansw]$ & ?\gh he alludes to o!rs #bgd n specifi$1--concludes by decl>+b t nev]!less ! ,platonic !ory ( ,ideas _c be ab&on$3 x mu/ be upheld z a po/ulate ess5tial to ! possibility ( g5]al reason+ & philosophy4 ,footnote a3 ,plato ,p>m5id4 p4 #acb1 ,c1 ,d4 ,footnote b3 ,plato ,p>m5id4 p4 #ace1 ,b1 ,c4 ,i h giv5 an acc\nt ( ?is acute b p]plex+ dialogue1 9 ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( my "w on ,plato & ! o!r ,companions ( ,sokrates4 ,ev5 9 ! ,p>m5ides itself1 !re=e1 :]e ,plato accumulates objections aga9/ ! !ory ( sep>ate & self-exi/5t ,ideas1 we /ill f9d him reit]at+ 8 adh]5ce to x4 ,& :5 we turn to 8 o!r dialogues1 ,phdrus1 ,phdon1 ,symposion1 ,republic1 ,kratylus1 c41 we see t !ory s emphatically proclaim$ & s l>gely illu/rat$1 t ,i wond] h[ ,cudwor? c blame ,ari/otle = imput+ x to him4 ,x is by ,cudwor?1 probably1 t ,mr4 ,james ,mill has be5 misl$1 :5 he says--p4 #bdi--;,at bottom1 ,ari/otle's ,greek3 ei7dos is ! same z ) ,plato's ,greek3 i7de_/a1 ?\gh ,ari/otle makes a great affair ( "s v trifl+ diff]5ces1 :i* he creates & sets up betwe5 !m4--,i h po9t$ out ,cudwor?'s mi/ake1 & ,i ma9ta9 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle on ?is subject 0 grave & mat]ial4 ,! latt] d5i$1 :at ! =m] affirm$1 self-exi/5ce & sub/antiality ( ! ,univ]sal ,ideas1 ap>t f & indep5d5t ( p>ticul>s4 ,hav+ cit$ ) "s comm5ts ! extracts f ,cudwor? & ,h>ris1 ,mr4 ,james ,mill obs]ves1 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* notions z ^!1 m5 7 l$ away f ! real object ( ,classification1 :i* rema9$1 till a late p]iod ( metaphysical enquiry1 n at all und]/ood4 ,yet ! tru? appe>s by no means difficult to f9d1 if we only obs]ve ! /eps by :i* ! m9d acquires its k1 & ! exig5cies :i* give occasion to ! contrivances to :i* x resorts 7p4 #bei74--;,he !n proce$s1 cle>ly & =cibly1 to ann\nce 8 own !ory ( classification1 int5d$ to dispel ! my/]y ) :i* o!rs h surr\nd$ #bge x 7p4 #bfd74 ,! ^w man is fir/ appli$ to an individual3 x is fir/ associat$ ) ! idea ( t individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him3 x is next appli$ to ano!r individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him3 s ( ano!r & ano!r1 till x has acquir$ ! p[] ( call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ^? ideas indiff]5tly4 ,:at happ5s8 ,x does call up an indef9ite numb] ( ! ideas ( individuals1 z (t5 z x occurs3 & call+ !m up 9 close comb9ation1 x =ms !m into a species ( complex idea4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ^w man is n a ^w hav+ a v simple idea1 z 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,reali/s3 nor a ^w hav+ no idea at all1 z 0 t ( ! ,nom9ali/s3 b a ^w call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ideas1 by ! irresi/ible laws ( association1 & =m+ !m into "o v complex & indi/9ct1 b n !re=e un9telligible1 idea 7p4 #bfe74--;,z x is = ! purpose ( nam+1 & ( nam+ ) great] facility1 t we =m classes at all2 s x is 9 fur!rance ( t same facility t su* & su* ?+s only are includ$ 9 "o class1 su* & su* ?+s 9 ano!r4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u :at sort ( gr\p+ answ]s ?is purpose be/3 "u ! sugge/ions ( t exp]i5ce1 ! application ( a g5]al ^w is tacitly & )\t mu* ( reflection regulat$3 & by ?is process & no o!r1 x is1 t ,classification is p]=m$4 ,x is ! aggregation ( an indef9ite numb] ( individuals1 by _! association ) a p>ticul> "n 7p4 #bfh74--;,x is ,simil>ity or ,resemblance1 :i*1 :5 we h appli$ a "n to "o individual1 leads u to apply x to ano!r & ano!r till ! :ole =ms an aggregate1 connect$ toge!r by ! common relation ( ! aggregate to "o & ! same "n 7p4 #bga74 ,su* is ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,james ,mill4 ,its great peculi>ity is t x nei!r includes nor alludes to ,ab/raction4 ,x admits 9 ,classification no?+ m ?an ! "o common "n associat$ ) an aggregate indef9ite & indi/9ct1 ( simil> concrete individuals4 ,i %all n[ consid] ! mann] #bgf 9 :i* ! ,greek philosoph]s ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 dealt ) ! same subject1 & h[ f> !y m]it ! c5sure ( hav+ import$ unnecess>y my/]y into x4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ,plato unless we take our dep>ture f 8 ma/] ,sokrates4 ,n[ x is precisely 9 reg>d to ,classification1 & ! mean+ & compreh5sion ( g5]al t]ms1 t ! orig9ality & dialectical acut5ess ( ,sokrates 7 mo/ conspicu\sly manife/$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ philosoph] 7z ,ari/otlec tells u7 :o set be=e himself ! ,univ]sal z an express object ( inve/igation1--& :o appli$ himself to f9d out & te/ ! def9ition ( univ]sal t]ms4 ,he wrote no?+2 b he pass$ mo/ "p ( 8 long life 9 public1 & 9 talk+ indiscrim9ately ) e "o4 ,oral colloquy1 & cross-exam9+ int]rogation1 7 c>ri$ by him to a pit* ( excell5ce nev] equall$4 ,n only did he disclaim all p[] ( tea*+1 b he explicitly av[$ 8 own ignorance2 pr(ess+ to be a m]e seek] ( tru? f o!rs :o knew bett]1 & to be anxi\s only = answ]s su* z w\ld /& an accurate scrut9y4 ,to ?is peculi> s*eme--! topics on :i* he talk$ 7 adapt$3 = he avoid$ all recondite !mes1 & discuss$ only matt]s relat+ to man & society3 su* z ,:at is ! ,holy8 ,:at is ! ,unholy8 ,:at are ! ,beautiful & ! ,mean ! ,j & ,unju/8 ,temp]ance8 ,madness8 ,c\rage8 ,c[>dice8 ,a ,city8 ,a man fit = citiz5%ip8 ,comm& ( ,m58 ,a man fit = comm&+ m58 ,su* is ! specim5-li/ giv5 by ,x5ophond ( ! !mes *os5 by ,sokrates4 ,we see t !y are all g5]al1 & embodi$ 9 univ]sal t]ms4 ,b ! t]ms z well z ! !mes 7 famili> to all3 e man believ$ himself ?or\ghly to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! =m]--e "o _h convictions ready-made & decid$ on ! latt]4 ,:5 ,sokrates fir/ op5$ ! colloquy1 respond5ts 7 surpris$ to be que/ion$ ab\t su* subjects1 ^u :i* !y presum$ #bgg t e "o mu/ "k z well z !mselves4 ,b ?is confid5ce spe$ily vani%$ :5 !y came to be te/$ by inductivee int]rogatories3 citation ( appropriate p>ticul>s1 includ$ or n includ$ 9 ! g5]alities :i* !y laid d[n4 ,! result prov$ t !y c\ld n answ] ! que/ions )\t spe$ily contradict+ !mselves3 t !y did n und]/& ! compreh5sion ( _! own univ]sal t]ms3 & t ^u all ^! matt]s1 on :i* !y talk$ s confid5tly1 !y _h nev] appli$ !mselves delib]ately to le>n1 nor c\ld !y say h[ _! judgm5ts _h be5 acquir$ or c]tifi$4f ,footnote c3 ,ari/ot4 ,metaphys4 ,a4 p4 #ihg1 b4 #a1 ,m4 p4 #ajgh1 b4 #cj4 ,footnote d3 ,x5ophon1 ,memorab4 ,i41 #a--af4 ,footnote e3 ,s ,ari/otle calls !m--,greek3 lo_/g\s e7paktik\_/s4--,metaph4 ,m4 p4 #ajgh1 b4 #bh4 ,footnote f3 ,x5ophon1 ,memorab4 ,,iv4 #b--ac--cj--cf4 ,! conviction =m$ 9 ! m9d ( ,sokrates1 aft] long p]si/5ce 9 su* colloquial cross-exam9ation1 is consign$ 9 8 def5ce be=e ! ,a!nian judicature1 pron\nc$ a mon? be=e 8 dea?4 ,he decl>$ t :at he f\nd e :]e 0 real ignorance1 comb9$ ) false p]suasion ( k3 t ?is 0 ! *ronic malady ( ! human m9d1 :i* x _h be5 8 mission to expose3 t no man 0 will+ to le>n1 because no man believ$ t he /ood 9 ne$ ( le>n+3 t1 accord+ly1 ! fir/ /ep indisp5sable to all effective tea*+1 0 to make ! pupil a will+ le>n]1 by disabus+ 8 m9d ( ! false p]suasion ( k1 & by imp>t+ to him ! /imulus aris+ f a pa9ful consci\sness ( ignorance4 ,su* 0 ! rem>kable psy*ological scrut9y in/itut$ by ,sokrates on 8 c\ntrym51 & ! v]dict :i* x sugge/$ to him4 ,i h already obs]v$ t 8 great intellectual b5t 0 to asc]ta9 ! def9ition ( g5]al t]ms1 & to foll[ ^! out to a compreh5sive & consi/5t classification4g ,x mu/ be add$ t no man 0 ev] less incl9$ to my/icism ?an ,sokrates3 & t he 0 ?us #bgh exempt f ^? mislead+ influ5ces :i* 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,james ,mill1 p4 #bfj7 h l$ m5 away f ! real object ( ,classification1 & prev5t$ !m f und]/&+ x till a late p]iod 9 metaphysical enquiry4 ,sokrates did n come be=e 8 c\ntrym5 ) classifications ( 8 own1 orig9at$ or improv$--nor did he tea* !m h[ ! process ought to be conduct$4 ,8 purpose 01 to te/ & appreciate t ,classification :i* he f\nd ready-made & curr5t among !m4 ,he pron\nc$ x to be wor?less & illusory4 ,footnote g3 ,x5ophon4 ,memor4 ,,iv4 #e1 #ab2 ,,iv4 99#f4 #a--g--aj--ae4 ,greek3 7n e7_/neka skopn sun tois sun\s91 ti_/ e7_/ka/on ei7_/ tn o7_/ntn1 ou7de_/pote e7_/lge4 ,n[ ,i wi% to po9t out t :at ,sokrates ?us depreciat$1 is exactly t :i* ?is ,*apt] ( ! ,analysis lays be=e u z ,classification g5]ally4 ,i agree ) ! ,analysis t ,classification1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 gr[s out ( ! pr9ciple ( ,association & ! exig5cies ( ! human m9d1 by /eps in/ructively set =? 9 t "w4 ,b su* natural gr[? rea*es no high] /&>d ?an t :i* ,sokrates te/$ & f\nd s lam5tably defici5t1 ev5 among a public ( unusual intellig5ce4 ,x does n des]ve ! "n ( a mighty op]ation 7be/[$ ^u x by ,mr4 ,james ,mill1 p4 #bgj74 ,x is a rudim5t>y proc$ure1 indisp5sable z a basis on :i* to build1 & suffic+ 9 ! ma9 = social communication1 :5 no sci5ce or reason$ tru? is requir$3 b fail+ altoge!r to realise :at has be5 und]/ood by philosoph]s1 f ,sokrates d[nw>d1 z ! true & full purpose ( ,classification4 ,s long z ! ,class is conceiv$ to be only :at ! ,analysis describes1 an indi/9ct aggregate ( resembl+ individuals d5ot$ by ! same "n1 )\t cle>ly und]/&+ :]e9 ! resemblance consi/s1 or :at facts & attributes are connot$ by ! "nh 7,i use ! ^w connote1 #bgi n 9 ! s5se ( ! ,analysis1 b 9 ! s5se ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill7--s long w ,classification cont9ue to be1 z ,sokrates entitl$ x1 a l>ge p]suasion ( k ) little reality to su/a9 x4 ,footnote h3 ,! necessity ( det]m9+ ! connotation ( ! ,class-t]m is di/9ctly put =w>d by ,sokrates--,x5ophon1 ,memorab4 ,,iii4 #ad1 #b4 ,greek3 lo_/g o7_/ntos p]i o7noma_/tn1 iph' oi7 e7_/rg e7_/ka/on ei7_/--,e7_/*oim5 a7n 7e7ph7 ei7pein1 e7pi poi pote e7_/rg a7_/n?rpos o7pso_/phagos kaleitai8 c41 also ! rem>kable passage ,,iv41 #f4 #ac--ae1 ,plato1 ,sophi/es1 p4 #bah ,b4 ,greek3 t\7_/noma mo_/non e7_/*om5 ko9 to de e7_/rgon1 e7ph' 7 kal\m51 c4 ,i pass n[ f ,sokrates to ,plato4 ,x is true1 z we read 9 ! ,analysis1 7p4 #bga7 t ,plato 0 s deeply /ruck ) ! importance ( ,classification1 t he seems to h reg>d$ x z ! sum ( all philosophy4 ,b :at ,plato ?us admir$ 0 n ! ,classification t he f\nd preval5t ar\nd him1 su* z ?is *apt] ( ! ,analysis depicts4 ,"h ,plato p]fectly agre$ ) ,sokrates4 ,among 8 immortal dialogues1 sev]al ( ! v be/ are devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ! ,sokratic po9t ( view3 to ! cross-exam9ation & exposure ( ! m9ds ar\nd him1 in/ruct$ z well z vulg>1 9 respect to ! g5]al t]ms famili>ly us$ 9 spee*4 ,! ,platonic que/ions & answ]s are fram$ to %ew h[ little ! respond5ts und]/& b5ea? ^? curr5t g5]alities on :i* e "o talks ) confid5ce & flu5cy--& h[ little !y c avoid contradiction or inconsi/5cy1 :5 _! class-t]ms are confront$ ) p>ticul>s4 ,9 fact1 ,plato goes s f> z to intimate t ^! unc]tifi$ classifications1-- g5]at$ 9 ea* man's m9d by m]ely le>n+ ! application ( words1 & imbib$ unconsci\sly1 )\t special tea*+1 ?r\gh ! contagion ( ord9>y society--are r worse ?an ignorance3 inasmu* z !y are accompani$ by a false p]suasion ( k4 ,x w\ld be 79 ! op9ion ( ,plato7 a comp>ative improvem5t1 if ?is /ate ( m5tal confusion1 creat+ a false p]suasion ( k1 7 brok5 up2 & if !re 7 sub/itut$ 9 place !re( positive ignorance1 toge!r ) ! nak$ & pa9ful consci\sness ( be+ really ignorant4 ,only 9 ?is way c\ld ! m9d ( ! le>n] be /imulat$ to active ef=t 9 ! acquisition ( g5u9e k4i ,footnote i3 ,plato1 ,sophi/es1 p4 #bcj--bca4 ,symposion1 p4 #bjd ,a1 ,m5on p4 #hd1 ,a4 ,d4 ,accord+ly1 :5 x is said t ,plato 0 deeply /ruck #bhj ) ! importance ( ,classification1 we mu/ und]/& ! phrase z apply+ to ,classification1 n z he f\nd x preval5t1 b z he idealiz$ x4 ,& ! s*eme t he imag9$ 0 n m]ely diff]5t f t :i* he f\nd1 b 9 direct repugnance to x4 ,he d5\nc$ altoge!r ! aggregate ( individuals2 he decl>$ ! class-con/itu5t to reside 9 a reality ap>t f !m1 sep>ate & self-exi/5t--! ,idea or ,=m4 ,he enjo9$ ! /ud5t ( philosophy to fix 8 contemplation on ^! ,class-,ideas1 ! real ,realities1 9 _! own lum9\s region3 & = t purpose1 to turn 8 back ^u ! ph5om5al p>ticul>s1 :i* 7 m]e transitory1 %ad[y1 incoh]5t projections ( ^! ,ideasj--& f ! /udy ( :i* no true k c\ld be obta9$4 ,( ! two /atem5ts 9 ! ,analysis--7p4 #bga7 t ,plato nev] dream$ ( ! my/ical visions ( 8 successors1 & t 8 error 7respect+ ,classification7 lay 9 misconceiv+ ! ,"o2 :i* he took1 n = ! aggregate1 b some?+ p]vad+ ! aggregate--nei!r "o nor ! o!r appe>s to me accurate4 ,9 reg>d to ! second ( ! two1 inde$1 y may f9d v>i\s passages ( ,plato :i*1 if con/ru$ sep>ately1 w\ld c\nt5ance x3 = ,plato does n always talk ,realism--nor always consi/5tly ) himself4 ,b /ill 8 capital & peculi> !ory 01 ,realism4 ,! ,platonic ,"o 0 n some?+ p]vad+ ! aggregate ( p>ticul>s1 b an indep5d5t & immutable reality1 ap>t f ! aggregate3 & ,plato1 :5 he ?us conceiv$ #bha ! ,"o1 illu/rat+ x by ! va/ hypo!ses embodi$ 9 ! ,republic1 ,phdon1 ,phdrus1 ,symposion1 ,m5on1 c41 is ! true orig9ator ( ^? my/ical visions aga9/ :i* ! ,analysis ju/ly prote/s4 ,su* visions 7 d\btless sugge/$ to ,plato by 8 deep s5se ( ! importance ( ,classification3 b !y are 8 own1 ?\gh cont9u$ & amplifi$1 )\t 8 decorative g5ius1 by ,neo-,platonic successors4 ,8 !ory ( classification 0 ! fir/ ev] prop\nd$2 & t !ory 0 ,realism4 ,! doctr9e "h ascrib$ to him by ,mr4 ,james ,mill is mu* m ,ari/otelian ?an ,platonic4 ,! ma9 issue rais$ by ,ari/otle aga9/ ,plato 01 ^u ! ess5tial sep>ation1 & sep>ate objective exi/5ce1 ( ! ,ab/ract & ,univ]sal3 ,plato affirm$ x1 ,ari/otle d5i$ x4k ,ari/otle recognis$ no reality ap>t f ! ,p>ticul>1 to :i* ! ,univ]sal 0 atta*$ z a pr$icate1 ei!r ess5tial or accid5tal to its subject4 ,! ,ari/otelian ,univ]sal may ?us be call$1 9 relation to a body ( simil> p>ticul>s1 n ! aggregate b some?+ p]vad+ ! aggregate4 ,b ?is is n ,plato's view3 x is ! negation ( ! ,platonic ,realism4 ,footnote j3 ,?is is :at we read 9 ! memorable simile ( ! ,cave1 9 ,plato1 ,republic1 ,,vii41 p4 #ead--eai4 ,! language us$ ?r\gh\t ?is simile is ,greek3 p]ia_/ge91 p]iakti_/on1 p]iagg_/1 c4 ,he supposes t ! natural /ate ( man is to h 8 face & vision t[>ds ! p>ticul> ph5om5a1 & 8 back t[>ds ! univ]sal realities3 ! great problem is1 h[ to make ! man face ab\t1 turn 8 back t[>ds ph5om5a1 & 8 eyes t[>ds ,univ]sals--,greek3 ta o7_/nta--ta nota_/4 ,no?+ c be le>nt f obs]vation h[ev] 99acute1 ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! same po9t is en=c$ ) all ! *>m ( ,platonic expression 9 ,republ4 ,v4 #dgh1 #dgi1 ,,vi41 #dic1 #did4 ,symposion1 p4 #baj--baa1 ,phdon1 p4 #gd--ge4 ,footnote k3 ,accord+ to ,plato1 x is ,greek3 to e7n p>a ta polla_/4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 x is ,greek3 e7n kata polln--e7n kai to au7to e7pi pleio_/nn m o7m_/numon e7n e7pi polln4 ,analyt4 ,po/]4 ,i4 #aa1 p4 #gg1 a4 #f4 ,metaphys4 ,i4 #i1 p4 #iij1 b4 #g--ac4 ,:oev] reads ! portions ( ,plato's dialogues indicat$ 9 my la/ prec$+ foot note1 w see h[ mat]ial ?is diff]5ce is betwe5 ! two philosoph]s4 ,9 ! rem>kable passage ( ! ,analyt4 ,po/4 ,i4 #bd1 p4 #he1 a4 #cj1 b4 #bj1 ,ari/otle notices ! ,platonic hypo!sis t ! ,univ]sal has real objective1 sep>ate1 exi/5ce ap>t f its p>ticul>s 7,greek3 to ka?o_/l\ e7pi ti p>a ta ka?' e7_/ka/a7 z an illusion1 mis*iev\s & mislead+--frequ5t1 b n unavoidable4 ,see ! anti!sis betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 on ! subject ( ,univ]sals1 m copi\sly expla9$ 9 ! rec5t "w ( ,pr(essor ,ba91 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #f--bj4 ,:5 we read 9 ! ,analysis 7p4 #bfe7 t ! ^w man is n a ^w hav+ a v simple idea1 z 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,reali/s2 nor a ^w hav+ no idea at all1 z 0 t ( ! ,nom9ali/s ?is language seems to me n well-*os54 #bhb ,z to ! ,reali/s--! ,platonic ,ideas are conceiv$ z et]nal1 immutable1 gr&1 dignifi$1 c41 b ,ari/otlel cont5ds t !y _c all be simple3 = ! ,idea ( ,man 7e4g47 c h>dly be simple1 :5 !re exi/s di/9ct ,ideas ( ,animal & ( ,bip$4 ,z to ! ,nom9ali/s--we _c surely say t !y conceiv$ ! univ]sal t]m z hav+ no idea at all4 ,a doctr9e some?+ l ?is is ascrib$ 7on no c]ta9 te/imony7 to ,/ilpon1 9 ! g5]ation succe$+ ,ari/otle3 ! ^w ,man 7,/ilpon is said to h affirm$m7 did n mean ,john m ?an ,william or ,?omas or ,ri*>d1 c41 !re=e x did n mean ei!r "o ( !m3 !re=e x _h no mean+ at all4 ,s also ,william ( ,ockham is said to h decl>$ t ,univ]sal ,t]ms 7 m]e flatus vocis3 b ?is 7z ,prantl has %ewnn7 0 a phrase fa/5$ ^u him by 8 oppon5ts1 n employ$ by himself4 ,/ill less c x be admitt$ t ,hobbes & ,b]keley conceiv$ ! ,univ]sal ,t]m z hav+ no idea at all4 ,!y d5i$ inde$ ,univ]sal ,ideas 9 ! ,reali/ic s5se3 !y also d5i$ :at ,b]keley calls det]m9ate ab/ract ,ideas3 b bo? ( !m expla9$ 7,b]keley especially7 t ! ,univ]sal t]m meant1 any p>ticul> idea1 consid]$ z repres5t+ or /&+ = all o!r p>ticul> ideas ( ! same sort4o ,:e!r ?is be ! be/ & mo/ complete explanation or n1 x c h>dly h be5 pres5t to ,mr4 ,james ,mill's m9d1 :5 he said t ! ,univ]sal t]m _h no idea at all 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,nom9ali/s4 ,footnote l3 ,ari/ot4 ,metaphys4 ,z4 #ajci1 a4 #bg1 #ajdj1 a4 #bc4 ,footnote m3 ,see ,grote1 ,plato & ! o!r ,companions ( ,sokrates1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 *4 #ch1 p4 #ebc4 ,footnote n3 ,prantl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,logik1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,sect4 #ai1 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote o3 ,b]keley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,introduction1 ,sect4 #ab1 #ae1 #af4 ,!re is "o o!r rem>k to be made1 respect+ ! view ( ,classification pres5t$ 9 ! eigh? ,*apt] ( ! ,analysis4 ,we read 9 ! beg9n+ ( t ,*apt]--p4 #bdi--;,=m+ a class ( ?+s is a mode ( reg>d+ !m4 ,b :at is meant by a mode ( reg>d+ ?+s8 ,?is is my/]i\s3 #bhc & is z my/]i\sly expla9$1 :5 x is said to be ! tak+ into view ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* individuals agree4 ,= :at is !re :i* x is possible = ! m9d to take into view1 9 t 9 :i* individuals agree8 ,e col\r is an individual col\r1 e size is an individual size1 e %ape is an individual %ape4 ,b ?+s h no individual col\r 9 common1 no individual %ape 9 common1 no individual size 9 common3 t is to say1 !y h nei!r %ape1 col\r1 nor size 9 common4 ,:at !n is x :i* !y h 9 common :i* ! m9d c take into view8 ,^? :o affirm$ t x 0 some?+1 c\ld by no means tell4 ,!y sub/itut$ words = ?+s3 us+ vague & my/ical phrases1 :i* :5 exam9$ meant no?+4 ,"h we f9d c]ta9 phrases1 (t5 us$ bo? 9 common spee* & 9 philosophy1 condemn$ u my/ical & obscure4 ,9 ! next or n9? ,*apt] 7on ,ab/raction1 p4 #bie seq471 we %all see ! language sub/itut$ = !m1 & ! !ory by :i* ! my/]y is suppos$ to be remov$4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,james ,mill himself is op5 to q z _m objections z t :i* he impugns4 ,he f9ds fault ) ^? :o affirm t ! ^w cube or sph]e is appli$ to a great _m diff]5t objects by reason ( ! %ape :i* !y h 9 common2 & t !y may be reg>d$ s f> =? z cube or sph]e4 ,b surely ?is w\ld n h be5 consid]$ z ei!r incorrect or my/]i\s by any philosoph]1 f ,ari/otle d[nw>d4 ,:5 ,i am told t x is incorrect1 because ! %ape ( ea* object is an individual %ape1 ,i diss5t f ! reason giv54 ,9 my judgm5t1 ! t]m individual is a t]m applicable1 prop]ly & specially1 to a concrete object--to t :i* ,ari/otle w\ld h call$ a ,hoc ,aliquid4 ,! t]m is n applicable to a quality or attribute4 ,! same quality t belongs to "o object1 may also belong to an indef9ite numb] ( o!rs4 ,x is ?is common quality t is connot$ 79 ! s5se ( t ^w employ$ by ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill7 by ! class-t]m3 & if !re 7 no common quality1 ! class-t]m w\ld h no connotation4 ,9 o!r words1 !re w\ld be no class3 nor #bhd w\ld x be correct to apply to any two objects ! same concrete appellative "n4 ,b :5 we come to ! foll[+ ,*apt] ( ! ,analysis 7*4 ix4 on ,ab/raction1 p4 #bif71 we read z foll[s--,let u suppose t we apply ! adjective black fir/ to ! ^w ,man4 ,we say 'black man4' ,b we spe$ily see t = ! same reason = :i* we say black man1 we may say black horse1 black c[1 black coat1 & s on4 ,! ^w black is ?us associat$ ) innum]able modifications ( ! s5sation black4 ,by frequ5t repetition1 & ! gradual /r5g!n+ ( ! association1 ^! modifications are at la/ call$ up 9 su* rapid succession t !y appe> comm+l$1 & no long] _m ideas1 b "o4 ,black is !re=e no long] an individual1 b a g5]al "n4 ,x m>ks n ! p>ticul> black ( a p>ticul> individual1 b ! black ( e individual & ( all individuals4 ,to say t we apply ! ^w black to ! horse = ! same reason z we appli$ x to ! man1 is surely equival5t to say+ t ! col\r ( ! horse is ! same z t ( ! man3 t blackness is ! col\r :i* !y h 9 common4 ,x is q true t we beg9 by apply+ ! "n to "o individual object1 !n apply x to ano!r1 & ano!r1 c42 b always = ! same reason--to designate 7or connote1 9 ! phraseology ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill7 ! same col\r 9 !m all1 & to d5ote ! objects consid]$ "u "o & ! same po9t ( view4 ,x may be t 9 fact !re are diff]5ces 9 %ade ( col\r3 b ! class-"n leaves ^! out ( sight4 ,:5 we desire to call att5tion to !m1 we employ o!r words 9 addition to x4 ,e attribute is consid]$ & nam$ z ,"o1 :i* is or may be common to _m individual objects3 ! objects only are individual4 ,x is to be regrett$1 ,i ?9k1 t ,mr4 ,james ,mill disconnect$ ,classification s po9t$ly f ,ab/raction1 & insi/$ on expla9+ ! =m] )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! latt]4 ,su* disconnection is a novelty1 z he himself /ates 7p4 #bid73 previ\s expositors ?\ght t ab/raction 0 includ$ 9 classification--&1 9 my judgm5t1 !y 7 #bhe "r 9 ?9k+ s1 if 7) ,mr4 ,james ,mill7 we are to consid] ,classification z a great op]ation4 ,an aggregate ( concretes is n suffici5t to con/itute a ,class1 9 any sci5tific s5se1 or z available 9 ! m>* ( reason$ tru?4 ,y mu/ h1 besides1 ! peculi> mode ( reg>d+ ! aggregate3 7a phrase :i* ,mr4 ,james ,mill deprecates z my/]i\s1 b :i* x is difficult to ex*ange = any o!r words m intelligible7 y mu/ h t sep>at+ "o or m ( ! +r$i5ts ( a complex idea f ! re/1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,ab/raction--to repeat ! v j explanation giv5 by him1 p4 #bie--?\gh t too1 if we look at p4 #bdi1 he seems to consid] z ta9t$ ) my/]y4 ,we proce$ aft]w>ds to "s cle> & good additional rem>ks--p4 #bih4 ,a class-t]m1 z black1 is associat$ ) two di/+ui%able ?+s1 b ) ! "o mu* m ?an ) ! o!r3 ! clu/]s1 ) :i* x is associat$1 are v>iable3 ! peculi> s5sation ) :i* x is associat$1 is inv>iable4 ,x is con/antly1 & !re=e mu* m /rongly1 associat$ ) ! s5sation1 ?an ) any ( ! clu/]s4 ,x is at once a "n ( ! clu/]s & a "n ( ! s5sation3 b x is m peculi>ly a "n ( ! s5sation4 ,aga9 %ortly aft]w>ds1 ! ab/ract t]m is ju/ly describ$ z m>k+ exclusively "o "p 7( ! clu/]71 ^u :i* su* & su* effects dep5d1 no alt]ation be+ suppos$ 9 any o!r "p ( x4p ,footnote p3 ,! ab/ract t]m is co9$ = ! express purpose ( m>k+ "o "p ( a clu/] simultane\sly pres5t to ! m9d1 & fix+ att5tion ^u x )\t ! o!r p>ts--b ! concrete t]m is (t5 made to s]ve ! same purpose1 by means ( ! adv]b quat5us1 ,greek3 ka_/?oson1 7 c4 ,^! phrases are frequ5t bo? 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle3 ! /ock ( ab/ract t]ms 0 9 _! day comp>atively small4 ,x is ne$less to multiply illu/rations ( t :i* p]vades ! compositions ( bo?3 a v good "o appe>s 9 ,plato1 ,republ4 ,i41 p4 #cdj ,d1 #cda ,c1 #cdb4 ,?is process ( m>k+ exclusively1 & att5d+ to1 "o con/ant portion ( a complex /ate ( consci\sness1 amid/ a #bhf great v>iety ( v>iable adjuncts--is d\btless "o fundam5tal *>act]i/ic 9 ,ab/raction & ,classification4 ,a my/]y 0 spread ar\nd x by ,plato--fir/ ?r\gh 8 ascrib+ to ! ,con/ant a sep>ate self-exi/5ce1 ap>t f ! ,v>iables--/ill m by 8 hyp]bolical pr$icates respect+ ^! self-exi/5t transc5d5tal ,entia4 ,platoq h[ev] 9 o!r passages gives _m j op9ions1 respect+ ,classification1 :i* are no way f\nd$ on ,realism1 & are equally admissible by ,nom9ali/s3 & portions ( ,ari/otle may be indicat$1 :i* describe ! process ( ab/raction z cle>ly z any ?+ 9 ,hobbes or ,b]keley4r ,footnote q3 ,! two ,platonic dialogues1 ,sophi/es & ,politikus1 79 :i* processes ( ,classification are work$ out17 give precepts1 = correct & p]t95t classification1 n necess>ily involv+ ! !ory ( ,realism1 b r putt+ x out ( sight2 ?\gh 9 "o special "p ( ! ,sophi/es1 ! debate is made to turn ^u x4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ,plato is to fix ^u "s fact or ph5om5on1 cle> & appropriate1 z ! gr\ndwork = di/+ui%+ ea* class or sub-class--& to def9e !reby ea* class-t]m 7i4e41 to det]m9e its connotation1 9 ! s5se ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill74 ,plato deprecates ! m]e foll[+ out ( resemblances z a mo/ slipp]y proce$+ 7,greek3 o7li/hro_/taton ge_/nos--,sophi/4 #bca ,a74 ,! commonly receiv$ classes c>ry ) !m 9 8 op9ion1 no real k1 b only ! false p]suasion ( k3 he wants to break !m up & remodel !m4 ,footnote r3 ,see especially ,ari/ot4 ,de ,memori et ,rem9isc5ti1 c4 #a1 p4 #ddi1 b4 #ac4 ,de ,s5su et ,s5sili1 c4 #f1 p4 #dde1 b4 #ag4 ,de ,anim ,,iii4 #h1 p4 #dcb1 a4 #i4 ,"o f>!r rem>k may be made ^u ^! two ,*apt]s ( ! ,analysis4 ,mr4 ,james ,mill seems to take little or no ?\ght ( ,classification & ,ab/raction1 except z p]=m$ by ,adjectives4 ,b ! adjective presupposes a sub/antive1 :i* is alike an appellative2 & :i* has already p]=m$ its duty 9 ! way ( ab/ract+ & classify+4 ,?is fact seems to be ov]look$ 9 ! language ( "s s5t5ces 9 ! pres5t ,*apt]3 = example--,"s successions are f\nd to dep5d ^u ! clu/]s call$ objects1 all tak5 toge!r4 ,?us a tree1 a man1 a /one1 are ! #bhg antec$5ts ( c]ta9 consequ5ts1 z su*3 & n on acc\nt ( any p>ticul> "p ( ! clu/]4 ,o!r consequ5ts dep5d n ^u ! :ole clu/]1 b ^u "s p>ticul> "p3 ?us a tall tree produces c]ta9 effects :i* a tree n tall _c produce1 c4 ,i ?9k t ! phraseology ( ?is passage is n q cle>4 ,! :ole clu/] all tak5 toge!r is n a tree z su*--a man z su*--a /one z su*--b ?is p>ticul> man1 tree1 or /one1 z x /&s3 ,john1 ,?omas1 ,caius or ,titius1 clo!d ) all 8 pr$icates1 act+ or suff]+ 9 "s giv5 mann]4 ,:5 we speak ( a man z su* or quat5us man--we d n include ! :ole clu/]1 b only ^? attributes connot$ 79 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's s5se ( ! ^w7 by ! "n man3 we speak ( him z a memb] ( ! class ,man4 ,:at ,i wi% to po9t out is--,t ,man is a class-t]m1 j z mu* z tall or %ort3 only x is ! "n ( a l>g] class1 :ile tall man is a small] class "u x4 ,! s*ool-logicians did n consid] sub/antives z connotative1 b only adjectives3 ,mr4 ,james ,mill has foll[$ !m z to ?is ext5t ( ! ^w1 ?\gh he has inv]t$ _! mean+ ( x 7see p4 #bii74 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :ile decl9+ to adopt ! same inv]sion1 has enl>g$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w connotative1 s z to include appellative sub/antives z well z adjectives4--,g4 ,editor's footnote #hj3 ,reject+ ! notion t classes & classification w\ld n h exi/$ b = ! necessity ( economiz+ names1 we may say t objects are =m$ into classes on acc\nt ( _! resemblance4 ,x is natural to ?9k ( l objects toge!r2 :i* is1 inde$1 "o ( ! two fundam5tal laws ( association4 ,b ! resembl+ objects :i* are spontane\sly ?\ght ( toge!r1 are ^? :i* resemble ea* o!r obvi\sly1 9 _! sup]ficial aspect4 ,^! are ! only classes :i* we %\ld =m unprem$itat$ly1 & )\t ! use ( exp$i5ts4 ,b !re are o!r resemblances :i* are n sup]ficially obvi\s2 & _m are n br\ght to light except by long exp]i5ce1 or obs]vation c>efully direct$ to ! purpose2 be+ mo/ly resemblances 9 ! #bhh mann] 9 :i* ! objects act on1 or are act$ on by1 o!r ?+s4 ,^! m recondite resemblances are (t5 ^? :i* are ( greate/ importance to our int]e/s4 ,x is important to u t we %\ld ?9k ( ^? ?+s toge!r1 :i* agree 9 any p>ticul> t mat]ially conc]ns u4 ,= ?is purpose1 besides ! classes :i* =m !mselves 9 our m9ds spontane\sly by ! g5]al law ( association1 we =m o!r classes artificially1 t is1 we take pa9s to associate m5tally toge!r ?+s :i* we wi% to ?9k ( toge!r1 b :i* are n suffici5tly associat$ by ! spontane\s action ( association by resemblance4 ,! gr& in/rum5t we employ 9 =m+ ^! artificial associations1 is g5]al names4 ,we give a common "n to all ! objects1 we associate ea* ( ! objects ) ! "n1 & by _! common association ) ! "n !y are knit toge!r 9 close association ) "o ano!r4 ,b 9 :at mann] does ! "n effect ?is purpose1 ( unit+ into "o complex class-idea all ! objects :i* agree ) "o ano!r 9 c]ta9 def9ite p>ticul>s8 ,we effect ?is by associat+ ! "n 9 a peculi>ly /rong & close mann] ) ^? p>ticul>s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 associat$ ) ! objects also2 & ! "n seldom or nev] calls up ! ideas ( ! class-*>act]i/ics unaccompani$ by any o!r qualities ( ! objects4 ,all our ideas are ( individuals1 or ( numb]s ( individuals1 & are clo!d ) m or few] ( ! attributes :i* are peculi> to ! individuals ?\ght (4 ,/ill1 a class-"n /&s 9 a v diff]5t relation to ! def9ite resemblances :i* x is int5d$ to m>k1 f t 9 :i* x /&s to ! v>i\s accessory circum/ances :i* may =m "p ( ! image x calls up4 ,!re are c]ta9 attributes common to ! entire class1 :i* ! class-"n 0 ei!r delib]ately select$ z a m>k (1 or1 at all ev5ts1 :i* guide u 9 ! application ( x4 ,^! attributes are ! real mean+ ( ! class-"n--are :at we int5d to ascribe to an object :5 we call x by t "n4 ,) ^! ! association ( ! "n is close & /rong3 & ! employm5t ( ! same "n by diff]5t #bhi p]sons1 provid$ !y employ x ) a precise adh]5ce to ! mean+1 ensures t !y %all all include ^! attributes 9 ! complex idea :i* !y associate ) ! "n4 ,?is is n ! case ) any ( ! o!r qualities ( ! individual objects1 ev5 if !y happ5 to be common to all ! objects1 /ill less if !y belong only to "s ( !m4 ,! class-"n calls up1 9 e m9d t he>s or uses x1 ! idea ( "o or m individual objects1 clo!d m or less copi\sly ) o!r qualities ?an ^? m>k$ by ! "n2 b ^! o!r qualities may1 consi/5tly ) ! purposes = :i* ! class is =m$ & ! "n giv51 be diff]5t ) diff]5t p]sons1 & ) ! same p]son at diff]5t times4 ,:at images ( individual horses ! ^w horse %all call up1 dep5ds on su* accid5ts z ! p]son's ta/e 9 horses1 ! p>ticul> horses he may happ5 to possess1 ! descriptions he la/ read1 or ! casual peculi>ities ( ! horses he rec5tly saw4 ,9 g5]al1 !re=e1 no v /rong or p]man5t association1 & especially no association common to all :o use ! language1 w be =m$ betwe5 ! ^w horse & any ( ! qualities ( horses b ^? expressly or tacitly recognis$ z ! f\ndations ( ! class4 ,! complex ideas ?us =m$ consi/+ ( an inn] nucleus ( def9ite elem5ts always ! same1 imb$d$ 9 a g5]ally mu* great] numb] ( elem5ts indef9itely v>iable1 are our ideas ( classes2 ! ideas connect$ ) g5]al names2 :at are call$ ,g5]al ,notions3 :i* are nei!r real objective entities1 z ! ,reali/s held1 nor m]e names1 z suppos$ to be ma9ta9$ by ! ,nom9ali/s1 nor ab/ract ideas exclud+ all prop]ties n common to ! class1 su* z ,locke's fam\s ,idea ( a triangle t is nei!r equilat]al nor isosceles nor scal5e4 ,we _c repres5t to ourselves a triangle ) no prop]ties b ^? common to all triangles3 b we may repres5t x to ourselves sometimes 9 "o ( ^? ?ree =ms1 sometimes 9 ano!r1 be+ aw>e all ! :ile t all ( !m are equally consi/5t ) its be+ a triangle4 ,"o important consequ5ce ( ^! consid]ations is1 t #bij ! mean+ ( a class-"n is n ! same ?+ ) ! complex idea associat$ ) x4 ,! complex idea associat$ ) ! "n man1 includes1 9 ! m9d ( e "o1 innum]able simple ideas besides ^? :i* ! "n is int5d$ to m>k1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* x w\ld n be pr$icat$4 ,b ?is multitude ( simple ideas :i* help to swell ! complex idea are inf9itely v>iable1 & nev] exactly ! same 9 any two p]sons1 dep5d+ 9 ea* ^u ! am\nt ( 8 k1 & ! nature1 v>iety1 & rec5t date ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,!y are !re=e no "p ( ! mean+ ( ! "n4 ,!y are n ! association common to all1 :i* x 0 int5d$ to =m1 & :i* enables ! "n to be us$ by all 9 ! same mann]1 to be und]/ood 9 a common s5se by all1 & to s]ve1 !re=e1 z a vehicle = ! communication1 betwe5 "o & ano!r1 ( ! same ?\ghts4 ,:at does ?is1 is ! nucleus ( m closely associat$ ideas1 :i* is ! con/ant elem5t 9 ! complex idea ( ! class1 bo? 9 ! same m9d at diff]5t times1 & 9 diff]5t m9ds4 ,x is prop] to add1 t ! class-"n is n solely a m>k ( ! di/+ui%+ class-attributes1 x is a m>k also ( ! objects4 ,! "n man does n m]ely signify ! qualities ( animal life1 rationality1 & ! human =m1 x signifies all individual m54 ,x ev5 signifies ^! 9 a m direct way ?an x signifies ! attributes1 = x is pr$icat$ ( ! m51 b n pr$icat$ ( ! attributes2 j z ! prop] "n ( an individual man is pr$icat$ ( him4 ,we say1 ,?is is a man1 j z we say1 ,?is is ,john ,?ompson3 & if ,john ,?ompson is ! "n ( "o man1 ,man is1 9 ! same mann]1 a "n ( all m54 ,a class "n1 be+ ?us a "n ( ! v>i\s objects compos+ ! class1 signifies two di/9ct ?+s1 9 two diff]5t modes ( signification4 ,x signifies ! individual objects :i* are ! class1 & x signifies ! common attributes :i* con/itute ! class4 ,x is pr$icat$ only ( ! objects2 b :5 pr$icat$1 x conveys ! in=mation t ^! objects possess ^? attributes4 ,e concrete class-"n is ?us a connotative "n4 ,x m>ks #bia bo? ! objects & _! common attributes1 or r1 t portion ( _! common attributes 9 virtue ( :i* !y h be5 made into a class4 ,x d5otes ! objects1 &1 9 a mode ( spee* lately reviv$ f ! old logicians1 x connotes ! attributes4 ,! au?or ( ! ,analysis employs ! ^w connote 9 a diff]5t mann]2 we %all pres5tly exam9e :i* ( ! two is be/4 ,we are n[ ready to consid] :e!r ! au?or's acc\nt ( ! ideas connect$ ) ,g5]al ,names is a true & suffici5t "o4 ,x is be/ express$ 9 8 own words4 ,! ^w ,man1 we %all say1 is fir/ appli$ to an individual2 x is fir/ associat$ ) ! idea ( t individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him2 x is next appli$ to ano!r individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him2 s ( ano!r1 & ano!r1 till x has become associat$ ) an indef9ite numb]1 & has acquir$ ! p[] ( call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ^? ideas indiff]5tly4 ,:at happ5s8 ,x does call up an indef9ite numb] ( ! ideas ( individuals1 z (t5 z x occurs1 & call+ !m up 9 close connexion1 x =ms !m into a species ( complex idea4 4 4 4 ,:5 ! ^w man calls up ! ideas ( an indef9ite numb] ( individuals1 n only ( all ^? to :om ,i h individually giv5 ! "n1 b ( all ^? to :om ,i h 9 imag9ation giv5 x1 or imag9e x w ev] be giv51 & =ms all ^? ideas into "o1--x is evid5tly a v complex idea1 & !re=e indi/9ct2 & ?is indi/9ctness has d\btless be5 ! ma9 cause ( ! my/]y :i* has appe>$ to belong to x4 ,t ?is h[ev] is ! process1 is an inevitable result ( ! laws ( association4 ,9 brief1 my idea ( a ,man is a complex idea comp\nd$ ( ! ideas ( all ! m5 ,i h ev] kn[n & ( all ^? ,i h ev] imag9$1 knit toge!r into a k9d ( unit by a close association4 ,! au?or's description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! class-association beg9s to be =m$1 is true & in/ructive2 b does any "o's idea ( a man actually include all t ! au?or #bib f9ds 9 x8 ,by an inevitable result ( ! laws ( association1 x is impossible to =m an idea ( a man 9 ! ab/ract2 ! class-attributes are always repres5t$ 9 ! m9d z "p ( an image ( an individual1 ei!r rememb]$ or imag9$2 ?is individual may v>y f "t to "t1 & sev]al images ( individuals may pres5t !mselves ei!r alt]natively or 9 succession3 b is x necess>y t ! "n %\ld recal images ( all ! m5 ,i ev] knew or imag9$1 or ev5 all ( :om ,i reta9 a remembrance8 ,9 no p]son :o has se5 or kn[n _m m51 c ?is be ! case4 ,ap>t f ! ideas ( ! common attributes1 ! o!r ideas :e!r ( attributes or ( individual m51 :i* ent] into ! complex idea1 are indef9itely v>iable n only 9 k9d b 9 quantity4 ,"s p's complex idea ( ! class is extremely meagre1 t ( o!rs v ample4 ,sometimes we "k a class only f its def9ition1 i4e4 f an enum]ation ( its class-attributes1 z 9 ! case ( an object :i* we h only read ( 9 sci5tific books3 9 su* a case ! idea rais$ by ! class-"n w n be limit$ to ! class-attributes1 = we are unable to conceive any object o!rwise ?an clo!d ) miscellane\s attributes3 b ^!1 n be+ d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ( ! objects1 may be su* z ! objects nev] _h1 nor c\ld h2 :ile nev]!less ! class1 & ! class-"n1 answ] _! prop] purpose2 !y cause u to gr\p toge!r all ! ?+s possess+ ! class-attributes1 & !y in=m u t we may expect ^? attributes 9 any?+ ( :i* t "n is pr$icat$4 ,! defect1 z x seems to me1 ( ! view tak5 ( ,g5]al ,names 9 ! text1 is t x ignores ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! mean+ ( a g5]al "n1 & ! rema9d] ( ! idea :i* ! g5]al "n calls up4 ,t rema9d] is unc]ta91 v>iable1 scanty 9 "s cases1 copi\s 9 o!rs1 & connect$ ) ! "n by a v slight tie ( association1 cont9ually ov]come by c\nt]-associations4 ,! only "p ( ! complex idea t is p]man5t 9 ! same m9d1 or common to sev]al m9ds1 consi/s ( ! di/9ctive attributes m>k$ by ! class-"n4 ,no?+ else is univ]sally pres5t1 ?\gh #bic some?+ else is always pres5t3 b :atev] else be pres5t1 x is ?r\gh ^! only t ! class-"n does its "w1 & effects ! end ( its exi/5ce4 ,we ne$ n !re=e be surpris$ t ^! attributes1 be+ all t is ( importance 9 ! complex idea1 %\ld = a long "t h be5 suppos$ to be all t is conta9$ 9 x4 ,! true/ doctr9e :i* c be laid d[n on ! subject seems to be ?is--t ! idea correspond+ to a class-"n is ! idea ( a c]ta9 con/ant comb9ation ( class attributes1 accompani$ by a miscellane\s & indef9itely v>iable collection ( ideas ( individual objects belong+ to ! class4--,ed4 #bid ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ab/raction4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t he 7,mr4 ,locke7 w\ld h se5 ! advantage ( '?or\ghly weigh+1' n only 7z he says7 '! imp]fections ( ,language2' b its p]fections also3 ,= ! p]fections ( ,language1 n prop]ly und]/ood1 h be5 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! imp]fections ( our k4--,div]sions ( ,purley1 by ,john ,horne ,tooke1 ,a4,m41 i4 #cg4 ,,! two cases ( ,consci\sness1 ,,classification1 & ,,ab/raction1 h n1 g5]ally1 be5 well di/+ui%$4 ,accord+ to ! common acc\nts ( ,classification1 ,,ab/raction 0 includ$ 9 x4 ,:5 x is said1 t1 9 ord] to classify1 we leave out ( view all ! circum/ances 9 :i* individuals diff]1 & reta9 only ^? 9 :i* !y agree2 ?is sep>at+ "o portion ( :at is conta9$ 9 a complex idea1 & mak+ x an object ( consid]ation by itself1 is ! process :i* is nam$ ,ab/raction1 at lea/ a ma9 "p ( t process4 ,x is necess>y n[ to inquire :at are ! purposes to :i* ?is sep>at+ ( ! p>ts ( a complex idea1 & consid]+ & nam+ ! sep>at$ p>ts by !mselves1 is subs]vi5t4 #bie ,we h already obs]v$ ! foll[+ rem>kable ?+s 9 ! process ( nam+3 #a1 ,assign+ names ( ^? clu/]s ( ideas call$ objects2 z man1 fi%2 #b1 ,g5]aliz+ ^? names1 s z to make !m repres5t a class2 #c1 ,fram+ adjectives by :i* m9or classes are cut out ( l>g]4 ,^? adjectives are all names1 ( "s sep>ate portion ( a clu/]1 & are1 !re=e1 all in/rum5ts ( ab/raction1 or ( t sep>at+ "o or m ( ! +r$i5ts ( a complex idea f ! re/1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,ab/raction4 ,"o purpose ( ,ab/raction1 !re=e1 is ! =mation ( ^? sub-species1 ! =mation ( :i* is requir$ = c]ta9 purposes ( spee*4 ,^! obs]vations w be r5d]$ famili> by examples4 ,we say1 tall man1 r$ fl[]1 race horse4 ,9 my complex idea ( a man1 or ! clu/] ( ideas ( s5se to :i* ,i affix t m>k1 are includ$1 c]ta9 ideas ( col\r1 ( figure1 size1 & s on4 ,by ! ^w tall1 ,i s+le out a portion ( ^? ideas1 namely1 ! "p relat+ to size1 or r size 9 "o direction1 & m>k ! sep>ation by ! sign or "n4 ,9 my complex idea ( a fl[]1 col\r is always "o ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,by apply+ ! adjective r$1 ,i s+le out ?is "o f ! re/1 & po9t x out = peculi> consid]ation4 ,! explanation is obvi\s1 & ne$ n be pursu$ 9 a great] numb] ( in/ances4 ,words ( ?is description all d5ote diff]5ces2 ei!r su* z m>k out species f g5]a1 or su* z m>k out individuals f species4 ,( ?is latt] sort ! numb] is v small2 ( :i* ! reason is obvi\s2 individual diff]5ces are too num]\s to #bif receive names1 & are m>k$ by contrivances ( abridgm5t :i* w be spok5 ( h]eaft]4 ,to expla9 ?is notation ( diff]5ces2 ! same examples w suffice4 ,9 ! phrase tall man1 ! adjective tall m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a man1 & %ort man1 or middle-siz$ man4 ,( ! g5us man1 tall m5 are "o species2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! re/ ( ! g5us is m>k$ by ! ^w tall4 ,( ! g5us fl[]1 r$ fl[]s =m a species1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! re/ ( ! g5us is m>k$ by ! adjective r$4 ,( ! g5us horse1 race horse =ms a species1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is species & ! re/ ( ! g5us is m>k$ by ! ^w race4 ,x is ( importance fur!r to obs]ve1 t adjectives s+l+ out ideas :i* are n diff]5ces1 t is1 ideas common to ! :ole class1 are useless3 z1 tangible wood2 col\r$ man2 s5ti5t animal4 ,su* epi!ts express no m ?an :at is express$ by ! "n )\t !m4 ,ano!r ?+ requir+ ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t is ! mode 9 :i* ^! diff]5tial adjectives are g5]aliz$4 ,z ! ^w man1 appli$ fir/ to "o individual1 !n to ano!r1 becomes associat$ ) e individual1 & e v>iety ( ! species1 & calls !m all up 9 "o v complex idea2 s are ^! adjectives appli$ to "o class aft] ano!r1 & by t means at la/ call up a v complicat$ idea4 ,let u take ! ^w black = an example2 & let u suppose t we apply ?is adjective fir/ to ! ^w man4 ,we say black man4 ,b we spe$ily see t = ! same reason = :i* we say black man we may say black horse1 black c[1 #big black coat1 & s on4 ,! ^w black is ?us associat$ ) innum]able modifications ( ! s5sation black4 ,by frequ5t repetition1 & ! gradual /r5g!n+ ( ! association1 ^! modifications are at la/ call$ up 9 su* rapid succession t !y appe> comm+l$1 & no long] _m ideas1 b "o4 ,black is !re=e no long] an individual b a g5]al "n4 ,x m>ks n ! p>ticul> black ( a p>ticul> individual2 b ! black ( e individual1 & ( all individuals4#ha ,! same is ! case #bih ) all o!r words ( ! same class4 ,?us ,i apply ! ^w sweet1 fir/ to ! lump ( sug> 9 my m\?1 next to honey1 next to grapes1 & s on4 ,x ?us becomes associat$ ) num]\s modifications ( ! s5sation sweet2 & :5 ! association is suffici5tly /r5g!n$ by repetition1 calls !m up 9 su* close succession1 t !y are conv]t$ into "o complex idea4 ,we are also to rememb]1 t ! idea & ! "n h a mutual p[] ov] "o ano!r4 ,z ! ^w black calls up ! complex idea1 s e modification ( black calls up ! "n2 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! "n actually =ms a "p ( ! complex idea4 ,editor's footnote #ha3 ,! example :i* ! au?or has "h select$ ( a g5]al "n1 sets 9 a /rong light ! imp]fection ( ! !ory ( g5]al names1 laid d[n by him 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,a "n l black1 :i* m>ks a simple s5sation1 is an extreme case ( ! inapplicability ( ! !ory4 ,c x be ma9ta9$ t ! idea call$ up 9 our m9ds by ! ^w black1 is an idea comp\nd$ ( ideas ( black m51 black horses1 black c[s1 black coats1 & ! l8 ,if ,i c tru/ my own consci\sness1 ! ^w ne$ n1 & g5]ally does n1 call up any idea b t ( a s+le black surface4 ,x is /ill n an ab/ract idea1 b ! idea ( an individual object4 ,x is n a m]e idea ( col\r2 x is t1 comb9$ ) ideas ( ext5sion & figure1 always pres5t b extremely vague1 because v>y+1 ev5 f "o mom5t to ! next4 ,^! vague ideas ( an unc]ta9 ext5sion & figure1 comb9$ ) ! p]fectly def9ite idea ( a s+le s5sation ( col\r1 are1 to my consci\sness1 ! sole compon5ts ( ! complex idea associat$ ) ! ^w black4 ,i am unable to f9d 9 t complex idea ! ideas ( black m51 horses1 or o!r def9ite ?+s1 ?\gh su* ideas may ( c\rse be recall$ by x4 ,9 su* a case z ?is1 ! idea ( a black col\r fills by itself ! place ( ! inn] nucleus ( ideas knit toge!r by a clos] association1 :i* ,i h describ$ z =m+ ! p]man5t "p ( our ideas ( classes ( objects1 & ! mean+ ( ! class-names4--,ed4 ,! next ?+1 :i* ,i %all obs]ve1 des]ves 9 a high degree1 ! att5tion ( ! le>n]4 ,9 ! v>i\s applications ( t species ( m>ks :i* we are n[ consid]+1 !y are associat$ ) two di/+ui%able ?+s2 b ) ! "o mu* m ?an ! o!r4 ,?us1 :5 we say black man1 black horse1 black coat1 & s ( all o!r black ?+s1 ! ^w black is associat$ ) ! clu/]1 man1 z (t5 z black man is ! expression2 ) ! clu/] horse1 z (t5 z black horse is ! expression1 & s on ) inf9ite v>iety3 b at ! same "t t x is associat$ ) ea* ( ^? v>i\s clu/]s1 x is also associat$ ) ! peculi> s5sation ( col\r :i* x is int5d$ to m>k4 ,! ,,clu/]s1 !re=e1 ) :i* x is associat$1 are v>iable2 ! ,,peculi> ,,s5sation ) :i* x is associat$ is inv>iable4 ,x is mu* m con/antly1 & !re=e mu* m /rongly associat$ ) ! ,,s5sation ?an ) any ( ! ,,clu/]s4 ,x is at once a "n ( ! clu/]s1 & a "n ( ! #bii s5sation2 b x is m peculi>ly a "n ( ! ,,s5sation4 ,we h1 9 a prec$+ note1 obs]v$1 t su* words h be5 call$ connotative2 & ,i %all f9d mu* conv5i5ce 9 us+ ! t]m ,,notation to po9t out ! s5sation or s5sations :i* are peculi>ly m>k$ by su* words1 ! t]m ,,connotation to po9t out ! clu/]s :i* !y m>k along ) ?is _! pr9cipal mean+4 ,?us ! ^w1 black1 ,,notes t ( :i* black is m peculi>ly ! "n1 a p>ticul> col\r2 x ,,connotes ! clu/]s ) ! names ( :i* x is jo9$3 9 ! expression1 black man1 x connotes man2 black horse1 x connotes horse2 & s ( all o!r cases4 ,! anci5t ,logicians us$ ^! t]ms1 9 ! inv]se ord]2 v absurdly1 9 my op9ion4#hb ,editor's footnote #hb3 ,! ^w ,connote1 ) its sub/antive ,connotation1 0 us$ by ! old logicians 9 two s5ses2 a wid]1 & a n>r[] s5se4 ,! wid] is t 9 :i*1 up to ?is place1 ! au?or ( ! ,analysis has almo/ inv>iably us$ x2 & is ! s5se 9 :i* he def9$ x1 9 a note to section 99#e ( 8 fir/ *apt]4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( words :i* d5ote two ?+s bo? toge!r2 b ! "o p]fectly di/+ui%able f ! o!r4 ,( ^! two ?+s1 also1 x is obs]vable1 t su* words express ! "o prim>ily z x 72 ! o!r 9 a way :i* may be call$ second>y4 ,?us :ite1 9 ! phrase :ite horse1 d5otes two ?+s1 ! col\r & ! horse2 b x d5otes ! col\r prim>ily1 ! horse second>ily4 ,we %all f9d x v conv5i5t to say1 !re=e1 t x notes ! prim>y1 connotes ! second>y signification4 ,?is use ( t]ms is att5d$ ) ! difficulty1 t x may (t5 be disput$ :i* ( ! significations is prim>y & :i* second>y4 ,9 ! example giv51 mo/ p w\ld agree ) ! au?or t ! col\r is ! prim>y signification2 ! ^w be+ associat$ ) ! objects1 only ?r\gh its previ\s association ) ! col\r4 ,b take ! o!r ( ! two words1 horse4 ,t too is connotative1 & 9 ! same mann]4 ,x signifies any & e individual horse1 & x also signifies ^? attributes common to horses1 :i* l$ to _! be+ class$ toge!r & receiv+ t common "n4 ,:i*1 9 ?is case1 is ! prim>y1 & :i* ! second>y signification8 ,! au?or w\ld probably say1 t 9 ?is case1 unlike ! o!r1 horse is ! prim>y signification1 ! attributes ! second>y4 ,yet 9 ?is equally ) ! =m] case1 ! attributes are ! f\ndation ( ! mean+3 a ?+ is call$ a horse to express its resemblance to o!r horses2 & ! resemblance consi/s ( ! common attributes4 ,! "q might be discuss$1 pro & con1 by _m argum5ts1 )\t any conclusive result4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 prim>y & second>y acceptations is too unc]ta91 & at be/ too sup]ficial1 to be adopt$ z ! logical f\ndation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two modes ( signification4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 has1 ?r\gh\t ! prec$+ *apt]s1 reg>d$ words z connot+ any numb] ( ?+s :i* ?\gh includ$ 9 _! signification1 are n1 9 8 judgm5t1 :at !y prim>ily signify4 ,he said1 = example1 t a v]b notes an action1 & connotes ! ag5t 7z ei!r me1 !e1 or "s ?ird p]son71 ! numb] ( ag5ts 7z "o or m71 ! "t 7z pa/1 pres5t1 or future71 & ?ree modes1 t 9 :i* !re is no ref]5ce to any?+ prec$+1 t 9 :i* !re is a ref]5ce to some?+ prec$+1 & t 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to ! w ( "o ( ! ,p]sons4 ,i cite ?is complicat$ case1 to %ew by a /rik+ example ! great latitude ) :i* ! au?or uses ! ^w ,connote4 ,b 9 ! pres5t *apt] he foll[s ! example ( "s ( ! old logicians 9 adopt+ a second & m re/rict$ mean+1 expressive ( ! peculi> connotation :i* belongs to all concrete g5]al names2 viz4 t tw(old mann] ( signification1 by :i* e "n ( a class signifies1 on ! "o h&1 all & ea* ( ! individual ?+s compos+ ! class1 & on ! o!r h& ! common attributes1 9 consid]ation ( :i* ! class is =m$ & ! "n giv51 & :i* we int5d to affirm ( e object to :i* we apply ! "n4 ,x is difficult to ov]rate ! importance ( keep+ 9 view ?is di/9ction1 or ! dang] ( ov]look+ x :5 n made prom95t by an appropriate phrase4 ,! ^w ,connote1 :i* _h be5 employ$ = ?is purpose1 _h fall5 into disuse4 ,b1 ?\gh agree+ ) ! old logicians 9 us+ ! ^w ,connote to express ?is di/9ction1 ! au?or exactly rev]ses _! employm5t ( x4 ,9 _! phraseology1 ! class-"n connotes ! attributes3 9 81 x notes ! attributes1 & connotes ! objects4 ,& he decl>es t 9 8 op9ion1 _! mode ( employ+ ! t]m is v absurd4 ,we h n[ to consid] :i* ( ^! two modes ( employ+ x is really ! mo/ appropriate4 ,a concrete g5]al "n may be correctly said to be a m>k1 9 a c]ta9 way1 bo? = ! objects & = _! common attributes4 ,b :i* ( ! two is x con=mable to usage to say t x is ! "n (8 ,assur$ly1 ! objects4 ,x is !y t are call$ by ! "n4 ,i am ask$1 :at is ?is object call$8 & ,i answ]1 a horse4 ,i %\ld n make ?is answ] if ,i 7 ask$ :at are ^! attributes call$4 ,aga91 ,i am ask$1 :at is x t is call$ a horse8 & ,i answ]1 ! object :i* y see2 n ! qualities :i* y see4 ,let u n[ suppose t ,i am ask$1 :at is x t is call$ black2 ,i answ]1 all ?+s t h ?is p>ticul> col\r4 ,black is a "n ( all black ?+s4 ,! "n ( ! col\r is n black1 b blackness4 ,! "n ( a ?+ mu/ be ! "n :i* is pr$icat$ ( ! ?+1 z a prop] "n is pr$icat$ ( ! p]son or place x belongs to4 ,x is sc>cely possible to speak ) precision1 & adh]e consi/5tly to ! same mode ( spee*1 if we call a ^w ! "n ( any ?+ b t :i* x is pr$icat$ (4 ,accord+ly ! old logicians1 :o _h n yet dep>t$ widely f ! cu/om ( common spee*1 consid]$ all concrete names z ! names ( objects1 & call$ no?+ ! "n ( an attribute b ab/ract names4 ,n[ !re is consid]able incongruity 9 say+ t a ^w connotes1 t is1 signifies second>ily1 ! v ?+ :i* x is a "n (4 ,to connote1 is to m>k some?+ along )1 or 9 addition to1 some?+ else4 ,a "n c h>dly be said to m>k ! ?+ :i* x is a "n ( 9 addition to "s o!r ?+4 ,if x m>ks any o!r ?+ x m>ks x 9 addition to ! ?+ ( :i* x is itself ! "n4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 :at is m>k$ 9 addition1 is t :i* is ! cause ( giv+ ! "n2 ! attributes1 ! possession ( :i* by a ?+ entitles x to t "n4 ,x !re=e seems m con=mable to ! orig9al acceptation ( ! ^w ,connote1 t we %\ld say ( names l man or black t !y connote humanity or blackness1 & d5ote1 or are names (1 m5 & black objects2 r ?an1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,analysis1 t !y note ! attributes1 & connote ! ?+s :i* possess ! attributes4 ,if ?is mode ( us+ ! t]ms is m consonant to propriety ( language1 s also is x m sci5tifically conv5i5t4 ,x is ( extreme importance to h a te*nical expression exclusively consecrat$ to signify ! peculi> mode 9 :i* ! "n ( a class m>ks ! attributes 9 virtue ( :i* x is a class1 & is call$ by ! "n4 ,! v]b to note1 employ$ by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis z ! correlative ( to connote1 is f> too g5]al to be conf9$ to s specific a use1 nor does ! au?or int5d s to conf9e x4 ,to connote1 on ! contr>y1 is a phrase :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 ?is re/rict$ acceptation1 & is p]fectly fitt$ to be us$ z a te*nical t]m4 ,!re is no m important use ( a t]m ?an t ( fix+ att5tion ^u some?+ :i* is 9 dang] ( n be+ suffici5tly tak5 notice (4 ,?is is emphatically ! case ) ! attribute-signification ( ! names ( objects4 ,t signification has n be5 se5 cle>ly1 & :at has be5 se5 ( x confus$ly has bewild]$ or misl$ "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s4 ,f ,hobbes to ,hamilton1 ^? :o h attempt$ to p5etrate ! secret ( ! high] logical op]ations ( ! intellect h cont9ually miss$ ! m>k = want ( ! light :i* a cle> conception ( ! connotation ( g5]al names spreads ov] ! subject4 ,!re is no fact 9 psy*ology :i* m requires a te*nical "n2 & x seems em95tly desirable t ! words ,connote & ,connotative %\ld be exclusively employ$ = ?is purpose2 & x is = ?is purpose t ,i h myself inv>iably employ$ !m4 ,9 /udy+ ! ,analysis1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! au?or does n use ! words 9 ?is s5se1 b sometimes 9 a s5se mu* m vague & indef9ite1 &1 :5 def9ite1 9 a s5se ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,x may seem an almo/ desp]ate und]tak+1 9 ! case ( an unfamili> t]m1 to attempt to rectify ! usage introduc$ by ! actual reviv] ( ! ^w3 & no?+ c\ld h induc$ me to attempt x1 b a delib]ate conviction t su* a te*nical expression is indisp5sable to philosophy1 & t ! au?or's mode ( employ+ ^! words unfits !m = ! purpose = :i* !y are ne$$1 & = :i* !y are well adapt$4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t ,i h r>ely succe$$ 9 associat+ ! words ) _! precise mean+1 any:]e b 9 my own writ+s4 ,! ^w ,connote1 n unfrequ5tly meets u ( late 9 philosophical speculations1 b almo/ always 9 a s5se m lax ?an ! laxe/ 9 :i* x is employ$ 9 ! ,analysis1 mean+ no m ?an to imply4 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is ! case1 t able ?9k]s & writ]s d n always ev5 conf9e ! expression to names1 b actually speak ( ,?+s z connot+ :atev]1 9 _! op9ion1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,?+s implies or presupposes4--,ed4 #cjj ,9 us+ ^! connotative names1 x is (t5 highly conv5i5t to drop ! connotation2 t is1 to leave out ! connot$ clu/]4 #cja ,a m>k is ne$$1 to %[ :5 x is meant t ! connotation is dropp$4 ,a slight m>k put ^u ! connotative t]m answ]s ! purpose2 & %ews #cjb :5 x is n meant t any?+ %\ld be connot$4 ,9 reg>d to ! ^w black1 = example1 we m]ely annex to x ! syllable ness2 & x is imm$iately #cjc indicat$ t all connotation is dropp$3 s1 9 sweetness2 h>dness2 dryness2 lightness4 ,! new words1 s =m$1 are ! words :i* h be5 d5om9at$ #cjd ,,ab/ract2 z ! connotative t]ms f :i* !y are =m$ h be5 d5om9at$ ,,concrete2 &1 z ^! t]ms are 9 frequ5t use1 x is necess>y t ! mean+ ( !m %\ld be well rememb]$4 ,x is n[ also manife/ :at is ! real nature ( ,,ab/ract t]ms2 a subject :i* has 9 g5]al pres5t$ su* an appe>ance ( my/]y4 ,!y are simply ! ,,concrete t]ms1 ) ! connotation dropp$4 ,& ?is has 9 x1 surely1 no my/]y at all4#hc ,editor's footnote #hc3 ,aft] hav+ said t a concrete g5]al "n notes an attribute1 t ?is1 "o ( ! s5sations 9 a clu/]1 & connotes ! objects :i* h ! attribute1 i4e4 ! clu/]s ( :i* t s5sation =ms a "p2 ! au?or proce$s to say t an ab/ract "n is ! concrete "n ) ! connotation dropp$4 ,?is seems a v indirect & circuit\s mode ( mak+ u und]/& :at an ab/ract "n signifies4 ,in/ead ( aim+ directly at ! m>k1 x goes r\nd x4 ,x tells u t "o "n signifies a "p ( :at ano!r "n signifies1 leav+ u to inf] :at "p4 ,a connotative "n ) ! connotation dropp$1 is a phrase requir+ to be complet$ by specify+ :at is ! portion ( signification left4 ,! concrete "n ) its connotation signifies an attribute1 & also ! objects :i* h ! attribute4 ,we are n[ in/ruct$ to drop ! latt] half ( ! signification1 ! objects4 ,:at !n rema9s8 ,! attribute4 ,:y n !n say at once t ! ab/ract "n is ! "n ( ! attribute8 ,:y tell u t x is a plus b ) b dropp$1 :5 x 0 z easy to tell u t x is a8 ,! noticeable ?+ h[ev] is t if a /&s m]ely = ! s5sation1 x really is a little m ?an a3 ! connotation 79 ! au?or's s5se ( ! t]m7 ( ! concrete "n is n :olly dropp$ 9 ! ab/ract "n4 ,! t]m blackness1 & e o!r ab/ract t]m1 includes 9 its signification ! exi/5ce ( a black object1 ?\gh )\t decl>+ :at x is4 ,t is inde$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "n ( an attribute1 & ! "n ( a k9d or type ( s5sation4 ,names ( s5sations by !mselves are n ab/ract b concrete names4 ,!y m>k ! type ( ! s5sation1 b !y d n m>k x z emanat+ f any object4 ,! s5sation ( black is a concrete "n1 :i* expresses ! s5sation ap>t f all ref]5ce to an object4 ,blackness expresses ! same s5sation ) ref]5ce to an object1 by :i* ! s5sation is suppos$ to be excit$4 ,ab/ract names ?us /ill reta9 a limit$ am\nt ( connotation 9 bo? ! au?or's s5ses ( ! t]m--! vagu] & ! m specific s5se4 ,x is only 9 ! s5se to :i* ,i am anxi\s to re/rict ! t]m1 t any ab/ract "n is )\t connotation4 ,an ab/ract "n1 !n1 may be def9$ z ! "n ( an attribute2 &1 9 ! ultimate analysis1 z ! "n ( "o or m ( ! s5sations ( a clu/]2 n by !mselves1 b consid]$ z "p ( any or all ( ! v>i\s clu/]s1 into :i* t type ( s5sations ent]s z a compon5t "p4--,ed4 #cje ,x h5ce1 also1 appe>s t !re c be no ,,ab/ract t]m )\t an impli$ ,,concrete1 ?\gh cases are n want+1 9 :i* !re is mu* occasion = ! ,,ab/ract t]m b n mu* = ! ,,concrete2 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! concrete is n 9 use1 or is suppli$ by ano!r =m ( expression4 #cjf ,9 regul> & caprici\s languages1 z our own1 ! dropp+ ( ! connotation ( ! concrete t]ms is n m>k$ 9 a uni=m mann]2 & ?is requires "s illu/ration4 ,?us1 heavy is a concrete t]m1 & we %ew ! dropp+ ( ! connotation1 by ! same m>k z 9 ! in/ances above1 say+ heav9ess2 b we h ano!r t]m :i* is exactly ! equival5t ( heav9ess1 & frequ5tly us$ z ! ab/ract ( heavy2 t is1 weight4 ,fri5d is a concrete1 connotative t]m1 9 ! sub/antive =m4 ,its connotation is dropp$ by ano!r m>k1 ! syllable %ip2 ?us1 fri5d%ip2 9 l mann]1 g5]al%ip2 bro!r%ip2 c\s9%ip4 ,! syllable age is ano!r ( ! m>ks we use = ! same purpose2 pilotage1 p>sonage1 /[age4 ,among concrete connotative words1 we h already _h full opportunity ( obs]v+ t v]bs con/itute a pr9cipal class4 ,^? words all ,,note "s motion or action & ,,connote an actor4 ,!re is ! same frequ5cy ( occasion to leave out ! connotation 9 ! case ( ?is class ( connotative words1 z 9 o!r classes4 ,accord+ly ,,ab/ract t]ms are =m$ f !m1 z f ! connotative adjectives & sub/antives4 ,! inf9itive mood is su* an ab/ract t]m2 ) ?is peculi>ity1 t1 ?\gh x leaves out ! connotation ( ! actor1 x reta9s ! connotation ( "t4#hd #cjg ,x is conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 to h ab/ract t]ms f ! v]bs1 :i* leave out also ! connotation ( "t2 su* are ! sub/antive amor f amo1 timor f timeo1 & s on4 ,editor's footnote #hd3 ,! inf9itive mood does n always express "t4 ,at lea/1 x (t5 expresses x aori/ically1 )\t di/9ction ( t5se4 ,to love is z ab/ract a "n z love1 to fe>1 z fe>3 !y are appli$ equally to pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,! inf9itives ( ! pa/ & future1 z amavisse1 amaturus esse1 d1 h[ev]1 include 9 _! signification a p>ticul> "t4--,ed4 ,v]bs h n only an active b a passive =m4 ,9 ! passive =m1 x is n ! action1 b ! be>+ ( ! action1 :i* is ,,not$2 & n ! actor1 b ! be>] ( ! action1 t is ,,connot$4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 !re is n less frequ5t occasion to drop ! connotation4 ,by ! simple contrivance ( a slight alt]ation 9 ! connotative t]m1 ! important circum/ance ( dropp+ ! connotation is m>k$4 ,9 ! case ( ! passive z ! active =m ( v]bs1 ! inf9itive mood drops ! connotation ( ! p]son1 b reta9s t ( ! "t4 ,o!r ab/ract t]ms1 =m$ f ! passive voice1 leave out ! connotation bo? ( p]son & "t4 ,?us f legor1 !re is lectio2 f optor1 optatio2 f dicor1 dictio2 & s on4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! ,lat9 mode ( =m+ ab/ract t]ms f v]bs1 by ! t]m9ation tio1 has be5 adopt$ to a great ext5t 9 ,engli%4 ,a l>ge proportion ( our ab/ract t]ms are ?us di/+ui%$2 z action1 association1 imag9ation1 navigation1 m5suration1 friction1 motion1 /ation1 faction1 legislation1 corruption1 & _m o!rs4 ,x is also ( extreme importance to m>k a great defect & imp]fection1 9 ?is respect1 ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,su* words z lectio1 dictio1 actio1 are d]iv$ ) equal read9ess ei!r f ! sup9e1 lectum1 dictum1 actum2 or f ! p>ticiple1 lectus1 dictus1 actus4 ,! sup9e is active1 ! p>ticiple1 passive4 ,f ?is circum/ance probably x is1 t #cjh ^! ab/ract t]ms 9 ! ,lat9 language possess bo? ! active & passive signification2 & by ?is mo/ un=tunate ambiguity h prov$ a f]tile s\rce ( obscurity & confusion4 ,?is defect ( ! ,lat9 language is ! m to be lam5t$ by u1 t x has infect$ our own language2 = z we h borr[$ f ! ,lat9 language a great proportion ( our ab/ract t]ms1 we h transplant$ ! mis*iev\s equivocation along ) !m4 ,?is ambiguity ! ,greek language happily avoid$3 ?us x _h ,greek3 praxis & ,greek3 pragma ! fir/ = ! active signification ( actio1 ! latt] ! passive4#he ,editor's footnote #he3 ,i appreh5d t ,greek3 pragma is n an ab/ract b a concrete t]m1 & does n express ! attribute ( be+ done1 b ! ?+ done--! effect :i* results f ! complet$ action4--,ed4 ,( ! ab/ract t]ms1 ( g5u9e ,engli% gr[?1 d]iv$ f ! concrete names ( action1 or v]bs1 ! p>ticiple ( ! pa/ t5se suppli$ a great numb]1 m]ely dropp+ ! adjective1 & assum+ ! sub/antive =m4 ,?us1 weight1 a ^w :i* we _h occasion to notice be=e1 is ! p>ticiple weigh$1 ) ! connotation dropp$3 /roke is m]ely /ruck2 ! ?+ /ruck1 ! connotation1 be+ left out3 ?\ght is ! pa/ p>ticiple passive ( ! v]b to ?9k1 & diff]s f ! p>ticiple 9 no?+1 b t ! p>ticiple1 ! adjective1 has ! connotation2 ! ab/ract1 ! sub/antive1 has x n4 ,:e!r ! concrete1 or ! ab/ract1 is ! t]m employ$1 is 9 su* cases always indicat$ by ! context2 &1 !re=e1 no p>ticul> m>k to di/+ui% !m is requir$4 #cji ,9 our non-inflect$ language1 a facility is af=d$ 9 =m+ a non-connotative f ! connotative1 9 ! active voice ( v]bs2 because ! connotative ^w is always di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( ! p]sons ( ! v]b1 or t ( "s "p ( ! auxili>y v]b4 ,! same ^w1 !re=e1 answ]s = ! ab/ract1 z = ! concrete2 x be+ ( c\rse ! ab/ract1 :5 none ( ! m>ks ( ! concrete are pres5t4 ,?us ! ^w love1 is bo? ! v]b or ! connotative1 & ! sub/antive or ! non-connotative2 ?us also fe>1 walk1 ride1 /&1 fight1 smell1 ta/e1 sleep1 dream1 dr9k1 "w1 brea?1 & _m o!rs4 ,we h 9 ,engli%1 =m$ f v]bs1 a great _m ab/racts or non-connotatives1 :i* t]m9ate 9 ?1 z tru?1 heal?1 de>?1 /eal?1 dea?1 /r5g?4 ,x may be disput$ :e!r ^! words are d]iv$ f "o "p ( ! v]b or ano!r2 b1 9 all o!r respects1 ! nature ( !m is n d\btful4 ,! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t1 indicative active1 ends 9 ?2 &1 !re=e1 !y may be said to be t "p ( ! v]b ) ! connotation dropp$4 ,! t]m9ation1 h[ev]1 ( ! pa/ p>ticiple is d1 & we "k t ? & d1 are ! same lett] "u a slight diff]5ce ( articulation2 &1 !re=e1 !y may j z well be d]iv$ f ! pa/ p>ticiple1 & z (t5 at lea/ z !y h a passive signification1 no d\bt are4 ,?us ! v]b tr[1 to ?9k1 has ei!r tr[e?1 or tr[$2 f "o ( :i*1 b m likely f ! la/1 we h tru?3 ! v]b to heal1 has ei!r heale?1 or heal$2 f "o ( :i*1 b m likely ! la/1 we h heal?3 ! v]b to /r+ has /r+e?1 or /r+$2 #caj f "o ( :i* we h /r5g?2 ?us f die?1 or di$1 dea?2 f /eale?1 or /eal$1 /eal?2 mir? 9 ! same mann]1 f a v]b n[ out ( use2 s heigh?1 l5g?1 bread?4#hf ,f9dlat]'s footnote #hf3 ,! ab/racts 9 -? belong to a v e>ly /age ( ! language4 ,we _c n[ =m words l heal?1 tru?1 z we c ab/racts 9 -ness4 ,z 9 ! case ( adjectives 9 -en 7wood571 & ( pret]ites & p>ticiples l fell1 fall51 t p>ticul> "p ( ! vital en]gy ( ! language t produc$ !m1 is dead--ossifi$1 z x 72 & we _c exemplify _! =mation by any process n[ go+ on4 ,to acc\nt = _m ( !m1 we mu/ suppose !m =m$ f roots diff]5t f any n[ exi/+ z sep>ate words--roots f :i* ! correspond+ v]bs & adjectives t we are acqua9t$ ) h be5 !mselves d]iv$ by augm5tation or o!r *ange4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is impossible to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r ! imm$iate root ( any p>ticul> ab/ract 9 -? 0 a v]b1 a n\n1 or an adjective2 &1 inde$1 ! "q ne$ h>dly be rais$1 s9ce a primitive root 0 ( ! nature ( all ?ree4 ,! /ructure ( ^! d]ivatives is bett] se5 9 "s ( ! o!r ,teutonic dialects ?an 9 ! ,engli% or ! ,anglo-,saxon1 9 :i* ! affix is r$uc$ to a m]e consonant4 ,?us1 = ,eng4 dep? ! ,go?ic has diupi-?a2 = heigh-?1 hauhi-?a4 ,9 ,old ,high ,g]man ! affix -?a becomes -da1 & we h heili-da correspond+ to ,eng4 heal-?2 /r5ki-da1 to /r5g-?2 besides a great numb] ( analog\s =ms1 su* z evi-da1 et]nity 7f ! same root z ev]2 comp>e ,lat4 aetas = aevitas74 ,9 mod]n ,g]man comp>atively few ( ^! d]ivatives survive2 & 9 ^? t d2 ! -da ( ! ,old ,g]man has pass$ into -de1 z 9 ge-ba]-de1 ! way ( 'be>+' oneself1 behavi\r2 equival5t to ,lat9 habi-tus4 ,! mod]n ,g]man equival5ts ( bread-?1 l5g-?1 are breit-e1 lng-e2 b 9 "s ( ! popul> dialects ! old] =ms breite de1 lng-de are /ill reta9$2 & 9 ,dut* w>m-te corresponds to w>m-?1 & grt-te is great-ness4 ,:5 we recollect t ? or d 9 ! ,g]manic languages repres5ts 9 su* cases ! t ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 7comp>e ,gr4 ,greek3 me_/lit 7os71 honey ) ,go?4 mili?2 ,lat4 alt] ) ,eng4 o!r71 we _c help see+ h[ analog\s is ! =mation ( ! class ( words we are n[ consid]+ to t ( ,lat9 pa/ p>ticiples 7ama-tus1 dic-tus1 audi-tus74 ,9 ! case ( ^? ab/racts t seem to come m naturally f an adjective root ?an f a v]b1 we c conceive ! adjective =m$ on ! analogy ( ! pa/ p>ticiple2 j z !re are 9 ,engli% adjectives hav+ no possible v]bal root1 yet simulat+ pa/ p>ticiples2 z able-bodi-ed1 ?ree-corn]-ed4 ,! ab/ract n\n w\ld appe> to h be5 orig9ally di/+ui%$ f ! p>ticiple1 or p>ticipial adjective1 by "s additional affix1 z 9 lec-t-io4 ,9 ,greek & ,lat9 ?is additional affix v (t5 consi/$ 9 a r$uplication ( ! =mative elem5t t1 z if = ! purpose ( d5ot+ multitude1 g5]ality2 z 9 ,greek 7,greek3 neo_/-tt-os71 ,lat9 juv5-tut-is1 sani-tat-is4 ,x is n impossible t ,go?4 diupi-?a1 ,o4,h4,g4 heili-da are abbreviations ( diupi-?a-?1 heili-da-d1 j z ,lat4 sani-tat has dw9dl$ d[n 9 mod]n ,ital4 to sani-t4 ,9 a great _m words ess5tially belong+ to ! same class bo? 9 mean+ & 9 mode ( =mation1 ! -? has1 = ! sake ( euphony or f o!r causes1 giv5 place to t or d4 ,?us mood corresponds to ,go?4 mo-?1 & means a motion 7,lat4 motus7 or affection 7( ! m9d72 blood1 to ,go?4 blo-?2 !ft1 is 9 ,ang4 ,sax4 !(-?4 ,mur-!r1 f a root ak9 to ,lat4 mori2 bur!n1 f ! root ( to be>1 are ( simil> =mation1 ) additional affixes4 ,all ^! consid]ations w\ld seem to put ,horne ,tooke's propos$ d]ivation ( ^! ab/racts f ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t indicative ( ! v]b1 completely out ( c\rt4 ,! fam\s case ( tru? f tr[e? is especially absurd4 ,= "o ?+ ! ,ang4 ,sax4 v]b tre[an does n mean to ?9k1 b to tru/1 rely on1 believe4 ,?is implies a gr\nd = ! tru/1 & t gr\nd lies 9 ! quality express$ by ! adjective1 true4 ,tru? has ! same relation1 logically & etymologically1 to true1 t de>? has to de>1 heal? to hale4 ,rem>k+ on ! id5tity 9 =m betwe5 ! ,ang4 ,sax4 tre[1 tru/1 a treaty1 & tre[1 a tree1 ,jacob ,grimm sugge/s t !y are radically relat$1 & t ! idea common to tree & true is firmness1 fix$ness4 ,?us ! true w\ld be ! firm ! fix$--:at may be reli$ on4 ,?is view is support$ by ! analogy ( ! ,lat4 robur1 :i* means bo? an oak & /r5g?4--,f4 #caa ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to give a sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! non-connotatives1 d]iv$ f ,engli% #cab v]bs2 & ?is ought to be done2 b = ! pres5t inquiry x w\ld be an op]ation misplac$4 ,! nature ( ! words1 & ! mode ( _! signification1 is all :i* "h is necess>y to be und]/ood4 ,"o gr& class ( connotative t]ms is compos$ ( su* words z ! foll[+3 walk+1 runn+1 fly+1 read+1 /rik+2 & we h se5 t1 = a v obvi\s utility1 a g5]ical "n 0 inv5t$1 ! ^w ,,act+1 :i* includes ! :ole ( ^! specific names2 & to :i* ! non-connotative1 or ab/ract t]m ,,action corresponds4 ,!re 0 equal occasion = a g5]ical "n to include all ! specific names belong+ to ! o!r class ( connotative t]ms2 su* z col\r$1 sapid1 h>d1 s(t1 hot1 cold1 & s on4 ,b language has by no means be5 s happy 9 a g5]al "n = ?is1 z = ! o!r class4 ,! ^w ,,su*1 is a connotative t]m1 :i* includes !m all1 & inde$ ! o!r class along ) !m2 = :5 we apply ! ^w ,,su* to any ?+1 we compreh5d "u x all ! ideas ( :i* ! clu/] #cac is compos$4 ,b ?is is n all :i* is includ$ "u ! ^w su*4 ,x is a relative t]m1 & always connotes s mu* ( ! mean+ ( "s o!r t]m4 ,:5 we call a ?+ su*1 x is always und]/ood t x is su* z "s o!r ?+4 ,?us we say1 ,john is su* z ,james4 ,correspond+ ) our su* z1 ! ,lat9s _h talis qualis4 ,if we c\ld suppose qualis to h be5 us$ )\t any connotation ( talis1 qualis w\ld h be5 su* a ^w z ! occasion :i* we are n[ consid]+ w\ld h requir$4 ,! ,lat9s did n use qualis1 9 ?is s5se1 z a g5]al concrete1 includ+ all ! o!r names ( ! prop]ties ( objects o!r ?an actions4 ,b !y made f x1 z if us$ 9 t v s5se1 a non-connotative or ab/ract t]m1 ! ^w ,,quality1 :i* answ]s ! same purpose ) reg>d to bo? classes1 z action does to "o ( !m4 ,t is to say2 x is a v g5]al non-connotative t]m1 includ+ "u x ! non-connotatives or ab/racts ( hot1 cold1 h>d1 s(t1 long1 %ort2 & n only ( all o!r words ( t description1 b ( act+1 & its subord9ates also4 ,quantus1 is ano!r concrete :i* has a d\ble connotation l qualis4 ,x connotes n only ! sub/antive ) :i* x agrees1 b also1 be+ a relative1 ! t]m tantus1 :i* is its correlate4 ,by dropp+ bo? connotations1 ! ab/ract ,,quantity is made2 a g5]al t]m1 includ+ "u x ! ab/racts ( all ! names by :i* ! modifications ( great] & less are d5om9at$2 z l>ge1 small1 a mile long1 an in* ?ick1 a h&ful1 a ton1 & s on4 ,mu* rema9s1 beside :at is "h /at$1 ( ! full explanation ( ! mode 9 :i* talis qualis1 #cad tantus quantus1 are made conducive to ! great purposes ( m>k+4 ,b ?is mu/ be res]v$ till we come to treat ( ,,relative ,,t]ms1 9 g5]al4 ,we h previ\sly obs]v$1 t "o ( ! purposes = :i* we ab/ract1 or sund] ! p>ts ( a complex idea1 m>k$ by a g5]al "n1 is1 to =m ^? adjectives1 or connotative t]ms1 :i*1 d5ot+ diff]5ces1 enable u to =m1 & to "n1 subord9ate classes4 ,we n[ come to ! next ( ! great purposes to :i* ab/raction is subs]vi5t1 & x is "o to :i* ! :ole ( our att5tion is due4 ,( all ! ?+s 9 :i* we are int]e/$1 t is1 on :i* our happ9ess & mis]y dep5d1 mean+ "h by ?+s1 bo? objects & ev5ts1 ! mo/ important by f> are ! successions ( objects2 9 o!r words1 ! effects :i* !y produce4 ,9 reality1 objects are int]e/+ to u1 solely on acc\nt ( ! effects :i* !y produce1 ei!r on ourselves1 or on o!r objects4 ,b an obs]vation ( ! greate/ importance readily occurs2 t ( any clu/]1 compos+ our idea ( an object1 ! effects or consequ5ts dep5d1 9 g5]al1 m ^u "o "p ( x ?an ano!r4 ,if a /one is hot1 x has c]ta9 effects or consequ5ces2 if heavy1 x has o!rs1 & s on4 ,x is ( great importance to u1 9 respect to ^? successions1 to be able to m>k discrim9ately ! real antec$5t2 n ! antec$5t comb9$ ) a numb] ( ?+s ) :i* ! consequ5t has no?+ to d4 ,i obs]ve1 t o!r objects1 z iron1 lead1 gold1 produce simil> effects ) /one2 z (t5 z ! "n hot c1 9 l mann]1 be pr$icat$ ( !m4 ,9 ! sev]al clu/]s !re=e1 hot /one1 hot iron1 hot gold1 #cae hot lead1 !re is a portion1 ! same 9 all1 ) :i*1 & n ) ! re/1 ! effects :i* ,i am contemplat+ are connect$4 ,?is "p is m>k$ by ! ^w hot2 :i* ^w1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ea* clu/]1 connotes also ! o!r p>ts ( ! clu/]4 ,x appe>s at once1 h[ mu* conv5i5ce !re mu/ be 9 dropp+ ! connotation1 & obta9+ a ^w :i*1 9 ea* ( ^? cases1 %all m>k exclusively t "p ( ! clu/] on :i* ! effect dep5ds4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! ab/ract or non-connotative t]ms1 heat1 & weight4 ,c]ta9 alt]ations1 also1 are obs]v$ 9 ^? p>ts ( clu/]s on :i* su* & su* effects dep5d2 :i* alt]ations make correspond+ alt]ations 9 ! effects1 ?\gh no o!r alt]ation is obs]vable1 9 ! clu/]1 to :i* su* p>ts belong4 ,?us1 if a /one is m or less hot1 ! effects or successions are n ! same2 s ( iron1 s ( lead2 b ! same alt]ation 9 ! same "p ( ea* ( ^? clu/]s1 is foll[$ by ! same effects4 ,x is true1 t we "k no?+ ( ! alt]ation 9 ! cause1 b by ! alt]ation 9 ! effects2 = we only say t a /one is hott]1 because x produces su* o!r effects1 ei!r 9 our s5sations imm$iately1 or 9 ! s5sations we receive f o!r objects4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t we h urg5t use = ! means ( m>k+1 n only ! alt]ations 9 ! effects1 b ! alt]ations 9 ! antec$5ts4 ,?is we d1 by suppos+ ! alt]ations to be ^? ( increase & dim9ution1 & m>k+ !m by ! di/9ction ( l[] & high] degrees4 ,b1 = ?is purpose1 x is obvi\s t we mu/ h a t]m :i* is n connotative2 because we suppose no alt]ation 9 any #caf "p ( ! clu/] b t :i* is n connot$2 ?us we c say1 ) suffici5t precision1 t a great] or less degree ( heat produces su* & su* effects2 b we _c say1 t a great] or less degree ( hot /one1 ( hot iron1 ( hot any ?+ else1 produces ^! effects4 ,?is !n1 is ano!r use1 & evid5tly a mo/ important use1 ( ab/ract1 non-connotative t]ms4 ,!y enable u to m>k1 ) m precision1 ^? successions1 9 :i* our good & evil is :olly conta9$4 ,?is also enables u to und]/&1 :at x is :i* recomm5ds su* & su* aggregates1 & n o!rs1 = classification4 ,^? successions ( objects1 9 :i* we are int]e/$1 det]m9e ! classifications :i* we =m ( !m4 ,"s successions are f\nd to dep5d ^u ! clu/]s1 call$ objects1 all tak5 toge!r4 ,?us a tree1 a man1 a /one1 are ! antec$5ts ( c]ta9 consequ5ts1 z su*2 & n on acc\nt ( any p>ticul> "p ( ! clu/]4 ,o!r consequ5ts dep5d n ^u ! :ole ( ! clu/]1 b ^u "s p>ticul> "p3 ?us a tall tree1 produces c]ta9 effects1 :i* a tree n tall1 _c produce2 a /rong man1 produces c]ta9 effects1 :i* a man n /rong _c produce4 ,:5 ^! consequ5ts are s important1 z to des]ve p>ticul> att5tion1 !y & _! antec$5ts mu/ be m>k$4 ,= ?is purpose1 are employ$ ! connotative t]ms m>k+ diff]5ces4 ,^! t]ms enable u to gr\p ! clu/]s conta9+ ^? antec$5ts into a sub-class2 & ,,non-,,connotative or ,,ab/ract t]ms1 d]iv$ f !m1 enable #cag u to speak sep>ately ( t "p ( ! clu/] :i* we h to m>k z ! precise antec$5t ( ! consequ5t :i* is engag+ our att5tion4 ,x is presum$1 t ^! illu/rations w suffice1 to enable ! read] to disc]n ! real m>k+ p[] ( ab/ract t]ms1 & also to p]ceive ! mode ( _! =mation4 #cah ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,memory4 ,! sci5ce ( metaphysics1 z x reg>ds ! m9d1 is1 9 its mo/ important respects1 a sci5ce ( analysis2 & we c>ry on our analysis1 only :5 we suspect t :at is reg>d$ by o!rs z an ultimate pr9ciple1 admits ( /ill f9] evolution into pr9ciples /ill m elem5t>y4--,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect1 by ,?omas ,br[n1 ,m4,d4 ,p4 iv4 s4 i4 p4 #cca4 ,,x has be5 already obs]v$ t if we _h no o!r /ate ( consci\sness ?an s5sation1 we nev] c\ld h any k1 except+ t ( ! pres5t in/ant4 ,! mom5t ea* ( our s5sations ceas$1 x w\ld be gone1 = ev]2 & we %\ld be z if we _h nev] be54 ,! same w\ld be ! case if we _h only ideas 9 addition to s5sations4 ,! s5sation w\ld be "o /ate ( consci\sness1 ! idea ano!r /ate ( consci\sness4 ,b if !y 7 p]fectly insulat$2 ! "o hav+ no connexion ) ! o!r2 ! idea1 aft] ! s5sation1 w\ld give me no m in=mation1 ?an "o s5sation aft] ano!r4 ,we %\ld /ill h ! consci\sness ( ! pres5t in/ant1 & no?+ m4 ,we %\ld be :olly incapable ( acquir+ exp]i5ce1 & accommodat+ our actions #cai to ! laws ( nature4 ,( c\rse we c\ld n cont9ue to exi/4 ,ev5 if our ideas 7 associat$ 9 tra9s1 b only z !y are 9 ,imag9ation1 we %\ld /ill be )\t ! capacity ( acquir+ k4 ,"o idea1 ^u ?is supposition1 w\ld foll[ ano!r4 ,b t w\ld be all4 ,ea* ( our successive /ates ( consci\sness1 ! mom5t x ceas$1 w\ld be gone = ev]4 ,ea* ( ^? mom5t>y /ates w\ld be our :ole be+4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! nature ( man4 ,we h /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* are connect$ ) pa/ /ates4 ,i he> a musical air2 ,i recognise x z ! air :i* 0 sung to me 9 my infancy4 ,i h an idea ( a gho/2 ,i recognise ! t]ror ) :i*1 :5 ,i 0 alone 9 ! d>k1 t idea1 9 my *ildi% ye>s1 0 accompani$4 ,unit+ 9 ?is mann] ! pres5t ) ! pa/1 & n o!rwise1 ,i am susceptible ( k2 ,i am capable ( asc]ta9+ ! qualities ( ?+s2 t is1 _! p[] ( affect+ me2 & ( kn[+ 9 :at circum/ances :at o!r circum/ances w take place4 ,suppose t my pres5t /ate ( consci\sness is ! idea ( putt+ my f+] 9 ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,i recognise ! act z a =m] act2#hg & ?is recognition is foll[$ #cbj by ano!r1 namely1 t ( ! pa9 :i* ,i felt imm$iately aft]4 ,?is "p ( my con/itution1 :i* is ( s mu* importance to me1 ,i f9d x useful to "n4 ,& ! "n ,i give to x is ,,memory4 ,:5 ! memory ( ! pa/ is transf]r$ into an anticipation ( ! future1 by a process :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]1 x gets ! "n ( exp]i5ce2 & all our p[] ( avoid+ evil1 & obta9+ good1 is d]iv$ f x4 ,unless ,i rememb]$ t my f+] _h be5 9 ! flame ( ! c&le2 & unless ,i anticipat$ a simil> consequ5t1 f a simil> antec$5t1 ,i %\ld t\* ! flame ( ! c&le1 aft] be+ burn$ by x a hundr$ times1 j z ,i %\ld h done1 if nei!r burn+ nor any ( its causes _h ev] =m$ "p ( my consci\sness4 ,ba9's footnote #hg3 ,! recognition ( an act z a =m] act1 or ( a pres5t s5sation z hav+ =m]ly occurr$1 is a 99phase ( ! intellectual p[] nam$ consci\sness ( ,agreem5t1 or ,simil>ity1 :i* is bo? an ess5tial ( our ,k1 & a means ( m5tal ,reproduction4 ,! defectiv5ess ( ! au?or's view ( ?is function ( ! intellect has be5 else:]e comm5t$ on4--,b4 ,our inquiry is1 :at ?is "p ( our con/itution1 s highly important to u1 is compos$ (4 ,all inquir]s are agre$1 t x is complex2 b :at ! elem5ts are into :i* x may be resolv$1 has n be5 v successfully made out4 ,x is prop] to beg9 ) ! elem5ts :i* are univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,among !m1 x is c]ta91 t ,,ideas are ! fundam5tal "p4 ,no?+ is rememb]$ b ?r\gh its ,,idea4 ,! memory1 h[ev]1 ( a ?+1 & ! idea ( x1 are n ! same4 ,! idea may be )\t ! memory2 b ! memory _c be )\t ! idea4 ,! idea ( an elephant may occur to me1 )\t ! ?\ght ( its hav+ be5 an object ( my s5ses4 ,b ,i _c h ! ?\ght ( its hav+ be5 an object ( my s5ses1 )\t hav+ ! idea ( ! animal at ! #cba same "t4 ,! consci\sness1 !re=e1 :i* ,i call memory1 is an idea1 b n an idea alone2 x is an idea & some?+ m4 ,s f> is our inquiry n>r[$4 ,:at is t :i*1 comb9$ ) an idea1 con/itutes memory8 ,t memory may be1 ! idea mu/ be4 ,9 :at mann] is ! idea produc$8 ,we h already se5 9 :at mann] an idea is call$ into exi/5ce by association4 ,x is easy to prove t ! idea :i* =ms "p ( memory is call$ up 9 ! same way1 & no o!r4 ,if ,i ?9k ( any case ( memory1 ,i %all always f9d t ! idea1 or ! s5sation :i* prec$$ ! memory1 0 "o ( ^? :i* are calculat$1 accord+ to ! laws ( association1 to call up ! idea involv$ 9 t case ( memory2 & t x 0 by ! prec$+ idea1 or s5sation1 t ! idea ( memory 0 9 reality br\ght into ! m9d4 ,i h n se5 a p]son ) :om ,i 0 =m]ly intimate = a numb] ( ye>s2 nor h ,i1 dur+ all t int]val1 _h occasion to ?9k ( him4 ,"s object :i* _h be5 frequ5tly pres5t$ to my s5ses along ) him1 or ! idea ( some?+ ) :i* ,i h /rongly associat$ ! idea ( him1 occurs to me2 in/antly ! memory ( him exi/s4 ,! fri5d ) :om ,i _h (t5 se5 him 9 company1 accid5tally meets me2 a lett] ( 8 :i* _h be5 long unobs]v$1 falls "u my eye2 or an obs]vation :i* he 0 fond ( produc+1 is repeat$ 9 my he>+2 ^! are circum/ances all associat$ ) ! idea ( ! individual 9 "q2 ! idea ( him is excit$ by !m1 & ) ! m]e idea ( ! #cbb man1 all ! o!r circum/ances :i* con/itute memory4 ,! necess>y dep5d5ce ( memory ^u association1 may be prov$ /ill m rigidly 9 ?is way4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t we _c call up any idea by will+ x4 ,:5 we are said to w1 !re mu/ be 9 ! m9d1 ! idea ( :at is will$4 ,w1 )\t an idea1 are incongru\s t]ms2 z if "o %\ld say1 ,i c w1 & w no?+4 ,b if ! idea ( ! ?+ will$1 mu/ be 9 ! m9d1 z a condition ( will+1 to w to h an idea 9 ! m9d1 is to w to h t 9 x1 :i*1 by ! supposition1 is 9 x already4 ,!re is a /ate ( m9d famili> to all m51 9 :i* we are said to try to rememb]4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x is c]ta9 t we h n 9 ! m9d ! idea :i* we are try+ to h 9 x4 ,h[ !n is x1 t we proce$ 9 ! c\rse ( our endeav\r to procure its introduction into ! m9d8 ,if we h n ! idea itself1 we h c]ta9 ideas connect$ ) x4 ,we run ov] ^? ideas1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 hopes t "s "o ( !m w sugge/ ! idea we are 9 que/ (2 & if any ( !m does1 x is always "o s connect$ ) x1 z to call x up 9 ! way ( association4 ,i meet an old acqua9tance1 ^: "n ,i d n rememb]1 & wi% to recollect4 ,i run ov] a numb] ( names1 9 hopes t "s ( !m may be associat$ ) ! idea ( ! individual4 ,i ?9k ( all ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,i h se5 him engag$2 ! "t :5 ,i knew him1 ! place 9 :i* ,i knew him1 ! p]sons along ) :om ,i knew him1 ! ?+s he did1 or ! ?+s he suff]$2 &1 if ,i *ance ^u any idea ) :i* ! "n is #cbc associat$1 !n imm$iately ,i h ! recollection2 if n1 my pursuit ( x is 9 va94#hh ,ba9's footnote #hh3 ,?is process seems be/ express$ by lay+ d[n a law ( ,comp\nd or ,composite ,association2 "u :i* a plurality ( feeble l9ks ( connexion may be a sub/itute = "o p[]ful & self-suffic+ l9k4--,b4 ,! laws ( comp\nd association are ! subject ( "o ( ! mo/ orig9al & pr(\nd *apt]s ( ,mr4 ,ba9's treatise 7,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect4 ,"p ii4 ,*ap4 #c474--;,ed4 ,!re is ano!r set ( cases1 v famili>1 b af=d+ v important evid5ce on ! subject4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t !re are matt]s :i* we desire n to =get4 ,:at is ! contrivance to :i* we h rec\rse = pres]v+ ! memory2 t is1 = mak+ sure t x w be call$ into exi/5ce1 :5 x is our wi% t x %\ld4 ,all m51 inv>iably employ ! same exp$i5t4 ,!y endeav\r to =m an association betwe5 ! idea ( ! ?+ to be rememb]$1 & "s s5sation1 or "s idea1 :i* !y "k be=eh& w occur at or ne> ! "t :5 !y wi% ! remembrance to be 9 _! m9ds4 ,if ?is association is =m$1 & ! s5sation or ! idea1 ) :i* x has be5 =m$1 occurs2 ! s5sation1 or idea1 calls up ! remembrance2 & ! object ( him :o =m$ ! association is atta9$4 ,to use a vulg> in/ance2 a man receives a commission f 8 fri5d1 &1 t he may n =get x1 ties a knot on 8 h&k]*ief4 ,h[ is ?is fact to be expla9$8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! idea ( ! commission is associat$ ) ! mak+ ( ! knot4 ,next1 ! h&k]*ief is a ?+ :i* x is kn[n be=eh& w be frequ5tly se51 & ( #cbd c\rse at no great di/ance ( "t f ! occasion on :i* ! memory is desir$4 ,! h&k]*ief be+ se51 ! knot is se51 & ?is s5sation recalls ! idea ( ! commission1 betwe5 :i* & itself1 ! association _h be5 purposely =m$4 ,:at is ?us effect$ ?r\gh association ) a s5sation1 may be effect$ ?r\gh association ) an idea4 ,if !re is any idea1 :i* ,i "k w occur to me at a p>ticul> "t1 ,i may r5d] myself z sure ( recall+ any ?+ :i* ,i wi% to rememb] at t "t1 by associat+ x ) ?is idea1 z if ,i associat$ x ) a s5sation4 ,suppose ,i "k t ! idea ( ,socrates w be pres5t to my m9d at twelve o'clock ?is day week3 if ,i wi% to rememb] at t "t some?+ :i* ,i h to d1 my purpose w be ga9$1 if ,i e/abli% betwe5 ! idea ( ,socrates1 & ! circum/ance :i* ,i wi% to rememb]1 su* an association t ! "o w call up ! o!r4 ,a v rem>kable application ( ?is pr9ciple (f]s itself to our contemplation1 9 ! artificial memory :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! anci5t orators & rhetoricians4 ,! orator made *oice ( a set ( objects1 suffici5t 9 numb] to answ] 8 purpose4 ,! ideas ( ^? objects he taught himself1 by frequ5t repetition1 to pass ?r\gh 8 m9d 9 "o con/ant ord]4 ,! objects :i* he *ose 7 commonly su* z aid$ him 9 fix+ !m accord+ to a c]ta9 ord] 9 8 memory2 ! p>ts1 = example1 ( "s public build+1 or o!r rem>kable assemblage4 ,hav+ s prep>$ himself1 ! mode 9 :i* he made use ( 8 ma*9]y 0 z foll[s4 ,! topics or s5tim5ts ( 8 spee* 7 #cbe to foll[ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,! p>ts ( ! build+ he _h *os5 z 8 in/rum5t _h previ\sly be5 taught to foll[ by association1 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,) ! fir/ ( ^!1 !n1 he associat$ ! fir/ topic ( 8 disc\rse2 ) ! second1 ! second1 & s on4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! build+ sugge/$ ! fir/ topic2 ! second1 ! second2 & ea* ano!r1 to ! end ( 8 disc\rse4#hi ,ba9's footnote #hi3 ,! conditions ( ! success ( ?is exp$i5t are int]e/+ to /udy z illu/rations ( ! work+ ( association4 ,! supposition is t ! p>ts ( ! build+ are p]fectly coh]5t 9 ! m9d1 t !y c recall ea* o!r easily & rapidly4 ,! advantage ga9$ w dep5d entirely ^u ! sup]ior facility ( atta*+ a head ( disc\rse to ! visible appe>ance ( a room1 z comp>$ ) ! facility ( atta*+ x to a previ\s head4 ,if we c =m an endur+ bond betwe5 a topic & ! picture ( an int]ior1 by a small] m5tal ef=t ?an is necess>y to conjo9 two successive topics1 !re is a ga9 by ! employm5t ( ! device2 ! diff]5ce ( ! two ef=ts is ! measure ( ! ga94 ,probably ! result w\ld dep5d ^u ! relative =ce ( ! pictorial & ! v]bal memory 9 ! individual m9d4 ,9 m9ds :]e ! pictorial elem5t prevails1 !re might be a positive advantage2 9 cases :]e ! pictorial p[] is feeble & ! v]bal p[] /rong1 !re w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be a dead loss4--,b4 ,we n only h ideas ( memory1 individually tak52 t is1 sep>ately1 ea* by itself2 z 9 ! in/ances :i* we h j be5 consid]+3 we h also tra9s ( su* ideas4 ,all n>ratives ( ev5ts :i* ourselves h witness$ are compos$ ( su* tra9s4 ,! ideas =m+ ^? tra9s d n foll[ "o ano!r 9 a =tuit\s mann]4 ,ea* succe$+ idea is call$ up by ! "o :i* #cbf prec$es x2 & e "o ( ^! successions takes place accord+ to a law ( association4 ,aft] a lapse ( _m ye>s1 ,i see ! h\se 9 :i* my fa!r di$4 ,in/antly a long tra9 ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) him rise 9 my m9d3 ! sight ( him on 8 dea?-b$2 8 pale & emaciat$ c\nt5ance2 ! calm cont5tm5t ) :i* he look$ =w>d to 8 end2 8 /rong solicitude1 t]m9at+ only ) life1 = ! happ9ess ( 8 son2 my own sympa!tic emotions :5 ,i saw him expire2 ! mode & guid+ pr9ciples ( 8 life2 ! ?read ( 8 hi/ory2 & s on4 ,9 ?is succession ( ideas1 ea* ( :i* is an idea ( memory1 !re is n a s+le l9k :i* is n =m$ by association2 n an idea :i* is n br\ght into exi/5ce by t :i* prec$es x4 ,:5soev] !re is a desire to fix any tra9 9 ! memory1 all m5 h rec\rse to "o & ! same exp$i5t4 ,!y practise :at is calculat$ to create a /rong association4 ,! gr& cause ( /rong associations is repetition4 ,?is1 accord+ly1 is ! common res\rce4 ,if any man1 = example1 wi%es to rememb] a passage ( a book1 he repeats x a suffici5t numb] ( times4 ,to ! man practis$ 9 apply+ ! pr9ciple ( association to ! ph5om5a 9 :i* x is conc]n$1 ! explication ( ?is process pres5ts itself imm$iately4 ,! repetition ( "o ^w aft] ano!r1 & ( "o idea aft] ano!r1 gives ! antec$5t ! p[] ( call+ up ! consequ5t f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( t portion ( disc\rse1 :i* x is ! purpose ( ! le>n] to rememb]4 ,t ! remembrance is produc$ 9 no o!r way1 #cbg is prov$ by a decisive exp]im5t4 ,=1 aft] a passage has be5 committ$ to memory 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 if ! le>n] attempts to repeat x 9 any o!r ord] ?an t1 accord+ to :i* ! association 0 =m$1 he w fail4 ,a man :o has be5 accu/om$ to repeat ! ,"l's ,pray]1 = example1 f 8 infancy1 w1 if he has nev] tri$ x1 f9d ! impossibility ( repeat+ x backw>ds1 small z ! numb] is ( ! words ( :i* x consi/s4 ,t words alone1 )\t ideas1 sugge/ "o ano!r 9 a tra91 is prov$ by our p[] ( repeat+ a numb] ( words ( an unkn[n language4#ij ,&1 x is wor? obs]v+1 t ! p[] ( ari?metical computation is dep5d5t ^u ! same process4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 a *ild le>ns ! multiplication table1 & says1 #aa times #aa is #aba1 or #ab times #ab is #add1 he annexes no ideas to ^? words2 b1 by =ce ( repetition1 ! expression #ab times #ab in/antly calls up ! expression #add1 or #aa times #aa ! expression #aba1 & s upw>ds f twice #b1 ) :i* he beg9s4 ,9 illu/rat+ ! mode 9 :i* repetition makes association m & m easy1 ,i us$ ! process ( ari?metical addition z a /rik+ example4 ,p]sons little accu/om$ to ! process p]=m x ) great difficulty2 p]sons #cbh mu* accu/om$ to x1 ) a/oni%+ facility4 ,9 m5 ( ! fir/ class1 ! association is imp]fectly =m$1 & ! sev]al antec$5t expressions sl[ly sugge/ ! prop] consequ5t ones2 9 ^? ( ! latt] class ! association is v p]fectly =m$1 & ! expressions sugge/ "o ano!r ) ! greate/ exp$ition & ease4 ,editor's footnote #ij3 ,!re is "h a lapse1 ( m]e expression4 ,! mean+ is n t words sugge/ "o ano!r )\t ideas2 words d n sugge/ words1 b ! ideas ( words4 ,! au?or int5d$ to say t words1 or ! ideas ( !m1 (t5 sugge/ ! ideas ( o!r words 7=m+ a s]ies7 )\t sugge/+ along ) !m any ideas ( ! ?+s :i* ^? words signify4--,ed4 ,?us f> we h proce$$ ) facility4 ,9 ,memory !re are ideas1 & ^? ideas bo? rise up s+ly1 & are connect$ 9 tra9s by association4 ,! same occurs 9 ,imag9ation4 ,imag9ation consi/s ( ideas1 bo? sugge/$ s+ly1 & connect$ 9 tra9s1 by association4 ,?is is ! :ole acc\nt ( ,imag9ation4 ,b ,memory is n ! same ) ,imag9ation4 ,we all "k1 :5 we say1 we imag9e a ?+1 t we h n ! same mean+1 z :5 we say1 we rememb] x4 ,memory1 !re=e1 has 9 x all t ,imag9ation has2 b x mu/ also h some?+ m4 ,we are n[1 !n1 to inquire :at t additional some?+ is4 ,!re are two cases ( ,memory4 ,"o is1 :5 we rememb] s5sations4 ,! o!r is1 :5 we rememb] ideas4 ,! fir/ is1 :5 we rememb] :at we h se51 felt1 he>d1 ta/$1 or smelt4 ,! second is1 :5 we rememb] :at we h ?\ght1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! s5ses4 ,i rememb] to h se5 & he>d ,george ,,iii1 :5 mak+ a spee* at ! op5+ ( 8 ,p>liam5t4 ,?is is a case ( s5sation4 ,i rememb] my conceptions ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon & 8 audi5ce1 :5 ,i read ! acc\nt ( 8 fir/ address to ! ,fr5* ,*amb]s4 ,?is is a case ( ideas4 #cbi ,we %all consid] ! case ( s5sations fir/4 ,:at is x to rememb] any ?+ ,i h se58 ,fir/1 !re is ! idea ( x2 & t idea br\ght into exi/5ce by association4 ,b1 9 ,memory1 !re is n only ! idea ( ! ?+ rememb]$2 !re is also ! idea ( my hav+ se5 x4 ,n[ ^! two1 #a1 ! idea ( ! ?+1 #b1 ! idea ( my hav+ se5 x1 comb9$1 make up1 x w n be d\bt$1 ! :ole ( t /ate ( consci\sness :i* we call memory4#ia ,editor's footnote #ia3 ,! doctr9e :i* ! au?or ?9ks w n be d\bt$ is m ?an d\bt$ by mo/ p1 & 9 my judgm5t rightly4 ,to complete ! memory ( see+ ! ?+1 ,i mu/ h n only ! idea ( ! ?+1 & ! idea ( my hav+ se5 x1 b ! belief ( my hav+ se5 x2 & ev5 ?is is n always en\gh2 = ,i may believe on ! au?ority ( o!rs t ,i h se5 a ?+ :i* ,i h no remembrance ( see+4--,ed4 ,b :at is x we are to und]/& by :at ,i h call$ ! idea ( my hav+ se5 ! object8 ,?is is a v complex idea2 &1 9 exp\nd+1 cle>ly1 to ! compreh5sion ( p]sons1 n famili> ) ^! solutions1 ! import & =ce ( a v complex idea1 lies all ! difficulty ( ! case4 ,x w be necess>y = su* p]sons to call to m9d ! illu/rations !y h already contemplat$ ( ! rem>kable case ( association1 9 :i* a long tra9 ( ideas is call$ up s rapidly z to appe> b "o idea2 & also ! o!r rem>kable case1 9 :i* "o idea is s /rongly associat$ ) ano!r1 t x is out ( our p[] to sep>ate !m4 ,?us1 :5 we use ! ^w battle1 ! m9d runs ov] ! #ccj tra9 ( c\ntless acts1 f ! beg9n+ ( t op]ation to ! end2 & x does ?is s rapidly1 t ! ideas are all clu/]$ into "o1 :i* x calls a battle4 ,9 l mann]1 x clu/]s a s]ies ( battles1 & all ! int]m$iate op]ations1 into "o idea1 & calls x a campaign2 also sev]al campaigns into "o idea1 & calls x a w>4 ,( ! same nature is ! comp\nd idea1 :i* we d5ote by ! ^w ye>2 & ! /ill m comp\nd idea1 :i* we d5ote by ! ^w c5tury4 ,! m9d runs ov] a long tra9 ( ideas1 & comb9es !m s closely toge!r1 t !y assume ! appe>ance ( a s+le idea2 to :i*1 9 ! "o case1 we assign ! "n ye>1 9 ! o!r1 ! "n c5tury4 ,9 my remembrance ( ,george ,,iii41 address+ ! two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 !re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! m]e idea1 or simple appreh5sion2 ! conception z x is sometimes call$1 ( ! objects4 ,!re is comb9$ ) ?is1 to make x memory1 my idea ( my hav+ se5 & he>d ^? objects4 ,& ?is comb9ation is s close1 t x is n 9 my p[] to sep>ate !m4 ,i _c h ! idea ( ,george ,,iii42 8 p]son & attitude1 ! pap] he held 9 8 h&1 ! s\nd ( 8 voice :ile read+ f x1 ! ?rone1 ! ap>tm5t1 ! audi5ce2 )\t hav+ ! o!r idea along ) x1 t ( my hav+ be5 a witness ( ! sc5e4 ,n[1 9 ?is la/-m5tion$ "p ( ! comp\nd1 x is easy to p]ceive two important elem5ts2 ! idea ( my pres5t self1 ! rememb]+ self2 & ! idea ( my pa/ self1 ! rememb]$ or witness+ self4 ,^! two ideas /& at ! two ends ( a portion ( my be+2 t is1 ( a s]ies ( my /ates #cca ( consci\sness4 ,t s]ies consi/s ( ! successive /ates ( my consci\sness1 int]v5+ betwe5 ! mom5t ( p]ception1 or ! pa/ mom5t1 & ! mom5t ( memory1 or ! pres5t mom5t4 ,:at happ5s at ! mom5t ( memory8 ,! m9d runs back f t mom5t to ! mom5t ( p]ception4 ,t is to say1 x runs ov] ! int]v5+ /ates ( consci\sness1 call$ up by association4 ,b to run ov] a numb] ( /ates ( consci\sness1 call$ up by association1 is b ano!r mode ( say+1 t we associate !m2 & 9 ?is case we associate !m s rapidly & closely1 t !y run1 z x 71 into a s+le po9t ( consci\sness1 to :i* ! "n ,,memory is assign$4 ,if ?is explanation ( ! case 9 :i* we rememb] s5sations is und]/ood1 ! explanation ( ! case 9 :i* we rememb] ideas _c occasion mu* ( difficulty4 ,i h a lively recollection ( ,polyphemus's cave1 & ! actions ( ,ulysses & ! ,cyclops1 z describ$ by ,hom]4 ,9 ?is recollection !re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! ideas1 or simple conceptions ( ! objects & acts2 & along ) ^! ideas1 & s closely comb9$ z n to be sep>able1 ! idea ( my hav+ =m]ly _h ^? same ideas4 ,& ?is idea ( my hav+ =m]ly _h ^? ideas1 is a v complicat$ idea2 includ+ ! idea ( myself ( ! pres5t mom5t rememb]+1 & t ( myself ( ! pa/ mom5t conceiv+2 & ! :ole s]ies ( ! /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* int]v5$ betwe5 myself rememb]+1 & myself conceiv+4 ,if we contemplate =getfulness1 n memory1 we %all see h[ completely ! acc\nt ( x confirms ! acc\nt we h j r5d]$ ( memory4 ,e #ccb case ( =getfulness1 is a case ( weak5$1 or ext9ct1 association4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,i c\ld repeat a c]ta9 disc\rse ) accuracy & ease1 f beg9n+ to end2 attempt+ x1 ! o!r day1 ,i 0 unable to repeat m ?an a few s5t5ces4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! la/ ( ! words & ideas :i* occurr$ to me fail$ to sugge/ ! foll[+2 t is to say1 ! association :i* =m]ly exi/$ betwe5 !m 0 dissolv$4 ,a rem>kable piece ( natural sc5]y1 compos$ ( m\nta9s1 woods1 riv]s1 lakes1 ocean1 flocks1 h]ds1 cultivat$ fields1 gay cottages1 & spl5did palaces1 ( :i* ,i _h a lively recollection _m ye>s ago1 pres5ts itself to me n[ v mu* fad$3 9 o!r words1 a great v>iety ( ! circum/ances1 :i* make up ! detail & m9ute features ( ! sc5e1 7 =m]ly rememb]$ by me1 b are n[ =gott54 ,& h[ =gott58 ,! mann] is obvi\s4 ,! great] features1 :i* ,i /ill rememb]1 _h =m]ly ! p[] ( call+ up ! small] along ) !m1 & ! :ole sc5e 0 reviv$2 ! association gradually decl9+1 ! great objects h no long] ! p[] to excite ! idea ( ! small2 & !y are !re=e gone f me = ev]4 ,!re are ?+s ( :i* ,i h s entirely lo/ ! recollection1 t x nev] c be reviv$4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! associations :i* 7 =m$ betwe5 ! ideas ( !m1 & o!r ideas1 are s completely dissolv$1 t none ( my pres5t ideas has ! p[] ( excit+ !m4 ,x is obs]vable1 t s5sations h a /rong] p[] to excite recollections ?an is possess$ by #ccc ideas4#ib ,a man1 aft] an abs5ce ( _m ye>s1 revisits ! sc5es ( 8 infancy3 a v>iety ( circum/ances cr[d into 8 memory1 :i*1 b = ! sc5e be=e him1 w\ld nev] h be5 rememb]$ aga94 ,^! are ! circum/ances betwe5 :i*1 & ! p]ception ( ! pri/9e objects1 ! association is n yet dissolv$4 ,!re are o!r circum/ances1 )\t numb]1 :i* 7! association be+ completely dissolv$7 n ev5 t p]ception c revive1 & :i* nev] c be rememb]$ m4 ,ba9's footnote #ib3 ,?is is = no o!r reason ?an ! sup]ior int5sity or impressiv5ess ( ! actual z comp>$ ) ! ideal4 ,al?\gh z a rule1 ! s5sation has a great] hold ( ! m9d1 ?an ! correspond+ idea1 !re are exceptions4 ,an idea may sometimes be accompani$ ) an int5sity ( m5tal occupation & excitem5t1 surpass+ ! reality3 :at we h look$ at ) indiff]5ce :5 x occurr$1 may take on an extraord9>y importance 9 ! retrospect2 9 :i* case its p[] ( resuscitat+ collat]al circum/ances w be f> great] ?an ! p[] ( ! orig9al s5sation4--,b4 ,we h se5 t !re are two cases ( memory2 t 9 :i* s5sations are rememb]$1 & t 9 :i* ideas4 ,x is said1 t !re are m51 :o1 by (t5 tell+ a m5daci\s /ory z true1 come at la/ to believe x to be true4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! fact is1 t a case ( ! memory ( ideas1 comes to be mi/ak5 = a case ( ! memory ( s5sations4 ,h[ did ! man "k at fir/ t x 0 a fictiti\s /ory2 & h[ did he aft]w>ds lose t k8 ,he knew1 at fir/1 by c]ta9 associations2 he lo/ 8 k1 by los+ ^? associations1 & #ccd acquir+ o!rs 9 _! /ead4 ,:5 he fir/ told ! /ory1 ! circum/ances relat$ call$ up to turn ! idea ( himself fabricat+ ! /ory4 ,?is 0 ! memory ( ! fabrication4 ,9 repeat+ ! /ory z real1 ! idea ( himself fabricat+ ! /ory is hurri$ ov] rapidly2 ! idea ( himself z actor 9 ! /ory is dwelt ^u ) great emphasis4 ,9 cont9u$ repetitions1 ! fir/ circum/ance be+ att5d$ to z little z possible1 ! association ( x gr[s weak] & weak]2 ! o!r circum/ance engross+ ! att5tion1 ! association ( x gr[s /rong] & /rong]2 till ! weak] is at la/ :olly ov]p[]$ by ! /rong]1 & ceases to h any effect4 ,9 delirium1 madness1 & dreams1 m5 believe t :at !y only imag9e1 !y he>1 see1 & d4 ,?is s f> agrees ) ! case ( =getfulness1 j expla9$1 t1 9 bo?1 !re is a mi/ake ( ideas = s5sations2 b1 9 ! case ( memory1 x is a mi/ake ( pa/ ideas = pa/ s5sations2 9 delirium1 madness1 & dream+1 x is a mi/ake ( pres5t ideas = pres5t s5sations4 ,h[ m5 9 s\nd memory di/+ui% ! ideas rememb]$1 f s5sations rememb]$1 & "k t ! "o is n ! o!r1 seems to be acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,a s5sation is diff]5t f an idea1 only because x is felt to be diff]5t2 & be+ felt to be diff]5t1 & kn[n to be diff]5t1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,i h a s5sation2 ,i h an idea3 if ^! two are di/+ui%able 9 ! hav+1 x is likely t ! copy ( ! s5sation %\ld be di/+ui%able f ! revival ( ! idea1 :5 !y are bo? br\ght up by association2 j z :5 ,i #cce h two di/+ui%able s5sations1 "o1 = example1 ( r$1 & ano!r ( black1 ! copies ( !m1 :5 br\ght up by association1 are di/+ui%able4 ,besides1 ! accompanim5ts ( a s5sation are always g5]ically diff]5t f ^? ( an idea2 ( c\rse1 ! associations are g5]ically diff]5t4 ,! accompanim5ts ( a s5sation1 are all ! simultane\s objects ( s5sation1 toge!r ) all ^? :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 bo? prec$$ & foll[$ x4 ,! accompanim5ts ( an idea are n ! simultane\s objects ( s5sation1 b o!r ideas2 namely1 ! neighb\r+ p>ts1 antec$5t & consequ5t1 ( ! m5tal tra94 ,a s5sation1 !re=e1 call$ up by association1 & an idea call$ up by association1 are di/+ui%$ bo? by ! diff]5ce ( ! two feel+s1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! associat$ circum/ances4 ,x is obs]vable1 t ! idea ( a s5sation call$ up by association1 & recognis$ z ! idea ( a s5sation1 is ( c\rse a remembrance4 ,! recognition consi/s 9 t highly complex idea1 consi/+ ( ?ree pr9cipal +r$i5ts3 #a1 ! po9t ( consci\sness call$ ! rememb]+ self2 #b1 ! po9t ( consci\sness call$ ! p]cipi5t self2 #c1 ! successive /ates ( consci\sness :i* fill$ up ! int]val1 betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,an idea call$ up by association is n necess>ily a remembrance2 x is only a remembrance :5 recognis$ z hav+ be5 an idea be=e4 ,& x is recognis$ z hav+ be5 an idea be=e1 by ! association ( t idea1 :i* connects ! self ( ! pres5t mom5t ) ! self ( ! pa/ mom5t1 ! rememb]+ self ) ! conceiv+ self3 9 o!r #ccf words1 ! complex idea is made up ( ^? two selfs & ! int]m$iate /ates ( consci\sness4 ,ano!r di/9ction is "h sugge/$ betwe5 ! memory ( a s5sation & ! memory ( an idea4 ,! complex idea1 :i* ne$s to be associat$ ) a m]e simple idea1 to make x memory1 is n ! same 9 ! two cases4 ,!re is a specific diff]5ce4 ,! self :i* is at ! antec$5t end ( ! associat$ tra91 79 ! case ( s5sation17 is ! s5ti5t self2 t is1 see+ or he>+2 ! self at ! antec$5t end ( ! associat$ tra91 79 ! case ( ideas17 is n ! s5ti5t self1 b ! conceptive self1 self hav+ an idea4 ,b myself p]cipi5t1 & my self imag9+ or conceiv+1 are two v diff]5t /ates ( consci\sness3 ( c\rse ! ideas ( ^! /ates ( consci\sness1 or ^! /ates reviv$ by association1 are v diff]5t ideas4 ,! simple/ ( all cases ( memory is t ( a s5sation imm$iately pa/4 ,i h "o s5sation1 & ano!r s5sation2 call !m ,a & ,b2 & ,i recognise !m z successive4 ,e man has exp]i5ce ( ! fact1 & is famili> ) x4 ,b n e man c tell :at x involves4 ,:5 a s5sation ceases1 x is z completely gone1 z if x _h nev] exi/$4#ic ,x is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 #ccg reviv$ aga9 9 its idea4 ,b t idea mu/ be call$ into exi/5ce by some?+ ) :i* x is associat$4 ,9 my two s5sations1 suppos$ above1 ! "o antec$5t1 ! o!r consequ5t1 h[ d ,i recognise ! succession2 if ! fir/ is gone1 be=e ! com+ ( ! second8 ,x is evid5t t x mu/ be by memory4 ,& h[ by memory8 ,! prec$+ developm5ts seem to make ! process cle>4 ,! consci\sness ( ! pres5t mom5t calls up ! idea ( ! consci\sness ( ! prec$+ mom5t4 ,! consci\sness ( ! pres5t mom5t is n absolutely simple2 =1 :e!r ,i h a s5sation or idea1 ! idea ( :at ,i call ,myself is always insep>ably comb9$ ) x4 ,! consci\sness1 !n1 ( ! second ( ! two mom5ts 9 ! case suppos$1 is ! s5sation comb9$ ) ! idea ( ,myself1 :i* comp\nd ,i call ,myself ,s5ti5t4 ,?is ,self ,s5ti5t1 9 o!r words s5sation ,b1 comb9$ ) ! idea ( self1 calls up ! idea ( s5sation ,a comb9$ ) ! idea ( self4 ,?is we call ,,memory2 &1 !re be+ no int]m$iate l9k1 imm$iate ,,memory4 ,suppose t1 in/ead ( two s5sations1 !re _h be5 ?ree1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,9 ord] #cch to rememb] ,a1 x is necess>y to /ep ov] ,b4 ,! consci\sness ( ! ?ird mom5t1 namely1 s5sation ,c1 unit$ ) ! idea ( self1 calls up ! idea ( s5sation ,a1 unit$ ) ! idea ( self1 & along ) ?is ! int]m$iate /ate ( consci\sness1 ,b1 ) ! con/ant concomitant self4 ,if ! int]m$iate /ate1 ,b1 7 n includ$1 ! s5sation ,a w\ld appe> to h imm$iately prec$$ s5sation ,c1 & ! memory w\ld be inaccurate4 ,ba9's footnote #ic3 ,?is is a /atem5t t %\ld be qualifi$4 ,look+ to ! *ange ( outw>d situation1 we may say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t reality1 & ! idea ( x :5 pa/1 is total & va/3 ! wide prospect be=e ! eyes at "o mom5t is gone1 annihilat$1 non-exi/5t4 ,b look+ at ! m5tal process1 we mu/ use m mod]ate language4 ,! m9d does n adapt itself to ! new situation ) ! same rapidity4 ,if "o is v mu* impress$ ) a picture1 "o ma9ta9s ! rapt attitude = a little "t1 aft] ! picture is )drawn1 & only by degrees loses ! hold 9 fav\r ( ! next ?+ pres5t$ to ! view4 ,x is possible = u to resi/ ! solicitation ( ! actual sc5e1 & to be absorb$ to ! full measure ( actuality by some?+ no long] actual4 ,! imm$iate pa/ may /ill divide ! empire ) ! pres5t4 ,! psy*ological transition foll[s a diff]5t law f ! objective transition3 a circum/ance 9 no small degree involv$ 9 ! subtle "q ( our m5tal cont9uity or p]sonal id5tity4--,b4 ,we h ?us c>ri$ ! analysis ( ,memory to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,we h f\nd ! association to consi/ ( ?ree p>ts2 ! rememb]+ self2 ! rememb]$ self2 & ! tra9 :i* int]v5$4 ,( ^! ?ree p>ts1 ! la/ has be5 fully exp\nd$4 ,! recall+ ( ! successive /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* compos$ ! int]v5+ tra91 is an ord9>y case ( association4 ,! o!r p>ts1 ! two selfs1 at ! two extremities ( ?is tra91 require fur!r consid]ation4 ,! self1 at ! fir/ end1 is ! rememb]$ self2 ! self :i* _h a s5sation1 or an idea4 ,! idea ( ?is self1 !re=e1 consi/s ( two p>ts3 ( self1 & a s5sation1 or an idea4 ,! la/-m5tion$ "p ( ?is comb9ation1 ! s5sation or idea1 ne$s no explanation2 ! fir/1 t :i* is call$ self1 does4 ,! self at ! o!r extremity ( ! *a9 ( consci\sness1 is ! rememb]+ self4 ,rememb]+ is associat+4 ,! idea ( ?is self1 !n1 is ! comb9ation ( self ) ! idea ( associat+4 ,& "h1 too1 associat+ ne$s no explanation2 x is ! o!r "p ( ! comb9ation t does4 ,! analysis1 !n1 ( ,,self1 or ! acc\nt ( :at is includ$ 9 t /ate ( consci\sness commonly #cci call$ ! idea ( p]sonal id5tity1 is /ill want+ to ! complete developem5t ( ,memory4 ,philosoph]s tell u also1 t ! idea ( ,"t is includ$ 9 e act ( ,,memory2 & aga91 t x is f ,,memory we obta9 our idea ( ,"t3 ?us ass]t+ t ! idea ( ,"t mu/ prec$e ,,memory1 & t ,,memory mu/ prec$e ! idea ( ,"t4 ,^! contradict+ propositions imply t ! idea ( ,"t 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o make !m1 is a v confus$ idea4 ,nev]!less1 z !re c be no memory )\t ! idea call$ ,"t1 ! exposition ( t idea1 likewise1 is necess>y to ! full und]/&+ ( ,memory4 ,! idea ( p]sonal ,,id5tity1 & ! idea ( ,,"t1 two v rem>kable /ates ( consci\sness1 w be v c>efully exam9$ h]eaft]4 ,b = ! m ready und]/&+ ( :at is necess>y to be adduc$ 9 exp\nd+ ^? complicat$ cases ( association1 "s o!r ph5om5a ( ! m9d w fir/ be expla9$4 ,:at is to be und]/ood by t ,,belief :i* is said to accompany ,,memory1 w be se5 9 ! next *apt]1 :]e all ! diff]5t cases ( belief w be resolv$ into _! elem5ts4#id ,editor's footnote #id3 ,! only difficulty ab\t ,memory1 :5 once ! laws ( ,association are und]/ood1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ,imag9ation2 b ?is is a diff]5ce :i* w probably long cont9ue to p]plex philosoph]s4 ,! au?or f9ds 9 ,memory1 besides ! idea ( ! fact rememb]$1 two o!r ideas3 ! idea ( my pres5t self1 ! rememb]+ self1 & ! idea ( my pa/ self1 ! rememb]$ or witness+ self3 & a suppos$ rapid repetition 9 ?\ght1 ( ! :ole ( ! impressions :i* ,i receiv$ betwe5 ! "t rememb]$ & ! #cdj "t ( rememb]+4 ,b 7ap>t f ! "q :e!r we really d repeat 9 ?\ght1 h[ev] summ>ily1 all ?is s]ies7 expla9+ memory by ,self seems v l expla9+ a ?+ by ! ?+4 ,= :at notion ( ,self c we h1 ap>t f ,memory8 ,! fact ( rememb]+1 i4e4 ( hav+ an idea comb9$ ) ! belief t ! correspond+ s5sation 0 actually felt by me1 seems to be ! v elem5t>y fact ( ,self1 ! orig9 & f\ndation ( ! idea2 presuppos$ 9 our hav+ ! v complex notion ( a ,self1 :i* is "h introduc$ to expla9 x4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! au?or admits t ! ph5om5on ( ,belief1 & ! notions ( ,"t & ( ,p]sonal ,id5tity1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ord] to give a complete explanation ( ,memory1 any fur!r rem>ks _h bett] be def]r$ until ^! subjects h be5 regul>ly br\ght "u our consid]ation4--,ed4 #cda ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,belief4 ,cette re*]*e peut inf9im5t contribu] aux progrs de l'art de raisonn]2 elle le peut seule dvelopp] jusques dans ses premi]s pr9cipes4 ,en effet1 n\s ne dc\vrirons pas une manire sre de conduire con/amm5t nos p5ses2 si n\s ne savons pas comm5t elles se sont =mes4--,condillac1 ,trait des ,s5sations1 p4 #dfj4 ,,x is n easy to treat ( ,,memory1 ,,belief1 & ,,judgm5t1 sep>ately4 ,=1 9 ! rude & unskilful mann] 9 :i* nam+ has be5 p]=m$1 ! /ates ( consci\sness1 m>k$ by ^? t]ms1 are n sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,"p ( t :i* is nam$ by ,,memory is includ$ "u ! t]m ,,belief2 & "p ( t :i* is nam$ by ,,judgm5t1 is also includ$ "u ! "n ,,belief4 ,,belief1 !re=e1 in/ead ( hav+ a di/9ct prov9ce to itself1 encroa*es on ! prov9ces bo? ( ,,memory1 & ,,judgm5t2 f :i* great confusion has aris54 ,i take ,,memory fir/1 & ,,judgm5t la/1 f no o!r pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 ?an facility ( #cdb exposition2 & ,i h 9 ?is way f\nd x conv5i5t to treat ( ,,judgm5t z a case ( ,,belief4#ie ,editor's footnote #ie3 ,h[ is x possible to treat ( ,belief )\t includ+ 9 x ,memory & ,judgm5t8 ,memory is a case ( belief4 ,9 :at does ,memory diff] f ,imag9ation1 except 9 ! belief t :at x repres5ts did really take place8 ,judgm5t1 9 its popul> acceptation1 is ,belief result+ f delib]ate exam9ation1 9 o!r words1 ,belief gr\nd$ on evid5ce3 :ile 9 its philosophical s5se x is coext5sive1 if n synonym\s1 ) ,belief itself4 ,i d n "k h[ x is possible to di/+ui% a judgm5t f any o!r process ( ! m9d1 except by its be+ an act ( belief4--,ed4 ,we beg9 z usual ) ! simple/ cases4 ,^! are1 ! case ( a simple s5sation1 & ! case ( a simple idea4 ,:5 we h a s5sation1 we ,,believe t we h x2 :5 we h an idea1 we ,,believe t we h x4 ,b1 to h a s5sation1 & to believe t we h x1 are n di/+ui%able ?+s4 ,:5 ,i say ,i h a s5sation1 & say1 ,i believe t ,i h x1 ,i d n express two /ates ( consci\sness1 b "o & ! same /ate4 ,a s5sation is a feel+2 b a feel+1 & ! belief ( x are ! same ?+4 ,! obs]vation applies equally to ideas4 ,:5 ,i say ,i h ! idea ( ! sun1 ,i express ! same ?+ exactly1 z :5 ,i say1 t ,i believe ,i h x4 ,! feel+ is "o1 ! names1 only1 are two4#if #ig ,ba9's footnote #if3 ,9 ! case ( a pres5t reality1 belief has no place2 x c be introduc$ only by a fiction or a figure4 ,! believ+ /ate comes into op]ation :5 some?+ ?\ght ( is /ill remote1 & atta9able by an int]m$iate ex]tion4 ,! fact ,i see ! sun is full fruition3 ! fact t ,i c see ! sun by go+ out ( doors af=ds scope = belief or disbelief4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #ig3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,ba9 & ! au?or is b 9 language & classification4 ,x is necess>y = ! read] ( ! ,analysis to rememb]1 t ! au?or uses ! ^w ,belief z ! mo/ g5]al t]m = e species ( conviction or assurance2 ! assurance ( :at is be=e our eyes1 z well z ( t :i* we only rememb] or expect2 ( :at we "k by direct p]ception1 z well z ( :at we accept on ! evid5ce ( te/imony or ( reason+3 all ?is we are conv9c$ or p]suad$ (2 all ?is1 9 ! au?or's language1 we believe4 ,mr4 ,ba91 on ! o!r h&1 l ,sir ,william ,hamilton & _m o!rs1 re/ricts ! t]m to ^? cases ( conviction :i* are %ort ( direct intuition4--,ed4 #cdc ,x may be alleg$ t1 :5 ,i say ,i h a s5sation1 ,i express ! simple feel+1 z d]iv$ f ! outw>d s5se2 b t :5 ,i say ,i believe ,i h a s5sation1 ,i express two ?+s1 ! simple s5sation1 & ! association ) x1 ( t rem>kable idea1 ! idea ( myself4 ,! association1 h[ev]1 is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,z ,i nev] h ! s5sation ( an object1 ! sight1 = example1 ( a rose1 )\t associat+ ) x1 ! idea ( position1 & also t ( unity2 nor ! idea ( su* an object1 )\t ! same association2 s ,i nev] h a s5sation1 nor ! idea ( t s5sation1 )\t associat+ ) x1 ! idea ( myself4 ,& 9 bo? cases1 ! associations are ( t rem>kable class1 :i* we h d5om9at$ insep>able4 ,x is n 9 our p[] to prev5t !m4 ,:5soev] ! p]ception ( ! object exi/s1 ! idea ( its position is sure to exi/ along ) x2 :5soev] "o ( my s5sations exi/s1 ! idea ( myself exi/s along ) #cdd x2 :5soev] "o ( my ideas exi/s1 ! idea ( myself is sure to exi/ along ) x4 ,9 ! case1 !n1 ( a pres5t s5sation1 & t ( a pres5t idea2 ! s5sation1 & ! belief ( ! s5sation2 ! idea1 & ! belief ( ! idea1 are n two ?+s2 !y are1 9 ea* case1 "o & ! same ?+2 a s+le ?+1 ) a d\ble "n4 ,! sev]al cases ( ,belief may be consid]$ "u ?ree heads3 ,i41 ,belief 9 ev5ts1 real exi/5ces2 ,,ii41 ,belief 9 te/imony2 & ,,iii41 ,belief 9 ! tru? ( propositions4 ,we %all consid] !m 9 _! ord]2 & fir/1 ,belief 9 ev5ts1 real exi/5ces4 ,i4 ,?is is subdivid$ into ?ree di/9ct cases3 #a1 ,belief 9 pres5t ev5ts2 #b1 ,belief 9 pa/ ev5ts2 #c1 ,belief 9 future ev5ts4 #a4 ,belief 9 pres5t ev5ts1 aga91 is divid$ into two cases3 #a1 ,belief 9 imm$iate exi/5ces pres5t to my s5ses2 #b1 ,belief 9 imm$iate exi/5ces n pres5t to my s5ses4 ,belief 9 exi/5ces pres5t to my s5ses1 includes1 = "o elem5t1 belief 9 my s5sations2 & belief 9 my s5sations1 z we h j obs]v$1 is only ano!r "n = hav+ ! s5sations4 ,b belief 9 ! ext]nal objects1 is n simply belief 9 my pres5t s5sations2 x is ?is1 & some?+ m4 ,! some?+ m1 is n[ ! object ( our inquiry4 ,i see1 = example1 a rose3 my s5sation is a s5sation ( sight3 t ( a c]ta9 modification ( light2 b my belief ( ! rose is n ?is2 x is ?is1 & mu* m4 ,besides ! s5sation ( col\r1 ,i h1 = "o ?+1 ! belief ( a c]ta9 di/ance1 at :i* ,i see #cde ! rose2 & t ( a c]ta9 figure1 consi/+ ( leaves dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 =m4 ,i believe t ,i see ?is di/ance & =m2 9 o!r words1 p]ceive x by ! eye1 z imm$iately z ,i p]ceive ! col\r4 ,n[ ?is la/ "p ( ! process has be5 expla9$ by v>i\s philosoph]s4 ,!re is no dispute1 or unc]ta9ty1 ab\t ! matt]4 ,all m5 admit1 t ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( all cases ( belief1 is :olly resolvable into association4#ih ,x is ackn[l$g$1 t1 by ! s5se ( sight1 we receive no s5sation b t ( a c]ta9 modification ( light4 ,x is equally prov$1 t ! s5sations f :i* our ideas ( di/ance & figure are d]iv$1 are s5sations ( ! muscul> actions & t\*4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! ,belief g5]at$1 t we see ext5sion & figure1 z well z col\r8 ,aft] ! exp]i5ce ! le>n] has n[ _h 9 trac+ ! rapid comb9ations ( ! m9d1 ?is pres5ts b little difficulty4 ,he kn[s1 t :5 we are receiv+ ?r\gh ! muscles & ! t\*1 ! s5sations :i* yield u ! idea ( ext5sion & figure1 we are receiv+ ! s5sations ( sight at ! same "t1 f ! same objects4 ,! s5sations ( sight1 !re=e1 are #cdf associat$ ) ! ideas ( ^! tactile & muscul> s5sations2 & associat$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect possible mann]2 because ! conjunction is almo/ inv>iable1 & ( incessant occurr5ce1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( life4 ,we are p]petually feel+1 & see+1 ! same objects1 at ! same "t2 s mu* s1 t our lives may be said to consi/ ( ^? s5sations 9 union2 to consi/1 at lea/ to a f> great] degree1 ( ?is1 ?an ( any "o o!r /ate ( consci\sness4 ,editor's footnote #ih3 ,all m5 admit4 ,c]ta9ly n all m52 ?\gh1 at ! "t :5 ! au?or wrote1 x might be said1 ) "s plausibility1 all psy*ologi/s4 ,un=tunately ?is c no long] be said3 ,mr4 ,samuel ,bailey has dem&$ a rehe>+ ( ! "q1 & has pron\nc$ a /rong & reason$ op9ion on ! contr>y side2 & 8 example has be5 foll[$ by sev]al o!r writ]s3 b )\t1 9 my op9ion1 at all weak5+ ! position :i* s9ce ! publication ( ,b]keley's ,essay on ,vision1 _h be5 almo/ unanim\sly ma9ta9$ by philosoph]s4--,ed4 ,?is int5sity ( association1 we "k1 produces two effects4 ,"o1 is to bl5d ! associat$ feel+s s intimately toge!r1 t !y no long] appe> _m1 b "o feel+4 ,! o!r is1 to r5d] ! comb9ation insep>able2 s t if "o ( ! feel+s exi/1 ! o!rs necess>ily exi/ along ) x4 ,! case ( association :i* we are n[ consid]+1 br+s to view ano!r circum/ance1 ( "s importance 9 trac+ ! effects ( ?is great law ( our nature4 ,x is ?is3 t 9 any associat$ clu/]1 ! idea ( sight is almo/ always ! preval5t "p4 ,! visible idea is t :i* takes ! lead1 z x 72 & s]ves z ! sugge/+ pr9ciple to ! re/4 ,s x happ5s 9 ! comb9ation ( ! s5sations ( col\r1 ) ^? ( ext5sion & figure3 ! visible idea /&s =emo/2 & calls up ! re/4 ,x calls !m up also ) su* int5sity1 t bo? ! rem>kable cases ( association are exemplifi$4 ,:5ev] we h ! s5sation ( col\r1 we _c avoid hav+ ! ideas ( di/ance1 ( ext5sion1 & figure1 along ) x2 nor c we avoid hav+ !m 9 su* intimate union ) ! ocul> s5sation1 t !y appe> to be t s5sation itself4 #cdg ,?is is ! :ole ( :at is ev] suppos$ to be 9 ! case4 ,( no ph5om5on ( ! human m9d is ! developem5t m complete or m important4 ,our belief t we see ! %ape1 & size1 & di/ance ( ! object we look at1 is z p]fect z belief 9 any in/ance c be4 ,b ?is belief is no?+ m ?an a case ( v close association4 ,! case ( belief by association1 any "o may illu/rate fur!r1 = himself1 by recollect+ "s ( ! commone/ cases ( optical deception4 ,if we look at a l&scape ) ! nak$ eye1 we believe ! sev]al objects be=e u1 ! m51 ! animals1 ! trees1 ! h\ses1 ! hills1 to be at c]ta9 di/ances4 ,if we next look at !m ?r\gh a telescope1 !y seem z if !y 7 br\ght ne>2 we h ! di/9ct belief ( _! proximity1 & ?\gh a belief imm$iately correct$ by accompany+ reflection1 x is n only belief1 b a belief t we c by no means %ake (f4 ,we c1 aft] ?is1 inv]t ! telescope1 & !n we _c help believ+1 t ! ne>e/ objects are remov$ to a di/ance4 ,n[ :at is x t ! telescope p]=ms 9 ^! two in/ances8 ,x modifies 9 a c]ta9 mann] ! rays ( light to ! eye4 ,! rays1 proce$+ f ! objects1 are s di/ribut$ on ! eye1 z !y w\ld be if ! di/ance ( ! objects 0 less1 or great]4 ,in/antly we h ! belief t x is less or great]2 because1 ! s5sation ( ! eye1 by means ( ! glass1 is made to resemble t :i* x receives1 :5 objects are se5 at a small] or great] di/ance2 & ea* ( ! s5sations calls up t idea ( di/ance :i* is habitually associat$ ) x4 ,we h ?us f> proce$$1 ) "s c]ta9ty1 #cdh 9 detect+ ! compon5t p>ts ( t :i* we call our belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects4 ,we h tak5 acc\nt ( ! s5sation f :i* is d]iv$ ! visible idea1 ( ! s5sations f :i* are d]iv$ ! ideas ( position1 ext5sion1 & figure2 & we h expla9$ ! intimate comb9ation ( ^? two sets ( ideas by association4 ,b ^!1 ?\gh ! lead+ s5sations & ideas1 are n ! only ones4 ,!re are1 besides1 ! s5sations f :i* we d]ive ! idea ( resi/ance1 9 all its modifications1 f t ( air1 to t ( adamant4 ,!re are also s5sations :i* are n common to all objects1 b peculi> to "s2 z smell1 peculi> to odor\s bodies2 ta/e1 to sapid2 & s\nd1 to sonor\s ones4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! mo/ rem>kable case ( ! associations among ^? feel+s1 is t betwe5 col\r1 & ext5sion & figure1 !y are all bl5d$ by association into "o idea2 :i*1 ?\gh 9 reality a clu/] ( ideas1 affects u 9 ! same mann] z if x 7 a s+le idea2 an idea1 ! p>ts ( :i* we detect by an analysis1 :i* x requires "s tra9+ to be able to make4 ,) ! col\r ( ! rose1 ! size & figure ( ! rose1--:i* are ! pr$om9ant ideas1--,i associate ! idea ( t modification ( h>dness & s(tness1 :i* belongs to ! rose2 its degree ( resi/ance1 9 %ort2 also its smell1 & its ta/e4 ,^! associations h be5 =m$1 z o!r associations are1 by repetition4 ,i h _h s uni=mly ! sight1 along ) ! h&l+1 ^!1 along ) ! smell1 & ! ta/e--( ! rose1 t !y are always call$ up toge!r1 & 9 ! close/ comb9ation4 #cdi ,n[ !n let u ask1 :at we mean1 :5 we affirm1 t ! rose exi/s4 ,9 ?is mean+ are und\bt$ly includ$ ! above s5sations1 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,i see ! rose on ! g>d5 wall1 & ,i affirm t x exi/s3 t is1 along ) my pres5t s5sation1 ! sight ( ! rose1 ,i h ! ideas ( a c]ta9 ord] ( o!r s5sations4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! idea ( di/ance1 t is1 ! idea ( ! feel+s involv$ 9 ! act ( go+ to ! rose3 aft] ?is1 ! idea ( ! feel+s 9 h&l+ x2 !n 9 smell+1 !n 9 ta/+ x2 all spr++ up by association ) ! sight ( ! rose4 ,x is said1 we believe we %\ld h ^! s5sations4 ,t is1 we h ! idea ( ^! s5sations insep>ably unit$ "o ) ! o!r1 & insep>ably unit$ ) ! idea ( ourselves z hav+ !m4 ,t ?is alone con/itutes belief1 9 ! rem>kable case ( ! association ( ext5sion & figure ) ! s5sations ( sight1 has already be5 se52 t ?is alone con/itutes x1 9 _m o!r rem>kable cases1 w be se5 z we proce$2 & 9 no case c x be %ewn1 t any ?+ m is includ$ 9 x4 ,9 my belief1 !n1 ( ! exi/5ce ( an object1 !re is includ$ ! belief1 t1 9 su* & su* circum/ances1 ,i %\ld h su* & su* s5sations4 ,is !re any ?+ m8 ,x w be answ]$ imm$iately1 yes3 = t1 along ) belief 9 my s5sations z ! effect1 !re is belief ( some?+ z ! cause2 & t to ! cause1 n to ! effect1 ! "n object is appropriat$4 ,?is is a case ( ,belief1 :i* des]ves ! greate/ possible att5tion4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 on all h&s1 t we "k no?+ ( objects2 b ! s5sations #cej we h f !m4 ,!re is a cause1 h[ev]1 ( ^? s5sations1 & to t we give ! "n object3 or1 r1 !re is a clu/] ( causes1 correspond+ ) ! clu/] ( s5sations4 ,?us1 :5 ,i see1 & h&le1 & smell1 & ta/e ! rose1 !re is a cause ( ! s5sation r$1 a cause ( ! s5sation s(t1 a cause ( ! s5sation r\nd1 a cause ( ! smell1 & a cause ( ! ta/e2 & all ^! causes are unit$ 9 ! rose4 ,b :at is ! rose1 beside ! col\r1 ! =m1 & s on8 ,n kn[+ :at x is1 b suppos+ x to be some?+1 we inv5t a "n to /& = x4 ,we call x a sub/ratum4 ,?is sub/ratum1 :5 closely exam9$1 is n di/+ui%able f ,cause4 ,x is ! cause ( ! qualities2 t is1 ! cause ( ! causes ( our s5sations4 ,! association1 !n1 is ?is4 ,to ea* ( ! s5sations we h f a p>ticul> object1 we annex 9 our imag9ation1 a cause2 & to ^! sev]al causes we annex a cause1 common to all1 & m>k x ) ! "n sub/ratum4 ,?is curi\s case ( association we n[ proce$ to develop4 ,! ^w cause1 means ! antec$5t ( a consequ5t1 :]e ! connection is con/ant4 ,?is has be5 e/abli%$ on su* p]fect evid5ce1 t x is a receiv$ pr9ciple ( philosophy4 ,m ( ! evid5ce ( ?is important pr9ciple w appe> z we g on4 ,"h we %all take ! proposition = grant$4 ,n only are we1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( our lives1 witnesses ( an incessant tra9 ( ev5ts2 t is1 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 betwe5 :i*1 = ! great] "p1 ! ord] is con/ant2 b ^! con/ant conjunctions are1 ( all ?+s 9 ! _w1 :at we are #cea ! mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 obs]v+2 =1 on ! k ( !m1 all our p[] ( obta9+ good & avoid+ evil dep5ds4 ,f ?is1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t betwe5 none ( our ideas is ! association m intimate & int5se1 ?an betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t1 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,:5ev] we p]ceive an ev5t1 ! m9d in/antly flies to its antec$5t4 ,i he> words 9 ! /reet2 ev5t3 "s "o1 ( c\rse1 is mak+ !m2 antec$5t4 ,my h\se is brok51 & my goods are gone2 ev5t3 a ?ief has tak5 !m2 antec$5t4 ,?is is t rem>kable case ( association1 9 :i* ! comb9ation is insep>able2 a case ( s mu* importance 9 expla9+ "s ( ! m my/]i\s ph5om5a ( ?\ght4 ,o!r in/ances ( ?is rem>kable ph5om5on1 to :i* we h already _h occasion to adv]t1 are1 ! sight ( an object1 & ! ideas ( its di/ance1 its ext5sion1 & figure2 ! idea ( col\r1 & ! idea ( ext5sion2 ! idea ( an object1 & ! idea ( position & unity2 ! idea ( "o ( my s5sations1 & ! idea ( myself4 ,9 no in/ance is ?is insep>able association m p]fect1 or its consequ5ces m important1 ?an 9 t betwe5 an ev5t1 & its antec$5t4 ,we _c ?9k ( ! "o )\t ?9k+ ( ! o!r4 ,! two ideas are =c$ ^u u at ! same "t2 & by no ef=t ( ours c !y be disjo9$4 ,s necess>ily1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( exp]i5ce1 are we employ$ 9 obs]v+ ! con/ant conjunctions ( ev5ts2 & s deeply are we int]e/$1 9 look+ out =1 & kn[+ ! con/ant antec$5t ( e ev5t1 t ! association becomes "p ( our be+4 ,! p]ception1 or ! idea1 ( an ev5t1 in/antly br+s up #ceb ! idea ( its con/ant antec$5t2 def9ite & cle>1 if ! antec$5t is kn[n2 & indef9ite & obscure1 if x is unkn[n4 ,/ill1 ! idea ( an ev5t1 ( a *ange1 )\t ! idea ( its cause1 is impossible4 ,t a cause means1 & c mean no?+ to ! human m9d1 b con/ant antec$5t1 is no long] a po9t 9 dispute4#ii ,editor's footnote #ii3 ,"h aga9 ! au?or takes too sangu9e a view ( ! am\nt ( agreem5t hi!rto atta9$ among metaphysical philosoph]s4 ,t a cause means1 & c mean1 no?+ to ! human m9d b con/ant antec$5t is s f> f be+ no long] a po9t 9 dispute t x is d5i$ ) vehem5ce by a l>ge num]ical majority ( philosoph]s2 & its d5ial is p]haps ! pr9cipal badge ( "o ( ! two s*ools :i* at ?is1 z at mo/ o!r times1 bisect ! philosophical _w--! intuitional s*ool & ! exp]i5tial--,ed4 ,( ?is rem>kable case ( association1 t :i* we call ,our ,belief 9 ,ext]nal ,objects is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances4 ,( ! s5sations1 ( sight1 ( h&l+1 ( smell1 ( ta/e1 :i* ,i h f a rose1 ea* is an ev5t2 ) ea* ( ^? ev5ts1 ,i associate ! idea ( a con/ant antec$5t1 a cause2 t cause unkn[n1 b furni%$ ) a "n1 by :i* x may be spok5 (1 namely1 quality2 ! quality ( r$1 ! cause ( ! s5sation r$2 ! qualities ( consi/5ce1 ext5sion & figure1 ! causes ( ! s5sations ( h&l+2 ! qualities ( smell & ta/e1 ! causes ( ! s5sations ( smell & ta/e4 ,su* is "o "p ( ! process ( association 9 ?is case4 ,ano!r is t by :i* ! ideas ( ^? s5sations are s intimately unit$1 z to appe> n sev]al ideas1 b "o idea1 ! idea ( a rose4 ,we h n[ two /eps ( association2 t #cec ( ! sev]al s5sations into "o idea2 t ( ! sev]al s5sations ea* ) a sep>ate cause4 ,b we d n /op "h2 =1 z 9 a tra9 ( ev5ts1 consi/+ ( sev]al l9ks1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & s on1 ?\gh ,c is ! antec$5t or cause ( ,d1 x is itself ! consequ5t or effect ( ,b2 & 9 all cases1 :5 we h f\nd ! cause ( any p>ticul> ev5t1 we h /ill to f9d out :at 0 ! cause ( t cause4 ,9 ?is mann]1 :5 our habit ( association has c>ri$ u f our s5sations to ! causes ( !m1 ! same habit c>ries u /ill f>!r4 ,z ea* ( our s5sations mu/ h a cause1 to :i*1 z unkn[n1 we give ! "n quality2 s ea* ( ^? qualities mu/ h a cause4 ,& z ! ideas ( a numb] ( s5sations1 concomitant 9 a c]ta9 way1 are comb9$ into a s+le idea2 z t ( rose1 t ( apple2 ! unity1 :i* is ?us giv5 to ! effects1 is ( c\rse transf]r$ to ! suppos$ causes1 call$ qualities3 !y are ref]r$ to a common cause4 ,to ?is suppos$ cause ( suppos$ causes1 we give a "n2 & t "n is ! ^w ,sub/ratum4 ,x is obvi\s1 t !re is no reason = /opp+ at ?is ,sub/ratum2 =1 z ! s5sation sugge/$ ! quality1 ! quality ! sub/ratum1 ! sub/ratum z prop]ly leads to ano!r antec$5t1 ano!r sub/ratum1 & s on1 f sub/ratum to sub/ratum1 )\t end4 ,^! insep>able associations1 h[ev]1 r>ely g beyond a s+le /ep1 h>dly ev] beyond two4 ,! ,b>b>ian1 9 acc\nt+ = ! support ( ! e>?1 plac$ x on ! back ( a great elephant1 & ! great elephant on ! back ( a great tortoise2 b nei!r himself1 nor ^? :om he #ced in/ruct$1 7 c>ri$ by _! habits ( association any f>!r4#ajj ,editor's footnote #ajj3 ,x is a "q wor? consid]+1 :y t dem& = a cause ( ev]y?+1 :i* has l$ to ! inv5tion ( s _m fabul\s or fictiti\s causes1 s g5]ally /ops %ort at ! fir/ /ep1 )\t go+ on to imag9e a cause ( ! cause4 ,b ?is is q 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( human proce$+s4 ,x is no m ?an we %\ld expect1 t ^! frivol\s speculations %\ld be subject to ! same limitations z reasonable ones4 ,ev5 9 ! region ( positive facts 9 ! expla9+ ( ph5om5a by real1 n imag9>y1 causes--! fir/ semblance ( an explanation g5]ally suffices to satisfy ! curiosity :i* prompts ! inquiry4 ,! ?+s m5 fir/ c>e to inquire ab\t are ^? :i* meet _! s5ses1 & among :i* !y live2 ( ^! !y feel curi\s z to ! orig91 & look out = a cause1 ev5 if x be b an ab/raction4 ,b ! cause once f\nd1 or imag9$1 & ! famili> fact no long] p]plex+ !m ) ! feel+ ( an unsolv$ enigma1 !y d n1 unless unusually possess$ by ! speculative _s1 occupy _! m9ds ) ! unfamili> antec$5t suffici5tly to be tr\bl$ respect+ x ) any ( ! correspond+ p]plexity4--,ed4 ,su* appe> to be ! elem5ts includ$ 9 our belief ( ! exi/5ce ( objects act+ on our s5ses4 ,we h next to unfold ! case ( belief 9 ! pres5t exi/5ce ( objects n act+ on our s5ses4 ,( ?is ,belief1 !re are two cases3 #a1 ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( objects1 :i* we h n p]ceiv$2 #b1 ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( objects1 :i* we h p]ceiv$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 is a case ( ! ,belief 9 te/imony2 :i* is to be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,:at we are to exam9e at ! pres5t mom5t1 !n1 is1 our ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( objects1 :i*1 ?\gh n #cee n[ pres5t to our s5ses1 h be5 s at a previ\s "t4 ,?us1 ,i believe 9 ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ,/4 ,paul's1 :i* ,i saw ?is morn+4 ,9 trac+ ! elem5ts ( ?is ,belief1 x is obvi\s 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 s f> z x is f\nd$ on my pa/ s5sations1 memory is conc]n$ 9 x4 ,b ,memory relates to pa/ ev5ts1 ,belief 9 :i*1 is to be consid]$ "u a foll[+ head4 ,?is "p ( ! developm5t1 !re=e1 we po/pone4 ,b1 beside ,memory1 :at o!r elem5t is conc]n$ 9 x8 ,!re is evid5tly an anticipation ( ! future4 ,9 believ+ t ,/4 ,paul's exi/s1 ,i believe1 t :5ev] ,i am 9 ! same situation1 9 :i* ,i _h p]ception ( x be=e1 ,i %all h p]ception ( x aga94 ,b ?is ,belief 9 future ev5ts1 is also a case1 :i* rema9s to be consid]$ "u a subsequ5t head4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ano!r "p ( ! developm5t1 :i* mu/ be po/pon$4 ,i n only believe1 t ,i %all see ,/4 ,paul's1 :5 ,i am aga9 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 b ,i believe1 ,i %\ld see x if ,i 7 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d ?is in/ant4 ,?is1 too1 is also a case1 ( ! anticipation ( ! future f ! pa/1 & w come to be consid]$ "u ! subsequ5t head already ref]r$ to4 ,besides ^! cases1 ! only "o :i* rema9s to be consid]$1 is1 my ,belief t1 if any creature ^: s5ses are analog\s to my own1 is n[ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 x has ! pres5t s5sation ( t edifice4 ,my belief 9 ! s5sations ( o!r creatures1 is :olly d]iv$ f my exp]i5ce ( my own s5sations4 ,! "q is1 ,h[ x is d]iv$4 ,t #cef x is an inf]5ce f similitude1 w n be d5i$4 ,b :at is an inf]5ce f similitude8 ,i h no direct k ( any feel+s b my own4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t ,i proce$8 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* ,i consid] z m>ks or signs ( s5sations 9 o!r creatures4 ,! ,belief foll[s ! signs1 & ) a =ce1 n exce$$ 9 my o!r in/ance4 ,b ! int]pretation ( signs is :olly a case ( association1 z ! extraord9>y ph5om5a ( language abundantly te/ify4#aja ,& :5ev] ! association1 betwe5 ! sign & ! #ceg ?+ signifi$1 is suffici5tly /rong to become insep>able1 x is belief4 ,?us1 rude & ignorant p1 to :om ! exi/5ce ( b "o language is kn[n1 believe ! "n by :i* !y h always call$ an object to belong to x naturally1 z mu* z its %ape1 its col\r1 or its smell4#aj99 ,?us ! p]ceptions ( sight1 m]e signs ( di/ance1 magnitude1 & figure1 are foll[$ by belief ( ! sight ( !m4 ,& x is rem>k$1 ) philosophical accuracy1 by ,condillac1 t if our con/itution _h be5 su*1 z to give u1 in/ead ( a diff]5t modification ( sight1 a diff]5t modification ( smell1 ) ea* v>iety ( di/ance1 ext5sion1 & figure1 we %\ld h smelt di/ance1 ext5sion & figure1 9 ! same mann] z1 by ! actual con=mation ( our organs1 we see !m4 ,nor c we d\bt ! tru? ( ! +5i\s obs]vation ( ,did]ot1 t if we _h se51 & he>d1 & ta/$1 & smelt1 at ! ends ( our f+]s1 9 ! same mann] z we feel1 we %\ld h believ$ our m9d to be 9 ! f+]s1 z we n[ believe x to be 9 ! head4 ,ba9's footnote #aja3 ,?is is true 9 by f> ! great] numb] ( in/ances4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s ( ! signs ( feel+ t h an intr9sic efficacy1 on v manife/ gr\nds4 ,:ile ! mean+s ( ! smile & ! fr[n c\ld h be5 rev]s$1 if ! association _h be5 ! o!r way1 !re is an obvi\s suitability 9 ! h>% /unn+ tones ( ! voice to signify ang] & to inspire dread1 & a l suitability 9 ! g5tle tones to convey affection & k9dly feel+4 ,we might h contract$ ! oppos+ associations1 _h ! facts be5 s arrang$1 j z 9 times ( peace1 we associate joy ) deaf5+ salvos ( artill]y2 & z l\d1 %>p-peal+ laught] s]ves 9 ! expression ( agreeable feel+4 ,b !re is a ga9 ( effect :5 ! signs employ$ are su* z to *ime 91 by intr9sic efficacy1 ) ! associat$ mean+s4 ,on ?is co9cid5ce dep5d ! ref9em5ts ( elocution1 oratory1 & /age display4--,b4 ,! fact "h br\ght to notice by ,mr4 ,ba9 is1 t c]ta9 ( ! natural expressions ( emotion h a k9d ( analogy to ! emotions !y express1 :i* makes an op5+ = an in/9ctive int]pretation ( !m1 indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce4 ,b if ?is be s 7& !re c be little d\bt t x is s7 ! sugge/ion takes place by resemblance1 & !re=e /ill by association4--,ed4 ,mill's footnote #aj3 ,x has be5 v ju/ly rem>k$1 t if all m5 _h uni=mly spok5 ! same language1 9 e "p ( ! _w1 x w\ld be difficult = u n to ?9k believe t !re is a natural connexion ( our ideas1 & ! words :i* we use to d5ote !m4--,br[n1 ,lectures1 ii4 p4 #hj4 #b;d ed4 ,! process ( our ,belief 9 ?is case1 !n1 is evid5tly1 z foll[s4 ,our s5sations are insep>ably associat$ ) ! idea ( our bodies4 ,a man _c ?9k ( 8 body )\t ?9k+ ( x z s5sitive4 ,z he _c ?9k ( 8 own body )\t ?9k+ ( x z s5sitive1 s he _c ?9k ( ano!r man's #ceh body1 :i* is l x1 )\t ?9k+ ( x z s5sitive4 ,x is evid5t t ! association ( s5sitiv5ess is m close ) c]ta9 p>ts ( ! complex idea1 our bodies1 ?an ) o!r p>ts2 because ! association equally foll[s ! idea ( horse1 ( dog1 ( f[l1 & ev5 ( fi%1 & insect3 & x w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t !re is no?+ ) :i* x is s peculi>ly unit$ z ! idea ( spontane\s motion4 ,:at is ! reason we d n believe !re is any s5sation 9 ! mo/ curi\sly-organiz$ vegetable2 :ile we uni=mly believe !re is 9 ! polypus1 & ! microscopic insect8 ,no?+ :atsoev] c be discov]$1 b a /rong association :i* exi/s 9 ! "o case1 & is want+ 9 ! o!r4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! mo/ decisive ( all exp]im5ts to prove ! real nature ( ,belief4 ,z1 !n1 our belief 9 ! s5sations ( o!r creatures is d]iv$ :olly f ! insep>able association betwe5 our own s5sations & ! idea ( our own bodies1 x is app>5t t ! case 9 :i* ,i believe o!r creatures to be imm$iately p]cipi5t ( objects1 ( :i* ,i believe t ,i myself %\ld be p]cipi5t if ,i 7 s situat$ z !y are1 resolves itself ultimately into ?is p>ticul> case ( my belief 9 c]ta9 conditional s5sations ( my own4 ,?is1 aga91 z we h se5 above1 resolves itself into t o!r important law ( ,belief1 :i* we are %ortly to consid]1 ! anticipation ( ! future f ! pa/4 #b4 ,x comes next 9 ord]1 t we notice our ,belief 9 pa/ exi/5ces2 t is1 our pres5t belief1 t some?+ _h a pres5t exi/5ce at a previ\s "t4 ,mu* ( ! developm5t ( ?is case is includ$ 9 ! expositions already af=d$4 ,our pres5t #cei belief1 means1 = "o ?+1 a pres5t idea2 our pres5t belief ( an exi/5ce1 ! idea ( some?+ exi/+4 ,( :at associations ! idea ( some?+ exi/+ consi/s1 we h j asc]ta9$4 ,our pres5t belief ( a pa/ exi/5ce1 !n1 consi/s ( our pres5t idea ( some?+ exi/+1 & ! assignm5t ( x to a previ\s "t4 ,!re are two cases ( ?is assignm5t2 "o1 9 :i* ! ?+ 9 "q _h be5 ! object ( our s5ses2 ano!r1 9 :i* x _h n be5 ! object ( our s5ses4 ,:5 ! ?+1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we assign to a previ\s "t1 _h be5 ! object ( our s5ses1 & :5 ! "t to :i* we assign x is ! "t :5 x _h s be5 ! object ( our s5ses1 ! :ole is ,memory4 ,9 ?is case1 ,memory1 & ,belief1 are b two names = ! same ?+4 ,memory is1 9 fact1 a case ( ,belief4 ,belief is a g5]al ^w4 ,memory is "o ( ! species includ$ "u x4 ,memory is ! belief ( a pa/ exi/5ce1 z ,s5sation is ! belief ( a pres5t exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,i say1 t ,i rememb] ! burn+ ( ,drury-,lane ,!atre2 ! rememb]+ ! ev5t1 & believ+ ! ev5t1 are n di/+ui%able feel+s1 !y are "o & ! same feel+1 :i* we h two ways ( nam+4 ,! associations includ$ 9 ,memory we h already endeav\r$ to trace4 ,x is a case ( t indissoluble connexion ( ideas :i* we h f\nd 9 ! prec$+ article to con/itute belief 9 pres5t exi/5ces4 ,:5 ,i rememb] ! burn+ ( ,drury-,lane ,!atre1 :at happ5s8 ,we c m>k ! foll[+ p>ts ( ! process4 ,fir/1 ! idea ( t ev5t is call$ up by association2 9 o!r words1 ! copies ( ! #cfj s5sations ,i !n _h1 closely comb9$ by association4 ,next1 ! idea ( ! s5sations calls up ! idea ( myself z s5ti5t2 & t1 s in/antly & =cibly1 t x is altoge!r out ( my p[] to sep>ate !m4 ,b :5 ! idea ( a s5sation =ces ^u me1 :e!r ,i w or no1 ! idea ( myself z t ( :i* x 0 ! s5sation1 ,i rememb] ! s5sation4 ,x is 9 ?is process t memory consi/s2 & ! memory is ! ,belief4 ,no obscurity re/s on any "p ( ?is process1 except ! idea ( self1 :i* is res]v$ = future analysis4 ,! fact1 9 ! mean "t1 is indisputable2 t1 :5 ! idea ( a s5sation1 :i* ,i h =m]ly _h1 is reviv$ 9 me by association1 if x calls up 9 close association ! idea ( myself1 !re is memory2 if x does n call up t idea1 !re is n memory2 if x calls up ! idea ( myself1 x calls up ! idea ( t tra9 ( /ates ( consci\sness :i* con/itutes ! ?read ( my exi/5ce2 if x does n call up ! idea ( myself1 x does n call up ! idea ( t tra91 b "s o!r idea4 ,a s5sation rememb]$1 !n1 is a s5sation plac$1 by association1 z ! consequ5t ( "o feel+ & ! antec$5t ( ano!r1 9 t tra9 ( feel+s :i* con/itute ! exi/5ce ( a consci\s be+4 ,all ?is w be m evid5t1 :5 :at is includ$ 9 ! notion ( ,p]sonal ,id5tity is fully evolv$4 ,! case ( ,belief 9 pa/ exi/5ces :i* h n be5 ! object ( our s5ses1 resolves itself into ! belief1 ei!r ( te/imony1 or ( ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature2 bo? ( :i* w1 aft] a few int]v5+ expositions1 be fully expla9$4 #c4 ,! process :i* we d5ote by ! words1 #cfa ,belief 9 future ev5ts1 des]ves1 on acc\nt ( its importance1 to be v c>efully consid]$4 ,t x is a complex process1 w v spe$ily appe>4 ,our endeav\r %all be to resolve x into its elem5ts2 9 do+ :i*1 we %all see :e!r x consi/s :olly ( ! elem5ts ) :i* we h n[ become famili>1 or :e!r x is necess>y to admit ! exi/5ce ( some?+ else4 ,i believe t1 to-morr[1 ! light ( day w be spread ov] ,engl&2 t ! tide w ebb & fl[ at ,london-bridge2 t m51 & h\ses1 & waggons1 & c>riages1 w be se5 9 ! /reets ( ?is metropolis2 t %ips w sail1 & coa*es arrive2 t %ops w be op5$ = _! cu/om]s1 manufactories = _! workm51 & t ! ,ex*ange w1 at a c]ta9 h\r1 be cr[d$ ) m]*ants4 ,n[1 9 all ?is1 :at is involv$8 ,fir/ ( all1 9 ! ,belief ( any future ev5t1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 involv$ ! idea ( ! ev5t4 ,x w be imm$iately und]/ood1 f :at has be5 already adduc$1 t !re c be no ,belief 9 any exi/5ce1 )\t an idea ( t exi/5ce4 ,if ,i believe 9 ! light ( day to-morr[1 ,i mu/ h an idea ( x2 if ,i believe 9 ! flux & reflux ( ! wat] at ,london-bridge1 ,i mu/ h ideas ( ^? sev]al objects2 & s ( all o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! next place2 z x has already be5 %ewn1 t we _c call up any idea by will+ x2 & t none ( our ideas comes into exi/5ce b by association2 ! idea :i* =ms ! fundam5tal "p ( ,belief is produc$ by association4 ,ideas & association1 !n1 are necess>y p>ts ( belief4 #cfb ,b !re c be no idea ( ! future2 because1 /rictly speak+1 ! future is a non5tity4 ,( no?+ !re c be no idea4 ,x is true we c h an idea ( t :i* nev] exi/$1 & :i* we d n suppose ev] w exi/1 z ( a c5taur2 b ?is is a composition ( ! ideas ( ?+s :i* h exi/$4 ,we c conceive a sea ( milk1 because we h se5 a sea1 & milk2 a m\nta9 ( gold1 because we h se5 a m\nta91 & gold4 ,9 ! same mann] we proce$ ) :at we call ! future4 ,! ideas :i* ,i h rec5tly enum]at$ z p>ts ( my belief ( to-morr[2 ! light ( day1 ! ?rong 9 ! /reets1 ! motion ( ! tide at ,london-bridge1 are all ideas ( ! pa/4 ,! g5]al fact1 inde$1 is n a matt] ( dispute4 ,our idea ( ! future1 & our idea ( ! pa/1 is ! same2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x is accompani$ ) retrospection 9 ! "o case1 anticipation 9 ! o!r4 ,:at retrospection is1 we h already exam9$4 ,x is ,memory4 ,:at ,anticipation is1 we are n[ to inquire2 & to t end x is necess>y to recall1 di/9ctly1 "s important facts :i* we h already e/abli%$4 ,! fundam5tal law ( association is1 t :5 two ?+s h be5 frequ5tly f\nd toge!r1 we nev] p]ceive or ?9k ( ! "o )\t ?9k+ ( ! o!r4 ,if ! visible idea ( a rose occurs to me1 ! idea ( its smell occurs along ) x2 if ! idea ( ! s\nd ( a drum occurs to me1 ! visible idea ( t in/rum5t occurs along ) x4 ,( ^! habitual conjunctions1 !re is none ) :i* we are m incessantly occupi$1 f ! #cfc fir/ mom5t ( our exi/5ce to ! la/1 & 9 :i* we are m deeply int]e/$1 ?an t ( antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,( c\rse !re is none betwe5 ! ideas ( :i* ! association is m intimate & int5se4 ,9 fact1 our :ole lives are b a s]ies ( *anges2 t is1 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,! conjunction1 !re=e1 is incessant2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! union ( ! ideas p]fectly insep>able4 ,we c no m h ! idea ( an ev5t )\t hav+ ! ideas ( its antec$5t & 99its consequ5ts1 ?an we c h ! idea & n h x at ! same "t4 ,x is utt]ly impossible = me to h ! visible idea ( a rose1 )\t ! idea ( its hav+ gr[n f ! gr\nd1 :i* is its antec$5t2 x is utt]ly impossible = me to h ! idea ( x )\t ! ideas ( its consi/5ce1 its smell1 its gravity1 & s on1 :i* are its consequ5ts4 ,( ! num]\s antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 =m+ ! matt] ( our exp]i5ce1 "s are con/ant1 "s are n4 ,( c\rse ! /r5g? ( ! association foll[s ! frequ5cy4 ,! cr[ is se5 fly+ z frequ5tly f ea/ to we/1 z f we/ to ea/2 f nor? to s\?1 z f s\? to nor?2 !re is1 !re=e1 no association betwe5 ! flight ( ! cr[ & any p>ticul> direction4 ,n s ) ! motion ( a /one let g 9 ! air3 t takes "o direction con/antly4 ,! ord] ( antec$5t & consequ5t is "h inv>iable4 ,! association ( ! ideas1 !re=e1 is fix$ & insep>able4 ,i c no m h ! idea ( a /one let g 9 ! air1 & n h ! idea ( its dropp+ to ! #cfd gr\nd1 ?an ,i c h ! idea ( ! /one1 & n h x1 at ! same "t4#ajb ,editor's footnote #ajb3 ,! !ory ma9ta9$ s p[]fully & ) su* high intellectual res\rces by ! au?or1 t ,belief is b an insep>able association1 w be exam9$ at l5g? 9 a note at ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,mean:ile let x be rem>k$1 t ! case ( suppos$ insep>able association giv5 9 ?is passage1 requires to be qualifi$ 9 ! /atem5t4 ,we _c1 inde$1 ?9k ( a /one let g 9 ! air1 )\t hav+ ! idea ( its fall+2 b ?is association is n s /rictly insep>able z to disable u f hav+ ! contr>y idea4 ,!re are analogies 9 our exp]i5ce :i* enable u )\t difficulty to =m ! imag9ation ( a /one susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,! case appe>s to be "o 9 :i* we c conceive bo? opposites1 fall+ & n fall+2 ! incompatible images n1 ( c\rse1 comb9+1 b alt]nat+ 9 ! m9d4 ,:i* ( ! two c>ries belief ) x1 dep5ds on :at is t]m$ ,evid5ce4--,ed4 ,:]e ! sequ5ce ( two ev5ts is m]ely casual1 x passes spe$ily away f ! m9d2 because x is n associat$ ) ! idea ( any ?+ 9 :i* we are int]e/$4 ,! ?+s 9 :i* we are int]e/$1 are ! imm$iate antec$5ts ( our pleasures & pa9s1 & ! ideas ( !m are all insep>ably associat$ ) con/ant conjunctions4 ,! association ( ! ideas ( a con/ant antec$5t & consequ5t1 !re=e1 has bo? causes ( /r5g?1 ! int]e/+ nature ( ! ideas1 & ! frequ5cy ( conjunction1 bo? at _! greate/ height4 ,x foll[s1 t x %\ld be ! mo/ pot5t & insep>able ( all ! comb9ations 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,z we are ?us incessantly1 & ?us int5sely1 occupi$ ) cases ( con/ant conjunction1 :ile cases ( casual conjunction pass slightly ov] ! m9d1 & #cfe quickly vani% f our consci\sness1 e ev5t calls up ! idea ( a con/ant antec$5t4 ,! association is s /rong1 t ! comb9ation is necess>y & irresi/ible4 ,x (t5 en\gh1 inde$1 happ5s1 t we d n "k ! con/ant antec$5t ( an ev5t4 ,b nev] does x fail to call up ! idea ( su* an antec$5t2 & s insep>ably1 t we c z little h & n h ! idea ( an ev5t1 z we c h ! idea ( x1 & n h ! idea ( an insep>able antec$5t along ) x4--,ignorant1 sometimes1 ( ! con/ant antec$5ts ( su* & su* ev5ts1 we f9d !m out by subsequ5t inquiry4 ,^? cases ( successful inve/igation /ill fur!r /r5g!n ! association4 ,all t we call good1 & all t we call evil1 dep5d s entirely ^u ^? con/ant conjunctions1 t we are necess>ily "u ! /ronge/ /imulus to f9d !m out1 & to trace !m ) great] & great] accuracy4 ,?us we v (t5 f9d a con/ancy ( sequ5ce1 9 :i* we acquiesce = a :ile2 b aft] a "t discov]1 t ?\gh con/ant1 inde$1 x is n imm$iate2 =1 t betwe5 ! ev5t & suppos$ antec$5t1 sev]al antec$5ts int]v5e4 ,at fir/ we reg>d ! ignition ( ! gunp[d]1 z ! imm$iate antec$5t ( ! motion ( ! ball4 ,bett] in/ruct$1 we f9d t a curi\s process int]v5es4 ,! con/ancy ( ! sequ5ce is always m c]ta91 ! m ne>ly imm$iate ! antec$5t is4 ,& s frequ5t is our detection ( antec$5ts1 m imm$iate ?an ^? :i* we h j obs]v$1 t an association is =m$ betwe5 ! idea ( e antec$5t1 & t ( ano!r antec$5t1 z yet unkn[n1 int]m$iate betwe5 x & ! consequ5t :i* we #cff "k4 ,9 no sequ5ce d we ev] feel satisfi$ t we h discov]$ all4 ,we see a sp>k ignite ! gunp[d]1 we see "o billi>d-ball impel ano!r4 ,?\gh we consid] ^! z con/ant antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 ! idea ( some?+ int]m$iate is irresi/ibly conjo9$4 ,to ?is1 ?\gh :olly unkn[n1 we annex a "n1 t we may be able to speak ( x4 ,! "n we h inv5t$ = ?is purpose is ,,p[]4 ,?us1 we conceive t x is n ! sp>k :i* ignites ! gunp[d]1 b ! p[] ( ! sp>k2 x is n "o billi>d-ball t moves ! o!r1 b ! p[] ( ! ball4 ,! ,p[]1 9 ?is case1 is a suppos$ consequ5t ( ! mov+ ball1 & antec$5t ( ! mov$2 & s 9 all o!r cases4 ,b ! idea ( an ev5t does n call up ! idea ( its con/ant antec$5t 9 clos] & m int5se association1 ?an x calls up t ( its consequ5t or consequ5ts4 ,i _c h ! idea ( wat]1 )\t ! idea ( its mobility1 its weight1 & o!r obvi\s prop]ties4 ,i _c h ! idea ( rhub>b1 )\t ! idea ( its nause\s ta/e1 & o!r famili> prop]ties4 ,i _c h ! idea ( ! /roke ( a sword ^u ! head ( a man1 )\t ! idea ( a w\nd inflict$ on 8 head4 ,i _c h ! idea ( my fall+ f a %ip into ! middle ( ! sea1 )\t ! idea ( my be+ dr[n$4 ,i _c h ! idea ( my fall+ f ! top ( a high t[]1 )\t hav+ ! idea ( my be+ kill$ by ! fall4 ,if ,i h ! fir/ idea1 ! second =ces itself ^u me4 ,! union has 9 x all t ,i m>k by ! ^w necessity2 a sequ5ce1 con/ant1 imm$iate1 & inevitable4 ,?is great law ( our nature %ews to u #cfg imm$iately 9 :at mann] our idea ( ! future is g5]at$4 ,night has regul>ly be5 foll[$ by morn+4 ,! idea ( night is foll[$ by t ( morn+2 ! idea ( morn+ is foll[$ by t ( ! ev5ts ( ! morn+1 ! gradual increase ( light1 ! occupations ( m51 ! movem5ts ( animals & objects1 & all _! sev]al successions f morn+ till night4 ,?is is ! idea ( to-morr[2 to ?is succe$s ano!r to-morr[2 & an indef9ite numb] ( ^! to-morr[s makes up ! complex idea ( futurity4 ,b ,i am told1 t we h n only ! idea ( to-morr[1 b ! belief ( to-morr[2 & ,i am ask$ :at t belief is4 ,i answ]1 t y h n only ! idea ( to-morr[1 b h x insep>ably4 ,x w also appe>1 t :]ev] ! "n belief is appli$1 !re is a case ( ! indissoluble association ( ideas4 ,x w fur!r appe>1 t1 9 in/ances )\t numb]1 ! "n belief is appli$ to a m]e case ( indissoluble association2 & no in/ance c be adduc$ 9 :i* any ?+ besides an indissoluble association c be %ewn 9 belief4#ajc ,x w\ld seem #cfh to foll[ f ?is1 ) abundant evid5ce1 t ! :ole ( my notion ( to-morr[1 belief includ$1 is no?+ b a case ( ! inevitable sequ5ce ( ideas4 ,ba9's footnote #ajc3 ,! case t is mo/ ?or\ghly oppos$ to ! !ory ( indissoluble association is our belief 9 ! ,uni=mity ( ,nature4 ,our ov]we5+ t5d5cy to anticipate ! future f ! pa/ is %[n prior to all association2 ! fir/ effect ( exp]i5ce is to abridge & modify a /rong primitive urg5cy4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a c]ta9 /age :5 association co-op]ates to ju/ify ! believ+ /ate4 ,aft] our headlong in/9ct has1 by a s]ies ( rev]ses1 be5 humbl$ & ton$ d[n1 & aft] we h discov]$ t ! uni=mity1 at fir/ impos$ by ! m9d ^u ev]y?+1 applies to "s ?+s & n to o!rs1 we are confirm$ by our exp]i5ce 9 ! cases :]e ! uni=mity prevails2 & ! intellectual gr[? ( association c\nts = a small "p ( ! believ+ impetus4 ,/ill1 ! efficacy ( exp]i5ce is p]haps negative r ?an positive2 x saves1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! primitive =ce ( anticipation f ! attacks made ^u x 9 ! o!r cases :]e x is contradict$ by ! facts4 ,x does n make belief1 x cons]ves a pre-exi/+ belief4 7,see ,note at ! end ( ! *apt]47--,b4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a "p ( our con/itution1 ( s mu* importance1 t x mu/ be scrut9iz$ ) m ?an ord9>y m9ut5ess4 ,our fir/ ass]tion 01 t 9 e in/ance ( belief1 !re is indissoluble association ( ! ideas4 ,we %all conf9e our examples1 = ! pres5t1 to t case ( belief :i* is m imm$iately "u our exam9ation2 belief 9 ! future4 ,i believe1 t if ,i put my f+] 9 ! flame ( ! c&le1 ,i %all feel ! pa9 ( burn+4 ,i believe1 t if a /one is dropp$ 9 ! air1 x w fall to ! gr\nd4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ^! cases1 ! belief consi/s 9 unit+ two ev5ts1 ! antec$5t1 & ! consequ5t4 ,!re are 9 x1 !re=e1 two ideas1 t ( ! antec$5t1 & t ( ! consequ5t1 & ! union ( ^? ideas4 ,! previ\s illu/rations h abundantly %ewn u1 9 :at mann] ! two ideas are unit$ by association1 & indissolubly unit$4 ,^! +r$i5ts 9 ! belief are all indisputable4 ,t !re is any o!r _c be %ewn4 #cfi ,our second ass]tion 01 t cases ( indissoluble association1 admitt$ by all m5 to be ?is1 & no?+ m1 are ackn[l$g$ z ,belief4 ,! facts 7:i* any "o may call to recollection71 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 des]ve ! greate/ att5tion2 !y %ew ! mode ( inve/igat+ "s ( ! mo/ lat5t comb9ations ( ! human m9d4 ,no fact is m in/ructive1 9 ?is respect1 ?an "o1 :i* m ?an once we h _h occasion to make use (2 ! association ( ! ideas ( di/ance1 ext5sion1 & figure1 ) ! s5sations ( sight4 ,i op5 my eyes2 ,i see ! tables1 & *airs1 ! floor1 ! door1 ! walls ( my room1 & ! books rang$ ^u ! walls2 "s ( ^! ?+s at "o di/ance1 "s at ano!r2 "s ( "o %ape & size1 "s ( ano!r4 ,my belief is1 t ,i see all ^? p>ticul>s4 ,yet ! fact is1 t ,i see no?+ b c]ta9 modifications ( light2#ajd & t all my belief ( see+ ! di/ance1 ! size1 & figure ( ^? sev]al objects1 is no?+ b ! close & insep>able association ( ! ideas ( o!r s5ses4 ,!re is no room = ev5 a surmise t !re is any ?+ 9 ?is case b ! imm$iate bl5d+ ( ! ideas ( "o s5se ) ! s5sations ( ano!r1 d]iv$ f ! con/ant concomitance ( ! s5sations !mselves4 ,ba9's footnote #ajd3 ,m gu>d$ly--',i am affect$ by c]ta9 modifications ( light4' ,! ^w 'see' c>ries ) x too mu* mean+ = ! case put4 ,!re is also ! omission1 previ\sly rem>k$ on1 to take into acc\nt ! m5tal elem5ts due to ! movem5ts ( ! eye--visible =ms1 magnitudes1 & movem5ts4--,b4 ,! case ( he>+ is p]fectly analog\s1 ?\gh #cgj n s exact4 ,i am 9 ! d>k2 ,i he> ! voice ( "o man1 & say he is beh9d me2 ( ano!r1 & say he is be=e me2 ( ano!r1 he is on my "r h&2 ano!r1 on my left4 ,i he> ! s\nd ( a c>riage1 & say1 x is at "o di/ance2 ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 & say1 x is at ano!r4 ,9 ^! cases ,i believe1 n only t ,i he> a s\nd1 b ! s\nd ( a man's voice1 ! s\nd ( a c>riage1 ! s\nd ( a trumpet4 ,yet no "o imag9es t my belief is any ?+1 9 ^! cases1 b ! close association ( ! s\nds ) ! ideas ( ! objects4 ,i believe1 n only t ,i he> ! s\nd ( a man's voice1 b t ,i he> x beh9d me1 or be=e me2 on my "r h&1 or on my left2 at ?is di/ance1 or at t4 ,! indisputable fact1 9 ! mean "t1 is1 t ,i he> only a modification ( s\nd1 & t ! position & di/ance1 :i* ,i believe ,i he>1 are no?+ b ideas ( o!r s5ses1 closely associat$ ) ^? modifications ( s\nd4 ,t ?is /ate ( consci\sness1 ! result ( an imm$iate irresi/ible association1 is id5tical ) ! /ate :i* we "n belief1 is prov$ by a v rem>kable exp]im5t1 ! deception produc$ by v5triloquism4 ,a man acquires ! art ( =m+ t peculi> modification ( s\nd1 :i* w\ld come f ?is or t position1 diff]5t f ! position he is 92 9 o!r words1 ! s\nd :i* is associat$1 n ) ! idea ( ! position he is 91 b t ( ano!r position4 ,! s\nd is he>d2 ! association takes place2 we _c help believ+ t ! s\nd proce$s f a c]ta9 place1 ?\gh we "k1 t is1 imm$iately recognize1 t x proce$s f ano!r4 ,we mu/ n be afraid ( t$i\sness1 :ile we #cga adduce in/ances 9 sup]abundance1 to prove t 9 dissoluble association 79 "o rem>kable class ( its cases1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! va/ importance1 x is f\nd exp$i5t to di/+ui% by a p>ticul> "n7 is t /ate ( consci\sness1 to :i* we h giv5 ! "n ( ,,belief4 ,we are all ( u famili> ) t p>ticul> feel+1 :i* is produc$1 :5 we h turn$ ourselves r\nd ) velocity sev]al times4 ,we ,,believe t ! _w is turn+ r\nd4 ,! s\nd ( bells1 oppos$ by ! w9d1 appe>s to be f>!r (f4 ,a p]son speak+ ?r\gh a trumpet appe>s to be ne>]4 ,our exp]i5ce is1 t s\nds decrease by di/ance4 ,a s\nd is decreas$ by opposition ( ! w9d2 ! idea ( di/ance is associat$2 & ! association be+ insep>able1 x is belief4 ,a s\nd is increas$ by issu+ f a trumpet1 ! idea ( proximity is associat$1 & ! association be+ indissoluble1 x is belief4 ,9 pass+1 on bo>d ( %ip1 ano!r %ip at sea1 we believe t %e has all ! motion1 we none3 ?\gh we may be sail+ rapidly be=e ! w9d1 %e mak+ h>dly any progress aga9/ x4 ,:5 we h be5 mak+ a j\rney 9 a /age coa*1 or a voyage 9 a %ip1 we believe1 = "s "t aft] leav+ ! vehicle1 t /ill we are feel+ its motion2 m especially j z we are fall+ asleep4 ,nobody d\bts1 t ^!1 & simil> cases ( belief1 :i* are v num]\s1 are all to be resolv$ into pure association4 ,:at ! associations are1 we leave to be trac$ by ! le>n]2 s _m repetitions ( ! same process1 ?\gh a useful ex]cise to him1 w\ld be v t$i\s "h4 #cgb ,! ,belief :i* takes place 9 ,dream+ m]its great att5tion 9 ?is "p ( our inquiry4 ,no belief is /rong] ?an t :i* we exp]i5ce 9 dream+4 ,our belief ( "s ( ! frightful objects1 :i* occur to u1 is su*1 z to extort f u l\d cries2 & to ?r[ u into su* tremors & bodily agitations1 z ! greate/ real dang]s w\ld fail 9 produc+4 ,n less int5se is our belief 9 ! pleasurable objects :i* occur to u 9 dreams2 nor are ! agitations :i* !y produce 9 our bodies mu* less surpris+4 ,yet !re is h>dly any diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! real nature ( ! ph5om5a :i* occur 9 dream+4 ,t our dreams are m]e curr5ts ( ideas1 foll[+ "o ano!r by association2 n controll$1 z 9 our wak+ h\rs1 by s5sations & w2 is ! sub/ance ( e !ory ( dream+4 ,! belief1 !re=e1 :i* occurs 9 dream+1 is m]ely a case ( association2 & h5ce x foll[s t no?+ m is necess>y to acc\nt = ,belief4 ,!re is n a m decisive in/ance ( ! id5tity ( ,belief & ,association1 ?an ! dread ( gho/s1 felt 9 ! d>k1 by p]sons :o possess1 9 its greate/ /r5g?1 ! habitual disbelief ( _! exi/5ce4 ,t dread implies belief1 & an uncontrollable belief1 we ne$ n /ay to prove4 ,:5 ! p]sons ( :om we speak feel ! dread ( gho/s 9 ! d>k1 ! mean+ is1 t ! idea ( gho/ is irresi/ibly call$ up by ! s5sation ( d>kness4 ,!re is "h1 indisputably1 a case ( indissoluble association2 nor c x be %ewn t !re is any?+ else4 ,9 ! d>k1 :5 ?is /rong association is produc$1 !re #cgc is ! belief2 n 9 ! d>k1 :5 ! association is n produc$1 !re is no belief4#aje ,ba9's footnote #aje3 ,! efficacy ( association is n correctly expla9$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,! influ5ce ( ,t]ror on belief is unque/ionably great2 b ! op]ation is m complicat$ ?an ! description giv5 ( x 9 ! text4 ,t]ror1 9 ! fir/ place1 is a depress+ passion1 & z su* impairs ! tone ( m9d suit$ to ! anticipation ( com+ good1 or 9 ! obv]se1 increases ! t5d5cy to anticipate com+ evil4 ,9 ! next place1 x is ! /ate mo/ liable to a morbid fix$ idea ( evil1 calamity1 or dang]4 ,?irdly1 we h le>n$ 9 ! c\rse ( our lives to expect num]\s possible calamities2 & are ma9ta9$ 9 s]5ity only by see+ cle>ly a good way be=e u1 s z to be sure t none ( ^! possible evils are approa*+4 ,d>kness ext+ui%es = ! "t our assur+ =e-sight1 & ?us1 by remov+ a c\nt]active1 leaves u a prey to all ! demons ( mis*ief4 ,f\r?ly1 ! emotion ( ,t]ror has its correspond+ imag9ations1 into :i* are tak5 up ) avidity all ! sugge/ions ( dang] t h ev] be5 made to u1 includ+ gho/s1 hobgobl9s1 & o!r ag5ts ( calamity1 :5 we h n natural vig\r or express tra9+ to set !m at n\ght4 ,! m]e fact communicat$ to u1 on a few occasions1 t gho/s appe> 9 ! d>k1 & sometimes p]=m dreadful de$s1 w\ld n by =ce ( association alone produce all t un-n]v+ effect :i* *ildr5 & weak or sup]/iti\s p]sons are liable to :51 at night1 expos$ 9 a lonely place1 or pass+ a *ur*y>d4--,b4 ,few m51 except ^? :o are accu/om$ to x1 c\ld walk on ! ridge ( a high h\se )\t fall+ d[n4 ,yet ! same m5 c\ld walk ) p]fect security1 on simil> foot+1 plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,:at is ! int]pretation ( ?is contr>iety8 ,fe>1 we are told1 is t :i* makes ! #cgd inexp]i5c$ p]son fall4 ,b fe> implies belief4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 9 ! case1 b ! int5se association ( ! idea ( 8 fall+1 ) 8 sight ( ! position 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,9 "s p]sons ?is idea is s easily excit$1 t !y _c look d[n f ev5 a v mod]ate height1 )\t feel+ giddy1 z !y call x2 t is1 )\t hav+ ! appreh5sion2 9 o!r words1 ! belief1 ( fall+4#aa99 ,mill's footnote #aa3 ,! same acc\nt1 9 sub/ance1 ( "s ( ! la/ ( ^! ph5om5a1 is giv5 by ,dr4 ,br[n2 & x may aid ! conceptions ( ! le>n]1 to obs]ve ! diff]5t modes ( exposition us$ by two diff]5t writ]s4 ,!re c be no "q1 t he :o travels 9 ! same c>riage1 ) ! same ext]nal appe>ances ( e k9d by :i* a robb] c\ld be tempt$ or t]rifi$1 w be 9 equal dang] ( attack1 :e!r he c>ry ) him little ( :i* he c be plund]$1 or su* a booty z w\ld impov]i% him if x 7 lo/4 ,b !re c be no "q also1 t ?\gh ! probabilities ( dang] be ! same1 ! fe> ( attack w\ld1 9 ^! two cases1 be v diff]5t2 t1 9 ! "o case1 he w\ld laugh at ! ridicul\s t]ror ( any "o :o j\rney$ ) him1 & express$ mu* al>m at ! approa* ( ev5+2 & t1 9 ! o!r case1 8 own eye w\ld wat* suspici\sly e horseman :o approa*$1 & w\ld feel a sort ( relief :5 he obs]v$ him pass c>elessly & quietly along at a consid]able di/ance beh9d4 ,t ! fe>1 z a m]e emotion1 %\ld be m int5se1 accord+ to ! greatness ( ! object1 might inde$ be expect$2 & if ?is 7 all1 !re w\ld be no?+ wond]ful 9 ! /ate ( m9d :i* ,i h n[ describ$4 ,b !re is n m]ely a great] int5sity ( fe>1 !re is1 9 spite ( reflection1 a great] belief ( probability ( attack4 ,!re is fe>1 9 %ort1 & fe> to :i* we readily yield1 :5 o!rwise all fe> w\ld h seem$ absurd4 ,! reason ( ?is x w p]haps n be difficult = y to discov]1 if y rememb] ! explanations =m]ly giv5 by me1 ( "s analog\s ph5om5a4 ,! loss ( :at is valuable 9 itself1 is ( c\rse a great affliction4 ,! slighte/ possibility ( su* an evil makes ! evil itself occur to u1 z an object ( conception1 ?\gh n at fir/1 p]haps1 z an object ( :at c be t]m$ fe>4 ,its v greatness1 h[ev]1 makes x1 :5 ?us conceiv$1 dwell long] 9 ! m9d2 & x _c dwell long1 ev5 z a m]e conception1 )\t excit+1 by ! common influ5ce ( sugge/ion1 ! diff]5t /ates ( m9d1 associat$ ) ! conception ( any great evil2 ( :i* associate or result+ /ates1 9 su* circum/ances1 fe> is "o ( ! mo/ con/ant & prom95t4 ,! fe> is ?us readily excit$ z an associate feel+2 & :5 ! fe> has once be5 excit$1 z a m]e associate feel+1 x cont9ues to be /ill m readily sugge/$ aga91 at e mom5t1 by ! objects t sugge/$ x1 & ) ! p]ception or conception ( :i* x has rec5tly co-exi/$4 ,!re is a rem>kable analogy to ?is process1 9 ! ph5om5a ( gidd9ess1 to :i* ,i h be=e m ?an once allud$4 ,:e!r ! height on :i* we /&1 be elevat$ only a few feet1 or h b5ea? x a precipit\s abyss ( a ?\s& fa?oms1 our foot+1 if all o!r circum/ances be ! same1 is 9 itself equally sure4 ,yet ?\gh we look d[n1 )\t any fe>1 on ! g5tle slope1 9 ! "o case1 we %r9k back 9 ! o!r case ) pa9ful dismay4 ,! lively conception ( ! evil :i* we %\ld suff] 9 a fall d[n ! dreadful desc5t1 :i* is v naturally sugge/$ by ! m]e sight ( ! precipice1 sugge/s & keeps be=e u ! images ( horror 9 su* a fall1 & ?us indirectly ! emotions ( fe>1 t are ! natural accompanim5ts ( su* images1 & t b = ^? images nev] w\ld h aris54 ,we "k well1 on reflection1 t x is a foot+ ( ! firme/ rock1 p]haps1 on :i* we /&1 b 9 spite ( reflection1 we feel1 at lea/1 at e o!r mom5t1 z if ?is v rock itself 7 crumbl+ or s9k+ b5ea? u4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( ! travell]1 ! livel9ess ( ! m]e conception ( evil t may be suff]$1 gives a sort ( tempor>y probability to t :i* w\ld seem to h little likelihood 9 itself1 & :i* d]ives ?us f m]e imag9ation all ! t]ror t is falsely embodi$ by ! m9d 9 ?+s t exi/ ar\nd4 ,x is n1 !n1 any simple ratio ( probabilities :i* regulates ! rise ( our hopes & fe>s1 b ( ^! comb9$ ) ! magnitude or insignificance ( ! objects4--,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,lecture ,,lxv41 vol4 iii41 p4 #cde--cdg4 #b;d ed4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! ideas ( ,dr4 ,br[n 7 s f> f be+ cle> & settl$ on ! subject1 t 9 ! same "w1 ,lecture ,,vi41 v4 i41 p4 #aae1 he seems to affirm1 t belief _c be acc\nt$ = by association1 b mu/ be ref]r$ to in/9ct2 ?\gh x is necess>y to use ! ^w seems1 = x is n absolutely c]ta9 t he does n by in/9ct mean association4--7,au?or's ,note47 #cge ,f ^! illu/rations1 !n1 x does n appe> t ! anticipation ( ! future f ! pa/1 conta9s 9 x any ?+ peculi>4 ,s f> f /&+ by itself1 a ph5om5on sui g5]is x is includ$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ g5]al ( ! laws ( ! human m9d4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,/ew>t1 !re=e1 & o!r writ]s1 erect x into an object ( wond]1 a prodigy1 a ?+ fall+ )9 no g5]al rule2 & tell u !y c ref] x to no?+ b in/9ct2 :i* is z mu* #cgf z to say1 to no?+ at all2 ! t]m in/9ct1 9 all cases1 be+ a "n = no?+ b our own ignorance2 !y only confess _! failure 9 trac+ ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d to ! gr& compreh5sive law ( association2 to ! admission ( :i*1 9 its full ext5t1 !y seem to h _h a mo/ unacc\ntable1 & a mo/ unphilosophical av]sion2--z if t simplicity1 accord+ to :i* "o law is f\nd #cgg includ$ 9 a high]1 & t 9 a yet high]1 till we arrive at a few :i* seem to include ! :ole1 7 n z mu* to be expect$ 9 ! _w ( m9d1 z 9 ! _w ( matt]4#ab99 ,mill's footnote #ab3 ,locke1 at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! publication ( 8 ,essay1 seems to h become m s5sible ( ! importance ( association4 ,^! are 8 words3--,i ?9k ,i %all make "s o!r additions to be put into y\r ,lat9 translation1 & p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! connexion ( ideas1 :i* has n1 t ,i "k1 be5 hi!rto consid]$1 & has1 ,i guess1 a great] influ5ce ^u our m9ds1 ?an is usually tak5 notice (4--,locke1 ,lett4 to ,mol9eux1 ,april #bf?1 #afie4--7;,au?or's ,note47 ,:5 ,locke wrote ! lett] "h quot$1 he _h n yet writt5 ! *apt] ( 8 ,essay :i* treats ( ! ,association ( ,ideas4 ,t *apt] did n appe> 9 ! orig9al edition1 b 0 fir/ ins]t$ 9 ! f\r?1 publi%$ 9 #afij4 ,! int5tion1 !re=e1 :i* he express$ to ,mol9eux1 has receiv$ its fulfilm5t2 & ! passage quot$ fur!r on 9 ! text1 is "p ( ! addition :i* he contemplat$4--,ed4 ,we h n[ !n explor$ ^? /ates ( ,consci\sness :i* we call ,belief 9 exi/5ces2--,belief 9 pres5t exi/5ces2 ,belief 9 pa/ exi/5ces2 & ,belief 9 future exi/5ces4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ! mo/ simple cases1 ,belief consi/s 9 s5sation alone1 or ideas alone2 9 ! m complicat$ cases1 9 s5sation1 ideas1 & association1 comb9$2 & 9 no case ( belief has any o!r +r$i5t be5 f\nd4 ,9 acc\nt+ = belief 9 pres5t objects n act+ on ! s5ses1--x appe>$1 t a c]ta9 anticipation ( ! future ent]$1 = s mu*1 into ?is comp\nd ph5om5on2 ! explanation ( :i* "p we 7 oblig$ to leave1 till ! #cgh anticipation ( ! future _h und]gone inve/igation4 ,we h n[ se5 t ?is "p1 z well z ! re/1 consi/s ( association4 ,! :ole1 !re=e1 ( ?is case ( belief1 is n[ resolv$ into association4 ,mr4 ,locke1 ^: expositions ( any ( our m5tal ph5om5a are almo/ always in/ructive1 ev5 :5 !y /op %ort ( be+ complete1 has giv5 ! above acc\nt ( belief precisely1 9 "o rem>kable & v ext5sive class ( cases2 ^? 9 :i* ! belief is unf\nd$2 :i* he d5om9ates prejudices4 ,!re is1 he says1#ac99 sc>ce any "o t does n obs]ve some?+ t seems odd to him1 & is 9 itself really extravagant 9 ! op9ions1 reason+s1 & actions1 ( o!r m54 ,mill's footnote #ac3 ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ,,ii41 ,*4 #cc4 ,?is sort ( unreasonabl5ess is usually imput$ to education & prejudice2 & = ! mo/ "p truly en\gh2 ?\gh t rea*es n ! bottom ( ! disease1 nor %ews di/9ctly en\gh :5ce x rises1 or :]e9 x lies4 ,education is (t5 rightly assign$ = ! cause2 & prejudice is a good g5]al "n = ! ?+ itself2 b yet1 ,i ?9k1 he ought to look a little f>!r1 :o w\ld trace ?is sort ( madness to ! root x spr+s f1 & s expla9 x1 z to %ew :5ce ?is flaw has its orig9al 9 v sob] & rational m9ds1 & :]e9 x consi/s4 ,mr4 ,locke af=ds ! explanation1 :i* he ?\ght necess>y to be giv51 & proce$s z foll[s4 ,"s ( our ideas h a natural correspond5ce & connexion "o ) ano!r4 ,x is ! (fice1 & #cgi excell5ce1 ( our reason1 to trace ^!2 & hold !m toge!r 9 t union & correspond5ce1 :i* is f\nd$ 9 _! peculi> be+s4 ,besides ?is1 !re is ano!r connexion ( ideas1 :olly ow+ to *ance or cu/om4 ,ideas1 t 9 !mselves are n at all ( k91 come to be s unit$ 9 "s m5's m9ds1 t x is v h>d to sep>ate !m4 ,!y always keep 9 company2 & ! "o no soon] at any "t comes into ! und]/&+1 b its associate appe>s ) x4 ,& if !y are m ?an two :i* are ?us unit$1 ! :ole gang1 always insep>able1 %ew !mselves toge!r4 ,?is wrong connexion1 9 our m9ds1 ( ideas 9 !mselves loose & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 has su* an influ5ce1 & is ( s great =ce1 to set u awry 9 our actions1 z well moral z natural1 passions1 reason+s1 & notions !mselves2 t p]haps !re is n any "o ?+ t des]ves m to be look$ aft]4 ,! ideas ( gobl9s & sprights h really no m to d ) d>kness ?an light4 ,yet let b a fooli% maid inculcate ^! (t5 9 ! m9d ( a *ild1 & raise !m !re toge!r1 possibly he %all nev] be able to sep>ate !m aga9 s long z he lives2 b d>kness %all ev] aft]w>ds br+ ) x ^? frightful ideas1 & !y %all be s jo9$1 t he c no m be> ! "o ?an ! o!r4 ,a man receives a s5sible injury f ano!r2 ?9ks on ! man & t action ov] & ov]2 & by rum9at+ on !m /rongly1 or mu* 9 8 m9d1 s cem5ts ^? two ideas toge!r1 t he makes !m almo/ "o4 ,:5 ?is comb9ation is settl$1 & :ile x #chj la/s1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( reason to help u & relieve u f ! effects ( x4 ,ideas 9 our m9ds1 :5 !y are !re1 w op]ate accord+ to _! nature & circum/ances4 ,&1 "h1 we see ! cause :y ,"t cures c]ta9 affections1 :i* reason1 ?\gh 9 ! "r1 has n p[] ov]1 nor is able1 aga9/ !m1 to prevail ) ^? :o are apt to he>k5 to x 9 o!r cases4 ,aft] adduc+ v>i\s examples1 to illu/rate ! effect ( ^! associations1 9 produc+ bo? vici\s affections1 & absurd op9ions1 he ?us concludes3 ,t :i* ?us captivates our reasons1 & leads m5 bl9dfold f common s5se1 w1 :5 exam9$1 be f\nd to be :at we are speak+ (4 ,"s indep5d5t ideas ( no alliance to "o ano!r1 are1 by education1 cu/om1 & ! con/ant d9 ( _! p>ty1 s c\pl$ 9 _! m9ds1 t !y always appe> !re toge!r2 & !y c no m sep>ate !m 9 _! ?\ghts1 ?an if !re 7 b "o idea2 & !y op]ate z if !y 7 s4 ,?is gives s5se to j>gon1 demon/ration to absurdity1 & consi/5cy to nons5se2 & is ! f\ndation ( ! greate/1 ,i _h almo/ said1 ( all1 ! errors 9 ! _w4 ,su* is ,mr4 ,locke's acc\nt ( wrong belief1 or error4 ,b wrong belief is belief1 no less ?an "r belief4 ,wrong belief1 accord+ to ,locke1 arises f a bad association ( ideas4 ,"r belief1 !n1 arises f a "r association ( ideas2 & ?is also 0 evid5tly ,locke's op9ion4 ,x is1 ?us1 association1 9 bo? cases2 only1 9 ! case ( wrong belief1 ! association is betwe5 ideas :i* ought n to #cha be associat$2 9 ! case ( "r belief1 x is betwe5 ideas :i* ought to be associat$4 ,9 ! case ( "r belief1 ! association is betwe5 ideas :i*1 9 ! language ( ,locke1 h a natural correspond5ce & connexion "o ) ano!r3 9 ! case ( wrong belief1 x is betwe5 ideas1 :i* 9 !mselves are n at all ( k91 & are jo9$ only by *ance or cu/om4 ,! ideas ( ! col\r1 %ape1 & smell ( ! rose2 ! ideas ( ! sp>k fall+ on ! gunp[d]1 & ! explosion1--are ! sorts ( ideas :i* are und]/ood1 by ,mr4 ,locke1 z hav+ a natural correspond5ce & connexion4 ,ideas1 su* z ^? ( d>kness1 ) ^? ( gho/s2 ( ! mis]ies suff]$ at s*ool1 ) ! read+ ( books1--are ! k9d :i* he describes z n ( k91 & unit$ 9 ! m9d only by *ance or cu/om4 ,?is1 put into accurate language1 means1 t :5 ! ideas are connect$ 9 con=mity ) ! connexions ( ?+s1 ! belief is "r belief2 :5 ! ideas are connect$ n 9 con=mity ) ! connexions ( ?+s1 ! belief is wrong belief4 ,! ideas1 h[ev]1 :i* are connect$ 9 con=mity ) ! connexions among ?+s1 are connect$ by cu/om1 z mu* z ^? :i* are connect$ n 9 con=mity ) ^? connexions4 ,& ! cu/om :i* unites !m 9 con=mity1 is by f> ! mo/ common ( ! two4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! regul>1 ! ord9>y1 ! /&>d cu/om1 ! o!r only con/itutes ! exceptions4 ,,ii4 ,we h divid$ ,belief into1 #a1 ,belief 9 ev5ts1 real exi/5ces2 #b1 ,belief 9 te/imony2 #c1 ,belief 9 ! tru? ( propositions4 ,?\gh ?is division1 sugge/$ by ! ord9>y #chb =ms ( language1 appe>$ to me didactically conv5i5t1 x is n logically correct4 ,! expression1 ,belief 9 te/imony1 is elliptical4 ,:5 complet$1 x becomes ,belief 9 ev5ts ^u ! evid5ce ( te/imony4 ,!re are !n1 9 reality1 only two k9ds ( ,belief2 #a4 ,belief 9 ev5ts or real exi/5ces2 & #b4 ,belief 9 ! tru? ( ,propositions4 ,b ,belief 9 ev5ts or real exi/5ces has two f\ndations2 #a4 our own exp]i5ce2 #b4 ! te/imony ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ ( ^! we h exam9$1 ! consid]ation ( ! second rema9s4 ,:5 we beg91 h[ev]1 to look at ! second ( ^! f\ndations m closely1 x soon appe>s1 t x is n 9 reality di/9ct f ! fir/4 ,= :at is te/imony8 ,x is itself an ev5t4 ,:5 we believe any ?+1 !re=e1 9 consequ5ce ( te/imony1 we only believe "o ev5t 9 consequ5ce ( ano!r4 ,b ?is is ! g5]al acc\nt ( our belief 9 ev5ts4 ,x is ! union ( ! ideas1 ( an antec$5t1 & a consequ5t1 by a /rong association4 ,i believe x is "o o'clock4 ,:y8 ,i h j he>d ! clock /rike4 ,/rik+ ( ! clock1 antec$5t2 "o o'clock1 consequ5t2 ! second closely associat$ ) ! fir/4 ,! /rik+ ( ! clock is 9 fact a species ( te/imony4 ,:at does x te/ify8 ,n "o ev5t1 b an inf9ite numb] ( ev5ts1 ( :i* ! t]m "o o'clock is ! "n4 ,at e in/ant 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 a numb] ( ev5ts are tak+ place1 "s kn[n to u1 "s unkn[n4 ,! t]m "o o'clock1 is ! "n ( ^? :i* take place at a p>ticul> po9t ( ! diurnal revolution4 ,i believe 9 !m all ^u ! te/imony ( ! clock4 ,:y8 ,f exp]i5ce2--e "o w\ld directly & #chc truly reply4 ,i h f\nd ! ev5ts con/antly1 or at lea/ v regul>ly1 conjo9$4 ,f junction ( ! ev5ts1 junction ( ! ideas2 9 o!r words1 belief4 ,if pro(1 only1 7 want$1 ?is w\ld suffice4 ,= ! purpose1 h[ev]1 ( in/ruction1 tuition1 tra9+1 a m m9ute developem5t ( ?is important case ( belief seems too useful to be disp5s$ )1 not)/&+ ! t$i\sness :i* s _m repetitions ( ! same process are too likely to produce4 ,! wat*man call+ ! h\r1 is a case ( human te/imony4 ,t ! acc\nt ( our belief1 9 ?is case1 is precisely ! same z t 9 ! case ( ! /rik+ ( ! clock1 x is :olly unnecess>y to prove4 ,b if our reliance on te/imony 9 "o case is pure exp]i5ce1 x may reasonably be inf]r$ t x is s 9 all4 ,! =ms ( expression1 :i* we apply to ?is case ( belief1 are v mislead+4 ,we say1 we believe a man1 or1 we believe 8 te/imony4 ,we atta* belief to ! man1 or1 to 8 te/imony4 ,9 ^! expressions1 ! "n belief is appli$ to ! wrong ev5t2 to ! antec$5t1 in/ead ( ! consequ5t4 ,:at we mean to say is1 t we believe ! consequ5t1 ! ?+ te/ifi$1 n ! antec$5t1 ! speak+ ( ! words4 ,! words ! man uses1 are1 to u1 s5sations3 belief t he uses ! words1 is n :at is meant by belief 9 8 te/imony4 ,! same =m ( expression is p]fectly absurd1 :5 appli$ to o!r cases4 ,we nev] say t we believe ! flame ( ! c&le1 or we atta* belief to ! flame ( ! c&le1 :5 we mean to /ate ! belief1 t a f+] w be burnt if x is put into ! flame2 #chd we nev] say we believe ! sp>k1 :5 we mean to express our belief ( an explosion :5 ! sp>k falls ^u ! gunp[d]4 ,! only "q1 !n1 is1 9 :at mann] ! words ( ! te/ifi]1 ! antec$5t1 come to be s unit$ ) ! idea ( ! ?+ te/ifi$1 z to con/itute belief4 ,& surely !re is no difficulty "h1 ei!r 9 conceiv+1 or admitt+ ! process4 ,words call up ideas by association1 solely4 ,!re is no natural connexion betwe5 !m4 ,! mann] 9 :i* words are appli$ to ev5ts1 ,i "k mo/ intimately by my own exp]i5ce4 ,i am con/antly1 &1 f ! fir/ mom5t ,i c\ld use !m1 h con/antly be51 employ+ words 9 exact con=mity ) ev5ts4 ,cases occur 9 :i* ,i d n1 b !y are few 9 comp>ison ) ^? 9 :i* ,i d4 ,x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$1 t ! greate/ ( li>s speak tru? a ?\s& times = once t !y utt] falsehood4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! use ( words1 & ! idea ( con=mable exi/5ce1 is1 ( c\rse1 e/abli%$ into "o ( ! /ronge/ associations ( ! human m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 belief1 9 consequ5ce ( te/imony1 is1 /rictly1 a case ( association4 ,t we int]pret o!r m5's actions by our own1 no "o d\bts2 & t we d s entirely by association has already be5 prov$4 ,9 acc\nt+ = belief 9 pa/ exi/5ces :]e x is n memory1 we h f\nd t x is resolvable into belief 9 te/imony1 & 9 ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature2 & ! explanation ( ?is we po/pon$ till ! cases ( belief 9 te/imony1 & 9 ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature1 %\ld be exp\nd$4 ,a few words w n[ suffice to connect ! #che explanations =m]ly giv5 ) ^? :i* h n[ be5 pres5t$4 ,! two cases1 z we h se51 resolve !mselves into "o2 z belief 9 te/imony is b a case ( ! anticipation ( ! future f ! pa/2 & belief 9 ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature is b ano!r "n = ! same ?+4 ,i believe ! ev5t call$ ! fire ( ,london1 ^u te/imony4 ,i believe t ! /rang] :o n[ passes be=e my w9d[1 _h a fa!r & "m1 0 once an infant1 !n a boy1 next a y\?1 !n a man1 & t he has be5 n\ri%$ by food f 8 bir?2 all ?is1 f my belief 9 ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature4 ,aft] ! prec$+ developm5ts1 x is surely unnecess>y to be m9ute 9 ! analysis ( ^! in/ances4 ,i h _h exp]i5ce1 ( a con/ant s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 9 ! life ( man2 g5]ation1 bir?1 *ildhood1 & s on2 z ,i h _h ( pa9 f putt+ my f+] 9 ! flame4 ,a correspond+ association is =m$4 ,if ! sight ( a /rang] calls up ! idea ( 8 orig9 & progress to manhood1 ! ord9>y tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts is call$ up2 nor is x possible = me to prev5t x4 ,! association is indissoluble1 & is "o ( ! cases class$ "u ! "n ( ,belief4 ,! explanation is /ill m simple ( my belief 9 ! fire ( ,london4 ,! te/imony 9 ?is case is ( t sort :i* ,i h always exp]i5c$ to be con=mable to ! ev5t4 ,betwe5 su* te/imony1 & ! idea ( ! ev5t te/ifi$1 ,i h1 !re=e1 an indissoluble association4 ,! te/imony uni=mly calls up ! idea ( ! reality ( ! ev5t1 s closely1 #chf t ,i _c disjo9 !m4 ,b ! idea1 irresi/ibly =c$ ^u me1 ( a real ev5t1 is ,belief4#ajf ,ba9's footnote #ajf3 ,! belief 9 ,te/imony is d]iv$ f ! prim>y cr$ulity ( ! m9d1 9 c]ta9 in/ances left intact "u ! we> & te> ( adv]se exp]i5ce4 ,h>dly any fact ( ! human m9d is bett] atte/$ ?an ! primitive disposition to receive all te/imony ) unfl9*+ cr$5ce4 ,x nev] occurs to ! *ild to "q any /atem5t made to x1 until "s positive =ce on ! side ( scepticism has be5 develop$4 ,gradually we f9d t c]ta9 te/imonies are inconsi/5t ) fact2 we h1 !re=e1 to g ?r\gh a long education 9 discrim9at+ ! good te/imonies f ! bad4 ,to ! "o class1 we adh]e ) ! primitive =ce ( conviction t 9 ! o!r class has be5 %ak5 & worn away by ! %ocks ( repeat$ contradictions4--,b4 ,x is 9 ?is way t belief 9 ,hi/ory is to be expla9$4 ,x is because ,i _c resi/ ! evid5ce2 9 o!r words1 because ! te/imony calls up irresi/ibly ! idea1 t ,i believe 9 ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,?irty ,tyrants ( ,a!ns1 9 t ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 & s on4 ,,iii4 ,we come n[ to :at we set out ) /at+ z ! ?ird case ( ,belief2 b :i*1 z !re are 9 reality b two k9ds ( belief1 is1 /rictly speak+1 ! second1--,i mean ,belief 9 ! ,tru? ( ,propositions2 9 o!r words1 v]bal tru?s4 ,! process by :i* ?is ,belief is g5]at$1 or r ! comb9ation :]e9 x consi/s1 has1 by ! writ]s on ,logic1 at lea/ ^? 9 ! ,lat9 & mod]n languages1 be5 call$ ,,judgm5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a re/rict$ s5se4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ^w ,judgm5t is us$ ) m latitude4 ,sometimes x is ne>ly co-ext5sive ) ,belief1 exclud+ h>dly #chg any b ! sudd5 & mom5t>y cases4 ,we %\ld h>dly say1 ,a man judges !re are gho/s1 :o is afraid ( !m 9 ! d>k1 b firmly believes 8 fe> is unf\nd$2 or judges ! surgeon to be noxi\s1 :om he %udd]s at ! sight (1 f recollection ( ! t]rible op]ation :i* he und]w5t at 8 h&s4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ei!r ( delib]ate or well-f\nd$ belief1 we seem to apply ! ^w judgm5t )\t impropriety4 ,i judge t ,i see ! light1 t ,i he> ! drum1 t my fri5d speaks ! tru?1 t wat] is fl[+ 9 ! ,ganges4 ,all ,belief ( ev5ts1 except t ( our pres5t s5sations1 & ideas1 consi/s1 z we h se51 9 ! comb9ation ( ! ideas ( an antec$5t & a consequ5t4 ,! antec$5t is sometimes simple1 sometimes comp\nd1 be+ n "o ev5t1 b v>i\s ev5ts tak5 toge!r4 ,^! v>ieties 9 ! antec$5t con/itute two di/+ui%able cases ( belief4 ,! la/ ( !m1 t 9 :i* ! antec$5t is complex1 is t 9 :i* ! t]m judgm5t is mo/ commonly appli$4 ,aga91 !re are two cases ( complex antec$5t1 "o1 9 :i* all ! ev5ts are concordant2 ano!r1 9 :i* !y are n all concordant4 ,x is to ?is la/ case t ! t]m judgm5t is mo/ peculi>ly appli$4 ,?us1 x is n usual to say1 t we judge we %all feel pa9 if we put a f+] 9 ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,b if we saw two armies ready to engage1 "o ( :i* _h consid]able sup]iority1 bo? 9 numb]s & discipl9e1 we %\ld say we judge t x w\ld ga9 ! victory4 ,?is case1 h[ev]1 ( belief1 :]e ! antec$5t is complex1 w receive additional illu/ration f>!r on4 #chh ,we h n[ to consid] ! case ( ,belief 9 ! tru? ( propositions4 ,,proposition is a "n = t =m ( words :i* makes a pr$ication4 ,:at ,pr$ication is1 ( :at p>ts x consi/s1 :at end x s]ves1 & into h[ _m k9ds x is divid$1 we h already expla9$4 ,x rema9s to inquire :at is meant by ! ,,tru? ( a ,pr$ication1 & :at /ate ( consci\sness x is :i* is call$ ! recognition or ,,belief ( t tru?4 ,pr$ication consi/s ess5tially 9 ! application ( two m>ks to ! same ?+4 ,( ?is !re are two rem>kable cases2 "o1 ,t 9 :i* two names ( equal ext5t are appli$ to ! same ?+2 ano!r1 ,t 9 :i* two names1 "o ( less1 ano!r ( great] ext5t1 are appli$ to ! same ?+4 ,! que/ions we h to resolve are1 ,:at is meant by tru? 9 ^! cases2 &1 ,:at is ! process1 or complex /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* is call$ ass5t to ! proposition1 or belief ( x4 ,&1 fir/1 z to ! case ( two names ( equal ext5t1 z :5 we say1 ,man is a rational animal2 "h ! two names are1 ,man1 & ,rational animal1 exactly equival5t2 s t man is ! "n ( :atev] rational animal is ! "n (2 & rational animal is ! "n ( :atev] man is ! "n (4 ,?is co9cid5ce ( ! names is all t is meant by ! tru? ( ! proposition2 & my recognition ( t co9cid5ce is ano!r "n = my belief 9 its tru?4 ,n[1 h[ is x t ,i recognise two names z equival5t8 ,ab\t ?is1 !re w n be any dispute4 ,i recognise ! mean+ ( names solely by #chi association4 ,i recognise t su* a "n is ( su* a mean+1 by association4 ,i recognise t ano!r "n is ( ! same signification1 by ! same means4 ,t ,i recognise ! mean+ ( ! la/1 :atev] x is1 by association1 _c be d\bt$1 because x is by ?is t ! mean+ ( e ^w is e/abli%$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r fact2 t ,i recognise ! mean+ 9 ! second case1 z ! same ) ! mean+ 9 ! fir/ case4 ,:at is ! process ( ?is recognition8 ,! ^w ,man is ! m>k or "n ( a c]ta9 clu/] ( ideas4 ,a c]ta9 clu/] ( ideas ,i "k to be :at x is1 by hav+ x4 ,hav+ x1 & kn[+ x1 are two names = ! same ?+4 ,hav+ x1 & hav+ x aga91 is kn[+ x1 & kn[+ x aga92 & t is ! recognition ( its sam5ess4 ,x is a s+le "n = ! two /ates ( consci\sness4 ,?is1 !n1 is all t is meant by our belief 9 ! tru? ( a proposition1 ! t]ms ( :i* are conv]tible1 or ( equal ext5t4 ,:5 ( two names1 appli$ to ! same ?+1 "o is ( less1 ano!r ( great] ext5t1 ! association is m complex2 b 9 t is all ! diff]5ce4 ,?us1 :5 ,i believe ! tru? ( ! proposition1 ,man is an animal1 ! mean+ ( ! "n man is call$ up by association1 & ! mean+ ( ! "n animal is call$ up by association4 ,?us f> is c]ta94 ,b !re is some?+ fur!r4 ,i recognise1 t animal is a "n ( :atev] man is a "n (1 & also ( m4 ,9 hav+ ! mean+ ( ! "n man call$ up by association1 t is1 9 hav+ ! ideas1 ,i recognise t man is a "n ( ,james1 & ,john1 & ,hom]1 & ,socrates1 & all ! individuals ( ! class4 #cij ,?is is pure association4 ,9 hav+ ! mean+ ( ! "n animal call$ up by association1 ,i recognise t x is a "n ( ,james1 & ,john1 & all ! individuals ( ! same class1 z well z ( all ! individuals ( o!r classes2 & ?is is all t is meant by my ,belief 9 ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,man is ! "n ( "o clu/] ( ideas2 animal is ! "n ( a clu/]1 includ+ bo? ?is & o!r clu/]s4 ,! latt] clu/] is p>tly ! same )1 & p>tly diff]5t f1 ! =m]4 ,b hav+ two clu/]s1 & kn[+ !m to be two1 is n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+2 kn[+ !m 9 ! case 9 :i* ,i call !m same1 & kn[+ !m 9 ! case 9 :i* ,i call !m diff]5t1 is /ill hav+ !m1 hav+ !m su* z !y are1 & no?+ besides4 ,9 ?is second case also1 ( ! belief ( a proposition1 !re is1 !re=e1 no?+ b ideas1 & association4 ,we h already %ewn1 "u ! head ,,nam+1 :5 expla9+ ! purpose to :i* ,pr$ication is subs]vi5t1 t all ,pr$ication may be /rictly consid]$ z ( "o k9d1 ! application to ! same ?+ ( ano!r "n ( great] ext5t2 9 o!r words1 t ,pr$ication by :at ,logicians call ! ,diff]5ce1 ,prop]ty1 or ,accid5t ( a ?+1 may be r$uc$ to ,pr$ication by ! ,g5us or ,species2 b z !re is a seem+ diff]5ce 9 ^! latt] cases1 a %ort illu/ration ( !m w probably be useful4 ,?us1 suppose ,i say1 ,man is rational1 & t ,i *oose to exp\nd x1 )\t ! aid ( ! ^w animal1 und]/ood2 :at is !re 9 ! case8 ,! ^w man1 m>ks a c]ta9 clu/] ( ideas4 ,rational m>ks a portion ( t clu/]4 ,9 ! #cia clu/] m>k$ man1 ! clu/] m>k$ rational is includ$4 ,to recognise ?is1 is also call$ believ+ ! proposition4 ,b to h "o clu/] ( ideas1 & "k :at x is2 !n ano!r1 & "k :at x is1 is m]ely to h ! two clu/]s4 ,to h a second clu/]1 "p ( a fir/1 & to "k t x is a "p ( ! fir/1 is ! same ?+4 ,! peculi> prop]ty ( t class ( words to :i* ,rational belongs1 mu/ "h be recollect$4 ,!y are ! connotative class4 ,beside m>k+ "s ?+ peculi>ly1 !y m>k some?+ else 9 conjunction2 & ?is la/1 !y are said to connote4 ,?us ! ^w rational1 beside ! "p ( ! clu/]1 man1 :i* x peculi>ly m>ks1 connotes1 or m>ks 9 conjunction ) x1 ! "p includ$ "u ! ^w animal ,x w be easy to apply ! same explanation to all o!r cases4 ,i say1 ! rose is r$4 ,r$ is a connotative t]m1 di/9ctively m>k+ ! idea ( r$4 ,! idea ( r$ is "p ( ! clu/] ,i m>k by ! ^w rose4 ,take a m obscure expression2 ,fire burns4 ,x is v obvi\s1 t 9 ! clu/] ( ideas ,i m>k by ! ^w fire1 ! idea ( burn+ is includ$4 ,to h ! idea1 fire1 !re=e1 & ! idea burn+1 call$ up by ! names /&+ 9 pr$ication1 is to believe ! proposition4 ,! ,pr$ications1 ,virtue is lovely1 ,vice is hateful1 & ! l1 all admit ( a simil> exposition4 ,9 ! clu/] virtue1 ! idea ( lovel9ess is includ$2 9 ! clu/] vice1 t ( hatefulness is includ$4 ,su* propositions1 !re=e1 m]ely say1 t :at is a "p ( a ?+1 is a "p ( x4 ,! #cib two words call up ! two ideas2 & to h two ideas1 "o a "p ( ano!r1 & "k t "o is "p ( ano!r1 is n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,to h ! idea ( rose1 & ! idea ( r$1 & to "k t r$ makes "p ( rose1 is n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,little m is necess>y to expla9 ?is case ( ,belief 9 ! tru? ( ,propositions4 ,propositions are =m$1 ei!r ( g5]al names1 or p>ticul> names1 t is1 names ( individuals4 ,propositions consi/+ ( g5]al names are by f> ! mo/ num]\s class1 & by f> ! mo/ important4 ,! prec$+ exposition embraces !m all4 ,!y are all m]ely v]bal2 & ! ,belief is no?+ m ?an recognition ( ! co9cid5ce1 entire or p>tial1 ( two g5]al names4 ,! case ( ,propositions =m$ ( p>ticul> names1 is diff]5t1 & yet rema9s to be expla9$4 ,mr4 ,br\gham made a spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on su* a day4 ,! ,pr$icate1 mak+ a spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 is nei!r g5]al1 s z to include ! subject1 ,mr4 ,br\gham1 z 9 a species2 nor is ! clu/] ( ideas1 m>k$ by ! pr$icate1 includ$ 9 ! clu/] m>k$ by ! subject1 z a "p 9 its :ole4 ,! proposition m>ks a case ei!r ( exp]i5ce1 or ( te/imony4 ,if ,i he>d ! spee*1 ! proposition is an expression ( ! ,memory ( an ev5t2 ,mr4 ,br\gham1 antec$5t1 & mak+ a spee*1 consequ5t2 & ! ,belief ( ! ,proposition1 is ano!r "n = ! ,memory ( ! ,ev5t4 ,if ,i did n he> x1 ,belief ( ! proposition1 is belief 9 ! te/imony ( ^? :o say !y he>d x4 #cic ,z all propositions relat+ to individual objects are1 aft] ?is mann]1 m>ks ei!r ( o!r m5's te/imony1 or ( our own exp]i5ce1 :at belief1 9 ^! cases1 is1 has already be5 expla9$4 ,propositions relat+ to individuals may be expressions ei!r ( pa/1 or ( future ev5ts4 ,belief 9 pa/ ev5ts1 ^u our own exp]i5ce1 is memory2 ^u o!r m5's exp]i5ce1 is ,belief 9 te/imony2 bo? ( !m resolv$ into association4 ,belief 9 future ev5ts1 is ! insep>able association ( l consequ5ts ) l antec$5ts4 ,x is n deem$ necess>y to unfold ^! associations4 ,x has be5 already done4 ,x seems en\gh1 if !y are indicat$ "h4#ajg #ajh ,ba9's footnote #ajg3 ,! au?or has treat$ 9 diff]5t places sev]al que/ions intimately alli$4 ,^! are3-- #a4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! /ate ( m9d call$ ,belief1 ! m5tal region :5ce x spr+s1 or ! ph5om5a t x is to be class$ )--:e!r ,intellect1 ,feel+1 or ,w4 #b4 ,! belief 9 ! ,pa/1 & ! belief 9 ! ,future2 9 :at respect !y diff] f belief 9 ! pres5t4 ,insep>ably implicat$ ) ?is1 if n prior to x & prep>atory to x1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ideas ( ,memory & ideas ( ,imag9ation4 #c4 ,! nature ( our cont9u\s ,m5tal ,life1 or ,id5tity2 or :at is meant by ! ,p]man5t ,exi/5ce ( ,m9d4 ,! *apt]s on ,memory1 & on ,belief1 & ! section on ,id5tity 7,*ap4 ,,xiv471 all treat ( ^! que/ions1 & conta9 pr(\nd orig9al views on !m all4 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ,belief1 he errs 79 common ) philosoph]s g5]ally7 9 call+ x a purely intellectual /ate4 ,! consequ5ce is to m> ! explanations ( ! o!r po9ts4 ,he displays a rem>kably j & p5etrat+ insight into ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,memory & ,imag9ation1 & betwe5 #cid our own self or ,p]sonality1 & ! p]sonality ( o!rs2 :]eby he fully acc\nts = :at is involv$ 9 ,p]sonal ,id5tity4 ,to resolve ! difficult ph5om5on ( ,belief 9 ,memory1 ( :i* ! belief 9 ! ,p]man5t ,exi/5ce ( ,m9d is m]ely ano!r expression1 we mu/ cle> up ! f\ndations ( ! /ate ( ,belief 9 g5]al4 ,! prevail+ error on ?is subject consi/s 9 reg>d+ ,belief z ma9ly a fact ( ! ,intellect1 ) a c]ta9 p>ticipation ( ! feel+s4 ,! usual assumption is1 t if a ?+ is conceiv$ 9 a suffici5tly vivid mann]1 or if two ?+s are /rongly associat$ 9 ! m9d1 ! /ate ( belief is !reby induc$4 ,a bett] clue to ! real "* ( belief is f\nd 9 ! connexion betwe5 fai? & works4 ,! practical te/ appli$ to a man's belief 9 a c]ta9 matt]1 is 8 act+ ^u x4 ,a capitali/'s tru/ 9 ! s\ndness ( a project1 is %[n by 8 inve/+ 8 money4 ,9 its ess5tial "*1 ,belief is a phase ( our active nature1--o!rwise call$ ! ,w4 ,our t5d5cy to action1 "u special circum/ances1 assumes ! aspect call$ belief2 z 9 o!r circum/ances1 x takes ! =m ( ,desire1 & 9 a ?ird situation1 appe>s z ,int5tion2 none ( all :i* are ess5tial to volunt>y action 9 its typical =m4 ,! /ate ( belief or ( disbelief is manife/$ :5 we are pursu+ an ,int]m$iate ,end4 ,9 ma/icat+ some?+ sweet1 ! fruition ( ! sweetness su/a9s ! en]gy ( ! w2 !re is no case = ! believ+ function prop]ly s call$1 any m ?an !re is = ,desire1 ,delib]ation1 or ,resolution4 ,9 go+ to a %op to pur*ase sweets1 !re is want+ ?is imm$iate support ( ! volunt>y en]gies2 ! support gr[s out ( an ideal /ate1 ! anticipation ( ! pleasure ( sweetness2 ?is /ate is call$ ,belief4 ,we are said to believe t :at we are go+ to pur*ase w imp>t an agreeable s5sation4 ,! /ate is "o ( degree2 we may h a /rong belief or a weak belief2 ! /r5g? hav+ no o!r measure ?an ! en]gy ( pursuit inspir$ by x4 ,if we #cie foll[ ! int]m$iate end ) all ! avidity %[n :5 we are realiz+ ! full actuality1 we h ! p]fect belief t :at we aim at w br+ ! actuality4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s1 we are less /rongly mov$ ?an ?is1 our belief is said to be s mu* weak]4 ,or1 ! comp>ison may be express$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,if two ?+s are connect$ toge!r z means & end2 &1 if on atta9+ ! means1 we feel z mu* elat$ 7! end be+ some?+ good7 z if we _h atta9$ ! end1 !n our belief is at ! maximum2 if less s1 our belief is less4 ,! promise made to u by "o man gives all ! satisfaction ( ! p]=mance2 ! promise ( ano!r man gives a v inf]ior satisfaction2 ! comp>ison measures our comp>ative tru/ 9 ! two m54 ,s f> ! matt] seems pla94 ,! real difficulty lies 9 assign+ ! m5tal orig9 or seat ( ! believ+ attitude4 ,! view to be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is note is1 t ! /ate ( belief is id5tical ) ! activity or active disposition ( ! sy/em1 at ! mom5t1 & ) ref]5ce to ! ?+ believ$4 ,n[ z !re are v>i\s s\rces ( activity1 s !re are v>i\s s\rces ( belief4 ,^! are3--,fir/1 ,spontane\s ,activity1 or ! m]e ov]fl[ ( en]gy gr[+ out ( ! n\ri%m5t ( ! sy/em4 ,secondly1 ,volunt>y ,action1 9 ! /ricte/ signification1 or ! pursuit ( pleasure & ! avoidance ( pa91 "u ! /imulus ( "o or o!r ( ^? /ates4 ,?irdly1 ! t5d5cy ( an ,idea to become an ,actuality1 ! degree ( :i* t5d5cy accords ) ! m5tal excitem5t att5d+ ! idea4 ,f\r?ly1 ! addition ( ,habit to all ! o!rs4 ,"u e "o ( ^! f\r influ5ces1 we are prompt$ to act1 & 9 ! same degree dispos$ to believe4 ,n "o ( ! t5d5cies is any gu>antee = ! tru? ( ! ?+ believ$2 :i* is a some:at grave consequ5ce ( ! !ory cont5d$ =4 ,x w n[ be ask$1 9 :at acceptation1 or "u :at circum/ances1 does m]e activity1 no matt] h[ aris+1 con/itute1 or am\nt to1 ! /ate ( belief4 ,!re are c]ta9 situations :]e ! two /ates are on ! surface ! same2 ! fact ( go+ along a c]ta9 road implicates ! belief t #cif a c]ta9 de/9ation w be rea*$4 ,nay1 f>!r1 a great am\nt ( natural en]gy w\ld su/a9 a vigor\s pace1 irrespective ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! goal2 :ile physical feebl5ess w\ld make "o languid1 h[ev] /rong ! evid5ce ( ! di/ant good4 ,all ?is %[s t ! m5tal /ate call$ believ+ is ( little use )\t ! active p[]1 & t ! active p[] readily simulates ! believ+ /ate1 & makes x seem great] or less ?an x really is4 ,let u n[ look at ! "q 9 ano!r light4 ,hav+ a natural fund ( activity1 ) or )\t ! addition ( prop] volitional impulses1 we comm5ce mov+ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 no matt] :at4 ,we are n necess>ily urg$ to move by any prospect ( :at we are to f9d4 ,we act someh[1 because action comes ^u u2 & we take ! consequ5ces4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t we enc\nt] a *eck1 9 ! =m ( ob/ruction or pa93 ?is /ops our activity 9 t direction1 b does n prev5t x f tak+ ano!r direction4 ,n[1 n only does ! actual pa9 arre/ our /eps1 b also ! memory ( x 7if ! circum/ances are su* z to give x a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g?7 is det]r+4 ,we avoid t track 9 ! future4 ,) ref]5ce to x !re is g5]at$ a volunt>y activity & det]m9ation1 conta9+ ! :ole ess5ce ( belief2 namely1 ! avoidance ( a c]ta9 c\rse1 be=e ! po9t ( actual pa94 ,?is is1 to all int5ts1 belief on ! side ( prospective h>m4 ,equally important is x to rem>k1 t :]ev] we h n exp]i5c$ any positive h>m1 *eck1 or ob/ruction1 we g on z readily & z en]getically z ev]4 ,our natural /ate ( m9d1 our primitive />t is tantam\nt to full confid5ce or belief2 :i* is brok5 9 ^u1 only aft] ho/ile exp]i5ces2 by ^!1 ! orig9al condition ( implicit confid5ce is impair$2 & 9 c]ta9 directions1 a positive anticipation or det]m9+ volition & belief ( evil is sub/itut$4 ,an animal born on a summ] morn+1 & able to move ab\t f ! fir/1 w\ld n anticipate d>kness2 x w\ld behave exactly z if light 7 nev] int]mitt$4 ,a few days exp]i5ce makes an #cig 9-road on ?is primitive confid5ce1 & modifies x to suit ! facts4 ,let u add ano!r circum/ance to ! =ego+ example4 ,in/ead ( ! individual mov+ bl9dly on1 by m]e exub]ance or spontaneity1 let ! movem5t be fav\r$ by br++ pleasure at e /ep4 ,9 ?is situation1 ! :ole =ce ( ! spontaneity at ! "t1 & ! :ole =ce ( ! w 7proportion$ to ! /imulat+ pleasure71 su/a9 ! movem5ts at a m en]getic pace2 & !re is no?+ to c\nt]-"w !m4 ,! m5tal disposition is n[ equival5t to ! highe/ confid5ce2 !re is no hesitation1 no di/ru/1 no?+ b exub]ant unre/ra9$ activity4 ,nei!r scepticism z to ! unkn[n future1 nor a dem& = assurance t ! pres5t condition is to la/1 is ent]ta9$ by ! m9d4 ,! individual does n inquire :e!r a precipice1 or ! lair ( a dev\r+ bea/ be on ! track4 ,! ignorance is at once bliss & belief4 ,"h1 !n1 we may disc]n ! orig9al t5d5cy ( ! m9d z reg>ds belief4 ,to h gone a c]ta9 way ) safety & ) fruition1 is an ample inducem5t to cont9ue 9 t p>ticul> pa?4 ,! situation conta9s all t is meant by full & unb\nd$ confid5ce t ! future & ! di/ant w be exactly :at ! pres5t is4 ,! prim>y impulse ( e creature is at ! f>!/ remove f a proc$ure accord+ to ,logic4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 confid5ce is at its maximum2 ! c\rse ( education is t[>ds abat+1 & n>r[+ x1 s z to adapt x to ! fact ( ?+s4 ,e *eck is a lesson1 de/roy+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ov]-vault+ assurance ( ! natural m9d1 & plant+ a belief 9 evil1 at po9ts :]e orig9ally fl\ri%$ only ! illimitable belief 9 good4 ,!re is ?us wrapp$ up1 9 ! active impulses ( our nature1 a p[] ( cr$ulity lead+ u habitually to ov]/ep ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t4 ,we believe 9 ! uni=mity ( nature ) a v5geance4 ,we h to be s*ool$ by adv]se enc\nt]s1 be=e we are br\ght )9 ! limits ( ! real uni=mity4 ,our natural cr$ulity is equally excessive #cih on ! side ( evil & on ! side ( good2 :]e we h once suff]$ we expect always to suff]4 ,9 %ort1 :]eas to ! logician1 !re is a great gulf betwe5 ! pres5t & future1 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n1 to ! natural man !re is n ev5 a break4 ,! e>ly m9d laughs ! logician's gulf to scorn4 ,all t sci5ce or logic has be5 able to d is to %[ t at c]ta9 po9ts ! assum$ uni=mity is brok5 9 ^u2 tractable & docile m9ds le>n to respect ^! exceptions2 b :]ev] an outlet exi/s1 ) no b>ri]1 or express prohibition1 n only is t outlet foll[$1 x is foll[$ ) all ! pri/9e impetuosity ( our active nature4 ,! ord9>y logician1 ov]-aw$ by ?is =ce ( det]m9ation1 seldom ass]ts ! pr9ciple t ! pres5t c by no logical implication conta9 ! future1 t a pres5t reality holds 9 itself no w>rant = ! unkn[n pa/1 ! di/ant or ! future4 ,! b>ri] t ?is pr9ciple w\ld int]pose to our inf]5ces has be5 c>ri$ by assault2 ! gordian knot is always cut ) ! sword4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! logician1 a s]i\s difficulty atta*es to our belief 9 ! ,memory ( ! ,pa/2 ! psy*ologi/ c ref] x to ! incont95ce ( ! m9d1 9 mov+ freely away f ! pres5t 9 any direction1 9 acc\nt+ ! /ep next to be ent]$ ^u 9 ! abs5ce ( imp$im5t1 z secure z ! "o actually tak54 ,let u consid] ! process fir/ by rev]t+ to ! anticipation ( ! ,future4 ,t a /ate ( ?+s n[ begun w cont9ue indef9itely is :at ! m9d n only assumes b proce$s ^u ) a vehem5ce proportion$ to its active end[m5ts & dispositions1 until admoni%$ to ! contr>y by ! exp]i5ce ( be+ *eck$4 ,all in/ruction1 or corroborat+ in=mation1 is disp5s$ ) at ! outset3 ! burd5 is always laid ^u ! d5i]4 ,( ?is t5d5cy ( ! m9d ! examples are innum]able1 & ne$ only to be indicat$4 ,9 ! default ( evid5ce1 on "o side1 & aga9/ :at ought to be consid]$ evid5ce on ! o!r side1 we believe t1 z we feel n[1 s we %all feel always4 ,& our belief is n simply giv+ ! b5efit ( any d\bt !re may #cii be to ! op9ion we incl9e to2 x is a p[]ful impulse1 c\nt]act$ only by a sev]e & protract$ discipl9e4 ,also1 we believe t our own feel+s exactly measure & correspond to ! feel+s ( e "o else4 ,v few are ev] br\ght )9 ! limits ( ! actual tru? on ?is po9t2 ! primitive t5d5cy is n met by a suffici5t =ce ( ! requisite education4 ,x is ! belief 9 ! future t (f]s ! simple/ & cle>e/ example ( ! m9d's t5d5cy to ov]leap ! actual1 to see no h>d l9e betwe5 ! pres5t & ! remote4 ,! belief 9 nature's cont9uance & uni=mity has always be5 9 excess4 ,f ! v same t5d5cy spr+s :atev] belief we h ( our own cont9u$ exi/5ce & id5tity4 ,we make light ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! conceiv$ future & ! real pres5t4 ,mu* m subtlety att5ds ! ,belief 9 ,memory3 ! mean+ ( :i* is1 t1 :]eas c]ta9 ideas recall$ by memory are1 de facto1 ideas1 or m5tal elem5ts ( a k9d t imag9ation might furni%1 !y yet c>ry ) !m ! belief t !y repres5t :at 0 once actuality1 l any s5sation ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,let u fir/ apply to ! case ! ov]we5+ in/9ct n[ fully set =?4 ,to ! logician1 ! pa/1 h[ev] rec5t1 is divid$ by a deep gulf f ! pres5t3 ! idea & ! actuality c nev] be int]*ang$4 ,x is n s ) ! m9d foll[+ its native disposition4 ,i h a pres5t s5sation ( ?ir/2 9 t pres5t consci\sness1 ,i h ! highe/ atta9able assurance2 my action ^u x is unhesitat+ & complete4 ,let t s5sation1 h[ev]1 pass away = "o m9ute1 & !re rema9s only ! idea :i*1 z a m]e idea1 by virtue ( its rec5cy1 may be at its maximum /r5g?4 ,! po9t n[ to be expla9$ is1 :y ,i believe n m]ely t ,i h ! idea1 :i* z a fact ( pres5t consci\sness ,i am entitl$ to believe to ! utmo/1 b t ! idea 0 lately a full actuality z mu* z is my pres5t /ate ( satisfi$ s5sation4 ,! explanation seems to be1 t we really make no radical diff]5ce betwe5 a pres5t & a proximate pa/2 #djj ! m>* ( ! m9d is to & fro1 into ! pa/ & ! future1 ) ! same t5d5cy to act out bo?1 z to act out ! pres5t1 assum+ always ! abs5ce ( a positive *eck or break4 ,su* is ! invet]ate p]si/5ce ( ! natural activity1 t ! belief 9 ! ?ir/ :5 pres5t 7%[n by action 9 accordance !re)7 has a cont9u+ efficacy second only to ! belief 9 a /ill pres5t /ate4 ,at ! mom5t ( actual ?ir/1 ,i1 9 ! abs5ce ( corrective influ5ces1 7& to "s degree 9 spite ( ^!71 w\ld be dispos$ to believe t ,i always 01 & always w\ld be ?ir/y4 ,! satisfaction t has foll[$ r$uces t belief to a fraction ( its =m] /ate2 & my utmo/ lic5ce ( assumption w\ld be1 79 ! abs5ce ( contradictory beliefs7 t all my pa/ has be5 "o ?ir/4 ,! fact is1 t1 9 ^! mom5ts1 :5 ,i give full lic5ce to ! sway ( ! idea1 by volunt>ily remitt+ att5tion to my new exp]i5ce1 t idea may swell out into a pit* ( m5tal occupation h>dly di/+ui%able f ! real pres5ce2 9 :i* case1 my pa/ self & my pres5t self are1 z x 71 "o & indivisible2 !y are freely int]*ang$2 ! actual consci\sness comp\nds & conta9s !m bo?4 ,go+ ano!r /ep backw>d1 let u consid] ! /ate prior to ! ?ir/2 say a consci\sness ( heat & muscul> fatigue4 ,:at pro( h ,i t ^! p5ultimate /ates 7 pres5t 9 cont9uity ( "t & 9 imm$iate prec$5ce to ! ?ir/1 & are n vag>ies ( imag9ation1 nor drawn f a remote pa/1 accid5tally reviv$8 ,!re seems no o!r evid5ce ?an t already giv5 reg>d+ ! proximate /ate4 ,9 surr5d]+ our m9d to ! idea /ill rema9+1 & s imp>t+ a mom5t>y quasi-reality to ! /ate1 we h an exp]i5ce possess+ ! *>act]i/ic features ( pres5t reality4 ,ano!r consid]ation has to be m5tion$4 ,! /ate ( transition f reality to reality is a di/9ct & unmi/akeable exp]i5ce4 ,! transition f a pres5t s5sation ( ?ir/ to a pres5t s5sation ( satisfi$ ?ir/ is a m>* ( its own k9d--unique & explicit4 ,!re are 9 x att5dant #dja circum/ances1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! transition f a pres5t to a pa/ across a break4 ,! rec5t & proximate /ate ( ?ir/ has a mode ( cont9uity1 a sett+ 9 contact ) ! pres5t1 su* z did n belong to ! ?ir/ ( ye/]day1 & /ill less belongs to ! idea ( ! n>rat$ ?ir/ ( ano!r p]son4 ,no s5sation ev] comes to u alone1 or )\t a gr\p ( collat]als2 & ! collat]als ( ! =m]ly actual1 & ( ! ideal nev] an actual1 are :olly diff]5t4 7,?is po9t has be5 well illu/rat$ 9 ! text1 ,*ap4 ,x4 on ,memory74 ,! peculi> l9k :]eby a pres5t actual passes out ( actuality into proximate actuality1 :5 x is b>ely depriv$ ( exi/5ce 9 ! real1 is a fact t rema9s & atta*es to ev]y?+ t has be5 actual2 & ! unbrok5 sequ5ce ( ^! is our pa/ life ( actuality1 cle>ly m>k$ out f e aggregate ( ideas indiscrim9ately cull$ & unit$ 9 a :ole ( imag9ation4 ,?is la/ process has its own di/9ctive collat]als2 x is accompani$ by num]\s %ocks ( agreem5t 9 diff]5ce1 "u ! law ( simil>ity2 b we d n conf\nd ^! or o!r accompanim5ts ) ! glid+ movem5t ( ! m9d ov] ! *ronological pa/4 ,?us to take ! extreme in/ance4 ,we c assume ano!r p]son's m5tal /ate 7to a c]ta9 degree72 & yet we d n fuse t ) our own id5tity4 ,!re is a broad l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ea* "o's exp]i5ce t !y t]m _! actual1 & ! assumption ( a second p]son's exp]i5ce1 say ( ?ir/1 ( fe>1 ( curiosity4 ,our own pa/ has cont9uity & fusion1 9 itself1 & a peculi> set ( circum/antial surr\nd+s2 9 g5]al1 too1 x is easy to rememb]4 ,! o!r p]son's exp]i5ce is receiv$ ?r\gh a ma*9]y ( objective signs1 labori\sly int]pret$1 & n realiz$ ) ! collat]als ( an exp]i5ce ( our own2 x is %orn ( all ! beams ( our own p]sonality1 :e!r 9 ! pres5t or 9 ! recollect$ pa/4 ,! di/9ction n[ drawn1 7sub/antially :at is exemplifi$ at l5g? 9 ! *apt] ref]r$ to17 is confirm$ by :at happ5s on occasions :5 memory & imag9ation are conf\nd$4 ,:5 a fact is long pa/1 & all b =gott51 #djb ! oblivion ov]takes ! evid5ti>y collat]als1 ! m>ks ( cont9uity t l9k toge!r :at has be5 "o actual /ate to :at has be5 ano!r actual /ate4 ,i rememb] hav+ _h ! idea or purpose to say or to d some?+ on a c]ta9 occasion2 b ,i d n rememb] :e!r ,i actually did or said ! ?+4 ,! memory ( ! occasion is incomplete2 ! l9ks are snapp$ t connect t idea ) my rememb]$ act+ at ! "t ref]r$ to2 x is n 9 its place 9 t au!nticat$ s]ies2 & x is n associat$ ) ! collat]al circum/ances t always att5d an actual transaction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z is well rem>k$ 9 ! *apt] quot$1 imag9ation may simulate rememb]$ reality1 :5 !re is want+ ! real memory t w\ld p ! occasion ) au!ntic circum/ances1 & :5 ! imag9ation has be5 excit$ & ex]cis$ s z to include 9 its compass ! collat]als t g ) an exp]i5ce 9 ! actual4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #ajh3 ,! analysis ( ,belief pres5t$ 9 ?is *apt]1 br+s out ! conclusion t all cases ( ,belief are simply cases ( indissoluble association3 t !re is no g5]ic di/9ction1 b only a diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! association1 betwe5 a case ( belief & a case ( m]e imag9ation3 t to believe a succession or coexi/5ce betwe5 two facts is only to h ! ideas ( ! two facts s /rongly & closely associat$1 t we _c help hav+ ! "o idea :5 we h ! o!r4 ,if ?is c be prov$1 x is ! greate/ ( all ! triumphs ( ! ,association ,psy*ology4 ,to fir/ appe>ance1 no two ?+s c be m di/9ct ?an ?9k+ ( two ?+s toge!r1 & believ+ t !y are jo9$ toge!r 9 ! outw>d _w4 ,nev]!less1 t ! latt] /ate ( m9d is only an extreme case ( ! =m]1 is1 z we see1 ! delib]ate doctr9e ( ! au?or ( ! ,analysis2 & x has also 9 its fav\r ! high psy*ological au?ority ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,mr4 ,ba91 9 ! prec$+ note1 z well z 9 8 sy/ematic "w1 looks at ! ph5om5on f ano!r side1 & pron\nces t :at con/itutes ,belief is ! p[] :i* an #djc idea has obta9$ ov] ! ,w4 ,x is well kn[n & und]/ood t a m]e idea may take su* possession ( ! m9d z to ex]cise an irresi/ible control ov] ! active faculties1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ,volition1 & sometimes 9 opposition to x4 ,?is1 :i* ,mr4 ,ba9 calls ! p[] ( a ,fix$ ,idea1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! cases ( :at is call$ fasc9ation3 ! impulse :i* a p]son look+ f a precipice sometimes feels to ?r[ himself d[n x2 & ! cases ( crimes said to h be5 committ$ by p]sons :o abhor !m1 because t v horror has fill$ _! m9ds ) an int5se & irrepressible idea ( ! act4 ,s9ce an idea is sometimes able to ov]p[] volition1 x is no wond] t an idea %\ld det]m9e volition2 z x does :5ev] we1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! idea ( a pleasure or ( a pa91 w t :i* obta9s = u ! pleasure or av]ts ! pa94 ,9 ?is volunt>y action1 our conduct is gr\nd$ ^u a relation betwe5 means & an end2 7t is1 ^u a con/ant conjunction ( facts 9 ! way ( causation1 ultimately resolvable into a case ( resemblance & contiguity73 9 common & unanalytical language1 ^u c]ta9 laws ( nature on :i* we rely4 ,our reliance is ! consequ5ce ( an association =m$ 9 our m9ds betwe5 ! suppos$ cause & its effect1 result+ ei!r f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( _! conjunction1 f ! tea*+s ( o!r p1 or f accid5tal appe>ances4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ba91 :5 ?is association betwe5 ! means & ! end1 ! end call+ up ! idea ( ! means1 arrives at ! po9t ( giv+ to ! idea ?us call$ up a comm& ov] ! ,w1 x con/itutes ,belief4 ,we believe a ?+1 :5 we are ready to act on ! fai? ( x2 to face ! practical consequ5ces ( tak+ x = grant$3 & !re9 lies ! di/9ction betwe5 believ+ two facts to be conjo9$1 & m]ely ?9k+ ( !m toge!r4 ,?us f> ,mr4 ,ba93 & ) ?is ,i fully agree4 ,b some?+ is /ill want+ to ! complet5ess ( ! analysis4 ,! !ory z /at$1 di/+ui%es two antec$5ts1 by a diff]5ce n betwe5 !mselves1 b betwe5 _! consequ5ts4 ,b :5 ! consequ5ts diff]1 ! antec$5ts _c be ! same4 ,an association #djd ( ideas is or is n a ,belief1 accord+ z x has or has n ! p[] ( lead+ u to volunt>y action3 ?is is und5iable3 b :5 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! effects !re mu/ be a diff]5ce 9 ! cause3 ! association :i* leads to action mu/ be1 9 "s respect or o!r1 diff]5t f t :i* /ops at ?\ght4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 rais$1 &1 z !y ?9k1 resolv$1 by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis & by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 /ill dem&s an answ]4 ,does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases consi/ 9 ?is1 t 9 ! "o case ! association is dissoluble1 9 ! o!r x is s mu* m closely rivet$1 by repetition1 or by ! int5sity ( ! associat$ feel+s1 z to be no long] dissoluble8 ,?is is ! "q we are compell$ to face4 ,i4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x may be said--,if ,belief consi/$ 9 an indissoluble association1 ,belief itself w\ld be indissoluble4 ,an op9ion once =m$ c\ld nev] aft]w>ds be de/roy$ or *ang$4 ,?is objection is good aga9/ ! ^w indissoluble4 ,b ^? :o ma9ta9 ! !ory d n mean by an indissoluble association1 "o :i* no?+ t c be conceiv$ to happ5 c\ld possibly dissolve4 ,all our associations ( ideas w\ld probably be dissoluble1 if exp]i5ce pres5t$ to u ! associat$ facts sep>ate f "o ano!r4 ,if we h any associations :i* are1 9 practice1 indissoluble1 x c only be because ! conditions ( our exi/5ce d5y to u ! exp]i5ces :i* w\ld be capable ( dissolv+ !m4 ,:at ! au?or ( ! ,analysis means by indissoluble associations1 are ^? :i* we _c1 by any m5tal ef=t1 at pres5t ov]come4 ,if two ideas are1 at ! pres5t "t1 s closely associat$ 9 our m9ds1 t nei!r any ef=t ( our own1 nor any?+ else :i* c happ51 c enable u n[ to h ! "o )\t its in/antly rais+ up ! o!r1 ! association is1 9 ! au?or's s5se ( ! t]m1 indissoluble4 ,!re w\ld be less risk ( misund]/&+ if we 7 to disc>d ! ^w indissoluble1 & conf9e ourselves to ! expression :i* ! au?or employs z its equival5t1 insep>able4 ,?is ,i w h5ce=? d1 & #dje we w n[ enquire :e!r ,belief is no?+ b an insep>able association4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is supposition !re is ! /rik+ fact1 t an insep>able association v (t5 suffices to comm& belief4 ,!re are innum]able cases ( ,belief = :i* no cause c be assign$1 except t some?+ has creat$ s /rong an association betwe5 two ideas t ! p]son _c sep>ate !m 9 ?\ght4 ,! au?or has giv5 a l>ge assortm5t ( su* cases1 & has made !m tell ) great =ce 9 support ( 8 !ory4 ,locke1 z ! au?or m5tions1 _h already se51 t ?is is "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ f]tile s\rces ( errone\s ?\ght2 des]v+ to be plac$ high 9 any enum]ation ( ,fallacies4 ,:5 two ?+s h long be5 habitually ?\ght ( toge!r1 & nev] ap>t1 until ! association betwe5 ! ideas has become s /rong t we h great difficulty1 or _c succe$ at all1 9 sep>at+ !m1 !re is a /rong t5d5cy to believe t ! facts are conjo9$ 9 reality2 & :5 ! association is clos] /ill1 t _! conjunction is :at is call$ ,necess>y4 ,mo/ ( ! s*ools ( philosophy1 bo? pa/ & pres5t1 are s mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ?is t5d5cy1 z n only to ju/ify x 9 pr9ciple1 b to elect x into a ,law ( ,?+s4 ,! majority ( metaphysicians h ma9ta9$1 & ev5 n[ ma9ta91 t !re are ?+s :i*1 by ! laws ( intellig5ce1 _c be sep>at$ 9 ?\ght1 & t ^! ?+s are n only always unit$ 9 fact1 b unit$ by necessity3 &1 aga91 o!r ?+s1 :i* _c be unit$ 9 ?\ght--:i* _c be ?\ght ( toge!r1 & t ^! n only nev] d1 b x is impossible !y ev] %\ld1 coexi/ 9 fact4 ,^! suppos$ necessities are ! v f\ndation ( ! ,transc5d5tal s*ools ( metaphysics1 ( ! ,common ,s5se s*ool1 & _m o!rs :i* h n receiv$ di/9ctive names4 ,^! are facts 9 human nature & human hi/ory v fav\rable to ! supposition t ,belief is b an insep>able association1 or at all ev5ts t an insep>able association suffices to create ,belief4 ,on ! contr>y side ( ! "q x may be urg$1 t #djf ! insep>able associations :i* are s (t5 f\nd to g5]ate ,beliefs1 d n g5]ate !m 9 ev]ybody4 ,analytical & philosophical m9ds (t5 escape f !m1 & resi/ ! t5d5cy to believe 9 an objective conjunction betwe5 facts m]ely because !y are unable to sep>ate ! ideas4 ,! au?or's typical example ( an insep>able association1 7& !re c be none m suit$ to ! purpose17 is ! association betwe5 s5sations ( col\r & ! tangible magnitudes1 figures1 & di/ances1 ( :i* !y are signs1 & :i* are s completely m]g$ ) !m into "o s+le impression1 t we believe we see di/ance1 ext5sion1 & figure1 ?\gh all we really see is ! optical effects :i* accompany !m1 all ! re/ be+ a rapid int]pretation ( natural signs4 ,! g5]ality ( mank9d1 no d\bt1 & all m5 be=e !y h /udi$ ! subject1 believe :at ! au?or says !y d2 b a great majority ( ^? :o h /udi$ ! subject believe o!rwise3 !y believe t a l>ge portion ( ! facts :i* we seem to see1 we d n really see1 b in/antane\sly inf]4 ,yet ! association rema9s insep>able 9 ^! sci5tific ?9k]s z 9 o!rs3 ! ret9al picture sugge/s to !m ! real magnitude1 9 ! same irresi/ible mann] z x does to o!r p4 ,to take ano!r ( ! au?or's examples3 :5 we look at a di/ant t]re/rial object ?r\gh a telescope1 x appe>s ne>]2 if we rev]se ! telescope x appe>s fur!r (f4 ,! signs by :i* we judge ( di/ance f u1 "h mislead1 because ^? signs are f\nd 9 conjunction ) real di/ances widely diff]5t f ^? ) :i* !y coexi/ 9 our ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,! association1 h[ev]1 p]si/s1 & is irresi/ible1 9 "o p]son z mu* z 9 ano!r2 = e "o recognises t ! object1 ?us look$ at1 seems ne>]1 or f>!r (f1 ?an we "k x to be4 ,b does ?is ev] make any ( u1 except p]haps an inexp]i5c$ *ild1 believe t ! object is at ! di/ance at :i* we seem to see x8 ,! insep>able association1 ?\gh s p]si/5t & p[]ful z to create 9 ev]ybody an optical illusion1 creates no delusion1 b leaves our belief z con=mable to ! realities ( fact z if no su* illusive appe>ance _h pres5t$ #djg itself4 ,cases simil> to ?is are s frequ5t1 t cauti\s & ?\ghtful m9ds1 enlight5$ by exp]i5ce on ! mislead+ "* ( insep>able associations1 le>n to di/ru/ !m1 & d n1 ev5 by a fir/ impulse1 believe a connexion 9 fact because !re is "o 9 ?\ght1 b wait = evid5ce4 ,foll[+ up ! same objection1 x may be said t if belief is only an insep>able association1 belief is a matt] ( habit & accid5t1 & n ( reason4 ,assur$ly an association1 h[ev] close1 betwe5 two ideas1 is n a suffici5t gr\nd ( belief2 is n evid5ce t ! correspond+ facts are unit$ 9 ext]nal nature4 ,! !ory seems to annihilate all di/9ction betwe5 ! belief ( ! wise1 :i* is regulat$ by evid5ce1 & con=ms to ! real successions & coexi/5ces ( ! facts ( ! univ]se1 & ! belief ( fools1 :i* is me*anically produc$ by any accid5tal association t sugge/s ! idea ( a succession or coexi/5ce to ! m9d3 a belief aptly *>act]iz$ by ! popul> expression1 believ+ a ?+ because !y h tak5 x into _! heads4 ,inde$1 ! au?or ( ! ,analysis is compell$ by 8 !ory to affirm t we actually believe 9 accordance ) ! mislead+ associations :i* g5]ate :at are commonly call$ illusions ( s5se4 ,he n only says t we believe we see figure & di/ance--:i* ! great majority ( psy*ologi/s s9ce ,b]keley d n believe2 b he says1 t 9 ! case ( v5triloquy we _c help believ+ t ! s\nd proce$s f ! place1 ( :i* ! v5triloqui/ imitates ! effect2 t ! s\nd ( bells oppos$ by ! w9d1 n only appe>s f>!r (f1 b is believ$ to come f f>!r (f1 al?\gh we may "k ! exact di/ance f :i* x comes2 t 9 pass+ on bo>d %ip1 ano!r %ip at sea1 we believe t %e has all ! motion1 we none3 nay ev51 t :5 we h turn$ ourselves r\nd ) velocity sev]al times1 we believe t ! _w is turn+ r\nd4 ,surely x is m true to say1 z p g5]ally d say1 ! _w seems to u to turn r\nd4 ,to me ^! cases appe> s _m exp]im5tal pro(s1 t ! t5d5cy ( an insep>able association to g5]ate belief1 ev5 :5 t #djh t5d5cy is fully effectual 9 creat+ ! irresi/ible appe>ance ( a /ate ( ?+s t does n really exi/1 may yet be impot5t aga9/ reason1 t is1 aga9/ prepond]ant evid5ce4 ,9 def5ce ( ^! p>adoxes1 let u n[ consid] :at ! au?or ( ! ,analysis might say4 ,"o ?+ he w\ld c]ta9ly say3 t ! belief he affirms to exi/ 9 ^! cases ( illusion1 is b a mom5t>y "o2 ) :i* ! belief ent]ta9$ at all o!r times may be at v>iance4 ,9 ! case1 = in/ance1 ( ^? :o1 f an e>ly association =m$ betwe5 d>kness & gho/s1 feel t]ror 9 ! d>k ?\gh !y h a confirm$ disbelief 9 gho/s1 ! au?or's op9ion is t !re is a tempor>y belief1 at ! mom5t :5 ! t]ror is felt4 ,?is 0 also ! op9ion ( ,dugald ,/ew>t3 & ! agreem5t 7by no means a solit>y "o7 betwe5 two ?9k]s ( su* opposite t5d5cies1 rem9ds "o ( ! say+ ,qu& un ,franais et un ,anglais sont d'accord1 il faut bi5 qu'ils ai5t raison4 ,yet ! au?or seems to adopt ?is notion n f obs]vation ( ! case1 b f an antec$5t op9ion t dread implies belief1 & an uncontrollable belief1 :i*1 he says1 we ne$ n /ay to prove4 ,x is to be wi%$1 9 ?is case1 t he _h /ay$ to prove x3 = x is h>d] to prove ?an he ?\ght4 ,! emotion ( fe>1 ! physical effect on ! n]v\s sy/em kn[n by t "n1 may be excit$1 & ,i believe (t5 is excit$1 simply by t]rific imag9ations4 ,t ^! imag9ations are1 ev5 = a mom5t1 mi/ak5 = m5ac+ realities1 may be true1 b ought n to be assum$ )\t pro(4 ,! circum/ance mo/ 9 its fav\r 7"o n =gott5 by ! au?or7 is t 9 dreams1 to :i* may be add$ halluc9ations1 frightful ideas are really mi/ak5 = t]rible facts4 ,b dreams are /ates 9 :i* all o!r s5sible ideas are mi/ak5 = outw>d facts4 ,yet s5sations & ideas are intr9sically diff]5t1 & x is n ! normal /ate ( ! human m9d to conf\nd ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,besides1 ?is supposition ( a mom5t>y belief 9 gho/s break+ 9 ^u & int]rupt+ an habitual & p]man5t belief t !re are no gho/s1 j>s consid]ably ) ! #dji doctr9e x is br\ght to support1 t belief is an insep>able association4 ,accord+ to t doctr9e1 "h are two insep>able associations1 :i* yet are s f> f exclusively possess+ ! m9d1 t !y alt]nate ) "o ano!r1 ea* ,insep>able imply+ ! sep>ation ( ! o!r ,insep>able4 ,! association ( d>kness ) ! abs5ce ( gho/s mu/ be any?+ b insep>able1 if !re only ne$s ! pres5ce ( d>kness to revive ! contr>y association4 ,yet an association s v mu* %ort ( insep>able1 is accompani$1 at lea/ 9 ! abs5ce ( d>kness1 by a full belief4 ,d>kness is 9 ?is case associat$ ) two incompatible ideas1 ! idea ( gho/s & t ( _! abs5ce1 b ) nei!r ( !m insep>ably1 & 9 consequ5ce ! two associations alt]nately prevail1 z ! surr\nd+ circum/ances fav\r ! "o or ! o!r2 agreeably to ! laws ( ,comp\nd ,association laid d[n ) great p]spicuity & rea* ( ?\ght by ,mr4 ,ba9 9 8 sy/ematic treatise4 ,to ! argum5t1 t ! insep>able associations :i* create optical & o!r illusions1 d n1 :5 oppos$ by reason1 g5]ate ! false belief1 ! au?or's answ] w\ld probably be "s su* z ! foll[+4 ,:5 ! rational ?9k] succe$s 9 resi/+ ! belief1 he does s by m or less completely ov]com+ ! insep>abl5ess ( ! association4 ,associations may be conqu]$ by ! =mation ( c\nt]-associations4 ,mank9d _h =m]ly an insep>able association betwe5 sunset & ! motion ( ! sun1 & ?is 9 sep>able association compell$ !m to believe t 9 ! ph5om5on ( sunset ! sun moves & ! e>? is at re/4 ,b ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 & aft] !m1 all a/ronom]s1 f\nd evid5ce1 t ! e>? moves & ! sun is at re/3 9 o!r words1 c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 & c]ta9 reason+s f ^? exp]i5ces1 took place 9 _! m9ds1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* 0 to associate sunset ) ! ideas ( ! e>? 9 motion & ! sun at re/4 ,?is 0 a c\nt]-association1 :i* c\ld n coexi/1 at lea/ at ! same in/ant1 ) ! previ\s association connect+ sunset ) ! sun 9 motion & ! e>? at re/4 ,b = a long "t ! new #daj associat+ influ5ces c\ld n be p[]ful en\gh to get ! bett] ( ! old association1 & *ange ! belief :i* x impli$4 ,a belief :i* has become habitual1 is seldom ov]come b by a sl[ process4 ,h[ev]1 ! exp]i5ces & m5tal processes t t5d$ to =m ! new association /ill w5t on2 !re 0 a conflict betwe5 ! old association & ! causes :i* t5d$ to produce a new "o2 until1 by ! long cont9uance & frequ5t repetition ( ^? causes1 ! old association1 gradually und]m9$1 ceas$ to be insep>able1 & x became possible to associate ! idea ( sunset ) t ( ! e>? mov+ & ! sun at re/2 :]eby ! previ\s idea ( ! sun mov+ & ! e>? at re/ 0 exclud$ = ! "t1 & z ! new association grew 9 /r5g?1 0 at la/ ?r[n out altoge!r4 ,! argum5t %\ld g on to say t aft] a /ill fur!r prolongation ( ! new exp]i5ces & reason+s1 ! old association became impossible & ! new "o insep>able2 =1 until x became insep>able1 !re c\ld1 accord+ to ! !ory1 be no belief4 ,& ?is1 9 tru?1 does sometimes happ54 ,!re are in/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day1 9 :i* some?+ :i* 0 once believ$ to be impossible1 & its opposite to be necess>y1 0 fir/ se5 to be possible1 next to be true1 & f9ally came to be consid]$ z necess>ily true1 & its opposite 7once deem$ necess>y7 z impossible1 & ev5 inconceivable2 insomu* t x is ?\ght by "s t :at 0 reput$ an impossibility1 might h be5 kn[n to be a necessity4 ,9 su* cases1 ! quality ( insep>abl5ess has pass$1 9 ^? m9ds at lea/1 f ! old association to ! new "o4 ,b 9 mu* ! greate/ numb] ( cases ! *ange does n proce$ s f>1 & bo? associations rema9 equally possible4 ,! case :i* furni%$ our la/ in/ance is an example4 ,a/ronom]s1 & all educat$ p]sons1 n[ associate sunset ) motion conf9$ to ! e>?1 & firmly believe ?is to be :at really takes place2 b !y h n =m$ ?is association ) su* exclusiv5ess & int5sity z to h become unable to associate sunset ) motion ( ! sun4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! visible appe>ance /ill sugge/s #daa motion ( ! sun1 & _m p1 ?\gh aw>e ( ! tru?1 f9d t !y _c by any ef=t make !mselves see sunset any o!rwise ?an z ! s9k+ ( ! sun bel[ ! e>?4 ,my own exp]i5ce is diff]5t3 ,i f9d t ,i c repres5t ! ph5om5on to myself 9 ei!r light2 ,i c1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ,i direct my ?\ghts1 see sunset ei!r z ! e>? tilt+ above ! sun1 or z ! sun dipp+ bel[ ! e>?3 9 ! same mann] z :5 a railway tra9 9 motion passes ano!r at re/1 we are able1 if we prev5t our eyes f re/+ on any ?ird object1 to imag9e ! motion z be+ ei!r 9 ! "o tra9 or 9 ! o!r4 ,h[1 !n1 c x be said t !re is an insep>able association ( sunset ) ! "o mode ( repres5tation1 & a consequ5t inability to associate x ) ! o!r8 ,x is associat$ ) bo?1 & ! "o ( ! two associations :i* is ne>e/ to be+ insep>able is t :i* belief does n accompany4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t p 9 ! ability to repres5t to !mselves ! ph5om5on "u ei!r aspect1 dep5ds r on ! degree ( ex]cise :i* !y h giv5 to _! imag9ation 9 try+ to frame m5tal pictures con=mable to ! two hypo!ses1 ?an ^u ^? consid]ations ( reason & evid5ce :i* yet may det]m9e _! belief4 ,! "q /ill rema9s1 :at is !re :i* exi/s 9 ! hypo!sis believ$1 & does n exi/ 9 ! hypo!sis reject$1 :5 we h associations :i* enable our imag9ation to repres5t ! facts agreeably to ei!r hypo!sis8 ,9 o!r words1 :at is ,belief8 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$1 t :5 we c repres5t to ourselves 9 imag9ation ei!r ( two conflict+ suppositions1 "o ( :i* we believe1 & disbelieve ! o!r1 nei!r ( ! associations c be insep>able2 & !re mu/ !re=e be 9 ! fact ( ,belief1 :i* exi/s 9 only "o ( ! two cases1 some?+ = :i* insep>able association does n acc\nt4 ,we seem to h aga9 come up1 on a diff]5t side1 to ! difficulty :i* we felt 9 ! discussion ( ,memory1 9 acc\nt+ = ! di/9ction betwe5 a fact rememb]$1 & ! same fact imag9$4 ,!re is a close p>allelism betwe5 #dab ! two problems4 ,9 bo?1 we h ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fact & a repres5tation 9 imag9ation2 betwe5 a s5sation1 or comb9ation ( s5sations1 & an idea1 or comb9ation ( ideas4 ,?is diff]5ce we all accept z an ultimate fact4 ,b ! difficulty is ?is4 ,let me fir/ /ate x z x pres5ts itself 9 ! case ( ,memory4 ,hav+ 9 our m9d a c]ta9 comb9ation ( ideas1 9 a gr\p or a tra91 accompany+ or succe$+ "o ano!r2 :at is x :i*1 9 "o case1 makes u recognize ?is gr\p or tra9 z repres5t+ a gr\p or tra9 ( ! correspond+ s5sations1 rememb]$ z hav+ be5 actually felt by u1 :ile 9 ano!r case we are aw>e t ! s5sations h nev] occurr$ to u 9 a gr\p or tra9 correspond+ to t 9 :i* we are n[ hav+ ! ideas8 ,?is is ! problem ( ,memory4 ,let me n[ /ate ! problem ( ,belief1 :5 ! belief is n a case ( memory4 ,"h also we h ideas connect$ 9 a c]ta9 ord] 9 our own m9d1 :i* makes u ?9k ( a correspond+ ord] among ! s5sations1 & we believe t ?is simil> comb9ation ( ! s5sations is a real fact3 i4e41 :e!r we ev] felt x or n1 we confid5tly expect t we %\ld feel x "u c]ta9 giv5 conditions4 ,9 ,memory1 we believe t ! realities 9 ,nature1 ! s5sations & comb9ations ( s5sations pres5t$ to u f )\t1 h occurr$ to u 9 an ord] :i* agrees ) t 9 :i* we are repres5t+ !m to ourselves 9 ?\ght3 9 ^? cases ( ,belief :i* are n cases ( ,memory1 we believe1 n t !y h occurr$1 b t !y w\ld h occurr$1 or w\ld occur1 9 t ord]4 ,:at is x t takes place 9 u1 :5 we recognize t !re is ?is agreem5t betwe5 ! ord] ( our ideas & ! ord] 9 :i* we ei!r _h or might h _h ! s5sations :i* correspond to !m--t ! ord] ( ! ideas repres5ts a simil> ord] ei!r 9 our actual s5sations1 or 9 ^? :i*1 "u "s giv5 circum/ances1 we %\ld h reason to expect8 ,:at1 9 %ort1 is ! diff]5ce to our m9ds betwe5 ?9k+ ( a reality1 & repres5t+ to ourselves an imag9>y picture8 ,i confess t ,i c p]ceive no escape f ! op9ion t ! di/9ction is ultimate & primordial4 #dac ,!re is no m difficulty 9 hold+ x to be s1 ?an 9 hold+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s5sation & an idea to be primordial4 ,x seems almo/ ano!r aspect ( ! same diff]5ce4 ,! au?or himself says1 9 ! *apt] on ,memory1 t1 a s5sation & an idea be+ diff]5t1 x is to be expect$ t ! remembrance ( hav+ _h a s5sation %\ld be diff]5t f ! remembrance ( hav+ _h an idea1 & t ?is is a suffici5t explanation ( our di/+ui%+ !m4 ,if ?is1 !n1 is an orig9al di/9ction1 :y %\ld n ! di/9ction be orig9al betwe5 ! remembrance ( hav+ _h a s5sation1 & ! actually hav+ an idea 7:i* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,memory & ,imag9ation72 & betwe5 ! expectation ( hav+ a s5sation1 & ! actually hav+ an idea 7:i* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,belief & ,imag9ation78 ,grant ^! diff]5ces1 & !re is no?+ fur!r to expla9 9 ! ph5om5on ( ,belief4 ,= e belief is ei!r ! memory ( hav+ _h a s5sation 7or o!r feel+71 or ! expectation t we %\ld h ! s5sation or feel+ 9 "s giv5 /ate ( circum/ances1 if t /ate ( circum/ances c\ld come to be realiz$4 ,,ii4 ,t all belief is ei!r ,memory or ,expectation1 w be cle>ly se5 if we run ov] all ! diff]5t objects ( ,belief4 ,! au?or has already done s1 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 !ory2 & x is n[ necess>y t we %\ld d ! same4 ,! objects ( ,belief are enum]at$ by ! au?or 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--#a4 ,ev5ts1 real exi/5ces4 #b4 ,te/imony4 #c4 ,! tru? ( propositions4 ,he int5d$ ?is m]ely z a r\gh gr\p+1 suffici5t = ! purpose if x includes ev]y?+3 = x is evid5t t ! divisions ov]lap "o ano!r1 & x w be se5 pres5tly t ! la/ two are b cases ( ! fir/4 ,belief 9 ev5ts he fur!r divides into belief 9 pres5t ev5ts1 9 pa/ ev5ts1 & 9 future ev5ts4 ,belief 9 pres5t ev5ts he subdivides into belief 9 imm$iate exi/5ces pres5t to my s5ses1 & belief 9 imm$iate exi/5ces n pres5t #dad to my s5ses4 ,we see by ?is t he recognises no diff]5ce1 9 a metaphysical s5se1 betwe5 exi/5ces & ev5ts1 because he reg>ds1 ) reason1 objects z m]ely ! suppos$ antec$5ts ( ev5ts4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 requires to be kept up1 be+ no o!r ?an ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 simultane\sness1 & succession or *ange4 ,belief 9 imm$iate exi/5ces pres5t to my s5ses1 is ei!r belief 9 my s5sations1 or belief 9 ext]nal objects4 ,believ+ t ,i feel :at ,i am at ?is mom5t feel+1 is1 z ! au?or says1 only ano!r "n = hav+ ! feel+2 ) ! idea1 h[ev]1 ( ,myself1 associat$ ) x2 ( :i* h]eaft]4 ,! au?or goes on to analyse ,belief 9 ext]nal objects pres5t to our s5ses2 & he resolves x into a pres5t s5sation1 unit$ by an irresi/ible association ) ! num]\s o!r s5sations :i* we are accu/om$ to receive 9 conjunction ) x4 ,! ,object is ?us to be und]/ood z a complex idea1 comp\nd$ ( ! ideas ( v>i\s s5sations :i* we h1 & ( a f> great] numb] ( s5sations :i* we %\ld expect to h if c]ta9 cont+5cies 7 realiz$4 ,9 o!r words1 our idea ( an object is an idea ( a gr\p ( possibilities ( s5sation1 "s ( :i* we believe we c realize at pleasure1 :ile ! rema9d] w\ld be realiz$ if c]ta9 conditions took place1 on :i*1 by ! laws ( nature1 !y are dep5d5t4 ,z ?us expla9$1 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a physical object1 is belief 9 ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 s5sations1 cont+5tly on c]ta9 previ\s conditions4 ,?is is a /ate ( m9d closely alli$ to ,expectation ( s5sations4 ,=--?\gh we use ! "n ,expectation only ) ref]5ce to ! future1 & ev5 to ! probable future--our /ate ( m9d 9 respect to :at may be future1 & ev5 to :at might h be5 future1 is ( ! same g5]al nature1 & dep5ds on ! same pr9ciples1 z ,expectation4 ,i believe t a c]ta9 ev5t w positively happ51 because ! kn[n conditions :i* always accompany x 9 exp]i5ce h already tak5 place4 ,i believe t ano!r ev5t w c]ta9ly happ5 if ! kn[n conditions :i* always accompany x take place1 & ^? conditions ,i c produce :5 ,i please4 ,i believe #dae t a ?ird ev5t w happ5 if its conditions take place1 b ,i mu/ wait = ^? conditions2 ,i _c realize !m at pleasure1 & may nev] realize !m at all4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree cases is positive expectation1 ! o!r two are conditional expectation4 ,a f\r? case is my belief t ! ev5t w\ld h happ5$ at any =m] "t if ! conditions _h tak5 place at t "t4 ,x is n consonant to usage to call ?is ,expectation1 b1 consid]$ z a case ( belief1 !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ?ird case4 ,my belief t ,i %\ld h he>d ,cic]o _h ,i be5 pres5t 9 ! ,=um1 & my belief t ,i %all he> ,mr4 ,glad/one if ,i am pres5t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 c n[ise be reg>d$ z ess5tially diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,! "o we call ,expectation1 ! o!r n1 b ! m5tal pr9ciple op]ative 9 bo? ^! cases ( belief is ! same4 ,! au?or goes on to say1 t ! belief t we %\ld h ! s5sations if c]ta9 conditions 7 realiz$1 t is1 if we _h c]ta9 o!r s5sations1 is m]ely an insep>able association ( ! two sets ( s5sations ) "o ano!r1 & _! insep>able union ) ! idea ( ourselves z hav+ !m4 ,b ,i confess x seems to me t all ?is may exi/ 9 a case ( simple imag9ation4 ,! au?or w\ld himself admit t ! complex idea ( ! object1 9 all its fulness1 may be 9 ! m9d )\t belief4 ,:at rema9s is its association ) ! idea ( ourselves z p]cipi5ts4 ,b ?is also1 ,i _c b ?9k1 we may h 9 ! case ( an imag9>y sc5e1 :5 we by no means believe t any correspond+ reality exi/s4 ,does ! idea ( our own p]sonality nev] ent] into ! pictures 9 our imag9ation8 ,are we n ourselves pres5t 9 ! sc5es :i* we conjure up 9 our m9ds8 ,i appreh5d we are z con/antly pres5t 9 !m1 & z consci\s ( our pres5ce1 z we are 9 contemplat+ a real prospect4 ,9 ei!r case ! vivacity ( ! o!r impressions eclipses1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! ?\ght ( ourselves z spectators1 b n m s 9 ! imag9>y1 ?an 9 ! real1 spectacle4 ,x appe>s to me1 !n1 t to acc\nt = belief 9 ext]nal #daf objects1 we mu/ po/ulate ,expectation2 & s9ce all our expectations1 :e!r positive or cont+5t1 are a consequ5ce ( our ,memory ( ! pa/ 7z di/+ui%$ f a repres5tation 9 fancy71 we mu/ also po/ulate ,memory4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a m]e comb9ation ( ideas 9 ?\ght1 & "o :i* recals to u a comb9ation ( s5sations z actually exp]i5c$1 always returns on our h&s z an ultimate po/ulate4 ,! au?or proce$s to %ew h[ ?is idea ( a m]e gr\p ( s5sations1 actual or cont+5t1 becomes knit up ) an idea ( a p]man5t ,some?+1 ly+1 z x 71 "u ^! s5sations1 & caus+ !m2 ?is fur!r enl>gem5t ( ! complex idea tak+ place ?r\gh ! intimate1 or1 z he calls x1 insep>able association1 g5]at$ by exp]i5ce1 :i* makes u unable to imag9e any ph5om5on z beg9n+ to exi/ )\t some?+ ant]ior to x :i* causes x4 ,?is explanation1 seems to me q correct z f> z x goes2 b1 :ile x acc\nts = ! difficulty we h 9 n ascrib+ our s5sations to "s cause or o!r1 x does n expla9 :y we accept1 z 9 fact we d1 ! gr\p itself z ! cause4 ,i h endeav\r$ to cle> up ?is difficulty else:]e 7,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy71 & 9 pref]5ce to go+ ov] ! gr\nd a second "t1 ,i subjo91 at ! end ( ! volume1 ! *apt] conta9+ ! explanation4 ,t *apt] supplies all t appe>s to me to be fur!r necess>y on ! subject ( belief 9 outw>d objects2 :i* is ?us %ewn to be a case ( ,conditional ,expectation4 ,x is unnecess>y to foll[ ! au?or into ! m9ute consid]ation ( ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( objects n pres5t s9ce ! explanation already giv5 equally applies to !m4 ,my belief 9 ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ,/4 ,paul's is correctly set =? by ! au?or z consi/+ ( ! foll[+ elem5ts3 ,i believe t ,i h se5 ,/4 ,paul's3 ,i believe t ,i %all see ,/4 ,paul's1 :5 ,i am aga9 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d3 ,i believe t ,i %\ld see ,/4 ,paul's1 if ,i 7 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d at ?is in/ant4 ,all ?is1 z he ju/ly rem>ks1 is ,memory or ,expectation4 ,& ?is1 or "s "p ( ?is1 is #dag ! :ole ( :at is 9 any case meant by belief 9 ! real exi/5ce ( an ext]nal object4 ,! au?or adds1 ,i also believe t if any creature ^: s5ses are analog\s to my own1 is n[ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 x has ! pres5t s5sation ( t edifice4 ,b ?is belief is n necess>y to my belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,= t1 x suffices t ,i believe ,i %\ld myself see x4 ,my belief t o!r creatures w\ld d s1 is "p ( my belief 9 ! real exi/5ce ( o!r creatures l myself2 :i* is no m my/]i\s1 ?an our belief 9 ! real exi/5ce ( any o!r objects "s ( ^: prop]ties re/ n on direct s5sation1 b on inf]5ce4 ,belief 9 pa/ exi/5ces1 :5 ^? exi/5ces h be5 p]ceiv$ by ourselves1 is ,memory4 ,:5 ! pa/ exi/5ces are inf]r$ f evid5ce1 ! belief ( !m is n ,memory1 b a fact ( ! same nature z ,expectation2 be+ a belief t we %\ld h _h ! s5sations if we _h be5 cotempor>y ) ! objects1 & _h be5 9 ! local position necess>y = receiv+ s5sible impressions f !m4 ,we n[ come to ! case ( ,belief 9 te/imony4 ,b te/imony is n itself an object ( belief4 ,! object ( belief is :at ! te/imony ass]ts4 ,& s 9 ! la/ ( ! au?or's ?ree cases1 t ( ass5t to a proposition4 ,! object ( belief1 9 bo? ^! cases1 is an ass]tion4 ,b an ass]tion is some?+ ass]t$1 & :at is ass]t$ mu/ be a fact1 simil> to "s ( ^? ( :i* we h already treat$4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 belief 9 an ass]tion is belief t two names are bo? ( !m names ( ! same ?+3 b ?is we h felt ourselves oblig$ to disc>d1 z an inadequate explanation ( ! import ( any ass]tions1 except ^? :i* are class$ z m]ely v]bal4 ,e ass]tion conc]n+ ,?+s1 :e!r 9 concrete or 9 ab/ract language1 is an ass]tion t "s fact1 or gr\p ( facts1 has be51 is1 or may be expect$ to be1 f\nd1 :]ev] a c]ta9 o!r fact1 or gr\p ( facts1 is f\nd4 ,belief 9 ?is1 is !re=e ei!r remembrance t we did h1 or expectation t we %all h1 or a belief ( ! same nature ) expectation t 9 #dah "s giv5 circum/ances we %\ld h1 or %\ld h _h1 direct p]ception ( a p>ticul> fact4 ,belief1 !re=e1 is always a case ei!r ( ,memory or ( ,expectation2 includ+ "u ! latt] "n conditional z well z positive expectation1 & ! /ate ( m9d simil> to expectation :i* affects u 9 reg>d to :at w\ld h be5 a subject ( expectation1 if ! conditions ( its realization _h /ill be5 possible4 ,x may be object$1 t we may believe 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* are n objects ( s5se at all4 ,we may4 ,b we _c believe 9 ! real exi/5ce ( any?+ :i* we d n conceive z capable ( act+ 9 "s way ^u our own or "s o!r be+'s consci\sness2 ?\gh ! /ate ( consci\sness x produces may n be call$ a s5sation4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ?+ means1 to u1 m]ely its capacity ( produc+ an impression ( "s sort ^u "s m9d1 t is1 ( produc+ "s /ate ( consci\sness4 ,! belief1 !re=e1 9 its exi/5ce1 is /ill a conditional expectation ( some?+ :i* we %\ld1 "u "s suppos$ circum/ances1 be capable ( feel+4 ,to resume3 ,belief1 z ,i conceive1 is m ?an an insep>able association1 = insep>able associations d n always g5]ate belief1 nor does belief always require1 z "o ( its conditions1 an insep>able association3 we c believe t to be true :i* we are capable ( conceiv+ or repres5t+ to ourselves z false1 & false :at we are capable ( repres5t+ to ourselves z true4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 belief & m]e imag9ation1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 recognis+ some?+ z a reality 9 nature1 & reg>d+ x z a m]e ?\ght ( our own4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce :i* pres5ts itself :5 ,memory has to be di/+ui%$ f ,imag9ation2 & aga9 :5 ,expectation1 :e!r positive or cont+5t 7i4e4 :e!r x be expectation t we %all1 or only p]suasion t 9 c]ta9 def9able circum/ances we %\ld1 h a c]ta9 exp]i5ce7 has to be di/+ui%$ f ! m]e m5tal conception ( t exp]i5ce4 ,,iii4 ,let u exam9e1 once m1 :e!r ! speculations 9 ! text af=d u any means ( fur!r analys+ ?is diff]5ce4 #dai ,! diff]5ce pres5ts itself 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 a s5sation & an idea4 ,! au?or admits ?is di/9ction to be ultimate & primordial4 ,a s5sation is diff]5t f an idea1 only because x is felt to be diff]5t4 ,b1 aft] hav+ admitt$ t ^! two /ates or consci\sness are di/+ui%able f ea* o!r 9 & by !mselves1 he adds1 t !y are also di/+ui%able by _! accompanim5ts4 ,! accompanim5ts ( a s5sation are always g5]ically diff]5t f ^? ( an idea4 4 4 4 4 ,! accompanim5ts ( a s5sation1 are all ! simultane\s objects ( s5sation1 toge!r ) all ^? :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 bo? prec$$ & foll[$ x4 ,! accompanim5ts ( an idea are n ! simultane\s objects ( s5sation1 b o!r ideas2 namely1 ! neighb\r+ facts1 antec$5t & consequ5t1 ( ! m5tal tra94 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ^? individual cases 9 :i* ideas & s5sations might be conf\nd$1 namely1 :5 an idea rea*es or approa*es ! vivacity ( a s5sation1 ! indication "h po9t$ out helps to assure u t :at we are consci\s ( is1 nev]!less1 only an idea4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we awake f a dream1 & op5 our eyes to ! outw>d _w1 :at makes u s promptly recognise t ?is & n ! o!r is ! real _w1 is t we f9d its ph5om5a connect$ 9 ! accu/om$ ord] ( our objects ( s5sation4 ,b ?\gh ?is circum/ance enables u1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 to ref] our impression m in/antane\sly to "o or ! o!r class1 x _c be by ?is t we di/+ui% ideas at fir/ f s5sations2 = ! crit]ion supposes ! di/9ction to be already made4 ,if we judge a s5sation to be a s5sation because its accompanim5ts are o!r s5sations1 & an idea to be an idea because its accompanim5ts are o!r ideas1 we mu/ already be able to di/+ui% ^? o!r s5sations f ^? o!r ideas4 ,a simil> rem>k is applicable to a crit]ion betwe5 s5sations & ideas1 incid5tally laid d[n by ,mr4 ,ba9 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( 8 sy/ematic treatise4 ,a m]e picture or idea rema9s ! same :atev] be our bodily position or #dbj bodily ex]tions2 ! s5sation t we call ! actual is entirely at ! m]cy ( our movem5ts1 %ift+ 9 e possible way accord+ to ! v>ieties ( action t we g ?r\gh4 7,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 #bnd ed4 p4 #cha47 ,?is te/1 l ! au?or's1 may s]ve 9 cases ( mom5t>y d\bt2 b s5sations 9 g5]al mu/ h be5 already di/+ui%$ f ideas1 be=e we c\ld h hit ^u ?is crit]ion betwe5 !m4 ,if we _h n already kn[n ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s5sation & an idea1 we nev] c\ld h discov]$ t "o ( !m is at ! m]cy ( our movem5ts1 & t ! o!r is n4 ,x be+ grant$ t a s5sation & an idea are ipso facto di/+ui%able1 ! au?or ?9ks x no m ?an natural t ! copy ( ! s5sation %\ld be di/+ui%able f ! revival ( ! idea1 :5 !y are bo? br\ght up by association4 ,b he adds1 t !re is ano!r di/9ction betwe5 ! memory ( a s5sation1 & ! memory ( an idea1 & x is ?is4 ,9 all ,memory ! idea ( self =ms "p ( ! complex idea2 b 9 ! memory ( s5sation1 ! self :i* ent]s into ! remembrance is ! s5ti5t self1 t is1 see+ & he>+3 9 ! memory ( an idea1 x is n ! s5ti5t self1 b ! conceptive self1 self hav+ an idea4 ,b 7he adds7 myself p]cipi5t1 & myself imag9+1 or conceiv+1 are two v diff]5t /ates ( consci\sness3 ( c\rse ! ideas ( ^! /ates ( consci\sness1 or ^! /ates reviv$ by association1 are v diff]5t ideas4 ,conc]n+ ! fact !re is no dispute4 ,myself p]cipi5t1 & myself imag9+ or conceiv+1 are diff]5t /ates1 because p]ceiv+ is a diff]5t ?+ f imag9+2 & be+ diff]5t /ates1 ! remembrance ( !m is1 z might be expect$1 diff]5t4 ,b ! "q is1 9 :at does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! remembrances consi/8 ,! au?or calls "o ( !m ! idea ( myself p]ceiv+1 & ! o!r ! idea ( myself imag9+1 & ?9ks !re is no o!r diff]5ce4 ,b h[ d ! idea ( myself hav+ a s5sation1 & ! idea ( myself hav+ an idea ( t s5sation1 diff] f "o ano!r8 s9ce 9 ei!r case an idea ( ! s5sation is all #dba t ,i am hav+ n[4 ,! ?\ght ( myself p]ceiv+ a ?+ at a =m] "t1 & ! ?\ght ( myself imag9+ ! ?+ at t =m] "t1 are bo? at ! pres5t mom5t facts ( imag9ation--are n[ m]ely ideas4 ,9 ea* case ,i h an ideal repres5tation ( myself1 z consci\s 9 a mann] v simil> 9 ! two cases2 ?\gh n exactly ! same1 s9ce 9 ! "o case ,i rememb] to h be5 consci\s ( a s5sation1 9 ! o!r1 to h be5 consci\s only ( an idea ( t s5sation3 b1 9 ei!r case1 t pa/ consci\sness ent]s only z an idea1 into ! consci\sness ,i n[ h by recollection4 ,9 :at1 !n1 z f> z m]e ideas are conc]n$1 d my pres5t m5tal repres5tations ( ! two cases diff]8 ,w x be said1 t ! idea ( ! s5sation is "o ?+1 ! idea ( ! idea ( ! s5sation ano!r ?+8 ,or are !y bo? ! same idea1 namely1 ! idea ( ! s5sation2 & is ! elem5t t is pres5t 9 ! "o case1 b abs5t 9 ! o!r1 n an idea b some?+ else8 ,a diff]5ce !re is admitt$ to be betwe5 ! remembrance ( hav+ _h a s5sation1 & ! remembrance ( hav+ m]ely ?\ght ( ! s5sation1 i4e4 _h ! idea ( x3 is ?is diff]5ce a diff]5ce 9 ! ideas ,i h 9 ! two cases1 or is ! idea ! same1 b accompani$ 9 ! "o case by some?+ n an idea1 :i* does n exi/ 9 ! o!r8 = if s1 ?is some?+ is a ,belief4 ,i h t\*$ ^u ?is "q 9 a =m] note1 & express$ my inability to recognise1 9 ! idea ( an idea1 any?+ b ! idea itself2 9 ! ?\ght ( a ?\ght1 any?+ b a repetition ( ! ?\ght4 ,my ?\ght ( ,fal/aff1 z f> z ,i c p]ceive1 is n a copy b a repetition ( ! ?\ght ,i _h ( him :5 ,i fir/ read ,%akespe>e3 n inde$ an exact repetition1 because all complex ideas und]go modification by "t1 "s elem5ts fad+ away1 & new ones be+ add$ by rev]t+ to ! orig9al s\rces or by subsequ5t associations2 b my fir/ m5tal image ( ,fal/aff1 & my pres5t "o1 d n diff] z ! ?\ght ( a rose diff]s f ! sight ( "o2 z an idea ( s5sation diff]s f ! s5sation4 ,on ?is po9t ! au?or 0 p]haps ( #dbb ! same op9ion1 s9ce we f9d him contra/+ ! copy ( ! s5sation ) ! revival ( ! idea1 z if ! latt] 0 a case ( simple repetition1 ! =m] n4 ,x w\ld h be5 well if he _h made ?is po9t a subject ( express discussion2 = if 8 op9ion ^u x 0 :at1 f ?is passage1 we may suppose x to h be51 x involves a s]i\s difficulty4 ,if 7he says7 a s5sation & an idea are di/+ui%able 9 ! hav+1 x is likely t ! copy ( ! s5sation %\ld be di/+ui%able f ! revival ( ! idea4 ,b ! copy ( ! s5sation is ! idea2 s t1 on ?is %ew+1 ! idea is di/+ui%able f its own revival1 t is1 f ! same idea :5 x occurs aga94 ,! au?or's !ory w\ld ?us require him to ma9ta9 t an idea reviv$ is a specifically diff]5t idea1 & n ! same idea repeat$3 s9ce o!rwise ! two /ates ( m9d1 s f> z reg>ds ! ideas conta9$ 9 !m1 are undi/+ui%able1 & x is necess>y to admit ! pres5ce 9 ,memory ( "s o!r elem5t4 ,let u put ano!r case4 ,in/ead ( ,fal/aff1 suppose a real p]son :om ,i h se53 = example ,g5]al ,lafayette4 ,my idea ( ,lafayette is almo/ :olly1 :at my idea ( ,fal/aff is entirely1 a creation ( ?\ght3 only a v small portion ( x is d]iv$ f my brief exp]i5ce ( see+ & conv]s+ ) him4 ,b ,i h a remembrance ( hav+ se5 ,lafayette1 & no remembrance ( hav+ se5 ,fal/aff1 b only ( hav+ ?\ght ( him4 ,is x a suffici5t explanation ( ?is diff]5ce to say1 t ,i h an idea ( myself see+ & he>+ ,lafayette1 & only an idea ( myself ?9k+ ( ,fal/aff8 ,b ,i c =m a vivid idea ( myself see+ & he>+ ,fal/aff4 ,i c )\t difficulty imag9e myself 9 ! field ( ,%rewsbury1 li/5+ to 8 *>act]i/ic soliloquy ov] ! body ( ,hotspur2 or 9 ! tav]n 9 ! mid/ ( 8 associates1 he>+ 8 /ory ( 8 enc\nt] ) ! m5 9 buckram4 ,:5 ,i recal ! sc5e1 ,i c z little deta* x f ! idea ( myself z pres5t1 z ,i c 9 ! case ( mo/ ?+s ( :i* ,i 0 really an eye-witness4 ,! spontane\s pres5ce ( ! idea ( ,myself 9 ! #dbc conception1 is always t ( myself z p]cipi5t4 ,! idea ( myself z 9 a /ate ( m]e imag9ation1 only sub/itutes itself = ! o!r :5 some?+ rem9ds me t ! sc5e is m]ely imag9>y4 ,i _c help ?9k+1 !re=e1 t !re is 9 ! remembrance ( a real fact1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( a ?\ght1 an elem5t :i* does n consi/1 z ! au?or supposes1 9 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]e ideas :i* are pres5t to ! m9d 9 ! two cases4 ,?is elem5t1 h[soev] we def9e x1 con/itutes ,belief1 & is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,memory & ,imag9ation4 ,f :atev] direction we approa*1 ?is diff]5ce seems to close our pa?4 ,:5 we arrive at x1 we seem to h rea*$1 z x 71 ! c5tral po9t ( our intellectual nature1 presuppos$ & built ^u 9 e attempt we make to expla9 ! m recondite ph5om5a ( our m5tal be+4--,ed4 #dbd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ratioc9ation4 ,x w\ld af=d great light & cle>ness to ! art ( ,logic1 to det]m9e ! precise nature & composition ( ! ideas affix$ to ^? words :i* h complex ideas2 i4e41 :i* excite any comb9ations ( simple ideas1 unit$ intimately by association4--,h>tley4 ,prop4 #ab1 ,corol4 #c4 ,,ratioc9ation is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ ( all ! m5tal ph5om5a4 ,& x is wor?y ( notice1 t m 0 accompli%$ t[>ds ! analysis ( x1 at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( intellectual improvem5t1 ?an ( any o!r ( ! complex cases ( human consci\sness4 ,x 0 fully expla9$ by ,ari/otle1 t ! simple/ case ( ,ratioc9ation consi/s ( ?ree propositions1 :i* he call$ a syllogism4 ,a piece ( ratioc9ation may consi/ ( "o1 or m syllogisms1 to any ext5t2 b e s+le /ep is a syllogism4 ,a ratioc9ation1 !n1 or syllogism1 is fir/ resolv$ into ?ree propositions4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z "o ( ! simple/ ( all examples4 ,all m5 are animals3 k+s are m53 !re=e k+s are animals4 ,next1 ! ,proposition is resolv$ into its proximate elem5ts4 ,^! are ?ree2 two ,t]ms1 "o call$ ! ,subject1 ! o!r ! ,pr$icate1 & ! ,copula4 #dbe ,:at is ! p>ticul> nature ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts we h already se51 & "h1 !re=e1 ne$ n /ay to inquire4 ,! anci5t writ]s on ,logic proce$$ 9 _! analysis1 no f>!r ?an ,t]ms4 ,aft] ?is1 !y only endeav\r$ to enum]ate & classify t]ms2 to enum]ate & classify propositions2 to enum]ate & classify syllogisms2 & to give ! rules = mak+ correct syllogisms1 & detect+ incorrect ones4 ,& ?is1 z taught by !m1 con/itut$ ! :ole sci5ce & art ( ,logic4 ,:at1 "u ?is head1 we propose to expla91 is--! process ( association involv$ 9 ! syllogism1 & 9 ! belief :i* is "p ( x4 ,t "p ( ! process :i* is involv$ 9 ! two antec$5t propositions1 call$ ! premises1 has be5 already expla9$4 ,x is only1 !re=e1 ! ?ird proposition1 call$ ! conclusion1 :i* fur!r requires exposition4 ,we h se51 t 9 ! proposition1 ,all m5 are animals1 ,belief is m]ely ! recognition t ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 all m51 is includ$ 9 t ( ! t]m animals1 & t ! recognition is a case ( association4 ,9 ! proposition also1 k+s are m51 ! belief is m]ely ! recognition1 t ! individuals nam$ k+s1 are "p ( ! _m1 ( :om m51 is ! common "n4 ,?is has already be5 m ?an once expla9$4 ,& n[1 !re=e1 rema9s only to be %ewn :at fur!r is involv$ 9 ! ?ird proposition1 or conclusion1 k+s are animals4 ,9 ea* ( ! two prec$+ propositions1 two t]ms or names are comp>$4 ,9 ! la/ #dbf proposition1 a ?ird "n is comp>$ ) bo? ! o!r two2 imm$iately ) ! "o1 &1 ?r\gh t1 ) ! o!r2 ! :ole1 obvi\sly1 a complicat$ case ( association4 ,9 ! fir/ proposition1 all m5 are animals1 ! t]m1 all m51 is comp>$ ) ! t]m animals2 9 o!r words1 a c]ta9 association1 already exp\nd$1 takes place4 ,9 ! second proposition1 k+s are m51 ! t]m k+s1 is comp>$ ) ! t]m all m52 comp>ison "h1 aga91 be+ only a "n = a p>ticul> case ( association4 ,9 ! ?ird proposition1 k+s are animals1 ! "n k+s1 is comp>$ ) ! "n animals1 b m$iately ?r\gh ! "n1 all m54 ,?us1 k+s1 is associat$ ) all m51 all m51 ) animals2 k+s1 !re=e1 ) animals1 by a complicat$1 &1 at ! same "t1 a rapid1 & almo/ imp]ceptible process4 ,x w\ld be easy to m>k ! /eps ( ! association4 ,b ?is w\ld be t$i\s1 & aft] s mu* practice1 ! read] w be at no loss to set !m d[n = himself4#aji ,editor's footnote #aji3 ,?is *apt]1 :i* is ( a v summ>y "*1 is a prolongation ( ! portion ( ! *apt] on ,belief1 :i* exam9es ! case ( belief 9 ! tru? ( a proposition2 & mu/ /& or fall ) x4 ,! "q consid]$ is1 h[1 f belief 9 ! tru? ( ! two premises ( a syllogism1 we pass into belief 9 ! conclusion4 ,! exposition proce$s on ! unt5able !ory ( ! import ( propositions1 on :i* ,i h s (t5 _h occasion to comm5t4 ,t !ory1 h[ev]1 0 n necess>y to ! au?or = %ew+ h[ two ideas may become insep>ably associat$ ?r\gh ! insep>able association ( ea* ( !m ) a ?ird idea3 & inasmu* z an insep>able association betwe5 ! subject & #dbg pr$icate1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 con/itutes belief1 an explanation ( ratioc9ation con=mable to t giv5 ( belief foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,al?\gh ,i am unable to admit t !re is no?+ 9 belief b an insep>able association1 & al?\gh ,i ma9ta9 t !re may be belief )\t an insep>able association1 ,i c /ill accept ?is explanation ( ! =mation ( an association betwe5 ! subject & pr$icate ( ! conclusion1 :i*1 :5 close & int5se1 has1 z we h se51 a /rong t5d5cy to g5]ate belief4 ,b to %ew :at x is t gives ! belief its validity1 we mu/ fall back on logical laws1 ! laws ( evid5ce4 ,& indep5d5tly ( ! "q ( validity1 we %all f9d 9 ! reliance on ^? laws1 s f> z !y are und]/ood1 ! s\rce & orig9 ( all beliefs1 :e!r well or ill-f\nd$1 :i* are n ! almo/ me*anical or automatic products ( a /rong association--( ! lively sugge/ion ( an idea4 ,we may !re=e pass at once to ! nature ( ,evid5ce1 :i* is ! subject ( ! next *apt]4 ,i v5ture to ref]1 9 pass+1 to ^? *apt]s 9 my ,sy/em ( ,logic1 9 :i* ,i h ma9ta9$1 contr>y to :at is laid d[n 9 ?is *apt]1 t ,ratioc9ation does n consi/ ( ,syllogisms2 t ! ,syllogism is n ! analysis ( :at ! m9d does 9 reason+1 b m]ely a useful =mula into :i* x c translate its reason+s1 ga9+ !reby a great increase 9 ! security = _! correctness4--,ed4 #dbh ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,evid5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s v wond]ful laws1 :i* regulate ! successions ( our m5tal ph5om5a1 ! sci5ce ( m9d is1 9 all its mo/ important respects1 a sci5ce ( analysis4 ,br[n's ,lect41 i41 #ajh4 ,,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ,belief1 x w be prop] to %ew1 9 a few words1 :at is includ$1 "u ! "n ,evid5ce4 ,evid5ce1 is ei!r ! same ?+ ) ,belief1 or x is ! antec$5t1 ( :i* ,belief is ! consequ5t4 ,belief we h se5 to be ( two sorts3 ,belief ( ev5ts2 ,belief ( propositions4 ,( ev5ts1 believ$ on our own exp]i5ce1 ! evid5ce ( ! pres5t is s5se2 ( ! pa/1 memory2 & 9 ^! cases1 ! evid5ce & ! belief are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,! lamp1 :i* at ?is mom5t lights me1 ,i say t ,i see burn+1 & t ,i believe x burn+4 ,^! are two names ( "o & ! same /ate ( consci\sness4--,i rememb] x 0 burn+ at ! same h\r la/ night1 & ,i believe x 0 burn+ at ! same h\r la/ night1 are also two expressions = ! same ?+4--,9 ! simple anticipation ( ! future1 f ! pa/1 also1 ! evid5ce1 & ! belief1 are #dbi n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,!re is a close & insep>able association ( ! idea ( a l antec$5t1 ) ! idea ( a l consequ5t4 ,?is has n a s+le "n1 l memory2 b1 l memory1 x is bo? evid5ce & belief4 ,! case ( te/imony is diff]5t4 ,! ,te/imony is "o ?+1 ! ,belief is ano!r4 ,! "n ,evid5ce is giv5 to ! te/imony4 ,! association ( ! te/imony1 ) ! ev5t te/ifi$1 is ! belief4 ,beside ! belief ( ev5ts :i* are ! imm$iate objects ( s5se1 ( memory1 & ( anticipation 7! consequ5ce ( s5se & memory71 & ( ^? :i* are ! imm$iate objects ( te/imony2 !re is a belief ( ev5ts :i* are n ! imm$iate objects ( any ( ^? op]ations4 ,! sailor1 :o is %ipwreck$ on an unkn[n coa/1 sees ! pr9ts ( a man's foot on ! s&4 ,! pr9t ( ! foot is "h call$ ! evid5ce2 ! association ( ! pr9t1 z consequ5t1 ) a man1 z antec$5t1 is call$ ! belief4 ,9 ?is case1 ! s5sation ( "o ev5t1 ! pr9t ( a foot on ! s&1 induces ! belief ( ano!r ev5t1 ! exi/5ce ( a man4 ,! sailor :o has se5 ! m>k1 reports x to 8 companions :o h n quitt$ ! wreck4 ,in/antly !y h ! same belief2 b x is a remove f>!r (f1 & !re is an additional l9k ( evid5ce4 ,! fir/ ev5t to !m1 is ! affirmation ( _! companion2 ! second1 ! exi/5ce ( ! pr9t2 ! ?ird1 t ( ! man4 ,!re is "h evid5ce ( evid5ce2 ! te/imony1 evid5ce ( ! pr9t2 ! pr9t1 evid5ce ( ! man4 ,! companions ( ! sailor1 hav+ !mselves gone on %ore1 p]ceive1 inde$1 no man1 b see a #dcj l>ge monkey1 :i* leaves pr9ts on ! s& v mu* resembl+ ^? :i* _h fir/ be5 p]ceiv$ by _! companion4 ,:at is n[ ! /ate ( _! m9ds8 ,d\bt4 ,b d\bt is a "n2 :at d we call by t "n8 ,a ph5om5on ( "s complexity1 b ( :i* ! elem5ts are n v difficult to trace4 ,!re is1 "h1 a d\ble association ) ! pr9t ( ! foot4 ,!re is ! association ( a man1 & !re is ! association ( a monkey4 ,fir/1 ! pr9t raises ! idea ( a man1 b ! in/ant x does s1 x raises also ! idea ( a monkey4 ,! idea ( ! monkey1 displac+ t ( ! man1 h9d]s ! fir/ association f ! fixity :i* makes x belief2 & ! idea ( man1 displac+ t ( monkey1 h9d]s ! second association f t fixity :i* con/itutes belief4 ,:5 evid5ce is complex2 t is1 consi/s ( m ?an "o ev5t2 ! ev5ts may be all on ! same side1 or n all on ! same side2 t is1 !y may all t5d to prove ! same ev5t2 or "s ( !m may t5d to prove x1 "s may h an opposite t5d5cy4 ,?us1 if aft] discov]+ ! pr9t on ! s&1 ! sailors _h se5 ne> x a /ick1 :i* _h any appe>ance ( hav+ be5 fa%ion$ into a club1 or a spe>1 ?is w\ld h be5 ano!r ev5t1 t5d+1 z well z ! pr9t on ! s&1 to ! belief ( ! pres5ce ( m54 ,! evid5ce w\ld h be5 complex1 b all on "o side4 ,! process is easy to trace4 ,!re is n[ a d\ble association ) ! exi/5ce ( m54 ,! pr9t ( ! foot excites t idea1 ! exi/5ce ( ! club excites t idea4 ,?is d\ble excitem5t gives great] p]man5ce to ! #dca idea4 ,by repetition1 ! two excit+ causes coalesce1 &1 by _! unit$ /r5g?1 call up ! associat$ idea ) great] =ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! appe>ance ( ! monkey1 9 :i* "o ( ! ev5ts t5d$ to "o belief1 ! o!r to ano!r1 we h j se5 t ! effect is precisely contr>y2 to less5 ! /r5g? ( ! association ) ! exi/5ce ( a man1 & to h9d] its becom+ belief4 ,^! expositions may be appli$ ) ease to ! o!r cases ( complex evid5ce1 :i* c only consi/ ( a great] or less numb] ( ev5ts1 ei!r all t5d+ to ! belief ( ! same ev5t1 or "s t5d+ t way1 "s ano!r2 b all op]at+ 9 ! mann] :i* has j be5 po9t$ out4 ,?us we may complicate ! pres5t case /ill fur!r1 by ! supposition ( additional ev5ts4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! monkey1 ! sailors may discov]1 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! ve/iges ( a rec5t fire1 & ( ! victuals :i* _h be5 cook$ by x4 ,! association ( human be+s ) ^! appe>ances is s /rong1 t1 comb9$ ) ! association betwe5 ! pr9t & ! same idea1 x q obscures ! association betwe5 ! pr9t & ! monkey2 & ! belief t ! place has inhabitants becomes complete4 ,b suppose1 fur!r2 t aft] a little obs]vation1 !y discov] an ,engli% knife1 & =k1 & a piece ( ,engli% e>!nw>e ne> ! same place4 ,! idea ( an ,engli% %ip hav+ t\*$ at ! place1 is imm$iately excit$1 & all ! evid5ce ( local inhabitants1 d]iv$ f ! m>ks ( fire & cook]y1 is imm$iately de/roy$4 ,9 o!r words1 a new association1 t ) an ,engli% %ip1 #dcb is creat$1 :i* completely sup]s$es ! idea1 =m]ly associat$1 t ( inhabitants exi/+ on ! spot4 ,! :ole ( ! ev5ts1 :i* g 9 ?is mann] to =m a case ( belief1 or ( d\bt1 or ( disbelief1 are call$ ,evid5ce4 ,& ! association1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r into a sort ( :ole1 z antec$5t1 & connects ) !m ! ev5t to :i* !y apply z consequ5t1 & :i* con/itutes ! belief1 d\bt1 or disbelief1 v (t5 goes by ! names ( judgm5t1 judg+ ( ! evid5ce1 weigh+ ! evid5ce1 & s on4 ,9 ^! cases ( ! belief ( ,ev5ts ^u complicat$ evid5ce1 !re is an antec$5t & a consequ5t2 ! antec$5t consi/+ ( all ! ev5ts :i* are call$ evid5ce1 ! consequ5t ( ! ev5t1 or ev5ts evid5c$2 & la/ly1 !re is t close association ( ! antec$5t & ! consequ5t1 :i* we h se5 already1 9 s _m in/ances1 con/itutes belief4 ,we h n[ to consid]1 :at we call evid5ce 9 ! case ( ! ,belief ( ,propositions4 ,!re are two cases ( ! ,belief ( propositions4 ,!re is belief 9 ! case ( ! s+le proposition2 & !re is belief ( ! conclusion ( a syllogism1 :i* is ! result ( a comb9ation ( ,propositions4 ,we h se5 :at ! process ( belief 9 ,propositions is4 ,! subject & pr$icate1 two names = ! same ?+1 ( :i* ! pr$icate is ei!r ( ! same ext5t ) ! subject1 or ( a great] ext5t1 sugge/s1 ea* ( !m1 its mean+2 t is1 call up1 by association1 ea* ( !m1 its peculi> clu/] ( ideas4 ,two clu/]s ( ideas are call$ up 9 #dcc connexion1 & t a peculi> connexion1 m>k$ by ! copula4 ,to h two clu/]s ( ideas1 to "k t !y are two1 & to believe t !y are two1 ?is is no?+ m ?an ?ree expressions = ! same ?+4 ,to "k t two clu/]s are two clu/]s1 & to "k t !y are ei!r ! same1 or diff]5t1 is ! same ) hav+ !m4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 z 9 t ( ! belief ( ev5ts1 9 s5se & memory1 ! belief & ! evid5ce are ! same ?+4 ,belief ( ! conclusion ( a syllogism1 is prec$$ by two o!r beliefs4 ,!re is belief ( ! major proposition2 belief ( ! m9or proposition2 by ! process imm$iately above expla9$1 9 :i* ! evid5ce & ! belief are ! same ?+4 ,^! are ! antec$5t4 ,!re is1 ?irdly1 belief ( ! conclusion1 ?is is ! consequ5t4 ,! process ( ?is belief has be5 s rec5tly expla9$1 t ,i d n ?9k we ne$ to repeat x4 ,9 ?is case1 x is sometimes said1 t ! two premises are ! evid5ce2 sometimes x is said1 t ! ratioc9ation is ! evid5ce2 9 ! =m] ( ^! applications ( ! ^w evid5ce1 ! belief ( ! conclud+ proposition ( ! syllogism is n includ$2 9 ! la/1 x is4 ,! ratioc9ation is ! belief ( all ! ?ree propositions2 &1 9 ?is acceptation ( ! ^w1 ! evid5ce & ! belief are n consid]$ z two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a diff]5ce ( nam+4 ,ab\t ! p>ticul>s nam$1 !re is no room = dispute4#aaj ,editor's footnote #aaj3 ,?is *apt] on ,evid5ce is supplem5t>y to ! *apt] on ,belief1 & is int5d$ to analyse ! process ( weigh+ & balanc+ oppos+ gr\nds = believ+4 #dcd ,evid5ce is ei!r ( individual facts 7n actually p]ceiv$ by oneself71 or ( g5]al tru?s4 ,! =m] is ! only case to :i* mu* att5tion is paid 9 ! pres5t *apt]2 :i* v happily illu/rates x1 by ! case ( navigators hav+ to decide on ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( inhabitants 9 a newly discov]$ isl&4 ,! process ( balanc+ ! evid5ce = & aga9/1 is depict$ 9 a v lively mann]4 ,let u see :e!r ! m5tal facts set d[n 9 ! exposition1 are precisely ^? :i* take place4 ,:5 ! sailors h se5 pr9ts ( a foot1 resembl+ ^? ( a man1 ! idea is rais$ ( a man mak+ ! pr9t4 ,:5 !y aft]w>ds see a monkey1 ^: feet leave traces almo/ simil>1 ! idea is also rais$ ( a monkey mak+ ! pr9t1 & ! /ate ( _! m9ds1 ! au?or says1 is d\bt4 ,( ?is /ate he gives ! foll[+ analysis3 ,!re is "h a d\ble association ) ! pr9t ( ! foot4 ,!re is ! association ( a man1 & !re is ! association ( a monkey4 ,fir/1 ! pr9t raises ! idea ( a man1 b ! in/ant x does s1 x raises also ! idea ( a monkey4 ,! idea ( ! monkey1 displac+ t ( ! man1 h9d]s ! fir/ association f ! fixity :i* makes x belief2 & ! idea ( man1 displac+ t ( monkey1 h9d]s ! second association f t fixity :i* con/itutes belief4 ,?is passage des]ves to be /udi$2 = )\t hav+ c>efully weigh$ x1 we _c be c]ta9 t we are 9 complete possession ( ! au?or's !ory ( ,belief4 ,!re are two conflict+ associations ) ! pr9t ( ! foot4 ,! picture ( a man mak+ x1 _c co-exi/ ) t ( a monkey mak+ x4 ,b ! two may alt]nate ) "o ano!r4 ,_h ! association ) a man be5 ! only association1 x w\ld1 or might 7= on ?is po9t ! au?or is n explicit7 h am\nt$ to belief4 ,b ! idea ( ! monkey & t ( ! man alt]nately displac+ "o ano!r1 h9d] ei!r association f hav+ ! fixity :i* w\ld make x belief4 ,?is alt]nation1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! two ideas1 ( a monkey mak+ ! footpr9t & ( a man mak+ x1 may #dce v well take place )\t h9d]+ "o ( ! two f be+ accompani$ by belief4 ,suppose ! sailors to obta9 conclusive evid5ce1 te/imonial or circum/antial1 t ! pr9ts 7 made by a monkey4 ,x may happ51 nev]!less1 t ! rem>kable resemblance ( ! foot pr9ts to ^? ( a man1 does n cease to =ce itself ^u _! notice3 9 o!r words1 !y cont9ue to associate ! idea ( a man ) ! foot/eps2 !y are rem9d$ ( a man1 & ( a man mak+ ! foot/eps1 e "t !y see or ?9k ( !m4 ,! d\ble association1 !re=e1 may subsi/1 & ! "o :i* does n correspond ) ! fact may ev5 be ! mo/ obtrusive ( ! two1 :ile yet ! o!r conception may be ! "o ) :i* ! m5 believe ! real facts to h correspond$4 ,all ! re/ ( ! exposition is op5 to ! same criticism4 ,! au?or acc\nts v accurately = ! pres5ce ( all ! ideas :i* ! successive appe>ance ( ! v>i\s articles ( evid5ce ar\ses 9 ! m9d4 ,b he does n %ew t ! belief1 :i* is ultimately arriv$ at1 is con/itut$ by ! expulsion f ! m9d ( "o set ( ^! ideas1 & ! exclusive possession ( x by ! o!r set4 ,x is q possible t nei!r ( ! associations may acquire ! fixity :i*1 accord+ to ! app>5t mean+ ( ! au?or1 w\ld defeat ! o!r association altoge!r1 & drive away ! conception :i* x sugge/s2 & yet1 "o ( ! suppositions may be believ$ & ! o!r disbeliev$1 accord+ to ! balance ( evid5ce1 z e/imat$ by ! inve/igator4 ,belief1 !n1 :i* has be5 already %ewn n to require an insep>able association1 appe>s n to require ev5 fixity--su* fixity z to exclude ! idea ( ! conflict+ supposition1 z x does exclude ! belief4 ,! problem ( ,evid5ce divides itself into two di/+ui%able enquiries3 :at effect evid5ce ought to produce1 & :at det]m9es ! effect t x does produce3 h[ our belief ought to be regulat$1 & h[1 9 po9t ( fact1 x is regulat$4 ,! fir/ enquiry--t into ! nature & probative =ce ( evid5ce3 ! discussion ( :at proves :at1 & #dcf ( ! precautions ne$$ 9 admitt+ "o ?+ z pro( ( ano!r--are ! prov9ce ( ,logic1 und]/ood 9 its wide/ s5se3 & = its treatm5t we mu/ ref] to treatises on ,logic1 ei!r inductive or ratioc9ative4 ,all t w\ld be 9 place "h1 r$uces itself to a s+le pr9ciple3 ,9 all cases1 except ! case ( :at we are directly consci\s ( 79 :i* case1 z ! au?or ju/ly obs]ves1 ! evid5ce & ! belief are "o & ! same ?+7--9 all cases1 !re=e1 9 :i* belief is really gr\nd$ on evid5ce1 x is gr\nd$1 9 ! ultimate result1 on ! con/ancy ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,:e!r ! belief be ( facts or ( laws1 & :e!r ( pa/ facts or ( ^? :i* are pres5t or future1 ?is is ! basis on :i* x re/s4 ,:atev] x is t we believe1 ! ju/ification ( ! belief mu/ be1 t unless x 7 true1 ! uni=mity ( ! c\rse ( nature w\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,a cause w\ld h occurr$1 n foll[$ by its inv>iable effect2 an effect w\ld h occurr$1 n prec$$ by any ( its inv>iable causes2 witnesses w\ld h li$1 :o h always be5 kn[n to speak ! tru?2 signs w\ld h prov$ deceptive1 :i* 9 human exp]i5ce h always giv5 true indication4 ,?is is obvi\s1 :atev] case ( belief on evid5ce we exam9e4 ,belief 9 te/imony is gr\nd$ on previ\s exp]i5ce t te/imony is usually con=mable to fact3 te/imony 9 g5]al 7= ev5 ?is may ) tru? be affirm$72 or ! te/imony ( ! p>ticul> witness1 or ! te/imony ( p]sons simil> to him4 ,belief t ! sun w rise & set to-morr[1 or t a /one ?r[n up into ! air w fall back1 re/s on exp]i5ce t ?is has be5 inv>iably ! case1 & reliance t :at has hi!rto occurr$ w cont9ue to occur h]eaft]4 ,belief 9 a fact v\*$ = by circum/antial evid5ce1 re/s on exp]i5ce t su* circum/ances z are asc]ta9$ to exi/ 9 ! case1 nev] exi/ unaccompani$ by ! giv5 fact4 ,:at we call evid5ce1 :e!r complete or incomplete1 always consi/s ( facts or ev5ts t5d+ to conv9ce u t "s asc]ta9$ g5]al tru?s or laws ( nature mu/ h prov$ false1 if ! conclusion :i* ! evid5ce po9ts to is n true4 #dcg ,belief on evid5ce is !re=e always a case ( ! g5]aliz+ process2 ( ! assumption t :at we h n directly exp]i5c$ resembles1 or w resemble1 our exp]i5ce4 ,&1 prop]ly und]/ood1 ?is assumption is true2 = ! :ole c\rse ( nature consi/s ( a concurr5ce ( causes1 produc+ _! effects 9 a uni=m mann]2 b ! uni=mity :i* exi/s is (t5 n t :i* our fir/ impressions lead u to expect4 ,mr4 ,ba9 has well po9t$ out1 t ! g5]aliz+ prop5sity1 9 a m9d n discipl9$ by ?\ght1 nor z yet w>n$ by its own failures1 f> outruns ! evid5ce1 or r1 prec$es any consci\s consid]ation ( evid5ce2 & t :at ! consid]ation ( evid5ce has to d :5 x comes1 is n s mu* to make u g5]alize1 z to limit our spontane\s impulse ( g5]alization1 & re/ra9 )9 j b\nds our read9ess to believe t ! unkn[n w resemble ! kn[n4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,ba9 occasionally speaks ( ?is prop5sity z if x 7 in/9ctive1 ,i und]/& him to mean1 t by an orig9al law ( our nature1 ! m]e sugge/ion ( an idea1 s long z ! idea keeps possession ( ! m9d1 suffices to give x a comm& ov] our active en]gies4 ,x is to ?is primitive m5tal /ate t ! au?or's !ory ( ,belief mo/ ne>ly applies4 ,9 a m9d :i* is z yet untutor$1 ei!r by ! tea*+s ( o!rs or by its own mi/akes1 an idea s /rongly excit$ z = ! "t to keep out all ideas by :i* x w\ld itself be exclud$1 possesses t p[] ov] ! volunt>y activities :i* is ,mr4 ,ba9's crit]ion ( ,belief2 & any association t compels ! p]son to h ! idea ( a c]ta9 consequ5ce z foll[+ 8 act1 g5]ates1 or becomes1 a real expectation ( t consequ5ce4 ,b ^! expectations (t5 turn+ out to h be5 ill gr\nd$1 ! unduly prompt sugge/ion comes to be associat$1 by repetition1 ) ! %ock ( disappo9t$ expectation2 & ! idea ( ! desir$ consequ5t is n[ rais$ toge!r ) ! idea n ( its realization1 b ( its fru/ration3 ?us neutraliz+ ! effect ( ! fir/ association on ! belief & on ! active impulses4 ,x is 9 ?is /age t ! m9d le>ns ! habit ( look+ out =1 & weigh+1 evid5ce4 ,x pres5tly discov]s #dch t ! expectations :i* are lea/ (t5 disappo9t$ are ^? :i* correspond to ! greate/ & mo/ v>i$ am\nt ( antec$5t exp]i5ce4 ,x gradually comes to associate ! feel+ ( disappo9t$ expectation ) all ^? prompt+s to expect1 :i*1 be+ ! result ( accid5tal associations1 h no1 or b little1 previ\s exp]i5ce con=mable to !m3 & by degrees ! expectation only arises :5 memory repres5ts a consid]able am\nt ( su* previ\s exp]i5ce2 & is /rong 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,at a /ill lat] p]iod1 z disappo9tm5t nev]!less n unfrequ5tly happ5s not)/&+ a consid]able am\nt ( pa/ exp]i5ce on ! side ( ! expectation1 ! m9d is put ^u mak+ di/9ctions 9 ! k9d ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 & f9d+ out :at qualities1 besides m]e frequ5cy1 exp]i5ce mu/ h1 9 ord] n to be foll[$ by disappo9tm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x consid]s ! conditions ( "r inf]5ce f exp]i5ce2 & by degrees arrives at pr9ciples or rules1 m or less accurate1 = inductive reason+4 ,?is is sub/antially ! doctr9e ( ! au?or ( ! ,analysis4 ,x mu/ be conc$$ to him1 t an association1 suffici5tly /rong to exclude all ideas t w\ld exclude itself1 produces a k9d ( me*anical belief2 & t ! processes by :i* ?is belief is correct$1 or r$uc$ to rational b\nds1 all consi/ 9 ! gr[? ( a c\nt]-association1 t5d+ to raise ! idea ( a disappo9tm5t ( ! fir/ expectation3 & z ! "o or ! o!r prevails 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! belief1 or expectation1 exi/s or does n exi/1 exactly z if ! belief 7 ! same ?+ ) ! association4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! process by :i* ! belief is ov]come1 takes effect by weak5+ ! association2 :i* c only be effect$ by rais+ up ano!r association t conflicts ) x4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ?is c\nt]-association may be g5]at$4 ,"o is1 by c\nt]-evid5ce2 by contr>y exp]i5ce 9 ! specific case1 :i*1 by associat+ ! circum/ances ( ! case ) a contr>y belief1 de/roys _! association ) ! orig9al belief4 ,b !re is also ano!r mode ( weak5+1 or altoge!r #dci de/roy+1 ! belief1 )\t adduc+ contr>y exp]i5ce3 namely1 by m]ely recognis+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! exi/+ exp]i5ce2 by reflect+ on o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! same am\nt & k9d ( exp]i5ce h exi/$1 b 7 n foll[$ by ! expect$ result4 ,9 ! "o mode z 9 ! o!r1 ! process ( dissolv+ a belief is id5tical ) t ( dissolv+ an association2 & to ?is ext5t--& x is a v l>ge ext5t--! au?or's !ory ( ,belief mu/ be receiv$ z true4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 g beyond ?is1 & ma9ta9 ) ! au?or t ,belief is id5tical ) a /rong association2 on acc\nt ( ! reason already /at$1 viz4 t 9 _m cases--inde$ 9 almo/ all cases 9 :i* ! evid5ce has be5 su* z requir$ to be inve/igat$ & weigh$--a f9al belief is arriv$ at )\t any su* cl++ toge!r ( ideas z ! au?or supposes to con/itute x2 & we rema9 able to repres5t to ourselves 9 imag9ation1 (t5 ) p]fect facility1 bo? ! conflict+ suppositions1 ( :i* we nev]!less believe "o & reject ! o!r4--,ed4 #ddj ,,app5dix4 7,f ,an ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy47 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,an ,,ext]nal ,,_w4 ,,we h se5 ,sir4 ,w4 ,hamilton at "w on ! "q ( ! reality ( ,matt]1 by ! introspective me?od1 &1 z x seems1 ) little result4 ,let u n[ approa* ! same subject by ! psy*ological4 ,i proce$1 !re=e1 to /ate ! case ( ^? :o hold t ! belief 9 an ext]nal _w is n intuitive1 b an acquir$ product4 ,?is !ory po/ulates ! foll[+ psy*ological tru?s1 all ( :i* are prov$ by exp]i5ce1 & are n conte/$1 ?\gh _! =ce is seldom adequately felt1 by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton & ! o!r ?9k]s ( ! introspective s*ool4 ,x po/ulates1 fir/1 t ! human m9d is capable ( ,expectation4 ,9 o!r words1 t aft] hav+ _h actual s5sations1 we are capable ( =m+ ! conception ( ,possible s5sations2 s5sations :i* we are n feel+ at ! pres5t mom5t1 b :i* we might feel1 & %\ld feel if c]ta9 conditions 7 pres5t1 ! nature ( :i* conditions we h1 9 _m cases1 le>nt by exp]i5ce4 ,x po/ulates1 secondly1 ! laws ( ! ,association ( ,ideas4 ,s f> z we are "h conc]n$1 ^! laws are ! foll[+3 #a/4 ,simil> phnom5a t5d to be ?\ght ( toge!r4 #bnd4 ,phnom5a :i* h ei!r be5 exp]i5c$ or conceiv$ #dda 9 close contiguity to "o ano!r1 t5d to be ?\ght ( toge!r4 ,! contiguity is ( two k9ds2 simultaneity1 & imm$iate succession4 ,facts :i* h be5 exp]i5c$ or ?\ght ( simultane\sly1 recall ! ?\ght ( "o ano!r4 ,( facts :i* h be5 exp]i5c$ or ?\ght ( 9 imm$iate succession1 ! antec$5t1 or ! ?\ght ( x1 recalls ! ?\ght ( ! consequ5t1 b n conv]sely4 #crd4 ,associations produc$ by contiguity become m c]ta9 & rapid by repetition4 ,:5 two phnom5a h be5 v (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 conjunction1 & h n1 9 any s+le in/ance1 occurr$ sep>ately ei!r 9 exp]i5ce or 9 ?\ght1 !re is produc$ betwe5 !m :at has be5 call$ ,insep>able1 or less correctly1 ,indissoluble ,association3 by :i* is n meant t ! association mu/ inevitably la/ to ! end ( life--t no subsequ5t exp]i5ce or process ( ?\ght c possibly avail to dissolve x2 b only t z long z no su* exp]i5ce or process ( ?\ght has tak5 place1 ! association is irresi/ible2 x is impossible = u to ?9k ! "o ?+ disjo9$ f ! o!r4 #d?4 ,:5 an association has acquir$ ?is "* ( insep>ability--:5 ! bond betwe5 ! two ideas has be5 ?us firmly rivet$1 n only does ! idea call$ up by association become1 9 our consci\sness1 insep>able f ! idea :i* sugge/$ x1 b ! facts or phnom5a answ]+ to ^? ideas come at la/ to seem insep>able 9 exi/5ce3 ?+s :i* we are unable to conceive ap>t1 appe> incapable ( exi/+ ap>t2 & ! belief we h 9 _! coexi/5ce1 ?\gh really a product ( exp]i5ce1 seems intuitive4 ,innum]able examples might be giv5 ( ?is law4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili>1 z well z ! mo/ /rik+1 is t ( our acquir$ p]ceptions ( sight4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 ) ,mr4 ,bailey1 consid] ! p]ception ( di/ance by ! eye z n acquir$1 b intuitive1 admit t !re are _m p]ceptions ( sight :i*1 ?\gh in/antane\s & unhesitat+1 are n intuitive4 ,:at we see is a v m9ute fragm5t ( :at we ?9k we see4 ,we see artificially t "o ?+ is h>d1 ano!r s(t4 ,we see artificially t "o ?+ is hot1 ano!r cold4 ,we see artificially t #ddb :at we see is a book1 or a /one1 ea* ( ^! be+ n m]ely an inf]5ce1 b a heap ( inf]5ces1 f ! signs :i* we see1 to ?+s n visible4 ,we see1 & _c help see+1 :at we h le>nt to inf]1 ev5 :5 we "k t ! inf]5ce is errone\s1 & t ! app>5t p]ception is deceptive4 ,we _c help see+ ! moon l>g] :5 ne> ! horizon1 ?\gh we "k t %e is ( precisely h] usual size4 ,we _c help see+ a m\nta9 z ne>] to u & ( less height1 :5 we see x ?r\gh a m ?an ord9>ily transp>5t atmosph]e4 ,sett+ out f ^! premises1 ! ,psy*ological ,!ory ma9ta9s1 t !re are associations naturally & ev5 necess>ily g5]at$ by ! ord] ( our s5sations & ( our rem9isc5ces ( s5sation1 :i*1 suppos+ no intuition ( an ext]nal _w to h exi/$ 9 consci\sness1 w\ld inevitably g5]ate ! belief1 & w\ld cause x to be reg>d$ z an intuition4 ,:at is x we mean1 or :at is x :i* leads u to say1 t ! objects we p]ceive are ext]nal to u1 & n a "p ( our own ?\ghts8 ,we mean1 t !re is conc]n$ 9 our p]ceptions some?+ :i* exi/s :5 we are n ?9k+ ( x2 :i* exi/$ be=e we _h ev] ?\ght ( x1 & w\ld exi/ if we 7 annihilat$2 & fur!r1 t !re exi/ ?+s :i* we nev] saw1 t\*$1 or o!rwise p]ceiv$1 & ?+s :i* nev] h be5 p]ceiv$ by man4 ,?is idea ( some?+ :i* is di/+ui%$ f our fleet+ impressions by :at1 9 ,kantian language1 is call$ ,p]durability2 some?+ :i* is fix$ & ! same1 :ile our impressions v>y2 some?+ :i* exi/s :e!r we are aw>e ( x or n1 & :i* is always squ>e 7or ( "s o!r giv5 figure7 :e!r x appe>s to u squ>e or r\nd--con/itutes altoge!r our idea ( ext]nal sub/ance4 ,:oev] c assign an orig9 to ?is complex conception1 has acc\nt$ = :at we mean by ! belief 9 matt]4 ,n[ all ?is1 accord+ to ! ,psy*ological ,!ory1 is b ! =m impress$ by ! kn[n laws ( association1 ^u ! conception or notion1 obta9$ by exp]i5ce1 ( ,cont+5t ,s5sations2 #ddc by :i* are meant1 s5sations t are n 9 our pres5t consci\sness1 & individually nev] 7 9 our consci\sness at all1 b :i* 9 virtue ( ! laws to :i* we h le>nt by exp]i5ce t our s5sations are subject1 we "k t we %\ld h felt "u giv5 supposable circum/ances1 & "u ^! same circum/ances1 might /ill feel4 ,i see a piece ( :ite pap] on a table4 ,i g into ano!r room4 ,if ! phnom5on always foll[$ me1 or if1 :5 x did n foll[ me1 ,i believ$ x to disappe> r]um natur1 ,i %\ld n believe x to be an ext]nal object4 ,i %\ld consid] x z a phantom--a m]e affection ( my s5ses3 ,i %\ld n believe t !re _h be5 any ,body !re4 ,b1 ?\gh ,i h ceas$ to see x1 ,i am p]suad$ t ! pap] is /ill !re4 ,i no long] h ! s5sations :i* x gave me2 b ,i believe t :5 ,i aga9 place myself 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,i _h ^? s5sations1 t is1 :5 ,i g aga9 into ! room1 ,i %all aga9 h !m2 & fur!r1 t !re has be5 no int]v5+ mom5t at :i* ?is w\ld n h be5 ! case4 ,ow+ to ?is prop]ty ( my m9d1 my conception ( ! _w at any giv5 in/ant consi/s1 9 only a small proportion1 ( pres5t s5sations4 ,( ^! ,i may at ! "t h none at all1 & !y are 9 any case a mo/ insignificant portion ( ! :ole :i* ,i appreh5d4 ,! conception ,i =m ( ! _w exi/+ at any mom5t1 comprises1 along ) ! s5sations ,i am feel+1 a c\ntless v>iety ( possibilities ( s5sation3 namely1 ! :ole ( ^? :i* pa/ obs]vation tells me t ,i c\ld1 "u any supposable circum/ances1 exp]i5ce at ?is mom5t1 toge!r ) an indef9ite & illimitable multitude ( o!rs :i* ?\gh ,i d n "k t ,i c\ld1 yet x is possible t ,i might1 exp]i5ce 9 circum/ances n kn[n to me4 ,^! v>i\s possibilities are ! important ?+ to me 9 ! _w4 ,my pres5t s5sations are g5]ally ( little importance1 & are moreov] fugitive3 ! possibilities1 on ! contr>y1 are p]man5t1 :i* is ! "* t ma9ly di/+ui%es our idea ( ,sub/ance or ,matt] f our notion ( s5sation4 ,^! possibilities1 :i* are conditional #ddd c]ta9ties1 ne$ a special "n to di/+ui% !m f m]e vague possibilities1 :i* exp]i5ce gives no w>rant = reckon+ ^u4 ,n[1 z soon z a di/+ui%+ "n is giv51 ?\gh x be only to ! same ?+ reg>d$ 9 a diff]5t aspect1 "o ( ! mo/ famili> exp]i5ces ( our m5tal nature tea*es u1 t ! diff]5t "n comes to be consid]$ z ! "n ( a diff]5t ?+4 ,!re is ano!r important peculi>ity ( ^! c]tifi$ or gu>ante$ possibilities ( s5sation2 namely1 t !y h ref]5ce1 n to s+le s5sations1 b to s5sations jo9$ toge!r 9 gr\ps4 ,:5 we ?9k ( any?+ z a mat]ial sub/ance1 or body1 we ei!r h _h1 or we ?9k t on "s giv5 supposition we %\ld h1 n "s "o s5sation1 b a great & ev5 an indef9ite numb] & v>iety ( s5sations1 g5]ally belong+ to diff]5t s5ses1 b s l9k$ toge!r1 t ! pres5ce ( "o ann\nces ! possible pres5ce at ! v same in/ant ( any or all ( ! re/4 ,9 our m9d1 !re=e1 n only is ?is p>ticul> ,possibility ( s5sation inve/$ ) ! quality ( p]man5ce :5 we are n actually feel+ any ( ! s5sations at all2 b :5 we are feel+ "s ( !m1 ! rema9+ s5sations ( ! gr\p are conceiv$ by u 9 ! =m ( ,pres5t ,possibilities1 :i* might be realiz$ at ! v mom5t4 ,& z ?is happ5s 9 turn to all ( !m1 ! gr\p z a :ole pres5ts itself to ! m9d z p]man5t1 9 contra/ n solely ) ! tempor>9ess ( my bodily pres5ce1 b also ) ! tempor>y "* ( ea* ( ! s5sations compos+ ! gr\p2 9 o!r words1 z a k9d ( p]man5t sub/ratum1 "u a set ( pass+ exp]i5ces or manife/ations3 :i* is ano!r lead+ "* ( our idea ( sub/ance or matt]1 z di/+ui%$ f s5sation4 ,let u n[ take into consid]ation ano!r ( ! g5]al *>act]s ( our exp]i5ce1 namely1 t 9 addition to fix$ gr\ps1 we also recognise a fix$ ,ord] 9 our s5sations2 an ,ord] ( succession1 :i*1 :5 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation1 gives rise to ! ideas ( ,cause & ,effect1 accord+ to :at ,i hold to be ! true !ory ( t relation1 & is on any #dde !ory ! s\rce ( all our k :at causes produce :at effects4 ,n[1 ( :at nature is ?is fix$ ord] among our s5sations8 ,x is a con/ancy ( antec$5ce & sequ5ce4 ,b ! con/ant antec$5ce & sequ5ce d n g5]ally exi/ betwe5 "o actual s5sation & ano!r4 ,v few su* sequ5ces are pres5t$ to u by exp]i5ce4 ,9 almo/ all ! con/ant sequ5ces :i* occur 9 ,nature1 ! antec$5ce & consequ5ce d n obta9 betwe5 s5sations1 b betwe5 ! gr\ps we h be5 speak+ ab\t1 ( :i* a v small portion is actual s5sation1 ! great] "p be+ p]man5t possibilities ( s5sation1 evid5c$ to u by a small & v>iable numb] ( s5sations actually pres5t4 ,h5ce1 our ideas ( causation1 p[]1 activity1 d n become connect$ 9 ?\ght ) our s5sations z actual at all1 save 9 ! few physiological cases :]e ^! figure by !mselves z ! antec$5ts 9 "s uni=m sequ5ce4 ,^? ideas become connect$1 n ) s5sations1 b ) gr\ps ( possibilities ( s5sation4 ,! s5sations conceiv$ d n1 to our habitual ?\ghts1 pres5t !mselves z s5sations actually exp]i5c$1 inasmu* z n only any "o or any numb] ( !m may be suppos$ abs5t1 b none ( !m ne$ be pres5t4 ,we f9d t ! modifications :i* are tak+ place m or less regul>ly 9 our possibilities ( s5sation1 are mo/ly q indep5d5t ( our consci\sness1 & ( our pres5ce or abs5ce4 ,:e!r we are asleep or awake ! fire goes out1 & puts an end to "o p>ticul> possibility ( w>m? & light4 ,:e!r we are pres5t or abs5t ! corn rip5s1 & br+s a new possibility ( food4 ,h5ce we spe$ily le>n to ?9k ( ,nature z made up solely ( ^! gr\ps ( possibilities1 & ! active =ce 9 ,nature z manife/$ 9 ! modification ( "s ( ^! by o!rs4 ,! s5sations1 ?\gh ! orig9al f\ndation ( ! :ole1 come to be look$ ^u z a sort ( accid5t dep5d+ on u1 & ! possibilities z mu* m real ?an ! actual s5sations1 nay1 z ! v realities ( :i* ^! are only ! repres5tations1 appe>ances1 or effects4 ,:5 ?is /ate ( m9d has be5 arriv$ at1 !n1 & f t "t =w>d1 we are nev] #ddf consci\s ( a pres5t s5sation )\t in/antane\sly ref]r+ x to "s "o ( ! gr\ps ( possibilities into :i* a s5sation ( t p>ticul> description ent]s2 & if we d n yet "k to :at gr\p to ref] x1 we at lea/ feel an irresi/ible conviction t x mu/ belong to "s gr\p or o!r2 i4e4 t its pres5ce proves ! exi/5ce1 "h & n[1 ( a great numb] & v>iety ( possibilities ( s5sation1 )\t :i* x w\ld n h be54 ,! :ole set ( s5sations z possible1 =m a p]man5t backgr\nd to any "o or m ( !m t are1 at a giv5 mom5t1 actual2 & ! possibilities are conceiv$ z /&+ to ! actual s5sations 9 ! relation ( a cause to its effects1 or ( canvas to ! figures pa9t$ on x1 or ( a root to ! trunk1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 or ( a sub/ratum to t :i* is spread ov] x1 or1 9 transc5d5tal language1 ( ,matt] to ,=m4 ,:5 ?is po9t has be5 rea*$1 ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities 9 "q h assum$ su* unlik5ess ( aspect1 & su* diff]5ce ( app>5t relation to u1 f any s5sations1 t x w\ld be contr>y to all we "k ( ! con/itution ( human nature t !y %\ld n be conceiv$ z1 & believ$ to be1 at lea/ z diff]5t f s5sations z s5sations are f "o ano!r4 ,_! gr\ndwork 9 s5sation is =gott51 & !y are suppos$ to be some?+ intr9sically di/9ct f x4 ,we c )draw ourselves f any ( our 7ext]nal7 s5sations1 or we c be )drawn f !m by "s o!r ag5cy4 ,b ?\gh ! s5sations cease1 ! possibilities rema9 9 exi/5ce2 !y are indep5d5t ( our w1 our pres5ce1 & ev]y?+ :i* belongs to u4 ,we f9d1 too1 t !y belong z mu* to o!r human or s5ti5t be+s z to ourselves4 ,we f9d o!r p gr\nd+ _! expectations & conduct ^u ! same p]man5t possibilities on :i* we gr\nd ours4 ,b we d n f9d !m exp]i5c+ ! same actual s5sations4 ,o!r p d n h our s5sations exactly :5 & z we h !m3 b !y h our possibilities ( s5sation2 :atev] indicates a pres5t possibility ( s5sations to ourselves1 indicates a pres5t possibility ( simil> s5sations to !m1 except s f> z #ddg _! organs ( s5sation may v>y f ! type ( ours4 ,?is puts ! f9al seal to our conception ( ! gr\ps ( possibilities z ! fundam5tal reality 9 ,nature4 ,! p]man5t possibilities are common to u & to our fell[-creatures2 ! actual s5sations are n4 ,t :i* o!r p become aw>e ( :51 & on ! same gr\nds1 z ,i d1 seems m real to me ?an t :i* !y d n "k ( unless ,i tell !m4 ,! _w ( ,possible ,s5sations succe$+ "o ano!r accord+ to laws1 is z mu* 9 o!r be+s z x is 9 me2 x has !re=e an exi/5ce outside me2 x is an ,ext]nal ,_w4 ,if ?is explanation ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! idea ( ,matt]1 or ,ext]nal ,nature1 conta9s no?+ at v>iance ) natural laws1 x is at lea/ an admissible supposition1 t ! elem5t ( ,non-ego :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton reg>ds z an orig9al datum ( consci\sness1 & :i* we c]ta9ly d f9d 9 our pres5t consci\sness1 may n be "o ( its primitive elem5ts--may n h exi/$ at all 9 its fir/ manife/ations4 ,b if ?is supposition be admissible1 x ought1 on ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's pr9ciples1 to be receiv$ z true4 ,! fir/ ( ! laws laid d[n by him = ! int]pretation ( ,consci\sness1 ! law 7z he t]ms x7 ( ,p>cimony1 =bids to suppose an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature 9 ord] to acc\nt = phnom5a :i* admit ( possible explanation f kn[n causes4 ,if ! suppos$ +r$i5t ( consci\sness be "o :i* might gr[ up 7?\gh we _c prove t x did gr[ up7 ?r\gh lat] exp]i5ce2 & if1 :5 x _h s gr[n up1 x w\ld1 by kn[n laws ( our nature1 appe> z completely intuitive z our s5sations !mselves2 we are b\nd1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's & all s\nd philosophy1 to assign to x t orig94 ,:]e !re is a kn[n cause adequate to acc\nt = a phnom5on1 !re is no ju/ification = ascrib+ x to an unkn[n "o4 ,& :at evid5ce does ,consci\sness furni% ( ! intuitiv5ess ( an impression1 except in/antane\sness1 app>5t simplicity1 & 99unconsci\sness on our "p ( h[ ! impression came into our m9ds8 ,^! features c only prove ! impression to be #ddh intuitive1 on ! hypo!sis t !re are no means ( acc\nt+ = !m o!rwise4 ,if !y n only might1 b naturally w\ld1 exi/1 ev5 on ! supposition t x is n intuitive1 we mu/ accept ! conclusion to :i* we are l$ by ! ,psy*ological ,me?od1 & :i* ! ,introspective ,me?od furni%es absolutely no?+ to contradict4 ,matt]1 !n1 may be def9$1 a ,p]man5t ,possibility ( ,s5sation4 ,if ,i am ask$1 :e!r ,i believe 9 matt]1 ,i ask :e!r ! que/ion] accepts ?is def9ition ( x4 ,if he does1 ,i believe 9 matt]3 & s d all ,b]keleians4 ,9 any o!r s5se ?an ?is1 ,i d n4 ,b ,i affirm ) confid5ce1 t ?is conception ( ,matt] includes ! :ole mean+ atta*$ to x by ! common _w1 ap>t f philosophical1 & sometimes f !ological1 !ories4 ,! reliance ( mank9d on ! real exi/5ce ( visible & tangible objects1 means reliance on ! reality & p]man5ce ( ,possibilities ( visual & tactual s5sations1 :5 no su* s5sations are actually exp]i5c$4 ,we are w>rant$ 9 believ+ t ?is is ! mean+ ( ,matt] 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( its mo/ e/eem$ metaphysical *ampions1 ?\gh !y !mselves w\ld n admit z mu*3 = example1 ( ,reid1 ,/ew>t1 & ,br[n4 ,= ^! ?ree philosoph]s alleg$ t all mank9d1 includ+ ,b]keley & ,hume1 really believ$ 9 ,matt]1 inasmu* z unless !y did1 !y w\ld n h turn$ aside to save !mselves f runn+ aga9/ a po/4 ,n[ all :i* ?is manoeuvre really prov$ is1 t !y believ$ 9 ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( ,s5sation4 ,we h !re=e ! un9t5tional sanction ( ^! ?ree em95t def5d]s ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 = affirm+1 t to believe 9 ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( ,s5sation is believ+ 9 ,matt]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 aft] su* au?orities1 to m5tion ,dr4 ,johnson1 or any "o else :o resorts to ! argum5tum bacul9um ( knock+ a /ick aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 a f> subtl] ?9k] ?an any ( ^!1 nev] reasons 9 ?is mann]4 ,he nev] supposes t a disbeliev] 9 :at he means by ,matt]1 ought 9 consi/5cy to act 9 any diff]5t mode f ^? :o believe 9 x4 ,he knew #ddi t ! belief on :i* all ! practical consequ5ces dep5d1 is ! belief 9 ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( ,s5sation1 & t if nobody believ$ 9 a mat]ial univ]se 9 any o!r s5se1 life w\ld g on exactly z x n[ does4 ,he1 h[ev]1 did believe 9 m ?an ?is1 b1 ,i ?9k1 only because x _h nev] occurr$ to him t m]e ,possibilities ( ,s5sation c\ld1 to our artificializ$ consci\sness1 pres5t ! "* ( objectivity :i*1 z we h n[ %[n1 !y n only c1 b unless ! kn[n laws ( ! human m9d 7 susp5d$1 mu/ necess>ily1 pres5t4 ,p]haps x may be object$1 t ! v possibility ( fram+ su* a notion ( ,matt] z ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's--! capacity 9 ! human m9d ( imag9+ an ext]nal _w :i* is any?+ m ?an :at ! ,psy*ological ,!ory makes x--am\nts to a dispro( ( ! !ory4 ,if 7x may be said7 we _h no revelation 9 consci\sness1 ( a _w :i* is n 9 "s way or o!r id5tifi$ ) s5sation1 we %\ld be unable to h ! notion ( su* a _w4 ,if ! only ideas we _h ( ext]nal objects 7 ideas ( our s5sations1 supplem5t$ by an acquir$ notion ( p]man5t possibilities ( s5sation1 we mu/ 7x is ?\ght7 be incapable ( conceiv+1 & !re=e /ill m incapable ( fancy+ t we p]ceive1 ?+s :i* are n s5sations at all4 ,x be+ evid5t h[ev] t "s philosoph]s believe ?is1 & x be+ ma9ta9able t ! mass ( mank9d d s1 ! exi/5ce ( a p]durable basis ( s5sations1 di/9ct f s5sations !mselves1 is prov$1 x might be said1 by ! possibility ( believ+ x4 ,let me fir/ re/ate :at ,i appreh5d ! belief to be4 ,we believe t we p]ceive a some?+ closely relat$ to all our s5sations1 b diff]5t f ^? :i* we are feel+ at any p>ticul> m9ute2 & di/+ui%$ f s5sations altoge!r1 by be+ p]man5t & always ! same1 :ile ^! are fugitive1 v>iable1 & alt]nately displace "o ano!r4 ,b ^! attributes ( ! object ( p]ception are prop]ties belong+ to all ! possibilities ( s5sation :i* exp]i5ce gu>antees4 ,! belief 9 su* p]man5t possibilities seems #dej to me to include all t is ess5tial or *>act]i/ic 9 ! belief 9 sub/ance4 ,i believe t ,calcutta exi/s1 ?\gh ,i d n p]ceive x1 & t x w\ld /ill exi/ if e p]cipi5t inhabitant 7 sudd5ly to leave ! place1 or be /ruck dead4 ,b :5 ,i analyse ! belief1 all ,i f9d 9 x is1 t 7 ^! ev5ts to take place1 ! ,p]man5t ,possibility ( ,s5sation :i* ,i call ,calcutta w\ld /ill rema92 t if ,i 7 sudd5ly transport$ to ! banks ( ! ,hoogly1 ,i %\ld /ill h ! s5sations :i*1 if n[ pres5t1 w\ld lead me to affirm t ,calcutta exi/s "h & n[4 ,we may inf]1 !re=e1 t bo? philosoph]s & ! _w at l>ge1 :5 !y ?9k ( matt]1 conceive x really z a ,p]man5t ,possibility ( ,s5sation4 ,b ! majority ( philosoph]s fancy t x is some?+ m2 & ! _w at l>ge1 ?\gh !y h really1 z ,i conceive1 no?+ 9 _! m9ds b a ,p]man5t ,possibility ( ,s5sation1 w\ld1 if ask$ ! "q1 und\bt$ly agree ) ! philosoph]s3 & ?\gh ?is is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to inf] diff]5ce ( ?+s f diff]5ce ( names1 ,i ackn[l$ge ! obligation ( %[+ h[ x c be possible to believe 9 an exi/5ce transc5d+ all possibilities ( s5sation1 unless on ! hypo!sis t su* an exi/5ce actually is1 & t we actually p]ceive x4 ,! explanation1 h[ev]1 is n difficult4 ,x is an admitt$ fact1 t we are capable ( all conceptions :i* c be =m$ by g5]aliz+ f ! obs]v$ laws ( our s5sations4 ,:atev] relation we f9d to exi/ betwe5 any "o ( our s5sations & some?+ diff]5t f x1 t same relation we h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ to exi/ betwe5 ! sum ( all our s5sations & some?+ diff]5t f !m4 ,! diff]5ces :i* our consci\sness recognises betwe5 "o s5sation & ano!r1 give u ! g5]al notion ( diff]5ce1 & insep>ably associate ) e s5sation we h1 ! feel+ ( its be+ diff]5t f o!r ?+s3 & :5 once ?is association has be5 =m$1 we c no long] conceive any?+1 )\t be+ able1 & ev5 be+ compell$1 to =m also ! conception ( some?+ diff]5t f x4 #dea ,?is famili>ity ) ! idea ( some?+ diff]5t f ea* ?+ we "k1 makes x natural & easy to =m ! notion ( some?+ diff]5t f all ?+s t we "k1 collectively z well z individually4 ,x is true we c =m no conception ( :at su* a ?+ c be2 our notion ( x is m]ely negative2 b ! idea ( a sub/ance1 ap>t f its relation to ! impressions :i* we conceive x z mak+ on our s5ses1 is a m]ely negative "o4 ,!re is ?us no psy*ological ob/acle to our =m+ ! notion ( a some?+ :i* is nei!r a s5sation nor a possibility ( s5sation1 ev5 if our consci\sness does n te/ify to x2 & no?+ is m likely ?an t ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( s5sation1 to :i* our consci\sness does te/ify1 %\ld be conf\nd$ 9 our m9ds ) ?is imag9>y conception4 ,all exp]i5ce atte/s ! /r5g? ( ! t5d5cy to mi/ake m5tal ab/ractions1 ev5 negative ones1 = sub/antive realities2 & ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( s5sation :i* exp]i5ce gu>antees1 are s extremely unlike 9 _m ( _! prop]ties to actual s5sations1 t s9ce we are capable ( imag9+ some?+ :i* transc5ds s5sations1 !re is a great natural probability t we %\ld suppose ^! to be x4 ,b ?is natural probability is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty1 :5 we take into consid]ation t univ]sal law ( our exp]i5ce :i* is t]m$ ! law ( ,causation1 & :i* makes u m5tally connect ) ! beg9n+ ( ev]y?+1 "s antec$5t condition1 or ,cause4 ,! case ( ,causation is "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ ( all ! cases 9 :i* we ext5d to ! sum total ( our consci\sness1 a notion d]iv$ f its p>ts4 ,x is a /rik+ example ( our p[] to conceive1 & our t5d5cy to believe1 t a relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 e individual item ( our exp]i5ce & "s o!r item1 subsi/s also betwe5 our exp]i5ce z a :ole1 & some?+ n )9 ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce4 ,by ?is ext5sion to ! sum ( all our exp]i5ces1 ( ! int]nal relations obta9+ betwe5 its sev]al p>ts1 we are l$ to consid] s5sation itself ! aggregate :ole ( our s5sations z d]iv+ its orig9 f antec$5t exi/5ces #deb transc5d+ s5sation4 ,t we %\ld d ?is1 is a consequ5ce ( ! p>ticul> "* ( ! uni=m sequ5ces1 :i* exp]i5ce discloses to u among our s5sations4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! con/ant antec$5t ( a s5sation is seldom ano!r s5sation1 or set ( s5sations1 actually felt4 ,x is mu* (t5] ! exi/5ce ( a gr\p ( possibilities1 n necess>ily includ+ any actual s5sations1 except su* z are requir$ to %[ t ! possibilities are really pres5t4 ,nor are actual s5sations indisp5sable ev5 = ?is purpose2 = ! pres5ce ( ! object 7:i* is no?+ m ?an ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! possibilities7 may be made kn[n to u by ! v s5sation :i* we ref] to z its effect4 ,?us1 ! real antec$5t ( an effect--! only antec$5t :i*1 be+ inv>iable & unconditional1 we consid] to be ! cause--may be1 n any s5sation really felt1 b solely ! pres5ce1 at t or ! imm$iately prec$+ mom5t1 ( a gr\p ( possibilities ( s5sation4 ,h5ce x is n ) s5sations z actually exp]i5c$1 b ) _! ,p]man5t ,possibilities1 t ! idea ( ,cause comes to be id5tifi$3 & we1 by "o & ! same process1 acquire ! habit ( reg>d+ ,s5sation 9 g5]al1 l all our individual s5sations1 z an ,effect1 & also t ( conceiv+ z ! causes ( mo/ ( our individual s5sations1 n o!r s5sations1 b g5]al possibilities ( s5sation4 ,if all ^! consid]ations put toge!r d n completely expla9 & acc\nt = our conceiv+ ^! ,possibilities z a class ( indep5d5t & sub/antive entities1 ,i "k n :at psy*ological analysis c be conclusive4 ,x may p]haps be said1 t ! prec$+ !ory gives1 inde$1 "s acc\nt ( ! idea ( ,p]man5t ,exi/5ce :i* =ms "p ( our conception ( matt]1 b gives no explanation ( our believ+ ^! p]man5t objects to be ext]nal1 or out ( ourselves4 ,i appreh5d1 on ! contr>y1 t ! v idea ( any?+ out ( ourselves is d]iv$ solely f ! k exp]i5ce gives u ( ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities4 ,our s5sations we c>ry ) u :]ev] we g1 & !y nev] exi/ :]e we are n2 b :5 we *ange #dec our place we d n c>ry away ) u ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( ,s5sation3 !y rema9 until we return1 or arise & cease "u conditions ) :i* our pres5ce has 9 g5]al no?+ to d4 ,& m ?an all--!y are1 & w be aft] we h ceas$ to feel1 ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( s5sation to o!r be+s ?an ourselves4 ,?us our actual s5sations1 & ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( s5sation1 /& out 9 obtrusive contra/ to "o ano!r3 & :5 ! idea ( ,cause has be5 acquir$1 & ext5d$ by g5]alization f ! p>ts ( our exp]i5ce to its aggregate :ole1 no?+ c be m natural ?an t ! ,p]man5t ,possibilities %\ld be class$ by u z exi/5ces g5]ically di/9ct f our s5sations1 b ( :i* our s5sations are ! effect4 ,! same !ory :i* acc\nts = our ascrib+ to an aggregate ( possibilities ( s5sation1 a p]man5t exi/5ce :i* our s5sations !mselves d n possess1 & consequ5tly a great] reality ?an belongs to our s5sations1 also expla9s our attribut+ great] objectivity to ! ,prim>y ,qualities ( bodies ?an to ! ,second>y4 ,= ! s5sations :i* correspond to :at are call$ ! ,prim>y ,qualities 7z soon at lea/ z we come to appreh5d !m by two s5ses1 ! eye z well z ! t\*7 are always pres5t :5 any "p ( ! gr\p is s4 ,b col\rs1 ta/es1 smells1 & ! l1 be+1 9 comp>ison1 fugaci\s1 are n1 9 ! same degree1 conceiv$ z be+ always !re1 ev5 :5 nobody is pres5t to p]ceive !m4 ,! s5sations answ]+ to ! ,second>y ,qualities are only occasional1 ^? to ! ,prim>y1 con/ant4 ,! ,second>y1 moreov]1 v>y ) diff]5t p]sons1 & ) ! tempor>y s5sibility ( our organs2 ! ,prim>y1 :5 p]ceiv$ at all1 are1 z f> z we "k1 ! same to all p]sons & at all times4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,london3 ,,savill1 ,,edw>ds ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,by ,,james ,,mill ,,) ,,notes ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,critical ,,by ,,alex&] ,,ba9 ,,&rew ,,f9dlat] ,,& ,,george ,,grote ,,edit$ ,,) ,,additional ,,notes ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,second ,,edition ,,london ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,read]1 ,,& ,,dy]4 #ahgh ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,page ,"s ,names :i* require a p>ticul> ,explanation #a ,,section #a4 ,names ( ,names #c #b4 ,relative ,t]ms #f ,ab/ract ,relative ,t]ms #gb #c4 ,numb]s #hi #d4 ,privative ,t]ms #ii #e4 ,"t #aaf #f4 ,motion #adb #g4 ,id5tity #afd ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,reflection #agf ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,intellectual & ,active ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d #aha ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,causes ( ! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,ideas ( ! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 & ( ! ,causes ( !m #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 contemplat$ z pass$1 or future #aif vi ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,! ,causes ( ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 contemplat$ z pass$1 or future #bja ,,section #a4 ,! imm$iate ,causes ( ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 contemplat$ z pass$1 or z future #bja #b4 ,! ,remote ,causes ( ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations contemplat$ z pass$1 or future #bjf ,,sub-,,sect4 #a4 ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 & _! ,contr>ies1 contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s #bjg #b4 ,our ,fell[-,creatures contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s #bad #a4--;,fri5d%ip #baf #b4--,k9dness #baf #c4--;,family #bah #d4--;,c\ntry #bbf #e4--,p>ty2 ,class #bbg #f4--,mank9d #bbi #c4 ,! ,objects call$ ,sublime & ,beautiful1 & _! ,contr>ies1 contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s #bcj ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,motives #bef ,,section #a4 ,pleasurable or ,pa9ful ,/ates1 contemplat$ z ! ,consequ5ts ( our own ,acts #bef #b4 ,causes ( our ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,/ates1 contemplat$ z ! ,consequ5ts ( our own ,acts #bfe ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,! ,acts ( our ,fell[-creatures1 :i* are ,causes ( our ,pa9s & ,pleasures1 contemplat$ z ,consequ5ts ( our own ,acts #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,w #cbg ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,int5tion 99#cif ,,analysis1 ,,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,"s ,,names ,,:i* ,,require ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,explanation4 ,quam difficile sit invet]atas1 eloqu5tissimorumque scriptorum au?oritate confirmatas1 op9iones1 m5tibus hom9um excut]e1 non ignoro4 ,prs]tim cum philosophia v]a 7id e/ accurata7 orationis non modo fucum1 s$ etiam omnia f]e ornam5ta ex pr(esso rejiciat3 cumque sci5ti omnis fundam5ta prima non modo speciosa non s9t1 s$ etiam humilia1 arida1 et p5e de=mia videantur4--,hobbes ,comput4 sive ,logica1 cap4 i4 s4 ,i4 ,,we h n[ se5 t1 9 :at we call ! m5tal _w1 ,consci\sness1 !re are ?ree gr& classes ( ph5om5a1 ! mo/ famili> ( all ! facts ) :i* we are acqua9t$1--,,s5sations1 ,,ideas1 & ! ,,tra9 ,,( ,,ideas4 ,we h exam9$ a numb] ( ! m complicat$ cases ( ,consci\sness2 & h f\nd t !y all resolve !mselves into ! ?ree simple elem5ts1 ?us enum]at$4 ,we also f\nd x necess>y to %ew1 = :at ends1 & 9 :at mann]1 m>ks 7 contriv$ ( s5sations & ideas1 & by :at comb9ations !y 7 made to repres5t1 #b exp$iti\sly1 tra9s ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness4 ,"s m>ks or names1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be expla9$1 till "s ( ! m complicat$ /ates ( consci\sness 7 unfold$2 ^! also are names s important1 & s peculi> 9 _! mode ( signification1 t a v complete und]/&+ ( !m is requir$4 ,x is to ! consid]ation ( ^! rem>kable cases ( ,nam+ t we n[ proce$4#a ,editor's footnote #a3 ,"u ! mode/ title ( an explanation ( ! mean+ ( sev]al names1 ?is *apt] pres5ts u ) a s]ies ( discussions ( "s ( ! deepe/ & mo/ intricate que/ions 9 all metaphysics4 ,l ,plato1 ! au?or introduces 8 analysis ( ! mo/ obscure among ! complex g5]al conceptions ( ! human m9d1 9 ! =m ( an enquiry into ! mean+ ( _! names4 ,! title ( ! *apt] gives a v inadequate notion ( ! difficulty & importance ( ! speculations conta9$ 9 x1 & :i* make x1 p]haps1 ! pr(\nde/ *apt] ( ! book4 ,x is almo/ z if a treatise on *emi/ry 7 describ$ z an explanation ( ! names air1 wat]1 potass1 sulphuric acid1 c4--,ed4 ,,section ,i4 ,,names ,,( ,,names4 ,x is ( great importance to di/+ui% ?is class ( t]ms2 to und]/& well ! function :i* !y p]=m1 & to m>k ! subdivisions into :i* !y are =m$4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 su* difficulty 9 ! subject z to require great m9ut5ess 9 ! exposition4 ,z we h occasion to speak ( ?+s2 animals1 vegetables1 m9]als2 s we h occasion to speak ( ! m>ks1 :i* we are "u ! necessity ( us+1 9 ord] to record or to communicate our ?\ghts respect+ !m4 ,we _c record or communicate our ?\ghts respect+ names1 z man1 tree1 horse1 to walk1 to fly1 to eat1 to conv]se1 )\t m>ks = !m4 ,we proce$ 9 ! case ( names1 z we d 9 o!r cases4 ,we =m !m into classes1 "s m1 "s less1 compreh5sive1 & give a "n to ea*4 ,we h "o "n1 s g5]al z to include !m all2 ,^w4 ,t is n a "n ( any ?+4 ,x is a "n ( ! m>ks :i* we employ = disc\rse2 & a "n ( !m all4 ,john is a ^w1 m\nta9 is a ^w1 to run is a ^w1 above is a ^w1 & s on4 ,!y are divid$ into classes1 diff]5tly = diff]5t purposes4 ,! gramm>ian1 :o reg>ds *iefly ! concat5ation ( words 9 s5t5ces1 divides !m into n\n1 adjective1 pron\n1 v]b1 adv]b1 preposition1 #d conjunction2 ^! words are none ( !m names ( ?+s4 ,n\n is n a "n ( a ?+2 x is a "n ( a class ( words1 z ,john1 ,james1 man1 ox1 tree1 wat]1 love1 hatr$2 ! same is ! case ) adjective1 v]b1 & s ( ! re/4 ,! philosoph] makes ano!r division ( !m1 adapt$ to 8 purposes1 :i* has a m p>ticul> ref]5ce to _! mode ( signification4 ,?us1 he divides !m into univ]sal1 & p>ticul>2 concrete1 & ab/ract2 positive1 & negative2 equivocal1 & univocal2 relative1 & absolute2 & s on4 ,x is v easy to see t ! ^w univ]sal1 = example1 is n a "n ( a ?+4 ,?+s are all individual1 n g5]al4 ,! "n1 man1 is a univ]sal1 because x applies to e individual ( a class2 = ! same reason ! "n ox1 ! "n horse1 ! "n dog1 & s on1 are univ]sals4 ,! words1 g5us & species are synonym\s ) univ]sal2 ( c\rse !y also are names ( names4 ,su* is ! ^w numb]4 ,"o1 two1 "o hundr$1 "o ?\s&1 are numb]s2 9 o!r words1 numb] is a g5]al "n = ea* & all ( ^? o!r names4 ,beside our names = names s+ly1 we h occasion to "n comb9ations ( names4 ,?us we h ! "n pr$ication4 ,?is is a "n = ! comb9ation ( ?ree words1 subject1 pr$icate1 & copula4 ,we h ! "n s5t5ce1 :i* nev] c be less1 implicitly or explicitly1 ?an a pr$ication1 b is (t5 m4 ,! same is ! acc\nt ( ! ^w def9ition4 ,we h ! names spee*1 oration1 s]mon1 conv]sation1 all ( !m names = a s]ies ( s5t5ces4 ,we h #e also names ( writt5 disc\rse1 su* z a volume1 a book1 a *apt]1 a section1 a p>agraph4#b ,editor's footnote #b3 ,a "r und]/&+ ( ! words :i* are names ( names1 is ( great importance 9 philosophy4 ,! t5d5cy 0 always /rong to believe t :atev] receives a "n mu/ be an entity or be+1 hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own2 & if no real entity answ]+ to ! "n c\ld be f\nd1 m5 did n = t reason suppose t none exi/$1 b imag9$ t x 0 some?+ peculi>ly ab/ruse & my/]i\s1 too high to be an object ( s5se4 ,! mean+ ( all g5]al1 & especially ( all ab/ract t]ms1 became 9 ?is way envelop$ 9 a my/ical haze2 & none ( ^! h be5 m g5]ally misund]/ood1 or h be5 a m copi\s s\rce ( futile & bewild]+ speculation1 ?an "s ( ! words :i* are names ( names4 ,g5us1 ,species1 ,univ]sal1 7 long suppos$ to be designations ( sublime hyp]physical realities2 numb]1 in/ead ( a g5]al "n ( all num]als1 0 suppos$ to be ! "n1 if n ( a concrete ?+1 at lea/ ( a s+le prop]ty or attribute4 ,?is class ( names 0 well und]/ood & correctly *>act]iz$ by ,hobbes1 ( ^: philosophy ! di/9ction betwe5 names ( names & ( ?+s 0 a c>d9al po9t4--,ed4 #f ,,section ,,ii4 ,,relative ,,t]ms4 ,! explanation ( ,relative ,t]ms w run to a consid]able l5g?4 ,! mode 9 :i* !y are employ$ z m>ks is peculi>2 & has sugge/$ ! belief ( some?+ v my/]i\s 9 t :i* is m>k$ by !m4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to be m9ute 9 exhibit+ ! comb9ations ( ideas ( :i* !y are ! names4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ,relative ,t]ms1 :i* x is necess>y = u to beg9 ) notic+1 is1 t !y always exi/ 9 pairs4 ,!re is no relative )\t its correlate1 ei!r actual or impli$4 ,?us1 we h ,fa!r & ,son2 ,husb& & ,wife2 ,ma/] & ,s]vant2 ,subject & ,k+2 also ,high & ,l[2 ,"r & ,left2 ,antec$5t & ,consequ5t4 ,9 ^! cases ( relative pairs1 ! two names are two diff]5t words2 9 o!r cases1 "o ^w s]ves = bo? names4 ,( ?is sort are ! words ,bro!r1 ,si/]1 ,c\s91 ,fri5d1 ,l1 ,equal1 & s on4 ,:5 we say t ,john is bro!r1 we always mean ( "s "o else1 z ,james1 :om we also call bro!r4 ,we call ,jane ! si/] ( ,ann1 z we call ,ann ! si/] ( ,jane4 ,:5 we say t ,a is equal to ,b1 we signify1 by ! same expression1 t ,b is equal to ,a2 & s on4 ,x is always to be rememb]$1 t1 9 speak+1 we are only indicat+ our own tra9s2 & t ( #g c\rse e ^w 9 a m>k ( "s "p ( a tra94 ,! p>ts ( our tra9s to :i* we give relative names1 are ei!r simple1 or complex4 ,! simple1 are ei!r ! simple s5sations1 or ! ideas ( ^? s5sations4 ,! complex1 are ei!r ^? clu/]s ( simple ideas :i* we call ! ideas ( objects1 because !y correspond ) clu/]$ s5sations2 or !y are ! clu/]s :i* ! m9d puts toge!r arbitr>ily = its own purposes4 ,if x is ask$1 :y we give names 9 pairs8 ,! g5]al answ] imm$iately sugge/s itself2 x is because ! ?+s nam$ pres5t !mselves 9 pairs2 t is1 are jo9$ by association4 ,b z _m ?+s are jo9$ 9 pairs by association1 :i* d n receive relative names1 ! cause may /ill be inquir$ ( ! classification4 ,:at is ! reason t "s pairs d1 :ile _m m d n1 receive relative names8 ,! cause is ! same by :i* we are guid$ 9 impos+ o!r names4 ,z ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ideas are f> too num]\s = nam+1 & we are oblig$ to make a selection1 we "n ^? :i* we f9d x ( mo/ importance to h nam$1 omitt+ ! re/4 ,x is a "q ( conv5i5ce1 solv$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x w be se5 m di/9ctly h]eaft] t relative names are "o ( ! contrivances = epitomis+2 & t !y enable u to express ourselves ) few] words ?an we %\ld be able to d )\t !m4#c ,editor's footnote #c3 ,no "p ( ! ,analysis is m valuable ?an ! simple explanation "h giv5 ( a subject :i* has seem$ s my/]i\s to "s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & p5etrat+ philosoph]s1 d[n ev5 to ! pres5t "t4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 relative names & any o!rs consi/ 9 _! be+ giv5 9 pairs2 & ! reason ( _! be+ giv5 9 pairs is n ! exi/5ce betwe5 two ?+s1 ( a my/ical bond call$ a ,relation1 & suppos$ to h a k9d ( %ad[y & ab/ract reality1 b a v simple peculi>ity 9 ! concrete fact :i* ! two names are int5d$ to m>k4 ,9 ord] to make q cle> ! nature ( ?is peculi>ity1 x w be desirable to adv]t once m to ! d\ble mode ( signification ( concrete g5]al names1 viz4 t :ile !y d5ote 7or are names (7 objects1 !y connote "s fact relat+ to ^? objects4 ,! fact connot$ by any "n1 relative or n1 is always ( ! same nature2 x is "s bodily or m5tal feel+1 or "s set ( bodily or m5tal feel+s1 accompany+ or produc$ by ! object4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y names ( objects1 ?is fact conc]ns "o object only1 or r only t "o object & ! s5ti5t m9d4 ,! peculi>ity 9 ! case ( relative names is1 t ! fact connot$ conc]ns two objects1 & _c be und]/ood )\t ?9k+ ( !m bo?4 ,x is a ph5om5on 9 :i* two objects play a "p4 ,!re is no great] my/]y 9 a ph5om5on :i* conc]ns two objects1 ?an 9 a ph5om5on :i* conc]ns only "o4 ,= example2 ! fact connot$ by ! ^w cause1 is a fact 9 :i* ! ?+ :i* is ! cause1 is implicat$ along ) ano!r ?+ :i* is ! effect4 ,! facts connot$ by ! ^w p>5t1 & also by ! ^w son or daught]1 are a long s]ies ( ph5om5a ( :i* bo? ! p>5t & ! *ild are p>ts2 & ! s]ies ( ph5om5a w\ld n be t :i* ! "n p>5t expresses1 unless ! *ild =m$ a "p ( x1 nor w\ld x be t :i* ! "n son or daught] expresses1 unless ! p>5t =m$ a "p ( x4 ,n[1 :5 9 a s]ies ( ph5om5a ( any int]e/ to u two objects are implicat$1 we naturally give names expressive ( x to bo? ! objects1 & ^! are relative names4 ,! two correlative names d5ote two diff]5t objects1 ! cause & ! effect1 or ! p>5t & son2 b ?\gh :at !y d5ote is diff]5t1 :at !y connote is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! same3 bo? names connote ! same set ( facts1 consid]$ z giv+ "o "n to ! "o object1 ano!r "n to ! o!r4 ,?is set ( facts1 :i* is connot$ by bo? ! correlative names1 0 call$ by ! old logicians ! gr\nd ( ! relation1 fundam5tum relationis4 ,! fundam5tum ( any relation is ! facts1 fully set out1 :i* are ! reason ( giv+ to two objects two correlative names4 ,9 "s cases bo? objects seem to receive ! same "n2 9 ! relation ( lik5ess1 bo? objects are said to be l2 9 ! relation ( equality1 bo? are said to be equal4 ,b ev5 "h ! duality holds1 on a /rict] exam9ation3 = ! fir/ object 7,a7 is n said to be l1 absolutely1 b to be l ! second object 7,b72 ! second is n said to be l absolutely1 b to be l ! fir/4 ,n[ ?\gh l is only "o "n1 l ,a is n ! same "n z l ,b1 s t !re is really1 9 ?is case also1 a pair ( names4 ,f ^! consid]ations we see t objects are said to be relat$1 :5 !re is any fact1 simple or complex1 ei!r appreh5d$ by ! s5ses or o!rwise1 9 :i* !y bo? figure4 ,any objects1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 are relat$1 or are 9 a relation1 to "o ano!r1 9 virtue ( any complex /ate ( consci\sness into :i* !y bo? ent]2 ev5 if x be a no m complex /ate ( consci\sness ?an t ( m]ely ?9k+ ( !m toge!r4 ,& !y are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 z _m diff]5t ways1 or 9 o!r words1 !y /& 9 z _m di/9ct relations to "o ano!r1 z !re are specifically di/9ct /ates ( consci\sness ( :i* !y bo? =m p>ts4 ,z ^! may be innum]able1 ! possible relations n only ( any "o ?+ ) o!rs1 b ( any "o ?+ ) ! same o!r1 are inf9itely num]\s & v>i\s4 ,b !y may all be r$uc$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]al heads ( classification1 con/itut+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,relation3 ea* ( :i* requires exam9ation ap>t1 to asc]ta9 :at1 9 ea* case1 ! /ate ( consci\sness1 ! clu/] or tra9 ( s5sations or ?\ghts1 really is1 9 :i* ! two objects figure1 & :i* is connot$ by ! correlative names4 ,?is exam9ation ! au?or accord+ly und]takes3 & ?us1 "u ! guise ( expla9+ names1 he analyses all ! pr9cipal cases :i* ! _w & ! human m9d pres5t1 ( :at are call$ ,relations betwe5 ?+s4--,ed4 #h ,i4 ,! only1 or at lea/ ! pr9cipal1 occasions1 = nam+ simple s5sations1 or simple ideas1 9 pairs1 seem to be ^!3 #a ,:5 we take !m into simultane\s view1 z su* & su*2 #b4 ,:5 we take !m into simultane\s view1 z antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,,ii4 ,! pr9cipal occasions on :i* we "n ! complex ideas1 call$ objects1 9 pairs1 are ^! f\r3 #i #a4 ,:5 we speak ( !m z hav+ an ord] 9 space2 #b4 ,:5 we speak ( !m z hav+ an ord] 9 "t2 #c4 ,:5 we speak ( !m z agree+ or disagree+ 9 quantity2 #d4 ,z agree+ or disagree+ 9 quality4 ,,iii4 ,! occasions on :i* we "n ! complex ideas ( our own =mation 9 pairs1 are1 #aj #a4 ,:5 we speak ( !m z compos$ ( ! same or diff]5t simple ideas2 #b4 ,:5 we speak ( !m z antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,:atev] x may be necess>y to rem>k1 respect+ relative t]ms1 w occur 9 ! consid]ation ( ^! sev]al cases4 ,i4 #a4 ,we speak ( two s5sations1 z ,same or ,diff]5t1 ,l or ,unlike4 ,^! words are ,relatives ( ! d\ble signification2 ea* individual ( ! pair has ! same "n4 ,:5 we say t s5sation ,a is ! same ) #aa s5sation ,b1 we mean t ,b also is ! same ) ,a2 diff]5t1 l1 & unlike1 h ! same d\ble application4 ,ano!r ambiguity ne$s to be not$ 9 ! ^w same4 ,:5 !re are two ?+s1 !y are n ! same ?+2 = same1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 means "o ?+1 & t only4 ,"h x means a great degree ( lik5ess1 a s5se 9 :i*1 ) respect to s5sations & ideas1 x is v frequ5tly us$4 ,( two s5sations1 or two ideas1 we1 9 tru?1 c only say1 t !y are l or unlike2 or1 t ! "o comes fir/1 ! o!r aft] x4 ,x is n[ necess>y to att5d v c>efully to :at happ5s1 :5 we say t two s5sations are l1 or t !y are unlike4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h ! two s5sations4 ,b :at is x to h two s5sations8 ,x is m]ely to be consci\s ( a *ange4 ,b to be consci\s ( a *ange 9 s5sation1 is s5sation4 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( ! process4 ,)\t x we %\ld n be s5ti5t be+s4 ,to h s5sation1 & n to be consci\s ( any *ange1 is to h b "o s5sation cont9u$4 ,we h already se5 t ?is is a /ate :i* seems incapable ( be+ di/+ui%$ f t ( hav+ no s5sation4 ,at any rate1 :at we mean by a s5ti5t be+1 is n a be+ ) "o unv>i$ s5sation1 b a be+ ) s5sations cont9ually v>i$2 ! v>y+ be+ a necess>y "p ( ! hav+ m s5sations ?an "o2 & ! v>y+1 & ! be+ consci\s ( ! v>iation1 be+ n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,hav+ two s5sations1 !re=e1 is n only hav+ s5sation1 b ! only #ab ?+ :i* c1 9 /rictness1 be call$ hav+ s5sation2 & ! hav+ two1 & kn[+ !y are two1 :i* are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+1 is n only s5sation1 & no?+ else ?an s5sation1 b ! only ?+ :i* c1 9 /rictness1 be call$ s5sation4 ,! hav+ a new s5sation1 & kn[+ t x is new1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4#d ,ba9's footnote #d3 ,! au?or is "h endeav\r+ to express ! mo/ fundam5tal fact ( ! consci\sness--! necessity ( *ange1 or transition f "o /ate to ano!r 9 ord] to our be+ consci\s4 ,he approa*es v ne> to1 )\t exactly t\*+1 ! inf]5ce t all consci\sness1 all s5sation1 all k mu/ be ( d\bles2 ! /ate pass$ f & ! /ate pass$ to1 are equally recognis$ by u4 ,op5+ ! eyes to ! light1 = ! fir/ "t1 we "k a contra/1--a pres5t light1 a pa/ privation--b = ! "o we %\ld n h kn[n ! o!r4 ,any s+le ?+ is unkn[able by u2 its relative opposite is a "p ( its v exi/5ce4 ,9 a =m] page x is /at$ t relative names are "o ( ! conv5i5ces ( epitomis+4 ,?is is a n>r[ view to take ( !m4 ,!y are an ess5tial "p ( language2 !y are dem&$ by ! intr9sic relativity ( all nameable ?+s4 ,if we h a ?+ call$ light1 we h also ano!r ?+ b = :i* light c\ld n be kn[n by u1 d>k4 ,x is exp$i5t to h names = bo? elem5ts ( ! mutually dep5d5t c\ple4 ,& s ev]y:]e4 ,language w\ld be insuffici5t = its purposes if x did n provide ! means ( express+ ! correlative 7call$ also ! negative7 ( e ?+ nam$4--,b4 ,! case betwe5 s5sation & s5sation1 resembles t betwe5 s5sation & idea4 ,h[ d ,i "k t an idea is n a s5sation8 ,:o ev] ?\ght ( ask+ ! "q8 ,is n ! hav+ an idea1 #ac & ! kn[+ x z an idea1 ! same ?+8 ,! hav+ )\t ! kn[+ is repugnant4 ,! mis=tune is1 t ! ^w1 "k1 has associations l9k$ ) x1 :i* h no?+ to d ) ?is case1 b :i* intrude !mselves along ) ! ^w1 & make a complexity1 :]e o!rwise !re w\ld be none4 ,?is is a matt] :i* des]ves ! greate/ att5tion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ un=tunate cases ( ! illusions1 :i* ! close association ( ideas ) words has produc$1 is creat$ by ideas cl++ to words :5 !y ought to be disjo9$ f !m1 & mix+ !mselves by t means ) ! ideas "u consid]ation1 :5 !y ought to be consid]$ :olly di/9ct f !m4 ,no?+ 0 ( m importance1 ?an t ! ph5om5on1 to :i* we are j n[ direct+ our att5tion1 ! v fir/ +r$i5t 9 ! great m5tal composition1 %\ld be accurately und]/ood1 & no?+ mix$ up ) x :i* did n truly belong to x4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 "o ( its s5ses1 k is synonym\s ) s5sation4 ,if ,i am ask$ :at is my k ( pa98 ,i answ]1 ! feel+ ( x1 ! hav+ x4 ,! bl9d man has n ! k ( col\rs2 ! mean+ is1 he has n ! s5sations3 if deaf also1 he is )\t ! k1 t is1 ! s5sations1 ( s\nds3 suppose him void ( all o!r s5sations1 y suppose him void ( k4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 we arrive at k1 by c]ta9 /eps2 by some?+ ( a process4 ,! ^w1 "k1 is mo/ frequ5tly appli$ to ^? cases4 ,:5 we "k1 by m]e s5sation1 we say we see1 we he>1 & s on2 :5 we "k by m]e ideas1 #ad or r ideation1 if we c\ld use su* a ^w1 we say we conceive1 we ?9k4 ,! ^w "k1 !re=e1 be+ almo/ con/antly jo9$ ) ! idea ( a process1 x is exce$+ly difficult1 :5 we apply x to s5sation1 n to h ! idea ( a process at ! same "t2 & ?us exce$+ly difficult to conceive t s5sation1 & kn[+1 9 ?is case1 are purely synonym\s4 ,z ! kn[+ ,i h an idea1 is m]ely hav+ ! idea2 z ! hav+ a s5sation1 & kn[+ ,i h a s5sation2 ! kn[+1 = example1 t ,i h ! pa9 ( ! too?a*e1 & ! hav+ t pa92 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+2 s ! hav+ a *ange ( s5sation1 & kn[+ ,i h x1 are n two ?+s b "o & ! same ?+4 ,hav+ a *ange1 ,i h occasion to m>k t *ange4 ,! *ange has tak5 place 9 a tra9 ( feel+s4 ,i call ! fir/ "p by "o "n1 ! la/ by ano!r1 & ! m>k+ ( ! *ange is effect$4 ,suppose t1 )\t any organ ( s5se b ! eye1 my fir/ s5sation is r$1 my next gre54 ,! :ole process is s5sation4 ,yet ! gre5 is n ! r$4 ,:at we call mak+ ! di/9ction1 !re=e1 has tak5 place1 & x is involv$ 9 ! s5sation4 ,my names1 gre51 & r$1 ?us appli$1 are absolute names4 ,! "o has no ref]5ce to ! o!r4 ,suppose t aft] gre51 ,i h ! s5sations1 blue1 yell[1 violet1 :ite1 black2 & t ,i m>k !m respectively by ^! names4 ,^! are /ill absolute names4 ,ea* m>ks a p>ticul> s5sation1 & does no?+ m4 ,b1 n[1 suppose t1 aft] my s5sations r$1 gre51 blue1 c41 ,i h ! s5sation #ae r$ aga92 t ,i recognise x z l ! s5sation ,i _h fir/1 & t ,i h a desire to m>k t recognition2 x rema9s to expla9 :at are ! /eps ( ?is process4 ,hav+ ! s5sation a second "t ne$s no explanation2 x is ! same ?+ z hav+ x ! fir/4 ,b :at happ5s 9 recognis+ t x is simil> to a =m] s5sation8 ,beside ! ,s5sation1 9 ?is case1 !re is an ,idea4 ,! idea ( ! =m] s5sation is call$ up by1 t is1 associat$ )1 ! new s5sation4 ,z hav+ a s5sation1 & a s5sation1 & kn[+ !m1 t is1 di/+ui%+ !m1 are ! same ?+2 & hav+ an idea1 & an idea1 is kn[+ !m2 s1 hav+ an idea & a s5sation1 & di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r1 are ! same ?+4 ,b1 to "k t ,i h ! idea & ! s5sation1 9 ?is case1 is n all2 ,i obs]ve1 t ! s5sation is l ! idea4 ,:at is ?is obs]vation ( lik5ess8 ,is x any ?+ b t di/+ui%+ ( "o feel+ f ano!r1 :i* we h recognis$ to be ! same ?+ z hav+ two feel+s8 ,z *ange ( s5sation is s5sation2 z *ange1 f a s5sation to an idea1 diff]s f *ange to a s5sation1 9 no?+ b ?is1 t ! second feel+ 9 ! latt] *ange is an idea1 n a s5sation2 & z ! pass+ f "o feel+ to ano!r is di/+ui%+2 ! :ole difficulty seems to be resolv$2 = und\bt$ly ! di/+ui%+ diff]5ces & simil>ities1 is ! same ?+2 a simil>ity be+ no?+ b a slight diff]5ce4#e ,z #af *ange f r$ to gre51 & kn[+ ! *ange1 or f a s5sation ( sight1 to "o ( any o!r ( ! s5ses1 ! mo/ diff]5t1 is all s5sation2 s *ange f "o %ade ( r$ to ano!r1 is assur$ly s5sation4 ,its be+ a diff]5t %ade consi/s 9 my feel+ ( x1 t is1 9 my s5sation4 ,ba9's footnote #e3 ,m prop]ly ,simil>ity is agreem5t 9 diff]5ce4 ,diff]5ce or discrim9ation is "o ?+1 "o elem5t ( k or cognition2 ,simil>ity or agreem5t 9 diff]5ce is ano!r ?+1 ! second or complet+ elem5t ( k4 ,! two "w toge!r 9 close/ intimacy1 b !y %\ld nei!r be look$ ^u z ! same fact1 nor z m]ely a v>i\s %ad+ ( ! same fact4 ,)\t diff]5ce !re w\ld be no simil>ity2 b simil>ity is diff]5ce & some?+ m4 ,at _! roots or fir/ orig9s1 ! two processes lie 9 almo/ undi/+ui%able clos5ess2 b 9 _! developm5ts !y run wide ap>t4 ,no fact or attribute is kn[n1 or m5tally possess$1 )\t ! union ( _m %ocks ( diff]5ce ) _m %ocks ( id5tity1 or agreem5t 9 diff]5ce4--,b4 ,pass+ f r$ to r$1 r$1 r$1 ?r\gh a succession ( di/+ui%able %ades1 is "o tra9 ( pure s5sation3 pass+ f r$ to gre51 blue1 ta/+1 smell+1 he>+1 t\*+1 is ano!r tra9 ( pure s5sation2 t ^! are n ! same tra9s1 b diff]5t tra9s1 consi/s 9 _! be+ felt to be s2 !y w\ld n be diff]5t1 b = ! feel+3 & t a feel+ is diff]5t1 & kn[n to be s1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,hav+ two su* tra9s1 ,i want m>ks to di/+ui% !m4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i inv5t ! words same1 simil>1 & _! contr>ies2 by means ( :i*1 my object is atta9$4 ,i call ! p>ts ( a tra91 su* z ! fir/1 same1 or simil>2 ^? ( a tra9 l ! la/1 diff]5t1 dissimil>4 ,by ^! relative t]ms1 we "n ! s5sations 9 pairs4 ,:5 we say1 same1 we mean t s5sations #ag ,a1 & ,b1 are ! same2 diff]5t1 t ,a1 & ,b1 are diff]5t2 l & unlike1 ! same4 ,by ^! words we h f\r pairs ( relative t]ms4 ,a4 ,b4 same same diff]5t diff]5t l l unlike unlike4 ,! feel+ is p]fectly analog\s 9 ! case ( ! ideas ( ^? s5sations2 & ! nam+ is ! same4 ,?us ! idea ( r$1 gre51 & s on1 & ! ideas ( ! diff]5t %ades ( r$ are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! ideas !mselves4 ,to h ideas diff]5t & ideas di/+ui%$1 are synonym\s expressions2 diff]5t & di/+ui%$1 mean+ exactly ! same ?+4 ,! s5sations above m5tion$1 & _! ideas1 h ! same absolute names3 ?us1 r$ is at once ! "n ( ! s5sation1 & ! "n ( ! idea2 gre51 at once ! "n ( ! s5sation & ! idea2 sweet1 at once ! "n ( ! s5sation & ! idea4 ,! relative t]ms1 x is obvi\s1 h ! same ext5t ( application4 ,same1 diff]5t1 l1 & unlike1 are names ( pairs ( ideas1 z well z pairs ( s5sations4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 to be made cle>1 t1 9 apply+ to ! simple s5sations & ideas _! absolute names1 :i* are names ( classes1 z r$1 gre51 sweet1 bitt]2 & also apply+ to !m names :i* d5ote !m 9 pairs1 z su* & su*2 !re is no?+ :atsoev] b hav+ ! s5sations1 hav+ ! ideas1 & mak+ m>ks = !m4#f ,editor's footnote #f3 ,! au?or comm5ces 8 survey ( ,relations ) ! mo/ univ]sal ( !m all4 ,lik5ess & ,unlik5ess2 & he exam9es ^! z subsi/+ betwe5 simple s5sations or ideas2 = :atev] be ! true !ory ( lik5ess or unlik5ess z betwe5 ! simple elem5ts1 ! same1 9 ess5tials1 w s]ve = ! lik5esses or unlik5esses ( ! :oles comp\nd$ ( !m4 ,exam9+1 !n1 :at con/itutes lik5ess betwe5 two s5sations 7mean+ two exactly simil> s5sations exp]i5c$ at diff]5t times72 he says1 t to feel ! two s5sations to be alike1 is "o & ! same ?+ ) hav+ ! two s5sations4 ,_! be+ alike is no?+ b _! be+ felt to be alike2 _! be+ unlike is no?+ b _! be+ felt to be unlike4 ,! feel+ ( unlik5ess is m]ely t feel+ ( *ange1 9 pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 :i* makes !m two1 & )\t :i* we %\ld n be consci\s ( !m at all4 ,! feel+ ( lik5ess1 is ! be+ rem9d$ ( ! =m] s5sation by ! pres5t1 t is1 hav+ ! idea ( ! =m] s5sation call$ up by ! pres5t1 & di/+ui%+ !m z s5sation & idea4 ,x does n seem to me t ?is mode ( describ+ ! matt] expla9s any?+1 or leaves ! lik5esses & unlik5esses ( our simple feel+s less an ultimate fact ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,all x am\nts to is1 t lik5ess & unlik5ess are !mselves only a matt] ( feel+3 & t :5 we h two feel+s1 ! feel+ ( _! lik5ess or unlik5ess is inextricably int]wov5 ) ! fact ( hav+ ! feel+s4 ,"o ( ! conditions1 "u :i* we h feel+s1 is t !y are l & unlike3 & 9 ! case ( simple feel+s1 we _c sep>ate ! lik5ess or unlik5ess f ! feel+s !mselves4 ,x is by no means c]ta91 h[ev]1 t :5 we h two feel+s 9 imm$iate succession1 ! feel+ ( _! lik5ess is n a ?ird feel+ :i* foll[s in/ead ( be+ involv$ 9 ! two4 ,?is "q is expressly left op5 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 & ,i am n aw>e t any philosoph] has conclusively resolv$ x4 ,we d n get rid ( any difficulty by call+ ! feel+ ( lik5ess ! same ?+ ) ! two feel+s t are alike3 we h equally to po/ulate lik5ess & unlik5ess z primitive facts--z an inh]5t di/9ction among our s5sations2 & :i*ev] =m ( phraseology we employ makes no diff]5ce 9 ! ult]ior developm5ts ( psy*ology4 ,x is ( no practical consequ5ce :e!r we say t a ph5om5on is resolv$ into s5sations & ideas1 or into s5sations1 ideas1 & _! resemblances1 s9ce "u ! "o expression z "u ! o!r ! resemblance mu/ be recognis$ z an indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! comp\nd4 ,:5 we pass f resemblance betwe5 simple s5sations & ideas1 to resemblance betwe5 complex :oles1 ! process1 ?\gh n ess5tially diff]5t1 is m complicat$1 = x involves a comp>ison ( "p ) "p1 elem5t ) elem5t1 & !re=e a previ\s discrim9ation ( ! elem5ts4 ,:5 we judge t an ext]nal object1 comp\nd$ ( a numb] ( attributes1 is l ano!r ext]nal object2 s9ce !y are n1 usually1 alike 9 all _! attributes1 we h to take ! two objects into simultane\s consid]ation 9 respect to ea* ( _! v>i\s attributes "o aft] ano!r3 _! col\r1 to obs]ve :e!r t is simil>2 _! size1 :e!r t is simil>2 _! figure1 _! weight1 & s on4 ,x comes at la/ to a p]ception ( lik5ess or unlik5ess betwe5 simple s5sations3 b we r$uce x to ?is by att5d+ sep>ately to "o ( ! simple s5sations =m+ ! "o clu/]1 & to "o ( ^? =m+ ! o!r clu/]1 & if possible adju/+ our organs ( s5se s z to h ^! two s5sations 9 imm$iate juxtaposition3 z :5 we put two objects1 ( :i* we wi% to comp>e ! col\r1 side by side1 s t our s5se ( sight may pass directly f "o ( ! two s5sations ( col\r to ! o!r4 ,?is act ( att5tion direct$ successively to s+le attributes1 blunts our feel+ ( ! o!r attributes ( ! objects1 & enables u to feel ! lik5ess ( ! s+le s5sations almo/ z vividly z if we _h no?+ b ^! 9 our m9d4 ,hav+ felt ?is lik5ess1 we say t ! s5sations are l1 & t ! two objects are l 9 respect ( ^? s5sations3 & cont9u+ ! process we pron\nce !m to be ei!r l or unlike 9 ea* ( ! o!r s5sations :i* we receive f !m4--,ed4 #ah #b4 ,! only o!r relative t]ms applicable to simple s5sations & ideas1 are ^? :i* d5ote !m z ,antec$5t & ,consequ5t4 #ai ,i h s5sation r$1 s5sation gre54 ,:y ,i m>k !m r$1 & gre51 or z diff]5t1 has already be5 se54 ,:at happ5s 9 m>k+ !m #bj z antec$5t & consequ5t comes next to be consid]$4 ,a s5sation1 ! mom5t x ceases1 is gone = ev]4 ,:5 ,i h two s5sations1 !re=e1 ,a1 & ,b1 "o fir/1 ! o!r foll[+1 s5sation ,a is gone1 be=e s5sation ,b exi/s4 ,b ?\gh s5sation ,a is gone1 its idea is n gone4 ,its idea1 call$ up by association1 exi/s along ) s5sation ,b1 or ! idea ( s5sation ,b4 ,my kn[+ t ! idea ( s5sation ,a is ! idea ( s5sation ,a1 is my hav+ ! idea4 ,hav+ x1 & kn[+ x1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,hav+ ! idea ( s5sation ,a1 t is1 hav+ ! idea ( ! imm$iate antec$5t ( s5sation ,b1 seems1 also1 to be ! same ?+ ) kn[+ x z ! idea ( t antec$5t4 ,hav+ s5sation ,a1 & aft] x s5sation ,b1 is m]e s5sation2 & hav+ ! idea ( s5sation ,a1 ! imm$iate antec$5t1 call$ up by s5sation ,b1 ! imm$iate consequ5t1 is kn[+ x = t antec$5t4 ,! l9ks ( ! tra9 are ?ree2 #a1 s5sation ,a2 #b1 s5sation ,b2 #c1 ! idea ( s5sation ,a1 9 a c]ta9 ord] ) ,b1 call$ up by s5sation ,b2 & aft] ?is1 ,,nam+4 ,! case appe>s my/]i\s1 solely1 f ! want ( words to express x cle>ly2 & our confirm$ habit ( inatt5tion to ! process4 ,suppose1 t #ba in/ead ( two s5sations1 ,a & ,b1 we h ?ree1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 9 imm$iate succession4 ,i recognise ,a1 z ! antec$5t ( ,b2 ,b1 z ! antec$5t ( ,c4 ,:at is ! process8 ,! idea ( s5sation ,a1 is associat$ ) s5sation ,b2 & ! idea ( s5sation ,b1 is associat$ ) s5sation ,c4 ,b s5sation ,c1 is n associat$ ) ! idea ( s5sation ,b solely1 x is associat$ also ) ! idea ( s5sation ,a4 ,x is associat$1 h[ev]1 diff]5tly ) ! "o & ! o!r4 ,x is associat$ ) ,b imm$iately2 x is associat$ ) ,a1 only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,b2 x calls up ! idea ( ,b1 by its own associat+ p[]1 & ! idea ( ,b1 calls up ! idea ( ,a4 ,?is second /ate ( consci\sness is diff]5t f ! fir/4 ,! fir/ is t 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,b receives ! "n ,antec$5t1 & ,c ! "n ,consequ5t4 ,:5 two s5sations 9 a tra9 are su*1 t1 if "o exi/s1 x has ! idea ( ! o!r along ) x1 by its imm$iate excit+ p[]1 & n ?r\gh any int]m$iate idea2 ! s5sation1 ! idea ( :i* is ?us excit$1 is call$ ! antec$5t1 ! s5sation :i* ?us excites t idea1 is call$ ! consequ5t4 ,x is evid5t t ! t]ms1 antec$5t1 & consequ5t1 are n appli$ 9 consequ5ce ( s5sation m]ely1 b 9 consequ5ce ( s5sation jo9$ ) ideas4 ,! antec$5t s5sation1 :i* is pa/1 mu/ be reviv$ by ! consequ5t s5sation1 :i* is pres5t4 ,x is ! peculi>ity ( ?is revival :i* procures x ! "n4 ,if reviv$ by any o!r s5sation1 x w\ld n h t "n4 ,! ,clock /rikes ?ree4 ,my feel+s are1 ?ree s5sations ( he>+1 9 succession4 ,h[ d ,i "k #bb !m to be ?ree successive s5sations8 ,! process 9 ?is in/ance does n seem to be v difficult to trace4 ,! clock /rikes "o2 ?is is pure s5sation4 ,x /rikes two2 ?is is a s5sation1 jo9$ ) ! idea ( ! prec$+ s5sation1 & ! idea ( ! feel+ 7also s5sation71 call$ *ange ( s5sation1 or passage f "o s5sation to ano!r4 ,aft] two1 ! clock /rikes ?ree2 !re is1 "h1 s5sation1 & a d\ble association2 ! ?ird /roke is s5sation2 t is associat$ imm$iately ) ! idea ( ! second1 & ?r\gh ! idea ( ! second1 ) ! idea ( ! fir/4 ,x is obs]vable1 t ^! successive associations soon cease to af=d di/9ct ideas2 !y h>dly d s beyond ! second /age4 ,:5 ! clock /rikes1 we may h di/9ct ideas ( ! /rokes1 z f> z ?ree1 h>dly f>!r2 we mu/ !n h rec\rse to ,,nam+1 & call ! /rokes1 f\r1 five1 six1 & s on3 o!rwise we %\ld be :olly unable to tell h[ (t5 ! clock _h /ruck4 ,9 ! prec$+ pairs ( relative t]ms1 we h f\nd only "o "n = ea* pair4 ,?us1 :5 we say ( ,a & ,b1 t ,a is simil> to ,b1 we say also1 t ,b is simil> to ,a4 ,we h n[ an in/ance ( a pair ( relative t]ms1 consi/+ n ( ! same1 b ( diff]5t names4 ,if we call ,a antec$5t1 we call ,b consequ5t4 ,! fir/ class 7 call$ by ! anci5t logicians1 synonym\s1 ! second het]onym\s2 we may call !m m intelligibly1 s+le-word$1 & d\ble-word$1 relatives4#g ,editor's footnote #g3 ,! next relation :i* ! au?or exam9es is t ( succession1 or ,antec$5t & ,consequ5t4 ,& "h aga9 we h "o ( ! univ]sal conditions to :i* all our feel+s or /ates ( consci\sness are subject4 ,:5ev] we h m feel+s ?an "o1 we mu/ h !m ei!r simultane\sly or 9 succession2 & :5 we are consci\s ( hav+ !m 9 succession1 we _c 9 any way sep>ate or isolate ! succession f ! feel+s !mselves4 ,! au?or attempts to c>ry ! analysis some:at f>!r4 ,he says t :5 we h two s5sations 9 ! ord] ( antec$5t & consequ5t1 ! consequ5t calls up ! idea ( ! antec$5t2 & t ?is fact1 t a s5sation calls up ! idea ( ano!r s5sation directly1 & n ?r\gh an int]m$iate idea1 con/itutes t o!r s5sation ! antec$5t ( ! s5sation :i* rem9ds u ( x--is n a consequ5ce ( ! "o s5sation's hav+ prec$$ ! o!r1 b is lit]ally all we mean by ! "o s5sation's hav+ prec$$ ! o!r4 ,!re seem to be grave objections to ?is doctr9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no law ( association by :i* a consequ5t calls up ! idea ( its antec$5t4 ,! law ( successive association is t ! antec$5t calls up ! idea ( ! consequ5t1 b n conv]sely2 z is se5 9 ! difficulty ( repeat+ backw>ds ev5 a =m ( words ) :i* we are v famili>4 ,we get r\nd f ! consequ5t to ! antec$5t by an indirect process1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( o!r ideas2 or by go+ back1 at ea* /ep1 to ! beg9n+ ( ! tra91 & repeat+ x d[nw>ds until we rea* t p>ticul> l9k4 ,:5 a consequ5t directly recalls its antec$5t1 x is by syn*ron\s association1 :5 ! antec$5t happ5s to h be5 s prolong$ z to coexi/ )1 in/ead ( m]ely prec$+1 ! consequ5t4 ,! next difficulty is1 t al?\gh ! direct recall+ ( ! idea ( a pa/ s5sation by a pres5t1 )\t any int]m$iate l9k1 does n take place f consequ5t to antec$5t1 x does take place f l to l3 a s5sation recalls ! idea ( a pa/ s5sation resembl+ itself1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r idea4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 says1 t :5 two s5sations 9 a tra9 are su* t if "o exi/s1 x has ! idea ( ! o!r along ) x by its imm$iate excit+ p[]1 & n ?r\gh any int]m$iate idea2 ! s5sation1 ! idea ( :i* is ?us excit$1 is call$ ! antec$5t1 ! s5sation :i* ?us excites t idea is call$ ! consequ5t4 ,if ?is !re=e 7 correct1 we %\ld give ! names ( antec$5t & consequ5t n to ! s5sations :i* really are s1 b to ^? :i* recall "o ano!r by resemblance4 ,?irdly & la/ly1 to expla9 antec$5ce1 i4e4 ! succession betwe5 two feel+s1 by say+ t "o ( ! two calls up ! idea ( ! o!r1 t is to say1 is foll[$ by x1 is to expla9 succession by succession1 & antec$5ce by antec$5ce4 ,e explanation ( any?+ by /ates ( our consci\sness1 includes z "p ( ! explanation a succession betwe5 ^? /ates2 & x is useless attempt+ to analyse t :i* comes out z an elem5t 9 e analysis we are able to make4 ,antec$5ce & consequ5ce1 z well z lik5ess & unlik5ess1 mu/ be po/ulat$ z univ]sal conditions ( ,nature1 inh]5t 9 all our feel+s :e!r ( ext]nal or ( int]nal consci\sness4--,ed4 #bc ,,ii4 ,hav+ %ewn :at takes place 9 nam+ simple ,,s5sations1 & simple ,,ideas1 9 pairs1 bo? z #bd su* & su*1 & z antec$5t & consequ5t1 we come to ! second case ( relative t]ms1 t ( nam+ ! clu/]s1 call$ ,,ext]nal ,,objects1 9 pairs4 ,! pr9cipal occasions ( do+ s we h said are f\r4 #a4 ,:5 we speak ( !m1 z !y exi/ 9 ! syn*ron\s ord]1 t is1 ! ord] 9 space1 we use su* relative t]ms z ! foll[+3 high1 l[2 ea/1 we/2 "r1 left2 h9d1 =e2 & s on4 ,x is necess>y to c>ry along ) u a correct idea ( :at is meant by syn*ron\s ord]1 t is1 ! ord] ( simultane\s1 9 contradi/9ction to t ( successive1 exi/5ce4 ,! syn*ron\s ord] is mu* m complex ?an ! successive4 ,! successive #be ord] is all1 z x 71 9 "o direction4 ,! syn*ron\s is 9 e possible direction4 ,! foll[+ seems to be ! be/ mode ( conceiv+ x4 ,take a s+le p>ticle ( matt] z a c5tre4 ,o!r p>ticles may be aggregat$ to x1 9 ! l9e ( e possible radius2 & z ! radii div]ge1 & o!r l9es1 t5d+ to ! c5tre1 may be cont9ually int]pos$1 to any numb]1 p>ticles may be aggregat$ 9 ^? numb]less directions4 ,!y may also be aggregat$ 9 ^? directions to a less or a great] ext5t4 ,& !y may be aggregat$ to an equal ext5t 9 e direction2 or to a great] ext5t 9 "s ( ! directions1 a less ext5t 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ case ( aggregation !y compose a globe2 9 ! la/1 any o!r %ape4 ,e "o ( ! p>ticles 9 ?is aggregate1 has a c]ta9 ord]2 fir/ ) respect to ! c5tre p>ticle2 next ) respect to e o!r p>ticle4 ,?is ord] is also call$1 ! ,position ( ! p>ticle4 ,9 su* an aggregate1 !re=e1 ! positions are innum]able4 ,x is !nce obs]vable1 t position is an exce$+ly complex idea2 = ! position ( ea* ( ^? p>ticles is its ord] ) respect to e "o ( ! o!r innum]able p>ticles2 x includes1 !re=e1 innum]able +r$i5ts4 ,h5ce x is n wond]ful t1 :ile view$ 9 ! lump1 x %\ld seem obscure & my/]i\s4 ,( positions1 ?us numb]less1 x is a small portion1 only t h names4 ,bulk is a "n = an aggregate ( p>ticles1 great]1 or less4 ,figure is only a modification1 or case1 ( bulk2 x is m or few] p>ticles 9 su* & su* directions4 ,^! ?+s be+ expla9$1 x n[ rema9s to #bf %ew1 ( :at copies ( s5sations1 peculi>ly comb9$1 ! complex ideas 9 "q are compos$4 ,! simple/ case ( position1 or syn*ron\s ord]1 is t ( two or m p>ticles 9 "o direction4 ,let u take ! p>ticle1 conceiv$ z ! c5tre p>ticle1 9 a prec$+ supposition1 & let u aggregate to x a numb] ( p>ticles1 all 9 ! direction ( a s+le radius1 "o by "o4 ,we h fir/ ! c5tre p>ticle1 & "o o!r1 9 juxta-position4 ,?is is ! simple/ case ( syn*ron\s ord]1 & ?is is ! simple/ ( all positions4 ,let u next aggregate a second p>ticle2 we h n[ ! c5tre p>ticle1 & two m4 ,! position ( ! fir/ ( ! aggregat$ p>ticles ) respect to ! c5tre p>ticle is contact1 or juxta-position2 t ( ! second is n juxta-position1 b position at ! di/ance ( a p>ticle2 ! next :i* is aggregat$1 is at ! di/ance ( two2 ! next ( ?ree p>ticles1 & s on1 to any ext5t4 ,p>ticles ?us aggregat$1 all 9 ! direction ( a s+le radius f ! fir/1 con/itute a l9e ( less or great] l5g?1 accord+ to ! numb] ( aggregat$ p>ticles4 ,l9e is a ^w ( great importance2 because x is by t1 *iefly1 we express ourselves conc]n+ syn*ron\s ord]2 or frame names = positions4 ,n[ x happ5s1 t ,l9e has a duplicity ( mean+1 mo/ un=tunate1 because x has conf\nd$ two mean+s1 :i* x is ( ! highe/ importance to pres]ve di/9ct4 ,we h already rem>k$ ! di/9ction betwe5 concrete1 & ab/ract1 t]ms2 & expla9$ :]e9 ! diff]5ce ( _! signification consi/s4 ,we h #bg also obs]v$1 t ?\gh 9 v _m cases1 ! concrete t]m1 & ! ab/ract t]m1 are diff]5t words1 z good & goodness1 true & tru?1 !re are _m o!rs 9 :i* ! concrete & ab/ract t]ms are ! same2 & ?is is ! case1 unhappily1 ) ! ^w ,tru? itself1 :i* is us$ 9 ! concrete s5se1 z well z ! ab/ract4 ,?us we call a proposition1 a ,tru?2 9 :i* phrase1 ! ^w ,tru?1 means ,true ,proposition2 & 9 ?is s5se we talk ( et]nal tru?s1 mean+1 ,propositions1 always true4 ,prop]ty1 is ano!r ^w1 :i* is sometimes concrete1 sometimes ab/ract4 ,?us1 a man calls 8 horse1 8 field1 8 h\se1 8 prop]ty4 ,9 su* phrases ! ^w is concrete4 ,he also says1 he has a prop]ty 9 su* & su* ?+s4 ,9 ^! phrases1 x is ab/ract4 ,( ?is ambiguity1 ! ^w ,l9e is an in/ance4 ,x is appli$ z well to :at we call a physical l9e1 z to :at we call a ma!matical l9e4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x is a concrete1 or connotative t]m2 9 ! second case1 x is an ab/ract or non-connotative t]m4 ,let u !n conceive cle>ly ! two mean+s4 ,! pure/ idea ( a physical l9e1 is t :i* we h already =m$2 ! aggregate ( p>ticle aft] p>ticle1 9 ! direction ( a radius4 ,:5 ?is aggregate ( p>ticles 9 ?is ord] is call$ a l9e1 ! ^w1 l9e1 is connotative2 x m>ks or notes ! direction1 b x also m>ks or connotes ! p>ticles2 x means ! p>ticles & ! direction bo?2 x is1 9 %ort1 ! concrete t]m4 ,:5 x is us$ z ! ab/ract t]m1 ! connotation is left out4 ,x m>ks ! direction )\t m>k+ ! p>ticles4 ,x is "h necess>y to call to m9d1 t ab/ract #bh t]ms d]ive _! mean+ :olly f _! concretes2 & t by !mselves !y h absolutely no mean+ at all4 ,i "k a gre5 tree1 a sweet apple1 a h>d /one1 b gre5ness )\t some?+ gre51 h>dness )\t some?+ h>d1 are j no?+ at all4 ,! same1 9 its ab/ract s5se1 is ! case ) l9e1 ?\gh we h n words by :i* we c convey ! conception ) equal cle>ness4 ,if we _h an ab/ract t]m1 sep>ate f ! concrete1 ! tr\blesome association 9 "q w\ld h be5 less indissoluble1 & less deceptive4 ,if we _h su* a ^w z ,l95ess1 or ,l9?1 = example1 we %\ld h mu* m easily se51 t our idea is ! idea ( ! physical l9e2 & t l9? )\t a l9e1 z bread? )\t some?+ broad1 l5g? )\t some?+ long1 are j no?+ at all4#h ,editor's footnote #h3 ,?is conception ( a geometrical l9e1 z ! ab/ract1 ( :i* a physical l9e is ! correspond+ concrete1 is sc>cely satisfactory4 ,an ab/ract "n is ! "n ( an attribute1 or prop]ty1 ( ! ?+s ( :i* ! concrete "n is pr$icat$4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 ! "n ( "s "p1 "s "o or m1 ( ! s5sations compos+ ! concrete gr\p1 b n ( ^? s5sations simply & 9 !mselves2 x is ! "n ( ^? s5sations reg>d$ z belong+ to "s gr\p4 ,:it5ess1 ! ab/ract "n1 is ! "n ( ! col\r :ite1 consid]$ z ! col\r ( "s physical object4 ,n[ ,i d n see t a geometrical l9e is conceiv$ z an attribute ( a physical object4 ,! attribute ( objects :i* comes ne>e/ to ! signification ( a geometrical l9e1 is _! l5g?3 b l5g? does n ne$ any "n b its own2 & ! au?or does n seem to mean t a geometrical l9e is ! same ?+ z l5g?4 ,he seems to h fall5 into ! mi/ake ( conf\nd+ an ab/ract ) an ideal4 ,! l9e :i* is meant 9 all ! !orems ( geometry ,i take to be z truly concrete z a physical l9e2 x d5otes an object1 b "o purely imag9>y2 a supposititi\s object1 agree+ 9 all else ) a physical l9e1 b diff]+ f x 9 hav+ no bread?4 ,! prop]ties ( ?is imag9>y l9e ( c\rse agree ) ^? ( a physical l9e1 except s f> z ^! dep5d on1 or are affect$ by1 bread?4 ,! l9es1 surfaces1 & figures contemplat$ by geometry are ab/ract1 only 9 ! improp] s5se ( ! t]m1 9 :i* x is appli$ to :atev] results f ! m5tal process call$ ,ab/raction4 ,!y ought to be call$ ideal4 ,!y are physical l9es1 surfaces1 & figures1 idealiz$1 t is1 suppos$ hypo!tically to be p]fectly :at !y are only imp]fectly1 & n to be at all :at !y are 9 a v slight1 & = mo/ purposes :olly unimportant1 degree4--,ed4 #bi ,:at are1 !n1 ! s5sations1 ! ideas ( :i*1 9 close association1 we m>k by ! ^w l9e8 ,?\gh x appe>s to all m5 t !y see position1 l5g?1 bread?1 di/ance1 figure2 x is nev]!less true1 t :at appe>1 9 ?is mann]1 to be s5sations ( ! eye1 are ,ideas1 call$ up by association4 ,?is is an important ph5om5on1 :i* ?r[s mu* light ^u ! d>k] involutions ( human ?\ght4 ,! s5sations1 :5ce are g5]at$ our ideas ( syn*ron\s ord]1 are f two s\rces2 !y are p>tly ! s5sations ( t\*1 & p>tly ^? ( :i* we h spok5 "u ! "n ( muscul> s5sations1 ! feel+s involv$ 9 muscul> action4#i ,ba9's footnote #i3 ,9 atta9+ ! ideas ( syn*ron\s ord]1 :i* is ano!r "n = ,space1 or ! ,ext5d$ ,_w1 sight is a lead+ in/rum5tality4 ,x is by sight m ?an by any o!r s5se t we get some:at beyond ! /rict limits ( ! law ( ! successiv5ess ( all our p]ceptions4 ,al?\gh we c di/9ctly see only a limit$ spot at "o in/ant1 we c c\ple ) ?is a vague p]ception ( an adjo9+ sup]ficies4 ,?is is an important sign ( co-exi/5ce1 z contra/$ ) succession1 & ent]s ) v>i\s o!r signs into ! v complex notion ( ! au?or's syn*ron\s ord]1 o!rwise call$ ! ,simultane\s or ,co-exi/+ 9 ,space4--,b4 #cj ,a l9e1 we h said1 is an ord] ( p>ticles1 contigu\s "o to ano!r1 9 ! direction ( a radius f "o p>ticle4 ,let u beg9 f ?is "o p>ticle1 & trace our s5sations4 ,"o p>ticle may be an object ( t\*2 x may be felt1 z we call x1 & no?+ m2 x may1 at ! same "t1 give ! s5sation ( resi/ance1 :i* we h already describ$ z a feel+ seat$ 9 ! muscles1 j z s\nd is a feel+ 9 ! e>4 ,resi/ance1 is =ce appli$ to =ce4 ,:at we feel1 is ! act ( ! muscle4 ,)\t t1 no resi/ance4 ,?is /ate ( consci\sness is1 9 reality1 :at we m>k by ! "n4 ,x is1 at ! same "t1 a /ate ( consci\sness n a little obscure2 because we habitually ov]look _m ( ! s5sations ( :i* x is compos$2 because x is1 9 itself1 v complex2 & because x is entangl$ ) a numb] ( extrane\s associations4 ,we h already rem>k$ ! habit we acquire ( n att5d+ to ! s5sations :i* are seat$ 9 ! muscles1 ( att5d+ only to ! occasions ( !m1 & ! effects ( !m2 t is1 _! antec$5ts1 & consequ5ts2 ov]look+ ! int]m$iate s5sations4 ,9 m>k+1 !re=e1 or assign+ our names1 x seems to be r ! occasions & effects1 ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 ?an ! s5sations !mselves1 :i* are nam$4 ,! ^w resi/ance is ?us ! "n ( a v complex #ca idea4#aj ,x is ! "n2 fir/1 ( ! feel+s :i* we h :5 we say we feel resi/ance2 secondly1 ( ! occasions1 or antec$5ts1 ( ^? feel+s2 &1 ?irdly1 ( _! consequ5ts4 ,! feel+s int]m$iate betwe5 ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 are !mselves complex4 ,!re are two k9ds ( s5sations includ$ 9 !m2 ! s5sation ( t\*1 & ! muscul> s5sations2 & !re is some?+ m4 ,:5 we move a muscle1 we ,w to move x4 ,?is /ate ( consci\sness1 ! ,w to move x1 is "p ( ! feel+ ( ! motion4 ,:at t /ate ( consci\sness1 call$ ! ,w1 is1 we h n yet expla9$4 ,at pres5t we speak ( x m]ely z an elem5t 9 ! comp\nd4 ,( :at elem5ts x is itself comp\nd$ we %all see h]eaft]4 ,9 ! idea ( resi/ance1 !n1 !re is ! w to move ! muscles1 ! s5sations 9 ! muscles1 ! occasion or antec$5t ( ^? feel+s1 & ! effects or consequ5ts ( !m4 ,& !re is ! common complexity att5d+ all g5]ical t]ms1 t ( _! includ+ all possible v>ieties4 ,ba9's footnote #aj3 ,/ill1 :5 we apply an analysis to ! complex facts indicat$ by ! "n1 we come to a simple z well z ultimate exp]i5ce1 :i* is correctly signifi$ by ! "n ,resi/ance4 ,! feel+ ( muscul> en]gy exp5d$ is 9 all likelihood an absolutely elem5t>y feel+ ( ! m9d2 & ! =m ( ?is feel+ t is lea/ complicat$ or mix$ up ) o!r s5sibilities is :at ! ^w ,resi/ance mo/ usually expresses1 namely1 ! dead /ra91 t is en]gy )\t lead+ to movem5t1 or caus+ movem5t 9 su* a slight degree z n to dep>t f ! ess5tial peculi>ity ( exp5d$ =ce4--,b4 ,^! ?+s be+ expla9$1 ! le>n] w n[ be able to trace1 )\t error1 ! =mation ( "o ( ! mo/ important ( all our ideas1 t ( #cb resi/ance1 or pressure4 ,we t\* "o ?+1 butt]1 = in/ance2 x yields to ! f+]1 aft] a slight pressure2 t is1 a c]ta9 feel+ ( ours4 ,! w to move ! muscles1 & ! s5sations 9 ! muscles1 are bo? includ$ 9 t feel+2 b1 = %ortness1 we %all speak ( !m1 ?r\gh ! pres5t exposition1 "u "o "n1 z ! feel+s or s5sations 9 ! muscles4 ,z we call ! butt] yell[1 on acc\nt ( a feel+ ( sight2 odor\s1 on acc\nt ( a feel+ ( smell2 sapid1 on acc\nt ( a feel+ ( ta/e2 s we call x s(t1 on acc\nt ( a feel+ 9 our muscles4 ,we t\* a /one1 z we t\*$ ! butt]1 & x yields n1 aft] ! /ronge/ pressure we c apply4 ,z we call$ ! butt] s(t1 on acc\nt ( "o muscul> feel+1 we call ! /one h>d1 on acc\nt ( ano!r4 ,! v>ieties ( ^! feel+s are innum]able4 ,only a small portion ( !m h receiv$ names4 ,! feel+ ^u pressure ( butt]1 is "o ?+2 ( honey1 ano!r2 ( wat]1 ano!r2 ( air1 ano!r2 ( fle%1 "o ?+2 ( bone1 ano!r4 ,we m>k !m z we c1 by ! t]ms s(t1 m s(t1 less s(t2 h>d1 m h>d1 less h>d1 & s on4 ,we h great occasion1 h[ev]1 = a ^w :i* %all include all ^! diff]5t words4 ,z we h col\r$ to include all ! names ( s5sations ( sight2 t\* all ! names ( s5sations ( t\*1 & s on2 we inv5t ! ^w resi/+1 :i* includes all ! words1 s(t1 h>d1 & s on1 by :i* any ( ! s5sations ( pressure are d5ot$4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! feel+s :i* we are capable ( receiv+ f ! p>ticle ) :i* we may suppose a l9e ( p>ticles to comm5ce4 ,^! feel+s1 9 pass+ along ! l9e1 we %\ld receive 9 #cc succession f ea*1 if ! tactual s5se 7 suffici5tly f9e to di/+ui% p>ticles 9 contact f "o ano!r4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 ?is p]fection4 ,ev5 sight _c di/+ui% m9ute int]vals4 ,if a r$-hot coal is :irl$ rapidly r\nd1 ?\gh ! coal is pres5t at only "o "p ( ! circle at ea* in/ant1 ! :ole is "o cont9u\s r$4 ,if ! sev5 prismatic col\rs are made to pass rapidly 9 ord] be=e ! eye1 !y appe> n di/9ct col\rs1 b "o uni=m :ite4 ,9 l mann]1 9 pass+ f "o to ano!r1 9 a l9e ( p>ticles1 !re is no feel+ ( int]val2 !re is ! feel+ we call cont9uity2 t is1 abs5ce ( int]val4 ,! s5sations1 !n1 ! ideas ( :i* comb9$ compose ! idea :i* we m>k by ! ^w l9e1 may ?us be trac$4 ,! tactual feel+1 & ! feel+ ( resi/ance1 d]ivable f e p>ticle1 att5d ! f+] 9 e "p ( its progress along ! l9e4 ,:at is !re besides8 ,to produce ! progress ( ! f+]1 !re is muscul> action2 t is to say1 !re are ! feel+s comb9$ 9 muscul> action4 ,t we may exclude extrane\s ideas z mu* z possible1 let u suppose1 t1 :5 a p]son fir/ makes himself acqua9t$ ) a l9e1 he has ! s5se ( t\*1 & ! muscul> s5sations1 )\t any o!r s5se4 ,he has "o /ate ( feel+1 :5 ! f+]1 :i* t\*es ! l9e1 is /ill2 ano!r1 :5 x moves4 ,he has also "o /ate ( feel+ f "o degree ( motion1 ano!r f ano!r4 ,if he has "o /ate ( feel+ f ! f+] c>ri$ along1 z f> z x c ext5d1 he has ano!r feel+ :5 x is only c>ri$ half z f>1 & s on4 ,x is extremely difficult to speak ( ^! feel+s #cd precisely1 or to draw by language ^? :o are n accu/om$ to ! m9ute analysis ( _! ?\ghts1 to conceive !m di/9ctly2 because !y are among ! feel+s1 z we h be=e rem>k$1 :i* we h acquir$ ! habit ( n att5d+ to1 or r1 h lo/ ! p[] ( att5d+ to4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t by s5sation alone we become acqua9t$ ) l9es2 t 9 e diff]5t contraction ( ! muscles !re is a diff]5ce ( s5sation2 & t ( ! tactual feel+1 & ! feel+s ( ! contract$ muscles1 all ! feel+s :i* con/itute our k ( a l9e are compos$4 ,z1 aft] c]ta9 repetitions ( a p>ticul> s5sation ( sight1 a p>ticul> s5sation ( smell1 a p>ticul> s5sation ( sight1 & s on1 receiv$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 ,i give to ! comb9$ ideas ( !m1 ! "n rose1 ! "n apple1 ! "n fire1 & ! l2 9 ! same mann]1 aft] c]ta9 repetitions ( p>ticul> tactual s5sations1 & p>ticul> muscul> s5sations1 receiv$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 ,i give to ! comb9$ ideas ( !m1 ! "n ,l9e4 ,b :5 ,i h got my idea ( a l9e1 ,i h also got my idea ( ext5sion4 ,= :at is ext5sion1 b l9es 9 e direction8 physical l9es1 if real1 tactual ext5sion2 ma!matical l9es1 if ma!matical1 t is1 ab/ract1 ext5sion4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to pursue ! analysis ( ext5sion f>!r4 ,& ,i tru/ x is n necess>y2 because ! application ( ! same me?od to ! rema9+ cases1 appe>s completely obvi\s4 ,take plane surface = example4 ,x is compos$ ( all ! l9es :i* c be drawn 9 a p>ticul> plane2 ! idea ( x1 !re=e1 is d]iv$ f ! tactual feel+1 & ! feel+ ( resi/ance1 comb9$ ) ! #ce muscul> feel+s involv$ 9 ! motion ( ! f+] 9 e direction :i* x c receive on a plane4 ,let u n[ take "s ( ! words :i*1 along ) ! syn*ron\s ord]1 connote objects 9 pairs4 ,! names ( ?is sort are n v num]\s4 ,high1 & l[1 "r1 & left1 h9d1 & =e1 are examples4 ,^!1 x is obvi\s1 are names ( ! pr9cipal directions f ! human body z a c5tre4 ,! ord] ( objects1 ! mo/ frequ5tly int]e/+ to human be+s1 is1 ( c\rse1 _! ord] ) respect to _! own bodies4 ,:at is ov] ! head1 gets ! "n ( high2 :at is bel[ ! feet1 gets ! "n ( l[2 & s on4 ,( ! pairs :i* are connot$ by ^? words1 ! human body is always "o4 ,! words1 "r1 left1 h9d1 =e1 :5 !y d5ote ! object s call$1 always connote ! body 9 respect to :i* !y are "r1 left1 h9d1 =e4 ,we h already notic$ ! cases 9 :i* ! objects1 ?us nam$ 9 pairs1 h ea* a sep>ate "n1 z fa!r1 son2 also ^? 9 :i* bo? h ! same "n1 z si/]1 bro!r4 ,we h "h ano!r case1 :i* des]ves also to be p>ticul>ly m>k$1 t 9 :i* only "o ( !m has a "n4 ,! human body1 :i* is always "o ( ! objects nam$1 :5 we call ?+s "r1 left1 h9d1 =e1 & s on1 has no correspond+ relative "n4 ,! reason is suffici5tly obvi\s2 ?is1 be+ always "o ( ! pair1 _c1 ! o!r be+ nam$1 be misund]/ood4 ,= ! complete und]/&+ ( ^! words1 x does n appe> t any ?+ rema9s to be expla9$4 ,if "o l9e1 proce$+ f a c5tral p>ticle1 be und]/ood1 e l9e1 :i* c proce$ f x1 is also und]/ood4 ,if t c5tral po9t be a "p #cf ( ! human body1 x is pla9 t z ! h&1 pass+ along a l9e 9 a c]ta9 direction f t c5tre1 has c]ta9 muscul> actions1 pass+ along 9 ano!r direction1 x has muscul> actions some:at diff]5t4 ,:5 we say muscul> actions some:at diff]5t1 we say muscul> feel+s some:at diff]5t4 ,diff]5ce ( feel+1 :5 important1 ne$s diff]5ce ( nam+4 ,a p>ticul> case ( association is "h to be rem>k$2 & x is "o :i* x is important = ! le>n] to fix /eadfa/ly 9 8 memory4 ,we nev] p]ceive1 :at we call an object1 except 9 ! syn*ron\s ord]4 ,:atev] o!r s5sations we receive1 ! s5sations ( ! syn*ron\s ord]1 are always receiv$ along ) !m4 ,:5 we p]ceive a *air1 a tree1 a man1 a h\se1 !y are always situat$ s & s1 ) respect to o!r objects4 ,z ! s5sations ( positions are ?us always receiv$ ) ! o!r s5sations ( an object1 ! idea ( ,position is s closely associat$ ) ! idea ( ! object1 t x is :olly impossible = u to h ! "o idea )\t ! o!r4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cases ( indissoluble association2 & is t feel+ :i* m5 describe1 :5 !y say t ! idea ( space =ces itself ^u _! und]/&+s1 & is necess>y4#aa ,editor's footnote #aa3 ,"u ! head1 z be=e1 ( ,relative ,t]ms1 we f9d "h an analysis ( ! important & intricate complex ideas ( ,ext5sion & ,position4 ,x w be conv5i5t to def] any rem>ks on ?is analysis1 until x c be consid]$ 9 conjunction ) ! au?or's exposition ( ! closely alli$ subjects ( ,motion & ,space4--,ed4 #cg #b4 ,we come n[ to ! case ( nam+ ,,objects 9 pairs1 on acc\nt ( ! ,successive ,ord]4 ,we h _h occasion to obs]ve t !re is no?+ 9 :i* human be+s are s deeply int]e/$1 z ! ,successive ,ord] ( objects4 ,x is ! successive ord] ^u :i* all _! happ9ess & mis]y dep5ds2 & ! syn*ron\s ord] is int]e/+ to !m1 *iefly on acc\nt ( its connection ) ! successive4 ,:5 we speak ( objects1 x is necess>y to rememb]1 t x is s5sations1 n ideas1 to :i* we are !n direct+ our att5tion4 ,all our s5sations1 we say1 are d]iv$ f objects2 9 o!r words1 object is ! "n we give to ! antec$5ts ( our s5sations4 ,&1 reciprocally1 all our k ( objects is ! s5sations !mselves4 ,we h ! s5sations1 & t is all4 ,a k1 !re=e1 ( ! successive ord] ( objects1 is a k ( ! successive ord] ( our s5sations2 ( all ! pleasures1 & all ! pa9s1 & all ! feel+s int]m$iate betwe5 pleasure & pa91 ( :i* ! body is susceptible4 ,( successions1 t is1 ! ord] ( objects z antec$5t & consequ5t1 "s are con/ant1 "s n con/ant4 ,?us1 a /one dropp$ 9 ! air always falls to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is a case ( con/ancy ( sequ5ce4 ,heavy cl\ds drop ra91 b n always4 ,?is is a case ( casual sequ5ce4#ab ,human life is #ch deeply int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! con/ant sequ5ces ( all ! objects f :i* human s5sations are d]iv$4 ,! great bus9ess ( philosophy is to f9d !m out2 & to record !m1 9 ! =m mo/ conv5i5t = acquir+ ! k ( !m1 & = apply+ x4 ,editor's footnote #ab3 ,?is is surely an improp] use ( ! ^w ,casual4 ,sequ5ces _c be exhau/ively divid$ into inv>iable & casual1 or 7z by ! au?or a few pages fur!r on7 into con/ant & =tuit\s4 ,heavy cl\ds1 ?\gh !y d n always drop ra91 are n connect$ ) x by m]e accid5t1 z ! pass+ ( a waggon might be4 ,!y are connect$ ) x ?r\gh causation3 !y are "o ( ! conditions on :i*1 :5 unit$1 ra9 is inv>iably consequ5t1 ?\gh x is n inv>iably consequ5t on t s+le condition4 ,?is di/9ction is ess5tial to any sy/em ( ,inductive ,logic1 9 :i* x recurs at e /ep4--,ed4 ,9 ! successions ( objects1 x v (t5 happ5s1 t :at appe> to u to be ! imm$iate antec$5t & consequ5t1 are n imm$iately successive1 b are sep>at$ by sev]al int]m$iate successions4 ,?us1 ! fall+ ( a sp>k on gunp[d]1 & ! explosion ( ! gunp[d]1 appe> antec$5t & consequ5t2 b sev]al successions 9 reality int]v5e2 v>i\s decompositions1 & compositions1 9 :i*1 inde$1 all ! sequ5ces _c z yet be trac$4 ,mo/ ( ! successions1 :i* we are call$ ^u to notice & to "n1 are 9 ! same situation4 ,we fix ^u two conspicu\s po9ts 9 a *a9 ( successions1 & ! int]m$iate ones are ei!r ov]look$1 or unkn[n4 ,?us1 we "n ,doctor & ,pati5t1 ! two extremities ( a pretty long succession ( objects4 ,! ,doctor is n ! imm$iate antec$5t ( any *ange 9 ! pati5t4 ,he is ! imm$iate antec$5t ( a c]ta9 conception1 ( :i* ! consequ5t is1 writ+ a prescription2 ! consequ5t ( ?is1 is ! s5d+ #ci x to ! apo!c>y2 ! consequ5t ( t1 is ! apo!c>y's read+ x1 & s on2 ! :ole compos+ a multitud9\s tra94 ,doctor & ,pati5t1 !re=e1 are n only two pair$ names ( two pair$ objects1 b names ( all ! successions betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,doctor & ,pati5t1 !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 are to be consid]$ "o "n1 ?\gh made up ( two p>ts4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y are ! "n ( ! complex idea ( a consid]able tra9 ( sequ5ces1 ( :i* a p>ticul> man is "o extremity1 a p>ticul> man ano!r2 j z navigation is ! s+le-word$ "n ( ! complex idea ( a v long tra91 ( :i* ! extremities are n p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,if y say1 navigation f ! ,?ames to ! ,ganges1 y h a _m-word$ "n1 by :i* ! extremities ( ?is long tra9 are p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,! relative t]ms1 ,fa!r & ,son1 are obvi\sly includ$ 9 ?is explanation4 ,!y are ! two extremities ( a tra9 ( great l5g? & intricacy1 v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,!y also1 bo? toge!r1 compose1 z may easily be se51 b "o "n4 ,fa!r is a ^w :i* connotes ,son1 & :e!r ,son is express$ or n1 ! mean+ ( x is impli$4 ,9 l mann] ,son connotes ,fa!r2 &1 /ripp$ ( t connotation1 is )\t a mean+4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !re=e1 !y are "o "n1 ! "n ( ! complex idea ( t tra9 ( :i* fa!r is ! "o extremity1 son ! o!r4#ac ,editor's footnote #ac3 ,x seems h>dly a prop] expression to say t ,physician & ,pati5t1 or t ,fa!r & ,son1 are "o "n made up ( two p>ts4 ,:5 "o ( ! p>ts is a "n ( "o p]son & ! o!r "p is ! "n ( ano!r1 x is difficult to see h[ ! two toge!r c be b "o "n4 ,fa!r & ,son are two names1 d5ot+ diff]5t p]sons3 b :at ! au?or _h x 9 8 m9d to say1 0 t !y connote ! same s]ies ( facts1 :i* s]ies1 z ! two p]sons are bo? indisp5sable p>ts ( x1 gives names to !m bo?1 & is made ! f\ndation or fundam5tum ( an attribute ascrib$ to ea*4 ,) ! exception ( ?is que/ionable use ( language1 :i* ! au?or _h rec\rse to because he _h n left himself ! precise ^w ,connote1 to express :at !re is ( real id5tity 9 ! signification ( ! two names2 ! analysis :i* foll[s ( ! v>i\s complicat$ cases ( relation seems philosophically unexceptionable4 ,! complexity ( a relation consi/s 9 ! complex composition ( ! s]ies ( facts or ph5om5a :i* ! names connote1 & :i* is ! fundam5tum relationis4 ,! names signify t ! p]son or ?+1 ( :i* !y are pr$icat$1 =ms "p ( a gr\p or succession ( ph5om5a along ) ! o!r p]son or ?+ :i* is its correlate3 & ! special nature ( t gr\p or s]ies1 :i* may be ( extreme complexity1 con/itutes ! speciality ( ! relation pr$icat$4--,ed4 #dj ,bro!r & ,bro!r are a pair ( relative t]ms m>k+ a /ill m complex idea4 ,two bro!rs are two sons ( ! same ,fa!r2 tak5 toge!r1 !y are1 !re=e1 m>ks ( all t ,son1 tak5 twice1 is capable ( m>k+4 ,son1 z we h j se51 always implies ,fa!r2 &1 tak5 toge!r1 !y are ! "n ( a tra94 ,! relatives1 !re=e1 bro!r & bro!r1 are ! comp\nd "n2 two bro!rs1 are ! "n ( ! tra9 m>k$ by ! t]m1 ,fa!r & ,son1 tak5 twice1 ! prior extremity ( ! tra9 be+ ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! latt] diff]5t4 ,! above t]ms4 ,fa!r & ,son1 ,bro!r & #da ,bro!r1 are impos$ on acc\nt ( sequ5ces :i* are pass$4 ,i d n at ?is mom5t recollect any relative t]ms impos$ on acc\nt ( sequ5ces purely future4 ,! t]ms1 ,buy] & ,sell]1 are sometimes1 inde$1 us$ 9 a s5se :olly future2 :5 !y mean p]sons hav+ some?+ to buy & some?+ to sell3 b !y are also us$ 9 a s5se :olly pass$1 :5 !y signify p]sons :o h effect$ pur*ase & sale4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 _m relative t]ms on acc\nt ( tra9s :i* are p>tly pass$ & p>tly future4 ,?us1 ,l5d] & ,borr[]1 are impos$ p>tly on acc\nt ( ! pass$ tra9 includ$ 9 ! contract ( l5d+ & borr[+2 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! future tra9 impli$ 9 ! repaym5t ( ! money4 ,! words ,debtor & ,cr$itor are names ( ! same tra91 p>tly pass$ & p>tly future4 ,! relative t]ms1 ,husb& & ,wife1 are ( ! same class2 ! "n ( a tra9 p>tly pass$1 to wit1 t impli$ 9 ent]+ into ! nuptial contract2 & p>tly future1 to wit1 all ! ev5ts expect$ to fl[ out ( t contract4 ,ma/] & ,s]vant are impos$1 on acc\nt ( a tra9 p>tly pass$ & p>tly future2 ! tra9 ( ent]+ into ! compact ( ma/] & s]vant1 & ! tra9 ( acts :i* fl[ out ( x4 ,k+ & ,subject are ! "n ( a tra9 simil>ly divid$2 fir/1 ! tra9 :i* l$ to ! w ( obey+ on ! "p ( ! p1 ! w ( comm&+ on ! "p ( ! k+2 secondly1 ! tra9s :i* gr[ out ( ^! wills4 ,own] & ,prop]ty are relative t]ms1 or t]ms :i* connote "o ano!r4 ,!y also are impos$ on acc\nt ( a tra9 p>tly pass$ & p>tly future4 ,! "p :i* is pass$ is ! tra9 impli$ 9 ! #db circum/ances ( ! acquisition1 :e!r inh]itance1 gift1 lab\r1 or pur*ase4 ,! "p :i* is future is ! tra9 impli$ 9 ! use :i* ! own] may make ( ! prop]ty4 ,( ! t]ms :i* d5ote objects 9 successive pairs1 sev]al are v g5]al4 ,?us we h antec$5t & consequ5t1 :i* are applicable to any p>ts ( any tra94 ,prior & ,po/]ior1 are ne>ly ( ! same import4 ,fir/ & ,la/1 are applicable to ! two extremities ( any tra94 ,second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & s on1 are applicable to ! contigu\s p>ts ( any tra94 ,we h rem>k$1 above1 t successions ( objects are to be di/+ui%$ into two rem>kable k9ds2 t ( ! successions :i* are =tuit\s1 & t ( ! successions :i* are con/ant4 ,names to m>k ! antec$5t & consequ5t 9 all con/ant successions1 :i* are ?+s ( su* importance to u1 7 f\nd ( c\rse indisp5sable4 ,cause & ,effect1 are ! names we employ4 ,9 all con/ant successions4 ,cause is ! "n ( ! antec$5t4 ,effect ! "n ( ! consequ5t4 ,&1 beside ?is1 x has be5 prov$ by philosoph]s1#a99 t ^! names d5ote absolutely no?+4 ,mill's footnote #a3 ,*iefly by ,dr4 ,br[n1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 a "w entitl$ ,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect2 "o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions to sci5ce = :i* we are indebt$ to ! la/ g5]ation4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,x is highly necess>y to be appriz$1 t ea* ( ! two names4 ,cause & ,effect1 has a d\ble mean+4 ,!y are us$1 sometimes 9 ! concrete s5se1 sometimes 9 ! ab/ract4 ,by ?is ambiguity1 #dc ideas are conf\nd$1 :i* x is ( ! greate/ importance to pres]ve di/9ct4 ,:5 we say1 ! sun is ! ,cause ( light1 cause is concrete2 ! mean+ is1 t ! sun always causes light4 ,:5 we say t ice is ! ,effect ( cold air1 effect is concrete2 ! mean+ is1 t ice is effect$ by cold air4 ,cause1 9 ^! cases1 is m]ely a %ort "n = caus+ object1 ,effect1 a %ort "n = caus$ object4 ,9 ab/ract disc\rse1 on ! o!r h&1 ,cause & ,effect are (t5 us$ 9 ! ab/ract s5se1 9 :i* cases ,cause means ! same ?+ z w\ld be meant by caus+ness2 ,effect1 ! same z w\ld be meant by caus$ness4 ,!y are m]ely ! connotative or concrete t]ms1 ) ! connotation dropp$4 ,z ! ab/ract t]ms h no mean+1 except z !y ref] to ! concrete1 x is 9 ! concrete s5se ,i %all always use ! words ,cause & ,effect1 unless :5 ,i give notice to ! contr>y4 ,o!r t]ms1 pair+ ! p>ts ( a tra91 take p>ts m or less di/ant2 fir/ & la/1 take ! mo/ di/ant2 fa!r & son1 take p>ts at a consid]able di/ance2 cause & effect1 on ! o!r h&1 mean always ! proximate p>ts4 ,x does n1 inde$1 happ51 t we always apply !m to ! proximate p>ts2 because ! int]m$iate sequ5ces are (t5 unkn[n1 at o!r times ov]look$4 ,!y are always1 h[ev]1 appli$ to ! p>ts reg>d$ z proximate4 ,= we d n1 /rictly speak+1 say1 t any ?+ is ! cause ( a ?+1 :5 x is only ! cause ( ano!r ?+1 :i* is ! cause ( t ?+2 /ill less1 :5 !re is a s]ies ( causes & effects1 be=e y arrive at t :i* y h m>k$ z ! effect1 because ! ultimate "o4 ,9 #dd all ! inquiries ( philosoph]s into causes1 x is ! antec$5t & consequ5t1 really proximate1 :i* is ! object ( _! pursuit4 ,we h obs]v$1 9 ! case ( ! relative t]ms1 appli$ to objects z successive1 t ! words1 prop]ly speak+1 =m b "o "n1--t ( ! complex idea ( a tra9 ( less or great] l5g?3 ?us1 ,doctor & ,pati5t is a "n2 ,fa!r & ,son is a "n2 ea* d5ot+ a tra9 ( :i* two individuals are ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,9 l mann]1 ! relative t]ms ,cause & ,effect1 tak5 toge!r1 are b "o "n1 ! "n ( a %ort tra91 t ( "o antec$5t & "o consequ5t1 reg>d$ z proximate1 & con/ant4 #c4 ,we h n[ %ewn1 9 :at mann] ! pr9cipal ,relative ,t]ms are appli$1 :5 we h to speak ( objects z hav+ ord] 9 ,space1 & :5 we h to speak ( !m z hav+ ord] 9 ,"t4 ,we proce$ to %ew 9 :at mann] !y are appli$1 :5 we h to speak ( objects z diff]+ 9 ,quantity1 or diff]+ 9 ,quality2 & fir/1 z diff]+ 9 ,quantity4 ,we apply ! ^w ,quantity1 9 a v g5]al mann]2 to ?+s1 :i* h ! greate/ div]sity4 ,?us1 we use ! ^w quantity1 :5 we speak ( ext5sion2 we use ! ^w quantity1 :5 we speak ( weight2 we use x1 :5 we speak ( motion2 we use x1 :5 we speak ( heat2 we use x1 9 %ort1 on almo/ e occasion1 on :i* we c use ! ^w degree4 ,( c\rse1 x repres5ts n "o idea1 b _m ideas1 "s ( :i* h ! greate/ div]sity4 ,! relative t]ms1 :i* we co-apply ) #de quantity1 are equal1 unequal1 or "s p>ticul> case includ$ "u ^! m g5]al t]ms2 z1 m heavy1 less heavy992 m /rong1 less /rong2 :ole1 "p2 & s on4 ,:5 quantity is appli$ to ext5t1 x may be ext5t ei!r 9 "o1 or m1 or e direction2 x may mean ei!r quantity 9 l9e1 quantity 9 surface1 or quantity 9 bulk4 ,accord+ly1 we c say1 equal1 or unequal1 l9es2 equal1 or unequal1 surfaces2 equal1 or unequal1 bulks4 ,l9e is ! simple/ case2 ! explanation ( x w1 !re=e1 facilitate ! re/4 ,we h already trac$ ! s5sations1 :i* con/itute our k ( a l9e4 ,we h se5 t !y are c]ta9 s5sations ( t\*1 comb9$ ) ! muscul> s5sations involv$ 9 ext5d+ ! arm4 ,z ! s5sations1 involv$ 9 ext5d+ ! arm s f>1 are n ! same ) ^? :i* are involv$ 9 ext5d+ x f>!r2 & z ! hav+ diff]5t s5sations1 & di/+ui%+ !m1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+2--z (t5 z ,i h ^? two cases ( s5sation1 ,i di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r2 &1 di/+ui%+ !m f "o ano!r1 ,i require names to m>k !m4 ,! fir/ ,i m>k1 by ! ^w1 %ort2 ! o!r1 by ! ^w1 long4 ,z ,i call a l9e long1 f ext5d+ my arm s f>2 t is1 f ! s5sations involv$ 9 ext5d+ x2 ,i call x long] f ext5d+ x f>!r4 ,aft] exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( l9es1 !re are "s :i* ,i call long1 long1 long1 "o aft] ano!r1 to any am\nt2 o!rs :i* ,i call long]1 long]1 long]2 o!rs :i* ,i call %ort1 %ort1 %ort2 & s on4 ,:5 we h p]ceiv$ ! s5sations1 on acc\nt #df ( :i* we call l9es long1 long]1 %ort1 %ort]1 we c be at no loss = ! k ( ^?1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call !m equal1 & unequal4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t 9 apply+ ! words long1 long]1 %ort1 %ort]1 m9ute diff]5ces are n nam$4 ,!y _c be nam$4 ,! names w\ld be too num]\s4 ,a g5]al m>k1 h[ev]1 may be inv5t$1 to %ew :5 !re is ev5 a m9ute diff]5ce1 & :5 !re is n4 ,:5 !re is n1 we call ! two l9es equal2 :5 !re is1 we call !m unequal4 ,we %all pres5tly see1 :5 we come to trace ! ideas1 :i* ! class ( words1 call$ numb]s1 are employ$ to m>k1 :at di/9ction ( s5sation x is :i* is m>k$ by ! words1 "o1 & two4 ,9 ! mean "t1 x is easy to see1 t ! case ( s5sation1 :5 we trace "o l9e1 ) ! h&1 & !n ano!r1 is diff]5t f ! case ( s5sation :5 we trace "o l9e only1 or ev5 ! same l9e twice2 & ?is div]sity ne$s m>ks to di/+ui% x4 ,x is true1 t 9 trac+ "o l9e1 & !n ano!r1 & m>k+ ! di/9ction1 !re is some?+ m ?an s5sation1 !re is also memory4 ,b to ?is +r$i5t 9 ! comp\nd1 aft] ! explanation :i* has already be5 giv5 ( memory1 x is n1 at pres5t1 necess>y p>ticul>ly to adv]t4 ,:5 x is se51 :at are ! s5sations :i* are m>k$ by ! t]ms long] & %ort]1 appli$ to a l9e1 x w n be difficult to see :at are ! s5sations1 :i* are m>k$ by ! t]ms1 "p1 & :ole4 ,! t]ms1 a "p1 & :ole1 imply division4 ,( c\rse1 ! ?+ prec$es ! "n4 ,m5 divid$1 be=e !y nam$ ! act1 or ! consequ5ces ( ! #dg act4 ,9 ! act ( division1 or 9 ! results ( x1 no my/]y has ev] be5 und]/ood to reside4 ,x is ( importance to rem>k1 t ! ^w division1 9 its ord9>y acceptation1 includes1 & !nce conf\nds1 ?+s :i* v mu* ne$ to be di/+ui%$4 ,x includes ! w1 :i* is ! antec$5t ( ! act2 ! act itself2 & ! results ( ! act4 ,at pres5t we may leave ! w aside2 x w be expla9$ h]eaft]2 &1 z x is n ! act1 b ! antec$5t ( ! act1 ! consid]ation ( x is n requir$1 = ! pres5t purpose4 ,! act ( divid+1 l all ! o!r acts ( our body1 consi/s 9 ! contraction & relaxation ( c]ta9 muscles4 ,^! are kn[n to u1 l e ?+ else1 by ! feel+s4 ,! act1 z act1 is ! feel+s2 & only :5 conf\nd$ ) its results1 is x conceiv$ to be any ?+ else4 ,if x be said1 t ! contraction ( ! muscles ( my arm1 is some?+ m 9 me ?an feel+s1 because ,i see ! motion ( my arm2 x is to be obs]v$1 t ?is see+1 ?is s5sation ( sight1 is n ! act1 b "o ( its results2 ! feel+s ( ! act are ! antec$5t2 ?is s5sation ( sight "o ( ! consequ5ts4 ,9 ! act ( divid+ a l9e1 z 9 ! act1 already analys$1 ( trac+ a l9e1 !re is a feel+ ( t\*1 & !re is also a muscul> feel+4 ,!re may be m or less ( cohesion 9 ! p>ts ( ! l9e2 & !nce1 m or less ( :at we call muscul> =ce1 requir$ to disunite !m4 ,( c\rse1 :at we call m or less ( =ce1 are only names = diff]5t /ates ( feel+4 ,! /ates ( feel+ :i* we m>k by ! t]m1 =ce1 be+ antec$5t1 all ! re/ #dh are consequ5ts ( ?is antec$5t4 ,! disunion ( ! p>ts ( "o l9e is att5d$ ) a c]ta9 muscul> feel+2 ,i call ! feel+ a small =ce4 ,t ( ano!r l9e is att5d$ ) a muscul> feel+ some:at diff]5t2 ,i call x a great] =ce2 & s on4 ,?is muscul> feel+1 h[ev]1 has v>i\s accompanim5ts2 :i* are closely associat$ ) ! idea ( ! act1 & ) its "n4 ,?us !re is ! sight ( ! l9e1 !re is ! sight ( ! h&s 9 ! act ( disruption1 & !re is ! sight ( ! l9e aft] x is divid$4 ,! t]m division1 z we h m5tion$ be=e1 includes all2 ! muscul> feel+1 ! sight ( ! l9e be=e division1 & ! sight ( x aft]4 ,i ne$ a pair ( names = ! l9e be=e division1 & ! l9e aft]4 ,i call ! "o :ole1 ! o!r p>ts4 ,l o!r relative t]ms1 ! "o ( ^! connotes ! o!r2 :ole has no mean+1 b :5 associat$ ) p>ts2 p>ts h no mean+1 b :5 associat$ ) :ole4 ,tak5 toge!r2 t is1 :ole & p>ts1 us$ z "o "n2 !y m>k a complex idea1 consi/+ ( ?ree pr9cipal p>ts2 an undivid$ l9e1 ! act ( division1 & ! consequ5t ( t antec$5t1 ! l9e aft] division4 ,9 ! prec$+ exposition1 x is actual division1 ! actual mak+ ( p>ts1 :i* has be5 spok5 (4 ,x is obs]vable1 h[ev]1 t ! same language1 by :i* we "n actual division1 & actual p>ts1 is appli$ to conceiv$ division1 & conceiv$ p>ts4 ,?us we talk ( ! p>ts ( a l9e1 :5 x is n divid$1 nor meant to be divid$4 ,! exposition ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is easy2 & !re is obscurity only :5 ! d\ble use ( ! t]ms conf\nds ! two #di cases1 ! division :i* is actual1 ) t :i* is conceiv$4 ,! division ( ! l9e may consi/ ( "o act1 or ( m acts ?an "o4 ,by ! fir/ act1 x is divid$ into two p>ts2 by ! second into ?ree2 by ! ?ird into f\r1 & s on4 ,! p>ts ( a l9e are s _m l9es4 ,^! may be equal1 or unequal4 ,b ! s5sations1 on acc\nt ( :i* we d5om9ate l9es equal1 or unequal1 h be5 already %ewn2 ! equality1 & inequality1 !re=e1 ( ! p>ts ( a l9e1 ne$ no fur!r explanation4 ,:5 ! le>n] conceives di/9ctly ! s5sations on acc\nt ( :i* we apply ! t]ms :ole & p>ts to a l9e1 he w n f9d x difficult to und]/&1 on :at acc\nt we apply !m to all ! modifications ( ext5sion2 see+ t all ^! modifications are l9es comb9$4 ,?us1 a plane surface is a numb] ( /raight l9es1 9 contact1 9 ! direction call$ a plane4 ,x is ( great] or less ext5t1 accord+ z ^! l9es are long] or %ort] f a c5tral po9t2 x is ( "o %ape or ano!r %ape1 accord+ z ! l9es are ( ! same l5g?1 or ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,:5 !y are all ( "o l5g?1 ! surface is call$ a circle4 ,z !y may be ( diff]5t l5g?s 9 endless v>iety1 ! surface may h an endless v>iety ( %apes1 ( :i* only a few h receiv$ names4 ,! squ>e is "o ( ^! names1 ! triangle ano!r1 ! p>allelogram ano!r1 & s on4 ,bulk1 :i* is ! o!r great modification ( ext5sion1 is l9es f a c5tral po9t 9 e direction4 ,?is bulk is great] or less1 accord+ z ^! l9es are long] or %ort]4 ,! figure or %ape ( ?is #ej bulk is diff]5t1 accord+ z ! l9es are ( ! same or diff]5t l5g?s4 ,if !y are ( ! same l5g?1 ! bulk is call$ r\nd1 or1 9 "o ^w1 a sph]e2 sph]e mean+ exactly r\nd bulk4 ,z ! l9es1 :5 !y diff] 9 l5g?1 may diff] 9 endless ways2 figures1 or ! %apes ( bulk1 are also endless1 z our s5ses abundantly te/ify4 ,( ^! b a small numb] h receiv$ names4 ,9 ?is numb] are ! cube1 ! cyl9d]1 ! cone4 ,we "n "s %apes by ref]r+ to kn[n objects2 ?us we speak ( ! %ape ( an egg1 ! %ape ( a pe>1 & s on4 ,x seems t no?+1 !re=e1 is n[ want+1 to %ew 9 :at mann] ! relative t]ms1 expressive ( ,quantity1 are appli$ to all ! modifications ( ext5sion4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x w n be difficult to asc]ta9 ! s5sations on acc\nt ( :i* we apply ! same relative t]ms to cases ( ,weight4 ,weight is ! "n ( a p>ticul> species ( pressure2 pressure t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,pressure1 z we h already fully se51 is ! "n we apply1 :5 we h c]ta9 s5sations 9 ! muscles1 j z gre5 is ! "n we apply :5 we h a c]ta9 s5sation 9 ! eye4 ,z gre5 is ! "n ( ! s5sation 9 ! eye1 pressure is ! "n ( ! s5sation 9 ! muscles4 ,pressure upw>ds1 is "o ?+2 pressure d[nw>ds1 is ano!r2 pressure ( a body1 :5 t body is urg$ by ano!r body1 is "o ?+2 pressure ( a body1 :5 x is n urg$ by ano!r body1 is a diff]5t ?+3 pressure ( a body 9 alt]+ ! position ( its p>ts is "o ?+2 pressure1 :5 !re is no alt]ation ( ! position ( its p>ts1 is ano!r ?+4 ,( ?is la/ sort is weight1 #ea ! pressure d[nw>ds1 or t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ( a body n urg$ by ano!r body1 & n alt]+ ! position ( its p>ts4 ,9 support+ 9 my h& a /one1 ,i resi/ a c]ta9 pressure2 9 o!r words1 h c]ta9 muscul> feel+s1 on acc\nt ( :i* ,i call ! /one heavy4 ,i support o!r /ones1 & 9 do+ s h muscul> feel+s1 9 "o case simil>1 9 ano!r dissimil>4 ,9 ! case ( simil>ity1 ,i call two /ones equal1 mean+ 9 weight2 9 ! case ( dissimil>ity1 unequal2 & s ,i apply all ! o!r relative t]ms by :i* quantity is express$4 ,x seems unnecess>y to c>ry ?is analysis into fur!r detail4 ,! words equal1 unequal3 great]1 less2 appli$ to ,motion1 to ,heat1 & o!r modifications ( s5sation1 h a mean+1 :i* 9 foll[+ ! c\rse s fully exemplifi$ x _c be difficult to asc]ta94 ,x seems /ill necess>y t ,i %\ld say some?+ ( ! ^w ,quantus1 f :i* ! ^w ,quantity is d]iv$4 ,quantus is ! correlate ( ,tantus4 ,tantus1 ,quantus1 are relative t]ms1 applicable to all ! objects to :i* we apply ! t]ms1 ,great1 or ,little2 !y are applicable1 !re=e1 to all ! modifications ( ext5sion1 ( weight1 ( heat2 9 %ort1 to all modifications :i* we c m>k z degrees4 ,( two l9es1 we call ! "o tantus1 ! o!r quantus4 ,! occasions on :i* we d s are1 :5 ! "o is z long z ! o!r4 ,tantus1 & ,quantus1 !n1 9 ?is case1 mean ! same ?+ z equal1 equal4 ,!y w be f\nd to h ! same import z equal1 equal1 :5 appli$ also to surface1 & bulk2 & s 9 all o!r compatible cases4 #eb ,:at !n1 x may be ask$1 is ! use ( !m8 ,if x %\ld appe> t !y 7 ( no use1 x w\ld n be v surpris+2 consid]+ by :om languages h be5 made2 & t r$undancy is frequ5t 9 !m z well z defect4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 a use is n want+4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve ! artifice1 to :i* we are oblig$ to h rec\rse1 to "n1 & ev5 to di/+ui%1 ! diff]5t modifications1 n ( k9d b ( degree1 includ$ "u ! ^w quantity4 ,we are oblig$ to take "s "o object1 ) :i* we are famili>1 & to di/+ui% o!r objects1 z diff]+ or agree+ ) t object4 ,?us1 we take "s well-kn[n l9e1 ! l5g? ( ! foot1 or ! l5g? ( ! arm1 & di/+ui% & "n all o!r l5g?s by t l5g?2 :i* c be divid$ or multipli$ s z to correspond ) !m4 ,9 l mann]1 we take "s well-kn[n object z a /&>d weight1 :i* we call1 = example1 a p\nd1 & di/+ui% & "n all o!r weights1 z p>ts or multiples ( t kn[n weight4 ,n[ x w be recognis$1 t1 9 apply+ ! relative t]ms equal1 equal1 or 9 call+ two objects equal1 no "o ( !m is m>k$ z ! /&>d4 ,bo? are tak5 on ! same foot+4 ,! "o is equal to ! o!r2 & ! o!r is equal to t4 ,b :5 we say t "o ?+ is tantus1 quantus ano!r2 or "o s great1 z ! o!r is great2 ! fir/ is ref]r$ to ! la/1 ! tantus to ! quantus2 ! fir/ is di/+ui%$ & nam$ by ! la/4 ,! quantus is ! /&>d4 ,x is ?is :i* gives its peculi> mean+ to ! ^w ,quantity1 & has recomm5d$ x = t v #ec compreh5sive & g5]ical acceptation1 9 :i* x is n[ receiv$4 ,our ^w ,quantity1 is ! ,lat9 ^w ,quantitas2 & ,quantitas is ! ab/ract ( ! concrete ,quantus4 ,we h no ,engli% words1 correspond+ to ,tantus1 ,quantus4 ,we =m an equival5t1 by aid ( ! relative conjunctions2 we say1 ,s ,great1 ,z ,great4 ,b ^! concrete t]ms d n furni% ab/racts2 we d n say1 ,z-greatness2 9 ! fir/ place1 because x is an awkw>d expression2 & 9 ! next place1 because ! relative1 z1 is n /eady 9 its application1 s9ce we use z great n = quantus only1 b frequ5tly also = tantus4 ,z greatness1 !re=e1 does n readily sugge/ ! idea ( ! ab/ract ( ,quantus4 ,on :at acc\nt1 !n1 is x we give to any ?+ ! "n ,quantus8 ,z a /&>d by :i* to "n ano!r ?+ ,tantus4 ,! ?+ call$ ,quantus1 is ! previ\sly kn[n ?+1 ! asc]ta9$ am\nt1 by :i* we c m>k & def9e ! o!r am\nt4 ,leav+ out ! connotation ( ,quantus1 :i* is "s "o individual body1 ,quantitas m]ely d5otes su* & su* an am\nt ( body4 ,quantitas1 if x 0 kept to its orig9al mean+1 w\ld /ill connote ,tantitas2 j z pat]nity connotes filiality4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,quantity1 ev5 ?is connotation is dropp$2 x is us$ n z a relative ab/ract t]m1 b an absolute ab/ract t]m2 & is employ$ z a g5]ical "n = any portion ( ext5sion1 any portion ( weight1 ( heat1 or any ?+ else1 :i* c be measur$ by a "p ( itself4#ad ,editor's footnote #ad3 ,aft] analys+ ,position & ,ext5sion "u ! head ( ,relative ,t]ms1 ! au?or n[1 "u ! same head1 gives ! analysis ( ,quantity & ,quality4 ,to :at he says on ! subject ( ,quantity x does n appe> necess>y to add any?+4 ,he seems to h correctly analys$ ! ph5om5on d[n to a primitive elem5t1 beyond :i* we h no p[] to inve/igate4 ,z ,lik5ess & ,unlik5ess appe>$ to be prop]ties ( our simple feel+s1 :i* mu/ be po/ulat$ z ultimate1 & :i* are insep>able f ! feel+s !mselves1 s may ?is also be said ( ,m & ,less4 ,z "s ( our feel+s are l1 "s unlike1 s !re is a mode ( lik5ess or unlik5ess :i* we call ,degree3 "s feel+s o!rwise l are unlike 9 degree1 t is "o is unlike ano!r 9 int5sity1 or "o is unlike ano!r 9 duration2 9 ei!r case "o is di/+ui%$ z m1 or great]1 ! o!r z less4 ,& ! fact ( be+ m or less only means t we feel !m z m or less4 ,! au?or says 9 ?is case1 z he _h said 9 ! o!r elem5t>y cases ( relation1 t ! m & ! less be+ diff]5t s5sations1 to trace !m & to di/+ui% _! diff]5ce are n two ?+s b "o & ! same ?+4 ,x matt]s n1 s9ce !re ! diff]5ce /ill is1 unsusceptible ( fur!r analysis4 ,! au?or's app>5t simplification am\nts only to ?is1 t diff]5ces ( quantity1 l all o!r diff]5ces ( :i* we take cognizance1 are diff]5ces m]ely 9 our feel+s2 !y exi/ only z !y are felt4 ,b 7z we h already said ( resemblance1 & ( antec$5ce & consequ5ce7 !y mu/ be po/ulat$ z elem5ts4 ,! di/9ction ( m & less is "o ( ! ultimate conditions "u :i* we h all our /ates ( consci\sness4--,ed4 #ed #d4 ,aft] trac+ ! s5sations & ideas1 :i* are m>k$ :5 we apply relative t]ms to objects1 z agree+ or disagree+ 9 quantity2 we h n[ to trace ! s5sations & ideas1 :i* are m>k$1 :5 we apply relative t]ms to objects1 on acc\nt ( _! agree+ or disagree+ 9 quality4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! le>n] mu/ take note ( :at he #ee means by ,quality4 ,we ascribe qualities to an object on acc\nt ( our s5sations4 ,we call an object gre51 on acc\nt ( ! s5sation gre52 h>d1 on acc\nt ( ! s5sation h>d2 s\nd+1 on acc\nt ( ! s5sation s\nd+4 ,! names ( all qualities ( objects1 !n1 are names ( s5sations4 ,are !y any ?+ else8 ,yes2 !y are ! names ( our s5sations1 ) connotation ( a suppos$ unkn[n cause ( ^? s5sations4 ,z f>1 h[ev]1 z our k goes1 !y are names ( s5sations1 & no?+ else4 ,! suppos$ cause is nev] kn[n2 ! effects alone are kn[n to u4 ,we ascribe qualities to objects1 9 two cases1 :i* require to be di/+ui%$3 on acc\nt ( ! s5sations :i* we h f !m prim>ily2 on acc\nt ( ^? :i* we h f !m second>ily4 ,! fir/ we call _! s5sible qualities2 z gre51 hot1 h>d1 sweet1 sc5t$1 & s on3 ! second we m frequ5tly call _! p[]s2 z ! p[] ( ! load/one to draw iron1 ! p[] ( wat] to melt sug>4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! s5sations m>k$ are n ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! load/one1 or f wat]2 b ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! *anges 9 ! iron1 & ! sug>2 ( :i* *anges1 we call ! load/one1 & ! wat]1 ! cause4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts is long] ?an x is 9 ! =m]4 ,:5 ,i see an object gre52 !re is ! object1 ! antec$5t2 & myself s5ti5t ( gre51 ! consequ5t4 ,:5 ,i see a load/one draw iron1 !re is ! foll[+ tra92 ! load/one1 antec$5t2 iron drawn1 fir/ consequ5t2 myself see+ x drawn1 second consequ5t4 ,:5 ,i see wat] melt sug>1 !re is ! #ef antec$5t wat]2 sug> melt+1 fir/ consequ5t2 myself see+ x1 second consequ5t4 ,:at ,i call ! p[]s ( an object1 !n1 are its ord] 9 respect to c]ta9 ( my s5sations1 ! ord] ( antec$5ce1 n proximate1 b m or less remote4 ,:5 ,i say t grass is gre51 ,i trace my s5sation gre51 no f>!r ?an to ! grass4 ,:5 ,i say1 ! sug> is melt+1 ,i trace my s5sations 7= !y are sev]al7 call$ sug> melt+1 fir/ to ! sug>1 & !n to ! wat]4 ,my ^w gre51 !re=e1 is ! notation ( a s5sation1 & connotation ( an unkn[n cause2 my "n melt+1 is ! notation ( a comp\nd ( s5sations1 & connotation ( two causes1 an antec$5t & a consequ5t3 ! fir/1 an unkn[n cause 9 ! sug>2 ! second1 ! cause ( t unkn[n cause1 namely1 ! wat]4 ,9 speak+ ( ! qualities ( an object1 x is necess>y to take notice ( an inaccuracy ( language2 :i*1 n only1 z ,dr4 ,br[n has well obs]v$1 lies at ! bottom ( _m philosophical errors1 b induces m5 to mi/ake ! v bus9ess ( ! philosoph]4 ,! t]m1 quality or qualities ( an object1 seems to imply1 t ! qualities are "o ?+1 ! object ano!r4 ,& ?is1 9 "s indi/9ct way1 is1 no d\bt1 ! op9ion ( ! great majority ( mank9d4 ,yet1 ! absurdity ( x /rikes ! und]/&+1 ! mom5t x is m5tion$4 ,! qualities ( an object are ! :ole ( ! object4 ,:at is !re beside ! qualities8 ,9 fact1 !y are conv]tible t]ms3 ! qualities are ! object2 & ! object is ! qualities4 ,b1 !n1 :at are ! qualities8 ,:y1 s5sations1 ) ! association ( #eg ! object z ! cause4 ,& :at is ! association ( ! object z ! cause8 ,:y1 ! association ( o!r s5sations z antec$5t4 ,:at1 = example1 are ! smell1 & col\r1 & o!r qualities ( ! rose8 ,is n ea* ( ! names ( ^! qualities1 t ( ! smell1 = example1 a connotative "n1 n only not+ ! s5sation1 ( :i* x is prop]ly ! "n1 b connot+ all ! s5sations ( col\r1 ( consi/5ce1 ( figure1 ( position2 to :i*1 all comb9$ by association1 s z to =m "o complex idea1 we give ! specific "n1 rose1 ! m g5]al "n1 vegetable1 & ! /ill m g5]al "n1 object8 ,:5 ! smell ( a rose is p]ceiv$ by me1 or ! idea sugge/$ to me1 imm$iately all ! o!r ideas includ$ "u ! t]m rose1 are sugge/$ along ) x1 & _! indissoluble union presuppos$4 ,b ?is belief ( ! previ\s indissoluble union ( ea* ( ^? s5sations ) all ! o!r s5sations1 is all :i* ,i really mean :5 ,i ref] ea* s5sation to ! rose z its cause4 ,if ! le>n] has fully appreh5d$ ! ideas "h premis$1 x w be easy = him to trace to ! bottom ! relative t]ms1 :i* we apply to objects on acc\nt ( _! agree+ or disagree+ 9 ,quality4 ,we say1 t objects agree or disagree1 on acc\nt ( "o quality1 or m ?an "o quality1 t is1 on acc\nt ( s+le s5sations1 or comb9$ s5sations4 ,let u fir/ obs]ve ! case ( "o quality4 ,we say1 t a blade ( grass is l ! leaf ( an oak1 mean+1 t 9 ! quality ( col\r bo? are gre52 we say t ! leaf ( ! rose tree1 is unlike ! petal ( ! fl[]1 mean+ 9 col\r4 ,by ^! #eh words1 we "n ! objects 9 pairs2 fir/1 ! pair ( leaves1 to ea* ( :i*1 we give ! "n1 l2 secondly1 ! leaf & ! petal1 to ea* ( :i*1 we give ! "n1 unlike4 ,we "n ! fir/ two objects1 l1 on acc\nt ( ! two s5sations1 gre51 & gre51 "o ( ea* object2 we "n ! next two objects unlike1 on acc\nt ( ! two s5sations1 gre5 ( ! "o1 r$ ( ! o!r4 ,:at is done1 or r :at is felt1 :5 we give ! same1 or a diff]5t "n1 to ea* ( two s5sations1 has be5 already s fully expla9$1 t a b>e sugge/ion ( :at has be5 premis$1 is "h all t w be requir$4 ,we h two s5sations4 ,a1 ,b4 ,hav+ two s5sations1 & kn[+ !m to be two s5sations1 t is1 n "o s5sation1 is hav+ ! s5sations1 & no?+ m4 ,:y d ,i call "o sequ5ce ( s5sations1 gre51 gre52 ano!r sequ5ce1 gre51 r$8 ,cle>ly on acc\nt ( ! s5sations4 ,no o!r explanation c be giv5 ( x1 nor c be requir$4 ,= ! same reason = :i* ,i call$ ! s5sations ( ! fir/ sequ5ce individually1 gre51 gre51 ,i call !m bo?1 l2 & = ! same reason = :i* ,i call$ ^? ( ! second sequ5ce1 n gre51 gre51 b gre51 r$1 ,i call !m1 unlike4 ,let u next put ! case ( sev]al s5sations4 ,we say1 t "o rose is l ano!r4 ,we h only to take ! s5sations comb9$ "u ! "n rose1 "o by "o1 to see t ?is1 & ! =m]1 case1 are 9 reality ! same4 ,! two roses are l 9 col\r1 l 9 smell1 l 9 consi/5ce1 l 9 =m1 l 9 position4 ,! lik5ess ( ! two roses1 is a lik5ess #ei n 9 "o s5sation1 b 9 sev]al4 ,b ! lik5ess ( two s5sations ( smell1 is ( ! same nature z ! lik5ess ( ! two s5sations ( sight4 ,:5 ,i call ! smell1 !re=e1 ( ! two roses l1 x is = ! same reason z ,i call ! col\r ( !m l1 t is1 ! s5sations4 ,:5 ,i call ! %ape & consi/5ce1 & position1 l1 x is = ! same reason /ill2 ! tactual & muscul> s5sations1 :5ce ! ideas are d]iv$ to :i* ^! names are annex$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! reason is by no means s cle>ly se51 fir/1 because ! s5sations are complex1 & secondly1 because !y are ( t class ( s5sations :i* we habitually ov]look4 ,! ,lat9 words1 ,talis1 ,qualis1 are appli$ to objects 9 ! same way1 on "o acc\nt1 z ,tantus1 ,quantus1 on ano!r2 & ! explanation we gave ( ,tantus1 ,quantus1 may be appli$ mutatis mut&is1 to ! pair ( relatives we h n[ nam$4 ,tantus1 ,quantus1 are names appli$ to objects on acc\nt ( dim5sion4 ,talis1 ,qualis1 are names appli$ to objects on acc\nt ( all o!r s5sations4 ,we apply ,tantus1 ,quantus1 to a pair ( objects :5 !y are equal2 we apply ,talis1 ,qualis1 to a pair ( objects1 :5 !y are l4 ,talis1 ,qualis1 h[ev]1 express ! lik5ess ( two objects 9 a mann] some:at diff]5t f ! o!r pair ( ne>ly equival5t relatives1 ,l1 & ,l4 ,:5 we call two objects ,l1 ! "o is plac$ on ! same foot+ z ! o!r4 ,no "o ( !m is tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,:5 we apply1 ,talis1 ,qualis1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"o ( ! objects is !n ! /&>d4 ,! object ,qualis1 is t to :i* ! ref]5ce is made4 #fj ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ! ext5sive mean+ :i* came to be giv5 to ! ^w ,quality1 may be easily expla9$4 ,quality is ! ,lat9 ,qualitas1 & ,qualitas is ! ab/ract ( ,qualis4 ,! mean+ ( ! ab/ract is ! same ) t ( ! concrete1 ! connotation be+ dropp$4 ,:5 ! ^w ,qualis1 is appli$ to an object1 x notes some?+ ab\t x 9 p>ticul>1 b connotes ! :ole object4 ,! ,qualitas ( t object1 is ! some?+ not$ 9 p>ticul>1 ! connotation be+ dropp$4 ,z ,qualis is appli$ to objects1 sometimes on acc\nt ( "o ?+ belong+ to !m1 sometimes on acc\nt ( ano!r1 ,qualitas comes 9 turn to be appli$ to e ?+ 9 !m1 requir+ at any "t a sep>ate notation4 ,qualitas1 :5 fir/ =m$ f ,qualis1 has ! =ce ( a relative1 & connotes ! ab/ract ( ,talis2 b 9 its frequ5t use1 9 m>k+ e ?+ 9 objects1 :i* requires sep>ate notation1 ?is connotation1 also1 comes to be dropp$2 & ,quality is f9ally us$ z an absolute t]m1 ! g5]ical "n ( e ?+ 9 objects1 = :i* a sep>ate notation is requir$4#ae ,editor's footnote #ae3 ,z 9 ! case ( ,quantity1 s 9 t ( ,quality1 x is ne$less to add any?+ to ! au?or's v suffici5t elucidation4 ,i m]ely make ! usual res]ves ) respect to ! use ( ! ^w ,connotation4 ,! concrete names :i* pr$icate qualities 7= ( ab/ract relative names ! au?or is n yet speak+7 are said by him to be ! names ( our s5sations2 gre51 = in/ance1 & r$4 ,b x is ! ab/ract names alone :i* are ?is3 ! names gre5ness1 & r$ness4 ,& ev5 ! ab/ract names signify some?+ m ?an only ! s5sations3 !y are names ( ! s5sations consid]$ z d]iv$ f an object :i* produces !m4 ,! concrete "n is a "n n ( ! s5sation1 b ( ! object1 ( :i* alone x is pr$icable3 we talk ( gre5 objects1 b n ( gre5 s5sations4 ,x h[ev] connotes ! quality gre5ness1 t is1 x connotes t p>ticul> s5sation z produc$ by1 or proce$+ f1 ! object2 z =m+ "o ( ! gr\p ( s5sations :i* con/itutes ! object4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b a diff]5ce1 ?\gh a v important "o1 9 t]m9ology4 ,x is /rictly true1 t ! real mean+ ( ! ^w is ! s5sations2 z1 9 all cases1 ! mean+ ( a connotative ^w resides 9 ! connotation 7! attributes signifi$ by x71 ?\gh x is ! "n (1 or is pr$icable (1 only ! objects :i* x d5otes4--,ed4 #fa ,,iii4 ,x 0 rem>k$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is inve/igation ( relative t]ms or names appli$ 9 pairs1 t we "n 9 pairs-- #a1 s+le s5sations or ideas2 #b1 ! clu/]s we call objects2 #c1 ! complex ideas we =m arbitr>ily = our own purposes4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! consid]ation ( ! two =m] cases1 we %all n f9d occasion to speak mu* at l5g? ^u ! la/4 ,! clu/]s1 =m$ by arbitr>y association1 receive names 9 pairs1 on two occasions2 ei!r1 #a4 ,:5 !y consi/ ( ! same or diff]5t simple ideas2 or1 #b4 ,:5 !y succe$ "o ano!r 9 a tra94 #a4 ,! ideas :i* we put toge!r arbitr>ily are sometimes less1 sometimes m1 complex1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are exce$+ly complex4 ,( ! less complicat$ k9ds1 are su* ideas z t ( ! unicorn1 :i* is a horse ) "o /raight horn gr[+ f ! middle ( its =ehead2 ! ,cyclops1 a gigantic man1 ) a s+le eye 9 ! middle ( 8 =ehead2 a m]maid1 ( :i* ! upp] "p is a woman1 ! l[] a fi%2 ! ,brobdignagian #fb & ,lilliputian ( ,swift1 :i* are m5 ( greatly r$uc$1 or greatly enl>g$ dim5sions4 ,( ! m complicat$ k9ds1 are su* ideas z ^? :i* are m>k$ by ! ^w ,sci5ce1 by ! ^w ,trade1 by ! ^w ,law1 by ! ^w ,religion1 by ! ^w ,fai?1 by ! words ,god & ,devil1 by ! ^w ,value1 by ! words ,virtue1 ,hon\r1 ,vice1 ,beauty1 ,de=mity1 ,space1 ,"t1 & s on4 ,language has n _m relative t]ms1 applicable to ideas ( ?is class4 ,we speak ( pairs ( !m z l or unlike1 same or diff]5t1 great] or less2 & except :5 _! ord] 9 "t is to be not$1 we h>dly apply to !m any o!r m>ks 9 pairs4 ,we say ! ,cyclops 9 ,hom]1 & ! ,brobdignagian ( ,swift1 are unlike4 ,we d s precisely 9 ! same way1 z we say1 ! rose & ! lily are unlike2 & ! explanation :i* we h giv5 ( t :i* is di/9ctively m>k$ by ^? t]ms1 :5 appli$ to objects1 is precisely applicable "h4 ,9 ! case ( objects1 t :i* is nam$1 is1 clu/]s ( ideas2#af 9 ! pres5t case1 t :i* is nam$1 is clu/]s ( ideas4 ,t "o clu/] has be5 =m$ 9 "o way1 ano!r 9 ano!r1 makes no diff]5ce 9 annex+ m>ks to ! clu/]s :5 !y are =m$4 ,editor's footnote #af3 ,say r1 9 ! case ( objects1 :at is nam$ is clu/]s ( s5sations1 supplem5t$ by possibilities ( s5sation4 ,if an object is b a clu/] ( ideas1 :at is !re to di/+ui% x f a m]e ?\ght8--,ed4 ,!re is z little difficulty 9 trac+ :at is m>k$ by ! relatives1 diff]5t1 & same1 :5 appli$ to ideas ( ?is class4 ,we say1 ! unicorn is diff]5t #fc f ! horse2 because1 to ! idea ( ! horse x adds t ( a horn gr[+ 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead4 ,9 ! case ( v complex ideas1 x is mu* m difficult to say1 ) precision1 :at are ! add$ & subtract$ ideas1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 we apply ! t]m1 diff]5t2 z :5 we say1 ! c\rage ( ,ajax 0 diff]5t f t ( ,a*illes2 b x is n ! less c]ta91 t x is :olly on acc\nt ( ideas add$ & subtract$1 t we s d5om9ate ! c\rage ( ! two m54 ,r m explanation is ne$$1 to %ew :at is peculi>ly m>k$ by ! relatives equal1 unequal1 great]1 less1 :5 appli$ to ! class ( arbitr>ily =m$ complex ideas4 ,we h already se51 t ^? t]ms are prim>ily appli$ to :at we call objects1 on acc\nt ( _! ext5sion2 objects are equal or unequal1 great] or less1 9 ext5sion4 ,we h also se51 t 9 m>k+ ! ext5sion ( diff]5t objects1 we are "u ! necessity ( tak+ "s kn[n object z a /&>d1 & by t object nam+ o!rs4 ,?us1 we take ! foot1 & say t o!r objects are two feet1 ?ree feet1 or ! half or qu>t] ( a foot1 & s on4 ,hav+ become famili> ) :at we call degrees ( ext5sion1 we are l$ to employ ! same mode ( notation1 :5 we come to m>k analog\s diff]5ces 9 o!r cases ( s5sation4 ,?us1 :5 we p]ceive ! weight ( diff]5t heavy bodies2 z ! t]ms equal1 unequal1 great]1 less1 are appli$ ) conv5i5ce to c]ta9 cases ( ext5sion1 x appe>s !y may be appli$ ) equal conv5i5ce1 & ev5 precision1 to cases ( weight4 ,all o!r s5sations1 #fd hav+ di/+ui%able diff]5ces1 may be m>k$ 9 ! same way3 ?us s\nds are m or less l\d1 & we speak ( equal1 or unequal1 less or great] l\dness ( s\nd2 less or great] sweetness 9 objects ( ! palate2 less or great] resi/ance2 less or great] pa92 less or great] pleasure4 ,:5 ! t]ms equal1 unequal1 less1 great]1 _h be5 appli$ to simple s5sations ( ! pleasurable k9d1 & _! ideas2 ! transf]5ce ( !m to complex ideas1 ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful k9d1 0 easy4 ,if ! less or great] sweetness ( ! rose & ! woodb9e1 0 a conv5i5t notation1 s 0 ! less or great] beauty ( ^? two fl[]s1 ! less or great] beauty ( two wom51 ! less or great] wisdom or folly1 vice or virtue1 ( two m54 ,x ?us appe>s1 t1 z we apply ! t]m unlike to our complex ideas1 on acc\nt ( ! addition & subtraction ( ideas ( diff]5t k9ds1 s we apply to !m ! t]m unequal1 on acc\nt ( ! addition & subtraction ( ideas ( ! same k9d4 ,l & equal we apply1 :5 we nei!r add1 nor subtract4#ag ,editor's footnote #ag3 ,9 ?is passage ! au?or has got z ne> z x is p]haps possible to get1 to an analysis ( ! ideas ( ,m & ,less4 ,we say !re is m ( some?+1 :51 to :at !re already 01 !re has be5 sup]add$ o!r matt] ( ! same k9d4 ,& :5 !re is no actual sup]add+1 b m]ely two indep5d5t masses ( ! same sub/ance1 we call t "o ! great] :i* produces ! same impression on our s5ses :i* ! o!r w\ld produce if an addition 7 made to x4 ,s ) diff]5ces ( int5sity4 ,"o sweet ta/e is call$ sweet] ?an ano!r because x resembles ! ta/e :i* w\ld be produc$ by add+ m sug>3 & s =?4 ,9 all ^! cases !re is presuppos$ an orig9al diff]5ce 9 ! s5sations produc$ 9 u by ! great] mass & by ! small]3 b accord+ to ! explanation n[ (f]$1 ! idea :i* guides ! application ( ! t]ms is t ( physical juxtaposition4--,ed4 #fe #b4 ,we apply ! same relative t]ms to successive ideas ( ?is class1 :i* we apply to simple ideas1 or ! clu/]s call$ objects1 :5 successive4 ,we call !m antec$5t & consequ5t1 or names equival5t2 z prior1 po/]ior2 fir/1 second2 or ev5 successive1 :i* is a "n includ+ bo? antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,9 speak+ ( ! relative t]ms appli$ to objects z successive1 we _h occasion to expla9 ! two important t]ms1 ,cause & ,effect4 ,we f\nd t ,cause & ,effect1 7 only o!r names = antec$5t & consequ5t1 9 a c]ta9 set ( cases4 ,we d n use ! t]ms1 ,cause & ,effect1 z synonym\s ) antec$5t & consequ5t1 9 ^? cases 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! objects may be antec$5t & consequ5t to our p]ception1 we "k n :e!r !y are p>ts ( ! same s]ies1 or p>ts ( two diff]5t s]ies4 ,)9 ! sph]e ( our obs]vation1 innum]able s]ies ( ev5ts are go+ on2 & we are obs]v+1 fir/ a "p ( "o s]ies1 & !n a "p ( ano!r1 cont9ually4 ,x is ?us con/antly happ5+1 t ^? ?+s1 :i* are imm$iately antec$5t & consequ5t to our obs]vation1 are n p>ts ( ! same s]ies1 b p>ts ( diff]5t s]ies2 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ^? antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 !re is no con/ancy2 !y are accid5tal1 z ! c\rse ( ea* man's att5tion4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by _m famili> in/ances4 ,!re may be #ff imm$iately be=e me1 a man play+ on ! viol91 "o s]ies2 ano!r man fil+ a saw1 a second s]ies4 ,my att5tion may pass imm$iately f ! sight ( ! man play+ on ! viol91 to ! s\nd produc$ by ! fil+ ( ! saw4 ,play+ on ! viol91 & ! disagreeable s\nd ( ! file on ! saw1 are ?us antec$5t & consequ5t to my att5tion4 ,b1 z we recognise su* antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 z p>ts ( diff]5t s]ies ( ev5ts1 we d n call !m cause & effect4 ,!re are two cases ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 ev5 :5 !y are p>ts ( ! same s]ies4 ,!y may be proximate2 or !y may be remote2 t is1 p>ts ( ! s]ies1 m or few]1 may come betwe5 !m4 ,x is only to ! case ( ! proximate p>ts ( ! same s]ies1 t ! relatives1 cause & effect1 are prop]ly & /rictly appli$4 ,:5 ! s]ies1 h[ev]1 is ! same1 ! int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 any two remote p>ts are con/ant4 ,suppose a s]ies1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2 z ,b is ! imm$iate consequ5t ( ,a1 ,c ! imm$iate consequ5t ( ,b1 & ,d ! imm$iate consequ5t ( ,c2 :5 ,i "k ,a & ,d z antec$5t & consequ5t1 )\t kn[+ ! int]m$iate p>ts ,b1 & ,c1 !re is little inaccuracy 9 nam+ ,a & ,d cause & effect2 because ,b & ,c are surely int]m$iate1 & ! succession ( ,a & ,d1 ?\gh n imm$iate1 is con/ant4 ,we accord+ly d "n cause & effect p>ts ( a s]ies ?us remov$ f "o ano!r1 9 all ^? cases 9 :i* ! int]m$iate p>ts are ei!r unkn[n to u1 or habitually ov]look$4 ,! t]ms ,cause & ,effect1 ?us appli$ to ,objects z antec$5t & consequ5t1 are appli$ also to #fg ,?\ghts z antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,?us we say1 t ,evid5ce is ! cause ( ,belief2 ,villany is ! cause ( ,indignation1 & s on4 ,( objects1 antec$5t & consequ5t1 we h obs]v$1 t innum]able s]ies are exi/+ at ! same "t2 a sep>ate s]ies1 ( vegetation1 = example1 9 e plant1 ( animalization 9 e animal1 ( composition & decomposition 9 objects )\t numb]4 ,9 ! m9d1 h[ev]1 !re is b "o tra91 n v>i\s tra9s at ! same "t2 & !re=e1 accord+ to ! s5se above appli$ to ! t]ms ,cause & ,effect1 ea* ?\ght 9 a tra9 is ! cause ( t :i* foll[s x1 & ea* succe$+ ?\ght is ! effect ( t :i* prec$es x4 ,b if ?\ghts are reciprocally ,cause & ,effect2 t is to say1 if1 9 tra9s ( ?\ght1 ! same antec$5t is regul>ly foll[$ by ! same consequ5t1 h[ happ5s x t all tra9s ( ?\ght are n ! same8 ,= if ! ideas ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 con/antly foll[ "o ano!r1 e m9d into :i* ,a may ent]1 goes on ) ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 & h5ce all su* m9ds %\ld consi/ ( ! same tra9s1 t is1 %\ld be ! same4 ,suppos+ ! succession ( two ?\ghts to h t con/ancy to :i* we apply ! t]ms cause & effect1 tra9s w\ld /ill h t v>iety :i* we exp]i5ce4 ,our tra9s consi/ ( two di/+ui%able +r$i5ts2 s5sations & ideas4 ,s5sations dep5d ^u ! innum]able s]ies ( objects4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 liable to all t v>iety :i* att5ds ! p]ception ( ^? objects4 ,a p]petual v>iety 9 s5sations produces a p]petual v>iety 9 ! ?\ghts :i* are consequ5t ^u !m4 ,! #fh v>iety ( s5sation1 is ev5 mu* great] ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,! mo/ active ( all our s5sations is ! sight4 ,b 9 mo/ objects ( sight !re are num]\s p>ts4 ,"s ( ^! are m se51 "s are less se52 "s n se5 at all4 ,( ^!1 ! p>ts t are m se5 by "o man1 are less se5 by ano!r2 :5ce x is probable1 t f an object ( any complexity no two m5 ev] receive precisely ! same s5sations4 ,!re is a /rik+ exemplification ( ?is1 9 ! fact1 s con/antly obs]v$1 ( ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* diff]5t m5 are affect$ by ! comp>ison ( two c\nt5ances4 ,to "o man !re appe>s a /rong lik5ess1 :]e ano!r man _c discov] any4 ,( ! m9ute p>ticul>s1 on :i* ! lik5ess dep5ds1 none1 or an insuffici5t numb]1 is embrac$ by ! vision ( ! "o1 :ile ! contr>y is ! case ) t ( ! o!r4 ,! v>iety 9 ! s5sations1 :i* mix 9 ! tra9s ( m51 is "o gr& cause ( ! v>iety 9 ! ideas1 :i* make up or complete ^? tra9s4 ,! v>iety 9 ! ord] ( ^? s5sations is ano!r cause4 ,we h se5 t ideas foll[ "o ano!r1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! s5sations h foll[$4 ,?us1 a man may be a k9d fa!r to 8 *ild4 ,! sight ( him to ! *ild is habitually accompani$ ) agreeable s5sations4 ,! same man may be a sev]e ma/] to 8 slaves4 ,! sight ( him to ! slaves is habitually accompani$ ) pa9ful s5sations4 ,a correspond+ diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! case ( ! ideas4 ,:5 8 image pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( ! *ild1 x is foll[$ by a tra9 ( pleasurable ideas1 correspond+ to ! #fi pleasurable s5sations :i* ! *ild has habitually enjoy$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,:5 8 image rises to ! m9d ( ! slave1 x is foll[$1 f ! contr>y cause1 by ideas ( ! contr>y description4#ah ,editor's footnote #ah3 ,! au?or may seem to be anticipat+ a difficulty :i* few w feel1 :5 he asks h[ x happ5s t all tra9s ( ?\ght are n ! same4 ,b :at he is enquir+ into is n :y ?is happ5s1 b h[ its happ5+ is consi/5t ) ! doctr9e he has j laid d[n4 ,he is gu>d+ aga9/ a possible objection to 8 proposition1 t ! succession ( two ?\ghts has t con/ancy to :i* we apply ! t]ms ,cause & ,effect4 ,if 7he says7 x is by direct causation t an idea raises up ano!r idea ) :i* x is associat$2 & if x be ! nature & ! v mean+ ( a cause1 to be inv>iably foll[$ by its effect2 h[ is x1 he asks1 t any two m9ds1 :i* h once _h ! same idea1 d n co9cide 9 _! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory8 ,& h[ is x t ! same m9d1 :5 x gets back to an idea x has _h be=e1 does n g on revolv+ 9 an et]nal r\nd8 ,( ?is difficulty he gives a solution1 good z f> z x goes--t x is because ! tra9 ( ideas is int]rupt$ by s5sations1 :i* are n ! same 9 diff]5t m9ds1 nor 9 ! same m9d at e repetition1 & :i* ev5 :5 !y are ! same1 are connect$ 9 diff]5t m9ds ) diff]5t associations4 ,?is is true1 b is n ! :ole tru?1 & a /ill m complete explanation ( ! difficulty might h be5 giv54 ,! au?or has ov]look$ a "p ( ! laws ( association1 ( :i* he 0 p]fectly aw>e1 b to :i* he does n seem to h be5 always suffici5tly alive4 ,! fir/ po9t ov]look$ is1 t "o idea seldom1 p]haps nev]1 entirely fills & engrosses ! m9d4 ,we h almo/ always a consid]able numb] ( ideas 9 ! m9d at once2 & x mu/ be a v r>e occurr5ce = any two p]sons1 or = ! same p]son twice ov]1 to h exactly ! same collection ( ideas pres5t1 ea* 9 ! same relative int5sity4 ,= ?is reason1 7 !re no o!r1 ! ideas :i* ! m5tal /ate excites by association are almo/ always m or less diff]5t4 ,a second po9t ov]look$ is1 t e s5sation or idea is f> f recall+1 :5ev] x occurs1 all ! ideas ) :i* x is associat$4 ,x nev] recalls m ?an a portion ( !m1 & a portion diff]5t at diff]5t times4 ,! au?or has n1 9 any "p ( ! ,analysis1 laid d[n any law t det]m9es :i* among ! _m ideas associat$ ) an idea or s5sation1 %all be actually call$ up by x 9 a giv5 case4 ,! selection :i* x makes among !m dep5ds on ! tru? already /at$1 t we seldom or nev] h only "o idea at a "t4 ,:5 we h sev]al toge!r1 !y all ex]cise _! sugge/+ p[]1 & ea* ( !m aids1 imp$es1 or modifies ! sugge/+ p[] ( ! o!rs4 ,?is important case ( ,association has be5 treat$ 9 a ma/]ly mann] by ,mr4 ,ba91 bo? 9 8 l>g] treatise & 9 8 ,comp5dium1 "u ! "n ( ,comp\nd ,association1 & he lays d[n ! foll[+ z its mo/ g5]al law4 ,pa/ actions1 s5sations1 ?\ghts1 or emotions1 are recall$ m easily :5 associat$ ei!r ?r\gh contiguity or simil>ity1 ) m ?an "o pres5t object or impression4 7,comp5dium ( ,psy*ology & ,e?ics1 p4 #aea47 ,x foll[s t :5 we h sev]al ideas 9 our m9d1 none ( :i* is able to call up all ! ideas associat$ ) x1 ^? ideas w usually h ! pref]5ce :i* are associat$ ) m ?an "o ( ! ideas already pres5t4 ,an idea ,a1 coexi/+ 9 ! m9d ) an idea ,b1 w n select ! same idea f among ^? associat$ ) x1 t x w\ld x x occurr$ alone or ) a diff]5t accompanim5t4 ,if !re be any "o ( ! ideas associat$ ) ,a :i* is also associat$ ) ,b1 ?is w probably be "o ( ^? call$ up by _! jo9t action4 ,if !re be any idea associat$ ) ,a :i* n only is n associat$ ) ,b1 b ^: negation is associat$ ) ,b1 ?is idea w probably be prev5t$ f aris+4 ,if !re are any s5sations :i* h usually be5 pres5t$ 9 conjunction1 n ) ,a alone or ) ,b alone1 b ) ! comb9ation ,a ,b1 /ill m likely is x t ! ideas ( ^! w be recall$ :5 ,a & ,b are ?\ght ( toge!r1 ev5 ?\gh ,a or ,b by !mselves might 9 pref]5ce h recall$ "s o!r4 ,^! consid]ations w be f\nd ( prim>y importance 9 expla9+ & acc\nt+ = ! c\rse ( human ?\ght4 ,!y enable u1 = example1 to und]/& :at x is t keeps a tra9 ( ?\ght coh]5t1 i4e4 t ma9ta9s x ( a giv5 quality1 or directs x to a giv5 purpose4 ,! ideas :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! m9d ( a p]son :o is writ+ a treatise on "s subject1 or /riv+ to p]suade or conciliate a tribunal or a delib]ative assembly1 are sugge/$ "o by ano!r accord+ to ! g5]al laws ( association4 ,yet ! ideas recall$ are n ^? :i* w\ld be call$ up on any common occasion by ! same antec$5ts1 b are ^? only :i* connect !mselves 9 ! writ]'s or speak]'s m9d ) ! end :i* he is aim+ at4 ,! reason is1 t ! v>i\s ideas ( ! tra9 are n solit>y 9 8 m9d1 b !re coexi/s ) all ( !m 79 a great] or less degree ( con/ancy accord+ to ! quality ( ! m9d7 ! highly int]e/+ idea ( ! end 9 view3 & ! pres5ce ( ?is idea causes ea* ( ! ideas :i* pass ?r\gh 8 m9d :ile s engag$1 to sugge/ su* ( ! ideas associat$ ) !m z are also associat$ ) ! idea ( ! end1 & n to sugge/ ^? :i* h no association ) x4 ,! ideas all foll[ "o ano!r 9 an associat$ tra91 ea* call+ up by association ! "o :i* imm$iately foll[s x2 b ! p]petual pres5ce or cont9ual recurr5ce ( ! idea ( ! end1 det]m9es1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 :i* ( ! ideas associat$ ) ea* l9k ( ! *a9 %all be ar\s$ & =m ! next l9k4 ,:5 we come to ! au?or's analysis ( ! p[] ( ! ,w ov] our ideas1 we %all f9d him tak+ exactly ?is view ( x4 ,conc]n+ ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( _m ideas 9 ! m9d1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y modify ea* o!r's ex]cise ( ! sugge/+ p[]1 !re is an able & in/ructive passage 9 ,c>daillac's ,etudes ,elm5taires de ,philosophie1 :i* has be5 translat$ & quot$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton 9 8 ,lectures1 & :i*1 be+ highly illu/rative ( ! prec$+ rem>ks1 ,i ?9k x useful to subjo94 ,among psy*ologi/s1 ^? :o h writt5 on ,memory & ,reproduction ) ! greate/ detail & precision1 h /ill fail$ 9 giv+ m ?an a meagre outl9e ( ^! op]ations4 ,!y h tak5 acc\nt only ( ! notions :i* sugge/ ea* o!r ) a di/9ct & palpable notoriety4 ,!y h view$ ! associations only 9 ! ord] 9 :i* language is compet5t to express !m2 & z language1 :i* r5d]s !m /ill m palpable & di/9ct1 c only express !m 9 a consecutive ord]1 c only express !m "o aft] ano!r1 !y h be5 l$ to suppose t ?\ghts only awak5 9 succession4 ,?us1 a s]ies ( ideas mutually associat$1 resembles1 on ! doctr9e ( philosoph]s1 a *a9 9 :i* e l9k draws up t :i* foll[s2 & x is by means ( ^! l9ks t intellig5ce lab\rs ?r\gh1 9 ! act ( rem9isc5ce1 to ! end :i* x proposes to atta94 ,!re are "s1 inde$1 among !m1 :o are ready to ackn[l$ge1 t e actual circum/ance is associat$ to sev]al fundam5tal notions1 & consequ5tly to sev]al *a9s1 betwe5 :i* ! m9d may *oose2 !y admit ev5 t e l9k is atta*$ to sev]al o!rs1 s t ! :ole =ms a k9d ( trellis1--a k9d ( network1 :i* ! m9d may trav]se 9 e direction1 b /ill always 9 a s+le direction at once1--always 9 a succession simil> to t ( spee*4 ,?is mann] ( expla9+ rem9isc5ce is f\nd$ solely on ?is1--t1 cont5t to h obs]v$ all t is di/9ctly manife/ 9 ! ph5om5on1 !y h paid no att5tion to ! "u-play ( ! latesc5t activities1--paid no att5tion to all t cu/om conceals1 & conceals ! m effectually 9 proportion z x is m completely bl5d$ ) ! natural ag5cies ( m9d4 ,?us _! !ory1 true 9 itself1 & sett+ out f a well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 ! ,association ( ,ideas1 expla9s 9 a satisfactory mann] a portion ( ! ph5om5a ( ,rem9isc5ce2 b x is incomplete1 = x is unable to acc\nt = ! prompt1 easy1 & v>i$ op]ations ( ?is faculty1 or = all ! m>vels x p]=ms4 ,on ! doctr9e ( ! philosoph]s1 we c expla9 h[ a s*ol> repeats1 )\t hesitation1 a lesson he has le>n$1 = all ! words are associat$ 9 8 m9d accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* he has /udi$ !m2 h[ he demon/rates a geometrical !orem1 ! p>ts ( :i* are connect$ toge!r 9 ! same mann]3 ^! & simil> rem9isc5ces ( simple successions pres5t no difficulties :i* ! common doctr9e _c resolve4 ,b x is impossible1 on ?is doctr9e1 to expla9 ! rapid & c]ta9 movem5t ( ?\ght1 :i*1 ) a m>vell\s facility1 passes f "o ord] ( subjects to ano!r1 only to return aga9 to ! fir/2 :i* advances1 retrogrades1 deviates1 & rev]ts1 sometimes m>k+ all ! po9ts on its r\te1 aga9 cle>+1 z if 9 play1 imm5se int]vals2 :i* runs ov]1 n[ 9 a manife/ ord]1 n[ 9 a seem+ irregul>ity1 all ! notions relative to an object1 (t5 relative to sev]al1 betwe5 :i* no connection c\ld be suspect$2 & ?is )\t hesitation1 )\t unc]ta9ty1 )\t error1 z ! h& ( a skilful musician expatiates ov] ! keys ( ! mo/ complex organ4 ,all ?is is inexplicable on ! meagre & contract$ !ory on :i* ! ph5om5a ( reproduction h be5 ?\ght expla9$4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,to =m a correct notion ( ! ph5om5a ( ,rem9isc5ce1 x is requisite t we consid] "u :at conditions x is det]m9$ to ex]tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is to be not$ t1 at e crisis ( our exi/5ce1 mom5t>y circum/ances are ! causes :i* awak5 our activity1 & set our recollection at "w to supply ! necess>ies ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! second place1 x is z con/itut+ a want1 7& by want ,i mean ! result ei!r ( an act ( desire or ( volition7 t ! det]m9+ circum/ance t5ds pr9cipally to awak5 ! ?\ghts ) :i* x is associat$4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we %\ld expect1 t ea* circum/ance :i* con/itutes a want1 %\ld sugge/1 likewise1 ! notion ( ! object1 or objects1 prop] to satisfy x2 & ?is is :at actually happ5s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fur!r to be obs]v$1 t x is n en\gh t ! want sugge/s ! idea ( ! object2 = if t idea 7 alone1 x w\ld rema9 )\t effect1 s9ce x c\ld n guide me 9 ! proc$ure ,i %\ld foll[4 ,x is necess>y1 at ! same "t1 t to ! idea ( ?is object !re %\ld be associat$ ! notion ( ! relation ( ?is object to ! want1 ( ! place :]e ,i may f9d x1 ( ! means by :i* ,i may procure x1 & turn x to acc\nt1 c4 ,= in/ance1 ,i wi% to make a quotation3--,?is want awak5s 9 me ! idea ( ! au?or 9 :om ! passage is to be f\nd :i* ,i am desir\s ( cit+2 b ?is idea w\ld be fruitless1 unless !re 7 conjo9$1 at ! same "t1 ! repres5tation ( ! volume1 ( ! place :]e ,i may obta9 x1 ( ! means ,i mu/ employ1 c4 ,h5ce ,i inf]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t a want does n awak5 an idea ( its object alone1 b t x awak5s x accompani$ ) a numb]1 m or less consid]able1 ( accessory notions1 :i* =m1 z x 71 its tra9 or att5dance4 ,?is tra9 may v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! want :i* sugge/s ! notion ( an object2 b ! tra9 c nev] fall :olly (f1 & x becomes m indissolubly atta*$ to ! object1 9 proportion z x has be5 m frequ5tly call$ up 9 att5dance4 ,i inf]1 9 ! second place1 t ?is accompanim5t ( accessory notions1 simultane\sly sugge/$ ) ! pr9cipal idea1 is f> f be+ z vividly & di/9ctly repres5t$ 9 consci\sness z t idea itself2 & :5 ^! accessories h once be5 completely bl5d$ ) ! habits ( ! m9d1 & its reproductive ag5cy1 !y at l5g? f9ally disappe>1 becom+ fus$1 z x 71 9 ! consci\sness ( ! idea to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,exp]i5ce proves ?is d\ble effect ( ! habits ( rem9isc5ce4 ,if we obs]ve our op]ations relative to ! gratification ( a want1 we %all p]ceive t we are f> f hav+ a cle> consci\sness ( ! accessory notions2 ! consci\sness ( !m is1 z x 71 obscur$1 & yet we _c d\bt t !y are pres5t to ! m9d1 = x is !y t direct our proc$ure 9 all its details4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 admit t ! ?\ght ( an object imm$iately sugge/$ by a desire1 is always accompani$ by an escort m or less num]\s ( accessory ?\ghts1 equally pres5t to ! m9d1 ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 unkn[n 9 !mselves to consci\sness2 t ^! accessories are n )\t _! influ5ce 9 guid+ ! op]ations elicit$ by ! pr9cipal notion2 & x may ev5 be add$ t !y are s mu* ! m calculat$ to ex]t an effect 9 ! conduct ( our proc$ure1 9 proportion z1 hav+ become m "p & p>cel ( our habits ( reproduction1 ! influ5ces !y ex]t are fur!r )drawn1 9 ord9>y1 f ! k5 ( consci\sness4 4 4 4 ,! same ?+ may be illu/rat$ by :at happ5s to u 9 ! case ( read+4 ,orig9ally ea* ^w1 ea* lett]1 0 a sep>ate object ( consci\sness4 ,at l5g?1 ! k ( lett]s & words & l9es be+1 z x 71 fus$ into our habits1 we no long] h any di/9ct consci\sness ( !m1 z sev]ally concurr+ to ! result1 ( :i* alone we are consci\s4 ,b t ea* ^w & lett] has its effect1--an effect :i* c at any mom5t become an object ( consci\sness1--is %ewn by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,if we look ov] a book = ! occurr5ce ( a p>ticul> "n or ^w1 we glance our eye ov] a page f top to bottom1 & asc]ta91 almo/ 9 a mom5t1 t x is or is n to be f\nd !re94 ,"h ! m9d is h>dly consci\s ( a s+le ^w1 b t ( :i* x is 9 que/2 b yet x is evid5t1 t ea* o!r ^w & lett] mu/ h produc$ an obscure effect1 :i* effect ! m9d 0 ready to discrim9ate & /r5g!n1 s z to call x into cle> consci\sness1 :5ev] ! effect 0 f\nd to be t :i* ! lett]s ( ! ^w s\ght = c\ld det]m9e4 ,b if ! m9d be n unaffect$ by ! multitude ( lett]s & words :i* x surveys1 if x be able to asc]ta9 :e!r ! comb9ation ( lett]s con/itut+ ! ^w x seeks1 be or be n actually among !m1 & all ?is )\t any di/9ct consci\sness ( all x tries & f9ds defective2 :y may we n suppose1--:y are we n b\nd to suppose1 t ! m9d may1 9 l mann]1 ov]look its book ( memory1 & se>* among its magaz9es ( latesc5t cognitions = ! notions ( :i* x is 9 want1 awak5+ ^! into consci\sness1 & all[+ ! o!rs to rema9 9 _! obscurity8 ,a m att5tive consid]ation ( ! subject w %[1 t we h n yet div9$ ! faculty ( ,rem9isc5ce 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,let u make a s+le reflection4 ,cont9ually /ruck by relations ( e k9d1 cont9ually assail$ by a cr[d ( p]ceptions & s5sations ( e v>iety1 &1 at ! same "t1 occupi$ by a complem5t ( ?\ghts2 we exp]i5ce at once1 & we are m or less di/9ctly consci\s (1 a consid]able numb] ( wants1--wants1 sometimes real1 sometimes factiti\s or imag9>y1--ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 all /amp$ ) ! same *>act]s1 & all /imulat+ u to act ) m or less en]gy4 ,& z we *oose among ! diff]5t wants :i* we w\ld satisfy1 z well z among ! diff]5t means ( satisfy+ t want :i* we det]m9e to pref]2 & z ! motives ( ?is pref]5ce are tak5 ei!r f among ! pr9cipal ideas relative to ea* ( ^! sev]al wants1 or f among ! accessory ideas :i* habit has e/abli%$ into _! necess>y escorts2--9 all ^! cases x is requisite1 t all ! circum/ances %\ld at once1 & f ! mom5t !y h tak5 ! "* ( wants1 produce an effect1 correspond5t to t :i*1 we h se51 is caus$ by ea* 9 p>ticul>4 ,h5ce we are compell$ to conclude1 t ! complem5t ( ! circum/ances by :i* we are ?us affect$1 has ! effect ( r5d]+ always pres5t to u1 & consequ5tly ( plac+ at our disposal1 an imm5se numb] ( ?\ghts2 "s ( :i* c]ta9ly are di/9ctly recognis$1 be+ accompani$ by a vivid consci\sness1 b ! great] numb] ( :i*1 al?\gh rema9+ lat5t1 are n ! less effective 9 cont9ually ex]cis+ _! peculi> influ5ce on our modes ( judg+ & act+4 ,we might say1 t ea* ( ^! mom5t>y circum/ances is a k9d ( electric %ock :i* is communicat$ to a c]ta9 portion1 to a c]ta9 limit$ sph]e1 ( intellig5ce2 & ! sum ( all ^! circum/ances is equal to s _m %ocks :i*1 giv5 at once at s _m diff]5t po9ts1 produce a g5]al agitation4 ,we may =m "s rude conception ( ?is ph5om5on by an analogy4 ,we may comp>e x1 9 ! =m] case1 to ^? conc5tric circles :i* are pres5t$ to our obs]vation on a smoo? %eet ( wat]1 :5 its surface is agitat$ by ?r[+ 9 a pebble2 &1 9 ! latt] case1 to ! same surface :5 agitat$ by a numb] ( pebbles ?r[n simultane\sly at diff]5t po9ts4 ,to obta9 a cle>] notion ( ?is ph5om5on1 ,i may add "s obs]vations on ! relation ( our ?\ghts among !mselves1 & ) ! det]m9+ circum/ances ( ! mom5t4 #a4 ,among ! ?\ghts1 notions1 or ideas :i* belong to ! diff]5t gr\ps atta*$ to ! pr9cipal repres5tations simultane\sly awak5$1 !re are "s reciprocally connect$ by relations prop] to !mselves2 s t1 9 ?is :ole complem5t ( coexi/5t activities1 ^! t5d to excite ea* o!r to high] vig\r1 & consequ5tly to obta9 = !mselves a k9d ( pre-em95ce 9 ! gr\p or p>ticul> circle ( activity to :i* !y belong4 #b4 ,!re are ?\ghts associat$1 :e!r z pr9cipals or accessories1 to a great] numb] ( det]m9+ circum/ances1 or to circum/ances :i* recur m frequ5tly4 ,h5ce !y pres5t !mselves (t5] ?an ! o!rs1 !y ent] m completely into our habits1 & take1 9 a m absolute mann]1 ! "* ( cu/om>y or habitual notions4 ,x h5ce results1 t !y are less obtrusive1 ?\gh m en]getic1 9 _! influ5ce1 enact+1 z !y d1 a pr9cipal "p 9 almo/ all our delib]ations2 & ex]cis+ a /rong] influ5ce on our det]m9ations4 #c4 ,among ?is great cr[d ( ?\ghts1 simultane\sly excit$1 ^? :i* are connect$ ) circum/ances :i* m vividly affect u1 assume n only ! asc5dant ov] o!rs ( ! same description ) !mselves1 b likewise pr$om9ate ov] all ^? :i* are dep5d5t on circum/ances ( a feebl] det]m9+ influ5ce4 ,f ^! ?ree consid]ations we ought1 !re=e1 to inf]1 t ! ?\ghts connect$ ) circum/ances on :i* our att5tion is m specially conc5trat$1 are ^? :i* prevail ov] ! o!rs2 = ! effect ( att5tion is to r5d] dom9ant & exclusive ! object on :i* x is direct$1 & dur+ ! mom5t ( att5tion x is ! circum/ance to :i* we att5d t necess>ily obta9s ! asc5dant4 ,?us1 if we appreciate correctly ! ph5om5a ( ,reproduction or ,rem9isc5ce1 we %all recognise1 z an inconte/able fact1 t our ?\ghts sugge/ ea* o!r n "o by "o successively1 z ! ord] to :i* language is a/rict$ might lead u to inf]2 b t ! complem5t ( circum/ances "u :i* we at e mom5t exi/1 awak5s simultane\sly a great numb] ( ?\ghts2 ^! x calls into ! pres5ce ( ! m9d1 ei!r to place !m at our disposal1 if we f9d x requisite to employ !m1 or to make !m co-op]ate 9 our delib]ations by giv+ !m1 accord+ to _! nature & our habits1 an influ5ce1 m or less active1 on our judgm5ts & consequ5t acts4 ,x is also to be obs]v$1 t 9 ?is great cr[d ( ?\ghts always pres5t to ! m9d1 !re is only a small numb] ( :i* we are di/9ctly consci\s3 & t 9 ?is small numb] we ought to di/+ui% ^? :i*1 be+ clo!d 9 language1 oral or m5tal1 become ! objects ( a m fix$ att5tion2 ^? :i* hold a clos] relation to circum/ances m impressive ?an o!rs2 or :i* receive a pr$om9ant "* by ! m vigor\s att5tion we be/[ on !m4 ,z to ! o!rs1 al?\gh n ! objects ( cle> consci\sness1 !y are nev]!less pres5t to ! m9d1 !re to p]=m a v important "p z motive pr9ciples ( det]m9ation2 & ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]t 9 ?is capacity is ev5 ! m p[]ful 9 proportion z x is less app>5t1 be+ m disguis$ by habit4 7,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,lectures on ,metaphysics1 vol4 ii4 ,lecture xxxii47--,ed4 #gj ,?is1 !n1 is all :i* seems necess>y to be said respect+ ! occasions on :i* we apply ,relative #ga ,t]ms1 & to %[ :at x is :i* !y di/9ctively m>k1 9 ! tra9s ( our s5sations & ideas4 #gb ,,ab/ract ,,relative ,,t]ms4 ,f ! ,concrete relative t]ms1 ,ab/ract t]ms are =m$1 9 ! same mann] z ,ab/ract t]ms are #gc 99=m$ f o!r ,concrete t]ms4 ,?us f equal1 we h equally2 f unequal1 unequally2 f #gd l1 lik5ess2 f unlike1 unlik5ess2 f fri5d1 fri5d%ip2 & s on4 #ge ,aft] :at has be5 said ab\t ab/ract t]ms 9 g5]al1 x w n be v difficult to m>k :at is #gf peculi> 9 ! nature ( ?is species ( !m4 ,we h se5 t concrete1 are connotative1 t]ms2 & #gg t _! correspond+ ab/racts h ! same mean+ ) ! concretes1 t :i* is connot$ #gh be+ left out4 ,:ite1 = example1 has a notation1 & a connotation4 ,x notes a quality1 & x connotes #gi some?+ else1 t :i* is :ite4 ,! ab/ract :it5ess m>ks :at is not$ by ! concrete1 b n :at is connot$4 ,we are n[ to see1 9 :at mann] ?is applies to relative t]ms4 ,i call two ?+s l3 two s5sations1 = example2 let u say1 s5sations ( r$4 ,i call s5sation ,a1 l s5sation ,b2 &1 ( c\rse1 s5sation ,b1 l s5sation ,a4 ,x is "h m easy to obs]ve di/9ctly :at is connot$1 ?an :at is not$4 ,:at is connot$ are ! two s5sations4 ,!y are cle> & simple4 ,:at is not$ is :at we call _! lik5ess4 ,:at is t8 ,we h rem>k$1 t1 9 hav+ two s5sations1 ! di/+ui%+ !m "o #hj f ano!r is includ$2 x is "p ( ! comp\nd process3 ,& t 9 hav+ two s5sations--r$1 r$1 & two s5sations r$1 gre51 ! di/+ui%+ ! succession r$1 r$1 f ! succession r$1 gre51 is includ$2 x be+ "p ( ! process1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 ?is case comp\nd1 & on t acc\nt obscure1 is n ! less :olly s5sation4 ,9 ! process ( s5sation1 !n1 t "p :i* consi/s 9 di/+ui%+ "o z "o1 ano!r z ano!r1 & 9 di/+ui%+ "o succession f ano!r2 r$1 r$1 = example1 f r$1 gre51--is ! "p :i* is not$ by ! words l & unlike4 ,! ?+ not$ is n a di/9ct s5sation1 x is "p ( a process ( s5sation1 & a "p :i*1 be+ nev] exp]i5c$ sep>ate by itself1 x is v difficult to make a di/9ct subject ( att5tion4 ,ev5 t "p ( ! process :i* consi/s 9 di/+ui%+1 is to be di/+ui%$ into two p>ts4 ,!re is t "p :i* consi/s 9 di/+ui%+ ! s5sations f "o ano!r1 z "o1 & "o2 & !re is t "p :i* consi/s 9 di/+ui%+ ! two1 r$1 & r$1 f ! two1 r$1 & gre54 ,x is ?is latt] "p :i* is not$ by ! t]ms l & unlike4 ,:at is connot$ is all ! re/ ( ! process4 ,:51 !re=e1 we make ab/racts1 f ! t]ms l & unlike2 t is1 cut (f ! connotative "p ( _! mean+1 reta9+ ! notative only2 x is ! "p ( ! process :i* consi/s 9 di/+ui%+1 n "o & "o1 b two & two1 :i* ! t]ms di/9ctively m>k4 ,we h also se51 & rem>k$1 t hav+ two s5sations1 "o aft] ano!r1 & kn[+ !m to be fir/ "o & !n ano!r1 is a process ( s5sation & association4 ,! pair ( relatives1 prior & #ha po/]ior1 or antec$5t & consequ5t1 tak5 toge!r1 names ! :ole ( ! process2 ea* pair is 9 reality a comp\nd "n ( a complex idea1 t ( a c]ta9 process1 ! process ( hav+ two ideas 9 succession1 9 :i* process ! be+ s5sible ( ! successiv5ess is "p4 ,by all concrete relatives1 some?+ is not$1 some?+ connot$4 ,9 ! process :i* is m>k$ by ! relatives prior & po/]ior1 "p is not$1 "p connot$2 & ! "p :i* is not$1 is ! "p :i* x is difficult to make a sep>ate object ( att5tion1--! "p :i* consi/s 9 be+ s5sible ( ! successiv5ess1 = :i* we h n a "n4 ,by its notation & connotation1 tak5 toge!r1 ea* ( ! t]ms1 prior1 & po/]ior1 is a "n ( some?+1 & t some?+ is v di/9ct2 prior is a "n ( ! fir/ s5sation & some?+ else2 po/]ior is a "n ( ! second s5sation1 & some?+ else4 ,x is by connotation1 h[ev]1 t ea* is ! "n ( its respective s5sation4 ,_! notative p[] relates to ! some?+ else1 & n to ! :ole ( t2 because prior & po/]ior1 beside connot+1 ea* its own s5sation1 connote "o ano!r4 ,! notation & connotation1 !re=e1 are divid$ betwe5 !m1 9 a mann] :i* r5d]s x difficult to %ew :at belongs to ea*4 ,we h n names adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,! ^w prior notes some?+1 & connotes some?+4 ,:5 we make f x ! ab/ract t]m priority2 :at 0 connot$ by ! concrete1 prior1 is dropp$2 :at 0 not$ by x is reta9$4 ,9 ! succession ( ideas ,a1 & ,b1 priority is n ! "n ( ,a1 x is ! "n ( t "p ( ! comp\nd process1 :i* consi/s 9 kn[+ ,a1 z ! #hb fir/ ( ! two2 po/]iority is n ! "n ( ,b1 b ( t "p ( ! comp\nd process1 :i* consi/s 9 kn[+ ,b1 z ! la/ ( ! two4 ,!re is a peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 9 ! ab/ract t]ms =m$ f ! relative concrete t]ms4 ,^! ab/ract t]ms are n1 z :it5ess1 h>dness1 :olly void ( connotation4 ,!y h a connotation ( _! own4 ,! ab/ract ( "o relative ( a pair1 always connotes ! ab/ract ( ! o!r2 ?us1 priority always connotes po/]iority1 & po/]iority priority4 ,?is con/itutes a di/9ction1 wor? obs]v+1 betwe5 ! =ce ( ! ab/racts =m$ f ! pairs ( relatives :i* consi/ ( diff]5t names1 z prior1 po/]ior2 cause1 effect2 fa!r1 son2 husb&1 wife2--& ^? :i* consi/ ( ! same "n1 z equal1 equal2 l1 l2 bro!r1 bro!r2 fri5d1 fri5d2 & s on4 ,priority & ,po/]iority make toge!r a comp\nd "n ( some?+1 ( :i*1 tak5 sep>ately1 ea* is n a "n2 ,caus+ness & ,caus$ness1 ! ab/racts ( cause & effect1 make up betwe5 !m ! "n ( some?+1 ( :i* ea* by itself is n a "n1 & s ( ! re/4 ,! case is diff]5t ) su* ab/racts z lik5ess1 equality1 fri5d%ip1 =m$ f pairs :i* consi/ ( ! same "n4 ,:5 we call ,a l1 & ,b l2 ! ab/ract1 lik5ess1 =m$ f ! "o1 connotes m]ely ! ab/ract1 lik5ess1 =m$ f ! o!r4 ,?us1 z priority & po/]iority make a comp\nd "n1 s1 lik5ess & lik5ess1 make a comp\nd "n4 ,b z lik5ess & lik5ess are m]ely a r$uplication ( ! same ^w1 lik5ess tak5 once v (t5 signifies ! same z lik5ess tak5 twice4 ,priority nev] signifies z mu* z priority & #hc po/]iority tak5 toge!r2 b lik5ess tak5 alone v (t5 signifies z mu* z lik5ess1 lik5ess1 tak5 bo? toge!r4 ,lik5ess has ?us a sort ( a d\ble mean+4 ,sometimes x signifies only :at is m>k$ by ! ab/ract ( "o ( ! pair1 l1 l2 sometimes x signifies :at is m>k$ by ! ab/racts ( bo? tak5 toge!r4 ,! same obs]vation applies to ! ab/racts equality1 inequality2 sam5ess1 diff]5ce2 bro!rhood1 si/]hood2 fri5d%ip1 ho/ility2 & s on4#ai ,editor's footnote #ai3 ,! exposition "h giv5 ( ! mean+ ( ab/ract relative names is 9 sub/ance unexceptionable2 b 9 language x rema9s op5 to ! criticism ,i h1 sev]al times1 made4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ) ! au?or1 t ! ab/ract "n drops ! connotation ( ! correspond+ concrete1 x w\ld1 9 ! language ,i pref]1 be said to drop ! d5otation1 & to be a "n directly d5ot+ :at ! concrete "n connotes1 namely1 ! common prop]ty or prop]ties t x pr$icates3 ! lik5ess1 ! unlik5ess1 ! fact ( prec$+1 ! fact ( foll[+1 c4 ,:5 ! au?or says t ab/ract relative names diff] f o!r ab/ract names 9 n be+ :olly void ( connotation1 inasmu* z !y connote _! correlatives1 priority connot+ po/]iority1 & po/]iority priority1 he des]ts ! specific mean+ :i* he has s\ght to atta* to ! ^w connote1 & falls back ^u ! loose & g5]al s5se 9 :i* ev]y?+ impli$ by a t]m is said to be connot$ by x4 ,b 9 ?is l>ge s5se ( ! ^w 7z ,i h m ?an once rem>k$7 x is n true t non-relative ab/ract names h no connotation4 ,e ab/ract "n--e "n ( ! "* :i* is giv5 by ! t]m9ations ness1 tion1 & ! l--c>ries ) x a uni=m implication t :at x is pr$icat$ ( is an attribute ( some?+ else2 n a s5sation or a ?\ght 9 & by itself1 b a s5sation or ?\ght reg>d$ z "o (1 or z accompany+ or foll[+1 "s p]man5t clu/] ( s5sations or ?\ghts4--,ed4 #hd ,among ! ab/ract t]ms correspond+ to relative concretes1 ^? correspond+ to cause & effect1 are ! only ones :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! importance1 require to be some:at m p>ticul>ly exp\nd$4 ,cause & ,effect h n ab/ract t]ms =m$ imm$iately f !mselves4 ,"o ( ! gr& causes ( _! obscurity is1 t !y are n con/ant 9 _! mean+1 b are sometimes us$ z concretes1 sometimes z _! own ab/racts4 ,cause means some?+ caus+2 effect1 some?+ caus$4 ,caus+ness1 !re=e1 is ! prop] ab/ract ( cause2 & caus$ness1 ! prop] ab/ract ( effect4 ,( two objects1 ,a1 & ,b1 we call ! "o caus+1 ! o!r caus$1 :5 !y are n only prior & po/]ior1 b p>ts ( ! same s]ies2 &1 if we speak /rictly1 proximate p>ts4 ,( proximate p>ts ( ! same s]ies1 we call ! antec$5t1 caus+2 ! consequ5t1 caus$4 ,caus+ness1 & caus$ness1 !re=e1 mean antec$5ce & consequ5ce1 & some?+ m4 ,! ideas are m complex4 ,caus+ness & caus$ness1 mean1 n only antec$5ce & consequ5ce1 b also sam5ess ( s]ies1 & proximity ( p>ts4 ,z we h se51 t priority & po/]iority1 tak5 toge!r1 =m a comp\nd "n ( a c]ta9 complex idea1 s caus+ness & caus$ness1 tak5 toge!r1 =m ! comp\nd "n ( a /ill m complex idea4 ,hav+ frequ5t occasion to express t idea1 a sep>ate "n = x 0 f\nd necess>y4 ,accord+ly1 we h ! t]m ,p[]1 :i* means precisely :at is meant by caus+ness & caus$ness tak5 toge!r4 ,causation has ! same #he mean+ ) ,p[]1 except t x connotes pres5t "t2 ,p[] connotes indef9ite "t4#bj ,editor's footnote #bj3 ,! t]m ,causation1 z ! au?or obs]ves1 signifies caus+ness & caus$ness tak5 toge!r1 b ,i d n see on :at gr\nd he ass]ts t x connotes pres5t "t4 ,to my ?9k+1 x is z completely aori/ic z ,p[]4 ,p[]1 aga91 seems to me to express1 n caus+ness & caus$ness tak5 toge!r1 b caus+ness only4 ,"s ( ! old] philosoph]s c]ta9ly talk$ ( passive p[]1 b nei!r 9 ! precise language ( mod]n philosophy nor 9 common spee* is an effect said to h ! p[] ( be+ produc$1 b only ! capacity or capability4 ,! p[] is always conceiv$ z belong+ to ! cause only4 ,:5 any co-op]at+ p[] is suppos$ to reside 9 ! ?+ said to be act$ ^u1 x is because "s active prop]ty 9 t ?+ is c\nt$ z a con-cause--z a "p ( ! total cause4--,ed4 ,! connotation ( ,"t1 by ab/ract t]ms1 is a circum/ance almo/ always ov]look$1 b ( :i* ! obs]vation is ( ! utmo/ importance to accuracy ( ?\ght4 ,:5 we h inv5t$ a numb] ( m>ks to be tak5 9 pairs1 z l1 l2 equal1 equal2 antec$5t1 consequ5t2 ma/]1 s]vant2 husb&1 wife2 fa!r1 son2 own]1 prop]ty2 au?or1 book2 cause1 effect2 & s on2 we h occasion = a "n by :i* to speak ( t class ( names4 ,we h inv5t$ su* a "n4 ,we call ^? t]ms ,relative ,t]ms4 ,! ^w ,relative1 ?us belongs to t class ( names1 :i* h be5 call$ ,names ( ,names4 ,z man1 tree1 /one1 are names ( ?+s1 ( ^? clu/]s :i* we call objects2 z r$1 gre51 h>d1 s(t1 are names ( s5sations2 z c\rage1 wisdom1 #hf ang]1 love1 are names ( complex ideas arbitr>ily compos$2 s adjective is ! "n ( "o class ( names1 v]b ! "n ( ano!r class ( names2 syllable1 is ! "n ( "o "p ( a ^w1 lett] ( ano!r2 & s1 also1 relative is ! "n ( ! class ( words :i* h ?is peculi>ity1 t !y are tak5 9 pairs4 ,?us1 fa!r & son1 are relative t]ms2 prior & po/]ior1 are relative t]ms2 l & l1 are relative t]ms2 s equal1 equal2 unequal1 unequal2 bro!r1 bro!r2 fri5d1 fri5d2 & s on4 ,relative itself corresponds ) ! names :i* x m>ks1 9 its be+ "o ( a pair2 ( t species ( pairs1 :i* are =m$ by a d\ble use ( ! same ^w1 z l1 l4 ,:5 we say ( fa!r & son1 t !y are relative t]ms1 we mean t fa!r is relative to son1 & son relative to fa!r4 ,z relative is ! "n ( all concrete names1 tak5 9 pairs1 su* z l1 l2 fri5d1 fri5d2 caus+1 caus$2 s ! ab/ract relation1 =m$ f relative1 is ! "n giv5 to all ! ab/ract t]ms =m$ f ! concrete relatives3 ?us1 equality1 inequality1 fri5d%ip1 p[]1 are ab/ract t]ms1 :i* we call by a g5]al "n1 relation4 ,z ,n\n is ! "n ( a c]ta9 class ( words1 s ,relation1 is ! "n ( a c]ta9 class ( words4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 meant to be affirm$1 t relative & relation1 are n names :i* are also appli$ to ?+s4 ,9 a c]ta9 vague1 & indi/9ct way1 !y are v frequ5tly s appli$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is /rictly speak+1 an abuse ( ! t]ms1 & an abuse :i* has be5 a great cause ( confusion ( ideas4 ,9 ?is way1 x is said1 ( two bro!rs1 t #hg !y are relative2 ( fa!r & son1 t !y are relative2 ( two objects1 t !y are relative 9 position1 relative 9 "t2 we speak ( ! relation betwe5 two m51 :5 !y are fa!r & son1 ma/] & s]vant2 betwe5 two objects1 :5 !y are great]1 less1 l1 unlike1 ne>1 di/ant1 & s on4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 we really mean1 :5 we call two objects relative 7& t is a ?+ :i* x is ( great importance to m>k7 is1 t ^! objects h1 or may h1 relative names4 ,on :at acc\nts we give !m relative names1 has j be5 expla9$1 & ! explanation ne$ n be repeat$4 ,:5 we say t ,socrates & ! ,emp]or ,napoleon are unlike1 ! m5 are1 ea*1 a man1 di/9ct1 sep>ate1 absolute4 ,we only give !m a pair ( relat$ names1 = ! conv5i5ce ( disc\rse4 ,9 l mann]1 ,*>les ,i4 & ,george ,,iv4 are sep>ate1 di/9ct1 absolute individuals4 ,we only give !m ! relative names ,pr$ecessor1 ,successor1 = ! conv5i5ce ( disc\rse1 to m>k ! place :i* !y occupi$ 9 a c]ta9 s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,f ?is appe>s also :at is meant1 :5 we say ( two objects1 t !y h a relation to "o ano!r4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! objects may h relative names1 & t ^! names may h ab/racts :i* we call relation4 ,?us we say t two bro!rs h a relation to "o ano!r4 ,t relation is bro!rhood4 ,b bro!rhood is m]ely ! ab/ract ( ! relative names4 ,we say t fa!r & son h a relation4 ,t relation is fa!r%ip & son%ip4 ,^! are m]ely ! ab/racts ( ! two relative names4 ,we say ( two ev5ts1 a /ab ) a sword1 & dea? ( ! p]son /abb$1 t !y h a relation to "o ano!r4 ,t relation is #hh caus+ness & caus$ness1 ! ab/ract ( cause & effect1 or1 9 "o ^w1 p[]4#ba ,editor's footnote #ba3 ,! application ( ! ^w ,relative to ,?+s is n only an (f5ce aga9/ philosophy1 b aga9/ propriety ( language4 ,! correct designation = ,?+s :i* are call$ by relative names1 is n ,relative1 b ,relat$4 ,a ,?+ may1 ) p]fect propriety bo? ( ?\ght & ( language1 be said to be relat$ to ano!r ?+1 or to h a relation ) x--inde$ to be relat$ to all ?+s1 & to h a prodigi\s v>iety ( relations ) all2 because e fact t takes place1 ei!r 9 nature or 9 human ?\ght1 :i* includes or involves a plurality ( ,?+s1 is ! fundam5tum ( a special relation ( ^? ,?+s ) "o ano!r3 n to m5tion ! relations ( lik5ess or unlik5ess1 ( priority or po/]iority1 :i* exi/ betwe5 ea* ,?+ & all o!r ,?+s :atev]4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t x is said1 ) tru?1 t ,relations exhau/ all ph5om5a1 & t all we "k1 or c "k1 ( any?+1 is "s ( its relations to o!r ?+s or to u4--,ed4 #hi ,,section ,,iii4 ,,numb]s4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t objects exi/1 ) respect to u1 9 two ord]s2 9 ! syn*ron\s ord]1 & ! successive ord]2 & t we h great occasion = m>ks to repres5t !m to u z !y exi/ 9 bo? ord]s4 ,we h also to obs]ve1 t ! syn*ron\s ord]1 ! ord] 9 :i* ?+s exi/ toge!r2 t is1 z we o!rwise "n x1 ! ord] ( position1 or ! ord] 9 place2 is int]e/+ to u *iefly on acc\nt ( ! successive ord]4 ,! ord] 9 :i* objects 99succe$ "o ano!r1 t is1 ! ord] ( ! *anges :i* take place1 ! ord] ( ev5ts1 dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! syn*ron\s ord]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! syn*ron\s ord] is "p ( e successive ord]2 x is ! antec$5t ( e consequ5t2 or z we o!rwise express x1 ! cause ( e effect4 ,?us ! syn*ron\s ord]1 or ! ord] 9 place1 ( ! sp>k & ! gunp[d]1 is ! antec$5t ( ! explosion2 ! syn*ron\s ord] ( my f+] & ! c&le1 is ! antec$5t or ! cause ( ! pa9 :i* ,i feel4 ,9 reg>d to ! explosion1 also1 x is less or great]1 accord+ z ! quantity ( ! gunp[d] is less or great]4 ,( ! syn*ron\s ord]1 !re=e1 "o "p :i* ,i am p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 kn[+ correctly is1 ! am\nt ( ! ?+s4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( gunp[d] produces "o set ( effects1 ano!r #ij ano!r3 a c]ta9 am\nt ( m5 produce "o set ( effects1 ano!r ano!r2 & s ( all o!r ?+s4 ,x is ( ! la/ importance to me n only to be able to asc]ta91 & "k1 ^! am\nts1 ) accuracy1 b to be able to m>k !m4 ,= asc]ta9+ & kn[+ am\nts1 "s contrivance is requisite4 ,x is necess>y to conceive "s small am\nt1 by ! addition or subtraction ( :i*1 ano!r becomes l>g] or small]4 ,?is =ms ! in/rum5t ( asc]ta9m5t4 ,:]e "o ?+1 tak5 sep>ately1 is ( suffici5t importance to =m ?is in/rum5t1 x is tak54 ,?us1 = asc]ta9+ & kn[+ diff]5t am\nts ( m51 "o individual is ( suffici5t importance4 ,am\nts ( m5 are consid]$ z increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! addition or subtraction ( individuals4 ,a gra9 ( gunp[d] might also be tak52 b x is n ( suffici5t importance2 ! quantity1 tak5 z ! in/rum5t ( measurem5t1 mu/ h an asc]ta9able influ5ce ^u ! effect1 = ! sake ( :i*1 ! asc]ta9+ ( ! am\nt is ( importance4 ,9 _! simple /ate1 m5 use pr9cipally ! h& = _! elem5t>y asc]ta9m5ts4 ,a p9*1 or z mu* z c\ld be held betwe5 ! f+] & ! ?umb1 0 a small am\nt di/9ctly conceiv$1 & =m$ ! pr9ciple ( measurem5t :]e small additions 7 important2 a h&ful 0 n less di/9ctively conceiv$1 & 0 ! in/rum5t1 :]e only l>g] additions 7 ( importance4 ,:5 "o addition 0 made1 or ne$$ to be made1 aft] ano!r1 & ano!r aft] t1 & s on1 ! next po9t ( importance 0 to conceive exactly h[ (t5 ! addition 0 made4 ,a few #ia additions are di/9ct to s5se4 ,place "o billi>d-ball by ano!r1 ! sight ( ! two is di/9ct4 ,place ?ree or f\r1 x is /ill di/9ct4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 x ceases to be s4 ,place a doz51 & y w n probably be able to di/+ui% !m f elev54 ,y mu/ c\nt !m1 or divide !m4 ,if y divide !m by ! eye1 into two p>cels1 y may see t "o is six & ano!r six2 b to b5efit by ?is1 y mu/ "k ! art ( putt+ six & six toge!r4 ,! next /ep1 !re=e1 necess>y 9 ! process ( asc]ta9+ am\nts1 01 to m>k ^! additions1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 su* a mann]1 z to make kn[n to :at ext5t !y _h gone4 ,:5 m5 7 famili> ) ! op]ation ( assign+ names z m>ks ( _! ideas1 ! c\rse :i* w\ld sugge/ itself to !m is obvi\s2 !y w\ld employ a "n z ! m>k ( ea* addition4 ,!y w\ld say1 "o1 = ! fir/1 two1 = ! second1 ?ree1 = ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,^! m>ks x 0 v useful to make connotative1 t ! o!r important +r$i5t ( ! process1 ! ?+ add$1 might be made kn[n at ! same "t4 ,?us we say1 "o man1 two m52 "o horse1 two horses2 & s ( all o!r ?+s1 ! enum]ation ( :i* we are p]=m+4 ,numb]s1 !re=e1 are n names ( objects4 ,!y are names ( a c]ta9 process2 ! process ( addition2 ( putt+ "o billi>d-ball to ano!r2 n m my/]i\s ?an any o!r process1 z walk+1 writ+1 read+1 to :i* names are assign$4 ,"o1 is ! "n ( ?is once p]=m$1 or ( ! aggregation begun2 two1 ! "n ( x once m p]=m$2 ?ree1 ( x once m p]=m$2 & s on4 ,! words1 h[ev]1 9 ^! concrete =ms1 beside #ib _! p[] 9 not+ ?is process1 connote some?+ else1 namely1 ! ?+s1 :atev] !y are1 ! enum]ation ( :i* is requir$4 ,9 ! case ( ^! connotative1 z ( o!r connotative m>ks1 x 0 ( great use to h ! means ( dropp+ ! connotation2 & 9 ?is case1 x w\ld h be5 conducive to cle>ness ( ideas1 if ! non-connotative t]ms _h receiv$ a m>k to di/+ui% !m f ! connotative4 ,?is advantage1 h[ev]1 ! fram]s ( numb]s 7 n suffici5tly philosophical to provide4 ,! same names are us$ bo? z connotative1 & non-connotative2 t is1 bo? z ab/ract1 & concrete2 & x is f> f be+ obvi\s1 on all occasions1 9 :i* ( ! two s5ses !y are us$4 ,!y are us$ 9 ! connotative s5se1 :5 jo9$ z adjectives ) a sub/antive2 z :5 we say two m51 ?ree wom52 b x is n s obvi\s t !y are us$ 9 ! ab/ract s5se1 :5 we say ?ree & two make five2 or :5 we say fifty is a great numb]1 five is a small numb]4 ,yet x mu/1 ^u consid]ation1 appe>1 t 9 ^! cases !y are ab/ract t]ms m]ely2 9 place ( :i*1 ! words on5ess1 twoness1 ?re5ess1 might be sub/itut$4 ,?us we might say1 twoness & ?re5ess are fiv5ess4#bb #bc ,editor's footnote #bb3 ,! vague mann] 9 :i* ! au?or uses ! phrase to be a "n ( 7a vagu5ess common to almo/ all ?9k]s :o h n precise t]ms express+ ! two modes ( signification :i* ,i call d5otation & connotation1 & employ$ = no?+ else7 has l$ him1 9 ! pres5t case1 into a s]i\s misuse ( t]ms4 ,numb]s are1 9 ! /ricte/ propriety1 names ( objects4 ,two is surely a "n ( ! ?+s :i* are two1 ! two balls1 ! two f+]s1 c4 ,! process ( add+ "o to "o :i* =ms two is connot$1 n d5ot$1 by ! "n two4 ,num]als1 9 %ort1 are concrete1 n ab/ract names3 !y d5ote ! actual collections ( ?+s1 & connote ! m5tal process ( c\nt+ !m4 ,x is n twoness & ?re5ess t are fiv5ess3 ! twoness ( my two h&s & ! ?re5ess ( ! feet ( ! table _c be add$ toge!r to =m ano!r ab/raction4 ,x is two balls add$ to ?ree balls t make1 9 ! concrete1 five balls4 ,num]als are a class ( concrete g5]al names pr$icable ( all ?+s :atev]1 b connot+1 9 ea* case1 ! quantitative relation ( ! ?+ to "s fix$ /&>d1 z previ\sly expla9$ by ! au?or4--,ed4 ,grote's footnote #bc3 ,"h ! process ( num]ation g5]ally1 toge!r ) ! function ( numb]s c>ry+ _! sep>ate names1 are cle>ly set =?2 aft] :i* we f9d ! rem>k1 t no di/9ction is made 9 ! "n ( ! numb]1 :5 us$ z an ab/ract & :5 us$ z a concrete4 ,mr4 ,james ,mill ?9ks t x w\ld h be5 conducive to cle>ness if su* di/9ction _h be5 m>k$ by an inflexion ( ! "n4 ,! names ( numb]s are us$ 9 ! connotative 7concrete7 s5se1 :5 jo9$ z adjectives ) a sub/antive1 z :5 we say1 two m51 ?ree m53 b x is n s obvi\s t !y are us$ 9 ! ab/ract s5se1 :5 we say ?ree & two make five3 or :5 we say fifty is a great numb]1 five is a small numb]4 ,yet x mu/ ^u consid]ation appe>1 t 9 ^! cases !y are ab/ract t]ms m]ely3 9 place ( :i*1 ! words on5ess1 twoness1 ?re5ess1 might be sub/itut$4 ,?us we might say1 twoness & ?re5ess are fiv5ess4 ,! la/ "p ( :at is "h affirm$ _c1 9 my judgm5t1 be su/a9$4 ,connect+ itself ) "o among ! _m argum5ts betwe5 ,ari/otle & ,plato1 x lays d[n a position f :i* bo? ( !m w\ld h diss5t$4 ,9 ! la/ book b "o 7,book ,m7 ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysica1 ?is argum5t w be f\nd set =? at l5g?2 ?\gh ) mu* obscurity1 :i* is cle>$ up by ! lucid comm5t>y ( ,bonitz4 ,plato di/+ui%$ two classes ( numb]s--! ma!matical1 & ! ideal4 ,! fir/ class 7 ! ,quanta ( equal & homog5e\s units 7,"o1 ,two1 ,?ree1 c471 any or all ( :i* might be add$ s z to coalesce into "o total sum4 ,! second class 71 ! ideal or ab/ract numb]s1 ,two quat5us ,two1 c41 repres5t$ by ,dyad1 ,triad1 ,tetrad1 ,p5tad1 ,dekad1 c41 ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( :i* 01 t !y c\ld n be add$ toge!r nor coalesce into "o sum4 ,^! 7 uncomb9able numb]s1 ,greek a7ri?moi a7su_/mbltoi--num]i inconsociabiles4-- ,see ,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 ,m4 #f4 #ajhj4 b4 #ab4 ,bonitz ,comm5t4 p4 #edj1 #eda1 seq4 ,plato reg>d$ ^! uncomb9able numb]s z ! highe/ repres5tative specim5s or coryphi ( ! ,platonic ,ideas4 ,9 ?is "* ,ari/otle reason$ aga9/ !m1 cont5d+ t !y did no?+ to remove ! _m objections aga9/ ,plato's ideal !ory4 ,) ! "q ?us op5$1 ,i h no pres5t conc]n3 all t ,i wi% to po9t out is ! view :i* ,plato orig9at$ & ^u :i* ,ari/otle reason$1 viz43 ,t ^! ideal or ab/ract numb]s c\ld n be add$ toge!r1 or fus$ into "o sum total4 ,! ab/ract t]m ,twoness means ,two s f> =? z two3 s also ,?re5ess & ,fiv5ess4 ,y _c truly pr$icate any?+ ( ,twoness :i* w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ?is fundam5tal *>act]i/ic3 y _c add x to ,?re5ess s z to make ,fiv5ess1 nor c y subdivide ,fiv5ess into ,twoness & ,?re5ess1 )\t suppress+ ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ea*4 ,nei!r ( !m admit ( increase or dim9ution4 ,9 l mann]1 a ,triangle1 or e p>ticul> ,triangle1 may h "o ( its sides tak5 away1 or two m sides add$ to x3 on ea* ( :i* suppositions x ceases to be a triangle4 ,b if we speak ( a ,triangle s f> =? z ,triangle1 nei!r ( ^! suppositions is admissible4 ,we may say t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles1 b we _c subtract f x "o ( its sides1 nor add to x "o or two o!r sides4 ,! subject ( pr$ication is s limit$ & specialis$1 t no pr$icate c be all[$ :i* w\ld efface its *>act]i/ic feature--,triangul>ity4 ,bonitz rem>ks truly t ! class ( numb]s set =? by ,plato--! ideal or uncomb9able numb]s :i* c\ld n be ei!r add$ or subtract$--7 dive/$ ( all ! useful aptitudes & functions ( numb]s1 & pass$ out ( ! category ( ,quantity into t ( ,quality4 ,! ,triad 0 "o quality2 ! ,p5tad 0 ano!r3 !re 0 no common measure into :i* bo? c\ld be resolv$ 7,bonitz1 ,comm5t4 p4 #edj--eec74 ,two1 ?ree1 five1 are quantify+ names1 designat+ ea* s _m num]able units3 & ! units c\nt$ 9 ea* li/ may be add$ to1 or subtract$ f1 ! units c\nt$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,b :5 we say1 ,twoness or ! ,dyad--,?re5ess or ! ,triad--,fiv5ess or ! ,p5tad--we !n recognise a peculi> quality1 f\nd$ ^u ea* sep>ate v>iety ( aggregation or quantification3 s t ^! sep>ate v>ieties are no long] resolvable into any common measure ( con/itu5t units4 ,ea* quality /&s ap>t f ! o!rs1 & has its own pr$icates4 ,9 ! view ( ,plato & ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ,dekad especially 0 inve/$ ) magnific5t pr$icates4 ,i _c !re=e agree ) ,mr4 ,james ,mill 9 8 op9ion t1 :5 we say ?ree & two make five1 we use ^! numb]s 9 ! ab/ract s5se4 ,we cle>ly d n mean t ?ree1 s f> =? z ?ree1 & two1 s f> =? z two1 make five4 ,b ?is w\ld be :at we %\ld mean1 if we us$ ^! names ( numb]s 9 ! ab/ract s5se4 ,:at we d mean is1 t ! units con/itut+ ?ree may be add$ to ^? con/itut+ two1 s z to make five3 & t ?is is equally true1 :e!r ! units are m51 horses1 /ones1 or any o!r objects4 ,two1 ?ree1 five1 c41 are g5]al or univ]sal t]ms1 capable ( be+ jo9$ ) units ( indef9ite v>iety3 b !y d n become ab/ract t]ms1 until we limit !m by qut5us1 ,greek3 ka?o_/son1 71 s f> =? z1 c41 or by a suffix su* z ness4 ,su* ab/racts w\ld h be5 ( little use z to ! ord9>y functions ( numb]s2 & accord+ly !y h nev] got foot+ 9 famili> spee*1 ?\gh !y are occasionally employ$ 9 metaphysical discussions4--,g4 #ic ,x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! process1 m>k$ by ! names call$ numb]s1 ?\gh us$ = ! #id purpose ( asc]ta9+ syn*ron\s ord]1 is 9 ! m9d successive2 "o addition foll[s ano!r4 #ie ,numb]s1 !re=e1 9 reality1 "n successions2 & are easily appli$ to m>k c]ta9 p>ticul>s ( ! #if successive ord]1 :5 ! m>k+ ( ^? p>ticul>s is ( importance4 ,x is ( importance1 :5 successions take place all ( "o k9d2 & :5 consequ5ces ( importance dep5d ^u ! less or great] l5g? ( ! tra94 ,x is !n ( importance1 to m>k ! degrees ( t l5g?1 :i* is correctly done by ! enum]ation ( ! l9ks4 ,to take a simple & famili> in/ance1 t ( ! human /eps4 ,!y are successions all ( "o k9d4 ,consequ5ces ( importance may1 & (t5 d result f a k ( ! l5g? ( any p>ticul> s]ies ( /eps4 ,! asc]ta9m5t ( an aggregate1 9 ?is ord]1 is made 9 ! same way1 z t :i* we h trac$ 9 ! syn*ron\s ord]4 ,an elem5t ( aggregation is tak52 by its successive aggregations1 ! am\nt ( ! aggregate is correctly conceiv$2 &1 by a prop] m>k = ea* successive aggregation1 x is also correctly d5ot$4 ,! cont9u$ successions ( day & night are all ( "o k9d2 & x is ( ! greate/ importance = u to "k accurately ! l5g? ( a s]ies ( ^? successions2 ( ! s]ies betwe5 su* & su* ev5ts2 betwe5 ! s[+ ( ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd1 = example1 & ! maturity ( ! crop4 ,?is is done1 accurately1 by putt+ a sev]al m>k ^u ea* #ig sev]al succession1 "o = ! fir/1 two = ! "o aft] t1 ?ree = ! "o aft] t1 & s on4 ,if !re be no my/]y 9 "o s5sation aft] ano!r1 or "o idea aft] ano!r2 &1 if hav+ !m 9 t ord] & associat+ ! idea ( ! antec$5t ) ! s5sation ( ! consequ5t be to "k t !y are 9 t ord]2 !n !re is no my/]y 9 ,numb]s1 = !y are only m>ks to %ew t "o is aft] ano!r4 ,t !re is no my/]y 9 ! ideas ( priority & po/]iority1 :i* are relative t]ms1 has be5 %ewn "u ! prec$+ head ( disc\rse4 ,! ^w ,numb] itself1 :i* is only a "n ( ! names1 "o1 two1 c41 no?+ be+ a numb] b "s "o ( ^? names1 has also be5 expla9$1 :5 ! class ( words :i* are di/+ui%$ z ,names ( ,names 0 "u consid]ation4 ,9 us+ ! t]ms1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & s on1 ! object is to asc]ta9 ) precision1 ! am\nt ( ! aggregate 9 "q4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x is ( importance to asc]ta9 ! ord] ( aggregation1 z well z ! am\nt2 & t1 :e!r a syn*ron\s1 or a successive1 aggregate be ! object 9 view4 ,?is purpose is answ]$ by a set ( names1 call$ ! ord9al numb]s1 :i*1 appli$ to ! units ( aggregation 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are tak51 m>k precisely ! ord] ( ea*4 ,?us1 :5 we say1 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & s on2 ea* ( ^! concrete1 or connotative names1 notes a c]ta9 position1 if 9 ! syn*ron\s ord]2 a c]ta9 l9k1 if #ih 9 ! successive2 & connotes ! precise object :i* holds t position1 or =ms t l9k4 ,z !re is no difficulty :atsoev] 9 trac+ ! ideas1 :i*1 on ea* occasion1 receive ^? m>ks1 !re is no ne$ ( multiply+ words 9 _! illu/ration4 #ii ,,section ,,iv4 ,,privative ,,t]ms4 ,privative t]ms are di/+ui%$ f o!r t]ms1 by ?is2 t o!r t]ms are m>ks = objects1 z pres5t or exi/5t2 privative t]ms are m>ks = objects1 z n pres5t or n exi/5t4#bd ,editor's footnote #bd3 ,! au?or gives ! "n ( ,privative t]ms to all ^? :i* are m commonly kn[n by ! designation ( ,negative2 to all :i* signify non-exi/5ce or abs5ce4 ,x is usual to res]ve ! t]m ,privative = names :i* signify n simple abs5ce1 b ! abs5ce ( some?+ usually pres5t1 or ( :i* ! pres5ce might h be5 expect$4 ,?us bl9d is class$ z a privative t]m1 :5 appli$ to human be+s4 ,:5 appli$ to /ocks & /ones1 :i* are n expect$ to see1 x is an admitt$ metaphor4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 be+ und]/ood1 !re is no difficulty 9 foll[+ ! au?or's exposition by means ( 8 own language4--,ed4 ,?us ! ^w ,light1 is ! m>k ( a c]ta9 well-kn[n object1 z exi/5t or pres5t4 ,! ^w ,d>kness1 on ! contr>y1 is ! m>k ( ! same object1 z n exi/5t or n pres5t4 ,ask any man1 :at he means by d>kness2 he says ! abs5ce ( light4 ,b ! abs5ce ( light1 is only ano!r "n = light abs5t2 & light abs5t1 is only ano!r "n = light n pres5t4 ,d>kness1 !re=e1 is ano!r "n = light n pres5t4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! idea call$ up by ! #ajj ^w light1 is t ( a c]ta9 object associat$ ) its pres5ce2 ! idea call$ up by ! ^w d>kness1 is t ( ! same object associat$ ) its abs5ce4 ,aft] ! explanations :i* h be5 s (t5 giv51 :at ,i mean1 :5 ,i speak ( ! idea ( an object1 z "o ?+2 ! idea ( its pres5ce1 z ano!r ?+2 ought n to be obscure4 ,its pres5ce1 is its exi/5ce2 its abs5ce1 is its non-exi/5ce2 at lea/1 at a p>ticul> "t & place4 ,:at ideas & s5sations ,i m>k by ! ^w exi/5t1 has already be5 expla9$4 ,! ^w non-exi/5t is ! m]e negation ( ! same s5sations & ideas4 ,we h repeat$ly se51 t :at we call exi/5ce1 is an inf]5ce f our s5sations4 ,we h clu/]s ( s5sations2 ^! call up ! ideas ( antec$5ts1 :i* we call qualities2 ^! ! idea ( an antec$5t common to all ! qualities1 :i* we call ,sub/ratum2 & ! ,sub/ratum1 ) its qualities1 we call ! ,object4 ,:5 we speak1 !n1 ( ?is ,sub/ratum & its qualities1 z pres5t1 at a p>ticul> "t & place3 :i* is :at we mean by its exi/5ce2 :at we affirm is ?is2 t if !re be s5ti5t organs at su* a "t & place1 !re w be su* & su* s5sations4 ,:5 we speak ( x z abs5t1 we affirm1 t ?\gh !re be s5ti5t organs at su* a "t & place1 !re w n be ^? s5sations4 ,^! ideas1 !n1 =m+ 9 comb9ation a v complex idea1 are :at1 9 ! respective cases1 we call ! pres5ce1 & ! abs5ce ( an object4 ,any fur!r analysis w\ld be sup]flu\s 9 ?is place4 #aja ,a law ( "s importance1 :i* has be5 already expla9$1 is1 t 9 complex ideas !re is v (t5 "s "o "p1 s prom95t1 z to ?r[ ! re/ into ! %ade1 & conf9e ! att5tion almo/ :olly to itself4 ,!re is a curi\s exemplification ( ?is law1 9 ! pair ( cases be=e u4 ,?us1 9 ! complex idea ( ! object & its pres5ce1 m>k$ by ! ^w ,light1 ! object is ! prom95t "p1 & ! pres5ce is s habitually neglect$1 t x is ) "s tr\ble x is recognis$4 ,! case is rev]s$ 9 ! complex idea ( ! object & its abs5ce1 m>k$ by ! ^w ,d>kness4 ,9 ?is1 ! abs5ce is ! prom95t "p1 & x s completely engrosses ! att5tion1 t x requires reflection1 to discov]1 t ! idea ( ! object is necess>ily comb9$4 ,!re is some?+ m 9 ^! two cases1 :i* x is ( great importance to rememb]4 ,we h two sets ( indissoluble associations1 bo? exce$+ly num]\s1 ! "o ) ! idea ( ! object z pres5t1 ! o!r ) ! idea ( x z abs5t2 t is1 ! "o set ) light1 ! o!r set ) d>kness4 ,:5ev] we h ! p]ception ( light1 we habitually h1 along ) x1 ! p]ception ( objects2 t is1 ( all sorts ( col\rs1 all sorts ( %apes1 all sorts ( magnitudes1 all sorts ( di/ances1 & s on4 ,) ! idea ( light1 !n1 are indissolubly associat$ ! ideas ( all sorts ( objects2 ( ext5sion 9 all its modifications1 col\r 9 all its modifications1 motion 9 all its modifications2 ! ^w light1 !re=e1 s]ves z a "n1 n m]ely ( ! fluid :i* acts ^u ! eye1 b ( t along ) its innum]able associations4 ,su* are ! p]ceptions & #ajb ideas1 :i*1 :5 we h ! p]ception ( light1 we h along ) x4 ,:at are ! p]ceptions & ideas1 :i*1 :5 we h n ! p]ception ( light1 we h along ) t /ate ( privation8 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! want ( all ! p]ceptions1 :i* we h along ) t ( light4 ,!re is1 next1 ! disagreeable s5sations we exp]i5ce f n kn[+ :at objects are approa*+ u1 ei!r by our motions1 or by !irs2 h5ce ! idea ( dang]\s objects approa*+2 h5ce1 also1 ! inability to p]=m _m ( ! acts :i* are conducive ei!r to our be+1 or well-be+4 ,) ! idea ( d>kness1 !n1 are indissolubly associat$ a multitude ( ideas1 ( pa91 ( privation1 ( weakness2 all disagreeable2 ) little or no mixture ( any ( an opposite k9d4 ,& ! ^w d>kness1 !re=e1 /&s z a "n n m]ely ( light abs5t1 b ( t along ) all ! accompany+ s5sations & ideas4 ,! read] w obs]ve1 & x is necess>y he %\ld well obs]ve1 t all t]ms might h correspond+ privative t]ms4 ,we h already /at$1 t ! ord9>y names ( objects are names bo? ( ! object1 & ( its pres5ce or exi/5ce1 comb9$ 9 "o complex idea4 ,?us1 rose1 horse1 are names ( ! objects z pres5t or exi/5t4 ,we might h _h names ( !m z abs5t or n exi/5t4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 9 a few cases1 t ! abs5ce ( an object is a matt] ( fir/-rate importance4 ,x is only 9 ^? cases t x has be5 f\nd requisite to h = x a p>ticul> "n4 ,! abs5ce ( light is obvi\sly a case ( ! greate/ importance4 ,consequ5ces ( ! v fir/ ord]1 & inf9ite 9 numb]1 #ajc dep5d ^u x4 ,an appropriate "n1 !re=e1 0 ( ! highe/ utility4 ,?is explanation w enable u to see1 )\t a m9ute analysis1 ! composition ( ! clu/]s m>k$ by o!r ,privative ,t]ms4 ,let u take ,sil5ce1 z ! next example4 ,sil5ce is ! abs5ce ( s\nd1 ei!r all s\nd1 :i* is sometimes its mean+2 or ( "s p>ticul> s\nd1 :i* at o!r times is its mean+4 ,s\nd is ! "n ( a well-kn[n some?+1 z pres5t4 ,sil5ce is ! "n ( ! same well-kn[n some?+1 z abs5t4 ,! fir/ ^w1 is ! "n ( ! ?+1 & its pres5ce4 ,! second1 is ! "n ( ! ?+1 & its abs5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! comb9ation m>k$ by ! fir/1 namely1 ! ?+ & its pres5ce1 ! ?+ is ! prom95t "p1 & ! pres5ce g5]ally escapes att5tion4 ,9 ! case ( ! second1 ! ?+ & its abs5ce1 ! abs5ce is ! important "p1 & ! ?+ is feebly1 if at all1 att5d$ to4 ,ignorance is easily expla9$1 9 ! same mann]4 ,k is ! "n ( a c]ta9 well-kn[n some?+1 z pres5t or exi/5t4 ,ignorance is ! "n ( ! same well-kn[n some?+1 z abs5t or nonexi/5t4 ,hav+ a s5sation1 or an idea1 is "o /ate ( consci\sness2 n hav+ x is ano!r /ate ( consci\sness4#b99 ,! /ate ( consci\sness call$ n hav+ #ajd x is no d\bt v v>i\s2 = x is any s5sation or idea diff]5t f ! "o 9 "q4 ,! ,hav+ "o s5sation & ano!r s5sation1 or "o idea & ano!r idea2 & ! ,kn[+ t ! "o is n ! o!r2 we h (t5 obs]v$ to be ! same ?+4 ,! great majority ( names are inv5t$1 to m>k s5sations & ideas z _h2 !re are1 h[ev]1 cases1 9 :i* x is necess>y to m>k !m z n _h4 ,9 :at mann]1 9 ! m rem>kable cases1 ?is m>k+ is p]=m$ by privative names1 has n[ be5 %ewn4 ,b1 beside ! m>ks = p>ticul> cases1 x 0 necess>y to h a compreh5sive or g5]al m>k2 :i* %\ld include all cases1 z well ^? provid$ ) p>ticul> names1 z ^? n s provid$4 ,abs5t 0 su* a ^w4 ,abs5t1 /&+ by itself1 & unre/rict$ by connection ) any o!r ^w1 is a "n ( any ?+1 jo9$ ) ! idea ( its n be+ !n & !re4 ,:at is includ$ 9 t ,idea has already be5 %ewn 9 expla9+ ,belief 9 ,exi/5ce4 ,! m>k ,abs5t1 jo9$ ) any p>ticul> "n1 becomes a p>ticul> ,privative ,t]m4 ,we h obs]v$1 t ! ^w rose1 is a m>k n m]ely ( ! ?+1 b ! ?+ ) ! idea ( its pres5ce2 we h also obs]v$1 t su* ,pres5ce-affirm+ ,t]ms1 except #aje 9 rem>kable cases1 h n correspond+ ,privative1 or ,abs5ce-affirm+ ,t]ms4 ,b if we say abs5t rose1 we h a ,privative ,t]m1 d\ble word$1 inde$1 in/ead ( s+le word$1 exactly correspond+ to ! ,pres5ce-affirm+ ,t]m1 rose4 ,&1 by ! use ( ! same ^w1 we c =m ,privative ,t]ms ( ?is description1 9 all cases 9 :i* !y c be want$2 ?us we c say1 abs5t man1 abs5t horse1 abs5ce ( food1 c4 ,mill's footnote #b3 ,mr4 ,locke recognis$ ! fact1 b gave an errone\s acc\nt ( x3 ,i %\ld (f] ?is z a reason :y a privative cause might produce a positive idea2 viz41 t1 all s5sation be+ produc$ 9 u1 only by diff]5t degrees & modes ( motion 9 our animal spirits1 v>i\sly agitat$ by ext]nal objects1 ! abatem5t ( any =m] motion1 mu/ z necess>ily produce a new s5sation1 = abatem5t ( any =m] motion1 read1 ceas+ ( a p>ticul> s5sation2 & = new s5sation1 read1 new feel+1 or1 new /ate ( consci\sness1 z ! v>iation or increase ( x3 & s introduce a new idea4 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 viii4 s4 #d4--7;,au?or's ,note47 ,! ^w ,no?+1 ,nihil1 is ano!r g5]ical ,privative ,t]m4 ,t ?is ^w has a v important m>k+ p[]1 e man is s5sible 9 ! use :i* he makes ( x4 ,b if x m>ks1 x names2 t is1 names some?+4 ,yet x seems to remove e ?+2 t is1 n to leave any?+ to be nam$4 ,! prec$+ explanations1 h[ev]1 h already cle>$ up ?is my/]y4 ,! ^w ,no?+ is ! ,privative ,t]m :i* corresponds to ,e ,?+4 ,e ,?+ is a "n ( all possible objects1 includ+ _! exi/5ce4 ,no?+ is a "n ( all possible objects1 includ+ _! non-exi/5ce4#be ,editor's footnote #be3 ,! analysis ( ! facts1 9 all ^! cases1 is admirable1 b ,i /ill demur to ! language4 ,i object to say+1 = in/ance1 t sil5ce is ! "n ( s\nd & its abs5ce4 ,x is n ! "n ( s\nd1 s9ce we _c say ,s\nd is sil5ce4 ,x is ! "n ( our /ate ( s5sation :5 !re is no s\nd4 ,! au?or is q "r 9 say+ t ?is /ate ( s5sation recalls ! idea ( s\nd2 to be consci\s ( sil5ce z sil5ce1 implies t we are ?9k+ ( s\nd1 & h ! idea ( x )\t ! belief 9 its pres5ce4 ,9 ano!r ( its uses1 ,sil5ce is ! ab/ract ( ,sil5t2 :i* is a "n ( all ?+s t make no s\nd1 & ( ev]y?+ s long z x makes no s\nd2 & :i* connotes ! attribute ( n s\nd+4 ,s ( all ! o!r t]ms m5tion$4 ,no?+ is n a "n ( all possible objects1 includ+ _! non-exi/5ce4 ,if ,no?+ 7 a "n ( objects1 we %\ld be able to pr$icate ( ^? objects t !y are ,no?+4 ,no?+ is a "n ( ! /ate ( our consci\sness :5 we are n aw>e ( any object1 or ( any s5sation4--,ed4 #ajf ,abs5t1 9 its unre/rict$ s5se1 above expla9$1 comes ne> to ?is m>k+ p[] ( ! ^w ,no?+1 b diff]s f x 9 "o respect4 ,abs5t is ! ,privative "n ( all possible objects1 tak5 "o by "o4 ,no?+ is ! privative "n ( !m1 tak5 altoge!r4 ,?is di/9ction1 ,i presume1 is suffici5tly obvi\s1 & intelligible1 ?us express$2 & /&s 9 no ne$ ( a m wordy explanation4#c99 ,mill's footnote #c3 ,! acc\nt ( ,privative ,t]ms :i* is giv5 by ,locke1 is ! same ) t :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! text4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t ,locke1 :o has /at$ ! case correctly1 has n attempt$ its analysis4 ,he says 7,b4 ,,ii4 *4 viii471 ,we h negative names1 su* z insipid1 sil5ce1 nihil1 c41 :i* words d5ote positive ideas2 v4g41 ta/e1 s\nd1 be+2 ) a signification ( _! abs5ce4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,we %all n[ take notice ( ! ,privative ,t]m ,,empty1 :i* is a ^w ( great importance4 ,empty is a "n applicable to all ! ?+s to :i* ! "n1 full1 is applicable2 9 o!r words1 to all ! ?+s :i* are calculat$ to conta9 o!r ?+s 9 position1 or 9 ! syn*ron\s ord]1 t is1 9 ! ord] ( p>ticle adjo9+ p>ticle4 ,x is necess>y to m>k ?is limitation ( ! ^w conta92 because1 9 ano!r s5se1 a complex idea is said to conta9 ! simple ideas ( :i* x consi/s2 & a *emical comp\nd is said to conta9 ! simple #ajg sub/ances into :i* x c be decompos$4 ,empty1 & ,full1 are names ( ^? ?+s only :i* conta91 or are adapt$ to conta91 ?+s 9 position1 or 9 ! ord] ( p>ticle adjo9+ p>ticle4 ,?+s adapt$ to conta9 o!r ?+s 9 position1 are1 !mselves1 a peculi> comb9ation ( positions1 to :i* we mu/ v att5tively adv]t4 ,to und]/& ?is comb9ation1 x w be necess>y to rememb] exactly ! analysis ( position2 ( l9es1 surfaces1 & bulks2 z x has be5 already giv5 9 our explanation ( ,relative ,t]ms4 ,! ^w conta9+1 appli$ to any?+1 z :5 we speak ( a box conta9+ books1 a cask conta9+ liquor1 a room conta9+ furniture1 g5]ally includes ! idea ( limitation4 ,t :i* conta9s1 has c]ta9 b\nd>ies )9 :i* ! ?+s conta9$ are plac$1 or h _! position4 ,?is idea ( ?+s hav+ _! position )9 ano!r ?+1 is a v complex idea1 ! composition ( :i* we mu/ be at "s pa9s to und]/&4 ,x consi/s1 fir/1 ( ! ?+ conta9+2 secondly1 ( ! ?+s conta9$4 ,! ?+ conta9+1 aga91 consi/s ( two p>ts2 fir/1 its b\nd>ies2 &1 secondly1 its conta9+ capacity )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,its b\nd>ies are surfaces4 ,h[ we become acqua9t$ ) surfaces2 9 o!r words1 :at are ! s5sations1 ! copies ( :i* =m our complex idea ( surface1 has be5 already expla9$4 ,!y are c]ta9 s5sations ( t\*1 & c]ta9 s5sations ( muscul> action4 ,?is complex idea is easily di/+ui%$ into two p>ts2 fir/1 a c]ta9 idea ( resi/ance2 secondly1 ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,! sides #ajh ( a box ,i call resi/+1 & ,i call !m ext5d$2 & ,i call !m by bo? names on acc\nt ( c]ta9 s5sations4 ,let u conceive ! box )\t a lid2 ea* ( ! sides is ext5d$ & resi/+4 ,:at is ! top )\t a lid8 ,ext5d$1 & non-resi/+4 ,! idea ( ! top is t ( ext5sion )\t resi/ance2 ext5sion1 9 a p>ticul> direction1 t ( a plane surface4 ,:at is ! idea ( ! inside ( ! box )\t its cont5ts8 ,t ( ext5sion 9 all directions )\t resi/ance4 ,?is is empt9ess4 ,s f> is pla91 & n d\btful4 ,!re are /ill1 h[ev]1 "s ?+s :i* require explanation4 ,:at are we di/9ctly to und]/& by ext5sion )\t resi/ance8 ,:5ev] we use ! concrete ext5d$1 we mean some?+ ext5d$2 & by t some?+ we always mean some?+ t resi/s4 ,:at d we mean :5 we use ! ab/ract ext5sion8 ,x w be easily recollect$ t all ?is is a case ( association1 :i* has be5 already fully expla9$4 ,concrete ,t]ms are ,connotative ,t]ms2 ,ab/ract ,t]ms are ,non-connotative ,t]ms4 ,concrete t]ms1 along ) a c]ta9 quality or qualities1 :i* is _! pr9cipal mean+1 or notation1 connote ! object to :i* ! quality belongs4 ,?us ! concrete r$1 always means1 t is1 connotes1 some?+ r$1 z a rose4 ,we h already1 by suffici5t examples1 se51 t ! ,ab/ract1 =m$ f ! ,concrete1 notes precisely t :i* is not$ by ! ,concrete1 leav+ out ! connotation4 ,?us1 take away ! connotation f r$1 & y h r$ness2 f hot1 take away ! connotation1 & y h heat4 #aji ,! v same is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! concrete ext5d$1 & ! ab/ract ext5sion4 ,:at ext5d$ is ) its connotation1 ext5sion is )\t t connotation4 ,we h !n to expla91 :]e9 ! connotation consi/s4 ,:5 we say ext5d$1 mean+ some?+ ext5d$1 we mean "o or o!r ( ?ree ?+s1 a l9e1 a surface1 or bulk4 ,we h already expla9$ suffici5tly 9 :at mann] we come by ! ideas ( l9e1 surface1 & bulk4 ,we h c]ta9 s5sations ( t\*1 & ( muscul> action1 conjo9$1 & ! ideas ( ^? s5sations1 9 conjunction1 =m our ideas ( l9e1 surface1 & bulk4 ,! s5sation1 or s5sations1 :i* we m>k by ! ^w resi/+1 seem to be ^? alone :i* are connot$ by ! ^w ext5d+2 = x is mo/ important to obs]ve1 t :at we call ext5d+ 9 ! p>ts ( our own body1 by ! op]ation ( its own muscles1 is t :i* we call ext5d$ 9 all o!r ?+s2 & ?us ! ess5tial connotation ( ! concrete1 ext5d$1 is1 resi/+1 & no?+ else4 ,9 o!r concrete t]ms ! connotation is great]4 ,?us r$1 connotes a surface1 t is1 some?+ ext5d$2 & ext5d$ connotes resi/+4 ,& ?us r$ connotes bo? ext5d$ & resi/+1 :ile ext5d$ connotes resi/+ alone4 ,x is true1 t p]sons enjoy+ ! faculty ( see+ _c conceive any ?+ ext5d$1 )\t conceiv+ x col\r$2 because 9 !m ! idea ( some?+ ext5d$ includes1 by association1 ! visual1 z well z ! tactual1 & muscul>1 ideas2 & ! visual be+ accu/om$ to pr$om9ate1 ! tactual1 & muscul>1 are fa9tly obs]v$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be ! case 9 p]sons born bl9d1 #aaj :o h ! tactual1 & muscul>1 feel+s1 & n ! visual at all4 ,n[1 !n1 we c easily und]/& :at ext5sion is 9 all its cases4 ,l9e> ext5sion is ! idea ( a l9e1 ! connotation dropp$1 t is1 ! idea ( resi/+1 dropp$2 sup]ficial ext5sion is ! idea ( a surface1 ! same connotation dropp$2 & solid ext5sion1 or bulk1 is m]ely ! idea ( bulk1 ! connotation1 or resi/+1 dropp$4 ,b bulk1 ! connotation 7i4e4 resi/ance7 dropp$1 is :at8 ,! place = bulk3 ,position4 ,b place is1 :at8 ,a portion ( ,,space2 or1 m correctly speak+4 ,,space itself1 ) limitation4 ,we ?us seem to h arriv$1 )\t any difficulty1 at an exact k ( :at is not$ or m>k$ by ! ^w ,,space2 a ph5om5on ( ! human m9d hi!rto reg>d$ z s+ul>ly my/]i\s4 ,! difficulty :i* has be5 f\nd 9 expla9+ ! t]m1 ev51 by ^? philosoph]s :o h approa*$ ! ne>e/ to its mean+1 seems to h aris51 f _! n p]ceiv+ ! mode ( signification ( ,ab/ract ,t]ms2 & f ! obscurity ( t class ( s5sations1 a portion ( :i* we employ ! ^w ext5d$ to m>k4 ,! ^w space is an ab/ract1 diff]+ f its concrete1 l o!r ab/racts1 by dropp+ ! connotation4 ,mu* ( ! my/]y1 9 :i* ! idea has seem$ to be involv$1 is ow+ to ?is s+le circum/ance1 t ! ab/ract t]m1 space1 has n _h an appropriate concrete4 ,we h obs]v$1 t1 9 all cases1 ab/ract t]ms c be expla9$ only ?r\gh _! concretes2 because !y note or "n a "p ( :at ! concrete names1 leav+ out ! re/4 ,if we 7 #aaa to make a concrete t]m1 correspond+ to ! ab/ract t]m space1 x mu/ be a ^w equival5t to ! t]ms inf9itely ext5d$4 ,f ! ideas includ$ "u ! "n inf9itely ext5d$1 leave out resi/+1 & y h all t is m>k$ by ! ab/ract ,space4#bf ,editor's footnote #bf3 ,!re is great orig9ality z well z p]spicacity 9 ! explanation "h giv5 ( ,space1 z a privative t]m1 express+ :5 analys$1 ! abs5ce ( ! feel+ ( resi/ance 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* resi/ance is frequ5tly felt1 namely1 aft] ! s5sations ( muscul> action & motion4 ,! only "p ( ! exposition to :i* ,i demur is ! class+ ( ,space among ab/ract t]ms4 ,i h already object$ to call+ ! ^w l9e1 :5 us$ 9 ! geometrical s5se1 an ab/ract t]m4 ,i hold x to be ! concrete "n ( an ideal object possess+ l5g? b n bread?4 ,9 l mann] a ,space may be said to be ! concrete "n ( an ideal object1 ext5d$ b n resi/+4 ,! s5sations connot$ by ?is concrete "n1 are ^? :i* accompany ! motion ( our limbs or ( our body 9 all directions3 & along ) ^! s5sations is connot$ ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 o!rs1 viz4 ( ! muscul> s5sations :i* accompany ! arre/ ( t motion by a resi/+ sub/ance4 ,?is be+ ! mean+ ( a ,space1 ,space 9 g5]al mu/ be a "n equally concrete4 ,x d5otes ! aggregate ( all ,space4--,ed4 ,9 ! idea ( ,,space1 ! idea ( ,inf9ity is includ$4 ,:at ! idea ( ,inf9ity is1 ne$s !re=e to be expla9$4 ,:5 ! ^w ,inf9ite is n us$ metaphorically1 z x is :5 we speak ( ! inf9ite p]fections ( ,god1 9 :i* case x is n a "n = ideas1 b = ! want ( !m1 x is appli$ only to ,numb]1 ,ext5sion1 & ,duration4 ,we increase numb]s by add+ "o to "o1 "o to two1 & s on1 )\t limit1 giv+ a "n to #aab ea* aggregate4 ,! association ( ideas :i* con/itutes ! process has be5 already expla9$4 ,) ea* numb]1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 z we g on1 ! idea ( "o m is s /rongly associat$1 t we _c help its exi/+ 9 imm$iate conjunction4 ,h[ev] high1 !re=e1 we g 9 numb]+1 ! idea ( "o m always =ces itself ^u u2 & h5ce we say t numb] is inf9ite4 ,t ?is1 lit]ally1 is n true2 t1 inde$1 x is a v]bal contradiction1 is obvi\s4 ,numb]1 is some?+ numb]$2 b if numb]$1 limit$2 t is1 n inf9ite4 ,numb] is ! negation ( inf9ite2 z black is ! negation ( :ite4 ,! "n inf9ite1 9 ?is case1 is1 9 reality1 no?+ b a m>k = t /ate ( consci\sness1 9 :i* ! idea ( "o m is closely associat$ ) e succe$+ numb]4 ,& ,inf9ity1 ! ab/ract t]m1 is ! peculi> idea1 )\t ! connotation4 ,:5 we apply inf9ite to ext5sion1 we d s equally to all its ?ree modifications1 to l9es1 surfaces1 & bulk4 ,h[ we d s is obvi\s4 ,we "k no inf9ite l9e1 b we "k a long]1 & a long]4 ,a l9e is l5g!n$1 z numb] is increas$1 by cont9ual additions2 a l9e ( any l5g?1 say ( an in*1 is increas$ by ! cont9ual addition ( o!r l5g?s1 say ( an in*4 ,9 ! process1 !n1 by :i* we conceive ! increase ( a l9e1 ! idea ( "o portion m1 is cont9ually associat$ ) ! prec$+ l5g?2 & to :at ext5t soev] x is c>ri$1 ! association ( "o portion m1 is equally close & irresi/ible4 ,?is is :at we call ! idea ( inf9ite ext5sion2 & :at "s p call ! necess>y idea2 :i* only means1 t ! idea ( a #aac portion m1 rises necess>ily1 t is1 by indissoluble association1 s t we _c help its ris+4 ,inf9ite is ! concrete t]m1 "h connot+ ,l9e2 drop ! connotation1 y h ,inf9ity1 ! ab/ract4 ,if su* be ! :ole ( :at is involv$ 9 ! idea ( ,inf9ity1 9 ! case ( a l9e2 call x necess>y idea1 if y w2 ! idea ( x1 9 ! case ( surface1 & ( bulk1 is also expla9$2 = surface1 & bulk1 are only l9es1 9 su* & su*1 or 9 all directions4 ,! idea ( a portion m1 adh]+1 by indissoluble association1 to ! idea ( e increase1 9 any or 9 all directions1 is ! idea ( inf9itely ext5d$1 & ! idea ( inf9itely ext5d$1 ! connotation dropp$1 is ! idea ( ,inf9ite ,space4 ,x has be5 call$ a simple idea 7s little has ! real nature ( x be5 und]/ood72 :ile x is ?us di/9ctly se51 to be "o ( ! mo/ complex ideas1 :i* ! :ole tra9 ( our consci\s be+ pres5ts4 ,extreme complexity1 ) great clos5ess ( association1 has ?is effect--t e p>ticul> "p 9 ! composition is ov]p[]$ by ! multitude ( all ! o!r p>ts1 & no "o 9 p>ticul> /&s m>k$ f ! re/2 b all1 toge!r1 assume ! appe>ance ( ,,"o4 ,some?+ p]fectly analog\s occurs1 ev5 9 s5sation4 ,if two or ?ree +r$i5ts are mix$1 z w9e & honey1 we c di/+ui% ! ta/e ( ea*1 & say x is comp\nd4 ,b if a great _m are mix$1 we c di/+ui% no "o 9 p>ticul>1 & ! ta/e ( ! :ole appe>s a simple peculi> ta/e4#bg ,editor's footnote #bg3 ,?is explanation ( ! feel+ ( ,inf9ity :i* atta*es itself to ,space1 is "o ( ! mo/ important ?\ghts 9 ! :ole treatise2 &1 obvi\s z its tru? is to a m9d prep>$ by ! previ\s exposition1 x has great difficulty 9 f9d+ entrance into o!r m9ds4 ,e object is associat$ ) "s position3 n always ) ! same position1 b we h nev] p]ceiv$ any object1 & !re=e nev] ?9k ( "o1 b 9 "s position or o!r1 relative to "s o!r objects4 ,z1 f e position4 ,space ext5ds 9 e direction 7i4e4 ! unimp$$ arm or body c move 9 any direction71 & s9ce we nev] 7 9 any place :i* did n admit ( motion 9 e direction f x1 :5 su* motion 0 n arre/$ by a resi/ance2 e idea ( position is irresi/ibly associat$ ) ext5sion1 beyond ! position3 & we c conceive no end to ext5sion1 because ! place :i* we try to conceive z its end1 raises irresi/ibly ! idea ( o!r places beyond x4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m s-call$ ,necessities ( ,?\ght :i* are necessities only 9 consequ5ce ( ! insep>abl5ess ( an association3 b :i*1 f unwill+ness to admit ?is explanation1 m5 mi/ake = orig9al laws ( ! human m9d1 & ev5 reg>d !m z ! effect & pro( ( a correspond+ necess>y connexion betwe5 facts exi/+ 9 ,nature4--,ed4 #aad ,?is1 inde$1 is "o great cause ( ! mi/akes1 :i* h be5 committ$1 9 ! exam9ation ( ab/ract ideas4 ,we h %ewn t !y are all complex1 & 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,yet ! great] numb] ( !m h always be5 treat$ z simple4 ,mr4 ,locke %ew$ t "s ( !m1 :i* he calls mix$ modes1 7 und\bt$ly comp\nd$1 z obligation1 crime1 c4 ,b !y are no o!rwise complex1 ?an z p[]1 quality1 *ance1 fate1 position1 & space1 are complex4 ,x is truly rem>kable1 h[ _m ( ! cases ( indissoluble association are all unit$ 9 ! idea ( ,,space4 ,fir/ ( all1 ) ! idea ( e object1 ! idea ( position or place1 is indissolubly unit$4 #aae ,secondly1 ) ! idea ( position or place1 ! idea ( ext5sion is indissolubly unit$4 ,?irdly1 ) ! idea ( ext5sion ! idea ( inf9ity is indissolubly unit$4 ,f\r?ly1 by ! un=tunate ambiguity ( ! ,copula1 ! idea ( exi/5ce is indissolubly unit$ ) ,,space1 z ) o!r ab/ract t]ms4 ,:at ^! sev]al +r$i5ts1 ! ideas ( ,position1 ,ext5sion1 ,inf9ity1 ,exi/5ce1 are compos$ (1 we h already se54 ,all ^!1 =c$ into comb9ation1 by irresi/ible association1 con/itute ! idea ( ,,space4 #aaf ,,section ,v4 ,,"t4 ,z ,,space is a compreh5sive ^w1 includ+ all ,positions1 or ! :ole ( syn*ron\s ord]2 s ,,"t is a compreh5sive ^w1 includ+ all ,successions1 or ! :ole ( successive ord]4 ,! difficulty ( ! exposition1 9 ?is case1 consi/s n 9 ! ideas2 = !y are cle> & c]ta9 en\gh2 b 9 f9d+ expressions :i* w h ev5 a *ance ( convey+ to read]s1 :o are n famili> ) ! analysis ( m5tal ph5om5a1 ! ideas :i* x is my object to imp>t4 ,z all objects1 consid]$ z exi/+ toge!r1 are said to exi/ 9 ,,space1 s all objects consid]$ z exi/+ "o aft] ano!r1 are said to exi/ 9 ,,"t4 ,objects1 h[ev]1 are said to exi/ 9 ,"t1 9 two di/+ui%able cases2 ei!r :5 !y are 9 con/ant fl[2 or1 :5 !y h1 :at we call1 /ability or duration4 ,! con/ant passage ( m51 horses1 vehicles1 c41 9 a busy & cr[d$ /reet1 is 9 ,"t2 ! p]man5ce ( ,/4 ,paul's1 9 its well-kn[n position1 is also 9 ,"t4 ,if ,"t mean ! succession ( ! objects 9 ! "o case1 x mu/ mean some?+ else 9 ! o!r4 ,x _c mean ! succession ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,b x may mean ! idea ( ,/4 ,paul's1 associat$ ) ! idea ( o!r successions4 ,( ,,"t itself we conceive1 t x is nev] /ill4 ,x is a p]petual fl[ ( in/ants1 ( :i* only "o c ev] be pres5t4 ,! v idea ( ,"t1 !re=e1 is #aag an idea ( successions4 ,x consi/s ( ?is1 & ( no?+ else4 ,b !re are no real successions1 save successions ( objects1 t is ( feel+s 9 our m9ds4#bh ,:at1 !n1 are ! successions ( ,,"t1 :i* are ! successions ( no?+8 ,to ^? :o h ?or\ghly famili>iz$ !mselves ) ! acc\nt :i* we h giv5 ( ab/ract t]ms1 & :o c promptly & /eadily conceive ! mode ( _! signification1 we c r5d] an answ]1 :i* w be und]/ood at once1 & w be felt to be complete & satisfactory4 ,editor's footnote #bh3 ,!re is an unusual employm5t ( language "h1 :i* if att5tion is n =mally drawn to x1 may emb>rass ! read]4 ,by objects are commonly meant1 ^? gr\ps or clu/]s ( s5sations & possibilities ( s5sation1 t compose :at we call ! ext]nal _w4 ,a s+le s5sation1 ev5 ext]nal1 & /ill less if int]nal1 is n call$ an object4 ,9 a some:at l>g] s5se1 :atev] we ?9k (1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ?\ght itself & f ourselves z ?9k+ x1 is call$ an object2 ?is is ! common anti!sis ( ,object & ,subject4 ,b 9 ?is place1 ! au?or designates z objects1 all ?+s :i* h real exi/5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ! in/ants ( m]e ,"t1 :i*1 z he is po9t+ out1 h n2 & a puzzl+ effect is produc$ by 8 apply+ ! "n ,object1 9 ev5 an especial mann]1 to s5sations3 to ! tick+s ( a wat*1 or ! beat+s ( a pati5t's pulse4--,ed4 ,we h %ewn1 h[ we =m ! ab/racts1 r$ness1 f r$2 sweetness1 f sweet2 h>dness1 f h>d2 by simply dropp+ ! connotation ( ! concrete t]m4 ,?us r$1 always means some?+ r$2 r$ness1 is ! r$ )\t ! some?+2 s ( sweetness1 h>dness1 & s =?4 ,:5 ! ideas are m #aah complicat$1 ! case is /ill ! same4 ,:5 we use ! concrete1 liv+1 x always connotes some?+ liv+2 a liv+ man1 a liv+ quadrup$1 a liv+ bird1 fi%1 insect1 & s =?4 ,:5 we use ! ab/ract1 life1 we convey all t we convey by ! t]m liv+1 except ! connotation4 ,we say t ,john is heal?y1 ,james is heal?y1 on acc\nt ( circum/ances ! idea ( :i* =ms a v complex idea4 ,! concrete heal?y always connotes an individual4 ,use ! ab/ract1 heal?1 y h ! idea )\t ! connotation4 ,9 apply+ ?is doctr9e to ! case ( successions1 we are ill suppli$ ) appropriate names2 & h5ce ! difficulty ( ! case1 bo? to ! tea*]1 & ! le>n]4 ,we h said t !re are no real successions1 b successions ( objects4 ,! tick+s ( my wat* are successive s\nds1 t is1 s5sations4 ,! beat+s :i* are felt by ! physician1 9 ! art]y ( 8 pati5t1 are successive feel+s or s5sations ( t\*4 ,:5 ! diff]5t p>ticul>s ( a sc5e 9 :i* a man has be5 engag$1 ( a battle1 = example1 9 :i* he has comm&$1 pass ?r\gh 8 m9d1 !re is a succession ( ideas4 ,9 all ^! cases ( ! successions ( s5sations1 or ideas1 !re is always "o pres5t1 o!rs pa/1 & o!rs to come1 t is1 future4 ,drop ! connotation ( some?+ pa/1 some?+ pres5t1 some?+ future4 ,y h pa/ness1 pres5tness1 & futur5ess4 ,b pa/ness1 pres5tness1 & futur5ess1 are ,,"t4 ,,"t c nei!r be %ewn1 nor conceiv$1 to be any ?+ else4 ,x is a s+le-word$ ab/ract1 involv+ ! mean+ #aai ( ^! ?ree sev]al ab/racts4 ,! true mean+ ( ^! ab/racts is cle>ly made out f _! concretes4 ,! precise idea1 !re=e1 m>k$ by ! ^w ,,"t2 if ! mean+ ( ^! ab/racts is suffici5tly appreh5d$2 is at la/ app>5t4 ,nor is !re any my/]i\sness 9 x :atsoev]1 b t :i* has aris5 f misappreh5sion ( t gr& dep>tm5t ( ,nam+1 :i* belongs to ab/ract t]ms2 & f inatt5tion to t class ( words1 :i* are inv5t$ to supply ! place1 ea* ( !m s+ly1 ( sev]al o!r words4 ,to our conclusion1 t ,,"t is ! equival5t ( ,pa/ness1 ,pres5tness1 & ,futur5ess1 comb9$1 x may be object$1 t ! ^w ,"t is applicable to all ! ?ree cases2 z we c say1 pa/ "t1 pres5t "t1 & future "t1 all ) equal propriety4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is s f> f be+ any presumption aga9/ ! conclusion1 t x is a cle> confirmation ( x2 s9ce ,"t1 /&+ by itself1 m>ks no p>ticul> case1 &1 9 ord] to d s1 mu/ h ano!r m>k appli$ to x to limit its signification4 ,x is only because ,"t m>ks all ! cases ( pa/ness1 pres5tness1 & futur5ess1 t x ne$s ! m>ks pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 to conf9e its mean+2 pres5t "t be+ m]ely ano!r "n = pres5tness1 future "t1 = futur5ess1 & pa/ "t1 = pa/ness4 ,! same ?+ is se5 9 ! case ( all o!r ab/racts4 ,r$ness is ! "n ( a c]ta9 col\r1 9 all its modifications1 & to :atev] object belong+4 ,b by ! addition ( an appropriate m>k1 we conf9e its mean+ to any p>ticul> case2 z :5 we say1 ! r$ness ( a rose1 ! r$ness ( sc>let1 & s on4 #abj ,! acc\nts1 :i* h be5 r5d]$ ( ,"t by diff]5t philosoph]s1 s f> z !y h 9 !m any ackn[l$g$ accuracy1 are1 all ( !m1 p>ts1 & b p>ts1 ( ! analysis :i* we h ?us be5 pres5t+4 ,dr4 ,reid says1 ,memory gives u ! conception & belief ( f9ite int]vals ( duration2 & ^! we enl>ge by our m5tal processes to inf9ity4#d99 ,we h already se5 :at ,memory is4 ,x is n a faculty1 z ,dr4 ,reid supposes1 :i* gives any ?+2 x is an idea1 =m$ by association ( ! p>ticul>s ( a c]ta9 tra92 a tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 ( :i* ! pres5t feel+ is "o extremity4 ,pa/ness is includ$ "u ! t]m ,memory4 ,memory is ! "n ( a c]ta9 :ole1 & ,pa/ness is ! "n ( a "p ( t :ole4 ,memory is a connotative t]m2 :at x notes1 is ! antec$5ce & consequ5ce ( ! sev]al p>ts ( t :i* =ms ! *a9 ( ! remembrance2 :at x connotes1 are ! feel+s !mselves1 ! objects rememb]$4 ,:5 :at x connotes is left out1 & :at x notes is reta9$1 we h ! idea :i* is express$ by pa/ness4 ,mill's footnote #d3 ,intellect4 ,p[]s4 ,essay ,,iii4 *4 v4 p4 #ehc4 ,9 ! *a9 ( memory1 consi/+ ( antec$5t1 antec$5t1 antec$5t1 trac$ back to any l5g? f ! pres5t feel+1 we call t :i* imm$iately prec$es ! pres5t1 ! ne>e/2 ! next1 we call m di/ant2 ! next1 m di/ant /ill2 & t1 betwe5 :i* & ! pres5t feel+ ! greate/ numb] ( successions int]v5es1 we call ! mo/ di/ant1 also ! f>!/ back2 b ! f>!/ back ( a s]ies ( successions1 is ! olde/1 t betwe5 #aba :i* & ! pres5t "t ! greate/ l5g? ( "t has int]v5$4 ,greate/ l5g? ( "t1 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 is only ano!r "n = greate/ numb] ( successions4 ,x has be5 already se51 t !re is no?+ 9 :i* we are s deeply int]e/$1 z an accurate k ( ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we exi/4 ,( ! diff]5t innum]able tra9s ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* x is important = u c>efully to m>k1 x is obs]v$1 t "s succe$ m quickly1 "s less4 ,:ile ! long p5dulum ( an eight-day clock is p]=m+ "o oscillation1 ! %ort p5dulum ( a table-clock p]=ms two or ?ree4 ,:at t is1 to :i* we give ! "n ( quickness1 or sl[ness1 9 ^? successions2 9 o!r words1 :at is ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* we h ?us occasion to m>k2 has already be5 se54 ,e succession1 obs]v$ by u1 is a case ( s5sation & memory2 s5sation ( ! consequ5t1 memory ( ! antec$5t4 ,if we h obs]v$ simultane\sly ! oscillations ( ! two p5dulums1 m5tion$ above1 we rememb] two or ?ree antec$5t oscillations ( ! %ort p5dulum1 be=e we get back to "o ( ! long4 ,x is a m]e case1 !re=e1 ( ! great] or less numb] ( antec$5ts 9 a *a9 ( memory1 exp\nd$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 ! k1 s important to u1 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 x is n en\gh t we "k :at antec$5ts are foll[$ by :at consequ5ts2 mu* dep5ds ^u ! quickness or sl[ness ( ! successions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ importance t we %\ld h ! means ( m>k+ !m4 #abb ,:at we d is1 to take "s well-kn[n case ( successions1 & to make t a /&>d1 by :i* to asc]ta9 ! re/4 ,we take1 = example1 ! oscillations ( a p5dulum4 ,s _m ( ^! we call a m9ute4 ,s _m m9utes we call an h\r4 ,^! m9utes & h\rs1 !n1 are s _m oscillations1 t is successions4 ,we call !m measures ( "t4 ,b ?+s are measurable only by p>ts ( !mselves2 ext5sion by ext5sion1 weight by weight1 & s on4 ,:at is 99measur$ by succession1 !re=e1 is itself no?+ b succession4 ,hav+ assum$ a c]ta9 case ( successions z a /&>d1 & m>k$ x into quantities1 by di/9ctive names1 we m>k or "n all o!r successions1 by ! names appli$ to ! /&>d case4 ,?us1 t gr& succession1 on :i* s mu* ( :at we are int]e/$ 9 dep5ds1 a revolution ( ! e>? ^u its own axis1 we di/+ui%1 by ! t]m1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 :i* we also call by ! "n1 day2 & aft]w>ds make use (1 z a /&>d1 to m>k /ill sl[] successions1 su* z a revolution ( ! moon ab\t ! e>?1 a revolution ( ! e>? ab\t ! sun4 ,9 all ^! measurem5ts1 & expressions1 ( "t1 x is /ill se51 t !re is no?+ 9 reality conceiv$ b successions4 ,beside ! /&>ds1 m di/9ctly conceiv$ & express$1 !re is always1 9 ^! e/imates ( "t1 a tacit ref]5ce to ano!r /&>d1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! unit1 or m9imum ( "t4 ,! case "h is precisely analog\s to t ( ! unit1 or m9imum1 ( ext5sion1 :i* we h already obs]v$4 ,our tactual1 & muscul>1 s5ses are n suffici5tly f9e to disc]n objects ( less ?an a c]ta9 magnitude4 #abc ,! lea/ :i* !y c disc]n is tacitly assum$ z ! unit ( ext5sion4 ,nor are any ( our s5ses f9e en\gh to disc]n successions :i* h m ?an a c]ta9 degree ( rapidity4 ,?us1 if ! sev5 primitive col\rs are made to pass ) a c]ta9 velocity be=e ! eye1 !y d n appe> sep>ate1 b bl5d$ into "o cont9u\s :ite4 ,9 l mann]1 if s\nds are made to succe$ "o ano!r1 at fir/1 sl[ly1 aft]w>ds1 ) great] & great] rapidity1 !y _c1 at la/1 be di/+ui%$ z diff]5t s\nds1 b appe> z "o cont9u\s s\nd4 ,9 fact1 ?is is probably ! acc\nt ( all s\nds1 :i* are m]ely effects ( ! vibrations 9 ! air1 & !re=e pulses2 b (t5 s quick1 9 succession1 t no int]val is di/+ui%able1 & ! p]ception is t ( a cont9u\s s\nd4 ,! close resemblance1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 s5sations & ideas1 is rem>kable4 ,:5 s5sations are br\ght into close conjunction !y become bl5d$1 & appe>1 n sev]al1 b "o4 ,we h se51 9 a mo/ important case ( association1 t :5 ideas are call$ up toge!r 9 close conjunction1 !y1 too1 cease to be di/+ui%able1 &1 be+ bl5d$ toge!r1 assume1 ev5 :]e !re is ! greate/ complexity1 ! appe>ance1 n ( _m ideas1 b ( "o4 ,( ?is we h v rem>kable examples1 9 ! two cases ( ,,space1 & ,,"t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 succession1 !n1 ( s5sations & ideas1 9 :i* ! antec$5t & consequ5t c be di/+ui%$3 ano!r1 9 :i* ! antec$5t & consequ5t1 on acc\nt ( quickness1 _c be di/+ui%$4 ,! quicke/ t c be di/+ui%$1 is t to :i*1 z ! unit or m9imum1 a tacit #abd ref]5ce is made1 9 our sev]al e/imates ( "t4 ,hav+ ?us %ewn h[ f> ! acc\nt ( ,,"t1 pres5t$ by "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ,philosoph]s ( high "n1 goes 9 exp\nd+ ! ph5om5on1 & h[ f> x leaves x unexp\nd$2 x w be in/ructive next to obs]ve1 h[ f> ! g5ius ( ! anci5t ,greek ,philosoph]s c>ri$ !m1 9 ?is important inquiry4 ,x is satisfactory1 t we c ref] ! unle>n$ read] to a v cle> & accurate exposition ( _! doctr9es1 9 a well kn[n "w 9 our own language1 ! ,h]mes ( ,mr4 ,h>ris2 f :i*1 = ! sake ( ?is conv5i5ce1 ! pres5t acc\nt ( ^? anci5t doctr9es %all be drawn4 ,"t & ,space1 says t au?or1#e99 h ?is 9 common1 t !y are bo? ( !m by nature cont9u\s4 ,b 9 ?is !y diff]1 t all ! p>ts ( ,space exi/ at once & toge!r1 :ile ^? ( ,"t only exi/ 9 ,transition or ,succession4 ,?is is only transcrib+ ! common language4 ,:at rema9$ 01 to %ew :at are ! real facts c\*$ "u ?is language4#f99 ,mill's footnote #e3 ,h]mes1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 vii4 ,mill's footnote #f3 ,! expression ( ,ammonius1 "h quot$ by ,h>ris1 comes ne>] ! fact ?an 8 own--,greek3 o7 *ro_/nos u7phi_//a_/tai kata_/ mo_/non to ,,nun1 e7n ga_/r t gi_/ne/hai kai_/ ph!i_/re/hai to_/ einai e7_/*ei4 ,"t subsi/s only 9 a s+le ,,n[ or ,,in/ant1 = x ha? its be+ 9 beg9n+ & ceas+ to be4 ,9 o!r words1 ,"t nev] is2 all y c say ( x is only ?is1 x has be51 or x is ab\t to be4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,9 e giv5 "t we may assume any:]e a ,n[ or ,in/ant1 & !re=e1 9 e giv5 ,"t1 !re may be assum$ inf9ite ,n[s or ,in/ants4 #abe ,a ,,n[ or ,,in/ant is ! ,b\nd ( e f9ite ,"t4 ,b al?\gh a ,b\nd1 x is n a ,"p ( ,"t4 ,if ?is appe> /range1 we may rememb]1 t if a ,n[ or ,in/ant 7 a ,"p ( ,"t x be+ ess5tial to ! "* ( ,p>ts1 t !y %\ld measure ! ,:ole1 x w\ld conta9 )9 itself inf9ite o!r n[s2 & ?is1 x is evid5t1 w\ld be absurd & impossible4 ,! same ,n[ or ,in/ant1 may be ! end ( "o ,"t1 & ! ,beg9n+ ( ano!r2 ! fir/1 necess>ily ,pa/ ,"t1 z be+ previ\s to ! ,n[ or ,in/ant1 :i* bo? ,times include2 ! o!r necess>ily ,,future1 z be+ subsequ5t4 ,z1 !re=e1 e ,,n[ or ,,in/ant always exi/s 9 ,"t1 & )\t be+ ,"t1 is ,"t's ,b\nd2 ! ,b\nd ( ,completion to ! ,pa/1 & ! ,b\nd ( ,comm5cem5t to ! ,future3 f h5ce we may conceive its nature or end1 :i* is to be ! ,m$ium ( ,cont9uity betwe5 ! ,pa/ & ! ,future1 s z to r5d] ,"t1 ?r\gh all its p>ts1 "o ,intire & ,p]fect ,:ole4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s to e "o1 :o has correctly foll[$ me ?r\gh ! prec$+ d$uctions1 t ?is my/]i\s language1 if appli$ to actual successions1 has a di/9ct mean+2 if n s appli$1 x is j>gon m]ely1 )\t "o idea annex$4 ,?is ,,n[1 :i* is n ,"t1 &1 n be+ ,"t1 is ( c\rse no?+ else2 ?is ,,no?+1 !n1 :i*1 ?\gh no?+ is ! m$ium ( cont9uity betwe5 ,some?+s1 namely1 "t pa/1 & "t future1 seems to be only a my/]i\s "n = t l9k :i* is suppos$ to be betwe5 e antec$5t & its consequ5t2 :i* supposition ( a l9k1 or m$ium ( cont9uity1 we h already %ewn to be a m]e case #abf ( association1 involv+ a prejudice2 ! antec$5t & consequ5t1 & no?+ else1 be+ really includ$ 9 a case ( succession4 ,?us und]/ood1 h[ev]1 x is a m$ium ( cont9uity1 =m+ ! ,b\nd ( ,completion to ! previ\s tra9 ( successions1 ! ,b\nd ( ,comm5cem5t to ! foll[+4 ,mr4 ,h>ris proce$s to %ew "s ( ! conclusions1 result+ f ! acc\nt :i* he _h ?us r5d]$ ( ,"t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he says1 !re _c 7/rictly speak+7 be any su* ?+ z "t pres5t4 ,we w draw f ?is a conclusion1 :i* ,mr4 ,h>ris appe>s n to h se51 or does n *oose to ackn[l$ge2 ,t1 if !re be no su* ?+ z ,"t pres5t1 nei!r c !re be any su* ?+ z ,"t pa/4 ,= :at is ! pa/1 b t :i* has be5 pres5t8 ,b if !re be no su* ?+ z "t pres5t1 or "t pa/1 !re c be no su* ?+ z "t future4 ,"t1 !re=e1 is an impossibility4 ,mr4 ,h>ris himself1 inde$1 goes a c]ta9 way t[>d ?is conclusion4 ,if no ,portion ( "t1 he says1 be ! object ( any ,s5sation2 fur!r1 if ! ,pres5t nev] exi/2 if ! pa/ be no m2 if ! ,future be n z yet2 & if ^! are all ! p>ts1 out ( :i* ,"t is comp\nd$3 h[ /range & %ad[y a ,be+ d we f9d x8 ,h[ ne>ly approa*+ to a p]fect non-entity8#g99 ,mill's footnote #g3 ,x is b ju/ice to ,ari/otle1 to say1 t he express$ ! "r conclusion mu* m di/9ctly ?an ,h>ris ?\ght prop] to d4 ,8 mode ( inf]r+1 z translat$ by ,h>ris1 is z foll[s3 ,t1 !re=e1 ,"t exi/s n at all1 or at lea/1 has b a fa9t & obscure exi/5ce1 "o may suspect f h5ce4 ,a "p ( x has be51 & is no m2 a "p ( x is com+1 & is n z yet2 & out ( ^! is made t ,"t1 :i* is )\t end1 & ev] to be assum$ f>!r & f>!r4 ,n[1 t :i* is made up ( no?+ b non-entities1 x %\ld seem 0 incapable ev] to p>ticipate ( ,entity4--7,au?or's ,note47 #abg ,mr4 ,h>ris !n says1 ,let u try1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! s5ses fail u1 if we h n faculties ( high] p[]1 to seize ?is fleet+ ,be+4 ,:at !n is x he does 9 ! se>* ( ^? faculties ( high] p[]8 ,x w be se51 f ! foll[+ quotation1 t he m]ely describes a few cases ( actual succession2 & says1 t f !m1 by ! help ( memory1 & imag9ation1 we come by ! idea ( ,"t4 ,b ! ,memory & ,imag9ation ( successions pres5t to u no?+ b ! successions !mselves4 ,if !n ! ,memory & ,imag9ation ( successions1 give u ! idea ( ,"t1 ! idea ( ,"t c only be "s "p or ! :ole ( ! idea ( ! successions4 ,! ,_w has be5 lik5$ to a v>iety ( ,?+s1 b x appe>s to resemble no "o m ?an "s mov+ spectacle 7su* z a procession or a triumph7 t ab\nds 9 e "p ) spl5did objects1 "s ( :i* are /ill dep>t+1 z fa/ z o!rs make _! appe>ance4 ,! ,s5ses look on1 :ile ! sight passes1 p]ceiv+ z mu* z is imm$iately pres5t1 :i* !y report ) tol]able accuracy to ! ,s\l's sup]ior p[]s4 ,hav+ done ?is1 !y h done _! duty1 be+ conc]n$ ) no?+1 save :at is pres5t & in/antane\s4 ,b to ! ,memory1 to ! ,imag9ation1 & above all1 to #abh ! ,intellect1 ! sev]al ,n[s or ,in/ants1 are n lo/1 z to ! ,s5ses1 b are pres5t$ & made objects ( /eady compreh5sion1 h[ev]1 9 _! own nature1 !y may be transitory & pass+4 ,n[ x is f contemplat+ two or m ( ^! ,in/ants "u "o view1 toge!r ) t ,int]val ( ,cont9uity1 :i* subsi/s betwe5 !m1 t we acquire ins5sibly ! ,idea ( ,,"t4 ,= example3 ,! ,sun rises3 ?is ,i rememb]3 x rises aga93 ?is too1 ,i rememb]4 ,^! ,ev5ts are n toge!r2 !re is an ,ext5sion betwe5 !m--n h[ev] ( ,space1 = we may suppose ! place ( ris+ ! same1 or at lea/1 to exhibit no s5sible diff]5ce4 ,yet /ill we recognise "s ,ext5sion betwe5 !m4 ,n[ :at is ?is ,ext5sion1 b a natural day8 ,& :at is t1 b pure ,"t8 ,x is aft] ! same mann]1 by recognis+ two new ,moons1 & ! ,ext5sion betwe5 ^!2 two sev]al ,equ9oxes1 & ! ext5sion betwe5 ^!2 t we ga9 ,ideas ( o!r ,times1 su* z ,mon?s & ,ye>s1 :i* are all s _m ,int]vals1 describ$ z above2 t is to say1 pass+ ,int]vals ( ,cont9uity betwe5 two ,in/ants view$ toge!r4 ,& ?us x is ,,! ,,m9d acquires ! ,idea ( ,,"t4 ,b ?is ,"t x mu/ be rememb]$ is ,,pa/ ,,"t ,,only1 :i* is always ! fir/ ,species1 t occurs to ! human ,intellect4 ,h[ !n d we acquire ! ,idea ( ,,"t ,,future8 ,! answ] is1 we acquire x by ,anticipation4 ,%\ld x be dem&$ /ill fur!r1 ,& :at is ,anticipation8 ,we answ]1 t1 9 ?is case1 x is a k9d ( reason+ by analogy f simil> to simil>2 f successions ( ev5ts1 t are pa/ already1 to simil> successions1 #abi t are presum$ h]eaft]4 ,= example3 ,i obs]ve1 z f> back z my memory c c>ry me1 h[ e day has be5 succe$$ by a night2 t night1 by ano!r day2 t day1 by ano!r night2 & s d[nw>ds 9 ord] to ! ,day t is n[4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ,i anticipate a simil> succession f ! pres5t ,day1 & ?us ga9 ! ,idea ( days & nights 9 futurity4 ,aft] ! same mann]1 by att5d+ to ! p]iodical returns ( ,new & ,full ,moons2 ( ,spr+s1 ,summ]s1 ,autumns1 & ,w9t]s1 all ( :i*1 9 ,"t pa/1 ,i f9d nev] to h fail$1 ,i anticipate a l ord]ly & div]sifi$ succession1 :i* makes ,mon?s1 & ,seasons1 & ,ye>s1 9 ,"t future4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t1 9 ! above passage1 ,h>ris1 beside ,memory & ,imag9ation1 introduces ! "n ( ,intellect1 z conc]n$ 9 g5]at+ ! idea ( ,"t4 ,b x w be se5 t he makes no use ( x1 :atsoev]1 9 giv+ 8 explanation1 nor m5tions any o!r op]ations ?an ^? (1 memory = ! pa/1 & anticipation = ! future4 ,inde$1 x appe>s f a passage ( 8 "w1 imm$iately foll[+1 t :5 ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 ?is inquiry1 uses ! ^w ,intellect1 he means no?+ b ,anticipation & ,memory4 ,!re is no?+1 he says1 appe>s s cle>ly an object ( ! ,,m9d or ,,intellect only1 z ! ,future does1 s9ce we c f9d no place = its exi/5ce any :]e else4 ,n b ! same1 if we consid]1 is equally true ( ! ,pa/499#h99 ,"h we see1 t #acj bo? ! ,future1 & ! ,pa/1 are said to be objects ( ! ,,intellect only4 ,b ! future is ! object ( anticipation1 ! pa/ ( memory2 & bo? memory1 & anticipation1 z we h se51 are cases ( association4 ,mill's footnote #h3 ,ibid4 ,he goes on to say1 t1 f ?is same doctr9e1 t ,"t exi/s only 9 ! m9d1 "s philosoph]s inf]r$1 t if m9d did n exi/1 nei!r c\ld ,"t4 ,greek3 ,po_/t]on de m ou7_/ss psu*s ei7_/ a7n o7 *ro_/nos1 a7por_/sei5 a7_/n tis4 7,ari/ot4 ,nat4 ,auscult4 #a4 iv4 c4 #bj47 ,!mi/ius1 :o comm5ts ! above passage1 expresses himself m positively4 ,greek3 ,ei7 toi_/nun di*s le_/getai1 to_/ te a7ri?mton1 kai to a7ri?m\_/m5on1 to men1 to a7ri?mton dlad1 duna_/mei1 to de e7n]gei_/a1 tauta de ou7k a7n u7po/ai_/1 m o7_/ntos t\ a7ri?m_/sontos1 m_/te duna_/mei m_/t' e7n]gei_/a1--phan]on 7s ou7k a7n o7 *ro_/nos ei7_/1 m ou7_/ss psu*s4 7,!m4 p4 #dh4 ,edit4 ,aldi47--7,au?or's ,note47 ,9 ! cases ( succession :i* he adduces1 z examples1 to %ew1 9 :at mann] we acquire1 he says1 ins5sibly1 ! idea ( "t1 he tells u1 !re is s5sation ( ! consequ5t1 memory ( ! antec$5t1 & beside ^!1 contemplation ( two or m in/ants "u "o view1 toge!r ) t ,int]val ( cont9uity1 :i* subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,b ! contemplation ( two in/ants1 "o prior1 ano!r po/]ior1 9 "o view1 ) ! int]val betwe5 !m1 is a circumlocution = memory4 ,x d5otes obscurely1 & imp]fectly1 t union1 9 "o idea1 ( all ! p>ts ( a tra91 to :i* ! "n memory is affix$4 ,f ?is contemplation1 he says x is1 t we acquire ! idea ( ,"t4 ,! real mean+ is ?us %ewn to be1 t we acquire x f memory4 ,mr4 ,h>ris1 !re=e1 at ! bottom1 agrees ) ,dr4 ,reid2 & ! same obs]vations by :i* we %ew$ #aca ! imp]fection ( ,dr4 ,reid's acc\nt1 are equally applicable to t1 ( ,mr4 ,h>ris4 ,! case1 9 tru?1 is1 t nei!r ( !m does any ?+ m ?an m]ely /ate ! fact1 )\t an attempt to expla9 x4 ,t we _c h ! idea ( "t1 )\t ! obs]vation ( successions2 & t memory is jo9$ ) s5se 9 ! obs]vation ( successions1--is ! matt] ( fact4 ,:at ,,"t is1 di/9ct f ! memory & ! s5sations1 !y ought to h told u1 b h n4 ,!y w\ld n h f\nd x difficult1 _h !y be5 famili> ) ! di/9ction 7( su* inf9ite importance1 9 all accurate inquiries into ! human m9d7 betwe5 ! mode ( signification ( concrete words1 & ! mode ( signification ( ab/ract ones2 ! latt]1 9 its m complicat$ cases1 ( n v easy compreh5sion4 ,un=tunately1 we h no concrete t]m1 correspond+ ) ,"t4 ,h5ce a great "p ( ! difficulty ( conceiv+ di/9ctly ! mean+ ( ! ab/ract4 ,"t1 also1 is n ! ab/ract "n ( any "o tra91 b ( all tra9s2 z r$ness is n ! "n ( "o r$1 b ( all r$s4 ,& !re is ?is fur!r complication1 t ! ^w "t is nev] appli$ to any tra91 9 p>ticul>2 z "t ( a race1 "t ( a battle1 & s on2 )\t ! pr$om9at+ association ( t p>ticul> tra91 :atev] x be1 m9utes1 h\rs1 or days1 :i* we are accu/om$ to employ1 z ! measure ( o!r successions4 ,)\t mu* & accurate practice1 !re=e1 9 conceiv+ ! mean+ ( ab/ract t]ms1 especially 9 ! m complex & intricate cases2 x is extremely difficult /eadily to contemplate ei!r ,,"t1 z ! #acb ab/ract "n ( all successive1 or ,,space1 z ! ab/ract "n ( all simultane\s ord]4#i99 ,mill's footnote #i3 ,multos autem 9 errorem ducit1 quod voces g5]ales et ab/ractas 9 diss]5do utiles esse videant1 nec tam5 e>um vim satis capiant4 ,p>tim v]o consuetud9e vulg>i inv5t sunt ill ad s]monem abbrevi&um1 p>tim philosophis ad doc5dum excogitat1 non quod ad naturas r]um accommodat s9t1 qu quidem s+ul>es et concret exi/unt1 s$ quod idone ad trad5das discipl9as1 propt]ea quod faciant notiones1 vel saltem propositiones1 univ]sales4--,b]keley de ,motu1 s4 #g4 ,no pr$ecessor ( ,b]keley 0 s fully aw>e1 z he 01 ( ! deceptions practis$ on ! human m9d by ab/ract t]ms4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,x w be in/ructive1 to recapitulate ! indissoluble associations :i* are conta9$ 9 ! idea ( ,"t4 ,) e pres5t ev5t1 is indissolubly associat$ ! idea ( an antec$5t2 ) t antec$5t1 ! idea ( ano!r antec$5t2 & s on )\t end4 ,^! are ! ideas ( ,succession1 & ( ,inf9ity2 =c$ ^u u by indissoluble association4 ,! ev5ts ( ! pres5t mom5t1 are innum]able4 ,) e "o ( ^! we associate ! ideas ( antec$5ts )\t end4 ,?is is ! ,pa/2 an ,inf9ity ( simultane\s successions1 ea* hav+ antec$5ts1 runn+ back )\t end4 ,^! are successions 9 ! concrete2 successions ( objects4 ,drop ! connotation1 to =m ! ab/ract1 z is done 9 o!r cases2 y h !n successions )\t ! objects2 :i* is precisely ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,,"t4 ,z ) e pres5t ev5t1 & ^? inf9ite 9 numb]1 is indissolubly associat$ ! idea ( a s]ies ( antec$5ts1 )\t end1 :i*1 9 ! ab/ract1 is #acc ,,"t ,,pa/1 s ) e su* ev5t1 is indissolubly associat$ ! idea ( a consequ5t1 ) t ! idea ( ano!r consequ5t1 & s on1 )\t end2 :i*1 9 ! ab/ract1 is ,,"t ,,future4 ,! syn*ron\s ,l9e1 or ,l9e ( ,ext5sion1 & ! successive ,l9e1 or ,l9e ( ,"t1 be> a pretty close analogy4 ,z1 9 ! ,l9e ( ,ext5sion1 we h ! concrete l9e1 & ! ab/ract l9e2 ! concrete l9e be+ ! positions ) ! objects2 ! ab/ract or ma!matical l9e1 ! positions )\t ! objects2 s1 9 ! l9e ( ,"t1 we h ! concrete l9e1 & ! ab/ract l9e2 ! concrete l9e be+ ! successions ) ! objects2 ! ab/ract l9e1 ! successions )\t ! objects2 to :i* ab/ract l9e1 we give ! "n ,,"t4 ,we h be=e rem>k$1 z an important case ( indissoluble association1 t ! idea ( ,position1 t is1 ( a modification ( ,space1 is indissolubly associat$ ) ! idea ( e s5sible object4 ,x is n[ to be rem>k$1 z a n less important case1 t ! idea ( succession or ( antec$5t & consequ5t1 t is1 a modification ( ,"t1 is indissolubly associat$ ) ! idea ( e object4 ,! idea ( a modification ( ,space1 & ! idea ( a modification ( ,"t1 =m p>ts ( our complex idea ( e object4 ,x is no wond] t !y appe> to be necess>y1 see+ t !y =ce !mselves ^u u1 by irresi/ible association1 ) ! idea ( e object4#bi #cj ,editor's footnote #bi3 ,z is %ewn 9 ! text4 ,"t is a "n = ! aggregate ( ! successions ( our feel+s1 ap>t f ! feel+s !mselves4 ,i object1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( "t1 z ,i did 9 ! #acd case ( ,space1 to consid]+ x z an ab/ract t]m4 ,"t does n seem to me to be a "n 7z ! au?or says7 = ! pa/ness1 ! pres5tness1 & ! futur5ess ( our successive feel+s4 ,x is r1 ,i ?9k1 a collective "n = our feel+ ( _! succession--= :at ! au?or call$1 9 a previ\s section1 ! "p ( ! process :i* consi/s 9 be+ s5sible ( _! successiv5ess1 = :i* "p1 he !n said1 we h n a "n4 ,?is tak+ notice ( ! successiv5ess ( our feel+s1 :e!r we pref] to call x a "p ( ! feel+s !mselves1 or ano!r feel+ sup]add$ to !m1 is yet some?+ :i*1 9 ! entire mass ( feel+ :i* ! successive impressions give u1 we are able to discrim9ate1 & to "n ap>t f ! re/4 ,a p]ception ( succession betwe5 two feel+s is a /ate ( consci\sness p] se1 :i* ?\gh we _c ?9k ( x sep>ately f ! feel+s1 we c yet ?9k ( z a complet$ ?+ 9 itself1 & n z an attribute ( ei!r or bo? ( ! two feel+s4 ,its "n1 if x _h "o1 w\ld be a concrete "n4 ,b ! entire s]ies ( ^! p]ceptions ( succession has a "n1 ,"t2 :i* ,i !re=e hold to be a concrete "n4 ,h[ev] inextricably ^! feel+s ( succession are mix$ up ) ! feel+s p]ceiv$ z successive1 we are s p]fectly able to att5d to !m1 & make !m a di/9ct object ( ?\ght1 t we c comp>e !m ) "o ano!r1 )\t comp>+ ! successive feel+s 9 any o!r respect4 ,we c judge two or m successions to be ( equal1 or ( unequal1 rapidity4 ,& if we f9d any s]ies ( feel+s ( :i* ! successive l9ks foll[ ea* o!r ) uni=m rapidity1 su* z ! tick+s ( a clock1 we c make ?is a /&>d ( comp>ison = all o!r successions1 & measure !m z equal to "o1 two1 ?ree1 or "s o!r numb] ( l9ks ( ?is s]ies3 :]eby ! aggregate ,"t is said to be divid$ into equal portions1 & e ev5t is locat$ 9 "s "o ( ^? portions4 ,! succession ( our s5sations1 !re=e1 h[ev] closely implicat$ ) ! s5sations !mselves1 may be ab/ract$ f !m 9 ?\ght1 z completely #ace z any quality ( a ?+ c be ab/ract$ f ! ?+4 ,! app>5t inf9ity ( ,"t ! au?or1 v rightly1 expla9s 9 ! same mann] z t ( ,space4--,ed4 ,grote's footnote #cj3 ,9 ?is section ,mr4 ,james ,mill expla9s ,"t4 ,he tells u t x is a compreh5sive ^w includ+ all successions1 or ! :ole ( successive ord] 7p4 #aaf7--;a p]petual fl[ ( in/ants1 ( :i* only "o c ev] be pres5t4 ,! v idea ( ,"t is an idea ( successions4 ,x consi/s ( ?is & ( no?+ else 7pp4 #aaf--aag7--;x is ! s+le word$ ab/ract1 involv+ ! mean+ ( ! ?ree sev]al ab/racts1 pa/ness1 pres5tness1 futur5ess 7p4 #aah74 ,9 ! l9e ( ,"t1 we h ! concrete l9e1 & ! ab/ract l9e3 ! concrete l9e be+ ! successions ) ! objects3 ! ab/ract l9e1 ! successions )\t ! objects3 to :i* ab/ract l9e1 we give ! "n ,"t 7p4 #acc74 ,9 p4 #abj he gives u 9 a few words ,dr4 ,reid's explanation ( ,"t3--& 9 pp4 #abd--acj he cites at great] l5g? ,ari/otle's explanation1 z reproduc$ by ,h>ris 9 ! ,h]mes4 ,bo? ,ari/otle & ,reid include 9 _! mean+ ( ,"t1 n m]ely succession1 b duration or cont9uity4 ,mr4 ,james ,mill includes only succession--antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,he ?9ks t cont9uity is no?+ else ?an an illusion or prejudice1 aris+ f extreme rapidity ( succession 7pp4 #abc--abe74 ,"t & ,space 7says ,h>ris1 cit$ p4 #abd7 h ?is 9 common1 t !y are bo? ( !m by nature cont9u\s4 ,b 9 ?is !y diff]--t all ! p>ts ( space exi/ at once & toge!r2 :ile ^? ( ,"t only exi/ 9 ,transition or ,succession4 ,mr4 ,james ,mill proce$s to say--,?is is only transcrib+ ! common language4 ,:at rema9$ 01 to %[ :at are ! real facts c\*$ "u ?is language4 ,und\bt$ly ^! facts ought to be %ewn1 & %ewn fully4 ,b ,i _c ?9k t !y are %ewn fully 9 ! #acf pres5t ,*apt] ( ! ,analysis4 ,on ! contr>y1 a mo/ important "p ( ! case is omitt$--,duration or ,cont9uity--:i* ,ari/otle has put 9 ! front ( 8 exposition1 & aft] him 99,reid z well z ,h>ris4 ,if x 7 true t ! ^w ,"t is ! ab/ract1 hav+ = its concrete succe$+ objects & no?+ m1 we %\ld n ne$ ! t]m at all4 ,! ab/ract t]m ,succession already answ]s ?is purpose1 mu* m p]spicu\sly & obvi\sly4 ,b ,"t includes some?+ m ?an succession4 ,x compreh5ds n m]ely pot5tiality = succe$+ objects or ev5ts1 b also pot5tiality = cont9u\s motions or s5sations3 x embraces duration z well z succession4 ,! exposition ( ,ari/otle is adapt$ to read]s & debates s diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t day1 t x (t5 appe>s /range1 & ev5 my/ical1 :5 ev] s well translat$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 we d]ive satisfaction f kn[+1 t 8 doctr9e is1 ) a v small res]ve1 adopt$ by ,hobbes1 ! mo/ anti-my/ical ( all philosoph]s4 7,hobbes' ,fir/ ,gr\nds ( ,philosophy--,"p ,,ii41 ,sect4 #g4 #c74 ,ari/otle has giv5 a !ory ( ,"t at great l5g?1 p]fectly cle> z to its ma9 features1 ?\gh 9 sev]al ( its details1 obscure & difficult to foll[4 ,i w add t ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole exposition1 he keeps ! ab/ract 9 close implication ) ! concrete3 ! neglect ( :i* precaution1 by _m philosoph]s1 is s ju/ly c5sur$ by ! ,au?or ( ! ,analysis4 ,ari/otle1 accord+ to a practice frequ5t ) him1 beg9s by enum]at+ v>i\s puzzles & difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( any !ory 7,greek3 diaporsai ,physic4 ,,iv4 #aj4 p4 #bag4 #f4 #cj74 ,9 do+ ?is1 "h z else:]e1 he /ates ! difficulties 9 a mann] some:at p>adoxical4 ,! citation ( page #abf1 7toge!r ) note1 page #abg17 are all tak5 f ?is prelim9>y excursion1 ! beg9n+ & end ( :i* ,ari/otle di/9ctly m>ks 7,physica ,,iv4 c4 #aj4 p4 #bag b4 #cj4 p4 #bah a4 #cj74 ,he !n proce$s to exposition2 & aft] rem>k+ t ,"t is "o & alike e :]e1 amid/ ! greate/ #acg div]sity ( ev5ts succe$+ ea* o!r--he says t x is n inde$ id5tical ) ,motion1 7z "s !ori/s consid]$ x71 b t x is nev]!less insep>able f ,motion be+ "o ( ! aspects or appurt5ances ( ,motion4 ,magnitude or ,body mov$--,motion--,"t--all g toge!r 9 ,ari/otle's conception4 ,magnitude is cont9u\s3 ,motion is cont9u\s3 ,"t is cont9u\s 7,physica ,,iv4 #aa4 p4 #bai4 a4 #ab4 #bbc4 a4 #aj73 ,l9e is cont9u\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,po9t is sep>ate & indivisible2 no two ,po9ts h any common t]m3 a ,l9e is n made up ( ,po9ts1 b ( small] ,l9es2 & e ,l9e has ,po9ts = its b\nds or limits4 ,:at ! ,po9t is to a ,l9e1 ! ,n[ or ,in/ant is to ,"t3 ! ,in/ant is n a portion ( ,"t1 b ! b\nd>y ( ea* portion1 & ! conjo9+ b\nd>y betwe5 ,"t pa/ & ,"t future4 7,physica ,,iv4 #aa4 p4 #bbj4 a4 #e-be--,,vi4 #c4 #bcd4 a4 #a-bd74 ,ari/otle def9es ,"t z ! ,numb] ( ,motion accord+ to ,=m] & ,lat]3 i4e41 ,cont9u\s ,motion1 consid]$ z num]able & successive4 ,to take ! words ( ,h>ris1 f ,ari/otle 7cit$ p4 #abh ( ! ,analysis7--,x is f contemplat+ two or m ,in/ants "u "o view1 toge!r ) t ,int]val ( ,cont9uity :i* subsi/s betwe5 !m1 t we acquire ins5sibly ! ,idea ( ,"t4--,mon?s & ,ye>s are all s _m ,int]vals describ$ z above2 t is to say1 pass+ ,int]vals ( ,cont9uity betwe5 two ,in/ants view$ toge!r4 ,mr4 ,james ,mill h>dly does ju/ice to ?is exposition1 :5 he obs]ves 7p4 #aca7--,nei!r ,h>ris 99nor ,reid does any?+ m ?an m]ely /ate ! fact1 )\t an attempt to expla9 x4 ,t we _c h ! idea ( "t1 )\t ! obs]vation ( succession2 & t memory is jo9$ ) s5se 9 ! obs]vation ( successions1--is ! matt] ( fact4 ,:at ,"t is1 di/9ct f ! memory & ! s5sations1 !y ought to h told u1 b h n4--,9 ?is passage1 ! ^w s5sations is evid5tly us$ by ,mr4 ,james ,mill z equival5t to successions or successive #ach s5sations3 & ! obs]vation appe>s to me n well f\nd$4 ,i ?9k t ,ari/otle has told u1 & ,h>ris aft] him1 :at ,"t is1 di/9ct f ! successive s5sations4 ,x includes ,motion & ! ,cont9uity ( ,motion4 ,^! are elem5ts ( :i* ,mr4 ,james ,mill takes no notice3 & !y supply ! defici5cy ( :i* he compla9s4 ,x is "o ( ! _m m]its ( ,mr4 ,james ,mill's ,analysis t he has paid m att5tion to movem5ts & muscul> s5sibility1 z elem5ts ( our consci\sness1 ?an philosoph]s _h done be=e him4 ,b 9 ?is *apt] un=tunately1 he has left !m out1 & has conf9$ himself to successions4 ,! explanation ( ,"t1 giv5 9 ! ma9 by ,ari/otle1 is complet$ & elucidat$ by ,pr(essor ,ba9 9 8 "w on ! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect 7*apt] on ! ,muscul> ,feel+s1 sect4 #bj--bc1 pp4 #ie1 #if2 comp>e also p4 #ahc1 9 ed4 #crd74 ,! feel+ ( cont9uance 9 our muscul> ex]tions1 ( long] or %ort] duration 9 ! sweep ( our limbs1 is "o ( ! primordial v>ieties ( s5sibility4 ,a long] exp5diture ( our en]gy affects ! consci\sness diff]5tly f a %ort]4 ,9 a full sweep ( ! arm1 we are consci\s ( ! in/ant ( comm5cem5t z antec$5t1--! int]val ( cont9u$ ef=t1--& ! in/ant ( t]m9ation z foll[+4 ,?is is ! cle>e/ illu/ration ( t :i* ,ari/otle & ,h>ris describe z ,"t3 two in/ants =m] & lat]1 ) cont9u\s int]val betwe5 !m4 ,motion is ! mo/ /rik+ & obvi\s example ( ,cont9uity1 & is !re=e employ$ by ,ari/otle z ! basis = 8 exposition ( ,"t4 ,! et]nal & uni=m motions ( ! cele/ial bodies 7 to him ! mo/ impressive ( all ph5om5a2 ! great /&>d by :i* all o!r motions 7 to be measur$4 ,hobbes also takes ! ,l9e z ! prop] expon5t ( "t4 ,b ?\gh motion af=ds ! be/ & ample/ illu/rations ( ,cont9uity1 x is n motion only t is felt z cont9u\s4 ,! s5se ( cont9uance is felt 9 reg>d to o!r impressions also4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 obs]ves--,all impressions made on ! m9d1 :e!r ^? ( muscul> en]gy1 or ^? ( ! ord9>y s5ses1 are felt diff]5tly accord+ z !y endure #aci = a long] or a %ort] "t4 ,?is is true ( ! high] emotions also4 ,! cont9uance ( a m5tal /ate mu/ be discrim9at$ by u f ! v dawn ( consci\sness2 & h5ce our e/imate ( "t is "o ( our e>lie/ m5tal aptitudes4 ,x atta*es to e feel+ t we possess--7p4 #ic74 ,we ?us p]ceive t ! s5se ( cont9uance is j z mu* an orig9al pres5tation to our consci\sness1 z ! s5se ( succession4 ,?is is an important fact1 :i* has n be5 suffici5tly adv]t$ to 9 ! exposition ( complex ideas su* z ,"t & ,space4 ,! fundam5tum ( ,cont9ual ,quantity is an imm$iate manife/ation ( our s5sitive discrim9ations n less ?an t ( ,discrete ,quantity4 ,! complex ,idea ( ,"t embodies bo?4a ,mr4 ,james ,mill insi/s ev]y:]e1 ) laudable emphasis1 ^u ! necessity ( seek+ ! mean+ ( e ab/ract t]m 9 ! concrete p>ticul>s out ( :i* x gr[s4 ,b 9 expla9+ ,"t1 he has n set be=e himself all ! concrete p>ticul>s 9 _! full v>iety & amplitude4 ,conf9+ himself to ,succession1 & sc>cely t\*+ ,cont9uance1 he has n be5 l$ to foll[ out ! facts ( motion 9 all _! div]sifi$ aspects1 nor ! _m ab/ractions & g5]alisations :i* #adj spr+ f comp>ison ( motions ) ea* o!r1 "u "s "o ( ^! aspects4 ,footnote a3 ,ari/otle's def9ition ( ,"t 0 mu* discuss$ by 8 contempor>ies & successors4 ,bo? 8 pupils1 ,!ophra/us & ,eudemus1 accept$ x3 b !re 7 _m objectors1 & ! e>lie/ ( !m notifi$ to u is1 ,/raton ( ,lampsakus1 pupil & successor ( ,!ophra/us4 ,/raton object$ on ! gr\nd t ! def9ition comb9$ ,numb] & ,motion--,discrete ,quantity & ,cont9ual ,quantity--:i* comb9ation he held to be inadmissible4 ,b ?is seems no valid objection4 ,ari/otle v prop]ly recognises ! two z di/9ct v>ieties ( ,quanta--7see ,categor4 p4 #d1 b4 #bj73 b t is no reason :y bo? ( !m may n be comb9$ 9 ! same complex idea--especially :5 we see t ea* ( !m has its di/9ct root 9 diff]5t orig9al pres5tations ( our discrim9ative consci\sness4 ,see ,simplikius ad ,ari/ot4 ,physic4 ,,iv4 ,s*olia1 p4 #cid1 b4 #bg--dg4 ,br&is4 ,9 a note to ?is *apt] ( ! ,analysis 7p4 #abi7 att5tion is call$ by ,mr4 ,james ,mill to ano!r important doctr9e cit$ by ,h>ris out ( ,ari/otle--to ! relative nature ( ,"t4 ,c !re be any "t1 ap>t f ! p]cipi5t m9d8 asks ,ari/otle--s9ce "t is ! num]able elem5t 9 motion1 & !re c be no num]ation )\t a rational m9d to numb]4b ,he does n affirm positively1 b he speaks z conceiv+ numb] & ! numb]+ m9d to be ,relatum & ,correlatum1 s t ! =m] _c exi/ )\t ! latt]4c ,bo? ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias & ,!mi/ius ?\ght s likewise aft] him3 ?\gh ,bo?ius & o!r comm5tators diss5t$ f ! op9ion4d ,^u ?is g5]al "q ( relativity1 ,ari/otle is n always consi/5t ) himself4 ,?\gh he decl>es explicitly1 t ,relata reciprocate 9 pr$ication1 & are implicat$ ea* ) ! o!r--& ?\gh he says t ! ,s\l is 9 a c]ta9 s5se all ?+s 7i4e4 is ! impli$ correlate ( all our beliefs & disbeliefs1 affirmations & negations7--yet 9 o!r places1 he limits ?is #ada univ]sal pr9cipal by exceptions1 :i* "s ( 8 comm5tators deprecate z inadmissible4e--,g4 ,footnote b3 ,ari/ot4 ,physica4 ,,iv4 #ad1 p4 #bbc1 a4 #bf4 ,footnote c3 ,s also ,hobbes' ,fir/ ,philosophy1 ,"p ,,ii4 #g1 #c1 #e3--,see+ all m5 confess a ye> to be "t1 & yet d n ?9k a ye> to be ! accid5t or affection ( any body1 !y mu/ ne$s confess x to be1 n 9 ! ?+s )\t u1 b only 9 ! ?\ght ( ! m9d4 7,"h ,hobbes goes too f>1 dive/+ "t ( all objective "*2 in/ead ( consid]+ x z relative to ! m9d1 :i* implies a subjective & an objective aspect comb9$4 ,! next passage exhibits ?is47 ,"t is ! phantasm ( be=e & aft] 9 motion3 :i* agrees ) ! def9ition ( ,ari/otle4 ,"t is ! numb] ( motion accord+ to =m] & latt]--= t numb]+ is an act ( ! m9d4 ,to divide ,space or ,"t1 is no?+ else b to consid] "o & ano!r )9 ! same--division is n made by ! op]ation ( ! h&s1 b ( ! m9d4 ,footnote d3 ,!mi/ius ad ,ari/ot4 ,physic4 ,,iv4 p4 #ccg1 9 ,sp5gel's edition ( ,!mi/ius--p>tly extract$ by ,br&is 9 ,s*olia to ,ari/otle1 p4 #cic1 b4 #bg4 ,footnote e3 ,ari/ot4 ,categor41 c4 #g1 p4 #f1 a4 #cg1 b4 #bh2 p4 #g1 b4 #bc4 ,s*olia ad ,categor41 p4 #fe1 b4 #aj--bj4 ,br&is4 ,ari/ot4 de ,anim1 ,,iii41 #h1 #dca1 b4 #ba1 ,greek3 7 psu* ta o7_/nta p_/s e7/i pa_/nta2 7 gar ai7/hta ta o7_/nta 7 nota1 e7_//i d' 7 e7pi/_/m men ta e7pi/ta_/ ps1 7 d' ai7_//hsis ta ai7/hta_/4 #adb ,,section ,,vi4 ,,motion4 ,x is necess>y to take notice ( ?is t]m1 because ! idea :i* is nam$ by x is apt to pres5t ! appe>ance ( some?+ my/]i\s1 ?\gh1 aft] ! expositions ) :i* we are n[ famili>1 ! mat]ials ( :i* x is comp\nd$1 w n be difficult to f9d4 ,! ^w ,motion1 is ! ab/ract ( ,mov+4 ,:at we h to inve/igate1 !re=e1 are ! s5sations1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 we call a body mov+2 motion be+ m]ely mov+1 ! connotation dropp$4 ,all motion is 9 a ,l9e1 ei!r a /raight l9e1 or "s o!r l9e4 ,! idea ( mov+1 !re=e1 conta9s1 = "o +r$i5t1 ! idea ( a l9e4 ,a body mov+1 is a body :i* is successively at e po9t ( a l9e4 ,e po9t ( a l9e1 z we h se51 is a p>ticul> position4 ,a body mov+1 !re=e1 is a body fir/ 9 "o position1 !n 9 ano!r1 !n 9 ano!r1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 s]ies4 ,9 ! idea ( a ,body mov+1 !n1 we c enum]ate ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ! idea ( a body1 ! idea ( a position1 ! idea ( a l9e1 ! idea ( succession4 ,^! are all complex ideas2 "s ( !m highly complex2 unit$ into "o idea1 motion1 !y compose "o ( ! mo/ complex ( all our #adc ideas4 ,! +r$i5ts1 h[ev]1 be+ already expla9$1 !re c be no great difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! comp\nd4 ,x is commonly said1 t motion includes ! idea bo? ( ,space1 & ( ,"t4 ,z x includes ! idea ( ,succession1 x includes ! idea ( ,"t1 successions 9 ! ab/ract 7o!rwise call$ in/ants71 )\t end1 receiv+ ! "n ( ,"t4 ,z x includes ! idea ( a ,l9e1 x includes ! idea ( ext5sion 9 "o direction4 ,z x includes ! idea ( ,position1 :i* is t ( l9es1 9 e direction1 x includes ! idea ( ext5sion 9 e direction2 b ext5sion 9 e direction1 tak5 ab/ractly1 is ,space4 ,x is important to obs]ve1 t1 ?\gh we receive1 & t ! mo/ frequ5tly1 in=mation ( motions by ! eye1 x is n f ! s5sations ( sight1 t ! idea ( motion is d]iv$4 ,x is by association ( ideas alone1 t we fancy we see motion1 z x is !nce we fancy t we see figure1 & di/ance4 ,! classes ( s5sations1 f :i* we d]ive ! idea ( motion1 & ! idea ( ext5sion1 are ! same2 !y are ! muscul> & tactual s5sations4 ,! man born bl9d1 is n )\t ! idea ( motion1 z he is )\t t ( col\r2 on ! contr>y1 he has ! idea probably mu* m precise1 ?an we :o h entangl$ x inextricably ) ! p]ceptions ( sight4 ,to recur to ! exposition :i* we h already giv52 we may rememb]1 t ! s5sations 7tak+ ! simple/ case71 on acc\nt ( :i* we apply ! "n ,l9e1 are p>tly s5sations ( ,t\*1 p>tly s5sations ( ,muscul> ,action4 ,if we t\* a l9e at "o po9t ) any "p ( our bodies1 say ! f+]2 s long z ! f+] is /ill1 we h m]ely ! #add s5sations1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call ! l9e tangible4 ,z soon z we move ! f+] along ! l9e1 we h ! s5sations & ideas1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call x ext5d$4 ,b ^! new feel+s1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call ! l9e ext5d$1 are also ! feel+s1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call ! f+] mov$4 ,! s5sations1 !re=e1 :5ce we d]ive our ideas ( ext5sion1 & ( motion1 exi/ simultane\sly4 ,we h a c]ta9 comp\nd ( feel+s1 p>tly s5sations1 & p>tly ideas2 = we h already se51 t ! p]ception ( succession consi/s 9 a pres5t s5sation1 associat$ ) ! idea ( a pa/ "o2 & we assign to ?is comp\nd1 n "o "n1 z on o!r occasions1 b two names1 aft] a v peculi> & rem>kable mann]4 ,^! two names are1 ,l9e ,ext5d$1 ,f+] ,mov$4 ,! complication ( ! feel+s "h1 & ( c\rse ! obscurity ( !m1 is v rem>kable2 ?\gh ! nam+1 z 9 c]ta9 o!r cases ( obscure ideas1 is v di/9ct4 ,we are nev] misl$ 9 ! application ( ! t]ms1 ,l9e ,ext5d$1 ,f+] mov$2 ?\gh we may be v mu* puzzl$ to %ew1 ( ! comp\nd ( feel+s :i* are ?us nam$1 & :i*1 9 ! comp\nd1 are easily1 & infallibly trac$1 h[ mu* is includ$ "u ! "o t]m1 & h[ mu* "u ! o!r4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( ! s5sations 9 ! comp\nd is peculi> to :at is call$ ! ,l9e1 ano!r portion is peculi> to :at is call$ ! ,f+]4 ,! re/ is common to bo?4 ,! common "p1 unit$ to :at is peculi> to l9e1 is call$ l9e ext5d$2 ! same common "p1 unit$ ) :at is peculi> to f+]1 is call$ ,f+] mov$4 ,our ideas ( ext5sion & motion1 are1 no d\bt1 #ade orig9ally d]iv$ f ! action ( our own bodies4 ,i t\* some?+1 & h ! s5sation ( resi/ance4 ,! idea ( resi/ance is ! fundam5tal "p 9 e comb9ation to :i* ,i give ! "n ( object4 ,9 ?is case1 !re is ! object t\*$1 & !re is ! f+] t\*+4 ,a c]ta9 action is giv5 to my f+]1 /ill t\*+ ! object4 ,t action involves c]ta9 feel+s2 ^! ,i comb9e bo? ) ! object1 & ) ! f+]1 & to ^! two comb9ations ,i give ! two names1 ,object ,ext5d$1 ,f+] ,mov$4 ,if any "o %ut 8 eyes1 exclud+ z mu* z possible1 ! ideas ( sight1 & conceiv+1 )\t admixture1 ! feel+s 9 ! f+] & ! arm1 :ile ! f+] passes along a l9e1 he w get "s notion ( ! s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 :5ce ! idea ( ,motion is d]iv$4 ,!y are feel+s1 :i* language does n enable u to communicate by words2 b x does n seem v difficult = any man to raise ! ideas ( !m 9 himself4 ,let any "o suppose1 t ! l9e comm5ces opposite to ! c5tre ( 8 body4 ,he beg9s by t\*+ x at t po9t ) ! f+] ( 8 "r h&2 & 9 ?is !re is "o /ate ( feel+4 ,he gives ! f+] ! smalle/ p]ceptible motion t[>ds ! "r3 ?is is ano!r /ate ( feel+4 ,he gives x a fur!r motion1 ! smalle/ p]ceptible1 9 ! same direction3 ?is is ano!r /ate ( feel+2 & s on1 z f> z ! arm c rea*4 ,! antec$5t /ates are 9 ea* in/ance unit$ ) ! pres5t by memory1 & by ! am\nt ( ! /ates1 ?us unit$1 ! am\nt ( ! motion is comput$4 ,conceiv+ ! case ( a man born bl9d1 ! m #adf easily to exclude ! illusions ( association2 x is obvi\s1 t su* a man c obta9 ! idea ( ano!r body 9 motion1 only by accompany+ x ) 8 h&2 or by associat+ ! ideas1 on acc\nt ( :i* he calls ! h&1 mov$1 ) ! body 9 "q4 ,by frequ5t op]ations ( ! h&1 su* z t describ$ above1 he becomes famili> ) ! idea ( ! h& mov$4 ,! ideas ( ! s5sations1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 he calls x mov$1 are easily rais$1 easily =m !mselves into comb9ation1 & easily associate !mselves ) ! object1 ,h&4 ,! idea ( ,h&1 & ! idea ( ,h& mov$1 hav+ become v famili>1 x is an easy case ( association to transf] ! t]m mov$ to o!r ?+s1 z ! foot mov$1 ! body mov$1 ! /one mov$4 ,:5 he has become famili> ) ! application ( ,mov$1 z a connotative t]m1 to v>i\s objects1 x is easy1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 to drop ! connotation2 & !n he has ! ab/ract1 ,,motion4#ca #cb ,ba9's footnote #ca3 ,! au?or correctly1 9 my op9ion1 ref]s to our muscul> s5sibility 7aid$ by ,t\*71 ! fundam5tal notions ( ,resi/ance1 ,motion1 ,ext5sion1 ,space4 ,he also rem>ks prop]ly1 t ! idea ( motion & ! idea ( ext5sion are ! same2 !y are m]ely diff]5t modes ( view+ "o exp]i5ce4 ,9 a mutually involv$ s]ies ( prop]ties su* z ^!1 ! ,analysis may proce$ 9 sev]al diff]5t arrangem5ts1 no "o be+ app>5tly v decisive4 ,! foll[+ mode is sugge/$ z on ! :ole1 ! mo/ consecutive4 ,! feel+ ( ,resi/ance expresses :at is probably ! mo/ fundam5tal /ate ( all1 ! consci\sness ( muscul> en]gy or exp5d$ =ce4 ,tak+ ! case ( a dead /ra91 or a pressure )\t movem5t1 we h m]e muscul> en]gy & no?+ else4 ,we h an indivisible1 unanalysable1 mode #adg ( consci\sness1 di/9ct f all modes ( passive s5sation1 & f all =ms ( emotion4 ,x is a k9d ( consci\sness rem>kably con/ant 9 its "*2 x v>ies 9 degree1 b ) ?is peculi>ity t because a man is physically weak] ?an usual1 he does n on t acc\nt exagg]ate or misrepres5t ! degree ( 8 muscul> exp5diture2 ! feel+ ( lift+ two p\nds is n made ! same z ! feel+ ( lift+ f\r p\nds1 al?\gh 9 "s ( ! incid5ts ( ex]tion1 z 9 ! organic /ate ( exhau/ion1 ! small] exp5diture 9 "o /ate is held to be equal to ! great] exp5diture 9 ano!r /ate4 ,! consci\sness ( putt+ =? p[] is ! mo/ uni=m1 ! lea/ v>iable1 ( all our s5sibilities2 ! same am\nt ( actual =ce exp5d$ is e/imat$ z ne>ly ! same "u all circum/ances4 ,9 be+ consci\s ( exp5d$ en]gy1 we discrim9ate its degrees1 )9 c]ta9 limits2 we "k :5 we increase or dim9i% ! am\nt2 & our s5sibility is measur$ by ! smallness ( ! diff]5ce t makes a *ange 9 our consci\sness4 ,?is discrim9ation is ! basis ( our e/imate ( ! prop]ty t]m$ ,=ce1 ,resi/ance1 ,mom5tum1 9 mov+ bodies4 ,our idea ( =ce is a muscul> idea1 an idea ( muscul> =ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt4 ,=ce may be view$ 9 o!r ways1 or f o!r aspects1 b its direct & simple e/imate is muscul> en]gy 9 ! dead /ra94 #b4 ,we are f>!r consci\s ( muscul> en]gy z m or less endur+ or cont9u+4 ,our consci\sness v>ies accord+ z a /ra9 is protract$2 a weight support$ half a m9ute gives a feel+ diff]5t f a weight support$ a qu>t] ( a m9ute4 ,f>!r1 x is important to rem>k t increase ( cont9uance is n conf\nd$ ) increase ( =ce 9 ! same "t4 ,me*anically speak+1 x is ! same to u1 :e!r we support two p\nds "o m9ute1 or "o p\nd two m9utes2 ! en]gy gone out ( u1 ! oxidation1 or consumption ( mat]ial1 mu/ be ! same = bo?4 ,b ! consci\sness is n ! same = bo?2 ea* has a "* ( its own1 & we recognise ! di/9ction 9 cle> consci\sness4 ,if we #adh conf\nd$ all modes ( exp5d$ en]gy t are dynamically equal1 we %\ld be disqualifi$ f atta9+ ! ideas ( motion & ext5sion4 ,:5 en]gy is accompani$ by movem5t1 !re is a new & *>act]i/ic mode ( consci\sness1 ( vital importance4 ,en]gy 9 ! dead /ra9 & en]gy ) motion may be equal z reg>d exp5d$ =ce1 b !y are n ! same to our feel+s4 ,cont9uance 9 ! "o is a diff]5t fact f cont9uance 9 ! o!r4 ,! feel+ ( cont9uance 9 mov+ en]gy is ! fact t we call motion2 & also ! fundam5tal prop]ty1 ! />t+ po9t1 ) ref]5ce to ,ext5sion2 al?\gh mu* m is want$ to complete t cognition4 ,m]e dead /ra9 w\ld n am\nt to ext5sion2 & ! discrim9at+ ( dead /ra9 f mov+ /ra9 is ?us ( ess5tial mom5t4 ,f ! s5se ( ?is di/9ction1 & ! e/imate ( degree ( cont9uance 9 movem5t1 we beg9 at once ! exp]i5ce ( motion & ! gr\nd-"w ( ext5sion4 ,! consci\sness ( cont9uance :e!r ( dead /ra9 or ( movem5t is also a consci\sness ( duration1 b n ! only mode ( becom+ v]s$ 9 ?is prop]ty4 ,all our m5tal /ates1--:e!r muscul> feel+s1 s5sations1 emotions1 ?\ghts1 volitions1--are diff]5t z !y are m or less cont9u$1 & ?is consci\sness ( diff]5ce is a consci\sness ( ,duration or ,"t4 ,h5ce ! usual say+ t ,"t is a prop]ty common to ! ,object & to ! subject4 ,! object exp]i5ces ( motion & ext5sion are ! mo/ conv5i5t modes ( measur+ "t1 !y are ! mo/ accurate & discrim9ative1 b !y are n ! only nor ! *ief concrete embodim5ts ( x4 ,we (t5 measure "t by ! duration & succession ( our feel+s & ?\ghts4 #c4 ,ano!r mode ( discrim9ation inh]+ 9 our muscul> consci\sness is ! degree ( movem5t1 z sl[ or quick4 ,we are diff]5tly affect$ accord+ to ! rapidity ( our movem5ts2 an accel]at$ pace 9 ! arm1 or 9 ! :ole body1 s5sibly alt]s our feel+s4 ,f>!r1 we d n comp\nd ?is alt]ation ) its dynamical equival5ts 9 ! #adi o!r modes--) increase 9 ! am\nt ( ! dead /ra91 9 ! cont9uance ( ! dead /ra91 or 9 ! cont9uance ( movem5t4 ,a *>act]i/ic mode ( feel+ att5ds ?is special =m ( augm5t+ or r$uc+ our exp5diture ( =ce4 ,! consequ5ce is1 a feel+ ( velocity or spe$ ( movem5t4 ,b ?is feel+ ( spe$ is n all4 ,we ga9 ano!r equival5t ( degrees ( ext5sion2 m spe$ 9 ! same "t be+ equal to m "t ) ! same spe$4 ,x is prop] to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t we are premature 9 speak+ ( ext5sion1 or 9 reg>d+ x z arriv$ at1 at once by our prim>y exp]i5ces ( movem5t2 mu* has to be gone ?r\gh be=e ?is is fully =m$ or develop$4 ,motion is ! fundam5tal fact1 b motion is a fact ( succession1 & c d no?+ to sugge/ a gr\p ( contemporane\s ph5om5a1 an outspread univ]se ( ! co-exi/+ 9 "t4 ,our prim>y s5sibility is a m]e ?read ( succession1 duration1 or cont9uance2 we h to acquire by a process ( aggregation & association1 ! highly artificial exp]i5ce ( ?+s p]man5tly situat$ 9 a relation%ip ( co-exi/5ce 9 space or ext5sion4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ,s5sation comes to our aid4 ,passive s5sation by itself is incompet5t to give u ! f\ndations ( ext5sion2 ?r\gh x1 we h nei!r resi/ance nor movem5t1 nor any fact p>tak+ 9 :at is ess5tial to ! ext5d$ or object univ]se4 ,m]e w>m?1 od\r1 reli%1 t\*1 s\nd1 col\r1 conta9 no elem5ts ( ext5sion4 ,! co-op]ation ) mov+ en]gy is :at introduces u to ! object _w4 ,h[ !n does ,s5sation aid muscul>ity 9 evolv+ ,ext5sion8 ,9 v>i\s ways1 b *iefly ?us4 ,our movem5ts are n p]=m$ 9 vacuo1 b 9 conjunction ) s5sation4 ,! movem5ts ( ! h& & arm1 are usually conjo9$ ) s5sations ( t\*4 ,we draw ! h& across a table2 !re is an arm s5sibility1 purely motor or en]getic1 :i* is di/9ct f e mode ( passive s5sation4 ,!re accompanies x1 h[ev]1 a s]ies ( tactile s5sations1 mak+ a unit$ exp]i5ce1 active & passive4 ,if ?is conjunction #aej 7 to happ5 b once1 no?+ w\ld be ?\ght ( x f>!r ?an z a m]e exp]i5ce ( succession4 ,aga91 9 ano!r situation ! sweep ( ! movem5t ends 9 a contact or s5sation ( t\*1 or beg9s 9 ! loss ( su* a contact4 ,s f>1 ^! are m]e casual conjunctions1 unions ( mov+ en]gy & passive s5sibility4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( _m trials1 !re arise uni=m conjunctions ( movem5t ) passive s5sibility3 ! same movem5t be+ associat$ ) ! same tactile s]ies1 or ) ! same beg9n+ or end+ ( tactile s5sation4 ,take ! case ( ! movem5t ( ! h& ov] ! surface ( our own body4 ,a c]ta9 def9ite />t1 & def9ite am\nt ( ex]tion br+s ) x a uni=m tactile s5sation1 z 9 draw+ ! h& ov] ! face4 ,?is uni=mity g5]ates an expectation t ! same s5sation w foll[ on ! same def9ite en]gy4 ,_m su* conjunctions are =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,!re is an int]e/+ v>iety ( ! exp]i5ce ( su* concurr5ces2 namely1 :5 we rev]se a movem5t1 & f9d a s]ies ( s5sations id5tifi$ z ! same 9 an inv]t$ ord]4 ,! h& pass$ along ! side ( a knife1 exp]i5ces movem5t c\pl$ ) s5sations1 z (t5 z ! movem5t is made2 ! inv]t$ movem5t inv]ts ! s5sations4 ,! supposition1 hi!rto1 has be5 conf9$ to ,t\*4 ,:5 we take 9 sight1 ! scope = ! op]ation is greatly enl>g$4 ,almo/ all our movem5ts are conjo9$ ) optical *anges--s5sations ( col\r & ( visible =m 9 a c]ta9 sequ5ce4 ,we spe$ily detect a numb] ( uni=m occurr5ces ( movem5t & visible s5sation4 ,! same movem5t gives ! same s]ies ( appe>ances at all times2 & an inv]t$ movem5t corresponds ) an inv]t$ ord]4 ,"h too we atta9 to a numb] ( uni=mities ( co9cid5ce1 ) ! expectation ( future occurr5ce4 ,a c]ta9 movem5t ( ! eyes is accompani$ ) an optical s]ies1 z scann+ ! />ry heav5s2 z (t5 z ! movem5t is repeat$ f ! same /&-po9t1 ! optical s]ies is repeat$2 ! inv]t$ movem5t gives ! inv]t$ s]ies4 ,we #aea contract an expectation1 t su* a co9cid5ce w occur 9 ! future1 & ?is expectation is our idea ( ! />ry space4 ,our idea ( ext5d$ ?+s is ?us complet$ by s5sation4 ,x is a s]ies ( conjunctions1 or associations1 ( movem5ts & s5sations1 9 a fix$ ord]4 ,we d n 9 our idea ( space1 comm& an entire view at "o glance2 ! successive p]ception ( po9ts or limit$ portions is :at we beg9 )1 & is ! "* ( ! m9d's work+ ev5 aft] we are educat$ to ! utmo/4 ,! co-exi/+ 9 space1 is ! m9d's pot5tiality ( f9d+ def9ite s5sations by means ( def9ite movem5ts2 & x seems impossible to assign any o!r mean+ or import to ! ph5om5a4 ,! g5esis ( ! idea ( space det]m9es our mode ( settl+ ! great "q ( ! ,p]ception ( a mat]ial _w4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #cb3 ,x w be bo? useful & int]e/+ to ! inquir+ read]1 if ,i add to ! analysis ( ^! v complex ideas by ! au?or ( ! pres5t treatise1 & to t by ,mr4 ,ba91 ! analysis giv5 ( !m by ! o!r great liv+ ma/] ( ! ,association psy*ology1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! foll[+ passages are f 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,fir/1 ( ,resi/ance3 ,on rais+ ! arm to a horizontal position & keep+ x s1 & /ill m on deal+ simil>ly ) ! leg1 a s5sation is felt1 :i*1 tol]ably /rong z x is at ! outset1 pres5tly becomes unbe>able4 ,if ! limb be uncov]$1 & be n br\ght aga9/ any?+1 ?is s5sation is associat$ ) no o!r1 ei!r ( t\* or pressure4 ,?is is ! s5sation ( ,muscul> ,t5sion4 ,alli$ to ! s5sation accompany+ t5sion ( ! muscles1 is t accompany+ ! act ( contract+ !m--! s5sation ( muscul> motion4 4 4 4 ,:ile1 f ! muscles ( a limb at re/1 no s5sation rises2 :ile1 f ! muscles ( a limb 9 a /ate ( cont9u\s /ra91 !re arises a cont9u\s s5sation :i* rema9s uni=m = a consid]able "t2 f ! muscle ( a limb 9 motion1 !re arises a s5sation :i* is #aeb ev] und]go+ increase or decrease1 or *ange ( composition4 ,:5 we express our imm$iate exp]i5ces ( a body by say+ t x is h>d1 :at are ! exp]i5ces impli$8 ,fir/1 a s5sation ( pressure1 ( consid]able int5sity1 is impli$2 & if1 z 9 mo/ cases1 ?is s5sation ( pressure is giv5 to a f+] volunt>ily ?ru/ aga9/ ! object1 !n !re is simultane\sly felt a correspond+ly /rong s5sation ( muscul> t5sion4 ,b ?is is n all3 = feel+s ( pressure & muscul> t5sion may be giv5 by bodies :i* we call s(t1 provid$ ! compress+ f+] foll[s ! surface z fa/ z x gives way4 ,9 :at !n consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]ceptions8 ,9 ?is2 t :]eas :5 a s(t body is press$ ) increas+ =ce1 ! syn*ron\s s5sations ( increas+ pressure & increas+ muscul> t5sion are accompani$ by s5sations ( muscul> movem5t2 :5 a h>d body is press$ ) increas+ =ce ^! s5sations ( increas+ pressure & t5sion are n accompani$ by s5sations ( muscul> movem5t4 ,consid]$ by itself1 !n1 ! p]ception ( s(tness may be def9$ z ! e/abli%m5t 9 consci\sness ( a relation ( simultaneity betwe5 ?ree s]ies ( s5sations--a s]ies ( increas+ s5sations ( pressure2 a s]ies ( increas+ s5sations ( t5sion2 & a s]ies ( s5sations ( motion4 ,& ! p]ception ( h>dness is ! same1 ) omission ( ! la/ s]ies4 7pp4 #bab1 #bah47 ,( ,ext5sion2 & fir/1 ( ,=m or ,figure3 ,x is an anci5tly e/abli%$ doctr9e t ,=m or ,figure1 :i* we may call ! mo/ complex mode ( ext5sion1 is resolvable into relative magnitude ( p>ts4 ,an equilat]al triangle is "o ( :i* ! ?ree sides are alike 9 magnitude4 ,an ellipse is a symmetrical clos$ curve1 ( :i* ! transv]se & conjugate diamet]s are "o great] ?an ! o!r4 ,a cube is a solid1 hav+ all its surfaces ( ! same magnitude1 & all its angles ( ! same magnitude4 ,a cone is a solid1 successive sections ( :i*1 made at "r angles to ! axis1 are circles regul>ly decreas+ 9 #aec magnitude z we progress f base to apex4 ,any object describ$ z n>r[ is "o :oso bread? is ( small magnitude :5 comp>$ ) its l5g?4 ,a symmetrical figure is a figure 9 :i* ! homolog\s p>ts on opposite sides are equal 9 magnitude4 ,figures :i* we class z simil> to ea* o!r1 are su* t ! relation ( magnitude betwe5 any two p>ts ( ! "o1 is equal to ! relation ( magnitude betwe5 ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,add to :i*1 t an alt]ation 9 ! =m ( any?+1 is an alt]ation 9 ! comp>ative sizes ( "s ( its p>ts--a *ange 9 ! relations ( magnitude subsi/+ betwe5 !m & ! o!r p>ts1 & t by cont9u\sly alt]+ ! relative magnitudes ( its p>ts1 any figure may be *ang$ indef9itely4 ,h5ce1 figure be+ :olly resolvable into relations ( magnitude we may g on to analyze t out ( :i* ^! relations are =m$--magnitude itself4 7pp4 #bbd1 #bbe47 ,next !re=e1 ( ,magnitude3 ,:at is a magnitude1 consid]$ analytically8 ,! reply is1 ,x consi/s ( "o or m relations ( position4 ,:5 we conceive any?+ z hav+ a c]ta9 bulk1 we conceive its opposite limit+ surfaces z m or less remov$ f ea* o!r2 t is1 z relat$ 9 position4 ,:5 we imag9e a l9e ( def9ite l5g?1 we imag9e its t]m9i z occupy+ po9ts 9 space hav+ "s positive di/ance f ea* o!r2 t is1 z relat$ 9 position4 ,z a solid is decomposable into planes2 a plane into l9es2 l9es into po9ts2 & z adjac5t po9ts c nei!r be kn[n nor conceiv$ z di/9ct f ea* o!r1 except z occupy+ diff]5t places 9 space--t is1 z occupy+ n ! same position1 b relative positions--x foll[s t e cognition ( magnitude1 is a cognition ( "o or m relations ( position1 :i* are pres5t$ to consci\sness z l or unlike "o or m o!r relations ( position4 7p4 #bbf47 ,& f9ally1 ( ,position3 ,?is analysis ( itself br+s u to ! rema9+ space-attribute ( body--,position4 ,l magnitude1 ,position _c be kn[n absolutely2 b c be kn[n only relatively4 #aed ,! notion ( position is1 9 itself1 ! notion ( relative position4 ,! position ( a ?+ is inconceivable1 save by ?9k+ ( t ?+ z at "s di/ance f "o or m o!r ?+s4 ,! ess5tial elem5t ( ! idea w be be/ se51 on obs]v+ "u :at conditions only1 x c come into exi/5ce4 ,imag9e a solit>y po9t ,a1 9 inf9ite space2 & suppose x possible = t po9t to be kn[n by a be+ hav+ no locality1 :at n[ c be pr$icat$ respect+ its place8 ,absolutely no?+4 ,imag9e ano!r po9t ,b to be add$4 ,:at c n[ be pr$icat$ respect+ ! two8 ,/ill no?+4 ,! po9ts hav+ no attributes save position1 are n comp>able 9 !mselves2 & no?+ c be said ( _! relative position1 f lack ( any?+ ) :i* to comp>e x4 ,! di/ance betwe5 !m may be ei!r inf9ite or inf9itesimal1 accord+ to ! measure us$2 & z1 by ! hypo!sis1 !re exi/s no measure--z space conta9s no?+ save ^! two po9ts2 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is un?9kable4 ,b n[ imag9e t a ?ird po9t ,c is add$4 ,imm$iately x becomes possible to frame a proposition respect+ _! positions4 ,! two di/ances1 ,a to ,b1 & ,a to ,c1 s]ve z measures to ea* o!r4 ,! space betwe5 ,a & ,b may be comp>$ ) ! space betwe5 ,a & ,c2 & ! relation ( position 9 :i* ,a /&s to ,b becomes ?9kable1 z l or unlike ! relation 9 :i* ,a /&s to ,c4 ,?us1 !n1 x is manife/ t position is n an attribute ( body 9 itself1 b only 9 its connection ) ! o!r cont5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,x rema9s to add1 t relations ( position are ( two k9ds3 ^? :i* subsi/ betwe5 subject & object2 & ^? :i* subsi/ betwe5 ei!r diff]5t objects1 or diff]5t p>ts ( ! same object4 ,( ^! ! la/ are resolvable into ! fir/4 ,x ne$s b to rememb]1 on ! "o h&1 t 9 ! d>k a man c discov] ! relative positions ( two objects only by t\*+ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r1 & s inf]r+ _! relative positions f 8 own position t[>ds ea*2 & on ! o!r h&1 t by vision no k ( _! relative positions c be #aee rea*$ save ?r\gh a p]ception ( ! di/ance ( ea* f ! eye2 to see t ultimately all relative positions may be decompos$ into relative positions ( subject & object4 ,^! conclusions--t ,figure is resolvable into relative magnitudes2 t magnitude is resolvable into relative positions2 & t all relative positions may f9ally be r$uc$ to positions ( subject & object--w be fully confirm$ on consid]+ ! process by :i* ! space-attributes ( body become kn[n to a bl9d man4 ,he puts out 8 h& & t\*+ some?+1 !reby becomes cognizant ( its position ) respect to himself4 ,he puts out 8 o!r h&1 & meet+ no resi/ance above or on "o side ( ! position already f\nd1 ga9s "s negative k ( ! ?+'s magnitude--a k :i* ?ree or f\r t\*es on diff]5t sides ( x s]ve to r5d] positive4 ,& !n1 by cont9u+ to move 8 h&s ov] its surface1 he acquires a notion ( its figure4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! elem5ts out ( :i*1 by syn!sis1 8 p]ceptions ( magnitude & figure are fram$8 ,he has receiv$ no?+ b simultane\s & successive t\*es4 ,ea* t\* e/abli%$ a relation ( position betwe5 8 c5tre ( consci\sness & ! po9t t\*$4 ,& all he c "k respect+ magnitude & figure--t is1 respect+ ! relative position ( ^! po9ts to ea* o!r--is necess>ily kn[n ?r\gh ! relative positions 9 :i* !y sev]ally /& to himself4 ,our p]ceptions ( all ! space-attributes ( body be+ ?us decomposable into p]ceptions ( position l t ga9$ by a s+le act ( t\*2 we h next to inquire :at is conta9$ 9 a p]ception ( ?is k9d4 ,a little ?\ght w make x cle> t to p]ceive ! position ( any?+ t\*$1 is really to p]ceive ! position ( t "p ( ! body 9 :i* ! s5sation ( t\* is locat$4 ,:5ce x foll[s t our k ( ! positions ( objects1 is built ^u our k ( ! positions ( our memb]s t[>ds ea* o!r--k bo? ( _! fix$ relations1 & ( ^? tempor>y relations !y are plac$ 9 by e *ange ( muscul> adju/m5t4 ,t #aef ?is k is ga9$ by a mutual exploration ( ! p>ts--by a br++ ( ea* 9 contact ) ! o!rs--by a mov+ ov] ea* o!r 9 all possible ways2 & t ! motions involv$ 9 ^! explorations1 are kn[n by _! reactions ^u consci\sness2 are propositions t sc>cely ne$ /at+4 ,b x is manife/ly impossible to c>ry ! analysis fur!r )\t analys+ our p]ception ( motion4 ,relative position & motion are two ideas ( ! same exp]i5ce4 ,we c nei!r conceive motion )\t conceiv+ relative position1 nor discov] relative position )\t motion4 ,9 ! pres5t1 !re=e1 we mu/ be cont5t ) ! conclusion t1 :e!r visual or tactual1 ! p]ception ( e /atical attribute ( body is resolvable into p]ceptions ( relative position :i* are ga9$ ?r\gh motion4 7pp4 #bbf--bbi47 ,9 fur!r prosecution ( ! analysis3 ,h[ d we become cognizant ( ! relative positions ( two po9ts on ! surface ( ! body8 ,su* two po9ts1 consid]$ z coexi/5t1 involve ! g]m9al idea ( ,space4 ,su* two po9ts disclos$ to consci\sness by two successive tactual s5sations proce$+ f !m1 involve ! g]m9al idea ( ,"t4 ,& ! s]ies ( muscul> s5sations by :i*1 :5 self-produc$1 ^! two tactual s5sations are sep>at$1 involve ! g]m9al idea ( ,motion4 ,! que/ions to be consid]$ !n are--,9 :at ord] d ^! g]m9al ideas arise8 &--,h[ are !y develop$8 444 ,tak+ = our subject a newly-born infant1 let u call ! two po9ts on its body betwe5 :i* a relation is to be e/abli%$1 ,a & ,z4 ,let u assume ^! po9ts to be any:]e )9 rea* ( ! h&s--say ^u ! *eek4 ,by ! hypo!sis1 no?+ is at pres5t kn[n ( ^! po9ts2 ei!r z coexi/+ 9 ,space1 z giv+ successive s5sations 9 ,"t1 or z be+ br\ght into relation by ,motion4 ,if1 n[1 ! infant moves its arm 9 su* a way z to t\* no?+1 !re is a c]ta9 vague reaction ^u its consci\sness--a s5sation ( muscul> t5sion4 ,?is #aeg s5sation has ! peculi>ity ( be+ indef9ite 9 all its comm5cem5t2 indef9ite 9 its t]m9ation2 & indef9ite 9 all its int]m$iate *anges4 ,its /r5g? is proportionate to ! degree ( muscul> contraction4 ,:5ce x foll[s t z ! limb />ts f a /ate ( re/1 9 :i* !re is no contraction2 & z x c rea* a position requir+ extreme contraction only by pass+ ?r\gh positions requir+ int]m$iate degrees ( contraction2 & z ! degrees ( contraction mu/ !re=e =m a s]ies asc5d+ by inf9itesimal increm5ts f z]o2 ! s5sations ( t5sion mu/ also =m su* a s]ies4 ,& ! l mu/ be ! case ) all subsequ5t movem5ts & _! accompany+ s5sations2 see+ t1 be x at re/ or 9 action1 a muscle _c pass f any "o /ate to any o!r )\t go+ ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate /ates4 ,?us1 !n1 ! infant1 on mov+ its arm backw>ds & =w>ds )\t t\*+ any?+1 is br\ght to :at we may di/+ui% z a nasc5t consci\sness--a consci\sness n def9itely divisible into /ates2 b a consci\sness ! v>iations ( :i* pass ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 l undulations ( great] or less magnitude4 ,& :ile ! /ates ( consci\sness are ?us incipi5t--?us indi/9ctly sep>at$1 !re c be no cle> comp>ison ( !m2 no ?\ght1 prop]ly s call$2 & consequ5tly no ideas ( ,motion1 ,"t1 or ,space1 z we und]/& !m4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ! h& t\*es some?+4 ,a sudd5 *ange 9 consci\sness is produc$--a *ange t is incisive 9 its comm5cem5t1 &1 :5 ! h& is remov$1 equally incisive 9 its t]m9ation4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! cont9u\s feel+ ( muscul> t5sion1 vaguely ris+ & fall+ 9 int5sity1 !re all at once occurs a di/9ct feel+ ( ano!r k9d4 ,?is feel+1 beg9n+ & end+ abruptly1 con/itutes a def9ite /ate ( consci\sness2 becomes1 z x 71 a m>k 9 consci\sness4 ,by simil> exp]i5ces o!r su* m>ks are produc$2 & 9 proportion z !y are multipli$1 !re arises a possibility ( comp>+ !m1 bo? 9 respect to _! degrees & _! relative positions2 :ile at ! same #aeh "t1 ! feel+s ( muscul> t5sion be+1 z x 71 divid$ out into l5g?s by ^! sup]pos$ m>ks1 become simil>ly comp>able2 & s !re are acquir$ mat]ials = a simple ord] ( ?\ght4 ,obs]ve1 also1 t :ile ^! tactual s5sations may1 :5 sev]al ?+s are t\*$ 9 succession1 produce successive m>ks 9 consci\sness1 sep>at$ by int]v5+ muscul> s5sations1 !y may also become cont9ually coexi/5t ) ^! muscul> s5sations2 z :5 ! f+] is drawn along a surface4 ,& obs]ve fur!r1 t :5 ! surface ov] :i* ! f+] is drawn is n a =eign body1 b "s "p ( ! subject's body1 ^! muscul> s5sations1 & ! cont9u\s tactual s5sation jo9$ ) !m1 are accompani$ by a s]ies ( tactual s5sations proce$+ f t "p ( ! sk9 ov] :i* ! f+] is drawn4 ,?us1 !n1 :5 ! infant moves its f+] along ! surface ( its body f ,a to ,z1 !re are simultane\sly impress$ ^u consci\sness ?ree sets ( s5sations--! v>y+ s]ies ( s5sations proce$+ f ! muscles 9 action2 ! s]ies ( tactual s5sations proce$+ f ! po9ts ( ! sk9 successively t\*$ betwe5 ,a & ,z2 & ! cont9u\s s5sation ( t\* f ! f+]-end4444 ,z subsequ5t motions ( ! f+] ov] ! surface f ,a to ,z always result 9 ! l simultane\s sets ( s5sations1 ^!1 9 c\rse ( "t1 become indissolubly associat$4 ,?\gh ! s]ies ( tactual s5sations1 ,a to ,z1 be+ producible by a =eign body mov+ ov] ! same surface1 c be dissociat$ f ! o!rs2 & ?\gh1 if ! *eek be )drawn by a movem5t ( ! head1 ! same motion ( ! h&1 ) its accompany+ muscul> s5sations1 may occur )\t any s5sation ( t\*2 yet1 :5 ^! two s]ies are l9k$ by ! tactual s5sation proce$+ f ! f+]-end1 !y necess>ily proce$ toge!r2 & become insep>ably connect$ 9 ?\ght4 ,:5ce x obvi\sly results t ! s]ies ( tactual s5sations ,a to ,z1 & ! s]ies ( muscul> s5sations :i* inv>iably accompanies x :5 self-produc$1 s]ve z mutual equival5ts2 & be+ #aei two sides ( ! same exp]i5ce1 sugge/ ea* o!r 9 consci\sness4 ,due att5tion hav+ be5 paid to ?is fact1 let u g on to consid] :at mu/ happ5 :5 some?+ t\*es1 at ! same mom5t1 ! entire surface betwe5 ,a & ,z4 ,?is surface is suppli$ by a s]ies ( indep5d5t n]ve-fibres1 ea* ( :i* at its p]iph]al t]m9ation becomes fus$ into1 or cont9u\s )1 ! surr\nd+ tissue2 ea* ( :i* is affect$ by impressions fall+ )9 a specific area ( ! sk92 & ea* ( :i* produces a sep>ate /ate ( consci\sness4 ,:5 ! f+] is drawn along ?is surface ^! n]ve-fibres ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d 4 4 4 ,z1 are excit$ 9 succession2 t is--produce successive /ates ( consci\sness4 ,& :5 some?+ cov]s1 at ! same mom5t1 ! :ole surface betwe5 ,a & ,z1 !y are excit$ simultane\sly2 & produce :at t5ds to become a s+le /ate ( consci\sness4 ,already ,i h endeav\r$ to %ew 9 a p>allel case1 h[1 :5 impressions fir/ kn[n z hav+ sequ5t positions 9 consci\sness are aft]w>ds simultane\sly pres5t$ to consci\sness1 ! sequ5t positions are trans=m$ into coexi/5t positions1 :i*1 :5 consolidat$ by frequ5t pres5tations1 are us$ 9 ?\ght z equival5t to ! sequ5t positions4f 444 ,z ! s]ies ( tactual #afj impressions ,a to ,z1 kn[n z hav+ sequ5t positions 9 consci\sness1 are1 on ! "o h&1 f\nd to be equival5t to ! accompany+ s]ies ( muscul> impressions2 & on ! o!r h&1 to ! simultane\s tactual impressions ,a to ,z1 :i*1 z pres5t$ toge!r1 are necess>ily pres5t$ 9 coexi/5t positions2 x foll[s t ^! two la/ are f\nd to be ! equival5ts ( ea* o!r4 ,a s]ies ( muscul> s5sations becomes kn[n z equival5t to a s]ies ( coexi/5t positions2 & be+ habitually jo9$ ) x1 becomes at la/ un?9kable )\t x4 ,?us1 ! relation ( coexi/5t positions betwe5 ! po9ts ,a & ,z 7& by implication all int]m$iate po9ts7 is necess>ily disclos$ by a comp>ison ( exp]i5ces3 ! ideas ( ,space1 ,"t1 & ,motion1 are evolv$ toge!r4 ,:5 ! successive /ates ( consci\sness ,a to ,z1 are ?\ght ( z hav+ relative positions1 ! notion ( ,"t becomes nasc5t4 ,:5 ^! /ates ( consci\sness1 in/ead ( occurr+ s]ially1 occur simultane\sly1 _! relative positions1 :i* 7 be=e sequ5t1 necess>ily become coexi/5t2 & !re arises a nasc5t consci\sness ( space4 ,& :5 ^! two relations ( coexi/5t & sequ5t positions are bo? pres5t$ to consci\sness along ) a s]ies ( s5sations ( muscul> t5sion1 a nasc5t idea ( ,motion results4 ,footnote f3 ,objects laid ^u ! surface w come to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! relative l5g?s ( ! s]ies !y cov]2 or1 :5 broad z well z long1 by ! gr\ps ( s]ies :i* !y cov]4 4 4 4 ,by habit ^! simultane\s excitations1 f be+ at fir/ kn[n indirectly by translation into ! s]ial ones1 w come to be kn[n directly1 & ! s]ial ones w be =gott53 j z 9 *ildhood ! words ( a new language1 at fir/ und]/ood by means ( _! equival5ts 9 ! "m tongue1 are pres5tly und]/ood by !mselves2 & if us$ to ! exclusion ( ! "m tongue1 lead to ! ultimate loss ( x4 ,we see t a set ( n]v\s elem5ts may be excit$ simultane\sly z well z s]ially2 t s1 a quasi s+le /ate ( consci\sness becomes ! equival5t ( a s]ies ( /ates2 t a relation betwe5 :at we call coexi/5t positions ?us repres5ts a relation ( successive positions1 & t ?is symbolic relation be+ f> brief]1 is habitually ?\ght ( 9 place ( t x symbolizes2 & t1 by ! cont9u$ use ( su* symbols1 & ! union ( !m ) m complex ones1 are g5]at$ our ideas ( 4 4 4 ext5sion--ideas :i*1 l ^? ( ! algebrai/ work+ out an equation1 are :olly unlike ! ideas symboliz$1 & :i* yet1 l 81 occupy ! m9d to ! entire exclusion ( ! ideas symboliz$4--7pp4 #bbb--bbd47 ,! developm5t ( ^! nasc5t ideas1 aris+ z x does f a /ill fur!r accumulation & comp>ison ( exp]i5ces1 w be readily und]/ood4 ,:at has be5 above describ$ z tak+ place ) respect to "o relation ( coexi/5t positions ^u ! surface ( ! sk9--or r1 "o #afa l9e> s]ies ( su* coexi/+ positions1 is1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 tak+ place1 ) respect to endless o!r su* l9e> s]ies1 9 all directions ov] ! body4 ,! l equival5ce betwe5 a s]ies ( coexi/5t impressions ( t\*1 a s]ies ( successive impressions ( t\*1 & s]ies ( successive muscul> impressions1 is be+ e/abli%$ betwe5 e pair ( po9ts t c readily be br\ght into relation by movem5t ( ! h&s4 ,let u glance at ! *ief consequ5ces t mu/ ultimately arise f ?is organization ( exp]i5ces4 ,n only mu/ !re gradually be e/abli%$ a connection 9 ?\ght betwe5 ea* p>ticul> muscul> s]ies1 & ! p>ticul> tactual s]ies1 bo? successive & simultane\s1 ) :i* x is associat$2 & n only mu/ !re1 by implication1 arise a k ( ! special muscul> adju/m5ts requir$ to t\* ea* special "p1 b1 by ! same exp]i5ces1 !re mu/ be e/abli%$ an indissoluble connection betwe5 muscul> s]ies 9 g5]al & s]ies ( sequ5t & coexi/5t positions 9 g5]al1 see+ t ?is connection is repeat$ 9 e "o ( ! p>ticul> exp]i5ces4 ,& :5 we consid] ! inf9ite repetition ( ^! exp]i5ces1 we %all h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ _! compon5ts become s consolidat$1 t ev5 :5 ! h& is mov$ ?r\gh empty space1 x is impossible to become consci\s ( ! muscul> s5sations1 )\t becom+ consci\s ( ! sequ5t & coexi/5t positions--! ,"t & ,space1 9 :i* x has mov$4 ,obs]ve aga91 t z1 by ?is cont9u\s exploration ( ! surface ( ! body1 ea* po9t is put 9 relation n only ) po9ts 9 "s directions ar\nd x1 b ) po9ts 9 all directions--becomes1 z x 71 a c5tre f :i* radiate l9es ( po9ts kn[n fir/ 9 _! s]ial positions be=e consci\sness1 & aft]w>ds 9 _! coexi/5t positions--x foll[s1 t :5 an object ( "s size1 z ! h&1 is plac$ ^u ! sk91 ! impressions f all p>ts ( ! area cov]$ be+ simultane\sly pres5t$ to consci\sness1 are plac$ 9 coexi/5t positions be=e #afb consci\sness3 :5ce results an idea ( ! sup]ficial ext5sion ( t "p ( ! body4 ,! idea ( ?is ext5sion is really no?+ m ?an a simultane\s pres5tation ( all ! impressions proce$+ f ! v>i\s po9ts x includes1 :i* h previ\sly _h _! sev]al relative positions measur$ by means ( ! s]ies ( impressions sep>at+ !m4 ,any "o :o hesitates respect+ ?is conclusion1 w1 ,i ?9k1 adopt x1 on critically consid]+ ! p]ception he has :5 plac+ 8 op5 h& aga9/ 8 *eek--on obs]v+ t ! p]ception is by no means s+le1 b is made up ( _m elem5ts :i* he _c ?9k ( altoge!r--on obs]v+ t !re is always "o p>ticul> "p ( ! :ole surface t\*$1 ( :i* he is m di/9ctly consci\s ?an ( any o!r--& on obs]v+ t to become di/9ctly consci\s ( any o!r "p1 he has to trav]se 9 ?\ght ! int]v5+ p>ts2 t is1 he has to ?9k ( ! relative positions ( ^! p>ts by vaguely recall+ ! s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness :i* a motion ov] ! sk9 f "o to ! o!r w\ld involve4 7pp4 #beg--bfc74 ,^! ?ree diff]5t expositions ( ! orig9 ( our ideas ( ,motion & ,ext5sion1 by ?ree em95t ?9k]s1 agree+ 9 ess5tials1 & diff]+ *iefly 9 ! comp>ative degrees ( developm5t :i* !y give to diff]5t portions ( ! detail1 w enable any compet5t read] ( su* a "w z ! pres5t to fill up any gaps by 8 own ?\ghts4 ,_m pages ( additional comm5t>y might easily be writt52 b !y w\ld n add any important ?\ght to ^? ( :i* ! read] is n[ 9 possession2 & belong+ r to ! polemics ( ! subject ?an to its /rictly sci5tific exposition1 !y w\ld j> some:at ) ! purely expository "* ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,i w only fur!r recomm5d to p>ticul> att5tion1 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 also adopt$ by ,mr4 ,ba91 t our ascrib+ simultane\s exi/5ce to ?+s :i* excite successive s5sations1 is greatly ow+ to our be+ able to v>y or rev]se ! ord] ( ! succession4 ,:5 we pass our h&s #afc ov] an object1 we c h ! tactual & muscul> s5sations 9 _m diff]5t ord]s1 & aft] hav+ !m 9 "o ord]1 c h !m 9 ano!r exactly ! rev]se4 ,!y d n1 !re=e1 become associat$ ) ea* o!r 9 a fix$ ord] ( succession1 b are call$ up 9 any ord] ) su* extreme rapidity1 t ! impression !y leave is t ( simultane\sness1 & we !re=e hold ! p>ts ( tangible objects to be simultane\s4--,ed4 #afd ,,section ,,vii4 ,,id5tity4 ,!re is "o o!r t]m1 :i* /ill requires explanation2 & t is1 ,,id5tity1 ab\t :i* !re w\ld n h appe>$ any difficulty1 _h x n be5 = ,p]sonal ,id5tity2 :i* is1 inde$1 a complicat$ case1 &1 ( c\rse1 involves ! obscurity :i* great complexity implies4 ,we h already se51 on :at acc\nt we use ! m>ks1 same1 & diff]5t1 :5 we apply !m to two simple s5sations1 or :5 we apply !m to two ideas1 simple1 or complex4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! t]ms are relative t]ms1 & "n ! objects 9 pairs4 ,!re is ano!r case1 t :i* n[ x is our bus9ess to expla91 9 :i* ! "n is n appli$ to two objects1 b to ! same object1 at two diff]5t times4 ,?us x is1 t ,i say1 ,! bridge at ,we/m9/]1 by :i* ,i cross$ ! ,?ames ?irty ye>s ago1 is ! same by :i* ,i cross$ x ye/]day4 ,! cr[n :i* 0 plac$ on ! head ( ,george ,,iv4 at 8 coronation1 is ! same by :i* ! k+s ( ,engl& h be5 cr[n$ = _m c5turies4 ,! words :i* we read 9 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 are ! same :i* 7 writt5 by t evangeli/4 ,! words :i* we read 9 ! poem call$ ! neid are ! same :i* 7 writt5 by ! poet ,virgil4 ,! *ur* :i* is n[ at ,loretto1 is ! same ) t :i* belong$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y at ,naz>e?1 :i* 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 9 ! ye> #abia1 0 #afe c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air by ,angels1 f ,galilee to ,t]sato1 9 ,dalmatia2 & aga9 on ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1 #abid1 ab\t midnight1 by :at conveyance is n kn[n1 0 set d[n 9 a wood 9 ,italy1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ricanati1 ab\t a ?\s& paces f ! sea4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! contemplation ( ^! in/ances1 :i* might be multipli$ to any ext5t1 t ! ^w ,,same1 9 ?is mode ( apply+ x1 is m]ely ! "n ( a c]ta9 case ( ,belief3 a belief :i*1 9 "s ( ! in/ances1 is1 memory2 9 "s1 is gr\nd$ ^u te/imony2 9 "s1 ^u circum/antial evid5ce2 &1 9 "s1 ^u bo? te/imony & circum/ances4 ,?us1 ! case ( belief respect+ ,we/m9/]-bridge1 :i* ,i m>k by ! ^w1 same1 is ,memory4 ,! cases ( belief respect+ ! cr[n ( ,engl&1 respect+ ! words ( ! gospel1 respect+ ! *ur* ( ,loretto1 m>k$ respectively by ! ^w same1 are f\nd$ on te/imony1 jo9$ ) circum/ances4 ,z we h already %ewn :]e9 ,belief1 9 all its cases1 consi/s1 we h implicitly af=d$ ! exposition ( ,id5tity4 ,f same1 ! concrete1 comes1 9 ! usual way1 sam5ess1 ! ab/ract1 dropp+ only ! connotation ( ! concrete4 ,& ,id5tity & ,sam5ess are equival5t t]ms4 ,f ! importance1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 atta*$ to ^! words1 x seems necess>y to %ew to ! le>n]1 some:at m p>ticul>ly1 ! mode ( trac+ ! simple ideas compos+ ! clu/]s :i* !y are employ$ to m>k4 ,! ,lily1 :5 x produces its brilliant fl[] 9 summ]1 ,i call ! same1 ) ! plant :i* began #aff to %ew itself above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 spr+1 f a bulb1 :i* ,i _h plant$ 9 a p>ticul> spot ( my g>d54 ,i also call$ x ! same1 f "o day to ano!r1 ?\gh *ang+ e day 9 its size1 & o!r appe>ances1 f its g]m9ation to ! pres5t "t4 ,= :at reason h ,i done s8 ,on acc\nt ( c]ta9 circum/ances1 :i* e body c enum]ate2 its ris+ f a c]ta9 root2 ! un9t]rupt$ cont9uity1 by means ( ! /alk1 betwe5 ! root & ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant2 its be+ always f\nd 9 ! same place1 t is1 9 ! same syn*ron\s ord] ) c]ta9 o!r ?+s2 its correspond+ ) o!r plants1 ! gr[? ( :i* ,i h obs]v$1 & s on4 ,if x _h gr[n 9 a fl[] pot1 & be5 transf]r$ f "o to ano!r1 ! enum]ation ( ! circum/ances w\ld h be5 diff]5t2 ! evid5ce ( its hav+ gr[n f ! same root w\ld h be5 drawn f o!r circum/ances4 ,:5 ,i say1 !n1 t ! ,lily ,i see1 ) its fl[]s 9 ,july1 is ! same ) ! ,lily j em]g+ f ! gr\nd 9 ,april1 ,i only express my belief ( its hav+ sprung f a c]ta9 root1 & ( its hav+ vegetat$1 9 connexion ) t root1 9 ! way ( ! plants gr\p$ 9 ! class call$ ,lily4 ,i h a male ,calf1 ( s+ul> beauty1 produc$ f my c[4 ,i obs]ve him f day to day4 ,f day to day ,i call him ! ,same2 & ,i d s :5 he has gr[n a bull ( ! greate/ size4 ,:5 ,i d s1 ,i m]ely express my belief 9 a c]ta9 tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 ) :i* exp]i5ce has r5d]$ me famili>4 ,!re is a c]ta9 tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 kn[n to me by #afg obs]vation1 :i* ,i call ! bir?1 gr[?1 maturity2 &1 9 "o ^w1 ! ,life1 ( ! animal4 ,! bir?1 gr[?1 & maturity ( "o animal1 is "o s]ies ( successions2 ! bir?1 gr[?1 & maturity ( ano!r animal1 is ano!r s]ies ( successions4 ,:5 ,i apply ! "n ,same1 !n1 to any animal1 ,i m]ely express my belief1 t my pres5t sight ( ! animal is "p ( a p>ticul> s]ies1 ( :i* t p]ception is ! la/ l9k4 ,! case1 x w n be d\bt$1 is p]fectly analog\s1 :5 ,i transf] ! t]m f "o ( ! l[] animals to "o ( my fell[ m54 ,! bir?1 infancy1 *ildhood1 y\?1 manhood1 ( a human be+1 are names = diff]5t p>ts ( a c]ta9 s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,?is s]ies is kn[n to me by exp]i5ce2 t is1 by s5sation1 by memory1 & o!r cases ( association4 ,! life ( "o man is "o s]ies4 ,! life ( ano!r man is ano!r s]ies4 ,:5 ,i say1 !n1 t a man is ! same1 ,i m]ely express my belief 9 "o ( ^? s]ies2 belief t ! p>ticul> man1 ( ! pres5t in/ant1 is ! la/ l9k ( su* & su* a *a91 & n ( any o!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$1 t ! *a91 ?us believ$1 & ! evid5ce ^u :i* x is believ$1 are diff]5t ?+s2 & t ?is evid5ce is diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 ! case ( a p]son :om ,i h liv$ ) f 8 bir?1 & se5 e day1 ! evid5ce1 to a great degree1 is s5se & memory4 ,sometimes ! sam5ess ( an individual is prov$ 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 by evid5ce1 su* z is applicable to any o!r matt]s ( fact2 by writt5 docum5ts1 m>ks on ! body1 articles ( prop]ty f\nd #afh ) ! *ild1 & ! te/imony ( ^? ^: k has be5 un9t]rupt$ f "o "t to ano!r4 ,x is n to be d\bt$1 t :5 ,i transf] ! ^w ,same1 f ano!r man to myself1 all t ,i d is to express my belief 9 "o ( ^? s]ies2 & ! only diff]5ce 9 ! case is1 t x is a s]ies ( :i* ,i h evid5ce ( a v p>ticul> k9d1 & ( :i* _m p>ts are kn[n to me1 :i* c be kn[n to nobody else4 ,z f> z memory rea*es1 ! evid5ce1 9 reg>d to myself1 is memory & s5sation4 ,9 ! case ( ,evid5ce by memory & s5sation1 we h obs]v$ a peculi>ity1 necess>y to be rememb]$1 t ! ,evid5ce1 & ! ,belief1 are n diff]5t ?+s1 b ! same ?+4 ,! memory :i* ,i h ( my own exi/5ce1 t is1 ! memory ( a c]ta9 tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 is ! ,belief ( !m2 on acc\nt ( :i* belief1 ,i apply to myself ! t]m same1 9 ! same way z ,i apply x to any o!r ( my fell[ m54 ,b ,i apply ! t]m same to myself beyond ! po9t to :i* memory rea*es2 z f> back1 9 %ort1 z to o!r m54 ,?is is true3 ,i believe1 t a tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 correspond+ to t :i* =ms ! exi/5ce ( o!r m51 has also =m$ my exi/5ce4 ,"p ( ?is tra9 ,i believe1 by consci\sness1 memory4 ,"p1 namely1 t :i* prec$es memory1 ,i believe on o!r evid5ce4 ,:at t evid5ce is1 x is n difficult to see4 ,we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! evid5ce ( te/imony2 namely1 t ( all ! p]sons :o knew u f our bir?1 to ! "t to :i* memory ext5ds4 ,we h next #afi ! evid5ce ( :at happ5s 9 ! exi/5ce ( all o!r m52 or t case ( association :i* unites insep>ably ! idea ( l antec$5ts ) l consequ5ts4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t my belief 9 ! ,id5tity ( o!r m51 is a v diff]5t ?+ f belief 9 my own ,id5tity2 & t ! =ego+ exposition does n suffici5tly acc\nt = ! diff]5ce :i* e "o rem>ks betwe5 !m4 ,! =ego+ exposition1 :5 duly att5d$ to1 w be f\nd to acc\nt completely = ! diff]5ce4 ,we h rem>k$1 t ! evid5ce :i* ,i h = a great "p ( ! s]ies1 9 ! case ( o!r m51 & ( myself1 is rem>kably diff]5t4 ,9 ! case ( o!r m51 x consi/s ( obs]vation & memory2 9 ! case ( myself1 x consi/s ( consci\sness & memory4 ,9 ^! sev]al & respective circum/ances1 ,obs]vation1 & ,consci\sness1 ! di/9ction :olly consi/s4 ,! memory ( a *a9 ( facts obs]v$1 is ! evid5ce 9 ! "o case4 ,! memory ( a *a9 ( /ates ( ,consci\sness1 is ! evid5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,i d\bt n t ?is1 )\t fur!r analysis1 w be se5 by _m ( my read]s to be a complete solution ( ! "q4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be /ill object$1 t we resolve obs]vation itself into /ates ( consci\sness2 &1 if s1 t ! memory ( a *a9 ( /ates ( ,consci\sness1 is ! evid5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,?is br+s u to ! v bottom ( ! matt]4 ,e body recognises1 at once1 t ! memory ( a /ate ( consci\sness1 & ! memory ( some?+ #agj obs]v$1 are two di/9ct ?+s2 t ! memory1 = example1 ( "o ( my own s5sations1 & ! memory ( an outw>d fact1 z ( ! dea? ( my fa!r1 are specifically diff]5t3 or1 to take two cases /ill easi] p]haps to di/+ui%2 no "o w say1 t ! memory ( "o's own pa9 is any ?+ l ! same /ate ( consci\sness ) ! memory ( see+ ano!r man 9 pa94 ,9 ! "o case1 ! /ate ( consci\sness rememb]$ is ! pa9 itself2 9 ! o!r x is ! s5sations ( sight or he>+1 :i* indicat$ to me ! pa9 ( ! o!r man1 or call$ up ! idea ( 8 pa9 by association4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! memory is memory ( my own s5sations purely2 9 ! o!r case1 x is ! memory ( my s5sations1 z ! evid5ce only ( outw>d ?+s4 ,ea* ( ! t]ms1 !re=e1 ,i1 ,?\1 ,he1 m>ks a p>ticul> *a9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 t]m9at+ ) ! ,i1 ! ,?\1 ! ,he1 ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! ,i1 ! ,?\1 ! ,he1 ( ! pres5t mom5t1 is m>k$1 by ^! t]ms1 prim>ily2 ! prec$+ l9ks are m>k$1 second>ily1 t is1 connot$4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,i1 ,?\1 or ,he1 did any ?+1 x is ! ,i1 ! ,?\1 ! ,he1 ( ! mom5t spok5 (1 t is specially not$4 ,! re/ ( ! *a9 is n p>ticul>ly adv]t$ to1 except :5 !re is p>ticul> occasion = x4 ,s9ce ! ,i1 ! ,?\1 ! ,he1 /& = ! names ( ?ree m51 & equally d5ote ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 =m+ :at is famili>ly call$ ! ?read ( life1 ( ea* ( ^? individuals2 h[ does x happ51 t ! idea1 :i* is call$ up by ! t]m ,i1 appe>s to be s diff]5t1 f t :i* is #aga call$ up by ! t]m ,?\1 or any t]m d5ot+ ! vital *a9 ( any o!r man8 ,9 :at has be5 already /at$1 is f\nd ! answ]4 ,9 t *a9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* ,i m>k by ! t]m same man1 two species ( ?+s are includ$2 #a4 ,! antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* =m ! successive /ates ( 8 body2 #b4 ,! successive /ates ( 8 consci\sness4 ,9 kn[+ ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 :i* =m ! successive /ates ( my own body & ( t ( ano!r man1 ! mode1 ?\gh 9 "s respects diff]5t1 is1 9 s _m respects1 ! same1 t x does n "h require explanation4 ,b ! mode ( kn[+ ! successive /ates ( my own consci\sness1 & ( ^? ( o!r m51 is totally diff]5t2 & 9 ?is consi/s ! peculi>ity :i* appe>s to belong to ! idea :i* ,i annex to ! t]m ,i1 or myself4 ,! k ( my own /ates ( consci\sness is consci\sness itself1 = ! pres5t mom5t1 & memory ( t consci\sness = all ! pa/4 ,( ! /ates ( consci\sness ( o!r m51 ,i h no direct k4 ,i draw my belief ( !m only f signs4 ,^! signs1 too1 are significant only by ref]5ce to my own /ates ( consci\sness4 ,c]ta9 ?+s cognizable by my s5ses1 are accompani$ 9 myself by c]ta9 /ates ( consci\sness1 s+le1 or 9 tra9s4 ,^! objects ( s5se 7sights1 s\nds1 c47 are closely associat$ ) ! ideas ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness4 ,:5 pres5t$ to me1 !re=e1 z objects ( s5se to o!r m51 !y excite ! ideas ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness2 & h5ce :at ,i call my k & belief ( ! m5tal tra9s ( o!r m54 ,x is n necess>y to g fur!r 9 ! #agb analysis4 ,x is v obvi\s1 t two complex ideas mu/ be diff]5t1 :i* are =m$ 9 ^! diff]5t ways2 nor is any ?+ m necess>y to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea annex$ to ! pron\n ,i1 & t annex$ to ! pron\n ,?\4#cc ,editor's footnote #cc3 ,! au?or has avoid$ an error 9 ! mode & ord] ( ! enquiry1 :i* has greatly contribut$ to make ! explanations giv5 by psy*ologi/s ( ,p]sonal ,id5tity1 s em95tly unsatisfactory z !y are4 ,psy*ologi/s h almo/ always begun ) ! mo/ intricate "p ( ! "q4 ,!y h set out by enquir+1 :at makes me ! same p]son to myself8 :5 !y %\ld fir/ h enquir$ :at makes me ! same p]son to o!r p8 or1 :at makes ano!r p]son ! same p]son to me8 ,! au?or ( ! ,analysis has done ?is1 & he easily p]ceiv$1 t :at makes me ! same p]son to o!rs1 is precisely :at makes a h\se1 or a m\nta91 ! same h\se or m\nta9 to !m to-day :i* !y saw ye/]day4 ,x is ! belief ( an un9t]rupt$ cont9uity 9 ! s]ies ( s5sations d]ivable f ! h\se1 or m\nta91 or man4 ,!re is n ?is cont9uity 9 ! actual s5sations ( a s+le obs]v]3 he has n be5 wat*+ ! m\nta9 un9t]mitt$ly s9ce ye/]day1 or f a /ill m di/ant "t4 ,b he believes1 on su* evid5ce z ! case af=ds1 t if he _h be5 wat*+1 he %\ld h se5 ! m\nta9 cont9u\sly & un*ang$ dur+ ! :ole int]v5+ "t 7provid$ ! o!r requisites ( vision 7 pres5t--light to see x by1 & no cl\d or mi/ int]v5+73 & he fur!r believes t any be+1 ) organs l 8 own1 :o _h look$ 9 t direction at any mom5t ( ! int]val dur+ :i* he himself 0 n look+1 w\ld h se5 x 9 ! same mann] z he sees x4 ,all ?is applies equally to a human object4 ,i call ! man ,i see to-day ! same man :om ,i saw ye/]day1 = ! v reason :i* makes me call ! h\se or ! m\nta9 ! same1 viz41 my conviction t if my organs _h be5 9 ! #agc same position t[>ds him all ! "t z !y are n[1 & ! o!r conditions necess>y = see+ _h be5 pres5t1 my p]ception ( ! man w\ld h cont9u$ all ! "t )\t int]ruption4 ,if we n[ *ange ! po9t ( view1 & ask1 :at makes me always ! same p]son to myself1 we introduce1 9 addition to :at !re 0 9 ! o!r case1 ! entire s]ies ( my own pa/ /ates ( consci\sness4 ,z ! au?or truly says1 ! evid5ce on :i* ,i accept my own id5tity is t ( memory4 ,b memory rea*es only a c]ta9 way back1 & = all be=e t p]iod1 z well z = all subsequ5t to x ( :i* ,i h lo/ ! remembrance1 ! belief re/s on o!r evid5ce4 ,z an example ( ! errors & difficulties 9 :i* psy*ologi/s h involv$ !mselves by beg9n+ ) ! m complex "q )\t hav+ consid]$ ! simpl] "o1 x is wor? rememb]+ t ,locke makes p]sonal id5tity consi/ 9 ,consci\sness1 :i* 9 ?is case means ,memory2 & has be5 ju/ly criticis$ by lat] ?9k]s = ?is doctr9e1 z lead+ to ! coroll>y1 t :atev] ( my pa/ actions ,i h =gott51 ,i nev] p]=m$--t my =gott5 feel+s 7 n my feel+s1 b 7 7x mu/ !re=e be suppos$7 ! feel+s ( somebody else4 ,locke1 h[ev]1 _h se5 "o "p ( ! true /ate ( ! case2 :i* is1 t to myself ,i am only1 prop]ly speak+1 ! same p]son1 9 respect ( ^? facts ( my pa/ life :i* ,i rememb]2 b t ,i nev]!less consid] myself z hav+ be51 at ! times ( :i* ,i reta9 no remembrance1 ! same p]son ,i n[ am1 because ,i h satisfactory evid5ce t ,i 0 ! same to o!r p2 t an un9t]rupt$ cont9uity 9 ! s5sations ( sight & t\* caus$ or :i* c\ld h be5 caus$ to o!r p1 exi/$ betwe5 my pres5t self & ! infant :o ,i am told ,i 01 & betwe5 my pres5t self & ! p]son :o is prov$ to me to h done ! acts ,i h myself =gott54 ,^! consid]ations remove ! out] veil1 or husk1 z x 71 :i* wraps up ! idea ( ! ,ego4 ,b aft] ?is is remov$1 !re rema9s an inn] cov]+1 :i*1 z f> z ,i c p]ceive1 is imp5etrable4 ,my p]sonal id5tity consi/s #agd 9 my be+ ! same ,ego :o did1 or :o felt1 "s specific fact recall$ to me by memory4 ,s be x3 b :at is ,memory8 ,x is n m]ely hav+ ! idea ( t fact recall$3 t is b ?\ght1 or conception1 or imag9ation4 ,x is1 hav+ ! idea recall$ along ) ! ,belief t ! fact :i* x is ! idea (1 really happ5$1 & moreov] happ5$ to myself4 ,memory1 !re=e1 by ! v fact ( its be+ diff]5t f ,imag9ation1 implies an ,ego :o =m]ly exp]i5c$ ! facts rememb]$1 & :o 0 ! same ,ego !n z n[4 ,! ph5om5on ( ,self & t ( ,memory are m]ely two sides ( ! same fact1 or two diff]5t modes ( view+ ! same fact ,we may1 z psy*ologi/s1 set out f ei!r ( !m1 & ref] ! o!r to x4 ,we may1 9 treat+ ( ,memory1 say 7z ! au?or says7 t x is ! idea ( a pa/ s5sation associat$ ) ! idea ( myself z hav+ x4 ,or we may say1 9 treat+ ( ,id5tity1 7z ! au?or also says71 t ! mean+ ( ,self is ! memory ( c]ta9 pa/ s5sations4 ,b x is h>dly all[able to d bo?4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be said1 t by do+ s we expla9 nei!r4 ,we only %[ t ! two ?+s are ess5tially ! same2 t my memory ( hav+ asc5d$ ,skiddaw on a giv5 day1 & my consci\sness ( be+ ! same p]son :o asc5d$ ,skiddaw on t day1 are two modes ( /at+ ! same fact3 a fact :i* psy*ology has z yet fail$ to resolve into any?+ m elem5t>y4 ,9 analys+ ! complex ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 we mu/ come to some?+ ultimate2 & we seem to h rea*$ two elem5ts :i* h a good prima facie claim to t title4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! common elem5t 9 all cases ( ,belief1 namely1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fact1 & ! ?\ght ( t fact3 a di/9ction :i* we are able to cognize 9 ! pa/1 & :i* !n con/itutes ,memory1 & 9 ! future1 :5 x con/itutes ,expectation2 b 9 nei!r case c we give any acc\nt ( x except t x exi/s2 an inability :i* is admitt$ 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y case ( ! di/9ction1 viz4 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a pres5t s5sation & an idea4 ,secondly1 9 addition to ?is1 & sett+ out f ! belief #age 9 ! reality ( a pa/ ev5t1 or 9 o!r words1 ! belief t ! idea ,i n[ h 0 d]iv$ f a previ\s s5sation1 or comb9ation ( s5sations1 correspond+ to x1 !re is ! fur!r conviction t ?is s5sation or comb9ation ( s5sations 0 my own2 t x happ5$ to myself4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am aw>e ( a long & un9t]rupt$ succession ( pa/ feel+s go+ z f> back z memory rea*es1 & t]m9at+ ) ! s5sations ,i h at ! pres5t mom5t1 all ( :i* are connect$ by an inexplicable tie1 t di/+ui%es !m n only f any succession or comb9ation 9 m]e ?\ght1 b also f ! p>allel successions ( feel+s :i* ,i believe1 on satisfactory evid5ce1 to h happ5$ to ea* ( ! o!r be+s1 %ap$ l myself1 :om ,i p]ceive ar\nd me4 ,?is succession ( feel+s1 :i* ,i call my memory ( ! pa/1 is t by :i* ,i di/+ui% my ,self4 ,myself is ! p]son :o _h t s]ies ( feel+s1 & ,i "k no?+ ( myself1 by direct k1 except t ,i _h !m4 ,b !re is a bond ( "s sort among all ! p>ts ( ! s]ies1 :i* makes me say t !y 7 feel+s ( a p]son :o 0 ! same p]son ?r\gh\t1 & a diff]5t p]son f ^? :o _h any ( ! p>allel successions ( feel+s2 & ?is bond1 to me1 con/itutes my ,ego4 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 ! "q mu/ re/1 until "s psy*ologi/ succe$s bett] ?an any "o has yet done 9 %ew+ a mode 9 :i* ! analysis c be c>ri$ fur!r4--,ed4 #agf ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,reflection4 ,,s mu* use has be5 made ( ! ^w ,,reflection1 & results ( s mu* importance h be5 ref]r$ to x1 t x is necess>y to %ew :at /ate ( ,consci\sness x d5otes1 9 all ! possible acceptations ( x4 ,mr4 ,locke def9es x1 ,t notice :i* ! m9d takes ( its own op]ations4 ,:5 we h a s5sation1 we h already se51 on v>i\s occasions1 t ! hav+ ! /ate ( consci\sness1 & tak+ notice ( x1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,:5 we say t "o s5sation is m att5d$ to ?an ano!r1 ?is1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 is really tantam\nt to say+1 t ! "o is m a s5sation ?an ! o!r4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we h an idea2 ! hav+ ! idea1 ! be+ consci\s ( ! idea1 kn[+ ! idea1 obs]v+ ! idea1 are only diff]5t names = ! same ?+4 ,!y mean ! be+ consci\s 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,b ! be+ consci\s is to take notice ( ! consci\sness4 ,to be consci\s1 & n to take notice1 is ! same ?+ z to be #agg consci\s1 & n consci\s4 ,! notice is ! consci\sness1 & ! consci\sness is ! notice4 ,?us f>1 !re=e1 x appe>s1 ) abundant evid5ce t ,reflection is no?+ b ,consci\sness2 & ,consci\sness is ! hav+ ! s5sations & ideas4 ,b :at w be object$ is1 t we n only h ,ideas2 b we are capable ( =m+ ! idea ( t p>ticul> /ate ( m9d :i* exi/s :5 we h an idea4 ,x requires a close exam9ation1 to discov] :at is really meant by ! language 9 :i* ?is objection is convey$4 ,! ?+1 h[ev]1 to :i* x imp]fectly po9ts1 c be made out2 ?\gh1 f ! imp]fection ( ! language :i* we mu/ employ1 x is n easy to expla9 x1 ) a c]ta9ty ( be+ und]/ood4 ,:5 x is said1 t we c n only h a p>ticul> idea1 b c =m an idea ( t /ate ( m9d1 g5]ally1 :i* is call$ hav+ an idea2 ?is c mean no?+ b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! p>ticul> & ! g5]al idea4 ,x is affirm$1 t we c n only h ?is idea1 & t idea1 b we c h ! g5]al idea ( all ideas4 ,?is is true4 ,b we "k1 by previ\s elucidations1 :at all ?is means4 ,we c h ! idea n only ( ?is man1 or t man1 b we c h ! idea ( m5 9 g5]al4 ,t is to say1 we c gr\p all individuals ( a c]ta9 description into "o class1 to :i* class we give a "n1 equally applicable to e individual2 :i* "n1 accord+ly1 be+ associat$ equally ) individuals indef9ite 9 numb]1 calls up ! ideas ( individuals1 indef9ite 9 numb]1 on e application ( x4 ,?is po9ts out a d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w ,idea2 f :i* all ! confusion ( ! language #agh ab\t ,,reflection seems to h be5 d]iv$4 ,! same ^w1 ,idea1 is bo? ! p>ticul>1 & ! g5]al "n4 ,x _c be disput$1 t s f> z reg>ds individual ,ideas1 ! hav+ an idea1 & kn[+ x1 ! be+ 9 ! /ate ( consci\sness1 & kn[+ ! /ate ( consci\sness1 are "o & ! same ?+4 ,&1 if ! be+ 9 a /ate ( consci\sness1 & kn[+ x1 does n express all t is meant by reflect+ ^u x 7:]e reflect+ is n us$ 9 ano!r s5se1 z equival5t ) rememb]+71 x w rema9 = ^? :o believe !re is any?+ m1 to %ew :at x is4 ,t ! g5]al is d]iv$ f ! p>ticul>1 !re w be no hesitation 9 all[+4 ,! fact1 !re=e1 s imp]fectly /at$1 is1 t1 f individual /ates ( consci\sness1 we rise1 by g5]alization1 z 9 o!r cases1 to ! g5]al idea :i* embraces a class4 ,g5]al ,ideas1 on acc\nt ( _! complexity1 are all apt to appe>1 to p]sons little accu/om$ to exam9e !m closely1 m or less my/]i\s4 ,b g5]al ideas1 n ( ! /eady objects ( s5se1 b ! fleet+ /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* we h s little "u comm&1 & = ! nam+ ( :i* we are s ill provid$ ) t]ms1 _c fail to appe> my/]i\s 9 a mu* great] degree4 ,:at we are n[1 !re=e1 contemplat+ is a case ( g5]alization1 :i*1 h[ c]ta9ly soev]1 f ! common laws ( ! human m9d1 we "k t x is made1 x is f> f easy di/9ctly to conceive4 ,& ^? ( my read]s1 :o h foll[$ me easily 9 ?is d$uction1 may be satisfi$ !y h made no slight progress 9 metaphysical sci5ce4 #agi ,x is evid5t1 :5 all ?is is cle>ly und]/ood1 t :at has be5 my/]i\sly set =?1 "u ! "n ( an ,idea ( ,,reflection1 is simply ! g5]alization ( p>ticul> /ates ( consci\sness2 :i* p>ticul> /ates ( consci\sness are our s5sations & ideas4 ,!re are v>i\s cases ( ?is g5]alization1 "s m1 "s less1 ext5sive4 ,9 ! same mann] z we g5]alize ! hav+ ( a s+le idea2 & conceive1 n ! hav+ ( ?is idea1 or t idea1 b ! hav+ ( any idea1 & all ideas2 we also g5]alize ! hav+ two associat$ ideas1 &1 f p>ticul>s1 m\nt up to ! g5]al idea ( ! association1 or tra91 ( ideas4 ,x is ne$less to be p>ticul> 9 ref]r+ to ! specific cases4 ,we h se5 :at comb9ation ( ideas con/itutes ! case ( memory4 ,individual in/ances ( memory are g5]aliz$2 ^! peculi> comb9ations are view$ z a class2 h5ce ! g5]al idea1 & g5]al "n ( ! class4 ,! explanation is obvi\sly ! same1 9 o!r cases1 z ,judgm5t1 ,reason+1 ,belief1 ,will+4 ,we "k :at is ! p>ticul> case ( association on :i* ea* ( ^! names is be/[$4 ,we "k :at is ! /ate ( consci\sness1 on ea* individual occasion ( ,judg+1 ,reason+1 & s =?4 ,g5]alization is p]=m$4 ,! p>ticul> in/ances are view$ z compos+ a class4 ,! ,idea ( ! class is ! ,idea ( ,reflection4#cd ,editor's footnote #cd3 ,to reflect on any ( our feel+s or m5tal acts is m prop]ly id5tifi$ ) att5d+ to ! feel+1 ?an1 7z /at$ 9 ! text7 ) m]ely hav+ x4 ,! au?or sc>cely #ahj recognises ?is z a diff]5ce4 ,he sometimes inde$ seems to consid] att5tion z m5tal repetition2 b 9 8 *apt] on ! ,w1 we %all f9d t he !re id5tifies att5d+ to a feel+ ) m]ely hav+ ! feel+4 ,i conceive1 on ! contr>y1 7) ! great majority ( psy*ologi/s7 t !re is an important di/9ction betwe5 ! two ?+s2 ! ignor+ ( :i* has l$ ! au?or into errors4 ,:at ! di/9ction is1 ,i h endeav\r$ to %ew 9 my note to ! *apt] on ,consci\sness2 & ! subject w return ^u u h]eaft]4--,ed4 #aha ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,& ,,active ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d4 ,x is ! greate/ triumph ( philosophy to ref] _m1 & seem+ly v v>i\s1 ph5om5a1 to "o1 or a v few1 simple pr9ciples3 & ! m simple & evid5t su* a pr9ciple is1 provid$ x be truly applicable to all ! cases 9 "q1 ! great] is its value & sci5tific beauty4--,elem5ts ( ,logic1 by ,dr4 ,:ately1 p4 #cb4 ,,! ,ph5om5a ( ,?\ght h long appe>$ to be divisible into two great classes2 :i* 7 di/+ui%$ by ! names1 ! "o ( ! ,intellectual1 ! o!r ( ! ,active1 ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,9 ! ph5om5a :i* compose ! fir/ ( ^? classes1 & :i* we h n[ pretty completely survey$1 ! s5sations & ideas are consid]$ m]ely z exi/+4 ,9 ! ph5om5a :i* compose ! second ( ! two classes1 ! s5sations & ideas are to be consid]$ z n m]ely exi/+1 b also z excit+ to action4#ce ,ba9's footnote #ce3 ,in/ead ( ,! ph5om5a ( ,?\ght1 sub/itute ! ph5om5a ( ,m9d1 ! ,subject1 or ! ,subject ,consci\sness4 ,! use ( ! ^w ,?\ght seems to ju/ify an op9ion held by ,hamilton & by ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 t ?\ght1 or ! cognitive function is ! basis ( m9d1 in/ead ( be+ co-ord9ate ) ! o!r lead+ functions 7,feel+ & ,w47 ,!re is no evid5ce else:]e t ! au?or %>es ?is op9ion4 ,! defectiv5ess ( ! two-fold classification ( ! m9d1 :i* seems to h desc5d$ f ,ari/otle1 & is only 9 ! pres5t g5]ation supplant$ by an explicitly work$-out triple division1 is especially app>5t 9 ! h&l+ ( all ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! ,w1 or ! activity ( ! sy/em1 is spok5 ( z set on indiscrim9ately by s5sations & ideas2 :i*1 z w be se51 is to mix toge!r a numb] ( entirely di/9ct processes4 ,!re is no adequate sep>ation ( ! emotional "p ( a ,s5sation1 f its intellectual or k-giv+ "p4 ,! same confusion ext5ds to ! ^w idea1 :i*1 )\t premonition1 is employ$ = ! memory ( pleasures & pa9s1 & = ! memory ( s5sations ( ! intellectual or k-giv+ k9d4 ,!re is1 z might be expect$1 an insuffici5t treatm5t ( ! special =ms ( ,emotion2 !re be+ no basis laid = _! exhau/ive or natural classification4--,b4 #ahb ,) respect to ! s5sations & ideas :i* compose ! ph5om5a ( ! fir/ class1 we h obs]v$1 t !y are apt to be =m$ into clu/]s ( m or less complexity2 & t !y foll[ "o ano!r1 9 tra9s1 accord+ to c]ta9 laws4 ,! s5sations & ideas1 :i* compose ! ph5om5a ( ! second class1 are equally =m$ into clu/]s1 ) ^? compos+ ! ph5om5a ( ! =m] class2 & foll[ "o ano!r1 9 tra9s1 accord+ to ! same laws4 ,s f>1 ! two classes ( ph5om5a agree2 & s f>1 ! analysis1 :i* we h endeav\r$ to effect ( ! =m] class1 is to be tak5 z ! analysis also ( ! latt]4 ,our object1 n[1 is1 to trace to _! #ahc s\rce ! diff]5ces :i* con/itute ?is a sep>ate class2 to m>k ! subdivisions into :i* x c be mo/ conv5i5tly di/ribut$2 & to demon/rate ! simple laws1 into :i* ! :ole ph5om5a ( human life1 s num]\s1 & app>5tly s div]sifi$1 may all be easily resolv$4 #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations4 ,,!re is a rem>kable diff]5ce ( s5sations1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ be=e1 b :i* mu/ n[ be m p>ticul>ly att5d$ to4 ,"s s5sations1 probably ! great] numb]1 are :at we call indiff]5t4 ,!y are n consid]$ z ei!r pa9ful1 or pleasurable4 ,!re are s5sations1 h[ev]1 & ( frequ5t recurr5ce1 "s ( :i* are pa9ful1 "s pleasurable4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t :i* is felt4 ,a man kn[s x1 by feel+ x2 & ?is is ! :ole acc\nt ( ! ph5om5on4 ,i h "o s5sation1 & !n ano!r1 & !n ano!r4 ,! fir/ is ( su* a k9d1 t ,i c>e n :e!r x is long or %ort2 ! second is ( su* a k9d t ,i w\ld put an end to x in/antly if ,i c\ld2 ! ?ird is ( su* a k9d1 t ,i l x prolong$4 ,to di/+ui% ^? feel+s1 ,i give !m names4 ,i call ! fir/ ,indiff]5t2 ! second1 ,pa9ful2 ! ?ird4 ,pleasurable2 v (t51 = %ortness1 ,i call ! second1 ,pa91 ! ?ird1 ,pleasure4 ,we =m]ly %ew$1 t hav+ a s5sation & #ahe kn[+ x1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+2 t hav+ two s5sations & kn[+ !m1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t hav+ ?ree s5sations1 an ,indiff]5t1 a ,pleasurable1 & a ,pa9ful1 & kn[+ !m = :at !y are1 are n diff]5t ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,! pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations are common to all ! s5ses4 ,we h pleasures & pa9s ( ! eye1 ( ! e>1 ( ! t\*1 ! ta/e1 ! smell1 & also ( _m int]nal p>ts ( ! body1 = :i*1 ?\gh1 z we %all pres5tly see1 !y hold a great %>e 9 compos+ ! spr+s ( human action1 we h n names1 nor any means ( accurate e/imation4#cf ,editor's footnote #cf3 ,9 ! case ( _m pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations1 x is op5 to "q :e!r ! pleasure or pa91 especially ! pleasure1 is n some?+ add$ to ! s5sation1 & capable ( be+ deta*$ f x1 r ?an m]ely a p>ticul> aspect or quality ( ! s5sation4 ,x is (t5 obs]vable t a s5sation is mu* less pleasurable at "o "t ?an at ano!r1 ?\gh to our consci\sness x appe>s exactly ! same s5sation 9 all except ! pleasure4 ,?is is emphatically ! fact 9 cases ( satiety1 or ( loss ( ta/e = a s5sation by loss ( novelty4 ,x is probable t 9 su* cases ! pleasure may dep5d on diff]5t n]ves1 or on a diff]5t action ( ! same n]ves1 f ! rema9+ "p ( ! s5sation4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! pleasure or pa9 att5d+ a s5sation is 7l ! feel+s ( ,lik5ess1 ,succession1 c47 capable ( be+ m5tally ab/ract$ f ! s5sation1 or1 9 o!r words1 capable ( be+ att5d$ to by itself4 ,& 9 any case ,mr4 ,ba9's di/9ction holds good1 betwe5 ! emotional "p or prop]ty ( a s5sation 79 :i* he includes ! #ahf pleasure or pa9 belong+ to x7 & its intellectual or k-giv+ "p4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ^! are n exclusive ( "o ano!r2 ! k-giv+ "p is n necess>ily emotional1 b ! emotional "p is & mu/ be k-giv+4 ,! pleasure or pa9 ( ! feel+ are subjects ( intellectual appreh5sion2 !y give ! k ( !mselves & ( _! v>ieties4--,ed4 #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations4 ,,next 9 ord] to ! ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 x is necess>y to take notice ( ! causes ( !m4 ,we c g5]ally trace !m to c]ta9 con/ant antec$5ts2 & x is evid5tly ( ! greate/ importance to u to be able to d s2 z x is by ^? means only1 we c less5 ! numb] ( ! pa9ful s5sations1 increase ! numb] ( ! pleasurable4 ,( ! causes ( our ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% two classes2 fir/1 ! imm$iate causes2 secondly1 ! remote causes2 a remote1 be+ n1 /rictly speak+1 ! cause ( ! s5sation1 b ! cause ( t cause4 ,?us1 ! la% ( ! execution] is ! imm$iate cause ( ! pa9 ( ! crim9al4 ,! s5t5ce ( ! ,judge1 is ! cause ( t cause4 ,! s\nd ( ! viol9 is ! imm$iate cause ( ! pleasure ( my e>2 ! p]=mance ( ! musician1 ! cause ( t s\nd2 ! money ) :i* ,i h hir$ ! musician1 ! cause ( t p]=mance4 ,! money is1 9 ?is case1 ! cause ( ! cause ( ! cause ( ! s5sation2 or ! cause1 at two removes4 #ahh ,x is necess>y to be rem>k$1 respect+ ! causes ( our pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations1 t1 !y are apt to become great] objects ( conc]n to u1 to rank high] 9 importance1 ?an ! s5sations !mselves4 ,x is a vulg> obs]vation1 ) respect to money1 = example1 t1 ?\gh useful only = obta9+ pleasure1 or sav+ f pa91 x is (t5 employ$ = nei!r purpose1 b hugg$ z a good 9 itself4 ,! importance atta*$ to ! cause ( ! s5sation1 is a case ( association easy to be trac$4 ,! pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations !mselves are1 specifically1 n num]\s4 ,! causes ( !m1 on ! o!r h&1 are exce$+ly num]\s1 & div]sifi$4 ,aga92 ! m9d is n mu* int]e/$ 9 att5d+ to ! s5sation4 ,! s5sation provides = itself4 ,! m9d1 h[ev]1 is deeply int]e/$ 9 att5d+ to ! cause2 t we may prev5t1 or remove x1 if ! s5sation is pa9ful2 provide1 or deta9 x1 if ! s5sation is pleasurable4 ,?is creates a habit ( pass+ rapidly f ! s5sation1 to fix our att5tion ^u its cause4 #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,!m4 ,,we h already se51 t all s5sations are capable ( be+ reviv$1 )\t t action on ! organs ( s5se :i* orig9ally produc$ !m2 & t1 :5 s reviv$1 we call !m ideas or copies ( ! s5sations4 ,! s5sations :i* are pleasurable & pa9ful1 are reviv$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? :i* are indiff]5t2 b1 z ! s5sations :i* are pleasurable & pa9ful =m a class ( s5sations rem>kably di/+ui%$ f s5sations ( ! indiff]5t class1 ! ideas ( ! pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations =m a class ( ideas1 no less rem>kably di/+ui%$ f ! ideas ( ! indiff]5t s5sations4 ,x is necess>y to endeav\r by a p>ticul> ef=t to di/+ui% accurately f all o!r feel+s t peculi> /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* we call ! idea ( a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation2 9 o!r words1 t s5sation reviv$1 aft] ! op]ation ^u ! s5ses has ceas$4 ,?is /ate ( consci\sness1 l o!r /ates1 is kn[n only by hav+ x4 ,:at x is felt to be1 x is4 #aij ,we c af=d1 !re=e1 no aid to ! read] 9 di/+ui%+ x1 o!rwise ?an by us+ su* expressions z seem calculat$ to fix 8 att5tion ^u x4 ,x is 8 own inw>d1 invisible /ate1 :i* only he c m>k = himself4 ,! idea ( a pa9 or pleasure1 is n a pa9 or pleasure4 ,we d n say t ! idea ( ! h& scald$ is a pa91 or ! idea ( a sweet smell is a pleasure4 ,b ?is is n v satisfactory language2 = x1 9 reality1 means little m1 ?an t ! idea ( a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation1 is n a s5sation4 ,t !re are "s tra9s ( ideas1 h[ev]1 :i* x is agreeable to h1 o!rs :i* x is disagreeable1 is "o among ! mo/ famili> facts ( our nature4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a di/9ction among ideas1 analog\s to t ( pleasurable & pa9ful among s5sations4 ,x is difficult to ?9k ( any "o s5sation by itself2 because ea* is s comb9$ ) o!rs1 t ! idea ( "o c nev] pres5t itself1 b 9 company ) m4 ,?is is peculi>ly ! case ) s5sations ( ! pleasurable & pa9ful k9ds3 & h5ce ! cause ( ! indi/9ctness1 :i* seems to accompany ! idea ( any ( ^? s5sations1 :5 we endeav\r to take x ap>t1 & consid] :at x is 9 itself4 ,an idea is ! revival ( a =m] /ate ( feel+4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* ,i h to consid] is1 :at is my precise /ate ( consci\sness1 :5 ,i receive a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation4 ,:5 ! s5sation 0 pres5t1 suppose a pa9ful "o1 x 0 a /ate ( consci\sness1 s int]e/+ to me1 t x 0 important to f9d a m>k = x4 ,i #aia call$ x ,pa94 ,x is a /ate ( consci\sness kn[n to e man by 8 hav+ _h x1 & x c be kn[n by no o!r means4 ,we call x by v>i\s names2 an odi\s /ate1 a disagreeable /ate1 & s on2 b ^! are only sev]al modes ( m>k+ :at is felt1 & tell to no man any?+ m ?an 8 feel+ has told4 ,except = 8 own k ( 8 own feel+1 ! words w\ld be utt]ly )\t a mean+4 ,su* is ! /ate ( consci\sness "u ! s5sation4 ,i revive ! s5sation4 ,my /ate ( consci\sness "u ! s5sation ,i call$ a pa94 ,my /ate ( consci\sness "u ! idea ( ! pa91 ,i call1 n a pa91 b an av]sion4 ,an av]sion is ! idea ( a pa94 ,:atev] is includ$ "u ! t]m idea ( pa91 is includ$ precisely "u ! t]m av]sion4 ,!y are n two ?+s1 b two names = ! same ?+4 ,! same explanation applies to ! case ( a pleasurable s5sation4 ,! /ate ( consci\sness "u ! s5sation1 t is1 ! s5sation itself1 diff]$ f o!r s5sations1 9 t x 0 agreeable4 ,a "n 0 want$ to d5ote ?is peculi>ity2 to m>k1 z a class1 ! s5sations :i* possess x4 ,! t]m1 ,pleasure1 0 adopt$4 ,i revive ! s5sation2 9 o!r words1 h ! idea2 & z ,i _h occasion = a "n to class ! s5sations1 ,i h occasion = a "n to class ! ideas4 ,my /ate ( consci\sness "u ! s5sation1 ,i call a ,pleasure3 my /ate ( consci\sness "u ! idea1 t is1 ! idea itself1 ,i call a ,desire4 ,! t]m ,idea ( a pleasure1 expresses precisely ! same ?+ z ! t]m1 ,desire4 ,x does s by ! v import ( ! words4 ,! #aib idea ( a pleasure1 is ! idea ( some?+ z good to h4 ,b :at is a desire1 o!r ?an ! idea ( some?+ z good to h2 good to h1 be+ really no?+ b desirable to h8 ,! t]ms1 !re=e1 idea ( pleasure1 & desire1 are b two names2 ! ?+ nam$1 ! /ate ( consci\sness1 is "o & ! same4 ,!re is an ambiguity1 h[ev]1 9 ! t]ms ,av]sion1 & ,desire1 :i* contributes n a little to ca/ d>kness ^u ?is "p ( our inquiry4 ,!y are appli$ to ! ideas ( ! ,causes ( our ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful ,s5sations1 z well z to ! ideas ( ^? ,s5sations2 &1 ( c\rse1 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,we say we h an av]sion to c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 or c]ta9 drugs2 we h a desire = wat] to dr9k1 = fire to w>m u1 & s on4 ,:5 we exam9e ^! phrases n>r[ly1 we f9d t x is n lit]ally1 b by a sort ( figure ( spee*1 t ! t]ms ,av]sion1 & ,desire1 are appli$ to ! ,causes ( ,pa9s & ,pleasures4 ,prop]ly speak+1 x is n to ! food1 or ! drug1 t we h ! av]sion1 b to ! disagreeable ta/e4 ,! food is a sub/ance ( a c]ta9 col\r1 & consi/5ce2 s is ! drug4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! qualities :i* is (f5sive to u2 only ! ta/e4 ,9 l mann]1 x is n ! wat] we desire1 b ! pleasure ( dr9k+2 n ! fire we desire1 b ! pleasure ( w>m?4 ,! illusion is m]ely t ( a v close association4 ,!re is no case1 inde$1 ( association1 9 :i* ! union is m intimate1 ?an t betwe5 ! idea ( a pung5t s5sation1 & its cu/om>y cause2 & h5ce1 !re is no wond] t ! "n #aic :i* prop]ly belongs to ! "o1 %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! o!r1 or r1 t ! "n :i* belongs prop]ly to "o1 %\ld be giv5 to ! two1 =m$ into a complex idea1 9 conjunction4 ,!re is ano!r s\rce ( p]plexity1 :i* arises f ! connotative p[] ( ! t]ms ,desire1 & ,av]sion4 ,!y are ,n\ns1 9 ! future t5se2 t is1 !y connote futurity2 j z ,v]bs1 9 ! future t5se1 connote futurity4 ,?\gh ! feel+1 call$ ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation1 is precisely ! feel+ call$ desirabl5ess2 desirabl5ess1 & ! idea ( some?+ pleasurable1 be+ conv]tible t]ms1 ! ^w ,desire1 :5ev] x is appli$ to a p>ticul> case1 c>ries ) x a tacit ref]5ce to future "t4 ,:5 ! idea ( a s5sation is pres5t1 ! s5sation itself is n pres5t4 ,! s5sation has be51 or is to be4 ,x is difficult1 !re=e1 to h ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation1 )\t ! association ( ! pa/1 or ! future4 ,! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation ) ! association ( ! ,pa/1 is nev] call$ ,desire4 ,! ^w ,desire1 is commonly us$ to m>k ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation1 :5 ! ,future is associat$ ) x4 ,! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation1 to come1 is :at is commonly meant by ,desire4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no o!r "n to m>k ! idea1 :5 x is consid]$ by itself1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! pa/1 or ! future4 ,9 ^! cases1 ,desire1 & ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation2 ,av]sion1 & ! idea ( a pa9ful s5sation1 are conv]tible t]ms4 ,f ?is exposition1 x foll[s1 t ! numb] ( our desires is ! same ) t ( our pleasurable s5sations2 ! numb] ( our av]sions1 ! same #aid ) t ( our pa9ful s5sations2 j z ! numb] ( our simple ideas ( sight1 is ! same ) t ( our s5sations ( sight2 ! numb] ( our simple ideas ( s\nd1 ta/e1 or smell1 ! same ) t ( our s5sations ( s\nd1 ta/e1 or smell4#cg ,editor's footnote #cg3 ,! pr9cipal doctr9e ( ?is *apt] is1 t ,desire1 & ,av]sion1 are no?+ b ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation1 & ! ,idea ( a pa9ful s5sation3 :i* doctr9e is !n qualifi$ by say+1 t a desire is ! idea ( a pleasure associat$ ) ! future1 an av]sion ! idea ( a pa9 associat$ ) ! future4 ,b accord+ to ! :ole _s ( ! au?or's speculations1 & to 8 express affirmation 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next *apt]1 ! idea ( any s5sation associat$ ) ! future1 con/itutes ! ,expectation ( x3 & if s1 x re/$ ) him to prove t ! expectation ( a pleasure1 or ( a pa91 is ! same ?+ ) ! desire1 or av]sion4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n con=mable to common obs]vation4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 x is commonly und]/ood t !re may be desire or av]sion )\t expectation2 & on ! o!r1 expectation ( a pleasure )\t any actual feel+ ( desire3 "o may expect1 & ev5 look =w>d ) satisfaction to1 ! pleasure ( a meal1 al?\gh "o is n1 b only expects to be1 hungry4 ,s p]fectly is x assum$ t expectation1 & desire or av]sion1 are n necess>ily comb9$1 t ! case 9 :i* !y are comb9$ is signifi$ by a special pair ( names4 ,desire comb9$ ) expectation1 is call$ by ! "n ( ,hope2 ,av]sion comb9$ ) expectation1 is kn[n by ! "n ( ,fe>4 ,i believe ! fact to be t desire is n ,expectation1 b is m ?an ! idea ( ! pleasure desir$1 be+1 9 tru?1 ! initiatory /age ( ,w4 ,9 :at we call ,desire !re is1 ,i ?9k1 always includ$ a positive /imulation to action2 ei!r to ! def9ite c\rse ( action :i* w\ld lead to our #aie obta9+ ! pleasure1 or to a g5]al re/lessness & vague seek+ aft] x4 ,! /imulation may fall %ort ( actually produc+ action3 ev5 :5 x prompts to a def9ite act1 x may be repress$ by a /rong] motive1 or by k t ! pleasure is n )9 pres5t rea*1 nor c be br\ght ne>] to u by any pres5t action ( our own4 ,/ill1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 always1 ! s5se ( a t5d5cy to action1 9 ! direction ( pursuit ( ! pleasure1 ?\gh ! t5d5cy may be ov]p[]$ by an ext]nal or an int]nal re/ra9t4 ,s also1 9 av]sion1 !re is always a t5d5cy to action ( ! k9d :i* repels or avoids ! pa9ful s5sation4 ,b ( ^! ?+s m fully "u ! head ( ,w4--,ed4 #aif ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,pass$ ,,or ,,z ,,future4 ,,we h consid]$1 :at ! pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations are :5 pres5t2 :at ! ideas ( !m1 consid]$ z pres5t1 are2 & :at ! ideas ( _! causes4 ,^? s5sations1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) _! causes1 we may contemplate1 ei!r z pass$1 or z future3 & s contemplat$1 !y give rise to "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ /ates ( ! human m9d4 ,to contemplate any feel+ z ,pass$1 is to rememb] x2 & ! explanation ( ,memory we ne$ n repeat4 ,to contemplate any feel+ z ,future1 is m]ely a case ( t ,anticipation ( ! future f ! pass$1 ( :i*1 also1 we h already giv5 ! explanation4 ,:5 my f+] 0 9 ! flame ( ! c&le & burn$1 ! pa9ful s5sation 0 pres5t4 ,! /ate ( consci\sness1 h[ev]1 0 complex1 & consi/$ ( sev]al +r$i5ts2 ! sight ( ! burn+ c&le1 ! sight ( my f+]1 ! s5se ( a c]ta9 position or locality1 namely1 t ( my #aig f+] & ! c&le1 ! pa9ful s5sation1 & ! belief t x 0 my s5sation2 9 o!r words1 ! association ( t ?read ( consci\sness 9 :i*1 to me1 my be+ consi/s1 ) ! pres5t s5sation4 ,! pa9ful feel+ 0 ?us a feel+ deeply imb$d$ among o!rs4 ,:5 ,i rememb] ?is /ate ( consci\sness1 ! idea ( x1 :i* makes "p ( ! memory1 is by no means a simple idea4 ,x is compos$ ( ! ideas ( all ! above-m5tion$ s5sations1 toge!r ) t ( ! tra9 ( consci\sness1 :i* ,i call myself4 ,?is la/ is necess>y to con/itute x my idea4 ,?is idea1 ?us exi/+ z my idea1 & my pres5t idea1 is associat$ ) t "p ( my tra9 or ?read ( consci\sness :i* has int]v5$1 betwe5 ! pres5t /ate & ! rememb]$ /ate2 & by ?is la/ association ! idea becomes memory4 ,! anticipation ( ! ,future is ! same s]ies ( association2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t1 9 memory1 ! association ( ! tra9 ( consci\sness1 :i* conv]ts ! idea into memory1 is f consequ5t to antec$5t1 t is1 backw>ds2 ! association 9 ! case ( anticipation is f antec$5t to consequ5t1 =w>ds4 ,9 anticipation1 z 9 memory1 !re is1 fir/1 ! complex idea1 z above2 next1 ! passage ( ! m9d =w>ds f ! pres5t /ate ( consci\sness1 ! antec$5t1 to "o consequ5t aft] ano!r1 till x comes to ! anticipat$ s5sation4 ,suppose1 t1 z a puni%m5t1 a man is condemn$ to put 8 f+] aft] two days 9 ! flame ( a c&le2 :]e9 consi/s 8 anticipation8 ,! complex idea1 z describ$ above1 ( ! pa9ful s5sation1 ) all its #aih concomitant s5sations & ideas1 is ! fir/ "p ( ! process4 ,! rema9d] is ! association ) ?is idea ( ! ev5ts1 "o aft] ano!r1 :i* are to fill up ! int]m$iate "t1 & t]m9ate ) 8 f+] plac$ 9 ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,! :ole ( ?is association1 tak5 toge!r1 comprises ! idea ( ! pa9 z 8 pa91 aft] a tra9 ( antec$5ts4 ,! process ( anticipation is s precisely ! same1 :5 ! s5sation is ( ! pleasurable k9d1 t ,i deem x unnecess>y to repeat x4#ch ,editor's footnote #ch3 ,?is is ! fir/ place 9 :i* ! au?or gives 8 analysis ( ,expectation2 & 8 !ory ( x is1 z all !ories ( x mu/ be1 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! same p]son's !ory ( ,memory4 ,he resolves x into ! m]e ,idea ( ! expect$ ev5t1 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! ev5ts1 "o aft] ano!r1 :i* are to beg9 ) ! pres5t mom5t1 & end ) ! expect$ ev5t4 ,b 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( ,memory1 ! objection recurs1 t all ?is may exi/ 9 ! case ( m]e ,imag9ation4 ,a man may conceive himself be+ hang$1 or elevat$ to a ?rone1 & may con/ruct 9 8 m9d a s]ies ( possible or conceivable ev5ts1 ?r\gh :i* he c fancy ea* ( ^! results to be br\ght ab\t4 ,if he is a man ( lively imag9ation1 ?is idea ( ! ev5ts :i* are to fill up ! int]m$iate "t may be at lea/ z copi\s1 z ! idea ( ! s]ies ( com+ ev5ts = a ye> f ! pres5t "t1 :i* accord+ to ! au?or's !ory ,i h 9 my m9d :5 ,i look =w>d to comm5c+ a j\rney twelve mon?s h5ce4 ,yet he nei!r expects to be hang$1 nor to be made a k+1 /ill less bo?1 :i*1 to be> out ! !ory1 x w\ld seem t he ought4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,expectation & m]e ,imag9ation1 z well z betwe5 ,memory & ,imag9ation1 consi/s 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ,belief2 & ?\gh ?is is no explanation ( ei!r ph5om5on1 x br+s u back to "o & ! same real problem1 :i* ,i h s (t5 ref]r$ to1 & :i* nei!r ! au?or nor any o!r ?9k] has yet solv$--! diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ some?+ z a ,reality1 & z a m]e ,?\ght2 a di/9ction simil> & p>allel to t betwe5 a ,s5sation & an ,idea4--,ed4 #aii ,9 contemplat+ a pa9ful or pleasurable s5sation z pa/1 t is1 rememb]+ x1 ! m9d is 9 g5]al tranquil4 ,! /ate is n1 p]haps1 a /ate ( indiff]5ce2 b x is n s f> remov$ f x1 z to call att5tion to itself1 or require a "n to m>k x4 ,! case is diff]5t1 :5 ! s5sation is contemplat$ z future1 or anticipat$4 ,! /ate ( consci\sness is !n f> remov$ f a /ate ( indiff]5ce4 ,x admits ( two cases4 ,"o is1 :5 ! s5sation is contemplat$ z c]ta9ly future2 ! o!r is1 :5 x is contemplat$ z n c]ta9ly future4 ,:5 a pleasurable s5sation is contemplat$ z future1 b n c]ta9ly1 ! /ate ( consci\sness is call$ ,hope4 ,:5 a pa9ful s5sation is contemplat$ z future1 b n c]ta9ly1 ! /ate ( consci\sness is call$ ,fe>4#ci ,editor's footnote #ci3 ,! au?or's def9itions ( ,hope & ,fe> diff] f ^? (f]$ 9 my note 7p4 #aid74 ,he consid]s ^! words to signify t ! pleasure or ! pa9 is contemplat$ z future1 b )\t c]ta9ty4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! words are (t5 appli$ to v fa9t degrees ( anticipation1 f> %ort ( ^? :i* 9 popul> language w\ld be spok5 ( z ,expectation3 b ,i ?9k ! t]ms are n inconsi/5t ) ! fulle/ assurance4 ,a man is ab\t to und]go a pa9ful surgical op]ation4 ,he has no d\bt :atev] ab\t ! ev5t2 he fully int5ds x2 !re are no o!r means1 p]haps1 ( sav+ 8 life4 ,yet ! feel+ ) :i* he looks =w>d to x1 & ) :i* he contemplates ! prep>ations = x1 are su* z w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 by ! cu/om ( language1 be designat$ z fe>4 ,dea?1 aga91 is ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all future ev5ts1 yet we speak ( ! fe> ( dea?4 ,x is p]haps m d\btful :e!r ! fully assur$ anticipation ( a desir$ enjoym5t w\ld receive1 9 ord9>y p>lance1 ! "n ( ,hope2 yet "s common phrases seem to imply t x w\ld4 ,we read ev5 on tomb/ones ! sure hope ( a joyful immortality4 ,a /ill m re/rict$ application ( ! ^w ,fe>1 also ju/ifi$ by usage1 is to ! case 9 :i* ! feel+ am\nts to a di/urb+ passion2 & to ?is mean+ ,mr ,ba91 z w be se5 9 a future note1 ?9ks x desirable to conf9e x4--,ed4 #bjj ,aga93 ,:5 a pleasurable s5sation is anticipat$ ) c]ta9ty1 we call ! /ate ( consci\sness ,joy4 ,:5 a pa9ful s5sation is ?us anticipat$1 we call x ,sorr[4 ,nei!r ( ! two t]ms is good2 because n conf9$ to ?is signification4 ,bo? are appli$ to "n o!r ?+s1 also1 :i* we %all pres5tly h occasion to notice4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 a s\rce ( confusion4 #bja ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,pass$1 ,,or ,,z ,,future4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,causes ,,( ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,pass$1 ,,or ,,z ,,future4 ,,beside ! ,s5sations1 ! ,causes ( !m are capable ( be+ contemplat$1 bo? z pass$1 & z future4 ,x may be reg>d$ z rem>kable1 t ?\gh ! idea or ?\ght ( a disagreeable s5sation1 z pass$1 is ne>ly indiff]5t1 ! ?\ght ( ! cause ( a pa9ful pass$ s5sation is (t5 a v int]e/+ /ate ( consci\sness4 ,?is /ate ( consci\sness we sometimes call ,antipa?y1 sometimes ,hatr$2 ?\gh hatr$1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 is m frequ5tly ! "n ( ! ,motive to :i* x gives bir?4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 b "o concrete t]m = bo? ( ^! ab/racts1 ! v]b to hate1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 p]=ms its bus9ess ill4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 x no d\bt comes1 t ! ^w ,hatr$ is (t5 us$ z synonym\s ) ,antipa?y4 #bjb ,?is is a case ( association1 :i* des]ves a little att5tion4 ,! idea ( ! cause ( a pa9ful s5sation is s closely associat$ ) t ( ! s5sation1 t ! "o nev] exi/s )\t ! o!r4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! anticipation ( ! future f ! pass$1 is s /rong an association1 t1 9 int]e/+ cases1 x is indissoluble4 ,! ?\ght ( ! ,cause ( a pass$ pa9ful s5sation1 is ! idea ( an antec$5t & a consequ5t4 ,! idea ( ! pass$ antec$5t & consequ5t is in/antly foll[$ by t ( a future antec$5t & consequ5t2 & ?us ! feel+ p>takes ( ! nature ( ! anticipation ( a future pa9ful s5sation4 ,! association may be b mom5t>y1 z x may in/antly be *eck$ by o!r associations4 ,b1 be+ mom5t>y1 x exi/$1 & its exi/5ce is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce1 :i* is (t5 obs]vable1 betwe5 ! /ate ( consci\sness :5 ! s5sation is rememb]$1 & ! /ate ( consci\sness :5 ! cause ( ! s5sation is rememb]$4 ,:5 ! s5sation is rememb]$ s+ly1 !re is n t association ( a pass$ antec$5t & consequ5t1 :i* is in/antly foll[$ by t ( a future antec$5t & consequ5t ( ! same k9d4 ,t association takes place 9 ! case ( ! rememb]$ cause2 & h5ce ! diff]5ce1 ) :i* e man is acqua9t$4#dj ,editor's footnote #dj3 ,! diff]5ce "h br\ght to notice betwe5 ! v slight emotion excit$ 9 mo/ cases by ! idea ( a pa/ pa91 & ! /rong feel+ excit$ by ! idea ( ! cause ( a pa/ pa91 w be confirm$ by e "o's exp]i5ce2 & is rightly expla9$ by ! au?or1 z aris+ f ! fact t :at has caus$ a pa/ pa9 has an int]e/ affect+ ! future1 s9ce x may cause future pa9s4 ,x is noticeable t ! au?or n[h]e expla9s :y ! ?\ght ( a pa9 z future is s mu* m pa9ful1 ?an ! ?\ght ( a pa/ pa9 :5 deta*$ f all appreh5sion = ! future2 :y ! expectation ( an evil is g5]ally s mu* worse ?an ! remembrance ( "o4 ,?is fact might h made him d\bt ! suffici5cy ( 8 !ory ( ,memory & ,expectation2 s9ce1 accord+ to 8 analysis1 nei!r ( !m is any?+ b ! idea ( ! pa9 itself1 associat$ 9 ea* case ) a s]ies ( ev5ts :i* may be intr9sically indiff]5t2 & if !re 7 no elem5ts 9 ! case b ^? :i* he has po9t$ out1 no suffici5t reason is app>5t :y !re %\ld be any inequality ( pa9fulness betwe5 ! remembrance & ! expectation4--,ed4 #bjc ,! ?\ght ( ! cause ( a pass$ agreeable s5sation or s5sations1 is also v (t5 an int]e/+ /ate ( consci\sness4 ,x is call$ by ! names bo? ( ,sympa?y1 & ,love4 ,nei!r ( ! t]ms is conf9$ to ?is signification2 !y are bo?1 !re=e1 bad names1 & a great cause ( confusion ( ideas2 z we %all see 9 o!r in/ances h]eaft]4 ,! pleasurable s5sations n be+ s pung5t z ! pa9ful1 x b r>ely happ5s t ! imm$iate cause ( a s+le pass$ pleasurable s5sation is an object ( int]e/3 ! cause ( ! cessation1 h[ev]1 ( a pa9ful s5sation is s1 n unfrequ5tly4 ,! travell]1 :o 0 ready to p]i% ) ?ir/ 9 ! des]t1 c nev] aft]w>ds ?9k ( ! well :i* reliev$ him1 )\t emotion4 ,! /ates ( consci\sness :i* exi/ :5 we contemplate ! causes ( our pa9ful & pleasurable s5sations z ,future1 are easily analys$1 aft] :at has be5 %ewn4 ,x is a case ( ! anticipation ( ! future f ! pass$2 ) ?is peculi>ity1 t #bjd ! f9al antec$5t & consequ5t are int]e/+1 ! "o z a pleasurable or pa9ful ,feel+1 ! o!r z ! cause ( x4 ,if ! anticipat$ s5sation is pa9ful1 & contemplat$ z c]ta91 ! associat$ ideas ( ! cause & effect con/itute a /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* we m>k by v>i\s =ms ( expression1 b = :i* we h no appropriate "n4 ,we call x ,hatr$1 we call x ,av]sion1 we call x ,horror4 ,we call ! object hateful1 or disgu/+1 or loa?some1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! anticipat$ s5sation4 ,:5 ! s5sation is contemplat$ z n c]ta9ly future1 ! /ate ( m9d is :at we call ,dread1 9 "s "o or o!r ( its num]\s modifications4 ,:5 ! cause ( a pleasure is contemplat$ z c]ta9ly future1 su* object is associat$ ) ! feel+ call$ ,joy2 :5 x is contemplat$ z n c]ta9ly future1 x is associat$ ) ! feel+ call$ ,hope4 ,:at ! feel+s1 ,joy1 & ,hope1 are1 we h s rec5tly se51 t x _c be =gott54 ,9 ! association ( ! cause ( a pleasure ) bo?1 ! /ate ( consci\sness has no m appropriate "n ?an t ( ,love4 ,an object contemplat$ z a future cause ( future pleasure1 is an object lov$1 :e!r ! anticipation is c]ta9 or unc]ta94#da ,ba9's footnote #da3 ,a di/9ction %\ld be drawn betwe5 ,av]sion & ,fe>4 ,we may be v mu* av]se to a ?+1 & yet n fe> x4 ,a c\rage\s p]son is n necess>ily want+ 9 av]sions or dislikes1 or 9 lab\rs = w>d+ (f :at is disagreeable4 ,any?+ t gives u pa91 :5 approa*+ or imm95t1 is view$ ) av]sion1 & /imulates ef=ts ( c\nt]action1 or escape2 & yet x may n inspire ! /ate prop]ly nam$ ,fe>4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( fe> is an unh++ #bje excitem5t1 a di/urbance ( ! s]5ity & balance ( ! m9d1 induc+ exagg]at$1 disproportion$ or misplac$ ex]tions4 ,"o ( ! causes ( fe> is approa*+ evil1 b ! effect does n always happ54 ,! evil may "w its prop] effect ^u ! w1 namely to prev5t or evade x1 )\t any ( ! p]turb+ accessories call$ be+ t]rifi$ or afraid4--,b4 #bjf ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,remote ,,causes ,,( ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,s5sations1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,pa/1 ,,or ,,future4 ,be=e ent]+ into ! detail ( ?is "p ( ! subject1 "o important obs]vation is to be made2 t ! remote causes ( our ,pa9s & ,pleasures are apt to be objects1 f> m deeply int]e/+1 ?an ^? :i* are imm$iate4 ,?is at fir/ sight appe>s p>adoxical4 ,x is ! necess>y result1 h[ev]1 ( ! g5]al ,law ( our nature4 ,! imm$iate causes ( our pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations h nev] any v ext5sive op]ation4 ,! idea ( any "o is r>ely associat$ ) m ?an a limit$ numb] ( pa9s or pleasures4 ,food1 = example1 ! cause ( ! pleasures ( eat+2 pleasures1 p]haps1 f ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y are repeat$1 & ! portion ( life ov] :i* !y are spread1 m valuable1 z a class1 ?an any o!r :i* we enjoy2 has nev] appe>$ an object ( suffici5t int]e/1 to make ! affection ) :i* x is reg>d$ be ?\ght wor?y ( a "n4 ,! idea ( ,food1 ?\gh associat$ ) pleasures :i* con/itute s important a class1 is associat$ ) ! pleasures b ( "o class3 "s ( ! remote causes are associat$ ) ! pleasures ( almo/ e class4 ,money1 = example1 in/rum5tal 9 procur+ ! causes ( almo/ all our pleasures1 & remov+ ! #bjg causes ( a l>ge proportion ( our pa9s1 is associat$ ) ! ideas ( mo/ ( ! pleasurable /ates ( our nature4 ,! idea ( an object associat$ ) a hundr$ times z _m pleasures z ano!r1 is ( c\rse a hundr$ times m int]e/+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sub-,,section ,i4 ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 & _! ,contr>ies1 ,contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s4 ,z among ! remote causes ( our pleasures & pa9s may be reckon$ ev]y?+ :i* 9 any way contributes to !m1 x foll[s t ! numb] ( su* causes is exce$+ly great4 ,( c\rse x is only ! pr9cipal cases :i* h be5 att5d$ to1 & class$ "u ,titles4 ,!y are mo/ly compreh5d$ "u ! foll[+3--,weal?1 ,p[]1 ,dignity1 z reg>ds ! pleasurable s5sations2--,pov]ty1 ,impot5ce1 ,contemptibility1 z reg>ds ! pa9ful s5sations4 ,:at our /ates ( consci\sness are1 :5 we are said to contemplate ^! causes ( pa9s & pleasures1 ) ref]5ce to ourselves1 or z causes ( our own pleasures & pa9s1 we n[ proce$ to inquire4 ,"o rem>kable ?+ is fir/ ( all to be notic$3 ! ?ree1 above nam$1 gr& causes ( our pleasures agree 9 ?is1 t !y all are ! means ( procur+ = u ! ,s]vices ( our fell[-creatures1 & !mselves contribute to our pleasures 9 h>dly any o!r way4 ,x is obvi\s f ?is rem>k1 t ! gr& #bjh cause ( all our pleasures are ! s]vices ( our fell[-creatures2 s9ce ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 :i* appe> to mo/ p to sum up ! means ( human happ9ess1 are no?+ m ?an means ( procur+ ^? s]vices4 ,?is is a fact ( ! highe/ possible importance1 bo? 9 ,morals1 & 9 ,philosophy4 ,t ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity d procure = u pleasurable s5sations only by procur+ = u ! s]vices ( our fell[-creatures1 a %ort illu/ration w suffice to %ew4 ,weal? enables u ei!r to pur*ase directly ! s]vices ( o!r m51 z ( ^? :om we desire to h 9 att5dance ab\t u2 or to pur*ase commodities2 or1 x adds to our ,p[] & ,dignity4 ,z f> z x pur*ases ! s]vices ( o!rs directly1 ! tru? ( :at we h advanc$ is obvi\s4 ,x is h>dly less obvi\s1 t :5 we pur*ase commodities1 :i* are ! fruit ( o!r m5's lab\r1 we1 9 reality1 d no?+ b pur*ase ! s]vices ( ^? m51 :o1 9 fact1 7 work+ = u1 :5 work+ at ! goods :i* we ultimately consume4 ,9 z f> z ,weal? adds to ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 x is includ$ "u ^? sev]al heads4 ,a man's ,p[] means ! read9ess ( o!r m5 to obey him4 ,n[ "o man obeys ano!r1 f ! prospect1 ei!r ( good if he obeys1 or ( evil if he does n obey4 ,weal? is ! great means ( procur+ ob$i5ce1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( good4 ,all hire ( s]vices1 is ?r\gh t m$ium4 ,! p[] ( inflict+ evil1 9 case ( disob$i5ce1 & ( procur+ s]vices by fe>1 is :at 9 ! m peculi> s5se1 is meant by ! t]m ,p[]4 ,x is to be #bji obs]v$1 t ! range ( ob$i5ce1 obta9$ by fe>1 is capable ( mu* great] enl>gem5t1 ?an t :i* is obta9$ by hope4 ,! means any man has ( pay+ = ! s]vices ( o!rs1 ext5ds at mo/ to "s ?\s&s2 ! means :i* "s m5 h _h ( impos+ _! comm&s on o!r m51 ?r\gh fe>1 has ext5d$ to _m millions4 ,dignity is a ^w ( mu* m vague signification1 ?an ,weal?1 or ,p[]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mu* m difficult1 to describe cle>ly its mode ( op]ation4 ,dignity1 is commonly said to be t :i* procures u ! respect ( o!r m54 ,b :at is ?is respect8 ,x is n a m]e b>r5 feel+ 9 ! m9d ( ano!r man1 reg>d$ z :olly unconnect$ ) 8 actions4 ,x is reg>d$ z a s5tim5t 9 8 brea/1 f :i* actions fav\rable to u may proce$4 ,x d]ives its :ole value to u f ! actions :i* x is likely to produce4 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 !re=e1 we consid] ! ^w ,dignity1 z express+ all t1 91 & ab\t1 a man1 :i* is calculat$ to procure him ! s]vices ( o!rs1 )\t ! imm$iate application ei!r ( rew>d1 or ( fe>4 ,weal?1 & ,p[]1 are ! gr& con/itu5ts ( ,dignity2 & procure a man s]vices beyond ! imm$iate sph]e1 ei!r ( ! good1 or ! evil1 he c disp5se4 ,?is is a rem>kable case ( association2 & a s\rce ( v important consequ5ces 9 human life4 ,our pron5ess to sympa?ize ) ! ,ri* & ,great1 has (t5 be5 tak5 notice (1 z a rem>kable ph5om5on 9 human nature4 ,?is has be5 describ$ #baj z a read9ess to g along ) !m 9 _! affections2 to desire ! accompli%m5t ( _! ends2 & to l5d ourselves = ! atta9m5t ( !m4 ,i believe x w be suffici5t1 if ,i b>ely indicate ! mode ( analys+ ! complicat$ s5tim5t1 :i* is ?us describ$4 ,) comm& ov] ! means ( all sorts ( pleasures1 we associate /rongly ! idea ( happ9ess2 ! idea ( happ9ess1 is an agreeable idea2 & ! idea ( :atev] di/urbs x1 pa9ful4 ,! fir/ idea is a desire2 ! second1 an av]sion4 ,beside ?is2 ) ! ,p[] ( disp5s+ a great deal ( good1 or evil1 we associate /rongly ! idea ( ! actual disp5sation2 t is1 ! idea ( a great numb] ( individuals b5efit$1 or hurt4 ,b no association ( good or evil to individuals is s con/ant & insep>able ) ! causes ( !m1 z t ( good or evil to ourselves4 ,?is association takes place 9 ! case :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,x may h be5 b mom5t>y4 ,x may h be5 in/antly ov]p[]$ by o!r associations1 by association ( ! circum/ances :i* exclude ! ,belief4 ,/ill x _h a mom5t>y exi/5ce2 &1 9 its consequ5ces1 pres5ts a rem>kable in/ance ( ^? two v important facts1 fir/ po9t$ out di/9ctly to ! att5tion ( philosoph]s by ,pr(essor ,/ew>t2 ,fir/1 t feel+s1 s mom5t>y z n to be recognis$ ! mom5t aft] !y h pass$1 may n only h exi/$1 b h giv5 its :ole "* to "s important ph5om5on ( ! human m9d2 &1 ,secondly1 t !re is no conception1 t is1 idea1 )\t ! mom5t>y belief ( ! exi/5ce #baa ( its object4#db ,! mom5t>y conception & belief ( good & evil to ourselves1 9 ! association con/itut+ ! idea ( a man ( weal? & p[]1 has a great %>e 9 ! "* :i* t association be>s4 ,editor's footnote #db3 ,?is is ! place :]e ! au?or mo/ cle>ly enunciates ! doctr9e :i* is ! indisp5sable basis ( 8 !ory ( ,belief1 viz4 t !re is no idea )\t ! mom5t>y belief ( ! exi/5ce ( its object4 ,?is op9ion1 z ! au?or obs]ves1 is ma9ta9$ also by ,dugald ,/ew>t2 b ,i h nev] se5 any positive evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,all :i* has be5 e/abli%$ is1 t ! belief may h mom5t>ily exi/$1 al?\gh imm$iately aft]w>ds =gott51 & replac$ by disbelief4 ,b no pro( ( ?is mom5t>y exi/5ce has be5 giv51 except t x is suppos$ t :at is n believ$ to be real _c cause /rong emotion 7t]ror1 = in/ance71 nor prompt to outw>d action4 ,yet no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t a m]e idea c ex]cise direct p[] ov] our n]ves ( motion1 & ?r\gh !m1 ov] ! muscles2 z ! au?or %[s by examples fur!r on4 ,x is true t1 z ,mr4 ,ba9 has po9t$ out1 ?is p[] ( an idea ov] ! active en]gies is ! only g]m ( belief :i* exi/s orig9ally1 & ! f\ndation ( ! p[] ( ,belief 9 aft] life2 b x is n ! less true t ! p[] ( ,belief z x exi/s 9 aft] life1 /&s broadly di/+ui%$ f ! p[] ( ! ,fix$ ,idea1 & t ?is la/ may op]ate n only )\t1 b 9 defiance (1 a positive ,belief4 ,t a contr>y belief has mom5t>ily int]v5$ is a m]e conjecture1 :i* c nei!r be refut$ nor prov$4--,ed4 ,! ,p[] ( do+ good or evil1 ?\gh ! f\ndation ( our idea ( ,dignity1 is n ! only +r$i5t 9 x2 ! ,disposition to make use ( x ent]s = a great %>e4 ,! disposition to make use ( x only = evil1 if c>ri$1 to a c]ta9 pit*1 w\ld #bab s9k ! idea ( dignity1 & leave dread & abhorr5ce 9 its place4 ,beside ! disposition to make a good use ( weal? & p[]1 :i* is virtue2 ,k1 & ,wisdom ent] z an important +r$i5t 9 ,dignity4 ,9 ! possessor ( weal? & p[]1 !y are necess>y to give effect to 8 good disposition2 9 all m5 !y are an in/rum5t ( p[]2 & !y are intimately associat$1 9 well-educat$ m9ds1 ) ! idea ( ! great b5efits to mank9d1 :i* h be51 & w be1 d]iv$ f !m4 ,9 su* m9ds1 !y1 !re=e1 inspire a v lively sympa?y4 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to l5g!n ?is exposition1 by (f]+ any analysis ( ! correspond+ causes ( pa91--,pov]ty1 ,weakness1 & ,contemptibility4 ,! read]1 aft] :at he has le>n$1 w1 )\t difficulty1 p]=m x = himself ,:at we h n[ to consid]1 is ! affection or /ate ( m9d1 :i* is =m$1 :5 we contemplate ea* ( ^? causes1 fir/1 z ! pa/ cause ( pa/ s5sations1 & secondly1 z ! future cause ( future s5sations4 ,we are s+ul>ly ill-provid$ ) names1 to m>k ^? sev]al /ates ( our consci\sness4 ,x is v obvi\s1 t we ought to h two names = ea* cause2 = example1 "o1 to m>k ! /ate ( m9d1 :5 ,weal? is contemplat$ z ! pa/ cause1 ( pa/ s5sations1 & "o to m>k ! /ate ( m9d1 :5 x is contemplat$ z ! future cause ( future s5sations4 ,we h b "o "n = bo?4 ,we call by ! s+le "n1 ,love ( ,weal?1 bo? ! pleasurable /ate :5 we associate ) ! idea ( our pa/ weal? ! pa/ pleasures we h d]iv$ f x1 & #bac :5 we anticipate ! future1 & associate ) ! idea ( future weal?1 ! idea ( ! pleasures to be d]iv$ f x4 ,!re is no wond] t ! two /ates %\ld be conf\nd$2 & t ! love ( weal? %\ld be a vague1 indef9ite t]m4 ,! imp]fection ( our language is ! same 9 reg>d to ! two o!r causes ( our pleasures4 ,! ,love ( ,p[]1 & ! ,love ( ,dignity1 are names = bo? /ates ( m9d1 bo? ! contemplation ( ! pa/1 & ! contemplation ( ! future4 ,! indi/9ctness ( our language "h1 too1 prev5ts ! di/9ctness ( our ideas4 ,! ^w ,hatr$1 r5d]s ! same s]vice 9 reg>d to ! causes ( evil4 ,hatr$ ( pov]ty1 is ! "n = bo? /ates ( m9d1 bo? t 9 :i* ! future1 & t 9 :i* ! pa/1 is ! object ( contemplation4 ,hatr$ ( imbecility1 hatr$ ( contemptibility1 are n common expressions1 b we h = ! /ates 9 "q no o!r names4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 d]ive a great portion ( _! efficacy1 f _! comp>ative am\nt2 t is1 f _! be+ possess$ 9 great] quantity ?an mo/ o!r p possess !m4 ,9 contemplat+ !m ) ! satisfaction ) :i* p[]ful causes ( pleasure are contemplat$1 we seldom fail to include ! comp>ison4 ,& ! /ate ( consci\sness1 =m$ by ! contemplation & comp>ison tak5 toge!r1 is call$ ,pride4 ,we are said to be pr\d ( our ,weal?1 pr\d ( our ,p[]1 pr\d ( our ,dignity2 & also1 ( any ( ! +r$i5ts ( :i* our p[d] or dignity is #bad compos$2 ( our k1 ( our eloqu5ce1 ( our family1 ( our p]sonal beauty4 ,( c\rse ! "n has a v diff]5t mean+ 9 ea* ( ^! applications2 a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* 9 ord9>y m9ds1 ! use ( ! same t]m1 almo/ completely conf\nds4 ,x is obvi\s1 t1 9 ! contemplation ( our own ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 z great]1 we include ! contemplation ( ano!r man's ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 z less4 ,z ! /ate ( consci\sness1 ?us =m$1 is call$ ,pride :5 ! ref]5ce is to ourselves1 x is call$ ,contempt :5 ! ref]5ce is to o!rs4 ,:5 ! case is rev]s$1 & a man contemplates 8 ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity z less ?an ^? ( o!r m51 ! /ate ( consci\sness is call$ ,humility4 ,z t[>ds ! o!r memb] ( ! comp>ison1 ! m5 :o possess ! great] am\nt ( ^? advantages1 x has ! "n ( ,respect1 or ,admiration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sub-,,section ,,ii4 ,our ,fell[-,creatures contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s4 ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 be+ ! orig9 ( su* p[]ful affections z we f9d !m to be1 ?\gh ! causes ( ,pleasure to u only by be+ ! causes ( ! actions ( our ,fell[-creatures2 x w\ld be wond]ful1 if our ,fell[-creatures !mselves1 ! #bae m imm$iate causes ( ^? actions1 %\ld n be ! orig9 ( affections4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,our ,fell[-creatures are ! orig9 ( affections ( ! greate/ influ5ce 9 human life2 to ! exam9ation ( :i* x is n[ our bus9ess to proce$4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$1 t ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 af=d p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all examples ( t extraord9>y case ( association1 :]e ! means to an end1 means valuable to u solely on acc\nt ( _! end1 n only engross m ( our att5tion ?an ! end itself1 b actually supplant x 9 our affections4 ,:at ! associat+ process is by :i* ?is effect is produc$1 we ne$ n /ay to inquire4 ,t x is produc$1 to a rem>kable degree1 9 ! case ( ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 is famili> to e man's obs]vation4 ,h[ few m5 seem to be at all conc]n$ ab\t _! fell[-creatures6 ,h[ completely are ! lives ( mo/ m5 absorb$1 9 ! pursuits ( weal?1 & ambition6 ,) h[ _m m5 does ! love ( ,family1 ( ,fri5d1 ( ,c\ntry1 ( ,mank9d1 appe> completely impot5t1 :5 oppos$ to _! love ( ,weal?1 or ( ,p[]6 ,?is is an effect ( misguid$ association1 :i* requires ! greate/ att5tion 9 ,education1 & ,morals4 ,we contemplate our ,fell[-creatures z causes ( our ,pleasures1 ei!r ,individually1 or 9 ,gr\ps4 ,we %all consid] ! sev]al cases1 :i* h attract$ suffici5t att5tion to be di/+ui%$ by names3 #a/1 ,t ( ,fri5d%ip2 #b;dly1 ,t ( ,k9dness2 #c;dly1 ,t ( ,family2 #d?ly1 ,t ( ,c\ntry2 #e?ly1 ,t ( ,p>ty2 & #f?ly1 ,t ( ,mank9d4 #baf #a4--;,fri5d%ip4 ,9 :at mann] ! associations are =m$ con/itut+ t feel+ t[>ds ano!r man :i* we call fri5d%ip1 x seems n v difficult to trace4 ,! /ates ( circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,feel+ orig9ates are v num]\s4 ,b !y are all1 )\t exception1 ( "o k9d4 ,!y are all /ates ( circum/ances1 9 :i* a great] proportion ?an usual ( our own pleasures1 come to be associat$ ) ! idea ( ! ,individual4 ,x (t5 orig9ates 9 companion%ip1 betwe5 m5 :o = "s "t h indulg$ _! ,ta/es1 & prosecut$ _! pleasures 9 company4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s h[ ! idea ( su* m5 w occur to "o ano!r1 n simply z ! idea ( a man1 b s envelop$ by ! tra9s ( pleasurable ideas associat$ ) ! man1 t ! idea ( him is ^u ! :ole a highly pleasurable idea4 ,:5 to ?is is add$1 ! expectation ( future pleasures1 n m]ely ! cont9uation ( ! companion%ip1 b s]vices ( importance2 :5 ! wisdom ( ! man promises light & guidance f 8 c\nsels2 :5 8 fidelity makes x safe to tru/ him2 :5 8 b5evol5ce t[>ds u makes u c\nt ^u 8 s]vices1 :5ev] !y are requir$1 & 8 reputation & influ5ce 9 ! _w are su* z to give weight to 8 endeav\rs1 !re is a suffici5t accumulation ( pleasurable ideas ) t ( ! individual to acc\nt = ! affection d5om9at$ ,fri5d%ip4 #b4--,k9dness4 ,!re is no?+ :i* m in/antly associates ) itself ! ideas ( our own ,pleasures1 & ,pa9s1 #bag ?an ! idea ( ! ,pleasures & ,pa9s ( ano!r ( our ,fell[-creatures4 ,! expositions already af=d$ suffici5tly indicate ! s\rce ( ?is association1 :i* ex]ts a p[]ful & salut>y influ5ce 9 human life4 ,! idea ( a man enjoy+ a tra9 ( pleasures1 or happ9ess1 is felt by e body to be a pleasurable idea4 ,! idea ( a man "u a tra9 ( suff]+s or pa9s1 is equally felt to be a pa9ful idea4 ,?is c arise f no?+ b ! association ( our own pleasures ) ! fir/ idea1 & ( our own pa9s ) ! second4 ,we nev] feel any pa9s & pleasures b our own4 ,! fact1 inde$1 is1 t our v idea ( ! pa9s or pleasures ( ano!r man is only ! idea ( our own pa9s1 or our own pleasures1 associat$ ) ! idea ( ano!r man4 ,?is is "o n ( ! lea/ important1 & curi\s1 ( all cases ( association1 & in/antly %ews h[ p[]fully associat$ tra9s ( ideas ( our pa9s & pleasures mu/ be ) a feel+ s comp\nd$4#dc ,editor's footnote #dc3 ,t ! pleasures or pa9s ( ano!r p]son c only be pleasurable or pa9ful to u ?r\gh ! association ( our own pleasures or pa9s ) !m1 is true 9 "o s5se1 :i* is probably t int5d$ by ! au?or1 b n true 9 ano!r1 aga9/ :i* he has n suffici5tly gu>d$ 8 mode ( expression4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! only pleasures or pa9s ( :i* we h direct exp]i5ce be+ ^? felt by ourselves1 x is f !m t our v notions ( pleasure & pa9 are d]iv$4 ,x is also obvi\s t ! pleasure or pa9 ) :i* we contemplate ! pleasure or pa9 felt by somebody else1 is itself a pleasure or pa9 ( our own4 ,b if x be meant t 9 su* cases ! pleasure or pa9 is consci\sly ref]r$ to self1 ,i take ?is to be a mi/ake4 ,by ! acts or o!r signs exhibit$ by ano!r p]son1 ! idea ( a pleasure 7:i* is a pleasurable idea7 or ! idea ( a pa9 7:i* is a pa9ful idea7 are recall$1 sometimes ) consid]able int5sity1 b 9 association ) ! o!r p]son z feel+ !m1 n ) "o's self z feel+ !m4 ,! idea ( "o's ,self is1 no d\bt1 closely associat$ ) all our exp]i5ces1 pleasurable1 pa9ful1 or indiff]5t2 b ?is association does n necess>ily act 9 all cases because x exi/s 9 all cases4 ,if ! m9d1 :5 pleasurably or pa9fully affect$ by ! evid5ces ( pleasure or pa9 9 ano!r p]son1 goes (f on a diff]5t ?read ( association1 z = in/ance1 to ! idea ( ! means ( giv+ ! pleasure or reliev+ ! pa91 or ev5 if x dismisses ! subject & relapses into ! ord9>y c\rse ( its ?\ghts1 ! association ) its own self may be1 at ! "t1 defeat$1 or r$uc$ to some?+ s evanesc5t t we _c tell :e!r x 0 mom5t>ily pres5t or n4--,ed4 #bah ,! ,pleasurable association compos$ ( ! ideas ( a man & 8 pleasures1 & ! pa9ful association compos$ ( ! ideas ( a man & 8 pa9s1 are bo? ,affections1 :i* h s mu* ( ! same t5d5cy t !y are includ$ "u "o "n1 ,k9dness2 ?\gh ! latt] affection has a "n appropriate to itself1 ,compassion4 #c4--;,family4 ,! ,gr\p1 :i* consi/s ( a ,fa!r1 ,"m1 & ,*ildr51 is call$ a ,family4 ,! associations :i* ea* memb] ( ?is gr\p has ( 8 pa9s & pleasures1 ) ! pa9s & pleasures ( ! o!r memb]s1 con/itute "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ /ates ( human consci\sness4 ,! affection ( ! husb& & wife is1 9 its orig91 t ( two p]sons ( diff]5t sex1 & ne$ #bai n be fur!r analys$4 ,to ?is s\rce ( pleasurable association is add$1 :5 ! union is happy1 all ^? o!r associations1 j enum]at$1 :i* con/itute ! affection ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,to ?is ano!r addition is made by ! union ( int]e/s2 or t necessity1 "u :i* bo? are plac$1 ( receiv+ pa9 & pleasure f ! same causes4 ,z1 9 too _m in/ances1 ^! pleasurable associations are ext+ui%$1 by ! g5]ation ( o!rs ( an opposite description2 9 o!r cases1 !y are c>ri$ to su* a height1 z to af=d an exemplification ( t rem>kable /ate ( m9d1 9 :i* a great] value is set ^u ! means1 ?an ^u ! end4 ,p]sons h be5 f\nd1 ! "o ( :om c\ld n endure to live )\t ! o!r4 ,! ,p>5tal affection requires to be some:at m m9utely analys$4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re c be no d\bt1 t all t p[] ( excit+ tra9s ( ideas ( our own pa9s & pleasures1 :i* belongs to ! pa9s & pleasures ( any ( our fell[-creatures1 is possess$ by ! pa9s & pleasures ( a man's *ild4 ,9 ! next place1 x is well kn[n t ! pa9s & pleasures ( ano!r p]son affect u2 t is1 associate ) !mselves ! ideas ( our own pa9s & pleasures1 ) m or less int5sity1 accord+ to ! att5tion :i* we be/[ ^u 8 pa9s or pleasures4 ,a p>5t is commonly ei!r l$ or impell$ to be/[ an unusual degree ( att5tion ^u ! pa9s & pleasures ( 8 *ild2 & h5ce a habit is contract$ ( sympa?iz+ ) him1 z x is commonly1 & n insignificantly nam$2 9 o!r words1 a facility ( associat+ ! ideas ( #bbj 8 own pa9s & pleasures1 ) ^? ( ! *ild4 ,aga91 a man looks ^u 8 *ild z a cause to him ( future pa9s or pleasures1 mu* m c]ta91 ?an any o!r p]son4 ,! fa!r reg>ds ! son some:at 9 ! light ( ano!r self1 a great proportion ( ! effects ( ^: acts1 :e!r good or evil1 w r$\nd to himself4 ,an object reg>d$ z a great future cause to u ( future pa9s or pleasures1 we call an object ( int5se int]e/2 9 o!r words1 a tra9 ( int]e/+ ideas1 t is1 ( ideas ( pa9s or pleasures1 is associat$ ) x4 ,! vivacity & simplicity ( ! expressions ( ! pa9s & pleasures ( *ildr51 9 _! looks1 & tones1 & attitudes1 z well z words1 give !m a peculi> p[] ( excit+ sympa?y1 t is1 ( associat+ ) !m tra9s ( ! analog\s feel+s ( ourselves4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* a p>5t is call$ ^u to att5d to ^? expressions 9 8 *ild1 gives him a habit ( =m+ ! associations to :i* !y lead4 ,! p]fect dep5d5ce ( ! *ild ^u ! p>5t is a s\rce ( deep int]e/4 ,! :ole ( its pleasures be+ ! fruit ( 8 acts1 he m easily associates ) !m ! tra9s ( 8 own pleasures1 ?an ) ^? ( any p]son n s connect$ ) him4 ,8 acts1 too1 be+ requir$ to save x f ! wor/ ( pa9s1 & f de/ruction1 ! idea ( its pa9s1 aris+ f any relaxation ( 8 c>e1 calls up1 9 /rong association1 bo? ! analog\s pa9s ( himself1 & also ! opposite pleasurable feel+s aris+ f ! cont9uance ( ! acts by :i* ! pleasures ( ! *ild are produc$4 ,& to all ^! #bba s\rces ( association is add$1 t :i* is always agreeable1 ! tra9 mak+ up ! idea ( our own p[]2 no case ( p[] be+ s p]fect z t ( ! p>5t ov] 8 helpless (fspr+4 ,ano!r important s\rce ( agreeable association is yet to be m5tion$4 ,man becomes fond 7x is a matt] ( daily obs]vation7 ( t on :i* he has frequ5tly conf]r$ b5efits4 ,?is is a fact ( consid]able importance 9 human nature2 =1 "u ! little c>e :i* hi!rto has be5 be/[$ 9 g5]at+1 by education1 ! associations on :i* ,b5efic5ce dep5ds1 a consid]able "p ( ! b5efic5ce exi/+ 9 ! _w has be5 produc$ by ?is cause4 ,x is also a case ( association1 :i* /rongly illu/rates ! fact1 t pleasures1 produc$ by our own acts1 h a peculi> p[] 9 associat+ ) !m tra9s ( ! ideas ( our own pleasures4 ,n only a ,fell[-creature1 b ev5 "o ( ! l[] animals1 by hav+ be5 ! object ( repeat$ acts ( k9dness1 becomes an object ( affection4 ,tra9s ( our own pleasures are s (t5 unit$ ) ! idea ( su* an object ( our k9dness1 t ! idea ( ! object becomes at la/ an idea made up ( ! orig9al idea ( ! individual & ( tra9s ( our own pleasures3 a comp\nd idea1 made up1 9 great "p1 ( pleasurable ideas2 t is1 an ,affection4 ,t ! :ole ( ! p>5tal affection is d]iv$ f ^! & simil> associations1 is prov$ by "s decisive facts4 ,:5ev] x happ5s t a man is plac$ 9 circum/ances :i* produce ^? associations1 he feels ! p>5tal affection1 )\t p>5tage4 ,facts ( ?is description are s frequ5t1 & s notori\s1 t #bbb x is h>dly necess>y to produce an in/ance ( !m4 ,h[ else does x happ51 t a man :o does n suspect ! infidelity ( 8 wife1 re>s z 8 own1 & )\t any diff]5ce ( affection1 ! (fspr+ ( ! man :o has injur$ him8 ,cases1 = ! cr$it ( our nature1 are n want+1 & :5 education is bett]1 !y w be less r>e1 9 :i* a family ( orphans is tak5 "u ! protection ( a man ( virtue4 ,by act+ t[>ds !m ! "p ( a p>5t1 he nev] fails to acquire = !m ! affection ( a p>5t4 ,!re are equally notori\s & decisive facts to prove1 t :5ev] ! p>5t is plac$ 9 circum/ances :i* ei!r :olly1 or to a great degree1 prev5t ! =mation ( ! associations ) ! *ild to :i* we ascribe ! p>5tal affection1 !re is a correspond+ want ( ! affection4 ,! case ( illegitimate *ildr5 is pregnant ) evid5ce to ?is po9t4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ( ?is description1 no affection exi/s4 ,! p>5t may feel ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ ! *ild1 because public op9ion1 or p]haps ! law1 requires x3 b ?is is ! ext5t ( ! bond4 ,! circum/ances ( ,families1 9 ! two opposite /ates1 ( great pov]ty1 & great opul5ce1 are unfav\rable to ! =mation ( ^? associations ( :i* ! p>5tal affection consi/s4 ,9 cases ( extreme pov]ty1 :i* alone are ! cases "h und]/ood2 because1 9 ! m mod]ate cases ( pov]ty1 ! p>5tal affection exi/s 9 consid]able /r5g?2 ! circum/ances :i* lead to ! =mation ( agreeable associations ) ! *ild1 are ei!r want+1 or c\nt]act$ by circum/ances #bbc ( an opposite t5d5cy4 ,! p>5t has little ! means ( be/[+ pleasures on 8 *ild2 he has n ! means ( sav+ x f an almo/ con/ant s]ies ( pa9s4 ,! means :i* he employs 9 sav+ ! *ild f pa9s1 are tak5 f ! means ( sav+ himself f pa9s4 ,con/antly occupi$ 9 ! lab\rs :i* yield him a scanty means ( subsi/5ce1 he sp5ds b little "t 9 ! company ( 8 *ild1 & has !re=e little opportunity ( att5d+ to ! engag+ expressions ( its pa9s & pleasures4 ,x is ne$less to c>ry ! enum]ation ( p>ticul>s f>!r4 ,! circum/ances :i* t5d to g5]ate agreeable associations ) ! *ild are few4 ,! circum/ances :i* t5d to g5]ate pa9ful associations ) x are _m4 ,9 ,families ( great opul5ce1 ! att5tion ( ! p>5t1 av]t$ ei!r by ! calls ( pleasure1 or ! avocations :i* 8 position 9 society creates1 is b little be/[$ ^u 8 *ildr54 ,:]e ! pa9s & pleasures ( o!rs are n att5d$ to1 no association ) ^? pa9s & pleasures exi/s2 :]e !re is n a habit ( =m+ ! associations1 ! ,affection does n exi/4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! *ild ( ! man ( opul5ce is ma9ta9$ & educat$1 proce$s s remotely f ! acts ( ! p>5t1 t ! agreeable associations1 :i* we h ) our own acts ( b5efic5ce1 are1 9 ! case ( su* a p>5t1 v imp]fectly =m$4 ,! man ( opul5ce naturally reg>ds 8 *ildr5 z "p ( 8 /ate2 z ! inh]itors ( 8 =tune2 or z belong+ to ! same l9e ( ance/ors ) himself2 & ) bo? ^? con/itu5ts ( 8 #bbd dignity he has _m agreeable associations4 ,b ^! are an imp]fect sub/itute = ! habits ( agreeable association :i* are g5]at$ 9 m fav\rable circum/ances4 ,hi!rto1 we h consid]$ only ! p>5tal affection ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! p>5tal affection ( ! ,"m diff]s f t ( ! ,fa!r 9 ! associations :i* %e =ms ) h] *ild 9 h] own peculi> situations ( ge/ation & nurs+4 ,t ^! are su* z to create int5se associations e "o w admit4 ,e movem5t ( ! *ild dur+ ! p]iod ( ge/ation is to h] a s5sation4 ,e ?\ght ( x is connect$ ) t flood ( hopes & fe>s atta*$ to ! awful h\r1 nev] abs5t f h] ?\ghts1 :i*1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( cruel pa9s1 w ei!r /ret* h] a lifeless corpse1 or r5d] h] a rejoic+ "m4 ,z a nurse1 ! *ild is to h] a s\rce1 bo? ( agreeable s5sations1 & agreeable ideas4 ,on ! s5sations we ne$ n dilate4 ,!y are kn[n only to ^? :o h exp]i5c$ !m4 ,b x is n possible to conceive a case m calculat$ to associate /rongly ! ideas ( our own pleasures1 ) ! ideas ( ! pleasures we be/[1 ?an t ( ! "m1 :5 %e presses h] infant to h] bosom1 & communicates to him ! means ( life1 & ! only pleasures he is capable ( enjoy+1 n only by h] own acts1 b f h] own sub/ance2 & :5 %e p]ceives h[ soon 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild1 ! idea ( h]self is associat$ ) ! exi/5ce ( all 8 pleasures1 & ! removal ( all 8 pa9s2 9 o!r words1 h[ quickly %e becomes n only ! object ( 8 affections1 b ! "o & only object4 #bbe ,hav+ expla9$ at s mu* l5g? ! gr& case ( ! ,dome/ic ,affections1 we may pass ov] ! re/ ) a v cursory notice4 ,ev5 ! ,filial affection has 9 x no?+ peculi>4 ,9 ! *ild1 ! idea ( 8 p>5t1 z a be+ ) p[] almo/ unlimit$ ov] him1 creates ! associations :i* con/itute rev]5ce1 & respect2 & ! p]petual use ( t p[] on ! "p ( ! p>5t to give him pleasures1 or ! comm& ( pleasures1 to remove f him pa9s1 or give him ! means ( remov+ !m1 naturally creates ! associations :i* con/itute affection4 ,! affection :i* exi/s among ,bro!rs & ,si/]s1 has 9 x mo/ ( ! +r$i5ts :i* g to ! =mation ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,!re is fir/ ( all ,companion%ip2 ! habit ( enjoy+ pleasures1 9 common1 & also ( suff]+ pa9s3 h5ce a great read9ess 9 sympa?iz+ ) "o ano!r2 t is1 9 associat+ tra9s ( _! own pa9s & pleasures1 ) ! pa9s & pleasures ( "o ano!r4 ,!re is next1 :5 ! ,education is good1 a con/ant reciprocation1 to ! ext5t ( _! p[]1 ( b5efic5t acts4 ,& la/ly !re is _! common relation to ! gr& s\rce ( all _! pleasures1 ! ,p>5t4 ,:5 ! affections ( ! dome/ic class exi/ 9 p]fection 79 su* a /ate ( ,education & ,morals z ours ?is r>ely c happ571 !y af=d s con/ant a succession ( agreeable tra9s1 t !y =m1 p]haps1 ! mo/ valuable portion ( human happ9ess4 ,acts ( b5efic5ce to l>g] masses ( mank9d1 af=d /ill m int]e/+ tra9s to ^? :o p]=m !m4 ,b !y are ! small numb]4 ,! happ9ess ( ! ,dome/ic affections is op5 to all4 #bbf #d4--;,c\ntry4 ,! ^w c\ntry is ! "n ( an idea ( great complexity4 ,9 t idea are includ$ all ! multitudes ( p]sons1 & all ! multitudes ( ?+s1 & all ! multitudes ( positions1 9 a c]ta9 portion ( ! ,globe ( ! ,e>?4 ,nor are ^! pres5t exi/5ces alone includ$ 9 t idea3 ! ,,hi/ory ( ! c\ntry is includ$1 t is1 ! :ole s]ies ( prior exi/5ces2 & n ! ,,pa/ ,,hi/ory only1 b ! ,,future ,,hi/ory also1 or s]ies ( future exi/5ces1 z f> z our p[] ( anticipation rea*es4 ,?is is a rem>kable example ( ! p[] ( association1 to unite ideas )\t numb] 9 su* clos5ess1 t _! individuality is unp]ceiv$1 & ! clu/]1 h[ev] l>ge1 resembles a s+le uncomp\nd$ idea4 ,?is clu/] is n :olly made up ( indiff]5t ideas4 ,!re is includ$ 9 x ! s\rces ( all our pleasures1 & almo/ all ! objects ) :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to associate tra9s ( agreeable ideas4 ,! pla9s1 ! m\nta9s1 ! valleys1 ! riv]s1 ) :i* we h =m$ agreeable associations1 are all !re2 ! individual objects ) :i* we h =m$ simil> associations1 ! trees1 ! h\ses2 ! h\se1 = example1 9 :i* we 7 born1 ! tree "u :i* we h sat to enjoy ! affections ( our p>5ts1 or indulge our sympa?ies ) o!r objects ( our love1 ! pa?s 9 :i* we h /ray$1 ! fields ?r\gh :i* we h roam$1 ! ri*es :]e) we h se5 !m p]iodically clo!d1 ! lab\rs ( ^? fields1 ! lab\r]s1 _! mann]s1 appe>ance1 & "*1 #bbg ! flocks & h]ds1 ! cities & t[ns1 ) all _! inhabitants1 & all _! op]ations1 ! wond]ful proce$+s ( ! manufactur]s1 ! arrival & dep>ture ( %ips1 load$ ) ! preci\s commodities ( ! diff]5t regions ( ! ,e>?4 ,to ^! s\rces ( ,int]e/ is to be add$1 all t portion ( our fell[-creatures ) :om we h be5 accu/om$ to associate our ,pa9s & ,pleasures4 ,"h are our ,p>5ts1 our ,bro!rs & ,si/]s1 our ,sons & ,daught]s4 ,"h are ! m51 & "h ! wom51 :o h engag$ our affections4 ,"h are our ,b5efactors1 "h are our ,in/ructors1 "h are ! mann]s :i* alone f habit are agreeable to u4 ,& "h are ! ,in/itutions f :i* we h d]iv$ ,protection1 & to :i*1 9 _! usual /ate ( imp]fection1 we are apt to l5d a rev]5ce1 su* is ! /r5g? ( ! association1 f> beyond ! measure ( _! wor?4 ,suffici5t s\rces h n[ be5 po9t$ out1 to %ew :5ce x is t ! ,idea ( c\ntry1 z x involves a great numb] ( agreeable associations1 becomes1 or m prop]ly speak+ is1 an ,affection1 #e4--,p>ty2 ,class4 ,t :i* con/itutes a ,p>ty1 or class1 is always "s community ( ,int]e/3 9 o!r words1 "s ?+ or ?+s1 to be obta9$1 secur$1 or augm5t$1 by ! common endeav\rs ( ! class1 & op]at+ z a cause ( pleasure to all ( !m4 ,! ,p1 t is1 ! ,mass ( ! community1 are sometimes call$ a class2 b t is only to di/+ui% !m1 l ! t]m ,l[] ,ord]s1 f ! #bbh ,ari/ocratical class4 ,9 ! prop] mean+ ( ! t]m class1 x is n applicable to ! ,p4 ,no int]e/ is 9 common to !m1 :i* is n 9 common to ! re/ ( ! community4 ,!re is no?+ :i* c op]ate z a cause ( b5efit to !m exclusively4 ,:atev] op]ates z a cause ( b5efit to !m 9 common1 op]ates equally z a cause ( b5efit to e "p ( ! community1 sav+ & except+ ^? :o are 9 possession ( "s mis*iev\s p[] ov] a portion1 great] or less1 ( ! community4 ,x may no d\bt v easily happ51 t :at is a b5efit to ! re/ ( ! community1 is an evil to ! possessors ( su* p[]2 z :at is an evil1 & ! greate/ ( all ,evils1 to ! ,community1 is a ,b5efit to !m4 ,!re is no ,love ( ,class1 !re=e1 b 9 a ,privileg$ ,ord]4 ,! ,patricians1 9 anci5t ,rome1 7 a ,class ( ?is sort4 ,& 9 mod]n ,europe !re are two su* classes3 ! ,nobility1 9 ea* ,c\ntry3 & ! ,incorporat$ ,cl]gy2 call+ !mselves ! ,*ur*1 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 9 ,non-ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! associations :i* ! memb]s ( a gov]n+ class h ) "o ano!r1 individually1 z fa!rs1 sons1 companions1 fri5ds1 are n "h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! associations connect$ ) ! privileges :i* con/itute any body ( m5 a class1 are alone conc]n$ 9 =m+ ! /ates ( m9d :i* we n[ are expla9+4 ,su* privileges consi/ ( ,weal?1 ,p[]1 ,dignity1 "o1 or all1 conf]r$ by ,legislative act3 t is1 n ! result ( natural acquisition1 b ( a sort ( =ce1 or compulsion1 put ^u o!r p4 #bbi ,we ne$ n aga9 ent] into an explanation ( ! agreeable associations :i* e man has ) 8 own ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & dignity1 & ) ! causes1 ei!r ( _! exi/5ce1 or ( _! increase1 or ( _! security4 ,:5 ^! causes to "o man1 are causes also to a circle ( o!r m51 ! :ole ,body has bo? individually & collectively ! associations ) ^? causes1 :i* con/itute ,affection4 #f4--,mank9d4 ,! ^w ,mank9d is ! "n ( ano!r ( ^? rem>kable associations1 by :i* c\ntless ideas are s comb9$1 t _! individuality is sunk1 & ! aggregate is1 to appe>ance1 "o idea4 ,! ,idea ,mank9d1 l ! ,idea ,c\ntry1 is n made up :olly ( indiff]5t ideas4 ,x has 9 x all ! tra9s ( pleasurable ideas :i* we associate1 ei!r ) individuals1 or ) subdivisions1 ( ! :ole mass4 ,we h int]e/+ associations ) ! idea ( a man1 z a man4 ,! idea ( 8 pa9s1 & 8 pleasures1 call up1 unavoidably1 tra9s ( ! ideas ( our own pa9s & pleasures4 ,! ,idea ( a man1 !re=e1 naturally includes1 ! love ( 8 pleasures1 hatr$ ( 8 pa9s4 ,f our e>lie/ ,infancy1 we h _h exp]i5ce ( no?+ m con/antly ?an ?is2 t a great proportion ( our pleasures proce$$ f a c]ta9 disposition t[>ds u1 on ! "p ( ^? ( our fell[-creatures :o 7 ne> u2 & a great proportion ( our ,pa9s f a c]ta9 o!r disposition on _! "p4 ,^? ,dispositions1 tak5 9 ! mo/ #bcj g5]al s5se1 are ,k9dness1 :i* we h already expla9$2 & its opposite1 ,unk9dness4 ,we h1 !re=e1 v int5se associations ( ,pleasure1 ) ! idea ( ! ,disposition t[>ds u1 call$ ,k9dness1 9 o!r m52 & v int5se associations ( ,pa9 ) t ( ! ,disposition 9 !m call$ ,unk9dness t[>ds u4 ,9 our ,idea ( ea* individual man1 !re=e1 is includ$ n only ! ,love ( 8 ,pleasures & ,av]sion to 8 ,pa9s2 b1 9 addition to ?is1 ! ,love ( 8 ,disposition ( ,k9dness t[>ds u1 & ,av]sion to 8 ,disposition ( ,unk9dness t[>ds u4 ,n[1 z our complex ,idea ( ,mank9d1 is made up ( ! aggregate ( ! ideas ( ,individuals1 includ+ ! int]e/+ tra9s call$ ,love ( _! ,pleasures1 ,hatr$ ( _! ,pa9s2 ,love ( _! ,k9dness1 ,av]sion to _! ,unk9dness2 ! g5]ation ( ! affection1 call$ ,love ( ,mank9d1 is1 = our pres5t purpose1 suffici5tly %ewn4#dd #de ,ba9's footnote #dd3 ,z c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple ( association1 9 ! doma9 ( ! ,feel+s1 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 f ,,xix4 onw>ds1 are unexceptionable & cog5t4 ,z furni%+ ! complete acc\nt ( ! ,b5evol5t & ,malevol5t ,affections1 & ( ! ,sympa?ies or dis9t]e/$ impulses1 !y are defective4 ,inde$1 ! :ole subject ( ! ,emotions is plac$ by ! au?or ^u a too n>r[ basis4 ,any !ory t looks solely to ! circum/ance ( pleasure & pa91 7important z t is7 fails to grapple ) all ! facts4 ,= example1 !re is no acc\nt r5d]$ ( ! v famili> emotion ( ,wond]4 ,t ! ,emotions are all comp\nd$ ( elem5ts ( ,s5se 79 ! wide/ compreh5sion1 t is1 ) ,muscul>ity includ$7 may be ma9ta9$ on good gr\nds4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] to a satisfactory analysis ( ev5 ! common] emotions1 su* z ,t5d]ness1 !re is want$ a m exhau/ive detail ( ! pleasures & pa9s ( s5se ?an is furni%$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,a few rem>ks on ! g5]ic example ( ! ,t5d] ,feel+1 on :i* ! au?or has exp5d$ ! greate/ "p ( 8 illu/ration1 w %[ ! me?od to be pursu$4 ,x is a case :]e c]ta9 prim>y s5sibilities1 correctly rank$ "u ,s5sation1 toge!r ) ! associat+ pr9ciple1 seem to acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! ph5om5on4 ,9 su* a case z ,wond]1 ! explanation involves an additional elem5t4 ,! pleasures ( ,t5d] ,feel+1 or ,love & ! ,affections1 are no d\bt1 z rem>k$ 9 ! text1 9 a consid]able "p associations ) o!r pleasures1 su* z n\ri%m5t4 ,an animal & a *ild w\ld contract a pleasurable association ) ! p]son t br+s !m _! food1 or m9i/]s to _! bodily wants4 ,/ill1 !re is some?+ diff]5t f ?is 9 ,t5d]ness or ,love4 ,! fact ess5tial to ! /ate is ! gratification f ! acts ( c>ess+1 fondl+1 & embrac+2 a pleasure t has its indep5d5t s\rces 9 ! human & animal s5sibilities1 & does n ne$ ! association ) be+ f$ & c>$ =1 al?\gh enhanc$ & /imulat$ by t association4 ,ev5 ap>t f ! p[]ful elem5t ( sexuality1 !re is a great mass ( pleasurable animal feel+ awak5$ 9 ! lov+ embrace ( two individuals ( ! w>m-blood$ species4 ,we may in/ance1 among ^!1 ! pleasures ( ,t\* 9 ! s(t w>m contact2 ! muscul> pleasures co-op]at+2 ! organic feel+s connect$ ) secretions /imulat$ 9 ! act1 ( :i* ! la*rymal is ! prom95t b n ! solit>y case2 ! peculi> s5sibility ( ! ph>ynx1 :i* is probably ! sign ( a less acute b m ext5d$ influ5ce 9 ! alim5t>y canal g5]ally2 to all :i*1 is to be add$1 9 wom51 ! g5ial secretion ( ! brea/s1 go+ on incessantly1 al?\gh m pr(use 9 nurs+ mo!rs4 ,! coalition ( ^! tactile1 muscul>1 & organic s5sibilities1 is ! pleasure ( love by itself1 or z x might be felt betwe5 two liv+ s5ti5t creatures1 9 no o!r way ! giv]s or receiv]s ( b5efits4 ,nor does ?is exhau/ ! circle4 ,! eye1 & ! e>1 & ev5 ! smell1 may be also includ$4 ,! visible aspects ( liv+ be+s are (t5 highly agreeable f ! fir/1 & become s to a f>!r ext5t by association ) ! tactile & organic pleasures4 ,simil>ly1 ! e> may be *>m$ ) ! s\nds emitt$ by ano!r human be+ or animal1 & may also =m associations ) ! /ill m pot5t pleasures above nam$4 ,once m1 ! od\r ( "o animal may be intr9sically sweet to ano!r animal2 :ile "h too1 associations may be add$4 ,! pleasure ( ,t5d] feel+ mu/ !re=e be pron\nc$ to h an indep5d5t /&+ 9 ! s5ti5t framework1 al?\gh susceptible ( be+ analys$ into ! prim>y pleasures ( ! s5ses1 toge!r ) ! influ5ce ( association4 ,all ! affections d]ive ! *ief "p ( _! /r5g? f ?is complex s\rce4 ,=1 al?\gh ! acts ( fondl+ & c>ess+ are n univ]sally practis$ betwe5 e two p]sons t h a mutual affection1 or are s only 9 ! v limit$ =m ( ! %ake ( ! h&1 yet !re is an e*o ( ^!1 & a /imulus to ! organic accompanim5ts1 9 ! sight ( ea* o!r1 9 ! s\nds ( ! voice1 & 9 ! m intellectual =ms ( indicat+ atta*m5t4 ,x c be prov$ t ! two high] s5ses ent] deeply into ! t5d] emotion1 7z !y d into ! ,beautiful74 ,! well-kn[n ,dr4 ,kitto1 :o 0 /one-deaf1 9 describ+ 8 exp]i5ce1 /ates t1 z reg>d$ 8 pleasures1 ! loss t affect$ him mo/ 0 8 inability to he> ! voices ( 8 *ildr54 ,x is evid5t t ! same rem>k1 z to ! mutilation ( an organ ( t5d] feel+1 is applicable to ! bl9d4 ,! pa?os ( ! l9es 9 ,p>adise ,lo/ conta9s ?is implication4--,b4 ,editor's footnote #de3 ,! two prec$+ subsections are almo/ p]fect z expositions & exemplifications ( ! mode 9 :i*1 by ! natural c\rse ( life1 we acquire atta*m5ts to p]sons1 ?+s1 & positions1 :i* are ! causes or habitual concomitants ( pleasurable s5sations to u1 or ( relief f pa9s3 9 o!r words1 ^? p]sons1 ?+s1 & positions become 9 !mselves pleasant to u by association2 &1 ?r\gh ! multitude & v>iety ( ! pleasurable ideas associat$ ) !m1 become pleasures ( great] con/ancy & ev5 int5sity1 & altoge!r m valuable to u1 ?an any ( ! primitive pleasures ( our con/itution4 ,?is portion ( ! laws ( human nature is ! m important to psy*ology1 z !y %[ h[ x is possible t ! moral s5tim5ts1 ! feel+s ( duty1 & ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 may be no orig9al elem5ts ( our nature1 & may yet be capable ( be+ n only m int5se & p[]ful ?an any ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* !y may h be5 =m$1 b may also1 9 _! maturity1 be p]fectly dis9t]e/$3 no?+ m be+ necess>y = ?is1 ?an t ! acquir$ pleasure & pa9 %\ld h become z indep5d5t ( ! native elem5ts f :i* !y are =m$1 z ! love ( weal? & ( p[] n only (t5 b g5]ally become1 ( ! bodily pleasures1 & relief f bodily pa9s1 = ! sake ( :i*1 & ( :i* alone1 p[] & weal? mu/ h be5 orig9ally valu$4 ,no "o ?9ks x necess>y to suppose an orig9al & inh]5t love ( money or ( p[]2 yet ^! are ! objects ( two ( ! /ronge/1 mo/ g5]al1 & mo/ p]si/5t passions ( human nature2 passions :i* (t5 h q z little ref]5ce to pleasure or pa91 beyond ! m]e consci\sness ( possession1 & are 9 t s5se ( ! ^w q z dis9t]e/$1 z ! moral feel+s ( ! mo/ virtu\s human be+4 ,! au?or1 !n1 has furni%$ a mo/ satisfactory & mo/ valuable explanation ( c]ta9 ( ! laws ( our affections & passions1 & has trac$ ! orig9 & g5]ation ( a great numb] ( !m4 ,b x mu/ be rem>k$ ( ! :ole exposition1 t x acc\nts truly1 b only p>tially1 = ?is "p ( human nature4 ,x af=ds a suffici5t !ory ( :at we may call ! m5tal1 or intellectual elem5t ( ! feel+s 9 "q4 ,b x does n furni%1 nor does ! au?or any:]e furni%1 any !ory ( :at may be call$ ! animal elem5t 9 !m4 ,yet ?is is no unimportant +r$i5t 9 ! emotional & active "p ( human nature3 & x is "o greatly dem&+ analysis4 ,let u take ! case ( any ( ! passions3 & z "o ( ! simple/ z well z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( !m1 let u take ! emotion ( ,fe>4 ,! au?or gives no acc\nt ( ,fe> b t x is ! idea ( a pa9ful s5sation1 associat$ ) ! idea ( its be+ 7m or less unc]ta9ly7 future4 ,und\bt$ly ^! elem5ts are pres5t 9 x2 b d !y acc\nt = ! peculi> emotional "* ( ! passion1 & = its physiological effect1 su* z pallor1 trembl+1 falt]+ ( ! voice1 coldness ( ! sk91 loss ( control ov] ! secretions1 & g5]al depression ( ! vital p[]s8 ,! case w\ld be simpl] if ^! great di/urbances ( ! animal functions by ! expectation ( a pa9 7 ! same 9 k9d z ! small] modifications produc$ by ! m]e idea4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case2 ,ideas d produce effects on ! animal economy1 b n ^? p>ticul> effects4 ,! idea ( a pa91 if x acts on ! bodily functions at all1 has an action ! same 9 k9d 7?\gh mu* less 9 degree7 z ! pa9 itself w\ld h4 ,b ! passion ( fe> has a totally diff]5t action4 ,suppose ! fe> to be t ( a flogg+4 ,! flogg+ itself1 if x produc$ any physical demon/rations1 w\ld produce cries1 %r9k+s1 possibly muscul> /ruggles1 & might by its remot] effects di/urb ! action ( ! bra9 or ( ! circulation2 & if ! fe> ( a flogg+ produc$ ^! same effects1 9 a mitigat$ degree1 ! p[] ( fe> might be m]ely ! p[] ( ! idea ( ! pa94 ,b none ( ^! are at all l ! *>act]i/ic symptoms ( fe>3 :ile ^? *>act]i/ic symptoms are mu* ! same :atev] be ! p>ticul> pa9 appreh5d$1 & :e!r x be a bodily or a purely m5tal pa91 provid$ x be suffici5tly int5se & suffici5tly proximate4 ,no "o has ev] acc\nt$ = ?is rem>kable diff]5ce1 & ! au?or ( ! ,analysis does n ev5 m5tion x4 ,! explanation ( x is "o ( ^? problems1 p>tly psy*ological & p>tly physiological1 :i* our k ( ! laws ( animal s5sibility does n yet enable u to resolve4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! ph5om5a are produc$1 !y are a case ( ! quasi-*emi/ry ( ! n]v\s functions1 :]eby ! junction ( c]ta9 elem5ts g5]ates a comp\nd ^: prop]ties are v diff]5t f ! sum ( ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,?is is ! po9t :i* ! au?or's explanations ( ! emotional "p ( human nature d n rea*1 &1 x may ev5 be said1 d n attempt to rea*4 ,until1 h[ev]1 x is rea*$1 !re is no gu>antee = ! complet5ess ( 8 analysis ( ev5 ! m5tal elem5t 9 ! passions3 = :5 ! effect exhibits s mu* :i* has n1 9 ! kn[n prop]ties ( ! assign$ cause1 any?+ to acc\nt = x1 !re is always room = a d\bt :e!r "s "p ( ! cause has n be5 left out ( ! reckon+4 ,?is d\bt1 h[ev]1 does n s]i\sly affect ! mo/ important ( ! au?or's analyses1 viz4 ^? :i*1 )\t resolv+ ! emotions !mselves into any?+ m elem5t>y1 exp\nd _! transf] by association f _! natural objects to o!rs2 ) ! great increase ( int5sity & p]si/5cy :i* s (t5 accompanies ! transf]1 & :i* is 9 g5]al q suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! causes to :i* ! au?or ref]s x4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sub-,,section ,,iii4 ,! ,objects call$ ,sublime & ,beautiful1 & _! ,contr>ies1 contemplat$ z ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s4 ,^! objects h receiv$ mu* ( ! att5tion ( ,philosoph]s2 & great progress has be5 made 9 #bca analys+ ! associations :i* =m ! complicat$ feel+s1 rang$ "u ! "n ( ,emotions ( ! ,sublime & ,beautiful4 #bcb ,x does n belong to ! pres5t purpose to g into ! details ( ?is subject1 :i*1 = obvi\s reasons1 h be5 pursu$ to great l5g?4 ,x is necess>y1 #bcc h[ev]1 = t purpose1 to %ew1 into :at g5]al laws ! ph5om5a are capable ( be+ resolv$4 ,! feel+s :i* are m>k$ "u ! "n ( #bcd ,emotions ( ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 are s mu* alike1 t ! di/9ction ( !m into two species is some:at arbitr>y4 ,?\gh ! ,romans did apply #bce ! ^w sublimis1 & its ab/ract1 sublimitas1 9 a c]ta9 rhetorical way1 to objects ( ,ta/e1 _! ^w ,pul*rum1 prop]ly d5ot$ all t is express$ by #bcf our ,sublime & ,beautiful1 tak5 toge!r4 ,! ,greek ^w1 ,greek3 kalo_/n1 also cle>ly includ$ e ?+ :i* we rank "u ! "n ( ,sublime4 ,long9us1 inde$1 :o liv$ at a v late & deg5]ate p]iod ( ,grecian lit]ature1 wrote a treatise to :i* he gave ! affect$ ,title1 ,greek3 ,pe_/ri ,u7ps\s1 or ,ab\t ,height2 & z t has be5 a v popul> treatise 9 mod]n times1 x is n improbable1 t ! use ( ! ^w ,sublime1 :i* has become s preval5t 9 ! disc\rse ( ! mod]ns1 d]ives its orig9 f no high] s\rce4 ,mr4 ,alison1 :o wrote a v pleas+1 &1 to a c]ta9 degree1 a ,philosophical ,book1 on ! ,emotions ( ,ta/e1 has %ewn by an abundance ( well-*os5 illu/rations1 t x is n ! imm$iate s5sations1 receiv$ by u f ! objects ( ,ta/e1 :i* con/itute !m a cause ( our pleasures4 ,! imm$iate s5sations are commonly indiff]5t1 or approa*+ ! indiff]5t4 ,x is only :5 !y introduce1 by association1 a tra9 ( pleasurable ideas1 t ! feel+s call$ ! pleasures ( ,ta/e1 are ev] enjoy$4 ,i believe t ,i may assume ?is z an e/abli%$ #bcg fact 9 our nature2 & ,i %all only adduce z mu* ( ! evid5ce z may tea* ^? ( my read]s1 to :om ^! inquiries may be new1 ! mode 9 :i* ! tru? ( ! proposition becomes app>5t4 ,i also ?9k x useful to avail myself1 n only ( ! illu/rations1 b z mu* z possible ( ! words1 ( ,mr4 ,alison1 z exhibit+ ! cle> conviction ( ! wond]ful effects ( association1 9 "o in/ance1 on ! "p ( a writ]1 :o seems to h _h no idea ( its af=d+ an equally satisfactory solution ( ! o!r complex ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,:at are call$ ! ext]nal objects ( ,ta/e1 are mo/ly objects ( ,he>+1 objects ( ,sight1 or objects ( t ,muscul> ,s5se1 f :i* we d]ive ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,t ! feel+s we h by ^! s5ses are g5]ically di/9ct f ! emotions ( ,sublimity & ,beauty1 might1 ,i imag9e1 be tru/$ to an appeal to ea* man's consci\sness4 ,!re are innum]able cases1 h[ev]1 :i* may be reg>d$ z decisive exp]im5ts ^u ! subject4 ,( ! s\nds :i* c be adduc$ z ,sublime or ,beautiful1 !re is1 p]haps1 n "o1 :i* is n (t5 he>d 9 circum/ances1 :]e9 no t5d5cy to ,emotion is felt4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,emotion is felt1 & ^? 9 :i* x is n felt1 are ^? 9 :i* a tra9 ( pleasurable ideas is1 or is n1 introduc$ by association4 ,all s\nds1 says ,mr4 ,alison1 are 9 g5]al ,,sublime1 :i* are associat$ ) ,ideas ( great ,p[] or ,might3 ! ,noise ( a ,torr5t1--! ,fall ( a ,cat>act1--! ,upro> ( a ,tempe/1--! ,explosion ( ,gunp[d]1--! ,da%+ ( ! ,waves1 c4 #bch ,all s\nds1 9 ! same mann]1 are sublime1 :i* are associat$ ) ,ideas ( ,maje/y1 or ,solemnity1 or deep ,melan*oly1 or any o!r /rong ,emotion3 ! ,s\nd ( ! ,trumpet1 & all o!r w>like in/rum5ts1--! ,note ( ! ,organ1--! ,s\nd ( ! ,curfew1--! ,toll+ ( ! ,pass+ bell1 c4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( s\nds also1 t occur 9 ! sc5es ( ,nature1 :i* are productive ( ! ,emotion ( ,,beauty3 ! ,s\nd ( a ,wat]fall1--! ,murmur+ ( a ,rivulet1--! ,:isp]+ ( ! ,w9d1--! ,%eepfold-bell1--! s\nd ( ! ,curfew1 c4 ,t ! ,notes or ,cries ( "s ,animals1 are ,sublime1 e "o kn[s3 ! ,ro> ( ! ,lion1 ! ,gr[l+ ( ,be>s1 ! ,h[l+ ( ,wolves1 ! ,scream ( ! ,eagle1 c4 ,9 all ^? cases1 ^? are ! notes ( animals rem>kable = _! /r5g?1 & =midable = _! f]ocity4 ,x w\ld seem v natural1 !re=e1 t ! sublimity ( su* s\nds %\ld arise f ! qualities ( :i* !y are expressive4 ,! ,bleat+ ( a ,lamb1 is beautiful 9 a f9e day 9 spr+3 ! ,l[+ ( a ,c[ at a di/ance1 amid ! sc5]y ( a pa/oral l&scape 9 summ]4 ,! ,call ( a ,goat among rocks is /rik+ly beautiful1 z express+ wildness & indep5d5ce4 ,! ,hum ( ! ,beetle is beautiful 9 a f9e summ] ev5+1 z appe>+ to suit ! /illness & repose ( t pleas+ season4 ,! ,twitt] ( ! ,swall[ is beautiful 9 ! morn+1 & seems to be expressive ( ! *e]fulness ( t "t4 ,?is enum]ation ( cases1 :i* is only a selection f ^? ( ,mr4 ,alison1 is f> m ?an #bci suffici5t = ! purpose1 z inde$ x is "o defect ( 8 book t 8 propositions are ov]laid ) evid5ce4 ,t ^! s\nds1 z s5sations1 d n con/itute ! pleasures enjoy$1 he demon/rates1 by %ew+ t on _m occasions1 on :i* ! s5sations exi/ z p]fectly z on any o!r occasion1 no pleasure is felt4 ,he also %ews1 t :5 ! pleasures are felt1 a tra9 ( pleasurable ideas is introduc$ by association4 ,! s\nd ( ,?und]1 he says1 is p]haps ( all o!rs 9 ,nature1 ! mo/ ,sublime4 ,yet ! roll+ ( /ones f a c>t1 produces a s\nd s exactly ! same1 t x is (t5 mi/ak5 = ?und]4 ,:ile ! mi/ake la/s1 ! feel+ ( sublimity la/s4 ,:5 ! mi/ake is correct$1 x in/antly vani%es2 t is1 ! association is dissolv$4 ,!re is sc>cely 9 nature1 says ,mr4 ,alison1 a m trifl+ s\nd ?an ! buzz ( ,flies2 yet1 ,i believe1 !re is no man ( common ,ta/e1 :o1 9 ! deep sil5ce ( a summ]'s noon1 has n f\nd some?+ /rik+ly sublime1 9 ?is inconsid]able s\nd4 ,! fall+ ( a drop ( wat]1 produces 9 g5]al a v insignificant & unexpressive s\nd2 yet sometimes 9 ,vaults1 & 9 l>ge ,ca!drals1 a s+le drop is he>d to fall1 at di/ant int]vals1 f ! ro(2 ?an :i*1 ,i "k n if !re is a s+le s\nd m /rik+ly sublime4 ,mr4 ,alison fur!r rem>ks1 t to ^? :o h no tra9s ( pleasurable ideas associat$ ) s\nds1 or :o consid] !m simply z s\nds1 !y h no beauty4 ,x is long be=e *ildr5 %ew any s5sibility to ! beauty ( s\nds4 ,to ! great] #bdj numb] ( ! s\nds :i* we d5om9ate beautiful1 ! common p1 9 ! same mann]1 are altoge!r indiff]5t4 ,to ! peasant1 ! ,curfew is only ! m>k ( ! h\r ( ! ev5+1--! ,%eep-bell1 ! sign ( ! neighb\rhood ( ! flock1--! s\nd ( a ,cascade1 ! sign ( ! fall+ ( wat]1 c4 ,give him ! associations :i* m5 ( cultivat$ imag9ation h ) su* s\nds1 & he w infallibly feel _! beauty4 ,mr4 ,alison %ews1 t :5 ! notes or cries ( animals are /ripp$ ( c]ta9 associations1 !y are unproductive ( ,emotions ( sublimity or beauty4 ,!re is n "o ( ^! s\nds1 he says1 :i* may n be imitat$ 9 "s mann] or o!r2 & :i*1 :ile we are ignorant ( ! deception1 does n produce ! same ,emotion ) ! real s\nd3 :5 we are undeceiv$1 h[ev]1 we are consci\s ( no o!r ,emotion1 b t1 p]haps1 ( simple pa9 f its l\dness4 ,! h[l ( ! ,wolf is little di/+ui%$ f ! h[l ( ! ,dog1 ei!r 9 its tone or 9 its /r5g?1 b !re is no comp>ison betwe5 _! sublimity4 ,few1 if any1 ( ! s\nds felt z sublime are s l\d z ! mo/ common ( all s\nds1 ! l[+ ( a ,c[2 yet ?is is ! v rev]se ( sublimity4 ,imag9e ?is s\nd1 on ! contr>y1 expressive ( ,fi]c5ess & ,/r5g?1 & !re c be no d\bt1 t x w\ld become sublime4 ,! scream ( ! ,eagle is simply disagreeable1 :5 ! bird is ei!r tam$ or conf9$2 x is ,sublime1 only :5 x is he>d amid ,rocks & ,des]ts1 & :5 x is expressive to u1 ( ,lib]ty & ,indep5d5ce1 & savage ,maje/y4 ,! noise ( ! ,rattlesnake 7t mo/ dang]\s animal ( all 8 tribe7 #bda is v little diff]5t f ! noise ( a *ild's play-?+2 yet :o w d5y its sublimity8 ,! gr[l ( ! ,tig]1 resembles ! purr+ ( a ,cat2 ! "o is sublime1 ! o!r insignificant4 ,mr4 ,alison1 ) great propriety1 adds1 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( ! absolute & indep5d5t ,sublimity or ,beauty ( ,s\nds1 x is v difficult to acc\nt = ! diff]5t s\nds :i* h be5 m5tion$ z productive ( ^! ,emotions4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no resemblance1 z s\nds1 betwe5 ! noise ( ,?und]1 & ! hiss+ ( a ,s]p5t1--betwe5 ! gr[l+ ( a ,tig]1 & ! explosion ( ,gunp[d]1--betwe5 ! scream ( an ,eagle1 & ! %\t+ ( a multitude2 yet all ( ^! are sublime4 ,9 ! same mann]1 !re is z little resemblance1 betwe5 ! t9kl+ ( ! ,%eepfold-bell1 & ! murmur+ ( ! ,breeze2 betwe5 ! hum ( ! ,beetle & ! song ( ! ,l>k2 betwe5 ! twitt] ( ! ,swall[1 & ! s\nd ( ! ,curfew2 yet all ( ^! are beautiful4 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( association1 !y are all p]fectly acc\ntable4 ,i %all n foll[ ,mr4 ,alison 9 8 illu/rations ( ! beauty & sublimity felt 9 ! tones ( ! human voice1 or 9 ! composition ( s\nds1 call$ ,music2 because ,i h no d\bt b x w be all[$ t !y d]ive ! :ole ( :at is call$ _! expression1--9 o!r words1 _! p[] ( pleas+1--f ! associations connect$ ) !m4#df ,i #bdb %all also produce a v few specim5s ( ! illu/rations :i* he adduces to %[ t :at is call$ ! ,beauty & ,sublimity ( objects ( sight1 is d]iv$ :olly f association4 ,editor's footnote #df3 ,:at ! au?or ?9ks himself disp5s$ f ei!r prov+ or illu/rat+ because he has no d\bt t x w be all[$1 is1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! mo/ disputable p>ts ( 8 !ory4 ,t v mu* ( ! pleasure af=d$ by ,music is ! effect ( its expression1 i4e4 ( ! associations connect$ ) s\nd1 mo/ p w admit3 b x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t !re is also an elem5t ( direct physical & s5sual pleasure4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! quality ( "s s+le s\nds is physically agreeable1 z t ( o!rs is disagreeable4 ,next1 ! concord or h>mony ( pleasant s\nds adds a fur!r elem5t ( purely physical enjoym5t4 ,& ?irdly1 c]ta9 successions ( s\nds1 con/itut+ melody or tune1 are delightful1 z x seems to me1 to ! m]e s5se4 ,) ^! pleasures ^? ( ! associat$ ideas & feel+s are intimately bl5d$1 b may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be discrim9at$ by a critical e>4 ,x is possible to say1 ( diff]5t compos]s1 t "o 7z ,bee?ov57 excels mo/ 9 t "p ( ! effect ( music :i* dep5ds on expression1 & ano!r 7z ,moz>t7 9 ! physical "p4 ,t ! full physical pleasure ( tune is (t5 n exp]i5c$ at ! fir/ he>+1 is a consequ5ce ( ! fact1 t ! pleasure dep5ds on succession1 & !re=e on ! coexi/5ce ( ea* note ) ! remembrance ( a suffici5t numb] ( ! previ\s notes to con/itute melody3 a remembrance :i*1 ( c\rse1 is n possess$ 9 p]fection1 until aft] a numb] ( repetitions proportion$ to ! complexity & to ! unfamili> "* ( ! comb9ation4--,ed4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations are g5]al1 & v in/ructive4 ,! greate/ "p ( col\rs are connect$ ) a k9d ( e/abli%$ ,imag]y 9 our m9ds1 & are consid]$ z expressive ( _m v pleas+ & affect+ ,qualities4 ,^! ,associations may p]haps be includ$ 9 ! foll[+ ,enum]ation3 #a/1 ,su* z arise f #bdc ! nature ( ! objects ?us p]man5tly col\r$3 #bndly1 ,su* z arise f "s analogy betwe5 c]ta9 ,col\rs1 & c]ta9 ,dispositions ( m9d3 &1 #crdly1 ,su* z arise f accid5tal connexions1 :e!r national or p>ticul>4 #a4 ,:5 we h be5 accu/om$ to see any object capable ( excit+ ,emotion1 di/+ui%$ by "s fix$ or p]man5t col\r1 we are apt to ext5d to ! ,col\r ! ,qualities ( ! object ?us col\r$1 & to feel f x1 :5 sep>at$1 "s degree ( ! same emotion :i* is prop]ly excit$ by ! object itself4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are )9 e p]son's obs]vation4 ,:ite1 z x is ! col\r ( ,day1 is expressive to u ( ! *e]fulness or gaiety :i* ! return ( day br+s4 ,black1 z ! col\r ( ,d>kness1 is expressive ( gloom & melan*oly4 ,! col\r ( ! heav5s1 9 s]5e wea!r1 is ,blue3 ,blue1 is !re=e expressive to u ( some:at ( ! same pleas+ & temp]ate "*4 ,gre51 is ! col\r ( ! ,e>?1 9 ,spr+3 x is1 consequ5tly1 expressive to u ( "s ( ^? delightful ,images :i* we associate ) t season4 ,! expressions ( ^? col\rs1 :i* are ! signs ( p>ticul> passions 9 ! ,human c\nt5ance1 & :i*1 f ?is connexion1 d]ive _! effect1 e "o is acqua9t$ )4 #b4 ,!re are _m col\rs :i* d]ive expression f "s analogy we discov] betwe5 !m & c]ta9 affections ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,s(t or ,/rong1 ,mild or ,bold1 ,gay or ,gloomy1 ,*e]ful or ,solemn1 c41 are t]ms1 9 all languages1 appli$ to col\rs2 t]ms obvi\sly metaphorical1 & ! use ( :i* indicates _! connexion ) p>ticul> #bdd qualities ( ,m9d4 ,9 ! same mann]1 diff]5t degrees or %ades ( ! same col\r h simil> *>act]s1 z ,/rong1 or ,temp]ate1 or ,g5tle1 c4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,association1--:i* is1 9 tru?1 s /rong1 t x is to be f\nd 9 all mank9d1--su* col\rs d]ive a "* f ?is resemblance1 & produce 9 our m9d "s fa9t degree ( ! same ,emotion1 :i* ! qualities !y express are fitt$ to produce4 #c4 ,_m col\rs acquire "* f accid5tal ,association4 ,purple1 = in/ance1 has acquir$ a "* ( ,dignity1 f its accid5tal connexion ) ! ,dress ( ,k+s4 ,! col\rs ( ,erm9e h a simil> "*1 f ! same cause4 ,! col\rs1 9 e c\ntry1 :i* di/+ui% ! ,dress ( ,magi/rates1 c41 acquire dignity 9 ! same mann]4 ,e p]son w1 9 ! same mann]1 probably1 recollect ! p>ticul> col\rs :i* are pleas+ to him1 f _! hav+ be5 worn by p :om he lov$1 or f "s o!r accid5tal association4 ,t x is n f ! s5sation1 b f ^? tra9s ( associat$ ,ideas1 t ! feel+ ( ,beauty 9 col\rs1 :5ev] we h x1 is d]iv$1 he demon/rates1 by adduc+ "s well-*os5 in/ances to %ew t ! s5sation may exi/ z well )\t ! association z ) x2 & t1 z (t5 z x is unaccompani$ ) ! association1 x is unaccompani$ ) any feel+ ( ,beauty4 ,:5 x has ! association4 ,beauty is felt3 :5 x has n ! association1 ,beauty is n felt4 ,! association1 !re=e1 is ! cause ( ! ,beauty4 #bde ,black1 says ,mr4 ,alison1 is to u an unpleasant col\r1 because x is ! col\r appropriat$ to m\rn+4 ,9 ,v5ice & ,spa91 x is agreeable1 because x is ! col\r :i* di/+ui%es ! dress ( ! ,great4 ,:ite is beautiful to u1 9 a supreme degree1 z emblematical bo? ( ,innoc5ce & ,*e]fulness4 ,9 ,*9a1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! col\r appropriat$ to ,m\rn+1 &1 consequ5tly1 v f> f be+ g5]ally beautiful4 ,! common col\rs ( ! indiff]5t ?+s :i* surr\nd u1--( ! ,e>?1 ( ,/one1 ( ,wood1 c41--h no k9d ( ,beauty4 ,! ?+s !mselves are s indiff]5t to u1 t !y excite no k9d ( emotion2 &1 ( consequ5ce1 _! col\rs produce no great] emotion z ! signs ( su* qualities1 ?an ! qualities !mselves4 ,! col\rs1 9 ! same mann]1 :i* di/+ui% ! ord9>y ,dress ( ! ,common ,p1 are nev] consid]$ z beautiful4 ,x is ! col\rs only ( ! ,dress ( ! ,great1 ( ! ,opul5t1 or ( ,di/+ui%$ ,pr(essions1 :i* are ev] consid]$ 9 ?is light4 ,no new col\r is ev] beautiful1 until we h acquir$ "s pleas+ associations ) x4 ,?is is peculi>ly obs]vable 9 ! article ( ,dress2 & inde$ x is ! be/ in/ance ( x1 because no o!r circum/ance int]v5es by :i* ! exp]im5t c be influ5c$4 ,e man mu/ h obs]v$1 t1 9 ! great v>iety ( new col\rs1 :i* ! caprice ( ,fa%ion is p]petually introduc+1 no new col\r appe>s at fir/ sight z beautiful4 ,a few weeks1 ev5 a few days alt] our op9ion2 z soon z x is g5]ally adopt$ by ^? :o lead #bdf ! public ,ta/e1 & has become 9 consequ5ce ! m>k ( ,rank & ,elegance1 x imm$iately becomes beautiful4 ,:5 ! p>ticul> associations we h ) su* col\rs1 are de/roy$1 _! beauty is de/roy$ at ! same "t4 ,! diff]5t ma*9es1 in/rum5ts1 c41 :i* m9i/] to ! conv5i5ce ( ,life1 h1 9 g5]al1 f ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$1 or f ! uses to :i* !y are appli$1 a fix$ & det]m9ate col\r4 ,?is col\r becomes accord+ly 9 "s degree beautiful1 f its be+ ! sign ( su* qualities2 *ange ! accu/om$ col\r ( su* objects1 & e man feels a k9d ( disappo9tm5t4 ,?is is s /rong1 t1 ev5 if a col\r m g5]ally beautiful is sub/itut$1 yet /ill our dissatisfaction is ! same2 & ! new col\r1 in/ead ( be+ beautiful1 becomes ! rev]se4 ,rose-col\r1 = in/ance1 is a m beautiful col\r ?an t ( ,mahogany3 yet1 if any man 7 to pa9t 8 doors & w9d[s ) ,rose-col\r1 he w\ld c]ta9ly n add to _! beauty4 ,! col\r ( a poli%$ /eel grate is agreeable1 b is n 9 itself v beautiful4 ,suppose x pa9t$ gre51 or violet1 or crimson1 all ( !m col\rs mu* m beautiful1 & ! beauty ( x is altoge!r de/roy$4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are innum]able4#dg ,editor's footnote #dg3 ,! elem5ts contribut$ by association are c]ta9ly m pr$om9ant 9 ! pleasure ( col\rs ?an 9 t ( musical s\nds2 yet ,i am conv9c$ t !re is a direct elem5t ( physical pleasure 9 col\rs1 ant]ior to association4 ,my own memory recals to me ! int5se & my/]i\s delight :i* 9 e>ly *ildhood ,i _h 9 ! col\rs ( c]ta9 fl[]s2 a delight f> exce$+ any ,i am n[ capable ( receiv+ f col\r ( any description1 ) all its acquir$ associations4 ,& ?is 0 ! case at f> too e>ly an age1 & ) habits ( obs]vation f> too little develop$1 to make any ( ! subtl] comb9ations ( =m & proportion a s\rce ( mu* pleasure to me4 ,?is la/ pleasure 0 acquir$ v gradually1 & did n1 until aft] ! comm5cem5t ( manhood1 atta9 any consid]able height4 ,! examples quot$ f ,alison d n prove t !re is no orig9al beauty 9 col\rs1 b only t ! feel+ ( x is capable1 z no "o d\bts t x is capable1 ( be+ ov]p[]$ by extrane\s associations4 ,:e!r !re is any simil> organic basis ( ! pleasure d]iv$ f =m1 s f> at lea/ z ?is dep5ds on proportion1 ,i w\ld n und]take to decide4 ,! susceptibility to ! physical pleasures produc$ by col\rs & musical s\nds1 7& by =ms if any "p ( ! pleasure !y af=d is physical71 is probably extremely diff]5t 9 diff]5t organisations4 ,9 natures 9 :i* any "o ( ^! susceptibilities is orig9ally fa9t1 m w dep5d on association4 ,! extreme s5sibility ( ?is "p ( our con/itution to small & unobvi\s influ5ces1 makes x c]ta9 t ! s\rces ( ! feel+s ( beauty & de=mity mu/ be1 to a mat]ial ext5t1 diff]5t 9 diff]5t individuals4--,ed4 #bdg ,mr4 ,alison produces a v long l9e ( illu/rations to %[ t ! ,beauty ( ,,=ms is n ! m]e s5sation ( ,=m1 b consi/s1 z 9 ! case ( s\nds & col\rs1 9 ! tra9 ( pleasurable ideas associat$ ) ! s5sation4 ,mr4 ,alison is less happy1 & m t$i\s1 9 ! illu/ration ( ?is ?an ! prec$+ p>ts ( 8 subject4 ,we %all make little use ( 8 pro(s2 because we c arrive1 by a %ort process1 at a v satisfactory conclusion4 ,mr4 ,alison seems n to h be5 aw>e ( ! #bdh orig9 ( our ideas ( ,=m2 & !nce 9 exp\nd+ !m has f\nd _m difficulties :i* d n 9 reality belong to ! subject4 ,he supposes t ,=m is altoge!r a s5sation ( sight4 ,9 a =m] "p ( ?is ,inquiry1 we asc]ta9$ ! s5sations3 we saw t ,=m1 9 all its cases1 is m]ely a modification ( ext5sion2 t x is made kn[n to u1 by ^? feel+s1 :i* accompany ! motion ( c]ta9 ( our memb]s1 z t ( a f+]1 or a h&4 ,^? feel+s are 9 no dang] ( be+ conf\nd$ ) ! emotion ( ,beauty4 ,!y are feel+s s completely indiff]5t1 t 9 mo/ ( ! associations into :i* ! ideas ( !m ent] z ess5tial +r$i5ts !y are ov]look$1 & ! v exi/5ce ( !m is commonly unkn[n4 ,if ! s5sation is no cause ( ! ,pleasure d]iv$ f ,=ms1 x w n be que/ion$ t association is ! cause4 ,=ms are ei!r ,animate or ,inanimate4 ,! associations ) ! ,animate only diff] f ^? ) ! ,inanimate1 9 hold+ "s additional +r$i5ts4 ,"s ,=ms affect u1 by _! magnitude1 naturally associat$ ) ! idea ( ,p[]2 "s1 by ! uses to :i* !y are appli$1 z ! m p[]ful in/rum5ts ( w>2 "s1 by ! ext5t ( _! duration1 ) :i* we h obvi\s associations2 "s1 by ! spl5d\r or magnific5ce1 ) ! ideas ( :i* !y are associat$1--! ,?rone1 ! ,diadem1 ! ,triumphal ,c>4 ,! natural movem5ts ( ! arm1 f its turn+ 9 its socket z r\nd a c5tre1 are all wav+2 circles1 or portions ( circles1 runn+ into "o ano!r4 ,all o!r movem5ts are =c$ ^u x1 #bdi & ! effect ( con/ra9t4 ,h5ce ! beauty ( wav+ l9es1 because associat$ ) ! agreeable ideas ( ,ease1 & abs5ce ( ,re/ra9t4 ,z no?+ is m agreeable to u ?an to trace ! op]ation ( design1 ( successful contrivance1 "s ,=ms affect u /rongly by ! idea ( _! ,fitness1 ( _! adaptation to an ,end4 ,o!rs affect u n only by ! idea ( _! adaptation to an end1 b by ! value :i* we atta* to ! end4 ,9 ?is case x is by _! utility t !y are said to please u4 ,we associate ) ! idea ( c]ta9 /ates ( ! ,human ,body1 or at lea/ ( ! ,bodies ( ,animals 9 g5]al1 c]ta9 inw>d ,dispositions2 ) great /r5g? we associate great ,wilfulness1 & little reg>d ( o!rs2 ) frailness1 we associate ,delicacy1 ! ideas ( g5tl5ess1 compliance1 & reg>d = o!rs4 ,! =ms ( inanimate objects sometimes be> su* an analogy to ! ,delicate & ,frail 9 human ,=ms1 t ! ideas associat$ ) ! animate1 are call$ up by ! inanimate1 & produce ! emotion ( ,beauty4 ,?is emotion1 h[ev]1 is altoge!r prev5t$1 :5 ! m pot5t idea ( ,fitness int]v5es4 ,any ?+ analog\s to ! sl5d] =m1 :i* is s exquisitely beautiful 9 ! m elegant grasses1 w\ld be a real de=mity 9 ! oak4 ,m ?an "o ( ^? s\rces ( agreeable association are (t5 unit$ 9 ! same subject1 & increase ! emotion produc$ by x4 ,mr4 ,alison goes on to ! exposition ( ! associations :i* con/itute ! ,beauty ( ,motion1 & ! ,beauty ( ! ,human ,=m & ,c\nt5ance4 #bej ,b aft] :at has be5 said1 ^! associations are n difficult to trace2 & ,i h already c>ri$ ! illu/ration ( ?is subject f>!r ?an ,i %\ld h done1 if ,i _h n reg>d$ ?is case ( ,association z af=d+ mo/ important aid t[>d ! developem5t ( all ! m my/]i\s ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,we h "h a class ( ,pleasures2 ! ,feel+ ( ,beauty1 ! ,feel+ ( ,sublimity2 ex]cis+ a great influ5ce ov] all cultivat$ m9ds4 ,^! ,feel+s1 :5 tak5 z objects ( g5]al contemplation1 appe> p]fectly simple4 ,to su* a degree h !y assum$ ! appe>ance ( simple & orig9al feel+s ( our nature1 ev5 to ,philosoph]s ( em95ce1 t a p>ticul> s5se has be5 suppos$ necess>y to acc\nt = _! exi/5ce4 ,yet all ?is app>5t simplicity is only an exemplification ( t association1 by :i* a multitude ( ideas are s intimately1 & in/antane\sly bl5d$ toge!r1 t !y appe> to be n _m ideas1 b "o idea4 ,( ?is highly important fact1 we h _h occasion to take notice ( v>i\s lead+ cases1 be=e4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 !re is a peculi>ity2 :i* x has 9 common ) ! v>i\s cases call$ ,affection1 :i* we h rec5tly be5 engag$ 9 consid]+4 ,9 ! cases :i* occurr$ = exam9ation1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is ,inquiry1 :]e we f\nd long tra9s ( ,ideas s bl5d$ toge!r1 by association1 z to appe> n _m ideas1 b "o2 t ( ,motion1 t ( ,space1 t ( ,"t1 t ( ,p]sonal ,id5tity2 ! ideas associat$ 7 ^? ( indiff]5t s5sations4 ,! ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are associat$ "u ! t]ms #bea ,beauty & ,sublimity1 are ideas ( pleasurable s5sations4 ,! diff]5ce is t :i* is te/ifi$ by e man's consci\sness4 ,t !re %\ld be a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 a tra9 compos$ ( ideas ( ! indiff]5t class1 & a tra9 compos$ ( ideas ( ! pleasurable class1 c be easily suppos$4 ,x is necess>y fur!r to obs]ve1 t betwe5 two tra9s1 bo? ( ! pleasurable class1 !re are su* important diff]5ces1 z to h sugge/$ ! use ( m>k+ !m by diff]5t names4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! class :i* we h be5 n[ consid]+1 "o tra9 is compos$ ( pleasurable ideas1 ( su* a k9d1 t we call x sublime2 ano!r1 ( pleasurable ideas ( su* a k9d1 t we call x ,beautiful4 ,f ! tra9 ( ideas associat$ ) ! =m ( ! /atue call$ ! ,v5us de ,m$icis1 we call x beautiful4 ,we h a tra9 ( ideas1 also pleasurable1 associat$ ) ! bu/ ( ,socrates4 ,b ?is is a tra9 n reckon$ to belong to ! class ei!r ( ! beautiful or ! sublime2 x is a tra9 includ+ all ! gr& associations connect$ ) ! ideas ( intellectual1 & moral1 wor?4 ,a p>ticul> description ( ! sort ( ideas :i* con/itute ea* ( ! m rem>kable cases ( our pleasurable tra9s 7t !y are ( "o k9d 9 "o tra91 ( ano!r k9d 9 ano!r tra91--( "o k9d1 = example1 9 ! tra9s call$ ,sublimity1 ano!r 9 ! tra9s call$ ,beauty1 ano!r 9 ! tra9s = :i* we h no bett] "n ?an moral approbation1 no "o c d\bt7 w\ld be highly necess>y 9 a detail$ acc\nt ( ,human ,nature4 ,x is n necess>y = ! ,analysis :i* is ! object ( ?is #beb ,"w2 & w\ld engage u 9 too t$i\s an exposition4#dh ,editor's footnote #dh3 ,! objection commonly made to ! psy*ological analyses :i* resolve ,beauty into association1 is t !y conf\nd ! ,beautiful ) ! m]ely agreeable4 ,?is objection is urg$1 = example1 by ,col]idge1 9 8 ,biographia ,lit]>ia4 ,he admits1 ) e "o else1 t ?+s n 9 !mselves agreeable1 are (t5 made agreeable by association2 t is1 ! pleasantness :i* belongs to ! ideas ) :i* !y are associat$1 adh]es to !mselves3 b ?is _c1 x is ass]t$1 be ! cause ( _! produc+ ! p>ticul> emotion to :i* we atta* ! "n ( ,beauty2 because1 z no feel+ ( beauty belongs to ! ideas t are suppos$ to g5]ate ! emotion1 no su* feel+ c be transf]r$ f !m to :at !y are associat$ )4 ,any "o :o has /udi$ ! ,analysis up to ?is po9t1 is aw>e ( ! inconclusiv5ess ( ?is la/ argum5t4 ,t a complex feel+ g5]at$ out ( a numb] ( s+le ones1 %\ld be z unlike to any ( ^? f :i* x is g5]at$1 z ! s5sation ( :ite is unlike ! s5sations ( ! sev5 prismatic col\rs1 is no unexampl$ or r>e fact 9 our s5sitive nature4 ,b x w also1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd1 9 ! case ( our feel+s ( ,beauty1 & /ill m1 ( ,sublimity1 t ! !ory :i* ref]s _! orig9 ma9ly to association1 is n only n contradictory to facts1 b is n ev5 p>adoxical4 ,= if our p]ceptions ( beauty & sublimity are ( a m impos+ "* ?an ! feel+s ord9>ily excit$ 9 u by ! contemplation ( objects1 x w be f\nd t ! associations :i* =m ^? impressions are !mselves ( a peculi>ly impos+ nature4 ,?is is app>5t ev5 f ,alison2 & if ! ,au?or ( ! ,analysis _h writt5 lat]1 he might h ref]r$ to a deep] ?9k] ?an ,alison1 & a m valuable because an unconsci\s witness to ! tru? ( ! ,association !ory4 ,mr4 ,rusk91 ) pr(\nd] & m ?\ghtful views respect+ ! beauties bo? ( ,nature & ( ,art ?an any #bec psy*ologi/ ,i c\ld "n1 und]takes1 9 ! second volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 to inve/igate ! conditions ( ,beauty4 ,! result he br+s out is1 t e ?+ :i* gives u ! emotion ( ! ,beautiful1 is expressive & emblematic ( "o or o!r ( c]ta9 l(ty or lovely ideas1 :i* are1 9 8 appreh5sion1 embodi$ 9 ! univ]se1 & correspond to ! v>i\s p]fections ( its ,creator4 ,he holds ^! ideas to be1 ,inf9ity1 ,unity1 ,repose1 ,symmetry1 ,purity1 ,mod]ation1 & ,adaptation to ,ends4 ,& he is1 9 my judgm5t1 to a v consid]able degree successful 9 mak+ out 8 case4 ,mr4 ,rusk91 x is true1 nev] ?9ks ( inf]r+ t our feel+s ( ,beauty are ! actual consequ5ce ( our hav+ ^? elevat+ or *e]+ ideas recall$ to u ?r\gh manifold *annels ( association4 ,he deems ! emotion to be arbitr>ily atta*$ to ^! ideas by a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,b ! evid5ce :i* he adduces goes f> to prove ! o!r po9t4 ,if he succe$s1 z ,i ?9k he does1 9 %[+ t ! ?+s :i* excite ! emotions ( beauty or sublimity are always ?+s :i* h a natural association ) c]ta9 highly impressive & affect+ ideas 7:e!r ! catalogue :i* he has made ( ^? ideas is correct & complete or n71 we ne$ no o!r mode ( acc\nt+ = ! peculi> "* ( ! emotions1 ?an by ! actual1 ?\gh vague & confus$1 recal ( ! ideas4 ,x _c be deem$ surpris+ t a /ate ( consci\sness made up ( rem9isc5ces ( su* ideas z ,mr4 ,rusk9 specifies1 & ( ! gr& & int]e/+ objects & ?\ghts connect$ ) ideas l ^?1 mu/ be ( a m elevat$ "*1 & mu/ /ir our nature to a great] dep?1 ?an ^? associations ( commonplace & e-day pleasures1 :i* (t5 comb9e ) !m z p>ts ( ! mass ( pleasurable feel+ set up 9 u by ! objects ( ,nature & ,art4 ,9 a w9dy c\ntry1 a scre5 ( trees s plac$ z to be a b>ri] aga9/ ! prevail+ w9ds1 excites ideas ( w>m?1 com=t1 & %elt]1 :i* belong to ! agreeable1 z di/+ui%$ by ,col]idge f ! ,beautiful2 & ^! ent] l>gely into ! pleasurable feel+ ) :i* we contemplate ! trees1 )\t contribut+ to give #bed !m ! peculi> "* di/9ctive ( /hetic feel+s4 ,b besides ^! !re are o!r elem5ts con/itut+ ! beauty1 prop]ly speak+1 ( ! trees1 :i* appeal to o!r1 & :at we are accu/om$1 n )\t mean+1 to call high]1 p>ts ( our nature2 :i* give a /rong] /imulus & a deep] delight to ! imag9ation1 because ! ideas !y call up are su* z 9 !mselves act on ! imag9ation ) great] =ce4 ,z is obs]v$ by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis1 ! exposition 9 detail ( ! associations :i* ent] into our v>i\s feel+s ( ! sublime & beautiful1 w\ld require ! exam9ation ( ! subject on a scale n suit$ to ! "* nor proportion$ to ! dim5sions ( ?is ,treatise4 ,( all our feel+s1 our acquir$ pleasures & pa9s1 especially our pleasures1 are ! mo/ complex2 result+ f ! :ole ( our nature & ( our pa/ lives1 & involv+1 consequ5tly1 a great] multitude & v>iety ( associations ?an almo/ any o!r ph5om5a ( ! m9d4 ,& among our v>i\s pleasures1 ! /hetic are )\t d\bt ! mo/ complex4 ,x may also be rem>k$1 & is a consid]able confirmation ( ! association !ory1 t ! feel+s ( beauty or sublimity ) :i* diff]5t p are affect$ by ! contemplation ( ! same object1 are evid5tly z diff]5t1 z ! pleasurable associations ( diff]5t p]sons ) ! same object are likely to be4 ,b !re are "s +r$i5ts :i* are univ]sally1 or almo/ univ]sally1 pres5t1 :5 ! emotions h _! *>act]i/ic peculi>ity2 & to :i* !y seem to be ma9ly indebt$ = ! extraord9>y p[] ) :i* !y act on ! m9ds :i* h ! greate/ susceptibility to !m4 ,^! +r$i5ts are probably m num]\s & v>i\s ?an is commonly suspect$2 b "s ( ! mo/ important & p[]ful ( !m are und\bt$ly po9t$ to1 & illu/rat$ ) great =ce1 9 ! discussion :i* ,i h m5tion$1 by ,mr4 ,rusk92 to ^: "w ,i will+ly ref] ! psy*ological /ud5t1 z a copi\s s\rce ( at lea/ f>-rea*+ sugge/ions1 & (t5 ( mu* m4 ,suppos+ t all ,beauty _h be5 successfully analys$ #bee into a lively sugge/ion ( "o or m ( ! ideas to :i* x is ref]r$ by ,mr4 ,rusk91 ! "q w\ld /ill rema9 = psy*ologi/s1 :y ! sugge/ion ( ^? ideas is s impressive & s delightful4 ,b ?is "q may1 9 g5]al1 be answ]$ ) little difficulty4 ,x is no my/]y1 = example1 :y any?+ :i* sugge/s vividly ! idea ( inf9ity1 t is1 ( magnitude or p[] )\t limit1 acquires an o!rwise /range impressiv5ess to ! feel+s & imag9ation4 ,! rema9+ ideas 9 ,mr4 ,rusk9's li/ 7at lea/ if we except ^? :i*1 l ,mod]ation1 are *iefly ancill>y to ! o!rs1 by exclud+ :at w\ld j> ) _! effect7 all repres5t to u "s valuable or delightful attribute1 9 a complet5ess & p]fection ( :i* our exp]i5ce pres5ts u ) no example1 & :i* !re=e /imulates ! active p[] ( ! imag9ation to rise above kn[n reality1 into a m attractive or a m maje/ic _w4 ,?is does n happ5 ) :at we call our l[] pleasures4 ,to !m !re is a fix$ limit at :i* !y /op3 or if1 9 any p>ticul> case1 !y d acquire1 by association1 a p[] ( /irr+ up ideas great] ?an !mselves1 & /imulate ! imag9ation to enl>ge its conceptions to ! dim5sions ( ^? ideas1 we !n feel t ! l[] pleasure has1 exceptionally1 ris5 into ! region ( ! /hetic1 & has sup]add$ to itself an elem5t ( pleasure ( a "* & quality n belong+ to its own nature4--,ed4 #bef ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,motives4 ,,section ,i4 ,,pleasurable ,,or ,,pa9ful ,,/ates1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,consequ5ts ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,acts4 ,,9 contemplat+ pa9s & pleasures z future2 9 o!r words1 anticipat+ !m1 or believ+ 9 _! future exi/5ce2 we obs]ve1 t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 !y are indep5d5t ( our actions2 9 o!r cases1 t !y are consequ5t ^u some?+ :i* may be done1 or left undone by u4 ,?us1 9 c]ta9 cases1 we =esee t a pa9ful s5sation or s5sations w be giv5 u1 b t some?+ may be done by u :i* w prev5t x3 ,aga91 t a pleasurable s5sation1 or s5sations w be giv5 u1 b n unless some?+ be done by u1 ( :i* ! s5sations are ! consequ5ce4 ,x is necess>y t ^? two cases1 a pa9 to be prev5t$1 & a pleasure to be obta9$1 by our own actions1 %\ld be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r2 b z !y bo? rank "u ! title ( a good1 &1 z x w %ort5 our phraseology to "n !m #beg toge!r1 we %all speak ( ! removal ( pa91 9 ! pres5t section1 at lea/1 "u ! d5om9ations ( a pleasure4 ,we h se5 :at is ! /ate ( consci\sness1 produc$ by ! contemplation ( a pleasurable s5sation z future2 t x is call$ ,joy1 if ! pleasure is contemplat$ z c]ta9ly future1 9 o!r words1 believ$2 t x is call$ ,hope1 if ! s5sation is contemplat$ z n c]ta9ly future1 t is1 if ! anticipation does n am\nt to belief4 ,we h also se5 :at is our /ate ( consci\sness1 :5 we contemplate ! cause ( a future pleasure1 & ! pleasure1 toge!r4 ,x is a mixture ( ,love1 & ,joy2 ,love z reg>ds ! cause2 ,joy z reg>ds ! s5sation4 ,! association :i* con/itutes ^? ,/ates ( ,m9d 7,,affections1 z !y are commonly call$7 x is h>dly necess>y to repeat4 ,! anticipation ( a future s5sation1 is m]ely ! association1 ! result ( prior s5sations1 ( a c]ta9 numb] ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,i anticipate1 = example1 ! pleas+ s5sation ( light1 at a c]ta9 h\r to-morr[ morn+4 ,! mean+ is1 t ) my s5sations ( ! pres5t mom5t1 are associat$ ^? ( ! next2 ) ^? ( ! next ^? ( ! foll[+2 & s on1 till sleep2 aft] sleep1 wak+1 & !n ! anticipat$ s5sation4 ,:5 ! cause is contemplat$ along ) ! s5sation1 ! association :i* con/itutes ! process ( anticipation is ! same1 till we arrive at ! l9k :i* imm$iately prec$es ! s5sation4 ,?us1 if in/ead ( ! pleasurable s5sation ( light1 ! pleasure ( breakfa/1 is my anticipation ( to-morr[ #beh morn+2 9 t case1 ! idea ( ! pleasure ( eat+ is associat$ ) ! idea ( ! food1 n z ) an ord9>y antec$5t1 b t peculi> antec$5t :i* is call$ a cause4 ,:5 ! idea ( ! ,pleasure is associat$ ) an action ( our own z its cause2 t is1 contemplat$ z ! consequ5t ( a c]ta9 action ( ours1 & incapable ( o!rwise exi/+2 or :5 ! cause ( a ,pleasure is contemplat$ z ! consequ5t ( an action ( ours1 & n capable ( o!rwise exi/+2 a peculi> /ate ( m9d is g5]at$ :i*1 z x is a t5d5cy to action1 is prop]ly d5om9at$ ,,motive4 ,! ^w ,,motive is by no means /eadily appli$ to its prop] object4 ,! pleasure1 = example1 :i* is ! consequ5t ( ! act1 is apt to be reg>d$ z alone ! impell+ pr9ciple1 & prop]ly entitl$ to ! "n ( ,motive4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! idea ( ! pleasure does n con/itute ! motive to action )\t ! idea ( ! action z ! cause2 t x is ! association1 !re=e1 to :i* alone ! "n belongs4 ,z e pleasure is wor? hav+2 = o!rwise x w\ld n be a pleasure2 ! idea ( e pleasure associat$ ) t ( an action ( ours z ! cause1 is a motive2 t is1 leads to ! action4 ,b e motive does n produce ! action4 ,! reason is1 ! exi/5ce ( o!r motives :i* prev5t x4 ,a man is tempt$ to commit adult]y ) ! wife ( 8 fri5d2 ! composition ( ! motive obvi\s4 ,he does n obey ! motive4 ,:y8 ,he obeys o!r motives :i* are /rong]4 ,?\gh pleasures are associat$ ) ! immoral act1 pa9s are #bei associat$ ) x also2 ! pa9s ( ! injur$ husb&2 ! pa9s ( ! injur$ wife2 ! moral indignation ( mank9d2 ! future reproa*es ( 8 own m9d4 ,"s m5 obey ! fir/1 r ?an ! second motive4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,9 !m1 ! association ( ! act ) ! pleasure1 is1 f habit1 unduly /rong2 ! association ( ! act ) ! pa9s1 is1 f want ( habit1 unduly weak4 ,?is is a case ( bad ,education2 & "o highly un=tunate1 = ! value ( ! pleasures 9 "q is inf9itely outweigh$ by ! value ( ! pa9s4 ,! bus9ess ( a good education is to make ! associations & ! values correspond4 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ,i h spok5 ( ! ab/a9+ f an act1 z an act4 ,?\gh ?is language is n rigidly correct1 yet z x w lead to no confusion1 & w (t5 p]mit ! use ( abridg$ expressions1 ,i %all n scruple1 z (t5 z ,i f9d occasion1 to adopt x4 ,9 ! cases adduc$ above1 ( "o man :o obeys ! motive to commit a crime1 ( ano!r :o obeys ! motive to ab/a9 f x1 we h an example ( an important fact2 t1 among ! diff]5t classes ( motives1 !re are m5 :o are m easily & /rongly op]at$ ^u by "s1 o!rs by o!rs4 ,we h also se51 t ?is is entirely ow+ to habits ( association4 ,?is facility ( be+ act$ ^u1 by motives ( a p>ticul> description1 is t :i* we call ,,disposition4 ,& x is necess>y to take notice ( ! "n & its mean+ "h2 because we %all f9d t _m ( ! names ( ,motives are names also ( ! correspond+ ,dispositions2 & we %\ld n1 !re=e1 be able to exhibit di/9ctly ! #bfj m>k+ p[] ( su* names1 )\t an accurate conception ( :at x is :i*1 9 ?is mode ( us+ !m1 !y are employ$ to m>k4 ,ea* ( ! s5ses af=ds s5sations1 :i*1 associat$ ) ! act :i* is its prop] antec$5t1 may be consid]$ z =m+ a class ( motives4 ,9 mo/ ( its cases1 ?is association1 tak+ place uni=mly & habitually1 is1 l ! motion ( ! eyelids1 unnotic$1 & n provid$ ) a "n4 ,two cases1 h[ev]2 "o1 ! pleasures ( ! palate2 ! o!r1 ^? ( sex2 act s important a "p 9 human life1 t ! motives !y con/itute by association ) _! antec$5ts1 h n be5 left )\t names2 ?\gh v defective ones h be5 appli$ to !m4 ,?us1 = ! motive ( ,eat+1 we h ! "n ,gluttony3 b gluttony is appli$ to x only :5 x is unduly /rong4 ,9 l mann]1 we h ! "n ,lu/ = ! motive ( sex2 b t1 too1 only :5 ! motive is unduly /rong1 or 9 "s o!r respect faulty4 ,we h "h an in/ance ( t confusion ( names :i* 0 notic$ above2 ! same ^w employ$ z ! m>k ( two diff]5t ?+s2 fir/1 ! ,motive2 secondly1 ! read9ess to be act$ ^u1 & /rongly act$ ^u1 by x4 ,! "n ,gluttony is n only ! "n ( a c]ta9 ,motive2 x is also ! "n ( ! correspond+ ,disposition2 a read9ess to obey t motive4 ,! "n ,lu/ is n only ! "n ( ! ,motive2 b also ( ! ,disposition1 or a read9ess to obey ! motive4 ,drunk5ness is a "n us$ 9 ! same way exactly z ! prec$+ two4 ,x is ! "n ( a motive1 #bfa only 9 ! case ( excess4 ,& x is a "n ) a d\ble mean+1 be+ appli$ bo? to ! ,motive1 & ! ,disposition4 ,= ^! sev]al motives1 9 ! cases :i* are n consid]$ z 9 excess1 we h none b circumlocutory names2 z1 love ( eat+2 love ( dr9k+2 love ( sex4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 also1 t ! circumlocutory names h ! same d\ble mean+1 z ! prec$+ s+le "n2 !y are ! names bo? ( ! ,motive1 & ! ,disposition4 ,! motives1 aris+ f ! pleasures ( ! palate1 & f ! pleasures ( sex1 are sometimes spok5 ( z two species ( "o g5us4 ,to ?is ! "n ,s5suality is appli$4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 r is1 t ! cases ( excess1 nam$ ,gluttony1 ,drunk5ness1 ,lu/1 are consid]$ z ! species ( a c]ta9 g5us4 ,s5suality is r a g5]ical "n ( ! cases ( excess1 ?an ( ^? ( mod]ation4 ,s5suality has ! same duplicity ( mean+1 ) all ! o!r names1 j enum]at$2 x is ! "n1 bo? ( ! ,motive & ( ! ,disposition4 ,temp]ance1 & ,intemp]ance1 are names ( ,dispositions1 :i* h a ref]5ce to pleasures g5]ally4 ,we h se51 f a previ\s illu/ration1 t :5 ! motive result+ f ! association ( a pleasure is n obey$1 x is ow+ to ! association ( a pa94 ,:5 ! association ( ! pa9 result+ f any act s balances t ( ! pleasure1 t :5 ! value ( ! pa9 exce$s t ( ! pleasure1 ! pleasure nev] prevails1--! #bfb ,disposition call$ ,temp]ance exi/s2 t is1 an equal facility ( associat+ ) any act bo? its pleasures & its pa9s4 ,:5 ! association 9 ! two cases is n 9 ?is mann] equally balanc$2 t is1 :5 ! association ( ! pleasures is an ov]mat* = ! pa9s1 ! ,disposition call$ ,intemp]ance exi/s4#di ,editor's footnote #di3 ,a ,motive is t :i* influ5ces ! w2 & ! ,w is a subject we h n yet arriv$ at ! consid]ation (4 ,mean:ile1 x is "h %ewn t a motive to an act consi/s 9 ! association ( pleasure ) ! act2 t a motive to ab/a9 f an act1 is ! association ( pa9 ) x2 & we are prep>$ to admit ! tru? d$uc$ !refrom1 t ! "o or ! o!r motive w prevail1 accord+ z ! pleasurable or ! pa9ful association is ! m p[]ful4 ,:at makes ! "o or ! o!r m p[]ful1 is 7con=mably to ! g5]al laws ( association7 p>tly ! int5sity ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful ideas 9 !mselves1 & p>tly ! frequ5cy ( repetition ( _! pa/ conjunction ) ! act1 ei!r 9 exp]i5ce or 9 ?\ght4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^! two consi/s ! efficacy ( education 9 giv+ a good or a bad direction to ! active p[]s4 ,9 fur!r elucidation ( ,motives1 ,i cite ! foll[+ passages f ! ,fir/ ,app5dix to ! au?or's ,fragm5t on ,mack9to% 7pp4 #chi1 #cij73-- ,a motive is some?+ :i* moves--moves to :at8 ,to action4 ,b all action1 z ,ari/otle says1 7& all mank9d agree ) him7 is = an end4 ,actions are ess5tially means4 ,! "q1 !n1 is1 :at is ! end ( action8 ,actions1 tak5 9 detail1 h ends 9 detail4 ,b actions1 tak5 9 classes1 h ends :i* may be tak5 9 classes4 ,?us ! ends ( ! actions :i* are subs]vi5t to ! pleasures ( s5se1 are comb9$ 9 a class1 to :i*1 9 ab/ract1 we give ! "n s5suality4 ,! class ( actions :i* t5d to ! #bfc increase ( p[]1 h a class ( ends to :i* we give ! "n ambition1 & s on4 ,:5 we put all ^! classes toge!r1 & make a g5us2 t is1 actions 9 g5]al2 c we 9 l mann] make a g5us ( ! ends2 & "n ends 9 g5]al8 ,if we c\ld f9d :at ! sev]al classes ( ends2 s5suality = example2 ambition2 av>ice2 glory2 sociality1 c42 h 9 common1 we c\ld4 ,n[1 !y h c]ta9ly ?is 9 common1 t !y are all agreeable to ! ag5ts4 ,a man acts = ! sake ( some?+ agreeable to him1 ei!r proximately or remotely4 ,b agreeable to1 & pleasant to2 agreeabl5ess1 & pleasantness1 are only diff]5t names = ! same ?+2 ! pleasantness ( a ?+ is ! pleasure x gives4 ,s t pleasure1 9 a g5]al way1 or speak+ g5]ically2 t is1 9 a way to include all ! species ( pleasures1 & also ! abatem5t ( pa9s2 is ! end ( action4 ,a motive is t :i* moves to action4 ,b t :i* moves to action is ! end ( ! action1 t :i* is s\ght by x2 t = ! sake ( :i* x is p]=m$4 ,n[ t1 g5]ically speak+1 is ! pleasure ( ! ag5t4 ,motive1 !n1 tak5 g5]ically is pleasure4 ,! pleasure may be 9 company or connection ) ?+s inf9ite 9 v>iety4 ,b ^! are ! access>ies2 ! ess5ce1 is ! pleasure4 ,?us1 9 "o case1 ! pleasure may be connect$ ) ! =m1 & o!r qualities ( a p>ticul> woman2 9 ano!r1 ) a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( col\rs 9 a picture2 9 ano!r1 ) ! circum/ances ( "s fell[-creature4 ,b 9 all ^! cases1 :at is g5]ical1 t is ! ess5ce1 is ! pleasure1 or relief f pa94 ,a motive1 !n1 is ! idea ( a pleasure2 a p>ticul> motive1 is ! idea ( a p>ticul> pleasure2 & ^! are inf9ite 9 v>iety4 ,ano!r "q is1 9 :at circum/ances does ! idea ( a pleasure become a motive8 ,= x is evid5t1 t x does n s 9 all4 ,x is only necess>y "h to illu/rate1 n to resolve ! "q4 ,fir/1 ! pleasure mu/ be #bfd reg>d$ z atta9able4 ,no man wills an act1 :i* he kn[s he _c p]=m1 or :i* he kn[s _c effect ! end4 ,9 ! next place1 ! idea ( ! p>ticul> pleasure mu/ be m pres5t to ! m9d1 ?an any o!r ( equal pot5cy4 ,t :i* makes ! idea ( "o pleasure m pot5t ?an ano!r2 or t :i* makes "o idea m pres5t to ! m9d ?an ano!r1 is ! proximate cause ( ! motive1 & a remote cause ( ! volition4 ,! cause ( t sup]ior pot5cy1 or ( t pres5ce to ! m9d1 is a cause ( ! volition1 /ill m remote1 & s on4--,ed4 #bfe ,,section ,,ii4 ,,causes ,,( ,,our ,,pleasurable ,,& ,,pa9ful ,,/ates1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,! ,,consequ5ts ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,acts4 ,! motives :i* are =m$ by ! association ( our actions1 n ) our pleasures imm$iately1 b ! causes ( !m1 are mu* m num]\s ?an ^? :i* are =m$ by ! association ( !m ) ! pleasures !mselves2 & give bir? to a mu* great] numb] ( actions4 ,! cause ( ?is we h already expla9$1 & ne$ n expla9 x aga94 ,! causes ( our ,pleasures1 includ+ z well ! remote z ! proximate1 are s num]\s1 t x is necess>y to speak ( !m 9 classes4 ,we h survey$ !m "u ! foll[+ ,heads2 ,weal?1 ,p[]1 ,dignity1 our ,fell[-creatures1 ! objects call$ ,sublime & ,beautiful2 & hav+ fully expla9$ ! associations by :i* !y become ,,affections1 we h n[ only to %ew1 by :at additam5t ^! ,affections are conv]t$ into ,,motives4 ,x is n difficult to trace ! c\rse ( association4 ,! idea ( ! pleasure c>ries u to ! idea ( ! cause2 ! idea ( t cause1 to ! idea ( its cause2 & s on till we arrive at t action ( ours :i* is ! comm5c+ cause1 & gives bir? to all ! #bff re/4 ,?is association =ms a complex /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* receives ! "n ( ,,motive4 ,x is also to be obs]v$1 t :5 a gr& cause ( pleasures has be5 associat$ ) a great _m pleasures1 & a great _m times1 ! association acquires a peculi> "* & /r5g?4 ,! idea ( ! cause1 z cause1 is s lo/ among ! innum]able ideas ( ! pleasures comb9$ ) x1 t x seems to become ! idea ( pleasure itself4 ,an in/ance commonly adduc$ to illu/rate ! important class ( associations to :i* ?is belongs1 is t ( ,money2 & a rem>kable in/ance x is4 ,_m are ! in/ances 9 :i* ! association ( pleasures ) money con/itutes s vehem5t an affection t x is an ov]mat* = all o!rs4 ,9 ^? cases ! association :i* con/itutes ! motive seems to consi/ ( a s+le l9k4 ,! money is ! passion2 ! idea ( ! action :i* is to add to x1 or prev5t its dim9ution1 associat$ ) ! passion1 con/itutes ! ,motive4 ,! ,motive :i* leads to ! acquisition ( weal?1 great z is ! "p :i* x plays 9 human life1 has no appropriate "n4 ,av>ice1 ,rapacity1 l ! words ,gluttony1 & ,lu/1 are only names = cases ( excess4 ,x is obs]vable1 h[ev]1 t !y h ! above-notic$ duplicity ( mean+2 t !y are names bo? ( ! ,motive1 & ( ! ,disposition4 ,we h notic$ ?ree /ates ( consci\sness into :i* ! idea ( a cause ( our pleasures ent]s z a ma9 +r$i5t3 #a4 ,! m]e contemplation ( x z a cause1 pa/ or future2 :i* is call$ ! ,,affection3 #b4 ,! association ( an act ( ours1 z ! #bfg cause ( ! cause2 :i* is call$ ! ,,motive3 #c4 ,a read9ess to obey ?is motive1 :i* is call$ ! ,,disposition4 ,we h se51 t 9 reg>d to ,weal?1 we _h no o!r "n = ! fir/ ( ^? /ates ( ,consci\sness1 or ! ,,affection1 ?an ! t]m ,love ( ,weal?4 ,x is "h ( importance to obs]ve1 t = ! ,motive also1 or ! second ( ^? /ates1 unless 9 its cases ( excess1 we h no o!r "n ?an ! "n ( ! affection4 ,we call ! ,motive also1 love ( weal?4 ,nor h we any o!r "n = ! ,disposition4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is a case ( great confusion4 ,we h b "o "n = ! ,affection1 = ! ,motive1 & = ! ,disposition4 ,!y are /ates ( consci\sness1 !re=e1 p]petually conf\nd$4 ,p[]1 z a cause ( pleasure1 is r a less di/9ct & def9ite idea1 ?an ,weal?4 ,! associations =m$ ) x p>take ( ?is indi/9ctness4 ,! ,motive :i* is =m$ by association ( ! idea ( ,p[]1 ) t ( an act ( ours1 :i* is to add to x1 is a m vague idea ?an t =m$ ( ! idea ( ,weal? associat$ ) ! ideas ( ! acts :i* are to add to x4 ,our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 does n require a m9ute analysis4 ,! acts by :i*1 9 ! diff]5t degrees 9 :i* x is possess$1 m5 are commonly enabl$ to add to _! p[]1 are vulg>ly kn[n4 ,p[]1 l weal?1 becomes itself a sort ( prim>y affection4 ,! association ) x ( acts ( ours z causes ( its increase1 con/itutes ! /ate ( m9d call$ ! ,motive4 ,?is ,motive receives ! "n ( ,ambition2 & t "n is s appli$ pretty g5]ally2 ?\gh its #bfh orig9al & m appropriate application seems to be1 to great acquisitions ( p[]1 or additions made to great acquisitions4 ,! same duplicity ( mean+1 :i* we h s (t5 rem>k$1 meets u "h4 ,9 :atev] s5se ,ambition is ! "n ( ! ,motive1 x is also a "n ( ! ,disposition4 ,! t]m ,love ( ,p[]1 :i* we h f\nd to be ! "n ( ! ,affection1 is also appli$ to ! two o!r /ates ( m9d1 ! ,motive1 & ! ,disposition4 ,! ?ree1 !re=e1 ,affection1 ,motive1 ,disposition1 are commonly conf\nd$4 ,dignity is a m vague t]m ?an ev5 ,p[]2 includ+ a /ill great] numb] ( undef9$ p>ticul>s4 ,b to und]/& suffici5tly ! ?ree /ates ( m9d :i* x contributes to =m1 no fur!r enum]ation ( ^? p>ticul>s is necess>y4 ,! idea ( ,dignity1 z cause1 associat$ ) ! idea ( pleasures z effect1 con/itutes ! /ate ( m9d call$ ,affection4 ,! /ate ( m9d call$ affection associat$ ) ! idea ( an act ( ours z cause ( ! cause1 is ! /ate ( m9d call$ ! ,motive4 ,& a facility ( be+ act$ ^u by ! motive1 is ! ,disposition4 ,we h only "o "n1 ,love ( ,dignity1 = all ! ?ree4 ,we h se5 t ! value ( ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 is greatly enhanc$1 by _! comp>ative am\nt2 t is1 ! degree 9 :i* !y are possess$ by u1 comp>$ ) ! degree 9 :i* !y are possess$ by o!rs4 ,we h se5 9 :at mann] ?is comp>ison g5]ates c]ta9 affections1 :i* h receiv$ ! #bfi names ( ,pride1 on ! "o h&1 ,contempt1 on ! o!r2 ,humility1 on ! "o h&1 ,respect1 ,admiration1 on ! o!r4 ,we h n[ to %ew 9 :at mann] ?is comp>ison g5]ates bo? ,motives1 & ,dispositions4 ,z x is n only ( value to me to h m ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity2 b ( additional value to h m ?an o!r m52 ! surpass+ ( o!r m5 becomes1 ?us1 a cause ( ,pleasure2 & h5ce ! idea ( ?is surpass+1 associat$ ) ! ideas ( my own acts1 z ! cause1 becomes a ,motive4 ,we may endeav\r to surpass o!r m51 by ei!r ( two ways2 by add+ to our own ,weal?1 ,p[]1 ,dignity2 or1 by ab/ract+ f !irs4 ,:5 only ! acts :i* add to our advantages ent] into ! ,motive1 x is call$ ,emulation4 ,:5 ^? :i* ab/ract f ! advantages ( ano!r ent] into x1 x is call$ ,envy4 ,emulation is sometimes ! "n ( ! ,disposition1 z well z ( ! ,motive4 ,ambition1 h[ev]1 is v (t5 us$ z ! "n ( ! ,disposition correspond+ to ! ,motive1 ,emulation4 ,envy1 is ! "n bo? ( ! ,disposition & ! ,motive4 ,x has ! appe>ance also ( be+ ! "n ( ! correspond+ ,affection2 or ( ! /ate ( consci\sness aris+ f ! comp>ison ( ano!r man's great]1 ) our own less advantages4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ,humility4 ,x is nev] ,envy1 b :5 ! ,motive to r$uce !m is felt4 ,x may be a ,motive )\t effect1 be+ c\nt]act$ by o!r motives4 ,& x is ?is /ate 9 :i* x assumes ! appe>ance ( an ,affection4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 ! same end is atta9able by #bgj two sets ( means2 ! "o virtu\s2 ! o!r vici\s4 ,! man :o takes ! virtu\s c\rse1 t is1 obeys ! virtu\s motive1 is ! man :o has =m$ ! habit ( associat+ 8 idea ( ! good to be d]iv$ f surpass+ o!rs1 ) ! acts :i* lead to ! increase ( 8 own advantages4 ,! man :o takes ! vici\s c\rse1 is ! man :o has =m$ ! habit ( associat+ ) 8 idea ( ! b5efit ( surpass+ o!rs1 ! acts1 by :i* _! advantages are dim9i%$4 ,?is a case ( ! greate/ importance1 9 ,education1 & ,e?ics4 ,we n[ come to ! explanation ( t important class ( ,motives :i* arise f ! contemplation ( our ,,fell[-,,creatures1 z ! cause ( our ,pleasures1 & ,pa9s4 ,) respect to our ,fell[-creatures1 a di/9ction mu/ be c>efully obs]v$4 ,!y are s\rces to u ( ,pleasure or ,pa91 9 two ways2 ei!r by _! ,,/ates2 or1 by _! ,actions4 ,_! ,,actions give bir? to a set ( ,associations ( ! greate/ importance1 :i* rema9 to be consid]$ "u a ,head by !mselves4 ,:at ! ,affections are1 :i* are g5]at$ by ! association ( our pa9s & pleasures1 ) ! ,,/ates ( our ,fell[-creatures1 tak5 individually1 or 9 gr\ps1 we h rec5tly exam9$4 ,we h n[ only to %ew1 & = ?is a few words w suffice1 :at are ! ,motives1 g5]at$ by ! association ( acts ( ours ) ^? ,,/ates2 acts contemplat$ z causes ( su* alt]ations 9 ! ,/ates z r5d] !m to a great] or less degree causes ( our pleasures or pa9s4 #a4 ,:at ! /ate ( my ,fri5d is1 z respects bo? #bga 8 outw>d circum/ances & 8 inw>d disposition1 :i* r5d]s him1 m or less1 a s\rce1 to me1 ( pleasure on ! "o h&1 or pa9 on ! o!r1 x is n necess>y1 aft] :at has be5 said1 any fur!r to illu/rate4 ,:5 alt]ations c be effect$ 9 t /ate by my actions1 ( a k9d to r5d] my ,fri5d m a cause ( ,pleasure to me1 or less a cause ( ,pa91 ! association takes place ( my pleasures z effect ) su* alt]ations z cause ( ^? pleasures1 & ) my own acts1 z cause ( ^? alt]ations4 ,! ,,motive1 !re=e1 exi/s4 ,& :5 a facility ( =m+ ?is association1 9 o!r words1 a read9ess ( obey+ ! ,,motive1 is contract$1 ! ,disposition exi/s4 ,x is important to obs]ve1 t ! ^w1 ,fri5d%ip1 has all t equivocation1 or v>iety ( mean+1 :i* we h detect$ 9 o!r words express+ our /ates ( m9d t[>ds ! causes ( our pleasures or pa9s4 ,x is1 at once1 ! "n ( ! ,,affection1 ! "n ( ! ,,motive1 & ! "n ( ! ,,disposition4 #b4 ,we h se5 :at ! ,/ate ( any "o ( our fell[-creatures is1 :i* s associates ) x ! ideas ( our own pa9s & pleasures1 z to make him an object ( ,k9dness4 ,x is easy to see 9 :at mann] ! ideas ( our own acts are s jo9$ to ^? associations1 z to con/itute ,motives4 ,:5 ! idea ( additions to ! pleasures ( a man1 calls up ! idea ( additions to our pleasures2 ! idea ( a dim9ution ( 8 pa9s1 ! idea ( a dim9ution ( our pa9s2 & :5 to ?is is add$ ! idea ( our own acts z cause ( ^? additions & dim9utions1 ! association exi/s :i* we call ,,motive4 #bgb ,! motive1 :i* we are n[ consid]+1 ?\gh 9 mo/ m51 ow+ to a bad education1 9 :i* s important an association has be5 neglect$1 x is too feeble1 n to give way to any ( ! /rong] prop5sities ( our nature1 is1 nev]!less1 f ! con/ancy ( its action1 a p[]ful ag5t 9 human life1 & ! cause ( no small portion ( all ! happ9ess :i* exi/s 9 ! _w4 ,a read9ess to be act$ ^u by ?is ,,motive2 a ma9 object ( good ,education2 con/itutes ! ,,disposition4 ,! ,,affection1 ! ,,motive1 ! ,,disposition1 h all b "o "n4 ,ea* is d5om9at$ ,k9dness4 ,:5 ! m imm$iate effect is ! removal ( pa91 we use ! t]m ,compassion2 :i* is1 9 l mann]1 a "n ( ! affection1 ! motive1 & ! disposition4 #c4 ,! ,/ate ( ! gr\p1 d5om9at$ a ,family1 is a copi\s s\rce ( pa91 or pleasure1 to ! memb]s ( x4 ,we h expla9$1 above1 ! associations :i* con/itute ! ,family ,affections4 ,! =mation ( ! ,motives x is n[ easy to trace4 ,to take ! pr9cipal case1 t ( ! ,p>5t2 ,! pleasurable associations :i* he has ) ! pleasures1 & removal ( ! pa9s1 ( 8 *ild1 jo9$ ) ! idea ( 8 own acts1 z cause ( ^? pleasures & removals1 con/itute a ,,motive1 ! importance ( :i* we daily obs]ve4 ,not)/&+ ! defects ( ! p>5tal associations1 "u su* a /ate ( ,education & ,morals z ours1 no o!r s\rce ( g5]osity 9 ,human ,nature produces uni=mly s l>ge a portion ( its prop] effects4 ,x is n necess>y to expla9 9 :at mann] ! affections1 ei!r ( ! *ild t[>ds ! p>5t1 or ( #bgc bro!rs & si/]s t[>ds ea* o!r1 become motives4 ,t su* motives (t5 exi/1 & 9 great /r5g?2 & t no small portion ( human happ9ess is d]iv$ f !m1 is matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,we h no appropriate "n = ei!r ! ,,affection1 or ! ,,motive1 or ! ,,disposition1 9 ! case1 ei!r ( ! p>5t t[>d ! *ild1 or ( ! *ild t[>d ! ,p>5t1 or ( ! *ildr5 among !mselves4 ,we are "u ! necessity ( =m+ circumlocutory names1 by aid ( ! g5]al t]m ,love4 ,we say ! ,love ( ,family2 ! ,love ( a ,p>5t t[>d 8 (fspr+2 ! ,love to "o ano!r ( bro!rs & si/]s4 ,& ^! are names1 at once1 ( ! ,,affection1 ! ,,motive1 & ! ,,disposition4 ,s imp]fectly h "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( our /ates ( consci\sness be5 di/+ui%$4 #d4 ,! idea ( our ,c\ntry is associat$1 z 9 "s sort _! cause1 ) a great portion ( all ! pleasures :i* we enjoy4 ,& ! diff]5ce ( ! /ates1 9 :i* x may be plac$1 makes a prodigi\s diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( pleasures1 :i* we d]ive f x4 ,:5 actions ( ours1 !re=e1 c influ5ce ! /ate ( our c\ntry1 we associate ! idea ( ^? acts z causes1 ) ! pleasurable results z effects1 & h5ce ! ,,motive exi/s4 ,to individuals ( ! great body ( ! p1 :olly 9 mo/ c\ntries depriv$ ( p[]1 _! c\ntry c seldom pres5t itself 9 ! light ( a motive1 because ) few acts ( !irs z cause1 c !y associate a b5efit to _! c\ntry z ! ,effect4 ,_! ex]tions 9 repell+ f x ! invasion ( a de/ructive enemy1 or free+ x f ! p[] ( a #bgd mis*iev\s gov]nm5t1 are ! pr9cipal exceptions to ?is g5]al rule4 ,! way 9 :i* ! idea ( ,c\ntry becomes a ,motive to a man ^: actions are m widely op]ative1 may ?us be conceiv$4 ,9 ! prosp]ity ( 8 c\ntry1 is includ$ a portion ( 8 own prosp]ity1 & ( t ( all ! individuals :o are objects ( 8 affection4 ,su* actions ( 81 !re=e1 z are calculat$ to add to ! prosp]ity ( 8 c\ntry1 are associat$ ) all ! agreeable tra9s1 :i* additions to ! prosp]ity ( himself1 & ( all ^? ) :om he has any sympa?ies1 imply4 ,!re are cases1 ?\gh r>e1 9 :i* ?is motive has exi/$ 9 extraord9>y =ce2 9 :i* m5 h be5 f\nd capable ( sacrific+ e ?+ = _! c\ntry4 ,?is happ5s mo/ readily 9 times ( great excitem5t2 t is1 :5 public op9ion holds out a great rew>d2 & :5 ! object r is1 to w>d (f "s great calamity1 ?an to obta9 an accession ( good4#ej ,editor's footnote #ej3 ,x is too limit$ a view ( ! effect ( times ( great excitem5t 9 int5sify+ ! patriotic feel+s1 to id5tify x ) ! influ5ce ( a m ?an usual rew>d held out by public op9ion4 ,t fact (t5 contributes its %>e1 b !re are o!r causes fully z effectual4 ,9 times ( excitem5t1 ! idea ( ,c\ntry1 ! ideas ( all ! int]e/s involv$ 9 x1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^? int]e/s w be affect$ by our action or by our =be>ance to act1 exi/ 9 ! m9d 9 great] int5sity1 & are recall$ ) f> great] frequ5cy1 ?an 9 ord9>y times4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t a feel+ is %>$ by all or _m ( ^? ) :om we are 9 frequ5t int]c\rse1 /r5g!ns1 by an obvi\s consequ5ce1 all ! associations1 bo? ( resemblance & ( contiguity1 :i* give t feel+ its =ce4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n influ5ce ( sympa?y1 s /rik+ly ev9c$ by ! vehem5t feel+s ( a cr[d4 ,to ^! might be add$ ano!r influ5ce1 belong+ r to physiology ?an to psy*ology4 ,:5 ! n]v\s sy/em has be5 highly /rung up by ! influ5ce ( any /rong feel+1 x seems to become m acutely s5sible to feel+ ( any sort1 ^? feel+s except$ :i* j> )1 & are c\nt]act$ by1 ! prevail+ tone ( ! sy/em4--,ed4 #bge ,x is important to obs]ve1 t ?is motive t5ds diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! diff]5t positions ( ! individual4 ,:]e ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry are divid$ into classes1 a ,rul+ ,class1 & a ,subject ,class1 ! memb]s ( ! ,rul+ ,class h h>dly any sympa?ies1 except ) "o ano!r2 9 o!r words1 h agreeable associations ) ! pleasures1 & removal ( ! pa9s1 ( h>dly any p]sons1 b ^? :o belong to ! same class4 ,9 ?is class are conta9$1 _! ,p>5ts1 _! ,bro!rs & ,si/]s1 _! ,sons & ,daught]s1 _! ,companions1 :e!r ,male or ,female1 & _! ,fri5ds3 ! mann]s ( ?is class1 are to !m ! only agreeable mann]s2 ! morals ( ?is class ! only virtue4 ,x h5ce appe>s1 t ! pr9cipal "p ( ! associations1 :i* make ! idea ( c\ntry an ,,affection1 are1 9 _! case1 connect$ exclusively ) ! good ( _! own class4 ,:5 _! own acts1 z causes1 are associat$ ) accessions to ?is good1 z effects1 ! ,motive creat$ is t ( b5efit to ! class4 ,patriotism1 9 _! case1 means1 lit]ally1 #a/1 ,affection = _! own class2 #bndly1 ,! ,motive to b5efit t class2 & #crdly1 ,a read9ess to obey t ,motive4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ,patriotism is ! only #bgf "n provid$ = all ! ?ree /ates ( ! agreeable tra9s connect$ ) ! idea ( c\ntry1 ! ,,affection1 ! ,,motive1 & ! ,,disposition1--& t x is commonly us$ 9 a laudatory s5se2 to m>k an unusual degree ( ! ,affection1 ! ,motive1 or ! ,disposition4 ,x foll[s1 f :at has be5 said1 t !re c be no real ,patriotism1 no po9t+ ( ! ,affection1 ! ,motive1 & ,disposition1 /eadily to ! good ( ! :ole1 )\t pref]5ce ( any p>ticul> "p2 except1 ei!r 9 m5 ( elevat$ m9ds & affections1 9 :om ! l>g] associations1 g5]at$ by a good ,education1 control ! n>r[ associations1 gr[+ out ( a p>ticul> position2 or1 9 m5 ^: position is su* z to give !m pleasurable associations *iefly ) individuals ( ! g5]al mass1 ^: good has ?is happy quality1 t x is always id5tifi$ ) t ( ! community at l>ge4 #e4 ,! gr\p1 call$ a ,p>ty1 or ,class1 g5]ates associations1 :i* h produc$ great1 we may say t]rible1 effects1 9 human life2 & :i* !nce des]ve a great degree ( att5tion4 ,! associations1 ( :i* ! ,,affection consi/s1 & by :i* ! int]e/ ( ! class comes to be id5tifi$1 z x 71 ) ! int]e/ ( ! individual1 h be5 already po9t$ out4 ,f ?is ! g5]ation ( ! ,,motive is easily trac$4 ,:5 ! int]e/s ( ! class are contemplat$ z capable1 ei!r ( receiv+ increase1 or ( be+ pres]v$ f dim9ution1 by ! acts ( ! class1 collectively1 or individually2 t is1 :5 ! increase1 or ! pres]vation f dim9ution1 is associat$1 z #bgg effect1 ) acts ( ! class1 collectively1 or individually1 z cause1 ! ,,motive exi/s4 ,:5 a read9ess to obey ?is ,,motive2 t is1 a facility ( =m+ ! associations :i* con/itute ! ,,motive exi/s1 ! correspond+ ,,disposition exi/s4 ,!re are no appropriate names = ^! /ates ( consci\sness4 ,we make1 by ! usual =c$ s]vice ( ! ^w ,love1 a "n = necess>y occasions4 ,a nobleman says1 he has a ,love = 8 ,ord]2 & t t]m1 ,love ( 8 ,ord]1 is ! "n = all ! ?ree /ates1 ! ,,affection1 ! ,,motive1 & ! ,,disposition4 ,! ,cl]gy h inv5t$ a "n = _! own case4 ,x is ,love ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is means1 ! love ( ! int]e/s ( ! class2 ( ! ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 ( ! ,cl]gy4 ,! t]m ,love ( ! ,*ur* has ! usual v>iety ( mean+4 ,x is ! "n n only ( ! ,,affection1 b also ( ! ,,motive1 & ! ,,disposition4 ,x is moreov] a "n well contriv$ = ! purposes ( ! class2 because x is calculat$ to keep ! real "* ( ! associations out ( sight4 #f4 ,! aggregate1 includ$ "u ! compreh5sive t]m ,mank9d1 is 9 s _m ways associat$ ) our pa9s & pleasures1 t ! int]e/ ( ea* individual appe>s1 9 "s degree1 b\nd up 9 ! int]e/ ( ! race4 ,any act ( ours1 !n1 by :i* ! int]e/ ( ! race c be promot$1 is associat$ 9 our m9ds ) our own int]e/2 & becomes a motive4 ,a read9ess to act ^u ?is ,,motive1 is ! ,,disposition & ! ,,affection1 ! #bgh ,,motive1 & ! ,,disposition1 h b "o "n1 ,love ( ,mank9d4 ,?is motive op]ates feebly1 & is easily ov]rul$ by o!r motives1 9 ! great majority ( m54 ,a v g5]al idea1 su* z t ( ,mank9d1 is an indi/9ct idea2 & no /rong association is =m$ ) x1 except by ! means ( ,education4 ,9 ! common run ( m51 ! n>r[ sympa?ies1 alone1 act ) any consid]able =ce4 ,su* m5 c sympa?ize ) ?is individual1 & ! o!r individual1 ) _! own ,family1 or _! own class4 ,b to sympa?ize ) mank9d at l>ge1 or ev5 ) ! body ( ! p 9 _! own c\ntry1 exce$s ! b\nds ( _! contract$ affections4 ,l>ge ,classes1 :i* _c be ! object ( our ,s5ses1 become /eady subjects ( contemplation1 only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,g5]al ,t]ms4 ,appli$1 9 compreh5sive1 & important ,propositions1 ,g5]al ,t]ms call =? associations ( ! mo/ int]e/+ nature2 & to m51 :o are 9 ! habit ( s apply+ !m1 become ! s\rce ( an affection1 p[]ful en\gh to control e o!r prop5sity ( _! nature4 ,x is only by a ,philosophical ,education1 t m5 are e>ly tra9$ to ! use ( ,g5]al ,t]ms1 & compreh5sive ,propositions2 & h ! means ( =m+ ^? associations1 on :i* ! mo/ ennobl+ ( all ! /ates ( ,human ,consci\sness dep5ds4#ea ,editor's footnote #ea3 ,?is ,section is devot$ to an exposition ( ! mann] 9 :i* facts :i* are n pleasures or pa9s1 b causes ( pleasures or ( pa9s1 become s closely associat$ 9 ?\ght #bgi ) ! pa9s & pleasures ( :i* !y are causes1 z n only to become !mselves pleasurable or pa9ful1 b to become also1 by _! association ) acts ( our own by :i* !y may be br\ght ab\t1 motives ( ! greate/ /r5g?4 ,! value ( a due und]/&+ ( ?is fact1 bo? = ! purposes ( psy*ological sci5ce & = ^? ( practical education1 is evid5tly v great3 & ! au?or1 to ^: m9d ! be>+s ( speculative philosophy on ! practical int]e/s ( ! human race 7 ev] pres5t1 has n fail$ to make "s e?ical & political applications ( ! psy*ological tru? :i* he has "h s excell5tly illu/rat$4--,ed4 #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,our ,,fell[-,,creatures1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,causes ,,( ,,our ,,pa9s ,,& ,,pleasures1 ,,contemplat$ ,,z ,,consequ5ts ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,acts4 ,,we are n[ 9 a condition to expla9 ! ,ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 class$ "u ! titles ( ,moral ,s5se1 ,moral ,faculty1 ,s5se ( ,"r & ,wrong1 ,moral ,affection1 ,love ( ,virtue1 & s on1 :i* are all names ( simil> import4 ,we h already rem>k$1 t1 ( all ! ,causes ( our ,pleasures & ,pa9s1 none are to be comp>$ 9 po9t ( magnitude1 ) ! actions ( ourselves1 & our ,fell[-creatures4 ,f ?is class ( causes1 a f> great] am\nt ( ,pleasures & ,pa9s proce$1 ?an f all o!r causes tak5 toge!r4 ,x foll[s1 t ^! causes are objects ( int5se affection to u2 ei!r fav\rable1 if !y are ! cause ( ,pleasure2 or unfav\rable1 if !y are ! cause ( ,pa94 ,! actions f :i* m5 d]ive advantage h all be5 class$ "u f\r ,titles2 ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 ,b5efic5ce4 ,we apply ! names ,prud5t1 ,brave1 ,j1 #bha ,b5efic5t1 bo? to our own acts1 & to ! acts ( o!r m54 ,:5 ^? names are appli$ to our own acts1 ! fir/ two1 ,prud5t & ,brave1 express acts :i* are useful to ourselves1 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 ! latt] two1 ,j1 & ,b5efic5t1 express acts1 :i* are useful to o!rs1 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,:5 we apply ! same names1 n to our own acts1 b to ! acts ( o!r m51 ! fir/ two1 ,prud5t & ,brave1 express acts :i* are useful to !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 ! latt] two1 ,j & ,b5efic5t1 express acts :i* are useful to o!rs1 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,x is fur!r to be rem>k$1 t ^? acts ( ours1 :i* are prim>ily useful to ourselves1 are second>ily useful to o!rs2 & ^? :i* are prim>ily useful to o!rs1 are second>ily useful to ourselves4 ,?us1 x is by our own ,prud5ce & ,=titude1 t we are be/ enabl$ to d acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce to o!rs4 ,& x is by acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce to o!rs1 t we be/ dispose !m to d simil> acts to u4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( o!r m51 ! acts :i* are prim>ily useful to !mselves1 _! ,prud5ce1 _! ,=titude1 are second>ily useful to o!rs1 z by !m !y are ! bett] enabl$ to be always j & b5efic5t2 & ! acts by :i* !y are prim>ily useful to o!rs1 _! ,ju/ice1 _! ,b5efic5ce1 are second>ily useful to !mselves1 z dispos+ o!rs ! m to be j & b5efic5t t[>d !m4 ,we h two sets ( associations1 !re=e1 ) ! acts :i* are ?us nam$2 "o set ( associations #bhb ) !m1 :5 !y are consid]$ z our own acts2 ano!r set ( associations ) !m1 :5 !y are consid]$ z ! acts ( o!r m54 #a4 ,:5 !y are consid]$ z our own acts2 9 o!r words1 :5 we consid] our own ,prud5ce1 ,brav]y1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 we h associations ) !m ( ! foll[+ k9d4 ,) our own acts ( ,prud5ce & ,brav]y1 we associate good to ourselves2 t is1 ei!r ,pleasure1 or ! cause ( ,pleasure1 z ! imm$iate consequ5t4 ,acts ( ,,prud5ce1 = example1 are divid$ into two sorts2 ! sort productive ( good1 & ! sort prev5tive ( evil4 ,all acts :i* add to our ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity1 or any "o ( !m1 s f> z !y produce ?is effect )\t c\nt]balanc+ evil1 may be call$ acts ( ,prud5ce4 ,?us1 incessant ,lab\r1 by all ^? to :om x is necess>y = subsi/5ce1 or = reputation1 is a c\rse ( ,prud5ce4 ,prud5ce1 h[ev]1 9 its common acceptation1 is m employ$ to d5ote ! acts by :i* we avoid evils1 ?an ^? by :i* we obta9 good2 ^? by :i* we reject pres5t pleasures :5 foll[$ by pa9s :i* ov]balance !m1 & by :i* we endure pres5t pa9s :5 !y prev5t ! foll[+ ( great] pa9s1 or secure ! foll[+ ( pleasures :i* ov]balance !m4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t1 = ! mo/ p]fect p]=mance ( acts ( prud5ce1 ! greate/ measure ( k is requir$4 ,x is ! *oice made1 among all ! innum]able acts )9 our p[]1 ( ^?1 ! consequ5ces ( :i*1 :5 ! pleasurable & pa9ful are balanc$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 con/itute ! greate/ am\nt ( good4 ,to ?is is requisite a #bhc k ( all ! tra9 ( consequ5ces1 :i* ea* act c produce2 t is1 a k ( ! qualities ( almo/ e ?+1 animate & inanimate1 ) :i* we are surr\nd$2 & a judgm5t1 con/antly ^u ! al]t1 to draw correct conclusions f :at we "k4 ,:5 we p]=m acts ( ,,c\rage or ,,=titude1 ! *ance ( ,evil1 t is1 dang]1 is incurr$ = ! sake ( a prepond]ant good4 ,if ! good 7 n some?+ m ?an a balance = ! *ance ( ,evil1 ! consequ5ces ( ! act w\ld n be a balance ( good1 b ( evil4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be an immoral1 n a moral1 act2 & w\ld h no title to ! "n ( ,c\rage4#eb ,ba9's footnote #eb3 ,! virtue ( ,prud5ce might app>5tly h includ$ ,c\rage or ,=titude2 we _c be said to be prud5t1 if we are unable to face a c]ta9 am\nt ( evil or dang]1 = ! sake ( a great] good4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 ! au?or felt t ,prud5ce does n sugge/ ! full scope ( s em95t a quality z ,c\rage4 ,! reasons ( ?is are int]e/+ to explore4 ,( v>i\s consid]ations t might be adduc$1 by f> ! mo/ p]t95t is ! foll[+4 ,c\rage1 z a virtue e/eem$ & extoll$ 9 all ages1 involves a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-sacrifice4 ,if x 7 limit$ to ! control ( ! /ate ( fe>1 s z to enable "o nev] to fail 9 ! pursuit ( "o's own int]e/1 by giv+ way to unreasonable al>ms1 x w\ld be respect$ z a manife/ation ( /r5g?1 b x w\ld n receive ! w>m admiration t we usually be/[ ^u c\rage\s m54 ,! nobility ( c\rage is its devot$ness4 ,! c\rage\s soldi] is n he t ma9ta9s a po/ ( app>5t dang] unmov$1 kn[+ !re is no real dang]2 :i* w\ld be ! prud5t man's c\rage4 ,some?+ v diff]5t is exact$ 9 return = ! epi!t a brave man4--,b4 ,k is1 !re=e1 z necess>y to ! ex]cise ( ?is virtue z to t ( ,prud5ce4 ,c\rage1 9 fact1 is b a species ( ! acts ( ,prud5ce3 a class select$ = di/9ction by a p>ticul> "n2 t class1 9 :i* evils1 ( great magnitude1 or r ( a p>ticul> description1 are to be haz>d$1 = ! sake ( a prepond]ant good4 ,b h[ is ! #bhd am\nt ( ! good1 or ( ! evil1 to be asc]ta9$1 b by t p[] ( trac+ ! consequ5ces ( acts1 = :i* ! greate/ k1 & ! mo/ accurate judgm5t1 are requir$8 ,:51 ) ! ideas ( our acts ( ,prud5ce1 & acts ( ,c\rage1 pa/1 & future1 h be5 associat$1 suffici5tly (t51 ! classes ( b5efits :i* are ! consequ5ces ( !m1 ! ,ideas ( ^? acts are no long] ,,simple ,,ideas1 ,,indiff]5t ,,ideas2 !y are ,,pleasurable ,,ideas2 t is1 ,,affections4 ,! ,,motive1 9 ?is case1 pres5ts a peculi>ity1 :i* requires att5tion4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,love ( ,weal?1 ,p[]1 or ,dignity1 ! ,love ( ,individuals1 ! ,love ( ,family1 & all o!r causes ( our ,pleasures1 we h uni=mly f\nd ! ,affection to be "o ?+1 ! ,motive ano!r4 ,! ,affection consi/$ ( ! association ( ! idea ( ! object z ,cause1 ) t ( our ,pleasures z ,effect4 ,! ,motive consi/$ ( ! association ( ! idea ( ! object1 z cause1 ) t ( our pleasures1 z effect1 & ! idea ( an act ( ours1 z cause ( t cause4 ,:5 x is an act ( our own1 h[ev]1 :i* is ! cause ( our ,pleasure1 !re is no act ( ours to be associat$ z cause ( t cause4 ,! #bhe ideas ( ! act1 & its consequ5ces1 are ! ,motive4 ,! ,,motive1 !re=e1 & ! ,,affection1 are 9 ?is case ! same4 ,! next two classes ( acts are ^? to :i* ! names1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 h be5 appli$4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y are ! names ( all ^? acts ( a man1 by :i* he does good to o!rs4 ,out ( ^!1 ! "n ,ju/ice selects a p>ticul> class1 & all ! re/ are ,b5efic5ce4 ,m51 9 society1 h f\nd x ess5tial1 = mutual b5efit1 t ! p[]s ( ,individuals1 ov] ! g5]al causes ( good1 %\ld be fix$ by c]ta9 rules2 t is1 ,laws4 ,acts done 9 con=mity ) ^? rules are call$ ,j ,acts2 &1 :5 duly consid]$1 !y are se5 to include ! ma9 portion ( acts ( b5efic5ce 9 g5]al2 ( ^? acts ( ours1 ! imm$iate object ( :i* is ! good ( o!rs4 ,to ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! acts ( ,ju/ice1 our ,fell[-creatures compel u1 by annex+ p5alties to ! non-p]=mance ( !m4 ,a l>ge portion1 h[ev]1 rema9 to be p]=m$ )\t compulsion4 ,our ,b5efic5t acts are ei!r causes ( pleasure to o!rs imm$iately1 or causes ( ! causes ( _! pleasures4 ,! act ( him :o gives a cup ( wat] to ! ?ir/y travell] 9 ! ,des]t1 may be said to be cause ( ! pleasure ( ! ,travell]4 ,! act ( him :o in/ructs ! ,travell]1 be=e he proce$s on 8 j\rney1 :]e 9 ! ,des]t wat] is to be f\nd1 is ! cause ( ! cause ( 8 ,pleasure4 ,to speak g5]ally1 all acts ( ours1 by :i* increase is imp>t$ to ! ,weal?1 ,p[]1 & ,dignity ( ano!r p]son1 & to ! fav\rable disposition ( #bhf o!r p]sons t[>ds him2 or by :i* dim9ution ( ^? advantages is prev5t$1 are acts ( ,b5efic5ce t[>ds him4 ,x is easy to trace 9 :at mann] ! ideas ( ^? acts become ,affections4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h associations ( pleasure ) all ! pleasurable feel+s ( a ,fell[-creature4 ,we h associations ( pleasure1 !re=e1 ) ^? acts ( ours :i* yield him pleasure4 ,9 ! second place1 ^? are ! acts :i* procure to u "o ( ! mo/ highly valu$ ( all ! s\rces ( our pleasures1 ! fav\rable ,disposition ( our ,fell[-m54 ,) our acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce1 !re=e1 we h associations ( all ! pleasures :i* ! fav\rable disposition ( o!r m5 t[>ds u is calculat$ to produce4 ,by ^? associations1 ! ,idea ( our own b5efic5t acts is no long] an ,,indiff]5t ,,idea2 x becomes a ,,pleasurable ,,idea1 t is1 an ,,affection4#ec ,ba9's footnote #ec3 ,! affirmations 9 ?is p>agraph require to be te/$ 9 ! detail1 9 ord] to f9d out _! limitations4 ,t we h associations ( pleasure ) all ! pleasurable feel+s ( a ,fell[-creature is true 9 a great _m in/ances4 ,by ! law ( association1 ! signs ( happ9ess t5d to sugge/ ! happy feel+s !mselves1 & ev5 to induce ^! to "s ext5t ^u ! behold]4 ,! sight ( happy be+s is a positive contribution to our own happ9ess2 ! obv]se fact be+ equally well m>k$4 ,we are delight$ ) ! playful gambols ( animals1 & ( *ildr51 & ) ! pleas$ expression ( our fell[-creatures g5]ally4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 we h an int]e/ 9 conf]r+ happ9ess ^u all our associates1 & ^u e "o ^: signs ( pleasure & ( displeasure come "u our notice4 ,h5ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r motives1 we are dispos$ to be ! au?ors ( pleasure1 r ?an ( pa91 :]ev] we g4 ,our fir/ impulse t[>ds a /rang] w\ld always be1 f ?is consid]ation1 to conf] "s b5efit or p]=m "s agreeable act4 ,f ?is orig91 !re fl[s a consid]able fraction ( ! g5]osity & ! c\rtesy ( human be+s4 ,b ! t5d5cy is ?w>t$1 & (t5 ext+ui%$1 by o!r p[]ful impulses ( ! m9d4 ,!re are two pr9cipal c\nt]actives1--,rivalry 9 int]e/s g5]ally1 & ! ,love ( ,p[]4 ,if ! expression ( pleasure manife/$ by any s5ti5t be+1 is procur$ at our exp5se1 we fail to realise ! happy feel+s2 we are1 on ! contr>y1 pa9$ & embitt]$ by ! display4 ,n[ ?is is a fact ( v frequ5t occurr5ce 9 all conditions ( human be+s2 &1 to ! ext5t ( its occurr5ce1 x m>s ! /r5g? & purity ( ! association4 ,! ,love ( ,p[] works 9 ! same direction4 ,x n only reconciles ! m9d to displays ( pa91 b x may r5d] ^! a delight & luxury4 ,be+ an emotion little *eck$ 9 ord9>y human be+s1 x provides a consid]able %>e ( gratification1 ?r\gh ! infliction ( pa94 ,?is1 !re=e1 is a second int]f]5ce ) ! law t w\ld connect ! signs ( happ9ess ) a ?rill ( pleasure 9 ! behold]4 ,"o c easily suppose1 & "o frequ5tly f9ds1 ! emotion ( p[] 9 su* a pit* ( developm5t z to make ! pleasure ( see+ happy be+s ! exception1 & n ! rule4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ ( ! two motives 9 ! text4 ,! second1--! procur+ ( reciprocal b5efits by b5efits conf]r$1--is ev]y?+ t a motive c be4 ,we are all our lives engag$ 9 work+ out good = ourselves1 & if1 by do+ good to o!rs1 we obta9 a correspond+ measure ( our own advantage1 we employ t in/rum5tality4 ,b !n ! prospect mu/ be cle>2 ! in/rum5t mu/ be a promis+ "o4 ,n[ !re are "s situations :]e9 we h a reasonable security ( a return4 ,:5 !re is a legal gu>antee1 z 9 b>ga9s1 & 9 cov5ant$ s]vices1 we are 7z a rule7 ready to fulfil our own %>e4 ,also1 9 v little ?+s1 su* z ! c\rtesies ( civilis$ society1 we contribute our "p will+ly2 we are ne>ly sure ( a full return = ! trifl+ nature ( ! s]vice4 ,b !re are multitudes ( cases :]e 7z we suppose7 !re w\ld be no adequate return1 or no return at all2 all ( :i* int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! association betwe5 b5efits conf]r$ & pleasure to ourselves4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ord] to ! pleasure ( b5evol5ce1 t ! return %\ld be ei!r 9 k9d1 or 9 flatt]y4 ,if we c only obta9 love = our b5efits1 we ?9k !m well be/[$4 ,a great _m b5efits are conf]r$ ) no o!r view2 & ! appreciation ( ! ext5t ( ?is motive is necess>y to d ju/ice to ! au?or's !ory ( ! d]ivation ( ,b5evol5ce f ,prud5ce4 ,x does n admit ( "q1 t if all ! s]vices t ea* p]son is dispos$ to be/[1 7 fairly requit$ 9 k9d1 9 praise1 or 9 love1 ! motive to seek ! good ( o!rs w\ld h an ov]p[]+ /r5g? ( association1 su* z ! au?or assigns to x4 ,! f9i%+ /roke1 9 all cases ( /rong & unremitt$ association1--! transf] to ! means ( ! feel+ orig9ally due to ! end1 & ev5 ! s9k+ ( ! end out ( view1--w\ld be a sure result ( ! op]ation4 ,b s p>tial1 z human be+s are n[ con/itut$1 is ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple2 s seldom are p satisfi$1 t !y h ! full equival5t ( b5efits imp>t$2--t1 unless 9 select in/ances1 !re is z mu* ( mi/ru/ z ( confid5ce & hope1 9 ! reciprocation ( s]vices ( any great magnitude4 ,( c\rse1 p w diff] greatly 9 _! e/imate ( ?is fact2 b on no reasonable & c&id calculation1 is ! association /rong en\gh to acc\nt = ! int5sity & diffusion ( dis9t]e/$ impulses z actually f\nd among mank9d4--,b4 #bhg ,pleasurable ideas1 z effects1 associat$ ) acts ( our own z ! cause1 con/itute ! ,,motive1 z well z ! ,,affection4 ,! reason ( ?is1 we h j /at$1 & ne$ n repeat4 ,we h n[ se5 by :at associations bo? ,,affection1 & ,,motive are creat$1 9 ! case ( our own acts ( ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce4 ,! ,,disposition1 z 9 all o!r cases1 consi/s 9 a facility1 f habit1 ( p]=m+ ! associations2 9 o!r words1 a read9ess ( obey+ ! ,motive4 ,9 ea* ( ! cases1 ! ,affection1 ! ,motive1 & ! ,disposition1 h ! same "n4 ,?us1 ,prud5ce is ! "n ( ! ,affection1 & ,motive1 & also ( ! ,disposition1 to acts ( ,prud5ce2 s is ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 ea* 9 reg>d to its own class ( acts4 ,beside ! f\r specific names1 ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 #bhh ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 we h a ,g5]ical ,"n1 :i* includes !m all4 ,,virtue is ! "n ( ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 all tak5 toge!r4 ,x is also1 l ! "n ( ea* ( ! species includ$ "u x1 at once ! "n ( ! ,affection1 ! ,motive1 & ! ,disposition4 ,! man :o has ! ,disposition t[>d all ! f\r1 ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 ,b5efic5ce1 9 full /r5g?2 t is1 :o has acquir$1 f habit1 ! facility ( #bhi associat+ ) ^? acts ! pleasures :i* result f !m1 9 o!r words1 a habit ( obey+ ! motives1 is p]fectly virtu\s4 ,x requires ! mo/ p]fect education to create ^? associations adequately1 9 o!r words1 to give ! motives su* p[] )9 u1 t1 :5 c\nt]act$ by o!r motives1 !y may always prevail4 ,"u ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( education1 x is r by _! con/ant action1 ?an _! =ce1 t !y produce ! v consid]able effects1 ( :i* we see t !y are ! causes4 ,9 few m51 are !y a #bij mat* = any ( ! m pot5t motives2 &1 9 mo/ m51 !y give way1 habitually1 :5ev] !y are oppos$ by any o!r motive ev5 ( mod]ate /r5g?4 ,!re are s _m occasions1 h[ev]1 9 e "p ( our lives1 = acts ( virtue1 :5 o!r motives d n int]v5e1 t we may /ill ascribe to ! motives ( virtue1 feeble z !y g5]ally are1 a l>ge portion ( ! happ9ess :i* we obs]ve 9 ! _w4 #b4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! associations :i* ea* ( u has ) ! ideas ( 8 own acts ( ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 x rema9s t we consid] ! associations :i* ea* ( u has ) o!r m5's acts ( ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t ! ,prud5ce ( o!r m5 is prim>ily useful to !mselves1 second>ily useful to o!rs4 ,a man :o is to a c]ta9 degree imprud5t1 deprives himself ( ! p[] ( be+ useful ei!r to himself or to o!rs4 ,z we h agreeable associations ) acts :i* produce pleasure to o!rs1 s we h agreeable associations ) ! cause ( su* acts1 ! p[] ( produc+ !m2 &1 ( c\rse1 disagreeable associations ) ! acts :i* deprive a man ( ! means ( do+ good to o!rs1 & w>d+ (f evil f himself4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] into a m m9ute analysis to %[ 9 :at mann] our ,idea ( ano!r man's ,prud5ce becomes a ,pleasurable ,idea1 9 o!r words1 an ,,affection4 ,we next proce$ to ! case ( ,=titude1 ,c\rage4 ,we h se5 t ,=titude is ! "n ( t class ( acts1 9 :i* a good is aim$ at by ! risk ( a #bia great evil4 ,!re is a gr& class ( cases 9 :i* ! good aim$ at is n ! peculi> good ( ! ,individual or ,individuals by :om ! act1 or s]ies ( acts1 is p]=m$1 b a good common to o!rs1 to a :ole ,p2 z1 = example1 :5 ano!r ho/ile ,p is enc\nt]$ & ov]come4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* a case1 we h a /rong association ( our own pleasures1 or exemption f pa9s1 ) o!r m5's c\rage1 :e!r we are %>+ ) !m 9 ! dang]1 or exempt$ f x by _! acts4 ,?is association is su* z to con/itute1 & we "k by exp]i5ce does con/itute1 a v /rong ,,affection4 ,ev5 :5 ! good s\ght by ! act ( c\rage is only ! good ( ! individual1 we h a suffici5t association ) x ( pleasurable ideas to con/itute x an ,,affection4 ,we h1 fir/ ( all1 an agreeable association ) ! balance ( good :i* ! act is calculat$ to produce to ! actor4 ,& next we h a v p[]ful association ( pleasure ) ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ! ,idea ( a great evil is controll$ by ! ,idea ( a great] good4 ,:5 ! motive exi/s to d u good 9 a man :o has su* a m9d1 he w n be det]r$ by ! prospect ( an inadequate evil4 ,:5 we enc\nt] dang] 9 company ) su* a man1 we %all n be expos$ to great] dang] by 8 des]t+ u4 ,z o!r m5's acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce are directly b5eficial to !m :o are ! objects ( !m1 x is impossible t e man %\ld n h pleasurable associations1 fir/ ) ! acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce ( ! m51 ^: sph]e ( action ext5ds to himself1 & !n ) ! acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce ( all m54 ,& z ! b5efits :i* #bib spr+ f su* actions are v great1 ! ,,affection1 g5]at$ by association ( ! ,ideas ( ^? ,b5efits1 is proportionally /rong4 ,( all ! ,,motives1 compet5t to our nature1 ^? belong+ to ?is class are by f> ! mo/ important4 ,z !re is no?+ 9 :i* ,i am s deeply int]e/$1 z t ! acts ( m51 :i* reg>d myself imm$iately1 %\ld be acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce1 & ^? :i* reg>d !mselves imm$iately1 %\ld be acts ( ,prud5ce & ,=titude1 x foll[s1 t ,i h an int]e/1 proportionally deep1 9 all ^? acts ( my own1 :i* op]ate z causes ( ^? acts 9 o!r p4 ,( acts ( o!r m51 :i* are useful to u1 a great numb] c be b\ght by weal?1 or comm&$ by p[]1 or elicit$ by dignity4 ,! mode ( ! op]ation ( ^? causes has already be5 expla9$1 & ! motives into ! composition ( :i* !y ent]1 =m a diff]5t class4 ,! acts ( b5efic5ce1 ( ju/ice1 ( =titude1 & ( prud5ce1 p]=m$ by o!r m5 9 our behalf1 are1 to a va/ ext5t1 su* z c nei!r be b\ght1 nor comm&$4 ,:at means h we ( increas+ to ! utmo/1 ! numb] ( ^? acts2 dim9i%+ to ! utmo/1 ! numb] ( ^? ( an opposite t5d5cy8 ,^? means are ( two sorts3 #a/1 ,simil> actions on our "p2 #b;dly1 ,! manife/ation on our "p1 ( ! disposition to p]=m simil> actions4 #a4 ,x is int]e/+ "h to obs]ve1 by :at a pot5t call we are summon$ to ,virtue4 ,( all t we enjoy1 m is d]iv$ f ^? acts ( o!r m51 on :i* we be/[ ! "n ,,virtue1 ?an f any o!r cause4 ,our own virtue is ! pr9cipal #bic cause :y o!r m5 reciprocate ! acts ( virtue t[>ds u4 ,) ! idea ( our own acts ( virtue1 !re are naturally associat$ ! ideas ( all ! imm5se advantages we d]ive f ! virtu\s acts ( our ,fell[-creatures4 ,:5 ?is association is =m$ 9 due /r5g?1 :i* x is ! ma9 bus9ess ( a good education to effect1 ! motive ( virtue becomes p>am\nt 9 ! human brea/4 #b4 ,we /rongly act ^u o!r m51 :5 we manife/ on our p>ts1 a disposition to p]=m acts 9 _! fav\r1 9 consequ5ce ( ! acts p]=m$ by !m 9 fav\r ( o!rs4 ,?is disposition we manife/1 :5 we praise ^? acts2 or1 z we o!rwise phrase x1 :5 we decl>e our approbation1 or admiration1 ( !m4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t all our names = ^? acts2--,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 ,b5efic5ce1 ,virtue2 are names ( ,praise4 ,!y are names1 n m]ely ( ! acts1 b ( ! acts associat$ ) ! ideas ( ! b5efits result+ f !m2 & fur!r associat$ ) ! idea ( ^? acts ( ours1 :i* are ! causes ( su* acts2 acts ( simil> utility on our "p to ! ,au?ors ( ! acts :i* are useful to u4 ,praise1 also1 is ext5sive 9 its op]ation4 ,! acts ( any individual c af=d a retribution = ! virtu\s acts ( a v small numb] ( m54 ,8 ,praise c ext5d to all m52 & its effects are mo/ important4 ,n only does x indicate ! affection ( him :o is ! au?or ( x1 t[>d him :o is ! object2 b x po9ts out him :o is ! object ( x1 to all o!r m51 z ! prop] object ( a simil> affection 9 !m4 ,?is indication has "s t5d5cy #bid to propagate ! fav\rable affection or disposition t[>ds ! object ( ! applause2 b x has a mu* great] t5d5cy to propagate ! praise2 & :5 praise is s\nd$ f _m lips1 t is1 :5 a disposition is express$ by _m p]sons fav\rable to ! man :o has be5 ! au?or ( ! applaud$ acts1 a numb] ( acts 9 8 fav\r are ! natural consequ5ce4 ,t we h pleasurable associations ( great pot5cy1 ) ?is manife/ation ( ! fav\rable disposition ( o!rs t[>ds u1 is matt] ( common & con/ant exp]i5ce4 ,x is call$1 9 its m rem>kable /ates1 ! ,,love ,,( ,,fame1 & is kn[n to op]ate z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful motives 9 our nature4 ,"o ( its cases is a rem>kable exemplification ( t high degree ( association1 :i* has be5 already expla9$1 & to :i* we h frequ5tly _h occasion to adv]t1 9 expla9+ o!r ph5om5a2 ! degree :i* con/itutes belief1 & :i* gives to t belief1 ev5 :5 mom5t>y1 & in/antly ov]rul$ by o!r associations1 a p[]ful effect on our actions4 ,n only t ,praise ( u1 :i* is diffus$ 9 our lives1 & f :i* agreeable consequ5ces may arise to u1 is delightful1 by ! associat$ ideas ( ! pleasures result+ f x2 b t ,praise1 :i* we are nev] to he>1 :i* w be diffus$ only :5 we are dead1 & f :i* no actual effects c ev] accrue to u1 is (t5 an object ( int5se affection1 & acts z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful motives 9 our nature4 ,! habit :i* we =m1 9 ! case ( imm$iate praise1 ( associat+ ! idea ( ! praise ) ! #bie idea ( pleasurable consequ5ces to ourselves1 is s /rong1 t ! idea ( pleasurable consequ5ces to ourselves becomes altoge!r insep>able f ! idea ( our ,praise4 ,x is "o ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! "o ,idea nev] c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,! belief1 ?us eng5d]$1 is ( c\rse enc\nt]$ imm$iately by o!r belief1 t we %all be incapable ( pr(it+ by any consequ5ces1 :i* po/hum\s fame c produce3 z ! fe>1 t is1 ! belief ( gho/s1 9 a man pass+ ?r\gh a *ur*y>d at midnight1 may be imm$iately enc\nt]$ by 8 settl$1 habitual belief t gho/s h no exi/5ce2 & yet 8 t]ror1 n only rema9s = a "t1 b is con/antly r5ew$1 z (t5 z he is plac$ 9 circum/ances ) :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to associate ! exi/5ce ( gho/s4#ed ,editor's footnote #ed3 ,! case "h put1 t ( ! desire ( po/hum\s fame1 af=ds no real support to ! au?or's doctr9es1 t a high degree ( association con/itutes belief1 & t belief is always pres5t :5 we are det]m9$ to action4 ,! case is m]ely "o ( _m o!rs1 9 :i* some?+ n orig9ally pleasurable 7! praise & admiration ( our fell[-creatures7 has become s closely associat$ ) pleasure z to be at la/ pleasurable 9 itself4 ,:5 x has become a pleasure 9 itself1 x is desir$ = itself1 & n = its consequ5ces2 & ! mo/ confirm$ k t x c produce no ult]ior pleasurable consequ5ces to ourselves w n int]f]e ) ! pleasure giv5 by ! m]e consci\sness ( possess+ x1 nor h9d] t pleasure f becom+1 by its association ) ! acts :i* produce x1 a p[]ful motive4 ,x is a frequ5t mode ( talk+1 to speak ( ! desire ( po/hum\s fame 9 a k9d ( pity+ way1 z gr\nd$ on a delusion2 z a desire :i* implies a c]ta9 infirmity ( ! und]/&+4 ,^? :o ?us speak mu/ be prep>$ to apply ! same disp>ag+ phrases to ! int]e/ tak5 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs aft] our own dea?2 = 9 t case also1 no b5eficial consequ5ces to ourselves p]sonally c ev] foll[ f ! realization ( ! object ( our desire4 ,b !re is no?+ at v>iance ) reason 9 ! associations :i* make u value = !mselves1 ?+s :i* we at fir/ c>$ = only z means to o!r ends2 associations to :i* we are indebt$ = ne>ly ! :ole bo? ( our virtues1 & ( our enjoym5ts4 ,t he :o acts ) a view to po/hum\s fame has a belief1 h[ev] mom5t>y1 t ?is fame w produce to him "s extrane\s good1 or t he %all be consci\s ( x aft] he is dead1 ,i %all n admit )\t bett] evid5ce ?an ,i h ev] se5 or he>d (4--,ed4 #bif ,! op]ation ( ,dispraise is simil>1 to prev5t ! p]=mance ( acts contr>y to ,ju/ice1 ,b5efic5ce1 ,=titude1 & ,prud5ce4 ,dispraise is ! manife/ation ( a ,disposition1 unfav\rable to ! object ( x1 a disposition to ab/a9 f acts useful to him1 n to ab/a9 f acts hurtful to him4 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out ! associations =m$ 9 ?is case4 ,x is a matt] ( common & con/ant exp]i5ce1 t we h associations ( pa9ful consequ5ces1 ) ! idea ( ! unfav\rable disposition ( our fell[-creatures1 associations :i* con/itute "s ( ! mo/ pa9ful feel+s ( our nature4 ,?is x is1 :i* is commonly express$ by ! t]ms loss ( reputation1 loss ( "*1 disgrace1 infamy4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! ,association rises to t rem>kable case1 :i* we h _h frequ5t occasions ( obs]v+2 :5 ! means become a m important object ?an ! end1 ! cause1 ?an ! effect4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 t ! idea ( ! unfav\rable s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 becomes m intol]able ?an all ! consequ5ces :i* c\ld result f #big !m2 & m5 make _! escape f life1 9 ord] to escape f ! torm5t+ idea ( c]ta9 consequ5ces1 :i*1 at mo/1 w\ld only dim9i% ! advantages ( liv+4#ee ,nor is ! ,idea ( po/hum\s ,disgrace1 less op]ative ?an t ( po/hum\s ,fame1 & f ! same species ( association4 ,9 m51 9 :om ! associations :i* con/itute ! pa9 ( disgrace are /rong2 ?\gh n suffici5tly /rong to re/ra9 !m f de$s :i* incur ! execration ( mank9d1 ! ?\ght ( :at !y h done is agoniz+4 ,along ) x1 con/antly rises up1 be=e !m1 ! idea ( ! condemnatory c\nt5ance1 ! condemnatory s5tim5t1 ! retributive acts1 ( e human be+ ! idea ( :om is pres5t$ to !m4 ,!y are nev] at re/4 ,! ,idea ( ! horrid ,de$ or ,de$s becomes associat$ ) almo/ e po9t ( _! consci\sness4 ,at e mom5t1 x rises up 9 _! m9ds1 & along ) x ! #bih ov]:elm+ tra9 ( ideas1 ) :i* x is connect$4 ,9 its m awful cases1 ?is /ate ( m9d is call$ ,remorse2 & is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( suff]+ to :i* a human ,be+ is expos$4 ,editor's footnote #ee3 ,!y d n seek dea? to escape f ! idea ( any consequ5ces ( ! unfav\rable s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,! m]e fact ( hav+ incurr$ ^? unfav\rable s5tim5ts has become1 by ! adhesive =ce ( association1 s pa9ful 9 itself1 t dea? is sometimes pref]r$ to x4 ,!re is (t5 no ?\ght ( ! consequ5ces t may arise f ! unfav\rable s5tim5ts2 & :5 consequ5ces are ?\ght (1 !y are usually r ^? :i* are m]e demon/rations ( feel+1 & owe _! pa9fulness to ! s5tim5t ( :i* !y are demon/rations1 ?an ^? :i* directly grate ^u our s5ses or are injuri\s to our int]e/s4 ,x is true t a vague conception ( ! _m unpleasant consequ5ces liable to arise f ! evil op9ion ( o!rs1 0 ! crude matt] out ( :i* ! horror ( ! ?+ itself 0 primitively =m$3 b1 once =m$1 x loses its connexion ) its orig9al s\rce4--,ed4 ,! same consid]ations acc\nt = t rem>kable ph5om5on ( our nature1 eloqu5tly describ$1 b n expla9$1 by ,adam ,smi?1 t1 9 m9ds happily tra9$1 ! love ( ,praisewor?9ess1 ! dread ( ,blamewor?9ess1 is a /rong] feel+1 ?an ! love ( actual ,praise1 ! ,dread ( actual ,blame4 ,x is "o ( ^? cases1 9 :i*1 by ! p[] ( ! association1 ! second>y feel+ becomes m p[]ful ?an ! prim>y4 ,9 all m51 ! idea ( praise1 z consequ5t1 is associat$ ) ! idea ( c]ta9 acts ( !irs1 z antec$5t2 ! idea ( blame1 z consequ5t1 ) ! idea ( c]ta9 acts ( !irs1 z antec$5t4 ,?is association con/itutes :at we call ! feel+1 or notion1 or s5tim5t1 or idea 7= x goes by all ^? names71 ( ,praisewor?9ess1 & ,blamewor?9ess4#ef ,! anticipation1 9 ! "o case1 is delightful2 9 ! o!r pa9ful4 ,! association #bii exi/s 9 diff]5t m51 9 all possible degrees ( /r5g?4 ,9 "s m5 x exi/s 9 s great a degree ( /r5g?1 t n only1 ! pleasure ( imm$iate praise1 ! pa9 ( imm$iate blame1 b e o!r feel+ ( _! nature1 is subdu$ by x4 ,editor's footnote #ef3 ,?is p>agraph1 unexpla9$1 might give ! idea t ! au?or reg>d$ praisewor?9ess & blamewor?9ess z hav+ ! mean+ n ( des]v+ praise or blame1 b m]ely ( be+ likely to obta9 x4 ,b :at he meant is1 t ! idea ( des]v+ praise is b a m complex =m ( ! association betwe5 our own or ano!r p]son's acts or "*1 & ! idea ( praise4 ,to des]ve praise1 is1 9 ! great majority ( ! cases :i* occur 9 life1 ! pr9cipal mode ( obta9+ x2 ?\gh ! praise is seldom accurately proportion$ to ! des]t4 ,& ! same may be said ( blame4 ,a p[]ful association is ?us1 if circum/ances are fav\rable1 g5]at$ betwe5 des]v+ praise & obta9+ x2 & h5ce betwe5 des]v+ praise1 & all ! pleasurable influ5ces on our lives1 ( o!r p's good op9ion4 ,& ?is association may become suffici5tly /rong to ov]come ! direct motive ( obta9+ praise1 :]e x is to be obta9$ by o!r means ?an des]t2 ! r1 z ! desire ( undes]v$ praise is greatly c\nt]act$ by ! ?\ght t p w\ld n be/[ ! praise if !y knew all4 ,t :at has n[ be5 /at$ 0 really ! au?or's mean+1 is prov$ by 8 go+ on to say1 t praisewor?9ess & blamewor?9ess1 z motives to action1 h ref]5ce n to :at is1 or to :at %all be1 b to :at ought to be1 ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d4--,ed4 ,! case is p]fectly analog\s to t ( ! love ( po/hum\s praise1 ! dread ( po/hum\s blame1 & is a /ill m important pr9ciple ( action1 z x has ref]5ce1 n to :at is1 or to :at %all be1 b to :at ought to be1 ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! ,,affections :i* we be> t[>d ! j1 ! b5efic5t1 ! c\rage\s1 ! prud5t acts ( o!r m51 & ! contr>y2 t is1 su* are ! associations we h ) !m ( pleasurable or pa9ful consequ5ces4 ,su* also are ! ,,motives2 t is1 ! feel+s g5]at$ by ! association ( c]ta9 acts ( ours1 z cause1 ) ! virtu\s acts ( o!r m51 z _! effects4 ,( ^? ,,motives1 t :i* involves ! acts ( prais+ & blam+1 is 9 con/ant & /rong #cjj op]ation4 ,x is f ! great use made ( ^? acts 9 ! ,education ( *ildr51 & ev5 9 ! rude managem5t ( !m 9 ! nurs]y1 t praise & blame acquire ! influ5ce 9 mo/ cases1 ! asc5dancy 9 "s1 :i* !y are se5 to ex]cise ov] u4 ,x is ?is s5sibility to praise & blame1 9 o!r words1 ! associations we h ) !m1 :i* gives its effect to :at is call$ ,,popul> ,,op9ion1 or ! ,,popul> ,,sanction1 &1 :5 ! acts ( ,ju/ice1 ,b5efic5ce1 ,=titude1 & ,prud5ce ( o!r m5 are ! objects ( x1 ! ,,moral ,,sanction2 ,popul> ,op9ion1 be+ a phrase :i* expresses ! ,praise or ,blame :i* ! p be/[2 & ! ,sanction be+ ! good or evil consequ5ces :i* m5 are accu/om$ to associate ) t praise or blame4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,education1 ! ,praise & ,blame ( mo/ m5 are v errone\sly be/[$1 ) great precipitation1 commonly 9 excess ^u small occasions1 ) little reg>d to its ju/ice2 blame be+ v (t5 inflict$ :]e applause is due1 & applause lavi%$ :]e blame ought to be be/[$4 ,:5 ,education is good1 no po9t ( morality w be reckon$ ( m importance ?an ! di/ribution ( ,praise & ,blame2 no act w be consid]$ m immoral ?an ! misapplication ( !m4 ,!y are ! great in/rum5ts we possess = ensur+ moral acts on ! "p ( our ,fell[-creatures2 & :5 we squ&] away1 or pro/itute ^? great causes ( virtue1 & !reby deprive !m ( a great "p ( _! useful t5d5cy1 we d :at 9 u lies to less5 ! quantity ( ,virtue1 & !nce ( ,felicity1 9 ! _w4 ,! ,,motives1 :i* are g5]at$ by ! #cja association ( our own acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce z cause ) o!r m5's acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce z effects1 are subject1 unhappily1 to /rong c\nt]action2 because x r>ely happ5s t we c p]=m acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce )\t m or less sacrifice to ourselves4 ,! association1 at ! same "t1 is /rong1 9 all m54 ,all m5 h ! daily exp]i5ce1 t _! own acts ( ,ju/ice1 & ,b5efic5ce1 dispose o!r m5 to be ,b5efic5t to !m2 _! own acts ( inju/ice & malevol5ce1 dispose o!r m5 to br+ evil 7:i* 9 ?is case !y call puni%m5t7 ^u !m2 & to ab/a9 f do+ !m good4 ,?is exp]i5ce is ( c\rse foll[$ by ! usual association betwe5 cause & effect4 ,! man :o does acts ( ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce1 anticipates ! fav\rable disposition ( mank9d1 z _! natural effect2 & ?is association is 8 belief1 or conviction1 or s5se 7he calls x by all ^? names71 ( des]v+ ! fav\rable s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,! man1 on ! o!r h&1 :o p]=ms acts :i* are unju/ & hurtful to o!rs1 anticipates ! unfav\rable & ho/ile s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 z ! natural consequ5ts ( 8 acts2 9 o!r words1 has ! belief1 or conviction1 or s5se 7= ! association 9 ?is case also has ^! v>i\s names71 ( des]v+1 n well1 b ill1 at ! h&s ( o!r m54 ,!re are no m51 h[ev] vici\s1 9 :om ^? associations d n produce con/ant & num]\s effects4 ,:5 !y h n be5 happily cultivat$1 & :5 ! c\nt]act+ associations1 ( :i* we j n[ made m5tion1 h be5 all[$ to acquire a mis*iev\s /r5g?2 acts 9 opposition to !m #cjb are1 occasionally1 b1 ev5 9 ! wor/ m51 no m ?an occasionally1 produc$4 ,?is anticipation ( ! ho/ile1 or b5evol5t s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 z ! natural effects ( actions ( a c]ta9 description on our "p1 is ! f\ndation ( t rem>kable association ( :i* we _h v rec5tly occasion to make m5tion1 ! association :i* ,dr4 ,smi? has call$ ! love ( ,praisewor?9ess1 & :i* is sometimes f\nd to be mu* m p[]ful ?an ! love ( actual ,praise4 ,! ,,disposition :i* corresponds to ^? ,,motives1 or ! facility ( =m+ ! associations :i* con/itute !m1 is ! result ( habit 9 ?is z 9 all o!r cases4 ,! ,,affection1 9 ?is case1 has ! "n ( ,moral approbation & ,disapprobation4 ,! same is ! only "n we h = ! ,,motive4 ,x is also ! only "n we h = ! ,,disposition4 ,! t]ms ,moral ,s5se2 ,s5se ( ,"r & ,wrong2 ,love ( ,virtue1 & ,hatr$ ( ,vice1 are sometimes us$ z synonym\s t]ms2 b !y are n equally appropriate4 ,virtue1 z we h se51 is a "n :i* is giv5 to ea* ( ! ?ree1 ! ,affection1 ! ,motive1 ! ,disposition2 ,morality is a "n :i* is appli$ ) simil> latitude4#eg #eh ,ba9's footnote #eg3 ,! =ego+ analysis ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5t proce$s ^u a numb] ( unque/ionable psy*ological data4 ,t we h a /rong p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! virtues ( ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce1 9 ! mann] /at$1 is mo/ c]ta92 & t ?is p]sonal int]e/ w incl9e u to practise ^? virtues ourselves1 & to enc\rage !m 9 #cjc o!rs1 is also c]ta94 ,! only d\bt is1 z to :e!r ! motives to rectitude ( action are exhau/$ 9 ?is analysis4 ,! suffici5cy ( an analysis is less easily te/$ 9 m5tal ph5om5a1 ?an 9 physical ph5om5a4 ,! *ief reason is t1 9 ! m9d1 we _c make exact num]ical e/imates2 &1 !re=e1 _c %[1 by ca/+s up a sum1 t ! assign$ con/itu5ts ( a comp\nd exactly am\nt to ! total4 ,! sev]al con/itu5ts put d[n may be actually pres5t1 )\t our be+ sure :e!r !y are ! :ole4 ,h5ce ! ,d$uctive v]ification1 s valuable 9 physical sci5ce1 does n c>ry ) x ! same precision1 9 m5tal sci5ce4 ,to evade ?is s\rce ( unc]ta9ty we are ?r[n back ^u ! ,exp]im5tal ,canons1 or ! ,f\r ,me?ods4 ,we "k by ^!1 t if an analysis is good1 !re mu/ be pres5t 9 ea* in/ance ( ! ph5om5on ! causes assign$1 "o or m2 & %\ld "o exi/ 9 a l[ degree1 or be entirely want+1 ! o!rs mu/ h a comp5sat+ int5sity4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole ( ! causes h n be5 assign$1 !re w1 almo/ inevitably1 occur in/ances1 ei!r )\t ! causes /at$1 or ) ^! 9 an obvi\sly insuffici5t am\nt4 ,! foll[+ facts & consid]ations r5d] d\btful ! complet5ess ( ! au?or's explanation ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5t4 ,! affirmation 9 ! text is t n m]ely ! self-reg>d+ virtue--,prud5ce1 b also ! two great social virtues--,ju/ice & ,b5efic5ce1 are develop$ f associations ) our own p]sonal int]e/4 ,9 o!r words1 !y gr[ up exactly by ! same c\rse z ! virtue ( ,prud5ce2 !y are /rong z t happ5s to be /rong1 & weak z t happ5s to be weak2 ! mo/ prud5t man be+ ! mo/ j & b5efic5t man4 ,?is inf]5ce c be avoid$ only by draw+ "s di/9ction betwe5 ! int]e/$ associations ent]+ into prud5ce1 & ! int]e/$ associations ent]+ into ju/ice & b5efic5ce2 b no su* di/9ction #cjd is drawn 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 at lea/ 9 su* a way z to meet ! difficulty ?us sugge/$4 ,n[1 on an appeal to ! facts1 we f9d t ! virtue ( prud5ce is n uni=mly concomitant ) ! virtues ( ju/ice & b5efic5ce2 t1 on ! contr>y1 except 9 ! m highly cultivat$ moral natures1 !y are frequ5tly manife/$ 9 ! inv]se proportion4 ,a human be+1 by *]i%+ int]e/$ associations1 does n z a matt] ( c\rse atta9 to ei!r ju/ice or b5efic5ce4 ,ev5 ! mo/ f>-sight$ prud5ce1 z reg>ds self1 w\ld n develop ! :ole virtue ( ju/ice1 nor ! :ole virtue ( b5efic5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 b5efic5ce is (t5 abundant & pron\nc$ 9 cases :]e int]e/$ associations ) self h be5 v slightly cultivat$4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is g5]ic discrepancy1 betwe5 ! au?or's !ory & ! m obvi\s facts1 might be ext5d$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r mode ( proce$+1 p]haps m decisive2 t is1 to %[ t ! m9d conta9s s\rces ( ! moral s5tim5t besides ! associations ) self-int]e/4 ,x does n appe> easy1 at fir/ sight1 to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( purely dis9t]e/$ impulses 9 our m5tal con/itution2 ! admixture ( self be+ s seldom unequivocally abs5t f human conduct4 ,/ill1 if ^! impulses d exi/1 !re w probably be f\nd in/ances :]e !y are manife/$ 9 conv9c+ isolation4 ,p]haps ! desir$ isolation is mo/ readily af=d$ 9 "s ( ! famili> =ms ( ,pity4 ,!re are in/ances1 no d\bt1 :]e pity may h a selfi% motive1 z :5 we compassionate ! suff]+s ( p>5ts1 fri5ds1 & b5efactors4 ,b1 9 o!r in/ances1 x arises n only )\t any selfi% be>+1 b 9 opposition to p[]ful associations ( int]e/4 ,! pity t we (t5 ext5d to enemies & to crim9als is a case 9 po9t4 ,ev5 :5 ! puni%m5t ( wrong-do]s is b\nd up ) our /ronge/ int]e/s1 ! spectacle ( _! suff]+s (t5 moves u to remit ! puni%m5t necess>y = our own protection4 ,n[1 ) be+s made up ( purely #cje int]e/$ consid]ations1 ! argum5tum ad mis]icordiam1 "u ^? circum/ances1 w\ld be void ( effect4 ,ano!r example is furni%$ by ^? acts ( lavi% g5]osity & *>ity t p]haps ru9 ! giv]1 & d h>m to ! recipi5t4 ,if "o's moral education 7 exclusively conduct$ ?r\gh ! build+ up ( associations ) self1 by :at class ( associat+ l9ks is ?is impulse g5]at$8 ,x is no less difficult to acc\nt = ! actions ( m5 :olly devot$ to philan?ropy1 l ,h[>d4 ,s v small is ! result to self f ! lab\rs & sacrifices ( su* m51 t we are unable to acc\nt = _! motives )\t assum+ an indep5d5t s\rce ( dis9t]e/$ affections4 ,! difficulty is greatly increas$ 9 ! case ( m9ds little cultivat$1 z 9 ! h]oic devotion ( ! common soldi]4 ,obs]vation ( *ildr5 reveals a specific p[] 9 ! spectacle ( mis]y or suff]+ to awak5 pity & g5]\s sympa?ies4 ,! effective impulse to sympa?y has little to d ) a prud5tial education1 or ) ! foll[+ out ( self-int]e/ 9 its associations ) ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,! patriotic orator nev] tru/s :olly to int]e/$ motives2 he does n omit ^!2 b he expects mu* f ! lively description ( suff]+ & mis]y to p g5]ally2 & if ! picture comes home to ! exp]i5ce ( 8 he>]s1 !y w be mov$ by x1 on acc\nt ( ea* o!r1 z well z on acc\nt ( _! sep>ate selves4 ,f su* facts z ^!1 x is admissible to lay d[n1 z a g5]al law1 t ! sight ( mis]y 9 o!rs prompts u1 irrespective ( our own int]e/1 to ent] into1 & to relieve1 t mis]y4 ,?is is ! ess5tial fact ( ,sympa?y4 ,! pr9ciple ?us ann\nc$ is n an ultimate law ( ! m9d4 ,x may be br\ght "u a /ill high] law1 ( :i* "s notice w be tak5 aft]w>ds 7see note on ! ,w1 *ap4 ,,xxiv471 namely1 ! t5d5cy ( e idea to act itself out1 to become an actuality1 n ) a view to br+ pleasure or to w>d (f pa9--:i* is ! prop] description ( ! w--b f an indep5d5t prompt+ ( ! m9d t (t5 makes u ?r[ away pleasure & embrace pa94 ,! full #cjf exposition ( ?is pr9ciple w\ld add greatly to ! evid5ce = pure dis9t]e/$ impulses1 by %[+ t ! fact describ$ op]ates 9 a mu* wid] sph]e ?an ! moral s5tim5t4 ,on a survey ( ! diff]5t !ories ( ! m5tal orig9 ( ,b5evol5t impulses1 we may r$uce !m "u ! foll[+ heads4 #a4 ,!y h be5 ascrib$ to direct & imm$iate self-int]e/1 ei!r f ! return ( b5efits 9 k9d1 or f ! pleasure ( praise & flatt]y4 ,?is is sub/antially ! position ( ,m&eville4 #b4 ,x is said we are s con/itut$ t ! sight ( mis]y is a pa9 to u2 & t we "w to rid ourselves ( t pa91 z we %\ld "w to assuage ?ir/1 to bani% too?a*e1 or to escape reproa*4 ,?is view 0 held by ,hobbes4 ,x is =cibly br\ght 9 9 ! foll[+ anecdote record$ ( him by ,aubrey 7,lives ,,ii4 p4 #fbc74 ,"o "t1 ,i rememb]1 goe+ 9 ! ,/r&1 a poor & infirme old man begg$ 8 almes2 he behold+ him ) eies ( pitty & compassion1 putt 8 h& 9 8 pocket1 & gave him #f;d42 ,sayd a div9e ,dr4 ,jasp> ,mayne t /ood by1 ',w\ld y h done ?is1 if x _h n be5 ,*ri/'s ,comm&8' ',yea1' sayd he3 ',:y8' quo? ! o!r2 ',because1' sayd he1 ',i 0 9 pa9e to consid] ! mis]able condition ( ! old man2 & n[ my almes1 giv+ him "s relief1 do? also ease me4' ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? 9 ?is /atem5t2 & tak+ ! fact by itself1 we might f9d "s difficulty 9 draw+ ! l9e betwe5 a volition mov$ by our own pa91 & ! act+ out ( ! idea ( pa9 9 fav\r ( ! suff]]4 ,! be/ reply1 p]haps1 is to comp>e ! am\nt ( pa9 incurr$ & ( pleasure remitt$ or sacrific$ by ! sympa?is]1 ) ! utmo/ value fairly ascribable to 8 own m5tal pa94 ,! pa9 ( mis]y witness$ is frequ5t & habitual1 & al?\gh x has a c]ta9 depress+ effect ^u ! m9d1 yet we %\ld g5]ally be> x mu* m easily ?an ! pa9s ( self-sacrifice x (t5 incites u to4 #cjg #c4 ,we may be end[$ ) a positive susceptibility to pleasure f acts ( k9dness to o!rs2 s t 9 do+ good1 we are /ill mov$ 9 exact proportion to our own gratification4 ,?is expresses v ne>ly ,b5?am's view ( ,dis9t]e/$ness2 :i*1 h[ev]1 equally ) ! =ego+1 comes %ort ( ! facts4 ,suppos+ "s su* pleasure to exi/1 no "o c\ld %[ t 9 degree x fully corresponds to ! effects prompt$ by b5evol5t impulse4 #d4 ,habits ( act+ 9 fav\r ( o!rs may be =m$ to su* an ext5t1 t our virtu\s actions1 begun "u our own pleasures & pa9s1 may at la/ cease to h any ref]5ce to ^? pleasures & pa9s4 ,"h1 also1 ! appeal is to an und5iable fact ( our m5tal con/itution4 ,actions t beg9 z prop] volunt>y actions--on ! spur ( pleasure & pa9--(t5 pass into a me*anical r\t9e1 & are p]si/$ 9 ev5 :5 !y ?w>t our pleasures4 ,any "o plac$ = a numb] ( ye>s 9 a position ( dang]1 & habituat$ to tr\blesome precautions1 is almo/ sure to keep up ! same r\t9e1 aft] ! occasion has ceas$2 mo!rs are liable to ?is unreasonable cont9uance ( solicitude ab\t _! *ildr54 ,! application ( ! fact to moral education is ( great mom5t4 ,if ! "y are initiat$ betimes into a reg>d to ! feel+s & int]e/s ( o!rs1 !y w gr[ up ) a sort ( me*anical unque/ion+ t5d5cy t[>ds ! same l9e ( conduct4 ,^! are ! f\r diff]5t modes ( /at+ ! orig9 ( dis9t]e/$ conduct1 ap>t f ! assumption ( a s\rce ( purely dis9t]e/$ impulses 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,su* a s\rce has be5 indicat$ above1 9 :at may be call$ ! p[] ( ! fix$ idea1 hav+ its seat 9 ! region ( ! intellect1 & op]at+ to ?w>t ! prop] volunt>y impulses1 :i* are in/igat$ by our pleasures & pa9s4--,b4 ,i4 ,editor's footnote #eh3 ,x _h be5 po9t$ out1 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 t ,weal?1 ,p[]1 ,dignity1 & _m o!r ?+s :i* are n #cjh 9 _! own nature pleasures1 b only causes ( pleasures & ( exemption f pa9s1 become s closely associat$ ) ! pleasures ( :i* !y are causes1 & _! abs5ce or loss becomes s closely associat$ ) ! pa9s to :i* x exposes u1 t ! ?+s become objects ( love & desire1 & _! abs5ce an object ( hatr$ & av]sion1 = _! own sake1 )\t ref]5ce to _! consequ5ces4 ,by virtue ( ! same law ( association1 x is po9t$ out 9 ! pres5t *apt] t human actions1 bo? our own & ^? ( o!r p1 /&+ s high z !y d among ! causes bo? ( pleasure & ( pa9 to u 7sometimes by _! direct op]ation1 & sometimes ?r\gh ! s5tim5ts !y give bir? to 9 o!r p]sons t[>ds ourselves7 t5d naturally to become inclos$ 9 a web ( associat$ ideas ( pleasures or ( pa9s at a v e>ly p]iod ( life1 9 su* sort t ! ideas ( acts b5eficial to ourselves & to o!rs become pleasurable 9 !mselves1 & ! ideas ( acts hurtful to ourselves & to o!rs become pa9ful 9 !mselves3 & bo? k9ds ( acts become objects ( a feel+1 ! =m] ( love1 ! latt] ( av]sion1 :i* hav+1 9 our m9ds1 become indep5d5t ( any pleasures or pa9s actually expect$ to result to ourselves f ! acts1 may be truly said to be dis9t]e/$4 ,x is no less obvi\s t acts :i* are n really b5eficial1 or n really hurtful1 b :i*1 ?r\gh "s false op9ion prevail+ among mank9d1 or "s extrane\s ag5cy op]at+ on _! s5tim5ts1 incur _! praise or blame1 may & (t5 d come to be objects ( a q simil> dis9t]e/$ love or hatr$1 exactly z if !y des]v$ x4 ,?is dis9t]e/$ love & hatr$ ( actions1 g5]at$ by ! association ( praise or blame ) !m1 con/itute1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 ! feel+s ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 :i* ! majority ( psy*ologi/s h ?\ght x necess>y to ref] to an orig9al & ultimate pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,mr4 ,ba91 9 ! prec$+ note1 makes 9 ?is !ory a correction1 to :i* ! au?or himself w\ld probably n h object$1 namely1 t ! m]e idea ( a pa9 or pleasure1 by :omsoev] felt1 is intr9sically pa9ful or pleasurable1 & :5 rais$ 9 #cji ! m9d ) int5sity is capable ( becom+ a /imulus to action1 indep5d5t1 n m]ely ( expect$ consequ5ces to ourselves1 b ( any ref]5ce :atev] to ,self2 s t c>e = o!rs is1 9 an admissible s5se1 z mu* an ultimate fact ( our nature1 z c>e = ourselves2 ?\gh "o :i* greatly ne$s /r5g!n+ by ! concurr5t =ce ( ! manifold associations insi/$ on 9 ! au?or's text4 ,?\gh ?is ( ,mr4 ,ba9 is r an acc\nt ( dis9t]e/$ ,sympa?y1 ?an ( ! moral feel+1 x is und\bt$ly true t ! f\ndation ( ! moral feel+ is ! adoption ( ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!rs z our own3 :e!r ?is takes place by ! natural =ce ( sympa?y1 or by ! association :i* has gr[n up 9 our m9d betwe5 our own good or evil & !irs4 ,! moral feel+ re/s ^u ?is id5tification ( ! feel+s ( o!rs ) our own1 b is n ! same ?+ ) x4 ,to con/itute ! moral feel+1 n only mu/ ! good ( o!rs h become 9 itself a pleasure to u1 & _! suff]+ a pa91 b ?is pleasure or pa9 mu/ be associat$ ) our own acts z produc+ x1 & mu/ 9 ?is mann] h become a motive1 prompt+ u to ! "o sort ( acts1 & re/ra9+ u f ! o!r sort4 ,& ?is is1 9 brief1 ! au?or's !ory ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,! exhau/ive treatm5t ( ?is subject w\ld require a l5g? & abundance ( discussion disproportion$ to ! compass & purposes ( a treatise l ! pres5t1 :i* 0 int5d$ to exp\nd :at ! au?or believ$ to be ! real mode ( =mation ( our complex /ates ( consci\sness1 b n to say all t may & ought to be said 9 refutation ( o!r views ( ! subject4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s important p>ts ( ! au?or's own !ory1 :i* are n /at$ 9 ?is "w1 b 9 a subsequ5t "o1 ( a highly polemical "*1 ! ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%3 & x may be bo? in/ructive & int]e/+ to ! read] to f9d ! /atem5t "h4 ,i !re=e subjo9 ! passages conta9+ x4 ,nature makes no classes4 ,nature makes individuals4 ,classes are made by m52 & r>ely ) su* m>ks z det]m9e c]ta9ly :at is to be includ$ 9 !m4 #caj ,m5 make classifications1 z !y d ev]y?+ else1 = "s end4 ,n[1 = :at end 0 x t m51 out ( _! innum]able acts1 select$ a class1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( moral1 & ano!r class1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( immoral8 ,:at 0 ! motive ( ?is act8 ,:at its f9al cause8 ,assur$ly ! answ] to ?is "q is ! fir/ /ep1 ?\gh ,sir ,james saw x n1 t[>ds ! solution ( 8 two que/ions1 compreh5d+ ! :ole ( e?ical sci5ce2 fir/1 :at makes an act to be moral8 & secondly1 :at are ! s5tim5ts ) :i* we reg>d x8 ,we may also be assur$1 t x 0 "s v obvi\s int]e/ :i* recomm5d$ ?is classification2 = x 0 p]=m$1 9 a c]ta9 r\gh way1 9 ! v rude/ /ates ( society4 ,f>!r1 we may easily see h[1 ev5 9 v rude /ates1 m5 7 l$ to x1 by little less ?an necessity4 ,e day ( _! lives !y _h exp]i5ce ( acts1 "s ( :i* 7 agreeable1 or ! cause ( :at 0 agreeable1 to !m2 o!rs disagreeable1 or ! cause ( :at 0 disagreeable to !m1 9 all possible degrees4 ,!y _h no /rong] int]e/ ?an to obta9 ! repetition ( ! "o sort1 & to prev5t ! repetition ( ! o!r4 ,! acts 9 :i* !y 7 ?us int]e/$ 7 ( two sorts2 fir/1 ^? to :i* ! actor 0 l$ by a natural int]e/ ( 8 own2 secondly1 ^? to :i* ! actor 0 n l$ by any int]e/ ( 8 own4 ,ab\t ! fir/ sort !re 0 n occasion = any p>ticul> conc]n4 ,!y 7 pretty sure to take place1 )\t any /imulus f )\t4 ,! second sort1 on ! contr>y1 7 n likely to take place1 unless an int]e/ 0 artificially creat$1 suffici5tly /rong to induce ! actor to p]=m !m4 ,& "h we cle>ly p]ceive ! orig9 ( t important case ( classification 4 4 4 4 ! classification ( acts z moral & immoral4 ,! acts1 :i* x 0 important to o!r m5 t ea* individual %\ld p]=m1 b 9 :i* ! individual _h n a suffici5t int]e/ to secure ! #caa p]=mance ( !m1 7 con/itut$ "o class4 ,! acts1 :i* x 0 important to o!r m5 t ea* individual %\ld ab/a9 f1 b 9 reg>d to :i* he _h n a p]sonal int]e/ suffici5tly /rong to secure 8 ab/a9+ f !m1 7 con/itut$ ano!r class4 ,! fir/ class 7 di/+ui%$ by ! "n moral acts2 ! second by ! "n immoral4 ,! int]e/ :i* m5 _h 9 secur+ ! p]=mance ( ! "o set ( acts1 ! non-p]=mance ( ! o!r1 l$ !m by a sort ( necessity to ?9k ( ! means4 ,!y _h to create an int]e/1 :i* ! actor w\ld n o!rwise h1 9 ! p]=mance ( ! "o sort1 ! non-p]=mance ( ! o!r4 ,& 9 proce$+ to ?is end1 !y c\ld n easily miss _! way4 ,!y _h two p[]s applicable to ! purpose4 ,!y _h a c]ta9 quantity ( good at _! disposal2 & !y _h a c]ta9 quantity ( evil4 ,if !y c\ld apply ! good 9 su* a mann] z to af=d a motive bo? = ! p]=mance & non-p]=mance :i* !y desir$1 or ! evil1 9 su* a mann] z to af=d a motive aga9/ ! p]=mance & non-p]=mance :i* !y wi%$ to prev5t1 _! end 0 atta9$4 ,& ?is is ! s*eme :i* !y adopt$2 & :i*1 9 e situation1 !y h inv>iably pursu$4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 moral approbation1 & disapprobation1 has ?is = its object1 ! di/ribution ( ! good & evil we h at comm&1 = ! production ( acts ( ! useful sort1 ! prev5tion ( acts ( ! contr>y sort4 ,c !re be a nobl] object8 ,b ?\gh m5 h be5 ?us always "r 9 _! g5]al aim1 _! proce$+s h be5 cruelly defective 9 ! detail2 witness ! consequ5ce1--! paucity ( good acts1 ! frequ5cy ( bad acts1 :i* !re is 9 ! _w4 ,a portion ( acts hav+ be5 ?us class$ into good & bad2 & ! utility hav+ be5 p]ceiv$ ( creat+ motives to incite to ! "o1 & re/ra9 f ! o!r1 a sub-classification 0 introduc$4 ,"o portion ( ^! acts 0 su*1 t ! good & evil available = _! production #cab & prev5tion1 c\ld be appli$ by ! community 9 its conjunct capacity4 ,ano!r portion 0 su*1 t ! good & evil available c\ld be appli$ only by individuals 9 _! individual capacity4 ,! fir/ portion 0 plac$ "u ! control ( :at is call$ law2 ! o!r rema9$ "u ! control ( ! moral s5tim5ts2 t is1 ! di/ribution ( good & evil1 made by individuals 9 _! individual capacity4 ,no soon] 0 ! class made1 ?an ! rule foll[$4 ,moral acts are to be p]=m$2 immoral acts are to be ab/a9$ f4 ,beside ?is ! g5]al rule1 !re 0 ne$$1 = m precise direction1 p>ticul> rules4 ,we mu/ rememb] ! fundam5tal condition1 t all rules ( action mu/ be prec$$ by a correspond+ classification ( actions4 ,all moral rules1 99compreh5d$ 9 ! great moral rule1 mu/ relate to a class ( actions compreh5d$ )9 ! gr& class1 con/itut$ & m>k$ by ! t]m moral4 ,?is is ! case ) gr& classes 9 g5]al4 ,!y are subdivid$ into m9or classes1 ea* ( ! m9or classes be+ a portion ( ! l>g]4 ,?us1 ! gr& class ( acts call$ moral has be5 divid$ into c]ta9 conv5i5t portions1 or sub-classes1 & m>k$ by p>ticul> names4 ,j1 ,b5efic5t1 ,brave1 ,prud5t1 ,temp]ate2 to ea* ( :i* classes belongs its appropriate rule t m5 %\ld be j1 t !y %\ld be b5efic5t1 & s on 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( our duties two sets ( cases may be di/+ui%$4 ,!re is "o set 9 :i* a direct e/imate ( ! good ( ! p>ticul> act is inevitable2 & ! man acts immorally :o acts )\t mak+ x4 ,!re are o!r cases 9 :i* x is n necess>y4 ,! fir/ are ^?1 :i* h 9 !m s mu* ( s+ul>ity1 z to prev5t _! com+ )9 ! limits ( any e/abli%$ class4 ,9 su* cases a man has b "o guide2 he mu/ consid] ! consequ5ces1 or act n z a moral1 or rational ag5t at all4 #cac ,! second are cases ( su* ord9>y & frequ5t occurr5ce z to be di/+ui%$ into classes4 ,& ev]ybody kn[s 4 4 4 t :5 a class ( acts are p]=m$ regul>ly & frequ5tly1 !y are at la/ p]=m$ by habit2 9 o!r words1 ! idea ( ! act & ! p]=mance ( x foll[ s easily & spe$ily t !y seem to coh]e1 & to be b "o op]ation4 ,x is only necess>y to recall "s ( ! m famili> in/ances1 to see ! mode ( ?is =mation4 ,9 play+ on a musical in/rum5t1 e note1 at fir/1 is f\nd by an ef=t4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! prop] *oice is made s rapidly z to appe> z if made by a me*anical process 9 :i* ! m9d has no conc]n4 ,! same is ! case ) moral acts4 ,:5 !y h be5 p]=m$ ) frequ5cy & uni=mity1 = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 a habit is g5]at$ 4 4 4 4 4 ,:5 a man acts f habit1 he does n act )\t reflection4 ,he only acts ) a v rapid reflection4 ,9 no class ( acts does a man beg9 to act by habit4 ,he beg9s )\t habit2 & acquires ! habit by frequ5cy ( act+4 ,! consid]ation1 on :i* ! act is f\nd$1 & ! act itself1 =m a sequ5ce4 ,& x is obvi\s f ! famili> cases ( music & ( speak+1 t x is a sequ5ce at fir/ n v easily p]=m$4 ,by e repetition1 h[ev]1 x becomes easi]4 ,! consid]ation occurs ) less ef=t2 ! action foll[s ) less ef=t2 !y take place ) great] & great] rapidity1 till !y seem bl5d$4 ,to say1 t ?is is act+ )\t reflection1 is only ignorance1 = x is ?us se5 to be a case ( act+ by reflection s easily & rapidly1 t ! reflection & ! act _c be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,s9ce moral acts are n p]=m$ at fir/ by habit1 b ea* ^u ! consid]ation :i* recomm5ds x2 ^u :at consid]ations1 we may be ask$1 d moral acts beg9 to be p]=m$8 ,! "q has two mean+s1 & x is necess>y to reply to bo?4 ,x may be ask$1 ^u :at consid]ation ! m5 ( our own age & c\ntry1 = example1 at fir/ #cad & be=e a habit is =m$1 p]=m moral acts8 ,or1 x may be ask$1 ^u :at consid]ation did m5 orig9ally p]=m moral acts8 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions e "o c reply f 8 own memory & obs]vation4 ,we p]=m moral acts at fir/1 f au?ority4 ,our p>5ts tell u t we ought to d ?is1 ought n to d t4 ,!y are anxi\s t we %\ld obey _! precepts4 ,!y h two sets ( influ5ces1 ) :i* to "w ^u u2 praise & blame2 rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,all ! acts :i* !y say we ought to d1 are prais$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 all ^? :i* !y say we ought n to d1 are blam$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! ideas ( praise & blame become associat$ ) c]ta9 classes ( acts1 at a v e>ly age1 s closely1 t !y _c easily be disjo9$1 ,no soon] does ! idea ( ! act occur ?an ! idea ( praise spr+s up along ) x1 & cl+s to x4 ,& g5]ally ^! associations ex]t a pr$om9ant influ5ce dur+ ! :ole ( life4 ,our p>5ts n only praise c]ta9 k9ds ( acts1 blame o!r k9ds2 b !y praise u :5 we p]=m ^? ( ! "o sort1 blame u :5 we p]=m ^? ( ! o!r4 ,9 ?is mann] o!r associations are =m$4 ,! idea ( ourselves p]=m+ c]ta9 acts is associat$ ) ! idea ( our be+ prais$1 p]=m+ c]ta9 o!r acts ) ! idea ( our be+ blam$1 s closely t ! ideas become at la/ indissoluble4 ,9 ?is association consi/ ! v important complex ideas ( praise-wor?9ess1 & blame-wor?9ess4 ,an act :i* is praisewor?y1 is an act ) ! idea ( :i* ! idea ( praise is indissolubly jo9$2 an ag5t :o is praisewor?y is an ag5t ) ! idea ( :om ! idea ( praise is indissolubly jo9$4 ,& 9 ! conv]se case1 t ( blame-wor?9ess1 ! =mation ( ! idea is simil>4 ,_m p[]ful circum/ances come 9 aid ( ^! important associations1 at an e>ly age4 ,we f9d1 t n only our p>5ts act 9 ?is mann]1 b all o!r p>5ts4 #cae ,we f9d t gr[n p act 9 ?is mann]1 n only t[>ds *ildr51 b t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,! associations1 !re=e1 are unbrok51 g5]al1 & all-compreh5d+4 ,our p>5ts adm9i/] n only praise & blame1 to induce u to p]=m acts ( "o sort1 ab/a9 f acts ( ano!r sort1 b also rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,!y d s directly2 &1 fur!r1 !y =w>d all our incl9ations 9 ! "o case1 baulk !m 9 ! o!r4 ,s does ev]ybody else4 ,we f9d our com=ts excessively abridg$ by o!r p1 :5 we act 9 "o way1 enl>g$ :5 we act 9 ano!r way4 ,h5ce ano!r mo/ important class ( associations2 t ( an increase ( well-be+ f ! good w ( our fell[-creatures1 if we p]=m acts ( "o sort1 ( an increase ( mis]y f _! ill-w1 if we p]=m ^? ( ano!r sort4 ,9 ?is mann] x is t m51 born 9 ! social /ate1 acquire ! habits ( moral act+1 & c]ta9 affections connect$ ) x1 be=e !y are capable ( reflect+ ^u ! gr\nds :i* recomm5d ! acts ei!r to praise or blame4 ,ne>ly at ?is po9t ! great] "p ( !m rema91 cont9u+ to p]=m moral acts & to ab/a9 f ! contr>y1 *iefly f ! habits !y h acquir$1 & ! au?ority ^u :i* !y orig9ally act$2 ?\gh x is n possible t any man %\ld come to ! ye>s & bless+ ( reason1 )\t p]ceiv+1 at lea/ 9 an indi/9ct & g5]al way1 ! advantage :i* mank9d d]ive f _! act+ t[>ds "o ano!r 9 "o way1 r ?an ano!r4 ,we come n[ to ! second "q1 viz4 :at are ! consid]ations ^u :i* m5 orig9ally p]=m$ moral acts8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is sub/antially conta9$ 9 ! explanation already giv5 ( ! classification ( acts z moral & immoral4 ,:5 m5 began to m>k ! di/9ction betwe5 acts1 & 7 prompt$ to praise "o class1 blame ano!r1 !y did s1 ei!r because ! "o sort b5efit$1 ! o!r hurt !m2 or = "s o!r reason4 ,if = ! fir/ reason1 ! case is p]fectly intelligible4 ,! m5 _h a motive #caf :i* !y und]/ood1 & :i* 0 adequate to ! end4 ,if x 0 n on acc\nt ( utility t m5 class$ "s acts z moral1 o!rs z immoral1 on :at o!r acc\nt 0 x8 ,to ?is "q1 an answ]1 consi/+ ( any?+ b words1 has nev] be5 return$4 ,x has be5 said1 t !re is a beauty1 & a de=mity1 9 moral & immoral acts1 :i* recomm5d$ !m to ! di/9ctions !y h met )4 ,x is obvi\s to reply to ?is hypo!sis1 t ! m9d ( a savage1 t is1 a m9d 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ! m9ds ( all m5 71 :5 !y began to classify _! acts1 0 n likely to be mu* affect$ by ! ideal some?+ call$ ! beauty ( acts4 ,to receive pa9 or pleasure f an act1 to obta91 or be depriv$ (1 ! means ( enjoym5t by an act2 to l ! acts & ! actors1 :5ce ! good proce$$1 dislike ^? :5ce ! evil proce$$2 all ^! 7 ?+s :i* !y und]/ood4 ,b we mu/ endeav\r to get a little ne>] to ! bottom ( ?is affair4 ,9 tru?1 ! t]m beauty1 z appli$ to acts1 is j z un9telligible to ! philosoph]1 z to ! savage4 ,is ! beauty ( an act "o ?+2 ! morality ( x ano!r8 ,or are !y two names = ! same ?+8 ,if !y are two ?+s1 :at is ! beauty1 di/9ct f ! morality8 ,if !y are ! same ?+1 :at is ! use ( ! "n morality8 ,x only t5ds to confusion4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! beautiful is t :i* excites 9 u ! emotion ( beauty1 a /ate ( m9d ) :i* we are acqua9t$ by exp]i5ce4 ,?is /ate ( m9d has be5 successfully analys$1 & %ewn to consi/ ( a tra9 ( pleasurable ideas1 awak5$ 9 u by ! beautiful object4 ,b is x 9 ?is way only t we are conc]n$ 9 moral acts8 ,d we value !m = no?+1 b z we value a picture1 or a piece ( music1 = ! pleasure ( look+ at !m1 or he>+ !m8 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! contr>y4 ,acts are objects ( importance to u1 on acc\nt ( _! #cag consequ5ces1 & no?+ else4 ,?is con/itutes a radical di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! ?+s call$ beautiful4 ,acts are hurtful or b5eficial1 moral or immoral1 virtu\s or vici\s4 ,b x is only an abuse ( language1 to call !m beautiful or ugly4 ,t x is j>gon1 ! slighte/ reflection is suffici5t to ev9ce2 = :at is ! beauty ( an act1 deta*$ f its consequ5ces8 ,we %all be told1 p]haps1 t ! beauty ( an act 0 nev] suppos$ to be deta*$ f its consequ5ces4 ,! beauty consi/s 9 ! consequ5ces4 ,i am cont5t$ ) ! answ]4 ,b obs]ve to :at x b9ds y4 ,! consequ5ces ( acts are ! good or evil !y d4 ,accord+ to y1 !re=e1 ! beauty ( acts is ei!r ! utility ( !m1 or x is no?+ at all2--a beautiful gr\nd on :i* to dispute ) u1 t acts are class$ z moral1 n on acc\nt ( _! utility1 b on acc\nt ( _! beauty4 ,x w be easily se51 f :at has be5 said1 t !y :o ascribe ! classification ( acts1 z moral1 & immoral1 to a c]ta9 ta/e1 an agreeable or disagreeable s5tim5t :i* !y excite 7among :om are includ$ ! ,scotti% pr(essors ,hut*eson1 & ,br[n1 & ,david ,hume himself1 ?\gh on 8 "p ) wond]ful inconsi/5cy7--hold ! same !ory ) ^? :o say1 t beauty is ! s\rce ( ! classification ( moral acts4 ,?+s are class$ z beautiful1 or de=m$1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 ta/e1 or inw>d s5tim5t4 ,if acts are class$ 9 ! same way1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 ta/e or inw>d s5tim5t1 !y des]ve to be class$ "u ! names beautiful1 & de=m$2 o!rwise n4 ,i hope x is n necess>y = me to g m9utely into ! exposure ( ! o!r v>ieties ( j>gon1 by :i* x has be5 endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ! classification ( acts1 z moral & immoral4 ',fitness' is "o ( !m4 ,acts are approv$ on acc\nt ( _! fitness4 ,:5 fitness is hunt$ d[n1 x is br\ght to bay exactly at ! place :]e beauty 04 ,fitness is ei!r ! goodness ( ! consequ5ces1 or x is no?+ at all4 #cah ,! same is ! case ) ',"r ,reason1' or ',moral ,reason4' ,an act accord+ to moral reason1 is an act1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* are good4 ,moral reason1 !re=e1 is ano!r "n1 & n a bad "n1 = ! pr9ciple ( utility4a ,editor's footnote a3 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 pp4 #bdg--bfe4 ,! foll[+ passage f ano!r "p ( ! same "w1 is also v mu* to ! purpose4 ,! t]ms moral & immoral 7 appli$ by m51 prim>ily1 n to _! own acts1 b ! acts ( o!r m54 ,^? acts1 ! effects ( :i* !y obs]v$ to be b5eficial1 !y desir$ %\ld be p]=m$4 ,to make !m be p]=m$1 !y1 among o!r ?+s !y did1 affix$ to !m m>ks ( _! applause2 !y call$ !m1 good1 moral1 well-des]v+2 & behav$ accord+ly4 ,su* is ! s\rce ( ! moral approbation we be/[ on ! acts ( o!r m54 ,! s\rce ( t :i* we be/[ on our own is tw(old4 ,fir/1 e man's b5eficial acts1 l ^? ( e o!r man1 =m "p ( t sy/em ( b5eficial act+1 9 :i* he1 9 common ) all o!r m51 f9ds 8 acc\nt4 ,secondly1 he /rongly associates ) 8 own b5eficial acts1 bo? t approbation ( o!r m51 :i* is ( s mu* importance to him1 & t approbation :i* he be/[s on o!r m5's b5eficial acts4 ,x is also easy to %ew :at takes place 9 ! m9d ( a man1 be=e he p]=ms an act1 :i* he morally approves or condemns4 ,:at is call$ ! approbation ( an act n yet p]=m$1 is only ! idea ( future approbation3 & x is n excit$ by ! act itself2 x is excit$ by ! idea ( ! act4 ,! idea ( approbation or disapprobation is excit$ by ! idea ( an act1 because ! approbation w\ld be excit$ by ! act itself4 ,b :at excites moral approbation or disapprobation ( an act1 is nei!r ! act itself1 nor ! motive ( ! act2 b ! consequ5ces ( ! act1 good or evil1 & _! be+ )9 ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4 #cai ,let u put a case4 ,a man ) a />v+ wife & family is detect$ wir+ a h>e on my premises4 ,:at happ5s8 ,i call up ! idea ( s5d+ him to prison4 ,i call up ! ideas ( ! consequ5ces ( t act1 ! mis]y ( ! helpless creatures :om 8 lab\r support$2 _! agoniz+ feel+s1 _! corporal wants1 _! hung]1 cold1 _! de/itution ( hope1 _! despair3 ,i call up ! ideas ( ! man himself 9 jail1 ! s9k+ ( he>t :i* att5ds inc>c]ation2 ! dreadful ?\ght ( 8 family depriv$ ( 8 support2 8 association ) vici\s *>act]s2 ! natural consequ5ces1--8 future pr(ligacy1 ! consequ5t pr(ligacy ( 8 ill-fat$ *ildr51 & h5ce ! p]man5t wret*$ness & ru9 ( !m all4 ,i next h ! idea ( my own int5d+ all ^! consequ5ces4 ,& only !n am ,i 9 a condition to p]=m1 z ,sir ,james says1 ! 'op]ation ( consci5ce4' ,i p]=m x4 ,b 9 ?is case1 x is1 to use ano!r ( 8 expressions1 'defeat$4' ,not)/&+ ! moral disapprobation1 :i* ! idea ( su* int5d$ consequ5ces excites 9 me1 ,i p]=m ! act4 ,"h1 at all ev5ts1 any "o may see1 t consci5ce1 & ! motive ( ! act1 are n ! same1 b oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,! motive ( ! act1 is ! pleasure ( hav+ h>es2 n 9 itself a ?+ anywise bad4 ,! only ?+ bad is ! produc+ s mu* mis]y to o!rs1 = secur+ t pleasure to myself4 ,! /ate ( ! case1 !n1 is manife/4 ,! act ( :i* ,i h ! idea1 has two sets ( consequ5ces2 "o set pleasurable1 ano!r hurtful4 ,i feel an av]sion to produce ! hurtful consequ5ces4 ,i feel a desire to produce ! pleasurable4 ,! "o prevails ov] ! o!r4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,no?+ 9 an act is volunt>y b ! consequ5ces t are int5d$4 ,! idea ( good consequ5ces int5d$1 is ! pleasurable feel+ ( moral approbation2 ! idea ( bad consequ5ces int5d$ is ! pa9ful feel+ ( moral disapprobation4 ,! v t]m volunt>y1 !re=e1 appli$ to an act :i* produces good or evil consequ5ces1 #cbj expresses ! antec$5ce ( moral approbation or disapprobation4b ,editor's footnote b3 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 pp4 #cge--cgh4 ,i w quote "o %ort passage m1 9 correction ( ! v vulg> error1 t to analyse our dis9t]e/$ affections & resolve !m into associations ) ! ideas ( our own elem5t>y pleasures & pa9s1 is to d5y _! reality4 ,sir ,james mu/ mean1 if he means any?+1 t to trace up ! motive affections ( human nature to pa9 & pleasure1 is to make p]sonal advantage ! only motive4 ,?is is to affirm1 t he :o analyses any ( ! complicat$ ph5om5a ( human nature1 & po9ts out ! circum/ances ( _! =mation1 puts an end to !m4 ,sir ,james 0 totally ignorant ( ?is "p ( human nature4 ,gratitude rema9s gratitude1 res5tm5t rema9s res5tm5t1 g5]osity g5]osity 9 ! m9d ( him :o feels !m1 aft] analysis1 ! same z be=e4 ,! man :o c trace !m to _! elem5ts does n cease to feel !m1 z mu* z ! man :o nev] ?\ght ab\t ! matt]4 ,& :atev] effects !y produce1 z motives1 9 ! m9d ( ! man :o nev] ?\ght ab\t ! matt]1 !y produce equally1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h analys$ !m ! mo/ m9utely4 ,!y are con/itu5t p>ts ( human nature4 ,h[ we are actuat$1 :5 we feel !m1 is matt] ( exp]i5ce1 :i* e "o kn[s )9 himself4 ,_! action is :at x is1 :e!r !y are simple or comp\nd4 ,does a complex motive cease to be a motive :5ev] x is discov]$ to be complex8 ,! analysis ( ! active pr9ciples leaves ! nature ( !m unt\*$4 ,to be able to ass]t1 t a philosoph]1 :o f9ds "s ( ! active pr9ciples ( human nature to be comp\nd & traces !m to _! orig91 does on t acc\nt exclude !m f human nature1 & d5y _! effici5cy z con/itu5t p>ts ( t nature1 discov]s a total incapacity ( ?9k+ ^u ^! subjects4 ,:5 ,newton discov]$ t a :ite ray ( #cba light is n simple b comp\nd1 did he = t reason exclude x f ! d5om9ation ( light1 & d5y t x produc$ its effects1 ) respect to our p]ception1 z if x 7 ( ! same nature ) ! elem5t>y rays ( :i* x is compos$8c ,editor's footnote c3 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 ,,ii4 ,! reluctance ( _m p]sons to receive z correct ?is analysis ( ! s5tim5ts ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 ?\gh a reluctance f\nd$ m on feel+ ?an on reason+1 is accu/om$ to ju/ify itself intellectually1 by alleg+ ! total unlik5ess ( ^? /ates ( m9d to ! elem5t>y "o1 f :i*1 accord+ to ! !ory1 !y are comp\nd$4 ,b ?is is no m ?an :at is obs]v$ 9 e simil> case4 ,:5 a complex feel+ is g5]at$ out ( elem5ts v num]\s & v>i\s1 & 9 a correspond+ degree indet]m9ate & vague1 b s bl5d$ toge!r by a close association1 ! effect ( a long s]ies ( exp]i5ces1 z to h become insep>able1 ! result+ feel+ always seems n only v unlike any "o ( ! elem5ts compos+ x1 b v unlike ! sum ( ^? elem5ts4 ,! pleasure ( acquir+1 or ( consci\sly possess+1 a sum ( money 7suppos$ n to be desir$ = application to "s specific purpose17 is a feel+1 to our consci\sness1 v diff]5t f ! pleasure ( protection aga9/ hung] & cold1 ! pleasure ( ease & re/ f lab\r1 ! pleasure ( receiv+ consid]ation f our fell[-creatures1 & ! o!r miscellane\s pleasures1 ! association ) :i* is admitt$ to be ! real & only s\rce ( ! pleasure ( possess+ money4 ,9 ! case1 !n1 ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 we h1 on ! "o h&1 a v]a causa or set ( causes1 hav+ a positive t5d5cy to g5]ate a s5tim5t1 ( love = c]ta9 actions1 & ( av]sion = c]ta9 o!rs2 & on ! o!r h&1 ^? s5tim5ts ( love & av]sion1 actually produc$4 ,?is co9cid5ce betwe5 ! s5tim5ts & a #cbb p[] adequate to produce !m1 goes f> t[>ds prov+ causation4 ,t ! s5tim5ts are n obvi\sly l ! causes1 is no reason = po/ulat+ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r cause1 9 ! %ape ( an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,9 a case1 h[ev]1 ( s great int]e/ & importance1 a rigid adh]5ce to ! canons ( inductive pro( mu/ be insi/$ on4 ,^? :o dispute ! !ory are entitl$ to dem& t x %all con=m /rictly to ! g5]al law ( cause & effect1 :i* is1 t ! effect %all occur ) ! cause1 %all n occur )\t ! cause1 & %all be> "s proportion to ! cause4 ,unless x c be %ewn t :5 ! effect is n produc$1 ! cause is ei!r abs5t1 or c\nt]act$ by "s m p[]ful ag5cy2 & unless1 :5 !re is any m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! effect1 a diff]5ce c be %ewn 9 ! cause1 suffici5t to acc\nt = x2 ! !ory mu/ give way1 or at lea/1 _c be consid]$ z prov$4 ,! pr9cipal case 9 :i* ! effect is abs5t1 not)/&+ ! app>5t pres5ce ( ! cause assign$ = x1 is anticipat$ by ! au?or1 & provid$ = aft] 8 mann]1 9 ! fir/ ( ! passages quot$ f ! ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%4 ,!re are actions 7he obs]ves7 z b5eficial z any o!rs1 :i* yet d n excite ! moral s5tim5t ( approbation2 b x is because ! spontane\s motives to ^? b5eficial acts are 9 g5]al suffici5t3 z to eat :5 we are hungry1 or to d a s]vice = :i* we are to be amply paid4 ,!re are1 aga91 actions ( a v hurtful "*1 b su* t ! spontane\s motives = ab/a9+ f !m may be reli$ on1 )\t any artificial addition3 su*1 9 g5]al1 are acts de/ructive ( "o's own life or prop]ty4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases ! hurtful acts may become objects ( moral reprobation1 :51 9 any p>ticul> case1 ! natural det]r5ts prove insuffici5t = prev5t+ !m4 ,! au?or seems to ?9k t ! diff]5ce "h po9t$ out1 is expla9$ by ! fact t ! moral s5tim5t is 9 ! "o case ne$$1 9 ! o!r n ne$$1 = produc+ ! useful or av]t+ ! hurtful act2 t1 9 %ort1 we are #cbc made to h ! feel+1 by a =esight t our hav+ x w op]ate usefully on ! conduct ( our fell[-creatures4 ,i _c accept ?is explanation4 ,x seems to me to expla9 ev]y?+ ab\t ! usual feel+s1 except ! feel+s !mselves4 ,x expla9s praise & blame1 because ^! may be adm9i/]$ ) ! express design ( influ5c+ conduct4 ,x expla9s rew>d & puni%m5t1 & e o!r di/9ction :i* we make 9 our behavi\r betwe5 :at we desire to enc\rage1 & :at we are anxi\s to *eck4 ,b ^! ?+s we might d f a delib]ate policy1 )\t hav+ any moral feel+ 9 our m9ds at all4 ,:5 !re is a moral feel+ 9 our m9ds1 our praise or blame is usually ! simple expression ( t feel+1 r ?an an in/rum5t purposely employ$ = an end4 ,we may give expression to ! feel+ )\t really hav+ x1 9 ! belief t our praise or blame w h a salut>y effect2 b no anticipation ( salut>y effects f our feel+ w ev] avail to give u ! feel+ itself3 except inde$1 :at may be said ( e o!r m5tal feel+--t we may talk ourselves into x2 t ! habitual use ( ! modes ( spee* t are associat$ ) x1 has "s t5d5cy to call up ! feel+ 9 ! speak] himself1 & a great t5d5cy to eng5d] x 9 o!r p4 ,i appreh5d1 h[ev]1 t !re is ano!r1 & m adequate reason :y ! feel+ ( moral approbation is usually abs5t 9 ! case ( actions 7or =be>ances7 = :i* !re are suffici5t motives )\t x4 ,^! actions are done1 & are se5 to be done1 by ev]ybody alike4 ,! pleasant associations d]iv$ f _! usefulness m]ge1 !re=e1 9 our feel+s t[>ds human life & t[>ds our fell[-creatures g5]ally1 & d n give rise to any special association ( pleasure ) giv5 individuals4 ,b :5 we f9d t a c]ta9 p]son does b5eficial acts :i* ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( life did n w>rant u 9 c\nt+ ^u--acts :i* w\ld n h be5 done by ev]ybody1 or ev5 by mo/ p1 9 8 place2 we associate ! pleasure :i* ! b5efit gives u1 ) ! "* & disposition ( t individual1 & ) ! act1 conceiv$ z proce$+ #cbd f t specially b5efic5t disposition4 ,& obv]sely1 if a p]son acts 9 a mann] f :i* we suff]1 b :i* is su* z we %\ld expect f mo/ o!r p 9 a p>allel case1 ! associations :i* 8 acts create 9 our m9ds are associations ) human life1 or ) mank9d 9 g5]al2 b if ! acts1 besides be+ ( a hurtful k9d1 betok5 a disposition 9 ! ag5t1 m hurtful ?an we are accu/om$ to look = 9 av]age m51 we associate ! injury ) t v man1 & ) t v disposition1 & h ! feel+ ( moral disapprobation & repugnance4 ,!re is1 z already intimat$1 ano!r condition :i* ^? :o hold ! ,association !ory ( ! moral s5tim5ts are b\nd to fulfil4 ,! class ( feel+s call$ moral embraces sev]al v>ieties1 mat]ially diff]5t 9 _! "*4 ,:]ev] ?is diff]5ce manife/s itself1 ! !ory mu/ be requir$ to %ew t !re is a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! antec$5ts4 ,if pleasurable or pa9ful associations are ! g5]at+ cause1 ^? associations mu/ diff] 9 "s proportion to ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s 9 :at !y g5]ate4 ,! pr9cipal case 9 po9t is ! case ( :at is call$ ,duty1 or ,obligation4 ,x w probably be admitt$ t b5eficial acts1 :5 done because !y are b5eficial1 excite 9 u fav\rable s5tim5ts t[>ds ! ag5t1 = :i* ! utility or b5eficial t5d5cy ( ! actions is suffici5t to acc\nt4 ,b x is only "s1 n all1 ( ^! b5eficial acts1 t we reg>d z duties2 z acts :i* ! ag5t1 or we ourselves if we are ! p]sons conc]n$1 are b\nd to d4 ,?is feel+ ( duty or obligation1 x is cont5d$1 is a v diff]5t /ate ( m9d f m]e lik+ = ! action & good w to ! ag5t4 ,! association !ory may acc\nt = ! two la/1 b n = ! =m]4 ,i h exam9$ ?is "q 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( a %ort treatise entitl$ ,utilit>ianism4 ,! subject ( ! *apt] is ! connexion betwe5 ,ju/ice & ,utility4 ,i h !re endeav\r$ to %ew :at ! association is1 :i* exi/s 9 ! case ( :at we reg>d z a duty1 b does n #cbe exi/ 9 ! case ( :at we m]ely reg>d z useful1 & :i* gives to ! feel+ 9 ! =m] case ! /r5g?1 ! gravity1 & pung5cy1 :i* 9 ! o!r case x has n4 ,i believe t ! elem5t 9 ! association1 :i* gives ?is di/+ui%+ "* to ! feel+1 & :i* con/itutes ! diff]5ce ( ! antec$5ts 9 ! two cases1 is ! idea ( ,puni%m5t4 ,i mean ! association ) puni%m5t1 n ! expectation ( x4 ,no case c be po9t$ out 9 :i* we consid] any?+ z a duty1 & any act or omission z immoral or wrong1 )\t reg>d+ ! p]son :o commits ! wrong & violates ! duty z a fit object ( puni%m5t4 ,we ?9k t ! g5]al good requires t he %\ld be puni%$1 if n by ! law1 by ! displeasure & ill (fices ( 8 fell[-creatures3 we at any rate feel indignant ) him1 t is1 x w\ld give u pleasure t he %\ld suff] = 8 misconduct1 ev5 if !re are prepond]ant reasons ( ano!r k9d aga9/ inflict+ ! suff]+4 ,?is feel+ ( indignation1 or res5tm5t1 is1 ,i conceive1 a case ( ! animal impulse 7,i call x animal because x is common to u ) ! o!r animals7 to def5d our own life or possessions1 or ! p]sons :om we c>e =1 aga9/ actual or ?reat5$ attack4 ,all conduct :i* we class z wrong or crim9al is1 or we suppose x to be1 an attack ^u "s vital int]e/ ( ourselves or ( ^? we c>e =1 7a category :i* may include ! public1 or ! :ole human race73 conduct :i*1 if all[$ to be repeat$1 w\ld de/roy or impair ! security & com=t ( our lives4 ,we are prompt$ to def5d ^! p>am\nt int]e/s by repell+ ! attack1 & gu>d+ aga9/ its r5ewal2 & our e>lie/ exp]i5ce gives u a feel+1 :i* acts ) ! rapidity ( an in/9ct1 t ! mo/ direct & efficaci\s protection is retaliation4 ,we are !re=e prompt$ to retaliate by inflict+ pa9 on ! p]son :o has inflict$ or tri$ to inflict x ^u ourselves4 ,we endeav\r1 z f> z possible1 t our social in/itutions %all r5d] u ?is s]vice4 ,we are gratifi$ :51 by t or o!r means1 ! pa9 is inflict$1 & dissatisfi$ if f any cause x is n4 ,?is #cbf /rong association ( ! idea ( puni%m5t1 & ! desire = its infliction1 ) ! idea ( ! act :i* has hurt u1 is n 9 itself a moral s5tim5t2 b x appe>s to me to be ! elem5t :i* is pres5t :5 we h ! feel+s ( obligation & ( injury1 & :i* ma9ly di/+ui%es !m f simple di/a/e or dislike = any ?+ 9 ! conduct ( ano!r t is disagreeable to u2 t di/+ui%es1 = in/ance1 our feel+ t[>ds ! p]son :o /eals our goods1 f our feel+ t[>ds him :o (f5ds our s5ses by smok+ tobacco4 ,?is impulse to self-def5ce by ! retaliatory infliction ( pa91 only becomes a moral s5tim5t1 :5 x is unit$ ) a conviction t ! infliction ( puni%m5t 9 su* a case is con=mable to ! g5]al good1 & :5 ! impulse is n all[$ to c>ry u beyond ! po9t at :i* t conviction ends4 ,= fur!r illu/ration ,i mu/ ref] to ! little ,treatise already m5tion$4--,ed4 #cbg ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,w4 ,,we h n[ consid]$ ! class ( s5sations1 call$ ,pleasurable1 & ,pa9ful4 ,we h also consid]$ ! ,ideas ( ^? s5sations1 or t revival ( !m :i* is capable ( tak+ place1 :5 ! outw>d action ^u ! s5ses is remov$4 ,! ,idea ( ! pleasurable s5sation1 & ! ,desire ( x2 ! ,idea ( ! pa9ful s5sation1 & ! ,av]sion to x2 are respectively names = "o & ! same /ate ( consci\sness4 ,we h also consid]$ ! ,ideas ( ! ,causes ( our ,pleasurable & ,pa9ful s5sations4 ,we h f\nd t ^? ,ideas are nev] ,ideas ( ! ,causes sep>ately2 b ,ideas bo? ( ! causes & ( _! effects1 insep>ably jo9$ by association4 ,!y are n1 !re=e1 indiff]5t ,ideas2 !y are always ei!r pleasurable or pa9ful2 be+ complex ,ideas1 to a great degree compos$ ( ! ,ideas ( pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations4 ,z ! simple ,idea ( a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation1 is a ,,desire or an ,,av]sion2 s ! complex ,idea1 compos$ ( ! ,ideas ( a ,cause ( pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations1 & its effects1 is call$ an #cbh ,,affection2 :i* receives diff]5t names1 accord+ z x is modifi$ by diff]5t circum/ances2 ( "t1 = example1 pa/ or future2 & if future1 c]ta9ly or unc]ta9ly1 future4 ,we next obs]v$1 t our own acts 7 v (t5 ! cause ( ! causes ( our pleasures1 & ( ! prev5tion ( our pa9s4 ,! ,idea ( an action ( our own1 z cause1 /rongly associat$ ) ! ,idea ( a pleasure z its effect1 we f\nd to be a /ate ( m9d peculi>ly important2 because x excites to action4 ,9 :at mann] ?is /ate ( m9d gives bir? to action1 is ! "q :i* we n[ h to resolve4 ,! object ( ! ,inquiry is1 to f9d out1 :at t peculi> /ate ( m9d or consci\sness is1 by :i* action is prec$$4 ,f all m5 x receives ! same "n4 ,x is call$ ! ,w1 by e body2 & by e body ?is ,w is und]/ood to be a /ate ( m9d or consci\sness2 b h[ =m$1 or :]e9 consi/+1 is v>i\sly & vehem5tly disput$4 ,mu* ( ! confusion ( ,ideas :i* has d>k5$ ?is controv]sy arose f ! misconception1 s long univ]sal1 respect+ ! ,idea ( a ,cause4 ,! w 0 inv>iably1 & ju/ly1 assum$ z ! cause ( ! action2 b unhappily !re 0 always assum$ z a "p ( ! ,idea ( ?is cause1 an item1 :i* is f\nd to be altoge!r imag9>y4 ,9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts call$ ,cause & ,effect1 m5 7 n cont5t$ ) ! ,cause & ! ,effect2 !y imag9$ a ?ird ?+1 call$ ,=ce or ,p[]1 :i* 0 n ! cause1 b some?+ emanat+ f ! cause1 & ! true & imm$iate cause ( ! #cbi ,effect4 ,?is illusion has be5 m9utely exam9$1 z we h already rem>k$1 by a late ,philosoph]2 by :om x has be5 prov$1 beyond ! rea* ( contradiction1 t ! p[] ( any cause is no?+ diff]5t f ! cause4 ,a cause1 & ! p[] ( a cause1 are n two ?+s1 b two names = ! same ?+4 ,) ! ,idea ( ,cause is always unit$ ! ,idea ( ,effect4 ,x is "o ( ! cases ( insep>able conjunction4 ,! ,idea ( ! ,cause z exi/+1 is irresi/ibly foll[$ by ! ,idea ( ! ,effect z exi/+4 ,n only does ! "o ,idea always foll[ ! o!r2 b x is n 9 our p[] to prev5t _! foll[+4 ,n[ ! ,idea ( any ?+ z exi/+1 :5 t idea =ces itself ^u u1 & _c be resi/$1 is t :i* we call ,belief4 ,9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ b ! idea ( an ,antec$5t & a ,consequ5t1 & a fix$ ord] ( ,association4 ,our object1 !re=e1 9 ?is ,inquiry w be completely atta9$ if we discov] :i* is ! real /ate ( m9d :i* imm$iately prec$es an action4 ,! actions ( a human be+ may be divid$ into two sorts3 ,i4 ,^? :i* are call$ ! actions ( 8 ,body2 ,,ii4 ,^? :i* are call$ ! actions ( 8 m9d4 ,we %all endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at are ! antec$5ts ( bo?1 & %all beg9 ) ! ,body4 ,i4 ,! actions ( ! ,body are all ( "o sort4 ,!y consi/ ess5tially ( t action ( c]ta9 fibres1 :i* is call$ contraction4 ,! object ( ?is "p ( our ,inquiry1 !re=e1 is to asc]ta9 :at are ! /ates ( m9d :i* imm$iately prec$e a fibr\s contraction4 #ccj ,we c %[ t muscul> or fibr\s contractions foll[1 #a/1 ,s5sations2 #b;dly1 ,ideas3 & we c also %ew1 t 9 a va/ proportion ( ^? cases1 ! sequ5ce is inv>iable2 9 o!r words1 t ! ,s5sation1 or ,idea1 is ! cause ( ! contraction4 #a4 ,x is no "p ( our pres5t bus9ess to adduce :at has be5 discov]$ by physiologi/s 9 trac+ ! physical antec$5ts ( a contract+ muscle4 ,! m5tal antec$5t is ! object ( our inquiry2 & :e!r a physical l9k1 or m ?an "o physical l9k1 int]v5es betwe5 x & ! contraction1 alt]s n ! "q z to ! /ate ( ! m5tal cause2 nor ! fact z to ! ultimate effect4 ,facts are abundant1 to prove1 t ! n]ves are ! imm$iate in/rum5t ( contraction2 & also t ! effect produc$ by ! m5tal /ate is fir/ ^u ! n]ves1 & only ?r\gh ! n]ves ^u ! muscle4 ,a p>alytic limb1 is a limb1 ! movem5t ( :i* is n consequ5t ^u t m5tal /ate :i* is usually foll[$ by su* a movem5t4 ,b a p>alytic limb is only a limb1 ! n]ves ( :i* are depriv$ ( _! usual p[] by a disord] 9 t "p ( ! bra9 9 :i* !y orig9ate4 ,innum]able facts are capable ( be+ adduc$1 to prove t s5sation is a cause ( muscul> action4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little necessity to be t$i\s ) ! pro(2 because !re w be little difficulty 9 ass5t+ to ! proposition4 ,! di/9ction1 :i* we =m]ly drew1 betwe5 ^? s5sations :i* we h by :at is call$ ! ext]nal s5ses1 9 o!r words1 on ! surface ( our body1 & ^? 7num]\s1 n individually only1 b also 9 _! species or k9ds71 :i* we h 9 #cca ! int]nal p>ts ( our bodies1 x is "h peculi>ly necess>y to rememb]1 & /rongly to rem>k4 ,! muscles !mselves are int]nal p>ts ( ! body4 ,! feel+s 9 ! muscles are "o species ( ^? int]nal s5sations4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 z x is easy to conceive1 ! int]nal s5sations are a lead+ cause ( su* actions z take place 9 ! int]nal organs ( ! ,body4#ei ,editor's footnote #ei3 ,! actions :i* take place 9 ! int]ior ( ! body are n always1 nor p]haps ev5 g5]ally1 produc$ by s5sations4 ,a l>ge portion ( !m are n prec$$ by any s5sation ( :i* we are aw>e1 & h be5 asc]ta9$ to dep5d on n]ves n t]m9at+ 9 ! bra91 :i* is ! seat ( s5sation1 b /opp+ at ! sp9al cord4 ,^! actions are inf]r$ to be ! results ( a m]e 99physical /imulus1 op]at+ ei!r ^u ! local n]ves1 or ^u ! sp9al ganglions ) :i* ^? n]ves communicate1 & n att5d$ ) any consci\sness4 ,_m ( ! in/ances :i* ! au?or goes on to enum]ate1 ( muscul> action excit$ by s5sation1 are1 9 all probability1 cases ( ?is description4 ,! muscul> action is directly excit$ by ! physical irritation ( ! n]ves1 & any s5sation :i* accompanies x is n its cause1 b a simultane\s effect4--,ed4 ,"s ( ! ext]nal cases are rem>kably famili> & precise4 ,a pung5t od\r ent]s ! no/rils2 fir/1 a c]ta9 s5sation foll[s1 & imm$iately aft]1 ! viol5t action ( a great numb] ( muscles1 call$ ,sneez+4 ,9 dr9k+1 a drop ( wat] sometimes ent]s ! l>ynx2 x produces a c]ta9 s5sation1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! action ( c]ta9 muscles1 f :i* we h ! v pa9ful feel+ ( suffocation4 ,!re is a v rem>kable exemplification ( ! same law1 9 ! case ( ! s5sation #ccb ( light4 ,! ,pupil ( ! ,eye contracts or dilates1 accord+ z a great] or less degree ( light falls ^u ! ret9a4 ,! eyelids are 9 p]petual motion 9 consequ5ce ( s5sations to :i* we d n att5d4 ,! pa9ful s5sation p]vad+ ! body1 :5 we plunge into cold wat]1 produces s mu* action 9 ! muscles1 t we sob & respire 9 a convulsive mann]4 ,! la*rymal gl&s are mov$ to action1 by c]ta9 effluvia1 z ^? ( onions1 by smoke1 & v>i\s gases1 & ev5 by c]ta9 /ates ( ! air1 s z to %$ te>s abundantly4 ,! action ( food is simil> ^u ! saliv>y gl&s2 & ( heat & cold ^u ! sk91 ! "o op5+1 ! o!r contract+ its pores4 ,9 respect to a great numb] ( ! contractions ( muscles1 :i* take place 9 consequ5ce ( impressions on ! surface ( our bodies1 ! evid5ce is n s precise2 because1 ?\gh contractions are orig9ally p]=m$ by s5sation1 !y are aft]w>ds & m habitually p]=m$ by ,ideas4 ,we %all be able1 !re=e1 to speak ( !m m in/ructively1 :5 m famili> ) ! sequ5ce consi/+ ( ,ideas antec$5t1 & ! contraction ( muscles consequ5t4 ,! action ( ! int]nal organs 9 consequ5ce ( int]nal s5sations1 is prov$ by _m famili>1 z well z by _m int]e/+ ph5om5a4 ,! action ( c\gh+1 ?an :i* none m famili>1 is ! highe/ evid5ce4 ,! s5sation "h1 is n "o ( ^? :i* are neglect$ & obscure4 ,a viol5t action ( ! muscles is its imm$iate consequ5ce4 ,hiccup is also produc$ by a s5sation 9 ! /oma*2 & af=ds evid5ce def9ite & decisive4 ,vomit+ is ano!r v in/ructive case4 ,we #ccc "k t x is ! ultimate effect ( some?+ :i* produces disagreeable s5sations 9 ! /oma*4 ,! s5sation1 inde$1 9 ?is case1 is n s well di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 nor s precisely kn[n1 z 9 ! case ( c\gh+4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 its g5]al "*1 & we "k well ! viol5t contraction ( muscles1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( x4 ,9 connexion ) ?is1 we may notice ! peculi> s5sations 9 ! ,ut]us1 :i* produce ! muscul> actions ( ,p>turition2 "s ( ! mo/ viol5t belong+ to ! human frame4 ,! s5sations1 :i* are ! cause ( cramps1 are commonly obscure4 ,x is ! ,effect :i* engages all our att5tion4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x is by an int]nal s5sation1 t ?is v pa9ful effect is produc$4 ,a great] proportion ( ^? pa9ful muscul> actions call$ spasms1 are ! effect ( s5sations2 ?\gh ,ideas1 also1 appe> to be conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ^? :i* become frequ5t4 ,"o v rem>kable case1 :i* is nam$ ! ,lock$ ,jaw1 is (t5 ! result ( a pa9 produc$ by an ext]nal w\nd4 ,n any ( our bodily functions is m important ?an ,respiration4 ,x is a v ext5sive action ( muscles habitually p]=m$ by s5sation m]ely4 ,! s5sations1 h[ev]1 escape our att5tion to su* a degree1 t we lose ! p[] ( att5d+ to !m4 ,& x is only by ! ef=t we are capable ( to /op ,respiration1 :5 a pa9ful s5sation aft] a "t r5d]s ! action ( ! muscles irresi/ible1 t we get a sort ( conjectural k ( :at ! ord9>y s5sation is4 ,!re are "s mo/ important cases ( ! action ( our int]nal organs1 9 consequ5ce ( s5sation1 9 #ccd :i*1 f ! habitual neglect ( t :i* nev] calls = our att5tion1 bo? cause & effect1 to our ord9>y p]ception1 are alike unkn[n4 ,t ! he>t is a "p ( ! body end[$ ) s5sation1 is abundantly kn[n1 z (t5 z1 by a dep>ture f its habitual /ate1 x becomes ! seat ( s5sations o!r ?an ! habitual s5sations1 to :i*1 f habit ( inatt5tion to !m1 we h lo/ ! p[] ( att5d+4 ,! blood _c fl[ into ! he>t1 )\t a s5sation ( ! he>t4 ,! contraction ( ! he>t is ! consequ5ce ( t s5sation2 !nce ! circulation ( ! blood2 !nce respiration1 & all ! tra9s1 bo? ( s5sations1 & ( actions1 :i* con/itute ! g5]al work+ ( ! human ma*9e4 ,9 tru?1 ! actions ( ! alim5t>y canal1 necess>y to keep up ! supply ( ! blood & ! actions ( ! circulat+ sy/em1 :i* imp>t _! action to mo/ ( ! assimilat+ & secret+ organs ( ! human body1 all tak+ place 9 s5sitive p>ts1 all1 ( c\rse1 att5d$ by s5sation1 & all produc$ by s5sation1 con/itute a sy/em ( int]nal s5sations1 num]\s beyond :at x is easy to conceive1--"s pleasurable1 "s pa9ful1--& ( all possible modifications ( pa9 & pleasure2 b to :i*1 s+ly1 ! habit ( inatt5tion is s complete1 t x am\nts to inability ( att5d+ to !m4 ,:5 !y are v ext5sively ( a pleasurable1 or v ext5sively ( a pa9ful k9d1 !y produce a g5]al /ate1 :i* (t5 calls our att5tion2 b = :i*1 z x is a vague1 indet]m9ate feel+1 we h only vague1 indet]m9ate names3 we call x a #cce /ate ( com=t or discom=t2 ( *e]fulness1 or gloom2 high spirits1 or l[ spirits2 & s on4 ,! incessant motion ( ! blood1 9 s _m s5sitive tubes1 9 e "p ( ! body1 con/itutes a sy/em ( s5sations p]vad+ ! :ole frame2 z ! contact ( ! air produces a sy/em ( s5sations1 p]vad+ e "p ( ! surface ( our bodies1 b to :i* our habit ( inatt5tion is s complete1 t we are equally incapable ( att5d+ to !m z we are ( att5d+ to ! s5sations produc$ 9 our art]ies & ve9s1 by ! motion ( ! blood1 & 9 ! secret+ & absorb+ vessels :5 excit$ to action4#aj99 ,mill's footnote #aj3 ,is !re n reason to suspect1 t our unconsci\sness1 9 heal?1 ( ! ,impressions made on our organs by ! fluids :i* !y conta91 dep5ds on our be+ accu/om$ to ! s5sations :i* !y incessantly excite2 s t !re rema9s b a confus$ p]ception :i* 9 "t disappe>s4--,elem5ts ( ,physiology1 by ,a4 ,ri*]&1 translat$ by ,james ,copel&1 ,m4,d41 #d? ed41 p4 #ba4--7;,au?or's ,note47 ,we are r m att5tive1 p]haps1 to ! g5]al /ates produc$ by ! ext5sive diffusion ( pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 ?an 9 ! *annels ( ! blood1 & p]haps we sometimes conf\nd !m4 ,to "s ( ! feel+s 9 ! upp] "p ( ! canal we att5d suffici5tly to di/+ui% !m2 ! feel+ call$ nausea1 = example1 9 its num]\s modifications4 ,to ^? 9 ! o!r p>ts1 unless !y am\nt to acute pa91 we nev] att5d1 till !y are s ext5sively diffus$1 z to con/itute a /ate1 to :i* we assign ! t]ms1 ,com=t1 ,discom=t1 or "s o!r #ccf ( ! vague names1 by :i* a /ate made up ( an indef9ite numb] ( pa9ful or pleasurable s5sations is usually d5om9at$4 ,yet we "k t actions ( great importance are ! result ( ^? unnotic$ s5sations2 ! secretion ( ! ga/ric juice2 ! secretion ( ! bile2 ! sep>ation ( ! nutritive f ! innutritive "p ( ! food2 ! op]ation ( ! lacteal & lymphatic vessels1 & t extraord9>y motion call$ ! p]i/altic1 :i* aids 9 c>ry+ on ! cont5ts ( ! b[els to ! place ( _! dis*>ge4 ,x is probable1 t ! pleasurable /ates ( ! alim5t>y canal are commonly jo9$1 or syn*ron\s1 ) pleasurable /ates ( ! *annels ( ! blood2 & ! pa9ful /ates1 ! same4 ,t ! heal?y1 or unheal?y /ate ( ! "o1 accompanies t ( ! o!r1 we "k4 ,& t c]ta9 diseas$ /ates ( ! circulat+ sy/em1 are accompani$ ) t g5]al /ate ( feel+1 call$ discom=t1 or wret*$ness1 :i* implies ! wide diffusion ( pa9ful s5sations ?r\gh\t ! sy/em1 is b too well kn[n to all :o h exp]i5c$ any modification ( ! febrile /ate2 nor c x be d\bt$1 t ! joy\s /ate ( p]fect heal?1 9 :i* we feel delight 9 our be+1 & our :ole frame seems to be a s\rce ( pleasure to u1 is 9 a great degree produc$ by ! innum]able unnotic$ & unnoticeable s5sations1 produc$ by ! motion & contact ( ! blood1 9 e "p ( our frame4 ,we seem au?oriz$1 !re=e1 by ! fulle/ ,evid5ce1 to assume t ,s5sation1 is ! m5tal cause1 :atev] ! physical l9ks1 ( a great proportion ( ! muscul> contractions ( our frame2 & t #ccg among ^? s produc$ are f\nd "s ( ! mo/ con/ant1 ! mo/ rem>kable1 & ! mo/ important1 ( t gr& class ( corporeal ph5om5a4 #b4 ,to prove t ,ideas1 z well z ,s5sations1 are ! cause ( muscul> actions1 x is necess>y to make *oice ( cases1 9 :i* ! ,idea is 9 no dang] ( be+ conf\nd$ ) t /ate ( m9d call$ ! ,w4 ,& h>dly any case w answ] ?is condition1 except "s ( ^? :i* are held to be involunt>y1 = ! ,idea itself nev] c be v cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! ,w4 ,! ,w9k+ ( ! ,eyelids1 :5 a p]son moves 8 h& rapidly close to ! eyes ( ano!r p]son1 is a famili> case ( an action ( ! muscles1 :i* we _c prev5t4 ,! idea is t ( pa91 f ! contact ( ! h& ) ! eye4 ,a sudd5 s5sation ( pa9 9 ! eye makes ! eyelid close4 ,?is is ! case1 already exam9$1 ( contraction by s5sation4 ,:5 ?is has be5 p]=m$1 a numb] ( times1 ! idea ( pa9 9 ! eye1 & ! idea ( ! contraction ( ! muscles1 t is1 ( ! s5sations conta9$ 9 ! contraction ( ! muscles1 become associat$ toge!r1 s /rongly1 t ! "o c nev] exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,! next /ep ( ! process is1 t ! contraction foll[s ^u ! ,idea1 9 ! same mann] z x foll[$ ^u ! s5sation4 ,?is is n a matt] ( conjecture1 x is matt] ( fact4 ,x is an exp]i5c$ ev5t4 ,we d n und]take to say1 :at physical l9ks are betwe5 ! ,idea & ! contraction1 any m ?an betwe5 ! s5sation & ! contraction4 ,! ,idea is ! la/ "p ( ! m5tal op]ation4 ,& z ! ,idea & ! s5sation are feel+s s ne>ly alike1 !re is #cch no difficulty 9 believ+ t l effects proce$ f l causes4#fj ,ba9's footnote #fj3 ,! act ( w9k+ or w9c+ "u ! ?reat ( a bl[ on ! eyes is a good example ( /rong1 & ev5 indissoluble association4 ,any "o mak+ ! exp]im5t ) an infant w f9d t !re is no orig9al t5d5cy to p]=m ! act4 ,x is an association g5]at$ "u ! impressiv5ess ( an acute pa91 m+l$ ) t]ror2 a /ate ( ?+s "u :i* an indelible m5tal connexion w be e/abli%$ 9 a v small numb] ( repetitions4 ,z a dog t has once suff]$ f a burnt c9d] w dread = ev] any commotion or /irr+ ( ! fire1 s "o sm>t 9 ! eye w be associat$ ) ! cause 9 an indissoluble bond2 & ! m]e sight ( any?+ 9 motion t[>ds ! face w induce ! prev5tive volition4--,b4 ,! orig9 ( ! s5sation1 & ! orig9 ( ! ,idea seem to be diff]5t4 ,! s5sation orig9ates 9 ! extremity ( ! n]ves at "s p>ticul> "p ( ! body4 ,some?+1 we "k n :at1 happ5s at ! extremity ( ^? n]ves2 some?+1 we "k n :at1 is convey$ along ! n]ves to ! bra92 & !n s5sation exi/s4 ,f ! bra91 9 its /ate ( s5sation1 some?+1 we "k n :at1 is convey$ along ! n]ves to ! contract+ muscle1 & ! contraction takes place4 ,also1 f ! ,bra91 9 its /ate ( ,ideation1 if ,i may "h1 = ! sake ( ! analogy ) s5sation1 use a ^w ( my own co9+1 some?+ is convey$ along ! n]ves to ! contract+ muscle1 & ! contraction takes place4 ,! s5sation does n orig9ate 9 ! ,bra92 ! ,idea does4 ,b if ! /ate ( ! ,bra9 :5 x has a s5sation1 & :5 x has ! idea ( t s5sation1 be1 z we may #cci naturally suppose1 v ne>ly ! same2 & if ! /ate ( ! ,bra9 is a necess>y l9k 9 ! *a9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* t]m9ates 9 ! contract$ muscle1 ! effect is s f> acc\nt$ =4 ,yawn+ is a famili> case ( contraction1 produc$ by s5sation4 ,we yawn )\t int5d+ x2 we "k t we yawn 9 consequ5ce ( an antec$5t /ate ( feel+1 ( :i*1 f nev] att5d+ to x p>ticul>ly1 we h no di/9ct ,idea2 b :i* we recognise suffici5tly z ! antec$5t ( ! act4 ,?is act1 h[ev]1 we also "k is frequ5tly ! effect ( ,ideas4 ,if we see ano!r p]son yawn1 x r>ely happ5s t we d n yawn along ) him4 ,! act ( yawn+ is s /rongly associat$ ) ! idea ( ! feel+s :i* prec$e x1 t ! sight ( ! act by ano!r p]son calls up 9 u /rongly ! idea ( ! prec$5t feel+s4 ,! ,idea exi/s1 & z ! contraction 0 ! effect ( ! s5sation1 s is x also ( ! ,idea4 ,! same is ! acc\nt to be r5d]$ ( ! infecti\s p[] ( convulsions4 ,9 assemblies ( m5 & wom51 especially "u su* a /ate ( excitem5t 7religi\s en?usiasm1 = in/ance7 z implies ! /rong association ( c]ta9 tra9s ( ,ideas1 if "o p]son is attack$ ) convulsions1 x commonly happ5s t o!rs are attack$1 & frequ5tly great numb]s4 ,t ?is is a case ( ,ideas is c]ta92 because no?+ is convey$ to ! spectators f a p]son convuls$1 b ! sight ( ! p]son2 & ! sight c d no?+ b excite associat$ ,ideas4 ,! associat$ ,ideas exi/3 ! convulsions foll[4 ,laught] is a curi\s ph5om5on ( human nature4 ,! analysis ( x is n "h requir$4 ,x #cdj w be easily recognis$ z a rem>kable in/ance ( ! production ( muscul> action by ,ideas4 ,we laugh1 ei!r :5 c]ta9 ideas are sugge/$ to u by o!rs1 or :5 !y proce$ f our own associations4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! ,ideas exi/2 ! ,laught] foll[s4 ,sobb+ & weep+1 9 grief1 af=d a simil> in/ance4 ,:at we call grief1 is ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 tra9s ( ,ideas4 ,! ,ideas exi/3 ! weep+ foll[s4 ,! swall[+ ( ! saliva af=ds a good exp]im5t4 ,if a fri5d assures y t y _c refra91 = ! space ( a m9ute1 f ?is act1 & y are tempt$ to try1 y are almo/ sure to fail4 ,by ! att5tion fix$ on ! act1 ! ideas ( ! feel+s1 :i* prec$e ! act1 are s /rongly call$ up by association1 t ! act foll[s ( c\rse4#fa ,ba9's footnote #fa3 ,?is is a pure example ( ! fix$ idea1 or ( ! t5d5cy to "w out into full actuality :atev] is /rongly pres5t$ 9 idea4 ,! case also %[s ?is p[] 9 conflict ) ! ,w2 we are suppos$ to be try+ h>d to prev5t ! act 7:i* is volition71 & yet !re is1 9 ! int5se possession ( an idea1 a p[] great] ?an ! w4 ,! fact ( be+ /rongly excit$ to avoid swall[+ ! saliva1 increases ! =ce ( ! idea ( swall[+ x1 & makes t idea almo/ omnipot5t to "w itself out4 ,! same baffl+ ( ! w1 ! mak+ x recoil ^u itself1 is %[n 9 our attempt to =get or bani% a pa9ful idea4 ,! m int5sely we w to =get ! idea1 ! m d we /amp x on ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! excitem5t eng5d]$ by ! volition4--,b4 ,!re are _m acts ( famili> occurr5ce to %ew1 t ^? actions ( our organs :i* are ! mo/ #cda habitually produc$ by s5sations1 are capable ( be+ /rongly modifi$ by ,ideas4 ,! effect ( ,fe>1 = example1 on ! action ( ! he>t1 is kn[n to be v rem>kable4 ,s x is on ! action ( ! b[els1 ( ! kidneys1 & ( ! sk94 ,"o ( its effects is p]spiration2 ano!r1 pal5ess3 ano!r1 cold4#aa99 ,mill's footnote #aa3 ,! op]ation ( ,ideas on ! int]nal p>ts ( ! body is s famili>1 t we meet ev]y:]e ) pleasant /ories ( x4 ,za*>y ,gray1 9 "o ( 8 notes on ,butl]'s ,hudibras1 allud+ to ! /ory ( ! c\ntryman1 :o1 receiv+ a prescription f ! doctor1 & be+ told by him to take t1 swall[$ ! pap]1 asks1 ,& :y might n ?is op]ate ^u a /rong imag9ation1 z well z ! ugly p>son1 ! v sight ( :om 9 a morn+ 7,oldham's ,rema9s7 w\ld "w beyond ,jalap or ,rhub>b2 & a ,doctor prescrib$ him to "o ( 8 pati5ts z a rem$y aga9/ co/iv5ess3 ,or :at is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,daniel ,turn] 7,de ,morbis ,cutaneis71 t ! b>e imag9ation ( a purg+ potion has wr\ght su* an alt]ation 9 sundry p]sons1 z to br+ on sev]al /ools l ^? !y call physical2 & he m5tions a "y g5tleman1 8 pati5t1 :o hav+ occasion to take _m vomits1 _h su* an antipa?y to !m1 t ev] aft] he w\ld vomit z /rongly by ! =ce ( imag9ation1 by ! b>e sight ( ! emetic bolus1 z mo/ c\ld d by m$ic9e4 ,! application ( a cly/]-pipe1 )\t ! cly/]1 has _h ! same effect ^u o!rs4--7,au?or's ,note47 ,! cases :i* we h j adduc$1 ( yawn+1 & contagi\s convulsions1 may be reg>d$ z belong+ to an ext5sive class2 :i* obta9s ! g5]al "n ( ,imitation4 ,!re is m or less ( a prop5sity to ,imitation 9 all m51 t is1 to p]=m ! act :i* we see ano!r man p]=m+4 ,9 mo/ *ildr5 ! prop5sity is v /rong2 & #cdb to x !y owe mu* ( ! cel]ity ) :i* !y make c]ta9 acquirem5ts2 to t ( imitat+ s\nds1 = example1 ! cel]ity ) :i* !y le>n to speak4 ,! prop5sity to imitate musical s\nds s adh]es to p]sons ( a musical e>1 ev5 9 mature age1 t !y c sc>cely =be> humm+ e tune :i* !y he>4 ,*ildr5 le>n to /utt] & to squ9t1 f imitation ( _! companions4 ,we "k h[ univ]sally x happ5s t "y p]sons acquire ! mann] & ! air ( ^? ) :om !y habitually live4 ,^! are cases n only ( action1 b ( habits ( action1 produc$ by ! ag5cy ( ,ideas4 ,x requires only cases ( /rong association to produce analog\s effects1 at all p]iods ( life4 ,:5 we see a /roke1 says ,mr4 ,smi?1 aim$ & j ready to fall ^u ! leg or arm ( ano!r p]son1 we naturally %r9k & draw back our own leg1 or our own arm4 ,! mob1 :5 !y are gaz+ at a danc] on ! slack rope1 naturally wri! & twi/1 & balance _! own bodies z !y see him d4 ,p]sons ( delicate fibres & a weak con/itution ( body1 compla91 t 9 look+ on ! sores & ulc]s :i* are expos$ by begg>s 9 ! /reets1 !y are apt to feel an it*+ or uneasy s5sation 9 ! correspond5t "p ( _! own bodies4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ robu/ make1 obs]ve1 t 9 look+ ^u sore eyes1 !y (t5 feel a v s5sible sor5ess 9 _! own4 ,!re are few p]sons :o d n put on a *e]ful c\nt5ance1 ^u ! sight ( ! *e]ful c\nt5ances ( _! fri5ds2 /ill few] ^: c\nt5ance is n made sorr[ful by sight ( ! sorr[ful c\nt5ances ( _! fri5ds4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ,te>s are contagi\s2 & ^u #cdc ?is "s well-kn[n rules = ! c\nt5ance bo? ( ! orator & ! actor are prescrib$4 ,x is n necess>y fur!r to accumulate in/ances ( ?is description2 nor fur!r to ent] into ! analysis ( !m1 ?an to rem>k1 t ! action1 ! idea ( :i* is convey$ to u by :at we ?us he> or see1 calls up1 by association1 ! idea ( ! feel+s :i* prec$e ! action4 ,! ,idea ( ! feel+s exi/s1 & ! action foll[s4 ,!re is a case ( ! action ( ! muscles :i* requires p>ticul> att5tion2 t 9 :i* we le>n to make use ( !m2 9 :i* we acquire :at we call comm& ov] !m only by degrees4 ,!re is m or less1 probably1 ( ?is process 9 all ! sorts ( muscul> action :i* are n p]=m$ orig9ally by s5sation2 & ! process seems to be long] or %ort] accord+ z ! numb] ( muscles1 :i* mu/ act toge!r 9 ord] to ! production ( ! effect1 is great] or less4 ,we "k h[ sl[ly ! *ild acquires ! p[] ( s balanc+ 8 body z to hold x erect4 ,to ?is ,effect ! action ( a great numb] ( muscles is requir$4 ,yet1 be=e ! age at :i* reflection beg9s1 ! p[] is s completely acquir$1 t ! m5tal process escapes our att5tion4 ,to be erect1 seems ! po/ure into :i* our body puts itself ( its own accord4 ,!re are circum/ances1 h[ev]1 9 :i* we become di/9ctly consci\s ( ! p[]ful ef=t1 :i* is requir$ = t purpose1 ?\gh1 f its be+ habitual1 we are 9 ord9>y circum/ances :olly ins5sible ( x4 ,if we all[ sleep to come ^u u1 :ile we are 9 an erect po/ure1 s f>1 t ! ideas :i* ma9ta9 ! muscul> action beg9 to give way1 we h #cdd imm$iately ! s5sation ( fall+1 & a /rong p]ception ( ! ef=t requir$ to keep ! body erect4 ,we obs]ve h[ sl[ly ! *ild le>ns to p]=m1 ) ! requisite precision1 ! contractions on :i* ! op]ation ( walk+ dep5ds4 ,& e man c rememb] ! difficulty ) :i* he has le>n$ to p]=m any new comb9ation ( contractions4 ,:oev] has le>n$ to dance1 kn[s h[ imp]fectly1 till aft] a multitude ( repetitions1 he p]=m$ ! simple/ /eps4 ,:oev] has be5 drill$1 z !y call x2 t is1 tra9$ to p]=m ) ! firelock ! acts requir$ ( ! soldi]1 kn[s ) :at difficulty1 ea* ( !m1 h[ev] simple1 0 orig9ally p]=m$4 ,!re is ano!r v famili> in/ance1 t ( le>n+ to write4 ,mo/ m5 c rememb]1 :5 !y began ?is process1 h[ imp]fectly ! h& obey$ !m2 & h[ awkw>dly !y made ev5 ! simple /rokes4 ,e man c make ! exp]im5t ) 8 left h&4 ,aft] ! habit ( p]=m+ ) ! "r h& is completely atta9$1 he is almo/ unable to =m a lett] ) ! left4 ,! cases ( ?is incapacity ( ! left h& to p]=m ! acts :i* we p]=m habitually ) ! "r are innum]able2 & af=d decisive illu/ration ( ! great fact :i* is n[ ! subject ( our att5tion4 ,to p]=m ! contractions ( a numb] ( muscles1 ! contractions ( all ( :i* mu/ be comb9$ 9 ! action1 ! idea :]eon ea* ( ! contractions dep5ds mu/ previ\sly exi/1 & 9 ! requisite ord]4 ,t is to say1 a c]ta9 association ( ,ideas mu/ be p]=m$4 ,b we "k1 t no new #cde association ( ,ideas is easily or /eadily p]=m$4 ,?is is ! effect ( ,repetition4 ,z soon z ! association ( ! ideas is completely e/abli%$ by repetition1 ! process1 bo? bodily & m5tal1 goes on ) ease2 & :]e ! habit is great1 ) s mu* ease1 z ev5 to escape att5tion4 ,! process ( le>n+ to play on a musical in/rum5t is sl[ & difficult4 ,by habit ! associations become s close1 t an exp]t p]=m] c execute ! mo/ difficult pieces1 & c>ry on ano!r & ev5 an intricate process ( ?\ght at ! same "t4 ,h[ sl[ly1 & ) h[ mu* difficulty d *ildr5 acquire comm& ov] ! organs ( spee*8 ,& h[ totally )\t ef=t on our "p 9 aft] life does ! s\nd appe> imm$iately to cl+ to ! ,idea ( ! ^w8 ,yet1 9 le>n+ ! new s\nds ( a =eign language we become abundantly s5sible ( ! difficulty1 sometimes altoge!r insurm\ntable1 ( p]=m+ ! precise comb9ation ( contractions :i* a p>ticul> s\nd requires4 ,x seems to be e/abli%$1 !re=e1 by an ample induction1 t muscul> actions foll[ ideas1 z inv>iable antec$5t & consequ5t1 9 o!r words1 z cause & effect2 t :5ev] we h obta9$ a comm& ov] ! ideas1 we h also obta9$ a comm& ov] ! motions2 & t we _c p]=m associate contractions ( sev]al muscles1 till we h e/abli%$ by repetition1 ! ready association ( ! ,ideas4 ,i believe t no?+ m ne$ be said = ! e/abli%+ ( ^! tru?s4 ,i %all adduce a few m in/ances1 *iefly ) ! view to famili>ize my read]s ) ! mode ( apply+ to ?is #cdf int]e/+ class ( facts1 ! pr9ciples ) :i* !y are n[ fully acqua9t$4 ,!re is no "p ( ! body ) ! use ( :i* we are s p]fectly famili> z ! h&4 ,!re are no actions1 ( ! sort at lea/ to :i* we are att5tive1 ! repetition ( :i* is s incessant4 ,( c\rse1 ! associations ( ! ideas correspond+ to ! associate contractions ( ! muscles :i* produce ! v>i\s movem5ts or actions ( ! h&1 are =m$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]2 & we nev] h ! ,ideas1 z antec$5t1 )\t ! movem5t z consequ5t4 ,?is insep>able connexion betwe5 ! ,ideas1 & ! contractions1 :i* we call ! ,p[] ( ! ,w1 is gradually =m$4 ,at fir/ ! h& ( ! infant is mov$ by s5sations4 ,if ! inside ( ! h& is t\*$1 s at lea/ z to make ! s5sation consid]able1 ! f+]s b5d2 & p]=m m or less ( ! act ( grasp+4 ,"h is a tra9 ( ev5ts4 ,fir/1 ! s5sation ( t\*1 f ! application ( ! ext]nal object2 next1 an influ5ce f ! seat ( ! s5sation 9 ! bra91 transmitt$ along ! n]ves ( c]ta9 muscles2 !n ! contraction ( ! muscles1 ) ! v>i\s s5sations :i* ! action ^u ^? organs1 & ! action excit$ 9 !m1 imply4 ,:5 ! s5sation has be5 (t5 repeat$1 9 conjunction ) its effect1 ! ,idea ( ! s5sation becomes famili> & di/9ct2 & capable ( produc+ _m ( ! effects :i* ! s5sation itself produces4 ,x is also closely associat$ ) ! idea ( ! motion1 & all its accompany+ s5sations z ! effect2 & ! *a9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts proce$s 9 un9t]rupt$ ord]4 #cdg ,z simil> in/ances ( motions1 at fir/ produc$ by s5sations1 aft]w>ds by ides1 we may adduce ! rem>kable cases ( ! sph9ct]s ( ! bladd] & anus4 ,at fir/1 *ildr5 p]=m _! evacuations1 z !y sneeze & c\gh1 :5 ! s5sations excite !m4 ,aft]w>ds1 !y le>n1 b by sl[ degrees1 to br+ !m "u ! comm& ( ideas4 ,!re is no case1 h[ev]1 :i* af=ds m decisive evid5ce ( ! p[] ( ideas ov] ! actions ( p>ticul> p>ts1 ?an ^? :i* are call$ ,amatory2 because ! effects1 :i* are produc$ by ! ,ideas1 _c be produc$ by ! w4 ,!re is ano!r set ( cases1 :i* des]ve att5tion2 ^? 9 :i* ! ideas :i* are foll[$ by ! action ( c]ta9 muscles1 acquire associations ) o!r s5sations or ,ideas :i* call !m up1 & !nce give action to ! muscles1 ^u v inconv5i5t occasions4 ,a woman :o has accu/om$ h]self to scream out1 ^u e sudd5 idea ( ! slighte/ dang]1 _c ab/a9 f scream+4 ,! awkw>d motions1 = :i* "s1 ev5 em95t1 m5 h be5 rem>kable1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 = in/ance1 are completely expla9$ by ?is pr9ciple4 ,! ideas1 :5ce ! motions proce$1 h become associat$1 9 ways :i* c seldom be trac$1 ) s5sations1 or ideas ( frequ5t recurr5ce4 ,& h5ce are ! motions frequ5tly produc$4 ,!re are equally rem>kable cases1 9 :i* ! associations1 necess>y to produce ! idea on :i* ! muscul> actions dep5d1 are prev5t$ by o!r associations m p[]ful4 ,m5 admitt$ to ! pres5ce ( a great p]sonage h f\nd !mselves :olly unable to articulate a ^w4 ,! ,ideas ( #cdh ,p[] & ,dignity1 ) all _! associates ( t]ror & ( hope1 7 call$ up 9 su* irresi/ible association by ! pres5ce ( him :o 0 clo!d ) !m2 t ! ideas necess>y to ! articulation ( words 7 exclud$1 & ! p[] ( speak+ 0 lo/4 ,we h n[ e/abli%$1 by an ample ,induction1 t ! action ( muscles foll[s1 z an effect its cause2 fir/1 ^u s5sations2 secondly1 ^u ,ideas4 ,! language :i* ,pr(essor ,/ew>t has appli$ to a simil> case1 is p]fectly applicable "h4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said1 t ^! obs]vations only prove ! possibility1 t our muscul> contractions may be all p]=m$ by s5sations & ,ideas4 ,b1 if ?is be admitt$1 no?+ m c well be requir$2 =1 surely1 if ^! ph5om5a are cle>ly explicable1 f ! kn[n & ackn[l$g$ laws ( ! human m9d1 x w\ld be unphilosophical to devise a new pr9ciple1 on purpose to acc\nt = !m4#ab99 ,mill's footnote #ab3 ,elem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,*ap4 ii4 ,i believe1 inde$1 t ?is conclusion is n at v>iance ) ! common belief ^u ! subject4 ,x appe>s to me to be n inconsi/5t ) ! language ( ! advocates = :at is call$ ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 to admit1 t ! action ( ! muscle takes place 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,idea2 & t our p[] ( will+ consi/s 9 ! p[] ( call+ into exi/5ce ! appropriate ,idea2 t ! p[] ( ! w is n imm$iate ov] ! muscle1 b ov] ! ,idea4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,reid1 ?\gh n rem>kable = _! precision1 seem fully to ju/ify ?is ,inf]5ce4 #cdi ,fir/1 e act ( w mu/ h an object4 ,he t wills1 mu/ w some?+2 & t :i* he wills is call$ ! object ( 8 volition4 ,z a man _c ?9k )\t ?9k+ ( some?+1 nor rememb] )\t rememb]+ some?+1 s nei!r c he w )\t will+ some?+4 ,e act ( w1 !re=e1 mu/ h an object2 & ! p]son :o wills mu/ h "s conception1 m or less di/9ct ( :at he wills4 ,a second obs]vation is1 t ! imm$iate object ( w mu/ be "s action ( our own4 ,!re are two ass]tions "h :i* dem& our att5tion2 #a1 t :at is will$ is an action ( our own2 #b1 t to su* w a conception1 t is1 an ,idea1 m or less di/9ct1 ( ?is action ( ours1 is indisp5sable4 ,he adduces "s p>ticul>s1 9 illu/ration1 :i* imp>t some?+ m ( precision to 8 mean+4 ,a heal?y *ild1 "s h\rs aft] its bir?1 feels ! s5sation ( hung]1 &1 if appli$ to ! brea/1 sucks & swall[s its food v p]fectly4 ,we h no reason to ?9k1 t be=e x ev] suck$1 x has any conception ( t complex op]ation1 or h[ x is p]=m$4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 ) propriety1 be said t x wills to suck4 ,x appe>s1 f ?is example1 t ! muscul> actions1 :i* are p]=m$ by ,s5sation1 ,dr4 ,reid di/+ui%es f ^?1 :i* he calls volunt>y2 t he d5om9ates volunt>y1 ^? only :i* are p]=m$ by ,ideas4 ,x also appe>s fully1 f ! example1 t ! ,idea ( ! action will$1 :i* he consid]s ! f\ndation ( volition1 mu/1 9 all cases1 be subsequ5t to ! p]=mance ( ! act by ,s5sation2 9 o!r #cej words1 t ! idea _c exi/ b 9 consequ5ce ( ! s5sation4 ,:at has yet be5 advanc$1 h[ev]1 is n a full explanation ( ! subject4 ,=1 aft] x is admitt$ t ! motion ( ! muscles is1 9 all cases1 ! imm$iate effect ( ! appropriate ,idea1 !re is /ill "o class :i* all m5 agree to call involunt>y2 ano!r :i* _m cont5d are volunt>y4 ,x n[ rema9s t we inquire :]e9 ! diff]5ce consi/s4 ,!re is "o po9t :i* is e/abli%$ by ! m]e /atem5t1 & :i* goes a c]ta9 way t[>ds ! solution ( ! "q4 ,s9ce ! action ( ! muscles foll[s ^u ! exi/5ce ( ! ,idea1 :atev] calls up ! ,idea produces ! action4 ,! ,"q1 !n1 may be resolv$ into ^! two3 ,9 :at mann] is ! ,idea call$ up 9 cases call$ involunt>y8 ,9 :at mann] is x call$ up 9 ^? call$ volunt>y8 ,9 ! cases call$ n volunt>y1 ,i d\bt n1 x w be easily admitt$1 t ! ,idea is rais$ 9 ! way ( ord9>y association1 by a prec$+ ,s5sation1 or ,idea4 ,9 ! yawn+ :i* proce$s f ! sight ( ano!r p]son yawn+1 ! idea is call$ up by a ,s5sation4 ,9 ! laught] :i* is excit$ ei!r by ideas sugge/$ to u f )\t1 or ideas :i* spr+ up 9 our associat$ tra9s1 ! idea :i* is proximate to ! muscul> action is1 ( c\rse1 call$ up by an ,idea4 ,!re appe>s no circum/ance by :i* ! cases call$ volunt>y are di/+ui%$ f ! involunt>y1 except t 9 ! volunt>y !re exi/s a ,desire4 ,%$d+ te>s at ! he>+ ( a tragic /ory1 we d n desire to weep3 laugh+ at ! recital #cea ( a comic /ory1 we d n desire to laugh4#fb ,b :5 we elevate ! arm to w>d (f a bl[1 we desire to lift ! arm2 :5 we turn ! head to look at "s attractive object1 we desire to move ! head4 ,i believe t no case ( volunt>y action c be m5tion$1 9 :i* x w\ld n be an appropriate expression1 to call ! action desir$4 ,ba9's footnote #fb3 ,^! are emotional & n volitional manife/ations4 ,!y are ! natural signs1 expression1 or embodim5t ( a feel+1 z feel+1 & ap>t f ! p[] to move ! w1 :i* is a sep>ate fact4--,b4 ,we h already exam9$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,desire4 ,we h se5 t x is appli$ to pleasurable s5sations2 to exemption f pa9ful s5sations2 & to ! causes ( !m4 ,we h also se51 & to ! pres5t purpose ?is is a po9t ( great importance1 t :5 ! ^w desire is appli$1 to ! cause ( a s5sation1 or ( an exemption f a s5sation1 x is employ$ 9 a figurative1 or metaphorical1 n 9 a direct s5se4 ,few ( our actions c be call$ pleasurable s5sations2 or exemption f pa9ful2 9 propriety ( language p]haps none4 ,our actions are causes ( ^? two classes ( ev5ts2 & on t acc\nt are call$1 b only 9 a metaphorical s5se1 objects ( desire4 ,9 a volunt>y action1 !n1 we recognise two ,ideas2 fir/1 ! idea ( ! s5sation or exemption1 :i* two1 = %ortness1 we %all call by "o "n1 ,pleasure2 secondly1 ! idea ( an action ( our own z ! cause ( ! pleasure4 ,x is also easy to see h[ ! ,idea ( a pleasure %\ld excite ! ,idea ( ! action :i* is ! cause ( x2 & h[1 :5 ! ,idea exi/s1 ! action %\ld foll[4 #ceb ,we h se51 t ! idea ( a pleasure1 z effect1 associat$ ) ! ,idea ( an act ( our own1 z its cause1 is "o ( ! cases ( motive4 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraph x seems also to be "o ( ! cases ( w4 ,x may !n be ask$1 if ! w is1 or is n1 any?+ diff]5t f ! motive8 ,! c\rse pursu$ by ! m9d 9 devis+ & execut+ a tra9 ( means = ! accompli%m5t ( an end1 has be5 (t5 describ$4 ,! ,end2 t is1 ! advantage or pleasure desir$2 is ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! contemplation ( ! m9d2 ! /ep ne>e/ to ! end 9 ! process ( atta9m5t1 is ! second2 ! /ep imm$iately prec$+ t is ! ?ird2 & s on1 to ! /ep at :i* ! process ( execution mu/ beg94 ,?us1 suppose ! pleasure ( liv+ 9 a h&some h\se is ! end2 ! ap>tm5ts1 & furniture1 & accommodations ( su* a mansion is ! ne>e/ /ep2 ! "o imm$iately prec$+ t is ! build+ & furni%+ x2 ! "o prec$+ t1 ! employ+ an ar*itect & uphol/]]2 ! "o prec$+ t1 ! f9d+ ! money4 ,su* is ! ord] 9 :i* ! m9d proce$s f ! prim>y conception ( ! ,end ?r\gh ! requisite s]ies ( means4 ,! ord] ( execution is directly ! rev]se4 ,x beg9s :]e ! o!r ends1 & ends :]e ! o!r beg9s4 ,if ! p]son we h suppos$ proce$s to ! execution ( 8 plan1 8 fir/ /ep is1 to f9d ! money1 8 next to provide ! ar*itect1 & s on f /ep to /ep1 till he places himself 9 ! pleasurable situation he orig9ally contemplat$4 ,!re is ?is d\ble op]ation 9 :at we may call ! =mation & execution ( motives4 ,! fir/ association />ts f ! pleasure4 ,! idea ( ! #cec pleasure is associat$ ) its imm$iate cause1 t cause ) its cause1 & s on1 till x rea*es t act ( ours :i* is ! opposite end ( ! tra94 ,! process may /op "h1 & 9 t case ! motive does n excite to action4 ,if x excites to action1 ! process is exactly rev]s$4 ,9 ! fir/ process ( association1 ! pleasure 0 ! fir/ l9k 9 ! *a91 ! action ! la/2 9 ! second process1 ! action is ! fir/1 ! pleasure ! la/4 ,:5 ! fir/ process only is p]=m$1 ! association is call$ ,,motive4 ,:5 ! second is p]=m$ x is call$ ,,w4 ,a difficulty1 h[ev]1 pres5ts itself4 ,! fir/ process t]m9ates 9 an ,idea ( ! action4 ,! second process comm5ces ) an idea ( ! action4 ,! ,idea ( ! action is ?us excit$ twice4 ,b ! fir/ "t x is n foll[$ by ! action2 ! second "t x is4 ,h[ is ?is to be reconcil$ ) ! suppos$ con/ancy ( connexion betwe5 ! muscul> action & ! ,idea :i* produces x8 ,! difficulty is solv$ by obs]v+1 t ! phrase1 ,idea ( ! action1 has two mean+s4 ,!re are two ,ideas1 v diff]5t f "o ano!r1 to bo? ( :i* we give ! "n1 ,idea ( ! action4 ,( ^! ,ideas1 "o is ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! action1 & is always a v obvi\s ,idea4 ,! o!r is ! copy ( ^? int]nal s5sations :i* orig9ally call$ ! muscles into action1 to :i*1 f habit ( n att5d+ to !m1 we h lo/ ! p[] ( att5d+4 ,?is la/ is by no means an obvi\s ,idea4 ,& ! m9d passes f x s quickly1 int5t ^u ! action :i* is its result1 t x is almo/ always swall[$ up 9 ! mass ( association4 ,x con/itutes1 9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable #ced in/ances ( t class ( l9ks 9 a *a91 :i*1 h[ important soev] to ! exi/5ce ( ! *a91 are pass$ ov] s rapidly1 t ! exi/5ce ( !m is h>dly ev] recognis$4 ,?is la/ ,idea alone1 is t ^u :i* ! contraction ( ! muscle is consequ5t4 ,9 ! process ( association :i* we call ! motive1 z describ$ above1 ! fir/ ( ! two above-m5tion$ ideas ( ! action1 t ( its outw>d appe>ance1 is ! idea excit$4 ,if ! association /ops !re1 ! motive is inop]ative2 if ! association does n /op !re1 b ! idea ( ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! action1 calls up t o!r1 ! idea ( ! int]nal feel+s ( ! action1 ! motive is !n op]ative1 & we are said ,,to ,,w4 ,if we are ask$1 h[ an ,idea1 z t ( ! outw>d appe>ance ( an act1 %\ld at "o "t excite an idea1 z t ( ! int]nal feel+s ( ! act1 at ano!r "t n excite x1 we c only ref] to ! laws ( association1 z f> z !y h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,we "k !re are c]ta9 cases ( association1 s /rong1 t ! "o ,idea nev] exi/s )\t call+ up ! o!r4 ,we "k !re are o!r cases 9 :i* an ,idea sometimes does1 & sometimes does n1 call up su* or su* an ,idea4 ,sometimes x is easy to trace ! cause ( ?is v>iety2 sometimes difficult4#fc ,editor's footnote #fc3 ,?is analysis ( ! p[] ( ! ,w ov] muscul> action is sub/antially t ( ,h>tley1 ?\gh m cle>ly & =cibly /at$1 & m amply illu/rat$4 ,9 ! field ( m5tal philosophy ?is is ! po9t at :i* ,h>tley approa*$ ne>e/ to ! mo/ advanc$ ?\ghts ( 8 successors1 & left lea/ = !m to d beyond ! task ( comm5tators & def5d]s4 ,! doctr9e ( ,h>tley on ! ,w may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ propositions4 #a4 ,all our volunt>y movem5ts 7 orig9ally automatic3 mean+ by automatic1 involunt>y1 & excit$ directly by s5sations4 #b4 ,:5 a s5sation has ! p[] ( excit+ a giv5 muscul> action1 ! idea ( t s5sation1 if suffici5tly vivid1 w excite x likewise4 #c4 ,! idea ( ! s5sation :i* excites an automatic action ( ! muscles1 p]si/s dur+ ! action1 & becomes associat$ ) x by contiguity1 9 su* a mann] z to be itself1 9 its turn1 excit$ by any vividly recall$ idea ( ! muscul> act4 #d4 ,! foll[+ is :at takes place 9 volunt>y motion4 ,! idea ( ! end we desire1 excites by association ! idea ( ! muscul> act :i* w\ld procure x = u4 ,! idea ( ?is muscul> act excites1 by association1 ! idea ( ! s5sation :i* orig9ally excit$ ! same muscul> action automatically4 ,& la/ly1 ! idea ( ?is s5sation excites ! action1 z ! s5sation itself w\ld h done4 #e4 ,^! associations be+ =m$ gradually1 & progressively /r5g!n$ by repetition1 ?is gives u ! explanation ( ! gradual & sl[ process :]eby we ga9 :at is call$ comm& ( our muscles2 i4e4 ! process by :i* ! actions1 orig9ally produc$ automatically by s5sations1 come to be produc$1 & at la/1 to be easily & rapidly produc$1 by ! ideas ( ! diff]5t pleasurable ends to :i* ^? muscul> actions are ! means4 #f4 ,9 ?is *a9 ( association1 z is s (t5 ! case 9 *a9s ( association1 ! l9ks :i* are no o!rwise int]e/+ to u ?an by introduc+ o!r l9ks1 gradually drop out ( consci\sness1 be+1 aft] _m repetitions1 ei!r =gott5 z soon z felt1 or altoge!r ?r[n out2 ! latt] be+ ! supposition :i* ,h>tley app>5tly fav\rs4 ,! l9k t consi/s 9 ! idea ( ! int]nal s5sations :i* excit$ ! muscul> action :5 x 0 /ill automatic1 be+ ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( ! :ole s]ies1 is probably ! fir/ :i* we cease to be aw>e (4 ,:5 ! succession ( ! ideas has become1 by frequ5t repetition1 extremely prompt1 rapid1 & c]ta91 ano!r l9k t5ds to disappe>1 namely1 ! ideas ( ! muscul> feel+s t accompany ! act4 ,a practis$ play]1 = example1 on a key$ in/rum5t1 becomes less & less consci\s ( ! motions ( 8 f+]s1 until !re at la/ rema9s no?+ 9 8 consci\sness to %ew t ! muscul> acts d n arise )\t any int]m$iate l9ks1 f ! purpose1 i4e4 ! idea 9 8 m9d1 :i* made him beg9 play+4 ,at ?is /age ! muscul> motion1 :i*1 f automatic1 _h become volunt>y1 has become1 f volunt>y1 :at1 9 ,h>tley's phraseology1 is call$ second>ily automatic2 & x seems to be 8 op9ion t ! ideas :i* h disappe>$ f consci\sness1 or at all ev5ts f memory1 h n be5 7z ma9ta9$ by ,/ew>t7 call$ up1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds =gott51 b h ceas$ to be call$ up2 be+1 z x 71 leapt ov] by ! rapidity ) :i* ! succe$+ l9ks ru% into consci\sness4 ,?is !ory1 z we h se51 is adopt$1 & m fully work$ out1 by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis4 ,he proves1 by _m examples1 t s5sations excite muscul> actions2 t ideas excite muscul> actions2 & t1 :5 a s5sation has p[] to excite a p>ticul> muscul> action1 ! idea ( ! s5sation t5ds to d ! same4 ,x is true t _m1 if n mo/1 ( :at he pres5ts z in/ances ( muscul> action excit$ by s5sations1 are cases 9 :i* bo? ! s5sation & ! muscul> action are probably jo9t effects ( a physical cause1 a /imulus act+ on ! n]ves4 ,?is misappreh5sion by ! au?or rea*es its extreme po9t :5 he decl>es traumatic tetanus to be produc$ n by ! w\nd b by ! pa9 ( ! w\nd2 & cramps to be produc$ by s5sations1 in/ead ( m]ely produc+ !m4 ,b ! error is q immat]ial to ! !ory ( ! ,w2 ! two suppositions be+ equival5t1 z a f\ndation = ! p[] :i* ! idea ( ! muscul> s5sation acquires ov] ! muscul> action4 ,:e!r ! s5sation is ! cause ( ! automatic action1 or its effect1 or a jo9t effect ( ! cause :i* produces x--on all ^! hypo!ses ! s5sation & ! action are conjo9$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to =m s close an association by contiguity t ! idea ( ! s5sation becomes capable ( excit+ ! action4 ,?is be+ conc$$1 x foll[s1 by ! ord9>y laws ( association1 t :atev] recals ! idea ( ! s5sation1 t5ds1 ?r\gh ! idea1 to produce ! action4 ,n[1 !re is no?+ s closely associat$ ) ! idea ( ! muscul> s5sation1 z ! idea ( ! muscul> act itself1 su* z x appe>s to outw>d obs]vation4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 calls up /rongly ! idea ( ! act1 is likely to call up ! idea ( ! accompany+ muscul> s5sation1 & s produce ! act4 ,b ! idea ( ! act is call$ up /rongly by any?+ :i* makes u desire to p]=m x2 t is1 by an association betwe5 x z a means1 & any covet$ pleasure z an end4 ,! act is ?us produc$ by our desire ( ! end2 t is 7accord+ to ! au?or's !ory ( desire7 by our idea ( ! end1 :5 pleasurable2 :i*1 if an end1 x mu/ be4 ,! pleasurable association may be c>ri$ ov] f ! ultimate end to ! idea ( ! muscul> act1 ?r\gh any numb] ( int]m$iate l9ks1 consi/+ ( ! successive op]ations1 probably 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 by :i* ! end has to be compass$2 b ?is transf] is /rictly con=mable to ! laws ( association4 ,:5 ! pleasurable association has rea*$ ! muscul> act itself1 & has caus$ x to be desir$1 ! s]ies ( effects t]m9ates 9 ! production ( ! act4 ,:at has n[ be5 describ$ is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 ! :ole ( :at takes place 9 any volunt>y action ( ! muscles4 ,at ! close ( ! *apt] we %all consid] :e!r !re is any "p ( ! facts1 = :i* ?is !ory does n suffici5tly acc\nt4--,ed4 #cee ,,ii4 ,b ev5 :5 x is admitt$ t all muscul> contraction is ! effect ( association1 9 ! way we h describ$1 !re are o!r #cef ph5om5a to be acc\nt$ =4 ,we may /ill be reasonably call$ ^u to expla9 ! p[] :i* ! m9d appe>s to possess ov] its associations4 ,!re is a #ceg di/9ction 9 ! tra9s ( ! m9d :i* is obs]v$ by e body4 ,"s tra9s1 z ^? 9 dreams1 9 delirium1 9 fr5zy1 are suppos$ to proce$ accord+ #ceh to ! e/abli%$ laws ( association )\t any direction f ! m9d4 ,o!r tra9s2 a piece ( reason+1 = example2 any process ( ?\ght1 direct$ to an end2 are consid]$ z :olly "u ! guidance ( ! m9d4 ,! guidance ( ! m9d is b ano!r "n = ! w4 ,& ?us x is inf]r$ t ! w is n association1 b some?+ :i* contr\ls association4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! solution ( ?is difficulty4 ,x c be suppos$ t ! w contr\ls association1 9 only "o ( two ways2 ei!r1 by call+ up an ,idea1 indep5d5tly ( association2 or1 by mak+ an ,idea call up1 n ! ,idea :i* w\ld foll[ x spontane\sly1 b "s o!r ,idea4 ,! fir/ supposition1 t an ,idea c be call$ up by ! w1 is rel9qui%$ by ! common cons5t ( philosoph]s4 ,we _c w )\t will+ some?+2 & 9 will+ we mu/ h an ,idea ( ! ?+ will$4 ,if we w an ,idea1 !re=e1 we mu/ h ! ,idea4 ,! ,idea does n rema9 to be call$ up4 ,x is call$ up already4 ,to say t we w to h an ,idea1 :5 we already h x1 is a m]e absurdity4#fd ,ba9's footnote #fd3 ,:at we h 9 m9d :5 we w to rememb] any?+1 is ( c\rse n ! ?+ to be rememb]$1 b "s collat]al1 or some?+ to det]m9e our se>* = x4 ,we w to rememb] an op9ion f\nd 9 a c]ta9 book4 ,we h n 9 our m9d ! actual op9ion s\ght2 :at we h 9 m9d is ! book1 & portion ( ! book1 & ! subject t ! op9ion ref]s to2 & we desid]ate ! fill+ up ( ! blank 9 our pres5t ideas4 ,we w to rememb] ! ,greek "n ( ! god1 call$ by ! ,romans1 ,bac*us4 ,we h 9 m9d ! "n ,bac*us1 & ! k t ! ,greeks _h a diff]5t "n = ! god2 we h n 9 our m9d t "n2 & we put =? an ef=t ( recollection to arrive at x4--,b4 #cei ,! second supposition is1 t w c prev5t an ,idea f call+ up "o idea1 make x call up ano!r2 prev5t its call+ up ! ,idea :i* w\ld h foll[$ x spontane\sly1 make x call up ! ,idea :i* ! m9d is 9 que/ (4 ,! fir/ "q is1 h[ ! w1 or ! m9d will+1 c prev5t an ,idea f call+ up ano!r4 ,we "k t ?is is :olly impossible 9 all ^? cases 9 :i* ! association is /rong4 ,we _c ?9k ( col\r )\t ?9k+ ( ext5sion2 we _c ?9k ( ! ^w bread )\t ?9k+ ( its mean+4 ,x c be suppos$ t we h su* p[] 9 ^? cases only 9 :i* an ,idea has n an insep>able association ) ! idea 9 "q1 b only su* an association ) x z x has ) _m o!rs4 ,b h[ is x t we c h9d] an idea :i* has ^? associations1 f call+ up any ( ! ideas ) :i* x is associat$8 ,h[ c we =esee :i* ( ^? ideas x w call up8 ,&1 if we d =esee t x w call up ! idea :i* we desire to avoid1 x foll[s t ! ,idea is already 9 our m9d4 ,!re seems1 !re=e1 ! same incongruity 9 ! supposition t ! w c directly prev5t1 z t x c directly produce1 an idea4 ,if ! m9d1 !n1 possesses any p[] ov] its tra9s1 x seems to be conf9$ to its p[] ( mak+ #cfj an idea call up o!r ideas ?an ^? :i* x w\ld spontane\sly excite4 ,& if x possesses ?is p[]1 x possesses t also ( exclud+ ideas :i* w\ld o!rwise exi/2 s9ce a new tra9 ( associations mu/ take its orig9 f ! /ate ( consci\sness ?us produc$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ?is1 if 9 any ?+1 t ! p[] ( will+ consi/s4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 imm$iately enc\nt]$ by ! "q4 ,if ! m9d _c w an ,idea1 :at p[] does x possess ( introduc+ any idea into a tra91 b su* z comes ( its own accord8 ,if x has ! idea1 x is 9 ! tra9 already4 ,if x has x n1 :at c x d 9 ord] to obta9 x8 ,!re is ! exi/+ tra92 b h[ c t be made any ?+ b :at x is2 or h any associations b ^? :i* are already e/abli%$8 ,9 cases :]e language is too imp]fect to ensure ! conveyance ( def9ite ideas1 !re is an advantage 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,!re are two famili> processes1 :i* are commonly adduc$ z examples ( ! p[] :i* ! m9d ex]cises ov] its tra9s4 ,! "o is1 ! endeav\r to recollect some?+ we d n rememb]4 ,! o!r is1 ! process ( att5tion4 ,:5 any?+ is rememb]$1 ! idea ( ! ?+ is always 9 ! m9d along ) c]ta9 associations4 ,9 recollection1 !re=e1 ! object is atta9$ by ! excitem5t ( ?is idea4 ,sometimes ! ef=t :i* we make is successful2 sometimes x is n4 ,we are said to w to recollect2 b ?is is obvi\sly an improp] expression4 ,to recollect is to call up an ,idea4 ,b ?is1 z we h se5 already1 is n )9 ! prov9ce ( w4 ,:5 x is said #cfa t we w to recollect1 ! mean+ only is1 t we desire to recollect4 ,b x is also to be inquir$1 :at "h is ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,desire4 ,we h se5 t x is a t]m appli$ to ,pleasure1 or ! ,cause ( ,pleasure4 ,! idea1 9 ?is in/ance1 :i* ! m9d is 9 que/ (1 is desir$4 ,b :y desir$8 ,z ,pleasure2 or ! ,cause ( ,pleasure8 ,z ,cause1 we may reply1 9 all in/ances4 ,! idea is want$ = "s purpose or end4 ,9 t ,end ! pleasure is involv$4 ,! ,end is ?us a pleasurable1 t is1 an int]e/+1 ,idea4 ,b x is 9 ! "* ( int]e/+ ideas1 to dwell 9 ! m9d4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y are easily call$ up by o!r ideas2 &1 ?us1 t !re is a p]petual recurr5ce ( !m4 ,a "y man 9 love1 is said to be engross$ ) ! idea ( 8 mi/ress4 ,no soon] has h] idea sugge/$ ano!r idea1 t is1 giv5 place to x1 ?an h] idea is aga9 sugge/$ by ano!r1 & s on1 cont9ually4 ,! man1 :o is to be execut$ to-morr[1 c ?9k ( no?+ b ! t]rible ev5t :i* is approa*+4 ,x c be bani%$1 h>dly = an in/ant4 ,e ?+ s]ves to recall x3 & along ) x a ru% ( ideas ( ! mo/ pa9ful description4 ,!re is no law ( association m rem>kable ?an t ( ! rapidity ) :i* pleasurable & pa9ful ideas call up tra9s ( great complexity1 & ! facility ) :i* !y !mselves are excit$ by almo/ e idea :i* ent]s ! m9d4 ,:5 we endeav\r1 !re=e1 to recollect any ?+1 ! pleasurable idea1 ! purpose or end1 pr$om9ates 9 ! m9d1 & gives bir? to ^? #cfb associations1 :i* are call$ ! ef=t ( recollection4 ,! idea s\ght aft]1 is s\ght z a means to ?is end4 ,till t idea is recall$1 ! ,idea ( ! end1 t is1 an unsatisfi$ desire1 exi/s1 & calls up "o circum/ance aft] ano!r1 m or less connect$ ) ! ,idea :i* is s\ght aft]4 ,if ^! circum/ances d n recall ! idea2 ! feel+ ( unsatisfi$ desire /ill cont9ues4 ,! feel+ ( unsatisfi$ desire1 accompany+ successive cases ( association1 con/itutes ! feel+ to :i* we give ! "n ( ef=t ( recollection4 ,& ! ,idea ( ! ,end1 p]petually call+ up ! idea ( ! abs5ce ( :at is want$1 z ! means to t end1 & h5ce call+ up 9 close association e circum/ance connect$ ) t unkn[n some?+1 con/itutes ! feel+ :i* we call ca/+ ab\t1 = ! unkn[n ,idea4 ,i believe t ?is is a full1 ?\gh summ>y acc\nt ( ! m5tal process1 or succession ( ideas1 :i* takes place :5 we endeav\r to recall a =gott5 idea4 ,! o!r process1 ?r\gh :i* ! m9d is suppos$ to influ5ce its tra9s1 is ,att5tion4 ,we seem to h ! p[] ( att5d+1 or n att5d+ to any object2 by :i* is meant1 t we c ,w to att5d to x1 or n to att5d4 ,by att5d+ to an object1 we give x ! opportunity ( excit+ all ! ideas ) :i* x is associat$4 ,by n att5d+ to x we deprive x ( m or less ( t opportunity4 ,& if ! w has ?is p[] ov] e idea 9 a tra91 x has !nce a p[]1 :i* may be call$ unlimit$1 ov] ! tra94 ,:at rema9s1 !re=e1 to complete ?is inquiry1 is1 to po9t out ! real process1 on :i* ! "n #cfc ,,att5tion is 9 ?is mann] be/[$4 ,! exposition has be5 sub/antially giv5 by prec$+ writ]s4 ,b x is desirable1 if x be 9 our p[]1 to set =? ! sev]al /eps ( ! process a little m di/9ctly ?an has hi!rto be5 done4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! objects ( att5tion seem to be inf9ite4 ,:5 trac$ to _! s\rces1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd1 t !y are ( two species only4 ,we att5d to ,s5sations2 we att5d to ,ideas2 & !re is no o!r object ( our att5tion4 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 x is peculi>ly necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! important di/9ction we h already notic$1 betwe5 ! class ( indiff]5t s5sations1 & ! class ( pleasurable or pa9ful1 :i* we may call1 by "o "n1 int]e/+1 s5sations4 ,un9t]e/+ s5sations are nev]1 = _! own sakes1 an object ( att5tion4 ,if ev] !y become objects ( att5tion1 x is :5 !y are consid]$ z causes1 or signs1 ( int]e/+ s5sations4 ,a pa9ful or a pleasurable s5sation is a peculi> /ate ( m9d4 ,a man kn[s x1 only by hav+ x2 & x is impossible t by words he c convey 8 feel+ to o!rs4 ,! ef=t1 h[ev]1 to convey ! idea ( x1 has giv5 occasion to v>i\s =ms ( expression1 all ( :i* are greatly imp]fect4 ,! /ate ( m9d "u a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation is su*1 t we say1 ! s5sation engrosses ! m9d2 b ?is really means no m ?an t x is a pa9ful or pleasurable s5sation2 & t su* a s5sation is a /ate ( m9d v diff]5t f an indiff]5t s5sation4 ,! phrase1 engross+ ! m9d1 is sometimes ex*ang$ = ! ^w ,att5tion4 ,a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation is said to fix ! #cfd ,att5tion ( ! ,m9d4 ,b if any man tries to satisfy himself :at x is to h a pa9ful s5sation1 & :at x is to att5d to x1 he w f9d little means ( di/+ui%+ !m4 ,hav+ a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation1 & att5d+ to x1 seem n to be two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,! feel+ a pa9 is att5d+ to x2 & att5d+ to x is feel+ x4 ,! feel+ is n "o ?+1 ! att5tion ano!r2 ! feel+ & ! att5tion are ! same ?+4 ,an objector may appeal to c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* "o s5sation ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful k9d seems to be swall[$ up1 z x 71 by ano!r4 ,?us1 9 ! agony ( ! g\t1 or too?a*e1 ! uneas9ess ( "s local cutane\s inflammation is h>dly p]ceiv$4 ,! case "h is t ( two uneasy s5sations1 "o slight2 ! o!r int5se4 ,accord+ to ! supposition1 t att5tion is b a "n giv5 to ! hav+ ( an int]e/+ s5sation1 :at ought to happ5 9 ?is case is t precisely :i* does happ54 ,! /rong] s5sation is1 ! /rong] att5tion4 ,& t ! feebl] s5sation m]ges itself 9 ! /rong]1 & is lo/ 9 x1 is matt] ( common & obvi\s exp]i5ce4 ,?us we are e in/ant1 z long z we are awake1 %utt+ & op5+ our eyelids4 ,we are1 !re=e1 alt]nately 9 light & d>kness4 ,b z ! light is ! /rong] s5sation ( ! two1 we h ! s5sation ( light )\t int]ruption4 ,?us1 too1 if a /ick ignit$ at "o end is rapidly turn$ r\nd 9 a circle1 ?\gh x is obvi\s t ! ignit$ object is at only "o "p ( ! circle at a "t1 & all ! o!r p>ts are 9 d>kness1 ! circle1 nev]!less1 assumes ! #cfe appe>ance ( be+ :olly ignit$4 ,!re is n a m /rik+ exemplification ( ?is law ?an :at is exhibit$ by ! comp>ison ( our sleep+ & wak+ ?\ghts4 ,9 dreams1 :5 our tra9s are compos$ ( ,ideas1 unmix$ ) s5sations1 ! ,ideas h s mu* vividness z to be tak5 = s5sations4#fe ,9 our wak+ tra9s1 s5sations & ideas are mix$ toge!r2 b z ea* s5sation introduces _m ideas1 h[ev] num]\s ! s5sations may be1 ! ideas are _m times m num]\s4 ,yet su* is ! effect ( ! m vivid to obscure ! less vivid feel+1 t our day does n appe> a day ( ideas1 b a day ( s5sations4 ,ba9's footnote #fe3 ,! au?or makes frequ5t ref]5ce to dreams1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r he has seiz$ ! explanation ( t obscure ph5om5on4 ,x is an approximately correct /atem5t ( "o circum/ance ( dreams1 t ! ,ideas are unmix$ ) s5sations2 9 a s\nd slumb]1 we are inaccessible to ! s5sations ( ! five s5ses4 ,we are n equally =tifi$ aga9/ ! organic s5sations1 z ^? ( dige/ion & o!r functions4 ,! s5sations abs5t are a v important class1 z reg>ds objective or outw>d reality2 & x is probably _! abs5ce1 z competitors on ?is gr\nd1 t all[s ! ideas to swell out into an unnatural & illusory prom95ce1 z if !y alone 7 ! full reality4 ,?is is a m probable acc\nt ( ! illusion1 ?an ! circum/ance giv5 9 ! text1 ! great] vividness ( ! monopolis+ ,ideas1 al?\gh t too is a fact1 & may t5d 9 ! same direction4--,b4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! effect :i* is ?us produc$ by a /rong] s5sation ) respect to a weak]1 or by s5sations ) respect to ideas1 is also produc$ by "o idea ) respect to ano!r4 ,innum]able cases c be adduc$ to prove1 &1 #cff inde$1 x =ms "o ( ! great features ( :at we call ! intellectual nature ( man1 t ,ideas1 by _! accumulation1 are capable ( acquir+ a p[]1 sup]ior to t ( s5sations1 bo? z pleasure & z pa94 ,! pleasures ( ,ta/e1 ! pleasures ( ,intellectual ex]tion1 ! pleasures ( ,virtue1 acquire :5 duly cultivat$1 a p[] ( controll+ ! solicitations ( appetite1 & are e/eem$ a m valuable con/itu5t ( happ9ess ?an all t s5se c imm$iately be/[4 ,on ! p[] ( ideas1 z ! /rong] feel+s1 to swall[ up s5sations1 9 ! same mann] z /rong] s5sations swall[ up ! weak]1 "s decisive exp]im5ts h be5 made4 ,! wret*es :o1 ne>ly a c5tury ago1 7 made tools ( 9 ,france1 "u ! title ( convulsionnaires1 to c>ry on ! purposes ( ,fanaticism1 7 s plac$ "u ! dom9ion ( c]ta9 ideas1 be+ p]sons ( weak intellects & /rong imag9ation1 & op]at$ ^u by m5 skill$ 9 ! ways ( p]v]t+ feeble und]/&+s1 t ! ideas became feel+s f> m pot5t ?an ! s5sations2 & :5 ! bodies ( ! fr5zi$ creatures 7 subject$ to op]ations calculat$ to produce ! mo/ int5se suff]+s1 !y d5i$ t !y felt any ?+1 & by ! :ole ( _! demean\r confirm$1 z f> z x c\ld confirm1 ! tru? ( _! assev]ations4 ,t m5 9 ! ard\r ( battle receive w\nds ( a s]i\s nature1 )\t be+ aw>e ( !m1 till aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t1 is te/ifi$ ^u unsuspici\s evid5ce4 ,^! in/ances1 !re=e1 x is manife/1 =m no objection to our conclusion1 t ! att5d+ to an #cfg int]e/+ s5sation1 & ! hav+ ! s5sation1 are b two names = ! same ?+4 ,we h n[ to consid]1 :at x is1 to att5d to an indiff]5t s5sation4 ,! =ce ( ! ^w indiff]5t implies1 t an indiff]5t s5sation is n an object ( att5tion on its own acc\nt4 ,if x 7 an object ( att5tion on its own acc\nt1 x w\ld n be indiff]5t4 ,if x is reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z ! cause1 or ! sign1 ( an int]e/+ s5sation1 we are already acqua9t$ ) ! process :i* takes place4 ,! idea ( ! int]e/+ s5sation is imm$iately associat$ ) x2 ! /ate ( consci\sness !n is n an indiff]5t s5sation m]ely2 x is a s5sation & an idea1 9 union4 ,! idea besides is an int]e/+ idea1 t ( a pa9 or pleasure4 ,! union ( an int]e/+ idea1 ) an indiff]5t s5sation1 makes a comp\nd /ate ( consci\sness :i*1 z a :ole1 is int]e/+4 ,z ! hav+ an int]e/+ s5sation1 & ! att5d+ to x1 are b two names = ! same ?+2 ! hav+ a s5sation r5d]$ int]e/+ by association1 & ! att5d+ to x1 _c be reg>d$ z two diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 att5tion is m]ely a s5sation ( a p>ticul> k9d2 9 ! second1 x is m]ely an association ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,we h n[ to %ew :at takes place1 :5 ! att5tion1 to use ! common language1 is n direct$ to ,s5sations b ,ideas4 ,ideas are1 l s5sations1 ( two k9ds4 ,!y are ei!r int]e/+1 or n int]e/+4 ,we ne$ n repeat :at has be5 s (t5 said respect+ ! orig9 & composition ( ^? two classes ( ,ideas1 & ! cause ( _! diff]5ce4 #cfh ,an indiff]5t idea1 l an indiff]5t s5sation1 is1 9 itself1 n an object ( att5tion4 ,if x 7 an object ( att5tion1 x w\ld n be indiff]5t2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld be int]e/+4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 ! v import ( ! ^w att5tion1 t ! object ( x is int]e/+4 ,& if an object is int]e/+ x mu/ be s1 ei!r 9 itself1 or by association4 ,z we f\nd t ! hav+ an int]e/+ s5sation1 & ! att5d+ to t s5sation1 7 n two di/+ui%able /ates ( consci\sness1 b "o & ! same /ate ( consci\sness1 let u n[ obs]ve1 z c>efully z we c1 :e!r ! hav+ an int]e/+ idea is a /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ f att5d+ to x1 or :e!r !y are n m]ely two names = ! same ?+4 ,:5 ! "y man1 9 love1 has ! idea ( ! woman1 :o is ! object ( 8 affections1 is n att5tion m]ely ano!r ^w = ! peculi> nature ( ! ,idea8 ,9 l mann] 9 ! m9d ( ! man1 :o is to be execut$ to-morr[1 ! idea ( ! t]rible ev5t be=e him1 is an idea 9 ! v ess5ce ( :i* att5tion is involv$4 ,att5tion is b ano!r "n = ! int]e/+ "* ( ! idea4 ,if !re are any cases to :i* an objector's appeal c be made1 !y w be f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 to resemble ^? :i* we consid]$ 9 ! case ( s5sation1 & :i* we f\nd to be no?+ m ?an in/ances ( ! preval5ce ( a /rong] feel+ ov] a weak]2 /rong]1 ei!r by its nature1 or ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! mom5t4 ,we %all n1 !re=e1 /ay to prop\nd & expla9 !m4 #cfi ,x only rema9s to exp\nd ! case 9 :i* an indiff]5t ,idea becomes int]e/+ by association4 ,x _c d s 9 any o!r way1 ?an ^? 9 :i* x appe>$ t an indiff]5t s5sation becomes int]e/+4 ,x may be consid]$ z ! cause1 or ! sign1 ( "s int]e/+ /ate ( consci\sness4 ,:5 t :i* is int]e/+ becomes associat$ ) t :i* is un9t]e/+1 s z to =m "o comp\nd /ate ( consci\sness1 ! :ole is int]e/+4 ,an idea1 9 itself indiff]5t1 associat$ ) int]e/+ ideas1 becomes "p ( a new comp\nd :i*1 z a :ole1 is int]e/+3 & an int]e/+ idea exi/+1 & an int]e/+ idea att5d$ to1 are only two names = ! same ?+4 ,9 ! case ( ,ideas1 !n1 z 9 ! case ( s5sations1 att5tion to an int]e/+ ,idea1 is m]ely hav+ x2 att5tion to an indiff]5t idea1 is m]ely associat+ ) x "s idea t is int]e/+4 ,z f> !n1 z ,,att5tion gives u p[] ov] ! tra9s ( our ideas1 x is n ,w :i* gives x to u1 b ! occurr5ce ( int]e/+ s5sations1 or ideas4 ,!re is n any ( ! ph5om5a1 :i* are usually appeal$ to z ! great manife/ations ( ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] its tra9s1 :i* ?is mode ( exposition does n satisfactorily acc\nt =4 ,we may take z a suffici5t exemplification ( !m all1 ! composition ( a ,disc\rse ^u any important topic4 ,! op]ation ( ! m9d ^u su* an occasion seems to consi/ 9 a p]petual selection2 t is1 9 ! ex]cise ( an un9t]rupt$ p[] ov] #cgj ! tra9s ( association4 ,!re is no d\bt t x consi/s ( t peculi> class ( associations1 to :i* we give ! names1 ( selection1 & p[]4 ,9 compos+ a ,disc\rse1 a man has "s end 9 view4 ,x is = ! atta9m5t ( ?is end1 t ! ,disc\rse is und]tak54 ,if e ?+ 9 ! disc\rse t5ds to ! accompli%m5t ( ! end1 ! ,disc\rse is said to be coh]5t1 appropriate1 consi/5t4 ,if !re are _m ?+s 9 x :i* h no t5d5cy1 or b little t5d5cy1 to ! accompli%m5t ( ! end1 ! disc\rse is said to be rambl+1 & incoh]5t4 ,?is is a case1 ! exposition ( :i* corresponds v mu* ) t :i* we h already expla9$2 ! endeav\r to recollect a =gott5 ,idea4 ,9 t case1 ! exi/5ce ( an int]e/+ idea calls up a v>iety ( circum/ances1 t is1 a v>iety ( ideas2 & x v (t5 happ5s1 t ! idea :i* is s\ght =1 is call$ up among !m4 ,9 ?is case1 :at ! seek] has occasion =1 is a s+le ,idea2 a s+le idea accompli%es ! end he has 9 view4 ,9 ! case ( ! compos] ( a disc\rse a great _m ideas are want$4 ,8 end _c be atta9$ by "o or a few4 ,b 8 proce$+ is precisely ( ! same k9d 9 reg>d to 8 _m ,ideas1 z t ( ! man :o desires to recollect 9 reg>d to 8 s+le ,idea4 ,he kn[s !re are a numb] ( ideas1 connect$ ) ! end he has 9 view1 :i* he c employ = 8 purpose1 provid$ he c call !m up4 ,h[ !y are call$ up1 aft] ! practice we h _h 9 ^? solutions1 requires b little explanation4 ,! end 9 view is an int]e/+ ,idea4 ,x is1 at ! "t1 ! preval5t ,idea4 #cga ,x is t by :i* ! man is /imulat$ to action4 ,?is idea calls up by association _m ideas & tra9s ( ideas4 ,( ^! a l>ge proportion pass1 & are n made use (4 ,o!rs are deta9$ & employ$4 ,?is deta9+ & employ+ is all t ne$s to be expla9$4 ,x is ! same sort ( result z ! recognition ( ! =gott5 ,idea1 9 ! case ( recollection4 ,! =gott5 ,idea is an ,idea associat$1 z cause1 ) ! end to be obta9$ by x1 z its effect4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ideas :i* ! compos] ( a disc\rse selects out ( ! multitudes1 :i* ! cont9ual sugge/ions ( ! int]e/+ ,idea by :i* he is actuat$1 t ( 8 end1 br+ be=e him4 ,! great] numb] are n associat$ ) ! idea ( 8 end z cause & effect4 ,"s among !m are4 ,^! imm$iately sugge/ ! use to be made ( !m2 & !nce1 by ! regul> *a9s ( association1 ! op]ations take place4 ,x is f ^! explanations1 also1 easy to see :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o composes a coh]5t1 & ! man :o composes a rambl+ disc\rse4 ,9 ! man :o composes ! coh]5t disc\rse1 ! ma9 ,idea1 t ( ! end 9 view1 pr$om9ates1 & controls ! association1 9 e "p ( ! process4 ,x is n only ! gr& sugge/+ pr9ciple1 :i* sets tra9s ( ! ideas connect$ ) itself 9 motion2 b x is ! gr& select+ pr9ciple4 ,z ideas rise 9 ! tra91 ?is int]e/+ & pr$om9at+ idea /&s ready to be associat$ z effect ) e idea 9 ! tra9 :i* c op]ate z cause2 x s associates itself ) no o!r2 & !re=e no wrong selection is made4 #cgb ,if1 h[ev]1 x does n ?us pr$om9ate 9 ! m9d ( ! compos] ( ! disc\rse1 z 8 exclusive end2 if x gives way at e turn to "s o!r end2 z ! idea ( applause f "s lively je/1 f "s gaudy description1 f "s florid ?\ght1 ! selection is made s f> ^u o!r pr9ciples1 & ! object ( ! disc\rse is =gott54#ff ,editor's footnote #ff3 ,! acc\nt "h giv5 ( ,att5tion1 ?\gh full ( in/ructive matt]1 ,i _c consid] to be at all adequate4 ,:5 x is said t a s5sation1 by reason ( its highly pleasurable or pa9ful "*1 engrosses ! m9d1 m is meant ?an m]ely t x is a highly pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation4 ,! expression means1 fir/1 t :5 a s5sation is highly pleasurable or pa9ful1 x t5ds1 m or less /rongly1 to exclude f consci\sness all o!r s5sations less pleasurable or pa9ful ?an itself1 & to prev5t ! ris+ up ( any ideas b ^? :i* itself recals by its associations4 ,?is portion ( ! facts ( ! case is notic$ by ! au?or1 ?\gh n suffici5tly prom95t 9 8 !ory4 ,b !re is ano!r portion1 altoge!r unt\*$ by him4 ,?r\gh ?is p[] :i* ! s5sation has1 ( exclud+ o!r s5sations & ideas1 x t5ds to prolong its own exi/5ce2 to make u cont9ue consci\s ( x1 f ! abs5ce ( o!r feel+s :i* if !y 7 pres5t w\ld ei!r prev5t u f feel+ x1 or w\ld make u feel x less int5sely2 :i* is call$ div]t+ our att5tion f x4 ,?is is :at we mean :5 we say t a pleasurable or pa9ful idea t5ds to fix ! att5tion4 ,we mean1 t x is n easy to h1 simultane\sly ) x1 any o!r s5sation or idea2 except ! ideas call$ up by itself1 & :i* 9 turn recal x by association1 & s keep x pres5t to ! m9d4 ,becom+ ?us a ne>ly exclusive object ( consci\sness1 x is bo? felt ) great] int5sity1 & acquires great] p[] ( call+ up1 by association1 o!r ideas4 ,!re is an increase bo? 9 ! multitude1 ! int5sity1 & ! di/9ctness ( ! ideas x sugge/s2 z is always ! case :5 ! sugge/+ s5sation or idea is increas$ 9 int5sity4 ,9 ?is mann] a s5sation :i* gets possession ( our consci\sness because x is already int5se1 becomes1 by ! fact ( hav+ tak5 possession1 /ill m int5se1 & obta9s /ill great] control ov] ! subsequ5t tra9 ( our ?\ghts4 ,& ^! also are precisely ! effects :i* take place :51 ! s5sation n be+ s pleasurable or pa9ful z to produce !m ( itself1 or 9 o!r words to fix ! att5tion1 we fix x volunt>ily4 ,all ?is is z true ( ,ideas z ( ,s5sations4 ,if a ?\ght is highly pa9ful1 or pleasurable1 x t5ds to exclude all ?\ghts :i* h no connexion ) x1 & :i* if ar\s$ w\ld t5d to expel x--to make u 7z we say7 =get ! pa9 or ! pleasure4 ,by ?us obta9+ exclusive possession ( ! m9d1 ! pleasurable or pa9ful ?\ght is made m int5se1 m pa9ful or pleasurable2 &1 z is ! nature ( pa9s & pleasures1 acquires1 9 consequ5ce1 a great] p[] ( call+ up :atev] ideas are associat$ ) x4 ,all ?is is express$ by say+ t x fixes ! att5tion4 ,& ideas :i* are n ( !mselves s pa9ful or pleasurable z to fix ! att5tion1 may h x fix$ on !m by a volunt>y act4 ,9 o!r words1 ! w has p[] ov] ! att5tion4 ,b h[ is ?is act ( w excit$1 & 9 :at does x consi/8 ,on ?is po9t ! au?or's analysis is conclusive1 & admirable4 ,! act1 l o!r volunt>y acts1 is excit$ by a motive2 by ! desire ( "s end1 t is1 ( some?+ pleasurable2 7includ+ 9 ! ^w pleasurable1 z ! au?or does1 exemption f pa974 ,:at happ5s is1 t1 ! idea on :i* we are said to fix our att5tion n be+ ( itself suffici5tly pleasurable to fix x spontane\sly1 we =m an association betwe5 x & ano!r pleasurable idea1 & ! result !n is t ! att5tion is fix$4 ,?is is ! true acc\nt ( all t we d :5 we fix our att5tion volunt>ily2 !re is no o!r possible means ( fix+ x4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! fix+ ( att5tion by an act ( w dep5ds on ! same law1 z ! fix+ x by ! natural pleasantness or pa9fulness ( ! idea4 ,( itself ! idea is n pleasant or pa9ful1 or n suffici5tly s to fix ! att5tion2 b if x 7 consid]ably m pleasant or pa9ful ?an x is1 x w\ld d s4 ,x becomes consid]ably m pleasurable by be+ associat$ ) ! motive--t is1 by a fre% association ( pleasure ) x--& ! att5tion is fix$4 ,?is explanation seems complete4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 by an objector1 t ?is acc\nts only = ! case 9 :i* ! volunt>y att5tion fl[s easy & unimp$$1 almo/ z if x 7 spontane\s2 :5 ! m]e p]ception t ! idea is connect$ ) our purpose--) ! pleasurable end :i* sugge/$ ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 at once & )\t difficulty produces t exclusive occupation ( ! m9d ) x1 :i* is call$ fix+ ! att5tion4 ,b x (t5 happ5s t ! m]e p]ception ( its connexion ) our purpose is n suffici5t3 ! m9d /ill w&]s f ! ?\ght3 & !re is !n requir$ a supplem5t>y =ce ( w1 9 aid ( association2 an ef=t1 :i* exp5ds en]gy1 & is (t5 bo? pa9ful & exhau/+4 ,let u exam9e1 !n1 :at takes place 9 ?is case4 ,! association ( ! ?\ght ) ! pleasurable end 9 view1 is suffici5t to influ5ce ! att5tion1 b n suffici5t to comm& x4 ,! w1 !re=e1 has to be call$ 91 to height5 ! effect4 ,b 9 ?is case1 z 9 e case1 ! w is call$ into action by a motive4 ,! motive1 l all o!r motives1 is a desire4 ,! desire mu/ be ei!r ! same desire :i* 0 already felt1 b made m effectual ?an be=e1 or ano!r desire sup]add$ to ! fir/4 ,! =m] case presupposes ! latt]3 = ! desire :i* 0 n suffici5t to fix ! att5tion firmly on t :i* is ! means to its fulfilm5t1 _c be suffici5t to call =? ! volunt>y ef=t necess>y = fix+ x3 "s o!r desire mu/ come to its assi/ance4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is o!r desire8 ,! "q is n difficult4 ,! pres5t is "o ( ! complex cases1 9 :i* we desire a diff]5t /ate ( our own desires4 ,by supposition1 we d n c>e en\gh = ! imm$iate end1 t is ! idea ( x is n suffici5tly pleasurable1 or ! idea ( its fru/ration suffici5tly pa9ful1 to ex]t ! =ce ( association requir$4 ,b we are dissatisfi$ ) ?is infirmity ( our desires3 we wi% t we c>$ m = ! end2 we ?9k t x w\ld be bett] = u if ei!r ?is p>ticul> end1 or our ends g5]ally1 _h great] comm& ov] our ?\ghts & actions ?an !y h4 ,!re is ?us call$ up1 by our s5se ( ! insuffici5cy ( our att5tion 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! idea ( ano!r desirable end--great] vig\r & c]ta9ty 9 our m5tal op]ations4 ,t idea sup]adds itself to ! idea ( ! imm$iate end1 & ?is re9=cem5t ( ! associat+ p[] at la/ suffices to fix ! att5tion4 ,or 7:i* is ! same ?+ 9 effect7 ! pa9ful idea is call$ up1 ( be+ unable to fix our att5tion1 & be+ 9 consequ5ce ?w>t$ g5]ally 9 our designs2 & ?is pa9 op]ates1 9 ! same mann] z a pleasure1 9 fix+ our att5tion ^u ! ?\ght :i*1 if duly att5d$ to1 w relieve u f ! oppressive consci\sness4 ,x w be ask$1 :5ce come ! s5se ( labori\s ef=t1 & ! subsequ5t feel+ ( fatigue1 :i* are exp]i5c$ :5 ! att5tion does n fix itself spontane\sly1 b is fix$ ) m or less difficulty by a volunt>y act8 ,i conceive !m to be consequ5ces ( ! prolongation ( ! /ate designat$ by ! au?or1 9 ! text1 z a /ate ( unsatisfi$ desire4 ,t /ate1 :atev] view ! psy*ologi/ takes ( x1 is a condition ( ! bra9 & n]ves1 hav+ physiological consequ5ces ( great importance1 & draw+ l>gely on t /ock ( :at we call n]v\s en]gy1 any unusual exp5diture or defici5cy ( :i* produces ! feel+ ( exhau/ion4 ,! wa/e ( en]gy1 & ! subsequ5t exhau/ion1 are greate/ :5 ! desire seems cont9ually on ! po9t ( obta9+ its gratification1 b ! gratification con/antly eludes x4 ,& ?is is :at actually happ5s 9 ! case suppos$4 ,! att5tion cont9ually fa/5s on ! idea :i* we desire to att5d to1 b1 f ! insuffici5t /r5g? ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful association1 aga9 des]ts x2 & ! incessant alt]nation ( hope & disappo9tm5t produces1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! n]v\s di/urbance :i* we call ! s5se ( ef=t1 & :i* is physiologically foll[$ by ! s5sations ( n]v\s exhau/ion4 ,x is probable t :atev] is n muscul> 9 ! feel+ :i* we call a s5se ( ef=t1 is ! physical effect produc$ by a m ?an usual exp5diture ( n]v\s =ce3 :i*1 r$uc$ to its elem5ts1 means a m ?an usually rapid dis9tegration & wa/e ( n]v\s sub/ance4 ,let me "h rem>k1 t ! recognition1 by ! au?or ( ! ,analysis1 ( a peculi> /ate ( consci\sness call$ a /ate ( unsatisfi$ desire1 conflicts ) 8 doctr9e t desire is no?+ b ! idea ( ! desir$ pleasure z future4 ,9 :at s5se is x possible to speak ( an unsatisfi$ idea8 ,if ev5 we ins]t ! omitt$ elem5t ( ,belief1 & resolve desire n into ! m]e idea1 b into ! expectation ( a pleasure2 ?\gh we might rationally speak ( an unsatisfi$ expectation1 x w\ld only mean an expectation n fulfill$1 9 o!r words1 an expectation ( pleasure n foll[$ by ! pleasure2 an expectation foll[$ by a m]e negation4 ,h[ a pleasant idea1 foll[$1 n by a pa91 b by no?+ at all1 is conv]t$ into a pa91 ! pa9 ( unsatisfi$ desire1 rema9s to be expla9$3 & ! au?or has n po9t$ out any associations :i* acc\nt = x4 ,if x be said t ! expectation is p]petually r5ew$ & p]petually disappo9t$1 ?is is true1 b does n acc\nt = m ?an a cont9ual alt]nation betwe5 a pleasant idea & no idea at all4 ,t an elem5t ( pa9 %\ld ent] into unsatisfi$ desire1 is a fact n expla9$ by ! au?or's !ory2 & x /&s z evid5ce t !re is 9 a desire some?+ inh]5tly di/9ct f ei!r an idea or an expectation4--,ed4 #cgc ,i _c deem x necess>y1 aft] ! tra9+ :i* we n[ h _h1 to give ^! expositions 9 m #cgd m9ute detail4 ,b x seems to be prop] to notice1 9 a few words1 ! explanation :i* !y af=d ( #cge ! ph5om5a :i* are usually nam$ ! p[] or want ( p[] ov] ! tra9 ( ! ideas--9 a /ill #cgf m important in/ance ?an ! composition ( a disc\rse1 t ( ! conduct ( life4 ,"s m5 are di/+ui%$ = a /eady direction ( _! actions1 ?r\gh ! c\rse ( _! lives1 to "s g5]al end1 or ends4 ,"o man atta*es himself to ! cultivation ( 8 m9d2 ano!r1 to ! accumulation ( weal?2 ano!r1 to ! acquisition ( fame4 ,!re are o!r m5 ^: lives appe> to be a p]petual fluctuation4 ,!y ei!r %ift f "o great end to ano!r p]petually2 or1 9 _! tra9s1 ! great ends appe> to h no asc5dancy ov] ! little4 ,!re are m5 :o seem to h a diff]5t end ( _! actions1 e day !y rise f _! b$s4 ,! m51 9 ^: m9ds ! great purposes ( life seem to h no great] asc5dancy ?an ! m9or objects1 are call$ frivol\s m54 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t a #cgg man :o *ooses a frivol\s end is /eady 9 ! pursuit ( x4 ,! common case1 h[ev]1 is t no "o frivol\s end acquires a /eady asc5dancy2 & ! man is 9 a /ate ( p]petual fluctuation4 ,! solution ( ^! ph5om5a is obvi\s4 ,:5 ! idea ( any ( ! great purposes ( life exi/s habitually 9 controll+ /r5g?1 x p]=ms ! same function 9 reg>d to ! selection ( actions1 :i* ! ,idea ( ! end or purpose ( ! ,disc\rse p]=ms 9 reg>d to ideas1 9 ! case ( ! man :o is compos+ x4 ,out ( ! :ole numb] ( ideas1 :i* pres5t !mselves to him1 ! idea ( 8 ,end associates itself ) ^? :i* c op]ate z causes ( its atta9m5t2 & ?is association is foll[$ by all ! o!r associations :i* produce ! employm5t ( ! ,ideas4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 #cgh ! great purposes ( life are e/abli%$ into pr$om9at+ ideas1 !y associate !mselves /rongly ) ! ideas ( ^? actions :i* contribute to _! atta9m5t2 & ^? associations are foll[$ by all ! o!r associations1 :i* produce _! adoption4 ,! int]pretation :i* belongs to ! phrases1 :5 we he> ( m5 :o h1 & m5 :o h n1 _! ideas & actions "u comm&1 is1 t ! "o set ( m5 h c]ta9 lead+ ideas1 call$ purposes1 s e/abli%$1 z to ma9ta9 a control ov] bo? _! ,ideas & _! actions2 ! o!r set h n ideas s =m$ z to ex]cise ?is asc5dancy4 ,t man may be ju/ly said to h ! greate/ comm& ov] 8 ideas1 ^: associations ) ! gr& s\rces ( felicity are ! mo/ num]\s & /rong4 ,:5 ! gr& s\rces ( felicity are =m$ into ! lead+ & gov]n+ ideas1 ea* 9 its due & relative /r5g?4 ,education has !n p]=m$ its mo/ p]fect "w2 & ?us ! individual becomes1 to ! greate/ degree1 ! s\rce ( utility to o!rs1 & ( happ9ess to himself4 ,9 reg>d1 !n1 to t /ate ( m9d :i* prec$es action1 we seem to h asc]ta9$ ! foll[+ indisputable facts3 ,t actions are1 9 "s in/ances1 prec$$ by m]e s5sations2 t1 9 o!r in/ances1 !y are prec$$ by ideas2 t1 9 all cases 9 :i* ! action is said to be ,will$1 x is desir$1 z a means to an end2 or1 9 m accurate language1 is associat$1 z cause1 ) pleasure z effect3 t ! idea ( ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! action1 ?us excit$ by association1 excites1 9 ! same way1 ! idea ( ! int]nal feel+s1 :i* are #cgi ! imm$iate antec$5t ( ! action1 & !n ! action takes place2 t :atev] p[] we may possess ov] ! actions ( our muscles1 mu/ be d]iv$ f our p[] ov] our associations2 & t ?is p[] ov] our associations1 :5 fully analys$1 means no?+ m ?an ! p[] ( c]ta9 int]e/+ ,ideas1 orig9at+ 9 int]e/+ s5sations1 & =m$ into /r5g? by association4#fg #fh ,editor's footnote #fg3 ,! analysis conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] af=ds1 z x appe>s to me1 a suffici5t !ory ( ! mann] 9 :i* all t we d5om9ate volunt>y1 :e!r x be a bodily action or a modification ( our m5tal /ate1 comes to be produc$ by a motive1 i4e4 by ! association ( an idea ( pleasure or ( exemption f pa9 ) ! act or ! m5tal modification4 ,b !re is /ill an unexpla9$ residuum :i* has n yet be5 br\ght to acc\nt4 ,!re are "s bodily movem5ts ! consequ5ce ( :i* is n pleasure1 b pa94 ,pa9ful /ates ( consci\sness1 no less ?an pleasurable ones1 t5d to =m /rong associations ) _! causes or concomitants4 ,! idea1 !re=e1 ( a pa91 w1 no less ?an t ( a pleasure1 become associat$ ) ! muscul> action t w\ld produce x1 & ) ! muscul> s5sations t accompany ! action2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 we "k t x does s4 ,:y1 !n1 is ! result n m]ely diff]5t1 b contr>y8 ,:y is x t ! muscul> action excit$ by association ) a pleasure1 is action t[>ds ! pleasure1 :ile t excit$ by association ) a pa9 is away f ! pa98 ,z f> z dep5ds on ! law ( association1 x might seem t ! action1 9 bo? cases1 w\ld be t[>ds ! fact ) :i* ! action is associat$4 ,!re are "s rem>kable ph5om5a 9 :i* ?is really happ5s4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* a vivid imag9ation ( a pa9ful fact1 seems really to produce ! action :i* realizes ! fact4 ,p]sons look+ ov] a precipice are said to be sometimes seiz$ ) a /rong impulse to ?r[ #chj !mselves d[n4 ,p]sons :o h extreme horror ( a crime1 if circum/ances make ! idea ( committ+ x vividly pres5t to _! m9d1 h be5 kn[n1 f ! m]e int5sity ( _! horror1 to commit ! crime )\t any assignable motive2 & h be5 unable to give any acc\nt ( :y !y committ$ x1 except t ! ?\ght /ruck !m1 t ! devil tempt$ !m1 & ! l4 ,?is is ! case ( :at is sometimes call$ a fix$ idea2 :i* has a sort ( fasc9at+ influ5ce1 & makes p seek :at !y fe> or dete/1 in/ead ( %unn+ x4 ,:y is n ?is extremely exceptional case ! common "o8 ,:y does ! association ( pa9 ) an act1 usually excite n to t act1 b to ! acts :i* t5d to prev5t ! realization ( ! dread$ evil8 ,x seems1 t z ! au?or has _h to admit z an ultimate fact1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? ( our s5sations :i* we call pleasures & ^? :i* we call pa9s1 consid]$ z /ates ( our passive s5sibility1 s also he w\ld be compell$ to admit1 z a fact unrea*$ by 8 explanations1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 _! relation to our active faculty2 an attraction 9 ! "o case1 & a repulsion 9 ! o!r4 ,t is1 he mu/ admit t ! association ( a pleasurable or pa9ful idea 7at all ev5ts :5 accompani$ by a feel+ ( expectation7 ) a muscul> act1 has a specific t5d5cy to excite ! act :5 ! idea is t ( a pleasure1 b1 :5 x is ! idea ( a pa91 has a specific t5d5cy to prev5t t act1 & to excite ! acts t are associat$ ) ! negation ( ! pa94 ,?is is precisely :at we mean :5 we say t pleasure is desir$1 t pa9 is an object ( av]sion1 & ! abs5ce ( pa9 an object ( desire4 ,^! facts are ( c\rse admitt$ by ! au?or3 & he admits !m ev5 z ultimate3 b1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic dislike to multiply ! numb] ( ultimate facts1 he m]ges !m 9 ! admitt$ ultimate fact ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 pleasure & pa94 ,x is *iefly 9 cases ( ?is sort--9 lead+ him to id5tify two ultimate facts ) "o ano!r1 t 8 love ( simplification1 9 itself a feel+ highly wor?y ( a philosoph]1 seems to #cha mislead him4 ,ev5 if we cons5t to admit t ! desire ( a pleasure is "o & ! same ?+ ) ! idea ( a pleasure1 & av]sion to a pa9 is ! same ?+ ) ! idea ( a pa9--x rema9s true t ! diff]5ce :i* we passively feel1 betwe5 ! consci\sness ( a pleasure2 & t ( a pa91 is "o fact1 & our be+ /irr$ to seek ! "o & avoid ! o!r is ano!r fact2 & x is j ?is second fact t di/+ui%es a m]e idea ( some?+ z future1 f a desire or av]sion4 ,x is ?is consci\s or unconsci\s ref]5ce to action1 :i* di/+ui%es ! desire ( a pleasure f ! idea ( x4 ,desire1 9 %ort1 is ! initiatory /age ( volition4 ,! au?or might inde$ say1 t ?is seek+ ( ! s5sation is involv$ 9 ! v fact ( conceiv+ x z pleasant2 b ?is1 :5 look$ into1 only means t ! two ?+s are insep>able2 n t !y are1 or t !y c ev] be ?\ght (1 z id5tical2 z "o & ! same ?+4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t !re is a law ( volunt>y action1 ! mo/ important "o ( all1 :i* ! au?or's explanations d n attempt to rea*4 ,yet !re is no necessity = accept+ t law z ultimate4 ,a !ory resolv+ x into laws /ill m fundam5tal1 has be5 prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,ba9 9 8 writ+s1 & a ma/]ly /atem5t ( x w be f\nd 9 ! succe$+ note4 ,if1 z ,i expect1 ?is !ory makes good its foot+1 ,mr4 ,ba9 w be ! fir/ psy*ologi/ :o has succe$$ 9 effect+ a complete & correct analysis ( ! ,w4 ,9 ! same note w be f\nd an analysis ( ! case ( an ide fixe--! mo/ /rik+ case ( :i*1 is t ( a t]rific idea1 exceptionally draw+ ! active p[] into ! direction :i* leads t[>ds ! dread$ cata/rophe1 in/ead (1 z usual1 into ! opposite direction4 ,?is peculi> case obliges u to ackn[l$ge ! coexi/5ce ( two diff]5t modes 9 :i* action may be excit$4 ,!re is ! normal ag5cy ( ! ideas ( a pleasure & a pa91 ! "o det]m9+ an action t[>ds ! pleasure1 ! o!r an action away f ! pa92 & !re is ! g5]al p[] ( an extremely /rong association ( any k9d1 to make ! action foll[ ! idea4 #chb ,! reason :y ! det]m9ation ( action t[>ds a pa9 by ! idea ( ! pa9 is only exceptional1 is1 t 9 ord] to produce x1 ! g5]al p[] ( a /rong association to excite action t[>ds ! fact :i* x recals1 has to ov]come ! specific t5d5cy ( a pa9ful association to repel action f t fact4 ,b ! int5sity ( ! pa9ful idea may be s great1 & ! association ( ! act ) x s /rong1 z to ov]p[] ?is repulsive =ce by a great] attractive =ce3 & x is !n t we f9d ! pa9ful idea op]at+ on action 9 a mode contr>y to ! specific prop]ty :i* is *>act]i/ic ( x1 & :i* x usually obeys4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 t ! int5sity ) :i* ! m9d sometimes fixes ^u a frightful idea1 may op]ate by p>alys+ = ! "t be+ ! usual volunt>y ef=ts to avoid pa91 & s all[+ ! natural impulse to act on a pr$om9ant idea to come into play4--,ed4 ,ba9's footnote #fh3 ,?is *apt] is a rem>kably se>*+ discussion ( ! ,w1 n z a metaphysical puzzle1 b z a lead+ function ( ! m9d4 ,x is greatly sup]ior to any previ\s h&l+ ( ! subject4 ,( ! facts br\ght =w>d 9 illu/ration ( volunt>y movem5t1 "s are m prop]ly ref]able to o!r p>ts ( ! m5tal sy/em4 ,fir/4 ,su* actions z sneez+1 c\gh+1 contraction ( ! pupil ( ! eye1 hiccup1 p>turition1 lock-jaw1 respiration1 ! movem5ts ( ! he>t1 ! p]i/altic movem5ts ( ! inte/9es1--all :i* are /at$ to be movem5ts prompt$ by s5sation1--are ne>ly1 if n altoge!r1 involunt>y4 ,!y are m usually t]m$ ,reflex ,actions4 ,9 a c]ta9 numb]1 s5sation is pres5t1 b is n ess5tial2 z 9 c\gh+1 sneez+1 p>turition4 ,9 o!rs1 = example1 ! movem5ts ( ! he>t & ! inte/9es1 !re is no s5sation2 ! assumption made 9 ! text1 t ! blood _c fl[ into ! he>t )\t be+ accompani$ ) s5sation1 is incorrect4 ,^! actions are int]e/+ to /udy 9 connexion ) ! w1 b r 9 ! way ( contra/ ?an ( simil>ity4 #chc ,!re is probably a deep community 9 ! f\ndations ( ! two classes ( movem5ts2 b1 9 _! m obvi\s aspect1 & = all psy*ological purposes1 !y are oppos$4 ,x is common to apply to ! ,reflex class ! "n involunt>y4 ,secondly4 ,! movem5ts 9 yawn+1 laught]1 sobb+2 ! alt]$ action ( ! he>t1 ! b[els1 ! kidneys1 ! sk91 9 ,fe>1--are alli$ ) s5sations or feel+s2 b !y are n correctly class$ ) ! ,w2 9 fact1 "s ( !m are p]=m$ ?r\gh involunt>y muscles4 ,a diff]5t view mu/ be tak5 ( ^! effects4 ,!y are ! insep>able physical accompanim5ts ( feel+2 ! physical side or c\nt]p>t ( ! m5tal fact2 9 _! abs5ce ! feel+ itself w\ld n exi/4 ,fe> w\ld n be fe>1 if ! emotional /ate 7 n att5d$ ) a s]ies ( physical effects1 p>tly ( movem5t1 p>tly ( alt]$ secretions4 ,^! physical accompanim5ts supply ! appe>ances kn[n to all m5 z ! expression ( feel+2 :i* al?\gh to a great degree made up ( movem5ts1 is totally di/9ct f ! volunt>y prompt+s ( ! feel+s4 ,! smile t accompanies a pleasure ta/$ is "o ?+3 ! activity inspir$ to prolong ! enjoym5t is ano!r ?+4 ,! two k9ds ( movem5t are frequ5tly m+l$2 ?us1 9 acute pa9s1 ! cries & contortions ( feature are ! embodim5t ( ! feel+2 ! ge/ures & movem5ts ( ! body1 may be p>tly expression1 b are also attempts to obta9 relief4 ,expression 9 its purity is well se5 9 a %ock ( surprise2 a /ate :i* be+ (t5 entirely neutral z reg>ds pleasure or pa91 has no volunt>y prompt+ :atsoev]4 ,e feel+ has a c]ta9 def9ite physical embodim5t ) mu* or ) little outw>d display2 ?is belongs to ! feel+ z su*2 x is a ph5om5on ( feel+ or emotion1 & n ( volition4 ,?irdly4 ,! op]ation ( ,ideas1 9 su* in/ances z involunt>y imitation1 contagi\s convulsions1 ! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation1--is a g5u9e s\rce ( actions1 b is yet to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,w4 ,:5 ! idea ( a c]ta9 m$ic9e produces ! v same effect z ! m$ic9e actually appli$1 :5 a p]son yawn+ makes ! behold] yawn1 #chd or :51 /&+ on ! br9k ( a precipice1 "o is tempt$ to jump d[n1--!re is no int]v5tion ( ! w prop]ly s call$2 on ! contr>y1 !re may be a conflict betwe5 ! influ5ce ( ! idea & ! true volitional prompt+s4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! volunt>y activity is to foll[ pleasure & to retreat f pa92 "s ( ! t5d5cies gr[+ out ( an idea are 9 ! direction ( pa94 ,?is1 9 _m respects rem>kable1 ph5om5on is bett] assign$ to ! ,intellectual "p ( our nature1 al?\gh x has consequ5ces on our actions4 ,:5 a s5sation passes into an idea1 x /ill reta9s1 9 a dim9i%$ =m1 _m ( its *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,! s5sation ( a sav\ry morsel 9 ! m\? is accompani$ ) a gu% ( saliva2 ! correspond+ idea 9 any way ar\s$1 z :5 j comm5c+ to eat1 induces ! v same fl[1 express$ by ! phrase ! m\? wat]+4 ,! mode ( int]pret+ ! ph5om5on is ! ann\ncem5t ( a pregnant law ( ! m9d 7two-sid$ l ! m9d itself71 t ! idea is embodi$ 9 ! same tracks z ! s5sation1 al?\gh commonly 9 a weak] =m4 ,!re is a /&+ m5tal det]m9ation1 :]eby all ideas t5d to "w !mselves out into full actuality2 a p[] t ! w & o!r influ5ces are con/antly employ$ 9 *eck+4 ,! sight ( a p]son yawn+ gives ! idea ( ! act2 & ! idea1 unless c\nt]act$1 br+s =? ! reality4 ,! sight ( a precipice gives v =cibly ! idea ( some?+ fall+ headlong d[n1 & t idea possesses ! m9d ( ! spectator s /rongly t b = a re/ra9+ volition1 he w\ld act x out 9 8 own p]son4 ,by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ application ( ! law is to expla9 ! work+s ( ,sympa?y1 9 ! =m ( purely b5efic5t dis9t]e/$ impulses4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! law1 9 ?is peculi> aspect1 9 a =m] note 7,*ap4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #cjb74 ,^! ?ree great classes ( ph5om5a be+ )drawn f ! region ( ! ,w1 ! rema9+ facts m5tion$ 9 ! text c be view$ 9 a cle>] light4 #a4 ,x is ju/ly /at$ t ! ,w is an ext5sive & #che labori\s acquisition1 pursu$1 especially at ! comm5cem5t1 9 ! mid/ ( consid]able difficulties4 #b4 ,9 ! mature w1 ! imm$iate antec$5t ( a volunt>y act is an idea ( ! ?+ to be done4 ,?is is true1 b n ! precise1 nor ! :ole tru?4 #c4 ,! au?or's mode ( view+ ! influ5ce ( ,att5tion po9ts to ! really fundam5tal & typical fact ( ! ,w4 ,he says1 ,att5tion is m]ely ano!r "n = ! engross+ effect ( a pleasurable or a pa9ful s5sation4 ,hav+ a pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation1 & att5d+ to x1 seem n to be two ?+s1 b "o & ! same ?+4 ,t is to say1 !re is a p[] 9 pleasure z su*1 & 9 pa9 z su*1 to /imulate action or movem5t ) ref]5ce to ! pleasure or ! pa94 ,?is is ! ne>e/ approa* t is made 9 ! text to a /atem5t ( ! law ( volunt>y action4 ,! law has be5 diff]5tly express$4 ,locke said1 ! w moves to ! greate/ uneas9ess1 :i* is no d\bt ! fact4 ,/ill1 by a wid] induction1 we obta9 a m compreh5sive1 z well z m accurate1 g5]alization4 ,if we obs]ve "o ( ! mo/ famili> in/ances ( volunt>y action--! process ( eat+1 = example1 we f9d t :at happ5s is z foll[s3--,! contact ( ! food ) ! tongue & palate /imulates1 by an imm$iate impulse1 all ! movem5ts ( ma/ication & swall[+ 79 its fir/ /age71 & ! fur!r movem5ts = plac+ m food 9 ! m\?4 ,we f9d t ! int5sity ( ! /imulation is 9 proportion to ! degree ( ! pleasurable excitem5t1 be+ highe/ at ! comm5cem5t1 & s9k+ gradually 9 ! approa* to satiety4 ,!re is no fact t c be produc$ m exactly typify+ ! prim>y action ( ! w4 ,a ta/$ pleasure1 ev]y:]e1 at all times1 f ! beg9n+ to ! close ( life1 is an imm$iate inducem5t to activity4 ,com+ out ( a *ill+ atmosph]e into a place ( g5ial w>m?1 our en]gy is at once ar\s$ to foll[ ! cue4 ,! /rik+ up ( a b& attracts & deta9s all li/5]s susceptible to ! *>m4 ,!re is1 9 su* in/ances1 no int]m$iate process ( reflection1 delib]ation1 or resolution2 a #chf simple1 an indivisible1 l9k unites a bur/ ( pleasure & a bur/ ( activity foll[+ up ! pleasure4 ,rev]t+ to ! fir/ example1 ! act ( eat+1 we may detect ano!r phase ( ! volunt>y sequ5ces4 ,suppose a morsel1 admitt$ 9 good fai?1 to disclose a v bad ta/e1 say ! ta/e ( soot2 :at is ! imm$iate1 unreflect+1 response8 ,! fir/ effect is a collapse & susp5sion ( all ! ma/icat+ movem5ts4 ,f ! e>lie/ infancy1 ?is consequ5ce w\ld be %[n4 ,!re commonly succe$s1 & (t5 ) great rapidity1 a second effect1 :i* we %all consid] "u ano!r head--! en]getic dis*>ge ( ! morsel f ! m\?2 b long be=e *ildr5 are capable ( ! second act1 !y fall into ! fir/--! susp5sion ( ! activity at ! "t4 ,on ext5d+ our survey to ! analog\s cases1 we are enabl$ to ann\nce ?is also1 z a typical situation ( ! ,w1 namely3--,t1 z pleasure fur!rs activity 9 its own direction1 pa9 arre/s activity 9 its own direction4 ,turn+ a /reet corn]1 we enc\nt] sudd5ly a bitt] w9try bla/2 we feel at once an arre/ ^u our movem5ts4 ,an ill od\r1 a pa9ful contact1 a grat+ noise1 a disagreeable spectacle1 h all ! same imm$iate efficacy4 ,! prop]1 ! direct consequ5t ( an incursion ( pa91 is susp5d$ activity4 ,n only is ?is second law con=mable to obs]vation1 x is ! implication1 ! obv]se1 ( ! previ\s law connect+ pleasure ) increas$ activity4 ,! app>5t exceptions to ! second law ne$ to be adv]t$ to4 ,! mo/ obvi\s is ! excit+ effect ( a sm>t+ s5sation1 z ! /roke ( a :ip4 ,a light1 sm>t+1 pung5t1 /imulus1 am\nt+ to pa91 quick5s ! g5]al activity ( ! sy/em = ! "t2 :ile a m sev]e bl[ op]ates accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciple1 & susp5ds activity4 ,to quick5 an animal's pace1 ! light sm>t is (t5 ! be/ application2 to arre/ an access ( action1 !re mu/ be great] sev]ity4 ,! excitem5t ( an acute sm>t is due n to ! pa9 ( x1 b to ! m]e %ock imp>t$ to ! n]ves2 if a simil> int5sity ( n]v\s %ock 7 also a #chg cause ( pleasure1 ! /imulat+ effect w\ld be f> great]1 & m prolong$2 = ! elem5t ( pa91 9 ! case ( ! pa9ful sm>t1 de/roys ! activity 9 ! second /age1 :5 ! n]v\s excitem5t has subsid$4 ,any "o walk+ at a c]ta9 pace1 & sudd5ly jolt$1 is mom5t>ily awak5$ to a high] pit* ( n]v\s excitem5t2 b goes on1 aft] ! %ock1 at a slack5$ pace4 ,an acute sm>t has ?us a tw(old efficacy2 x is bo? a tempor>y /imulant ( activity1 & a cause ( r$uc$ en]gy on ! :ole1 accord+ to ! second law ( ! ,w4 ,ano!r app>5t exception is ! vehem5ce manife/$ 9 escap+ f pa92 a mode ( activity almo/ indi/+ui%ably mix$ up ) ! wri?+s & contortions ( a creature "u suff]+1 9 o!r words1 ) ! physical embodim5ts ( ! /ate ( pa94 ,! sudd5 excitem5t j adv]t$ to also ent]s into ! complex effect2 be+ br\ght out at ! fir/ mom5t ( ! infliction1 & at e new tw+e 9 fitful modes ( suff]+4 ,?is en]getic activity = escape is a di/9ct aspect ( volunt>y p[]4 ,x is ,locke's typical =m ( ! ,w1 b is "h reg>d$ z second>y or circuit\s1 & n z ! primitive situation4 ,?irdly4 ,we mu/ n[ !n consid] expressly ! influ5ce ( pa9 9 /imulat+ action = alleviation or escape1 z :5 we draw back f any?+ t pa9s or (f5ds u4 ,to call ! pa9 ! direct /imulant 9 ?is situation1 w\ld be to connect pa9 & pleasure equally ) ! exaltation ( our en]gies2 :i* w\ld be a contradiction1 or else w\ld t5d to %[ t !re is no casual connexion betwe5 pleasure or pa9 & our active ex]tions4 ,! real motive =ce ( pa91 h[ev]1 is n ! /ate ( suff]+1 b ! relief2 & relief f pa9 is ano!r =m ( pleasure4 ,t pleasure /imulates1 t pa9 depresses1 t alleviation ( pa9 /imulates1 are all "o & ! same ph5om5on--/atem5ts ( ! same law4 ,!re are two /ages 9 ! op]ation ( pa94 ,! fir/ is1 :5 "u a pres5t pa91 some?+ happ5s to give u relief2 9 :i* case1 we exp]i5ce on ! in/ant1 a bur/ ( #chh physical elation1 exactly z f a sudd5 access ( pleasure4 ,9 exposure to a cold w9d1 we h ! depression accompany+ a massive pa92 9 com+ gradually "u %elt]1 we feel buoy$ & elat$1 our movem5ts are quick5$1 & we foll[ ! lead ) gr[+ en]gy4 ,e "o has exp]i5c$ ! /imulus ( success1 & ! damp+ effect ( failure2 al?\gh1 practically view$1 ! success %\ld disp5se ) ! newborn en]gy1 & ! failure %\ld br+ ab\t an increase ( ex]tion4 ,x takes a m9d ( unusual /r5g?1 to resi/ ^! natural t5d5cies4 ,9 ! second /age1 pa9 is f\nd act+ z a /imulant1 )\t pres5t alleviation1 & !re=e )\t ! b5efit ( ! law ( pleasure4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,! answ] is1 t ! idea ( ! relief is ! op]ative circum/ance4 ,! p$e/rian expos$ to a freez+ w9d is urg$ to an accel]at$ pace1 by ! second>y or d]iv$ impulse1 gr[+ out ( ! idea or anticipation ( relief ?r\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( ex]tion4 ,t ?is idea is ! real s\rce ( ! new /r5g?1 is atte/$ by ! kn[n facts & circum/ances ( ! situation4 ,a suff]]1 hav+ no idea1 prospect1 or hope ( alleviation1 flags & succumbs1 9 accordance ) ! prop] t5d5cy ( pa92 ! /imulation ( ! active p[]s does n foll[ ! degree ( ! mis]y1 b ! op5+s ( a bett] lot4 ,:at 0 not$ above z ! /r5g? ( m9d t induces a successful man to refra9 f pu%+ on /ill f>!r1 & an unsuccessful man to /ruggle ! m1 means ! firm possession ( an idea1 to oppose ! p[] ( ! pres5t1--"u success1 an idea ( mod]ation1 &1 "u mis]y1 an idea ( relief to supply ! active spur t ! situation re/ra9s4 ,we call a man /rong-m9d$1 if he resi/s ! pressure ( ! actual 9 fav\r ( an ideal4 ,?is is ! highe/ manife/ation ( en]gy ( w4 ,x owes its m]it1 & ev5 its mean+1 to ! fact t a pres5t pleasure inflames & a pres5t pa9 qu5*es ! activities2 & t1 to c\nt]work ^! t5d5cies1 !re mu/ be a /rong conception ( ideal pa9 9 ! "o case1 & ( ideal pleasure 9 ! o!r2 :i* is ! same law ( ! m9d 9 ano!r =m4 ,we #chi _c rema9 quiesc5t "u a vivid & gr[+ pleasure1 unless by ! prospect ( pa9 9 ! di/ance2 nor d we r\se up "u pa9 )\t "s idea ( relief1 t is1 pleasure 9 ! di/ance4 ,no g5]al law ( ! m9d is m ?or\ghly confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( human actions ?an ! pr9ciple n[ /at$ 9 its ?ree sev]al aspects4 ,!re is1 z has be5 se51 some?+ to be acc\nt$ =1 9 ! lively /imulus "u acute sm>ts2 !re is1 also1 an obv]se ( ?is fact1 9 c]ta9 =ms ( pleasure 7z g5tle w>m?7 :i* are lull+ & soporific2 b ^! are ! consequ5ce ( ano!r law ( ! m9d1 9 "s degree complicat+ ! ph5om5a1 )\t disprov+ ! ma9 law ( ! ,w4 ,possibly1 ?is pr9ciple1 wide z x is1 may be subsum$ "u a /ill wid]3--namely1 a pr9ciple connect+ pleasure ) nutrition1 or ! supply ( vital p[] & /imulus1 &1 by implication1 pa9 ) ! abatem5t or loss ( vital en]gy2 f :i* ! law ( ! w w\ld be a consequ5ce4 ,! attempt to resolve x s is highly int]e/+2 b1 9 ! psy*ological explanation ( ! w1 we may be satisfi$1 = ! pres5t1 to />t f ! less impos+1 b well-gr\nd$ g5]ality n[ giv54 ,at ! same "t1 x w be f\nd t1 hav+ once caught a glimpse ( ! high] law1 we _c avoid occasionally fall+ into ! language sugge/$ by x2 s suitable does x (t5 appe> to ! expression ( ! facts4 ,) reg>d to "o great aspect ( volunt>y action1--our be+ mov$ to pleasure & f pa91 ! law is ! full & precise summ>y4 ,! elem5t ( ! w rema9+ unexpla9$1 is ! selection ( ! prop] movem5ts 9 ea* case2 z :5 we />t up & walk 9 ! direction ( a pleas+ s\nd4 ,! r5d]+ an acc\nt ( ?is selective adaptation is ! !ory ( ! gr[? or developm5t ( ! w4 ,9 ! delicate & difficult enquiry z to ! mann] ( fir/ atta9+ ! volunt>y comm& ( ! movem5ts1 ! law ( ! w1 j exp\nd$1 mu/ /ill be ref]r$ to4 ,b tak5 by itself1 t law does n expla9 ! beg9n+s ( ! w4 ,x acc\nts = ! keep+ up ( a movem5t #cij br++ pleasure1 & ! dropp+ ( a movem5t br++ pa91 b x does n acc\nt = ! ability to s+le out1 & set a-go+1 movem5ts calculat$ to enhance pleasure & subdue pa91 actual or di/ant4 ,!re is n1 )9 its compass1 any specify+ or selective faculty4 ,! complete explanation ( ! ,w dem&s a ref]5ce to two o!r laws ( ! m9d4 ,! fir/ is ! ,spontane\s beg9n+ ( ,movem5ts2 ! second1 ! ,ret5tive or ,associative process con/itut+ ! basis ( all our acquisitions4 ,by ! ,spontaneity ( ,movem5t is meant ! t5d5cy ( human be+s1 & ( animals g5]ally1 to beg9 act+ )\t ! express /imulus ( s5sation f )\t1 & by virtue ( ! fund ( p[] resid+ 9 ! active organs !mselves4 ,by means ( n\ri%m5t1 ! animal is dispos$ to pass into movem5t1 f ! m]e abundance ( ! motor en]gy 9 ! n]ve c5tres & 9 ! muscles4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! activity ( ! m active creatures1--z ! human species 7especially ! "y71 quadrup$s1 birds1 fi%es1 & insects1--is due to ! pres5ce ( an active ma*9]y provid$ ) sup]abundance ( motive p[]4 ,ap>t f ! /imulus ( s5sation1 f ! wants & ! pleasures ( ! animal1 !re is a necessity = ! active organs to put =? _! activity4 ,! en]gy is greatly height5$1--(t5 d\bl$ or tripl$1 by ! /imulation ( ! s5ses1 &1 aft] a c]ta9 education1 by ! influ5ce ( ideas2 b x is f> f rema9+ 9 abeyance till op]at$ ^u by /imulants f )\t or f )94 ,besides summ+ up a l>ge am\nt ( ! activity famili> to u 9 ! life ( human be+s1 & ( animals1 ?is ,spontaneity has a special importance z a />t+-po9t = ! w4 ,we h se5 t ! difficulty unprovid$ = by ! law ( pleasure & pa91 is ! s+l+ out1 or comm5c+1 ( ! suitable movem5ts4 ,! utmo/ t ! law c ensure is to reta9 or cont9ue !m1 :5 once comm5c$4 ,n[1 ! t5d5cy to spontane\s action applies to all ! volunt>y memb]s--locomotive organs1 trunk1 head1 jaw1 #cia tongue1 m\?1 eyes1 voice1 c4 ,!re is1 at ! outset1 no rule or ord] = ! spontane\s outbur/1 except ! physical condition ( ea* organ1 includ+ ! n]v\s connexions4 ,! animal1 9 its exub]ant phase1 aft] n\ri%m5t & re/1 may become active at any po9t2 x may run1 ge/iculate1 *ew1 gaze1 cry out2 or hav+ exp5d$ itself 9 any "o direction1 x may fall into o!r regions ( activity :]e ! =ce is /ill abundant4 ,"o or two in/ances mu/ "h suffice to indicate ! process ( atta9+ ! selective faculty ( ! w1 ?r\gh ,spontaneity1 jo9$ ) ! law ( pleasure & pa94 ,9 ! maturity ( ! w1 we h ! p[] ( foll[+ ) ! eyes a mov+ object1 p>tly by revolv+ ! eye-balls1 & p>tly by turn+ ! head4 ,an infant has no su* p[]4 ,! mann] ( arriv+ at x is op5 to obs]vation1 & is typical ( ! less obvi\s cases4 ,suppose ! *ild to h its gaze fix$ ^u a light1 or "s o!r appe>ance ( a /imulat+ k9d4 ,! physical effect ( ! /imulus1 always conjo9$ ) ! m5tal effect1 is an increase ( en]gy 7by ! prim>y law ( ! w71 :i* w\ld manife/ itself 9 quick5+ & reta9+ ! *ild's gaze2 !re is display$ a m en]getic /ra9 ( ! att5tion ?an _h exi/$ :5 ! eyes f\nd no?+ to imp>t a special *>m4 ,suppose next t ! light is )drawn1 by be+ mov$ to "o side4 ,! loss ( ! /imulus in/antly works z a depression2 ! height5$ /ra9 ( att5tion collapses4 ,/ill1 ! *ild is n r$uc$ to absolute quiesc5ce2 x has an int]nal fund ( en]gy1 indep5d5t ( casual /imulations2 ! fl[+ out ( ?is en]gy consi/s 9 a s]ies ( movem5ts = ! mo/ "p at r&om4 ,x may happ51 t "o ( ^! *ance movem5ts is a rotation ( ! eyes1 or ( ! head1 9 ! exact direction ( ! pleas+ object1 & !re=e t5d+ to recov] ! illum9ation4 ,in/antly1 !re is a bur/ ( height5$ en]gy1 accord+ to ! law ( pleasure2 & ! movem5t accid5tally comm5c$ is p]si/5tly /imulat$ s long z ! pleasure ( ! spectacle gr[s or cont9ues4 ,! concurr5ce is =tuit\s2 ! prolongation ( x is n =tuit\s1 #cib b foll[s ! law ( ! w--! abid+ by :atev] movem5t is giv+ pleasure4 ,! complet+ /ep is due to ! ,ret5tive or pla/ic p[] ( ! m9d4 ,an association is begun betwe5 ! optical effect ( a light retreat+ f ! full gaze to ! "r or to ! left1 & ! muscul> movem5ts t enable ! eye to foll[ x4 ,aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( simil> *ance co9cid5ces1 ?is bond ( association is r5d]$ firm en\gh to ensure ! movem5t at once :5 ! s5sation is pres5t2 & "o ( ! _m ?\s& l9ks con/itut+ ! mature w is !reby =g$4 ,! v same c\rse ( proce$+ is foll[$ 9 a ho/ ( o!r in/ances4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,imitation are also highly illu/rative ( ! process4 ,!re is no trace ( imitative p[] dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ( infancy4 ,! rise & progress ( ! p[] may be visibly disc]n$ by any obs]v]2 & p]haps ! be/ example = ! purpose is ,spee*4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( ?is ext5sive acquirem5t1 ! basis is mo/ obvi\sly ! infant's spontane\s articulations2 ^! mu/ be wait$ = by ! in/ructor1 :o c only fo/] & ma9ta9 !m :5 !y come4 ,! law ( ! w provides = ! fo/]+ "p ( ! process4 ,! *ild is1 9 all probability1 gratifi$ by ! s\nd ( its voice1 :5 x gives =? any new s\nd1 & s is /imulat$ to keep up ! vocal ex]tion4 ,next 9 efficacy is ! cat*+ up & repeat+ ( ! s\nd by o!rs1 :i* is an addition to ! pleas+ /imulus4 ,"u ! two-fold ag5cy1 !re is opportunity = an association to gr[ up betwe5 ! vocal impulse & ! s5sation ( ! s\nd he>d2 :i* association is ultimately ! m$ium ( br++ on ! articulation :5ev] x is desir$4 ,! o!r cases ( ,imitation describe ! same r\t9e4 ,! movem5ts are initiat$ by r&om spontaneity2 & :5 !y arise1 !y are accompani$ by a s5sible impression on ! eye1 or on ! e>2 ! concurr5ces1 be+ regul> & uni=m1 are at l5g? contigu\sly associat$2 ! muscul> ex]tion ( lift+ ! h& is connect$ ) ! visible picture ( a lift$ h&4 ,at a c]ta9 /age1 ! association #cic may be br\ght to op]ate 9 ! inv]t$ ord]1--! s5sations fir/1 ! movem5t next1--:i* is ! :ole fact ( ,imitation4 ,a num]\s class ( volunt>y l9ks consi/s 9 obey+ ! ^w ( comm&1 or 9 foll[+ v]bal directions4 ,?is1 z w be admitt$1 c be no?+ b association4 ,x is an association t w\ld n be atta9able )\t ! spontane\s comm5cem5t4 ,a *ild1 or an animal1 mu/ p]=m a c]ta9 action1 proprio motu1 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 ! "n is !n utt]$ 9 company ) x2 ?is be+ done repeat$ly1 a connexion is made :]eby ! ^w c induce or s+le out ! movem5t4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( animals1 a ha/5+ process is resort$ to1 :i* well exemplifies ! difficulties 9 ! e>ly education ( ! w4 ,9 break+ a horse1 ! :ip & ! curb =m ! e>lie/ in/rum5tality4 ,! animal mu/ /ill comm5ce mov+ ( its own accord4 ,! bus9ess is to guide ! spontaneity into def9ite *annels1 9 consi/5cy ) ! law ( ! w1 & to connect all ! v>i\s desir$ movem5ts ) language & signs1 by ^: means !y c always be br\ght into play4 ,:5 ! colt "u discipl9e is mov+ 9 ! desir$ pace1 x is all[$ to g on )\t mole/ation or h9drance2 :5 x deviates 9 any way1 x is made to feel ! pa9 ( ! :ip or o!r *eck2 ?is1 by ! law ( pa91 abates ! exi/+ movem5ts2 & if ! abatem5t is ! ?+ s\ght1 ! end is ga9$4 ,! application may1 h[ev]1 be su* z to quick5 ! movem5ts by ! sm>t+ /imulus2 an effect bo? exceptional & unc]ta91 & ( use z caus+ a div]sion ( pace1 out ( :i* may come ! movem5t desir$4 ,! sure/ ag5cy ( control1 h[ev]1 9 ! e>ly & crude /age ( ! w1 is ! abatem5t ( an excessive or a wrong movem5t by a decid$ly pa9ful *eck1 su* z ! op]ation ( ! curb1 :i* by press+ sev]ely on a s5sitive surface1 is a c]ta9 means ( depression2 :]eas1 ! light1 irritat+ sm>t ( ! :ip op]ates by a spasmodic unc]ta9 /imulation4 ,x is by ! t5d5cy ( pa9 to put an arre/ ^u ! wrong movem5t4 #cid & ( ! relief f pa9 to indicate ! "r movem5t1 t ! tra9] secures ! ob$i5ce ( ! animal2 he1 at ! same "t1 famili>iz+ its e> ) ! s\nds t are to signify ! v>i\s paces & movem5ts4 ,! spontane\s comm5cem5t is ess5tial "u all circum/ances2 accord+ z ?is spontaneity is1 f ! fir/1 ready1 vigor\s1 & v>i\s1 is ! facility 9 atta9+ & cem5t+ ! initial l9ks ( volunt>y comm&4 ,x w n[ be app>5t t ! imm$iate antec$5t ( a volunt>y act is n solely ! idea ( ! action to be p]=m$4 ,! successive upbuild+ ( ! volunt>y associations developes a s]ies ( phases1 "u :i* ! direct antec$5t is trans=m$ into v>i\s %apes4 ,! s5sation ( hung] may be ! sole antec$5t 9 prompt+ an animal to ! se>* = food2 ! pa9ful s5sation is c\pl$ at a v e>ly /age ) ! sight & ! idea ( food4 ,:5 a *ild fir/ atta9s ! p[] ( lift+ a sweet morsel to its m\?1 ! antec$5t ( ! volunt>y act is ! sight ( ! morsel c\pl$ ) ! remembrance ( ! sweetness4 ,a f>!r advance takes place by associat+ ! ultimate object ) int]m$iate actions1 z :5 ! *ild le>ns to entreat :at x wants f o!r p]sons4 ,! /age t fir/ br+s 9 an idea ( ! mov+ memb]s !mselves is ,imitation2 9 imitat+ by sight1 ! antec$5t is ! view ( ! p>ts mov$4 ,?r\gh ?is m$ium1 we pass to :at is popul>ly consid]$ ! type ( volunt>y control1 ! mov+ f a wi% to move4 ,i w to raise ! arm1 & ! act foll[s2 ! antec$5t is ! idea ( ! rais$ arm 7toge!r ) "s feel+ to be gratifi$ by ! act74 ,9 ! highe/ developm5ts ( volunt>y acquisition1 !re is ano!r case1 also ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 namely1 :]e ! intellectual antec$5t is ! idea ( ! "w to be done2 z1 = example1 9 ! act ( wa%+ ! h&s1 :]e we d n ?9k ( ! movem5ts to be gone ?r\gh1 b ( a c]ta9 appe>ance to be produc$4 ,9 ,*apt] ,x41 on ,memory1 x is rem>k$3--',:5 we #cie are said to w1 !re mu/ be 9 ! m9d :at is will$4' ,b ! idea ( :at is imm$iately will$1 ) ref]5ce to ! same ultimate end1 may assume all ! v>iations above describ$4 ,to ga9 a pleasure or free ourselves f a pa91 we may employ diff]5t in/rum5talities2 & ! explanation ( ! w %\ld compreh5d !m all4--,b4 #cif ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,int5tion4 ,,! ^w int5d1 ! concrete1 seems to be employ$ on two occasions4 #a4 ,we are said to int5d1 or n to int5d1 c]ta9 actions ( our own4 #b4 ,& we are said to int5d1 or n to int5d1 c]ta9 consequ5ces ( our own actions4 ,we h to exam9e :at is ! /ate ( m9d :i* ! ^w designates on ea* ( ^? occasions4 #a4 ,we are said to int5d only a future action4 ,:5 ! action is imm$iate1 we are n said to ,,int5d1 b to ,,w x2 an action int5d$1 is an action ( ours contemplat$ z future1 or c]ta9ly to be4 ,we h m9utely analys$1 on a =m] occasion1 ! /ate ( m9d :i* exi/s1 :5 ev5ts1 o!r ?an actions ( our own1 are contemplat$ z future4 ,an association1 f prior habit1 exi/s1 betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t1 9 a s]ies ( ev5ts2 an association1 su*1 t we _c ?9k ( "o ( ! ev5ts z exi/+1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! o!rs z exi/+2 t is1 )\t anticipat+ _! exi/5ce4 #cig ,t ?is process is involv$ 9 anticipat+ t peculi> ev5t1 call$ an action ( our own1 _c be d\bt$4 ,! only "q is1 :at are ! circum/ances f :i* x d]ives its peculi> "*4 ,some?+ peculi> is imp>t$ to x1 f ! v circum/ance ( its be+ an action ( our own4 ,9 anticipat+ an action ( our own1 we necess>ily anticipate ! m5tal processes1 :i* are its antec$5ts4 ,among ^! we necess>ily anticipate :at is call$ ! act ( will+4 ,9 su* anticipations1 ! association is ( t intimate "*1 :i* con/itutes belief4 ,9 anticipat+ an action ( our own1 !re=e1 we contemplate ! act z c]ta9ly future3 t is1 we believe t we %all w x4 ,b to look =w>d ?r\gh a c]ta9 tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 ! conclud+ "p ( :i* is a c]ta9 act1 :i* we %all !n w1 & !n d1 is a process :i* app>5tly involves 9 x all t is meant by :at1 9 ?is class ( cases1 we call ,int5tion4 ,x may /ill1 h[ev]1 be object$1 t ! explanation ?us pres5t$1 recognises1 9 ! /ate ( m9d 9 "q1 only ! ideas involv$ 9 ! process call$ will+1 ) ! idea ( ! action1 & ! belief t ! action w take place2 b t !re seems to be some?+ m ?an ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ideas & belief1 9 t /ate ( m9d :i* we call int5d+1 :i* seems to p>take ( ! nature ( will+ at ! mom5t ( its exi/5ce4 ,!re is some?+ "h ( ! cu/om>y illusions ( language4 ,! ^w int5d is an active v]b4 ,&1 :]ev] we use an active v]b1 we h #cih ! association ( activity & ( will+1 involv$ 9 x4 ,t !re c be no?+ ( will+ 9 ! case1 is abundantly c]ta92 s9ce ! w relates only to imm$iate acts4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$1 t ?\gh !re is no?+ ( will+ 9 ! case1 !re is nev]!less a det]m9ation or purpose to w4 ,a man may say1 ,i n only believe t ,i %all act s & s1 b ,i am det]m9$ t ,i %all act s & s4 ,9 ?is objection1 ! words det]m9e1 & det]m9ation1 are /ill b sub/itutes = int5d1 & int5tion4 ,at mo/1 !y only m>k a degree ( /r5g? 9 ! int5tion4 ,!re is ano!r expression1 h[ev]1 :i* des]ves notice4 ,a man may n only resolve to d a ?+1 b he may promise to d x4 ,& ! promises ( m5 =m a v important class ( _! actions4 ,aft] all1 a ,promise is 9 its v ess5ce m]ely ! ,decl>ation ( an ,int5tion4 ,if x be ass]t$ t x is n only ! decl>ation ( an int5tion1 b ! decl>ation t no?+ %all occur to h9d] t int5tion ( its effect2 :at is ?is b ! decl>ation ( ano!r int5tion2 ! int5tion n to fru/rate an exi/+ int5tion8 ,b ?is second int5tion is includ$ 9 ! fir/4 ,! v exi/5ce ( an int5tion implies ! abs5ce ( any c\nt] int5tion4 ,:y is x t a man int5ds8 ,= ! same reason1 ( c\rse1 t he wills4 ,9 will+1 a c]ta9 act is contemplat$ z a cause ( pleasure2 an imm$iate act1 & an imm$iate pleasure4 ,9 int5d+1 a c]ta9 future act is contemplat$ z cause ( a future #cii pleasure4 ,! idea ( ! pleasure & its cause1 unit$ by association1 con/itute ! motive4 ,9 ?is act ( anticipation1 ! sequ5ce1 consi/+ ( motive z cause1 action z effect1 is indissoluble4 ,9 our suppos$ /ate ( int5tion1 ! motive is pres5t$ to ! m9d z ab\t to exi/ at ! "t 9 contemplation2 ! idea ( ! act z exi/+ irresi/ibly foll[s4 ,an act ( our own anticipat$ by irresi/ible association1 :5 ! motive is imm$iate1 is will$2 :5 ! motive is future1 is int5d$4 ,int5tion is ! /rong anticipation ( a future w4 ,b e ?+ :i* /r5g!ns ! motive1 t is1 associates ! idea ( ! act ) t ( a great] am\nt ( good aris+ f x1 increases ! c]ta9ty ( ! act4 ,a promise to p]=m ! act /r5g!ns ! motive2 9 "s cases exce$+ly4 ,z x is ( great consequ5ce to m5 9 g5]al1 t promises %\ld be p]=m$1 !y take c>e to rew>d ! p]=m+ ( promises1 to puni% ! non-p]=m+ ( !m1 ) _! fav\r 9 ! "o case1 _! disfav\r 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 ! fav\r & disfav\r ( mank9d are g5]al1 & /rong1 to a c]ta9 degree1 !y am\nt to ! highe/ ( all puni%m5ts1 & all rew>ds4 ,a promise1 !n1 :i* is ! decl>ation ( an int5tion1 greatly /r5g!ns ! c]ta9ty ( ! act1 by greatly add+ to ! =ce ( ! motive4 #b4 ,! next case ( ! mean+ ( ,int5tion is ( easy explanation4 ,:5 we w1 or :5 we int5d1 an action1 we ei!r =esee1 or d n =esee1 c]ta9 ( its consequ5ces4 ,9 :at associations ! act ( =esee+ or anticipat+ consi/s1 we ne$ n aga9 expla94 ,! "q1 :e!r a man did #djj or did n =esee c]ta9 consequ5ts ( 8 acts1 is ( great importance 9 c]ta9 cases ( judicature1 because ^u ?is circum/ance dep5ds ! propriety ( a less or great] degree ( puni%m5t1 p]haps ! propriety or impropriety ( puni%+ at all4 ,a p]son adm9i/]s to ano!r p]son a m$ic9e4 ,x turns out to be poison4 ,! p]son ^: act ! adm9i/ration 01 believ+ ! drug to be salubri\s1 n hurtful1 anticipat$ good consequ5ces2 9 o!r words1 int5d$ ! b5efit ( ! pati5t2 int5d+1 & anticipat+1 "h1 be+ only two names = ! same ?+4 ,he did n =esee ! evil consequ5ces2 & ?is we commonly express by say+ he did n int5d !m4 ,if ! p]son :o adm9i/]$ ! drug1 in/ead ( believ+ x to be a prop] m$ic9e1 & anticipat+ f x salut>y effects1 knew x to be poison1 anticipat+ f x de/ructive effects1 he w\ld be said to int5d ^? effects4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t :5 a man1 hav+ c]ta9 consequ5ces ( an act 9 view1 proce$s to ! p]=mance ( ! act1 ! hav+ 9 view1 or anticipat+1 receives1 9 ^! circum/ances1 ! "n ( int5tion4 ,x is a case ( anticipation1 anticipation 9 peculi> circum/ances1 & is m>k$ by a peculi> "n4 ,! consequ5ce ( an act may be su*1 t ! p]son _h no reason to anticipate !m1 or c\ld n possibly anticipate !m2 or !y may be su*1 t1 ?\gh actually n =ese51 !y might1 ) m or less ( c>e1 h be5 =ese54 ,^! are que/ions respect+ ! nature ( "o solit>y act4 #dja ,!y are :at 9 law are call$ que/ions ( fact4 ,! exact det]m9ation ( !m is ess5tial to ! "r decision ( ! judge 9 ! p>ticul> case2 b any fur!r consid]ation ( !m is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is inquiry4#fi ,editor's footnote #fi3 ,?is *apt] is devot$ to cle>+ up ! confusion & dis5tangl+ ! ambiguity connect$ ) ! ^w ,int5tion4 ,& x fully atta9s ! purpose1 save :]e ! refusal to admit any diff]5ce betwe5 expectation & a /rong association1 ?r[s a c]ta9 haze ov] an op]ation into :i* !y bo? ent]4 ,int5tion1 :5 ! ^w is us$ 9 ref]5ce to our future conduct1 is well *>act]iz$ by ! au?or z ! /rong anticipation ( a future w4 ,x is an unfalt]+ pres5t belief t we %all h]eaft] w a p>ticul> act1 or a p>ticul> c\rse ( action4 ,!re may be1 ov] & above ?is belief1 an int5tion t no?+ %all occur to h9d] t int5tion ( its effect2 ! int5tion n to fru/rate an exi/+ int5tion4 ,! au?or ?9ks t ?is second int5tion is includ$ 9 ! fir/3 b x is n necess>ily s4 ,x is ! fir/ int5tion1 =tifi$ by "s additional motive :i* creates a special desire t ?is p>ticul> desire & int5tion %\ld cont9ue4 ,x is ano!r case ( :at ! au?or nev] recognizes1 ! desire ( a desire4 ,int5tion1 :5 we are said to int5d ! consequ5ces ( our actions1 means ! =esight1 or expectation ( ^? consequ5ces2 :i* is a totally diff]5t ?+ f desir+ !m4 ,! p>ticul> consequ5ces 9 "q1 ?\gh =ese5 may be disagreeable to u3 ! act may be done = ! sake ( o!r consequ5ces4 ,int5tion1 & motive1 are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,b x is ! int5tion1 t is1 ! =esight ( consequ5ces1 :i* con/itutes ! moral rightness or wrongness ( ! act4 ,:i* among ! _m consequ5ces ( a crime1 are ^?1 =esight ( :i* con/itutes guilt1 & non-=esight entitles to acquittal1 dep5ds on ! p>ticul> nature ( ! case4 ,we may say g5]ally1 t x is ! hurtful consequ5ces4 ,:5 ! "q arises judicially1 we mu/ say x is ! consequ5ces :i* ! law int5d$ to prev5t4 ,rev]t+ to ! au?or's illu/ration2 a p]son :o gives a drug to a pati5t1 :o dies 9 consequ5ce1 is n guilty 7at lea/ ( int5tional crime7 if he expect$ good consequ5ces1 or no consequ5ces at all1 f its adm9i/ration4 ,he is guilty1 if he expect$ t ! consequ5ce w\ld be dea?2 because t 0 ! consequ5ce :i* ! legislator int5d$ to prev5t4 ,he is guilty1 ev5 if he ?\ght t ! dea? ( ! pati5t w\ld be a good to ! _w3 because1 ?\gh ! law did n int5d to prev5t good to ! _w1 x did int5d to prev5t p]sons f kill+ "o ano!r4 ,judg$ by a moral in/ead ( a legal /&>d1 ! man may be innoc5t2 or guilty ( a diff]5t (f5ce1 t ( n us+ 8 ?9k+ faculty ) suffici5t calmness & imp>tiality1 to p]ceive t 9 su* a case z t ( tak+ life1 ! g5]al presumption ( p]nici\s consequ5ces ought to outweigh a p>ticul> p]son's op9ion t prepond]ant good consequ5ces w\ld be produc$ 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance4--,ed4 #djb ,?us1 !n1 ! ,exposition ( ! ,human ,m9d1 z f> z ! imp]fection ( ! execution may all[ ! accompli%m5t to be pr$icat$ ( ! attempt1 may be reg>d$ z br\ght to its close4 ,! ph5om5a :i* *>act]ize man z a ?9k+ ,be+1 h be5 br\ght =w>d1 h be5 c>efully resolv$ into _! compon5t elem5ts1 & trac$ to c]ta9 g5]al & undisput$ laws4 ,i %\ld call ?is ! ,,!ory ( ! ,human ,m9d1 if ,i c\ld hope t ! ^w w\ld be und]/ood 9 its orig9al & lit]al mean+1 t is1 ,,view+ or ,,obs]v+1 ,,& ,,correctly ,,record+ ,,! ,,matt]s ,,obs]v$4 ,?is is ! task1 ! execution ( :i* #djc has be5 endeav\r$ ?r\gh\t ! prec$+ pages4 ,b1 unhappily1 ! ^w ,!ory has be5 p]v]t$ to d5ote an op]ation v diff]5t f ?is1 an op]ation by :i* ,,view+--,,obs]v+--is sup]s$$2 an op]ation :i* ess5tially consi/s 9 ,,suppos+1 ,,& ,,sett+ ,,d[n ,,matt]s ,,suppos$ ,,z ,,matt]s ,,obs]v$4 ,!ory1 9 fact1 has be5 conf\nd$ ) ,hypo!sis2 & x is probably va9 to ?9k ( re/or+ x to its prop] signification4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,!oretical1 or ,expository "p ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,human ,m9d 7 p]fect$2 ano!r great bran*1 ! ,practical 7:i*1 to be rationally f\nd$1 mu/ be f\nd$ on ! ,!oretical7 w\ld /ill rema94 ,?is subject1 x appe>s1 might be conv5i5tly treat$ 9 ?ree ,books3 ,i4 ,! ,book ( ,logic2 conta9+ ! ,practical ,rules = conduct+ ! m9d 9 its se>* aft] ,tru?3 ,,ii4 ,! ,book ( ,e?ics2 or ! ,book ( ,rules = regulat+ ! actions ( human be+s1 s z to d$uce f !m ! greate/ am\nt ( good1 bo? to ! actor himself1 & to 8 fell[-creatures at l>ge3 ,,iii4 ,! ,book ( ,education2 or ! ,book ( ,rules1 = tra9+ ! ,individual to ! greate/ excell5ce ( 8 nature2 t is1 to ! highe/ possible /ate ( effici5cy 7ability & w includ$71 z cause ( good to himself1 & to 8 species4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,savill1 ,,edw>ds ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,all editions ( ?is text 7 publi%$ 9 two volumes4 ,?is file has comb9$ !m4 ,! only consequ5tial *ange to ! orig9al mat]ial is t ! ,cont5ts pages = ,volume #b are repeat$ imm$iately aft] ! ,cont5ts ( ,volume #a4 ,footnotes ,james ,mill's text _h a few footnotes1 indicat$ by s+le a/]isks4 ,8 lat] comm5tators' "w 0 pr9t$ z footnotes1 numb]$ consecutively ?r\gh ea* volume 7?\gh !re is no note #cf 9 volume #a71 & attribut$ by an initial 7or ,editor's note7 at ! end4 ,9 ?is text ea* note is attribut$ to its au?or 7,james ,mill be+ call$ ,mill2 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,editor74 ,john ,/u>t ,mill made "o note 9 ,james' /yle1 #g99 9 volume #a 7:]e ! attribution has be5 m>k$ by an a/]isk74 ,!re are footnotes 9 ,grote's ma9 footnote1 & 9 a c\ple ( o!r footnotes1 m>k$ z 9 ! orig9al4 ,all footnotes are n[ plac$ aft] ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y occur4 ,corrections ,correct$ text is indicat$ by a prec$+ 994 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made 7usually confirm$ by ref]5ce to ! e>li] editions73 ,location ,orig9al ,correction ,volume #a p4 #aa d5onom9ate d5om9ate p4 #ie & ( footnote #dg inf9ities inf9itives footnote #ed exi/t5ce exi/5ce p4 #aie _! !re footnote #ei gutt]al guttural p4 #bjd blank #b p4 #bag pr$icacations pr$ications p4 #bef rationes rationes footnote g b #f footnote j accute acute footnote #hb #f #e footnote #hg phrase phase p4 #cfc x its p4 #ddg unconci\sness unconsci\sness ,volume #b ,cont5ts #cfi #cif p4 #de 3 2 p4 #gb =m] =m$ p4 #hi succe$s succe$ p4 #abb measure measur$ p4 #abi end quote m>k miss+ at footnote #h99 p4 #acf ,read ,reid footnote #cj n nor p4 #cab compreh5d compreh5d$ footnote #ei physicial physical ,two uncorrections might be notic$3 9 volume #a1 pp4 #fa-fb ! ,mills read ',brobdignagian1' foll[+1 x seems1 an edition ) t spell+ in/ead ( ! usual ',brobd+nag'2 9 volume #b1 page #chg 'casual' is giv5 9 bo? editions b 'causal' seems bett] s5se4 ,o!r matt]s ,page numb]s are pres]v$ 9-text )9 4 ,italic or gesp]rt text is enclos$ by 4 ,greek text is translit]at$ ?us3 brea?+s m>k$ 7 = h>d1 7 = s(t1 acc5ts _/ = acute1 = grave1 = circumflex1 all aft] _! v[el2 iota subscript is m>k$ 4 ,9 footnote #ec ( ,volume #a1 7i is us$ to /& = i ) a breve above x1 9 a r5d]+ ( ,wotiak4