,?is e,book 0 produc$ by ,adam ,kane4 ,,man ,,or ,,matt] ,introduction to a ,spiritual ,und]/&+ ( ,nature on ! ,basis ( ,goe!'s ,me?od ( ,tra9+ ,obs]vation & ,?\ght by ,,ern/ ,,lehrs ,ph4 ,d4 ,"p ,i ,,sci5ce ,,at ,,! ,,?re%old ,i4 ,,introductory ,! au?or's se>* = a way ( ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( sci5tific und]/&+4 ,a meet+ ) ,rudolf ,/e9]1 & ) ! "w aris+ f 8 tea*+s4 ,,ii4 ,,:]e ,,d ,,we ,,/& ,,to-,,day8 ,! self-re/riction ( sci5tific inquiry to "o-ey$ col\rbl9d obs]vation4 ,its effect3 ,! lack ( a true conception ( '=ce'4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,onlook]',s ,,philosophic ,,malady ,?\ght - ! sole reality & yet a pure non-entity = ! mod]n spectator4 ,desc>tes & ,hume4 ,rob]t ,hooke's 'pro(' ( ! non-reality ( conceptual ?9k+4 ,! mod]n pr9ciple ( ,indet]m9acy - a sign t sci5ce is /ill dom9at$ by ! ,humean way ( ?9k+4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,t ,,is ,,n ,,ours ,electricity1 man's competitor 9 mod]n civilization4 ,! onlook] 9 se>* ( ! s\l ( nature4 ,galvani & ,crookes4 ,p>adoxes 9 ! discov]y ( electricity4 ',some?+ unkn[n is do+ we don't "k :at4' ,"p ,,ii ,,goe!anism - ,,:5ce ,,& ,,:i!r ,v4 ,,! ,,adv5ture ,,( ,,reason ,kant & ,goe!4 ,goe!'s /udy ( ! plant - a pa? t[>d see+ ) ! eye-(-!-_s4 ,nature a script t asks to be read4 ,,vi4 ,,except ,,we ,,become 444 ,spiritual k9sm5 ( ,goe! 9 ! ,briti% sph]e ( human culture4 ,?omas ,reid's philosophic discov]y1 its significance = ! ov]com+ ( ! onlook]-/&po9t 9 sci5ce4 ,! picture ( man inh]5t 9 ,reid's philosophy4 ,man's orig9al gift ( rememb]+ 8 pre-e>?ly life4 ,! disappe>ance ( ?is memory 9 ! pa/1 & its re-appe>ance 9 mod]n times4 ,pelagius v]sus ,augu/9e4 ,wordswor? & ,trah]ne4 ,trah]ne1 a ',reidean be=e ,reid 0 born'4 ,,vii4 ',,always ,,/& ,,by ,,=m' ,rusk9 & ,h[>d - two read]s 9 ! book ( nature4 ,goe!'s meteorological ideas4 ,8 conception ( ! urph5om5on4 ,goe! & ,h[>d4 ,,viii4 ,,dynamics ,,v]sus ,,k9etics ,! onlook] sci5ce - by necessity a 'po9t]-read+' sci5ce4 ,! onlook]'s misjudgm5t ( ! cognitive value ( ! impressions convey$ by ! s5ses4 ,! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces - its fallaci\s k9ematic & its true dynamic int]pretation4 ,! roots 9 man ( 8 concepts 'mass' & '=ce'4 ,! =mula ,fma4 ,! orig9 ( man's faculty ( ma!matical ?9k+4 ,,ix4 ,,pro ,,levitate 7a7 ,,al]tness ,,contra ,,in]tness ,limitations ( ! validity ( ! concept 'in]tia'4 ,re/atem5t ( ,newton's fir/ law4 ,introduction ( ! t]m 'magical' z oppos$ to me*anical4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! ris+ arm4 ,introduction ( ! t]m 'al]tness' z oppos$ to 'in]tness' 7in]tia74 ,van ,helmont's discov]y ( ! gase\s /ate ( matt]4 ,! f\r ,elem5ts4 ,! old concept ( ',*aos'4 ,"y & old matt]4 ,! natural facts beh9d ! anci5t fire rites4 ,! ev5t on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 7b7 ,,levity ,,contra ,,gravity ,! ,contra ,levitatem maxim ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academicians4 ,rusk9's w>n+ aga9/ sci5ce z an int]pret] ( its own obs]vations4 ,h[ man's inn] nature & ! out] univ]se int]pret "o ano!r4 ,! ,solfat>a ph5om5on4 ,! sup]-physical "* ( ,levity4 ,x4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,/ate ,,( ,,matt] ,! ne$ ( rais+ sci5tific inquiry to nature's upp] bord]4 ,! laws ( ,cons]vation1 _! orig9 & _! validity4 ,j\le & ,may]4 ,ext5sion ( ! field-concept f ! c5tral to ! p]iph]al field-type4 ,natural ph5om5a br\ght ab\t by ! suctional effect ( ! e>?'s levity-field4 ,! diff]5t conditions ( matt] se5 9 ! light ( ! levity-gravity pol>ity4 ,heat1 ! f\r? /ate ( matt]4 ,procreation ( physical sub/ance - a natural fact4 ,! case ( ,till&sia4 ,! problem ( ! trace-elem5ts4 ,homeopa?y1 an example ( ! effect ( demat]ializ$ matt]4 ,! meteorological circuit ( wat]4 ,! nature ( lightn+4 ,,xi4 ,,matt] ,,z ,,"p ,,( ,,nature',s ,,alphabet ,! orig9 ( ! sci5tific conception ( ! *emical elem5t4 ,/udy ( "s prototypes ( physical sub/ances 9 ! light ( ! levity-gravity pol>ity4 ,! functional concept ( matt]4 ,! complete ord] ( pol>ities - cold-w>m1 dry-moi/ - 9 ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,! position ( sulphur & phosphorus 9 ?is respect4 ,vulcanism & sn[-=mation z manife/ations ( functional sulphur & phosphorus respectively4 ,! process ( cry/allization4 ,c>bon z a m$iator betwe5 sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! al*emical triad4 ,,xii4 ,,space ,,& ,,c\nt]-,,space ,geometrical consid]ations requir$ by ! recognition ( levity4 ,! value 9 ?is respect ( projective geometrical ?9k+4 ,geometrical pol>ities ( ! fir/ & second ord]4 ,,xiii4 ',,radiant ,,matt]' ,electricity & magnetism z manife/ations ( int]act+ levity & gravity4 ,electricity - a product ( dis9tegrat+ matt]4 ,mod]n physics1 no long] a 'natural' sci5ce4 ,edd+ton's "q1' ,manufacture or ,discov]y8' ,man's enhanc$ responsibility 9 ! age ( physical sci5ce4 ,,xiv4 ,,col\rs ,,z ',,de$s ,,& ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,light' ,goe!'s ,f>b5lehre - ! f\ndation ( an optical sci5ce bas$ on ! col\r-see+ faculty ( ! eye4 ,! mod]n physici/'s view ( ! ,newtonian int]pretation ( ! spectrum4 ,a %ort hi/ory ( ,goe!'s se>* = a satisfactory conception ( ,light & ,col\r4 ,8 discov]y ( ,newton's c>d9al error4 ,fir/ results ( 8 own /udies4 ,! 'negative' spectrum4 ,,xv4 ,,see+ ,,z ',,de$' - ,i ,goe!'s way ( /udy+ ! totality ( ! act ( see+4 ,! 'inn] light'4 ,,xvi4 ,,see+ ,,z ',,de$' - ,,ii ,ext5sion ( ,goe!'s inquiry to a pursuit ( ! act ( see+ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! body4 ,,xvii4 ,,optics ,,( ,,! ,,do] ,purg+ optics f its onlook]-concepts4 ,! role ( =egone conclusions 9 ! physical conception ( light4 ,! true aspect ( ! s-call$ velocity ( light4 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,spectrum ,,z ,a ,,script ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,evaluation ( ! =ego+ /udies = a new und]/&+ ( ! prismatic ph5om5on4 ,! secret ( ! ra9b[4 ,intimation ( new possibilities ( exp]im5tal rese>* guid$ by ! new conception ( ! spectrum4 ,"p ,,iii ,,t[>ds ,a ,,new ,,cosmology ,,xix4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,9 ,,:i* ,,man ,,is ,,n ,a ,,/rang] 7a7 ,,introductory ,,note ,f ,goe!'s see+ ) ! eye-(-!-_s to ,spiritual ,imag9ation4 ,levity 7,e!r7 z reveal$ to ,spiritual ,imag9ation4 7b7 - 7e7 ,,w>m? ,,light ,,s\nd ,,life ,! f\r modifications ( e!r4 ,_! relation to ! f\r elem5ts4 ,,xx4 ,,pro ,,anima 7a7 ,,! ,,well-,,spr+s ,,( ,,nature',s ,,de$s ,,& ,,suff]+s ,! s5ti5t 7a/ral7 =ces ( ! cosmos z gov]nors ( ! v>i\s int]actions betwe5 levity & gravity4 ,! a/ral aspect ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,its reflexion 9 e>?ly sub/ances4 ,beg9n+s ( an a/ral conception ( ! human organism 9 mod]n physiology4 7b7 ,,he>+ ,,z ,,de$ ,a ,goe!ani/ic /udy ( ac\/ic ph5om5a & ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,f he>+ ) ! e>-(-!-_s to ,spiritual ,inspiration4 7c7 ,,kepl] ,,& ,,! ',,music ,,( ,,! ,,sph]es' ,goe!'s view ( ,kepl]4 ,kepl]'s ?ird law - a revelation ( ! musical ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,,xxi4 ,,"k ,,?yself ,,index ,illu/rations ,,9 ,,col\r ,a ,! relation ( ! electrical pol>ity to ,levity & ,gravity ,b ,! ,spectrum ph5om5on z conceiv$ by ,goe! ,c ,light "u ! action ( a transv]se field-gradi5t ,,mono*rome ,i4 ,rob]t ,hooke's 'pro(' ( ! non-reality ( human concepts ,,ii4 ,leaf-metamorphosis ,,iii4 ,leaf-metamorphosis ,,iv4 ,goe!'s sket* ( a cl\d-=mation ,v4 ,a ,sn[-,cry/al ,,vi4 ,a clu/] ( ,calcite cry/als ,,vii4 ,v>i\s species ( bact]ia ,,viii4 ,v>i\s species ( fre%-wat] algae ,au?or's ,note ,! au?or makes grateful ackn[l$gm5t ( ! help he has ga9$ f o!r works 9 ! wide field op5$ up by ,rudolf ,/e9]1 & ( 8 debt to ! fri5ds :o 9 v>i\s ways assi/$ him 9 prep>+ 8 manuscript4 ,quotations h be5 made f ! foll[+ books by k9d p]mission ( _! respective publi%]s3 ,! ,life ( ,sir ,william ,crookes by ,e4 ,e4 ,f\rni] d',albe 7,messrs4 ,erne/ ,b5n ,ltd472 ,man ! ,unkn[n by ,a4 ,c>rel 7,messrs4 ,hami% ,hamilton ,ltd472 ,! ,philosophy ( ,physical ,sci5ce & ,! ,nature ( ,! ,physical ,worldly ,a44 ,edd+ton 7,univ]sity ,press1 ,cambridge72 ,sci5ce & ! ,human ,temp]am5t by ,e4 ,s*rd+] 7,messrs4 ,george ,all5 & ,unw9 ,ltd472 ,c5turies ( ,m$itations & ,poetical ,works by ,?4 ,trah]ne 7,messrs4 ,p4 ,j4 & ,a4 ,e4 ,dobell74 ,preface ,9 ?is book ! read] w f9d exp\nd$ a me?od ( inve/igat+ nature by means ( :i* sci5tific und]/&+ c be c>ri$ across ! b\nd>ies ( ! physical-mat]ial to ! sup]s5sible s\rces ( all natural ev5ts1 & !reby into ! realm :]e is root$ ! true be+ ( man4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is me?od 7 work$ out by ,goe! m ?an #aej ye>s ago4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 fail$ to provide any f]tile gr\nd = ! developm5t ( ! se$s ?us s[n4 ,x 0 left to ,rudolf ,/e9]1 %ortly be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 to recognize ! significance ( ',goe!anism' = ! future developm5t n only ( sci5ce b ( human culture 9 g5]al4 ,x is to him1 also1 t we owe ! possibility ( c>ry+ on ,goe!'s ef=ts 9 ! way requir$ by ! ne$s ( our own "t4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 results ( ! au?or's "w along ! pa? ?us op5$ up by ,goe! & ,rudolf ,/e9] - a "w begun tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ago1 soon aft] he _h made ! acqua9tance ( ,rudolf ,/e9]4 ,) ! publication ( ^! results he addresses himself to ev]yone - ) or )\t a specializ$ sci5tific tra9+ - :o is conc]n$ ) ! fate ( man's p[]s ( cognition 9 ! pres5t age4 99 ,! read] may welcome a rem>k z to ! way 9 :i* ?is book ne$s to be read4 ,x has n be5 ! au?or's int5tion to provide an encyclopa$ic collection ( new conceptions 9 v>i\s fields ( natural obs]vation4 ,r did he wi%1 z ! sub-title ( ! book indicates1 to (f] a new me?od ( tra9+ bo? m9d & eye 7& o!r s5ses z well71 by means ( :i* our mod]n 'onlook+' consci\sness c be trans=m$ into a new k9d ( 'p>ticipat+' consci\sness4 ,h5ce x w\ld be ( no avail to pick out "o *apt] or ano!r = fir/ read+1 p]haps because ( "s special int]e/ 9 its subject-matt]4 ,! *apt]s are /ages on a road :i* has to be travell$1 & ea* /age is necess>y = rea*+ ! next4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?us accept+ ! me?od ) :i* ! book has be5 writt5 t ! read] w be able to =m a compet5t judgm5t ( its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,e4 ,l4 ,hawkwood ,college ,ea/] #aiej ,,"p ,i ,sci5ce at ! ,?re%old ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,if ,i introduce ?is book by relat+ h[ ,i came to enc\nt] ,rudolf ,/e9] & 8 "w1 m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 & :at decid$ me n only to make 8 way ( k my own1 b also to ent] pr(essionally into an activity inspir$ by 8 tea*+s1 x is because 9 ?is way ,i c mo/ directly give ! read] an impression ( ! k9d ( _s out ( :i* ,i h writt54 ,i am sure1 too1 t al?\gh :at ,i h to say 9 ?is *apt] is p]sonal 9 cont5t1 x is *>act]i/ic ( _m 9 our "t4 ,:5 ,i fir/ made acqua9tance ) ,rudolf ,/e9] & 8 "w1 ,i 0 f9i%+ my academic tra9+ z an electrical eng9e]4 ,at ! end ( ! #aiad-ah w> my fir/ ?\ght _h be5 to take up my /udies f :]e ,i _h let !m drop1 f\r ye>s e>li]4 ,! w> seem$ to imply no?+ m ?an a pass+ int]ruption ( !m4 ,?is1 at any rate1 0 ! op9ion ( my =m] tea*]s2 ! w> _h made no diff]5ce :atev] to _! ideas1 :e!r on ! subject-matt] ( _! tea*+ or on its educational purpose4 ,i myself1 h[ev]1 soon began to feel diff]5tly4 ,x became obvi\s to me t my relation%ip to my subject1 & !re=e to ^? tea*+ x1 _h completely *ang$4 ,:at ,i _h exp]i5c$ ?r\gh ! w> _h awak5$ 9 me a "q ( :i* ,i _h previ\sly be5 unaw>e2 n[ ,i felt oblig$ to put x to ev]y?+ ,i came across4 ,z a *ild ( my age ,i _h gr[n up 9 ! conviction t x 0 )9 ! scope ( man to %ape 8 life accord+ to ! laws ( reason )9 him2 8 progress1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i !n und]/ood x1 seem$ assur$ by 8 increas+ ability to det]m9e 8 own out] conditions ) ! help ( sci5ce4 ,inde$1 x 0 ! wi% to take an active "p 9 ?is progress t _h l$ me to *oose my pr(ession4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! w> /ood !re z a gigantic social de$ :i* ,i c\ld 9 no way reg>d z reasonably ju/ifi$4 ,h[1 9 an age :5 ! logic ( sci5ce 0 supreme1 0 x possible t a great "p ( mank9d1 includ+ j ^? peoples to :om sci5ce _h ow$ its orig9 & nev]-ceas+ expansion1 c\ld act 9 s completely unsci5tific a way8 ,:]e lay ! causes ( ! contradiction ?us reveal$ betwe5 human ?9k+ & human do+8 ,pursu$ by ^! que/ions1 ,i decid$ aft] a :ile to give my /udies a new turn4 ,! k9d ( tra9+ !n provid$ 9 ,g]many at ! s-call$ ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 0 design$ ess5tially to give /ud5ts a close practical acqua9tance ) all sorts ( te*nical appliances2 x includ$ only z mu* !ory z 0 want$ = und]/&+ ! ma!matical calculations aris+ 9 te*nical practice4 ,x n[ seem$ to me necess>y to pay m att5tion to !oretical consid]ations1 s z to ga9 a m exact k ( ! s\rces f :i* sci5ce drew its conception ( nature4 ,accord+ly ,i left ! ,ho*s*ule = a c\rse 9 ma!matics & physics at a univ]sity1 ?\gh )\t ab&on+ my orig9al idea ( prep>+ = a c>e] 9 ! field ( electrical eng9e]+4 ,x 0 ) ?is 9 m9d t ,i lat] *ose = my ,ph4,d4 !sis a piece ( exp]im5tal rese>* on ! uses ( high-frequ5cy electric curr5ts4 ,dur+ my subsequ5t ye>s ( /uffy1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd myself no ne>] an answ] to ! problem t haunt$ me4 ,all t ,i exp]i5c$1 9 sci5tific "w z 9 life g5]ally1 m]ely gave x an ev5 %>p] edge4 ,ev]y:]e ,i saw an abyss wid5+ betwe5 human kn[+ & human action4 ,h[ (t5 0 ,i n bitt]ly disillusion$ by ! behavi\r ( m5 = ^: ability to ?9k ?r\gh ! mo/ complicat$ sci5tific que/ions ,i _h ! utmo/ admiration6 ,on all sides ,i f\nd ?is same bewild]+ gulf betwe5 sci5tific a*ievem5t & ! way m5 conduct$ _! own lives & influ5c$ ! lives ( o!rs4 ,i 0 =c$ to ! conclusion t human ?9k+1 at any rate 9 its mod]n =m1 0 ei!r p[]less to gov]n human actions1 or at lea/ unable to direct !m t[>ds "r ends4 ,9 fact1 :]e sci5tific ?9k+ _h done mo/ to *ange ! practical relations ( human life1 z 9 ! me*anization ( economic production1 conditions _h aris5 :i* made x m difficult1 n less1 = m5 to live 9 a way wor?y ( man4 ,at a "t :5 humanity 0 equipp$ z nev] be=e to inve/igate ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 & _h a*iev$ triumphs ( design 9 me*anical con/ructions1 human life 0 fall+ into ev] wild] *aos4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,! fact t mo/ ( my contempor>ies 7 app>5tly q unaw>e ( ! problem t /irr$ me s deeply c\ld n weak5 my s5se ( its reality4 ,?is slumb] ( s _m s\ls 9 face ( ! vital que/ions ( mod]n life seem$ to me m]ely a fur!r symptom ( ! sickness ( our age4 ,nor c\ld ,i ?9k mu* bett] ( ^? :o1 m s5sitive to ! contradictions 9 & ar\nd !m1 s\ght refuge 9 art or religion4 ,! cata/rophe ( ! w> _h %[n me t ?is dep>tm5taliz+ ( life1 :i* at "o "t ,i _h myself consid]$ a sort ( ideal1 0 q inconsi/5t ) ! ne$s ( to-day4 ,to make use ( art or religion z a refuge 0 a sign ( _! increas+ sep>ation f ! re/ ( human culture4 ,x impli$ a cleavage betwe5 ! diff]5t sph]es ( society :i* rul$ out any g5u9e solution ( social problems4 ,i knew f hi/ory t religion & art _h once ex]cis$ a function :i* is to-day res]v$ = sci5ce1 = !y _h giv5 guidance 9 ev5 ! mo/ practical activities ( human society4 ,& 9 s do+ !y _h enhanc$ ! quality ( human liv+1 :]eas ! influ5ce ( sci5ce has _h j ! opposite effect4 ,?is p[] ( guidance1 h[ev]1 !y _h long s9ce lo/1 & 9 view ( ?is fact ,i came to ! conclusion t salvation mu/ be look$ = 9 ! fir/ place f sci5ce4 ,"h1 9 ! ?9k+ & kn[+ ( man1 0 ! root ( mod]n tr\bles2 "h mu/ come a dra/ic revision1 & "h1 if possible1 a completely new direction mu/ be f\nd4 ,su* views c]ta9ly flew 9 ! face ( ! univ]sal mod]n conviction t ! pres5t mode ( k1 ) ^: help s mu* insight into ! natural _w has be5 won1 is ! only "o possible1 giv5 once = all to man 9 a =m nev] to be *ang$4 ,b is !re any ne$1 ,i ask$ myself1 to cl+ to ?is purely /atic notion ( man's capacity = ga9+ k8 ,among ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce1 does n ! conception ( evolution take a =emo/ place8 ,& does n ?is tea* u t ! condition ( a liv+ organism at any "t is ! result ( ! "o prec$+ x1 & t ! transition implies a correspond+ functional enhancem5t8 ,b if we h once recogniz$ ?is z an e/abli%$ tru?1 :y %\ld we apply x to organisms at e /age ( developm5t except ! 4highe/1 namely ! human1 :]e ! organic =m reveals & s]ves ! self-consci\s _s8 ,putt+ ! "q ?us1 ,i 0 l$ inevitably to a conclusion :i* sci5ce itself _h fail$ to draw f its idea ( evolution4 ,:atev] ! driv+ factor 9 evolution may be1 x is cle> t 9 ! k+doms ( nature lead+ up to man ?is factor has always work$ on ! evolv+ organisms f outside4 ,! mom5t we come to man himself1 h[ev]1 & see h[ evolution has fl[]$ 9 8 p[] ( consci\s ?\ght1 we h to reckon ) a fundam5tal *ange4 ,once a be+ has recogniz$ itself z a product ( evolution1 x imm$iately ceases to be t & no?+ m4 ,) its v fir/ act ( self-k x transc5ds its previ\s limits1 & mu/ 9 future rely on its own consci\s actions = ! c>ry+ on ( its developm5t4 ,= me1 accord+ly1 ! concept ( evolution1 :5 ?\ght ?r\gh to ! end1 began to sugge/ ! possibility ( fur!r gr[? 9 man's spiritual capacities4 ,b ,i saw also t ?is gr[? c\ld no long] be m]ely passive1 & ! "q :i* n[ beset me 03 by :at action ( 8 own c man break 8 way into ?is new phase ( evolution8 ,i saw t ?is action mu/ n consi/ m]ely 9 giv+ out] effect to ! natural p[]s ( human ?9k+2 t 0 happ5+ ev]y:]e 9 ! disord]$ _w ar\nd me4 ,! necess>y action mu/ h inn] effects2 inde$1 x _h to be "o :]eby ! w 0 turn$ ^u ! ?9k+-p[]s !mselves1 entirely trans=m+ !m1 & s remov+ ! discrepancy betwe5 ! ?9k] & ! do] 9 mod]n man4 ,?us f> ,i c\ld g ?r\gh my own obs]vation & reflexion1 b no fur!r4 ,to =m a g5]al idea ( ! de$ on :i* ev]y?+ else dep5d$ 0 "o ?+2 x 0 q ano!r to "k h[ to p]=m ! de$1 & above all :]e to make a />t ) x4 ,anyone int5d+ to make a ma*9e mu/ fir/ le>n some?+ ( me*anics2 9 ! same way1 anyone sett+ out to d some?+ con/ructive 9 ! sph]e ( human consci\sness - & ?is1 = me1 0 ! ess5tial po9t - mu/ beg9 by le>n+ some?+ ( ! laws hold+ sway 9 t sph]e4 ,b :o c\ld give me ?is k8 ,physiology1 psy*ology & philosophy 9 _! ord9>y =ms 7 ( no use to me1 = !y 7 !mselves "p & p>cel ( j t k9d ( kn[+ :i* _h to be ov]come4 ,9 _! v>i\s acc\nts ( man !re 0 no vantage po9t f :i* ! de$ ,i _h 9 m9d c\ld be accompli%$1 = none ( !m look$ beyond ! ord9>y p[]s ( k4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! accept$ !ory ( evolution2 z a product ( ! curr5t mode ( ?9k+ x c\ld be appli$ to ev]y?+ except ! "o ess5tial - ?is v mode ( ?9k+4 ,obvi\sly1 ! laws ( ! developm5t ( human consci\sness _c be discov]$ f a /&po9t )9 ! mod]n =m ( t consci\sness4 ,b h[ c\ld "o f9d a viewpo9t outside1 z x 71 ?is consci\sness1 f :i* to discov] its laws ) ! same sci5tific objectivity :i* x _h itself appli$ to discov]+ ! laws ( physical nature8 ,x 0 :5 ?is "q /ood be=e me 9 all cl>ity t de/9y l$ me to ,rudolf ,/e9] & 8 "w4 ,! occasion 0 a conf]5ce held 9 #aiba 9 ,/uttg>t by ! ,an?roposophical ,movem5t2 x 0 "o ( sev]al arrang$ dur+ ! ye>s #aibj-b especially = tea*]s & /ud5ts at ! ,ho*s*ul5 & ,univ]sities4 ,:at *iefly mov$ me to att5d ?is p>ticul> conf]5ce 0 ! title ( a lecture to be giv5 by "o ( ! pupils & co-work]s ( ,rudolf ,/e9] - ',! ,ov]com+ ( ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity'4#a ,! read] w readily appreciate :at ?is title meant = me4 ,9 ! circles :]e my "w lay1 an int5se controv]sy 0 j !n rag+ r\nd ,e9/e9's ideas4 ,i usually took sides ) ! support]s ( ,e9/e91 = x seem$ to me t ,e9/e9 _h c>ri$ ! exi/+ mode ( sci5tific ?9k+ to its logical conclusions1 :]eas ,i miss$ ?is consi/5cy among 8 oppon5ts4 ,at ! same "t ,i f\nd t ! effect ( ?is !ory1 :5 its implications 7 fully develop$1 0 to make ev]y?+ seem s 'relative' t no reliable _w-outlook 0 left4 ,?is 0 pro( = me t our age 0 9 ne$ ( an altoge!r diff]5t =m ( sci5tific ?9k+1 equally consi/5t 9 itself1 b m 9 tune ) man's own be+4 ,:at appeal$ to me 9 ! lecture-title 0 simply ?is1 t :]eas ev]yone else s\ght to prove ,e9/e9 "r or wrong1 "h 0 someone :o app>5tly int5d$1 n m]ely to add ano!r pro( = or aga9/ 8 !ory-!re 7 pl5ty ( ^? already - b to take "s /eps to ov]come x4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( or?odox sci5ce1 ( c\rse1 x 0 absurd to speak ( 'ov]com+' a !ory1 z ?\gh x 7 an accompli%$ fact1 b to me ?is title sugge/$ exactly :at ,i 0 look+ =4 ,al?\gh x 0 ! title ( ?is lecture t drew me to ! ,/uttg>t ,conf]5ce 7circum/ances prev5t$ me f he>+ j ?is lecture71 x 0 ! c\rse giv5 !re by ,rudolf ,/e9] himself :i* 0 to prove ! decisive exp]i5ce ( my life4 ,x compris$ eight lectures1 "u ! title3 ',ma!matics1 ,sci5tific ,exp]im5t & ,obs]vation1 & ,epi/emological ,results f ! ,/&po9t ( ,an?roposophy'2 :at !y gave me answ]$ my "q beyond all expectation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a compreh5sive hi/orical survey ! lectur] *>act]iz$1 9 a way ,i f\nd utt]ly conv9c+1 ! pres5t ma!matical int]pretation ( nature z a transitional /age ( human consci\sness - a k9d ( kn[+ :i* is on ! way f a pa/ pre-ma!matical to a future po/-ma!matical =m ( cognition4 ,! importance ( ma!matics1 :e!r z a discipl9e ( ! human _s or z an in/rum5t ( natural sci5ce1 0 n = a mom5t und]valu$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at ,rudolf ,/e9] said ab\t ,projective 7,syn!tic7 ,geometry1 = in/ance1 its future possibilities & its role z a means ( und]/&+ high] processes ( nature ?an _h hi!rto be5 accessible to sci5ce1 cle>ly expla9$ ! positive feel+s ,i myself _h exp]i5c$ - )\t kn[+ :y - :5 ,i _h /udi$ ! subject4 ,?r\gh 8 lectures & 8 "p 9 ! discussions - !y 7 held daily by ! v>i\s speak]s & rang$ ov] almo/ e field ( mod]n k - ,i gradually realiz$ t ,rudolf ,/e9] 0 9 possession ( unique p[]s4 ,n only did he %[ himself fully at home 9 all ^! fields2 he 0 able to connect !m ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! nature & be+ ( man1 9 su* a way t an app>5t *aos ( unrelat$ details 0 wr\ght into a high] syn!sis4 ,moreov]1 x became cle> to me t "o :o c\ld speak z he did ab\t ! /ages ( human consci\sness pa/1 pres5t & future1 mu/ h full access to all ( !m at w1 & be able to make ea* ( !m an object ( exact obs]vation4 ,i saw a ?9k] :o 0 himself suffici5t pro( t man c f9d )9 ! res\rces ( 8 own _s ! vantage-gr\nd = ! de$ :i* ,i _h dimly surmis$1 & by :i* alone true civilization c\ld be sav$4 ,?r\gh all ^! ?+s ,i knew t ,i _h f\nd ! tea*] ,i _h be5 seek+4 ,?us ,i 0 fully confirm$ 9 my hopes ( ! ,conf]5ce2 b ,i 0 also (t5 a/oni%$ at :at ,i he>d4 ,n lea/ among my surprises 0 ,rudolf ,/e9]'s pres5tation ( ,goe! z ! h]ald ( ! new =m ( sci5tific k :i* he himself 0 exp\nd+4 ,i 0 "h introduc$ to a side ( ,goe! :i* 0 z completely unkn[n to me z to s _m o!rs among my contempor>ies1 :o _h n yet come into t\* ) ,an?roposophy4 ,= me1 z = !m1 ,goe! _h always be5 ! great ?9k] reveal+ 8 ?\ghts ?r\gh poetry4 ,inde$1 only %ortly be=e my meet+ ) ,rudolf ,/e9] x 0 9 8 poetry t ,goe! _h become newly alive to me z a help] 9 my se>* = a full] human exp]i5ce ( nature & my fell[-m54 ,b despite all my ,goe! /udies ,i _h be5 q unaw>e t m ?an a c5tury e>li] he _h a*iev$ some?+ 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 organic & inorganic alike1 :i* c\ld help mod]n man t[>ds ! new k9d ( k s badly ne$$ to-day4 ,?is 0 inevitable = me1 s9ce ,i %>$ ! mod]n conviction t art & sci5ce 7 fields ( activity ess5tially /range to "o ano!r4 ,& s x 0 aga9 ,rudolf ,/e9] :o op5$ ! way = me to ,goe! z botani/1 physici/ & ! l4 ,i mu/ m5tion ano!r aspect ( ! ,/uttg>t ,conf]5ce :i* ,belongs to ?is picture ( my fir/ enc\nt] ) ,an?roposophy1 & gave x special weight = anyone 9 my situation at t p]iod4 ,9 ,/uttg>t !re 7 _m diff]5t activities conc]n$ ) ! practical application ( ,rudolf ,/e9]'s tea*+s1 & s "o c\ld become acqua9t$ ) tea*+s & applications at ! same "t4 ,!re 0 ! ,waldorf ,s*ool1 f\nd$ little m ?an a ye> be=e1 ) sev]al hundr$ pupils already4 ,x 0 ! fir/ s*ool to und]take ! trans=mation ( an?roposophical k ( man into educational practice2 lat] x 0 foll[$ by o!rs1 9 ,g]many & else:]e4 ,!re 0 "o ( ! cl9ics1 :]e qualifi$ doctors 7 apply+ ! same k to ! /udy ( illness & ! action ( m$icam5ts4 ,9 v>i\s laboratories ef=ts 7 made to develop new me?ods ( exp]im5tal rese>* 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology & o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,fur!r1 a l>ge bus9ess conc]n _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,/uttg>t 9 an attempt to embody "s ( ,rudolf ,/e9]'s ideas = ! re=m ( social life4 ,besides all ?is ,i c\ld att5d p]=mances ( ! new art ( movem5t1 aga9 ! creation ( ,rudolf ,/e9] & call$ by him ',eurhy?my'1 9 :i* ! a/\nd$ eye c\ld see h[ noble a spee* c be utt]$ by ! human body :5 its limbs are mov$ 9 accordance ) its inh]5t spiritual laws4 ,?us1 9 all ! _m ?+s t 7 go+ on besides ! lectures1 "o c\ld f9d direct pro( ( ! fruitfulness ( :at "o he>d 9 !m4#b ,"u ! impression ( ?is ,conf]5ce ,i soon began to /udy ! writ+s ( ,rudolf ,/e9]4 ,n q two ye>s lat]1 ,i decid$ to jo9 pr(essionally ) ^? :o 7 putt+ ,an?roposophy into out] practice4 ,because x appe>$ to me z ! mo/ urg5t ne$ ( ! "t to prep>e ! new g5]ation = ! tasks await+ x ?r\gh an education %ap$ on ! entire human be+1 ,i turn$ to ,rudolf ,/e9] ) ! reque/ to be tak5 into ! ,/uttg>t ,s*ool z tea*] ( natural sci5ce4 ,on ?is occasion ,i told him ( my g5]al sci5tific int]e/s1 & h[ ,i hop$ to foll[ !m up lat] on4 ,i spoke ( my int5d$ educational activity z some?+ :i* might help me at ! same "t to prep>e myself = ?is o!r task4 ,anyone :o le>ns s to see nature t 8 ideas c be tak5 up & und]/ood by ! liv+1 lively s\l ( ! gr[+ *ild w !reby be tra9+ himself1 ,i ?\ght1 9 j t k9d ( obs]vation & ?9k+ :i* ! new sci5ce ( nature dem&s4 ,rudolf ,/e9] agre$ ) ?is1 & x 0 n long aft]w>ds t ,i jo9$ ! s*ool :]e ,i 0 to "w = elev5 ye>s z a sci5ce ma/] 9 ! s5ior classes1 :i* activity ,i h s9ce cont9u$ outside ,g]many 9 a m or less simil> =m4 ,?is conv]sation ) ,rudolf ,/e9] took place 9 a l>ge hall :]e1 :ile we 7 talk+1 ov] a ?\s& p 7 assembl+ to discuss matt]s ( conc]n to ! ,an?roposophical ,movem5t4 ,?is did n prev5t him f ask+ me ab\t ! details ( my exam9ation "w1 9 :i* ,i 0 /ill engag$ at t "t2 he always gave himself fully to :atev] claim$ 8 att5tion at ! mom5t4 ,i told him ( my exp]im5tal rese>*es 9 electrical high-frequ5cy ph5om5a1 briefly introduc+ ! p>ticul> problem ) :i* ,i 0 occupi$4 ,i took x = grant$ t a "q f su* a specializ$ bran* ( physics w\ld n be ( mu* int]e/ to him4 ,judge ( my a/oni%m5t :5 he at once took out ( 8 pocket a note-book & a huge c>p5t]'s p5cil1 made a sket* & proce$$ to speak ( ! problem z "o fully conv]sant ) x1 & 9 su* a way t he gave me ! />t+ po9t = an entirely new conception ( electricity4 ,x 0 in/antly borne 9 on me t if electricity came to be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 results w\ld foll[ :i* 9 ! end w\ld lead to a q new te*nique 9 ! use ( x4 ,f t mom5t x became "o ( my life's aims to contribute :atev] my circum/ances & p[]s w\ld all[ to ! developm5t ( an und]/&+ ( nature ( ?is k9d4 #a ,! speak] 0 ! late ,dr4 ,elizabe? ,vre$e1 = "s ye>s lead] ( ! ,ma!matical-,a/ronomical ,section at ! ,goe!anum1 ,dorna*1 ,switz]l&4 #b ,! activities m5tion$ above d n exhau/ ! practical possibilities ( ,spiritual ,sci5ce4 ,at t "t 7#aiba7 ,rudolf ,/e9] _h n yet giv5 8 indications = ! treatm5t ( *ildr5 ne$+ special c>e ( s\l & body1 or = ! r5ewal ( ! art ( act+1 or = ! conque/ ( mat]iali/ic me?ods 9 agricultural practice4 ,nor did !re yet exi/ ! movem5t = religi\s r5ewal ,:i* ,dr4 ,fr4 ,rittelmey] lat] f\nd$1 ) ! help & advice ( ,rudolf ,/e9]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,:]e ,d ,we ,/& ,to-day8 ,9 ! ye> #aicb1 :5 ! _w celebrat$ ! hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ,goe!'s dea?1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,heis5b]g1 "o ( ! =emo/ ?9k]s 9 ! field ( mod]n physics1 deliv]$ a spee* be=e ! ,saxon ,academy ( ,sci5ce :i* may be reg>d$ z symptomatic ( ! ne$ 9 rec5t sci5ce to inve/igate critically ! f\ndations ( its own ef=ts to "k nature4#a ,9 ?is spee* ,heis5b]g draws a picture ( ! progress ( sci5ce :i* diff]s significantly f ! "o g5]ally kn[n4 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! usual description ( ?is progress z 'a *a9 ( brilliant & surpris+ discov]ies'1 he %[s x z re/+ on ! fact t1 ) ! aim ( cont9ually simplify+ & unify+ ! sci5tific conception ( ! _w1 human ?9k+1 9 c\rse ( "t1 has n>r[$ m & m ! scope ( its inquiries into out] nature4 ',almo/ e sci5tific advance is b\ght at ! co/ ( r5unciation1 almo/ e ga9 9 k sacrifices important /&po9ts & e/abli%$ modes ( ?\ght4 ,z facts & k accumulate1 ! claim ( ! sci5ti/ to an und]/&+ ( ! _w 9 a c]ta9 s5se dim9i%es4' ,our ju/ifiable admiration = ! success ) :i* ! un5d+ multiplicity ( natural occurr5ces on e>? & 9 ! />s has be5 r$uc$ to s simple a s*eme ( laws - ,heis5b]g implies - mu/ !re=e n make u =get t ^! atta9m5ts are b\ght at ! price '( r5\nc+ ! aim ( br++ ! ph5om5a ( nature to our ?9k+ 9 an imm$iate & liv+ way'4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exposition1 ,heis5b]g also speaks ( ,goe!1 9 ^: sci5tific endeav\rs he p]ceives a notewor?y attempt to set sci5tific und]/&+ ^u a pa? o!r ?an t ( progressive self-re/riction4 ',! r5\nc+ ( life & imm$iacy1 :i* 0 ! premise = ! progress ( natural sci5ce s9ce ,newton1 =m$ ! real basis = ! bitt] /ruggle :i* ,goe! wag$ aga9/ ! physical optics ( ,newton4 ,x w\ld be sup]ficial to dismiss ?is /ruggle z unimportant3 !re is mu* significance 9 "o ( ! mo/ out/&+ m5 direct+ all 8 ef=ts to fight+ aga9/ ! developm5t ( ,newtonian optics4' ,!re is only "o ?+ = :i* ,heis5b]g criticizes ,goe!3 ',if "o %\ld wi% to reproa* ,goe!1 x c\ld only be = n go+ f> en\gh - t is1 = hav+ attack$ ! views ( ,newton in/ead ( decl>+ t ! :ole ( ,newtonian ,physics-,optics1 ,me*anics & ! ,law ( ,gravitation - 7 f ! devil4' ,al?\gh ! full significance ( ,heis5b]g's rem>ks on ,goe! w become app>5t only at a lat] /age ( our discussion1 !y h be5 quot$ "h because !y =m "p ( ! symptom we wi% to *>act]ize4 ,only ?is mu* may be po9t$ out imm$iately1 t ,goe! - if n 9 ! sci5tific !n inde$ 9 ! poetical "p ( 8 writ+s - did fulfil :at ,heis5b]g rightly feels to h be5 8 true task4#b ,we m5tion$ ,heis5b]g's spee* z a symptom ( a c]ta9 t5d5cy1 *>act]i/ic ( ! late/ phase 9 sci5ce1 to survey critically its own epi/emological f\ndations4 ,a few ye>s previ\s to ,heis5b]g's spee*1 ! ne$ ( su* a survey f\nd an eloqu5t advocate 9 ! late ,pr(essor ,a4 ,n4 ,:itehead1 9 8 book ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w1 :]e1 9 view ( ! contradictory nature ( mod]n physical !ories1 he insi/s t 'if sci5ce is n to deg5]ate into a m$ley ( ad hoc hypo!ses1 x mu/ become philosophical & ent] ^u a ?or\gh criticism ( its own f\ndations'4 ,among ! sci5ti/s :o h felt ?is ne$1 & :o h tak5 pa9s to fulfil x1 ! late ,pr(essor ,a4 ,edd+ton obta9s an em95t position4 ,among 8 relevant utt]ances we w quote "h ! foll[+1 because x conta9s a concrete /atem5t conc]n+ ! field ( ext]nal obs]vation :i* =ms ! basis = ! mod]n sci5tific _w-picture4 ,9 8 ,philosophy ( ,physical ,sci5ce we f9d him /at+ t 'ideally1 all our k ( ! univ]se c\ld h be5 rea*$ by visual s5sation alone - 9 fact by ! simple/ =m ( visual s5sation1 col\rless & non-/]eoscopic'4#c ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to obta9 sci5tific cognition ( ! physical _w1 man has felt con/ra9$ to surr5d] ! use ( all 8 s5ses except ! s5se ( sight1 & to limit ev5 ! act ( see+ to ! use ( a s+le1 col\r-bl9d eye4 ,let u li/5 to yet ano!r voice f ! ranks ( pres5t-day sci5ce1 express+ a criticism :i* is symptomatic ( our "t4 ,x comes f ! late physiologi/1 ,pr(essor ,a1 ,c>rel1 :o1 conc]n+ ! effect :i* sci5tific rese>* has _h on man's life 9 g5]al1 says 9 8 book1 ,man ! ,unkn[n3 ',! sci5ces ( in]t matt] h l$ u into a c\ntry t is n ours4 444 ,man is a /rang] 9 ! _w he has creat$4' ,( ^! utt]ances1 ,edd+ton's is at ! pres5t po9t ( our discussion ( special int]e/ = u2 = he outl9es 9 x ! precise field ( s5se-p]ception into :i* sci5ce has )drawn 9 ! c\rse ( t g5]al retreat t[>ds an ev] m re/rict$ que/ion+ ( nature :i* 0 not$ by ,heis5b]g4 ,! p]t95ce ( ,edd+ton's /atem5t is %[n imm$iately "o consid]s :at a p]son w\ld "k ( ! _w if 8 only s\rce ( exp]i5ce 7 ! s5se ( sight1 /ill fur!r limit$ 9 ! way ,edd+ton describes4 ,out ( ev]y?+ t ! _w br+s to ! totality ( our s5ses1 !re rema9s no?+ m ?an m]e movem5ts1 ) c]ta9 *anges ( rate1 direction1 & s on4 ,! picture ( ! _w receiv$ by su* an obs]v] is a purely k9ematic "o4 ,& ?is is1 inde$1 ! "* ( ! _w-picture ( mod]n physical sci5ce4 ,= 9 ! sci5tific treatm5t ( natural ph5om5a all ! qualities br\ght to u by our o!r s5ses1 su* z col\r1 tone1 w>m?1 d5sity & ev5 electricity & magnetism1 are r$uc$ to m]e movem5t-*anges4 ,z a result1 mod]n sci5ce is prev5t$ f conceiv+ any valid idea ( '=ce'4 ,9 s f> z ! concept '=ce' appe>s 9 sci5tific consid]ations1 x plays ! "p ( an 'auxili>y concept'1 & :at man naively conceives z =ce has come to be def9$ z m]ely a 'descriptive law ( behavi\r'4 ,we mu/ leave x = lat] consid]ations to %[ h[ ! sci5tific m9d ( man has creat$ = itself ! conviction t ! "p ( sci5ce occupi$ ) ! actions ( =ce 9 nature c prop]ly be treat$ ) purely k9ematic concepts4 ,x is ! fact itself :i* conc]ns u "h4 ,9 respect ( x1 note z a *>act]i/ic ( mod]n text-books t !y (t5 simply use ! t]m 'k9etics' 7a %ort5+ ( k9ematics7 to designate ! sci5ce ( 'dynamics'4#d ,9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations we %all discov] ! peculi>ity 9 human nature :i* - dur+ ! fir/ phase1 n[ end$1 ( man's /ruggle t[>ds sci5tific aw>5ess - has caus$ ?is r5unciation ( all s5se-exp]i5ces except ^? :i* come to man ?r\gh ! sight ( a s+le col\r-bl9d eye4 ,x w !n also become cle> out ( :at hi/oric necessity ?is self-re/riction ( sci5tific inquiry arose4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is necessity1 h[ev]1 mu/ n prev5t u f recogniz+ ! fact t1 z a result ( ?is re/riction1 mod]n sci5tific rese>*1 :i* has p5etrat$ f> into ! dynamic sub/rata ( nature1 f9ds itself 9 ! peculi> situation t x is n at all guid$ by its own concepts1 b by ! v =ces x tries to detect4 ,& 9 ?is fact lies ! root ( ! dang] :i* besets ! pres5t age4#e ,he :o recognizes ?is1 !re=e1 feels impell$ to look = a way :i* leads beyond a "o-ey$1 col\r-bl9d conception ( ! _w4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is book to %[ t su* a way exi/s & h[ x c be foll[$4 ,pro( w !reby be giv5 t along ?is way n only is a true und]/&+ a*iev$ ( ! =ces already kn[n to sci5ce 7?\gh n really und]/ood by x71 b also t o!r =ces1 j z active 9 nature z = example electricity & magnetism1 come )9 rea* ( sci5tific obs]vation & und]/&+4 ,& x w be %[n t ^! o!r =ces are ( a k9d t requires to be kn[n to-day if we are to re/ore ! lo/ balance to human civilization4 99 ,!re is a rule kn[n to physicians t 'a true diagnosis ( a case conta9s 9 itself ! !rapy'4 ,no true diagnosis is possible1 h[ev]1 )\t inve/igation ( ! 'hi/ory' ( ! case4 ,appli$ to our task1 ?is means t we mu/ try to f9d an aspect ( human developm5t1 bo? individual & hi/orical1 :i* w enable u to recognize 9 man's own be+ ! cause responsible = ! peculi> n>r[+ ( ! scope ( sci5tific inquiry1 z describ$ by ! sci5ti/s cit$ above4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( sci5tific inquiry1 di/+ui%+ x f man's e>li] ways ( solv+ ! riddles ( ! _w1 is t x admits z in/rum5ts ( k exclusively ^? activities ( ! human s\l ov] :i* we h full control because !y take place 9 ! full light ( consci\sness4 ,?is also expla9s :y !re has be5 no sci5ce1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! era commonly call$ 'mod]n' - t is1 be=e ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,= ! consci\sness on :i* man's sci5tific /riv+ is bas$ is itself an outcome ( human evolution4 ,?is evolution1 !re=e1 ne$s to be consid]$ 9 su* a way t we und]/& ! orig9 ( mod]n man's /ate ( m9d1 & 9 p>ticul> :y ?is /ate ( m9d _c ( itself h any o!r relation%ip to ! _w ?an t ( a spectator4 ,= let u be cle> t ?is peculi> relation%ip by no means belongs only to ! sci5tifically engag$ m9d4 ,e adult 9 our age is1 by virtue ( 8 psy*o-physical /ructure1 m or less a _w-spectator4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! /ate ( man's m9d :5 engag$ 9 sci5tific obs]vation is t x is re/rict$ to a "o-ey$ col\r-bl9d approa*4 99 ',dea? is ! price man has to pay = 8 bra9 & 8 p]sonality' - ?is is h[ a mod]n physiologi/ 7,a4 ,c>rel 9 8 a=em5tion$ book1 ,man ! ,unkn[n7 describes ! connexion betwe5 man's bodily functions & 8 wak+ consci\sness4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! outlook prevail+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t ?9k+ 0 reg>d$ z ! result ( ! life ( ! body2 t is1 ( ! body's matt]-build+ processes4 ,h5ce no att5tion 0 paid at t "t to ! lonely voice ( ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,c4 ,=tlage 7#ahjf-ha71 :o 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,psy*ology z ,empirical ,sci5ce sugge/$ t consci\sness is really bas$ on dea? processes 9 ! body4 ,f ?is fact he boldly drew ! conclusion 7kn[n to u today to be true7 t if 'p>tial dea?' gave rise to ord9>y consci\sness1 !n 'total dea?' mu/ result 9 an extraord9>y enhancem5t ( consci\sness4 ,aga91 :5 9 our c5tury ,rudolf ,/e9] drew att5tion to ! same fact1 :i* he _h f\nd along 8 own l9es ( inve/igation1 %[+ !reby ! true role ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s activities ( ! s\l1 (ficial sci5ce turn$ a deaf e> to 8 pron\ncem5t4#f ,to-day ! sci5ti/ reg>ds x z =m+ "p ( 'unkn[n man' t life mu/ rec$e - 9 o!r words1 t ! organ-build+ processes ( ! body mu/ come to a /&/ill - if consci\sness is to come into its own4 ,) ! recognition ( a dea? process 9 ! n]v\s sy/em z ! bodily f\ndation ( consci\sness1 & p>ticul>ly ( man's conceptual activities1 ! "q arises z to ! nature ( ^? activities :i* h _! f\ndation 9 o!r sy/ems1 su* z t ( ! muscles1 :]e life1 n dea?1 prevails4 ,"h an answ] mu/ be giv5 :i* w surprise ! read] acqua9t$ ) mod]n !ories ( psy*o-physical int]action2 b if he meets x ) an op5 m9d he w n f9d x difficult to te/4 ,j z ! conceptual activity has z its bodily f\ndation ! bra91 ) ! n]v\s app5dages1 s x is volitional activity :i* is bas$ on processes tak+ place 9 ! muscul> region ( ! body & 9 ^? organs :i* provide ! body's metabolism4 ,a /atem5t :i* says t man's w is z directly bas$ on ! metabolic processes ( ! body1 bo? inside & outside ! muscles1 z is 8 p]ceiv+ & ?\ght-=m+ m9d on a process 9 ! n]ves1 is b\nd to cause surprise4 ,fir/ly1 x seems to leave out ! role commonly ascrib$ to ! s-call$ motoric "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 br++ ab\t bodily action2 & secondly1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! dep5d5ce ( consci\sness on corporeal 'dy+' implies t will+ is an unconsci\s activity because ( its be+ bas$ on life processes ( ! body4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two problems w f9d its answ] at a lat] /age ( our discussion :5 we %all see :at entitles u to draw a direct connexion betwe5 volition & muscul> action4 ,to answ] ! second problem1 simple self-obs]vation is requir$4 ,?is tells u t1 :5 we move a limb1 all t we "k ( is ! int5tion 79 its conceptual =m7 :i* r\ses ! w & gives x its direction1 & ! fact ( ! complet$ de$4 ,9 betwe51 we accompany ! movem5t ) a dim aw>5ess ( ! mom5t>y positions ( ! p>ts ( ! body involv$1 s t we "k :e!r or n !y are mov+ 9 ! int5d$ mann]4 ,?is aw>5ess is due to a p>ticul> s5se1 ! 's5se ( movem5t' or 'muscul> s5se' - "o ( ^? s5ses ^: exi/5ce physiology has lately come to ackn[l$ge4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is kn[n to u ( all ! complex *anges :i* are set into play )9 ! muscles !mselves 9 ord] to c>ry out "s int5d$ movem5t4 ,& x is ^! t are ! direct outcome ( ! activity ( our w4 ,reg>d+ man's psy*o-physical organization ?us1 we come to see 9 x a k9d ( pol>ity - a dea?-pole1 z x 71 repres5t$ by ! n]ves includ+ _! ext5sion into ! s5ses1 & a life-pole1 repres5t$ by ! metabolic & muscul> sy/ems2 & connect$ ) !m a pole ( consci\sness & "o ( unconsci\sness - or z we c also say1 ( wak+ & sleep+ consci\sness4 ,= ! degree ( consci\sness on ! side ( ! life-pole is n diff]5t f ! /ate 9 :i* ! entire human be+ dwells dur+ sleep4 ,x is by ?us recogniz+ ! dep5d5ce ( consci\sness on processes ( bodily dis9tegration t we fir/ come to und]/& :y consci\sness1 once x has rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( brightness1 is b\nd to suff] repeat$ int]ruptions4 ,e night1 :5 we sleep1 our n]v\s sy/em becomes alive 7?\gh ) gradually decreas+ int5sity7 9 ord] t :at has be5 de/roy$ dur+ ! day may be re/or$4 ,:ile ! sy/em is kept 9 ?is condition1 no consci\sness c obta9 9 x4 ,9 betwe5 ! two pol>ically opposite sy/ems !re is a ?ird1 aga9 ( cle>ly di/9ct "*1 :i* functions z a m$iator betwe5 ! two4 ,"h all processes are ( a /rictly rhy?mic nature1 z is %[n by ! process ( brea?+ & ! pulsation ( ! blood4 ,?is sy/em1 too1 provides ! f\ndation = a c]ta9 type ( psy*ological process1 namely feel+4 ,t feel+ is an activity ( ! s\l di/9ct f bo? ?9k+ & will+1 & t x has its direct c\nt]p>t 9 ! rhy?mic processes ( ! body1 c be mo/ easily te/$ ?r\gh obs]v+ oneself :5 li/5+ to music4 ,z "o might expect f its m$ian position1 ! feel+ sph]e ( ! s\l is *>act]iz$ by a degree ( consci\sness half-way betwe5 wak+ & sleep+4 ,( our feel+s we are n m consci\s ?an ( our dreams2 we are z little deta*$ f !m z f our dream exp]i5ces :ile ^! la/2 :at rema9s 9 our memory ( pa/ feel+s is usually n m ?an :at we rememb] ( pa/ dreams4 ,?is picture ( ! ?reefold psy*o-physical /ructure ( man w n[ enable u to und]/& ! evolution ( consci\sness bo? 9 individual life & 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,to furni% ! f\ndation ( wak+ consci\sness1 p>ts ( ! body mu/ become divorc$ f life4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is "o :i*1 if we take ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se1 we may call1 age+4 ,all organic bodies1 & equally t ( man1 are orig9ally trav]s$ ?r\gh\t by life4 ,only gradually c]ta9 p>ts ( su* an organism become precipitat$1 z x 71 f ! g5]al organic /ructure1 & !y d s increas+ly t[>ds ! end ( t organism's life-span4 ,9 ! human body ?is sep>ation sets 9 g5tly dur+ ! lat] /ages ( embryonic developm5t & br+s ab\t ! fir/ degree ( indep5d5ce ( bones & n]ves f ! re/ ( ! organism4 ,! retreat ( life cont9ues aft] bir?1 rea*+ a c]ta9 climax 9 ! n]v\s sy/em at ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 ,9 ! body ( a small *ild !re is /ill comp>atively little contra/ betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ organs4 ,!re is equally little contra/ betwe5 sleep+ & wak+ condition 9 its s\l4 ,& ! nature ( ! s\l at ?is /age is volition ?r\gh\t4 ,nev]1 9 fact1 does man's s\l s int5sively w z 9 ! "t :5 x is occupi$ 9 br++ ! body into an upright position1 & nev] aga9 does x ex]t its /r5g? ) ! same unconsci\sness ( ! goal to :i* x /rives4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! s\l's *>act]i/ic relation%ip to ! _w ar\nd at ?is /age8 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w enable u to answ] ?is "q4 ,x is well kn[n t small *ildr5 (t5 angrily /rike an object aga9/ :i* !y h /umbl$4 ,?is has be5 int]pret$ z 'animism'1 by :i* x is meant t ! *ild1 by analogy ) 8 exp]i5ce ( himself z a s\l-fill$ body1 imag9es ! ?+s 9 8 surr\nd+s to be simil>ly ens\l$4 ,anyone :o really obs]ves ! *ild's mode ( exp]i5ce 7( :i* we z adults1 inde$1 keep some?+ 9 our w-life7 is l$ to a q diff]5t int]pretation ( su* a ph5om5on4 ,= he realizes t ! *ild nei!r exp]i5ces himself z s\l-entity di/9ct f 8 body1 nor faces ! cont5t ( ! _w 9 s deta*$ a mann] z to be 9 ne$ ( us+ 8 imag9ation to read into x any s\l-entities di/9ct f 8 own4 ,9 ?is e>ly p]iod ( 8 life ! human be+ /ill feels ! _w z "p ( himself1 & himself z "p ( ! _w4 ,consequ5tly1 8 relation to ! objects ar\nd him & to 8 own body is "o & ! same4 ,to ! example ( ! *ild beat+ ! ext]nal object he has /umbl$ aga9/1 !re belongs ! complem5t>y picture ( ! *ild :o beats himself because he has done some?+ :i* makes him angry ) himself4 ,9 %>p contra/ to ?is /ate ( on5ess ( ! *ild's s\l1 9 reg>d bo? to its own body & to ! surr\nd+ _w1 !re /&s ! sep>at$ness ( ! adult's intellectual consci\sness1 sev]$ f bo? body & _w4 ,:at happ5s to ?is "p ( ! s\l dur+ its transition f "o condition to ! o!r may be aptly describ$ by us+ a comp>ison f ano!r sph]e ( natural ph5om5a4 7,lat] descriptions 9 ?is book w %[ t a comp>ison su* z ! "o us$ "h is m ?an a m]e ext]nal analogy47 ,let u ?9k ( wat] 9 :i* salt has be5 dissolv$4 ,9 ?is /ate ! salt is "o ) its solv5t2 !re is no visible di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,! situation *anges :5 "p ( ! salt cry/allizes4 ,by ?is process ! "p ( ! salt sub/ance conc]n$ loses its connexion ) ! liquid & contracts into individually outl9$ & spatially def9$ pieces ( solid matt]4 ,x !reby becomes optically di/+ui%able f its environm5t4 ,some?+ simil> happ5s to ! s\l )9 ! region ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:at keeps ! s\l 9 a /ate ( unconsci\sness z long z ! body1 9 *ildhood1 is trav]s$ by life ?r\gh\t1 & :at cont9ues to keep x 9 ?is condition 9 ! p>ts :i* rema9 alive aft] ! sep>ation ( ! n]ves1 is ! fact t 9 ^! p>ts - to ma9ta9 ! analogy - ! s\l is dissolv$ 9 ! body4 ,) ! gr[+ indep5d5ce ( ! n]ves1 ! s\l itself ga9s indep5d5ce f ! body4 ,at ! same "t x und]goes a process simil> to contraction :]eby x becomes disc]nible to itself z an entity di/+ui%$ f ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,9 ?is way ! s\l is enabl$1 ev5tually1 to meet ! _w f outside z a self-consci\s onlook]4 99 ,:at we h "h describ$ z ! em]g5ce ( an individual's intellectual consci\sness f ! orig9al1 purely volitional condition ( ! s\l is no?+ b a replica ( a great] process ?r\gh :i* mank9d z a :ole1 or m exactly ,we/]n mank9d1 has gone 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/orical developm5t4 ,man 0 n always ! 'bra9-?9k]' he is to-day4#g ,directly ! sep>ation ( ! n]ve sy/em 0 complet$1 & !reby ! full cl>ity ( ! bra9-b\nd consci\sness a*iev$1 man began to conc]n himself ) sci5ce 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,to und]/& :y ?is sci5ce became re/rict$ to "o-ey$1 col\r-bl9d obs]vation we ne$ only apply to ! human s5se sy/em1 9 p>ticul>1 :at we h le>nt conc]n+ man's ?reefold be+4 ,%>ply di/+ui%$ by _! respective modes ( function+ ?\gh !y are1 ! ?ree bodily sy/ems are ea* spread out ?r\gh ! :ole body & are ?us to be f\nd ev]y:]e adjac5t to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce1 ! correspond+ ?ree /ates ( consci\sness1 ! sleep+1 dream+ & wak+1 are also ev]y:]e adjac5t & wov5 into "o ano!r4 ,x is ! pr$om9ance ( "o or o!r :i* imp>ts a p>ticul> quality ( s\l to "o or o!r region ( ! body4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n )9 ! realm ( s5se activity1 itself ! mo/ consci\s "p ( ! human be+4 ,x is suffici5t to comp>e1 say1 ! s5ses ( sight & smell1 & to notice 9 :at diff]5t degree we are consci\s ( ! impressions !y convey1 & h[ diff]5tly ! correspond+ elem5ts ( conception1 feel+ & will+ are bl5d$ 9 ea*4 ,we nev] turn away z in/9ctively f objectionable col\r arrangem5t z f an unpleasant smell4 ,h[ small a "p1 on ! o!r h&1 d ! repres5tations ( od\rs play 9 our recollection ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 comp>$ ) ^? ( sight4#h ,! same is valid 9 desc5d+ measure = all o!r s5ses4 ,( all s5ses1 ! s5se ( sight has 9 greate/ measure ! qualities ( a 'conceptual s5se'4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* x br+s1 & ^! alone1 7 suitable z a basis = ! new sci5ce1 & ev5 s a fur!r limitation 0 necess>y4 ,= 9 spite ( ! special quality ( ! s5se ( sight1 x is /ill n free f c]ta9 elem5ts ( feel+ & w - t is1 f elem5ts ) ! "* ( dream or sleep4 ,! fir/ plays a "p 9 our p]ception ( col\r2 ! second1 9 obs]v+ ! =ms & p]spective ord]+ ( objects we look at4 ,"h is repeat$ 9 a special way ! ?reefold organization ( man1 = ! see+ ( col\r dep5ds on an organic process ap>t f ! n]ve processes & simil> to t :i* takes place betwe5 he>t & lungs1 :il/ ! see+ ( =ms & spatial vision dep5d ^u c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! eyeball 7quick trav]s+ ( ! outl9e ( ! view$ object ) ! l9e ( sight1 alt]ation ( ! angle betwe5 ! two axes ( sight accord+ to di/ance71 9 :i* ! eye is active z a sort ( out] limb ( ! body1 an activity :i* ent]s our consci\sness z little z does t ( our limbs4 ,x n[ becomes cle> t no _w-cont5t obta9$ 9 su* m or less unconsci\s ways c\ld be made available = ! build+ ( a new sci5tific _w-conception4 ,only z mu* z man exp]i5ces ?r\gh ! sight ( a s+le1 col\r-bl9d eye1 c\ld be us$4#i 99 ,if we w\ld und]/& ! role ( sci5ce 9 ! pres5t phase ( human developm5t1 we mu/ be ready to apply two entirely diff]5t & seem+ly contradictory judgm5ts to "o & ! same hi/orical ph5om5on4 ,! fact t some?+ has occurr$ out ( hi/orical necessity - t is1 a necessity spr++ f ! v laws ( cosmic evolution - does n save x f hav+ a "* :i*1 9 view ( its consequ5ces1 mu/ ne$s be call$ tragic4 ,9 ?is era ( advanc$ intellectualism1 little und]/&+ ( ! exi/5ce ( true trag$y 9 human exi/5ce has surviv$4 ,z a result1 ! ^w 'trag$y' itself has det]iorat$ 9 its mean+ & is n[adays us$ mo/ly z a synonym = 'sad ev5t'1 'calamity' 's]i\s ev5t'1 ev5 'crime' 7,ox=d ,diet474 ,9 its orig9al mean+1 h[ev]1 spr++ f ! dramatic poetry ( anci5t ,greece1 ! ^w comb9es ! concept ( calamity ) t ( inevitability2 ! au?or ( ! de/ructive action 0 n held to be p]sonally responsible = x1 s9ce he 0 caught up 9 a nexus ( circum/ances :i* he c\ld n *ange4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss :y trag$y 9 ?is s5se =ms "p ( man's exi/5ce4 ,x suffices to ackn[l$ge t x does &1 :]e x occurs1 to obs]ve x ) sci5tific objectivity4 ,our consid]ations1 />t+ f c]ta9 /atem5ts made by "s lead+ sci5tific ?9k]s ( our "t1 h help$ u n only to confirm ! tru? inh]5t 9 ^! /atem5ts1 b to recognize ! facts /at$ by !m z be+ ! outcome ( c]ta9 laws ( evolution & !reby hav+ an hi/oric necessity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean t man's sci5tific lab\rs1 c>ri$ out "u ! hi/orically giv5 re/rictions1 great & successful z ^! lab\rs 7 & are1 h n l$ to calamit\s effects su* z we f\nd indicat$ by ,pr(essor ,c>rel4 ,! sci5ces ( matt] h l$ man into a c\ntry t is n 81 & ! _w :i* he has creat$ by means ( sci5tific rese>* is n only "o 9 :i* he is a /rang] b "o :i* ?reat5s to-day to deprive him ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,! reason is t ?is _w is ess5tially a _w ( active =ces1 & ! true nature ( ^! is some?+ :i* mod]n man1 re/rict$ to 8 onlook]-consci\sness1 is positively unable to conceive4 ,we h tak5 a fir/ /ep 9 diagnos+ man's pres5t spiritual condition4 ,a few m /eps are requir$ to lead u to ! po9t :]e we c conceive ! !rapy he ne$s4 #a ,?is address & ano!r by ! same au?or are publi%$ toge!r "u ! common title1 ,w&lung5 9 d5 ,grundlag5 d] ,naturwiss5s*aft 7',*anges 9 ! f\ndations ( ,natural ,sci5ce'74 ,heis5b]g's "n has become kn[n above all by 8 =mulation ( ! s-call$ ,pr9ciple ( ,indet]m9acy4 #b ,see1 9 ?is respect1 ,fau/'s dispute ) ,mephi/opheles on ! causes responsible = ! geological *anges ( ! e>?4 7,fau/ ,,ii1 ,act #d7 #c ,see also ,edd+ton's m elaborate description ( ?is fact 9 8 ,new ,pa?ways 9 ,sci5ce4 ,! above /atem5t1 l o!rs ( ,edd+ton's1 has be5 ,conte/$ f ! side ( pr(essional philosophy z logically unt5able4 ,our own fur!r discussion w %[ t x accords ) ! facts4 #d ,bo? words1 k9ematics & k9etics1 are d]ivatives ( ! ,greek ^w k9e91 to move4 ,! t]m 'k9ematic' is us$ :5 motion is consid]$ ab/ractly )\t ref]5ce to =ce or mass4 ,k9etics is appli$ k9ematics1 or1 z po9t$ out above1 dynamics treat$ ) k9ematic concepts4 #e ,^! la/ /atem5ts w f9d fur!r illu/ration 9 ! next two *apt]s4 #f ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiag 9 8 book ,von ,seel5rtseln4 #g ,hom]'s m5 /ill ?9k ) ! diaphragm 7phr5es74 ,simil>ly1 ! anci5t practice ( ,yoga1 z a means ( acquir+ k1 %[s t at ! "t ,:5 x fl\ri%$ man's conceptual activity 0 felt to be seat$ else:]e ?an 9 ! head4 #h ,?is mu/ n be confus$ ) ! fact t a smell may evoke o!r memories by way ( association4 #i ,= "o :o endeav\rs to obs]ve hi/orical facts 9 ! mann] "h describ$1 x is no m]e play ( *ance t ! fa!r ( sci5tific atomism1 ,john ,dalton1 0 by nature col\r bl9d4 ,9 fact1 col\r bl9dness 0 kn[n1 = a consid]able "t dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 z ',daltonism'1 s9ce x 0 ?r\gh ! publication ( ,dalton's self-obs]vations t = ! fir/ "t g5]al att5tion 0 drawn to ?is ph5om5on4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,onlook]'s ,philosophic ,malady ,9 8 isolation z _w spectator1 ! mod]n philosoph] 0 b\nd to rea* two completely opposite views reg>d+ ! objective value ( human ?\ght4 ,"o ( ^! 0 giv5 expression 9 ,desc>tes' fam\s words3 ,cogito ergo sum 7',i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am'74 ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej71 rightly describ$ z ! inaugurator ( mod]n philosophy1 ?us held ! view t only 9 8 own ?\ght-activity does man f9d a gu>antee ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,9 com+ to ?is view1 ,desc>tes took z 8 />t+-po9t 8 exp]i5ce t human consci\sness conta9s only ! ?\ght pictures evok$ by s5se-p]ception1 & yet kn[s no?+ ( ! h[ & :y ( ! ?+s responsible = su* impressions4 ,he ?us f\nd himself compell$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to d\bt :e!r any ( ^! ?+s _h any objective exi/5ce1 at all4 ,h5ce1 !re rema9$ ov] = him only "o indubitable item 9 ! entire cont5t ( ! univ]se - 8 own ?9k+2 = 7 he to d\bt ev5 ?is1 he c\ld d s only by aga9 mak+ use ( x4 ,f ! ',i d\bt1 !re=e ,i am'1 he 0 l$ 9 ?is way to ! ',i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am'4 ,! o!r conception ( human ?\ght rea*$ by ! onlook]-consci\sness 0 diametrically oppos$ to t ( ,desc>tes1 & entirely cancell$ its conceptual significance4 ,x 0 put =w>d - n long aft]w>ds - by ,rob]t ,hooke 7#afce-agjc71 ! fir/ sci5ti/ to make sy/ematic use ( ! newly inv5t$ microscope by means ( :i* he made ! fundam5tal discov]y ( ! cellul> /ructure ( plant tissues4 ,x 01 inde$1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 microscopic /udies t he boldly und]took to det]m9e ! relation%ip ( human ?\ght to objective reality4 ,he publi%$ 8 views 9 ! introduction to 8 ,micrographia1 ! great "w 9 :i*1 ) ! lavi% help ( c>efully execut$ copp] engrav+s1 he made 8 microscopic obs]vations kn[n to ! _w4 ,hooke's l9e ( ?\ght is briefly z foll[s3 ,9 pa/ ages m5 subscrib$ to ! naive belief t :at !y h 9 _! consci\sness z ?\ght pictures ( ! _w1 actually reproduces ! real cont5t ( t _w4 ,! microscope n[ demon/rates1 h[ev]1 h[ mu* ! famili> appe>ance ( ! _w dep5ds on ! /ructure ( our s5se app>atus2 = x reveals a realm j z real z t already kn[n to u1 b hi!rto conceal$ f u because x is n accessible to ! natural s5ses4 ,accord+ly1 if ! microscope c p5etrate ?r\gh ! veil ( illusion :i* normally hides a :ole _w ( pot5tially visible ph5om5a1 x may be t x c ev5 tea* u some?+ ab\t ! ideas we h hi!rto =m$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ?+s4 ,p]haps x c br+ u a /ep ne>] ! tru? 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 z x s obvi\sly has done 9 t ( obs]vation4 ,( all ! ideas t human reason c =m1 ,hooke consid]$ ! simple/ & ! mo/ fundam5tal to be ! geometrical concepts ( po9t & /raight l9e4 ,und\bt$ly we are able to ?9k ^!1 b ! nave consci\sness takes = grant$ t x also p]ceives !m z objective realities outside itself1 s t ?\ghts & facts correspond to ea* o!r4 ,we mu/ n[ ask1 h[ev]1 if ?is belief is n due to an optical deception4 ,let u turn to ! microscope & see :at po9t & l9e 9 ! ext]nal _w look l ?r\gh x4 ,= 8 inve/igation ,hooke *ose ! po9t ( a ne$le & a knife-edge1 z provid+ ! be/ repres5tatives among physical objects ( po9t & /raight l9e4 ,9 ! sket*es "h reproduc$ we may see h[ ,hooke made cle> to 8 read]s h[ little ^! two ?+s1 :5 obs]v$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 resemble :at is se5 by ! unaid$ eye4 ,?is fact conv9c$ ,hooke t ! app>5t agreem5t betwe5 ! _w ( p]ception & ! _w ( ideas re/s on no?+ m solid ?an an optical limitation 7,plate ,i74 ,comp>$ ) ! m ref9$ me?ods ( pres5t-day ?\ght1 ,hooke's proc$ure may /rike u z some:at primitive4 ,actually he did no?+ m ?an has s9ce be5 done times )\t numb]2 = ! sci5ti/ has become m & m will+ to all[ artificially evok$ s5se-p]ceptions to dictate ! ?\ghts he uses 9 =m+ a sci5tific picture ( ! _w4 ,9 ! pres5t context we are conc]n$ ) ! hi/orical import ( ,hooke's proc$ure4 ,?is lies 9 ! fact t1 imm$iately aft] ,desc>tes _h satisfi$ himself t 9 ?9k+ man _h ! "o sure gu>antee ( 8 own exi/5ce1 ,hooke prov$ 9 a seem+ly indubitable mann] t ?9k+ 0 entirely divorc$ f reality4 ,x requir$ only ano!r c5tury = philosophy to draw f ?is ! unavoidable consequ5ce4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ,hume's philosophic sy/em1 ! outcome ( :i* 0 univ]sal scepticism4 ,z we %all see 9 due c\rse1 ,hume's mode ( reason+ cont9ues to rule sci5tific ?\ght ev5 to-day1 q irrespective ( ! fact t sci5ce itself claims to h its philosophical p>5t 9 ,kant1 ! v ?9k] :o devot$ 8 life's "w to ! refutation ( ,hume4 99 ,on ! basis ( 8 inve/igations into human consci\sness ,hume felt oblig$ to reason ?us3 ,my consci\sness1 z ,i "k x1 has no contact ) ! ext]nal _w o!r ?an t ( a m]e outside onlook]4 ,:at x w9s = its own cont5t f ! out] _w is 9 ! nature ( s+le1 mutually unrelat$ p>ts4 ,:atev] may unite ^! p>ts into an objective :ole )9 ! _w itself c nev] ent] my consci\sness2 & any su* unify+ factor ent]ta9$ by my ?\ght c be only a self-con/ruct$1 hypo!tical picture4 ,hume summ$ up 8 view 9 two axioms :i* he himself describ$ z ! alpha & omega ( 8 :ole philosophy4 ,! fir/ runs3 ',all our di/9ct p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces4' ,! o!r3 ',! ,m9d nev] p]ceives any real connexions betwe5 di/9ct exi/5ces4' 7,treatise ( ,human ,nature47 ,if once we agree t we c "k ( no?+ b unrelat$ ?\ght pictures1 because our consci\sness is n 9 a position to relate ^! pictures to a unify+ reality1 !n we h no "r to ascribe1 ) ,desc>tes & 8 s*ool1 an objective reality to ! self4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! self may appe> to u z ! unify+ ag5t among our ?\ghts1 x mu/ itself be a m5tal picture among m5tal pictures 2 & man c h no k ( any p]man5t reality outside ?is fluctuat+ picture-realm4 ,s1 ) ,hume1 ! onlook]-consci\sness came to exp]i5ce its own utt] inability to a*ieve a k ( ! objective exi/5ce ei!r ( a mat]ial _w be - beh9d all ext]nal ph5om5a1 or ( a spiritual self beh9d all ! details ( its own int]nal cont5t4 ,accord+ly1 human consci\sness f\nd itself hurl$ into ! abyss ( univ]sal scepticism4 ,hume himself suff]$ unspeakably "u ! impact ( :at he consid]$ inescapable ideas - rightly describ$ f ano!r side z ! 'suicide ( human intellig5ce' - & 8 philosophy (t5 seem$ to him l a malady1 z he himself call$ x1 aga9/ ^: grip he c\ld see no rem$y4 ,! only ?+ left to him1 if he 0 to prev5t philosophical suicide f end+ 9 physical suicide1 0 to =get 9 daily life 8 own conclusions z f> z possible4 ,:at ,hume exp]i5c$ z 8 philosophical malady1 h[ev]1 0 ! result n ( a m5tal abnormality peculi> to himself1 b ( t mod]n =m ( consci\sness :i* /ill prevails 9 g5]al today4 ,?is expla9s :y1 despite all attempts to disprove ,hume's philosophy1 sci5tific ?\ght has n brok5 away f its alpha & omega 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,a pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd1 = example1 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,indet]m9acy :i* has aris5 9 mod]n physics4 99 ,! conception ( ,indet]m9acy z an unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! late/ phase ( physical rese>* is due to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,heis5b]g4 ,orig9ally ?is conception =c$ itself ^u ,heis5b]g z a result ( exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,9 ! meantime ! same idea has receiv$ its purely philosophical f\ndation4 ,we %all "h deal ) bo? l9es ( approa*4 ,aft] ! discov]y by ,galileo ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 x became ! object ( classical physics - unexpress$1 inde$1 until ,newton wrote 8 ,pr9cipia - to br+ ! un*ang+ laws rul+ nature into ! light ( human consci\sness1 & to give !m conceptual expression 9 ! language ( ma!matical =mulae4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 sci5ce 0 oblig$ to re/rict itself to :at c\ld be obs]v$ ) a s+le1 col\r-bl9d eye1 physics has tak5 z its ma9 object ( rese>* ! spatio-temporal relation%ips1 & _! *anges1 betwe5 discrete1 ideally conceiv$1 po9t-l p>ticles4 ,accord+ly1 ! ma!matically =mulable laws hold+ sway 9 nature came to mean ! laws accord+ to :i* ! smalle/ p>ticles 9 ! mat]ial f\ndation ( ! _w *ange _! position ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,a sci5ce ( ?is k9d c\ld logically ma9ta9 t1 if ev] x succe$$ 9 def9+ bo? ! position & ! /ate ( motion1 9 "o s+le mom5t1 ( ! totality ( p>ticles compos+ ! univ]se1 x w\ld h discov]$ ! law on :i* univ]sal exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,?is necess>ily re/$ on ! presupposition t x really 0 ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! physical _w :i* 7 "u obs]vation4 ,9 ! se>* = ^!1 guid$ *iefly by ! /udy ( electricity1 ! physici/s track$ d[n ev] small] & small] units2 & along ?is pa? sci5tific rese>* has arriv$ at ! foll[+ peculi> situation4 ,to obs]ve any object 9 ! s5se _w we ne$ an appropriate m$ium ( obs]vation4 ,= ord9>y ?+s1 light provides ?is4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* light is und]/ood to-day1 ?is is possible because ! spatial ext5sion ( ! s+le light impulses1 _! s-call$ wavel5g?1 is immeasurably small] ?an ! av]age magnitude ( all microscopically visible objects4 ,?is ensures t !y c be obs]v$ cle>ly by ! human eye4 ,mu* small] objects1 h[ev]1 w require a correspond+ly %ort] wave-l5g? 9 ! m$ium ( obs]vation4 ,n[ %ort] wave-l5g?s ?an ^? ( visible light h be5 f\nd 9 ultra-violet light & 9 ,x-rays2 & ^!1 accord+ly1 are n[ (t5 us$ = m9ute physical rese>*4 ,9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 we are l$ by nature to a def9ite b\nd>y2 = we n[ f9d ourselves 9 a realm :]e ! dim5sions ( ! obs]vation m$ium & ! obs]v$ object are m or less ! same4 ,! result1 un=tunately1 is t :5 ! 'light' meets ! object1 x *anges ! latt]'s condition ( movem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a 'light' is us$ ^: wave-l5g? is too big to h any influ5ce on ! object's condition ( movem5t1 x precludes any exact det]m9ation ( ! object's location4 ,?us1 hav+ arriv$ at ! v gr\nd ( ! _w - t is1 :]e ! cosmic laws might be expect$ to reveal !mselves directly - ! sci5ti/ f9ds himself 9 ! rem>kable situation ( only be+ able to det]m9e accurately ei!r ! position ( an obs]v$ object & n its /ate ( motion1 or its /ate ( motion & n its position4 ,! law he seeks1 h[ev]1 requires t bo? %\ld be kn[n at ! same "t4 ,nor is ?is situation due to ! imp]fection ( ! sci5tific app>atus employ$1 b to its v p]fection1 s t x appe>s to arise f ! nature ( ! f\ndation ( ! _w - 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z mod]n sci5ce is b\nd to conceive x4 ,if x is true t a valid sci5tific k ( nature is possible only 9 ! sph]e op5 to a s+le-ey$1 col\r-bl9d obs]vation1 & if x is true - z a sci5ce ( ?is k9d1 at any rate1 is oblig$ to believe - t all processes )9 ! mat]ial f\ndation ( ! _w dep5d on no?+ b ! movem5ts ( c]ta9 elem5t>y p>ticles ( extremely small size1 !n ! fact mu/ be fac$ t ! v nature ( ^! processes rules out ! discov]y ( any /able ord]+ ( ?+s 9 ! s5se ( ma!matically =mulable laws4 ,! discov]y ( su* laws w !n always be ! la/ /ep b "o 9 sci5tific inve/igation2 ! la/ w inevitably be ! dissolution ( su* laws into *aos4 ,= a consi/5t sci5tific ?9k+ t goes ?is way1 !re=e1 no?+ is left b to recognize *aos z ! only real basis ( an app>5tly ord]$ _w1 a *aos on ^: surface ! laws t seem to hold sway are only ! illusory pictur+s ( ! human m9d4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! pr9ciple ( ,indet]m9acy z x has be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( practical inve/igation into ! electrical processes )9 physical matt]4 ,9 ! foll[+ way ,pr(essor ,s*rd+]1 ano!r lead+ ?9k] among mod]n !oretical physici/s1 expla9s ! philosophical basis = ! pr9ciple ( ,indet]m9acy1 :i* sci5ti/s h e/abli%$ 9 ! meantime3#a ',e quantitative obs]vation1 e obs]vation mak+ use ( measurem5t1 is by nature discont9u\s4 444 ,h[ev] f> we g 9 ! pursuit ( accuracy we %all nev] get any?+ o!r ?an a f9ite s]ies ( discrete results4 444 ,! raw mat]ial ( our quantitative cognition ( nature w always h ?is primitive & discont9u\s "*4 444 ,x is possible t a physical sy/em might be s simple t ?is meagre in=mation w\ld suffice to settle its fate2 9 t case nature w\ld n be m complicat$ ?an a game ( *ess4 ,to det]m9e a position ( a game ( *ess ?irty-?ree facts suffice4 444 ,if nature is m complicat$ ?an a game ( *ess1 a belief to :i* "o t5ds to incl9e1 !n a physical sy/em _c be det]m9$ by a f9ite numb] ( obs]vations4 ,b 9 practice a f9ite numb] ( obs]vations is all t we c\ld make4' ,classical physics1 ! au?or goes on to %[1 held t x 0 possible to ga9 a real insight into ! laws ( ! univ]se1 because 9 pr9ciple an inf9ite numb] ( su* discrete obs]vations w\ld enable u to fill 9 ! gaps suffici5tly to all[ u to det]m9e ! sy/em ( ! physical _w4 ,aga9/ ?is assumption mod]n physics mu/ hold ! view t an inf9ite numb] ( obs]vations _c 9 any case be c>ri$ out 9 practice1 & t no?+ compels u to assume t ev5 ?is w\ld suffice to furni% u ) ! means = a complete det]m9ation1 :i* alone w\ld all[ u to speak ( 'law' 9 nature4 ',?is is ! direction 9 :i* mod]n physics has l$ u )\t really int5d+ x4' ,:at we h previ\sly said w make x cle> en\gh t 9 ^! words ( a mod]n physici/ we meet once m ! two fundam5tals ( ,hume's philosophy4 ,x is j z obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! v pr9ciple ?us re-affirm$ at ! late/ /age ( mod]n physical sci5ce 0 already firmly e/abli%$ by ,hooke1 :5 he s\ght to prove to 8 contempor>ies ! unreality ( human ideas4 ,let u recall ,hooke's motives & results4 ,! human reason discov]s t c]ta9 law-abid+ =ms ( ?\ght dwell )9 itself2 ^! are ! rules ( ma!matical ?9k+4 ,! eye in=ms ! reason t ! same k9d ( law & ord] is pres5t also 9 ! out] _w4 ,! m9d c ?9k po9t & l9e2 ! eye reports t ! same =ms exi/ 9 nature outside4 7,hooke c\ld j z well h tak5 z 8 examples ! apex & edge ( a cry/al47 ,! reason mi/ru/s ! eye1 h[ev]1 & ) ! help ( ! microscope 'improves' on x4 ,:at hi!rto _h be5 tak5 = a compact1 regulat$ :ole n[ collapses into a heap ( unord]$ p>ts2 beh9d ! illusion ( law a f9] obs]vation detects ! reality ( *aos6 ,_h sci5ce 9 its vehem5t c>e] f discov]y to discov]y n =gott5 its own beg9n+s s completely1 x w\ld n h ne$$ its late/ rese>*es to br+ out a pr9ciple :i* x _h 9 fact be5 foll[+ f ! outset - a pr9ciple :i* philosophy _h already recogniz$1 if n 9 q ! same =mulation1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,indet]m9acy1 z we h j se5 x expla9$ by ,s*rd+]1 is no?+ b ! exact cont9uation ( ,humean scepticism4 #a ,9 8 book1 ,sci5ce & ! ,human ,temp]am5t 7,dubl91 #aice74 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,c\ntry t is ,n ,ours ,! la/ two *apt]s h s]v$ to %[ ! impasse into :i* human p]ception & ?9k+ h come - 9 s f> z !y h be5 us$ = sci5tific purposes - by virtue ( ! relation%ip to ! _w 9 :i* man's consci\sness f\nd itself :5 x awoke to itself at ! beg9n+ ( mod]n times4 ,n[ al?\gh ! onlook] 9 man1 especially 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( our p]iod1 gave itself up to ! conviction t a self-conta9$ picture ( ! univ]se c\ld be =m$ out ( ! k9d ( mat]ials available to x1 x nev]!less _h a dim inkl+ t ?is picture1 because x lack$ all dynamic cont5t1 _h no be>+ on ! real nature ( ! univ]se4 ,unable to f9d ?is reality )9 himself1 ! _w-onlook] set ab\t se>*+ 9 8 own way = :at 0 miss+1 & turn$ to ! p]ceptible _w outside man4 ,"h he came1 all unexpect$ly1 ^u 444 electricity4 ,sc>cely 0 electricity discov]$ ?an x drew human sci5tific ?9k+ irresi/ibly into its own realm4 ,!reby man f\nd himself1 ) a consci\sness completely bl9d to dynamics1 )9 a sph]e ( only too real dynamic =ces4 ,! foll[+ description w %[ :at results ?is has _h = man & 8 civilization4 99 ,fir/1 let u recall h[ pot5t a role electricity has come to play 9 social life ?r\gh ! great discov]ies :i* began at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,to d ?is we ne$ only comp>e ! pres5t relation%ip betwe5 production & consumption 9 ! economic sph]e ) :at x 0 be=e ! p[]-ma*9e1 & especially ! electrically driv5 ma*9e1 _h be5 inv5t$4 ,consid] "s major public und]tak+ 9 =m] times - say ! con/ruction ( a great m$iaeval ca!dral4 ,almo/ all ! "w 0 done by human be+s1 ) "s help1 ( c\rse1 f dome/icat$ animals4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! entire s\rce ( productive p[] lay 9 ! w-en]gies ( liv+ be+s1 ^: bodies _h to be suppli$ ) food1 clo?+ & h\s+2 & to provide ^!1 o!r productive p[]s ( a simil> k9d 7 requir$ ne> ! same place4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ea* ( ! p[] units employ$ 9 ! "w 0 simultane\sly bo? produc] & consum]1 a c]ta9 natural limit 0 plac$ on ! accumulation ( productive =ces 9 any "o locality4 ,?is condition ( natural balance betwe5 production & consumption 0 pr(\ndly di/urb$ by ! introduction ( ! /eam eng9e2 b ev5 s !re 7 /ill "s limits1 ?\gh ( a q diff]5t k9d1 to local conc5trations ( productive p[]4 ,= /eam eng9es require wat] & coal at ! sc5e ( action1 & ^! take up space & ne$ cont9ual %ift+ & repl5i%+4 ,ow+ to ! v nature ( physical matt]1 x _c be heap$ up :]e x is requir$ 9 unlimit$ quantities4 ,all ?is *ang$ directly man succe$$ 9 produc+ en]gy electro-magnetically by ! m]e rotation ( mat]ial masses1 & 9 us+ ! wat]-p[] ( ! e>? - itself ultimately d]iv$ f ! cosmic en]gies ( ! sun - = driv+ 8 dynamos4 ,n only is ! s\rce ( en]gy ?us tapp$ practically inexhau/ible1 b ! ma*9es produce x )\t consum+ on _! own acc\nt1 ap>t f we> & te>1 & s make possible ! almo/ limitless accumulation ( p[] 9 "o place4 ,= electricity is di/+ui%$ f all o!r p[]-supply+ natural =ces1 liv+ or o!rwise1 precisely 9 ?is1 t x c be conc5trat$ spatially ) ! aid ( a physical c>ri] ^: mat]ial bulk is insignificant comp>$ ) ! en]gy suppli$4 ,?r\gh ?is prop]ty ( electricity x has be5 possible = man to ext5d ! range ( 8 activity 9 all directions1 f> & ne>4 ,s ! balance betwe5 production & consumption1 :i* 9 previ\s ages 0 m or less adequately ma9ta9$ by natural conditions1 has be5 entirely de/roy$1 & a major social-economic problem creat$4 ,9 yet ano!r way1 & ?r\gh q ano!r ( its prop]ties1 electricity plays an important "p 9 mod]n life4 ,n only does x compete ) ! human w2 x also makes possible automatically intellig5t op]ations q beyond any?+ man c d on 8 own4 ,!re are innum]able examples ( ?is 9 mod]n electrical te*nology2 we ne$ m5tion "h only ! photo-electric cell & ! _m devices into :i* x ent]s4 ,to an ev]-increas+1 q uncontroll$ degree - = to ! m9d ( pres5t-day man x is only natural to translate e new discov]y into practice z soon & z ext5sively z possible - electricity ent]s decisively into our mod]n exi/5ce4 ,if we take all its activities into acc\nt1 we see aris+ among/ humanity a va/ realm ( lab\r units1 possess$ 9 _! own way n only ( w b ( ! %>pe/ imag9able intellig5ce4 ,al?\gh !y are :olly remote f man's own nature1 he m & m subdues 8 ?\ghts & actions to !irs1 all[+ !m to take rank z guides & %ap]s ( 8 civilization4 ,turn+ to ! sph]e ( sci5tific rese>*1 we f9d electricity play+ a role 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n ?9k+ rem>kably simil> to its "p z a lab\r-=ce 9 ev]yday life4 ,we f9d x associat$ ) ph5om5a :i*1 9 ,pr(essor ,heis5b]g's words1 expose _! mutual connexions to exact ma!matical ?9k+ m readily ?an d any o!r facts ( nature2 & yet ! way 9 :i* ^! ph5om5a h become kn[n has play$ fa/ & loose ) ma!matical ?9k+ to an unp>allel$ degree4 ,to recognize t 9 ?is sph]e mod]n sci5ce owes its triumphs to a /range & (t5 p>adoxical mixture ( out] accid5t & error 9 human ?\ght1 we ne$ only review ! hi/ory ( ! subject )\t prejudice4 99 ,! discov]y ( electricity has s f> be5 accompli%$ 9 f\r cle>ly di/9ct /ages4 ,! fir/ ext5ds f ! "t :5 m5 fir/ knew ( electrical ph5om5a to ! beg9n+ ( ! natural sci5tific age2 ! second includes ! sev5te5? & ! great] "p ( ! eighte5? c5turies2 ! ?ird beg9s ) ,galvani's discov]y & closes ) ! fir/ obs]vations ( radiant electricity2 & ! f\r? br+s u to our own day4 ,we %all "h conc]n ourselves ) a few out/&+ features ( ea* phase1 en\gh to *>act]ize ! /range pa? along :i* man has be5 l$ by ! discov]y ( electricity4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( mod]n times1 no?+ m 0 kn[n ab\t electricity1 or ( its si/] =ce1 magnetism1 ?an :at we f9d 9 ,pl9y's writ+s4 ,!re1 )\t recogniz+ a qualitative di/9ction betwe5 !m1 he ref]s to ! faculty ( rubb$ amb] & ( c]ta9 pieces ( iron to attract o!r small pieces ( matt]4 ,x requir$ ! awak5+ ( t ov]rul+ int]e/ 9 mat]ial nature1 *>act]i/ic ( our own age1 = ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 electric & magnetic attraction to be recogniz$4 ,! fir/ to give a prop] description ( ?is 0 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s doctor1 ,gilb]t4 ,8 discov]y 0 soon foll[$ by ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ electrical ma*9e by ! ,g]man ,gu]icke 7also kn[n ?r\gh 8 inv5tion ( ! air pump7 :i* op5$ ! way = ! discov]y t electricity c\ld be transmitt$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! crop ( electrical discov]ies began to increase consid]ably3 among ^! 0 ! recognition ( ! dual nature ( electricity1 by ! ,fr5*man1 ,dufais1 & ! *ance inv5tion ( ! ,leyd5 j> 7made simultane\sly by ! ,g]man1 von ,klei/1 & two ,dut*m51 ,muss*5broek & ,cunaeus74 ,! ,leyd5 j> br\ght electrical effects ( q unexpect$ int5sity )9 rea*4 ,/imulat$ by :at c\ld be done ) electricity 9 ?is =m1 m & m p n[ busi$ !mselves 9 exp]im5t+ ) s fasc9at+ a =ce ( nature1 until 9 ! second ?ird ( ! c5tury a :ole army ( obs]v]s 0 at "w1 :e!r by way ( pr(ession or ( hobby1 f9d+ out ev] new manife/ations ( its p[]s4 ,! mood t prevail$ 9 ^? days among m5 engag$ 9 electrical rese>* is well reflect$ 9 a lett] writt5 by ! ,engli%man1 ,wal%1 aft] he _h e/abli%$ ! electric nature ( ! %ocks giv5 by c]ta9 fi%es1 to ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 :o %ortly be=e _h discov]$ ! natural occurr5ce ( electricity 9 ! atmosph]e3 ',i rejoice 9 address+ ^! communications to ,y4 ,he1 :o pr$ict$ & %ew$ t electricity w+s ! =midable bolt ( ! ,atmosph]e1 w he> ) att5tion t 9 ! deep x spe$s a humbl] bolt1 sil5t & invisible2 ,he1 :o analys$ ! electrical ,phial1 w he> ) pleasure t its laws prevail 9 animate ,phials2 ,he1 :o by ,reason became an electrician1 w he> ) rev]5ce ( an in/9ctive electrician1 gift$ 9 8 bir? ) a wond]ful app>atus1 & ) ! skill to use x4' 7,phil4 ,trans4 #aggc47 ,d>e "o believe t 9 electricity ! s\l ( nature _h be5 discov]$8 ,?is 0 ! "q :i* at t "t /irr$ ! he>ts ( v _m 9 ,europe4 ,doctors _h already s\ght to ar\se new vitality 9 _! pati5ts by ! use ( /rong electric %ocks2 attempts _h ev5 be5 made to br+ ! dead back to life by su* means4 4 ,9 a "t l ours1 :5 we are prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! practical application ( sci5tific discov]ies1 we are mo/ly accu/om$ to reg>d su* flights ( ?\ght f a pa/ age z no?+ b ! uness5tial accompanim5t ( y\?ful1 immature sci5ce1 & to smile at !m accord+ly z hi/orical curiosities4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 = we !n ov]look h[ )9 !m 0 hidd5 an inkl+ ( ! tru?1 h[ev] wrongly conceiv$ at ! "t1 & we ignore ! role :i* su* app>5tly fanta/ic hopes h play$ 9 connexion ) ! entry ( electricity into human civilization4 7,nor are su* hopes conf9$ to ! eighte5? c5tury2 z we %all see1 ! same impulse urg$ ,crookes a hundr$ ye>s lat] to t decisive discov]y :i* 0 to u%] 9 ! late/ phase 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 a phase 9 :i* ! inve/igat+ human _s has be5 l$ to t b\nd>y ( ! physical-mat]ial _w :]e ! transition takes place f in]t matt] into freely work+ en]gy47 ,if !re 0 any d\bt left z to :e!r 9 nature ! same p[] 0 at "w :i*1 9 animal & man1 0 hidd5 away )9 ! s\l1 ?is d\bt seem$ f9ally to h be5 dispell$ ?r\gh ,galvani's discov]y t animal limbs c\ld be made to move electrically ?r\gh be+ t\*$ by two bits ( diff]5t metals4 ,no wond] t '! /orm :i* 0 loos$ 9 ! _w ( ! physici/s1 ! physiologi/s & ! doctors ?r\gh ,galvani's publication c only be comp>$ ) ! "o cross+ ! political horizon ( ,europe at ! same "t4 ,:]ev] !re happ5$ to be frogs & two pieces ( diff]5t metals available1 ev]yone s\ght pro( ) 8 own eyes t ! sev]$ limbs c\ld be m>vell\sly re-enliv5$4'#a ,l _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,galvani 0 drawn by ! fasc9at+ behavi\r ( ! new =ce ( nature to c>ry on electrical exp]im5ts z a hobby alongside 8 pr(essional "w1 anatomical rese>*4 ,= 8 exp]im5ts he us$ ! room :]e 8 anatomical specim5s 7 set out4 ,s x happ5$ t 8 electrical ma*9e /ood ne> "s frogs' legs1 prep>$ = dissection4 ,by a fur!r co9cid5ce 8 assi/ant1 :ile play+ ) ! ma*9e1 releas$ a few sp>ks j :5 "s ( ! specim5s 7 9 su* contact ) ! surface b5ea? !m t !y 7 b\nd to react to ! sudd5 alt]ation ( ! electric field r\nd ! ma*9e caus$ by its dis*>ge4 ,at ea* sp>k ! frogs' legs twit*$4 ,:at ,galvani saw ) 8 own eyes seem$ to be no less ?an ! union ( two ph5om5a1 "o obs]v$ by ,frankl9 9 ! heights ( ! atmosph]e1 ! o!r by ,wal% 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,galvani1 z he himself describes1 proce$$ ) imm5se en?usiasm to inve/igate sy/ematically :at accid5t _h ?us put into 8 h&s4#b ,he want$ fir/ to see :e!r *anges occurr+ naturally 9 ! electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e w\ld call =? ! same reaction 9 8 specim5s4 ,= ?is purpose he fa/5$ "o end ( an iron wire to a po9t high up outside 8 h\se2 ! l[] end he connect$ ) ! n]v\s sub/ance ( a limb f "o ( 8 specim5s1 & to ! foot ( ?is he atta*$ a second wire ^: o!r end he subm]g$ 9 a well4 ,! specim5 itself 0 ei!r enclos$ 9 a glass flask 9 ord] to insulate x1 or simply left ly+ on a table ne> ! well4 ,& all ?is he did :5ev] a ?und]/orm 0 ?reat5+4 ,z he himself report$3 ',all took place z expect$4 ,:5ev] ! lightn+ fla%$1 all ! muscles simultane\sly came into repeat$ & viol5t twit*+s1 s t ! movem5ts ( ! muscles1 l ! fla% ( ! lightn+1 always prec$$ ! ?und]1 & ?us1 z x 71 h]ald$ its com+4' ,we c h "s idea ( :at w5t on 9 ,galvani's m9d dur+ ^! exp]im5ts if we picture vividly to ourselves ! animal limbs twit*+ ab\t e "t ! lightn+ fla%$1 z if a revitaliz+ =ce ( w _h sudd5ly tak5 possession ( !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations - he c>ri$ !m on = a long "t - ,galvani 0 a/oni%$ to obs]ve t "s ( 8 specim5s1 :i* he _h hung on to an iron rail+ by means ( brass hooks1 sometimes fell to twit*+ ev5 :5 ! sky 0 q cle> & !re 0 no sign ( ?und]4 ,8 natural conclusion 0 t ?is mu/ be due to hi!rto unnotic$ electrical *anges 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,obs]vations ma9ta9$ = h\rs e day1 h[ev]1 l$ to no conclusive result2 :5 twit*+s did occur x 0 only ) "s ( ! specim5s1 & ev5 !n !re 0 no discov]able cause4 ,!n x happ5$ "o day t ,galvani1 'tir$ out ) fruitless wat*+'1 took hold ( "o ( ! brass hooks by :i* ! specim5s 7 hung1 & press$ x m /rongly ?an usual aga9/ ! iron rail+4 ,imm$iately a twit*+ took place4 ',i 0 almo/ at ! po9t ( ascrib+ ! occurr5ce to atmosph]ic electricity1' ,galvani tells u4 ,all ! same he took "o ( ! specim5s1 a frog1 into 8 laboratory & !re subject$ x to simil> conditions by putt+ x on an iron plate1 & press+ aga9/ ?is ) ! hook t 0 /uck ?r\gh its sp9al cord4 ,imm$iately ! twit*+ occurr$ aga94 ,he tri$ ) o!r metals &1 = *eck+ purposes1 ) non-metals z well4 ,) "s +5uity he fix$ up an arrangem5t1 r l t ( an electric bell1 :]eby ! limbs 9 contract+ broke contact & 9 relax+ re/or$ x1 & s he manag$ to keep ! frog 9 cont9u\s rhy?mical movem5t4 ,:]eas ,galvani _h be5 rightly conv9c$ by 8 e>li] obs]vations t ! movem5t 9 ! specim5s repres5t$ a reaction to an electric /imulus f outside1 he n[ *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,9 ! v mom5t ( 8 really significant discov]y he succumb$ to ! error t he _h to d ) an effect ( animal electricity locat$ some:]e 9 ! dead creature itself1 p]haps 9 ! fa%ion ( :at _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! electric fi%es4 ,he decid$ t ! metal atta*m5t s]v$ m]ely to set 9 motion ! electricity )9 ! animal4 ,:il/ ,galvani p]si/$ 9 ?is mi/ake until 8 dea?1 ,volta realiz$ t ! s\rce ( ! electric =ce1 z 9 ! fir/ ( ,galvani's obs]vations1 mu/ /ill be s\ght outside ! specim5s1 & himself rightly attribut$ x to ! contact+ metals4 ,guid$ by ?is hypo!sis1 ,volta />t$ sy/ematic rese>* into ! ,galvanic prop]ties ( metals1 & pres5tly succe$$ 9 produc+ electricity once m f purely m9]al sub/ances1 namely f two diff]5t metals 9 contact ) a conductive liquid4 ,?is mode ( produc+ electricity1 h[ev]1 diff]$ f any previ\sly kn[n 9 all[+ = ! fir/ "t ! production ( cont9u\s electrical effects4 ,x is ?is quality ( ! cells & piles con/ruct$ by ,volta t laid op5 ! road = electric =ce to assume t role 9 human civilization :i* we h already describ$4 ,t ,volta himself 0 aw>e ( ?is ess5tially new factor 9 ! ,galvanic production ( electricity is %[n by 8 own report to ! ,royal ,society3 ',! *ief ( my results1 & :i* compreh5ds ne>ly all ! o!rs1 is ! con/ruction ( an app>atus :i* resembles 9 its effects1 viz4 su* z giv+ %ocks to ! arms1 c1 ! ,leyd5 phial1 & /ill bett] electric batt]ies weakly *>g$2 4 4 4 b :i* inf9itely surpasses ! virtue & p[] ( ^! same batt]ies2 z x has no ne$1 l !m1 ( be+ *>g$ be=eh&1 by means ( a =eign electricity2 & z x is capable ( giv+ ! usual commotion z (t5 z ev] x is prop]ly t\*$4' ,:il/ ,volta's success 0 bas$ on avoid+ ,galvani's error1 8 app>atus nev]!less turn$ out inadv]t5tly to be a close c\nt]p>t ( precisely t animal organ :i* ,galvani _h 9 m9d :5 mis9t]pret+ 8 own discov]ies6 ,t ,volta himself realiz$ ?is is cle> f ! conclud+ words 9 8 lett]3 ',?is app>atus1 z x resembles m ! natural organ ( ! torp$o1 or ( ! electrical eel1 ?an ! ,leyd5 ,phial or ! ord9>y electric batt]ies1 ,i may call an artificial electric organ4' ,?is new me?od ( produc+ cont9u\s electrical effects _h f>-rea*+ results1 "o ( :i* 0 ! discov]y ( ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! electric curr5t by ! ,dane1 ,o]/$ - once aga9 a purely accid5tal discov]y1 mov+ directly c\nt] to ! assumptions ( ! discov]] himself4 ,ab\t to leave ! lecture room :]e he _h j be5 try+ to prove ! non-exi/5ce ( su* magnetic prop]ties 7an attempt seem+ly cr[n$ ) success71 ,o]/$ happ5$ to glance once m at 8 demon/ration b5*4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t he notic$ t "o ( 8 magnetic ne$les 0 out ( alignm5t2 evid5tly x 0 attract$ by a magnetic field creat$ by ! curr5t runn+ ?r\gh a wire he _h j be5 us+1 :i* 0 /ill 9 circuit4 ,?us :at _h escap$ ,o]/$ ?r\gh\t 8 plann$ rese>*es - namely1 t ! magnetic =ce :i* accompanies an electric curr5t mu/ be s\ght 9 a direction at "r angles to ! curr5t - a =tuit\s ev5t enabl$ him to detect4 ,^! repeat$ /rokes ( *ance & frequ5tly mi/ak5 int]pretations ( ! ph5om5on ?us detect$ %[ t m5 7 explor+ ! electrical realm z x 7 9 ! d>k2 x 0 a realm =eign to _! ord9>y ideas & !y _h n develop$ ! =ms ( ?\ght necess>y = und]/&+ x4 7,& ?is1 z our fur!r survey w %[1 is /ill true1 ev5 to-day47 ,9 our hi/orical survey we come next to ! rese>*es ( ,f>aday & ,maxwell4 ,f>aday 0 conv9c$ t if electrical processes are accompani$ by magnetic =ces1 z ,o]/$ _h %[n1 ! rev]se mu/ also be true - magnetism mu/ be accompani$ by electricity4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is correct conviction by 8 belief 9 ! qualitative unity ( all ! =ces ( nature - a reflexion1 z 8 biography %[s1 ( 8 /rongly mono!i/ic1 ,old ,te/am5t fai?4 ,precisely ?is view1 h[ev] - :i* s9ce ,f>aday natural sci5ce has q consci\sly adopt$ z a lead+ pr9ciple - w reveal itself to u z a fundam5tal error4 ,x seems p>adoxical to ass]t t ! m consi/5tly human ?\ght has foll[$ ?is error1 ! great] h be5 ! results ( ! sci5tific inve/igation ( electricity4 ,precisely ?is p>adox1 h[ev]1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! realm ( nature to :i* electricity belongs2 & anyone e>ne/ly seek+ to ov]come ! illusions ( our age w h to face ! fact t ! imm$iate effectiv5ess ( an idea 9 practice is no pro( ( its ultimate tru?4 ,ano!r eloqu5t example ( ! /range de/9y ( human ?\ght 9 connexion ) electricity is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,cl>k ,maxwell1 :o1 />t+ f ,f>aday's discov]ies1 gave ! !ory ( electricity its ma!matical basis4 ,along 8 purely !oretical l9e ( ?\ght he 0 l$ to ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( a =m ( electrical activity hi!rto undreamt ( - electro-magnetic vibrations4 ,/imulat$ by ,maxwell's ma!matical conclusions1 ,h]tz & ,m>coni 7 soon aft]w>ds able to demon/rate ^? ph5om5a :i* h l$ on ! "o h& to ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 & on ! o!r to ! practical a*ievem5ts ( wireless communication4 ,once aga91 !re is ! p>adoxical fact t ?is outcome ( ,maxwell's lab\rs contradicts ! v f\ndation on :i* he _h built 8 !oretical edifice4 ,= 8 />t+-po9t _h be5 to =m a picture ( ! electro-magnetic field ( =ce to :i* he c\ld apply c]ta9 well-kn[n =mulae ( me*anics4 ,?is he did by comp>+ ! behavi\r ( ! electrical =ce to ! curr5ts ( an ela/ic fluid - t is1 ( a mat]ial sub/ance4 ,x is true t bo? he & 8 successors rightly emphasiz$ t su* a picture 0 n 9 any way meant z an explanation ( electricity1 b m]ely z an auxili>y concept 9 ! =m ( a purely ext]nal analogy4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 9 ! guise ( a mat]ial fluid t he ?\ght ( ?is =ce1 & t he c\ld submit x to ma!matical calculation4 ,yet ! fact is t f ?is />t+-po9t ! /rict logic ( ma!matics l$ him to ! discov]y t electricity is capable ( behavi\r :i* makes x appe> qualitatively simil> to 444 light6 ,:il/ practical m5 7 turn+ ! "w ( ,f>aday & ,maxwell to acc\nt by exploit+ ! me*anical work+ ( electricity 9 p[]-production1 & its simil>ity to light 9 ! wireless communication ( ?\ght1 a new field ( rese>*1 ) entirely new practical possibilities1 0 sudd5ly op5$ up 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?r\gh ! discov]y ( h[ electricity behaves 9 r>efi$ air4 ,?is br+s u to ! discov]y ( ca?ode rays & ! ph5om5a accompany+ !m1 f :i* ! late/ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity orig9at$4 ,& "h once m1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ,galvani's discov]ies1 we enc\nt] c]ta9 und]curr5ts ( long+ & expectation 9 ! human s\l :i* seem$ to f9d an answ] ?r\gh ?is sudd51 great advance 9 ! k ( electricity - an advance :i* has aga9 l$ to practical applications ( ! utmo/ significance = human society1 ?\gh n at all 9 ! way fir/ hop$ =4 ,int]e/ 9 ! ph5om5a aris+ :5 electricity passes ?r\gh gases ) r$uc$ pressure _h simultane\sly tak5 hold ( sev]al inve/igators 9 ! sev5ties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! decisive /ep 9 ?is sph]e ( rese>* 0 tak5 by ! ,engli% physici/1 ,william ,crookes4 ,he 0 l$ on by a l9e ( ?\ght :i* seems entirely irrelevant2 yet x 0 ?is :i* fir/ direct$ 8 int]e/ to ! peculi> ph5om5a accompany+ ca?ode rays2 & !y prov$ to be ! />t+-po9t ( ! long tra9 ( inquiry :i* has n[ culm9at$ 9 ! release ( atomic en]gy4#c ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 _m int]e/s & activities1 ,crookes 0 fill$ f 8 y\? ) a long+ to f9d by empirical means ! bridge lead+ f ! _w ( physical effects to t ( sup]physical causes4 ,he himself tells h[ ?is long+ 0 awak5$ 9 him by ! loss ( a mu*-belov$ bro!r4 ,be=e ! dead body he came to ! "q1 :i* !reaft] 0 nev] to leave him1 :e!r !re 0 a l& :]e ! human individuality cont9ues aft] x has laid aside its bodily %ea?1 & h[ t l& 0 to be f\nd4 ,see+ t sci5tific rese>* 0 ! in/rum5t :i* mod]n man _h =g$ to p5etrate ?r\gh ! veil ( ext]nal ph5om5a to ! causes produc+ !m1 x 0 natural = ,crookes to turn to x 9 seek+ ! way f ! "o _w into ! o!r4 ,x 0 aft] meet+ ) a man able to produce effects )9 ! corporeal _w by means ( =ces q diff]5t f ^? famili> to sci5ce1 t ,crookes decid$ to devote himself to ?is sci5tific que/4 ,?us he fir/ came into t\* ) t sph]e ( ph5om5a :i* is kn[n z spiritualism1 or p]haps m suitably1 spiritism4 ,crookes n[ f\nd himself be=e a special ord] ( happ5+s :i* seem$ to te/ify to a _w o!r ?an t op5 to our s5ses2 physical matt] "h %[$ itself capable ( movem5t 9 defiance ( gravity1 manife/ations ( light & s\nd appe>$ )\t a physical s\rce to produce !m4 ,?r\gh becom+ famili> ) su* ?+s at seances arrang$ by 8 m$iumi/ic acqua9tance1 he began to hope t he _h f\nd ! way by :i* sci5tific rese>* c\ld ov]/ep ! limits ( ! physical _w4 ,accord+ly1 he ?rew himself eag]ly into ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( 8 new exp]i5ces1 & s became ! fa!r ( mod]n sci5tific spiritism4 ,crookes _h hop$ t ! sci5ti/s ( 8 day w\ld be positively int]e/$ 9 8 rese>*es4 ,b 8 fir/ pap] 9 ?is field1 ',on ,ph5om5a call$ ,spiritual'1 0 at once & almo/ unanim\sly reject$ by 8 colleagues1 & z long z he conc]n$ himself ) su* matt]s he suff]$ ?r\gh _! opposition4 ,x pass$ 8 und]/&+ z a sci5ti/ :y any?+ %\ld be reg>d$ 9 advance z outside ! scope ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( fruitless /ruggle he broke (f 8 inve/igations into spiritism1 deeply disillusion$ at 8 failure to int]e/ (ficial sci5ce 9 x4 ,8 own p>tiality = x cont9u$1 h[ev] 7he s]v$ z ,presid5t ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* f #ahif-i71 & he miss$ no opportunity ( confess+ himself a pione] 9 ! se>* = ! b\nd>y-l& betwe5 ! worlds ( matt] & _s4 ,?r\gh all 8 v>i$ sci5tific "w ! long+ p]si/$ to "k m ( ?is l&4 ,j z ,crookes _h once s\ght to inve/igate spiritism sci5tifically1 s 9 8 subsequ5t sci5tific inquiries he 0 always some?+ ( a spiriti/4 ,he admitt$1 inde$1 t he felt specially attract$ by ! /range light effects aris+ :5 electricity passes ?r\gh r>efi$ gases1 because !y rem9d$ him ( c]ta9 lum9\s ph5om5a he _h obs]v$ dur+ 8 spiriti/ic inve/igations4 ,besides ?is1 !re 0 ! fact t light "h %[$ itself susceptible to ! magnetic =ce 9 a way o!rwise *>act]i/ic only ( c]ta9 mat]ial sub/ances4 ,accord+ly1 ev]y?+ comb9$ to sugge/ to ,crookes t "h1 if any:]e1 he 0 at ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! physical & ! sup]physical worlds4 ,no wond] t he ?rew himself into ! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a ) en?usiasm4 ,he soon succe$$ 9 evok+ /rik+ effects - light & heat1 & also me*anical - along ! pa? ( electricity pass+ invisibly ?r\gh ! tube lat] nam$ aft] him4 ,?us he prov$ = ! fir/ "t visibly1 s to say1 ! d\ble nature - mat]ial & sup]mat]ial - ( electricity4 ,:at ,crookes himself ?\ght ab\t ^! discov]ies 9 ! realm ( ! ca?ode rays we may judge f ! title1 ',radiant ,matt]'1 or ',! ,f\r? ,/ate ( ,matt]'1 :i* he gave to 8 fir/ publication ab\t !m4 ,& s he 0 only be+ consi/5t :51 9 8 lectures be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london1 & ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,%effield 9 #ahgi1 aft] %[+ to an amaz$ sci5tific audi5ce ! newly discov]$ prop]ties ( electricity1 he came to ! climax ( 8 exposition by say+3 ',we h se5 t 9 "s ( its prop]ties ,radiant ,matt] is z mat]ial z ?is table1 :il/ 9 o!r prop]ties x almo/ assumes ! "* ( ,radiant ,en]gy4 ,we h actually t\*$ "h ! bord]l& :]e ,matt] & ,=ce seem to m]ge into "o ano!r1 ! %ad[y realm betwe5 ,kn[n & ,unkn[n1 :i* = me has always _h peculi> temptations4' ,& 9 boldly prophetic words1 :i* "t has p>tly ju/ifi$1 he add$1 ',i v5ture to ?9k t ! greate/ sci5tific problems ( ! future w f9d _! solution 9 ?is ,bord]l&1 & ev5 beyond2 "h1 x seems to me1 lie ,ultimate ,realities1 subtle1 f>-rea*+1 wond]ful4' ,no "o c read ^! words ( ,crookes )\t he>+ aga91 z an und]tone1 ! "q :i* _h =c$ itself on him at ! b$side ( 8 dead bro!r1 long be=e4 ,all t is left ( ! human be+ :om dea? has tak5 is a heap ( sub/ances1 des]t$ by ! =ce :i* _h us$ !m z ! in/rum5t ( its own activity4 ,:i!r vani%es ?is =ce :5 x leaves ! body1 & is !re any possibility ( its reveal+ itself ev5 )\t occupy+ su* a body8 ,/irr$ by ?is "q1 ! "y ,crookes set out to f9d a _w ( =ces :i* diff] f ! usual me*anical ones ex]cis$ by matt] on matt]1 9 t !y are autonom\s1 sup]ior to matt] 9 its in]t conglom]ation1 yet capable ( us+ matt]1 j z ! s\l makes use ( ! body s long z x dwells )9 x4 ,8 aim 0 to secure pro( t su* =ces exi/1 or1 at any rate1 to p5etrate into ! realm :]e ! transition f matt] to pure1 matt]-free =ce takes place4 ,& once aga91 z 9 ,galvani's day1 electricity fasc9at$ ! eyes ( a man :o 0 seek+ = ! l& ( ! s\l4 ,:at spiritism d5i$1 electricity seem$ to grant4 ,! av]sion to spiritism :i* ,crookes met ) 9 contempor>y sci5ce 01 f ! /&po9t ( su* a sci5ce1 l>gely ju/ifi$4 ,sci5ce1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,crookes himself conceiv$ x1 took = grant$ t ! relation%ip ( human consci\sness to ! _w 0 t ( ext]nal onlook+4 ,accord+ly1 if ! sci5ti/ rema9$ )9 ! limits ?us prescrib$ = consci\sness1 x 0 only consi/5t to refuse to make any?+ beyond ^! limits an object ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x says mu* = ! c\rage & op5 m9d$ness ( ,crookes t he refus$ to be held back f :at 0 = him ! only possible way ( ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce beyond ! giv5 physical _w4 ,moreov]1 x 0 only natural t 9 8 se>* = a _w ( a high] ord] ?an ! physical he %\ld1 z a man ( 8 "t1 fir/ turn 8 att5tion to spiriti/ic occurr5ces1 = spiritism1 z x _h come ov] to ,europe f ,am]ica 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 no?+ b an attempt by ! onlook]-consci\sness to le>n some?+ 9 its own way ab\t ! sup]s5sible _w4 ,! spiriti/ expects ! _s to reveal itself 9 outw>dly p]ceptible ph5om5a z if x 7 "p ( ! physical _w4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life ,crookes confess$ t if he 7 able to beg9 aga9 he w\ld pref] to /udy telepa?ic ph5om5a - ! direct transf]5ce ( ?\ght f "o p]son to ano!r - r ?an ! purely me*anical1 or s-call$ telek9etic1 expressions ( psy*ic =ces4 ,b al?\gh 8 int]e/ 0 ?us turn+ t[>ds a m int]ior field ( psy*ic inve/igation1 he rema9$ true to 8 times 9 /ill assum+ t k ab\t ! _w1 :atev] x might be1 c\ld be won only by plac+ oneself z a m]e onlook] outside ! object ( rese>*4 99 ,! /ream ( new discov]ies :i* foll[$ ,crookes's "w ju/ifi$ 8 conviction t 9 ca?ode ray ph5om5a we h to d ) a fronti] region ( physical nature4 ,/ill1 ! l& t lies on ! o!r side ( ?is fronti] is n ! "o ,crookes _h be5 look+ = ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,=1 in/ead ( f9d+ ! way into ! l& :i!r man's s\l disappe>s at dea?1 ,crookes _h inadv]t5tly cross$ ! bord] into ano!r l& - a l& :i* ! tw5tie?-c5tury sci5ti/ is impell$ to call '! c\ntry t is n ours'4 ,! realm ?r[n op5 to sci5ce by ,crookes's obs]vations1 :i* human k n[ ent]$ z if tak+ x by /orm1 0 t ( ! radioactive processes ( ! m9]al /ratum ( ! e>?4 ,_m new & surpris+ prop]ties ( electricity 7 discov]$ !re - yet ! riddle ( electricity itself1 in/ead ( com+ ne>]1 )drew into ev] deep] obscurity4 ,! v fir/ /ep into ?is newly discov]$ t]ritory made ! riddle /ill m bewild]+4 ,z we h said1 ,maxwell's use ( a mat]ial analogy z a means ( =mulat+ ma!matically ! prop]ties ( electro-magnetic fields ( =ce _h l$ to results :i* br\ght electricity into close conjunction ) light4 ,9 8 own way ,crookes focus$1 to beg9 )1 8 att5tion entirely on ! light-l "* ( electric effects 9 a vacuum4 ,x 0 precisely ^! obs]vations1 h[ev]1 z cont9u$ by ,l5>d & o!rs1 :i* pres5tly made x necess>y to see 9 electricity no?+ else ?an a special manife/ation ( in]t mass4 ,! developm5ts lead+ up to ?is /age are rec5t & famili> en\gh to be briefly summ>iz$4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 once m an accid5t1 :5 ,rntg5 7or r "o ( 8 assi/ants7 notic$ t a bun* ( keys1 laid d[n by *ance on top ( an unop5$ box ( photographic plates ne> a ca?ode tube1 _h produc$ an inexplicable %ad[-image ( itself on "o ( ! plates4 ,! ca?ode tube 0 app>5tly giv+ (f "s hi!rto unkn[n type ( radiation1 capable ( p5etrat+ opaque sub/ances4 ,rntg5 0 an exp]im5tali/1 n a !ori/2 8 pupils us$ to say privately t 9 publi%+ ?is discov]y ( ,x-rays he attempt$ a !oretical explanation = ! fir/ & only "t 9 8 life - & got x wrong6 ,h[ev]1 ?is accid5tal discov]y _h f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,x drew att5tion to ! fluoresc5ce ( m9]als plac$ 9 ! ca?ode tube2 ?is inspir$ ,becqu]el to inquire :e!r naturally fluoresc5t sub/ances gave (f any?+ l ,x-rays1 & ev5tually - yet aga9 by accid5t - he came ^u c]ta9 uranium comp\nds4 ,^! 7 f\nd to give (f a radiation simil> to ,x-rays1 & to give x (f naturally & all ! "t4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! ,curies succe$$ 9 isolat+ ! elem5t1 radium1 an elem5t :i* 0 f\nd to be und]go+ a cont9u\s natural dis9tegration4 ,! way 0 n[ cle> = t long s]ies ( exp]im5ts on atomic dis9tegration :i* l$ f9ally to ! splitt+ ( ! nucleus & ! con/ruction ( ! atomic bomb4 99 ,a typical mod]n p>adox em]ges f ^! results4 ,by re/rict+ 8 cognitive p[]s to a field ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! concept ( =ce z an objective reality 0 un?9kable1 man has be5 l$ on a l9e ( practical inve/igation ! pursuit ( :i* 0 b\nd to l& him among/ ! =ce-activities ( ! cosmos4 ,= :at di/+ui%es electric & sub-electric activities f all o!r =ces ( physical nature s f> kn[n to sci5ce1 is t = _! op]ation !y h no ne$ ( ! resi/ance (f]$ by space-b\nd mat]ial bodies2 !y repres5t a _w ( pure dynamics into :i* spatial limitations d n ent]4 ,equally p>adoxical is ! situation ( !oretical ?9k+ 9 face ( t realm ( natural be+ :i* practical rese>* has lately ent]$4 ,we h se5 t ?is ?9k+1 by virtue ( ! consci\sness on :i* x is f\nd$1 is impell$ always to clo! its ideas 9 spatial =m4 ,:]ev] any?+ 9 ! pure spatial adjac5cy ( physical ?+s rema9s inexplicable1 resort is _h to hypo!tical pictures ^: cont5t consi/s once m ( no?+ b spatially ext5d$ & spatially adjac5t items4 ,9 ?is way matt] came to be se5 z consi/+ ( molecules1 molecules ( atoms1 & atoms ( electrons1 protons1 neutrons1 & s =?4 ,9 s f> z sci5tific ?\ght has held to purely spatial conceptions1 x has be5 oblig$ to conc5trate on ev] small] & small] spatial sizes1 s t ! spatially conceiv$ atom-picture has f9ally to reckon ) dim5sions :]e9 ! old concept ( space loses validity4 ,:5 once ?9k+ _h />t$ 9 ?is direction1 x 0 electricity :i* once m gave x ! /ronge/ impulse to g ev5 fur!r along ! same l9es4 ,:]e we h arriv$ along ?is pa? is br\ght out 9 a passage 9 ,edd+ton's ,! ,nature ( ! ,physical ,_w4 ,!re1 aft] describ+ ! mod]n picture ( electrons danc+ r\nd ! atomic nucleus1 he says3 ',?is spectacle is s fasc9at+ t we h p]haps =gott5 t !re 0 a "t :5 we want$ to be told :at an electron is4 ,?is "q 0 nev] answ]$4 ,no famili> conceptions c be wov5 r\nd ! electron2 x belongs to ! wait+ li/4' ,! only ?+ we c say ab\t ! electron1 if we are n to deceive ourselves1 ,edd+ton concludes1 is3 ',some?+ unkn[n is do+ we don't "k :at4'#d ,let u add a fur!r detail f ?is picture ( ! atom1 z giv5 9 ,edd+ton's ,philosophy ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,ref]r+ to ! s-call$ positron1 ! positive p>ticle reg>d$ z ! pol> opposite ( ! negative electron1 he rem>ks3 ',a positron is a hole f :i* an electron has be5 remov$2 x is a bung-hole :i* w\ld be ev5$ up ) its surr\nd+s if an electron 7 ins]t$4 444 ,y w see t ! physici/ all[s himself ev5 great] lib]ty ?an ! sculptor4 ,! sculptor removes mat]ial to obta9 ! =m he desires4 ,! physici/ goes fur!r & adds mat]ial if necess>y - an op]ation :i* he describes z remov+ negative mat]ial4 ,he fills up a bung-hole1 say+ he is remov+ a positron4' ,edd+ton ?us %[s to :at p>adoxical ideas ! sci5ti/ is driv51 :5 ) 8 accu/om$ =ms ( ?\ght he v5tures into regions :]e ! conditions necess>y = su* =ms no long] exi/2 & he concludes 8 rem>ks ) ! foll[+ caution3 ',once aga9 ,i w\ld rem9d y t objective tru? is n ! po9t at issue4' ,by ?is rem9d] ,edd+ton %[s h[ f> sci5ce has reconcil$ itself to ! philosophic scepticism at :i* man's ?9k+ _h arriv$ 9 ! days ( ,hume4 ,9 s f> z ! above rem>k 0 int5d$ to be a consolation = ! bewild]$ /ud5t1 x is poor com=t 9 ! light ( ! actions :i* sci5ce has let loose ) ! help ( ^? unkn[n entities4 ,= x is j ?is resignation ( human ?\ght :i* r5d]s x unable to cope ) ! flood ( ph5om5a spr++ f ! sub-mat]ial realm ( nature1 & has all[$ sci5tific rese>* to outrun sci5tific und]/&+4 #a ,e4 du ,bois-,raymond3 ,inve/igations into ,animal ,electricity 7#ahhd74 ,galvani publi%$ 8 discov]y :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h rea*$ its z5i? & ,napoleon 0 climb+ to p[]4 #b ,! above acc\nt foll[s ,a4 ,j4 von ,oett+5's edition ( ,galvani's monograph1 ,de viribus electricitatis 9 motu muscul>i4 #c ,= :at foll[s see ,! ,life ( ,sir ,william ,crookes1 by ,e4 ,e4 ,f\rni] ,d',albe 7,london1 #aibc74 #d ,edd+ton's italics4 ,see also1 9 ?is respect1 ,pr(essor ,:ite head's criticism ( ! hypo!tical picture ( ! electron & its behavi\r4 ,,"p ,,ii ,goe!anism - ,:5ce & ,:i!r8 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,adv5ture ( ,reason ,9 #agij1 a ye> be=e ,galvani's monograph1 ,conc]n+ ! ,=ces ( ,electricity1 appe>$1 ,goe! publi%$ 8 ,metamorphosis ( ,plants1 :i* repres5ts ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! practical ov]com+ ( ! limitations ( ! onlook]-consci\sness 9 sci5ce4 ,goe!'s pap] 0 n de/9$ to raise su* a /orm z soon foll[$ ,galvani's publication4 ,& yet ! fruit ( ,goe!'s endeav\rs is n less significant ?an ,galvani's discov]y1 = ! progress ( mank9d4 ,= 9 ,goe!'s a*ievem5t lay ! se$ ( t =m ( kn[+ :i* man requires1 if 9 ! age ( ! electrification ( civilization he is to rema9 ma/] ( 8 exi/5ce4 99 ,among ! essays 9 :i* ,goe! 9 lat] ye>s gave out "s ( ! results ( 8 sci5tific obs]vation 9 axiomatic =m1 is "o call$ ',intuitive ,judgm5t' 7',ans*au5de ,urteilskraft'71 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t he has a*iev$ 9 practice :at ,kant _h decl>$ to be = ev] beyond ! scope ( ! human m9d4 ,goe! ref]s to a passage 9 ! ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 :]e ,kant def9es ! limits ( human cognitional p[]s z he _h obs]v$ !m 9 8 /udy ( ! peculi> nature ( ! human reason4 ,we mu/ fir/ g briefly into ,kant's own exposition ( ! matt]4#a ,kant di/+ui%es betwe5 two possible =ms ( reason1 ! intellectus ar*etypus & ! intellectus ectypus4 ,by ! fir/ he means a reason ':i* be+1 n l ours1 discursive1 b intuitive1 proce$s f ! syn!tic univ]sal 7! intuition ( ! :ole z su*7 to ! p>ticul>1 t is1 f ! :ole to ! p>ts'4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 su* a reason lies outside human possibilities4 ,9 contra/ to x1 ! intellectus ectypus peculi> to man is re/rict$ to tak+ 9 ?r\gh ! s5ses ! s+le details ( ! _w z su*2 ) ^! x c c]ta9ly con/ruct pictures ( _! totalities1 b ^! pictures nev] h m ?an a hypo!tical "* & c claim no reality = !mselves4 ,above all1 x is n giv5 to su* a ?9k+ to ?9k ':oles' 9 su* a way t ?r\gh an act ( ?\ght alone ! s+le items conta9$ 9 !m c be conceiv$ z p>ts spr++ f !m by necessity4 7,to illu/rate ?is1 we may say t1 accord+ to ,kant1 we c c]ta9ly compreh5d ! p>ts ( an organism1 say ( a plant1 & out ( its compon5ts make a picture ( ! plant z a :ole2 b we are n 9 a position to ?9k t ':ole' ( ! plant :i* conditions ! exi/5ce ( its organism & br+s =? its p>ts by necessity47 ,kant expresses ?is 9 ! foll[+ way3 ',= ext]nal objects z ph5om5a an adequate gr\nd relat$ to purposes _c be met )2 ?is1 al?\gh x lies 9 nature1 mu/ be s\ght only 9 ! sup]s5sible sub/rata ( nature1 f all possible insight into :i* we are cut (f4 ,our und]/&+ has !n ?is peculi>ity z conc]ns ! judgm5t1 t 9 cognitive und]/&+ ! p>ticul> is n det]m9$ by ! univ]sal & _c !re=e be d]iv$ f x4' ,! attempt to prove :e!r or n ano!r =m ( reason ?an ?is 7! intellectus ar*etypus7 is possible - ev5 ?\gh decl>$ to be beyond man - ,kant reg>d$ z sup]flu\s1 because ! fact 0 en\gh = him 't we are l$ to ! ,idea ( x - :i* conta9s no contradiction - 9 contra/ to our discursive und]/&+1 :i* has ne$ ( images 7intellectus ectypus71 & to ! cont+5cy ( its con/itution'4 ,kant "h br+s =w>d two reasons :y x is p]missible to conceive ( ! exi/5ce ( an extra-human1 ar*etypal reason4 ,on ! "o h& he admits t ! exi/5ce ( our own reason 9 its pres5t condition is ( a cont+5t ord]1 & ?us does n exclude ! possible exi/5ce ( a reason diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he all[s t we c ?9k ( a =m ( reason :i* 9 e respect is ! opposite ( our own1 )\t meet+ any logical inconsi/5cy4 ,f ^! def9itions em]ges a conception ( ! prop]ties ( man's cognitional p[]s :i* agrees exactly ) ^? on :i*1 z we h se51 ,hume built up 8 :ole philosophy4 ,bo? all[ to ! reason a k-mat]ial consi/+ only ( pictures - t is1 ( pictures evok$ 9 consci\sness ?r\gh s5se-p]ception1 & receiv$ by x f ! out] _w 9 ! =m ( disconnect$ units1 :il/ d5y+ x all p[]s1 z ,hume express$ x1 ev] 'to p]ceive any real connections betwe5 di/9ct exi/5ces'4 ,?is agreem5t betwe5 ,kant & ,hume mu/ at fir/ sight surprise u1 :5 we recall t1 z already m5tion$1 ,kant work$ out 8 philosophy precisely to protect ! cogniz+ be+ ( man f ! consequ5ces ( ,hume's ?\ght4 ,=1 z he himself said1 x 0 8 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,hume's ,treatise t 'r\s$ him out ( 8 dogmatic slumb]' & oblig$ him to reflect on ! f\ndations ( human kn[+4 ,we %all und]/& ?is app>5t p>adox1 h[ev]1 if we take x z a symptom ( humanity's close imprisonm5t 9 rec5t c5turies )9 ! limits ( its onlook]-consci\sness4 ,9 8 /ruggle aga9/ ,hume1 ,kant 0 n conc]n$ to *all5ge 8 oppon5t's def9ition ( man's reason+ p[]4 ,8 sole object 0 to %[ t1 if "o accept$ ?is def9ition1 "o mu/ n g z f> z ,hume 9 ! application ( ?is p[]4 ,all t ,kant c\ld aspire to d 0 to protect ! e?ical f attack by ! intellectual "p ( man1 & to d ?is by prov+ t ! =m] belongs to a _w into :i* ! latt] has no access4 ,= ) 8 w man belongs to a _w ( purposeful do+1 :]eas ! reason1 z our quotations h %[n1 is incapable ev5 9 obs]v+ ext]nal nature1 ( compreh5d+ ! :oles )9 nature :i* det]m9e natural ends4 ,/ill less c x d ?is 9 reg>d to man1 a be+ :o 9 8 actions is integrat$ into high] purposes4 ,kant's de$ is significant 9 t x correctly drew att5tion to t pol> division 9 human nature :i*1 aft] all1 0 already e/abli%$ 9 ,kant's own "t4 ,kant demon/rat$ also t to w9 insight into ! e?ical nature ( man ) ! aid ( ! isolat$ intellect alone impli$ a trespass beyond p]missible limits4 ,9 ord] to give ! do+ "p ( ! human be+ its necess>y an*orage1 h[ev]1 ,kant assign$ x to a moral _w-ord] entirely ext]nal to man1 to :i* x c\ld be prop]ly relat$ only ?r\gh ob$i5t submission4 ,9 ?is way ,kant became ! philosoph] ( t division betwe5 k & fai? :i* to ?is day is upheld 9 bo? ! ecclesia/ical & sci5tific sph]es ( our civilization4 ,nev]!less1 he did n succe$ 9 safegu>d+ humanity f ! consequ5ces ( ,hume's philosophy2 = man _c live indef9itely 9 ! belief t ) ! two p>ts ( 8 own be+ he is b\nd up ) two mutually unrelat$ worlds4 ,! "t :5 ?is 0 feasible is already ov]1 z may be se5 f ! fact t ev] great] masses ( m5 wi% to det]m9e _! behavi\r accord+ to _! own ideas1 & z !y see no alt]native 9 ! civilization ar\nd !m b to =m ideas by means ( ! discursive reason :i* inevitably leads to agno/icism1 !y det]m9e _! actions accord+ly4 ,mean:ile1 ! e?ical life z view$ by ,kant accord+ly %r9ks ev] fur!r into a p[]less1 hole-&-corn] exi/5ce4 99 ,x is ,goe!'s m]it to h fir/ %[n t !re is a way out ( ?is impasse4 ,he _h no ne$ to argue !oretically ) ,kant z to ! ju/ification ( d5y+ man any p[] ( und]/&+ ap>t f ! discursive1 & ( leav+ ! faculty ( intuitive k to a div9ity some:]e outside ! _w ( man4 ,= ,goe! 0 8 own witness t ,kant 0 mi/ak5 9 reg>d+ man's pres5t condition z 8 la/+ nature4 ,let u he> h[ he expresses himself on ?is fact at ! beg9n+ ( 8 essay writt5 z an answ] to ,kant's /atem5t3 ',x is true1 ! au?or "h seems to be po9t+ to an intellect n human b div9e4 ,& yet1 if 9 ! moral sph]e we are suppos$ to lift ourselves up to a high] region ?r\gh fai? 9 ,god1 ,virtue & ,immortality1 s draw+ ne>] to ! ,primal ,be+1 :y %\ld x n be likewise 9 ! intellectual8 ,by contemplation 7,ans*au57 ( an ev]-creative nature1 may we n make ourselves wor?y to be spiritual %>]s 9 h] productions8 ,i at fir/1 l$ by an inn] urge t w\ld n re/1 _h q unconsci\sly be5 seek+ = ! realm ( ,type & ,ar*etype1 & my attempt _h be5 rew>d$3 ,i _h be5 able to build up a description1 9 con=mity ) ,nature h]self4 ,n[ !re=e no?+ m c\ld h9d] me f brav+ :at ! ,old ,man ( ! ,k+'s ,hill#b himself calls ! ,adv5ture ( ,reason4' ,goe! />t$ f ! conviction t our s5ses z well z our intellect are gifts ( nature1 & t1 if at any giv5 mom5t !y prove incapable ?r\gh _! collaboration ( solv+ a riddle ( nature1 we mu/ ask h] to help u to develop ?is collaboration adequately4 ,?us !re 0 no "q = him ( any re/riction ( s5se-p]ception 9 ord] to br+ ! latt] 9 l9e ) ! exi/+ p[] ( ! intellect1 b r to le>n to make an ev] full] use ( ! s5ses & to br+ our intellect into l9e ) :at !y tell4 ',! s5ses d n deceive1 b ! judgm5t deceives'1 is "o ( 8 basic utt]ances conc]n+ _! respective roles 9 our que/ = k & und]/&+4 ,z to ! s5ses !mselves1 he 0 sure t '! human be+ is adequately equipp$ = all true e>?ly requirem5ts if he tru/s 8 s5ses1 & s develops !m z to make !m wor?y ( tru/'4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 ! /atem5t t we h to tru/ our s5ses1 & t we h to develop !m to make !m tru/wor?y4 ,=1 'nature speaks upw>ds to ! kn[n s5ses ( man1 d[nw>ds to unkn[n s5ses ( 8'4 ,goe!'s pa? 0 aim$ at wak5+ faculties1 bo? p]ceptual & conceptual1 :i* lay dormant 9 himself4 ,8 exp]i5ce %[$ him t 'e process 9 nature1 rightly obs]v$1 wak5s 9 u a new organ ( cognition'4 ,"r obs]vation1 9 ?is respect1 consi/$ 9 a =m ( contemplat+ nature :i* he call$ a 're-creat+ 7creat+ 9 ! wake7 ( an ev]-creative nature' 7,na*s*aff5 e9] imm] s*aff5d5 ,natur74 99 ,we %\ld d ,goe! an inju/ice if we measur$ ! value ( 8 sci5tific "w by ! am\nt ( factual k he contribut$ to "o or o!r sph]e ( rese>*4 ,al?\gh ,goe! did br+ _m new ?+s to light1 z has be5 duly recogniz$ 9 ! sci5tific fields conc]n$1 x _c be ga9said t o!r sci5ti/s 9 8 own day1 work+ along ! usual l9es1 f> exce$$ 8 total ( discov]ies4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t1 z critics h po9t$ out1 he occasionally w5t a/ray 9 report+ 8 obs]vations4 ,^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 d n det]m9e ! value or o!rwise ( 8 sci5tific lab\rs4 ,8 "w draws its significance n s mu* f ! ':at'1 to use a ,goe!an expression1 z f ! 'h[' ( 8 obs]vations1 t is1 f 8 way ( inve/igat+ nature4 ,hav+ once develop$ ?is me?od 9 ! field ( plant obs]vation1 ,goe! 0 able1 ) its aid1 to e/abli% a new view ( animal nature1 to lay ! basis = a new meteorology1 &1 by creat+ 8 !ory ( light & col\r1 to provide a model = a rese>* 9 ! field ( physics1 free f onlook]-re/rictions4 ,9 ! sci5tific "w ( ,goe! 8 botanical /udies h a special place4 ,z a liv+ organism1 ! plant is involv$ 9 an endless process ( becom+4 ,x %>es ?is *>act]i/ic1 ( c\rse1 ) ! high] creatures ( nature1 & yet betwe5 x & !m !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,:]eas 9 animal & man a consid]able "p ( ! life-processes conceal !mselves )9 ! organism1 9 ord] to provide a basis = inn] s\l processes1 ! plant br+s its inn] life into direct & total out] manife/ation4 ,h5ce ! plant1 bett] ?an any?+1 c\ld become ,goe!'s fir/ tea*] 9 8 ex]cise ( re-creat+ nature4 ,x is = ! same reason t we %all "h use ! plant = introduc+ ,goe!'s me?od4 ,! foll[+ exposition1 h[ev]1 does n aim at r5d]+ 9 detail ,goe!'s own botanical rese>*es1 exp\nd$ by him 9 two ext5sive essays1 ,morphology & ,! ,metamorphosis ( ,plants1 z well z 9 a s]ies ( small] writ+s4 ,!re are sev]al excell5t translations ( ! *ief pap]1 ! ,metamorphosis1 f :i* ! ,engli%-speak+ read] c d]ive suffici5t insight into ,goe!'s way ( express+ 8 ideas2 a pleasure z well z a pr(it :i* he %\ld n d5y himself4 ,our own way ( proc$ure w h to be su* t ,goe!'s me?od1 & its fruitfulness = ! g5]al advance ( sci5ce1 come z cle>ly z possible into view4#c ,botanical details w be ref]r$ to only z f> z seems necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,! data = obs]vation1 f :i* 9 ,goe!'s own fa%ion we %all />t1 h be5 select$ z be/ = our purpose1 q indep5d5tly ( ! data us$ by ,goe! himself4 ,our *oice 0 det]m9$ by ! mat]ial available :5 ^! pages 7 be+ writt54 ,! read] is free to supplem5t our /udies by 8 own obs]vation ( o!r plants4 99 ,plates ,,ii & ,,iii %[ two s]ies ( leaves :i* are s arrang$ z to repres5t def9ite /ages 9 ! gr[?-process ( ! plant conc]n$4 ,9 ea* sequ5ce %[n ! leaves h be5 tak5 f a s+le plant1 9 :i* ea* leaf-=m 0 repeat$1 p]haps sev]al times1 be=e x pass$ ov] into ! next /age4 ,! leaves on ,plate ,,ii come f a ,sidalcea 7( ! mall[ family71 ^? on ,plate ,,iii f a ,delph9ium4 ,we w describe ! =ms 9 sequ5ce1 s t we may grasp z cle>ly z possible ! transition f "o to ano!r z pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,/>t+ ) ! "r-h& leaf at ! bottom ( ,plate ,,ii1 we let our eye & m9d be impress$ by its *>act]i/ic =m1 seek+ to take hold ( ! patt]n aft] :i* x is %ap$4 ,its edge be>s num]\s incisions ( v>y+ dep?s :i*1 h[ev]1 d n di/urb ! r\ndness ( ! leaf z a :ole4 ,if we re-create 9 our imag9ation ! 'becom+' ( su* a leaf1 t is1 its gradual gr[? 9 all directions1 we receive an impression ( ^! incisions z 'negative' =ms1 because1 at ! po9ts :]e !y occur1 ! multiplication ( ! cells result+ f ! g5]al gr[? has be5 ret>d$4 ,we obs]ve t ?is hold+ back foll[s a c]ta9 ord]4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! next leaf on ! same plate & obs]ve t1 :il/ ! initial plan is fai?fully ma9ta9$1 ! ratio betwe5 ! positive & negative =ms has *ang$4 ,a numb] ( incisions1 h>dly yet indicat$ 9 ! fir/ leaf1 h become q conspicu\s4 ,! leaf beg9s to look z if x 7 break+ up into a numb] ( subdivisions4 ,9 ! next leaf we f9d ?is process /ill fur!r advanc$4 ,! l>ge incisions h almo/ rea*$ ! c5tre1 :ile a numb] ( small] ones at ! p]iph]y h also gr[n deep] into ! leaf4 ,! basic plan ( ! total leaf is /ill ma9ta9$1 b ! negative =ms h s f> got ! upp] h& t ! orig9al r\ndness is no long] obvi\s4 ,! la/ leaf %[s ! process 9 its extreme degree4 ,z we glance back & along ! :ole s]ies ( developm5t1 we recognize t ! =m ( ! la/ leaf is already indicat$ 9 t ( ! fir/4 ,x appe>s z if ! =m has gradually come to ! =e ?r\gh c]ta9 =ces :i* h increas+ly prev5t$ ! leaf f fill+ 9 ! :ole ( its gr\nd-plan ) matt]4 ,9 ! la/ leaf ! common plan is /ill visible 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ve9s1 b ! fle%y "p ( ! leaf has become re/rict$ to n>r[ /rips along ^! ve9s4 ,! metamorphosis ( ! delph9ium leaf 7,plate ,,iii7 is ( a diff]5t "*4 ,"h ! plant beg9s ) a highly elaborate =m ( ! leaf1 :ile 9 ! end no?+ rema9s b ! b>e/ indication ( x4 ,! impression receiv$ f ?is s]ies ( leaves is t ( a gradual )drawal ( ! magnific5t =m1 reveal$ 9 its fullness only 9 ! fir/ leaf4 ,a m int5se impression ( :at ^! metamorphoses actually mean is a*iev$ by alt]+ our mode ( contemplation 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,aft] repeat$ & c>eful obs]vation ( ! diff]5t =ms on ei!r ( ! plates1 we build up inw>dly1 z a memory picture1 ! %ape ( ! fir/ leaf1 & !n trans=m ?is m5tal image successively into ! images ( ! ensu+ =ms until we rea* ! f9al /age4 ,! same process c also be tri$ retrogressively1 & s repeat$ =w>d & backw>d4 ,?is is h[ ,goe! /udi$ ! do+ ( ! plant1 & x is by ?is me?od t he discov]$ ! spiritual pr9ciple ( all plant life1 & succe$$ also 9 ?r[+ a fir/ light on ! inn] life-pr9ciple ( animals4 99 ,we *ose ! trans=mation ( leaf =ms into "o ano!r z ! />t+-po9t ( our obs]vations1 because ! pr9ciple ( metamorphosis appe>s "h 9 a mo/ conspicu\s mann]4 ,?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to ?is "p ( ! plant's organism4 ,9 fact1 all ! diff]5t organs :i* ! plant produces )9 its life cycle - foliage1 calyx1 corolla1 organs ( f]tilization1 fruit & se$ - are metamorphoses ( "o & ! same organ4 ,man has long le>nt to make use ( ?is law ( metamorphosis 9 ! plant = :at is call$ d\bl+ ! fl[] ( a c]ta9 species4 ,su* a fl[] cr[ds _m additional petals )9 its orig9al circle1 & ^! petals are no?+ b metamorphos$ /am5s2 ?is1 = in/ance1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wild & ! cultivat$ rose4 ,! multitude ( petals 9 ! latt] is obta9$ by ! trans=mation ( a numb] ( ! =m]'s innum]able /am5s4 7,note ! int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! two1 (t5 f\nd inside ! fl[] ( su* plants47 ,?is fall+ back f ! /age ( an organ ( f]tilization to t ( a petal %[s t ! plant is capable ( regressive metamorphosis1 & we may conclude f ?is t 9 ! normal sequ5ce ! diff]5t organs are trans=m$ f "o ano!r by way ( progressive metamorphosis4 ,x is evid5t t ! regressive type occurs only z an abnormality1 or z a result ( artificial cultivation4 ,plants once br\ght into ?is condition frequ5tly %[ a g5]al /ate ( unre/1 s t o!r organs also are incl9$ to fall back to a l[] level4 ,?us we may come across a rose1 an out] petal ( :i* appe>s 9 ! =m ( a leaf ( ! calyx 7sepal71 or "o ( ! sepals is f\nd to h gr[n into an ord9>y rose leaf4 ,we n[ ext5d our m5tal ex]cise to ! plant's :ole organism4 ,by a simil> m5tal ef=t z appli$ to ! leaf-=mations we /rive to build up a complete plant4 ,we />t ) ! se$1 f :i* we fir/ imag9e ! cotyl$ons unfold+1 lett+ ?is be foll[$ by ! gradual developm5t ( ! entire gre5 "p ( ! plant1 its /em & leaves1 until ! f9al leaves *ange into ! sepals ( ! calyx4 ,^! aga9 we turn into ! petals ( ! fl[]1 until via pi/il & /am5s ! fruit & se$ are =m$4 ,by pursu+ 9 ?is way ! liv+ do+ ( ! plant f /age to /age we become aw>e ( a significant rhy?m 9 its total life cycle4 ,?is1 :5 fir/ discov]$ by ,goe!1 gave him ! key to an und]/&+ ( nature's g5]al proc$ure 9 build+ liv+ organisms1 & 9 ma9ta9+ life 9 !m4 ,! plant cle>ly divides into ?ree major p>ts3 fir/ly1 ! "o t ext5ds f ! cotyl$ons to ! calyx1 ! gre5 "p ( ! plant1 t is1 :]e ! life pr9ciple is mo/ active2 secondly1 ! "o compris+ ! fl[] itself ) ! organs ( f]tilization1 :]e ! vitality ( ! plant gives way to o!r pr9ciples2 & la/ly1 ! fruit & se$1 :i* are de/9$ to be dis*>g$ f ! "m organism4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree conta9s two k9ds ( organs3 fir/1 organs ) ! t5d5cy to gr[ into wid?-leaf1 fl[] & fruit2 second1 organs :i* are outw>dly small] & simpl]1 b h ! function ( prep>+ ! decisive leaps 9 ! plant's developm5t3 ^! are ! calyx1 ! /am5s1 etc41 & ! se$4 ,9 ?is succession1 ,goe! recogniz$ a c]ta9 rhy?m ( expansion & contraction1 & he f\nd t ! plant passes ?r\gh x ?ree times dur+ any "o cycle ( its life4 ,9 ! foliage ! plant exp&s1 9 ! calyx x contracts2 x exp&s aga9 9 ! fl[] & contracts 9 ! pi/il & /am5s2 f9ally1 x exp&s 9 ! fruit & contracts 9 ! se$4 ,! deep] mean+ ( ?is ?reefold rhy?m w become cle> :5 we consid] x aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( :at we obs]v$ 9 ! metamorphosis ( ! leaf4 ,take ! mall[ leaf2 its metamorphosis %[s a /ep-wise progression f co>s] to f9] =ms1 :]eby ! *>act]i/ic plan ( ! leaf comes m & m into view1 s t 9 ! topmo/ leaf x rea*es a c]ta9 /age ( p]fection4 ,n[ we obs]ve t 9 ! calyx ?is /age is n improv$ on1 b t ! plant recurs to a mu* simpl] =mation4 ,:il/ 9 ! case ( ! mall[ ! )drawal f ! /age ( ! leaf into t ( ! calyx occurs ) a sudd5 leap1 we obs]ve t ! delph9ium p]=ms ?is process by degrees4 ,:il/ ! mall[ rea*es ! highly elaborate =m ( ! leaf only 9 ! f9al /age1 ! delph9ium leaps =? at ! outset1 z x 71 ) ! fully accompli%$ leaf1 & !n protracts its )drawal into ! calyx ov] a numb] ( /eps1 s t ?is process c be wat*$ ) our v eyes4 ,9 ?is type ( metamorphosis ! la/ leaf b5ea? ! calyx %[s a =m t diff]s little f t ( a calyx itself1 ) its simple sepals4 ,only 9 its g5]al geometrical arrangem5t does x /ill rem9d u ( ! orig9al patt]n4 ,9 a case l ?is1 ! /em-leaves1 to use ,goe!'s expression1 's(tly /eal into ! calyx /age'4#d ,9 ! topmo/ leaf ! plant has already a*iev$ some?+ :i*1 along ! o!r l9e ( metamorphosis1 is tackl$ only aft] ! leaf plan itself has be5 gradually execut$4 ,9 ?is case ! calyx /age1 we may say1 is atta9$ at "o leap4 ,:atev] type ( metamorphosis is foll[$ by a plant 7& !re are o!rs z well1 s t we may ev5 speak ( metamorphoses betwe5 diff]5t types ( metamorphosis67 !y all obey ! same basic rule1 namely1 t be=e proce$+ to ! next high] /age ( ! cycle1 ! plant sacrifices some?+ already a*iev$ 9 a prec$+ "o4 ,beh9d ! inconspicu\s %ea? ( ! calyx we see ! plant prep>+ itself = a new creation ( an entirely diff]5t ord]4 ,z successor to ! leaf1 ! fl[] appe>s to u "t & aga9 z a miracle4 ,no?+ 9 ! l[] realm ( ! plant pr$icts ! =m1 col\r1 sc5t & all ! o!r prop]ties ( ! new organ produc$ at ?is /age4 ,! complet$ leaf1 prec$+ ! plant's )drawal into ! calyx1 repres5ts a triumph ( /ructure ov] matt]4 ,n[1 9 ! fl[]1 matt] is ov]come to a /ill high] degree4 ,x is z if ! mat]ial sub/ance "h becomes transp>5t1 s t :at is immat]ial 9 ! plant may %9e ?r\gh its out] surface4 99 ,9 ?is 'climb+ up ! spiritual ladd]' ,goe! le>n$ to recognize "o ( nature's basic pr9ciples4 ,he t]m$ x ,/eig]ung 7height5+74 ,?us he saw ! plant develop ?r\gh ,metamorphosis & ,height5+ t[>ds its consummation4 ,implicit 9 ! second ( ^! two pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 !re is yet ano!r natural pr9ciple = :i* ,goe! did n co9 a specific t]m1 al?\gh he %[s ?r\gh o!r utt]ances t he 0 well aw>e ( x1 & ( its univ]sal significance = all life4 ,we propose to call x "h ! pr9ciple ( ,r5unciation4 ,9 ! life ( ! plant ?is pr9ciple %[s itself mo/ conspicu\sly :]e ! gre5 leaf is height5$ into ! fl[]4 ,:ile progress+ f leaf to fl[] ! plant und]goes a decisive ebb 9 its vitality4 ,comp>$ ) ! leaf1 ! fl[] is a dy+ organ4 ,?is dy+1 h[ev]1 is ( a k9d we may aptly call a 'dy+ into be+'4 ,life 9 its m]e vegetative =m is "h se5 )draw+ 9 ord] t a high] manife/ation ( ! _s may take place4 ,! same pr9ciple c be se5 at "w 9 ! insect k+dom1 :5 ! cat]pill>'s trem5d\s vitality passes ov] into ! %ort-liv$ beauty ( ! butt]fly4 ,9 ! human be+ x is responsible = t metamorphosis ( organic processes :i* occurs on ! pa? f ! metabolic to ! n]v\s sy/em1 & :i* we came to recognize z ! precondition = ! appe>ance ( consci\sness )9 ! organism4 ,:at p[]ful =ces mu/ be at "w 9 ! plant organism at ?is po9t ( transition f its gre5 to its col\r$ p>ts6 ,!y en=ce a complete halt ^u ! juices t rise up "r into ! calyx1 s t ^! br+ no?+ ( _! life-be>+ activity into ! =mation ( ! fl[]1 b und]go a complete transmutation1 n gradually1 b ) a sudd5 leap4 ,aft] a*iev+ its ma/]piece 9 ! fl[]1 ! plant once m goes ?r\gh a process ( )drawal1 ?is "t into ! t9y organs ( f]tilization4 7,we %all return lat] to ?is ess5tial /age 9 ! life cycle ( ! plant1 & %all !n cle> up ! mis9t]pretation put ^u x ev] s9ce sci5tific biology began47 ,aft] f]tilization1 ! fruit beg9s to swell2 once m ! plant produces an organ ) a m or less conspicu\s spatial ext5sion4 ,?is is foll[$ by a f9al & extreme contraction 9 ! =m+ ( ! se$ inside ! fruit4 ,9 ! se$ ! plant gives up all out] appe>ance to su* a degree t no?+ seems to rema9 b a small1 insignificant speck ( organiz$ matt]4 ,yet ?is t9y1 inconspicu\s ?+ be>s 9 x ! p[] ( br++ =? a :ole new plant4 ,9 ^! ?ree successive rhy?ms ( expansion & contraction ! plant reveals to u ! basic rule ( its exi/5ce4 ,dur+ ea* expansion1 ! active pr9ciple ( ! plant presses =? into visible appe>ance2 dur+ ea* contraction x )draws f out] embodim5t into :at we may describe z a m or less pure /ate ( be+4 ,we ?us f9d ! spiritual pr9ciple ( ! plant engag$ 9 a k9d ( brea?+ rhy?m1 n[ appe>+1 n[ disappe>+1 n[ assum+ p[] ov] matt]1 n[ )draw+ f x aga94 ,9 ! fully develop$ plant ?is rhy?m repeats itself ?ree times 9 succession & at ev] high] levels1 s t ! plant1 9 climb+ f /age to /age1 ea* "t goes ?r\gh a process ( )drawal be=e appe>+ at ! next4 ,! great] ! creative p[] requir$ at a c]ta9 /age1 ! m ne>ly complete mu/ be ! )drawal f out] appe>ance4 ,?is is :y ! mo/ extreme )drawal ( ! plant into ! /ate ( be+ takes place 9 ! se$1 :5 ! plant prep>es itself = its transition f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,ev5 e>li]1 ! fl[] /&s t[>ds ! leaves z some?+ l a new g5]ation spr++ f ! small organ ( ! calyx1 z does ! fruit to ! fl[] :5 x arises f ! t9y organs ( reproduction4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 no?+ appe>s outw>dly s unlike ! actual plant z ! little se$ :i*1 at ! exp5se ( all appe>ance1 has ! p[] to r5ew ! :ole cycle4 ,?r\gh /udy+ ! plant 9 ?is way ,goe! grew aw>e also ( ! significance ( ! nodes & eyes :i* ! plant develops z po9ts :]e its vital en]gy is specially conc5trat$2 n only ! se$1 b ! eye also1 is capable ( produc+ a new1 complete plant4 ,9 ea* ( ^! eyes1 =m$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 ! p[] ( ! plant is pres5t 9 its entirety1 v mu* z 9 ea* s+le se$4 ,9 o!r ways1 too1 ! plant %[s its capacity to act z a :ole at v>i\s places ( its organism4 ,o!rwise1 no plant c\ld be propagat$ by cutt+s2 9 any little twig cut f a p>5t plant1 all ! manifold =ces op]ative 9 ! ga!r+1 transmut+1 =m+ ( matt]1 t are necess>y = ! production ( root1 leaf1 fl[]1 fruit1 etc41 are pot5tially pres5t1 ready to leap into action provid$ we give x suitable out] conditions4 ,o!r plants1 su* z glox9ia & begonia1 are kn[n to h ! p[] ( br++ =? a new1 complete plant f ea* ( _! leaves4 ,f a small cut appli$ to a ve9 9 a leaf1 :i* is !n emb$d$ 9 e>?1 a root w soon be se5 spr++ d[nw>d1 & a /alk ) leaves ris+ upw>d4 ,a p>ticul> obs]vation made by ,goe! 9 ?is respect is ( int]e/ = me?odological reasons4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 treatise ,metamorphosis ( ,plants1 :5 ref]r+ to ! regressive metamorphosis ( /am5s into petals z an example ( an irregul> metamorphosis1 he rem>ks t 'exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d ( metamorphosis w enable u to disclose :at is hidd5 f u 9 ! regul> way ( developm5t1 & to see cle>ly & visibly :at we %\ld o!rwise only be able to inf]'4 ,9 ?is rem>k ,goe! expresses a tru? t is valid 9 _m sph]es ( life1 bo? human & natural4 ,x is frequ5tly a pa?ological ab]ration 9 an organic entity t all[s u to see 9 physical appe>ance ?+s t d n come outw>dly to ! =e 9 ! m balanc$ condition ( normal developm5t1 al?\gh !y are equally "p ( ! regul> organic process4 ,an enlight5+ exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d came to ,goe!'s aid :5 "o day he happ5$ to see a 'prolif]at$' rose 7dur*gewa*s5e ,rose71 t is1 a rose f ^: c5tre a :ole new plant _h sprung4 ,in/ead ( ! contract$ se$-pod1 ) ! atta*$1 equally contract$1 organs ( f]tilization1 !re appe>$ a cont9uation ( ! /alk1 half r$ & half gre51 be>+ 9 succession a numb] ( small r$di% petals ) traces ( an!rs4 ,?orns c\ld be se5 appe>+ fur!r up1 petals half-turn$ into leaves1 & ev5 a numb] ( fre% nodes f :i* little imp]fect fl[]s 7 budd+4 ,! :ole ph5om5on1 9 all its irregul>ity1 0 "o m pro( = ,goe! t ! plant 9 its totality is pot5tially pres5t at ea* po9t ( its organism4#e 99 ,goe!'s obs]vation ( ! s+le plant 9 /atu ag5di _h tra9$ him to recognize ?+s ( q diff]5t out] appe>ance z id5tical 9 _! inn] nature4 ,leaf1 sepal1 petal1 etc41 mu* z !y diff] outw>dly1 yet %[$ !mselves to him z manife/ations ( "o & ! same spiritual ar*etype4 ,8 idea ( ,metamorphosis enabl$ him to r$uce :at 9 out] appe>ance seems incompatibly diff]5t to its common =mative pr9ciple4 ,8 next /ep 0 to obs]ve ! diff]5t appe>ances ( "o & ! same species 9 diff]5t regions ( ! e>?1 & ?us to wat* ! capacity ( ! species to respond 9 a completely flexible way to ! v>i\s climatic conditions1 yet )\t conceal+ its inn] id5tity 9 ! v>y+ out] =ms4 ,8 travels 9 ,switz]l& & ,italy gave him opportunity = su* obs]vations1 & 9 ! ,alp9e regions especially he 0 delight$ at ! v>iations 9 ! species :i* he already knew s well f 8 home 9 ,weim>4 ,he saw _! proportions1 ! di/ances betwe5 ! s+le p>ts1 ! degree ( lignification1 ! int5sity ( col\r1 etc41 v>y+ ) ! v>i$ conditions1 yet nev] conceal+ ! id5tity ( ! species4 ,hav+ once advanc$ 9 8 inve/igations f metamorphosis 9 ! p>ts ( ! s+le plant to metamorphosis among diff]5t repres5tatives ( s+le plant species1 ,goe! _h to take only "o fur!r1 entirely decisive1 /ep 9 ord] to recognize h[ e memb] ( ! plant k+dom is ! manife/ation ( a s+le =mative pr9ciple common to !m all4 ,he 0 ?us fac$ ) ! mom5t\s task ( prep>+ 8 _s to ?9k an idea f :i* ! plant _w 9 its entire v>iety c\ld be d]iv$4 ,goe! did n take su* a /ep easily1 = x 0 "o ( 8 sci5tific pr9ciples nev] to ?9k out an idea prematurely4 ,he 0 well aw>e t he :o aspires to recognize & to express 9 idea ! _s :i* reveals itself ?r\gh ! ph5om5a ( ! s5se-_w mu/ develop ! art ( wait+ - ( wait+1 h[ev]1 9 a way int5sely active1 :]eby "o looks aga9 & yet aga91 until :at "o looks at beg9s to speak & ! day at la/ dawns :51 ?r\gh tireless 're-creation ( an ev]-creat+ nature'1 "o has gr[n ripe to express h] secrets op5ly4 ,goe! 0 a ma/] 9 ?is art ( active wait+4 99 ,x 0 9 ! v ye> t ,galvani1 ?r\gh 8 *ance discov]y1 op5$ ! way to ! ov]:elm+ invasion ( mank9d by ! purely physical =ces ( nature1 t ,goe! came cle>ly to see t he _h a*iev$ ! goal ( 8 lab\rs4 ,we c =m "s picture ( ! decisive act 9 ! drama ( 8 seek+ & f9d+ f lett]s writt5 dur+ ! ye>s #aghe-g4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aghe he writes to a fri5d 9 a way t %[s him fully aw>e ( 8 new me?od ( /udy+ nature1 :i* he recogniz$ 0 a read+ ( h] ph5om5a3 ',i c't tell y h[ ! ,book ( ,nature is becom+ readable to me4 ,my long practice 9 spell+ has help$ me2 x n[ sudd5ly works1 & my quiet joy is inexpressible4' ,aga9 9 ! summ] ( ! foll[+ ye>3 ',x is a gr[+ aw>e ( ! ,=m ) :i* aga9 & aga9 nature plays1 &1 9 play+1 br+s =? manifold life4' ,!n ,goe! w5t on 8 fam\s j\rney to ,italy :i* 0 to be> su* significant fruit = 8 inn] life1 bo? 9 art & 9 sci5ce4 ,at ,mi*aelmas1 #aghf1 he reports f 8 visit to ! botanical g>d5 9 ,padua t '! ?\ght becomes m & m liv+ t x may be possible out ( "o =m to develop all plant =ms'4 ,at ?is mom5t ,goe! felt s ne> to ! basic conception ( ! plant = :i* he 0 seek+1 t he already *ri/5$ x ) a special "n4 ,! t]m he co9$ = x is ,urpflanze1 lit]ally r5d]$ ar*etypal plant1 or ur-plant1 z we propose q simply to call x4#f ,x 0 ! ri* tropical & sub-tropical vegetation 9 ! botanical g>d5s 9 ,pal]mo t help$ ,goe! to 8 decisive obs]vations4 ,! peculi> nature ( ! w>m] regions ( ! e>? enables ! _s to reveal itself m int5sively ?an is possible 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,?us 9 tropical vegetation _m ?+s come be=e ! eye :i* o!rwise rema9 undisclos$1 & !n c be detect$ only ?r\gh an ef=t ( active ?\ght4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 tropical vegetation is 'abnormal' 9 ! same s5se z 0 ! prolif]at$ rose :i* confirm$ = ,goe!'s physical p]ception t inn] law ( plant-gr[? :i* _h already become cle> to 8 m9d4 ,dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,pal]mo 9 ! spr+ ( #aghg ,goe! writes 9 8 notebook3 ',!re mu/ be "o 7ur-plant73 h[ o!rwise c\ld we recognize ?is or t =mation to be a plant unless !y 7 all =m$ aft] "o patt]n8' ,soon aft] ?is1 he writes 9 a lett] to ! poet ,h]d]1 "o ( 8 fri5ds 9 ,weim>3 ',fur!r1 ,i mu/ confide to y t ,i am q close to ! secret ( plant creation1 & t x is ! simple/ ?+ imag9able4 ,! ur-plant w be ! /range/ creature 9 ! _w1 = :i* nature h]self %\ld envy me4 ,) ?is model & ! key to x "o w be able to inv5t plants ad inf9itum2 !y w\ld be consi/5t2 t is to say1 ?\gh non-exi/+1 !y w\ld be capable ( exi/+1 be+ no %ades or semblances ( ! pa9t] or poet1 b possess+ tru? & necessity4 ,! same law w be capable ( ext5sion to all liv+ ?+s4' 99 ,to become m famili> ) ! conception ( ! ur-plant1 let u br+ ! life-cycle ( ! plant be=e our inn] eye once aga94 ,!re1 all ! diff]5t organs ( ! plant-leaf1 blossom1 fruit1 etc4 - appe> z ! metamorphic revelations ( ! "o1 id5tical active pr9ciple1 a pr9ciple :i* gradually manife/s itself to u by way ( successive height5+ f ! cotyl$ons to ! p]fect$ glory ( ! fl[]4 ,among/ all ! =ms :i* ?us appe> 9 turn1 t ( ! leaf has a special place2 = ! leaf is t organ ( ! plant 9 :i* ! gr\nd-plan ( all plant exi/5ce comes mo/ imm$iately to expression4 ,n only d all ! diff]5t leaf =ms arise1 ?r\gh endless *ang+1 out ( ea* o!r1 b ! leaf1 9 accordance ) ! same pr9ciple1 also *anges itself into all ! o!r organs :i* ! plant produces 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[?4 ,x is by precisely ! same pr9ciple t ! ur-plant reveals itself 9 ! plant k+dom z a :ole4 ,j z 9 ! s+le plant organism ! diff]5t p>ts are a graduat$ revelation ( ! ur-plant1 s are ! s+le k9ds & species )9 ! total plant _w4 ,z we let our glance range ov] all its ranks & /ages 7f ! s+le-cell$1 almo/ =mless alga to ! rose & beyond to ! tree71 we are foll[+1 /ep by /ep1 ! revelation ( ! ur-plant4 ,b>ely h9t+ at itself 9 ! l[e/ vegetable species1 x comes 9 ! next high] /ages into ev] cle>] view1 f9ally /ream+ =? 9 full glory 9 ! magnific5ce ( ! manifold blossom+ plants4 ,!n1 z its highe/ creation1 x br+s =? ! tree1 :i*1 itself a v]itable m9iature e>?1 becomes ! basis = innum]able s+le plant gr[?s4 ,x has /ruck biologi/s ( ,goe!'s own & lat] times t contr>y to _! me?od he did n build up 8 /udy ( ! plant by />t+ ) its l[e/ =m1 & s ! reproa* has be5 levell$ aga9/ him ( hav+ unduly neglect$ ! latt]4 ,because ( ?is1 ! views he _h come to 7 reg>d$ z sci5tifically unf\nd$4 ,goe!'s note-books prove t !re is no ju/ification = su* a reproa*4 ,he 0 9 actual fact deeply int]e/$ 9 ! l[] plants1 b he realiz$ t !y c\ld n contribute any?+ fundam5tal to ! spiritual image ( ! plant z su* :i* he 0 seek+ to atta94 ,to und]/& ! plant he f\nd himself oblig$ to pay special att5tion to examples 9 :i* x came to its mo/ p]fect expression4 ,= :at 0 hidd5 9 ! alga 0 made manife/ 9 ! rose4 ,to dem& ( ,goe! t 9 accordance ) ord9>y sci5ce he %\ld h expla9$ nature 'f bel[ upw>ds' is to misund]/& ! me?odological basis ( all 8 inve/igations4 ,se5 ) ,goe!'s eyes1 ! plant k+dom z a :ole appe>s to be a s+le mighty plant4 ,9 x ! ur-plant1 :ile press+ into appe>ance1 is se5 to obs]ve ! v rule :i* we h f\nd gov]n+ its action 9 ! s+le plant - t ( repeat$ expansion & contraction4#g ,tak+ ! tree 9 ! s5se already indicat$1 z ! /ate ( highe/ expansion along ! ur-plant's way ( ent]+ into spatial manife/ation1 we note t tree-=mation occurs successively at f\r diff]5t levels - z f]n-tree 7also ! ext9ct tree-=m ( ! horsetail7 among ! cryptogams1 z conif]\s tree among ! gymnosp]ms1 z palm-tree among ! monocotyl$ons1 & la/ly 9 ! =m ( ! manifold species ( ! leaf-trees at ! highe/ level ( ! plant k+dom1 ! dicotyl$ons4 ,all ^! levels h come successively into exi/5ce1 z geological rese>* has %[n2 ! ur-plant a*iev$ ^! v>i\s tree-=mations successively1 ?us giv+ up aga9 its /ate ( expansion ea* "t aft] hav+ rea*$ x at a p>ticul> level4 ,f ! concept ( ! ur-plant ,goe! soon le>n$ to develop ano!r concept :i* 0 to express ! spiritual pr9ciple work+ 9 a p>ticul> plant species1 j z ! ur-plant 0 ! spiritual pr9ciple cov]+ ! plant k+dom z a :ole4 ,he call$ x ! type4 ,9 ! manifold types :i* are ?us se5 active 9 ! plant _w we meet (fspr+s1 z x 71 ( ! "m1 ! 'ur-plant'1 :i* 9 !m assumes diff]5tiat$ modes ( action4 ,! pres5t "p ( our discussion may be conclud$ by ! introduction ( a concept :i* ,goe! =m$ = ! organ ( cognition atta9$ ?r\gh contemplat+ nature 9 ! /ate ( becom+1 z ! plant _h taught him to d4 ,let u look back once aga9 on ! way 9 :i* we fir/ tri$ to build up ! picture ( leaf metamorphosis4 ,!re we made use1 fir/ ( all1 ( exact s5se-p]ceptions to :i* we appli$ ! p[] ( memory 9 its function z _! keep]4 ,we !n endeav\r$ to trans=m )9 our m9d ! s+le memory pictures 7leaf =ms7 into "o ano!r4 ,by do+ s we appli$ to !m ! activity ( mobile fantasy4 ,9 ?is way we actually end[$1 on ! "o h&1 objective memory1 :i* by nature is /atic1 ) ! dynamic prop]ties ( fantasy1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 mobile fantasy1 :i* by nature is subjective1 ) ! objective "* ( memory4 ,n[1 = ! new organ ( cognition aris+ f ! union ( ^! two pol> faculties ( ! s\l1 ,goe! co9$ ! significant expression1 exact s5sorial fantasy4#h ,9 t]ms ( our k ( man's psy*o-physical make-up1 acquir$ e>li]1 we c say t1 j z ! n]v\s sy/em =ms ! basis = memory1 & ! blood ! basis = fantasy1 s ! 'exact s5sorial fantasy' is bas$ on a newly creat$ collaboration ( ! two4 99 ,our obs]vations h rea*$ a po9t :]e we may consid] t /age 9 ! life cycle ( ! s+le plant :]e1 by means ( ! process ( poll9ation1 ! se$ acquires ! capacity to produce out ( itself a new example ( ! species4 ,our discussion ( ?is w br+ home ! fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 idea t arises :51 in/ead ( judg+ a process f ! /&po9t ( ! m]e onlook]1 we try to compreh5d x ?r\gh re-creat+ x inw>dly4 ,biological sci5ce ( our day takes x = grant$ t ! process unit+ poll5 ) se$ 9 ! plant is an act ( f]tilization analog\s to t :i* occurs among ! high] organisms ( nature4 ,n[ x is n to be ga9said t to ext]nal obs]vation ?is comp>ison seems obvi\s1 & t x is !re=e only natural to speak ( ! poll5 z ! male1 & ( ! ovule z ! female1 elem5t1 & ( _! union z entirely p>allel to t betwe5 ! sexes 9 ! high] k+doms ( nature4 ,goe! confesses t at fir/ he himself '_h cr$ul\sly put up ) ! rul+ dogma ( sexuality'4 ,he 0 fir/ made aw>e ( ! invalidity ( ?is analogy by ,pr(essor ,s*elv] :o1 z ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,j5a ,botanical ,in/itute1 0 work+ "u ,goe!'s direction & _h tra9$ himself 9 ,goe!'s me?od ( obs]v+ plants4 ,?is man _h come to see t if "o held /rictly to ! ,goe!an practice ( us+ no?+ = ! explanation ( ! plant b :at "o c\ld read f ! plant itself1 "o mu/ n ascribe to x any sexual process4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t = a ,goe!an k9d ( biology x mu/ be possible to f9d1 ev5 = ! process ( poll9ation1 an idea d]iv$ f no?+ b ! two pr9ciples ( plant life3 gr[? & =mation4 ,goe! imm$iately recogniz$ ! ,tightness ( ?is ?\ght1 & set ab\t ! task ( relat+ ! poll9ation process to ! picture ( ! plant :i* 8 inve/igations _h already yield$4 ,8 way ( report+ ! result %[s h[ fully consci\s he 0 ( its revolution>y nature4 ,nor 0 he 9 any d\bt z to ! k9d ( reception x w\ld be giv5 by (ficial biology4 ,9 obs]v+ ! gr[? ( ! plant1 ,goe! _h p]ceiv$ t ?is proce$s simultane\sly accord+ to two diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,on ! "o h& ! plant gr[s 9 an axial direction & !reby produces its ma9 & side /ems4 ,to ?is gr[? pr9ciple ,goe! gave ! "n 'v]tical t5d5cy'4 ,7 ! plant to foll[ ?is pr9ciple only1 its lat]al %oots w\ld all /& v]tically "o above ! o!r4 ,b obs]vation %[s t ! diff]5t plant species obey v diff]5t laws 9 ?is respect1 z may be se5 if "o l9ks up all ! leaf buds along any plant /em2 !y =m a l9e :i* w9ds spiral fa%ion ar\nd x4 ,ea* plant family is di/+ui%able by its own *>act]i/ic spiral1 :i* c be repres5t$ ei!r geometrically by a diagram1 or ari?metically by a fraction4 ,if1 = example1 ! leaves are s arrang$ 9 a plant t e fif? leaf recurs on ! same side ( ! /em1 :ile ! spiral connect+ ! five successive leaf-buds w9ds twice r\nd ! /em1 ?is is express$ 9 botany by ! fraction #b _/ #e4 ,to di/+ui% ?is pr9ciple ( plant gr[? f ! v]tical t5d5cy1 ,goe! us$ ! t]m 'spiral t5d5cy'4 ,to help t[>ds a cle> und]/&+ ( bo? t5d5cies1 ,goe! describes an ex]cise :i* is *>act]i/ic ( 8 way ( s*ool+ himself 9 :at he call$ exact s5sorial fantasy4 ,he fir/ looks out = a ph5om5on 9 :i* ! 'secret' ( ! spiral t5d5cy is made 'op5'4 ,?is he f9ds 9 su* a plant z ! convolvulus2 9 ?is k9d ( plant ! v]tical t5d5cy is lack+1 & ! spiral pr9ciple comes obvi\sly into out] view4 ,accord+ly1 ! convolvulus requires an ext]nal support1 ar\nd :i* x c w9d itself4 ,goe! n[ sugge/s t aft] look+ at a convolvulus z x gr[s upw>ds ar\nd its support1 "o %\ld fir/ make ?is cle>ly pres5t to "o's inn] eye1 & !n aga9 picture ! plant's gr[? )\t ! v]tical support1 all[+ in/ead ! upw>d-gr[+ plant inw>dly to produce a v]tical support = itself4 ,by way ( inw>d re-creation 7:i* ! read] %\ld n fail to c>ry out himself7 ,goe! atta9$ a cle> exp]i5ce ( h[1 9 all ^? plants :i* 9 gr[+ upw>ds produce _! leaves spiral-wise ar\nd ! /em1 ! v]tical & spiral t5d5cies "w toge!r4 ,9 foll[+ ! two gr[?-pr9ciples1 ,goe! saw t ! v]tical comes to a halt 9 ! blossom2 ! /raight l9e "h %r9ks toge!r1 s to say1 into a po9t1 surviv+ only 9 ! ov>y & pi/il z cont9uations ( ! plant's /alk4 ,! spiral t5d5cy1 on ! o!r h&1 is to be f\nd 9 ! circle ( ! /am5s arrang$ ar\nd ^!2 ! process :i* 9 ! leaves /rove outw>ds 9 spiral succession ar\nd a /raight l9e is n[ telescop$ on to a s+le plane4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v]tical-spiral gr[? ( ! plant "h sep>ates into its two compon5ts4 ,& :5 a poll5 gra9 l&s on a pi/il & jo9s ) ! ovule prep>$ 9 ! ov>y1 ! two compon5ts are unit$ aga94 ,out ( ! n[ complete se$ a new & complete plant c arise4 ,goe! und]/ood t he w\ld be taught a correct conception ( ?is process only by ! plant itself4 ,accord+ly1 he ask$ himself :]e else 9 ! gr[+ plant some?+ l sep>ation & reunion c\ld be se54 ,?is he f\nd 9 ! bran*+ & reunit+ ( ! ve9s 9 ! leaves1 kn[n z ana/omosis4 ,9 ! divid+ ( ! two gr[?-pr9ciples 9 ! plant ?r\gh ! =mation ( c>pel & pi/il1 on ! "o h&1 & ! poll5-be>+ /am5s on ! o!r1 & 9 _! reunion ?r\gh ! com+ toge!r ( ! poll5 ) ! se$1 ,goe! recogniz$ a metamorphosis ( ! process ( ana/omosis at a high] level4 ,8 vision ( x caus$ him to t]m x 'spiritual ana/omosis'4 ,goe! held a l(ty & compreh5sive view ( ! significance ( ! male & female pr9ciples z spiritual opposites 9 ! cosmos4 ,among ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ?is pol>ity 9 e>?ly nature he f\nd "o1 b "o only1 9 ! duality ( ! sexes z *>act]i/ic ( man & animal4 ,no?+ compell$ him1 !re=e1 to ascribe x 9 ! same =m to ! plant4 ,?is enabl$ him to discov] h[ ! plant bore ! same pol>ity 9 plant fa%ion4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,weim>1 ,goe! (t5 wat*$ a v9e sl++ its foliag$ /em ab\t ! trunk & bran*es ( an elm tree4 ,9 ?is impressive sight nature (f]$ him a picture ( '! female & male1 ! "o t ne$s & ! "o t gives1 side by side 9 ! v]tical & spiral directions'4 ,?us 8 arti/'s eye cle>ly detect$ 9 ! upw>d /riv+ ( ! plant a decisively mascul9e pr9ciple1 & 9 its spiral w9d+ an equally def9ite fem99e pr9ciple4 ,s9ce 9 ! normal plant bo? pr9ciples are inw>dly connect$1 'we c repres5t vegetation z a :ole z be+ 9 a secret &rogyn\s union f ! root up4 ,f ?is union1 ?r\gh ! *anges ( gr[?1 bo? sy/ems break away into op5 pol>ity & s /& 9 decisive opposition to ea* o!r1 only to unite aga9 9 a high] s5se4' ,?us ,goe! f\nd himself l$ to ideas reg>d+ ! male & female pr9ciples 9 ! plant1 :i* 7 ! exact opposite ( ^? "o obta9s if1 9 try+ to expla9 ! process ( poll9ation1 "o does n keep to ! plant itself b imports an analogy f ano!r k+dom ( nature4 ,= 9 cont9uance ( ! v]tical pr9ciple ( ! plant1 ! pi/il & c>pel repres5t ! male aspect 9 ! process ( spiritual ana/omosis1 & ! mobile1 w9d- or insect-borne poll51 9 cont9u+ ! spiral pr9ciple1 repres5ts ! female "p4 ,if ! process ( poll9ation is :at ! plant tells u x is1 !n ! "q arises z to ! reason = ! occurr5ce ( su* a process 9 ! life cycle ( ! fully develop$ plant4 ,goe! himself has n express$ himself explicitly on ?is subject4 ,b 8 t]m 'spiritual ana/omosis' %[s t he _h "s def9ite idea ab\t x4 ,let u picture 9 our m9d :at happ5s physically 9 ! plant z a result ( poll9ation & !n try to read f ?is picture1 z f a hi]oglyph1 :at act ( ! spiritual pr9ciple 9 ! plant comes to expression ?r\gh x4 ,)\t poll9ation !re is no rip5+ ( ! se$4 ,rip5+ means = ! se$ its acquisition ( ! p[] to br+ =? a new & indep5d5t plant organism ?r\gh :i* ! species cont9ues its exi/5ce )9 nature4 ,9 ! life cycle ( ! plant ?is ev5t takes place aft] ! organism has rea*$ its highe/ degree ( physical p]fection4 ,:5 we n[ read ^! facts 9 ! light ( ! k t !y are de$s ( ! activity ( ! type1 we may describe !m z foll[s3 ,/age by /age ! type exp5ds itself 9 ev] m elaborate =ms ( appe>ance1 until 9 ! blossom a triumph ( =m ov] matt] is rea*$4 ,a m]e cont9uation ( ?is pa? c\ld lead to no?+ b a loss ( all connexion betwe5 ! plant's sup]physical & physical compon5t p>ts4 ,?us1 to gu>antee = ! species its cont9uation 9 a new g5]ation1 ! =mative p[] ( ! type mu/ f9d a way ( l9k+ itself anew to "s "p ( ! plant's mat]iality4 ,?is is a*iev$ by ! plant's ab&on+ ! union betwe5 its two pol> gr[?-pr9ciples & re-e/abli%+ x aga91 :i* 9 ! majority ( cases takes place ev5 9 su* a way t ! be>]s ( ! two pr9ciples orig9ate f two diff]5t organisms4 ,by pictur+ ! process 9 ?is way we are br\ght face to face ) a rule ( nature :i*1 once we h recogniz$ x1 proves to hold sway at all levels ( organic nature4 ,9 g5]al t]ms x may be express$ z foll[s3 ,9 ord] t spiritual cont9uity may be ma9ta9$ )9 ! com+ & go+ multitude ( nature's creations1 ! physical /ream mu/ suff] discont9uity at c]ta9 int]vals4 ,9 ! case ( ! plant ?is discont9uity is a*iev$ by ! break+ asund] ( ! male & female gr[?-pr9ciples4 ,:5 !y h reunit$1 ! type beg9s to ab&on ei!r ! entire old plant or at lea/ "p ( x1 accord+ to :e!r ! species is an annual or a p]5nial "o1 9 ord] to conc5trate on ! t9y se$1 sett+1 z x 71 its liv+ seal on x4 ,?is is z f> z we c g 9 describ+ ?is my/]i\s process1 at lea/ at ! pres5t /age ( our consid]ations4 99 ,our pursuit ( ,goe!'s way ( obs]v+ ! life ( ! plant has br\ght u to a po9t :]e x becomes possible to rectify a widespread error conc]n+ 8 position z an evolution>y !ori/4 ,goe! has be5 hon\rably m5tion$ z a pr$ecessor ( ,d>w94 ,! tru? is1 t ! idea ( evolution em]g+ f ,goe!'s mode ( reg>d+ nature is ! exact opposite ( ! "o held by ,d>w9 & - 9 :atev] modifi$ =m - by 8 foll[]s4 ,a brief consid]ation ( ! ,d>w9ian concepts ( inh]itance & adaptation w %[ ?is4 ,goe!'s approa* to 8 conception ( ! type is cle> evid5ce t he did n und]value ! factor ( adaptation z a =mative elem5t 9 nature2 we h se5 t he became acqua9t$ ) x 9 /udy+ ! same plant species "u diff]5t climatic conditions4 ,9 8 view1 h[ev]1 adaptation appe>s n z ! passive effect ( a bl9dly work+1 ext]nal cause1 b z ! response ( ! spiritual type to ! conditions meet+ x f outside4 ,! same applies to ! concept ( inh]itance4 ,?r\gh inh]itance ,goe! saw s+le1 accessory *>act]i/ics ( a species be+ c>ri$ ov] f "o g5]ation to ! next2 b nev] c\ld ! reappe>ance ( ! basic features ( ! species itself be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,he 0 suffici5tly initiat$ into nature's me?ods to "k t %e 0 n 9 ne$ ( a cont9uity ( ! /ream ( physical sub/ance1 9 ! s5se ( ! !ory ( inh]itance1 to gu>antee a cont9uance ( ! features ( ! species ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 b t x 0 h] craft to a*ieve su* cont9uance by means ( physical discont9uity4 99 ,goe! 0 n temp]am5tally giv5 to reflect+ delib]ately ab\t 8 own cognitional processes4 ,moreov]1 ! excess ( reflexion go+ on ar\nd him 9 ! intellectual life ( 8 y\ng] days incl9$ him to gu>d himself ) a c]ta9 anxiety aga9/ philosophical cogitations4 ,8 words to a fri5d - ',de> fri5d1 ,i h done x well1 & nev] reflect$ ab\t ?9k+' - br+ ?is home to u4 ,if 9 8 lat] ye>s ,goe! c\ld become to "s degree epi/emologically consci\s ( 8 spiritual a*ievem5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 8 essay on ,intuitive ,judgm5t %[s1 he ow$ ?is to 8 fri5d%ip ) ,s*ill]1 :o became = him a k9d ( s\l mirror1 9 :i* he c\ld see ! reflexion ( 8 own processes ( consci\sness4 ,inde$1 at _! fir/ p]sonal enc\nt]1 significant z x 0 = _! :ole lat] relation%ip1 ,s*ill] - ?\gh all unconsci\sly - p]=m$ a decisive s]vice ( ?is k9d = him4 ,goe! himself speaks ( ! occasion 9 8 essay ,happy ,enc\nt] 7,gliickli*es ,ereignis71 writt5 twelve ye>s aft] ,s*ill]'s dea?4 ,! occasion 01 outw>dly reg>d$1 =tuit\s3 bo? m5 7 leav+ a lecture on natural sci5ce at ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 ,s*ill] hav+ be5 pres5t z ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity1 & ,goe! z its patron & z a ,weim> ,m9i/] ( ,/ate4 ,!y met at ! door ( ! lecture hall & w5t out into ! /reet toge!r4 ,s*ill]1 :o _h be5 want+ to come into clos] contact ) ,goe! = a long "t1 us$ ! opportunity to beg9 a conv]sation4 ,he op5$ ) a comm5t on ! lecture !y _h j he>d1 say+ t su* a piecemeal way ( h&l+ nature c\ld n br+ ! layman any real satisfaction4 ,goe!1 to :om ?is rem>k 0 he>tily welcome1 repli$ t su* a /yle ( sci5tific obs]vation '0 uncanny ev5 = ! initiat$1 & t !re mu/ c]ta9ly be ano!r way altoge!r1 :i* did n treat ( nature z divid$ & 9 pieces1 b pres5t$ h] z work+ & alive1 /riv+ out ( ! :ole into ! p>ts'4 ,s*ill]'s int]e/ 0 at once ar\s$ by ?is rem>k1 al?\gh z a ?or\gh ,kantian he c\ld n conceal 8 d\bts :e!r ! k9d ( ?+ indicat$ by ,goe! 0 )9 human capacity4 ,goe! began to expla9 himself fur!r1 & s ! discussion proce$$1 until ! speak]s arriv$ at ,s*ill]'s h\se4 ,q absorb$ 9 8 description ( plant metamorphosis1 ,goe! w5t 9 ) ,s*ill] & climb$ ! /airs to ! latt]'s /udy4 ,once !re1 he seiz$ p5 & pap] f ,s*ill]'s writ+ desk1 & to br+ 8 conception ( ! ur-plant vividly be=e 8 companion's eyes he made 'a symbolic plant appe> ) _m a *>act]i/ic /roke ( ! p5'4 ,al?\gh ,s*ill] _h li/5$ up to ?is po9t ') great int]e/ & def9ite und]/&+'1 he %ook 8 head z ,goe! f9i%$1 & said - ,kantian t he 0 at t "t3 ',t is no exp]i5ce1 t is an idea4' ,^! words 7 v disappo9t+ to ,goe!4 ,at once 8 old antipa?y t[>ds ,s*ill] rose up1 an antipa?y caus$ by mu* 9 ,s*ill]'s public utt]ances :i* he _h f\nd di/a/eful4 ,once aga9 he felt t ,s*ill] & he 7 'spiritual antipodes1 remov$ f ea* o!r by m ?an an e>? diamet]'4 ,h[ev]1 ,goe! re/ra9$ 8 ris+ annoyance1 & answ]$ ,s*ill] 9 a tranquil b det]m9$ mann]3 ',i am glad to h ideas )\t kn[+ x1 & to see !m ) my v eyes4' ,al?\gh at ?is meet+ ,goe! & ,s*ill] came to no real agreem5t1 ! p]sonal relation%ip =m$ ?r\gh x did n break (f2 bo? _h become aw>e ( ! value ( ea* to ! o!r4 ,= ,goe! 8 fir/ meet+ ) ,s*ill] _h ! significant result ( %[+ him t '?9k+ ab\t ?\ght' c\ld be fruitful4 ,= ,s*ill] ?is significance consi/$ 9 8 hav+ met 9 ,goe! a human intellect :i*1 simply by its exi/+ prop]ties1 invalidat$ ,kant's philosophy4 ,= him ,goe!'s m9d became an object ( empirical /udy on :i* he bas$ ! beg9n+s ( a new philosophy free f onlook]-re/rictions4 ,an essay1 writt5 by ,goe! ab\t ! same "t z ! "o j quot$1 %[s h[ he came to ?9k at a lat] date ab\t ! rais+ ( human p]ception into ! realm ( ideas4 ,9 ?is essay1 entitl$ ,discov]y ( an ,excell5t ,pr$ecessor1#i ,goe! comm5ts on c]ta9 views ( ! botani/1 ,k4 ,f4 ,wolff1 reg>d+ ! relation%ips betwe5 ! diff]5t plant organs1 :i* seem$ to be simil> to 8 own1 & at :i* ,wolff _h arriv$ 9 8 own way4 ,wolff _h ris5 up z an oppon5t ( ! s-call$ pre=mation !ory1 /ill widespread at t "t1 accord+ to :i* ! entire plant ) all its diff]5t p>ts is already pres5t 9 embryonic physical =m 9 ! se$1 & simply gr[s out into space ?r\gh physical enl>gem5t4 ,su* a mode ( ?\ght seem$ inadmissible to ,wolff1 = x made use ( an hypo!sis 're/+ on an extra-s5sible conception1 :i* 0 held to be ?9kable1 al?\gh x c\ld nev] be demon/rat$ f ! s5se _w4 ,wolff laid x d[n z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all rese>* t 'no?+ may be assum$1 admitt$ or ass]t$ t has n be5 actually se5 & _c be made simil>ly visible to o!rs'4 ,?us 9 ,wolff we meet ) a ph5om5ologi/ :o 9 8 way tri$ to oppose c]ta9 tr5ds ( contempor>y biological ?9k+4 ,z su*1 ,wolff _h made c]ta9 obs]vations :i* caus$ him to ascribe to ! plant features q simil> to ^? :i* ,goe! _h grasp$ "u ! conception ( progressive & regressive metamorphosis4 ,9 ?is way ,wolff _h gr[n conv9c$ t all plant organs are trans=m$ leaves4 ,true to 8 own pr9ciple1 he _h !n turn$ to ! microscope = 8 eyes to confirm :at 8 m9d _h already recogniz$4 ,! microscope gave him ! confirmation he expect$ by %[+ t all ! diff]5t organs ( ! plant develop out ( id5tical embryonic beg9n+s4 ,9 8 absolute reliance on physical obs]vation1 h[ev]1 he tri$ to g fur!r ?an ?is & to detect 9 ?is way ! reason :y ! plant does n always br+ =? ! same organ4 ,he saw t ! vegetative /r5g? 9 ! plant dim9i%es 9 proportion z its organism ent]s ^u its lat] /ages4 ,he !re=e attribut$ ! diff]5tiat$ evolution ( plant organs f id5tical beg9n+s to an ev] weak] process ( developm5t 9 !m4 ,despite 8 joy 9 ,wolff z someone :o 9 8 own fa%ion _h arriv$ at c]ta9 tru?s :i* he himself _h also discov]$1 & despite 8 agreem5t ) ,wolff's ph5om5ali/ic pr9ciple1 ,goe! c\ld 9 no way accept 8 explanation ( :y metamorphosis took place 9 plants4 ,he said3 ',9 plant metamorphosis ,wolff saw h[ ! same organ cont9u\sly draws toge!r1 makes itself small]2 he did n see t ?is contraction alt]nates ) an expansion4 ,he saw t ! organ dim9i%es 9 volume1 b n t at ! same "t x ennobles itself1 & s1 aga9/ reason1 he attribut$ decl9e to ! pa? t[>ds p]fection4' ,:at 0 x1 !n1 :i* _h prev5t$ ,wolff f see+ ?+s aright8 ',h[ev] admirable may be ,wolff's me?od1 ?r\gh :i* he has a*iev$ s mu*1 ! excell5t man nev] ?\ght t !re may be a diff]5ce betwe5 see+ & see+1 t ! eyes ( ! _s h to "w 9 p]petual liv+ connection ) ^? ( ! body1 = "o o!rwise risks see+ & yet see+ pa/ a ?+ 7zu seh5 und do* vorbeizuseh574' ,wolff's case 0 to ,goe! a symptom ( ! dang] :i* he saw aris+ = sci5ce f ! rapidly increas+ use ( ! microscope 7& simil>ly ! telescope71 if ?9k+ 0 n develop$ correspond+ly b left at ! m]cy ( ^! in/rum5ts4 ,8 conc]n ov] ! /ate ( affairs speaks f 8 utt]ance3 ',microscopes & telescopes1 9 actual fact1 confuse man's innate cl>ity ( m9d4' ,:5 we foll[ ,goe! 9 ?is way he comes be=e u 9 *>act]i/ic contra/ to ,rob]t ,hooke4 ,we rememb] ,hooke's microscopic 'pro( ( ! unrelat$ness ( human ?\ght to out] reality 7,*apt] ,,iii74 ,!re c be no d\bt h[ ,goe!1 if ! occasion _h aris51 w\ld h comm5t$ on ,hooke's proc$ure4 ,he w\ld h po9t$ out t !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z a knife ) its l9e-l edge unless man 7 able to ?9k ! concept 'l9e'1 nor a ne$le ) its po9t-l end unless he 7 able to ?9k ! concept 'po9t'4 ,9 fact1 knife & ne$le are products ( a human action :i* is guid$ by ^! two concepts respectively4 ,z su* !y are embodim5ts1 ?\gh m or less imp]fect ones1 ( ^! concepts4 ,"h too1 !re=e1 j z ,goe! _h discov]$ x ?r\gh 8 way ( obs]v+ ! plant1 we see ,ideas ) our v eyes4 ,:at di/+ui%es objects ( ?is k9d f organic entities1 su* z ! plant1 is ! diff]5t relation%ip betwe5 ,object & ,idea4 ,:]eas 9 ! case ( an organism ! ,idea actively indwells ! object1 its relation%ip to a man-made ?+ 7& simil>ly to nature's m9]al entities7 is a purely ext]nal "o4 ,hooke1 s ,goe! w\ld h argu$1 all[$ ! microscope to confuse 8 common s5se4 ,he w\ld h se5 9 him an example confirm+ 8 v]dict t he :o fails to let ! eye ( ! _s "w 9 union ) ! eye ( ! body 'risks see+ yet see+ pa/ ! ?+'4 99 ',?us n ?r\gh an extraord9>y spiritual gift1 n ?r\gh mom5t>y inspiration1 unexpect$ & unique1 b ?r\gh consi/5t "w did ,i ev5tually a*ieve su* satisfactory results4' ,^! words ( ,goe! - !y occur 9 8 essay1 ,hi/ory ( my ,botanical ,/udies1 :i* he wrote 9 lat] life z an acc\nt ( 8 lab\rs 9 ?is field ( sci5ce - %[ h[ anxi\s he 0 t x %\ld be rightly und]/ood t ! faculty ( read+ 9 ! ,book ( ,nature1 z he knew x1 0 ! result ( a sy/ematic tra9+ ( 8 m9d4 ,x is important = our fur!r /udies to make cle> to ourselves at ?is po9t ! nature ( ! *ange :i* man mu/ br+ to pass )9 himself 9 ord] to brave ,kant's 'adv5ture ( reason'4 ,goe!'s concept = ! newly acquir$ faculty ( cognition1 exact s5sorial fantasy1 c give u ! lead4 ,we rememb] t1 to =m ?is faculty1 two exi/+ functions ( ! s\l1 z su* pol>ically opposite1 _h to be weld$ toge!r - memory bas$ on exact s5se-p]ception & ! freely work+ fantasy2 "o connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! body1 ! o!r ) ! blood4 ,we also "k f e>li] consid]ations 7,*apt] ,,ii7 t 9 ! little *ild !re is n yet any su* pol>ization1 9 body or s\l1 z !re is 9 man's lat] life4 ,?us we see t tra9+ on ,goe!'s l9es aims at no?+ less ?an re/or+ )9 oneself a condition :i* is natural 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,9 say+ ?is we t\* on ! v f\ndations ( ! new pa?way to sci5ce discov]$ by ,goe!4 ,we %all he> m ( x 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 #a ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 ,,ii1 #aa1 #bg4 ,goe! *ose ! title ( 8 essay s z to refute ,kant by its v word+4 ,kant1 ?r\gh 8 inquiry into man's ,urteilskraft1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t man is d5i$ ! p[] ( ,ans*auung 7intuition74 ,aga9/ ?is1 ,goe! puts 8 ,ans*au5de ,urteilskraft4 #b ',d] ,alte vom ,knigsb]ge' - a play ^u words ) ! "n ( ,kant's native t[n1 ,knigsb]g4 #c ,x is naturally to be expect$ t new light w also be ?r[n on ! v>i\s realms ( k z su* dealt ) 9 ^! pages4 #d ,delph9ium1 9 p>ticul>1 has ! peculi>ity 7:i* x %>es ) a numb] ( o!r species7 t its calyx appe>s 9 ! guise ( a fl[]1 :il/ ! actual fl[] is q inconspicu\s4 #e ,goe! also describes a prolif]at$ p9k4 #f ,! t]ms 'primeval' or 'primordial' sometimes sugge/$ = r5d]+ ! prefix 'ur' are unsuitable 9 a case l ?is4 ',primeval plant'1 = in/ance1 us$ by "s translators ( ,goe!1 raises ! misund]/&+ - to :i* ,goe!'s concept has anyh[ be5 subject f ! side ( sci5tific botany - t by 8 ur-plant he _h 9 m9d "s primitive1 prehi/oric plant1 ! hypo!tical ance/or 9 ! ,d>w9ian s5se ( ! pres5t-day plant k+dom4 #g ,! foll[+ obs]vation is n "o made by ,goe! himself4 ,x is pres5t$ "h by ! au?or z an example ( ! heuri/ic value ( ,goe!'s me?od ( pictorial-dynamic contemplation ( ! s5se-_w4 #h ',exakte s9nli*e ,phantasie4' #i ,entdeckung e9es treffli*5 ,vor>beit]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,except ,we ,become 444 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all conc]n ourselves ) a numb] ( p]sonalities f ! m or less rec5t pa/ ( ! cultural life ( ,brita91 ea* ( :om 0 a spiritual k9sman ( ,goe!1 & s a liv+ illu/ration ( ! fact t ! true s\rce ( k 9 man mu/ be s\ght1 & c be f\nd1 outside ! limits ( 8 mod]n adult consci\sness4 ,:il/ none ( !m 0 a mat* = ,goe! z reg>ds univ]sality & sci5tific lucidity1 !y are all *>act]i/ic ( an imm$iacy ( approa* to c]ta9 ess5tial tru?s1 :i* 9 ! s5se we mean is n f\nd 9 ,goe!4 ,x enabl$ !m to express "o or ! o!r ( ^! tru?s 9 a =m t makes !m suitable z sign-po/s on our own pa? ( exploration4 ,we %all f9d repeat$ opportunity 9 ! lat] pages ( ?is book to rememb] j :at ^! m5 saw & ?\ght4 99 99 99 ,! fir/ is ,?omas ,reid 7#agaj-if71 ! ,scotti% philosoph] & advocate ( common s5se z ! root ( philosophy4#a ,aft] hav+ s]v$ = "s ye>s z a m9i/] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ,reid became pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 :5ce he 0 call$ to ,glasg[ z ! successor ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,?r\gh 8 bir? 9 ,/ra*an1 ,k9c>d9e1 he belong$ to ! same "p ( ,scotl& f :i* ,kant's ance/ors _h come4 ,two brief rem>ks ( ,goe! %[ t he knew ( ! ,scotsman's philosophy1 & t he appreciat$ 8 influ5ce on contempor>y philosoph]s4#b ,reid1 l 8 contempor>y ,kant1 felt 8 philosophical consci5ce /irr$ by ,hume's ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 &1 l ,kant1 set himself ! task ( oppos+ x4 ,unlike ,kant1 h[ev]1 ^: philosophic sy/em 0 design$ to arre/ man's reason be=e ! abyss into :i* ,hume ?reat5$ to ca/ x1 ,reid contrives to detect ! bridge t leads safely across ?is abyss4 ,ev5 ?\gh x 0 n grant$ to him actually to set foot on ?is bridge 7?is1 9 8 "t1 only ,goe! manag$ to d71 he 0 able to describe x 9 a mann] especially helpful = our own purpose4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree books 9 :i* ,reid set out ! results ( 8 lab\rs appe>$ 9 #agfd "u ! title1 ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se4 ,! o!r two1 ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ,man & ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man1 appe>$ tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,9 ^! books ,reid _h 9 view a m all-embrac+ purpose ?an 9 8 fir/ "w4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 requir$ a great] spiritual p[] ?an 0 grant$ to him4 ,comp>+ 8 lat] ) 8 e>li] "w1 ,reid's biograph]1 ,a4 ,campbell ,fras]1 says3 ',reid's ,essays =m1 z x 71 ! inn] c\rt ( ! temple ( :i* ! ,ab]donian ,inquiry is ! ve/ibule4 ,b ! ve/ibule is a m f9i%$ "w ( con/ructive skill ?an ! inn] c\rt1 = ! ag$ ar*itect appe>s at la/ z if emb>rass$ by accumulat$ mat]ial4 ,! ,essays1 great] 9 bulk1 p]haps less des]ve a place among mod]n philosophical classics ?an ! ,inquiry1 not)/&+ its n>r[] scope1 conf9$ z x is to man's p]ception ( ! ext5d$ _w1 z an object lesson on ! me?od ( appeal to common s5se4' ,:il/ ! ideas ( ,kant1 by :i* he tri$ 9 8 way to oppose ,hume's philosophy1 h become )9 a %ort space ( "t ! common possession ( m5's m9ds1 x 0 ! fate ( ,reid's ideas to f9d fav\r among only a re/rict$ circle ( fri5ds4 ,moreov]1 !y suff]$ decisive misund]/&+ & di/ortion ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( well-mean+ disciples4 ,?is 0 because ,kant's "w 0 a late fruit ( an epo* ( human developm5t :i* _h la/$ = c5turies & 9 8 "t began to draw to its close1 :ile ,reid's "w repres5ts a se$ ( a new epo* yet to come4 ,"h lies ! reason also = 8 failure to develop 8 philosophy beyond ! a*ievem5ts conta9$ 9 8 fir/ "w4 ,x is on ! latt]1 !re=e1 t we %all *iefly draw = pres5t+ ,reid's ?\ghts4 99 ,! conv9c+ nature ( ,hume's argum5tation1 toge!r ) ! absurdity ( ! conclusions to :i* x l$1 ar\s$ 9 ,reid a suspicion t ! premises on :i* ,hume's ?\ghts 7 built1 & :i* he1 9 company ) all 8 pr$ecessors1 _h assum$ q uncritically1 conta9$ "s fundam5tal error4 ,= bo? z a ,*ri/ian1 a philosoph]1 & a man 9 possession ( common s5se1 ,reid _h no d\bt z to ! absurdity & de/ructiv5ess ( ! conclusions to :i* ,hume's reason+ _h l$ him4 ',= my own satisfaction1 ,i ent]$ into a s]i\s exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is sceptical sy/em is built2 & 0 n a little surpris$ to f9d t x leans ) its :ole weight ^u a hypo!sis1 :i* is anci5t inde$1 & ha? be5 v g5]ally receiv$ by philosoph]s1 b ( :i* ,i c\ld f9d no solid pro(4 ,! hypo!sis ,i mean is1 ,t no?+ is p]ceiv$ b :at is 9 ! m9d :i* p]ceives x3 ,t we d n really p]ceive ! ?+s t are ext]nal1 b only c]ta9 images & pictures ( !m impr9t$ ^u ! m9d1 :i* are call$ impressions & ideas4 ',if ?is be true1 suppos+ c]ta9 impressions & ideas to exi/ pres5tly 9 my m9d1 ,i _c1 f _! exi/5ce1 inf] ! exi/5ce ( any?+ else2 my impressions & ideas are ! only exi/5ces ( :i* ,i c h any k or conception2 & !y are su* fleet+ & transitory be+s1 t !y c h no exi/5ce at all1 any long] ?an ,i am consci\s ( !m4 ,s t1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 ! :ole univ]se ab\t me1 bodies & spirits1 sun1 moon1 />s1 & e>?1 fri5ds & relations1 all ?+s )\t exception1 :i* ,i imag9$ to h a p]man5t exi/5ce :e!r ,i ?\ght ( !m or n vani% at once3 ',&1 l ! baseless fabric ( ?is vision 444 ,leave n a rack beh9d4 ',i ?\ght x unreasonable1 ^u ! au?ority ( philosoph]s1 to admit a hypo!sis :i*1 9 my op9ion1 ov]turns all philosophy1 all religion & virtue1 & all common s5se3 & f9d+1 t all ! sy/ems :i* ,i 0 acqua9t$ )1 7 built ^u ?is hypo!sis1 ,i resolv$ to enquire into ?is subject anew1 )\t reg>d to any hypo!sis4' ,! foll[+ passage f ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,inquiry reveals ,reid z a p]sonality :o 0 n dazzl$ to ! same ext5t z 7 8 contempor>ies by ! brilliance ( ! onlook]-consci\sness3 ',if x ! m9d is inde$ :at ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature makes x1 ,i f9d ,i h be5 only 9 an en*ant$ ca/le1 impos$ ^u by spectres & app>itions4 ,i blu% inw>dly to ?9k h[ #a h be5 delud$2 ,i am a%am$ ( my frame1 & c h>dly =be> expo/ulat+ ) my de/9y3 ,is ?is ?y pa/ime1 ,o ,nature1 to put su* tricks ^u a silly creature1 & !n to take (f ! mask1 & %[ him h[ he ha? be5 befool$8 ,if ?is is ! philosophy ( human nature1 my s\l ent] ?\ n into h] secrets4 ,x is surely ! =bidd5 tree ( k2 ,i no soon] ta/e x1 ?an ,i p]ceive myself nak$1 & /ript ( all ?+s - yea ev5 ( my v self4 ,i see myself1 & ! :ole frame ( nature1 %r9k into fleet+ ideas1 :i*1 l ,epicurus's atoms1 dance ab\t 9 empt9ess4 ',b :at if ^! pr(\nd disquisitions into ! fir/ pr9ciples ( human nature1 d naturally & necess>ily plunge a man into ?is abyss ( scepticism8 ,may we n reasonably judge f :at ha? happ5$8 ,des ,c>tes no soon] began to dig 9 ?is m9e1 ?an scepticism 0 ready to break 9 ^u him4 ,he did :at he c\ld to %ut x out4 ,malebran*e & ,locke1 :o dug deep]1 f\nd ! difficulty ( keep+ out ?is enemy /ill to increase2 b !y lab\r$ hone/ly 9 ! design4 ,!n ,b]keley1 :o c>ri$ on ! "w1 despair+ ( secur+ all1 be?\ght himself ( an exp$i5t3 ,by giv+ up ! mat]ial _w1 :i* he ?\ght might be sp>$ )\t loss1 & ev5 ) advantage1 he hop$ by an impregnable p>tition to secure ! _w ( spirits4 ,b1 alas6 ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature wantonly sapp$ ! f\ndation ( ?is p>tition & dr[n$ all 9 "o univ]sal deluge4' 7,*apt] ,i1 ,sections vi-vii47 ,:at ,reid s p]t95tly describes "h z ! 'en*ant$ ca/le' is no?+ else ?an ! human head1 :i* kn[s ( no occurr5ce beyond its b\nd>ies1 because x has =gott5 t x is only ! end-product ( a liv+ exi/5ce outside (1 & beyond1 itself4 ,we see "h t ,reid is gift$ ) ! faculty ( ent]+ ?is ca/le )\t =feit+ 8 memory ( ! _w outside2 & s ev5 f )9 its walls1 he c\ld recognize its true nature4 ,to a high degree ?is help$ him to keep free ( ^? deceptions to :i* ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies fell victim1 & to :i* s _m p]sons are /ill subject to-day4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,reid c\ld make x "o ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( 8 obs]vations to te/ all t ! head ?9ks by relat+ x to ! re/ ( human nature & to all[ no?+ to /&1 :i* does n survive ?is te/4 ,9 ?is respect ! argum5t he sets ov] aga9/ ! ,c>tesian1 'cogito ergo sum' is *>act]i/ic3 ' ,i am ?9k+1 says he1 !re=e ,i am3 & is x n z good reason+ to say1 ,i am sleep+1 !re=e ,i am8 ,if a body moves1 x mu/ exi/1 no d\bt2 b if x is at re/1 x mu/ exi/ likewise4' ,! foll[+ summ>izes ! position to :i* ,reid is l$ :5 he includes ! :ole human be+ 9 8 philosophical inquiries4 ,reid admits t1 :5 ! consci\sness t has become aw>e ( itself surveys t :i* lies )9 its own horizon1 x f9ds no?+ else !re b transi5t pictures4 ,^! pictures 9 !mselves br+ to ! m9d no exp]i5ce ( a la/+ exi/5ce outside itself4 ,!re is no firm evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ei!r an out] mat]ial _w to :i* ^! pictures c be relat$1 or ( an inn] spiritual entity :i* is responsible = !m4 ,to be able to speak ( an exi/5ce 9 ei!r realm is impossible = a philosophy :i* conf9es its att5tion solely to ! m]e picture-cont5t ( ! wak+ consci\sness4 ,b man is n only a p]cipi5t be+2 he is also a be+ ( w1 & z su* he comes into a relation%ip ) ! _w :i* c be a s\rce ( ri* exp]i5ce4 ,if "o obs]ves ?is relation%ip1 "o is b\nd to notice t x is bas$ on ! self-evid5t assumption t "o possesses a la/+ individuality1 ^: actions deal ) a la/+ mat]ial _w4 ,any o!r way ( behavi\r w\ld contradict ! common s5se ( man2 :]e we meet ) x we are fac$ ) a lunatic4 ,?us philosophy & common s5se seem to /& 9 irreconcilable opposition to ea* o!r4 ,b ?is opposition is only app>5t4 ,x exi/s s long z philosophy ?9ks x is able to come to valid conclusions )\t li/5+ to ! voice ( common s5se1 believ+ itself to be too exalt$ to ne$ to d s4 ,philosophy1 !n1 does n realize 't x has no o!r root b ! pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se2 x gr[s out ( !m1 & draws its n\ri%m5t f !m3 sev]$ f ?is root1 its hon\rs )]1 its sap is dri$ up1 x dies & rots4' 7,i1 #e47 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! philosophical consci\sness ceases to reg>d itself z ! sole f\ndation ( its exi/5ce & recognizes t x c say no?+ ab\t itself )\t consid]+ ! s\rce f :i* x has evolv$1 x atta9s ! possibility ( see+ ! cont5t ( its exp]i5ce 9 a new light4 ,= x is no long] satisfi$ ) consid]+ ?is cont5t 9 ! complet$ =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself4 ,r does x feel impell$ to inve/igate ! process :i* gives rise to ?is cont5t z an end-product 7! 'impressions' & 'ideas' ( ,hume & 8 pr$ecessors74 ,reid has fai? 9 ! fact - = 8 common s5se assures him ( x - t a la/+ sub/antiality lies beh9d ! _w ( ! s5ses1 ev5 if = human consci\sness x exi/s only s long z impressions ( x are receiv$ via ! bodily s5ses4 ,simil>ly1 he has fai? 9 ! fact t 8 consci\sness1 al?\gh exi/+ b int]mitt5tly1 has z its be>] a la/+ self4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ?is intuitively giv5 k to be %ak5 by a m]e />+ at fugitive pictures1 beh9d :i* ! real exi/5ce ( self & _w is hidd51 he seeks in/ead 9 bo? directions = ! orig9 ( ! pictures & w n re/ until he has f\nd ! la/+ causes ( _! transi5t appe>ances4 ,9 "o direction ,reid f9ds himself l$ to ! out] b\nd>y ( ! body1 :]e s5se p]ception has its orig94 ,?is prompts him to inve/igate ! p]ceptions ( ! five kn[n s5ses3 smell+1 ta/+1 he>+1 t\*+ & see+1 :i* he discusses 9 ?is ord]4 ,9 ! o!r direction he f9ds himself l$ - & "h we meet ) a special attribute ( ,reid's :ole philosophical outlook - to ! realm ( human spee*4 ,= spee* dep5ds ^u an inn]1 intellig5t human activity1 :i*1 once le>nt1 becomes a la/+ "p ( man's be+1 q outside ! realm ( 8 philosophiz+ consci\sness1 & yet =m+ an indisp5sable in/rum5t = ?is consci\sness4 ,! simple/ human reason+1 prompt$ only by common s5se1 & ! subtle/ philosophical ?\ght1 bo? ne$ language = _! expression4 ,?r\gh 8 ability to speak1 man lifts himself above an in/9ctive animal exi/5ce1 & yet he develops ?is ability at an infantile /age1 :51 9 s f> z conc]ns ! level ( 8 consci\sness & 8 relation%ip to ! _w1 he h>dly rises above ! level ( ! animal4 ,x requires a highly develop$ intellig5ce to probe ! intricacies ( language1 yet complicat$ tongues 7 spok5 9 human hi/ory long be=e man awoke to 8 own individual intellig5ce4 ,j z ea* man le>ns to ?9k ?r\gh speak+1 s did humanity z a :ole4 ,?us spee* c become a means = acquir+ insight into ! orig9al =m ( human intellig5ce4 ,= 9 spee* ! common s5se ( man1 work+ unconsci\sly )9 him1 meets ! fully awak5$ philosophical consci\sness4#c ,! way 9 :i* ! two pa?s ( obs]vation h "h be5 set out mu/ n give rise to ! expectation t !y are discuss$ by ,reid 9 a simil>ly sy/ematic =m4 ,= ?is1 ,reid lack$ ! suffici5t deta*m5t f 8 own ?\ghts4 ,z he pres5ts 8 obs]vations 9 ! ,inquiry !y seem to be no?+ b a sy/ematic description ( ! five s5ses1 brok5 into cont9ually by l+ui/ic consid]ations ( ! k9d indicat$ above4 ,s1 = example1 _m ( 8 m important /atem5ts ab\t language are f\nd 9 8 *apt] on ',he>+'4 ,our task w be to summ>ize ,reid's "w1 tak+ f 8 description1 s (t5 full ( pr(\nd obs]vations1 only :at is ess5tial to illu/rate 8 decisive discov]ies4 ,?is requires t 7keep+ to ,mr4 ,eras]'s picture7 we consid] sep>ately ! two pill>s support+ ! ro( ( ! temple's =ec\rt3 spee* & s5se-impressions4 ,we w />t ) spee*4 99 ,reid notes z a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( human language t x includes two di/9ct elem5ts3 fir/1 ! purely ac\/ic elem5t1 repres5t$ by ! %e] succession ( s\nds1 & secondly ! v>iety ( mean+s repres5t$ by v>i\s gr\ps ( s\nds1 mean+s :i* seem to h no?+ to d ) ! s\nds z su*4 ,?is /ate ( language1 :]e ! s\nd-value ( ! ^w & its value z a sign to d5ote a ?+ signifi$ by x1 h little or no?+ to d ) "o ano!r1 is c]ta9ly n ! primeval "o4 ,9 ! contempor>y /ate ( language1 :i* ,reid calls artificial language1 we mu/ see a developm5t f a =m] condition1 :i* ,reid calls natural language4 ,s long z ?is latt] condition obta9$1 man express$ 9 ! s\nd itself :at he felt impell$ to communicate to 8 fell[s4 ,9 ^? days s\nd 0 n m]ely an ab/ract sign1 b a ge/ure1 :i* moreov] 0 accompani$ & support$ by ! ge/ures ( ! limbs4 ,ev5 to-day man1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 life1 /ill f9ds himself 9 t relation%ip to language :i* 0 natural to all m5 9 =m] times4 ,! little *ild acquires ! ability to speak ?r\gh ! imitation ( s\nds1 becom+ aw>e ( !m long be=e x und]/&s ! mean+ accord$ to ! v>i\s gr\ps ( s\nds 9 ! artificial /ate ( contempor>y adult spee*4 ,t ! *ild's att5tion %\ld be direct$ solely to ! s\nd1 & n to ! ab/ract mean+ ( ! individual words1 is inde$ ! pr]equisite ( le>n+ to speak4 ,if1 says ,reid1 ! *ild 7 to und]/& imm$iately ! conceptual cont5t ( ! words x he>s1 x w\ld nev] le>n to speak at all4 ,:5 ! adult ( to-day uses language 9 its artificial /ate1 words are only signs = ?+s signifi$ by !m4 ,z he speaks1 8 att5tion is direct$ exclusively t[>ds ?is side ( language2 ! pure s\nd ( ! words he uses rema9s outside ! scope ( 8 aw>5ess4 ,! little *ild1 on ! o!r h&1 has no und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( words & !re=e lives completely 9 ! exp]i5ce ( pure s\nd4 ,9 ! light ( ?is1 ,reid comes to ! conclusion1 s important = :at foll[s1 t ) ! em]g5ce ( a c]ta9 =m ( consci\sness1 9 ?is case t ( ! intellectual cont5t ( words1 ano!r =m subm]ges1 a =m 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! pure s\nd ( words prevails4 ,! adult1 :ile 9 "o respect ahead ( ! *ild1 yet 9 ano!r is inf]ior1 = ! effect ( ?is *ange is a def9ite impov]i%m5t 9 s\l-exp]i5ce4 ,reid puts ?is z foll[s3 ',x is by natural signs *iefly t we give =ce & en]gy to language2 & ! less language has ( !m1 x is ! less expressive & p]suasive4 444 ,artificial signs signify1 b !y d n express2 !y speak to ! und]/&+1 z algebraic *>act]s may d1 b ! passions & ! affections & ! w he> !m n3 ^! cont9ue dormant & inactive1 till we speak to !m 9 ! language ( nature1 to :i* !y are all att5tion & ob$i5ce4' ,we h foll[$ ,reid s f> 9 8 /udy ( language1 because x is along ?is way t he came to =m ! concepts t 7 to s]ve him z a key = 8 all-important f9d+s 9 ! realm ( s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,^! are ! concepts :i* be> on ! connexion betwe5 ! sign & ! ?+ signifi$2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! artificial & ! natural /ate ( language2 & ! disappe>ance ( c]ta9 primeval human capacities = exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ,reid says t !y are br\ght by ! *ild into ! _w1 b fade z 8 intellectual capacities develop4 99 ,z soon z "o beg9s to /udy ,reid's obs]vations 9 ! realm ( s5se-exp]i5ce1 "o meets ) a c]ta9 difficulty1 noticeable e>li] b n s /rik+ly4 ,! s\rce ( x is t ,reid 0 oblig$ to relate ! results ( 8 obs]vations only to ! five s5ses kn[n 9 8 day1 :]eas 9 fact 8 obs]vations embrace a f> great] field ( human s5se-p]ception4 ,?us a c]ta9 di%>mony creeps into 8 descriptions & makes 8 /atem5ts less conv9c+1 especially = someone :o does n p5etrate to its real cause4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x ne$ n conc]n u "h2 :at matt] to u are ,reid's actual obs]vations4 ,= ^! l$ him to ! important di/9ction betwe5 two factors 9 our act ( acquir+ k ( ! out] _w1 ea* ( :i* holds an entirely diff]5t place 9 ord9>y consci\sness4 ,reid di/+ui%es !m z 's5sation' & 'p]ception'4 ,x is ?r\gh ! latt] t we become aw>e ( ! object z su*4 ,b we are mi/ak5 if we reg>d ! cont5t ( ?is p]ception z id5tical ) ! sum total ( ! s5sations :i* are caus$ 9 our consci\sness by ! p>ticul> object4 ,= ^! s5sations are qualitatively some?+ q diff]5t1 &1 al?\gh )\t !m no p]ception ( ! object is possible1 !y d n by !mselves convey a k ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$4 ,only1 because our att5tion is s pr$om9antly engag$ by ! object "u p]ception1 we pay no he$ to ! cont5t ( our s5sation4 ,to take an example1 ! impressions ( r\ndness1 angul>ity1 smoo?ness1 r\ghness1 col\r1 etc41 ( a table conta91 all told1 no?+ t c\ld assure u ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object 'table' z ! real cont5t ( an ext]nal _w4 ,h[1 !n1 d we receive ! conviction ( ! latt]'s exi/5ce8 ,reid's answ] is1 by ent]+ into an imm$iate intuitive relation%ip ) x4 ,x is true t to e/abli% ?is relation%ip we ne$ ! /imuli com+ f ! impressions :i* our m9d receives ?r\gh ! v>i\s s5ses4 ,yet ?is mu/ n induce u to confuse ! two4 ,:5 nature speaks to man ?r\gh 8 s5ses1 some?+ occurs exactly analog\s to ! process :5 man communicates ) man ?r\gh ! spok5 ^w4 ,9 bo? cases ! p]ception1 t is1 ! result ( ! process ( p]ception1 is some?+ q o!r ?an ! sum ( s5sations und]ly+ x4 ,p]-ceiv+ by means ( ! s5ses is none o!r ?an a re-ceiv+ ( nature's language2 & ?is language1 j l human language1 be>s two entirely diff]5t elem5ts )9 x4 ,accord+ z "o or ! o!r elem5t prevails 9 man's int]c\rse ) nature1 ?is int]c\rse w be ei!r 'natural' or 'artificial' - to use ! t]ms by :i* ,reid di/+ui%$ ! two /ages ( human spee*4 ,j z e human be+ mu/ once h li/5$ only to ! pure s\nd ( ! spok5 ^w on a :olly s5ti5t level 9 ord] to acquire ! faculty ( speak+1 s also1 9 ord] to le>n nature's language1 ! s\l mu/ once h be5 totally surr5d]$ to ! pure impressions ( ! s5ses4 ,& j z ) "t ! spok5 ^w becomes a symbol = t :i* is signifi$ by x1 ! consci\sness turn+ to ! latt] & neglect+ ! actual s\nd-cont5t ( ! ^w1 s also 9 its int]c\rse ) nature ! s\l1 ) its gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! ?+ signifi$1 turns its att5tion m & m away f ! actual exp]i5ces ( ! s5ses4 ,f ?is x foll[s t a philosophy :i* seeks to d ju/ice to man's :ole be+ mu/ n be satisfi$ ) exam9+ ! giv5 cont5t ( human consci\sness1 b mu/ /rive to obs]ve ! actual process to :i* ?is cont5t owes its em]g5ce4 ,9 practice ?is means t a philosoph] :o und]/&s 8 task aright mu/ /rive to reawak5 9 himself a mode ( exp]i5ce :i* is naturally giv5 to man 9 8 e>ly *ildhood4 ,reid expresses ?is 9 ! ,inquiry 9 ! foll[+ way3 ',:5 "o is le>n+ a language1 he att5ds to ! s\nds1 b :5 he is ma/] ( x1 he att5ds only to ! s5se ( :at he w\ld express4 ,if ?is is ! case1 we mu/ become z little *ildr5 aga91 if we w be philosoph]s3 we mu/ ov]come habits :i* h be5 ga!r+ /r5g? ev] s9ce we began to ?9k2 habits1 ! usefulness ( :i* atones = ! difficulty x creates = ! philosoph] 9 discov]+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! human m9d4' ',we mu/ become z little *ildr5 aga91 if we w be philosoph]s6' ,! phrase appe>s "h almo/ 9 pass+1 & ,reid nev] came back to x aga94 ,& yet 9 x is conta9$ ! ,op5 ,sesame :i* gives access to ! hidd5 _s-treasures ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is unaw>5ess ( ,reid's ( ! importance ( :at he ?us _h f\nd we mu/ see ! reason = 8 incapacity to develop 8 philosophy beyond its fir/ beg9n+s4 ,?is h&icap arose f ! fact t 9 all 8 ?9k+ he 0 guid$ by a picture ( ! be+ ( man :i* - z a *ild ( 8 "t1 dom9at$ by ! contempor>y religi\s outlook - he c\ld nev] realize di/9ctly4 ,yet )\t a cle> conception ( ?is picture no ju/ice c be done to ,reid's concept ( common s5se4 ,our next task1 !re=e1 mu/ be to evoke ?is picture z cle>ly z we c 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ passage 9 ,reid's ,inquiry provides a key = ! und]/&+ ( 8 difficulty 9 conceiv+ an adequate picture ( man's be+4 ,9 ?is passage ,reid ma9ta9s t all art is bas$ on man's exp]i5ce ( ! natural language ( ?+s1 & t 9 e human be+ !re lives an inborn arti/ :o is m or less crippl$ by man's gr[+ accu/om$ to ! /ate ( artificial language 9 8 int]c\rse ) ! _w4 ,9 cont9uation ( ! passage quot$ on page #ii ,reid says3 ',x 7 easy to %[1 t ! f9e arts ( ! musician1 ! pa9t]1 ! actor1 & ! orator1 s f> z !y are expressive2 al?\gh ! k ( !m requires 9 u a delicate ta/e1 a nice judgm5t1 & mu* /udy & practice2 yet !y are no?+ else b ! language ( nature1 :i* we br\ght into ! _w ) u1 b h unle>n$ by disuse & s f9d ! greate/ difficulty 9 recov]+ x4 ',aboli% ! use ( articulate s\nds & writ+ among mank9d = a c5tury1 & e man w\ld be a pa9t]1 an actor1 & an orator4 ,we mean n to affirm t su* an exp$i5t is practicable2 or if x 71 t ! advantage w\ld c\nt]balance ! loss2 b t1 z m5 are l$ by nature & necessity to conv]se toge!r !y w use e means 9 _! p[] to make !mselves und]/ood2 & :]e !y _c d ?is by artificial signs1 !y w d x z f> z possible by natural ones3 & he t und]/&s p]fectly ! use ( natural signs1 mu/ be ! be/ judge 9 all expressive arts4' ,:5 ,reid says t !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics - & ^! j ( ! k9d ^: developm5t truly ennobles human life - :i* ! s\l br+s ) x into ! _w1 a picture ( man is evok$ 9 u 9 :i* ! sup]s5sible "p ( 8 be+ appe>s z an entity ^: exi/5ce rea*es fur!r back ?an ! mom5t ( bir? & ev5 ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! body4 ,n[ su* a conception ( man is 9 no way =eign to humanity1 9 m anci5t times x 0 univ]sally preval5t1 & x /ill lives on to-day1 if m]ely traditionally1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! _w4 ,x is only 9 ! ,we/ t f a c]ta9 p]iod x ceas$ to be held4 ,?is 0 ! result ( a *ange :i* ent]$ into human memory 9 hi/orical times1 j z ! re-dawn+ ( ! old k ( man's pre-exi/5ce1 ( :i* ,reid is a symptom1 is a result ( ano!r correspond+ alt]ation 9 ! memory-p[]s ( man 9 mod]n times4 ,= m5 ( old x 0 *>act]i/ic t alongside ! impressions !y receiv$ 9 e>?ly life ?r\gh ! s5ses 7:i* 9 any case 7 f> less int5se ?an !y are to-day71 !y rememb]$ exp]i5ces ( a purely sup]s5sible k9d1 :i* gave !m assurance t be=e ! s\l 0 knit toge!r ) a physical body x _h exi/$ 9 a cosmic /ate purely spiritual 9 nature4 ,! mom5t 9 hi/ory :5 ?is k9d ( memory disappe>$ is t ( ! transition f ! philosophy ( ,plato to t ( ,ari/otle4 ,:]eas ,plato 0 conv9c$ by cle> k t ! s\l possesses *>act]i/ics implant$ 9 x be=e conception1 ,ari/otle recogniz$ a bodiless /ate ( ! s\l only 9 ! life aft] dea?4 ,= him ! beg9n+ ( ! s\l's exi/5ce 0 id5tical ) t ( ! body4 ,! picture ( man1 taught = ! fir/ "t by ,ari/otle1 /ill requir$ ab\t twice f\r hundr$ ye>s - f ! f\r? pre-,*ri/ian to ! f\r? po/-,*ri/ian c5tury - be=e x became s f> ! common possession ( m5 t ! ,*ur* ,fa!r ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj7 c\ld base 8 tea*+ on x - a tea*+ :i* m\ld$ man's outlook on himself = ! com+ c5turies "r up to our own "t4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,augu/9e's ,confessions %[s cle>ly h[ he 0 compell$ to ?9k ab\t ! nature ( ! little *ild3 ',?is age1 :]e( ,i h no remembrance1 :i* ,i take on o!rs' words1 & guess f o!r infants t ,i h pass$1 true ?\gh ! guess be1 ,i am yet loa? to c\nt 9 ?is life ( m9e :i* ,i live 9 ?is _w4 ,= no less ?an t :i* ,i liv$ 9 my "m's womb1 is x hid f me 9 ! %ad[s ( =getfulness4 ,b if ,i 0 %ap5 9 iniquity & 9 s9 my "m did conceive me1 :]e1 ,i besee* !e1 ,o my ,god1 :]e1 ,"l1 or :51 0 ,i ?y s]vant guiltless8 ,b lo6 t p]iod ,i pass by2 & :at h ,i to d ) t ( :i* ,i c recall no ve/ige8'#d ,on ! gr\nds ( su* exp]i5ce1 ,augu/9e 0 unable to picture man's be+ 9 any o!r way ?an by see+ him1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 life1 z subject to ! condition ( ! human race :i* result$ f ! ,fall4 ,?us he exclaims 9 8 ,confessions3 ',be=e ,!e1 ,o ,god1 no-"o is free f s91 n ev5 ! *ild :i* has liv$ b a s+le day on ! e>?4' ,9 s f> z !re 0 any "q ( ! s\l's aris+ f ?is fall5 /ate1 x 0 deem$ unable to atta9 ?is by any ef=t ( its own1 b to dep5d on ! gifts ( grace :i* ! ,*ur* 0 able to disp5se ?r\gh ! ,sacram5ts4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! pres5t-day sci5tific conception ( human nature1 z x dom9ates ! ?\ght ( speciali/ & layman alike4 ,"h man appe>s1 bo? 9 body & s\l1 z a sum ( inh]it$ *>act]i/ics1 ( *>act]i/ics1 t is to say1 :i* h be5 pass$ on by way ( sexual propagation & gradually em]ge into full manife/ation z ! individual gr[s up4 ,ap>t f ?is inh]it$ pr$e/9ation ! s\l is held to pres5t itself1 9 ,locke's classical phrase1 z a tabula rasa ^u :i* are /amp$ all mann] ( ext]nal impressions4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ?is mod]n picture ( man & ! e>li] !ological "o is /rik+4 ,9 bo? cases ! c5tral assumption is t human developm5t f *ild to man consi/s 9 ! unfold+ ( c]ta9 inh]it$ *>act]i/ics :i* are capable ( fur!r specific modification "u influ5ces proce$+ f outside4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pictures is t 9 ! mod]n "o ! concepts ( h]$ity & adaptation h be5 =m$ )\t special application to ! e?ical *>act]i/ics ( ! s\l4 ,x is cle> t f bo? ,augu/9e's & ! mod]n sci5tific viewpo9t !re is no s5se 9 requir+ - z ,reid did - ^? :o seek ! tru? ab\t !mselves & ! _w to recov] a condition :i* _h be5 !irs z *ildr54 ,nor f ?is po9t ( view is !re any ju/ification to call on a ,common ,s5se1 innate 9 man1 to sit 9 judgm5t on ! philosophical ef=ts ( ! adult reason4 99 ,t ev5 9 ! days ( ,augu/9e ! orig9al conception ( human nature _h n disappe>$ entirely1 is %[n by ! appe>ance ( ,augu/9e's oppon5t ,pelagius1 call$ ! 'ar*-h]etic'4 ,to consid] him at ?is po9t 9 our discussion w prove helpful = our und]/&+ ( ,reid's hi/oric position 9 ! mod]n age4 ,:at int]e/s u "h 9 ,pelagius's doctr9e 7leav+ aside all que/ions conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! ,sacram5ts1 etc471 is ! picture ( man :i* mu/ h liv$ 9 him = him to tea* z he did4 ,leav+ 8 ,iri%-,scotti% homel& & arriv+ ab\t ! ye> #djj 9 ,rome1 :]e on acc\nt ( ! unusual purity ( 8 be+ he soon came to be held 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 ,pelagius f\nd himself oblig$ to come out publicly aga9/ ,augu/9e1 = he felt t ,augu/9e's tea*+s d5i$ all free w to man4 ,9 ! purely passive surr5d] ( man to ! w ( ,god1 z ,augu/9e taught x1 he c\ld n b see dang] = ! future developm5t ( ,*ri/ian humanity4 ,h[ radically he div]g$ f ,augu/9e 9 8 view ( man we may see f su* ( 8 lead+ ?\ghts z foll[3 ',ea* man beg9s 8 life 9 ! same condition z ,adam4' ',all good or evil = :i* 9 life we are des]v+ ( praise or blame is done by ourselves & is n born ) u4' ',be=e ! p]sonal w ( man comes into action !re is no?+ 9 him b :at ,god has plac$ !re4' ',x is !re=e left to ! free w ( man :e!r he falls into s91 z also :e!r ?r\gh foll[+ ,*ri/ he raises himself out ( x aga94' ,pelagius c\ld ?9k 9 ?is way because he came f a "p ( ,europe :]e ! old] =m ( human memory1 already at t "t almo/ ext9ct 9 ! ,s\?1 0 9 "s degree /ill active4 ,= him x 0 !re=e a matt] ( direct exp]i5ce t ! developm5t ( man f *ildhood onw>ds 0 connect$ ) a dim9ution ( c]ta9 orig9al capacities ( ! s\l4 ,yet he 0 s f> a *ild ( 8 age z to be no long] capable ( see+ :5ce ^! capacities orig9at$4 ,to provide ! necess>y corrective to ,augu/9e's doctr9e ( inh]itance1 ,pelagius w\ld h _h to be able to see 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( life bo? a beg9n+ ( ! e>?ly & a t]m9ation ( ! pre-e>?ly exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,! imp]fections ( 8 picture ( man1 h[ev]1 l$ him to und]e/imate1 ev5 to d5y1 ! significance ( h]$ity & s ( orig9al s9 9 human life4 ,= an age :i* no long] _h any direct exp]i5ce ( ! s\l's pre-natal life1 ! doctr9es ( ,augu/9e 7 und\bt$ly m appropriate ?an ^? ( ,pelagius2 ,augu/9e 0 9 fact ! m mod]n ( ! two4 ,& n[1 if we move =w>d a doz5 c5turies & comp>e ,?omas ,reid & ,immanuel ,kant f ?is same po9t ( view1 we f9d ! same conception ( man aga9 triumphant4 ,b !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce3 ,kant c>ri$ all be=e him because he bas$ himself on an age-old view ( human nature1 :]eas ,reid1 uncompreh5d$ up to our own day1 po9t$ to a picture ( man only j !n dawn+ on ! horizon ( ! future4 ,j z ?r\gh ,pelagius !re s\nd$ some?+ l a la/ call to ,european humanity n to =get ! cosmic nature ( ! s\l1 s ?r\gh ,reid ! memory ( ?is nature ann\nc$ its fir/ fa9t r5ewal4 ,x is common to bo? t _! voices lack$ ! cl>ity to make !mselves he>d among ! o!r voices ( _! times2 & ) bo? ! reason 0 ! same3 nei!r c\ld p]ceive 9 fullness - ! "o no long]1 ! o!r n yet - ! picture ( man :i* ens\l$ _! ideas4 ,! c]ta9ty ( ,reid's philosophical in/9ct1 if su* an expression be all[$1 & at ! same "t 8 tragic limitations1 due to an inability fully to und]/& ! orig9 ( ?is in/9ct1 come out cle>ly 9 ! battle he wag$ aga9/ ! 'idea' z 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors und]/ood x4 ,we "k t ,plato introduc$ ?is ^w into ! philosophical language ( mank9d4 ,9 ,greek 7f 1 to see7 means some?+ ( :i* "o kn[s t x exi/s1 because "o sees x4 ,x 0 !re=e possible to use ! ^w 'to see' z ,plato did1 because 9 8 day x cov]$ bo? s5sible & sup]s5sible p]ception4 ,= ,plato1 kn[+ consi/$ 9 ! s\l's rais+ itself to p]ceiv+ ! objective1 _w-=m+ ,,ideas1 & ?is action compris$ at ! same "t a recollection ( :at ! s\l _h se5 :ile x liv$1 z an ,idea among ,ideas1 be=e its appe>ance on e>?4 ,z long z ,plato's philosophy cont9u$ to %ape _! ?\ght1 m5 w5t on speak+ m or less traditionally ( ,ideas z real sup]s5sible be+s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,ari/otelian mode ( ?9k+ sup]s$$ ! ,platonic1 ! t]m ',idea' ceas$ to be us$ 9 its orig9al s5se2 s mu* s t1 :5 ,locke & o!r mod]n philosoph]s resort$ to x 9 ord] to describe ! cont5t ( ! m9d1 !y did s 9 complete oblivi\sness ( its fir/ significance4 ,x is ?us t 9 mod]n philosophy1 & f9ally 9 ord9>y mod]n usage1 'idea' came to be a ^w ) _m mean+s4 ,sometimes x signifies a s5se-impression1 sometimes a m5tal repres5tation1 sometimes ! ?\ght1 concept or ess5tial nature ( a ?+4 ,! only ?+ common to ^! v>i\s mean+s is an und]ly+ implication t an idea is a purely subjective item 9 human consci\sness1 )\t any assur$ correspond5ce to any?+ outside4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is view ( ! idea t ,reid took ! field1 go+ s f> z to label ! philosophy hold+ x ! 'ideal sy/em'4 ,he fail$ to see1 h[ev]1 t 9 attack+ ! ab/ract use ( ! t]m he 0 actually 9 a position to re/ore to x its orig9al1 g5u9e mean+4 ,if1 in/ead ( simply ?r[+ ! ^w ov]bo>d1 he _h be5 able to make use ( x 9 its real mean+1 he w\ld h express$ himself ) f> great] exactitude & consi/5cy4#e ,he 0 prev5t$ f do+ ?is by 8 app>5t ignorance ( ! e>li] ,greek philosoph]s1 ,plato includ$4 ,all he seems to h kn[n ( _! tea*+s came f inf]ior1 second-h& reports ( a lat] & already decad5t p]iod4 99 99 99 ,!re are two hi/oric p]sonalities1 bo? 9 ,engl&1 :o witness to ! fact t ! em]g5ce ( ,reid's philosophy on ! /age ( hi/ory 0 by no means an accid5tal ev5t b t x repres5ts a symptom ( a g5]al reappe>ance ( ! long-=gott5 picture ( man1 9 :i* bir? no m ?an dea? sets up an absolute limit to human exi/5ce4 ,!y are ,?omas ,trah]ne 7#afch-gd7 & ,william ,wordswor? 7#aggj-ahej74 ,wordswor?'s "w & "* are s well kn[n t !re is no ne$ to speak ( !m "h 9 detail4#f ,= our purpose we %all pay special att5tion only to 8 ,ode on ,intimations ( ,immortality f ,recollections ( ,e>ly ,*ildhood1 :]e he %[s himself 9 possession ( a memory 7at any rate at ! "t :5 he wrote ! poem7 ( ! pre-natal orig9 ( ! s\l1 & ( a capacity = exp]i5c+1 at c]ta9 mom5ts1 ! fronti] :i* ! s\l crosses at bir?4 ,if1 despite ! widespread famili>ity ( ! ,ode1 we "h quote c]ta9 passages f x1 we d s because1 l _m simil> ?+s1 x has fall5 a victim to ! intellectualism ( our "t 9 be+ reg>d$ m]ely z a piece ( poetic fantasy4 ,we %all take ! poet's words z lit]ally z he himself utt]$ !m4 ,we read3 ',our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+3 ,! ,s\l t rises ) u1 our life's ,/>1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 ,& come? f af>3 ,n 9 entire =getfulness1 ,& n 9 utt] nak$ness1 ,b trail+ cl\ds ( glory d we come ,f ,god :o is our home3 ,heav5 lies ab\t u 9 our infancy6 ,%ades ( ! prison h\se beg9 to close ,^u ! gr[+ ,boy4 ,b he beholds ! light1 & :5ce x fl[s1 ,he sees x 9 8 joy2 ,! ,y\?1 :o daily f>!r f ! ea/ ,mu/ travel1 /ill is ,nature's ,prie/1 ,& by ! vision spl5did ,is on 8 way att5d$4 ,& lat]3 ',h5ce 9 a season ( calm wea!r ,?\gh inl& f> we be1 ,our ,s\ls h sight ( t immortal sea ,:i* br\ght u hi!r1 ,c 9 a mom5t travel ?i!r1 ,& see ! ,*ildr5 sport ^u ! %ore1 ,& he> ! mighty wat]s roll+ ev]more4'' ,! fact t ,wordswor? 9 8 lat] ye>s gave no fur!r indication ( su* exp]i5ces ne$ n prev5t u f tak+ q lit]ally :at he says "h4 ,! tru? is t an orig9al faculty fad$ away ) increas+ age1 some:at z happ5$ ) ,reid :5 he c\ld no long] cont9ue 8 philosophical "w along its orig9al l9es4 ,wordswor?'s ,ode is ! te/am5t ( ! *ildhood =ces /ill p]si/+ b already decl9+ )9 him2 x is significant t he set x d[n 9 ab\t ! same ye> ( life 78 ?irty-six?7 z t 9 :i* ,trah]ne di$ & 9 :i* ,goe!1 seek+ r5ewal ( 8 be+1 took flight to ,italy4#g 99 ,( ,trah]ne1 too1 we %all say "h only z mu* z our pres5t consid]ation & ! fur!r aims ( ?is book require4 ,we _c conc]n ourselves ) ! rem>kable ev5ts :i* l$1 half a c5tury ago1 to ! discov]y & id5tification ( 8 long-lo/ writ+s by ,b]tram ,dobell4 ,nor c we deal ) ! details ( ! ev5tful life & rem>kable spiritual developm5t ( ?is contempor>y ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,^! matt]s are dealt ) 9 ,dobell's introduction to 8 edition ( ,trah]ne's poems1 z also by ,gladys ,i4 ,wade 9 h] "w1 ,?omas ,trah]ne4 ,our gratitude = ! lab\rs ( ^! two writ]s by :i* !y h provid$ mank9d ) ! k ( ! "* & ! "w ( ?is unique p]sonality _c h9d] u1 h[ev]1 f /at+ t bo? 7 prev5t$ by ! premises ( _! own view ( ! _w f rightly e/imat+ t side ( ,trah]ne :i* is important = u 9 ?is book1 & ) :i* we %all specially conc]n ourselves 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,lat] 9 ?is *apt] we %all discuss ,dobell's philosophical mis9t]pretation ( ,trah]ne1 to :i* he fell victim because he ma9ta9$ 8 accu/om$ spectator /&po9t 9 reg>d to 8 object ( /udy4 ,miss ,wade has1 inde$1 be5 able to pay ! "r tribute to ,trah]ne1 ! my/ic1 ^: inn] 7& also out]7 biography %e 0 able to detect by tak+ s]i\sly ,trah]ne's indications conc]n+ 8 my/ical developm5t4 ,h] m9d1 h[ev]1 0 too rigidly focus$ on ?is side ( ,trah]ne's life - 8 self-tra9+ by an iron inn] discipl9e & 8 toilsome asc5t f ! exp]i5ce ( ,no?+ness to a /ate ( ,beatific ,vision4 ,?is fact1 comb9$ ) h] dis9cl9ation to ov]come ! ,augu/9ian picture ( man 9 h]self1 prev5t$ h] f tak+ ,trah]ne equally s]i\sly :]e he speaks z "o :o is end[$ ) a nev] int]rupt$ memory ( 8 primeval cosmic consci\sness - not)/&+ ! fact t ,trah]ne himself has po9t$ to ?is side ( 8 nature z ! mo/ significant = 8 fell[-m54 ,( ! two works ( ,trah]ne :i* ,dobell rescu$ f oblivion1 on bo? ( :i* we %all draw = our exposition1 "o conta9s 8 poems1 ! o!r 8 prose writ+s4 ,! title ( ! latt] is ,c5turies ( ,m$itations4 ,! title page ( "o ( ! two manuscripts conta9+ ! collection ( ! poetical writ+s introduces ^! z ,poems ( ,felicity1 ,conta9+ ,div9e ,reflections on ! ,native ,objects ( an ,infant-,eye4 ,z reg>ds ! title ',c5turies ( ,m$itations' we are ignorant ( ! mean+ ,trah]ne may h atta*$ to x1 & :at he meant by call+ ! f\r p>ts ( ! book1 ',fir/'1 ',second'1 etc41 ,c5tury4 ,! book itself repres5ts a manual ( devotion = m$itative /udy by ! read]4 ,let our fir/ quotation be "o f ! op5+ p>agraph ( ! ?ird ',c5tury' 9 :i* ,trah]ne introduces himself z ! be>] ( c]ta9 uncommon p[]s ( memory &1 aris+ f ^! p[]s1 a p>ticul> mission z a tea*]3 ',^? pure & virg9 appreh5sions ,i _h f ! womb1 & t div9e light :]e) ,i 0 born are ! be/ unto ?is day1 :]e9 ,i c see ! ,univ]se4 ,by ! gift ( ,god !y att5d$ me into ! _w1 & by ,8 special fav\r ,i rememb] !m till n[4 ,v]ily !y seem ! greate/ gifts ,8 wisdom c\ld be/[1 = )\t !m all o!r gifts _h be5 dead & va94 ,!y are unatta9able by books1 & !re=e ,i w tea* !m by exp]i5ce4' 7,ill1 #a47 ,! picture ?us rema9+ ) him ( 8 nature ( s\l 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s on e>? he describes z foll[s3 ',c]ta9ly ,adam 9 ,p>adise _h n m sweet & curi\s appreh5sions ( ! _w1 ?an ,i :5 ,i 0 a *ild4 ,all appe>$ new1 & /range at fir/1 inexpressibly r>e & delightful & beautiful4 ,i 0 a little /rang]1 :i* at my entrance into ! _w 0 salut$ & surr\nd$ ) innum]able joys4 ,my k 0 ,div9e4 ,i knew by intuition ^? ?+s :i* s9ce my ,apo/acy1 ,i collect$ aga9 by ! highe/ reason4 ,i 0 ent]ta9$ l an ,angel ) ! works ( ,god 9 _! spl5d\r & glory1 ,i saw all 9 ! peace ( ,ed52 ,heav5 & ,e>? did s+ my ,creator's praises1 & c\ld n make m melody to ,adam1 ?an to me4 ,all ,"t 0 ,et]nity1 & a p]petual ,sabba?4 ,is x n /range1 t an infant %\ld be ! heir ( ! :ole _w1 & see ^? my/]ies :i* ! books ( ! le>n$ nev] unfold8' 7,ill1 #a1 #b47 ,9 a diff]5t =m ! same exp]i5ce comes to expression 9 ! op5+ l9es ( ,trah]ne's poem1 ,wond]3 ',h[ l an ,angel came ,i d[n6 ,h[ bright are all ?+s "h ,i ,:5 fir/ among 8 ,works ,i did appe> ,o h[ _! ,,glory did me cr[n6 ,! ,_w resembl$ 8 ,,et]nitie1 ,9 :i* my ,s\l did ,walk2 ,& evry ,?+ t ,i did see ,did ) me talk4'#h ,! picture ( man ?us sket*$ by ,trah]ne is z close to ,reid's z x is remote f ,augu/9e's4 ,?is remot5ess comes pla9ly to expression 9 ! way ,trah]ne & ,augu/9e reg>d ! summons ( ,*ri/ to ,8 disciples to become z little *ildr51 a summons to :i* ,reid 0 l$1 z we h se51 on purely philosophical gr\nds4 ,let u fir/ ( all recall ! words ( ,*ri/ z record$ by ,mat!w 9 8 #ah? & #ai? *apt]s3 ',& ,jesus call$ a little *ild unto him1 & set him 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & said3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 except ye be conv]t$1 & become z little *ildr51 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( ,heav54 ,:osoev] !re=e %all humble himself z ?is little *ild1 ! same is ! greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( ,heav54' 7xviii1 #b-d47 ',suff] ! little *ildr5 & =bid !m n to come unto me3 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( ,heav54' 7xix1 #ad47 ,augu/9e ref]s to ^! words :5 he concludes t exam9ation ( 8 *ildhood memories :i* he und]took 9 ord] to prove ! depravity ( ! s\l f its fir/ day on e>?4 ,he says3 ',9 ! littl5ess ( *ildr5 did/ ,?\1 our k+1 give u a symbol ( humility :5 ,?\ did/ say3 ,( su* is ! k+dom ( ,heav54' ,if we glance back f :at ,augu/9e says "h to ! orig9al passages 9 ! ,gospel j quot$1 we see :at a rem>kable alt]ation he makes4 ,( ! fir/ passage only ! la/ s5t5ce is tak51 & ?is 9 ,augu/9e's m9d is fus$ into "o ) ! second passage4 ,!reby ! admonition ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh "o's own ef=t to become z "o once 0 z a *ild disappe>s completely4 ,! :ole passage ?us takes on a mean+ correspond+ to t passive attitude to ! div9e w inculcat$ by ,augu/9e & oppos$ by ,pelagius1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ! words ( ,*ri/ h sunk into ! consci\sness ( ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity & are usually tak5 to-day4 ,we may see h[ diff]5tly ?is injunction ( ,*ri/ liv$ 9 ,trah]ne's consci\sness f ! foll[+ passage out ( 8 ,c5turies3 ',our ,savi\r's mean+1 :5 ,he said1 ye mu/ be born aga9 & become a little *ild t w ent] into ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 is deep] f> ?an is g5]ally believ$4 ,x is n only 9 a c>eless reliance ^u ,div9e ,provid5ce1 t we are to become little *ildr51 or 9 ! feebl5ess & %ortness ( our ang] & simplicity ( our passions1 b 9 ! peace & purity ( all our s\l4 ,:i* purity also is a deep] ?+ ?an is commonly appreh5d$4' 7,ill1 #e47 ,) ,trah]ne also ! passage 9 "q has be5 fus$ toge!r ) ano!r utt]ance ( ,*ri/1 f ,john's acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s conv]sation ) ,nicodemus3 ',v]ily1 v]ily ,i say unto y1 except a man be born aga91 he _c see ! ,k+dom ( ,god4' 7,john iii1 #c47 ,:at conception ( ! infant condition ( man mu/ h exi/$ 9 a s\l = x to unite ^! two passages f ! ,gospels 9 ?is way8 ,:]eas = ,augu/9e x is because ( its small /ature & helplessness t ! *ild becomes a symbol = ! spiritual smallness & helplessness ( man z su*1 comp>$ ) ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( ! div9e ,k+1 = ,trah]ne x is ! *ild's ne>ness to ,god :i* is mo/ pres5t to him1 & :i* mu/ be rega9$ by ! man :o /rives = inn] p]fection4 ,trah]ne c\ld be> 9 himself su* a picture ( man's infancy because1 z he himself emphasizes1 he 0 9 possession ( an unbrok5 memory ( ! exp]i5ces :i* ! s\l enjoys be=e x awak5s to e>?ly s5se-p]ception4 ,! foll[+ passage f ! poem1 ,my ,_s1 gives a detail$ picture ( ! e>ly /ate 9 :i* ! s\l has exp]i5ces & p]ceptions q diff]5t f ^? ( its lat] life4 7,we may recall ,reid's indication ( h[ ! *ild receives ! natural language ( ?+s47 ',an ,object1 if x 7 be=e ,m9e ,ey1 0 by ,dame ,nature's ,law ,)9 my ,s\l3 ,h] ,/ore ,0 all at once )9 me2 all h] ,treasures ,7 my imm$iat & int]nal ,pleasures2 ,sub/antial ,joys1 :i* did in=m my ,m9d4 '444 ,i c\ld n tell ,:e!r ! ,?+s did !re ,!mselvs appe>1 ,:i* 9 my ,_s truly seem'd to dwell3 ,or :e!r my con=m+ ,m9d ,7 n ev'n all t !re9 %9'd4' ,fur!r detail is add$ to ?is picture by ! description1 giv5 9 ! poem ,! ,praep>ative1 ( ! s\l's non-exp]i5ce ( ! body at t e>ly /age4 ,! description is unmi/akably "o ( an exp]i5ce dur+ ! "t betwe5 conception & bir?4 ',my ,body be+ dead1 my ,limbs unkn[n2 ,be=e ,i skill'd to prize ,^? liv+ ,/>s1 m9e ,eys2 ,be=e or ,tongue or ,*eeks ,i call'd m9e own1 ,be=e ,i knew ^! ,h&s 7 m9e1 ,or t my ,s9ews did my ,memb]s jo92 ,:5 nei!r ,no/ril1 ,foot1 nor ,e>1 ,z yet c\ld be disc]n$ or did appe>2 ,i 0 )9 ,a ,h\se ,i knew n2 newly cloa?'d ) ,sk94 ,!n 0 my ,s\l my only ,all to me1 ,a liv+ endless ,ey1 ,sc>ce b\nd$ ) ! ,sky1 ,^: ,p[]1 & ,act1 & ,ess5ce 0 to see2 ,i 0 an inw>d ,sph]e ( ,light1 ,or an int]m9able ,orb ( ,sight1 ,exce$+ t :i* makes ! ,days1 ,a vital ,sun t %$ abroad its ,rays3 ,all ,life1 all ,s5se1 ,a nak$1 simple1 pure ,intellig5ce4'' ,9 ! /anza foll[+ ^u ?is1 ,trah]ne makes a /atem5t :i* is ( p>ticul> importance 9 ! context ( our pres5t discussion4 ,aft] "s additional description ( ! abs5ce ( all bodily ne$s he says3 ',)\t di/urbance !n ,i did receiv ,! tru ,ideas ( all ,?+s' ,! manuscript ( ?is poem %[s a small alt]ation 9 ,trah]ne's h& 9 ! second ( ^! two l9es4 ,:]e we n[ read 'true ,ideas'1 !re orig9ally /ood 'fair ,ideas'4 ',fair' describ$ ,trah]ne's exp]i5ce z he imm$iately rememb]$ x2 ! lat] alt]ation to 'true' %[s h[ well aw>e he 0 t 8 contempor>ies might miss :at he meant by ',idea'1 ?r\gh tak+ x 9 ! s5se t _h already become cu/om>y 9 8 "t1 namely1 z a m]e product ( man's own m5tal activity4 ,?is precaution1 h[ev]1 has n sav$ ,trah]ne f be+ mis9t]pret$ 9 our own day 9 precisely ! way he fe>$ - inde$1 by no less a p]son ?an 8 own discov]]1 ,dobell4 ,x is ! symptomatic "* ( ?is mis9t]pretation :i* prompts u to deal ) x "h4 99 ,9 8 attempt to classify ! philosophical mode ( ?\ght beh9d ,trah]ne's writ+s1 ,dobell1 to 8 own amazem5t1 comes to ! conclusion t ,trah]ne _h anticipat$ ,bi%op ,b]keley 7#afhd-agec74 ,!y seem$ to him s alike t he does n hesitate to call ,trah]ne a ',b]keleyan be=e ,b]keley 0 born'4 ,9 pro( ( ?is he ref]s to ! poems1 ,! ,praep>ative & ,my ,_s1 cit+ f ! latt] ! passage giv5 above 7page #aab71 & draw+ special att5tion to its two conclud+ l9es4 ,reg>d+ ?is he says3 ',i am mu* mi/ak5 if ! !ory ( non-exi/5ce ( indep5d5t matt]1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ,b]keley's sy/em1 is n to be f\nd 9 ?is poem4 ,! ?\ght t ! :ole ext]ior univ]se is n really a ?+ ap>t f & indep5d5t ( man's consci\sness ( x1 b some?+ :i* exi/s only z x is p]ceiv$1 is und5iably f\nd 9 ,my ,_s3 ,! read] :o has foll[$ our exposition 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ?is *apt] c be 9 no d\bt t1 to f9d a philosophy simil> to ,trah]ne's1 he mu/ look = x 9 ,reid & n 9 ,b]keley4 ,reid himself rightly plac$ ,b]keley among/ ! repres5tatives ( ! 'ideal sy/em' ( ?\ght4 ,= ,b]keley's philosophy repres5ts an ef=t ( ! onlook]-consci\sness1 unable z x 0 to arrive at c]ta9ty reg>d+ ! objective exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w outside itself1 to secure recognition = an objective ,self beh9d ! flux ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,b]keley hop$ to d ?is by suppos+ t ! _w1 includ+ ,god1 consi/s ( no?+ b 'idea'-creat+ m9ds1 op]at+ l ! human m9d z man himself p]ceives x4 ,8 _w picture1 bas$ 7z is well kn[n7 entirely on optical exp]i5ces1 is ! p]fect example ( a philosophy contriv$ by ! "o-ey$1 col\rbl9d _w-spectator4 ,we %all und]/& :at 9 ,trah]ne's descriptions rem9d$ ,dobell ( ,b]keley1 if we take into acc\nt ! connexion ( ! s\l ) ! body at ! "t :51 accord+ to ,trah]ne1 x /ill enjoys ! untr\bl$ p]ception ( ! true1 ! light-fill$1 ,ideas ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is condition ! s\l has only a dim & undiff]5tiat$ aw>5ess ( its connexion ) a spatially limit$ body 7',i 0 )9 a h\se ,i knew n1 newly clo!d ) sk9'7 & x c]ta9ly kn[s no?+ at all ( ! body z an in/rum5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! w c be ex]cis$ 9 an e>?ly-spatial way 7',my body be+ dead1 my limbs unkn[n'74 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! s\l exp]i5ces itself simply z a sup]s5sible s5se-organ & z su* unit$ ) ! f> spaces ( ! univ]se 7',be=e ,i skill$ to prize ^? liv+ />s1 m9e eyes4 444 ,!n 0 my s\l my only ,all to me1 a liv+ endless eye1 sc>ce b\nd$ ) ! sky'74 ,at ! "t :5 ! s\l has exp]i5ces ( ! k9d describ$ by ,trah]ne1 x is 9 a condition 9 :i*1 z yet1 no active contact has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 itself & ! physical matt] ( ! body & !reby ) gravity4 ,h5ce !re is tru? 9 ! picture :i* ,trah]ne ?us sket*es f actual memory4 ,! same _c be said ( ,b]keley's _w-picture4 ,! fact t bo? resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 features ne$ n surprise u1 see+ t ,b]keley's picture is1 9 its own way1 a pure 'eye-picture' ( ! _w4 ,z su*1 h[ev]1 x is an illusion - = x is int5d$ = a /ate ( man = :i* x is n suit$1 namely = adult man go+ upright on ! e>?1 direct+ 8 de$s )9 its mat]ial realm1 & 9 ?is way fa%ion+ 8 own de/9y4 ,inde$1 comp>$ ) ,b]keley's eye-picture ( ! _w1 t ( ,reid is 9 e respect a 'limb-picture'4 ,= :]e he seeks = ! orig9 ( our nave assurance t a real mat]ial _w exi/s1 !re he rev]ts - guid$ by 8 common s5se - to ! exp]i5ces available to ! s\l ?r\gh ! fact t ! limbs ( ! body meet ) ! resi/ant matt] ( ! _w4 ,& :5ev] he turns to ! v>i\s s5ses 9 8 se>*1 x is always ! w-activity ( ! s\l )9 ! s5se he is inve/igat+ - & s ! limb-nature )9 x - to :i* he fir/ turns 8 att5tion4 ,because1 unlike ,b]keley1 he takes into acc\nt ! exp]i5ces und]gone by ! s\l :5 x leaves beh9d its primal condition1 ,reid does n fall into illusion1 b discov]s a fundam5tal tru? conc]n+ ! nature ( ! _w-picture exp]i5c$ by man 9 8 adult age4 ,?is1 9 turn1 enables him to discov] ! nature ( man's _w picture 9 e>ly *ildhood & to recognize ! importance ( recov]+ x 9 lat] life z a f\ndation = a true philosophy4 ,assur$ly1 ! philosoph] :o discov]$ t we mu/ become z little *ildr5 aga9 if we w\ld be philosoph]s1 is ! "o to :om we may relate ,trah]ne1 b n ,b]keley4 ,& if we wi% to speak ( ,trah]ne1 z ,dobell tri$ to d1 we speak correctly only if we call him a ',reidean be=e ,reid 0 born'4 99 99 99 ,a little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,?omas ,trah]ne taught 8 fell[-m5 'f exp]i5ce' t !re is an orig9al condition ( man's s\l1 be=e x is yet able to prize '^? liv+ />s1 m9e eyes'1 9 :i* x is end[$ ) ! faculty to see '! true 7fair7 ,ideas ( all ?+s'1 ,goe! 0 l$ to ! realization t he _h a*iev$ ! possibility ( 'see+ ,ideas ) ! v eyes'4 ,al?\gh he 0 himself n aw>e ( x1 ! conception ( ! ,idea 0 at ?is mom5t re/or$ ?r\gh him to its true & orig9al ,platonic significance4 ,! pres5t *apt] has %[n u h[ ?is conception ( ! ,idea is b\nd up ) ! view t is held ( ! relation%ip betwe5 human nature 9 e>ly *ildhood & human nature 9 lat] life4 ,we h se5 t1 :5 ,plato introduc$ ! t]m ,idea z an expression = spiritual entities hav+ a real & indep5d5t exi/5ce1 m5 7 /ill 9 possession ( "s recollection ( _! own pre-e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,we !n f\nd ,trah]ne say+ f 8 recollections t 9 ! orig9al =m ( man's consci\sness 8 s\l is end[$ ) ! faculty ( see+ 'true' ,ideas1 & we f\nd ,reid on simil> gr\nds fight+ ! significance :i* ! t]m 'idea' _h assum$ "u 8 pr$ecessors4 ,by _! side we see ,goe! z "o 9 :om ! faculty ( see+ ,ideas appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 adult man z a result ( a sy/ematic tra9+ ( obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,if our view ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,platonic conception ( ! ,idea ) ! picture man has ( himself is se5 rightly1 !n ,goe! mu/ h be5 ! be>] ( su* a picture4 ,our expectation is %[n to be "r by ! foll[+ two passages f ,goe!'s autobiography1 ,tru? & ,fiction4 ,9 t "p ( 8 life /ory :]e ,goe! concludes ! report ( ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 *ildhood 7,book ,,ii71 he writes3 ',:o is able to speak wor?ily ( ! fullness ( *ildhood8 ,we _c behold ! little creatures :i* flit ab\t be=e u o!rwise ?an ) delight1 nay1 ) admiration2 = !y g5]ally promise m ?an !y p]=m & x seems t nature1 among ! o!r rogui% tricks t %e plays u1 "h also especially designs to make sport ( u4 ,! fir/ organs %e be/[s ^u *ildr5 com+ into ! _w1 are adapt$ to ! ne>e/ imm$iate condition ( ! creature1 :i*1 unassum+ & artless1 makes use ( !m 9 ! readie/ way = its pres5t purposes4 ,! *ild1 consid]$ 9 & = itself1 ) its equals1 & 9 relations suit$ to its p[]s1 seems s intellig5t & rational1 & at ! same "t s easy1 *e]ful & clev]1 t "o c h>dly wi% x fur!r cultivation4 ,if *ildr5 grew up accord+ to e>ly indications1 we %\ld h no?+ b g5iuses4'#i ,we f9d fur!r evid5ce 9 ,goe!'s acc\nt ( an ev5t 9 8 sev5? ye>1 :i* %[s h[ deeply 8 s\l 0 fill$ at t "t ) ! k ( its k9%ip ) ! realm f :i* nature h]self receives its exi/5ce4 ,?is k l$ him to approa* ! 'great ,god ( ,nature' ?r\gh an act ( ritual conceiv$ by himself4 ,! boy took a f\r-section$ music /& & arrang$ on x all k9ds ( natural specim5s1 m9]als & ! l1 until ! :ole =m$ a k9d ( pyramidal alt>4 ,on ! top ( ?is pyramid he plac$ "s fumigat+ c&les1 ! burn+ ( :i* 0 to repres5t ! 'upw>d ye>n+ ( ! s\l = its ,god'4 ,9 ord] to give nature h]self an active "p 9 ! ritual1 he contriv$ to k9dle ! c&les by focus+ ^u !m ?r\gh a magnify+-glass ! light ( ! ris+ sun4 ,be=e ?is symbol ( ! unity ( ! s\l ) ! div9e 9 nature ! boy !n paid 8 devotions4 ',unity ( ! s\l ) ! div9e 9 nature' - ?is 0 :at liv$ vividly z a conviction 9 ! sev5-ye>-old boy1 impell+ him to act z 'nature's prie/' 7,wordswor?74 ,! same impulse1 9 a metamorphos$ =m1 impell$ ! adult to g out 9 que/ ( an und]/&+ ( nature :i*1 z ,trah]ne put x1 0 to br+ back ?r\gh highe/ reason :at once _h be5 8 by way ( primeval intuition4 #a ,! pres5t writ]'s int]e/ 9 ,reid 0 fir/ ar\s$ by a rem>k ( ,rudolf ,/e9]1 9 8 book ,a ,!ory ( ',k accord+ to ,goe!'s ,_w ,conception4 #b ,9 a comm5t on a lett] ,c>lyle _h writt5 to him1 & 9 a note deal+ ) ! contempor>y philosophy 9 ,g]many4 #c ,?is obs]vation ( ,reid's %[s t ! orig9 ( language is v diff]5t f :at ! evolutioni/s s9ce ,d>w9 h imag9$ x to be4 #d ,confessions1 ,book ,i1 ,*apt] #h4 #e ,z we h se51 ! ^w _h bett] luck ) ,goe!4 #f ,wordswor?1 ) all 8 limitations1 _h a real aff9ity ) ,goe! 9 8 view ( nature4 ,mr4 ,norman ,lacey gives "s indication ( ?is 9 8 rec5t book1 ,wordswor?'s ,view ( ,nature4 #g ,?is same p]iod ( life play$ a decisive "p 9 ! spiritual evolution ( ,rudolf ,/e9]1 z may be se5 9 8 autobiography1 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,life4 #h ,! diff]5ce 9 spell+ betwe5 ! prose & poetry exc]pts arises f ! fact t :]eas we c draw on ,miss ,wade's new edition ( ! poems = ,trah]ne's orig9al spell+1 we h z yet only ,dobell's edition ( ! ,c5turies1 9 :i* ! spell+ is mod]niz$4 #i ,ox5=d's translation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ',always ,/& by ,=m' ,imm$iacy ( approa* to c]ta9 ess5tials ( nature z a result ( _! religi\s or arti/ic exp]i5ce ( ! s5se-_w1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( two m repres5tatives ( ,briti% cultural life4 ,!y are ,luke ,h[>d 7#aggb-ahfd7 & ,john ,rusk9 7#ahai-aijj71 bo? true read]s 9 ! book ( nature4 ,l ^? discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] !y c be ( especial help to u 9 our attempt to e/abli% an up-to-date me?od ( appreh5d+ nature's ph5om5a ?r\gh read+ !m4 ,at ! same "t we %all f9d ourselves l$ into ano!r sph]e ( ,goe!'s sci5tific "w4 ,= we _c prop]ly discuss ,h[>d )\t recogniz+ ! importance ( 8 f9d+s = ,goe!'s meteorological /udies or )\t ref]r+ to ! p]sonal connexion betwe5 ! two m5 aris+ out ( _! common int]e/ & simil> approa* to nature4 ,we %all ?us come z a matt] ( c\rse to speak ( ,goe!'s ?\ghts ab\t meteorology1 & ?is aga9 w give opportunity to introduce a lead+ concept ( ,goe!an sci5ce 9 addition to ^? br\ght =w>d already4 ,( ,rusk9 only s mu* w appe> 9 ! pres5t *apt] z is necess>y to %[ him z an exempl>y read] 9 ! book ( nature4 ,he w !n be a m or less p]man5t companion 9 our inve/igations4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,rusk9 f ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air reveal him at once z a true read] 9 ! book ( nature3 ',ov] ! entire surface ( ! e>? & its wat]s1 z influ5c$ by ! p[] ( ! air "u sol> light1 !re is develop$ a s]ies ( *ang+ =ms1 9 cl\ds1 plants & animals1 all ( :i* h ref]5ce 9 _! action1 or nature1 to ! human intellig5ce t p]ceives !m4' 7,,ii1 #hi47 ,"h ,rusk9 9 an entirely ,goe!an way po9ts to =m 9 nature z ! elem5t 9 h] t speaks to human intellig5ce - mean+ by =m1 z o!r utt]ances ( 8 %[1 all ^? qualities ?r\gh :i* ! natural object "u obs]vation reveals itself to our s5ses z a :ole4 ,by virtue ( 8 pictorial-dynamic way ( reg>d+ nature1 ,rusk9 0 q cle> t ! sci5ti/s' "o-sid$ seek+ aft] ext]nal =ces & ! ma!matically calculable int]play betwe5 !m c nev] lead to a compreh5sion ( life 9 nature4 ,= 9 su* a se>* man loses sight ( ! real signature ( life3 =m z a dynamic elem5t4 ,accord+ly1 9 8 ,e?ics ( ! ,du/1 ,rusk9 does n answ] ! "q3 ',:at is ,life8' ) a sci5tific explanation1 b ) ! laconic injunction3 ',always /& by ,=m aga9/ ,=ce4' ,?is he lat] enl>ges pictorially 9 ! words3 ',disc]n ! m\ld+ h& ( ! pott] comm&+ ! clay f ! m]ely beat+ foot z x turns ! :eel4' 7,lect4 ,x47 ,9 ?us oppos+ =m & =ce to ea* o!r1 ,rusk9 is actually ref]r+ to two k9ds ( =ces4 ,!re exi/ ^? =ces :i* resemble ! pott]'s foot 9 produc+ m]e num]ically regulat$ movem5ts 7s t ?is "p ( ! pott]'s activity c be replac$ by a p[]-ma*9e71 & o!rs1 :i* l ! pott]'s h&1 /rive = a c]ta9 end & s 9 ! process create def9ite =ms4 ,rusk9 goes a /ep fur!r /ill 9 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air1 :]e he speaks ( selective ord] z a m>k ( ! _s3 ',x does n m]ely cry/allize indef9ite masses1 b x gives to limit$ portions ( matt] ! p[] ( ga!r+1 selectively1 o!r elem5ts prop] to !m1 & b9d+ ^! elem5ts into _! own peculi> & adopt$ =m4 444 ',= ! m]e =ce ( junction is n _s1 b ! p[] t cat*es out ( *aos1 *>coal1 wat]1 lime & :at n1 & fa/5s !m into giv5 =m1 is prop]ly call$ _s2 & we %all n dim9i%1 b /r5g!n our cognition ( ?is creative en]gy by recogniz+ its pres5ce 9 l[] /ates ( matt] ?an our own4' 7,,ii1 #ei47a ,:5 ,rusk9 wrote ?is passage1 he c\ld c\nt on a c]ta9 measure ( agreem5t f 8 contempor>ies t ! ess5ce ( man himself is _s1 ?\gh c]ta9ly )\t any v exact notion be+ impli$4 ,?is p]suad$ him to fight on behalf ( ! _s1 le/ its activity on ! l[] levels ( nature %\ld n be duly ackn[l$g$4 ,to-day1 :5 ! purely physical conception ( nature has laid hold ( ! entire man1 ,rusk9 might h giv5 8 ?\ght ! foll[+ turn3 '444 & we %all c]ta9ly atta9 to no real insight into ?is creative =ce 7( ! _s7 at ! level ( man1 unless we w9 ! capacity to recognize its activity 9 l[] /ates ( matt]4' ,:at ,rusk9 is really po9t+ t[>ds is ! v ?+ = :i* ,goe! =m$ ! concept 'type'4 ,& j z ,rusk91 l ,goe!1 recogniz$ ! signature ( ! _s 9 ! mat]ial processes :i* "w t[>ds a goal1 s he c\nt$ z ano!r su* signature :at ,goe! call$ ,/eig]ung1 ?\gh c]ta9ly )\t =m+ su* a univ]sally valid idea ( x3 ',! ,_s 9 ! plant - t is to say1 its p[] ( ga!r+ dead matt] out ( ! wreck r\nd x1 & %ap+ x into its own *os5 %ape - is ( c\rse /ronge/ 9 ! mom5t ( fl[]+1 = x !n n only ga!rs1 b =ms1 ) ! greate/ en]gy4' ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,rusk9's conception ( ! relation%ip betwe5 man's m9d & nature t he add$3 ',& :]e ?is life is 9 x at full p[]1 its =m becomes inve/$ ) aspects t are *iefly delightful to our own s5ses4' 7,,ii1 #fj47 ,obvi\sly1 a m9d capable ( look+ at nature 9 ?is way c\ld n accept su* a picture ( evolution z 0 put =w>d by ,rusk9's contempor>y1 ,d>w94 ,s we f9d ,rusk91 9 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air1 oppos+ ! ,d>w9i/ic conception ( ! pres]vation ( ! species z ! driv+ factor 9 ! life ( nature3 ',) respect to plants z animals1 we are wrong 9 speak+ z if ! object ( life 7 only ! bequea?+ ( itself4 ,! fl[] is ! end & prop] object ( ! se$s1 n ! se$ ( ! fl[]4 ,! reason = ! se$ is t fl[]s may be1 n ! reason ( fl[]s t se$s may be4 ,! fl[] itself is ! creature :i* ! _s makes2 only1 9 connection ) its p]fect$ness1 is plac$ ! giv+ bir? to its successor4' 7,,ii1 #fj47 ,= ,rusk9 ! true mean+ ( life 9 all its /ages lay n 9 ! ma9t5ance ( physical cont9uity f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b 9 ! ev]-r5ew$1 ev] m enhanc$ revelation ( ! _s4 ,he 0 nev] = a mom5t 9 d\bt reg>d+ ! inevitable effect ( su* an evolution>y !ory z ,d>w9's on ! g5]al social attitude ( humanity4 ,m5 w\ld be l$1 he realiz$1 to see !mselves z ! accid5tal products ( an animal nature bas$ on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,en\gh has be5 said to /amp ,rusk9 z a read] 9 ! book ( nature1 capable ( deciph]+ ! signature ( ! _s 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! s5se-_w4 99 ,outw>dly diff]5t f ,rusk9's & yet spiritually comp>able1 is ! contribution made by 8 old] contempor>y1 ,luke ,h[>d1 to ! f\ndation ( a sci5ce ( nature bas$ on intuition4 ,:]eas ,rusk9 ?r[s out a multitude ( aphori/ic utt]ances ab\t _m diff]5t aspects ( nature1 :i* w provide u ) fur!r />t+-po9ts = our own obs]vation & ?\ght1 ,h[>d is conc]n$ ) a s+le sph]e ( ph5om5a1 t ( cl\d =mation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 contribution consi/s ( a def9ite discov]y :i* he himself me?odically & consci\sly a*iev$1 & x is ! cont5t ( ?is discov]y1 toge!r ) ! me?od ( rese>* lead+ to x1 :i* w supply u ev] & aga9 ) a model = our own proc$ure4 ,at ! same "t1 z we h indicat$1 he w help u to become famili> ) ano!r side ( ,goe!1 & to wid5 our k ( ! basic sci5tific concepts =m$ by him4 ,anyone int]e/$ to-day 9 wea!r ph5om5a is acqua9t$ ) ! t]ms us$ 9 cl\d classification - ,cirrus1 ,cumulus1 ,/ratus1 & ,nimbus4 ,^! h come s f> into g5]al use t x is n easy to realize t1 until ,h[>d's pap]1 ,on ! ,modification ( ,cl\ds1 appe>$ 9 #ahjc1 no names = classify+ cl\ds 7 available4 ,sup]ficially1 x may seem t ,h[>d _h done no?+ m ?an sci5ce has s (t5 done 9 gr\p+ & classify+ & nam+ ! cont5ts ( nature4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 he did some?+ ess5tially diff]5t4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 essay1 ,h[>d describes ! motives :i* l$ him to devote himself to a /udy ( meteorological ph5om5a3 ',x is ! frequ5t obs]vation ( ! c\nt5ance ( ! sky1 & ( its connexion ) ! pres5t & ensu+ ph5om5a1 t con/itutes ! anci5t & popul> meteorology4 ,! want ( ?is bran* ( k r5d]s ! pr$iction ( ! philosoph] 7:o 9 att5d+ 8 in/rum5ts may be said to exam9e ! pulse ( ! atmosph]e71 less g5]ally successful ?an ^? ( ! wea!r-wise m>9]s & husb&m54' ,:5 he ?us speaks ( /udy+ '! c\nt5ance ( ! sky'1 ,h[>d is n us+ a m]e =m ( spee*2 he is exactly describ+ 8 own proc$ure1 z he %[s :5 he proce$s to ju/ify x z a means to sci5tific k4 ,! cl\ds ) _! ev]-mov+1 ev]-*ang+ =ms are n1 he says1 to be reg>d$ z ! m]e 'sport ( ! w9ds'1 nor is _! exi/5ce '! m]e result ( ! cond5sation ( vap\r 9 ! masses ( ! atmosph]e :i* !y occupy'4 ,:at comes to view 9 !m is id5tical1 9 its own realm1 ) :at ! *ang+ expression ( ! human face reveals ( 'a p]son's /ate ( m9d or body'4 ,x w\ld h>dly be possible to repres5t oneself m cle>ly z a g5u9e read] 9 ! book ( nature ?an by su* words4 ,:at is x b ,rusk9's ',/& by ,=m aga9/ ,=ce' t ,h[>d is "h say+ 9 8 own way8 99 ,be=e ent]+ into a fur!r description ( ,h[>d's sy/em1 we mu/ make cle> :y we disreg>d ! fact t mod]n meteorology has develop$ ! scale ( cl\d-=mation f> beyond ,h[>d1 & :y we %all keep to 8 own f\rfold scale4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,goe! t1 on becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,h[>d's "w1 he at once gave a w>n+ aga9/ subdivid+ 8 scale )\t limit4 ,goe! =esaw t ! attempt to ins]t too _m transitory =ms betwe5 ,h[>d's *ief types w\ld result only 9 obscur+ t view ( ! ess5tials :i* ,h[>d's orig9al classification _h op5$ up4 ,obvi\sly1 = a sci5ce bas$ on m]e onlook+ !re is no objection to break+ up an e/abli%$ sy/em into ev] m subdivisions 9 ord] to keep x 9 l9e ) an increas+ly detail$ out] obs]vation4 ,?is1 inde$1 mod]n meteorology has done ) ,h[>d's sy/em1 ) ! result t1 to-day1 ! total scale is made up ( t5 diff]5t /ages ( cl\d-=mation4 ,valuable z ?is t5fold scale may be = c]ta9 practical purposes1 x mu/ be ignor$ by "o :o realizes t ?r\gh ,h[>d's f\rfold scale nature h]self speaks to man's intuitive judgm5t4 ,let u1 !re=e1 turn to ,h[>d's discov]y1 undi/urb$ by ! ext5sion to :i* mod]n meteorology has subject$ x4 ,luke ,h[>d1 a *emi/ by pr(ession1 knew well h[ to value ! results ( sci5tific k above traditional folk-k4 ,he saw ! sup]iority ( sci5tifically acquir$ k 9 ! fact t x 0 univ]sally communicable1 :]eas folk-wisdom is b\nd up ) ! p]sonality ( its be>]1 8 individual obs]vations & 8 memory ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 ! increas+ ma!matiz+ ( sci5ce1 includ+ 8 own bran* ( x1 gave him great conc]n1 = he c\ld n reg>d x z helpful 9 ! true progress ( man's und]/&+ ( nature4 ,accord+ly1 he s\ght = a me?od ( obs]vation 9 :i* ! practice ( '! wea!rwise m>9] & husb&man' c\ld be rais$ to ! level ( sci5tific proc$ure4 ,to ?is end he /udi$ ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( ! sky = _m ye>s1 until he 0 able s to read its play ( features t x disclos$ to him ! ar*etypal =ms ( cl\d-=mation und]ly+ all *ange4 ,to ^! he gave ! n[ well-kn[n names 79 ,lat91 s t !y might be int]nationally compreh5sible73 ,cirrus3 ,p>allel1 flexu\s or div]g5t fibres ext5sible 9 any & all directions4 ,cumulus3 ,convex or conical heaps1 increas+ upw>ds f a horizontal base4 ,/ratus3 ,a widely ext5d$1 cont9u\s1 horizontal %eet1 increas+ f bel[4 ,nimbus3 ,! ra9 cl\d4 ,let u1 on ! backgr\nd ( ,h[>d's brief def9itions1 try to =m a m exact picture ( ! atmosph]ic dynamics at "w 9 ea* ( ! /ages he describes4#b ,among ! ?ree =mations ( cirrus1 cumulus & /ratus1 ! cumulus has a special place z repres5t+ 9 ! mo/ actual s5se :at is meant by ! t]m 'cl\d'4 ,! reason is t bo? cirrus & /ratus h *>act]i/ics :i* 9 "o or ! o!r direction t5d away f ! pure realm ( atmosph]ic cl\d-=mation4 ,9 ! /ratus1 ! atmosph]ic vap\r is ga!r$ into a horizontal1 relatively ar*$ lay] ar\nd ! e>?1 & s anticipates ! actual wat] cov]+ bel[ :i* ext5ds sph]ically ar\nd ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,?us ! /ratus arranges itself 9 a direction :i* is already condition$ by ! e>?'s field ( gravity4 ,9 ! language ( physics1 ! /ratus =ms an equipot5tial surface 9 ! gravitational field p]meat+ ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,z ! exact opposite ( ?is we h ! cirrus4 ,if 9 ! /ratus ! =m ceases to consi/ ( di/9ct p>ticul>s1 because ! entire cl\d-mass runs toge!r into a s+le lay]1 9 ! cirrus ! =m beg9s to vani% be=e our eyes1 because x dissolves into ! surr\nd+ atmosph]ic space4 ,9 ! cirrus !re is pres5t a t5d5cy to exp&2 9 ! /ratus to contract4 ,betwe5 ! two1 ! cumulus1 ev5 view$ simply z a =m-type1 repres5ts an exact mean4 ,9 h[ d5sely m\nd$ a %ape does ! maje/ically t[]+ cumulus appe> be=e u1 & yet h[ buoyantly x hov]s al(t 9 ! heights6 ,if "o ev] comes into ! mid/ ( a cumulus cl\d 9 ! m\nta9s1 "o sees h[ its myriads ( s+le p>ticles are 9 ceaseless movem5t4 ,& yet ! :ole rema9s /ation>y1 on w9dless days pres]v+ its =m un*ang$ = h\rs4 ,m rec5t meteorological rese>* has e/abli%$ t 9 _m cumulus =ms ! entire mass is 9 con/ant rotation1 al?\gh se5 f outside1 x appe>s z a /able1 unv>y+ %ape4 ,n[h]e 9 nature may ! supremacy ( =m ov] matt] be s vividly obs]v$ z 9 ! cumulus cl\d4 ,& ! =ms ( ! cumuli !mselves tell u 9 manifold metamorphoses ( a /ate ( equilibrium betwe5 expansive & contractive t5d5cies )9 ! atmosph]e4 ,our description ( ! ?ree cl\d-types ( cirrus1 cumulus & /ratus1 makes x cle> t we h to d ) a self-conta9$ symmetrical sy/em ( =ms1 )9 :i* ! two out]1 dynamically reg>d$1 repres5t ! extreme t5d5cies ( expansion & contraction1 :il/ 9 ! middle =ms ^! are held m or less 9 balance4 ,by add+ ,h[>d's nimbus =mation to ?is sy/em1 we de/roy its symmetry4 ,actually1 9 ! nimbus we h cl\d 9 su* a condition t x ceases to be an atmosph]ic ph5om5on 9 any real s5se ( ! ^w2 = x n[ breaks up into s+le drops ( wat]1 ea* ( :i*1 "u ! pull ( gravity1 makes its own indep5d5t way to ! e>?4 7,! symmetry is re/or$ z soon z we realize t ! nimbus1 z a fronti] /age bel[ ! /ratus1 has a c\nt]p>t 9 a correspond+ fronti] /age above ! cirrus4 ,to provide insight into ?is upp] fronti] /age1 ( :i* nei!r ,h[>d nor ,goe! 0 at t "t 9 a position to develop a cle> en\gh conception to deal ) x sci5tifically1 is "o ( ! aims ( ?is book47 99 ,9 ord] to und]/& :at prompt$ ,goe! to accept1 z he did1 ,h[>d's classification & t]m9ology at fir/ glance1 & :at p]suad$ him to make himself its eloqu5t h]ald1 we mu/ note f :at po9t ,goe!'s lab\rs = a natural und]/&+ ( nature _h orig9at$4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( my ,botanical ,/udies ,goe! m5tions1 besides ,%akespe>e & ,sp9oza1 ,l9naeus z "o :o _h mo/ influ5c$ 8 own developm5t4 ,conc]n+ ,l9naeus1 h[ev]1 ?is is to be und]/ood 9 a negative s5se4 ,= :5 ,goe!1 himself se>*+ = a way ( br++ ! confus+ multiplicity ( plant ph5om5a into a compreh5sive sy/em1 met ) ! ,l9naean sy/em1 he 01 despite 8 admiration = ! ?or\ghness & +5uity ( ,l9naeus's "w1 repell$ by 8 me?od4 ,?us by way ( reaction1 8 ?\ght 0 br\ght into its own creative movem5t3 ',z ,i s\ght to take 9 8 acute1 +5i\s analysis1 8 apt1 appropriate1 ?\gh (t5 arbitr>y laws1 a cleft 0 set up 9 my inn] nature3 :at he s\ght to hold =cibly ap>t c\ld n b /rive = union accord+ to ! inmo/ ne$ ( my own be+4' ,l9naeus's sy/em agoniz$ ,goe! because x dem&$ f him 'to memorize a ready-made t]m9ology1 to hold 9 read9ess a c]ta9 numb] ( n\ns & adjectives1 s z to be able1 :5ev] any =m 0 9 "q1 to employ !m 9 apt & skilful selection1 & s to give x its *>act]i/ic designation & appropriate position4' ,su* a proc$ure appe>$ to ,goe! z a k9d ( mosaic1 9 :i* "o ready-made piece is set next to ano!r 9 ord] to produce out ( a ?\s& details ! semblance ( a picture2 & ?is 0 '9 a c]ta9 way repugnant' to him4 ,:at ,goe! awoke to :5 he met ,l9naeus's attempt at sy/ematiz+ ! plant k+dom 0 ! old problem ( :e!r ! /udy ( nature %\ld proce$ f ! p>ts to ! :ole or f ! :ole to ! p>ts4 ,see+1 !re=e1 h[ x became a "q = ,goe!1 at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 sci5tific /udies1 :e!r a natural classification ( nature's ph5om5a c\ld be a*iev$1 we c und]/& :y he 0 s ov]joy$ :51 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 9 a field ( obs]vation :i* _h mean:ile caught mu* ( 8 int]e/1 he met ) a classification :i* %[$1 d[n to ! s+le names employ$1 t x _h be5 read (f f reality4 99 ,! foll[+ is a compreh5sive description ( ,goe!'s meteorological views1 :i* he gave a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 "o ( 8 conv]sations ) 8 secret>y1 ,eck]mann3 ',i comp>e ! e>? & h] hygrosph]e#c to a great liv+ be+ p]petually inhal+ & exhal+4 ,if %e inhales1 %e draws ! hygrosph]e to h]1 s t1 com+ ne> h] surface1 x is cond5s$ to cl\ds & ra94 ,?is /ate ,i call wat]-affirmative 7,wasser,bejahung74 ,%\ld x cont9ue = an indef9ite p]iod1 ! e>? w\ld be dr[n$4 ,?is ! e>? does n all[1 b exhales aga91 & s5ds ! wat]y vap\rs upw>ds1 :5 !y are dissipat$ ?r\gh ! :ole space ( ! high] atmosph]e4 ,^! become s r>efi$ t n only does ! sun p5etrate !m ) its brilliancy1 b ! et]nal d>kness ( inf9ite space is se5 ?r\gh !m z a fre% blue4 ,?is /ate ( ! atmosph]e ,i call wat]-negative 7,wasser,verneinung74 ,= j z1 "u ! contr>y influ5ce1 n only does wat] come pr(usely f above1 b also ! moi/ure ( ! e>? _c be dri$ & dissipat$ - s1 on ! contr>y1 9 ?is /ate n only does no moi/ure come f above1 b ! damp ( ! e>? itself flies upw>ds2 s t1 if ?is %\ld cont9ue = an indef9ite p]iod1 ! e>?1 ev5 if ! sun did n %9e1 w\ld be 9 dang] ( dry+ up4' 7ll? ,april #ahbg47 ,goe!'s notes ( ! results ( 8 meteorological obs]vations %[ h[ 9 !m1 too1 he foll[$ 8 pr9ciple ( keep+ /rictly to ! ph5om5on4 ,8 fir/ conc]n is to br+ ! record$ measurem5ts ( wea!r ph5om5a into _! prop] ord] ( significance4 ,to ?is end he comp>es measurem5ts ( atmosph]ic temp]ature & local d5sity ) b>ometric measurem5ts4 ,he f9ds t ! fir/ two1 be+ ( a m local & accid5tal nature1 h ! value ( 'd]iv$' ph5om5a1 :]eas ! v>iations 9 ! atmosph]e reveal$ by ! b>omet] are ! same ov] wide areas & !re=e po9t to fundam5tal *anges 9 ! g5]al conditions ( ! e>?4 ,measurem5ts made regul>ly ov] long p]iods ( "t f9ally lead him to recognize 9 ! b>ometric v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure ! basic meteorological ph5om5on4 ,9 all ?is we f9d ,goe! c>efully gu>d+ himself aga9/ 'expla9+' ^! atmosph]ic *anges by assum+ "s k9d ( purely me*anical cause1 su* z ! accumulation ( air-masses ov] a c]ta9 area or ! l4 ,j z little w\ld he p]mit himself lightly to assume influ5ces ( an extra-t]re/rial nature1 su* z ^? ( ! moon4 ,n t he w\ld h _h any?+ aga9/ su* ?+s1 if !y _h re/$ on g5u9e obs]vation4 ,b 8 own obs]vations1 z f> z he 0 able to c>ry !m1 told him simply t ! atmosph]e presses ) great] or less] int5sity on ! e>? 9 m or less regul> rhy?ms4 ,he 0 n ab&on+ ! ph5om5al sph]e1 h[ev]1 :5 he said t ^! *anges are results ( ! activity ( e>?ly gravity1 or :5 he conclud$ f ?is t b>ometric v>iations 7 caus$ by v>iations 9 ! int5sity ( ! field ( t]re/rial gravity1 :]eby ! e>? sometimes drew ! atmosph]e to x ) a /rong]1 & sometimes ) a weak]1 pull4 ,he 0 aga9 n dep>t+ f ! realm ( ! ph5om5al :5 he look$ r\nd = o!r indications 9 nature ( su* an alt]nation ( draw+ 9 & lett+ =? ( air1 & f\nd !m 9 ! respiratory processes ( animat$ be+s4 7,to reg>d ! e>? z a m]ely physical /ructure 0 impossible = ,goe!1 = he c\ld h done ?is only by leav+ out ( acc\nt ! life visibly b\nd up ) x47 ,accord+ly1 b>ometric measurem5ts became = him ! sign ( a brea?+ process c>ri$ out by ! e>?4 ,alongside ! alt]nat+ phases ( contraction & expansion )9 ! atmosph]e1 ,goe! plac$ ! fact t atmosph]ic d5sity decreases ) height4 ,obs]vation ( diff]5ces 9 cl\d =mation at diff]5t levels1 ( ! b\nd>y ( sn[ =mation1 etc41 l$ him to speak ( diff]5t 'atmosph]es'1 or ( atmosph]ic circles or sph]es1 :i* :5 undi/urb$ are arrang$ conc5trically r\nd ! e>?4 ,"h also he saw1 9 space1 phases ( contraction alt]nat+ ) phases ( expansion4 99 ,at ?is po9t 9 our discussion x is necess>y to introduce ano!r lead+ concept ( ,goe!an nature-obs]vation1 :i* 0 = him - z x w be = u - ( p>ticul> significance = c>ry+ ov] ! ,goe!an me?od ( rese>* f ! organic into ! inorganic realm ( nature4 ,?is is ! concept ( ! ur-ph5om5on 7,urphnom574 ,9 ?is latt] realm1 nature no long] br+s =? relat$ ph5om5a 9 ! ord]+ prop] to !m2 h5ce we are oblig$ to acquire ! capacity ( p5etrat+ to ?is ord]+ by means ( our own reali/ically tra9$ obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,f among ! v>i\s utt]ances ( ,goe! reg>d+ 8 g5]al conception ( ! ur-ph5om5on1 we "h select a passage f t "p ( ! hi/orical section ( 8 ,!ory ( ,col\r :]e he discusses ! me?od ( inve/igation introduc$ into sci5ce by ,bacon4 ,he says3 ',9 ! range ( ph5om5a all _h equal value 9 ,bacon's eyes4 ,= al?\gh he himself always po9ts out t "o %\ld collect ! p>ticul>s only to select f !m & to arrange !m1 9 ord] f9ally to atta9 to ,univ]sals1 yet too mu* privilege is grant$ to ! s+le facts2 & be=e x becomes possible to atta9 to simplification & conclusion by means ( induction 7! v way he recomm5ds71 life vani%es & =ces get exhau/$4 ,he :o _c realize t "o in/ance is (t5 wor? a ?\s&1 be>+ all )9 itself2 he :o proves unable to compreh5d & e/eem :at we call$ ur-ph5om5a1 w nev] be 9 a position to advance any?+1 ei!r to 8 own or to o!rs' joy & pr(it4' ,:at ,goe! says "h calls = ! foll[+ comp>ison4 ,we c say t nature se5 ?r\gh ,bacon's eyes appe>s z if pa9t$ on a two-dim5sional surface1 s t all its facts are se5 alongside ea* o!r at exactly ! same di/ance f ! obs]v]4 ,goe!1 on ! o!r h&1 ascrib$ to ! human _s ! p[] ( see+ ! ph5om5al _w 9 all its ?ree-dim5sional multiplicity2 t is1 ( see+ x 9 p]spective & di/+ui%+ betwe5 =egr\nd & backgr\nd4#d ,?+s 9 ! =egr\nd he call$ ur-ph5om5a4 ,"h ! idea creatively det]m9+ ! relevant field ( facts comes to its pure/ expression4 ,! sole task ( ! inve/igator ( nature1 he consid]$1 0 to seek = ! ur-ph5om5a & to br+ all o!r ph5om5a into relation ) !m2 & 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is task he saw ! means ( fully satisfy+ ! human m9d's ne$ to !orize4 ,he express$ ?is 9 ! words1 ',e fact is itself already !ory'4 ,9 ,goe!'s meteorological /udies we h a lucid example ( h[ he s\ght & f\nd ! relevant ur-ph5om5on4 ,x is ! brea?+-process ( ! e>? z %[n by ! v>iations ( b>ometric pressure4 99 ,once aga9 we f9d ,?omas ,reid1 along 8 l9e ( intuitively guid$ obs]vation1 com+ q close to ,goe! :]e he deals ) ! "q ( ! appreh5sion ( natural law by ! human m9d4 ,he1 too1 0 an oppon5t ( ! me?od ( 'expla9+' ph5om5a by means ( ab/ract !ories spun out ( %e] ?9k+1 & m ?an once 9 8 writ+s he inveighs aga9/ x 9 8 d[nright1 humor\s way4#e ,8 conviction t human ?9k+ ought to rema9 )9 ! realm ( directly exp]i5c$ obs]vation is %[n 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',9 ! solution ( natural ph5om5a1 all ! l5g? t ! human faculties c c>ry u is only ?is1 t f p>ticul> ph5om5a1 we may1 by induction1 trace out g5]al ph5om5a1 ( :i* all ! p>ticul> ones are necess>y consequ5ces4'#f ,z an example ( ?is he takes gravity1 lead+ ! read] f "o ph5om5on to ! next )\t ev] ab&on+ !m1 & conclud+ ! j\rney by say+3 ',! mo/ g5]al ph5om5a we c rea* are :at we call laws ( nature4 ,s t ! laws ( nature are no?+ else b ! mo/ g5]al facts relat+ to ! op]ations ( nature1 :i* include a great _m p>ticul> facts "u !m4' 99 ,x 0 :ile on 8 way ) ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,weim> to visit a newly erect$ meteorological obs]vatory t ,goe!1 9 ! c\rse ( in=m+ 8 companion ( 8 own meteorological ideas1 fir/ he>d ( ,h[>d's writ+s ab\t ! =mation ( cl\ds4 ,! ,duke _h read a report ( !m 9 a ,g]man sci5tific p]iodical1 & x seem$ to him t ,h[>d's cl\d sy/em correspond$ ) :at he n[ he>d ( ,goe!'s ?\ghts ab\t ! =ce relation%ips work+ 9 ! diff]5t atmosph]ic levels4 ,he _h made no mi/ake4 ,goe!1 :o imm$iately obta9$ ,h[>d's essay1 recogniz$ at fir/ glance 9 ,h[>d's cl\d scale ! law ( atmosph]ic *anges :i* he himself _h discov]$4 ,he f\nd "h1 :at he _h always miss$ 9 ! cu/om>y practice ( m]ely tabulat+ ! results ( sci5tific measurem5ts4 ,& s he took hold ( ! ,h[>d sy/em ) delight1 = x 'provid$ him ) a ?read :i* _h hi!rto be5 lack+'4 ,moreov]1 9 ! names :i* ,h[>d _h *os5 = designat+ ! basic cl\d =ms1 ,goe! saw ! dynamic elem5t 9 ea* ( !m com+ to imm$iate expression 9 human spee*4#g ,he !re=e always spoke ( ,h[>d's sy/em z a 'welcome t]m9ology'4 ,all ?is inspir$ ,goe! to celebrate ,h[>d's p]sonality & 8 "w 9 a numb] ( v]ses 9 :i* he gave a description ( ^! dynamic elem5ts & a p>aphrase ( ! names1 m\ld+ !m toge!r into an arti/ic unity4 ,9 a few accompany+ v]ses he hon\r$ ,h[>d z ! fir/ to 'di/+ui% & suitably "n' ! cl\ds4#h ,! reason :y ,goe! laid s mu* /ress on ,h[>d's t]m9ology 0 because he 0 v mu* aw>e ( ! p[] ( names to help or h9d] m5 9 _! que/ = k4 ,he himself usually wait$ a long "t be=e decid+ on a "n = a natural ph5om5on or a connexion betwe5 ph5om5a :i* he _h discov]$4 ,! ,idea :i* 8 spiritual eye _h obs]v$ _h fir/ to appe> s cle>ly be=e him t he c\ld clo! x 9 a ?\ght-=m prop] to x4 ,see+ 9 ! act ( "n - giv+ an ess5tial function ( man 7we are rem9d$ ( :at 9 ?is respect ! biblical /ory ( creation says ( ,adam71#i ,goe! call$ man '! fir/ conv]sation :i* ,nature conducts ) ,god'4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,goe! t he did n cont5t himself ) kn[+ ! tru? :i* someone _h br\ght =w>d 9 a field ( k 9 :i* he himself 0 int]e/$1 b t he felt 8 acqua9tance ) ?is tru? to be complete only :5 he also knew some?+ ab\t ! p]sonality ( ! man himself4 ,s he introduces 8 acc\nt ( 8 endeav\rs to "k m ab\t ,h[>d1 ! man1 ) ! foll[+ words3 ',increas+ly conv9c$ t ev]y?+ occurr+ ?r\gh man %\ld be reg>d$ 9 an e?ical s5se1 & t moral value is to be e/imat$ only f a man's way ( life1 ,i ask$ a fri5d 9 ,london to f9d out if possible some?+ ab\t ,h[>d's life1 if only ! simple/ facts4' ,goe! 0 unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,engli%man 0 /ill alive1 s 8 delight & surprise 7 consid]able :5 f ,h[>d himself he receiv$ an answ] 9 ! =m ( a %ort autobiographical sket*1 :i* fully confirm$ 8 expectations reg>d+ ,h[>d's e?ical p]sonality4 ,h[>d's acc\nt ( himself is kn[n to u1 z ,goe! includ$ a translation ( x 9 ! collection ( 8 own meteorological /udies4 ,h[>d 9 a mode/ yet dignifi$ way describes 8 ,*ri/ian fai?1 8 guide ?r\gh all 8 relation%ips1 :e!r to o!r m5 or to nature4#aj ,a man comes be=e u :o1 untr\bl$ by ! prevail+ philosophy ( 8 day1 0 able to advance to ! k ( an objective tru? 9 nature1 because he _h ! ability to c>ry religi\s exp]i5ce ev5 into 8 obs]vation ( ! s5se-_w4 99 ,9 view ( all ?is1 x is p]haps n too mu* to say t 9 ! meet+ betwe5 ,h[>d & ,goe! by way ( ! spiritual bridge ( ! cl\ds1 some?+ happ5$ t 0 m ?an a m]e ev5t 9 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ^! two m54 #a ,^! words %\ld be weigh$ ) ! fact 9 m9d t !y 7 writt5 at ! "t :5 ,crookes 0 int5t on f9d+ ! unkn[n l& ( ! _s by means ( j su* 'a m]e =ce ( junction'4 #b ,see also ,goe!'s sket* ( ! basic cl\d =ms on ,plate ,,iv4 #c ,goe!'s ,dun/kreis - mean+ ! humidity conta9$ 9 ! air &1 z su*1 sph]ically surr\nd+ ! e>?4 ,i _h to make up ! ^w 'hygrosph]e' 7aft] hygromet]1 etc47 to keep cle> ! di/9ction f bo? atmosph]e & hydrosph]e4 ,except = ?is t]m 9 ! fir/ two s5t5ces1 ! above foll[s ,ox5=d's translation 7:o1 foll[+ ! diction>ies1 has r5d]$ ,goe!'s t]m inadequately by 'atmosph]e'74 #d ,we may "h recall ,edd+ton's /atem5t conc]n+ ! re/riction ( sci5tific obs]vation to 'non-/]eoscopic vision'4 #e ,an example ( ?is is ,reid's comm5t>y on exi/+ !ories ab\t sight z a m]e activity ( ! optic n]ve4 7,inq41 ,,vi1 #ai47 #f ,see ,inq41 ,,vi1 #ac4 ,?is is precisely :at ,kant _h decl>$ to be outside human possibility4 #g ,/ratus means lay]1 cumulus - heap1 cirrus - curl4 #h ,!re exi/s no adequate translation ( ^! v]ses4 #i ,g5esis ii1 #ai1 #bj4 #aj ,a fact :i* ,h[>d did n m5tion1 & :i* presumably rema9$ unkn[n to ,goe!1 0 ! "w he _h done z *airman ( a relief committee = ! p>ts ( ,g]many deva/at$ by ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,= ?is "w ,h[>d receiv$ a s]ies ( public hon\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,dynamics v]sus ,k9etics ,at ! pres5t "t ! human m9d is 9 dang] ( confus+ ! realm ( dynamic ev5ts1 into :i* mod]n atomic rese>* has p5etrat$1 ) ! _w ( ! _s2 t is1 ! _w :5ce nature is end[$ ) intellig5t design1 & ( :i* human ?9k+ is an expression 9 t]ms ( consci\sness4 ,if a view ( nature z a manife/ation ( _s1 su* z ,goe! & k9dr$ m9ds conceiv$ x1 is to be ( any significance 9 our "t1 x mu/ include a conception ( matt] :i* %[s z "o ( its attributes its capacity to s]ve ,=m 79 ! s5se 9 :i* ,rusk9 spoke ( x 9 opposition to m]e ,=ce7 z a means ( manife/ation4 ,! pres5t "p ( ?is book1 compris+ ,*apt]s ,,viii-,,xi1 w be devot$ to work+ out su* a conception ( matt]4 ,an example w !reby be giv5 ( h[ ,goe!'s me?od ( acquir+ und]/&+ ( natural ph5om5a ?r\gh read+ ! ph5om5a !mselves may be c>ri$ beyond 8 own field ( obs]vation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 !oretical ob/acles1 erect$ by ! onlook]-consci\sness1 :i* require to be remov$ be=e we c actually set foot on ! new pa?4 ,! pres5t *apt] w 9 p>ticul> s]ve ?is purpose4 99 ,sci5ce1 s9ce ,galileo1 has be5 root$ 9 ! conviction t ! logic ( ma!matics is a means ( express+ ! behavi\r ( natural ev5ts4 ,! mat]ial = ! ma!matical treatm5t ( s5se data is obta9$ ?r\gh measurem5t4 ,! actual ?+1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! sci5tific obs]v] is int]e/$ 9 ea* case1 is ! position ( "s k9d ( po9t]4 ,9 fact1 physical sci5ce is ess5tially1 z ,pr(essor ,edd+ton put x1 a 'po9t]-read+ sci5ce'4 ,look+ at ?is fact 9 our way we c say t all po9t] in/rum5ts :i* man has con/ruct$ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( sci5ce1 h z _! model man himself1 re/rict$ to col\rless1 non-/]eoscopic obs]vation4 ,= all t is left to him 9 ?is condition is to focus po9ts 9 space & regi/] *anges ( _! positions4 ,inde$1 ! p]fect sci5tific obs]v] is himself ! ar*-po9t]-in/rum5t4 ,! bir? ( ! me?od ( po9t]-read+ is m>k$ by ,galileo's con/ruction ( ! fir/ !rmomet] 7actually1 a !rmoscope74 ,! conviction ( ! applicability ( ma!matical concepts to ! description ( natural ev5ts is gr\nd$ 9 8 discov]y ( ! s-call$ ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces4 ,x is ) ^! two innovations t we %all conc]n ourselves 9 ?is *apt]4 ,let x be said at once t our inve/igations w lead to ! unveil+ ( c]ta9 illusions :i* ! spectator-consci\sness has wov5 r\nd ^! two gifts ( ,galileo4 ,?is does n mean t _! significance z fundam5tals ( sci5ce w be que/ion$4 ,nor w ! practical uses to :i* !y h be5 put ) s mu* success be criticiz$ 9 any way4 ,b !re are c]ta9 deceptive ideas :i* became connect$ ) !m1 & ! result is t to-day1 :5 man is 9 ne$ ( f9d+ new epi/emological gr\nd "u 8 feet1 he is entangl$ 9 a network ( conceptual illusions :i* prev5t him f us+ 8 reason ) ! requir$ fre$om4 ,a special ^w is necess>y at ?is po9t reg>d+ ! t]m illusion1 z x is us$ "h & else:]e4 ,9 respect ( ?is1 x w be well to rememb] :at 0 po9t$ out e>li] 9 connexion ) ! t]m 'trag$y' 7,*apt] ,,ii74 ,9 speak+ ( 'illusion'1 we nei!r int5d to ca/ any blame on "s p]son or ano!r :o took "p 9 weav+ ! illusion1 nor to sugge/ t ! em]g5ce ( x %\ld be ?\ght ( z an avoidable calamity4 ,r %\ld illusion be ?\ght ( z some?+ :i* man has be5 all[$ to weave because only by 8 own active ov]com+ ( x c he fulfil 8 de/9y z ! be>] ( tru? 9 fre$om4 ,illusion1 9 ! s5se us$ "h1 belongs to ^? ?+s 9 man's exi/5ce :i* are truly to be call$ tragic4 ,x loses ?is quality1 & assumes a q diff]5t "o1 only :5 man1 once ! "t has come = ov]com+ an illusion1 insi/s on cl++ to x4 ,z our fur!r /udies w %[1 ! criticism to be appli$ "h does n only leave ! validity ( measurem5t & ! ma!matical treatm5t ( ! data ?us obta9$ fully intact1 b by giv+ !m _! appropriate place 9 a wid] conception ( nature x op5s ! way to an ev] m firmly gr\nd$ &1 at ! same "t1 enhanc$ application ( bo?4 99 ,our prim>y k ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ we call 'w>m?' or 'heat' is due to a p>ticul> s5se ( w>m? :i* mod]n rese>* has recogniz$ z a cle>ly def9able s5se4 ,naturally1 se5 f ! spectator-/&po9t1 ! exp]i5ces ( ?is s5se appe> to be ( purely subjective value & !re=e useless = obta9+ an objective insight into ! nature ( w>m? & its effects 9 ! physical _w4 ,9 ord] to le>n ab\t ^!1 resort is _h to c]ta9 in/rum5ts :i*1 ?r\gh ! *ange ( ! spatial position ( a po9t1 all[ ! onlook]-obs]v] to regi/] *anges 9 ! !rmal condition ( a physical object4 ,an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d is ! !rmomet]4 ,9 ! foll[+ way an indubitable pro( seems to be giv5 ( ! correctness ( ! view conc]n+ ! subjectivity ( ! impressions obta9$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( w>m?1 & ( ! objectivity ( !rmometrical measurem5t4 ,a description ( x is frequ5tly giv5 9 physical textbooks z an introduction to ! *apt] on ,heat4 ,to beg9 )1 ! well-kn[n fact is cit$ t if "o plunges "o's h&s fir/ into two diff]5t b[ls1 "o fill$ ) hot wat] & ! o!r ) cold1 & !n plunges !m toge!r into a b[l ( tepid wat]1 ?is w feel cold to ! h& com+ f ! hot wat] & w>m to ! h& com+ f ! cold4 ,next1 x is po9t$ out t two !rmomet]s :i* are put ?r\gh ! same proc$ure w regi/] an equal degree ( temp]ature = ! tepid wat]4 ,9 ?is way ! /ud5t is giv5 a la/+ impression ( ! sup]iority ( ! 'objective' record+ ( ! in/rum5t ov] ! 'subjective' "* ( ! exp]i5ces m$iat$ by 8 s5se ( w>m?4 ,let u n[ te/ ?is proc$ure by c>ry+ out ! same exp]im5t ) ! help ( !rmometrical in/rum5ts 9 _! orig9al =m1 t is1 ! =m 9 :i* ,galileo fir/ appli$ !m4 ,by do+ s we proce$ 9 a truly ,goe!an mann]1 because we dive/ ! exp]im5t ( all accessories :i* prev5t ! ph5om5on f appe>+ 9 its prim>y =m4 ,to turn a mod]n !rmomet] into a !rmoscope we ne$ only remove ! figures f its scale4 ,if we make ! exp]im5t ) two su* !rmoscopes we at once become aw>e ( some?+ :i* usually escapes u1 our att5tion be+ fix$ on ! figures record$ by ! two in/rum5ts4 ,= we n[ notice t ! two in/rum5ts1 :5 transf]r$ f ! hot & cold wat] into ! tepid wat]1 behave q diff]5tly4 ,9 "o ! column w fall1 9 ! o!r x w rise4 ,x is important to note t by ?is treatm5t ( ! two in/rum5ts we h n *ang$ ! way 9 :i* !y usually indicate temp]ature4 ,= !rmometrical measurem5t is 9 actual fact nev] any?+ else ?an a record+ ( ! movem5t ( ! indicator f "o level to ano!r4 ,we *oose m]ely to take a c]ta9 temp]ature level - t ( melt+ ice or some?+ else - z a fix$ po9t ( ref]5ce & m>k x once = all on ! in/rum5t4 ,because we f9d ?is m>k cle>ly di/+ui%$ on our !rmomet]s1 & ! scales numb]$ accord+ly1 we fail to notice :at lies ideally beh9d ?is use ( ! same z]o = e new op]ation we und]take4 ,:at ! z]o signifies becomes cle> directly we />t to "w ) !rmomet]s n m>k$ ) scales4 ,= 9 ord] to be us$ 9 ?is =m z real !rmomet]s1 !y mu/ be expos$ on ea* occasion fir/ ( all to "s z]o level ( temp]ature1 say1 t ( melt+ ice4 ,if we !n take !m into ! region ( temp]ature we want to measure1 we %all disc]n ! diff]5ce ( levels ?r\gh ! correspond+ movem5t ( ! column4 ,! f9al position ( ! column tells u no?+ 9 itself4 ,x is always ! *ange f "o level to ano!r t ! !rmomet] regi/]s - precisely z does ! s5se ( w>m? 9 our h&s 9 ! exp]im5t j describ$4 ,h5ce we see t 9 ! ord9>y op]ation ) ! !rmomet]s1 & :5 we use our h&s 9 ! prescrib$ mann]1 we are deal+ ) ! z]o level 9 two q diff]5t ways4 ,:ile 9 !_/two in/rum5ts ! z]o level is ! same1 9 accordance ) ! :ole idea ( !rmometric measurem5t1 we make a special arrangem5t s z to expose our h&s to two diff]5t levels4 ,s we ne$ n be surpris$ if ^! two ways yield diff]5t results4 ,if1 aft] plac+ two !rmomet]s )\t scales 9 hot & cold wat]1 we 7 to assign to ea* its own z]o 9 accordance ) ! respective height ( its column1 & !n graduate !m f ?is ref]5ce po9t1 !y w\ld necess>ily record diff]5t levels :5 expos$ to ! tepid wat]1 9 j ! same way z ! h&s d4 ,our two h&s1 moreov]1 w receive ! same s5se-impression f ! tepid wat]1 if we keep !m 9 x long en\gh4 ,se5 9 ?is light1 ! orig9al exp]im5t1 design$ to %[ ! subjective "* ( ! impressions ga9$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( w>m?1 reveals itself z a piece ( self-deception by ! onlook]-consci\sness4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t1 9 s f> z !re is any subjective elem5t 9 ! exp]i5ce & measurem5t ( heat1 x does n lie on ! side ( our s5se ( w>m?1 b 9 our judgm5t ( ! significance ( !rmometrical read+s4 ,9 fact1 our te/ ( ! alleg$ pro( ( ! absolute sup]iority ( po9t]-read+s ov] ! impressions ga9$ by our s5ses gives u pro( ( ! correctness ( ,goe!'s /atem5t1 quot$ e>li]1 t ! s5ses d n deceive1 b ! judgm5t deceives4 ,let x be repeat$ "h t :at we h f\nd 9 ?is way does n lead to any depreciation ( ! me?od ( po9t]-read+4 ,= ! direct f9d+s ( ! s5ses _c be comp>$ quantitatively4 ,! po9t is t ! idea ( ! absolute sup]iority ( physical measurem5t z a means ( sci5tific k1 9 all circum/ances1 mu/ be ab&on$ z false4 99 ,we n[ turn to ,galileo's discov]y kn[n z ! !orem ( ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces4 ,! illusion :i* has be5 wov5 r\nd ?is !orem expresses itself 9 ! way x is describ$ z be+ connect$ ideally ) ano!r !orem1 outw>dly simil> 9 "*1 kn[n z ! !orem ( ! ,p>allelogram ( ,movem5ts 7or ,velocities71 by /at+ t ! =m] foll[s logically f ! latt]4 ,?is /atem5t is to be f\nd 9 e textbook on physics at ! outset ( ! *apt] on dynamics 7k9etics71 :]e x s]ves to e/abli% ! "r to treat ! dynamic occurr5ces 9 nature 9 a purely k9ematic fa%ion1 true to ! requirem5ts ( ! onlook]-consci\sness4#a ,! foll[+ description w %[ t1 directly we free ourselves f ! onlook]-limitations ( our consci\sness 9 ! way %[n by ,goe! - &1 9 respect ( ! pres5t problem1 9 p>ticul> also by ,reid - ! ideal relation%ip betwe5 ! two !orems is se5 to be precisely ! opposite to ! "o express$ 9 ! above /atem5t4 ,! reason :y we take pa9s to %[ ?is at ! pres5t po9t ( our discussion is t only ?r\gh replac+ ! fallaci\s conception by ! correct "o1 d we op5 ! way = =m+ a concrete concept ( ,=ce & !reby = e/abli%+ a truly dynamic conception ( nature4 99 ,let u beg9 by describ+ briefly ! cont5t ( ! two !orems 9 "q4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 a diagrammatical repres5tation is giv5 ( ! p>allelogram ( movem5ts4 ,x sets out to %[ t :5 a po9t moves ) a c]ta9 velocity 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[ a1 s t 9 a c]ta9 "t x passes f ,p to ,a1 & :5 x simultane\sly moves ) a second velocity 9 ! direction indicat$ by b1 ?r\gh :i* alone x w\ld pass to ,b 9 ! same "t1 its actual movem5t is indicat$ by c1 ! diagonal 9 ! p>allelogram =m$ by a & b4 ,an example ( ! way 9 :i* ?is !orem is practically appli$ is ! well-kn[n case ( a r[] :o sets out f ,p 9 ord] to cross at "r angles a riv] indicat$ by ! p>allel l9es4 ,he has to ov]come ! velocity a ( ! wat] ( ! riv] fl[+ to ! "r by /e]+ obliquely left t[>ds ,b 9 ord] to arrive f9ally at ,c4 ,x is ess5tial to obs]ve t ! cont5t ( ?is !orem does n ne$ ! confirmation ( any out] exp]i5ce = its discov]y1 or to e/abli% its tru?4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! recognition ( ! fact :i* x expresses may h fir/ come to m5 ?r\gh practical obs]vation1 yet ! cont5t ( ?is !orem c be discov]$ & prov$ by purely logical means4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles any purely geometrical /atem5t su* z1 t ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle is two "r angles 7#ahj74 ,ev5 ?\gh ?is too may h fir/ be5 le>nt ?r\gh out] obs]vation1 yet x rema9s true t = ! discov]y ( ! fact express$ by x - valid = all plane triangles - no out] exp]i5ce is ne$$4 ,9 bo? cases we f9d ourselves 9 ! doma9 ( pure geometric conceptions 7l5g? & direction ( /raight l9es1 movem5t ( a po9t along ^!71 ^: reciprocal relation%ips are ord]$ by ! laws ( pure geometric logic4 ,s 9 ! !orem ( ! ,p>allelogram ( ,velocities we h a /rictly geometrical !orem1 ^: cont5t is 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se k9ematic4 ,9 fact1 x is ! basic !orem ( k9ematics4 ,we n[ turn to ! second !orem :i* speaks ( an outw>dly simil> relation%ip betwe5 =ces4 ,z is well n[n1 ?is /ates t two =ces ( diff]5t magnitude & direction1 :5 !y apply at ! same po9t1 act toge!r 9 ! mann] ( a s+le =ce ^: magnitude & direction may be repres5t$ by ! diagonal ( a p>allelogram ^: sides express 9 ext5t & direction ! fir/ two =ces4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,r ex]cises ^u ,p ! same effect z ,f#a & ,f#b toge!r4 ,express$ 9 ano!r way1 a =ce ( ?is magnitude work+ 9 ! rev]se direction 7,r'7 w e/abli% an equilibrium ) ! o!r two =ces4 ,9 te*nical practice1 z is well kn[n1 ?is !orem is us$ = c\ntless calculations1 9 bo? /atics & dynamics1 & inde$ m frequ5tly n 9 ! =m giv5 "h b 9 ! conv]se mann]1 :5 a s+le kn[n =ce is resolv$ into two compon5t =ces4 7,di/ribution ( a pressure along frameworks1 ( air pressure along mov+ surfaces1 etc47 ,x w n[ be our task to exam9e ! logical l9k :i* is believ$ to connect "o !orem ) ! o!r4 ,?is l9k is f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n def9ition ( physical =ce z a product ( 'mass' & 'accel]ation' - 9 algebraic symbols ,fma4 ,we w discuss ! implications ( ?is def9ition 9 m detail lat] on4 ,let u fir/ see h[ x is us$ z a f\ndation = ! above ass]tion4 ,! conception ( '=ce' z ! product ( 'mass' & 'accel]ation' is bas$ on ! fact - easily exp]i5c$ by anyone :o cycles along a level road - t x is n velocity itself :i* requires ! ex]tion ( =ce1 b ! *ange ( velocity - t is1 accel]ation or ret>dation 7'negative accel]ation' 9 ! s5se ( ma!matical physics72 also t 9 ! case ( equal accel]ations1 ! =ce dep5ds ^u ! mass ( ! accel]at$ object4 ,! m massive ! object1 ! great] w be ! =ce necess>y = accel]at+ x4 ,?is mass1 9 turn1 reveals itself 9 ! resi/ance a p>ticul> object (f]s to any *ange ( its /ate ( motion4 ,:]e diff]5t accel]ations & ! same mass are consid]$1 ! factor m 9 ! above =mula rema9s con/ant1 & =ce & accel]ation are directly proportional to ea* o!r4 ,?us 9 ! accel]ation is discov]$ a measure = ! magnitude ( ! =ce :i* !reby acts4 ,n[ x is logically evid5t t ! !orem ( ! p>allelogram ( velocities is equally valid = movem5ts ) con/ant or v>iable velocities4 ,ev5 ?\gh x is some:at m difficult to p]ceive m5tally ! movem5t ( a po9t 9 two diff]5t directions ) two diff]5tly accel]at$ motions1 & to =m an inn] conception ( ! result+ movem5t1 we are nev]!less /ill )9 a doma9 :i* may be fully embrac$ by ?\ght4 ,?us accel]at$ movem5ts & movem5ts "u con/ant velocity c be resolv$ & comb9$ accord+ to ! law ( ! p>allelogram ( movem5ts1 a law :i* is fully atta9able by means ( logical ?\ght4 ,) ! help ( ! def9ition ( =ce z ! product ( mass & accel]ation x seems possible1 inde$1 to d]ive ! p>allelogram ( =ces f t ( accel]ations 9 a purely logical mann]4 ,= x is necess>y only to ext5d all sides ( an a p>allelogram by means ( ! same factor m 9 ord] to turn x into an ,f p>allelogram4 ,a s+le geometrical figure on pap] c repres5t bo? cases1 s9ce only ! scale ne$s to be alt]$ 9 ord] t ! same geometrical l5g? %\ld repres5t at "o "t ! magnitude a & on ano!r occasion ma4 ,x is 9 ?is way t pres5t-day sci5tific ?\ght keeps itself conv9c$ t ! p>allelogram ( =ces foll[s ) logical evid5ce f ! p>allelogram ( accel]ations1 & t ! discov]y ( ! =m] is !re=e due to a purely m5tal process4 ,s9ce ! p>allelogram ( =ces is ! prototype ( ea* fur!r ma!matical repres5tation ( physical =ce-relation%ips 9 nature1 ! conceptual l9k ?us =g$ betwe5 x & ! basic !orem ( k9ematics has l$ to ! conviction t ! fact t natural ev5ts c be express$ 9 t]ms ( ma!matics c\ld be1 & actually has be51 discov]$ ?r\gh pure logical reason+1 & ?us by ! bra9-b\nd1 day-wak+ consci\sness '( ! _w-spectator4 ,ju/ification !reby seem$ to be giv5 = ! build+ ( a valid sci5tific _w-picture1 purely k9ematic 9 "*4 99 ,! l9e ( consid]ation we %all n[ h to ent] ^u = c>ry+ out our own exam9ation ( :at is believ$ to be ! l9k betwe5 ! two !orems may seem to ! sci5tifically tra9$ read] to be ( an all too elem5t>y k9d comp>$ ) ! complexities ( ?\ght 9 :i* he is us$ to engage 9 ord] to settle a sci5tific problem4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to /ate "h t anyone :o wi%es to help to ov]come ! tangle ( mod]n !oretical sci5ce mu/ n be %y 9 apply+ ?\ghts & obs]vations ( seem+ly s simple a nature z ^? us$ bo? "h & on o!r occasions4 ,"s read9ess1 9 fact1 is requir$ to play :]e necess>y ! "p ( ! *ild 9 ,hans ,&]s5's fairy-/ory ( ,! ,emp]or's ,new ,clo!s1 :]e all ! p are l\d 9 praise ( ! magnific5t robes ( ! ,emp]or1 :o is actually pass+ ?r\gh ! /reets ) no clo!s on at all1 & a s+le *ild's voice exclaims ! tru? t '! ,emp]or has no?+ on'4 ,!re w repeat$ly be occasion to adopt ! role ( ?is *ild 9 ! c\rse ( our own /udies4 99 ,9 ! sci5tific def9ition ( =ce giv5 above =ce appe>s z ! result ( a multiplication ( two o!r magnitudes4 ,n[ z is well kn[n1 x is ess5tial = ! op]ation ( multiplication t ( ! two factors =m+ ! product at lea/ "o %\ld exhibit ! prop]ties ( a pure numb]4 ,= two pure numb]s may be multipli$ toge!r - e4g4 #b & #d - & a numb] ( concrete ?+s c be multipli$ by a pure numb] - e4 g4 #c apples & ! numb] #d - b no s5se c be atta*$ to ! multiplication ( #c apples by #d apples1 let alone by #d pe>s6 ,! result ( multiplication is !re=e always ei!r itself a pure numb]1 :5 bo? factors h ?is prop]ty2 or :5 "o ( ! two factors is ( ! nature ( a concrete object1 ! result is ( ! same quality z ! latt]4 ,an apple w always rema9 an apple aft] multiplication1 & :at di/+ui%es ! f9al product 7apples7 f ! orig9al factor 7apples7 is only a pure numb]4 ,if we take s]i\sly :at ?is simple consid]ation tells u ( ! nature ( multiplication1 & if we d n all[ ourselves to deviate f x = :atev] purpose we make use ( ?is algebraic op]ation1 !n ! v>i\s concepts we connect ) ! basic measurem5ts 9 physics und]go a consid]able *ange ( mean+4 ,let u te/1 9 ?is respect1 ! well-kn[n =mula :i*1 9 ! conceptual language ( physics1 connects 'di/ance' 7s71 '"t' 7t71 & 'velocity' 7c74 ,x is writt5 c s _/ t1 or s ct4 ,9 ?is =mula1 s has mo/ def9itely ! mean+ ( a '?+'1 = x repres5ts measur$ spatial di/ance4 ,( ! two factors on ! o!r side ( ! second equation1 "o mu/ ne$s h ! same quality z s3 ?is is c4 ,?us = ! o!r factor1 t1 !re rema9s ! prop]ty ( a pure numb]4 ,we are1 !re=e1 "u an illusion if we assume ! factor c to repres5t any?+ ( :at velocity implies 9 out] cosmic reality4 ,! tru? is t c repres5ts a spatial di/ance j z s does1 ) ! diff]5ce only t x is a c]ta9 unit-di/ance4 ,j z little does real "t ent] into ?is =mula - nor does x into any o!r =mula ( ma!matical physics4 ',"t'1 9 physics1 is always a pure numb] )\t any cosmic quality4 ,inde$1 h[ c\ld x be o!rwise = a purely k9ematic _w-obs]vation8 ,we n[ submit ! =mula ,fma to ! same scrut9y4 ,if we atta* to ! factor a on ! "r side ( ! equation a def9ite quality1 namely an obs]vable accel]ation1 ! o!r factor 9 ! product is p]mitt$ to h only ! prop]ties ( a pure numb]2 ,f1 !re=e1 c be only ( ! same nature z a & mu/ itself be an accel]ation4 ,7 x o!rwise1 !n ! equation ,fma c\ld c]ta9ly n s]ve z a logical l9k betwe5 ! ,velocity & ,=ce p>allelograms4 ,our pres5t inve/igation has done no m ?an grant u an insight into ! process ( ?\ght :]eby ! consci\sness limit$ to a purely k9ematic exp]i5ce has depriv$ ! concept ( =ce ( any real cont5t4 ,let u look at ! equation ,fma z a means ( splitt+ ( ! magnitude ,f into two compon5ts m & a4 ,! equation !n tells u t ,f is r$uc$ to ! nature ( pure accel]ation1 = t :i* resides 9 ! =ce z a factor n obs]vable by k9ematic vision has be5 split away f x z ! factor m4 ,= ?is factor1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 no?+ rema9s ov] b ! prop]ty ( a pure numb]4 ,let u note "h t ! fir/ ?9k] to conc]n himself ) a compreh5sive _w-picture 9 :i* ! non-exi/5ce ( a real concept ( =ce is tak5 9 e>ne/-namely1 ,alb]t ,e9/e9 - 0 also ! fir/ to consid] mass z a =m ( en]gy & ev5 to pr$ict correctly1 z 0 prov$ lat]1 ! am\nt ( en]gy repres5t$ by ! unit ( mass1 !reby enc\rag+ decisively ! new bran* ( exp]im5tal rese>* :i* has l$ to ! free+ ( ! s-call$ atomic en]gy4 ,is x !n possible t pure numb]s c effect :at took place above & )9 ,nagasaki1 ,hiro%ima1 etc48 ,"h we are /&+ once aga9 be=e "o ( ! p>adoxes ( mod]n sci5ce :i* we h f\nd to play s consid]able a "p 9 its developm5t4 ,to f9d an int]pretation ( ! =mula ,fma1 :i* is free f illusion1 we mu/ turn our att5tion fir/ ( all to ! concepts '=ce' & 'mass' !mselves4 ,! fact t m5 h ^! two words 9 _! languages %[s t ! concepts express$ by !m mu/ be bas$ on "s exp]i5ce t has be5 man's long be=e he 0 capable ( any sci5tific reflexion4 ,let u ask :at k9d ( exp]i5ce ?is is & by :at "p ( 8 be+ he ga!rs x4 ,! answ] is1 z simple self-obs]vation w %[1 t we "k ( ! exi/5ce ( =ce ?r\gh ! fact t we ourselves mu/ ex]t x 9 ord] to move our own body4 ,?us x is ! resi/ance ( our body aga9/ any alt]ation ( its /ate ( motion1 z a result ( its be+ compos$ ( in]t matt]1 :i* gives u ! exp]i5ce ( =ce bo? z a possession ( our own & z a prop]ty ( ! out] _w4 ,all o!r ref]5ces to =ce1 9 places :]e x _c be imm$iately exp]i5c$1 arise by way ( analogy bas$ on ! simil>ity ( ! cont5t ( our obs]vation to t :i* spr+s f ! ex]tion ( =ce 9 our own bodies4 ,z we see1 9 ?is exp]i5ce ( =ce t ( mass is at once impli$4 ,/ill1 we c /r5g!n ! latt] by exp]im5t+ ) "s out] physical object4 ,take a fairly heavy object 9 y\r h&1 /ret* out y\r arm lightly & move x sl[ly up & d[n1 wat*+ int5tly ! s5sation ?is op]ation r\ses 9 y4#b ,evid5tly ! exp]i5ce ( mass outside ourselves1 z ) t ( our own body1 comes to u ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( ! =ce :i* we ourselves mu/ ex]t 9 ord] to ov]come "s resi/+ =ce occasion$ by ! mass4 ,already ?is simple obs]vation - z su* made by means ( ! s5se ( movem5t & !re=e outside ! fronti]s ( ! onlook]-consci\sness - tells u t mass is no?+ b a p>ticul> manife/ation ( =ce4 ,se5 9 ! light ( ?is exp]i5ce1 ! equation ,fma requires to be int]pret$ 9 a mann] q diff]5t f t to :i* sci5tific logic has submitt$ x4 ,= if we h to ascribe to ,f & m ! same quality1 !n ! rule ( multiplication all[s u to ascribe to a no?+ b ! "* ( a pure numb]4 ,?is implies t !re is no su* ?+ z accel]ation z a self-conta9$ entity1 m]ely atta*$ to mass 9 an ext]nal way4 ,:at we designate z accel]ation1 & measure z su*1 is no?+ else ?an a num]ical factor comp>+ two diff]5t conditions ( =ce )9 ! physical-mat]ial _w4 ,only :5 we give ! ?ree factors 9 our equation ?is mean+1 does x express "s concrete out] reality4 ,at ! same "t x =bids ! use ( ?is equation = a logical d]ivation ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces f t ( pure velocities4 99 ,! same me?od :i* has enabl$ u to re/ore its true mean+ to ! =mula connect+ mass & =ce w s]ve to f9d ! true s\rce ( man's k ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,accord+ly1 our proc$ure w be z foll[s4 ,we %all engage two o!r p]sons1 toge!r ) :om we %all try to discov] by means ( our respective exp]i5ces ( =ce ! law "u :i* ?ree =ces apply+ at a common po9t may hold !mselves 9 equilibrium4 ,our fir/ /ep w consi/ 9 grasp+ ea* o!r by ! h& & 9 apply+ v>i\s ef=ts ( our wills to draw "o ano!r 9 diff]5t directions1 see+ to x t we d ?is 9 su* a way t ! ?ree jo9$ h&s rema9 undi/urb$ at ! same place4 ,by ?is means we c get z f> z to e/abli% t1 :5 two p]sons ma9ta9 a /eady direction & /r5g? ( pull1 ! ?ird mu/ alt] 8 appli$ =ce ) e *ange 9 8 own direction 9 ord] to hold ! two o!rs 9 equilibrium4 ,he w f9d t 9 "s in/ances he mu/ increase 8 pull & 9 o!r in/ances decrease x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is all t c be le>nt 9 ?is way4 ,no possibility arises at ?is /age ( our inve/igation ( e/abli%+ any exact quantitative comp>ison4 ,= ! =ces :i* we h br\ght =? 7& ?is is valid = =ces 9 g5]al1 no matt] ( :at k9d !y are7 repres5t pure int5sities1 outw>dly nei!r visible nor directly measurable4 ,we c c]ta9ly tell :e!r we are int5sify+ or dim9i%+ ! application ( our w1 b a num]ical comp>ison betwe5 diff]5t ex]tions ( w is n possible4 ,9 ord] to make su* a comp>ison1 a fur!r /ep is necess>y4 ,we mu/ convey our ef=t to "s po9t]-in/rum5t - = in/ance1 a spiral spr+ :i* w respond to an ex]t$ pressure or pull by a *ange 9 its spatial ext5sion4 7,pr9ciple ( ! spr+ balance47 ,9 ?is way1 by mak+ use ( a c]ta9 prop]ty ( matt] - ela/icity - ! purely int5sive magnitudes ( ! =ces :i* we ex]t become ext5sively visible & c be pres5t$ geometrically4 ,we %all !re=e cont9ue our inve/igation ) ! aid ( ?ree spr+ balances1 :i* we hook toge!r at "o end :ile expos+ !m to ! ?ree pulls at ! o!r4 ,to m>k ! results ( our repeat$ pulls ( v>y+ int5sities & directions1 we draw on ! floor on :i* we /& ?ree *alk l9es outw>d f ! po9t und]nea? ! common po9t ( ! ?ree in/rum5ts1 ea* 9 ! direction tak5 up by "o ( ! ?ree p]sons4 ,along ^! l9es we m>k ! ext5sions correspond+ to ^? ( ! spr+s ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,by way ( ?is proc$ure we %all arrive at a sequ5ce ( figures su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is is all we c discov] empirically reg>d+ ! mutual relation%ips ( ?ree =ces engag+ at a po9t4 ,let u n[ he$ ! fact t no?+ 9 ?is gr\p ( figures reveals t 9 ea* "o ( ^! trios ( l9es !re resides a def9ite & id5tical geometrical ord]2 nor d !y convey any?+ t w\ld turn our ?\ghts to ! p>allelogram ( velocities ) ! effect ( lead+ u to expect1 by way ( analogy1 a simil> ord] 9 ^! figures4 ,& ?is result1 we note1 is q indep5d5t ( our p>ticul> way ( proc$ure1 :e!r we use1 "r f ! />t1 a measur+ in/rum5t1 or :e!r we proce$ z describ$ above4 99 ,hav+ 9 ?is way remov$ ! fallaci\s idea t ! p>allelogram ( =ces c1 & !re=e ev] has be51 conceiv$ by way ( logical d]ivation f ! p>allelogram ( velocities1 we mu/ !n ask ourselves :at x 01 if n any act ( logical reason1 t l$ ,galileo to discov] x4 ,hi/ory relates t on mak+ ! discov]y he exclaim$3 ',la natura scritta 9 l+ua matematica6' 7',nature is record$ 9 ! language ( ma!matics4'7 ,^! words reveal 8 surprise :5 he realiz$ ! implication ( 8 discov]y4 ,/ill1 intuitively he mu/ h kn[n t us+ geometrical l5g?s to symbolize ! measur$ magnitudes ( =ces w\ld yield "s valid result4 ,:5ce came ?is intuition1 z well z ! o!r :i* l$ him to recognize f ! figures ?us obta9$ t 9 a p>allelogram made up ( any two ( ! ?ree l9es1 ! rema9+ l9e came 9 z its diagonal8 ,&1 q ap>t f ! p>ticul> ev5t ( ! discov]y1 h[ c we acc\nt = ! v fact t nature - at lea/ on a c]ta9 level ( h] exi/5ce - exhibits rules ( action expressible 9 t]ms ( logical pr9ciples imman5t 9 ! human m9d8 99 ,to f9d ! answ] to ^! que/ions we mu/ rev]t to c]ta9 facts connect$ ) man's psy*o-physical make-up ( :i* ! consid]ations ( ,*apt] ,,ii h already made u aw>e4 ,let u1 !re=e1 transpose ourselves once m into ! condition ( ! *ild :o is /ill entirely volition1 & ?us exp]i5ces himself z "o ) ! _w4 ,let u consid]1 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is condition1 ! process ( lift+ ! body into ! v]tical position & ! acquisition ( ! faculty ( ma9ta9+ x 9 ?is position2 & let u ask :at ! s\l1 ?\gh ) no consci\sness ( itself1 exp]i5ces 9 all ?is4 ,x is ! *ild's w :i* wre/les 9 ?is act ) ! dynamic /ructure ( ext]nal space1 & :at 8 w exp]i5ces is accompani$ by correspond+ p]ceptions ?r\gh ! s5se ( movem5t & o!r relat$ bodily s5ses4 ,9 ?is way ! p>allelogram ( =ces becomes an inn] exp]i5ce ( our organism at ! beg9n+ ( our e>?ly life4 ,:at we ?us c>ry 9 ! body's w-region 9 ! =m ( exp]i5c$ geometry - ?is1 toge!r ) ! free+ & cry/alliz+ ( "p ( our w-sub/ance into our conceptual capacity1 is trans=m$ into our faculty ( =m+ geometrical concepts1 & among !m ! concept ( ! p>allelogram ( movem5ts4 ,look$ at 9 ?is way1 ! true relation%ip betwe5 ! two p>allelogram-!orems is se5 to be ! v opposite ( ! "o held ) conviction by sci5tific ?9k+ up to n[4 ,in/ead ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces foll[+ f ! p>allelogram ( movem5ts1 & ! entire sci5ce ( dynamics f t ( k9ematics1 our v faculty ( ?9k+ 9 k9ematic concepts is ! evolution>y product ( our previ\sly acquir$ intuitive exp]i5ce ( ! dynamic ord] ( ! _w4 ,if ?is is ! tru? conc]n+ ! orig9 ( our k ( =ce & its behavi\r on ! "o h&1 & our capacity to conceive ma!matical concepts 9 a purely ideal way on ! o!r1 :at is x !n t causes man to dwell 9 su* illusion z reg>ds ! relation%ip betwe5 ! two8 ,f our acc\nt x foll[s t no illusion ( ?is k9d c\ld arise if we 7 able to rememb] ?r\gh\t life our exp]i5ces 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,n[ we "k f our consid]ations 9 ,*apt] ,,vi t 9 =m] times man _h su* a memory4 ,9 ^? times1 !re=e1 he 0 "u no illusion z to ! reality ( =ce 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! work+ ( out] =ces he saw a manife/ation ( spiritual be+s1 j z 9 himself he exp]i5c$ =ce z a manife/ation ( 8 own spiritual be+4 ,we h se5 also t ?is =m ( memory _h to fade away to enable man to f9d himself z a self-consci\s p]sonality betwe5 bir? & dea?4 ,z su* a p]sonality1 ,galileo 0 able to ?9k ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 b he 0 unable to compreh5d ! orig9 ( 8 faculty ( ma!matical ?9k+1 or ( 8 intuitive k ( ! ma!matical behavi\r ( nature 9 t realm ( h]s :]e %e sets physical =ces into action4 ,deep bel[ 9 ,galileo's s\l !re liv$1 z x does 9 e human be+1 ! intuitive k1 acquir$ 9 e>ly *ildhood1 t "p ( nature's ord] is recordable 9 ! conceptual language ( ma!matics4 ,9 ord] t ?is intuition %\ld rise suffici5tly f> into 8 consci\s m9d to guide him1 z x did1 9 8 obs]vations1 ! veil ( oblivion :i* o!rwise sep>ates our wak+ consci\sness f ! exp]i5ces ( e>lie/ *ildhood mu/ h be5 mom5t>ily light5$4 ,unaw>e ( all ?is1 ,galileo 0 duly surpris$ :5 9 ! onlook]-"p ( 8 be+ ! tru? ( 8 intuition 0 confirm$ 9 a way accessible to x1 namely ?r\gh out] exp]im5t4 ,yet ) ! veil imm$iately d>k5+ aga9 ! onlook] soon became subject to ! illusion t = 8 recognition ( ma!matics z a means ( describ+ nature he 0 9 ne$ ( no?+ b :at 0 accessible to him on ! ne> side ( ! veil4 ,?us x became man's fate 9 ! fir/ phase ( sci5ce1 :i* fills ! p]iod f ,galileo & 8 contempor>ies up to ! pres5t "t1 t ! v faculty :i* man ne$$ = creat+ ?is sci5ce prev5t$ him f recogniz+ its true f\ndations4 ,re/rict$ z he 0 to ! build+ ( a purely k9ematic _w-picture1 he _h to p]suade himself t ! ord] ( int]dep5d5ce ( ! two p>allelogram-!orems 0 ! opposite ( ! "o :i* x really is4 99 ,! result ( ! consid]ations ( ?is *apt] is ( tw(old significance = our fur!r /udies4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h se5 t !re is a way out ( ! impasse into :i* mod]n sci5tific !ory has got itself z a result ( ! lack ( a ju/ifiable concept ( =ce1 & t ?is way is ! "o %[n by ,reid & travell$ by ,goe!4 ',we mu/ become z little *ildr5 aga91 if we w be philosoph]s'1 is z true = sci5ce z x is = philosophy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our inve/igation ( ! ev5t :i* l$ ,galileo to ! discov]y t nature is record$ 9 ! language ( ma!matics1 has %[n u t ?is discov]y w\ld n h be5 possible unless ,galileo _h 9 a s5se become1 albeit unconsci\sly1 a little *ild aga94 ,?us ! ev5t t gave sci5ce its fir/ f\ndations is an occurr5ce 9 man himself ( precisely ! same "* z ! "o :i* we h le>nt to reg>d z necess>y = build+ sci5ce's new f\ndations4 ,! only diff]5ce is t we are try+ to turn into a delib]ate & consci\sly h&l$ me?od some?+ :i* once 9 ! pa/ happ5$ to a man )\t 8 notic+ x4 ,ne$ we wond] t we are *all5g$ to d s 9 our day1 :5 mank9d is sev]al c5turies old] ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,galileo8 #a ,z to ! t]ms 'k9etic' & 'k9ematic'1 see ,*apt] ,,ii1 page #cj1 footnote4 #b ,= ! sake ( our lat] /udies x is ess5tial t ! read] does n cont5t himself ) m]ely foll[+ ! above description m5tally1 b t he c>ries out ! exp]im5t himself4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,pro ,levitate 7a7 ,,al]tness contra ,,in]tness ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we ga9$ a new insight into ! relation%ip betwe5 mass & =ce4 ,we h come to see t our concept ( =ce is gr\nd$ on empirical obs]vation 9 no less a degree ?an is usually assum$ = our concept ( numb]1 or size1 or position1 provid$ we d n conf9e ourselves to non-/]eoscopic1 col\rless vision = ! =m+ ( our sci5tific _w-picture1 b all[ o!r s5ses to contribute to x4 ,z to ! concept mass1 our discussion ( ! =mula ,fma %[$ t =ce & mass1 z !y occur 9 x1 are ( id5tical nature1 bo? hav+ ! quality ( =ce4 ,! factors ,f & m signify =ce 9 a diff]5t relation%ip to space 7repres5t$ by ! factor a74 ,?is latt] fact n[ requires "s fur!r elucidation4 ,9 a sci5ce bas$ on ! ,goe!an me?od ( contemplat+ ! _w ( ! s5ses1 concepts su* z 'mass 9 re/' & 'mass 9 motion' lack any sci5tific mean+ 7?\gh = ano!r reason ?an 9 ! !ory ( ,relativity74 ,= 9 a sci5ce ( ?is k9d ! univ]se - 9 ! s5se prop\nd$ lately by ,pr(essor ,:itehead & o!rs - appe>s z "o integrat$ :ole1 ^: p>ts mu/ nev] be consid]$ z indep5d5t entities unrelat$ to ! :ole4 ,se5 ?us1 !re is no mass 9 ! univ]se ( :i* "o c\ld say ) tru? t x is ev] 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,nor is !re any condition ( movem5t :i* c\ld be rightly *>act]iz$ by ! attributes 'uni=m' & '/raight l9e' 9 ! s5se ( ,newton's fir/ law4 ,?is does n mean t su* conditions nev] occur 9 our field ( obs]vation4 ,b z su* !y h significance only 9 relation to our imm$iate surr\nd+s z a sy/em ( ref]5ce4 ,ev5 )9 su* limits ^! conditions are n ( a k9d t w\ld all[ u to consid] !m z ! basis ( a sci5tific _w-picture4 ,= z su* !y occur naturally only z ultimate1 nev] z primeval conditions4 ,all masses are orig9ally 9 a /ate ( curvil9e> movem5t ^: rates *ange cont9u\sly4 ,to picture a mass z be+ 9 a /ate ( re/1 or ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 z ! result ( no =ce act+ on x1 & to picture x und]go+ a *ange 9 ! rate & direction ( its motion z ! result ( "s out] =ce work+ on x1 is a %e] ab/raction4 ,9 s f> z mass appe>s 9 our field ( obs]vation z be+ 9 relative re/ or motion ( ! k9d describ$1 ?is is always ! effect ( "s second>y dynamic cause4 ,if we wi% to ?9k ) ! c\rse ( ! univ]se & n aga9/ x1 we mu/ n />t our consid]ations ) ! /ate ( 7relative7 re/ or uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e & d]ive our def9ition ( =ce f ! assumption t !re is a prim>y '=ce-free' /ate :i* is alt]$ "u ! action ( "s =ce1 b we mu/ arrange our def9itions 9 su* a way t !y end up ) ?is /ate4 ,?us ,newton's fir/ law1 = in/ance1 w\ld h to be re/at$ some:at z foll[s3 ,no physical body is ev] 9 a /ate ( re/ or uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 unless its natural condition is int]f]$ ) by ! p>ticul> action ( "s =ce4 ,se5 dynamically1 & f ! aspect ( ! univ]se z an int]relat$ :ole1 all aggregations ( mass are ! manife/ation ( c]ta9 dynamic conditions )9 ! univ]se1 & :at appe>s to u z a *ange ( ! /ate ( motion ( su* a mass is no?+ b a *ange 9 ! dynamic relation%ip betwe5 ?is p>ticul> aggregation & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,let u n[ see :at causes ( su* a *ange occur )9 ! field ( our obs]vation4 99 ,9 mod]n textbooks ! nature ( ! cause ( physical movem5t is usually def9$ z foll[s3 ',any *ange 9 ! /ate ( movem5t ( a portion ( matt] is ! result ( ! action on x ( ano!r portion ( matt]4' ,?is repres5ts a tru? if x is tak5 to describe a c]ta9 k9d ( causation4 ,9 ! axiomatic =m 9 :i* x is giv5 x is a fallacy4 ,! k9d ( causation x describes is1 inde$1 ! only "o :i* has be5 tak5 into consid]ation by ! sci5tific m9d ( man4 ,we are wont to call x 'me*anical' causation4 ,obvi\sly1 man's onlook]-consci\sness is unable to conceive ( any o!r k9d ( causation4 ,= ?is consci\sness is by its v nature conf9$ to ! contemplation ( spatially app>5t entities :i* = ?is reason c be consid]$ only z exi/+ spatially side by side4 ,= ! "o-ey$1 col\r-bl9d spectator1 !re=e1 any *ange 9 ! /ate ( movem5t ( a spatially conf9$ entity c\ld be attribut$ only to ! action ( ano!r su* entity outside itself4 ,su* a _w-outlook 0 b\nd to be a me*ani/ic "o4 ,we _c re/ cont5t ) ?is /ate ( affairs if we are s9c]ely se>*+ = an und]/&+ ( h[ _s moves1 =ms1 & trans=ms matt]4 ,we mu/ le>n to admit non-me*anical causes ( physical effects1 :]e su* causes actually pres5t !mselves to our obs]vation4 ,9 ?is respect our own body is aga9 a p>ticul>ly in/ructive object ( /udy4 ,= "h me*anical & non-me*anical causation c be se5 work+ side by side 9 close/ conjunction4 ,let u !re=e ask :at happ5s :5 we move1 say1 "o ( our limbs or a "p ( x4 ,! movem5t ( any "p ( our body is always effect$ 9 "s way by ! movem5t ( ! correspond+ "p ( ! skeleton4 ,?is 9 turn is set 9 motion by c]ta9 l5g!n+s & contractions ( ! appropriate "p ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,n[ ! way 9 :i* ! muscles cause ! bones to move falls cle>ly "u ! category ( me*anical causation4 ,c]ta9 portions ( matt] are caus$ to move by ! movem5t ( adjac5t portions ( matt]4 ,! picture *anges :5 we look = ! cause to :i* ! muscles owe _! movem5ts4 ,= ! motion ( ! muscles is n ! effect ( any cause ext]nal to !m1 b is effect$ by ! purely spiritual en]gy ( our volition work+ directly into ! physical sub/ance ( ! muscles4 ,:at sci5tific measur+ in/rum5ts h be5 able to regi/] 9 ! =m ( physical1 *emical1 electrical1 etc41 *anges ( ! muscul> sub/ance is itself an effect ( ?is int]action4 ,to m>k ! fact t ?is type ( causation is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! type call$ me*anical1 x w be well to give x a "n ( its own4 ,if we look = a suitable t]m1 ! ^w 'magical' sugge/s itself4 ,! fact t ?is ^w has ga!r$ all sorts ( d\btful associations mu/ n h9d] u f adopt+ x into ! t]m9ology ( a sci5ce :i* aspires to und]/& ! work+ ( ! sup]s5sible 9 ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,! fall+ into disrepute ( ?is ^w is *>act]i/ic ( ! onlook]-age4 ,! way 9 :i* we sugge/ x %\ld be us$ is 9 accord ) its true & orig9al mean+1 ! syllable 'mag' signify+ p[] or might 7,sanskrit maha1 ,greek megas1 ,lat9 magnus1 ,engli% might1 mu*1 also ma/]74 ,h5ce=? we %all di/+ui% betwe5 'me*anical' & 'magical' causation1 ! latt] be+ a *>act]i/ic ( ! majority ( happ5+s 9 ! human1 animal & plant organisms4#a 99 ,our next /ep 9 build+ up a truly dynamic picture ( matt] mu/ be to try to obta9 a direct exp]i5ce ( ! condition ( matt] :5 x is "u ! sway ( magical causation4 ,let u fir/ rememb] :at is ! out/&+ attribute ) :i* matt] responds to me*anical causation4 ,?is is kn[n to be in]tia4 ,by ?is t]m we designate ! t5d5cy ( physical matt] to resi/ any outw>dly impress$ *ange ( its exi/+ /ate ( movem5t4 ,?is prop]ty is closely l9k$ up ) ano!r "o1 weight4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! two has ( late become a puzzle to sci5ce1 & x 0 ,alb]t ,e9/e9 :o tri$ to solve x by e/abli%+ 8 ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,! ne$ to seek su* solutions falls away 9 a sci5ce :i* ext5ds sci5tific und]/&+ to conditions ( matt] 9 :i* weight & in]tia are no long] dom9ant *>act]i/ics4 ,:at becomes ( in]tia :5 matt] is subject to magical causation c be br\ght to our imm$iate exp]i5ce 9 ! foll[+ way4 7,! read]1 ev5 if he is already famili> ) ?is exp]im5t1 is aga9 ask$ to c>ry x out = himself47 ,take a position close to a smoo? wall1 s t "o arm & h&1 :i* are left hang+ d[n alongside ! body1 are press$ ov] _! entire l5g? betwe5 body & wall4 ,try n[ to move ! arm upw>d1 press+ x aga9/ ! wall z if y want$ to %ift ! latt]4 ,apply all possible ef=t to ?is attempt1 & ma9ta9 ! ef=t = ab\t "o m9ute4 ,!n /ep away quickly f ! wall by m ?an ! l5g? ( ! arm1 :ile keep+ ! arm hang+ d[n by ! side ( ! body 9 a /ate ( complete relaxation4 ,provid$ all conditions are prop]ly fulfill$1 ! arm w be f\nd ris+ by itself 9 accordance ) ! aim ( ! e>li] ef=t1 until x rea*es ! horizontal4 ,if ! arm is !n l[]$ aga9 & left to itself1 x w at once rise aga91 ?\gh n q s high z be=e4 ,?is c be repeat$ sev]al times until ! la/ ve/ige ( ! automatic movem5t has fad$ away4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ by direct exp]i5ce t !re is a /ate ( matt] 9 :i* in]tia is1 to say ! lea/1 greatly dim9i%$1 we f9d ourselves 9 ne$ ( giv+ ?is /ate 7:i* is pres5t ?r\gh\t nature :]ev] mat]ial *anges are br\ght into exi/5ce magically7 a "n ( its own1 z we did ) ! two types ( causation4 ,a ^w sugge/s itself :i*1 ap>t f express+ adequately ! peculi> self-mobility :i* we h j br\ght to our exp]i5ce1 goes well alongside ! ^w 'in]t' by =m+ a k9d ( rhyme ) x4 ,?is is ! t]m 'al]t'4 ,) its help we %all h5ce=? di/+ui% betwe5 matt] 9 ! in]t & al]t conditions4 ,we %all call ! latt] /ate 'al]tness'1 & 9 ord] to h on ! o!r side a ^w z simil> z possible 9 out] =m to al]tness1 we sugge/ replac+ ! usual t]m in]tia by 'in]tness'4 ,?us we %all speak ( matt] z %[+ ! attribute ( 'in]tness'1 :5 x is subject to me*anical causation1 ( 'al]tness'1 :5 x is subject to magical causation4 ,anyone :o wat*es att5tively ! s5sation produc$ by ! ris+ arm 9 ! above exp]im5t w be duly impress$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! al]tness prevail+ 9 ! arm z a result ( ! w's magical int]v5tion4 99 ,9 our endeav\r to f9d a mod]n way ( ov]com+ ! conception ( matt] develop$ & held by sci5ce 9 ! age ( ! onlook]-consci\sness1 we %all be help$ by notic+ h[ ?is conception fir/ arose hi/orically4 ,( mom5t\s significance 9 ?is respect is ! discov]y ( ! gase\s /ate ( matt] by ! ,flemi% physician & exp]im5t]1 ,joh4 ,bapti/ van ,helmont 7#aegg-afdd74 ,! fact t ! exi/5ce ( ?is /ate ( pond]able matt] 0 q unkn[n up to su* a relatively rec5t date has be5 completely =gott5 to-day4 ,moreov]1 x is s remote f curr5t notions t anyone :o n[ calls att5tion to van ,helmont's discov]y is q likely to be met ) incr$ulity4 ,z a result1 !re is no acc\nt ( ! ev5t t puts x 9 its true sett+4 ,9 :at foll[s pa9s are tak5 to pres5t ! facts 9 ! =m 9 :i* "o comes to "k !m ?r\gh van ,helmont's own acc\nt1 giv5 9 8 ,ortus ,m$ic9ae4 ,= reasons :i* ne$ n be describ$ "h1 van ,helmont /udi$ ) p>ticul> int]e/ ! v>i\s modifications 9 :i* c>bon is capable ( occurr+ 9 nature - among !m c>bon's combu/ion product1 c>bon dioxide4 ,x 0 8 obs]vations ( c>bon dioxide :i* made him aw>e ( a condition ( matt] ^: prop]ties caus$ him ! greate/ surprise4 ,= he f\nd x to be1 at ! same "t1 'mu* f9] ?an vap\r & mu* d5s] ?an air'4 ,x appe>$ to him z a complete 'p>adox'1 because x seem$ to unite 9 itself two contradictory qualities1 "o app]ta9+ to ! realm ( 'uncreat$ ?+s'1 ! o!r to ! realm ( 'creat$ ?+s'4 ,unable to rank x ) ei!r 'vap\r' or 'air' 7we %all see pres5tly :at ^! t]ms meant 9 van ,helmont's t]m9ology71 he f\nd himself 9 ne$ ( a special ^w to di/+ui% ?is new /ate f ! o!r kn[n /ates1 bo? bel[ & above x4 ,s9ce he c\ld n expect any exi/+ language to possess a suitable ^w1 he felt he mu/ create "o4 ,he !re=e took1 & *ang$ slightly1 a ^w signify+ a p>ticul> cosmic condition :i* seem$ to be imag$ 9 ! new condition he _h j discov]$4 ,! ^w 0 ,,*aos4 ,by %ort5+ x a little1 he d]iv$ f x ! new ^w ,,gas4 ,8 own words expla9+ 8 *oice are3 ',halitum ilium ,,gas vocavi non longe a ,*aos vet]um secretum4' 7',i h call$ ?is mi/ ,gas1 ow+ to its resemblance to ! ,*aos ( ! anci5ts4'7#b ,van ,helmont's acc\nt br+s u face to face ) a numb] ( riddles4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re is no?+ /range to u 9 8 describ+ c>bon dioxide gas z be+ 'f9] ?an vap\r & d5s] ?an air'2 b :y did he call ?is a 'p>adox'8 ,:at prev5t$ him f rank+ x side by side ) air8 ,z to air itself1 :y %\ld he describe x z belong+ to ! realm ( ! 'uncreat$ ?+s'8 ,:at reason 0 !re = giv+ 'vap\r' ! rank ( a p>ticul> condition ( matt]8 ,& la/ b n lea/1 :at 0 ! anci5t conception ( ,*aos :i* l$ van ,helmont to *oose ?is "n z an ar*etype = ! new ^w he ne$$8 ,to appreciate van ,helmont's a/oni%m5t & 8 fur!r proc$ure1 we mu/ fir/ call to m9d ! mean+ :i*1 9 accordance ) ! prevail+ tradition1 he atta*$ to ! t]m ,air4 ,= van ,helmont1 ,air 0 "o ( ! f\r ',elem5ts'1 ,,e>?1 ,,wat]1 ,,air1 & ,,fire4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ two 7 held to con/itute ! realm ( ! 'creat$ ?+s'1 ! o!r two t ( ! 'uncreat$ ?+s'4 ,a brief /udy ( ! old doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts is necess>y at ?is po9t 9 ord] to und]/& ! mean+ ( ^! concepts4 99 ,! fir/ sy/ematic tea*+ ab\t ! f\r elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( nature1 z !y 7 exp]i5c$ by man ( old1 0 giv5 by ,emp$ocles 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x 0 elaborat$ by ,ari/otle4 ,9 ?is =m x 0 h&$ d[n & s]v$ to guide natural obs]vation ?r\gh m ?an a ?\s& ye>s up to ! "t ( van ,helmont4 ,f our e>li] descriptions ( ! *anges 9 man's consci\sness x is cle> t ! f\r t]ms1 'e>?'1 'wat]'1 'air'1 'fire'1 mu/ h meant some?+ diff]5t 9 =m] times4 ,s 'wat]' did n signify m]ely ! physical sub/ance :i* mod]n *emi/ry def9es by ! =mula ,h#b,o2 nor 0 'air' ! mixture ( gases *>act]i/ic ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,man 9 ^? days1 on acc\nt ( 8 p>ticul> relation%ip ) nature1 0 impress$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! v>i\s dynamic conditions1 f\r 9 numb]1 :i* he f\nd prevail+ bo? 9 8 natural surr\nd+s & 9 8 own organism4 ,) 8 elem5t>y concepts he tri$ to express1 !re=e1 ! f\r basic conditions :i* he ?us exp]i5c$4 ,he saw physical sub/ances z be+ c>ri$ up & d[n betwe5 ^! conditions4 ,at fir/ sight "s relation%ip seems to exi/ betwe5 ! concept 'elem5t' 9 ?is old] s5se & ! mod]n view ( ! diff]5t /ates ( mat]ial aggregation1 solid1 liquid1 a]i=m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 ?is mod]n view t w\ld correspond to ! elem5t ,fire4 ,= heat 9 ! s5se ( physical sci5ce is an immat]ial en]gy :i* creates c]ta9 conditions 9 ! ?ree mat]ial /ates1 b f ^! ?ree to heat !re is no transition correspond+ to ! transitions betwe5 !mselves4 ,heat1 !re=e1 does n rank z a f\r? condition by ! side ( ! solid1 liquid & a]i=m /ates1 9 ! way t ,fire ranks 9 ! old] conception by ! side ( ,e>?1 ,wat] & ,air4 ,if we 7 to use ! old t]ms = designat+ ! ?ree /ates ( aggregation plus heat1 z we "k !m to-day1 we %\ld say t !re is a bord]-l9e divid+ ,fire f ! ?ree l[] elem5ts4 ,su* a bord]-l9e exi/$ 9 ! old] conception ( ! elem5ts z well4 ,only its position 0 se5 to be else:]e - betwe5 ,e>? & ,wat] on ! "o h&1 ,air & ,fire on ! o!r4 ,?is 0 express$ by say+ t ! elem5ts bel[ ?is l9e con/itut$ ! realm ( ! 'creat$ ?+s'1 ^? above x t ( ! 'uncreat$ ?+s'4 ,ano!r way ( express+ ?is 0 by *>act]iz+ ,e>? & ,wat] ) ! quality ,cold2 ,air & ,fire ) ! quality ,w>m4 ,! two pairs ( elem5ts 7 ?us se5 z pol> opposites ( "o ano!r4 ,! t]ms 'cold' & 'w>m' mu/ also be und]/ood to h express$ c]ta9 qualitative exp]i5ces 9 :i* !re 0 no di/9ction z yet betwe5 :at is purely physical & :at is purely spiritual4 ,expressions su* z 'a cold he>t'1 'a w>m he>t'1 to '%[ someone ! cold %\ld]'1 etc41 /ill witness to ?is way ( exp]i5c+ ! two pol> qualities1 cold & w>m4 ,q g5]ally we c say t1 :]ev] man exp]i5c$ "s process ( contraction1 :e!r physical or non-physical1 he designat$ x by ! t]m 'cold'1 & :]e he exp]i5c$ expansion1 he call$ x 'w>m'4 ,9 ?is s5se he felt contract$ness to be ! pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic ( ,e>? & ,wat]1 expansiv5ess t ( ,air & ,fire4 ,) ! help ( ^! qualitative concepts we are n[ 9 a position to det]m9e m cle>ly /ill ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old] & ! mod]n conceptions3 9 p>ticul> ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! a]i=m condition ( matt]1 z we conceive ( x to-day1 & ! elem5t ,air4 ,contract$ness manife/s z mat]ial d5sity1 or ! specific weight ( a p>ticul> sub/ance4 ,we "k t ?is *>act]i/ic ( matt] dim9i%es gradually ) its transition f ! solid to ! liquid & a]i=m /ates4 ,we "k also t ?is la/ /ate is *>act]iz$ by a high degree ( expansiv5ess1 :i* is also ! out/&+ prop]ty ( heat4 ,?us !re is reason to describe also f ! mod]n po9t ( view ! solid & liquid /ates z ess5tially 'cold'1 & ! a]i=m /ate z 'w>m'4 ,b a]i=m matt] /ill has d5sity & weight1 & ?is means t matt] 9 ?is /ate comb9es ! two oppos+ qualities4 ,contr>y to ?is1 ,air1 z ! second highe/ elem5t 9 ! old s5se1 is *>act]iz$ by ! pure quality1 w>m4 ,?us1 :5 man ( old spoke ( 'air'1 he _h 9 m9d some?+ entirely free f mat]ial d5sity & weight4#c ,by comp>+ 9 ?is way ! old] & new] conceptions ( 'air'1 we come to realize t anci5t man mu/ h _h a conception ( gravity ess5tially diff]5t f ours4 ,if we take gravity 9 ! mod]n sci5ti/'s s5se1 z a 'descriptive law ( behavi\r'1 !n ?is behavi\r is designat$ 9 ! old] doctr9e by ! quality 'cold'4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look )9 ! sy/em ( mod]n sci5ce = a law ( behavi\r t w\ld correspond to ! quality 'w>m'1 we d s 9 va94 ,pol>ity concepts are c]ta9ly n =eign to ! sci5tific m9d1 z ! physics ( electricity & magnetism %[4 ,yet !re is no opposite pole to gravity1 z !re is negative opposite to positive electricity1 etc4#d ,9 ! old] conception1 h[ev]1 ! gravitational behavi\r 'cold' 0 se5 to be c\nt]act$ by an autonom\s anti-gravitational behavi\r 'w>m'4 ,exp]i5ce /ill support$ ! conviction t z a pol> opposite to ! _w subject to gravity1 !re 0 ano!r _w subject to levity4 ,we refra9 at ?is po9t f discuss+ h[ f> a sci5ce :i* aspires to a spiritual und]/&+ ( nature1 includ+ mat]ial processes1 ne$s a revival - 9 mod]n =m - ( ! old conception ( levity4 ,9 our pres5t context x suffices to realize t we und]/& man's e>li] view ( nature1 & ) x ! "o /ill held by van ,helmont1 only by admitt+ levity equally ) gravity into 8 _w-picture4 ,= ! f\r elem5ts1 9 p>ticul>1 ?is meant t ! two upp] ones 7 reg>d$ z repres5t+ ,levity1 ! two l[] ones ,gravity4 ,9 close connexion ) ?is pol> conception ( ! two pairs ( elem5ts1 !re /&s _! diff]5tiation into "o realm ( creat$1 ano!r ( uncreat$1 ?+s4 ,to und]/& :at ^! t]ms imply1 we mu/ turn to ! anci5t concept1 ,*aos1 borr[$ by van ,helmont4 ,to-day we take ! ^w ,*aos to mean a condition ( m]e abs5ce ( ord]1 mo/ly result+ f a de/ruction ( exi/+ =ms1 :e!r by nature or by ! action ( man4 ,9 its orig9al s5se ! ^w meant ! exact opposite4 ,:5 9 anci5t times p spoke ( ,*aos1 !y meant ! womb ( all be+1 ! exalt$ realm ( uncreat$ ?+s1 :]e inde$ =ms su* z are evid5t to ! eye 9 ! creat$ _w are n to be f\nd1 b 9 place ( !m are ! ar*etypes ( all visible =ms1 z ?\gh nurtur$ 9 a spiritual se$-condition4 ,x is ! /ate :i* 9 ! biblical n>ration ( ! creation ( ! _w is describ$ z ')\t =m & void'4 ,f ?is ,*aos all ! f\r elem5ts are born1 "o by "o1 ) ! two upp] ones reta9+ ,*aos's ess5tial *>act]i/ic 9 t !y are ')\t =m' & t5d to be omnipres5t1 :il/ ! two l[] ones con/itute a realm 9 :i* ?+s appe> 9 m or less cle>ly outl9$ space-b\nd =ms4 ,?is is :at ! t]ms 'uncreat$' & 'creat$' imply4 ,h[ /rictly ^! two realms 7 di/+ui%$ c be se5 by ! occurr5ce ( ! concept 'vap\r'4 ,:5 ) ! increas+ int]e/ 9 ! realm ( creat$ ?+s - *>act]i/ic ( ! spectator-consci\sness :i*1 9 view ( our e>li] description ( x1 we recognize z be+ itself a 'creat$ ?+' - ! ne$ arose = progressive diff]5tiation )9 ?is realm1 ! simple division ( x into 'e>?' & 'wat]' 0 no long] felt to be satisfactory4 ,aft] all1 above ! liquid /ate ( matt] !re 0 ano!r /ate1 less d5se ?an wat] & yet pres5t+ itself ?r\gh m or less cle>ly di/+ui%able space-b\nd objects1 su* z ! mi/s aris+ f & spread+ ov] ponds & mead[s1 & ! cl\ds hov]+ 9 ! sky4 ,= ?is /ate ( matt] ! t]m 'vap\r' _h become cu/om>y1 & x 0 us$ by van ,helmont 9 ?is s5se4 ,by its v prop]ties1 ,vap\r belong$ to ! realm ( ! creat$ ?+s1 :]eas ,air did n4 ,x 0 ! int]m$i>y position ( ! newly discov]$ /ate ( matt] betwe5 ,vap\r & ,air1 t is1 betwe5 ! creat$ & ! uncreat$ _w1 :i* caus$ van ,helmont to call x a p>adox2 & x 0 its /range resemblance1 despite its pond]able nature1 to ,*aos1 :i* prompt$ him to "n x - ,gas4 99 ,s9ce x c\ld n h be5 ! gase\s /ate ( matt] 9 ! =m discov]$ by van ,helmont1 :at p>ticul> condition ( nature 0 x to :i* ! anci5ts po9t$ :5 us+ ! t]m ,air8 ,let u see h[ ! scriptures ( pa/ human cultures speak ( air4 ,9 all old] languages1 ! words us$ to designate ! elem5t b\nd up ) brea?+1 or ! act ( brea?+1 s]v$ at ! same "t to express ! relation%ip ( man to ! ,div9e1 or ev5 ! ,div9e itself4 ,"o ne$ ?9k only ( ! words ,brahma & ,atma ( ! anci5t ,indians1 ! ,pneuma ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,spiritus ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,hebrews express$ ! same idea :5 !y said t ,jehovah _h brea!d ! brea? ( life into man & t man 9 ?is way became a liv+ s\l4 ,:at lies beh9d all ^! words is ! feel+ famili> to man 9 ^? times1 t brea?+ 0 n only a means ( keep+ ! body alive1 b t a spiritual ess5ce /ream$ 9 ) ! brea?4 ,s long z ?is condition prevail$1 p c\ld expect t by *ang+ _! mann] ( brea?+ !y _h a means ( br++ ! s\l into /rong] relation%ip ) spiritual ,p[]s1 z is attempt$ 9 ,ea/]n ,yoga4 ,rememb]+ ! picture ( man's spiritual-physical evolution :i* we h ga9$ f e>li] *apt]s1 we are n a/oni%$ to f9d h[ diff]5t ?is e>ly exp]i5ce ( ! brea?+ process 0 f our own4 ,yet1 toge!r ) ! recognition ( ?is diff]5ce !re arises ano!r "q4 ,ev5 if we admit t man ( old 0 s organiz$ t ! exp]i5ce ( 8 own brea?+ process 0 an ov]:elm+ly spiritual "o1 x 01 aft] all1 ! gase\s sub/ance ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e :i* he inhal$1 & exhal$ aga9 9 a trans=m$ condition4 ,:at !n 0 x t prev5t$ m5 - app>5tly "r up to ! "t ( van ,helmont - f ga9+ ! slighte/ inkl+ ( ! mat]iality ( ?is sub/ance8 ,to f9d an answ] to ?is "q1 let u resort once m to our me?od ( obs]v+ ?+s g5etically1 comb9$ ) ! pr9ciple ( n consid]+ p>ts )\t consid]+ ! :ole to :i* !y organically belong4 ,9 mod]n sci5ce ! e>? is reg>d$ z a m9]al body :]eon ! manifold =ms ( nature appe> z m]e additions1 aris+ m or less by *ance2 "o c v well imag9e !m abs5t )\t ?is hav+ any ess5tial influ5ce on ! e>?'s /atus 9 ! univ]se4 ,! tru? is q diff]5t4 ,= ! e>?1 ) ev]y?+ t exi/s on x1 =ms a s+le :ole1 j z ea* sep>ate organism is 9 its own way a :ole4 ,?is %[s t we h no "r to imag9e ! e>? )\t m51 & to suppose t its cosmic conditions ( be+ w\ld !n rema9 unalt]$ - any m ?an we c imag9e a human be+ depriv$ ( "s ess5tial-organ & rema9+ human4 ,mank9d1 & all ! o!r k+doms ( nature1 are b\nd up organically ) ! e>? f ! />t ( its exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 j z ! highe/ plants1 se5 ) ,goe!'s eyes1 are ! spiritual orig9ators ( ! :ole realm ( plants - ! creative ,idea det]m9+ _! evolution - s we see man1 ! highe/ product ( e>? evolution1 /&+ beh9d ?is evolution z its ,idea f ! fir/1 & det]m9+ its c\rse4 ,! evolution>y *anges :i* we obs]ve 9 ! e>? & 9 man are 9 fact a s+le process1 work+ ?r\gh a v>iety ( manife/$ =ms4 ,f ?is conception ( ! p>allel evolution ( e>? & man light falls also on ! hi/oric ev5t repres5t$ by van ,helmont's discov]y4 ,besides be+ a symptom ( a revolution 9 man's way ( exp]i5c+ ! atmosph]e1 x speaks to u ( "s correspond+ *ange 9 ! spiritual-physical condition ( ! atmosph]e itself4 ,x 0 !n t m5 n only came to ?9k diff]5tly ab\t air1 b inhal$ & exhal$ an air t actually 0 diff]5t4 ,to f9d out :at k9d ( *ange ?is 01 let u turn once m to man's own organism & see :at x has to say conc]n+ ! condition "u :i* matt] is capable ( be+ influ5c$ by me*anical & magical causation respectively1 9 ! s5se already describ$4 ,:at is x 9 ! nature ( ! bones t makes !m accessible to me*anical causation only1 & :at is x 9 ! muscles t all[s our w to r\se !m magically8 ,bones & muscles /& 9 a def9ite g5etic relation%ip to ea* o!r1 ! bones be+1 9 relation to ! muscles1 a late product ( organic developm5t4 ,?is holds good equally = ev]y?+ :i* 9 ! body ( liv+ nature takes ! =m ( m9]aliz$ deposits or cov]+s4 ,e k9d ( organism consi/s 9 its e>ly /ages entirely ( liv+ sub/ance2 9 ! c\rse ( "t a "p ( ! organism sep>ates (f & passes ov] into a m or less m9]aliz$ condition4 ,se5 9 ?is light1 ! di/9ction betwe5 bones & muscles is t ! bones h evolv$ out ( a condition 9 :i* ! muscles p]si/1 ?\gh to a gradually wan+ degree1 ?r\gh\t ! life-"t ( ! body4 ,! sub/ance ( ! muscles1 rema9+ m or less '"y'1 /&s at ! opposite pole f ! 'ag$' sub/ance ( ! bones4 ,h5ce x dep5ds on ! 'age' ( a piece ( matt] :e!r x responds to magical or me*anical causation4 ,let u /ate "h at once1 t ?is temporal di/9ction has an ess5tial be>+ on our und]/&+ ( evolution>y processes 9 g5]al4 ,= if m9]al matt] is a late product ( evolution - & no?+ 9 nature indicates ! contr>y - !n to expla9 ! orig9s ( ! _w 7z sci5tific !ories h always done7 ) ! aid ( ev5ts simil> 9 "* to ^? :i* n[ occur 9 ! m9]al realm1 means expla9+ !m aga9/ nature's own evid5ce4 ,to f9d pictures ( pa/ conditions ( ! e>? 9 pres5t-day nature1 we mu/ look 9 ! regions :]e matt]1 because x is /ill 'y\?ful'1 is play$ ?r\gh by ! magical work+ ( purposefully active spiritual =ces4 ,?us1 in/ead ( see+ 9 !m ! *ance results ( bl9d volcanic & simil> =ces1 we mu/ recognize 9 ! =mation & lay\t ( l& & sea an outcome ( ev5ts m closely resembl+ ^? :i* occur dur+ ! embryonic developm5t ( a liv+ organism4 ,:at1 !n1 does van ,helmont's discov]y ( ! gase\s /ate ( matt] tell u1 if we reg>d x 9 ! light ( our newly acquir$ insight into ! tr5d ( evolution bo? )9 & )\t man8 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[+ old]1 mank9d _h rea*$ ! /age :i* is express$ by ! em]g5ce ( ! spectator-consci\sness-consci\sness1 t is1 bas$ on a n]v\s sy/em :i* has gr[n m or less indep5d5t ( ! life =ces ( ! organism - ! out] elem5ts _h1 9 _! way1 arriv$ at su* a /ate t man began to inhale an air ^: spiritual-physical con/itution correspond$ exactly to t ( 8 n]v\s sy/em3 on ei!r side1 ,_s & ,matt]1 9 accordance ) ! necessities ( cosmic evolution _h lo/ _! primeval union4 99 ,our ext5sion ( ! concept ( evolution to ! v elem5ts ( nature1 :e!r ^! are ( mat]ial or non-mat]ial k9d1 & our recognition ( ?is evolution z lead+ 9 g5]al f a m al]t to a m in]t condition1 at once op5 ! possibility ( includ+ 9 our sci5tific _w-picture c]ta9 facts :i* h hi!rto resi/$ any inclusion4 ,we mean ^? manifold ev5ts ( 'miracul\s' nature1 ( :i* ! scriptures & ! oral traditions ( old are full4 ,:at is mod]n man to make ( !m8 ,! d\bts :i* h aris5 conc]n+ ev5ts ( ?is k9d h _! roots on ! "o h& 9 ! app>5t abs5ce ( su* occurr5ces 9 our day1 on ! o!r 9 ! fact t ! laws ( nature d]iv$ by sci5ce f ! pres5t condition ( ! _w seem to rule !m out4#e ,9 ! light ( ! concept ( ! _w's 'age+' :i* we h tri$ to develop "h1 n only d ! relevant reports become plausible1 b x also becomes und]/&able :y1 if su* ev5ts h tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 !y fail to d s 9 our own "t4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u take a few in/ances :i* are symptomatic ( ! high] degree ( y\?fulness :i* 0 *>act]i/ic 9 =m] times 9 p>ticul> ( ! elem5t ( ,fire4 ,! role :i* ,fire 0 capable ( play+ 9 man's life at a "t :5 ev5 ?is elem5t1 9 itself ! mo/ y\?ful ( all1 0 m susceptible to magic int]f]5ce ?an ( late1 is %[n by ! manifold fire-rites ( old4 ,9 ^? days1 :5 no easy means ( fire-light+ 7 available1 x 0 usual = ! ne$s ( daily life to ke5 a fire burn+ all ! "t & to k9dle o!r fires f x4 ,only 9 cases ( necessity 0 a new fire lit1 & !n ! only way 0 by ! t$i\s rubb+ toge!r ( two pieces ( dry wood4 ,!n bo? ! ma9t5ance ( fires1 & ! delib]ate k9dl+ ( a new fire1 play$ q a special role 9 ! c]emonial ord]+ ( human society4 ,hi/orically1 mu* ! be/ kn[n is ! ,roman usage 9 ! ,temple ( ,ve/a4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! un9t5tional ext9ction ( ! fire 0 reg>d$ z a national calamity & z ! grave/ possible transgression on ! "p ( ! consecrat$ prie/ess *>g$ ) ma9ta9+ ! fire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ?\ght ess5tial = ?is 'ev]la/+' fire to be newly k9dl$ once a ye>4 ,?is took place ) a special ritual at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman ye> 7#a/ ,m>*74 ,! conception beh9d su* a ritual ( fire-k9dl+ w become cle> if we comp>e ) x c]ta9 o!r fire-rites :i* 7 practis$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 especially 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 until f> on 9 ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,= example1 if sickness broke out among ! cattle1 a widespread practice 0 to ext+ui% all ! he>?-fires 9 ! di/rict & !n to k9dle ) c]ta9 rites a new fire1 f :i* all ! local p lit _! own fires once m4 ,heavy p5alties 7 prescrib$ = anyone :o fail$ to ext+ui% 8 own fire - a failure usually indicat$ by ! non-manife/ation ( ! expect$ heal+ influ5ce4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon speak+ c\ntries1 fires ( ?is k9d 7 kn[n z 'ne$fires'4 ,! spiritual significance ( ^! fires _c be express$ bett] ?an by ! mean+ ( ! v t]m 'ne$fire'4 ,?is ^w does n d]ive1 z 0 =m]ly believ$1 f ! ^w 'ne$'1 mean+ a 'fire k9dl$ 9 a /ate ( ne$'1 b1 z rec5t etymological rese>* has %[n1 f a root :i* appe>s 9 ! ,g]man ^w niet5 - to cl9* or rivet4 ',ne$fire' !re=e means no?+ less ?an a fire :i* 0 k9dl$ = 'cl9*+' anew ! bond betwe5 e>?ly life & ! primal spiritual ord] at times :5 = "o reason or ano!r !re 0 a call = ?is4 ,?is explanation ( ! 'ne$fire' ?r[s light also on ! ,roman cu/om ( re-k9dl+ annually ! sacr$ fire 9 ! ,temple ( ,ve/a4 ,= ! ,romans ?is 0 a means ( reaffirm+ ye> by ye> ! connexion ( ! nation ) its spiritual lead]%ip2 accord+ly1 !y *ose ! "t :5 ! sun 9 its ye>ly c\rse re/ores - 're-cl9*es' - ! union ( ! _w-_s ) e>?ly nature1 = ! rebir? ( ! fire :i* ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! ye> 0 c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ ext9ction4 ,j z m5 saw 9 ?is fire-k9dl+ a way ( br++ humanity into active relation ) spiritual p[]s1 s on ! o!r h& 7 ^! p[]s held to use ! fire elem5t 9 out] nature = ! purpose ( mak+ !mselves actively kn[n to mank9d4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 ! records ( all anci5t peoples a unanim\s recognition ( lightn+ & ?und] on ! "o h&1 & volcanic ph5om5a on ! o!r1 z means to :i* ! ,deity resorts = int]v5+ 9 human de/9y4 ,a well-kn[n example is ! acc\nt 9 ! ,bible ( ! meet+ ( ,moses ) ,god on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,z occurr5ce 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews x gives evid5ce t ev5 9 hi/orical times ! fire elem5t ( ! e>? 0 suffici5tly '"y' to s]ve ! high] spiritual p[]s z an in/rum5t = ! direct expression ( _! w4 99 99 99 7b7 ,,levity contra ,,gravity ,we said e>li] 9 ?is *apt] t a sci5ce :i* aspires to a spiritual und]/&+ ( ! physical happ5+s 9 nature mu/ give up ! idea t in]tness & weight are absolute prop]ties ( matt]4 ,we 7 able at once to tackle ! "q ( in]tness by br++ to our imm$iate obs]vation matt] 9 ! /ate ( dim9i%$ in]tness1 or1 z we propos$ to say1 ( al]tness4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to g into ! o!r "q1 t ( weight or gravity4 ,j z we f\nd in]tness to h its c\nt]p>t 9 al]tness1 bo? be+ exi/+ conditions ( matt]1 s we %all n[ f9d 9 addition to ! =ce ( gravity ano!r =ce :i* is ! exact opposite ( x1 & to :i* !re=e we c give no bett] "n ?an 'levity'4 99 ,already1 inde$1 ! picture ( nature :i* we ga9$ f foll[+ ,goe!'s /udies bo? ( ! plant & ( meteorological happ5+s has br\ght u face to face ) c]ta9 aspects ( levity4 ,= :5 ,goe! speaks ( sy/ole & dia/ole1 z ! plant fir/ taught him to see !m & z lat] he f\nd !m =m+ ! basic factors ( wea!r-=mation1 he is really speak+ ( ! anci5t concepts1 'cold' & 'w>m'4 ,goe!'s way ( obs]v+ nature is1 9 fact1 a fir/ /ep beyond ! limits ( a sci5ce :i* kept itself ignorant ( levity z a cosmic c\nt]p>t to t]re/rial gravity4 ,to recognize ! hi/orical significance ( ?is /ep1 let u turn our glance to ! mom5t :5 ! human m9d became aw>e t to lay a prop] f\ndation = ! sci5ce x 0 ab\t to build1 x _h to exclude any idea ( levity z some?+ ) a real exi/5ce4 ,_m a conception :i* is tak5 = grant$ by mod]n man1 & is !re=e assum$ to h be5 always obvi\s1 0 9 fact e/abli%$ q delib]ately at a def9ite hi/orical mom5t4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is applies to our k ( ! gase\s /ate ( matt]2 x applies also to ! idea ( ! uniqu5ess ( gravity4 ,ab\t half a c5tury aft] van ,helmont's discov]y a treatise call$ ,contra ,levitatem 0 publi%$ 9 ,flor5ce by ! ,accademia del ,cim5to4 ,x decl>es t a sci5ce firmly bas$ on obs]vation has no "r to speak ( ,levity z some?+ claim+ equal rank )1 & opposite to1 ,gravity4 ,?is attitude 0 9 accord ) ! /ate into :i* human consci\sness _h ent]$ at t "t4 ,= a consci\sness :i* is itself ( ! quality 'cold'1 because x is bas$ on ! contract+ =ces ( ! body1 is naturally n 9 a position to take into consid]ation its v opposite4 ,!re=e1 to speak ( a =ce ( levity z "o felt able to speak ( gravity 0 inde$ )\t mean+4 ,j z !re 0 hi/orical necessity 9 ?is bani%+ ( levity f sci5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! age ( ! spectator-consci\sness1 s 0 !re hi/orical necessity 9 a r5ew$ aw>5ess ( x aris+ :5 ! "t came = man to ov]come ! limitations ( 8 spectator - relation%ip to ! _w4 ,we f9d ?is 9 ,goe!'s impulse to se>* = ! action ( pol>ities 9 nature4 ,z we %all see lat]1 x comes to its cle>e/ expression 9 ,goe!'s optical conceptions4 ,ano!r witness to ?is fact is ,rusk91 ?r\gh a rem>k :i* be>s 9 m ?an "o s5se on our pres5t subject4 ,x occurs 9 8 essay1 ,! ,/orm-,cl\d ( ! ,n9te5? ,c5tury4 ,9 its context x is meant to w>n ! read] aga9/ treat+ sci5ce1 :i* ,rusk9 praises z a fact-f9d+ in/rum5t1 z an int]pret] ( natural facts4 ,rusk9 takes ,newton's conception ( gravity z ! all-mov+ cause ( ! univ]se1 & turns aga9/ x 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',take ! v top & c5tre ( sci5tific int]pretation by ! greate/ ( its ma/]s3 ,newton expla9$ to y - or at lea/ 0 once suppos$ to expla91 :y an apple fell2 b he nev] ?\ght ( expla9+ ! exact correlative b inf9itely m difficult "q1 h[ ! apple got up !re4' ,?is rem>k %[s ,rusk9 once aga9 z a true read] 9 nature's book4 ,look+ ) *ildlike op5ness & int5sity ( p>ticipation into ! _w ( ! s5ses1 he all[s nature's ph5om5a to impress !mselves ^u 8 m9d )\t giv+ any preconceiv$ pref]5ce to "o k9d or ano!r4 ,?is enables him n to be l$ by ! ph5om5on ( fall+ bodies to ov]look ! pol>ically opposite ph5om5on ( ! upw>d movem5t ( physical matt] 9 ! liv+ plant4 ,rusk9's rem>k po9ts directly to ! new _w-conception :i* mu/ be /riv5 = to-day - ! conception 9 :i* dea? is recogniz$ z a second>y =m ( exi/5ce prec$$ by life2 9 :i* levity is giv5 its rightful place z a =ce pol> to gravity2 & 9 :i*1 because life is b\nd up ) levity z dea? is ) gravity1 levity is recogniz$ z be+ ( m anci5t rank ?an gravity4 99 ,9 proce$+ n[ to a /udy ( levity we %all n />t1 z might be expect$1 ) plants or o!r liv+ =ms4 ,we are n yet equipp$ to und]/& ! "p play$ by levity 9 br++ ab\t ! processes ( life2 we %all come to ?is lat]4 ,= our pres5t purpose we %all look at c]ta9 macrotelluric ev5ts - ev5ts 9 :i* l>ge areas ( ! e>? are engag$ - tak+ our examples f meteorology on ! "o h& & f seismic 7volcanic7 processes on ! o!r4 ,9 pursu+ ?is c\rse we foll[ a me?od :i* belongs to ! fundam5tals ( a ,goe!ani/ic sci5ce4 ,a few words ab\t ?is me?od may n be out ( place4 ,:5 we /rive to read ! book ( nature z a script ( ! _s we f9d ourselves drawn repeat$ly t[>ds two realms ( natural ph5om5a4 ,!y are widely diff]5t 9 "*1 b /udi$ toge!r !y r5d] legible mu* t refuses to be deciph]$ 9 ei!r realm alone4 ,^! realms are1 on ! "o h&1 ! inn] be+ ( man1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! ph5om5a ( macrotelluric & cosmic "*4 ,! fruitfulness ( l9k+ toge!r ^! two w become cle> if we reflect on ! foll[+4 ,! field ( ! inn] life ( man all[s u1 z no?+ else does1 to p5etrate x ) our own intuitive exp]i5ce4 ,= we ourselves are always 9 "s s5se ! cause ( ! ev5ts t take place !re4 ,9 ord] to make obs]vations 9 ?is region1 h[ev]1 we ne$ to br+ ab\t a c]ta9 awak5+ 9 a "p ( our be+ :i* - s long z we rely on ! purely natural =ces ( our body - rema9s sunk 9 m or less pr(\nd unconsci\sness4 ,if ?is realm ( ev5ts is m intimately relat$ ?an any o!r to our intuitive exp]i5ce1 x has also ! *>act]i/ic ( rema9+ clos$ to any rese>* by ext]nal means4 ,mu* ( :at lies beyond ! scope ( ext]nal obs]vation1 h[ev]1 reveals itself all ! m cle>ly 9 ! realms :]e nature is active on ! wide/ scale4 ,c]ta9ly1 we mu/ s*ool ourselves to read aright ! ph5om5a :i* come to light 9 ^? realms4 ,& once m we mu/ look to ! way ( introspection1 previ\sly m5tion$1 = aid 9 inve/+ our gaze ) ! necess>y intuitive =ce4 ,if we succe$ 9 ?is1 !n ! heav5s w become = u a text :]e9 secrets ( human nature1 hidd5 f m]e introspection1 c be read2 :ile at ! same "t ! introspective way enables u to exp]i5ce ?+s :i* we _c uncov] simply by obs]v+ ! out] univ]se4 ,ap>t f ^! me?odological consid]ations1 !re is a fur!r reason = our *oice4 ,among ! in/ances m5tion$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt] z symptoms ( a great] 'y\?fulness' prevail+ 9 nature1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! elem5t ,fire1 at a comp>atively rec5t date1 7 ! manife/ations ( ! ,div9e-,spiritual ,_w to man report$ 9 ! ,bible z ! ev5t on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,!re1 ?und] & lightn+ f above & volcanic action f bel[ =m ! sett+ = ! int]c\rse ( ,jehovah ) ,moses4 ,to-day ! function ( ^! types ( ph5om5a1 ?\gh metamorphos$ by ! alt]$ conditions ( ! e>?1 is n ess5tially diff]5t4 ,"h1 m ?an 9 any o!r sph]e ( h] activities1 nature manife/s t side ( h] :i* we are seek+ to p5etrate ) und]/&+4 99 ,let u />t ) an obs]vation kn[n to ! pres5t writ] f a visit to ! ,solfat>a1 a volcanic region ne> ,naples4 ,! ,solfat>a itself is a tr\gh surr\nd$ by hilly m\nds2 its smoo?1 saucepan-l bottom1 cov]$ ) :iti% pumice-s&1 is pitt$ ) crat]s conta9+ viol5tly boil+ & fum+ mud - ! s-call$ fango1 fam\s = its heal+ prop]ties4 ,all ar\nd sulphur\s fumes issue f crevices 9 ! rocks1 & 9 "o special place ! ,solfat>a reveals its subt]ranean activity by ! em]g5ce ( f9e1 _m-col\r$ s&1 :i* oozes up l boil+ liquid f ! dep?s bel[4 ,! :ole region gives ! impression ( be+ 9 a /ate ( labile balance4 ,h[ true ?is is becomes app>5t if "o drops pieces ( burn+ pap] "h & !re on ! gr\nd3 imm$iately a cl\d ( smoke & /eam rises4 ,! effect is ev5 m int5se if a burn+ tor* is mov$ ab\t ov] "o ( ! boil+ fango holes4 ,!n ! deep answ]s in/antly ) an extraord9>y int5sification ( ! boil+ process4 ,! hot mud seems to be ?r[n into viol5t turmoil1 emitt+ ?ick cl\ds ( /eam1 :i* soon entirely envelop ! spectator ne> ! edge4 ,! sci5tific m9d is at fir/ incl9$ to see 9 ?is ph5om5on ! me*anical effect ( r$uc$ air-pressure1 due to ! high] temp]atures above ! surface ( ! boil+ mud1 ?\gh d\bts are rais$ by ! unusual int5sity ( ! reaction4 ,! feel+ t ! physical explanation is inadequate is /r5g!n$ :5 ! vap\rs h ?9n$ out & "o is surpris$ to see t e crack & cranny 9 ! ,solfat>a1 "r up to ! top ( ! tr\gh1 %[s signs ( increas$ activity4 ,c]ta9ly1 ?is _c be acc\nt$ = by a cause-&-effect nexus ( ! k9d f\nd 9 ! realm ( me*anical causation1 :]e an effect is propagat$ f po9t to po9t & ! total effect is ! sum ( a numb] ( p>tial effects4 ,x looks r z if ! impulse appli$ 9 "o spot _h call$ = a major impulse :i* 0 n[ act+ on ! ,solfat>a z a :ole4 ,z obs]v]s :o are try+ to und]/& natural ph5om5a by recogniz+ _! significance z lett]s 9 nature's script1 we mu/ look n[ = o!r ph5om5a :i* c be jo9$ ) ?is "o to =m ! relevant '^w' we h set out to deciph]4 ,all sci5tific !ories conc]n+ ! causes ( seismic occurr5ces1 bo? volcanic & tectonic1 h be5 conceiv$ z if ! spatial motion ( m9]al matt] 7 ! only happ5+ t _h to be acc\nt$ =4 ,no wond] t none ( ^! !ories has prov$ really satisfactory ev5 to me*ani/ically ori5tat$ ?9k+4 ,actually !re are ph5om5a ( a q diff]5t k9d connect$ ) ! e>?'s seismic activities1 & ^! ne$ to be tak5 into equal acc\nt4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! fact t animals (t5 %[ a premonition ( volcanic or tectonic di/urbances4 ,!y become re/ive & hide1 or1 if dome/ic1 seek ! protection ( man4 ,app>5tly1 !y react 9 ?is way to *anges 9 nature :i* prec$e ! me*anical ev5ts by :i* man regi/]s ! seismic occurr5ce4 ,ano!r su* ph5om5on is ! s-call$ e>?quake-sky1 :i* ! pres5t writ] has _h sev]al occasions to witness4 ,x consi/s ( a peculi>1 almo/ t]rify+1 int5se discoloration ( ! sky1 &1 to ^? acqua9t$ ) x1 is a sure sign ( an imm95t or actual e>?quake some:]e 9 ! correspond+ region ( ! e>?4 ,?is ph5om5on tea*es u t ! *ange 9 ! e>?'s condition :i* results 9 a viol5t movem5t ( h] cru/1 involves a region ( h] organism f> great] ?an ! subt]ranean lay]s :]e ! cause ( ! purely me*anical ev5ts is usually believ$ to reside4#f ,t man himself is n exclud$ f exp]i5c+ directly ! sup]-spatial nature ( seismic di/urbances is %[n by an ev5t 9 ,goe!'s life1 report$ by 8 secret>y ,eck]mann1 :o himself le>nt ! /ory f an old man :o _h be5 ,goe!'s valet at ! "t4#g ,?is is :at ! old man1 :om ,eck]mann met by accid5t "o day ne> ,weim>1 told him3 ',once ,goe! rang 9 ! middle ( ! night & :5 ,i ent]$ 8 room ,i f\nd he _h roll$ 8 iron b$ to ! w9d[ & 0 ly+ !re1 gaz+ at ! heav5s4 ,h y se5 no?+ 9 ! sky8 ask$ he1 & :5 ,i answ]$ ,no1 he begg$ me to run across to ! s5try & inquire ( ! man on duty if he _h se5 no?+4 ,he _h n notic$ any?+ & :5 ,i return$ ,i f\nd ! ma/] /ill 9 ! same position1 gaz+ at ! sky4 ,li/51 he said1 ?is is an important mom5t2 !re is n[ an e>?quake or "o is j go+ to take place4 ,!n he made me sit d[n on ! b$ & %[$ me by :at signs he knew ?is4' ,:5 ask$ ab\t ! wea!r conditions1 ! old man said3 ',x 0 v cl\dy1 v /ill & sultry4' ,to believe implicitly 9 ,goe! 0 = him a matt] ( c\rse1 '= ?+s always happ5$ z he said !y w\ld'4 ,:5 next day ,goe! relat$ 8 obs]vations at ,c\rt1 ! wom5 titt]$3 ',goe! dreams' 7',goe! s*wrmt'71 b ! ,duke & ! o!r m5 pres5t believ$ him4 ,a few weeks lat] ! news rea*$ ,weim> t on t night 7#e? ,april1 #aghc7 "p ( ,mess9a _h be5 de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ,!re is no record by ,goe! himself ( ! nature ( ! ph5om5on p]ceiv$ by him dur+ t night1 except = a brief rem>k 9 a lett] to ,mme de ,/e91 writt5 ! foll[+ day1 9 :i* he claims to h se5 a 'nor!rn light 9 ! s\?-ea/' ! extraord9>y "* ( :i* made him fe> t an e>?quake _h tak5 place some:]e4 ,! valet's report makes u incl9$ to ?9k t !re _h be5 no outw>dly p]ceptible ph5om5on at all1 b t :at ,goe! believ$ he 0 see+ ) 8 bodily eyes 0 ! projection ( a purely sup]s5sible1 b n = t reason any less objective1 exp]i5ce4 ,9 a picture ( ! seismic activities ( ! e>? :i* is to comprise ph5om5a ( ?is k9d1 ! volcanic or tectonic effects _c be attribut$ to purely local causes4 ,= :y1 !n1 %\ld ! :ole meteorological sph]e be involv$1 & :y %\ld liv+ be+s react 9 ! way describ$8 ,cle>ly1 we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ! total di/urbance n 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? b 9 ! expanse ( surr\nd+ space4 ,inde$1 ! v ph5om5on ( ! ,solfat>a1 if se5 9 ?is light1 c reveal to u t at lea/ ! volcanic movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ are n caus$ by pressure f )91 b by suction f )\t - t is1 by an exceptional action ( levity4 ,we recall ! fact t ! :ole ,solfat>a ph5om5on _h its orig9 9 a flame be+ sway$ ov] "o ( ! fango holes4 ,al?\gh x rema9s true t ! suction aris+ f ! dim9i%$ air pressure ov] ! hole _c acc\nt = ! int5se increase ( ebullition 9 ! hole itself1 n to speak ( ! p>ticipation ( ! entire region 9 ?is increase1 !re is ! fact t ! :ole ev5t />ts ) a suctional effect4 ,z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 any local production ( heat int]f]es ) ! gravity conditions at t spot by %ift+ ! balance to ! side ( levity4 ,t ! response 9 a place l ! ,solfat>a is :at we h se5 x to be1 is ! result ( an extraord9>y lability ( ! equilibrium betwe5 gravity & levity1 a *>act]i/ic app]ta9+ to ! e>?'s volcanism 9 g5]al4 ,= ! p liv+ ne> ! ,solfat>a x is inde$ common k t !re are times :5 ?is lability is s great t ! slighte/ local di/urbance ( ! k9d we h describ$ c provoke de/ructive eruptions ( great masses ( subt]ranean mud4 7,at su* times access to ! ,solfat>a is prohibit$47 ,we %all und]/& su* an eruption rightly if we picture x z ! c\nt]-pole ( an avalan*e4 ,! latt] may be br\ght ab\t by a fragm5t ( matt] on a sn[-cov]$ m\nta91 p]haps a little /one1 break+ loose & 9 its desc5t br++ ev]-accumulat+ masses ( sn[ d[n ) x4 ,! levity-process pol> to ?is demon/ration ( gravity is ! production ( a mightily gr[+ 'negative avalan*e' by comp>atively weak local suction1 caus$ by a small flame4 99 ,e>li] 9 ?is *apt] 7page #aej7 we said t if we want to und]/& h[ _s moves1 =ms & trans=ms matt]1 we mu/ recognize ! exi/5ce ( non-me*anical 7magical7 causes ( physical effects4 ,we h n[ f\nd t ! appe>ance ( su* effects 9 nature is due to ! op]ations ( a p>ticul> =ce1 levity1 pol> to gravity4 ,obs]vation ( a numb] ( natural happ5+s has help$ u to become famili> 9 a prelim9>y way ) ! "* ( ?is =ce4 ,al?\gh ^! happ5+s 7 all physical 9 appe>ance1 !y %[$ c]ta9 def9itely non-physical features1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh _! peculi> relation%ip to ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,m *>act]i/ics ( ?is k9d w appe> 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,9 ?is way x w become increas+ly cle> t 9 levity we h to d ) some?+ :i*1 despite its manife/+ *>act]i/ics ( a '=ce' n unlike gravity & !reby resembl+ ! latt]1 diff]s ess5tially f any?+ purely physical4 ,x is only by its int]actions ) gravity t levity br+s ab\t ev5ts 9 ! physical _w-ev5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* are !mselves p>tly ( a physical1 p>tly ( a sup]physical k9d4 ,see+ ?+s 9 ?is aspect1 we are naturally prompt$ to ask :at causes !re are 9 ! _w :i* make gravity & levity int]act at all4 ,?is "q w f9d its answ] 9 due c\rse4 ,fir/1 we mu/ make ourselves m fully acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s appe>ances ( ! gravity-levity int]play 9 nature4 #a ,9 ?is s5se ,rusk9's description ( ! work+ ( ! _s 9 ! plant z "o t 'cat*es f *aos wat]1 etc41 etc41 & fa/5s !m into a giv5 =m' po9ts to magical action4 #b ,= ,van ,helmont1 ow+ to ! ,flemi% pronunciation ( ! lett] ,g1 ! two words s\nd$ m alike ?an _! spell+ sugge/s4 #c ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all h opportunity to det]m9e :at di/+ui%es ,air f ,fire1 on ! "o h&1 & ,wat] f ,e>? on ! o!r4 #d ,x is ?is app>5t uni-pol>ity ( gravity :i* has giv5 ,pr(essor ,e9/e9 s mu* tr\ble 9 8 endeav\r to create a purely gravitational _w-picture ) bipol> electricity & magnetism fitt+ into x ma!matically4 #e ,see ! ',bi%op ,b>nes' controv]sy ( rec5t date4 #f ,to ! same category belong ! mighty ?und]/orms :i* 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w are kn[n to occur 9 conjunction ) e>?quakes4 #g ,see ,goe!'s ,conv]sations ) ,eck]mann 7translat$ by ,j4 ,ox5=d71 #ac? ,novemb]1 #ahbc4 ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,f\r? ,/ate ( ,matt] ,:5 ,william ,crookes *ose z "o ( ! titles ( 8 pap] on ! newly discov]$ prop]ties ( electricity1 ',! ,f\r? ,/ate ( ,matt]'1 x 0 to express 8 belief t he _h f\nd a /ate ( matt]1 additional to ! ?ree kn[n ones1 :i* repres5t$ '! bord]l& :]e matt] & =ce seem to m]ge into "o ano!r1 ! %ad[y realm betwe5 kn[n & unkn[n' = :i* 8 s\l _h be5 long+ ev] s9ce ! dea? ( 8 belov$ bro!r4#a ,all t has foll[$ f 8 discov]y1 d[n to ! trans=mation ( matt] itself into freely work+ en]gy1 %[s t he 0 "r 9 ?9k+ he _h rea*$ "s bord]l& ( nature4 ,b ! "* ( ! =ces :i* are ?us lib]at$ makes x equally cle> t ?is is n ! bord]l& he 0 look+ =4 ,nature - by :i* we mean physical nature - has 9 fact two bord]s1 "o t\*+ ! realm ( ! intramat]ial en]gies :i* are lib]at$ by disrupt+ ! /ructure ( atomic nuclei1 ! o!r lead+ ov] into creative ,*aos1 ! f\nta9-head ( all t appe>s 9 nature z intellig5t design4 ,x 0 ,crookes's fate to op5 ! road :i* has br\ght man to nature's l[] bord] & ev5 across x1 al?\gh he himself 0 9 se>* ( h] upp] bord]4 ,:at he 0 d5i$1 we are 9 a position to a*ieve to-day1 provid$ we d n expect to succe$ by me?ods simil> to ^? ( atomic physics1 & d n look = simil> results4 ,to %[ t !re is a f\r? /ate ( matt]1 rightly s call$1 :i* repres5ts 9 actual fact ! upp] bord] ( nature1 & to po9t ! way t leads to x & across x1 is ! purpose ( ?is *apt]4 99 ,f our previ\s comp>ison ( ! old] conception ( ! f\r elem5t>y conditions ( nature ) t n[ held ( ! ?ree /ates ( pond]able matt]1 we may expect t ! f\r? /ate w h some?+ 9 common ) heat4 ,heat is inde$ ! en]gy :i* trans=ms matt] by c>ry+ x f ! solid to ! liquid & gase\s /ates4 ,n s obvi\s is ! fact t heat1 ap>t f be+ an ag5t work+ at matt] 9 ?is way1 is ! v ess5ce und]ly+ all mat]ial exi/5ce1 out ( :i* matt] 9 its ?ree pond]able /ates comes into be+ & into :i* x is capable ( return+ aga94 ,su* a conception ( matt] 0 naturally abs5t f ! age ( ! ,contra-,levitatem ori5tation ( ! human m9d4 ,to create ?is conception1 a new ,pro-,levitate ori5tation is requir$4 ,ap>t f produc+ liquefaction & vaporization1 heat has also ! prop]ty ( act+ on physical matt] s t its volume increases4 ,bo? facts are l9k$ toge!r by sci5ce ?r\gh ! !rmodynamic conception ( heat4 ,z ?is conception firmly blocks ! road to ! recognition ( ! role ( heat z ! f\r? /ate ( matt]1 our fir/ task w be to det]m9e our own /&po9t ) reg>d to x4 ,fur!r ob/acles on our way are ! s-call$ ,laws ( ,cons]vation1 :i* /ate t no matt] & no en]gy - :i* = pres5t-day sci5ce h become "o & ! same ?+ - c ev] disappe> into 'no?+' or come into be+ out ( 'no?+'4 ,?is idea1 also1 w !re=e require our e>ly att5tion4#b 99 ,9 ! light ( our previ\s /udies we %all n f9d x difficult to te/ ! reality-value ( ! !rmodynamic conception ( heat4 ,z we "k ( mass ?r\gh a def9ite s5se-p]ception1 s we "k ( heat4 ,9 ! latt] case we rely on ! s5se ( w>m?4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,viii we took ! opportunity to te/ ! objectivity ( ! in=mation receiv$ ?r\gh ?is s5se4 ,/ill1 "o-ey$1 col\r-bl9d obs]vation is naturally unable to take acc\nt ( ^! s5se-messages4 ,to ?is k9d ( obs]vation no?+ is accessible1 we "k1 except spatial displacem5ts ( s+le po9t-l entities4 ,h5ce we f9d ,bacon & ,hooke already attribut+ ! s5sation ( w>m? to m9ute fa/-mov+ p>ticles ( matt] imp++ on ! sk94 ,"s "t lat] we f9d ,locke tak+ up ! same picture4 ,we see f ?is h[ little ! me*anical !ory ( heat owes to empirical facts4 ,= ev5 9 ,locke's "t ! connexion betwe5 heat & me*anical action1 z recogniz$ to-day1 0 completely unkn[n4 ,) ?is idea firmly root$ 9 8 m9d1 mod]n man _h no difficulty 9 us+ x to expla9 bo? !rmal expansion & ! effect ( heat on ! diff]5t /ates ( matt]1 & s1 f9ally1 ^! /ates !mselves4 ,!rmal expansion 0 ?us attribut$ to an increase 9 ! av]age di/ance betwe5 ! assum$ m9ute p>ticles1 caus$ by an increase 9 _! rate ( movem5t2 ! liquid /ate 0 held to diff] f ! solid1 & simil>ly ! gase\s f ! liquid1 by ! int]spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles becom+ relatively s great t ! gravitational pull betwe5 !m became too weak to hold !m toge!r4 ,te/$ f a view-po9t outside ! onlook]-consci\sness1 ?is :ole picture ( ! int]action betwe5 matt] & heat appe>s to run c\nt] to ! cosmic ord] ( ?+s 9 a way typical ( o!r spectator-!ories4 ,anci5t man1 if confront$ ) ?is picture1 w\ld h said t x means expla9+ ! elem5t ,fire by ! quality ,cold4 ,= ea* ( ^? m9ute p>ticles1 9 its solidity & /ate ( spatial sep>ation f ! o!rs1 repres5ts an effigy ( ! e>? & !reby ! elem5t ,e>? itself4 ,he w\ld be unable to und]/& :y ph5om5a ( ! 'w>m' elem5t ,fire %\ld be expla9$ by its v opposite4 ,moreov]1 ,fire =ms "p ( ! ev] 'y\?ful' realm ( ! _w1 :]eas any?+ :i* exi/s z a spatially disc]nible entity1 capable ( be+ mov$ ab\t me*anically1 mu/ h gr[n cosmically 'old'4 ,t ,rusk9 0 z mu* on ! al]t 9 reg>d to ?is !ory z he 0 9 reg>d to ,newton's !ory ( gravitation1 is %[n by ! foll[+ utt]ance f 8 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air4 ,obvi\sly /irr$ by ,tyndall's newly publi%$ treatise1 ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion1 ,rusk9 felt ! ne$ to criticize ! endeav\r ( contempor>y sci5ce 'to simplify ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy m & m into modes ( "o =ce1 or f9ally into m]e motion1 communicable 9 v>i\s /ates1 b n de/ructible'1 by decl>+ t he w\ld himself 'l bett] 9 ord] ( ?\ght#c to consid] motion z a mode ( heat ?an heat z a mode ( motion'4 ,^! words ( ,rusk9 t\* also on ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy1 ( :i* we said t x also call$ = a prelim9>y exam9ation4 ,:at we n[ h to f9d out is ! factual basis on :i* ?is law re/s4 99 ,! conception ( ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy arose f ! discov]y ( ! con/ant num]ical relation betwe5 heat & me*anical "w1 kn[n z ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,?is discov]y 0 made at ab\t ! same "t by ,j\le 9 ,engl& & ,j4 ,r4 ,may] 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh by entirely diff]5t r\tes4 ,j\le1 a brew]1 0 a man ( practical b5t4 ,tra9$ by ,dalton1 ! f\nd] ( ! atomic !ory1 9 exp]im5tal rese>*1 he cont9u$ ,rum=d's & ,davy's rese>*es :i* !y _h und]tak5 to prove t heat is n1 z x 0 = a "t believ$ to be1 a pond]able sub/ance1 b an impond]able ag5t4 ,z a />t+-po9t he took ! heat+ effect ( electric curr5ts4 ,! fact t ^! c\ld be g5]at$ by turn+ a ma*9e1 t is1 by ! exp5diture ( me*anical en]gy1 gave him ! idea ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( "w done by ! ma*9e & !n comp>+ ?is ) ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ by ! curr5t4 ,a numb] ( +5i\s exp]im5ts enabl$ him to det]m9e ) increas+ exactitude ! num]ical relation betwe5 "w & heat1 z well z to e/abli% ! absolute con/ancy ( ! relation4 ,?is he reg>d$ z pro( ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 :i* he _h tak5 f ,rum=d & ,davy4 ,:at simpl] explanation c\ld !re be = ! con/ant num]ical relation betwe5 "w & heat ?an ! conception t trans=mation ( "o =m ( en]gy into ano!r 0 simply a transmission ( motion f "o object to ano!r8 ,f ! quantitative equality ( exp5d$ & g5]at$ en]gy 0 x n natural to argue ! qualitative simil>ity ( ! two =ms ( en]gy1 :i* only ext]nally seem$ diff]5t8 ,x 0 by q a diff]5t pa? t ! ,heilbronn doctor1 ,may]1 arriv$ at 8 results4 ,to escape f ! n>r[ness ( 8 ,s\? ,g]man home t[n1 he w5t1 :ile /ill a y\?1 z doctor to a ,dut* %ip sail+ to ,java4 ,:5 9 ! tropics he treat$ a numb] ( sailors by blood-lett+1 he obs]v$ t ! v5\s blood 0 mu* ne>] 9 col\r to ! pal] art]ial blood ?an 0 usual at home4 ,?is *ange 9 ! col\r he attribut$ to ! dim9i%$ int5sity ( bodily combu/ion1 due1 he believ$1 to ! high] temp]ature ( ! tropics4 ,sc>cely _h ?is ?\ght pass$ ?r\gh 8 m9d ?an x induc$ ano!r - t ( a univ]sal int]relation%ip betwe5 all possible =ms ( en]gy4 ,?is la/ idea s took possession ( him t dur+ ! return voyage1 z he himself relat$1 he c\ld sc>cely ?9k ( any?+ b h[ to prove ! correctness ( 8 idea & :at ! consequ5ces w\ld be = ! g5]al view ( nature4 ,f ! mom5t ( 8 return he devot$ 8 life to practical rese>* into ! connexion betwe5 ! v>i\s manife/ations ( en]gy4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t he 0 l$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! s-call$ me*anical equival5t ( heat1 %ortly be=e ! same discov]y 0 made 9 a q diff]5t mann] by ,j\le4 ,if "o consid]s h[ sl5d] a connexion !re 0 betwe5 ,may]'s obs]vation on ! sailors 9 ,java & ! idea ( ! quantitative equilibrium ( all physical nature-=ces1 & if "o contra/s ?is ) ! fanaticism he %[$ dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life 9 prov+ aga9/ all ob/acles ! correctness ( 8 idea1 "o mu/ feel t ! orig9 ( ! ?\ght 9 ,may]'s m9d lay else:]e ?an 9 m]e physical obs]vations & logical d$uctions4 ,confirmation ( ?is may be f\nd 9 :at ,may] himself decl>$ to be 8 view conc]n+ ! actual gr\nds = ! exi/5ce ( a con/ant num]ical association betwe5 ! v>i\s manife/ations ( natural en]gy4 ,s f> z sci5ce all[$ ,may] any cr$it = 8 "w1 ?is 0 bas$ on ! op9ion t ?r\gh 8 discov]y he _h provid$ ! f9al v9dication ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,?is judgm5t1 h[ev]1 0 only pil+ "o wrong ^u ano!r4 ,may]'s de/9y 0 truly tragic4 ,:5 he began to publicize 8 conviction ( ! num]ical equilibrium betwe5 sp5t & creat$ en]gy1 he met ) s mu* scepticism1 ev5 d]ision1 t f %e] despair 8 m9d at times became cl\d$4 ,:5 at la/ t[>d ! end ( 8 life he receiv$ ! recognition 8 discov]y des]v$ 7n be=e be+ dragg$ ?r\gh a pa9ful priority dispute :i* ,j\le =c$ ^u him & lo/71 ! sci5ti/s _h begun to use 8 idea = bol/]+ up a hypo!sis directly c\nt] to ! idea :i* _h l$ him to 8 discov]y1 & = ! sake ( :i* he _h accept$ s mu* suff]+4 ,may]'s spiritual k9 are n to be f\nd among ! heat-!ori/s ( 8 "t1 su* z ,helmholtz & o!rs1 b among ?9k]s ( ! /amp ( ,goe!1 ,h[>d & ,rusk94 ,8 basic idea ( ! inn] connexion betwe5 all =ms ( en]gy 9 nature corresponds entirely ) ,goe!'s idea ( metamorphosis4 ,j z ,goe! saw 9 ! ur-plant ! ,idea common to all plant-=ms or1 9 ! v>i\s plant-organs1 ! metamorphosis ( "o & ! same ur-organ1 s 0 ,may] conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( an ur-=ce :i* express$ itself 9 v>y+ guises 9 ! sep>ate en]gy-=ms ( nature4 ,9 ! picture ( ! physical univ]se :i* hov]$ be=e him1 ! trans=mation ( "o =m ( en]gy into ano!r - su* z me*anical en]gy into electrical1 ?is into *emical & s on - 0 some:at simil> to ,goe!'s picture ( ! organic life ( ! e>?1 9 :i* ! metamorphosis ( "o liv+ =m into ano!r con/antly occurr$4 ',!re is 9 nature'1 said ,may]1 'a specific dim5sion ( immat]ial con/itution :i* pres]ves its value 9 all *anges tak+ place among ! objects obs]v$1 :]eas its =m ( appe>ance alt]s 9 ! mo/ manifold ways4' ,= ! physici/1 accu/om$ to a purely quantitative obs]vation ( nature1 x is difficult to compreh5d t ,may] c\ld h arriv$ at ! ?\ght ( a con/ant quantitative relation betwe5 ! v>i\s manife/ations ( natural en]gy1 )\t d]iv+ f x ! conviction ( _! qualitative ind5tity - i4e41 )\t conclud+ f ! exi/5ce ( ! me*anical heat - equival5t t heat is itself no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 =m ( spatial movem5t4 ,may] actually _h a picture directly contr>y to ! me*ani/ic conception4 ,= him1 ! aris+ ( heat repres5t$ a disappe>ance ( me*anical en]gy4 ,if ?is1 !n1 0 ,may]'s belief1 :at 0 x t conv9c$ him ( ! exi/5ce ( a num]ical balance betwe5 appe>+ & vani%+ en]gy1 ev5 be=e he _h any exp]im5tal pro(8 ,lat] 9 ?is book !re w be occasion to introduce a concept ( numb] 9 tune ) our qualitative _w-outlook4 ,:at l$ ,may] to look ^u numb] z an expression ( exi/+ spiritual associations 9 nature w !n become cle>4 ,let ?is mu* be said "h1 t numb] 9 ! univ]se has q diff]5t functions f t ( s]v+ m]ely z an expression = a total ( calculable items1 or z a means ( comp>+ spatial di/ances4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ! onlook]-consci\sness t x is unable to int]pret num]ical equality betwe5 natural ph5om5a save z indicat+ ! pres5ce ( an equal numb] ( calculable objects or ( spatial movem5ts ( equal magnitude4 ,x 0 !re=e consi/5t = su* a consci\sness to reg>d ! discov]y by ,may] ( ! me*anical heat-equival5t z a confirmation ( ! exi/+ me*anical conception ( heat4 ,= ,may] su* an int]pretation 0 n necess>y4 ,8 conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( an ur-=ce1 manife/+ ?r\gh metamorphosis 9 all natural =ces1 l$ him to expect a con/ant num]ical relation among/ ^!1 )\t requir+ him to d5y ! objective exi/5ce ( qualitative diff]5ces1 z ^! display$ !mselves 9 ! field ( ph5om5a4 ,he 0 spiritually ak9 to ,goe!1 also1 9 t he gu>d$ himself /rictly aga9/ sub/itut+ = ! cont5ts ( our p]ception convey$ by nature purely hypo!tical entities :i*1 :ile fa%ion$ aft] ! _w ( ! s5ses1 are1 9 pr9ciple1 imp]ceptible4 ,may] s\ght aft] a truly empirically f\nd$ concept ( =ce1 & 8 me?od 0 t ( read+ f all ! v>i\s manife/ations ( =ce :i* 7 op5 to s5se obs]vation4 ,"o su* manife/ation1 capable ( empirical det]m9ation1 0 ! balance betwe5 appe>+ & disappe>+ en]gy4 ,sci5ce treat$ ,may] 9 ! same way z x treat$ ,h[>d4 ,x took f him :at x want$ = its purpose )\t conc]n+ itself ) ! epi/emological pr9ciple :i* _h l$ him to 8 discov]y4 ,?us x 0 t ,may]'s discov]y l$ to mo/ important consequ5ces = ! developm5t ( mod]n te*nical devices1 :]eas x 0 ! fate ( 8 guid+ idea to be fir/ d]id$1 !n misund]/ood & f9ally =gott54 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! k ( ! num]ical equilibrium betwe5 creat$ & exp5d$ en]gy 9 ! economy ( nature has wid5$ m & m ! abyss sep>at+ _s & matt] 9 human life1 in/ead ( lead+1 z inde$ x might h done1 to a bridg+ ( ! abyss4 ,! ?\ght1 !re=e1 reg>d+ ! appe>+ & disappe>+ ( measurable cosmic sub/ance1 to :i* we are l$ :5 foll[+ ,goe!'s me?od ( obs]v+ nature1 /&s 9 no sort ( contradiction to :at ,may] himself conceiv$ z ! relation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy to "o ano!r1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! num]ical balance betwe5 !m4 99 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ our /&po9t ) reg>d to ! !rmodynamic !ory ( heat & ! law ( cons]vation1 we may proce$ to ! /udy1 fir/ ( ! ph5om5on ( !rmal expansion1 & !n ( ! effect ( heat on ! v>i\s /ates ( physical matt]1 by apply+ to !m1 unimp$$ by any preconceiv$ me*ani/ic idea1 :at we h le>nt ?r\gh our previ\s /udies4 ,we mu/ />t by develop+ a prop] picture ( ! dynamic condition ( matt] 9 ! solid /ate4 ,9 a solid body ! mat]ial sub/ance is c5tr$ on an inn] po9t1 ! s-call$ c5tre ( gravity - a *>act]i/ic :i* su* a body %>es ) ! e>? z a :ole4 ,likewise1 two su* bodies ex]t on "o ano!r ! same influ5ce t ! e>? ex]ts on ea* ( !m3 !y try to assume ! %orte/ possible di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,f>aday sci5ce has be5 accu/om$ to ascribe ^! ph5om5a to ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 fields ( =ce1 connect$ ) ea* body & work+ on "o ano!r ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y space4 ,x is to ?is concept ( ! field ( =ce t we mu/ n[ give special att5tion4 ,= ! field-concept1 9 ! =m introduc$ by ,f>aday into sci5tific ?9k+1 is "o ( ! few sci5tific concepts :i* h be5 obta9$ by be+ 'read' f ! correspond+ ph5om5a !mselves1 & :i* !re=e reta9 _! validity 9 a sci5ce :i* is bas$ on ! me?od ( read+4 ,accord+ to ! field-concept1 t]re/rial manife/ations ( gravity are due to ! e>?'s be+ ! be>] ( a gravitational field c5tr$ )9 ! globe1 & ext5d+ !nce 9 all directions ?r\gh space1 across & beyond ! e>?'s body4 ,e po9t 9 space1 bo? inside & outside ! e>?1 is *>act]iz$ by a def9ite int5sity ( ?is field1 ! s-call$ gravitational pot5tial4 ,?is is subject to v>iations due to ! pres5ce ( o!r physical masses1 :i* c>ry _! own fields ( gravity4 ,:at happ5s betwe5 su* masses & t ( ! e>?1 z well z mutually betwe5 su* masses !mselves1 is br\ght ab\t by ! p>ticul> conditions 9 space result+ f ! int]p5etration ( ! v>i\s fields4 ,x is ess5tial to realize t all fields dealt ) by physical sci5ce1 ! gravitational1 electric1 magnetic - h[ev] mu* !y diff] o!rwise - h ?is "o *>act]i/ic 9 common1 t !y h a c5tre :]e ! field is at its highe/ int5sity1 dim9i%+ z ! di/ance f ! c5tre increases4 ,motion 9 su* a field naturally takes place f regions ( l[] to ^? ( high] int5sity - 9 o!r words1 x foll[s ! ris+ pot5tial ( ! field4 ,?is acc\nts = ! t5d5cy ( physical masses to arrive at ! %orte/ possible di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,x 0 natural = ! mod]n m9d to picture a dynamic condition ( ! k9d j describ$1 t is1 "o 9 :i* ! c5tre & s\rce1 z x 71 is a po9t r\nd :i* ! dynamic condition spreads ) /eadily dim9i%+ /r5g? z ! di/ance f ! po9t gr[s4 ,= su* is ! condition ( man's head-b\nd consci\sness4 ,! locus f :i* mod]n man wat*es ! _w is a po9t )9 ! field ( ?is consci\sness1 & ! int5sity ) :i* ! _w acts on x dim9i%es ) increas+ spatial di/ance f ?is po9t4 ,?is is ! reason :y levity 0 bani%$ f sci5tific inquiry1 & :y1 :5 ! field-concept 0 creat$ by ! g5ius ( ,f>aday1 x did n occur to anyone t ) x ! way 0 op5$ to compreh5d field-types o!r ?an ! c5tric "o *>act]i/ic ( gravity & k9dr$ =ces4 ,to make use ( ! field-concept 9 ?is o!r way is "o ( ! tasks we h to und]take if we are to ov]come ! impasse 9 :i* pres5t-day sci5tific cognition f9ds itself4 ,to develop a picture ( ! type ( field repres5t$ by levity1 let u recall c]ta9 results f ! obs]vations ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re ! volcanic ph5om5on1 :5 tak5 9 its wid] implications1 made u realize t ! upw>d movem5t ( physical masses1 9 itself "p ( ! total ph5om5on1 is due to a dynamic cause :i* we _h to describe1 9 contra/ to c5tripetally work+ pressure1 z p]iph]ally work+ suction4 ,( ?is concept ( suction we mu/ n[ obs]ve t we may apply x ) ju/ification only if we realize t suction c be caus$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are wont to use ! t]m1 suction is ! result ( a diff]5ce ( pressure 9 adjac5t p>ts ( space1 ! action tak+ place 9 ! direction ( ! m9or pressure4 ,ap>t f ?is1 h[ev]1 suction c occur also z a result ( ! outw>d-b\nd increase ( ! /r5g? ( a levity-field4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we may speak ( ! seismic movem5ts ( ! e>? z be+ caus$ by suction act+ f )\t4 ,9 ! same s5se we may say t ! upw>d movem5t ( ! saps 9 ! plant 7to :i* ,rusk9 po9t$ z be+ responsible = ! apple appe>+ at ! top ( ! tree7 & ) x ! entire gr[?-ph5om5on 9 ! plant _w1 is due to p]iph]al suction4 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d lead "o to a picture 9 :i* ! e>? is se5 to be surr\nd$ & p5etrat$ by a field ( =ce :i* is 9 e respect ! pol> opposite ( ! e>?'s gravitational field4 ,z ! latt] has its greate/ int5sity at its c5tre1 :i* is id5tical ) ! c5tre ( ! e>?'s globe1 s has ! levitational field its greate/ int5sity at its circumf]5ce :i* is some:]e 9 ! wid? ( ! univ]se4 7,lat] consid]ations w enable u to locate its position m precisely47 ,z ! gravity-field decreases 9 /r5g? ) increas+ di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! field1 t is1 9 ! outw>d direction1 s does ! levity-field decrease 9 /r5g? ) increas+ di/ance f its p]iph]y1 or 9 ! inw>d direction4 ,9 bo? fields ! direction ( movem5t is f regions ( l[] to ^? ( high] int5sity4 ,?is is :y ?+s 'fall' "u ! influ5ce ( gravity & 'rise' "u ! influ5ce ( levity4#d 99 ,h[ does !rmal expansion read z a lett] 9 nature's script :5 se5 9 ! light ( ! two contra/+ field-concepts8 ,let u1 = simplicity's sake1 imag9e a sph]ically %ap$ metallic body1 say1 a ball ( copp]1 :i* we expose to ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,z we h se51 x is ! c5trically ori5tat$ gravity-field :i* gives ! ball its p]man5cy ( %ape4 ,consequ5tly1 ! dynamic ori5tation ( ! mat]ial con/itut+ its body is direct$ t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! body itself4 ,n[1 ! mom5t we br+ heat to be> on ! body we f9d its surface mov+ 9 ! outw>d direction4 ,! :ole mass is cle>ly "u ! influ5ce ( "s suction :i* is direct$ on to ! body f outside4 ,j z ! plants gr[ 9 ! anti-gravitational direction z a result ( ! suctional effect ( levity 7o!r factors :i* acc\nt = its gr[+ into a p>ticul> %ape1 etc41 be+ left out ( consid]ation71 s our copp] ball gr[s 9 volume by be+ suck$ away f its c5tre ( gravity4 ,x is ! action ( heat :i* has *ang$ ! ratio betwe5 gravity & levity at ?is spot 9 su* a way z to all[ levity to produce ?is effect4#e ,:at we h ?us f\nd to be ! true nature ( ! ev5t p]ceiv$ z a body's gr[? 9 volume "u ! influ5ce ( heat has a def9ite effect on our conception ( spatially ext5d$ matt] z su*4 ,= a physical body is always 9 "s !rmal /ate :i* may be reg>d$ z high] ?an ano!r1 & x may !re=e be reg>d$ z be+ at all times !rmally exp&$ to "s ext5t4 ,h5ce1 x is all ! "t "u ! sway ( bo? gravitational pressure & anti-gravitational suction4 ,9 fact1 we may say ideally t1 if !re 7 no field work+ inw>ds f ! cosmic p]iph]y1 ! entire mat]ial cont5t ( ! e>?ly realm w\ld be r$uc$ by gravitation to a spaceless po9t2 j z "u ! sole influ5ce ( ! p]iph]al field ( levity x w\ld dissipate into ! univ]se4 ,to ord9>y sci5tific ?9k+ ?is may s\nd p>adoxical1 b 9 reality x is n4 ,obs]vation ( ! nature ( solid matt] has l$ atomi/ic ?\ght to reg>d a physical body z a heap ( molecules s f> ap>t t by f> ! great] "p ( ! volume occupi$ by ! body is j 'empty' space4 ,9 ! sci5tific picture ( molecules con/itut+ a physical body1 ( atoms con/itut+ ! molecules1 ( electrons1 protons1 etc41 con/itut+ ! atoms1 all sep>at$ by spaces f> exce$+ ! size ( ! elem5t>y p>ticles !mselves1 we f9d reflect$1 9 a =m compreh5sible to ! onlook]-consci\sness1 ! fact t matt]1 ev5 9 ! solid /ate1 is kept 9 spatial ext5sion by a field ( =ce relat+ x to ! cosmic p]iph]y4 99 ,) ?is picture ( solid matt] z be+ held 9 spatial ext5sion by its subjection to gravity & levity alike1 we proce$ to a /udy ( ! liquid & gase\s /ates ( matt]1 :ile tak+ into acc\nt ! role ( heat 9 br++ ^! /ates ab\t4 ,foll[+ out our me?od ( seek+ to ga9 k ( a ph5om5on by reg>d+ x z "p ( a great] :ole1 let u ask :at sort ( *ange a portion ( physical sub/ance und]goes 9 its relation to ! e>? z a :ole :51 = in/ance1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( heat1 x passes f a solid to a liquid /ate4 ,"h we mu/ keep 9 m9d t x is "p ( ! nature ( a liquid to h no =m ( its own4 ,! only natural b\nd>y ( a liquid sub/ance is its upp] surface4 ,s9ce ?is surface always lies p>allel ) ! surface ( ! e>? x =ms "p ( a sph]e1 ! c5tre po9t ( :i* is id5tical ) t ( ! gravitational c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,! passage ( a portion ( matt] f solid to liquid ?us signifies t x ceases to possess a c5tre ( gravity ( its own & is n[ m]ely ob$i5t to ! g5]al gravity-field ( ! e>?4 ,we c ?us speak ( a transition ( matt] f ! individual to ! planet>y condition4 ,?is is :at heat br+s ab\t :5 a solid body melts4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! heat us$ 9 melt+ is kn[n to be absorb$ by ! sub/ance dur+ ! process ( melt+4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! !rmomet] rema9+ at ! temp]ature ( ! melt+-po9t once ?is has be5 rea*$1 until ! :ole ( ! melt+ sub/ance has liquefi$4 ,physics "h speaks ( 'free' heat becom+ 'lat5t'4 ,f ! ,goe!an po9t ( view we see heat pass+ ?r\gh a metamorphosis4 ,:]eas1 previ\sly1 heat 0 p]ceptible to our s5se ( w>m?1 x n[ manife/s z a gravity-d5y+ prop]ty ( matt]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an idea ( ! liquid /ate ( matt] correspond+ to reality1 we mu/ take into acc\nt yet ano!r ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 ! heat becomes lat5t1 x goes ev5 fur!r 9 contradict+ gravity ?an by robb+ matt] ( its own po9t ( gravity & relat+ x to ! e>?'s c5tre ( gravity4 ,?is effect is %[n 9 ! well-kn[n urge ( all liquids to evaporate4 ,h5ce we mu/ say t ev5 :]e matt] 9 a liquid /ate pres]ves its own surface1 ?is does n by any means repres5t an absolute b\nd>y4 ,above ! surface !re proce$s a cont9u\s transition ( sub/ance into ! next high] condition ?r\gh evaporation4 ,we see "h ! activity ( heat go+ beyond ! m]e d5ial ( gravity to a positive affirmation ( levity4 ,) ! help ( ?is conception ( ! integration ( ! liquid /ate )9 ! pol>ity ( gravity & levity1 we are n[ able to draw a picture ( ! e>? :i*1 once obta9$1 answ]s _m a "q left unansw]$ by curr5t sci5tific notions1 among !m ! "q :y ! e>?'s volcanic activity is conf9$ to m>itime regions4 ,reg>d+ ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] on ! e>?'s surface1 we may say t to an obs]v] 9 cosmic space ! e>? w\ld n look at all l a solid body4 ,r w\ld x appe> z a gigantic 'drop' ( wat]1 its surface int]sp]s$ ) solid =mations1 ! cont95ts & o!r l& masses4 ,moreov]1 ! evid5ce assembl$ ev] s9ce ,pr(essor ,a4 ,weg5]'s fir/ rese>*es sugge/s t ! cont95ts are clod-l =mations :i* 'float' on an und]ly+ visc\s sub/ance & are able to move 7v sl[ly7 9 bo? ! v]tical & horizontal directions4 ,! oceanic wat]s are 9 fact sep>at$ f ! visc\s sub/ratum by no m ?an a ?9 lay] ( solid e>?1 a m]e sk9 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( ! planet4 ,fur!r1 ?is 'drop' ( liquid :i* repres5ts ! e>? is 9 con/ant communication ) its environm5t ?r\gh ! p]petual evaporation f ! ocean1 z well z f e o!r body ( wat]4 ,?is picture ( ! e>? %[s x ly+ "u ! tw(old influ5ce ( ! compressive =ce ( gravity & ! suck+ =ce ( levity4 ,:]ev] l& meets sea1 !re levity t5ds to prevail ov] gravity4 ,x is 9 m>itime regions1 accord+ly1 t ! inn] /rata ( ! e>? succumb mo/ readily to ^? sudd5 *anges 9 ! gravity-levity t5sion :]e9 we h recogniz$ ! orig9 ( seismic occurr5ces4 99 ,turn+ to ! gase\s condition1 we realize t al?\gh ev5 "h matt] reta9s traces ( a connexion ) t]re/rial gravity1 levity is n[ ! dom9ant factor4 ,!re are ?ree *>act]i/ics ( ! gase\s condition :i* br+ ?is out4 ,"o is ! extreme read9ess ( gases to exp& :5 heat$2 we see "h h[ mu* easi] ?an ) solid sub/ances x is = heat to ov]come ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,! second *>act]i/ic is ! prop]ty ( gases1 peculi> to !m1 ( exp&+ spontane\sly1 ev5 :5 n heat$4 ,"h we f9d gase\s matt] display+ a dynamic behavi\r :i* at l[] /ages occurs only "u ! /imulus ( heat4 ,! ?ird *>act]i/ic is %[n by ! fact t all gases1 unlike solids or liquids1 respond ) ! same increase ( volume to a giv5 rise ( temp]ature1 h[ev] div]se _! o!r qualities may be4 ,once gases are mix$1 !re=e1 !y _c be sep>at$ m]ely by rais+ or l[]+ ! temp]ature4 ,"h we f9d ! unify+ effect ( ! cosmic p]iph]y prevail+ ov] ! diff]5tiat+ effect ( t]re/rial gravity4 ,at ?is po9t we may recall ,goe!'s reply to ! botani/1 ,wolff1 :o _h ascrib$ ! metamorphosis ( plant-organs f root to blossom to a gradual /unt+ or atrophy ( _! vegetative =ce1 :]eas x 0 cle> to ,goe! t simultane\sly ) a physical retrogression1 !re is a spiritual progress 9 ! developm5t ( ! plant4 ,! fact t all ,wolff's ef=ts to see cle>ly did n save him f 'see+ pa/ ! ?+' seem$ to ,goe! an inevitable result ( ,wolff's failure to associate ) ! eyes ( ! body ^? ( ! _s4 ,exactly ! same ?+ holds good = ! sequ5ce ( physical /ates ( matt] :i* we are consid]+ "h4 ,obs]vation ( ?is sequ5ce ) ! bodily eyes alone w %[ no?+ b a r$uction ( ! specific gravity ( ! mat]ial conc]n$4 ,he :o is at pa9s to obs]ve also ) ! eye ( ! _s1 h[ev]1 is aw>e ( a positive increase ( lightness go+ h& 9 h& ) a decrease ( heav9ess4 ,reg>d$ ?us1 ! ?ree pond]able conditions =m :at ,goe! w\ld h call$ a 'spiritual ladd]'4 ,z 'rungs' ( su* a ladd] !y cle>ly po9t to a f\r? rung - t is1 a f\r? /ate 9 :i* levity s f> prevails ov] gravity t ! sub/ance no long] has any weight at all4 ,?is picture ( ! f\rfold trans=mation ( matt] calls = an inquiry into ! transition betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? /ates1 correspond+ to ! well-kn[n transitions betwe5 ! ?ree pond]able /ates4 99 ,our obs]vations h l$ u to a concept ( heat ess5tially diff]5t f t held by mod]n sci5ce4 ,sci5ce looks on heat simply z a condition ( pond]able matt]4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 are l$ to recognize 9 heat a f\r? condition into :i* matt] may pass on leav+ ! ?ree pond]able conditions1 & out ( :i* x may em]ge on ! way to pond]ability4 ,be=e %[+ t su* transitions are actually kn[n 9 nature1 x may be well to discuss "h an objection :i* ! cu/om>y way ( ?9k+ might plausibly advance aga9/ our :ole me?od4 ,x c\ld be said t to assume a cont9uation ( ! sequ5ce ( ! ?ree pond]able conditions 9 ! mann] sugge/$ is ju/ifi$ only if1 z solids c be turn$ into liquids & ^! into gases1 s gases c\ld be trans=m$ into a f\r? condition &1 conv]sely1 be produc$ f ! latt]4 ,9 reply x c be said t ! fact ( our n be+ able at pres5t to *ange gases artificially into pure heat does n ju/ify ! conclusion t ?is is 9 pr9ciple impossible4 ,we "k f previ\s consid]ations t ! e>? has rea*$ an evolution>y /age at :i* all elem5ts1 includ+ fire1 h 9 c]ta9 degree gr[n 'old'4 ,?is applies 9 q a special degree to ! manipulations to :i* man1 l$ by 8 dea?-b\nd consci\sness1 has le>nt to submit matt] 9 8 laboratories4 ,to decide :at is possible or n possible 9 nature1 !re=e1 c by no means be left to ! judgm5t ( laboratory rese>*4 ,z is %[n by ! foll[+ in/ance1 tak5 f ! realm ( vegetable life1 a case ( ! creation ( matt] 'out ( no?+' is already kn[n to biology - ?\gh biology1 b\nd 9 its concepts to ! ,law ( ,cons]vation1 %[s "s natural reluctance to recognize ! true significance ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! plant :i* p]=ms ?is /range feat is ! ,till&sia usneoides1 indig5\s to tropical ,am]ica1 & g5]ally kn[n z ',spani% ,moss'4 ,its peculi>ity is t x gr[s & fl\ri%es )\t tak+ f its support any mat]ial :atsoev] = ! build+ up ( its sub/ance4 ,its natural habitat is ! dry b>k ( virg9 =e/ trees4 ,s9ce civilization invad$ its home x has acquir$ ! habit ( gr[+ ev5 on telegraph wires1 :i* has giv5 x ! popul> "n ( 'telegraph tresses'4 ,*emical analysis ( ?is plant %[s ! pres5ce ( an av]age ( #ag p] c5t iron1 #cf p] c5t silicic acid & #afe p] c5t phosphoric acid4 ,?is applies to samples tak5 f di/ricts :]e ! ra9wat] - ! only s\rce f :i* ! plant c\ld extract ^! sub/ances 9 physical =m - conta9s at mo/ #afe p] c5t iron1 #jja p] c5t silicic acid & no phosphoric acid at all4 ,! ,till&sia ph5om5on is to a c]ta9 ext5t rem9isc5t ( ano!r well-kn[n plant activity4 ,?is is ! process ( assimilation ( c>bon f ! c>bon dioxide ( ! air4 ,if we leave aside ! *ange 9 ! *emical comb9ation :i* ! c>bon und]goes1 !re rema9s ! picture ( ! plant draw+ ?is matt] to itself f its environm5t & at ! same "t subject+ x to a spatial cond5sation4 ,a simil> b ev5 m f>-rea*+ process is exhibit$ by ! ,till&sia z reg>ds ! ?ree sub/ances ref]r$ to above4 ,f ! conditions giv51 x foll[s t ! plant _c possibly get ^! sub/ances else:]e ?an out ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & t 9 draw+ ^u !m x submits !m to a high degree ( cond5sation4 ,a special role1 h[ev]1 is play$ by ! phosphorus1 :i* %[s t ! assimilative p[] ( ! plant is suffici5t to trans=m phosphorus f a physically n traceable /ate into "o ( spatially b\nd$ mat]iality4 ,foll[+ ,goe! 9 8 co9+ ( ! concept ( 'spiritual ana/omosis' = ! poll9at+ process ( plants1 we c "h speak ( 'spiritual assimilation'4 ,9 ?is respect ,till&sia provides an in/ance 'wor? a ?\s&1 be>+ all )9 itself4 ,= :at nature "h unmi/akably demon/rates s]ves z an eye-op5] to a univ]sal fact ( ! plant k+dom & ( nature 9 g5]al4 ,! problem ( ! s-call$ trace-elem5ts may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ?is4 ,mod]n agricultural *emi/ry has f\nd ( a numb] ( *emical elem5ts t _! pres5ce 9 ! soil 9 sc>cely traceable am\nts is necess>y 9 ord] to enable ! plant to unfold heal?ily its lat5t *>act]i/ics4 ,all sorts ( defici5cies 9 cultivat$ plants h l$ to a recognition t ! soil is impov]i%$ ( c]ta9 elem5ts by int5sive mod]n cultivation1 & t x is to ! lack ( ^! elem5ts t ! defici5cies are due4 ,mu* "w has mean:ile be5 done 9 classify+ ! v>i\s defici5cies & 9 devis+ ways ( giv+ ! soil *emical sub/itutes = :at is lack+4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! "w "h involv$ c\ld be sav$ 7 x only to be ackn[l$g$ t ! soil owes ! natural occurr5ce ( ! prop] elem5ts to a process :i* ! plants !mselves br+ ab\t 9 ! soil1 if m5 refra9 f h9d]+ !m by clev]ly ?\ght-out me?ods ( cultivation :i* fail to reckon ) ! nature ( a liv+ organism4 ,let u be cle> :at x is t occurs :5 a plant exhibits any ( ! obs]v$ abnormalities4 ,express$ 9 a ,goe!an mann]1 ^! are ! consequ5ce ( an insuffici5t direction ( ! organic processes 9 ! plant body by ! spiritual plant-type und]ly+ x4 ,t :i* ,rusk9 call$ ! '_s' ( ! plant1 & to :i* he drew att5tion 9 8 aphorism ',/& by ,=m aga9/ ,=ce' 7by '=m' all ! peculi> qualities ( ! plant are to be und]/ood71 is unable to express itself 9 full measure4 ,n[ we "k t1 9 ord] to unfold its activities on ! physical plane1 _s requires '"y' matt] - t is1 matt] :i* is ei!r 91 or has j em]g$ f1 a purely dynamic /ate4 ,normally a def9ite spiritual type co-ord9ates ! dynamic functions pres5t 9 ! sup]physical sph]e ( nature 9 ! mann] requir$ to give ! plant-organism its appropriate =m4 ,z1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! type1 ^! functions are br\ght d[n f ! sph]e ( levity into t ( gravity1 !y cond5se to ! correspond+ mat]ial elem5ts & ?us rea* ! soil 9 mat]ial =m via ! physical organism ( ! plant4 ,! patt]n z usually se5 is n[ rev]s$2 ! pres5ce ( ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! soil no long] appe>s z ! orig9 ( "o or ano!r function 9 ! build+ up ( ! plant-body1 b q ! rev]se4 ,! functions appe> n[ z ! cause1 & ! soil-elem5ts z ! effect4 ,we may ?us recognize ! value ( ! latt] z symptoms f :i* we c read ! exi/5ce ( a heal?y connexion betwe5 ! plant & ! correspond+ =m-creat+ functions work+ on x f its surr\nd+s4 ,) ?is rev]sal ( ! relation%ip betwe5 cause & effect x is n1 h[ev]1 int5d$ to repres5t ! commonly accept$ ord] ( ?+s z entirely incorrect4 ,9 ! realm ( life1 cause & effect are n s onesid$ly fix$ z 9 ! realm ( me*anical =ces4 ,we may !re=e admit t a rev]se effect ( ! soil-elem5ts ^u ! plant does take place4 ,?is is pla9ly demon/rable 9 ! case ( phosphorus :i*1 h[ev]1 by reason ( its appe>ance 9 ! soil 9 proportions h>dly to be call$ a m]e 'trace'1 repres5ts a bord]l9e case4 ,:at may apply )9 limits to phosphorus is :olly valid = ! trace-elem5ts - namely1 t !y are play+ _! ess5tial role :ile !y are !mselves ab\t to assume pond]able =m4 ,x ?us becomes cle> h[ mi/ak5 x is to attempt to cure defici5cies 9 plants by add+ to ! soil *emical sub/itutes = ! trace-elem5ts4 ,9 ! condition 9 :i* ?is mat]ial is (f]$ to ! plant1 x is truly 'old' mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to be able to use x functionally1 ! plant has fir/ to conv]t x into ! '"y' condition4 ,?is inde$ happ5s :il/ ! mat]ial is ris+ 9 ! plant comb9$ ) ! juices drawn by ! plant f ! soil "u ! influ5ce ( levity-=ce4 ,only :5 ?is has occurr$ are ! *emical elem5ts able to s]ve ! plant functionally4 ,?us1 by try+ to give help to ! plant 9 ?is way1 we injure x at ! same "t4 ,= by =c+ x to p]=m ! op]ation describ$1 its g5]al life-=ces are dim9i%$4 ,a seem+ success br\ght ab\t 9 ?is mann]1 !re=e1 w n la/ long4#f ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a way ( help+ ! plant by add+ to ! soil c]ta9 mat]ial sub/ances1 provid$ ^! are fir/ br\ght into a purely dynamic condition4 ,t ?is c be done is a fact long s9ce kn[n1 ev5 if n recogniz$ 9 its true significance4 ,s f> !n1 z s]ves ! purpose ( ?is book1 we %all deal ) x "h4 99 ,! me?od 9 "q is associat$ ) ! s*ool ( m$ic9e kn[n z ,homoeopa?y1 f\nd$ by ! ,g]man doctor1 ,hahnemann4 ,! ^w 'homoeopa?y' means 'heal+ ?r\gh l'2 ! basic pr9ciple is to treat disease symptoms ) highly dilut$ sub/ances :i* produce simil> symptoms if +e/$ 9 normal quantity4 ,exp]i5ce has 9 fact %[n t ! physiological effect ( a sub/ance tak5 f ext]nal nature is rev]s$ :5 ! sub/ance is highly dilut$4 ,! me?od ( dilut+1 or 'pot5tiz+'1 is z foll[s3 ,a giv5 volume ( ! mat]ial to be dilut$ is dissolv$ 9 n9e times its volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! degree ( dilution ?us arriv$ at is #a3aj1 usually symboliz$ z ,ix4 ,a t5? "p ( ?is solution is aga9 mix$ ) n9e times its bulk ( wat]4 ,! degree ( dilution is n[ #a3ajj1 or #bx4 ,?is process is cont9u$ z f> z is f\nd necess>y = a giv5 purpose4 ,insoluble sub/ances c be dealt ) 9 ! same mann] by fir/ gr9d+ !m toge!r ) correspond+ quantities ( a neutral p[d]1 g5]ally sug> ( milk4 ,aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( /ages ! p[d] c be dissolv$ 9 wat]2 ! solution may !n be dilut$ fur!r 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,"h we h to d ) transf] ( ! quality ( a sub/ance1 itself insoluble1 to ! dissolv+ m$ium1 & !n ) ! fur!r treatm5t ( ! latt] z if x 7 ! orig9al be>] ( ! quality conc]n$4 ,?is fact alone %[s t pot5tization leads into a realm ( mat]ial effects at v>iance ) ! ord9>y sci5tific conception ( matt]4 ,moreov]1 we c c>ry ! dilutions z f> z we please )\t de/roy+ ! capacity ( ! sub/ance to produce physiological reactions4 ,on ! contr>y1 z soon z its orig9al capacity is r$uc$ to a m9imum by dilution1 fur!r dilution gives x ! p[] to cause actually /rong] reactions1 ( a diff]5t & usually opposite k9d4 ,?is second capacity rises ?r\gh /ages to a v>iable maximum z dilution proce$s4 ,a simple calculation %[s - if we accept ! ord9>y sci5tific view z to ! size ( a molecule - t n a s+le molecule ( ! orig9al sub/ance w rema9 9 ! solution aft] a c]ta9 degree ( dilution has be5 rea*$4 ,yet ! biological & o!r reactions cont9ue long aft] ?is1 & are ev5 enhanc$4 ,:at ?is pot5tiz+ process %[s is t1 by repeat$ expansions 9 space1 a sub/ance c be c>ri$ beyond ! pond]able conditions ( matt] into ! realm ( pure functional effect4 ,! pot5tiz+ ( physical sub/ances ?us ga9s a significance f> wid] ?an t ( its m$ical use4#g ,!re op5s up1 = example1 ! possibility ( /imulat+ defici5t functions 9 ! plant by giv+ x ! correspond+ elem5ts 9 homoeopa?ic doses4 ,by ?is means ! plant is br\ght into direct connexion ) ! relevant spiritual en]gy1 & !n left to c>ry out = itself ! necess>y process ( mat]ialization1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ by m]e *emical additions to ! soil fir/ to pot5tize ! sub/ance itself4#h ,! same pr9ciple holds good = man & bea/4 ,!y also ne$ '"y mat]ial' = _! n\ri%m5t1 s t ! type active 9 !m - :i* 9 animals is ! gr\p-s\l ( ! species & 9 man is ! s+le individual - c express its true =m & "*4 7,we saw e>li] t ! w requires '"y' mat]ial 9 ord] to p5etrate into ! mat]ial lay]s ( ! muscles1 z happ5s :5 ! limbs are set 9 motion74 ,9 ?is respect1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ens\l$ creatures & plants is t1 :at is h>mful to plants is natural = m5 & animals3 :5 tak+ n\ri%m5t ! latt] are able to br+ ab\t quickly & purposefully a trans=mation ( matt] into ! purely dynamic /ate4 ,_! metabolic sy/em is design$ to enable !m to take ali5 mat]ial f out] nature & to trans=m x ?r\gh ! =ces ( ! v>i\s dige/ive enzymes2 9 ! c\rse ( ?is process ! mat]ial passes ?r\gh a condition ( complete '*aos'4 99 ,hav+ 9 ?is way e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 processes ( mat]ialization & demat]ialization 9 s+le organisms )9 ! e>?'s vegetable & o!r k+doms1 we %all n[ turn to ! e>? z a :ole to f9d out :]e - organic be+ t %e h]self is - %e manipulates correspond+ processes on a macrotelluric scale4 ,9 an age foll[+ van ,helmont's discov]y ( ! gase\s /ate ( matt] & ! /atem5t ( ! ,contra ,levitatem maxim1 m5 7 b\nd to ?9k t ! circulation ( atmosph]ic moi/ure 0 limit$ to ! ?ree /ages ( liquid1 vapor\s 7peculi> to ! cl\ds1 etc47 & ! invisible a]i=m condition4 ,yet ! role play$ by cl\ds 9 ! my?s ( e>ly peoples %[s t !y 7 once giv5 a q diff]5t /atus1 betwe5 ! 'creat$' & 'uncreat$' worlds4 ,our obs]vations lead to a correspond+ conception1 b along ! pa? ( k1 guid$ by s5se-p]ception1 z befits our own age4 ,9 discuss+ ,h[>d's discov]y ( ! /ages ( cl\d-=mation we f\nd some?+ lack+1 = x 0 cle> t ! ?ree /ages ( cl\d prop] - /ratus1 cumulus & cirrus - h a symmetry :i* is di/urb$ by ! addition ( a f\r? /age1 repres5t$ by ! nimbus4 ,?is %[$ t !re 0 ne$ = a fif? /age1 at ! top ( ! s]ies1 to e/abli% a balanc$ pol>ity4 ,we c n[ cle> up ?is "q ( a fif? /age1 z foll[s4 ,9 ! ?ree actual cl\d-=ms1 gravity & levity are m or less 9 equilibrium1 b 9 ! nimbus gravity pr$om9ates1 & ! atmosph]ic vap\r cond5ses accord+ly into sep>ate liquid bodies1 ! drops ( ra94 ,! pol> opposite ( ?is process mu/ !re=e be "o 9 :i* cl\d-vap\r1 "u ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( levity1 passes up ?r\gh a transitional condition into a /ate ( pure heat4 ,su* a conception by no means contradicts ! f9d+s ( ext]nal rese>*4 ,= meteorology has come to "k ( a heat-mantle surr\nd+ ! e>?'s atmosph]e = :i* v>i\s hypo!tical explanations h be5 advanc$4 ,naturally1 none ( !m envisages ! possibility ( atmosph]ic sub/ance *ang+ into ! heat-condition & back aga94 ,b if we le>n to look on ! *a9 ( cl\d-=ms z a 'spiritual ladd]'1 !n we mu/ expect ! *a9 to conclude ) a /age ( pure heat1 ly+ above ! cirrus-sph]e4#i ,! l9e ( consid]ation pursu$ 9 ! la/ "p ( ?is *apt] has l$ u f c]ta9 obs]vations 9 ! plant k+dom1 conc]n+ ! com+ into be+ ( pond]able matt] f 'no?+'1 to a correspond+ picture ( ! e>?'s meteorological sph]e4 ,:5 discuss+ ! plant 9 ?is respect we f\nd z an in/ance 'wor? a ?\s&1 be>+ all )9 itself ! case ( ,till&sia & m p>ticul>ly ! surpris+ appe>ance ( phosphorus 9 x4 ,n[1 9 ! meteorological realm x is once m phosphorus :i* gives u an in/ance ( ?is k9d4 ,= !re is ! well-kn[n fact ( ! pres5ce ( phosphorus 9 conspicu\s quantities 9 sn[ )\t a s\rce be+ traceable 9 ! atmosph]e :5ce ?is sub/ance c h orig9at$ 9 pond]able condition4 ,! phosphorus appe>+ 9 sn[1 !re=e1 br+s be=e our v eyes ! fact t ! heights ( ! atmosph]e are a realm ( procreation ( matt]4 7,9 our next *apt] we %all le>n :at x is 9 phosphorus t makes x play ?is p>ticul> role 9 bo? fields ( nature4 ,:at int]e/s u 9 ! pres5t context is ! fact itself47 99 ,! k we h n[ ga9$ conc]n+ ! disappe>ance & appe>ance ( physical wat] 9 ! heights ( ! atmosph]e w enable u to %ake (f "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic errors to :i* ! onlook]-consci\sness has succumb$ 9 its e/imation ( nature4 ,?is is ! int]pretation ( ?und]/orms1 & p>ticul>ly ( lightn+1 :i* has held sway s9ce ! days ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,be=e develop+ our own picture ( a ?und]/orm let u recognize t sci5ce has f\nd x necess>y to rev]se ! explanation s long 9 ,vogue4 ,:]eas x 0 =m]ly tak5 = grant$ - & ! assumption 0 suppos$ to re/ ^u exp]im5tal pro( - t ! cond5s+ ( atmosph]ic vap\r :i* accompani$ lightn+ 0 ! consequ5ce ( a release ( electrical t5sion by ! lightn+1 ! view n[ held is t ! electrical t5sion responsible = ! occurr5ce ( lightn+ is itself ! effect ( a sudd5 cond5s+ process ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,! reason = ?is unc]ta9ty is t ! physical conditions 9 ! sph]e :]e lightn+ occurs1 accord+ to o!r exp]i5ces ( electric ph5om5a1 actually exclude ! =mation ( su* high t5sions z are necess>y = ! occurr5ce ( dis*>ges on ! scale ( lightn+4 ,if we look at ?is fact )\t sci5tific bias we are once aga9 rem9d$ ( ! ,hans ,&]s5 *ild4 ,we _c help wond]+ h[ ?is *ild w\ld behave 9 a physics class if ! tea*]1 aft] va9ly try+ to produce a lightn+-fla% 9 m9iature ) ! help ( an electrical ma*9e1 expla9$ t ! moi/ure preval5t 9 ! air 0 responsible = ! failure ( ! exp]im5t1 & t he w\ld h to po/pone x to a day :5 ! air 0 dri]4 ,x w\ld sc>cely escape ! ,hans ,&]s5 *ild t ! conditions ann\nc$ by ! tea*] z unfav\rable to ! production ( an electric sp>k by ! ma*9e1 prevail 9 a mu* high] degree exactly :]e lightn+1 z a suppos$ electric sp>k1 actually does occur4 ,to conclude f ! pres5ce ( electric t5sions 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e z an accompanim5t ( lightn+1 9 ! way fir/ obs]v$ by ,frankl91 t lightn+ itself is an electrical process1 is to be "u ! same k9d ( illusion t l$ m5 to attribute electrical *>act]i/ics to ! human s\l because its activity 9 ! body 0 f\nd to be accompani$ by electrical processes 9 ! latt]4 ,! id5tification ( lightn+ ) ! electric sp>k is a case ( a confusion betwe5 ! upp] & l[] b\nd>ies ( nature1 *>act]i/ic ( ! onlook]-consci\sness4 ,z su*1 x has /ood 9 ! way ( a real und]/&+ bo? ( non-electrical natural ph5om5a & ( electricity itself4 ,:at we obs]ve 9 lightn+ is really an in/antane\s execution ( a process :i* runs its c\rse cont9ually 9 ! atmosph]e1 quietly & unnotic$4 ,x is ! process by :i* wat] rev]ts f ! impond]able to ! pond]able condition1 aft] hav+ be5 conv]t$ to ! =m] ?r\gh levity set 9 action by ! sun 7z usually happ5s 9 a high degree j be=e a ?und]/orm74 ,we =m a true picture ( ! c\rse ( a /orm if we say t nature enables u to witness a sublime display ( ! sudd5 br++ to bir? ( matt] 9 e>?b\nd =m4 ,:at falls to ! gr\nd z ra9 7or hail7 is sub/antially id5tical ) :at 0 p]ceptible to ! eye1 a mom5t be=e1 z a maje/ic light-ph5om5on4 ,! accompany+ electrical occurr5ce is ! appropriate c\nt]-ev5t at nature's l[] b\nd>y4 ,s9ce ! two =m "p ( a l>g] :ole !y necess>ily occur toge!r2 b ! electrical occurr5ce mu/ n be id5tifi$ ) ! ev5t 9 ! heav5s4 ,! reason = _! conjunction w become cle> lat]1 :5 we %all %[ h[ electrical pol>ity arises f ! pol>ity betwe5 gravity & levity4 ,if "o le>ns to view a ?und]/orm 9 ?is way1 its spiritual connexion ) ! e>?'s volcanic processes becomes manife/2 !re is 9 fact a pol> relation%ip betwe5 !m4 ,= j z 9 volcanic activity heavy matt] is sudd5ly & swiftly driv5 heav5w>ds "u ! influ5ce ( levity1 s 9 a /orm does light matt] /ream e>?w>ds "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,x is ?is comb9ation ( k9%ip & pol> opposition :i* l$ p ( old to reg>d bo? lightn+ 9 ! heights & seismic di/urbances 9 ! dep?s z signs ( direct int]v5tion by high] p[]s 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,a trace ( ?is old feel+ l+]s 9 ! ,greek ^w 7!ion71 div9e1 :i* 0 us$ to d5ote bo? lightn+ & sulphur4 ,influ5c$ by ! same conception1 ! ,romans reg>d$ z holy a spot :]e lightn+ _h /ruck ! e>?2 !y ev5 f5c$ x (f to protect x f human contact4 ,note 9 ?is respect also ! biblical report ( ! ev5t on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 m5tion$ be=e1 tell+ ( an int]play ( volcanic & meteorological ph5om5a z a sign ( ! direct int]v5tion ( ! ,godhead4 #a ,see ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! o!r title ( ! pap]1 ',radiant ,matt]'1 w ga9 significance = u 9 a lat] context4 #b ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 c]ta9 conclusions drawn f mod]n subatomic rese>* h l$ "s a/ro-physici/s to ! idea t hydrog5 is cont9u\sly creat$ 9 ! cosmos 'out ( no?+'4 ,?is does n affect ! consid]ations ( ! pres5t *apt]4 #c ,note ! expression6 #d ,= a vivid description ( ! int]play ( bo? types ( =ce 9 nature1 see ,e4 ,c>p5t]'s acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ce ( a tree 9 8 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ,cre$s4 #e ,note h[ ?is picture ( !rmal expansion fits 9 ) ! "o obta9$ = ! ,solfat>a ph5om5on :5 we took into acc\nt all t is implicit 9 ! latt]1 #f ,?is ?r[s light also on ! problem ( ! use ( *emicals z artificial f]tiliz]s4 #g ,see ,l4 ,kolisko3 ,wirksamkeit kle9/] ,entitt5 7',effects ( ,smalle/ ,entities'71 ,/uttg>t1 #aibb1 an acc\nt ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts und]tak5 by ! au?or at ! ,biological ,in/itute ( ! ,goe!anum foll[+ sugge/ions by ,rudolf ,/e9]4 ,h] aim 0 to exam9e ! behavi\r ( matt] on ! way to & beyond ! b\nd>y ( its pond]able exi/5ce4 #h ,in/ead ( us+ ! trace-elem5ts 9 m9]al =m1 x is /ill bett] to use p>ts ( c]ta9 plants ) a /rong 'functional t5d5cy'1 specially prep>$4 ,?is is done 9 ! s-call$ ,bio-,dynamic me?od ( f>m+ & g>d5+1 accord+ to ,rudolf ,/e9]'s indications4 #i ,note1 9 ?is respect1 ! close ( ,goe!'s poem d$icat$ to ! cirrus-=mation & ! poem inspir$ by 8 sight ( a wat]fall 9 ! ,b]nese ,alps z indications ( ! fact t he 0 himself aw>e ( ! wat]-rejuv5at+ process 9 ! high] rea*es ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,matt] z ,"p ( ,nature's ,alphabet ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we drew att5tion to ! fact t any spatially ext5d$ mass is "u ! sway ( bo? gravity & levity4 ,we !n saw t ) ! transition ( matt] f ! solid via ! liquid to ! gase\s /ate1 n only does ! specific gravity ( ! sub/ance decrease1 b at ! same "t an increase takes place ( :at we might call 'specific levity'4 ,9 ! gase\s /ate1 !re=e1 we f9d gravity-b\nd matt] becom+ s f> levity-b\nd t x assumes ! prop]ty ( actively exp&+ 9 space4 ,hav+ once adopt$ ! ,goe!an way ( ?9k+-9-pol>ities1 we may feel sure t !re is some:]e 9 nature a ph5om5on :i* repres5ts ! pol> opposite ( ! levity-gravity relation%ip peculi> to ! gase\s /ate4 ,9 ?is latt] /ate we f9d pond]able matt] s f> br\ght "u ! sway ( levity t its behavi\r is ( a k9d :i* van ,helmont1 :5 he fir/ obs]v$ x1 c\ld n help describ+ z 'p>adoxical'4 ,:]e1 we mu/ n[ ask1 d we f9d impond]able ess5ce s mu* "u ! sway ( gravity t x %[s ! correspond+ly p>adoxical features8 ,9 o!r words1 :]e does nature %[ levity conc5trat$ 9 a limit$ "p ( space - t is1 9 a condition *>act]i/ic ( pond]able matt]8 ,su* conc5trations ( levity d inde$ exi/ 9 v>i$ =ms4 ,"o is ! 'w>m?-body' repres5t$ by ! blood-heat ( ! high] animals & man4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an occurr5ce ( ?is k9d also on ! purely m9]al level ( nature1 & x is ?is :i* has p>ticul> significance = our pres5t /udy ( matt]4 ,we meet x 9 all physical sub/ances :i* h ! peculi>ity ( be+ combu/ible4 ,our next task is to /udy c]ta9 fundam5tals 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* levity & gravity are f\nd to be int]tw9$ 9 combu/ible sub/ances1 manife/+ ?r\gh ! diff]5ce ( _! relation to ! process ( combu/ion - t is1 ! process by :i* levity is re/or$ to its orig9al condition4 ,x is ! aim ( ! pres5t *apt] to %[ t by do+ ju/ice to ! impond]able aspect ( combu/ion1 ! way is op5$ to a view ( ! 'elem5ts'1 z sci5tific *emi/ry und]/&s !m1 :i* w be 9 l9e ) our dynamic conception ( matt]4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! fact t a new conception ( ! *emical elem5t c arise f a re-/udy ( ! process ( combu/ion1 if we rememb] t x 0 ! picture ( combu/ion1 *>act]i/ic ( ! spectator-consci\sness1 :i* det]m9$ ! conception ( ! *emical elem5t z x prevails 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,let u see h[ ?is conception came to pass hi/orically 9 ord] to f9d :]e we /& to-day4 99 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k ( a /ate ( physical matt] :i*1 z ! def9ition ran1 'nei!r results f a comb9ation ( o!r physical sub/ances nor is resolvable into su*'1 ! conviction arose t man's se>*+ m9d _h rea*$ 'rock-bottom'4 ,?is conviction1 h[ev]1 0 %ak5 :51 ) ! discov]y ( radium1 an elem5t became kn[n ^: prop]ty x is to dis9tegrate into two o!r elem5ts1 helium & lead4 ,al?\gh ?is did n =ce sci5ce to ab&on ! elem5t-concept altoge!r1 x became necess>y to f9d a new def9ition = x4 ,?is def9ition 0 e/abli%$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,o/wald at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 he /at$ t ! *emical elem5t repres5ts a condition ( physical matt] 9 :i* 'any *emical *ange results 9 an increase ( weight'4 ,9 ?is way1 ! *emical concept ( ! elem5t a*iev$ a mean+ :i* _h actually be5 implicit 9 x f its fir/ conception4 ,= its v =mation _h be5 ! outcome ( ! ,contra-,levitatem maxim4 ,! foll[+ glance ov] ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry w %[ ?is4 ,! bir? ( *emi/ry z a sci5ce1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 is closely connect$ ) a revolution>y *ange 9 ! conception ( :at c be call$ ! *emical ar*-process-combu/ion1 or1 to use a m sci5tific t]m1 oxidation4 ,?is *ange arose out ( ! ,contra-,levitatem maxim & ! new conception ( heat :i* ?is maxim requir$4 ,9 ! old doctr9e ( ! f\r ,elem5ts1 ,heat _h be5 conceiv$ z a manife/ation ( ! elem5t ( ,fire1 & s1 toge!r ) ,air1 z belong+ to ! realm ( ! 'uncreat$ ?+s'4 ,h5ce ! release ( heat f creat$ sub/ance 0 always felt to be a sacr$ act1 z is %[n by ! fire rites ( old4 ,mod]n man's conception ( ! same process is reveal$ 9 ! answ] "o inv>iably receives f bo? layman & sci5ti/ :5 !y are ask$ :at !y und]/& by combu/ion4 ,x is describ$ z a process ?r\gh :i* oxyg5 comb9es ) ! combu/ible sub/ance4 ,& yet ?is side ( combu/ion1 fir/ obs]v$ by ,j4 ,prie/ley 7#agga71 is nei!r ! "o = ! sake ( :i* man produces combu/ion 9 ! s]vice ( 8 ev]yday life1 nor is x at all obs]v$ by ord9>y s5se-p]ception4 ,nev]!less1 to describe ! obvi\s fact1 t combu/ion is lib]ation ( heat f ! combu/ible sub/ance1 w h>dly occur to anyone to-day4 ,?is %[s to :at ext5t ev5 ! sci5tifically untra9$ consci\sness 9 our "t turns in/9ctively to ! tangible or weighable side ( nature1 s t "s ef=t is requir$ to confess simply to :at ! eye & ! o!r s5ses p]ceive4 ,dur+ ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,contra-,levitatem maxim1 man's situation 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! opposite ( ?is4 ,!n1 p 7 /ruggl+ h>d to get away f ! old concept :i* saw 9 combu/ion no?+ b ! lib]ation ( a sup]-t]re/rial elem5t f e>?ly fett]s4 ,?is /ruggle f\nd expression 9 a !ory ( heat :i* at t "t greatly occupi$ sci5tific ?9k+4 ,x is ! s-call$ phlogi/on-!ory fir/ propos$ by ! *emi/ ,/ahl 7#affj-agcd74 ,?is !ory reveals ! great unc]ta9ty into :i* man's ?9k+ ab\t ! _w ( ! s5ses _h arriv$ at t "t4 ,cl++ to ideas inh]it$ f antiquity1 man's consci\sness 0 already s f> re/rict$ to ! =m+ ( pure matt]-b\nd concepts t he 0 tempt$ to conceive heat z a mat]ial elem5t4 ,to ?is heat-sub/ance ! "n 'phlogi/on' 0 giv54 ,at ! same "t1 "u ! ,contra-,levitatem maxim1 x 0 impossible to conceive ( sub/ance except z pond]able sub/ance4 ,?is l$ to ! conviction t :5ev] heat appe>s z a result ( "s treatm5t ( matt] 7combu/ion or friction71 ! mat]ial sub/ance subject to ?is treatm5t mu/ lose weight4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] 7#agdc-id71 :i* he und]took foll[+ ,prie/ley's discov]y ( ! role ( oxyg5 9 combu/ion1 put an end to ?is !ory4 ,^! exp]im5ts are rightly reg>d$ z ! actual beg9n+ ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,9 ,lavoisi] we f9d an obs]v] ( nature :o 0 pr$om9antly int]e/$ 9 :at ! scales c\ld tell ab\t *anges 9 sub/ances4 ,x 0 f ?is aspect t he inve/igat$ ! process ( oxidation4 ,:at _h already be5 obs]v$ by a few o!rs1 ?\gh )\t be+ tak5 s]i\sly by !m1 he f\nd confirm$ - t1 contr>y to ! phlogi/on - !ory1 matt] does n lose weight ?r\gh oxidation b ga9s weight4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts prov$ beyond d\bt t 9 all *emical reactions ! total weight ( ! compon5ts rema9$ con/ant4 ,h[ev] mu* ! sub/ance result+ f ! *emical reaction ( o!rs might diff] f ^!1 its weight always prov$ to be ! same z _! total weight4 ,:at else c\ld be conclud$ f ! app>5t un*angeability ( weight ?r\gh\t all ! *emical happ5+s 9 nature ?an t ! pond]able _w-cont5t 0 ( et]nal duration8 ,we see "h h[ mu* mod]n *emi/ry & its concept ( ! *emical elem5t has be5 rul$ "r f ! />t by ! "o-sid$ gravity concept ( ! onlook]-consci\sness4 ,toge!r ) ! ov]com+ ( ! fallacy t heat is a pond]able sub/ance 7full c]ta9ty 0 inde$ e/abli%$ only "s "t lat] ?r\gh ! inve/igations ( ,davy & ,rum=d into heat g5]at$ by friction7 - human ?9k+ 0 l$ into a "o-sid$ conception ( combu/ion :i* 0 m]ely ! opposite ( ! "o held e>li]4 ,:]eas =m]ly man's m9d 0 pre-em95tly occupi$ by ! lib]ation ( ! impond]able elem5t ?r\gh combu/ion1 x n[ turn$ entirely to :at goes on 9 ! pond]able realm4 ,z we h se51 "o outcome ( ?is "o-sid$ view ( combu/ion 0 ! mod]n concept ( ! *emical elem5t4 ,to-day our task is to ov]come ?is concept by tak+ a /ep correspond+ to ! "o t l$ to x1 t is1 by a /udy ( combu/ibility :i* does ju/ice to bo? sides ( ! process involv$4 99 ,z objects ( our obs]vation we *oose ?ree *emical elem5ts all ( :i* h ! prop]ty ( combu/ibility3 ,sulphur1 ,phosphorus1 & ,c>bon4 ,z w become cle>1 our *oice ( ^! ?ree is det]m9$ by ! fact t toge!r !y repres5t an in/ance 'wor? a ?\s&1 be>+ all )9 itself4 ,we beg9 by comp>+ ,sulphur & ,phosphorus4 ,9 _! elem5t>y /ate !y h 9 common ! fact t any *emical *ange is b\nd up ) an increase 9 _! weight4 ,9 ?is /ate bo? are combu/ible4 ,ap>t f ?is simil>ity1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 z ! way ( /or+ !m illu/rates4 ,= :ile elem5t>y sulphur ne$s only an ord9>y conta9]1 phosphorus has to be kept "u cov] ( wat] 9 ord] to prev5t ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 f t\*+ x4 ,! reason is t ! combu/ible /ate is natural = sulphur1 b n = phosphorus1 ! latt]'s natural /ate be+ ! oxidiz$ "o4 ,?is diff]5t relation%ip ( sulphur & phosphorus to ! oxidizable 7r$uc$7 & ! oxidiz$ /ate manife/s itself 9 all _! *emical reactions4 ,to object "h t ! diff]5t reactions ( ! two sub/ances are due only to ! diff]5ce ( _! respective temp]atures ( ignition1 & t above ^! temp]atures ! diff]5ce w m or less disappe> 7all combu/ible sub/ances at a suffici5tly high temp]ature becom+ m or less simil> to phosphorus71 w\ld n meet ! argum5t4 ,= :at matt]s "h is j h[ ! p>ticul> sub/ance behaves at t level ( temp]ature on :i* ! e>? unfolds h] normal planet>y activity4 ,to ignore ?is w\ld be to violate "o ( ! pr9ciples we h adopt$ f ,goe!1 :i* is nev] to d]ive fundam5tal concepts ( nature f obs]vations obta9$ "u artificial conditions4 ,sulphur & phosphorus are ?us se5 to repres5t two pol>ically opposite t5d5cies ) reg>d to ! levity-gravity coh]5ce :i* breaks up :5 combu/ion occurs4 ,9 ! case ( sulphur1 ! pond]able & impond]able entities appe> to cl+ toge!r2 9 ! case ( phosphorus1 !y seem to be anxi\s to "p4 ,^! two diff]5t t5d5cies - :i* are *>act]i/ic ( _m o!r sub/ances & repres5t a basic factor 9 ! *emical happ5+s ( ! e>? - are 9 _! own way a pair ( opposites4 ,s9ce ea* ( !m repres5ts 9 itself a relation%ip betwe5 two poles ( a pol>ity-gravity & levity - s 9 _! mutual relation%ip !y repres5t a 'pol>ity ( pol>ities'4 ,9 ,fig4 #d an attempt has be5 made to repres5t ?is fact by a symbolic diagram4 ,9 ?is figure ! %ad$ "p repres5ts ! impond]able1 ! black "p ! pond]able entity4 ,9 ! left-h& symbol bo? are %[n 9 a relation%ip correspond+ to ! "o *>act]i/ic ( sulphur2 9 ! "r-h& figure ! relation%ip is *>act]i/ic ( phosphorus4 ,"h we h an in/ance ( a k9d ( pol>ity :i* belongs to ! fundam5tals ( nature z mu* z does ! levity-gravity pol>ity itself4 ,:]ev] two poles ( a pol>ity meet1 !y h ! possibility ( be+ connect$ 9 two ways :i* 9 !mselves are aga9 pol>ically opposite4 ,our fur!r /udies w br+ up v>i\s o!r in/ances ( ?is k9d1 & w %[ u t "p ( ! epi/emological tr\ble 9 :i* sci5ce f9ds itself to-day results f ! fact t ! sci5tific m9d has be5 unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two k9ds ( pol>ity - t is1 z we %all say h5ce=?1 betwe5 pol>ities ( ! fir/ ord] 7prim>y pol>ities7 & pol>ities ( ! second ord] 7second>y pol>ities74 ,9 actual fact1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two ord]s ( pol>ity has be5 implicit 9 ! descriptions giv5 9 ?is book "r f ! />t4 ,rememb]1 9 ?is respect1 h[ ! picture ( ! ?reefold psy*o-physical /ructure ( man1 :i* has prov$ a ma/]-key = unlock+ ! mo/ v>i$ sci5tific problems1 0 fir/ built up4 ,!re1 'body' & 's\l' repres5t$ a pol>ity :i* is obvi\sly "o ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,by our obs]vation ( ! human organism1 9 relation bo? to ! diff]5t functions ( ! s\l & to ! diff]5t ma9 organic sy/ems1 we fur!r recogniz$ ! fact t ! ways 9 :i* body & s\l are int]relat$ are pol>ically opposite 9 ! region ( ! bra9 & n]ves & 9 ! region ( ! metabolic processes1 :i* aga9 results 9 two pol>ically opposite activities ( ! s\l1 m5tal on ! "o h&1 & volitional on ! o!r4 ,9 :at we call$ ! pole-(-consci\sness & ! pole-(-life we !re=e h a cle> pol>ity ( ! second ord]1 & s 9 ev]y?+ t is connect$ ) ^! two1 z our fur!r discussions w %[4 ,rememb]+ t our fir/ occasion to conc]n ourselves ov]tly ) ! concept ( pol>ity 0 9 connexion ) ! f\r elem5ts1 we may n[ ask :e!r ! old doctr9e did n embrace "s conception ( second>y pol>ity z well z ( prim>y pol>ity1 & if s1 :e!r ?is might n prove z helpful 9 cl>ify+ our own conceptions z 0 ! prim>y pol>ity1 cold-w>m4 ,t ?is is inde$ s1 ! foll[+ description w %[4 ,beside ! two qualities cold & w>m ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts po9t$ to two fur!r qualities =m+ 9 !mselves a pair ( opposites1 namely1 dry & moi/4 ,j z ! f\r elem5ts 7 se5 z gr\p+ !mselves 9 two pairs1 ,fire-,air on ! "o h&1 ,wat]-,e>? on ! o!r1 ! fir/ be+ *>act]iz$ by ! quality w>m1 ! second by cold1 s 7 !y se5 to =m two oppos+ gr\ps1 ,fire-,e>? & ,air-,wat]1 ( :i* "o 0 *>act]iz$ by ! quality dry1 ! o!r by ! quality moi/4 ,fig4 #e %[s h[ ! f\r elem5ts 9 _! totality 7 se5 to arise out ( ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ! f\r qualities4 ,9 ?is diagram ! elem5t ,e>? appe>s z a comb9ation ( ! qualities ,dry & ,cold2 ,wat] ( ,cold & ,moi/2 ,air ( ,moi/ & ,w>m2 ,fire ( ,w>m & ,dry4 ,z a result1 ,e>? & ,fire1 besides repres5t+ opposite poles1 are also neighb\rs 9 ! diagram4 ,"h we enc\nt] a picture *>act]i/ic ( all e>li] ways ( look+ at ! _w3 ! memb]s ( a sy/em ( ph5om5a1 :5 rank$ 9 due ord] ( succession1 7 se5 to turn back on !mselves circle-wise - or1 m precisely1 spiral-wise4 ,9 :at way d ! qualities dry & moi/ =m a pol>ity ( ! second ord]1 & h[ d !y repres5t ! *emical pol>ity *>act]i/ic ( sulphur & phosphorus z well z all ! o!r second>y pol>ities dealt ) 9 ?is book8 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ submit ! c\ple dry-moi/ to ! same scrut9y z we appli$ to cold & w>m 9 our e>li] discussion ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,x lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s t we in/9ctively associate ^! qualities ) ! solid & liquid /ates ( matt] respectively4 ,?is c]ta9ly agrees ) ! diagram giv5 above1 :]e ! elem5ts ,e>? & ,wat] are di/+ui%$ precisely by _! connexion ) ^! two *>act]i/ics4 ,yet1 9 addition to ?is1 ! qualities dry & moi/ are f\nd to be *>act]i/ic also ( ,fire & ,air respectively1 ?\gh ) ! diff]5ce t !y are l9k$ n ) ! quality cold1 z 9 ! case ( ! l[] elem5ts1 b ) ! quality w>m4 ,s we see t ! concepts ,dry & ,moi/1 z !y liv$ 9 ! old pictur+ ( !m1 mean a good deal m ?an we und]/& by !m to-day4 ,t ^! two respective attributes d n belong exclusively to ! solid & ! liquid /ates ( matt] c be se5 at once by obs]v+ ! diff]5t reactions ( c]ta9 liquids to a solid surface :i* !y t\*4 ,"o ne$ only recall ! diff]5ce betwe5 wat] & quicksilv]4 ,if wat] runs ov] a surface x leaves a trail2 quicksilv] does n4 ,wat] cl+s to ! side ( a vessel2 aga91 quicksilv] does n4 ,a well-kn[n consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce is t 9 a n>r[ tube ! surface ( ! liquid - ! s-call$ m5iscus - /&s high] at ! circumf]5ce ?an at ! c5tre 9 ! case ( wat]2 ) quicksilv] x is j ! rev]se4 ,9 ! s5se ( ! two qualities1 dry & moi/1 wat] is a 'moi/' liquid2 quicksilv] a 'dry' "o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! quality ( moi/ness 9 a solid sub/ance appe>s 9 ! adhesive p[] ( glue4 ,let u n[ see h[1 9 accordance ) ! s*eme giv5 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! f\r qualities 9 _! respective comb9ations con/itute ! f\r elem5ts4 ,f ! description we %all give "h x w be realiz$ h[ little su* anci5t s*emes 7 bas$ on ab/ract ?\ghts1 & h[ mu* !y 7 read f ! facts ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 a comp>ison ) our description ( ! f\r /ages ( matt]1 giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 w\ld %[ h[ f> ! conceptual cont5t ( ! old doctr9e cov]s ! correspond+ facts :5 !y are read by ! eye ( ! mod]n read] 9 nature1 not)/&+ ! *anges nature has und]gone 9 ! meantime4 ,! elem5t ,fire reveals its attributes ( w>m & dry 9 a behavi\r :i* comb9es a t5d5cy to dynamic expansion ) a dis9cl9ation to ent] into la/+ comb9ation ) ! o!r elem5ts4 ,correspond+ly1 ! behavi\r ( ! elem5t ,e>? unites a t5d5cy to contraction ) an incl9ation to fall out ( conjunction ) ! o!r elem5ts4 ,?us ! attribute1 dry1 belongs equally to pure flame & %e] du/1 ?\gh = opposite reasons4 ,di/9ct f bo? ^! elem5ts are ! middle elem5ts ,wat] & ,air2 ) !m ! attribute1 moi/1 comes to expression 9 _! t5d5cy bo? to int]p5etrate mutually & to absorb _! neighb\rs - ! liquid elem5t absorb+ solid matt] & ! a]i=m elem5t tak+ up heat4 ,:at di/+ui%es !m is t wat] has a 'cold' nature1 f :i* x ga9s its d5sity2 :ile air has a 'w>m' nature1 to :i* x owes its t5d5cy to exp&4 ,9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 ! quality 'moi/' applies :]ev] two diff]5t entities are drawn into "s k9d ( intimate relation%ip ) "o ano!r2 'dry' applies :]e no su* relation%ip prevails4 ,se5 ?us1 !y reveal !mselves z a true pol>ity ( ! second ord]1 = !y describe ! relation%ip betwe5 two entities :i* already exi/s1 &1 9 ! case ( ! f\r elem5ts1 are !mselves a pol>ity4 ,z su*1 !y *>act]ize precisely ^? pol> relation%ips ( ! second ord] on :i* ! ?reefold /ructure ( man1 we f\nd1 is bas$4 ,= f ! physical1 z mu* z f ! sup]physical aspect ! n]ve-sy/em repres5ts ! 'dry' "p1 & ! metabolic sy/em ! 'moi/' "p ( man's be+4 ,! same is true ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! s\l & ! surr\nd+ _w at bo? poles4 ,"h we h ! anti!sis betwe5 ! 'dry' onlook]-relation%ip ( ! intellect to ! _w1 conceiv$ z a m]e picture ^: ess5ce rema9s outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! s\l1 & ! 'moi/' int]m+l+ ( ! w-=ce ) ! actual =ces ( ! _w4 99 ,x ne$s no fur!r explanation to realize t sulphur & phosphorus1 by ! way 9 :i* levity & gravity are int]l9k$ 9 ea* ( !m1 are repres5tatives ( ^! v qualities 'moi/' & 'dry'4 ,z su* !y are univ]sally active be>]s ( ^! qualities 9 e realm ( nature's v>i$ activities1 z _! physical pres5ce 9 su* cases confirms4 ,consequ5tly1 sulphur is f\nd 9 ! prote9-sub/ances ( ! human body :]ev] !y are be>]s ( metabolic processes1 :ile ! pres5ce ( phosphorus is *>act]i/ic ( ! n]ves & bones4 7,al?\gh its full significance w become cle> to u only lat]1 ! fact may "h be m5tion$ t ! composition ( ! bone-mat]ial 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( man's skeleton1 z sci5tific analysis has %[n1 is su* t ! cont5t ( phosphate ( calcium 9 proportion to c>bonate ( calcium is high] 9 all ^? p>ts :i* are sph]ically %ap$1 su* z ! upp] p>ts ( ! skull & ! upp] ends ( ! limb-bones47 ,9 p>ticul> ! plant reveals cle>ly ! functional significance ( phosphorus z ! be>] ( ! quality 'dry'4 ,= its heal?y gr[? ! plant ne$s ! quality 'dry' 9 two places3 at ! root1 :]e x unites ) ! elem5t e>?1 & 9 ! fl[]1 :]e x op5s itself to ! fire elem5t4 ,root & fl[] z di/9ct f ! middle p>ts ( ! plant are bo? 'dry' =mations4 ,9 a /ill high] degree ?is applies to ! se$1 :i* mu/ sep>ate itself f ! "m plant to produce a sep>ate new organism4 ,all ^! are functions 9 ! plant :i*1 z 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 require phosphorus = _! heal?y p]=mance4 ,our exam9ation ( phosphorus & sulphur f ! functional po9t ( view ?r[s light also on _! effect on ! alt]nat+ conditions ( wak+ & sleep+1 necess>y = ! life ( ! high] organisms4 ,?is rhy?mic *ange1 :i* affects especially ! n]v\s sy/em1 is an alt]nation betwe5 ! qualities dry & moi/4 ,di/urbance ( ?is alt]nation 9 "o direction or ! o!r makes x difficult = ! organism to react 9 full wakefulness or normal sleep4 ,x foll[s t treatm5t ) phosphorus or sulphur 9 suitable prep>ations1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! di/urbance1 c be b5eficial4 ,if we /udy ! functional prop]ties ( su* sub/ances we see t !y c tea* u a rational und]/&+ ( !rapeutic practices1 :i* o!rwise mu/ rema9 m]e results ( trial & error4 ,! same applies to phosphorus & sulphur treatm5t 9 cases :]e 9 ! functionally 'dry' bone sy/em or 9 ! functionally 'moi/' metabolic sy/em ( ! organism ! wrong quality pr$om9ates4 ,if ! bones rema9 too 'moi/' !re is a t5d5cy to rickets2 aga9/ ?is1 c]ta9 fi%-oils are a well-kn[n rem$y on acc\nt ( _! highly phosphoric nature4 ,conv]sely1 ! application ( sulphur c help :]e weakness ( ! metabolic =ces produces rheumatic or g\ty s$im5ts 9 p>ts ( ! body ^: function is to s]ve by _! mobility ! activities ( ! w4 ,9 ?is case ! abnormal pr$om9ance ( ! quality 'dry' c be c\nt]act$ by ! m$ical application ( sulphur4 99 ,hav+ obs]v$ ! action ( sulphur & phosphorus 9 ! laboratory & 9 liv+ organisms1 we w n[ turn to ph5om5a ( a macrotelluric nature :i* reveal ! p>ticipation ( sulphur & phosphorus4 ,!re1 sulphur po9ts unmi/akably to ! e>?'s volcanism4 ,x is a fact t1 :]ev] m9]al sulphur occurs 9 ! e>?1 !re we f9d a spot ( =m] or pres5t volcanic activity4 ,simil>ly1 !re is no su* spot on ! e>? )\t sulphur be+ pres5t 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,h5ce ! "n ,solfat>a = ! fum>ole describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,once aga9 x is ! ,solfat>a :i* (f]s u a ph5om5on1 ?is "t 9 connexion ) ! special role sulphur plays 9 its activities1 :i*1 reg>d$ ) ! eye ( ! _s1 assumes ! significance ( an in/ance 'wor? a ?\s&'4 ,9 spite ( ! v high temp]ature ( ! sulphur\s fumes emitt$ f v>i\s crevices on ! edge ( ! ,solfat>a1 x is possible1 ?anks to ! complete dryness ( ! fumes1 to crawl a little way into ! int]ior ( ^! crevices4 ,n f> away f ! op5+ ( ! crevice1 :]e ! hot fumes t\* ! cool] rock surface1 "o is met by a v beautiful spectacle - namely1 ! cont9ual =m+1 out ( no?+ z x seems1 ( glitt]+ yell[ sulphur cry/als1 susp5d$ 9 delicate *a9s f ! ceil+4 ,9 ?is trans=mation ( sulphur\s sub/ance f a high] mat]ial /ate1 ne>] to levity1 to t ( ! solid cry/al1 we may behold an image ( ! g5]ation ( matt]4 ,= e physical sub/ance &1 !re=e1 e *emical elem5t1 exi/s orig9ally z a pure function 9 ! dynamic processes ( ! univ]se4 ,:]ev]1 z a result ( ! action ( gravity1 su* a function congeals mat]ially1 !re we meet x 9 ! =m ( a physical-mat]ial sub/ance4 ,9 ! same s5se1 sulphur & phosphorus1 9 _! real be+1 are pure functions1 & :]e !y occur z physical sub/ances1 !re we meet ^! functions 9 _! congeal$ /ate4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! volcanic regions ( ! e>? is ! heal+ effect ( sub/ances f\nd !re4 ,fango-mud1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is a mu*-us$ rem$y aga9/ rheumatism4 ,?is is typical ( functional sulphur4 ,we may truly *>act]ize ! e>?'s volcanism z be+ qualitatively sulphur\s4 ,x is ! sulphur-function com+ to expression ?r\gh a high] degree ( 'moi/ness' 9 ! relation%ip betwe5 gravity & levity :i* di/+ui%es volcanic regions f ! re/ ( ! o!rwise 'dry' e>?'s cru/4 99 ,to develop a correspond+ picture ( ! function ( phosphorus1 we mu/ try to f9d ! macrotelluric sph]e :]e ?is function op]ates simil>ly to t ( sulphur 9 volcanism4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! la/ *apt] x w be evid5t t we mu/ look to ! atmosph]e1 z ! site ( sn[-=mation4 ,x is ?is process :i* we mu/ n[ exam9e m closely4 ,9 ! atmosph]e1 to beg9 )1 we f9d wat] 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! t]re/rial gravity-field is comp>atively weak4 ,float+ 9 ?is /ate1 ! vap\r cond5ses & cry/allization proce$s4 ,obey+ ! pull ( gravity1 m & m cry/als unite 9 _! desc5t & gradually =m flakes ( v>y+ sizes4 ,! ne>] !y come to e>?1 ! clos] !y fall1 until at la/ on ! gr\nd !y =m an unbrok51 m or less sph]ical1 cov]4 ,imag9e a sn[-cov]$ field gli/5+ 9 ! sun on a cle>1 quiet w9t]'s day4 ,z f> z we c see1 !re is no sign ( life1 no movem5t4 ,"h wat]1 :i* is normally fluid &1 9 its liquid /ate1 s]ves ! ev]-*ang+ life-processes1 cov]s ! e>? 9 ! =m ( millions ( sep>ate cry/als %ap$ ) ma!matical exactitude1 ea* ( :i* breaks & reflects 9 a million rays ! light f ! sun 7,plate ,v74 ,a contra/1 inde$1 betwe5 ?is quiet em]g5ce ( =ms f levity into gravity1 & ! =m-d5y+ volcanism surg+ up out ( gravity into levity1 z %[n by ! ev]-re/less activity ( ! ,solfat>a4 ,z we f\nd volcanism to be a macrotelluric manife/ation ( functional sulphur1 we f9d 9 ! process ( sn[-=mation a correspond+ manife/ation ( functional phosphorus4 ,9 ! =mation ( sn[1 nature %[s u 9 /atu ag5di a process :i* we o!rwise meet 9 ! e>? only 9 its f9i%$ results1 cry/allization4 ,we may1 !re=e1 rightly look ^u sn[-=mation z an ur-ph5om5on 9 ?is sph]e ( nature's activities4 ,z su* x all[s u to le>n some?+ conc]n+ ! orig9 9 g5]al ( ! cry/all9e realm ( ! e>?2 &1 vice v]sa1 our insight into ! 'becom+' ( ?is realm w enable u to see m cle>ly ! univ]sal function ( :i* phosphorus is ! ma9 repres5tative among ! physical sub/ances ( ! e>?4 ,x has puzzl$ _m an obs]v] t cry/als occur 9 ! e>? ) directions ( _! ma9 axes entirely indep5d5t ( ! direction ( ! e>?ly pull ( gravity4 ,plate ,,vi %[s ! photograph ( a clu/] ( ,calcite cry/als z an example ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,x tells u t gravity c h no effect on ! =mation ( ! cry/al itself4 ,?is riddle is solv$ by ! ph5om5on ( sn[-=mation provid$ we all[ x to speak to u z an ur-ph5om5on4 ,= x !n tells u t matt] mu/ be 9 a /ate ( transition f lightness into heav9ess if x is to appe> 9 cry/all9e =m4 ,! cry/als 9 ! e>?1 !re=e1 mu/ h orig9at$ at a "t :5 ! relation betwe5 levity & gravity on ! e>? 0 diff]5t f :at x is1 9 ?is sph]e1 to-day4 ,! same language is spok5 by ! prop]ty ( transp>5cy :i* is s pr$om9ant among cry/als4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( heavy solid matt] is to resi/ light - 9 o!r words1 to be opaque4 ,expos$ to heat1 h[ev]1 physical sub/ance loses ?is feature to ! ext5t t at ! bord] ( its pond]ability all matt] becomes p]vi\s to light4 ,n[1 9 ! transp>5t cry/al matt] reta9s ?is k9%ip to light ev5 9 its solid /ate4 ,a simil> message comes f !1 (t5 s my/]i\s1 col\r+ ( ! cry/als4 ,"h aga9 nature (f]s u an in/ance :i*1 'wor? a ?\s&'1 reveals a secret t w\ld o!rwise rema9 veil$4 ,we ref] to ! p9k cry/als ( t\rmal9e1 ^: col\r comes f a small admixture ( li?ium4 ,?is elem5t1 :i* belongs to ! gr\p ( ! alkal9e metals1 does n =m col\r$ salts 7a prop]ty only %[n by ! heavi] metals74 ,if expos$ to a flame1 h[ev]1 x end[s x ) a def9ite col\r :i* is ! same z t ( ! li?ium-col\r$ t\rmal9e4 ,read z a lett] 9 nature's script1 ?is fact tells u t preci\s /ones ) _! flame-l col\rs are *>act]iz$ by hav+ kept some?+ ( ! nature t 0 !irs be=e !y coalesc$ into pond]able exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 !y are 'froz5 flames'4 ,x is ?is fact1 kn[n f anci5t intuitive exp]i5ce1 :i* prompt$ man ( old to attribute p>ticul> spiritual significance to ! v>i\s preci\s /ones ( ! e>? & to use !m correspond+ly 9 8 rituals4 ,cry/allization1 se5 ?us 9 its cosmic aspect1 %[s a dynamic ori5tation :i* is pol>ically opposite to t ( ! e>?'s seismic activities4 ,j z 9 ! latt] we obs]ve levity tak+ hold ( pond]able matt] & mov+ x 9 a direction opposite to ! pull ( gravity1 s 9 cry/allization we see impond]able matt] pass+ ov] f levity into gravity4 ,& j z we f\nd 9 volcanism & relat$ processes a field ( activity ( 'functional sulphur'1 s we f\nd 9 sn[-=mation & relat$ processes a field ( activity ( 'functional phosphorus'4 ,bo? fields are *>act]iz$ by an int]action betwe5 gravity & levity1 ?is int]action be+ ( opposite nature 9 ea* ( !m4 ,"h1 aga91 sulphur & phosphorus appe> z be>]s ( a pol>ity ( ! second ord] :i* spr+s f ! two pol>ically opposite ways ( int]action betwe5 ! poles ( ! pol>ity ( ! fir/ ord]3 levity-gravity4 99 ,z 9 man !re is a ?ird sy/em1 m$iat+ betwe5 ! two pol> sy/ems ( 8 organism1 s betwe5 sulphur & phosphorus !re is a ?ird elem5t :i* 9 all its *>act]i/ics holds a middle place betwe5 !m & is ! be>] ( a correspond+ function4 ,?is elem5t is c>bon4 ,to see ?is we ne$ only take into consid]ation c>bon's relation%ip to oxidation & r$uction respectively4 ,z x is natural = sulphur to be 9 ! r$uc$ /ate1 & = phosphorus to be 9 ! oxidiz$ /ate1 s x is 9 ! nature ( c>bon to be relat$ to bo? /ates & !re=e to oscillate betwe5 !m4 ,by its read9ess to *ange ov] f ! oxidiz$ to ! r$uc$ /ate1 x c s]ve ! plant 9 ! assimilation ( light1 :ile by its read9ess to make ! rev]se *ange x s]ves man & animal 9 ! brea?+ process4 ,we brea! 9 oxyg5 f ! air2 ! oxyg5 circulates ?r\gh ! blood-/ream & passes out aga9 9 conjunction ) c>bon1 z c>bon dioxide1 :5 we exhale4 ,9 ! process :]eby ! plants r$uce ! c>bon dioxide exhal$ by man & animal1 :ile ! latt] aga9 absorb ) _! food ! c>bon produc$ 9 ! =m ( organic matt] by ! plant1 we see c>bon mov+ to & fro betwe5 ! oxidiz$ & ! r$uc$ conditions4 ,)9 ! plant itself1 too1 c>bon acts z function>y ( ! alt]nation betwe5 oxidation & r$uction4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye>1 :5 vegetation is unfold+1 !re is a great r$uction process ( oxidiz$ c>bon1 :ile 9 ! second half ( ! ye>1 :5 ! )]+ process prevails1 a great deal ( ! previ\sly r$uc$ c>bon passes into ! oxidiz$ condition4 ,z ?is is connect$ ) exhal+ & inhal+ ( oxyg5 ?r\gh c>bon1 c>bon c be reg>d$ z hav+ ! function ( ! lung-organ ( ! e>?4 ,logically en\gh1 we f9d c>bon play+ ! same role 9 ! middle "p ( ! ?reefold human organism4 ,ano!r indication ( ! midway position ( c>bon is its ability to comb9e z readily ) hydrog5 z ) oxyg51 &1 9 ^! pol> comb9ations1 ev5 to comb9e ) itself4 ,9 ?is latt] =m x provides ! basis ( ! innum]able organic sub/ances 9 nature1 & s]ves z ! 'build+ /ones' ( ! body-sub/ances ( liv+ organisms4 ,among ^!1 ! c>bohydrates produc$ by ! plants %[ cle>ly ! d\ble function ( c>bon 9 ! way x alt]nates betwe5 ! /ates ( />* & sug>4 ,:5 ! plant absorbs ?r\gh its leaves c>bonic acid f ! air & cond5ses x into ! multiple gra9s ( />* ) _! peculi> /ructure *>act]i/ic = ea* plant species1 we h a biological ev5t :i* corresponds to ! =mation ( sn[ 9 ! meteorological realm4 ,"h we see c>bon at "w 9 a mann] functionally ak9 to t ( phosphorus4 ,sug>1 on ! o!r h&1 has its place 9 ! saps ( ! plants :i* rise ?r\gh ! /ems & c>ry up ) !m ! m9]al sub/ances ( ! e>?4 ,"h we f9d c>bon act+ 9 a way ak9 to ! function ( sulphur4 ,?is tw(old nature ( c>bon makes itself noticeable d[n to ! v m9]al sph]e ( ! e>?4 ,!re we f9d x 9 ! fact t c>bon occurs bo? 9 ! =m ( ! diamond1 ! h>de/ ( all m9]al sub/ances1 & also 9 ! =m ( ! s(te/1 graphite4 ,"h also1 9 ! diamond's brilliant transp>5cy1 & 9 ! d5se blackness ( graphite1 c>bon reveals its tw(old relation to light4 ,9 ,fig4 #f an attempt has be5 made to repres5t diagrammatically ! function ( ,c>bon 9 a way correspond+ to ! previ\s repres5tation ( ! functions ( ,sulphur & ,phosphorus4 99 ,by add+ c>bon to our obs]vations on ! pol>ity ( sulphur & phosphorus we h be5 l$ to a triad ( functions ea* ( :i* expresses a specific int]play ( levity & gravity4 ,t we enc\nt] ?ree su* functions is n accid5tal or arbitr>y4 ,r is x bas$ on ! fact t ! int]action ( =ces emanat+ f a pol>ity ( ! fir/ ord]1 produces a pol>ity ( ! second ord]1 ^: poles e/abli% betwe5 !m a sph]e ( balance4 ,?r\gh our /udy ( levity & gravity 9 ! matt]-processes ( ! e>?1 a p]spective ?us op5s up into a /ructural pr9ciple ( nature :i* is actually n new to u4 ,we enc\nt]$ x at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is book :5 we discuss$ ! ?reefold psy*o-physical ord] ( man's be+4 ,9 ! days ( an old] intuitive nature-wisdom man knew ( a basic triad ( functions z well z he knew ( ! f\r elem5t>y qualities4 ,we he> a la/ e*o ( ?is 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 p /riv+ = a deep] und]/&+ ( nature spoke ( ! tr9ity ( ,salt1 ,m]cury & ,sulphur4 ,:at ! true al*emi/s1 z ^! seek]s ( k call$ !mselves1 meant by ?is 0 precisely ! same z ! conception we h "h rea*$ ?r\gh our own way ( /udy+ matt] 7',salt' /&+ = 'functional phosphorus'1 ',m]cury' = 'functional c>bon'74 ,only ! al*emi/'s way 0 a diff]5t "o4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into a full exam9ation ( ! mean+ & value ( al*emy 9 its orig9al legitimate s5se 7:i* mu/ n be confus$ ) activities t lat] on p>ad$ "u ! same "n74 ,only ?is we w say - t g5u9e al*emy owes its orig9 to an impulse :i*1 at a "t :5 ! onlook]-consci\sness fir/ arose1 l$ to ! f\ndation ( a s*ool = ! developm5t ( an intuitive relation%ip ( ! s\l ) ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,?is 0 to enable man to resi/ ! effects ( ! division :i* evolution 0 ab\t to set up 9 8 s\l-life - ! division :i* 0 to give him1 on ! "o h&1 an ab/ract exp]i5ce ( 8 own self1 divorc$ f ! out] _w1 & on ! o!r a m]e onlook]'s exp]i5ce ( t out] _w4 ,z a result ( ^! endeav\rs1 concepts 7 =m$ :i* 9 _! lit]al mean+ seem$ to apply m]ely to outw>dly p]ceptible sub/ances1 :ile 9 tru? !y /ood = ! spiritual functions repres5t$ by ^? sub/ances1 bo? )9 & outside ! human organism4 ,?us ! al*emi/ :o us$ ^! concepts ?\ght ( !m fir/ z ref]r+ to 8 own s\l1 & to ! inn] organic processes correspond+ to ! v>i\s activities ( 8 s\l4 ,:5 speak+ ( ,salt he meant ! regulat$ =mative activity ( 8 ?9k+1 bas$ on ! salt-=m+ process 9 8 n]v\s sy/em4 ,:5 he spoke ( ,m]cury he meant ! quickly *ang+ emotional life ( ! s\l & ! correspond+ activities ( ! rhy?mic processes ( ! body4 ,la/ly1 ,sulphur meant ! w activities ( 8 s\l & ! correspond+ metabolic processes ( ! body4 ,only ?r\gh /udy+ ^! functions )9 himself1 & ?r\gh re-e/abli%+ ! h>mony betwe5 !m :i* _h be5 !irs 9 ! beg9n+1 & f :i*1 he felt1 man _h deviat$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 did ! al*emi/ hope to come to an und]/&+ ( _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! ext]nal cosmos4 ,old] al*emical writ+s1 !re=e1 c be und]/ood only if prescriptions :i* seem to signify c]ta9 *emical manipulations are read z in/ructions = c]ta9 ex]cises ( ! s\l1 or z advices = ! r$irection ( correspond+ processes 9 ! body4 ,= in/ance1 if an al*emi/ gave directions = a c]ta9 treatm5t ( ,sulphur1 ,m]cury & ,salt1 ) ! ass]tion t by c>ry+ out ^! directions prop]ly1 "o w\ld obta9 ,aurum 7gold71 he really spoke ( a me?od to direct ! ?9k+1 feel+ & will+ activities ( ! s\l 9 su* a way z to ga9 true ,wisdom4#a 99 ,z 9 ! case ( ! concepts con/itut+ ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts1 we h repres5t$ "h ! basic al*emical concepts n only because ( _! hi/orical significance1 b because1 z +r$i5ts ( a /ill functional conception ( nature1 !y assume new significance 9 a sci5ce :i* seeks to develop1 ?\gh f diff]5t />t+-po9ts1 a simil> conception4 ,z w be se5 9 our fur!r /udies1 ^! concepts prove a welcome enri*m5t ( ! language 9 :i* we mu/ try to express our read+s 9 nature4 #a ,rog] ,bacon 9 ! ?irte5?1 & ,b]?old ,s*w>tz 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 are reput$ to h c>ri$ out exp]im5ts by mix+ physical salt 79 ! =m ( ! *emically labile saltpetre7 ) physical sulphur & - aft] "s initial attempts ) v>i\s metals - ) *>coal1 & !n expos+ ! mixture to ! heat ( physical fire4 ,! outcome ( ?is purely mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( ! ?ree al*emical concepts 0 n ! acquisition ( wisdom1 or1 z ,s*w>tz c]ta9ly _h hop$1 ( gold1 b ( 444 gunp[d]6 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,space & ,c\nt]-,space ,) ! introduction1 9 ,*apt] ,x1 ( ! p]iph]al type ( =ce-field :i* app]ta9s to levity z ! usual c5tral "o does to gravity1 we are compell$ to revise our conception ( space4 ,= 9 a space ( a k9d we are accu/om$ to conceive1 t is1 ! ?ree-dim5sional1 ,euclidean space1 ! exi/5ce ( su* a field ) its *>act]i/ic ( increas+ 9 /r5g? 9 ! outw>d direction is a p>adox1 contr>y to ma!matical logic4 ,?is task1 :i* 9 view ( our fur!r obs]vations ( ! actions ( ! levity-gravity pol>ity 9 nature we mu/ n[ tackle1 is1 h[ev]1 by no means insoluble4 ,= 9 mod]n ma!matics ?\ght-=ms are already pres5t :i* make x possible to develop a space-concept adequate to levity4 ,z ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,i1 x 0 ,rudolf ,/e9] :o fir/ po9t$ to ! significance 9 ?is respect ( ! bran* ( mod]n ma!matics kn[n z ,projective ,geometry4 ,he %[$ t ,projective ,geometry1 if rightly us$1 c>ries ov] ! m9d f ! cu/om>y ab/ract to a new concrete treatm5t ( ma!matical concepts4 ,! foll[+ example w s]ve to expla91 to />t )1 :at we mean by say+ t ma!matics has hi!rto be5 us$ ab/ractly4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y ! _w-picture develop$ by ,e9/e9 9 8 ,!ory ( ,relativity des]ves to be ackn[l$g$ z a /ep =w>d 9 comp>ison ) ! picture drawn by classical physics1 lies 9 ! fact t ! old conception ( ?ree-dim5sional space z a k9d ( 'cosmic conta9]'1 ext5d+ 9 all directions into inf9ity & fill$1 z x 71 ) ! cont5t ( ! physical univ]se1 is replac$ by a conception 9 :i* ! /ructure ( space results f ! laws int]relat+ ?is cont5t4 ,our fur!r discussion w %[ t ?is inde$ is ! way along :i*1 to-day1 ma!matical ?\ght mu/ move 9 ord] to cope ) univ]sal reality4 ,h[ev]1 = reasons discuss$ e>li]1 ,e9/e9 0 =c$ to conceive all ev5ts 9 ! univ]se aft] ! model ( gravity z obs]vable on ! e>?4 ,9 ?is way he arriv$ at a space-/ructure :i* possesses nei!r ! ?ree-dim5sionality nor ! rectil9e> "* ( s-call$ ,euclidean space - a space-picture :i*1 ?\gh ma!matically consi/5t1 is incompreh5sible by ! human m9d4 ,= no?+ exi/s 9 our m9d t c\ld enable u to exp]i5ce z a reality a space-"t cont9uum ( ?ree dim5sions :i* is curv$ )9 a fur!r dim5sion4 ,?is outcome ( ,e9/e9's endeav\rs results f ! fact t he tri$ by means ( gravity-b\nd ?\ght to compreh5d univ]sal happ5+s ( :i* ! true causes are non-gravitational4 ,a ?9k+ t has le>nt to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( levity mu/ inde$ pursue precisely ! opposite direction4 ,in/ead ( freez+ "t d[n into spatial dim5sion1 9 ord] to make x fit into a _w rul$ by no?+ b gravity1 we mu/ develop a conception ( space suffici5tly fluid to let true "t h its place !re94 ,we %all see h[ su* a proc$ure w lead u to a space-concept ?or\ghly conceivable by human common s5se1 provid$ we are prep>$ to ov]come ! onlook]-/&po9t 9 ma!matics also4 ,e9/e9 ow$ ! possibility ( e/abli%+ 8 space-picture to a c]ta9 a*ievem5t ( ma!matical ?9k+ 9 mod]n times4 ,z we h se51 "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ! onlook]-consci\sness consi/s 9 its be+ devoid ( all connexion ) reality4 ,! process ( ?9k+ !reby ga9$ a degree ( fre$om :i* did n exi/ 9 =m] ages4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ma!maticians 7 enabl$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to conceive ! mo/ v>i$ space-sy/ems :i* 7 all ma!matically consi/5t & yet lack$ all relation to ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,a consid]able numb] ( space-sy/ems h ?us become e/abli%$ among :i* !re is ! sy/em t s]v$ ,e9/e9 to d]ive 8 space-"t concept4 ,"s ( !m h be5 m or less fully work$ out1 :ile 9 c]ta9 in/ances all t has be5 done is to %[ t !y are ma!matically conceivable4 ,among ^! !re is "o :i* 9 all its *>act]i/ics is pol>ically opposite to ! ,euclidean sy/em1 & :i* is de/9$ = ?is reason to become ! space-sy/em ( levity4 ,x is symptomatic ( ! remot5ess f reality ( ma!matical ?9k+ 9 ! onlook]-age t precisely ?is sy/em has s f> receiv$ no special att5tion4#a ,= ! purpose ( ?is book x is n necess>y to exp\nd 9 detail :y mod]n ma!matical ?9k+ has be5 l$ to look = ?\ght-=ms o!r ?an ^? ( classical geometry4 ,x is en\gh to rem>k t = q a long "t !re _h be5 an aw>5ess ( ! fact t ! consi/5cy ( ,euclid's def9itions & pro(s fails z soon z "o has no long] to d ) f9ite geometrical entities1 b ) figures :i* ext5d into inf9ity1 z = in/ance :5 ! prop]ties ( p>allel /raight l9es come into "q4 ,= ! concept ( inf9ity 0 =eign to classical geometrical ?9k+4 ,problems ( ! k9d :i* _h defeat$ ,euclidean ?9k+ became soluble directly human ?9k+ 0 able to h&le ! concept ( inf9ity4 ,we %all n[ indicate "s ( ! l9es ( geometrical ?\ght :i* foll[ f ?is4 99 ,let u consid] a /raight l9e ext5d+ )\t limits 9 ei!r direction4 ,projective geometry is able to /ate t a po9t mov+ along ?is l9e 9 "o direction w ev5tually return f ! o!r4 ,to see ?is1 we imag9e two /raight l9es a & b int]sect+ at ,p4 ,"o ( ^! l9es is fix$ 7a72 ! o!r 7b7 rotates uni=mly ab\t ,c4 ,fig4 #g indicates ! rotation ( b by %[+ x 9 a numb] ( positions ) ! respective positions ( its po9t ( int]section ) a 7,p#a1 ,p#b4 4 474 ,we obs]ve ?is po9t mov+ along a1 z a result ( ! rotation ( b1 until1 :5 bo? l9es are p>allel1 x rea*es inf9ity4 ,z a result ( ! cont9u$ rotation ( b1 h[ev]1 ,p does n rema9 9 inf9ity1 b returns along a f ! o!r side4 ,we f9d "h two =ms ( movem5t l9k$ toge!r - ! rotational movem5t ( a l9e 7b7 on a po9t 7,c71 & ! progressive movem5t ( a po9t 7,p7 along a l9e 7a74 ,! fir/ movem5t is cont9u\s1 & obs]vable ?r\gh\t )9 f9ite space4 ,!re=e ! second movem5t mu/ be cont9u\s z well1 ev5 ?\gh x p>tly escapes our obs]vation4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,p disappe>s into inf9ity on "o side ( our own po9t ( obs]vation1 x is at ! same "t 9 inf9ity on ! o!r side4 ,9 ord] words1 an unlimit$ /raight l9e has only "o po9t at inf9ity4 ,x is cle> t1 9 ord] to become famili> ) ?is aspect ( geometry1 "o mu/ gr[ toge!r 9 inw>d activity ) ! happ5+ :i* is conta9$ 9 ! above description4 ,:at we !re=e int5d by giv+ su* a description is to provide an opportunity = a p>ticul> m5tal ex]cise1 j z :5 we introduc$ ,goe!'s botany by describ+ a numb] ( successive leaf-=mations4 ,"h1 z mu* z !re1 x is ! act ( 're-creat+' t matt]s4 ,! foll[+ ex]cise w help u t[>ds fur!r cl>ity conc]n+ ! nature ( geometrical inf9ity4 ,we imag9e ourselves 9 ! c5tre ( a sph]e :i* we all[ to exp& uni=mly on all sides4 ,:il/ ! inn] wall ( ?is sph]e )draws f u into ev] great] di/ances1 x gr[s flatt] & flatt] until1 on rea*+ inf9ite di/ance1 x turns into a plane4 ,we ?us f9d ourselves surr\nd$ ev]y:]e by a surface :i*1 9 ! /rict ma!matical s5se1 is a plane1 & is yet "o & ! same surface on all sides4 ,?is leads u to ! conception ( ! plane at inf9ity z a self-conta9$ entity al?\gh x exp&s inf9itely 9 all directions4 ,?is prop]ty ( a plane at inf9ity1 h[ev]1 is really a prop]ty ( any plane4 ,to realize ?is1 we mu/ wid5 our conception ( inf9ity by free+ x f a c]ta9 "o-sid$ness /ill connect$ ) x4 ,?is we d by transf]r+ ourselves into ! inf9ite plane & envisag+1 n ! plane f ! po9t1 b ! po9t f ! plane4 ,?is op]ation1 h[ev]1 implies some?+ :i* is n obvi\s to a m9d accu/om$ to ! ord9>y ways ( ma!matical reason+4 ,x !re=e requires special explanation4 ,9 ! s5se ( ,euclidean geometry1 a plane is ! sum-total ( innum]able s+le po9ts4 ,to take up a position 9 a plane1 !re=e1 means to imag9e oneself at "o po9t ( ! plane1 ) ! latt] ext5d+ ar\nd 9 all directions to inf9ity4 ,h5ce ! j\rney f any po9t 9 space to a plane is along a /raight l9e f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,9 ! case ( ! plane be+ at inf9ity1 x w\ld be a j\rney along a radius ( ! inf9itely l>ge sph]e f its c5tre to a po9t at its circumf]5ce4 ,9 projective geometry ! op]ation is ( a diff]5t "*4 ,j z we arriv$ at ! inf9itely l>ge sph]e by lett+ a f9ite sph]e gr[1 s mu/ we consid] any f9ite sph]e z hav+ gr[n f a sph]e ) inf9itely small ext5sion2 t is1 f a po9t4 ,to travel f ! po9t to ! inf9itely di/ant plane 9 ! s5se ( projective geometry1 !re=e1 means t we h fir/ to id5tify ourselves ) ! po9t & 'become' ! plane by a process ( uni=m expansion 9 all directions4 ,z a result ( ?is we d n arrive at "o po9t 9 ! plane1 ) ! latt] ext5d+ r\nd u on all sides1 b we are pres5t 9 ! plane z a :ole ev]y:]e4 ,no po9t 9 x c be *>act]iz$ z hav+ any di/ance1 :e!r f9ite or inf9ite1 f u4 ,nor is !re any s5se 9 speak+ ( ! plane itself z be+ at inf9ity4 ,= any plane w all[ u to id5tify ourselves ) x 9 ?is way4 ,& any su* plane c be giv5 ! "* ( a plane at inf9ity by relat+ x to a po9t inf9itely f> away f x 7i4e4 f u74 ,hav+ ?us dropp$ ! "o-sid$ conception ( inf9ity1 we mu/ look = ano!r *>act]ization ( ! relation%ip betwe5 a po9t & a plane :i* are inf9itely di/ant f "o ano!r4 ,?is requires1 fir/ ( all1 a prop] *>act]ization ( ,po9t & ,plane 9 !mselves4 ,conceiv$ dynamically1 z projective geometry requires1 ,po9t & ,plane repres5t a pair ( opposites1 ! ,po9t /&+ = utmo/ contraction1 ! ,plane = utmo/ expansion4 ,z su*1 !y =m a pol>ity ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,bo? toge!r con/itute ,space4 ,:i* sort ( space ?is is1 dep5ds on ! relation%ip 9 :i* !y are envisag$4 ,by posit+ ! po9t z ! unit f :i* to />t1 & d]iv+ our conception ( ! plane f ! po9t1 we con/itute ,euclidean space4 ,by />t+ 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 ) ! plane z ! unit1 & conceiv+ ! po9t f x1 we con/itute pol>-,euclidean space4 ,! realization ( ! rev]sibility ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,po9t & ,plane leads to a conception ( ,space /ill free f any specific "*4 ,by ,g4 ,adams ?is space has be5 appositely call$ ar*etypal space1 or ur-space4 ,bo? ,euclidean & pol>-,euclidean space are p>ticul> manife/ations ( x1 _! mutual relation%ip be+ "o ( metamorphosis 9 ! ,goe!an s5se4 ,?r\gh conceiv+ ,euclidean & pol>-,euclidean space 9 ?is mann] x becomes cle> t !y are no?+ else ?an ! geometrical expression ( ! relation%ip betwe5 gravity & levity4 ,= gravity1 ?r\gh its field spread+ outw>d f an inn] c5tre1 e/abli%es a po9t-to-po9t relation betwe5 all ?+s "u its sway2 :]eas levity draws all ?+s )9 its doma9 into common plane-relations by e/abli%+ field-conditions :]e9 action takes place f ! p]iph]y t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,:at di/+ui%es 9 bo? cases ! plane at inf9ity f all o!r planes may be be/ describ$ by call+ x ! all-embrac+ plane2 correspond+ly ! po9t at inf9ity may be be/ describ$ z ! all-relat+ po9t4 ,9 out] nature ! all-embrac+ plane is z mu* ! 'c5tre' ( ! e>?'s field ( levity z ! all-relat+ po9t is ! c5tre ( h] field ( gravity4 ,all actions ( dynamic entities1 su* z t ( ! ur-plant & its subord9ate types1 />t f ?is plane4 ,se$s1 eye-=mations1 etc41 are no?+ b individual all-relat+ po9ts 9 respect ( ?is plane4 ,all t spr+s f su* po9ts does s because ( ! po9t's relation to ! all-embrac+ plane4 ,?is may suffice to %[ h[ reali/ic are ! ma!matical concepts :i* we h "h tri$ to build up4 99 ,:5 we set out e>li] 9 ?is book 7,*apt] ,,viii7 to discov] ! s\rce ( ,galileo's intuition1 by :i* he _h be5 enabl$ to f9d ! !orem ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 we 7 l$ to c]ta9 exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* all m5 g 9 e>ly *ildhood by erect+ _! body & le>n+ to walk4 ,we 7 !reby l$ to realize t man's g5]al capacity = ?9k+ ma!matically is ! outcome ( e>ly exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,x is evid5t t geometrical concepts aris+ 9 man's m9d 9 ?is way mu/ be ^? ( ,euclidean geometry4 ,= !y are acquir$ by ! w's /ruggle ) gravity4 ,! dynamic law discov]$ 9 ?is way by ,galileo 0 !re=e b\nd to apply to ! behavi\r ( me*anical =ces - t is1 ( =ces act+ f po9ts outw>d4 ,9 a simil> way we c n[ seek to f9d ! s\rce ( our capacity to =m pol>-,euclidean concepts4 ,z we 7 =m]ly l$ to exp]i5ces ( man's e>ly life on e>?1 s we are n[ l$ to 8 embryonic & ev5 pre-embryonic exi/5ce4 ,be=e man's sup]s5sible "p ent]s into a physical body !re is no means ( convey+ to x exp]i5ces o!r ?an ^? ( levity1 & ?is condition prevails "r ?r\gh embryonic developm5t4 ,= :ile ! body floats 9 ! "m's foetal fluid x is virtually exempt f ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s field ( gravity4 ,hi/ory has giv5 u a s\rce ( in=mation f ^! e>ly p]iods ( man's exi/5ce 9 ,trah]ne's recollections ( ! "t :5 8 s\l 0 /ill 9 ! /ate ( cosmic consci\sness4 ,among 8 descriptions we may !re=e expect to f9d a picture ( levity-space :i* w confirm ?r\gh imm$iate exp]i5ce :at we h arriv$ at along ! l9es ( reali/ic ma!matical reason+4 ,among poems quot$ e>li]1 8 ,! ,praep>ative & ,my ,_s d inde$ convey ?is picture 9 ! cle>e/ possible way4 ,! foll[+ are relevant passages f ^! two poems4 ,9 ! fir/ we read3 ',!n 0 my ,s\l my only ,all to me1 ,a liv+ endless ,ey1 ,sc>ce b\nd$ ) ! ,sky ,^: ,p[]1 & ,act1 & ,ess5ce 0 to see3 ,i 0 an inw>d ,sph]e ( ,light1 ,or an int]m9able ,orb ( ,sight1 ,exce$+ t :i* makes ! ,days 4 4 4' ,9 ! second poem ! same exp]i5ce is express$ 9 ri*] detail4 ,!re he says ( 8 own s\l t x - 444 be+ ,simple1 l ! ,deity1 ,9 its own ,c5tre is a ,sph]e1 ,n limit$ b ev]y:]e4 ,x acts n f a ,c5tre to ,its ,object1 z remote2 ,b pres5t is1 :]e x do? g ,to view ! ,be+ x do? note 444 ,a /range ext5d$ ,orb ( ,joy ,proce$+ f )91 ,:i* did on ev'ry side display ,its =ce2 & be+ nigh ( ,k9 ,to ,god1 did ev'ry way ,dilate its ,self ev'n in/antane\sly1 ,yet an ,indivisible ,c5tre /ay1 ,9 x surr\nd+ all ,et]nity4 ',twas n a ,sph]e2 ,yet did appe> ,"o inf9ite3 ',twas some:at ev]y:]e4' ,obs]ve ! di/9ct description ( h[ ! relation betwe5 circumf]5ce & c5tre is inv]t$ by ! =m] becom+ itself an 'indivisible c5tre'4 ,9 a space ( ?is k9d !re is no ,"h & ,!re1 z 9 ,euclidean space1 = ! consci\sness is always & imm$iately at "o ) ! :ole space4 ,motion is ?us q diff]5t f :at x is 9 ,euclidean space4 ,trah]ne himself italiciz$ ! ^w 'in/antane\s'1 s important did he f9d ?is fact4 7,! quality ( in/antane\sness - equal f ! physical po9t ( view to a velocity ( ! value - w occupy u m closely z a *>act]i/ic ( ! realm ( levity :5 we come to discuss ! app>5t velocity ( light 9 connexion ) our optical /udies47 ,by ?us realiz+ ! s\rce 9 man ( ! pol>-,euclidean ?\ght-=ms1 we see ! discov]y ( projective geometry 9 a new light4 ,= x n[ assumes ! significance ( yet ano!r hi/orical symptom ( ! mod]n re-awak5+ ( man's capacity to rememb] 8 pr5atal exi/5ce4 99 ,we "k f our previ\s /udies t ! concept ( pol>ity is n exhau/$ by conceiv+ ! _w z be+ con/itut$ by pol>ities ( "o ord] only4 ,besides prim>y pol>ities1 !re are second>y ones1 ! outcome ( int]action betwe5 ! prim>y poles4 ,hav+ conceiv$ ( ,po9t & ,plane z a geometrical pol>ity ( ! fir/ ord]1 we h !re=e to ask :at =mative elem5ts !re are 9 geometry :i* repres5t ! correspond+ pol>ity ( ! second ord]4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w %[ t ^! are ! radius1 :i* arises f ! po9t becom+ relat$ to ! plane1 & ! sph]ically b5t surface 7= :i* we h no o!r "n ?an t aga9 ( ! sph]e71 aris+ f ! plane becom+ relat$ to ! po9t4 ,9 ,euclidean geometry ! sph]e is def9$ z '! locus ( all po9ts :i* are equidi/ant f a giv5 po9t'4 ,to def9e ! sph]e 9 ?is way is 9 accord ) our po/-natal1 gravity-b\nd consci\sness4 ,= 9 ?is /ate our m9d c d no m ?an envisage ! surface ( ! sph]e po9t by po9t f its c5tre & recognize ! equal di/ance ( all ^! po9ts f ! c5tre4 ,se5 ?us1 ! sph]e arises z ! sum-total ( ! end-po9ts ( all ! /raight l9es ( equal l5g? :i* em]ge f ! c5tre-po9t 9 all directions4 ,fig4 #h indicates ?is s*ematically4 ,"h ! radius1 a /raight l9e1 is cle>ly ! det]m9+ factor4 ,we n[ move to ! o!r pole ( ! prim>y pol>ity1 t is to ! plane1 & let ! sph]e arise by imag9+ ! plane approa*+ an inf9itely di/ant po9t ev5ly f all sides4 ,we view ! process reali/ically only by imag9+ ourselves 9 ! plane1 s t we surr\nd ! po9t f all sides1 ) ! di/ance betwe5 u & ! po9t dim9i%+ gradually4 ,s9ce we rema9 all ! "t on ! surface1 we h no reason to conceive any *ange 9 its orig9al position2 t is1 we cont9ue to ?9k ( x z an all-embrac+ plane ) reg>d to ! *os5 po9t4 ,! only way ( repres5t+ ! sph]e diagrammatically1 z a unit be>+ 9 itself ! "* ( ! plane :5ce x sprang1 is z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 :]e a numb] ( planes1 function+ z tang5tial planes1 are s relat$ t toge!r !y =m a surface :i* possesses ev]y:]e ! same di/ance f ! all-relat+ po9t4 ,s9ce ,po9t & ,plane repres5t 9 ! realm ( geometrical concepts :at 9 out] nature we f9d 9 ! =m ( ! gravity-levity pol>ity1 we may expect to meet ,radius & ,sph]e z actual =mative elem5ts 9 nature1 :]ev] gravity & levity int]act 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,a few obs]vations may suffice to give ! necess>y evid5ce4 ,fur!r confirmation w be furni%$ by ! ensu+ *apt]s4 ,! ,radius-,sph]e anti!sis appe>s mo/ obvi\sly 9 ! human body1 ! radial elem5t be+ repres5t$ by ! limbs1 ! sph]ical by ! skull4 ,! limbs ?us become ! hi]oglyph ( a dynamic direct$ f ! ,po9t to ! ,plane1 & ! skull ( ! opposite4 ,?is inde$ is 9 accord ) ! di/ribution 9 ! organism ( ! sulphur-salt pol>ity1 z we le>nt f our physiological & psy*ological /udies4 ,inn] processes & out] =m ?us reveal ! same di/ribution ( poles4 ,9 ! plant ! same pol>ity appe>s 9 /alk & leaf4 ,obvi\sly ! /alk repres5ts ! radial pole4 ,! connexion betwe5 leaf & sph]e is n s cle>3 9 ord] to recognize x we mu/ appreciate t ! s+le plant is n a self-conta9$ entity to ! same degree z is ! human be+4 ,! equival5t ( ! s+le man is ! entire vegetable cov]+ ( ! e>?4 ,9 man !re is an individual c5tre r\nd :i* ! bones ( 8 skull are curv$2 9 ! plant _w ! equival5t is ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,x is 9 relation to ?is t we mu/ conceive ( ! s+le leaves z p>ts ( a great] sph]e4 ,9 ! plant1 j z 9 man1 ! morphological pol>ity co9cides ) ! biological4 ,!re is1 on ! "o h&1 ! process ( assimilation 7photosyn!sis71 s *>act]i/ic ( ! leaf4 ,?r\gh ?is process matt] passes ov] f ! a]i=m condition into t ( num]\s sep>ate1 *>act]i/ically /ructur$ solid bodies - ! />* gra9s4 ,besides ?is k9d ( assimilation we h le>nt to recognize a high] =m :i* we call$ 'spiritual assimilation'4 ,"h1 a transition ( sub/ance f ! doma9 ( levity to t ( gravity takes place ev5 m /rik+ly ?an 9 ord9>y 7physical7 assimilation 7,*apt] ,x74 ,! correspond+ process 9 ! l9e> /alk is "o :i* we may call 'sublimation' - aga9 ) its ext5sion into 'spiritual sublimation'4 ,?r\gh ?is process matt] is c>ri$ 9 ! upw>d direction t[>ds ev] less pond]able conditions1 & f9ally into ! =mless /ate ( pure '*aos'4 ,by ?is means ! se$ is prep>$ 7z we h se57 ) ! help ( ! fire-be>+ poll51 s t aft] x has fall5 to ! gr\nd1 x may s]ve z an all-relat+ po9t to :i* ! plant's ,type c direct its activity f ! univ]sal circumf]5ce4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! correspond+ morphological pol>ity 9 ! animal k+dom1 we mu/ realize t ! animal1 by hav+ ! ma9 axis ( its body 9 ! horizontal direction1 has a relation%ip to ! gravity-levity fields ( ! e>? diff]5t f ^? ( bo? man & plant4 ,z a result1 ! s+le animal body %[s ! sph]e-radius pol>ity mu* less %>ply4 ,if we comp>e ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! animals1 too1 be> ?is pol>ity z a =mative elem5t4 ,! birds repres5t ! sph]ical 7dry1 sal9e7 pole2 ! rum9ants ! l9e> 7moi/1 sulphur\s7 pole4 ,! c>nivor\s quadrup$s =m ! int]m$i>y 7m]curial7 gr\p4 ,z ur-ph5om5al types we may "n among ! birds ! eagle1 clo!d 9 its dry1 silicic plumage1 hov]+ ) f>-spread w+s 9 ! heights ( ! atmosph]e1 unit$ ) ! expanses ( space ?r\gh its f>-rea*+ sight2 among ! rum9ants1 ! c[1 ly+ heavily on ! gr\nd ( ! e>?1 giv5 ov] entirely to ! imm5sely elaborat$ sulphur\s process ( its own dige/ion4 ,betwe5 !m comes ! lion - ! mo/ *>act]i/ic animal = ! prepond]ance ( he>t-&-lung activities 9 ! body1 ) all ! attributes result+ f t4 ,)9 ! scope ( ?is book x c only be intimat$ briefly1 b %\ld n be left unm5tion$ = ! sake ( ^? int]e/$ 9 a fur!r pursuit ( ^! l9es ( ?\ght1 t ! morphological mean betwe5 radius & sph]e 7correspond+ to ,m]curius 9 ! al*emical triad7 is repres5t$ by a geometrical figure kn[n z ! 'lemniscate'1 a p>ticul> modification ( ! s-call$ ,cass9ian curves4#b #a ,= fur!r details1 see ! writ+s ( ,g4 ,adams & ,l4 ,lo*]-,ern/ :o1 ea* 9 8 own way1 h made a beg9n+ ) apply+ projective geometry on ! l9es indicat$ by ,rudolf ,/e9]4 ,pr(essor ,lo*]-,ern/ 0 ! fir/ to apply ! t]m 'pol>-,euclidean' to ! space-sy/em correspond+ to levity4 #b ,= p>ticul>s ( ! lemniscate z ! build+ plan ( ! middle "p ( man's skeleton1 see ,k4 ,knig1 ,m4,d43 ,beitrage zu e9] re95 ,anatomic des m5s*li*5 ,kno*5skeletts 9 ! p]iodical ,natura 7,dorna*1 #aicj-a74 ,"s projective-geometrical consid]ations conc]n+ ! lemniscate are to be f\nd 9 ! previ\sly m5tion$ writ+s ( ,g4 ,adams & ,l4 ,lo*]-,ern/4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ',radiant ,matt]' ,:5 man 9 ! /ate ( _w-onlook] und]took to =m a dynamic picture ( ! nature ( matt]1 x 0 inevitable t ( all ! qualities :i* belong to its exi/5ce he %\ld be able to envisage only ^? p]ta9+ to gravity & electricity4 ,because 8 consci\sness1 at ?is /age ( its evolution1 0 closely b\nd up ) ! =ce ( gravity inh]5t 9 ! human body1 he 0 unable to =m any conception ( levity z a =ce opposite to gravity4 ,yet1 nature is built bipol>ically1 & pol>ity-concepts are !re=e indisp5sable = develop+ a true und]/&+ ( h] actions4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t ! unipol> concept ( gravity _h ev5tually to be supplem5t$ by "s k9d ( bipol> concept4 ,n[1 ! only sph]e ( nature-ph5om5a ) a bipol> "* accessible to ! onlook]-consci\sness '0 t ( electricity4 ,x 0 ?us t man 9 ?is /ate ( consci\sness 0 compell$ to picture ! f\ndation ( ! physical univ]se z be+ made up ( gravity & electricity1 z we meet !m 9 ! mod]n picture ( ! atom1 ) its heavy electro-positive nucleus & ! virtually weightless electro-negative electrons mov+ r\nd x4 ,once sci5tific obs]vation & ?\ght are fre$ f ! limitations ( ! onlook]-consci\sness1 bo? gravity & electricity appe> 9 a new p]spective1 ?\gh ! *ange is diff]5t = ea* ( !m4 ,gravity1 :ile x becomes "o pole ( a pol>ity1 ) levity z ! opposite pole1 /ill reta9s its "* z a fundam5tal =ce ( ! physical univ]se1 ! gravity-levity pol>ity be+ "o ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,n s electricity4 ,=1 z ! foll[+ discussion w %[1 ! electrical pol>ity is "o ( ! second ord]2 moreov]1 in/ead ( con/itut+ matt] z is usually believ$1 electricity turns out to be 9 reality a product ( matt]4 99 ,we foll[ ,goe!'s l9e :51 9 ord] to answ] ! "q1 ',:at is electricity8' we fir/ ask1 ',h[ does electricity arise8' ,in/ead ( />t+ ) ph5om5a produc$ by electricity :5 x is already 9 action1 & d]iv+ f !m a hypo!tical picture1 we beg9 by obs]v+ ! processes to :i* electricity owes its appe>ance4 ,s9ce !re is significance 9 ! hi/orical ord] 9 :i* facts ( nature h come to man's k 9 ! pa/1 we *oose z our />t+-po9t1 among ! v>i\s modes ( g5]at+ electricity1 ! "o ?r\gh :i* ! exi/5ce ( an electric =ce fir/ became kn[n4 ,?is is ! r\s+ ( ! electric /ate 9 a body by rubb+ x ) ano!r body ( diff]5t mat]ial composition4 ,orig9ally1 amb] 0 rubb$ ) wool or fur4 ,by pictur+ ?is process 9 our m9d we become aw>e ( a c]ta9 k9%ip ( electricity ) fire1 s9ce = ages ! only kn[n way ( k9dl+ fire 0 ?r\gh friction4 ,we notice t 9 bo? cases man _h to resort to ! w-p[] inve/$ 9 8 limbs = sett+ 9 motion two pieces ( matt]1 s t1 by ov]com+ _! resi/ance to ?is motion1 he releas$ f !m a c]ta9 =ce :i* he c\ld utilize z a supplem5t to 8 own w4 ,! simil>ity ( ! two processes may be tak5 z a sign t heat & electricity are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 way1 ! "o be+ 9 "s s5se a metamorphosis ( ! o!r4 ,our fir/ task1 !re=e1 w be to try to und]/& h[ x is t friction causes heat to appe> 9 manife/ =m4 ,!re is no friction unless ! surfaces ( ! rubb$ bodies h a /ructure t is 9 "s way int]f]$ ) by ! rubb+1 :ile at ! same "t !y (f] a c]ta9 resi/ance to ! di/urbance4 ,?is resi/ance is due to a *>act]i/ic ( matt]1 commonly call$ cohesion4 ,n[ we "k t ! inn] coh]5ce ( a physical body is due to its po9t-relation%ip1 t is to ! gravitational =ce b\nd up ) x4 ,inde$1 cohesion increases z we pass f ! gase\s1 ?r\gh ! liquid1 to ! solid /ate ( matt]4 ,:il/ a body's cohesion is due to gravity1 its spatial ext5d$ness is1 z we h se51 due to levity4 ,if we r$uce ! volume ( a piece ( physical matt] by means ( pressure1 we !re=e release levity-=ces previ\sly b\nd up 9 x1 & ^!1 z always happ5s 9 su* cases1 appe> 9 ! =m ( free heat4 ,figuratively speak+1 we may say t by apply+ pressure to matt]1 lat5t levity is press$ out ( x1 some:at l wat] out ( a wet sponge4 ,! g5]ation ( free heat by friction re/s on q simil> gr\nds4 ,obvi\sly1 friction always requires a c]ta9 pressure4 ,?is alone1 h[ev]1 w\ld n acc\nt = ! am\nt ( heat easily produc$ by friction4 ,to ! pressure !re is 9 ?is case add$ a c]ta9 measure ( encroa*m5t ^u ! unity ( ! mat]ial sub/ance4 ,9 ! case ( friction betwe5 two solid bodies1 ?is may g s f> t p>ticles ( matt] are completely deta*$ f ! cohesive :ole4 ,! result is an increase 9 ! numb] ( s+le mass-c5tres on ! e>?1 z aga9/ ! all-embrac+ cosmic p]iph]y4 ,?is dim9i%es ! hold ( levity on ! total am\nt ( physical matt] pres5t on ! e>?4 ,aga91 ! levity ?us becom+ free appe>s z ext]nal heat4 7,9 ! rev]se case :51 = in/ance ?r\gh melt+1 a numb] ( s+le physical bodies become "o1 free heat becomes lat5t47 ,bo? ! dim9i%+ ( spatial ext5sion & ! break+ up ( a :ole into p>ts entail an increase 9 ! quality 'dry'4 ,?is applies n only 9 ! s5se t ! p>ts :i* h become indep5d5t units are 'dry' 9 relation to ea* o!r - =m]ly coh]5t matt] be+ turn$ into du/ - b also 9 ! o!r s5se1 & "o valid 9 bo? cases1 t levity & gravity are los+ "p ( _! previ\s int]-connexion4 ,if ?is tw(old process ( 'becom+ dry' rea*es a c]ta9 int5sity1 ! sub/ances conc]n$1 provid$ !y are inflammable1 beg9 to burn1 ) ! result t dry heat escapes & dry a% is =m$4 ,we note t 9 ea* case we are deal+ ) a *ange 9 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! poles ( a pol>ity ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,we w n[ apply ?is picture ( ! process ( friction to ! in/ance :51 z a result ( ?is action1 electricity appe>s4 ,orig9ally ! evok+ ( ! electric condition 0 ascrib$ solely to ! nature ( amb]1 ! only sub/ance kn[n to possess ?is prop]ty4 ,to-day we "k t n ! amb] alone1 b its com+ toge!r ) ano!r sub/ance ( diff]5t nature1 9 ?is in/ance an animal sub/ance ( ! nature ( hair or silk1 is requir$4 ,:atev] sub/ances we use = friction1 !y mu/ always be diff]5t 9 nature1 s z to all[ bo? k9ds ( electricity to appe> at once4 ,:i* ( ! two k9ds imposes its pres5ce ! m /rongly ^u ! obs]v] dep5ds on purely extrane\s conditions :i* h no?+ to d ) ! process itself4 ,obvi\sly1 if we wi% to und]/& ! qualitative diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( electricity1 we mu/ inve/igate ! qualitative diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ial sub/ances1 :i* give rise to electricity :5 !y are rubb$ toge!r4 ,we %all aga9 foll[ ! hi/orical l9e by exam9+ ! two sub/ances :i* fir/ taught man ! pol> nature ( electricity4 ,!y are glass & res91 aft] :i*1 z we m5tion$1 ! two electricities 7 ev5 nam$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,our functional conception ( matt]1 develop$ e>li] 7,*apt] ,,xi71 all[s u to recognize 9 ^! two sub/ances repres5tatives ( ! ,salt-,sulphur pol>ity4 ,inde$1 glass z a m9]al sub/ance1 :i* actually owes its specific "* to ! pres5ce ( silicon 9 x1 cle>ly /&s on ! phosphoric-cry/all9e side1 :ile res91 be+ itself a sort ( 'gum'1 on ! sulphur\s-volcanic side4 ,9 fact1 sulphur itself 0 soon f\nd to be a p>ticul>ly suitable sub/ance = produc+ 'res9'-electricity4 ,n[ ! usual way ( produc+ "o k9d ( electricity is by rubb+ res9 7or sulphur1 or ebonite7 ) wool or fur1 & ! o!r by rubb+ glass ) lea!r4 ,at fir/ sight1 x does n seem z if ! two c\nt]-sub/ances repres5t ! requir$ al*emic c\nt]-poles to res9 & glass4 ,= bo? hair & lea!r are animal products & !re=e seem to be ( l nature4 ,clos] inspection1 h[ev]1 %[s t !y d obey ! rule4 ,= hair1 l all horny sub/ances1 is a dead product ( ext]nal secretion by ! animal organism4 ,an ur-ph5om5al example ( x1 %[+ its k9%ip to glass-l sub/ances1 is ! transp>5t cornea ( ! eye1 close to ! cry/al-l5s4 ,lea!r1 on ! o!r h&1 is a product ( ! hypod]mic "p ( ! body &1 z su*1 belongs to ^? p>ts ( ! organism :i* are fill$ ) blood1 &1 !re=e1 p]meat$ ) life4 7,note z a *>act]i/ic ( lea!r t x requires a special treatm5t1 tann+1 to make x z immune f decay z hair is by nature47 ,hair & lea!r1 !re=e1 repres5t 9 !mselves a salt-sulphur pol>ity1 & ?us fulfil ! correspond+ function :5 br\ght toge!r ) res9 or glass respectively4 ,:at is true = ! p>ticul> sub/ances :i* orig9ally l$ man to discov] ! dual nature ( electricity1 holds good equally = any pair ( sub/ances capable ( assum+ ! electric /ate :5 rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,if we exam9e f ?is po9t ( view ! s]ies ( su* sub/ances1 z usually giv5 9 ! textbooks on electricity1 we %all always f9d a sub/ance ( extreme salt-"* at ! "o end1 & "o ( extreme sulphur-"* at ! o!r1 ! sub/ances z a :ole =m+ a gradual transition f "o extreme to ! o!r4 ,:i* k9d ( electricity appe>s on ea*1 :5 submitt$ to friction1 dep5ds on :e!r ! c\nt]-sub/ance /&s on its "r or left1 9 ! s]ies4 ,x is ! p>ticul> relation betwe5 ! two :i* makes !m behave 9 "o way or ! o!r4 ,!re are cases :i* seem to elude ?is law1 & inve/igation has %[n t o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! rubb$ bodies1 su* z surface quality1 c h a modify+ influ5ce4 ,= lack ( a guid+ idea !y are treat$ 9 ! textbooks z 'irregul>ities'4 ,obs]vation l$ by a true pol>ity concept %[s t 9 ^! cases also ! rule is n violat$4 ,9 ?is respect1 int]e/+ in=mation c be ga9$ f ! obs]vations ( ,j4 ,w4 ,ritt] 7#aggf-ahaj71 an +5i\s ,naturphilosoph f ! circle r\nd ,goe!1 b to :om1 also1 physical sci5ce is indebt$ = 8 discov]y ( ! ultra-violet "p ( ! spectrum & ( galvanic pol>ization4 ,among 8 writ+s !re is a treatise on electricity1 giv+ _m g5]ally unkn[n in/ances ( frictional electricity :i* are 9 good accord ) our picture & well wor? inve/igat+4 ,accord+ to ,ritt]1 ev5 two cry/all9e sub/ances ( diff]5t h>dness1 su* z ,calcite & qu>tz1 become electric :5 rubb$ toge!r1 ! s(t] play+ ! "p ( 'res9' & ! h>d] t ( 'glass'4 ,^! few facts connect$ ) ! g5]ation ( frictional electricity are en\gh to all[ u to =m a picture ( ! nature ( ! pol>ity repres5t$ by ! two k9ds ( electricity4 ,we rememb] t 9 ! case ( ! g5]ation ( heat ?r\gh friction1 z a result ( an encroa*m5t ^u ! cohesion ( ! mat]ial body involv$1 ! relation%ip betwe5 levity & gravity 9 x *anges f 'moi/' to 'dry' & t ! effect ( ?is is ! appe>ance ( 'fire' & 'du/' z poles ( a prim>y pol>ity4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is alt]$ :5 ! bodies subject$ to friction are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! s5se ( a salt-sulphur pol>ity4 ,! effect !n is t ! lib]at$ levity1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! peculi> t5sion betwe5 ! two bodies1 rema9s b\nd 9 ! realm ( sub/ance & becomes itself split up pol>ically4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 9 ! case ( electrical pol>ity we enc\nt] a c]ta9 =m ( gravity-b\nd levity1 & ?is 9 a tw(old way4 ,ow+ to ! contra/+ nature ( ! two bodies involv$ 9 ! process1 ! c\pl+ ( gravity & levity is a pol> "o on bo? sides4 ,! electrical pol>ity ?us turns out to be itself ( ! nature ( a second>y pol>ity4 ,two m rec5tly discov]$ means ( evok+ ! electric condition 9 a piece ( matt] confirm ?is picture4 ,!y are ! s-call$ piezo-electricity & pyro-electricity4 ,bo? signify ! occurr5ce ( ! electrical pol>ity at ! two ends ( an asymmetrically built 7hemimorph\s7 cry/al1 z ! result ( *ang+ ! cry/al's spatial condition4 ,9 piezo-electricity ! *ange consi/s 9 a dim9ution ( ! cry/al's volume ?r\gh pressure2 9 pyro-electricity1 9 an increase ( ! cry/al volume by rais+ its temp]ature4 ,! asymmetry ( ! cry/al1 due to a "o-sid$ work+ ( ! =ces ( cry/allization1 plays ! same role "h z does ! al*emic opposition betwe5 ! two bodies us$ = ! production ( frictional electricity4 99 ,x is typical ( ! sci5ti/ ( ! pa/ t he 0 dep5d5t on ph5om5a br\ght ab\t by a highly develop$ exp]im5tal te*nique = becom+ aw>e ( c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! electrical =ce1 :]eas = ! reali/ic obs]v] ^! prop]ties are reveal$ at once by ! mo/ primitive electric ph5om5a4 ,we rememb] ,edd+ton's description ( ! positron z 'negative mat]ial'1 & 8 subsequ5t rem>ks1 :i* %[ ! p>adoxical nature ( ?is concept if appli$ to ! hypo!tical int]ior ( ! atom 7,*apt] ,,iv74 ,! q primitive ph5om5on ( electrical repulsion & attraction %[s u ! same ?+ 9 a mann] ( :i* x is n difficult to =m a conception4 ,mod]n physics itself1 ) ! help ( ,f>aday's field-concept1 describes ^! ph5om5a z caus$ by pressure - result+ f ! meet+ 9 space ( two simil> electrical fields - & suction - result+ f ! meet+ ( two dissimil> fields4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! space betwe5 ! two electrically *>g$ bodies assumes a degree ( d5sity1 z if x 7 fill$ ) "s ela/ic mat]ial4 ,9 ! second in/ance ! d5sity ( ! space :]e ! two fields int]m+le is l[] ?an t ( its surr\nd+s4 ,"h1 cle>ly1 we h a /ate ( negative d5sity :i* acts on ! electrically *>g$ bodies j z a l[]+ ( pressure acts on a gas3 9 bo? cases movem5t occurs 9 ! direction lead+ f ! high] to ! l[] d5sity4 ,electricity ?us %[s itself capable ( produc+ bo? gravity & levity effects1 !reby once m confirm+ our picture ( x4 99 ,our next task w be to exam9e ! galvanic =m ( g5]at+ electricity1 9 ord] to ga9 fur!r light on our picture ( ! electrical pol>ity4 ,galvanism1 z x became e/abli%$ ?r\gh ,volta's "w1 re/s on c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! metallic sub/ances ( ! e>?4 ,comp>$ ) ! sub/ances :i* may be us$ = produc+ electricity ?r\gh friction1 ! metals hold a mid-position4 ,!y are all ess5tially m]curial sub/ances4 7,9 quicksilv]1 :i* = ?is reason 0 giv5 ! "n 'm]cury' by ! al*emi/s1 ?is fact comes to an ur-ph5om5al appe>ance47 ,among ! _m facts prov+ ! m]curial nature ( ! metals1 !re is "o ( p>ticul> int]e/ to u4 ,?is is _! peculi> relation%ip to ! processes ( oxidation & r$uction4 ,metals1 9 _! metallic /ate1 are be>]s ( lat5t levity1 :i* c be set free ei!r ?r\gh combu/ion or ?r\gh corrosion4 ,!y diff] f "o ano!r by _! relative degree ( eag]ness to ent] into & rema9 9 ! metallic1 t is1 ! r$uc$ /ate1 or to assume & keep ! /ate ( ! oxide 79 :i* =m !y are f\nd 9 ! v>i\s metallic oxides & salts74 ,!re are metals su* z gold1 silv]1 etc41 = :i* ! r$uc$ /ate is m or less natural2 o!rs1 su* z potassium1 sodium1 etc41 f9d ! oxidiz$ /ate natural & c be br\ght into & kept 9 ! r$uc$ /ate only by artificial means4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes !re are all possible degrees ( transition1 "s metals m ne>ly resembl+ ! 'noble'1 o!rs m ne>ly ! 'corrosive'1 metals4 ,we rememb] t x 0 ! diff]5t relation%ip ( sulphur & phosphorus to r$uction & oxidation :i* l$ u to envisage !m z ur-ph5om5al repres5tatives ( ! al*emic pol>ity4 ,we may !re=e say t !re are metals :i* f ! al*emic po9t ( view m ne>ly resemble sulphur1 o!rs m ne>ly phosphorus1 :il/ o!rs aga9 hold an int]m$i>y position betwe5 ! extremes4 ,x is on ^! diff]5ces among ! v>i\s metals t _! galvanic prop]ties are bas$4 ,let u f ?is po9t ( view contemplate ! foll[+ s]ies ( *emical elem5ts1 :i* is a repres5tation ( ! s-call$ voltaic s]ies3 ,graphite1 ,plat9um1 ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,iron1 ,t91 ,lead1 ,z9c1 ,alum9ium1 ,magnesium1 ,sodium1 ,potassium4 ,any two ( ^! metals con/itute a voltaic cell4 ,its electromotive =ce is det]m9$ by ! di/ance 9 ! s]ies betwe5 ! metals us$4 ,j z 9 ! case ( frictional electricity1 ! k9d ( electricity :i* is suppli$ by a c]ta9 metal dep5ds on :e!r ! o!r metal ) :i* x is c\pl$ /&s to ! "r or to ! left ( x 9 ! s]ies4#a ,let u n[ see :at happ5s 9 a galvanic cell :5 ! two diff]5t metals are simultane\sly expos$ to ! *emical action ( ! connect+ fluid4 ,ea* metal by itself w\ld und]go oxidation ) great] or less int5sity1 & ! calorific en]gy hidd5 9 x w\ld become free 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,?is process suff]s a c]ta9 alt]ation ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! second metal1 :i* sets up an al*emic t5sion betwe5 ! two4 ,in/ead ( a prop] segregation ( ! prim>y pol>ity1 heat-du/ 79 ?is case1 heat-oxide71 ! heat rema9s matt]-b\nd & appe>s on ! surface ( ! two metals 9 a second>ily split =m z positive & negative electricity4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ?is process & ! frictional g5]ation ( electricity is evid5t4 99 ,our obs]vations h %[n t ! em]g5ce ( ! electric /ate1 :e!r x be caus$ by friction or galvanically1 dep5ds on matt] ent]+ into a condition 9 :i* its cohesion is loos5$ - or1 z we also put x1 on its be+ turn$ into 'du/' - & ?is 9 su* a way t ! escap+ levity rema9s du/-b\nd4 ,?is picture ( electricity n[ enables u to give a reali/ic int]pretation ( c]ta9 ph5om5a :i*1 9 ! int]pretation :i* ! physici/ ( ! pa/ 0 b\nd to give !m1 h contribut$ mu* to ! tight5+ ( ! net ( sci5tific illusion4 ,"s sixty ye>s aft] ,dalton _h e/abli%$1 purely hypo!tically1 ! !ory ( ! atomi/ic /ructure ( matt]1 sci5tific rese>* 0 l$ to ! obs]vation ( actual atomi/ic ph5om5a4 ,crookes f\nd electricity appe>+ 9 8 tubes 9 ! =m ( discrete p>ticles1 ) prop]ties hi!rto kn[n only z app]ta9+ to mass4 ,:at c\ld be m natural ?an to take ?is z evid5ce t ! me?od ( ?\ght develop$ dur+ ! pa/ era ( sci5ce 0 on ! "r c\rse8 ,! same ph5om5a appe> 9 q a diff]5t light :5 we view !m aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! picture ( electricity to :i* our obs]vations h l$4 ,kn[+ t ! appe>ance ( electricity dep5ds on a process ( atomization ( "s sort1 we %all expect t :]e electricity becomes freely obs]vable1 x w yield ph5om5a ( an atomi/ic k9d4 ,! obs]vations ( electricity 9 a vacuum1 !re=e1 yield no confirmation :atsoev] ( ! atomi/ic view ( matt]4 ,! same is true ( ! ph5om5a b\nd up ) radioactivity1 :i* 7 discov]$ 9 direct consequ5ce ( ,crookes's "w4 ,we "k t ! naturally radioactive elem5ts are all 9 ! gr\p ( ^? ) ! highe/ atomic weight4 ,?is fact1 se5 toge!r ) ! *>act]i/ics ( radioactivity1 tells u t 9 su* elem5ts gravity has s f> got ! upp] h& ( levity t ! physical sub/ance is unable to p]si/ z a spatially ext5d$1 coh]5t unit4 ,x !re=e falls asund]1 ) ! lib]at$ levity drawn into ! process ( disp]sion4 ,se5 ?us1 radioactivity becomes a symptom ( ! e>?'s old age4 99 ,be=e ent]+ into a discussion ( ! "q1 :i* naturally arises at ?is po9t1 z to h[ levity & gravity by _! two possible ways ( int]action - 'sulphur\s' or 'sal9e' - det]m9e ! prop]ties ( s-call$ positive & negative electricity1 we %all fir/ /udy ! ?ird mode ( g5]at+ electricity1 namely1 by electromagnetic induction4 ,along ?is way we %all arrive at a picture ( ! magnetic =ce :i* corresponds to ! "o already obta9$ ( electricity4 ,?is w !n lead u to a jo9t /udy ( ! nature ( electric pol>ity & magnetic pol>ity4 ,! discov]y ( ! ph5om5a we call electromagnetic dep5d$ on ! possibility ( produc+ cont9u\s electrical processes4 ,?is arose ) ,volta's inv5tion4 ,:5 x became necess>y to f9d a concept = ! process :i* takes place 9 an electric conductor betwe5 ! poles ( a galvanic cell1 ! concept ( ! 'curr5t'1 borr[$ f hydrodynamics1 sugge/$ itself4 ,ev] s9ce !n x has be5 ! rule to speak ( ! exi/5ce ( a curr5t )9 an electric circuit2 its /r5g? or int5sity is measur$ 9 t]ms ( a unit nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,amp]e4 ,?is concept ( ! curr5t has _h a fate typical ( ! :ole relation ( human ?\ght to ! facts connect$ ) electricity4 ,long aft] x _h be5 co9$ to cov] ph5om5a :i* 9 !mselves betray no movem5t ( any k9d betwe5 ! electrical poles1 o!r ph5om5a :i* d 9 fact %[ su* movem5ts became kn[n ?r\gh ,crookes's obs]vations4 ,j z 9 ! case ( atomism1 !y seem$ to prove ! validity ( ! preconceiv$ idea ( ! curr5t4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 radiant electricity %[$ prop]ties :i* contradict$ ! picture ( some?+ fl[+ f "o pole to ! o!r4 ,! ca?ode rays1 = in/ance1 7 f\nd to %oot =? into space p]p5dicul>ly f ! surface ( ! ca?ode1 )\t reg>d to ! position ( ! anode4 ,at ! same "t ,maxwell's hydrodynamic analogy 7z our hi/orical survey has %[n7 l$ to a view ( ! nature ( electricity by :i* ?is v analogy 0 put out ( c\rt4 ,by pr$ict+ c]ta9 prop]ties ( electricity :i* come to ! =e :5 its poles alt]nate rapidly1 he seem$ to br+ electricity into close k9%ip ) light4 ,ma!matical treatm5t !n made x necess>y to reg>d ! ess5tial en]gy process z occurr+1 n f "o pole to ! o!r1 b at "r angles to a l9e jo9+ ! poles 7,poynt+'s vector74 ,?is picture1 h[ev]1 satisfactory ?\gh x 0 9 ! realm ( high frequ5cy1 fail$ z a means ( describ+ s-call$ direct-curr5t processes4 ,z a result ( all ?is ! !ory ( electricity has fall5 ap>t into sev]al conceptual realms ly+1 z x 71 alongside "o ano!r1 ea* consi/5t 9 itself b lack+ any logical connexion ) ! o!rs4 ,al?\gh ! old concept ( ! electric curr5t has long lo/ its validity1 sci5tific ?\ght 7n to speak ( ! layman's7 has n manag$ to disc>d x4 ,to d ?is mu/ !re=e be our fir/ task1 if we want to atta9 to a reali/ic picture ( electromagnetism4 99 ,:ile keep+ /rictly to ! hi/orical ord] ( ?+s1 we %all try fir/ to =m a picture ( :at happ5s :5 we connect two electrically *>g$ bodies by a conductor4 ,we "k t we rightly describe ! *ange ( ! dynamic prop]ties ( ! "p ( space1 9 :i* ! two bodies are pres5t1 by say+ t a c]ta9 electric field prevails 9 x4 ,?is field possesses diff]5t 'pot5tials' at its v>i\s po9ts & s !re exi/s a c]ta9 pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two electric *>ges4 ,:at !n happ5s :5 a s-call$ 'conductor' is br\ght into su* a field8 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! field-concept1 conductivity consi/s 9 ! prop]ty ( a body n to all[ any *ange ( pot5tial along its surface4 ,su* a surface1 !re=e1 is always an equipot5tial4 ,9 ! language ( al*emy1 conductivity is a m]curial prop]ty4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* a body1 !re=e1 no ,salt-,sulphur contra/s c obta94 ,9 view ( :at we f\nd above z ! mean position ( ! metals 9 ! al*emic triad1 x is significant t !y1 precisely1 %\ld play s out/&+ a role z electrical conductors4 ,if we keep to pure obs]vation1 ! only /atem5t we c make conc]n+ ! effect produc$ by ! introduction ( su* a body into ! electric field is t ?is field sudd5ly disappe>s4 ,we %all see lat] 9 :i* direction ?is vani%+ occurs4 ,= ! pres5t x is suffici5t to h =m$ ! picture ( ! disappe>ance ( ! electrical condition ( space z a result ( ! pres5ce ( a body ) c]ta9 m]curial prop]ties4 ,no?+ else1 inde$1 happ5s :5 we make ! process cont9u\s by us+ a galvanic s\rce ( electricity4 ,all t di/+ui%es a galvanic cell f ! s\rces ( electricity us$ be=e ! "t ( ,volta is its faculty ( imm$iately re-e/abli%+ ! field :i* prevails betwe5 its poles1 :5ev] ?is field becomes ext+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( a conductor4 ,volta himself saw ?is q correctly4 ,9 8 fir/ acc\nt ( ! new app>atus he describes x z ',leyd5 j>s ) a cont9u\sly re-e/abli%$ *>ge'4 ,e endur+ electrical process1 inde$1 consi/s 9 no?+ b a vani%+ & re-e/abli%m5t ( ! electrical field ) su* rapidity t ! :ole process appe>s cont9u\s4 ,"h1 also1 pure obs]vation ( ! effect ( a conductor 9 an electric field tells u t its action consi/s 9 ! annihilation ( ! field4 ,!re is no ph5om5on :i* all[s u to /ate t ?is process takes place along ! axis ( ! conductor4 ,if we wi% to obta9 a picture ( ! true direction1 we mu/ consid] ! condition ( space :i* arises 9 place ( ! electric condition t has disappe>$4 ,) ! possibility ( turn+ ! cancellation ( ! electrical condition ( space into a cont9u\s process1 x became possible to obs]ve t ! neutralization ( electric *>ges entails ! appe>ance ( heat & magnetism4 ,we mu/ n[ ask :i* are ! qualities ( electricity on ! "o h&1 & ( heat & magnetism on ! o!r1 :i* acc\nt = ! fact t :]e electricity disappe>s1 ! two latt] =ces are b\nd to appe>4 ,s9ce magnetism is ! /ill unkn[n entity among ! ?ree1 we mu/ n[ deal ) x4 99 ,unlike electricity1 magnetism 0 fir/ kn[n 9 ! =m ( its natural occurr5ce1 namely z a prop]ty ( c]ta9 m9]als4 ,if we foll[ ! same c\rse :i* l$ u to />t our /udy ( electricity ) ! primitive process ( g5]at+ x1 we %all turn n[ to ! basic ph5om5on produc$ by a magnetic field already 9 exi/5ce4 7,only :5 we h le>nt all we c f ?is1 %all we proce$ to ask h[ magnetism comes into be+47 ,obvi\sly1 we %all f9d ?is basic ph5om5on 9 ! effect ( a magnet on a heap ( iron fil+s4 ,let u1 to beg9 )1 comp>e a mass ( solid iron ) ! same quantity ( x 9 p[d]$ =m4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! p[d] lacks ! b9d+ =ce :i* holds ! solid piece toge!r4 ,n[ lei u expose ! p[d]$ iron to ! influ5ce ( a magnet4 ,at once a c]ta9 ord]+ pr9ciple takes hold ( ! s+le p>ticles4 ,!y no long] lie at r&om & unrelat$1 ap>t f ! inconspicu\s gravitational effect !y ex]t on "o ano!r1 b are drawn into a coh]5t :ole1 ?us acquir+ prop]ties resembl+ ^? ( an ord9>y piece ( solid matt]4 ,read ?us1 ! ph5om5on tells u t a "p ( space occupi$ by a magnetic field has qualities :i* are o!rwise f\nd only :]e a coh]5t solid mass is pres5t4 ,a magnetic piece ( solid iron1 !re=e1 diff]s f a non-magnetic piece by giv+ rise 9 its surr\nd+s to dynamic conditions :i* w\ld o!rwise exi/ only 9 its int]ior4 ,?is picture ( ! relat$ness ( magnetism to solidity is confirm$ by ! fact t bo? are cancell$ by heat1 & increas$ by cold4#b ,by its magnetic prop]ties iron ?us reveals itself z a sub/ance capable ( assum+ ! condition ( solid matt] to a degree surpass+ ord9>y solidity4 ,z an exceptional k9d ( metal x =ms ! c\nt]-pole to m]cury1 9 :i* ! solid-fluid condition *>act]i/ic ( all metallic matt] is z mu* %ift$ t[>ds ! fluid z 9 iron x is to ! solid4 7,note 9 ?is respect ! peculi> resi/ance ( iron to ! liquefy+ effect :i* m]cury has on ! o!r metals47 ,?is picture ( magnetism enables u to und]/& at once :y x mu/ occur toge!r ) heat at ! place :]e an electric pol>ity has be5 cancell$ by ! pres5ce ( a conductor4 ,we h se5 t electricity is levity c\pl$ 9 a peculi> way ) gravity2 x is pol>iz$ levity 7accompani$ by a correspond+ pol>ization ( gravity74 ,an electric field1 !re=e1 always has bo? qualities1 ^? ( levity & ( gravity4 ,we saw a symptom ( ?is 9 electrical attraction & repulsion1 s call$2 ! attraction1 we f\nd1 0 due to negative d5sity1 ! repulsion to positive d5sity1 imp>t$ to space by ! electrical fields pres5t !re4 ,n[ we see t :51 ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( a conductor1 ! electrical field r\nd ! two oppos+ poles vani%es1 9 its place two o!r fields1 a !rmal & a magnetic1 appe>4 ,cle>ly1 "o ( !m repres5ts ! levity-"p1 ! o!r ! gravity-"p1 ( ! vani%$ electric field4 ,! :ole process rem9ds "o ( combu/ion ?r\gh :i* ! pond]able & impond]able p>ts1 comb9$ 9 ! combu/ible sub/ance1 fall ap>t & appe> on ! "o h& z heat1 & on ! o!r z oxidiz$ sub/ance 7'a%'74 ,yet1 betwe5 ^! two manife/ations ( heat !re is an ess5tial qualitative diff]5ce4 ,al?\gh1 f our view-po9t1 magnetism repres5ts only "o 'half ( a ph5om5on1 ! o!r half ( :i* is heat1 we mu/ n =get t x is itself a bipol> =ce4 ,?us1 despite its app>5t relation to gravity x does n repres5t1 z gravity does1 "o pole ( a prim>y pol>ity1 ) heat z ! o!r pole4 ,r mu/ x c>ry c]ta9 qualities ( levity :i*1 toge!r ) ^? ( gravity1 appe> 9 a pol>ically opposite mann] at its two poles4 7,details ( ?is w be %[n lat] :5 we come to inve/igate ! individual qualities ( ! two poles ( magnetism & electricity47 ,h5ce ! heat t =ms ! c\nt]p>t to magnetism _c be pure levity ei!r4 ,z ! result ( a c]ta9 c\pl+ ) gravity1 x too has someh[ rema9$ pol>ically split4 ,?is c easily be se5 by consid]+ ! foll[+4 ,unlike ! levity-gravity pol>ity1 9 :i* "o pole is p]iph]al & ! o!r po9t-c5tr$1 bo? ,doles ( ! electrical pol>ity are po9t-c5tr$2 bo? are locat$ 9 physical space1 & !reby det]m9e a def9ite direction )9 ?is space4 ,x is ?is direction :i* rema9s a *>act]i/ic ( bo? ! magnetic & ! !rmal fields4 ,! direction ( ! !rmal field z mu* z t ( ! magnetic is det]m9$ by its hav+ z its axis ! conductor jo9+ ! poles ( ! antec$5t electrical field4 ,bo? fields supplem5t ea* o!r 9 t ! !rmal radiation =ms ! radii :i* belong to ! circul> magnetic l9es-(-=ce surr\nd+ ! conductor4#c ,our picture ( ! process :i* is commonly call$ an electric curr5t is n[ suffici5tly complete to all[ u to make a positive /atem5t conc]n+ ! direction 9 :i* x takes place4 ,let u once m sum up3 ,9 ord] t ?is process may occur1 !re mu/ be pres5t 9 an electrically excit$ "p ( space a body :i* does n suff] ! p>ticul> pol>ization ( space b\nd up ) su* a field4 ,z a result1 ! electrical field disappe>s1 & 9 place ( x appe> a !rmal field & a magnetic field1 bo? hav+ z _! axis ! l9e connect+ ! two poles4 ,ea* ( !m spreads out 9 a direction at "r angles to ?is f9e4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 x is 9 ?is radial direction t ! trans=mation ( ! electrical into ! !rmo-magnetic condition ( space mu/ take place4 ,?is picture ( ! electro-!rmo-magnetic happ5+1 z reg>ds its direction1 is 9 complete accord ) ! result obta9$ 7z indicat$ e>li]7 by ! ma!matical treatm5t ( high-frequ5cy ph5om5a4 ,once m we see t q primitive obs]vations1 :5 prop]ly read1 lead to f9d+s = :i* sci5tific ?\ght _h to wait until !y 7 =c$ on x by ! progress ( exp]im5tal te*nique - z ev5 !n sci5ce 0 left )\t a uni=mly valid picture ( ! dynamic behavi\r ( electricity4 ,fur!r1 we c n[ see t :5 we apply electricity to practical purposes1 we are 9 fact seldom us+ electricity itself1 b o!r =ces 7t is1 o!r comb9ations ( gravity & levity7 :i* we make effective by mak+ electricity disappe>4 ,! same is true ( mo/ ( ! me?ods ( measur+ electricity4 ,z a rule1 ! =ce :i* sets ! in/rum5t 9 motion is n electricity b ano!r =ce 7magnetism1 heat1 etc47 :i* appe>s 9 ! place ( ! vani%+ electricity4 ,?us ! s-call$ int5sity ( an electric curr5t is actually ! int5sity ) :i* ! electricity 9 "q disappe>s6 ,electricity s]ves u 9 our ma*9es 9 ! same way t food s]ves a liv+ organism3 x gets itself dige/$1 & :at matt]s is ! result+ second>y product4 ,j z alt]ations 9 ! electrical condition ( space give rise to ! appe>ance ( a magnetic field1 any alt]ation ( ! magnetic /ate ( space gives rise to ! appe>ance ( an electrical field4 ,?is process is call$ electromagnetic induction4 ,) its discov]y1 ! g5]ation ( electricity ?r\gh friction & 9 ! galvanic way 0 supplem5t$ by a ?ird way4 ,by ?is means ! practical use ( electricity on a l>ge scale became possible = ! fir/ "t4 ,if our picture ( ! two e>li] processes ( g5]at+ electricity is correct1 !n ?is ?ird way mu/ also fit into ! picture1 al?\gh 9 ?is case we h no long] to d ) any direct atomization ( physical matt]4 ,our picture ( magnetism w inde$ enable u to recognize 9 electromagnetic induction ! same pr9ciple on :i* we f\nd ! two o!r processes to re/4 ,magnetism is pol>iz$ gravity4 ,h5ce x has ! same *>act]i/ic ( t5d+ always to ma9ta9 an exi/5t condition4 ,9 bodies subject to gravity1 ?is t5d5cy reveals itself z _! in]tia4 ,x is ! in]tia inh]5t 9 magnetism :i* we employ :5 us+ x to g5]ate electricity4 ,! simple/ example is :51 by int]rupt+ a 'prim>y curr5t'1 we induce a 'second>y curr5t' 9 a neighb\r+ circuit4 ,by ! sudd5 alt]ation ( ! electric condition on ! prim>y side1 ! magnetic condition ( ! surr\nd+ space is expos$ to a sudd5 correspond+ *ange4 ,aga9/ ?is ! magnetic field 'puts up' a resi/ance by call+ =?1 on ! second>y side1 an electrical process ( su* direction & /r5g? t ! entire magnetic condition rema9s fir/ unalt]$ & !n1 in/ead ( *ang+ sudd5ly1 und]goes a gradual trans=mation :i* ideally ne$s an inf9ite "t = its accompli%m5t 7asymptotic c\rse ( ! expon5tial curve74 ,?is pr9ciple rules e process ( electromagnetic induction1 :atev] ! cause & direction ( ! *ange ( ! magnetic field4 ,we "k t electromagnetic induction takes place also :5 a conductor is mov$ across a magnetic field 9 su* a way t1 z ! te*nical t]m goes1 x 'cuts' ! field's l9es ( =ce4 ,:]eas ! process discuss$ above is employ$ 9 ! trans=m]1 ?is latt] process is us$ 9 g5]ation ( electricity by dynamo4 ,we h se5 t a magnetic field imp>ts to ! relevant "p ( space qualities ( d5sity :i* o!rwise prevail only 9 ! int]ior ( solid masses4 ,we rememb] fur!r t ! appe>ance ( electricity1 9 ! two o!r modes ( g5]at+ x1 is caus$ by ! loos5+ ( ! coh]5ce ( ! mat]ial sub/ance4 ,a simil> loos5+ ( ! coh]5ce ( ! magnetic field takes place :5 its field-l9es are cut by ! movem5t ( ! conductor across x4 ,j z heat occurs :5 we move a solid object ?r\gh a liquid1 electricity occurs :5 we move a conductor across a magnetic field4 ,9 ea* case we int]f]e ) an exi/+ levity-gravity relation%ip4 99 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?us f> ! picture ( bo? electricity & magnetism :i* %[s ea* z an outcome ( c]ta9 levity-gravity int]actions1 we n[ ask h[1 9 p>ticul>1 negative & positive electricity on ! "o h& & nor? & s\? magnetism on ! o!r are det]m9$ by ^! int]actions4 ,let u aga9 beg9 ) electricity4 ,we rememb] t ,galvani 0 l$ to 8 obs]vations by ! results ( ,wal%'s /udy ( ! electric fi%es4 ,:ile ,galvani clung to ! view t 9 8 own exp]im5ts ! s\rce ( ! electrical =ce lay )9 ! animal bodies1 ,volta saw ! fallacy ( t4 ,he !n conceiv$ ! idea ( imitat+ ) purely inorganic sub/ances ! set-up :i* ,galvani _h come ^u by accid5t4 ,! p>adoxical result - z he himself notic$ ) surprise - 0 t 8 app>atus turn$ out to be a close replica ( ! peculi> organ ) :i* ! electric fi%es are end[$ by nature4 ,we mu/ n[ take a clos] view ( ?is organ4 ,! electric organ ( su* a fi% consi/s ( _m ?\s&s ( little piles1 ea* made up ( a v great numb] ( plates ( two diff]5t k9ds1 arrang$ 9 alt]nat+ lay]s4 ,! two k9ds diff] 9 sub/ance3 9 "o case ! plate is made f a mat]ial simil> to t pres5t 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals2 9 ! o!r ! resemblance is to a sub/ance pres5t 9 ! muscul> sy/em1 ?\gh only :5 ! muscles are 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,9 ?is way ! two oppos+ sy/ems ( ! animal body' seem to be br\ght "h into direct contact1 repeat$ _m ?\s&s ( times4 ,9 ! electric fi%es1 accord+ly1 s5sation & w are br\ght into a peculi> int]relation4 ,= ! w-pole is relat$ to its bodily f\ndation 9 a mann] :i* o!rwise obta9s only betwe5 ! n]v\s sy/em & ! psy*ological processes co-ord9at$ ) x4 ,^! fi%es !n h ! capacity to s5d out =ce-curr5ts :i* produce 9 o!r animals & 9 man 'concussion ( ! limbs'1 or 9 extreme cases p>alysis & ev5 dea?4 ,?r\gh describ+ ! process 9 ?is way we realize t electricity appe>s "h z metamorphos$ animal w1 :i* takes ?is peculi> =m because "p ( ! animal's volitional sy/em is assimilat$ to its s5sory sy/em 9 an exceptional mann]4 ,x is kn[n to-day t :at nature reveals s /rik+ly 9 ! case ( ! electric fi%1 is no?+ b ! manife/ation ( a pr9ciple at "w 9 ! bodies ( all be+s end[$ ) s5sation & volition - 9 corporeal t]ms1 ) ! duality ( a n]v\s & a muscul> sy/em - & !re=e at "w also 9 ! human body4 ,obs]vation has %[n t ! activities ( ^! two sy/ems 9 man & animal are accompani$ by ! occurr5ce ( diff]5t electric pot5tials 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,plate ,a1 ,fig4 iii1 %[s ! di/ribution ( ! two pol> electric =ces 9 ! human body4 ,! b5t l9es 9 ! diagram /& = curves ( equal electric pot5tial4 ,! /raight l9e betwe5 !m is ! neutral zone4 ,z might be expect$1 ?is l9e runs ?r\gh ! he>t4 ,:at seems less obvi\s is its slant+ position4 ,"h ! asymmetry1 *>act]i/ic ( ! human body1 comes to expression4 ,if we rememb] t ! n]v\s sy/em repres5ts ! salt-pole1 & ! metabolic sy/em ! sulphur-pole1 ( ! human organism1 & if we take into acc\nt ! relation%ip betwe5 levity & gravity at ! two poles1 we c see f ! di/ribution ( ! two electricities t ! c\pl+ ( levity & gravity at ! negative pole ( ! electrical pol>ity is su* t levity desc5ds into gravity1 :ile at ! positive pole gravity rises into levity4 ,negative electricity !re=e mu/ h someh[ a 'sph]ical' "*1 & positive electricity a 'radial'4 ,?is f9d+ is fully confirm$ by electrical ph5om5a 9 ! realm ( nature mo/ remote f man 7?\gh x 0 an ef=t to solve ! enigma ( man :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ?is realm74 ,s9ce ,crookes's obs]vations ( ! behavi\r ( electricity 9 a vacuum x is common k t only ! negative k9d ( electricity occurs z a freely radiat+ =ce 7?\gh x reta9s "s prop]ties ( in]tia71 :]eas positive electricity seems to be mu* m closely b\nd to m9ute p>ticles ( pond]able matt]4 ,"h aga9 we f9d gravity-lad5 levity on ! negative side1 levity-rais$ gravity on ! positive4 ,! same language is spok5 by ! =ms 9 :i* ! lum9\s ph5om5a appe> at ! two poles ( a ,crookes tube4 ,fig4 i on ,plate ,a repres5ts ! :ole ph5om5on z f> z su* a diagram all[s4 ,"h we see on ! positive side radial =ms appe>1 on ! negative side plan>-sph]ical =ms4 ,z symbols ( nature's script1 ^! =ms tell u t cosmic p]iph]y & e>?ly c5tre /& 9 a pol> relation to ea* o!r at ! two ends ( ! tube4 7,our optical /udies w lat] %[ t ! col\rs :i* appe> at ! anode & ca?ode are also 9 complete accord ) ?is47 ,at ?is po9t 9 our discussion x is possible to raise1 )\t risk ( confus+ ! issue1 ! "q ( ! di/ribution ( ! two electric =ces ov] ! pairs ( sub/ances conc]n$ 9 ! g5]ation ( electricity bo? by friction & 9 ! galvanic way4 ,?is di/ribution seems to contradict ! picture to :i* ! =ego+ obs]vations h l$ u1 = 9 bo? in/ances ! 'sulphur\s' sub/ances 7res9 9 "o1 ! nobl] metals 9 ! o!r7 become be>]s ( negative electricity2 :ile ! 'sal9e' sub/ances 7glass & ! corrosive metals7 c>ry positive electricity4 ,su* a criss-cross+ ( ! poles-surpris+ z x seems at fir/ sight - is n new to u4 ,we h met x 9 ! di/ribution ( function ( ! plant's organs ( propagation1 & we %all meet a fur!r in/ance ( x :5 /udy+ ! function ( ! human eye4 ,future inve/igation w h to f9d ! pr9ciple common to all in/ances 9 nature :]e su* an int]*ange ( ! poles prevails4 ,:ile ! electric field aris+ r\nd an electrifi$ piece ( matt] does n all[ any recognition ( ! absolute *>act]i/ics ( ! two oppos+ electrical =ces1 we d f9d !m reveal$ by ! di/ribution ( electricity 9 ! human body4 ,some?+ simil> holds good = magnetism4 ,only1 to f9d ! ph5om5a f :i* to read ! absolute *>act]i/ics ( ! two sides ( ! magnetic pol>ity1 we mu/ n turn to ! body ( man b to t ( ! e>?1 "o ( ^: *>act]i/ics x is to be z mu* ! be>] ( a magnetic field z ( gravitational & levitational fields4 ,!re is significance 9 ! fact t ev5 to-day1 :5 ! t5d5cy prevails to look = causes ( natural ph5om5a n 9 ! macrocosmic expanse1 b 9 ! microscopic conf9es ( space1 ! two poles ( magnetism are nam$ aft] ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?4 ,x indicates ! degree to :i* man's feel+ in/9ctively relates magnetism to ! e>? z a :ole4 ,9 our newly develop$ t]m9ology we may say t magnetism1 z a pol>ity ( ! second ord]1 repres5ts a field ( =ce bo? ( ^: poles are situat$ )9 f9ite space1 & t 9 ! macro-telluric "m-field ?is situation is su* t ! axis ( ?is field co9cides m or less ) ! axis ( ! e>?'s physical body4 ,?us ! magnetic pol>ization ( ! e>? z a lett] 9 nature's script bids u rank x alongside o!r ph5om5a :i* 9 _! way are an expression ( ! e>?'s be+ pol>iz$ 9 ! nor?-s\? direction4 ,! ,au/rian geograph]1 ,e4 ,suess1 9 8 great "w ,! ,c\nt5ance ( ! ,e>?1 fir/ drew att5tion to ! fact t an obs]v] approa*+ ! e>? f out] space w\ld be /ruck by ! onesid$ di/ribution & =mation ( ! e>?'s cont95ts4 ,he w\ld notice t mo/ ( ! dry l& is 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 leav+ ! s\!rn hemisph]e cov]$ ma9ly ) wat]4 ,9 t]ms ( ! basic elem5t>y qualities1 ?is means t ! e>? is pr$om9antly 'dry' 9 its nor!rn half1 & 'moi/' 9 its s\!rn4 ,9 ?is fact we h a symbol :i* tells u t ! e>? repres5ts a pol>ity ( ! second ord]1 ) its 'salt'-pole 9 ! nor? & its 'sulphur'-pole 9 ! s\?4 ,h5ce ! magnetism call$ ',nor?' mu/ be ( sal9e & !re=e sph]ical nature1 correspond+ to ! negative pole 9 ! realm ( electricity1 :ile ',s\?' magnetism mu/ be ( sulphur\s - i4e4 radial-nature1 correspond+ to positive electricity4 ,moreov]1 ?is mu/ hold good equally = ! fields ( magnetic =ce g5]at$ by naturally magnetic or artificially magnetiz$ pieces ( iron4 ,= ! circum/ance t makes a piece ( matt] into a magnet is simply t "p ( ! g5]al magnetic field ( ! e>? has be5 drawn into x4 ,( especial int]e/ 9 ?is respect is ! well-kn[n dep5d5ce ( ! direction ( an electrically produc$ magnetic field on ! position ( ! poles ( ! electric field4 99 ,! insight we h n[ ga9$ into ! nature ( electricity has l$ u to ! realization t ) e act ( sett+ electromagnetic en]gies 9 motion we int]f]e ) ! entire levity-gravity balance ( our planet by turn+ "p ( ! e>?'s coh]5t sub/ance into cosmic 'du/'4 ,rememb]+ our picture ( radioactivity1 9 :i* we recogniz$ a sign ( ! e>?'s old age1 we may say t :5ev] we g5]ate electricity we spe$ up ! e>?'s process ( cosmic age+4 ,obvi\sly ?is is trem5d\sly enhanc$ by ! creation ( artificial radioactivity along ! l9es rec5tly discov]$1 :]eby x has n[ become possible to transmute *emical elem5ts into "o ano!r1 or ev5 to cancel altoge!r _! gravity-b\nd exi/5ce4 ,to see ?+s 9 ?is light is to realize t ) our hav+ become able to r\se electricity & magnetism f _! dormant /ate & make !m "w = u1 a gigantic responsibility has devolv$ ^u mank9d4 ,x 0 man's fate to rema9 unaw>e ( ?is fact dur+ ! fir/ phase ( ! electrification ( 8 civilization2 to cont9ue n[ 9 ?is /ate ( unaw>5ess w\ld spell p]il to ! human race4 ,! fact t mod]n sci5ce has long ceas$ to be a 'natural' sci5ce is some?+ :i* has begun to dawn ^u ! mod]n sci5tific rese>*] himself4 ,:at has ?us come to him z a "q f9ds a def9ite answ] 9 ! picture ( electricity we h be5 able to develop4 ,x is aga9 ,edd+ton :o has drawn att5tion p>ticul>ly to ?is "q3 see ! *apt]1 ',discov]y or ,manufacture8' 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,x w be appropriate at ?is po9t to recall 8 rem>ks1 = !y be> n only on ! outcome ( our own pres5t discussion1 b also1 z ! next *apt] w %[1 on ! fur!r c\rse ( our /udies4 ,edd+ton />ts by ask+3 ',:5 ,"l ,ru!r=d %[$ u ! atomic nucleus1 did he f9d x or did he make x8' ,:i*ev] answ] we give1 ,edd+ton goes on to say1 makes no diff]5ce to our admiration = ,ru!r=d himself4 ,b x makes all ! diff]5ce to our ideas on ! /ructure ( ! physical univ]se4 ,to make cle> :]e ! mod]n physici/ /&s 9 ?is respect1 ,edd+ton uses a /rik+ comp>ison4 ,if a sculptor 7 to po9t 9 our pres5ce to a raw block ( m>ble say+ t ! =m ( a human head 0 ly+ hidd5 9 ! block1 'all our rational in/9ct w\ld be r\s$ aga9/ su* an an?ropomorphic speculation'4 ,= x is inconceivable to u t nature %\ld h plac$ su* a =m inside ! block4 ,r\s$ by our objection1 ! arti/ proce$s to v]ify 8 !ory exp]im5tally - ') q rudim5t>y app>atus1 too3 m]ely us+ a *isel to sep>ate ! =m = our inspection1 he triumphantly proves 8 !ory4' ',0 x 9 ?is way'1 ,edd+ton asks1 't ,ru!r=d r5d]$ concrete ! nucleus :i* 8 sci5tific imag9ation _h creat$8' ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 ',9 e physical laboratory we see +5i\sly devis$ tools = execut+ ! "w ( sculpture1 accord+ to ! designs ( ! !oretical physici/4 ,sometimes ! tool slips & c>ves (f an odd-%ap$ =m :i* he _h n expect$4 ,!n we h a new exp]im5tal discov]y1' ,to ?is analogy ,edd+ton adds ! foll[+ ev5 m dra/ic "o3 ',procru/es1 y w rememb]1' he says1 '/ret*$ or *opp$ d[n 8 gue/s to fit ! b$ he con/ruct$4 ,b p]haps y h n he>d ! re/ ( ! /ory4 ,he measur$ !m up be=e !y left ! next morn+1 & wrote a le>n$ pap] ,on ! ,uni=mity ( ,/ature ( ,travell]s = ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,attica4' 99 ,besides yield+ a def9ite answ] to ! "q ( h[ f> ! seem+ly discov]$ facts ( sci5ce are manufactur$ facts1 our newly won insight into ! nature ( ! electric & magnetic pol>ties ?r[s light also on ! possibility ( s h&l+ bo? t _! application w lead no long] to a cancellation1 b to a true cont9uation1 ( nature's own creative de$s4 ,an example ( ?is w appe> 9 ! next "p ( our /udies1 devot$ to obs]vations 9 ! field ( optics4 #a ,note t ! s]ies />ts on ! left ) graphite1 i4e4 ) c>bon4 ,?is sub/ance appe>s "h z a metal among metals1 & inde$ z ! mo/ 'noble' ( all4 ,electricity 9 ?is way reveals a secret ( c>bon well kn[n to ! m$iaeval al*emi/ & /ill kn[n 9 our day to p 9 ! ,ori5t4 #b ,!re is ev5 a gas :i* assumes magnetic prop]ties :5 expos$ to extreme cold-oxyg5 9 ! solid /ate4 #c ,by wat]+ plants ) wat] t _h be5 expos$ to heat f diff]5t s\rces1 ,e4 ,pfeiff] has %[n 9 ! *emical laboratory ( ! ,goe!anum t heat eng5d]$ by means ( electricity is 'dead' heat4 ,x foll[s t x is n ! same = human heal? :e!r ! heat us$ = cook+ or heat+ purposes is obta9$ by burn+ wood or coal1 or by means ( electricity4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,col\rs z ',de$s & ,suff]+s ( ,light' ',z = :at ,i h done z a poet1 ,i take no pride 9 x :atev]4 ,excell5t poets h liv$ at ! same "t z myself2 poets m excell5t h liv$ be=e me1 & o!rs w come aft] me4 ,b t 9 my c5tury ,i am ! only p]son :o kn[s ! tru? 9 ! difficult sci5ce ( col\rs - ( t1 ,i say1 ,i am n a little pr\d1 & "h ,i h a consci\sness ( a sup]iority to _m4' ,9 ^! words spok5 to 8 secret>y1 ,eck]mann1 9 #ahbi1 a few ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 ,goe! gave 8 op9ion on ! significance ( 8 sci5tific rese>*es 9 ! field ( optical ph5om5a4 ,he knew t ! pa? he _h op5$ up _h l$ him to tru?s :i* belong to ! orig9al tru?s ( mank9d4 ,he express$ ?is by rem>k+ t 8 !ory ( col\r 0 'z old z ! _w'4 ,if 9 ?is book we come some:at late to a discussion ( ,goe!'s col\r-!ory1 9 spite ( ! "p x play$ 9 8 own sci5tific "w1 & 9 spite ( its significance = ! f\nd+ ( a physics bas$ on 8 me?od1 ! reasons are ^!4 ,:5 ,goe! und]took 8 /udies 9 ?is field he _h n to reckon ) ! =ms ( ?\ght :i* h become cu/om>y s9ce ! developm5t ( me*ani/ic & above all - to put x concisely - ( 'electricali/ic' ?9k+4 ,be=e a he>+ c be ga9$ 9 our age = a physics ( ,light & ,col\r z conceiv$ by ,goe!1 c]ta9 h9drances mu/ fir/ be cle>$ away4 ,s a picture on ! "o h& ( matt]1 & on ! o!r ( electricity1 su* z is giv5 :5 !y are /udi$ by ,goe!an me?ods1 _h fir/ to be built up2 only !n is ! gr\nd provid$ = an unprejudic$ judgm5t ( ,goe!'s obs]vations & ! d$uctions t c be made f !m to-day4 ,z ,pr(essor ,heis5b]g1 9 8 lecture quot$ e>li] 7,*apt] ,,ii71 rightly rem>ks1 ,goe! /rove directly ) ,newton only 9 ! realms ( col\r-!ory & optics4 ,nev]!less 8 campaign 0 n m]ely aga9/ ,newton's op9ions 9 ?is field4 ,he 0 guid$ ?r\gh\t by ! conviction t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! :ole ,newtonian outlook 7 at /ake4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t 8 polemics aga9/ ,newton 7 s /rongly express$1 al?\gh he _h no fondness = su* controv]sies4 ,9 look+ back on t "p ( ! ,f>b5lehre :i* he _h himself call$ ',polemical' 9 ! title1 he said to ,eck]mann3 ',i by no means disav[ my sev]e dissections ( ! ,newtonian /atem5ts2 x 0 necess>y at ! "t & w also h its value h]eaft]2 b at bottom all polemical action is repugnant to my nature1 & ,i c take b little pleasure 9 x4' ,! reason :y ,goe! *ose optics z ! field ( conflict1 & devot$ to x m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( rese>* & reflexion1 amid/ all ! o!r lab\rs ( 8 ri* life1 lay c]ta9ly 9 8 individual temp]am5t - 'zum ,seh5 gebor51 zum ,s*au5 be/ellt'4#a ,at ! same "t "o mu/ see "h a def9ite guidance ( humanity4 ,s9ce ! h\r _h /ruck = mank9d to take ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ov]com+ ! _w-conception ( ! "o-ey$1 col\r-bl9d onlook]1 :at /ep c\ld h be5 m appropriate ?an ?is ( ,goe!'s1 :5 he rais$ ! eye's capacity = see+ col\rs to ! rank ( an in/rum5t ( sci5tific cognition8 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,goe!'s !ory ( col\r & ! !ory :i* has prevail$ 9 sci5ce 7despite all modifications7 s9ce ,newton's day1 lies 9 ?is3 ,:ile ! !ory ( ,newton & 8 successors 0 bas$ on exclud+ ! col\r-see+ faculty ( ! eye1 ,goe! f\nd$ 8 !ory on ! eye's exp]i5ce ( col\r4 99 ,9 view ( ! pres5t sci5tific conception ( ! effect :i* a prismatic piece ( a transp>5t m$ium has on light pass+ ?r\gh x1 ,goe!'s objection to ,newton's int]pretation & ! conclusions drawn f x seems by no means z h]etical z x did 9 ,goe!'s own "t & = a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,=1 z ,"l ,rayleigh & o!rs h %[n1 ! facts responsible = ! com+ into be+ ( ! spectral col\rs1 :5 ^! are produc$ by a diffraction grat+1 invalidate ,newton's idea t ! optical app>atus s]ves to reveal col\rs :i* are inh]5t 9 ! orig9al light4 ,today x is kn[n t ^! col\rs are an outcome ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! app>atus 7:e!r prism or grat+7 ) ! light4 ,?us we f9d ,pr(essor ,r4 ,w4 ,wood1 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( 8 ,physical ,optics1 aft] hav+ describ$ ! hi/orical significance ( ,newton's conception ( ! relation betwe5 light & col\r1 say+3 ',curi\sly en\gh1 ?is discov]y1 :i* we are tak+ z m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( a def9ite k ab\t light1 is "o :i* we %all demoli% 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ?is book1#b = our pres5t ideas reg>d+ ! action ( ! prism m ne>ly resemble ! idea held previ\s to ,newton's classical exp]im5ts4 ,we n[ believe t ! prism actually manufactures ! col\r$ light4' ,we f9d ourselves fac$ "h ) an in/ance ( ! problem1 ',discov]y or ,manufacture8' dealt ) by ,edd+ton 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 our previ\s *apt]4 ,?is v in/ance is inde$ us$ by ,edd+ton himself z a case 9 :i* ! answ] is def9itely 9 fav\r ( 'manufacture'4 ,nev]!less1 ,edd+ton compla9s1 exp]ts1 9 spite ( kn[+ bett]1 keep to ! traditional way ( speak+ ab\t ! spectral col\rs z be+ orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! light4 ',su* is ! glam\r ( a hi/orical exp]im5t4'#c ,x is = ! same reason t ,goe!'s discov]y cont9ues to be unrecogniz$ by ! majority ( sci5ti/s1 :o pref]1 in/ead ( exam9+ ! "q = !mselves1 to jo9 9 ! traditional ass]tion t ',goe! nev] und]/ood ,newton'4 99 ,z ,goe! relates at ! conclusion ( ! 'hi/orical' "p ( 8 ,f>b5lehre1#d he 0 drawn to /udy col\r by 8 wi% to ga9 "s k ( ! objective laws ( ae/hetics4 ,he felt too close to poetry to be able to /udy x ) suffici5t deta*m5t1 s he turn$ to pa9t+ - an art ) :i* he felt suffici5tly famili> )\t be+ connect$ ) x creatively - hop+ t if he c\ld discov] ! laws ( "o art !y w\ld prove applicable to o!rs4 ,8 visit to ,italy1 a l& ri* bo? 9 natural col\r & 9 works ( art1 gave him a welcome opportunity to pursue ?is inquiry1 b = a long "t he made no headway4 ,! pa9t+s he saw sugge/$ no inh]5t law 9 _! arrangem5t ( col\rs1 nor c\ld ! pa9t]s he que/ion$ tell him ( "o4 ,! only qualitative di/9ction !y seem$ to recognize 0 betwe5 'cold' & 'w>m' col\rs4 ,8 own obs]vations l$ him to a def9ite exp]i5ce ( ! quality ( ! col\r blue1 = :i* he co9$ ! phrase 'feebl5ess ( blue' 7',ohnma*t des ,blau'74 ,9 "s way ?is col\r seem$ to him to be relat$ to black4 ,9 ord] to r\se 8 arti/ fri5ds & to /imulate _! reflexions1 he lik$ to indulge 9 p>adoxes1 z :5 he ass]t$ t blue 0 n a col\r at all4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 z "t w5t on1 t 9 ?is way he came no ne>] 8 goal4 ,al?\gh ! spl5d\r ( col\r 9 ! ,italian sky & ! ,italian l&scape made a p[]ful impression on ,goe!1 he f\nd n en\gh opportunity = sy/ematic /udy to all[ him to arrive at m ?an a dim surmise ( "s law und]ly+ ! occurr5ce ( col\r 9 nature4 ,/ill1 !re 0 "o ?+ he took home ) him z a result ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he _h gr[n conv9c$ t '! fir/ approa* to col\rs z physical ph5om5a _h to be s\ght f ! side ( _! occurr5ce 9 nature1 if "o w\ld ga9 an und]/&+ ( !m 9 relation to art'4 ,back at home1 he /rove to recollect ! !ory ( ,newton z x 0 be+ taught 9 s*ools & univ]sities - namely1 t 'col\rs 9 _! totality are conta9$ 9 light'4 ,hi!rto he _h _h no occasion to d\bt ! correctness ( ?is !ory4 ,l ev]yone else1 he _h he>d x exp\nd$ 9 lectures z an inconte/able result ( empirical obs]vation1 ?\gh )\t ?is ev] hav+ be5 %[n to him by way ( exp]im5t4 ,he conv9c$ himself by consult+ a manual t 8 recollection 0 correct1 b at ! same "t he f\nd t ! !ory !re set =? gave no help 9 answ]+ 8 que/ions4#e ,s he decid$ to exam9e ! ph5om5a = himself4 ,= ?is purpose he borr[$ a set ( prisms f a fri5d liv+ 9 ne>-by ,j5a1 ! physici/1 ,bttn]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 he _h at t "t no opportunity ( arrang+ a d>k *amb] on ,newton's l9es1 :]e ! necess>y ray ( light f a t9y hole 9 ! w9d[-cov]+ 0 s5t ?r\gh a prism1 he po/pon$ ! :ole ?+1 until 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 _m o!r int]e/s & duties x 0 =gott54 ,9 va9 ,bttn] press$ _m times = ! return ( ! prisms2 at la/ he s5t a mutual acqua9tance ) ! injunction n to return )\t !m4 ,goe! !n se>*$ = ! long-neglect$ app>atus & det]m9$ to take a rapid glance ?r\gh "o ( ! prisms be=e he gave !m back4 ,he recall$ dimly 8 pleasure z a boy at ! vision ( ! _w giv5 him ?r\gh a bit ( simil>ly %ap$ glass4 ',i well rememb] t ev]y?+ look$ col\r$1 b 9 :at mann] ,i c\ld no long] recollect4 ,i 0 j !n 9 a room completely :ite2 rememb]+ ! ,newtonian !ory1 ,i expect$1 z ,i put ! prism to my eye1 to f9d ! :ole :ite wall col\r$ 9 diff]5t hues & to see ! light reflect$ !nce into ! eye1 split into z _m col\r$ lights4 ',b h[ a/oni%$ 0 ,i :5 ! :ite wall se5 ?r\gh ! prism rema9$ :ite aft] z be=e4 ,only :]e some?+ d>k came aga9/ x a m or less decid$ col\r 0 %[n1 & at la/ ! w9d[-b>s appe>$ mo/ vividly col\r$1 :ile on ! light-grey sky outside no trace ( col\r+ 0 to be se54 ,x did n ne$ any long consid]ation = me to recognize t a b\nd>y or edge is necess>y to call =? ! col\rs1 & ,i imm$iately said al\d1 z ?\gh by in/9ct1 t ! ,newtonian doctr9e is false4' ,= ,goe!1 !re c\ld be no m ?\ght ( s5d+ back ! prisms1 & he p]suad$ ,bttn] to leave !m ) him = "s "t long]4 ,goe! adds a %ort acc\nt ( ! progress ( ! exp]im5ts he n[ und]took z well z ( 8 ef=ts to int]e/ o!rs 9 8 discov]y4 ,he makes grateful ref]5ce to ^? :o _h br\ght him und]/&+1 & :o _h be5 helpful to him ?r\gh ! ex*ange ( ?\ghts4 ,among ^!1 ap>t f ,s*ill]1 :om ,goe! especially m5tions1 we f9d a numb] ( lead+ anatomi/s1 *emi/s1 writ]s & philosoph]s ( 8 "t1 b n a s+le "o ( ! physici/s !n active 9 tea*+ or rese>*4 ,! ',guild' took up an attitude ( complete disapproval or indiff]5ce1 & s h ?+s rema9$ till a hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 z ,goe! himself prophesi$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ sy/ematic pieces ( "w :i* ,goe! und]took 9 ord] to trace ! cause ( ! ,newtonian error 0 to g ?r\gh ,book ,i ( ,newton's ,optics1 s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 recapitulate ,newton's exp]im5ts & re>range !m 9 ! ord] :i* seem$ to him ess5tial4 ,9 s do+ he ga9$ an insight :i* 0 fundam5tal = all future "w1 & (t5 prov$ v b5eficial 9 ! p]fect+ ( 8 own me?ods4 ,8 exam9ation ( ! ,newtonian proc$ure %[$ him t ! :ole mi/ake re/$ on ! fact t 'a complicat$ ph5om5on %\ld h be5 tak5 z a basis1 & ! simpl] expla9$ f ! complex'4 ,nev]!less1 x /ill ne$$ 'mu* "t & application 9 ord] to w&] ?r\gh all ! labyr9?s ) :i* ,newton _h be5 pleas$ to confuse 8 successors'4 99 ,x seems a small ?+1 & yet x is a great "o1 :i* ,goe!1 z ! above description %[s1 discov]$ almo/ by *ance4 ,?is is %[n by ! conclusions to :i* he 0 l$ 9 ! sy/ematic prosecutions ( 8 discov]y4 ,an acc\nt ( !m is giv5 9 8 ,beitrge zur ,optik1#f publi%$ 9 #agia1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,galvani came be=e ! public ) 8 obs]vations 9 ! sph]e ( electricity4 ,goe! describes 9 ?is book ! basic ph5om5a ( ! creation ( ! prismatic col\rs1 ) p>ticul>s ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts s arrang$ t ! tru? he _h discov]$1 contr>y to ,newton's view1 comes to light ?r\gh ! v ph5om5a !mselves4 ,only mu* lat]1 9 ! ye> #ahaj1 & aft] he _h br\ght to a c]ta9 conclusion f\r ye>s previ\sly ! rese>*es :i* he _h pursu$ mo/ c>efully ! :ole "t1 did he make public ! actual ma/]piece1 ,entwurf e9] ,f>b5lehre4#g 7,an ,engli% translation ( ! didactic "p appe>$ ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ,goe!'s dea?47 ,:ile leav+ a m detail$ description ( ! composition ( ,goe!'s ,entwurf = our next *apt]1 we %all "h deal at once ) "s ( ! ess5tial conclusions to :i* ! read] is l$ 9 ?is book4 ,z already m5tion$1 ,goe!'s fir/ inspection ( ! col\r-ph5om5on produc$ by ! prism _h %[n him t ! ph5om5on dep5d$ on ! pres5ce ( a b\nd>y betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,newton's attempt to expla9 ! spectrum out ( light alone appe>$ to him1 !re=e1 z an inadmissible sett+ aside ( "o ( ! two necess>y conditions4 ,col\rs1 s ,goe! glean$ directly f ! prismatic ph5om5on1 are caus$ by bo? light & its c\nt]p>t1 d>kness4 ,h5ce1 to arrive at an idea ( ! nature ( col\r1 :i* 0 9 accord ) its actual appe>ance1 he saw himself committ$ to an inve/igation ( ! ext5t to :i* ! qualitative diff]5ces 9 our exp]i5ce ( col\rs re/s ^u _! diff]+ proportions ( light & d>kness4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,goe!'s :ole mode ( proc$ure t he at once *ang$ ! "q1 ',:at is col\r8' into ! "q1 ',h[ does col\r arise8' ,x 0 equally *>act]i/ic t he did n1 z ,newton did1 %ut himself into a d>k5$ room1 s z to get hold ( ! col\r-ph5om5on by means ( an artificially set-up app>atus4 ,in/ead1 he turn$ fir/ ( all to nature1 to let h] give him ! answ] to ! que/ions %e _h rais$4 ,x 0 cle> to ,goe! t to trace ! law ( ! g5esis ( col\r 9 nature by read+ h] ph5om5a1 he mu/ keep a look-out = occurr5ces ( col\rs :i* satisfi$ ! conditions ( ! ,ur-phnom51 z he _h le>n$ to "k x4 ,?is meant t he mu/ ask ( nature :]e %e let col\rs arise out ( light & d>kness 9 su* a way t no o!r conditions contribut$ to ! effect4 ,he saw t su* an effect 0 pres5t$ to 8 eye :5 he turn$ 8 gaze on ! "o h& to ! blue sky1 & on ! o!r to ! yell[i% lum9\s sun4 ,:]e we see ! blue ( ! heav5s1 !re1 spread out be=e our eyes1 is univ]sal space1 :i* z su* is d>k4 ,:y x does n appe> d>k by day z well z by night is because we see x ?r\gh ! sun-illum9$ atmosph]e4 ,! opposite role is play$ by ! atmosph]e :5 we look ?r\gh x to ! sun4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance x acts z a light5+1 9 ! second z a d>k5+1 m$ium4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! optical d5sity ( ! air *anges z a result ( its v>y+ cont5t ( moi/ure1 ! col\r-ph5om5on und]goes an opposite *ange 9 ea* ( ! two cases4 ,:il/ ) increas+ d5sity ( ! air ! blue ( ! sky bright5s up & gradually passes ov] into :ite1 ! yell[ ( ! sun gradually d>k5s & f9ally gives way to complete abs5ce ( light4 ,! ur-ph5om5on hav+ once be5 discov]$ 9 ! heav5s1 c\ld !n easily be f\nd else:]e 9 nature on a l>ge or small scale-z1 = in/ance1 9 ! blue ( di/ant hills :5 ! air is suffici5tly opaque1 or 9 ! col\r ( ! col\rless1 slightly milky opal :i* looks a deep blue :5 "o sees x aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 & a r$di% yell[ :5 "o holds x aga9/ ! light4 ,! same ph5om5on may be produc$ artificially ?r\gh ! cl\d+ ( glass ) suitable sub/ances1 z "o f9ds 9 v>i\s glass h&icraft objects4 ,! ae/hetic effect is due to ! treat$ glass be+ s fa%ion$ z to pres5t cont9ually *ang+ angles to ! light1 :5 bo? col\r-poles & all ! int]m$iate phases appe> simultane\sly4 ,x is also possible to produce ! ur-ph5om5on exp]im5tally by plac+ a glass jug fill$ ) wat] be=e a black backgr\nd1 illum9at+ ! jug f ! side1 & gradually cl\d+ ! wat] by ! admixture ( suitable sub/ances4 ,:il/ ! brightness appe>+ 9 ! direction ( ! light goes ov] f yell[ & orange to an increas+ly r$ %ade1 ! d>kness ( ! black backgr\nd bright5s to blue1 :i* increases & passes ov] to a milky :ite4 ,x _h already become cle> to ,goe! 9 ,italy t all col\r-exp]i5ce is bas$ on a pol>ity1 :i* he f\nd express$ by pa9t]s z ! contra/ betwe5 'cold' & 'w>m' col\rs4 ,n[ t ! com+-into-be+ ( ! blue ( ! sky & ( ! yell[ ( ! sun _h %[n !mselves to him z two processes ( opposite "*1 he recogniz$ 9 !m ! objective reason :y bo? col\rs are subjectively exp]i5c$ by u z opposites4 ',blue is illum9$ d>kness - yell[ is d>k5$ light' - ?us c\ld he ass]t ! urph5om5on1 :ile he express$ ! relation to ,light ( col\rs 9 _! totality by say+3 ',col\rs are ,de$s & ,suff]+s ( ,light4' ,) ?is1 ,goe! _h tak5 ! fir/ decisive /ep t[>ds 8 goal - ! trac+ ( man's ae/hetic exp]i5ce to objective facts ( nature4 ,if we use ! expressions ( prec$+ *apt]s1 we c say t ,goe!1 9 obs]v+ ! col\r$ ur-ph5om5on1 _h succe$$ 9 f9d+ h[ f ! prim>y pol>ity1 ,light-,d>k1 ! opposition ( ! yell[ & blue col\rs arises z a second>y pol>ity4 ,= su* an int]play ( light & d>kness1 ! exi/5ce ( ! air 0 se5 to be a necess>y condition1 repres5t+ 9 ! "o case a light5+1 9 ! o!r1 a d>k5+ elem5t4 ,t x 0 able to play ?is d\ble role arose f its be+ on ! "o h& p]vi\s to light1 :ile yet possess+ a c]ta9 sub/antial d5sity4 ,= a m$ium ( su* a nature ,goe! co9$ ! expression trbes ,m$ium4 ,!re seems to be no suitable ^w 9 ,engli% = r5d]+ ! t]m trbe 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,goe! us$ x to d5ote ! optical resi/ance ( a m or less transp>5t m$ium4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,goe!'s1 report$ by 8 secret>y ,riem]1 w give ! read] a picture ( :at ,goe! meant by ?is t]m1 cle> en\gh to all[ u to use ! ,g]man ^w4 ,goe!'s explanation c]ta9ly %[s h[ inadequate x is to translate trbe by 'cl\dy' or 'semi-opaque' z comm5tators h done4 ',light & ,d>k h a common field1 a space1 a vacuum 9 :i* !y are se5 to appe>4 ,?is space is ! realm ( ! transp>5t4 ,j z ! diff]5t col\rs are relat$ to ,light & ,d>k z _! creative causes1 s is _! corporeal "p1 _! m$ium1 ,trbe1 relat$ to ! transp>5t4 ,! fir/ dim9ution ( ! transp>5t1 i4e4 ! fir/ slighte/ fill+ ( space1 ! fir/ disposition1 z x 71 to ! corporeal1 i4e4 ! non-transp>5t - ?is is ,trbe4'#h ,aft] ,goe! _h once det]m9$ f ! macrotelluric ph5om5on t an int]play ( light & d>kness )9 ,trbe 0 necess>y = ! appe>ance ( col\r 9 space1 he _h no d\bt t ! prismatic col\rs1 too1 c\ld be und]/ood only ?r\gh ! com+ toge!r ( all ^! ?ree elem5ts4 ,x 0 n[ 8 task to exam9e 9 :at way ! prism1 by its be+ trbe1 br+s light & d>kness1 or1 z he also express$ x1 light & %ad[1 into int]play1 :5 !y meet at a b\nd>y4 ,we mu/ rememb] t on fir/ look+ ?r\gh ! prism ,goe! _h imm$iately recogniz$ t ! appe>ance ( col\r is always dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( a b\nd>y betwe5 light & d>kness - 9 o!r words1 t x is a bord] ph5om5on4 ,:at col\rs appe> on su* a bord] dep5ds on ! position ( light & d>kness 9 relation to ! base ( ! prism4 ,if ! light] "p is ne>] to ! base1 !n blue & violet t9ts are se5 at ! bord]1 & ) ! rev]se position t9ts ( yell[ & r$ 7,plate ,b1 ,fig4 i74 ,along ?is pa? ( /udy ,goe! f\nd no reason = reg>d+ ! spectrum-ph5om5on z complete only :5 bo? k9ds ( bord]-ph5om5a appe> simultane\sly 7let alone :5 - z a result ( ! smallness ( ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! light meets ! prism - ! two edges lie s close t a cont9u\s b& ( col\r arises74 ,h5ce we f9d ,goe! - unlike ,newton - treat+ ! two ends ( ! spectrum z two sep>ate ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is way1 ! spectrum ph5om5on gave ,goe! confirmation t he _h succe$$ 9 express+ 9 a g5]ally valid =m ! law ( ! orig9 ( ! blue & ! yell[ col\rs1 z he _h read x f ! heav5s4 ,= 9 ! spectrum1 too1 :]e ! col\r blue appe>s1 !re he saw d>kness be+ light5$ by a %ift+ ( ! image ( ! bord] betwe5 light & d>k 9 ! direction ( d>kness2 :]e yell[ appe>s1 he saw light be+ d>k5$ by a %ift+ ( ! image 9 ! direction ( light4 7,see ! arr[ 9 ,fig4 i47 ,9 ! col\rs adjo9+ ^! - indigo & violet on ! blue side1 orange & r$ on ! yell[ side - ,goe! recogniz$ 'height5$' modifications ( blue & yell[4 ,?us he _h le>nt f ! macro-telluric realm t ) decreas+ d5sity ( ! corporeal m$ium1 ! blue sky takes on ev] deep] tones1 :ile ) increas+ d5sity ( ! m$ium1 ! yell[ ( ! sunlight passes ov] into orange & f9ally r$4 ,prismatic ph5om5on & macrotelluric ph5om5on 7 se5 to correspond 9 ?is direction1 too4 ,fai?ful to 8 "q1 ',h[ does col\r arise8' ,goe! n[ proce$$ to inve/igate "u :at conditions two bord]s1 :5 plac$ opposite ea* o!r1 provide a cont9u\s b& ( col\r - t is1 a col\r-b& :]e1 9 place ( ! region ( uncol\r$ light1 gre5 appe>s4 ,?is1 he obs]v$1 came ab\t if "o br\ght "o's eye1 or ! scre5 int]cept+ ! light1 to t di/ance f ! prism :]e ! /eadily wid5+ yell[-r$ & ! blue-violet col\r-cones m]ge 7,fig4 ii74#i ,obvi\sly1 ?is di/ance c be alt]$ by alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! two bord]s4 ,9 ! case ( an extremely n>r[ light-space1 ! blue & yell[ edges w imm$iately ov]lap4 ,yet ! em]g5ce ( ! gre5 col\r w always be due to a union ( ! blue & yell[ col\rs :i* spread f ! two edges4 ,?is conv9c$ ,goe! t x is inadmissible to place ! gre5 9 ! spectrum 9 l9e ) ! o!r col\rs1 z is cu/om>y 9 ! explanation ( ! spectrum s9ce ,newton's "t4 ,?is insight into ! relation ( ! c5tral col\r ( ! cont9u\s spectrum to its o!r col\rs /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ ,goe!'s conviction t 9 ! way man exp]i5ces nature 9 8 s\l1 objective laws ( nature come to expression4 ,= j z we exp]i5ce ! col\rs on ! blue side ( ! spectrum z cold col\rs1 & ^? on ! yell[ side z w>m col\rs1 s does gre5 give man ! impression ( a neutral col\r1 influ5c+ u 9 nei!r direction4 ,& j z ! exp]i5ce ( ! two pol> col\r-ranges is an expression ( ! objective natural law beh9d !m1 s too is ! exp]i5ce ( gre51 ! objective conditions ( ^: orig9 give x a neutral position betwe5 ! two4 ,) ?is x also became cle> :y ! vegetative "p ( ! plant organism1 ! region ( leaf & /em =mation1 :]e ! light ( ! sun ent]s into a liv+ union ) ! d5sity ( e>?ly sub/ance1 mu/ appe> 9 a g>m5t ( gre54 99 ,hav+ 9 ?is way f\nd ! clue to ! true g5esis ( ! spectrum1 ,goe! c\ld n fail to notice t x call$ = ano!r - a 'negative' spectrum1 its pol> opposite - to make ! half into a :ole4 ,= he :o has once le>nt t light & d>kness are two equally ess5tial factors 9 ! bir? ( col\r1 & t ! oppos+ ( two bord]s ( d>kness s z to enclose a light is a 'd]iv$' 7abgeleitet7 exp]im5tal arrangem5t1 is naturally free to alt] ! arrangem5t & to supplem5t x by rev]s+ ! ord] ( ! two bord]s1 ?us lett+ two lights enclose a d>kness betwe5 !m4 ,if "o exposes an arrangem5t l ?is to ! action ( ! prism1 ^: position has rema9$ un*ang$1 col\rs appe> on ea* ( ! two edges1 z be=e1 b 9 rev]se ord] 7,fig4 iii74 ,! spectral ph5om5on n[ beg9s at "o side ) light blue & passes into indigo & violet1 ) uncol\r$ d>kness 9 ! c5tre4 ,f ?is d>kness x em]ges ?r\gh r$ & passes ?r\gh orange to yell[ at ! o!r end4 ,aga91 :]e ! two int]ior col\r-cones m]ge1 !re an additional col\r appe>s4 ,l gre51 x is ( a neutral "*1 b at ! same "t its quality is opposite to t ( gre54 ,9 ,newtonian optics1 :i* assumes col\r to be d]iv$ f light only1 ?is col\r has naturally no exi/5ce4 ,yet 9 an optics :i* has le>nt to reckon ) bo? d>kness & light z g5]ators ( col\r1 ! complete spectrum ph5om5on includes ?is col\r equally ) gre54 ,= lack ( an exi/+ prop] "n = x1 ,goe! t]m$ x 'pure r$' 7s9ce x 0 free f bo? ! blue t+e ( ! mauve1 & ! yell[ t+e ( ! r$ end ( ! ord9>y spectrum71 or 'pea*-blossom' 7pfirsi*blt71 or 'purple' 7z be+ ne>e/ to ! dye-/uff s call$ by ! anci5ts aft] ! mollusc f :i* x 0 obta9$74#aj ,x ne$s only a glance ?r\gh ! prism into ! sunlit _w to make "o conv9c$ ( ! natural appe>+ ( ?is delicate & at ! same "t p[]fully lum9\s col\r4 ,= a n>r[ d>k object on a light field is a mu* common] occurr5ce 9 nature ?an ! enclos+ by two broad objects ( a n>r[ space ( light1 ! condition necess>y = ! em]g5ce ( a cont9u\s col\r-b& ) gre5 9 ! middle4 ,9 fact1 ! spectrum :i* sci5ce s9ce ! "t ( ,newton reg>ds z ! only "o1 appe>s mu* m r>ely among natural conditions ?an does ,goe!'s c\nt]-spectrum4 ,) ! pea*-blossom a fre% pro( is suppli$ t :at man exp]i5ces 9 8 s\l is 9 h>mony ) ! objective facts ( nature4 ,z ) gre51 we exp]i5ce pea*-blossom z a col\r t leaves u 9 equilibrium4 ,) pea*-blossom1 h[ev]1 ! equilibrium is ( a diff]5t k9d1 ow+ to ! fact t x arises f ! union ( ! col\r-poles1 n at _! orig9al /age b 9 _! 'height5$' =m4 ,& s gre51 ! col\r ( ! plant-_w h>mony giv5 by nature1 /&s ov] aga9/ 'purple'1 ! col\r ( ! human be+ /riv+ t[>ds h>mony4 ,by virtue ( ?is quality1 purple s]v$ f antiquity = ! ve/ure ( ^? :o h rea*$ ! highe/ /age ( human developm5t = _! "t4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ! middle col\rs ( ! two spectra 0 express$ by ,goe! :5 he call$ gre5 'real totality'1 & pea*-blossom 'ideal totality'4 ,f ?is /&po9t ,goe! 0 able to smile at ! ,newtonians4 ,he c\ld say t if !y p]si/$ 9 ass]t+ t ! col\rless1 s-call$ ':ite' light is compos$ ( ! sev5 col\rs ( ! ord9>y spectrum - r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet - !n !y 7 9 duty b\nd to ma9ta9 also t ! col\rless1 'black' d>kness is compos$ ( ! sev5 col\rs ( ! inv]t$ spectrum - yell[1 orange1 r$1 purple1 violet1 indigo1 blue4 ,despite ! conv9c+ =ce ( ?is argum5t1 ! voice ( ! ,hans ,&]s5 *ild speak+ ?r\gh ,goe! fail$ to ga9 a he>+ among ! cr[d ( ,newtonian fai?ful4 ,s has x be5 up to ! pres5t day - reg>dless ( ! fact t1 z we h %[n1 mod]n physics has rea*$ results :i* make a contradiction ( ! ,newtonian concept ( ! mutual relation ( light & col\r no long] appe> s h]etical z x 0 9 ,goe!'s "t4 99 ,:5 we comp>e ! way 9 :i* ,goe!1 on ! "o h&1 & ! physical sci5ti/1 on ! o!r1 h arriv$ at ! tru? t :at ,newton held to be 'discov]y' 0 9 actual fact 'manufacture'1 we f9d ourselves fac$ ) ano!r in/ance ( a fact :i* we h enc\nt]$ be=e 9 our /udy ( electricity4 ,x is ! fact t a tru?1 :i* reveals itself to ! spectator-sci5ti/ only z ! result ( a highly advanc$ exp]im5tal rese>*1 c be recogniz$ ?r\gh q simple obs]vation :5 ?is obs]vation is c>ri$ out ) ! int5tion ( lett+ ! ph5om5a !mselves speak = _! '!ory'4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! effect ! k ( su* tru? has on ! human m9d4 ,9 ! field ( electricity we saw t toge!r ) ! sci5ti/'s recognition ( ! absolute qualities ( ! two pol> =ms ( electricity a false semblance ( reality 0 l5t to ! hypo!sis ( ! atomic /ructure ( matt]4 ,some?+ simil> has occurr$ 9 ! field ( optics4 ,"h1 aft] hav+ be5 =c$ to recognize ! fallacy ( ,newton's !ory1 ! spectator's m9d has be5 driv5 to =m a concept ( ! nature ( light :i* is fur!r ?an ev] f ! tru?4 ,= :at !n rema9s ( light is - 9 ,edd+ton's words - a 'q irregul> di/urbance1 ) no t5d5cy to p]iodicity'1 :i* means t to light is assign$ ! quality ( an undef9$ *aos 79 ! negative s5se ( ?is ^w7 sprung f pure *ance4 ,moreov]1 z ,edd+ton %[s1 ! "q :e!r ! optical contrivance 'sorts out' f ! *aotic light a p>ticul> p]iodicity1 or :e!r x 'impresses' ?is on ! light1 becomes j 'a matt] ( expression'4#aa ,s "h1 too1 ! mod]n inve/igator is driv5 to a resign$ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ,indet]m9acy4 ,no su* conclusions are =c$ ^u ! "o :o /udies ! spectrum ph5om5on ) ! eyes ( ,goe!4 ,l ! mod]n exp]im5t]1 he1 too1 is fac$ ) ! "q ',discov]y or ,manufacture8' & he1 too1 f9ds ! answ] to be ',manufacture'4 ,b to him nature c disclose h]self z ! real manufactur]1 %[+ him h[ %e goes to "w 9 br++ ab\t ! col\rs1 because 9 foll[+ ,goe! he is c>eful to arrange 8 obs]vations 9 su* a way t !y d n veil nature's de$s4 #a ',to see is my d[]1 to look my employ4' ,words ( ! ,t[]-,wat*] 9 ,fau/1 ,,ii1 #e1 ?r\gh :i* ,goe! e*oes 8 own relation to ! _w4 #b ,! la/ *apt] b two 9 ! edition ( #aibd4 #c ,= ! dra/ic & z su* v enlight5+ way 9 :i* ,edd+ton pres5ts ! problem1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,edd+ton's own description4 #d ,konfession des ,v]fass]s4 #e ,col\r z quality be+ no ess5tial factor 9 ! sci5tific explanation ( ! spectrum4 #f ,contributions to ,optics4 #g ,outl9e ( a ,!ory ( ,col\r4 #h ,see ,rudolf ,/e9]'s edition ( ,goe!'s ,f>b5lehre "u ,p>alipom5a zur ,*romatik1 ,no4 #bg4 #i ,goe!'s own repres5tation ( ! ph5om5on4 7,! diagram is simplifi$ by omitt+ "o col\r on ea* side47 #aj ,?is is n to be confus$ ) ! mean+ ( 'purple' 9 mod]n ,engli% usage4 #aa ,?is foll[s f ! application ( ,f\ri]'s ,!orem1 accord+ to :i* e vibration ( any k9d is divisible into a sum ( p]iodic p>tial vibrations1 & !re=e is reg>d$ z comp\nd$ ( ^!4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,see+ z ',de$' - ,i ,hav+ made ourselves s f> acqua9t$ ) ! fundam5tals ( ,goe!'s approa* to ! out] ph5om5a ( col\r involv$ 9 ! spectrum1 we w leave ?is = a :ile to foll[ ,goe! along ano!r no less ess5tial l9e ( inquiry4 ,x leads u to ! /udy ( our own process ( sight1 by means ( :i* we gr[ aw>e ( ! optical facts 9 out] space4 99 ,! importance :i* ,goe! himself saw 9 ?is aspect ( ! optical problem is %[n by ! place he gave x 9 ! didactic "p ( 8 ,f>b5lehre4 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 aft] ! ,introduction1 are call$ ',physiological ,col\rs'1 ',physical ,col\rs'1 & ',*emical ,col\rs'4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ,goe! summ>izes a gr\p ( ph5om5a :i* sci5ce calls 'subjective' col\rs1 s9ce _! orig9 is trac$ to ev5ts )9 ! organ ( sight4 ,! next *apt] deals ) an actual physics ( col\r - t is1 ) ! appe>ance ( col\rs 9 ext]nal space z a result ( ! refraction1 diffraction & pol>ization ( light4 ,! ?ird *apt] treats ( mat]ial col\rs 9 relation to *emical & o!r influ5ces4 ,aft] two *apt]s :i* ne$ n conc]n u "h comes ! six? & la/ *apt]1 entitl$ ',physical-,moral ,effect ( ,col\r' 7',s9nli*-sittli*e ,wirkung d] ,f>b5'71 :i* cr[ns ! :ole4 ,!re1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce1 a bridge is built betwe5 ,physics1 ,ae/hetics & ,e?ics4 ,we rememb] x 0 ) ?is aim 9 view t ,goe! _h emb>k$ ^u 8 se>* = ! solution ( ! problem ( col\r4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! exp]i5c+ ( ! v>i\s col\rs & _! int]play ?r\gh ! human s\l is treat$ 9 _m aspects1 & ,goe! is able to %[ t :at arises 9 man's consci\sness z qualitative col\r-exp]i5ce is no?+ b a direct 'becom+-inw>d' ( :at is manife/$ to ! 'read]'s' eye & m9d z ! objective nature ( col\rs4 ,s1 9 "o realm ( ! s5se-_w1 ,goe! succe$$ 9 clos+ ! abyss :i* divides exi/5ce & consci\sness1 s long z ! latt] is re/rict$ to a m]e onlook]-relation%ip t[>ds ! s5se-_w4 ,if we ask :at induc$ ,goe! to treat ! physiological col\rs be=e ! physical col\rs1 ?us deviat+ s radically f ! ord] cu/om>y 9 sci5ce1 we %all f9d ! answ] 9 a passage f ! ,introduction to 8 ,entwurf4 ,goe!1 9 giv+ 8 views on ! connexion betwe5 light & ! eye1 says3 ',! eye owes its exi/5ce to light4 ,out ( indiff]5t auxili>y animal organs ! light calls =? an organ = itself1 simil> to its own nature2 ?us ! eye is =m$ by ! light1 = ! light1 s t ! inn] light c meet ! out]4' ,9 a v]se1 :i* reproduces 9 poetic =m a ?\ght orig9ally express$ by ,plot9us1 ,goe! sums up 8 idea ( ! creative connexion betwe5 eye & light z foll[s3 ' ,unless our eyes _h some?+ ( ! sun1 ,h[ c\ld we ev] look ^u ! light8 ,unless !re liv$ )9 u ,god's own might1 ,h[ c\ld ! ,godlike give u ec/asy8#a 7,trans4 ,/awell-,dick9son7 ,by express+ himself 9 ?is way 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,f>b5lehre1 ,goe! makes x cle> f ! outset t :5 he speaks ( 'light' z ! s\rce ( col\r-ph5om5a1 he has 9 m9d an idea ( light v diff]5t f t held by mod]n physics4 ,= 9 deal+ ) optics1 physical sci5ce turns at once to ph5om5a ( light f\nd outside man - 9 fact to ph5om5a 9 t physical realm f :i*1 z ! l[e/ ( ! k+doms ( nature1 ! obs]vations ( natural sci5ce are b\nd to />t4 ,along ?is pa? "o is driv51 z we h se51 to conceive ( light z a m]e 'di/urbance' 9 ! univ]se1 a k9d ( irregul> *aos4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ,goe! sees t to ga9 an explanation ( natural physical ph5om5a :i* w be 9 accord ) nature1 we mu/ approa* !m on ! pa? by :i* nature br+s !m into be+4 ,9 ! field ( light ?is pa? is "o :i* leads f light z creative ag5t to light z m]e ph5om5on4 ,! highe/ =m ( manife/ation ( creative light mo/ directly resembl+ its ,idea is )9 man4 ,x is !re t light creates = itself ! organ ?r\gh :i*1 z manife/ light1 x ev5tually ent]s into human consci\sness4 ,to ,goe! x 0 !re=e cle> t a !ory ( light1 :i* is to proce$ 9 accord ) nature1 %\ld beg9 ) a /udy ( ! eye3 its prop]ties1 its ways ( act+ :5 x br+s u in=mation ( its de$s & suff]+s 9 ext]nal nature4 ,! eye ) its aff9ity to light comes into be+ 9 ! app>5tly d>k space ( ! "m's womb4 ,?is po9ts to ! possession by ! human organism ( an 'inn]' light :i* fir/ =ms ! eye f )91 9 ord] t x may aft]w>ds meet ! light outside4 ,x is ?is inn] light t ,goe! makes ! />t+-po9t ( 8 inve/igations1 & x is = ?is reason t he treats physiological col\rs be=e physical col\rs4 99 ,( fundam5tal significance z reg>ds me?od is ! way 9 :i* ,goe! goes on f ! passage quot$ above to speak ( ! activity ( ! inn] light3 ',?is imm$iate aff9ity betwe5 light & ! eye w be d5i$ by none2 to consid] !m id5tical 9 sub/ance is less easy to compreh5d4 ,x w be m intelligible to ass]t t a dormant light resides 9 ! eye1 & t ?is light c be excit$ by ! slighte/ cause f )9 or f )\t4 ,9 d>kness we c1 by an ef=t ( imag9ation1 call up ! brighte/ images2 9 dreams1 objects appe> to u z 9 broad daylight2 if we are awake1 ! slighte/ ext]nal action ( light is p]ceptible1 & if ! organ suff]s a me*anical impact light & col\rs spr+ =?4' ,:at ,goe! does "h is no?+ less ?an to foll[ ! developm5t ( sight to :]e x has its true orig94 ,let u rememb] t a g5]al s\rce ( illusion 9 ! mod]n sci5tific picture ( ! _w lies 9 ! fact t ! onlook]-consci\sness accepts itself z a self-conta9$ ready-made entity1 in/ead ( trac+ itself g5etically to ! /ates ( consci\sness f :i* x has develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,9 reality1 ! consci\sness k9dl$ by out] s5se-p]ception 0 prec$$ by a dream+ consci\sness1 & ?is by a sleep+ consci\sness1 bo? = ! individual & = humanity z a :ole4 ,s1 too1 out] vision by means ( ! physical app>atus ( ! eye 0 prec$$ by an inn] vision4 ,9 dreams we /ill exp]i5ce ?is inn] vision2 we use x 9 ! activity ( our picture-=m+ imag9ation2 & x plays cont9u\sly ^u ! process ( ext]nal sight4 ,:y we fail to notice ?is :5 us+ our eye 9 ! ord9>y way1 is because ( t dazzl+ process m5tion$ e>li] 9 ?is book4 ,goe!'s con/ant endeav\r 0 n to become ! victim ( ?is bl9dness - t is1 n to be l$ by day-"t exp]i5ce to =get ! night-side ( human life4 ,! passage quot$ f ! ,introduction to 8 ,f>b5lehre %[s h[1 9 all t he /rove =1 he kept ?is goal 9 view4 ,h[ inevitably a way ( ?9k+ t seeks an intuitive und]/&+ ( nature is l$ to views l ^? ( ,goe! is %[n by ! foll[+ quotations f ,reid & ,rusk91 express+ _! view ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! eye1 or ! act ( see+1 & ext]nal optical ph5om5a4 ,9 8 ,inquiry1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 review ( visual p]ceptions1 ,reid says3 ',! /ructure ( ! eye1 & ( all its appurt5ances1 ! admirable contrivances ( nature = p]=m+ all its v>i\s ext]nal & int]nal motions & ! v>iety 9 ! eyes ( diff]5t animals1 suit$ to _! sev]al natures & ways ( life1 cle>ly demon/rate ?is organ to be a ma/]piece ( nature's "w4 ,& he mu/ be v ignorant ( :at ha? be5 discov]$ ab\t x1 or h a v /range ca/ ( und]/&+1 :o c s]i\sly d\bt1 :e!r or n ! rays ( light & ! eye 7 made = "o ano!r ) consummate wisdom1 & p]fect skill 9 optics4''#c ,! foll[+ passage f ,rusk9's ,e?ics ( ! ,du/ 7,lecture ,x7 br+s out 8 criticism ( ! sci5tific way ( treat+ ( optical ph5om5a3 ',) reg>d to ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all _! ! philosoph]s' modes ( =ce-light2 !y nev] consid] h[ f> ! exi/5ce ( x dep5ds on ! putt+ ( c]ta9 vitre\s & n]v\s sub/ances into ! =mal arrangem5t :i* we call an eye4 ,! ,g]man philosoph]s began ! attack1 long ago1 on ! o!r side1 by tell+ u !re 0 no su* ?+ z light at all1 unless we *oose to see x4#b ,n[1 ,g]man & ,engli%1 bo?1 h rev]s$ _! eng9es1 & insi/ t light w\ld be exactly ! same light t x is1 ?\gh nobody c\ld ev] see x4 ,! fact be+ t ! =ce mu/ be !re1 & ! eye !re1 & 'light' means ! effect ( ! "o on ! o!r - & p]haps1 also - 7,plato saw f>!r into t my/]y ?an anyone has s9ce1 t ,i "k (7 - on some?+ a little way )9 ! eyes4' ,rem>ks l ^!1 & ! fur!r quotation giv5 bel[1 make x seem p>ticul>ly tragic t ,rusk9 app>5tly _h no k ( ,goe!'s ,f>b5lehre4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable 9 view ( ! significance :i* ,turn]1 ) :om ,rusk9 /ood 9 su* close connexion1 ascrib$ to x f ! /&po9t ( ! arti/4 ,= ! way 9 :i* ,rusk9 9 8 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s speaks ( ! effect ( ! mod]n sci5tific concept ( col\rs ^u ! e?ical-religi\s feel+ ( man1 %[s t he deplores ! lack ( j :at ,goe! _h long s9ce a*iev$ 9 8 ,f>b5lehre :]e1 />t+ ) purely physical obs]vations1 he _h be5 able to develop f !m a 'physical-moral' !ory ( col\r4 ,rusk9's al]tness to ! effect on e?ical life ( a sci5tific _w-picture empty ( all qualitative values l$ him to write3 ',x is 9 rais+ u f ! fir/ /ate ( inactive rev]ie to ! second ( useful ?\ght1 t sci5tific pursuits are to be *iefly prais$4 ,b 9 re/ra9+ u at ?is second /age1 & *eck+ ! impulses t[>ds high] contemplation1 !y are to be fe>$ or blam$4 ,!y may 9 c]ta9 m9ds be consi/5t ) su* contemplation1 b only by an ef=t2 9 _! nature !y are always adv]se to x1 hav+ a t5d5cy to *ill & subdue ! feel+s1 & to resolve all ?+s into atoms & numb]s4 ,= mo/ m51 an ignorant enjoym5t is bett] ?an an in=m$ "o1 x is bett] to conceive ! sky z a blue dome ?an a d>k cavity1 & ! cl\d z a gold5 ?rone ?an a sleety mi/4 ,i mu* "q :e!r anyone :o kn[s optics1 h[ev] religi\s he may be1 c feel 9 equal degree ! pleasure & rev]5ce an unlett]$ peasant may feel at ! sight ( a ra9b[4' ,:at ,rusk9 did n guess 0 t ! rudim5ts ( ! 'moral !ory ( light' = :i* he crav$1 z ?is passage indicates1 _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,goe! long be=e4 99 ,9 ! section ( 8 ,f>b5lehre deal+ ) 'physiological col\rs'1 ,goe! devotes by f> ! mo/ space to ! s-call$ 'aft]images' :i* appe> 9 ! eye z ! result ( /imulation by ext]nal light1 & p]si/ = "s little "t4 ,to create su* an aft]image 9 a simple way1 "o ne$ only gaze at a brightly lit w9d[ & !n at a fa9tly lit wall ( ! room4 ,! picture ( ! w9d[ appe>s !re1 b ) ! light-values rev]s$3 ! d>k cross-b> appe>s z light1 & ! bright panes z d>k4 ,9 describ+ ?is ph5om5on ,goe! fir/ gives ! usual explanation1 t ! "p ( ! ret9a :i* 0 expos$ to ! light f ! w9d[-panes gets tir$1 & is !re=e blunt$ = fur!r impressions1 :]eas ! "p on :i* ! image ( ! d>k frame fell is re/$1 & s is m s5sitive to ! uni=m impression ( ! wall4 ,goe!1 h[ev]1 at once adds t al?\gh ?is explanation may seem adequate = ?is special in/ance1 !re are o!r ph5om5a :i* c be acc\nt$ = only if !y are held to d]ive f a 'high] s\rce'4 ,goe! means exp]i5ces ) col\r$ aft]-images4 ,?is w be confirm$ by our own discussion ( ! subject4 ,:at we fir/ ne$1 h[ev]1 is a clos] insight into ! physiological process 9 ! eye :i* causes ! aft]-images z su*4 ,:]ev] ,goe! speaks ( a simple activity ( ! ret9a1 we are 9 fact conc]n$ ) a co-op]ation ( ! ret9a ) o!r p>ts ( our organ ( sight4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 let u consid] h[ ! eye adapts itself to v>y+ conditions ( light & d>kness4 ,x is well kn[n t if ! eye has become adju/$ to d>kness x is dazzl$ if sudd5ly expos$ to light1 ev5 ?\gh ! light be ( no m ?an q ord9>y brightness4 ,"h we ent] a bord] region :]e ! see+ process beg9s to pass ov] into a pa?ological condition4#d ,a 'secret' ( ! effect ( light on ! eye is "h reveal$ :i* rema9s hidd5 9 ord9>y vision1 = normally ! diff]5t =ces work+ toge!r 9 ! eye hold ea* o!r 9 balance1 s t none is able to manife/ sep>ately4 ,?is equilibrium is di/urb$1 h[ev]1 :5 we sudd5ly expose ! eye to light :ile x is adapt$ to d>kness4 ,! light !n acts on ! eye 9 its usual way1 b )\t ! imm$iate c\nt]-action :i* normally re/ores ! balance4 ,"u ^! conditions we notice t ! sudd5 dazzl+ has a pa9ful influ5ce on ! eye - t is1 an influ5ce 9 "s way de/ructive4 ,?is w n seem surpris+ if we rememb] t :5 light /rikes on ! backgr\nd ( ! eye1 consci\sness is quick5$1 & ?is1 z we "k1 presupposes a break+ d[n ( sub/ance 9 "s "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,su* a process does 9 fact occur 9 ! ret9a1 ! n]ve-"p ( ! eye1 :5 ext]nal light falls ^u x4 ,if ! eye 7 solely a /ructure ( n]ves1 x w\ld be s f> de/roy$ by ! impact ( light t x c\ld n be re/or$ ev5 by sleep1 z are ! m inw>d p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,b ! eye receives also a fl[ ( blood1 & we "k t ?r\gh\t ! ?reefold human organism ! blood supplies ! n]v\s sy/em ) build+-up =ces1 pol>ically opposite to ! de/ructive ones4 ,9 sleep1 z we h already se51 ! int]ruption ( consci\sness all[s ! blood to inundate ! n]v\s sy/em1 z x 71 ) its heal+1 build+-up activity4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 = ! :ole ( ! body to pass into a condition ( sleep be=e ?is activity c occur4 ,x functions to "s ext5t also 9 ! wak+ /ate1 especially 9 ^? p>ts ( ! organism :i*1 l ! eye1 s]ve 9 ! highe/ degree ! unfold+ ( consci\sness4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is1 we h a basis = an und]/&+ ( ! complete process ( vision4 ,we see t x is by no means solely ! n]ve "p ( ! eye :i* is responsible = vision1 z ! spectator-physiology 0 b\nd to imag9e4 ,! v fact t ! place :]e ! optic n]ve ent]s ! eye is bl9d indicates t ! function ( m$iat+ sight _c be ascrib$ to ! n]ve alone4 ,:at we call 'see+' is f> m ! result ( an int]play betwe5 ! ret9a c>ry+ ! n]ves1 & ! *oroid c>ry+ ! blood-vessels4 ,9 ?is int]play ! n]ves are ! passive1 receptive organ = ! inwork+ ( ext]nal light1 :ile ! blood-activity comes to meet ! n]ve-process ) a precisely correlat$ action4 ,9 ?is action we f9d :at ,goe! call$ ! 'inn] light'4 ,! process involv$ 9 adaptation n[ becomes compreh5sible4 ,! cause ( ! dazzl+ effect ( light ( normal int5sity on an eye adapt$ to ! d>k1 is t 9 su* an eye ! blood is 9 a /ate ( re/1 & ?is prev5ts x f ex]cis+ quickly en\gh ! necess>y c\nt]-action to ! influ5ce ( ! light4 ,a correspond+ effect occurs :5 "o sudd5ly exposes to d>kness ! eye adapt$ to light4 ,"o c easily obs]ve :at goes on !n1 if1 aft] look+ = a "t at an undiff]5tiat$ light surface su* z ! ev5ly lum9\s sky1 "o cov]s ! op5$ eyes ) ! holl[$ h&s4 ,x w !n be f\nd t ! space be=e ! eyes is fill$ by a sort ( :ite light1 & by pay+ close att5tion "o recognizes t x /reams f ! eyes out into ! holl[$ space4 ,x may ev5 be sev]al m9utes be=e ! field ( vision really appe>s black1 t is1 be=e ! activity ( ! inn] light 9 ! *oroid has s f> di$ away t equilibrium prevails betwe5 ! non-/imulat$ n]ves & ! non-/imulat$ blood4 ,) ?is insight into ! tw(old nature ( ! process ( vision we are n[ able to describe m fully ! negative aft]-image4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is case1 z ,goe! himself rem>k$1 ! ord9>y explanation seems to suffice1 yet 9 view ( our lat] /udies x may be well to br+ =w>d "h ?is wid] conception4 ,on ! basis ( our pres5t f9d+s x is no long] en\gh to trace ! appe>+ ( ! aft]-image solely to a diff]5tial fatigue 9 ! ret9a4 ,! fact is t z long z ! eye is turn$ to ! bright w9d[-pane a m int5sive blood-activity occurs 9 ! portions ( ! eye's backgr\nd met by ! light ?an 9 ^? :]e ! d>k w9d[-b> ?r[s its %ad[ on ! ret9a4 ,if ! eye s influ5c$ is !n direct$ to ! fa9tly illum9$ wall ( ! room1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! activity ( ! blood p]si/s = "s "t4 ,h5ce 9 ! p>ts ( ! eye adapt$ to d>kness we exp]i5ce ! fa9t brightness z /rongly lum9\s1 ev5 dazzl+1 :]eas 9 ! p>ts m adapt$ to light we feel ! same degree ( brightness to be d>k4 ,t ! action ( ! inn] light is responsible = ! diff]5ces becomes cle> if1 :ile ! negative aft]-image is /ill visible1 we d>k5 ! eye ) ! holl[$ h&s4 ,!n at once 9 ! d>k field ( vision ! positive facsimile ( ! w9d[ appe>s1 wov5 by ! activity ( ! blood :i* reproduces ! out] reality4 ,hav+ trac$ ! col\rless aft]-image to 'high] s\rces' - t is1 to ! action ( ! blood - let u n[ exam9e col\r$ aft]images4 ,we ne$ fir/ to become consci\s ( ! col\r-creat+ light-activity :i* resides 9 ! blood4 ,= ?is purpose we expose ! eyes = a mom5t to an int5se light1 & !n d>k5 !m = a suffici5t "t4 ,no?+ 9 ext]nal nature resembles 9 beauty & radiance ! play ( col\r :i* !n arises1 unless x be ! col\r ph5om5on ( ! ra9b[ "u exceptionally fav\rable circum/ances4 ,! physiological process :i* comes to consci\sness 9 ?is way z an exp]i5ce ( vision is exactly ! same z ! process :i* gives u exp]i5ces ( vision 9 dreams4 ,!re is inde$ evid5ce t :5 "o awak5s 9 a brightly lit room out ( vivid dream+1 "o feels less dazzl$ ?an on wak+ f dreamless sleep4 ,?is indicates t 9 dream vision ! blood 9 ! eye is active1 j z x is 9 wak+ vision4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 wak+ consci\sness ! /imulus rea*es ! blood f outside1 ?r\gh ! eye1 :]eas 9 dreams x comes f causes )9 ! organism4 ,! nature ( ^! causes does n conc]n u "h2 x w be dealt ) lat]4 ,= ! mom5t x suffices to e/abli% ! fact t our organism is suppli$ ) a def9ite activity ( =ces :i* we exp]i5ce z ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 images ( vision1 no matt] f :i* side ! /imulus comes4 ,all vision1 physiologically consid]$1 is ( ! nature ( dream vision2 t is to say1 we owe our day-wak+ sight to ! fact t we are able to enc\nt] ! pictures ( ! out] _w1 br\ght to u by ! light1 ) a dream+ ( ! correspond+ aft]-images4 ,j z ! simple light-d>k aft]-image %[s a rev]sal ( light-values 9 relation to ! ext]nal picture1 s 9 ! col\r$ aft]images !re is a q def9ite & opposite relation%ip ( _! col\rs to ^? ( ! orig9al picture4 ,?us1 if ! eyes are expos$ = "s "t to an impression ( ! col\r r$1 & !n direct$ to a neutral surface1 n too brightly illum9at$1 "o sees x cov]$ ) a glimm]+ gre54 ,9 ?is way !re is a reciprocal correspond5ce betwe5 ! col\r-pairs ,r$-,gre51 ,yell[-,violet1 ,blue-,orange4 ,to :i*ev] ( ^! six col\rs "o exposes ! eye1 an aft]-image always appe>s ( its contra/ col\r1 =m+ ) x a pair ( opposites4 ,we mu/ "h briefly recall h[ ?is ph5om5on is g5]ally expla9$ on ,newtonian l9es4 ,! />t+-po9t is ! assumption t ! eye becomes fatigu$ by gaz+ at ! col\r & gradually becomes ins5sitive to x4 ,accord+ to ,newton's !ory1 if an eye ?us affect$ looks at a :ite surface1 ! sum ( all ! col\rs comes f !re to meet x1 :ile ! eye has a r$uc$ s5sitivity to ! p>ticul> col\r x has be5 gaz+ at4 ,& s among ! totality ( col\rs con/itut+ ! ':ite' light1 ?is "o is m or less non-exi/5t = ! eye4 ,! rema9+ col\rs are !n believ$ to cause ! contra/+ col\r-impression4 ,if we apply ! common s5se ( ! ,hans ,&]s5 *ild to ?is1 we see :]e x actually leads4 ,= x says no less ?an ?is3 z long z ! eye is 9 a normal condition1 x tells u a lie ab\t ! _w1 = x makes :ite light seem some?+ t 9 reality x is n4 ,= ! tru? to become app>5t1 ! natural function ( ! eye mu/ be r$uc$ by fatigue4 ,to believe t a body1 function+ 9 ?is way1 is ! creation ( ,god1 & at ! same "t to look on ?is ,god z a ,be+ ( absolute moral p]fection1 w\ld seem a complete contradiction to ! ,hans ,&]s5 *ild4 ,9 ?is contradiction & o!rs ( ! same k9d to :i* n[adays e *ild is expos$ repeat$ly & willy-nilly 9 s*ool lessons & s on - we mu/ seek ! true cause ( ! moral unc]ta9ty s *>act]i/ic ( "y p today4 ,x 0 because ,rusk9 felt ?is t he call$ = a 'moral' !ory ( light4 ,s9ce ,goe! did n judge man f artificially devis$ exp]im5ts1 b ! latt] f man1 q simple reflexions l$ him to ! foll[+ view ( ! pres5ce ( ! contra/+ col\r 9 ! col\r$ aft]-images4 ,nature outside man _h taught him t life on all levels takes x c\rse 9 a p]petual int]play ( opposites1 manife/$ ext]nally 9 an int]play ( dia/ole & sy/ole comp>able to ! process ( brea?+4 ,he1 !re=e1 trac$ ! int]*ange ( light-values 9 col\rless aft]-images to a 'sil5t resi/ance :i* e vital pr9ciple is =c$ to exhibit :5 "s def9ite condition is pres5t$ to x4 ,?us1 inhalation presupposes exhalation2 ?us e sy/ole1 its dia/ole4 ,:5 d>kness is pres5t$ to ! eye1 ! eye dem&s brightness1 & vice v]sa3 x reveals its vital en]gy1 its fitness to grasp ! object1 precisely by br++ =? out ( itself some?+ contr>y to ! object4' ,consequ5tly he summ>izes 8 reflexions on col\r$ aft]images & _! rev]sals ( col\r 9 ^! words3 ',! eye dem&s actual complet5ess & closes ! col\r-circle 9 itself4' ,h[ true ?is is1 ! law connect+ ! correspond+ col\rs %[s1 z may be se5 9 ! foll[+ diagram4 ,"h1 r$1 yell[ & blue z ?ree prim>y col\rs confront ! ?ree rema9+ col\rs1 gre51 violet & orange 9 su* a way t ea* ( ! latt] repres5ts a mixture ( ! two o!r prim>y col\rs4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,col\r & contra/-col\r are actually s relat$ t to :atev] col\r ! eye is expos$ x produces a c\nt]-col\r s z to h ! sum-total ( all ! ?ree prim>y col\rs 9 itself4 ,& s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]play ( out] & inn] light 9 ! eye1 !re is always pres5t 9 x ! totality ( all ! col\rs4 ,x foll[s t ! appe>ance ( ! contra/-col\r 9 ! field ( vision is n1 z ! ,newtonian !ory ass]ts1 ! result ( fatigue1 b ( an int5sifi$ activity ( ! eye1 :i* cont9ues ev5 aft] ! col\r impression :i* gave rise to x has ceas$4 ,:at is se5 on ! neutral surface 7x w be %[n lat] :y we /udi\sly avoid speak+ ( ':ite light'7 is no outw>dly exi/+ col\r at all4 ,x is ! activity ( ! eye itself1 work+ 9 a dreamlike way f its blood-vessel sy/em1 & com+ to our consci\sness by ?is means4 ,"h aga91 j z 9 ! simple opposition ( light & d>k1 ! p]ception ( col\r$ aft]-images is connect$ ) a break+-d[n process 9 ! n]ve region ( ! eye1 & a correspond+ build+-up activity com+ f ! blood4 ,only 9 ?is case ! eye is n affect$ by simple light1 b by light ( a def9ite col\r+4 ,! specific de/ructive process caus$ by ?is light is answ]$ ) a specific build+-up process by ! blood4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions we c become dreamily aw>e ( ?is process :i* normally does n ent] our consci\sness4 ,9 su* a case we see ! contra/+ col\r z col\r$ aft]-image4 ,only by repres5t+ ! process 9 ?is way d we d ju/ice to a fact :i* completely eludes ! onlook]-consci\sness - namely1 t ! eye produces ! contra/+ col\r ev5 :ile x is /ill expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! out] col\r4 ,s9ce ?is is s1 all col\rs appe>+ to u 9 ord9>y vision are already t+$ by ! subdu$ light ( ! opposite col\r1 produc$ by ! eye itself4 ,"o c easily conv9ce oneself ( ?is ?r\gh ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,in/ead ( direct+ ! eye1 aft] x has be5 expos$ to a c]ta9 col\r1 to a neutral surface1 z previ\sly1 gaze at ! appropriate contra/+ col\r4 7,! fir/ & second col\r$ surfaces %\ld be s arrang$ t ! =m] is consid]ably small] ?an ! latt]47 ,!n1 9 ! middle ( ! second surface 7& 9 a field ab\t ! size ( ! fir/71 its own col\r appe>s1 ) a /rik+ly height5$ int5sity4 ,"h we f9d ! eye produc+1 z usual1 a contra/-col\r f out ( itself1 z an aft]-image1 ev5 :ile its gaze is fix$ on ! same col\r 9 ! out] _w4 ,! height5$ brilliance )9 ! giv5 field is due to ! addition ( ! aft]-image col\r to ! ext]nal col\r4 ,! read] may wond] :y ?is ph5om5on is n imm$iately adduc$ z a decisive pro( ( ! fallacy ( ! :ole ,newtonian !ory ( ! relation ( ':ite' light to ! v>i\s col\rs4 ,al?\gh x does 9 fact (f] su* a pro(1 we h good reason = n mak+ ?is use ( x "h4 ,?r\gh\t ?is book x is nev] our int5tion to ent] into a conte/ ( explanations1 or to defeat "o explanation by ano!r4 ,h[ little ?is w\ld help w be obvi\s if we realize t rese>* 0 c]ta9ly n ignorant ( ! fact t ! opposite col\r arises ev5 :5 ! eye is n turn$ to a :ite surface4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 sci5ce did n feel its concept ( :ite light z ! sum ( all ! col\rs to be an error1 s9ce x has succe$$ 9 'expla9+' ?is ph5om5on too1 & fitt+ x into ! prevail+ !ory4 ,to d s is 9 ?or\gh accord ) spectator-?9k+4 ,our own conc]n1 h[ev]1 z 9 all e>li] cases1 is to replace ?is ?9k+ ) all its 'pro(s' & 'explanations' by le>n+ to read 9 ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,= no o!r purpose ?an ?is ! foll[+ facts also are n[ br\ght =w>d4 99 ,besides ,rudolf ,/e9]'s fundam5tal insight into ! spiritual-physical nature ( ! gr[+ human be+1 ?r\gh :i* he laid ! basis ( a true art ( education1 he gave advice on _m practical po9ts4 ,= example1 he indicat$ h[ by ! *oice ( a suitable col\r environm5t "o c br+ a h>moniz+ influ5ce to be> on extremes ( temp]am5t 9 little *ildr54 ,to-day x is a matt] ( practical exp]i5ce t excitable *ildr5 are quiet5$ if !y are surr\nd$ ) r$ or r$-yell[ col\rs1 or we> clo!s ( ^! col\rs1 :]eas inactive1 le?>gic *ildr5 are r\s$ to inn] movem5t if !y are expos$ to ! influ5ce ( blue or blue-gre5 col\rs4 ,?is psy*ological reaction ( *ildr5 to col\r is n surpris+ if "o kn[s ! role play$ by ! blood 9 ! process ( see+1 & h[ diff]5tly ! s\l-life ( man is connect$ ) ! blood-n]ve pol>ity ( 8 organism 9 *ildhood & 9 lat] life4 ,:at we h describ$ z ! pol> int]play ( blood & n]ve 9 ! act ( sight is n conf9$ to ! n>r[ field ( ! eye4 ,j z ! n]ve processes aris+ 9 ! ret9a are cont9u$ to ! optic c5tre 9 ! c]ebrum1 s mu/ we look = ! orig9 ( ! correspond+ blood process n 9 ! *oroid itself1 b 9 ! l[] regions ( ! organism4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 ! col\r r$ influ5ces ! :ole n]ve sy/em1 ! blood sy/em z a :ole answ]s ) an activity ( ! metabolism correspond+ to ! contra/+ col\r1 gre54 ,simil>ly x reacts z a :ole to a blue-violet affect+ ! n]ve sy/em1 ?is "t ) a production correspond+ to yell[-orange4 ,! reason :y 9 lat] ye>s we notice ?is s little lies 9 a fact we h repeat$ly enc\nt]$4 ,! consci\sness ( ! gr[n man to-day1 ?r\gh its "o-sid$ atta*m5t to ! dea?-processes 9 ! n]ve region1 pays no att5tion to its connexion ) ! life-processes c5tr$ 9 ! blood sy/em4 ,9 ?is respect ! condition ( ! little *ild is q diff]5t4 ,j z ! *ild is m asleep 9 its n]ve sy/em ?an ! gr[n-up p]son1 x is m awake 9 its blood sy/em4 ,h5ce 9 all s5se-p]ceptions a *ild is n s mu* aw>e ( h[ ! _w works on its n]ve sy/em z h[ its blood sy/em responds4 ,& s a *ild 9 a r$ environm5t feels quiet5$ because x exp]i5ces1 ?\gh dimly1 h[ its :ole blood sy/em is /imulat$ to ! gre5 production2 blui% col\rs enliv5 x because x feels its blood answ] ) a production ( light yell[i% tones4 ,f ! latt] ph5om5a we see once m ! significance ( ,goe!'s arrangem5t ( 8 ,f>b5lehre4 ,= we are n[ able to realize t to turn "o's att5tion to ! de$s & suff]+s ( ! inn] light means no?+ less ?an to br+ to consci\sness ! processes ( vision :i* 9 *ildhood1 ?\gh 9 a dreamlike way1 det]m9e ! s\l's exp]i5ce ( see+4 ,?r\gh plac+ 8 exam9ation ( ! physiological col\rs at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,f>b5lehre1 ,goe! actually took ! pa? 9 sci5tific rese>* to :i* ,?omas ,reid po9t$ 9 philosophy4 ,by adapt+ ,reid's words we c say t ,goe!1 9 8 ,f>b5lehre1 proclaims z a basic pr9ciple ( a true ,optics3 t we mu/ become aga9 z little *ildr5 if we w\ld rea* a philosophy ( light & col\rs4 #a,wr' ni*t das ,auge sonn5haft1 ,wie knnt5 wir das ,li*t erblick58 ,lebt' ni*t 9 uns des ,gottes eigne ,kraft1 ,wie knnt' uns ,gttli*es entzuck56 #b ,inquiry1 ,,vi1 #a4 ,! italics are ,reid's4 #c ,presumably ,kant & 8 s*ool4 ,s*op5hau] 0 def9itely ( ?is op9ion4 #d ,z reg>ds ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! l9e ( consid]ation foll[$ "h1 see ! rem>k made 9 ,*apt] ,v 9 connexion ) ,goe!'s /udy ( ! 'prolif]at$ rose' 7p4 #gf;f474 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,see+ z ',de$' - ,,ii ,! obs]vation ( our own visual process1 :i* we began 9 ! la/ *apt]1 w s]ve n[ to free u f a s]ies ( illusory concepts :i* h be5 connect$ by ! onlook]-consci\sness ) ! ph5om5a br\ght ab\t by light4 ,!re is fir/ ! g5]al assumption t light z su* is visible4 ,9 ord] to realize t light is itself an invisible ag5t1 we ne$ only consid] a few self-evid5t facts - = in/ance1 t = visibility to arise light mu/ always enc\nt] "s mat]ial resi/ance 9 space4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 an enc\nt] betwe5 light1 typify+ levity1 & ! d5sity ( ! mat]ial _w1 typify+ gravity4 ,accord+ly1 :]ev] visible col\rs appe> we h always to d ) light meet+ its opposite4 ,optics1 !re=e1 z a sci5ce ( ! physically p]ceptible is nev] conc]n$ ) light alone1 b always ) light & its opposite toge!r4 ,?is is actually ref]r$ to 9 ,rusk9's /atem5t1 quot$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 :]e he speaks ( ! ne$ ( ! '=ce' & ( ! int]cept+ bodily organ be=e a sci5ce ( optics c come into exi/5ce4 ,rusk9's 'light'1 h[ev]1 is :at we h le>nt ) ,goe! to call 'col\r'1 :]eas t = :i* we res]ve ! t]m 'light' is call$ by him simply '=ce'4 ,all ?is %[s h[ illusory x is to speak ( ':ite' light z synonym\s ) simple light1 9 di/9ction to 'col\r$' light4 ,& yet ?is has be5 cu/om>y ) sci5ti/s f ! "t ( ,newton until today1 n exclud+ ,newton's critic1 ,edd+ton4 ,9 fact1 :ite exi/s visibly = ! eye z "p ( ! manife/$ _w1 & is !re=e prop]ly *>act]iz$ z a col\r4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 h[ ,goe! spoke ( x4 ,we %all see pres5tly ! special position ( :ite 7& likewise ( black71 z a col\r among col\rs4 ,:at matt]s fir/ ( all is to realize t :ite mu/ be /rictly diff]5tiat$ f light z su*1 = ! function ( light is to make visible ! mat]ial _w )\t itself be+ visible4 ,to say t light is invisible1 h[ev]1 does n mean t x is :olly imp]ceptible4 ,x is difficult to br+ ! p]ception ( light into consci\sness1 = naturally our att5tion1 :5 we look out into light-fill$ space1 is claim$ by ! objects ( ! illum9at$ _w1 9 all _! manifold col\rs & =ms4 ,nev]!less ! effect ( pure light on our consci\sness c be obs]v$ dur+ a railway j\rney1 = in/ance1 :5 we leave a tunnel t has be5 long en\gh to br+ ab\t a complete adaptation ( ! eyes to ! prevail+ d>kness4 ,!n1 9 ! fir/ mom5ts ( ! light5+ ( ! field ( vision1 & be=e any sep>ate objects cat* ! att5tion1 we c notice h[ ! light itself ex]cises a di/9ctly exp&+ influ5ce on our consci\sness4 ,we feel h[ ! light calls on ! consci\sness to p>ticipate1 z x 71 9 ! _w outside ! body4 ,x is possible also to p]ceive directly ! opposite ( light4 ,?is is easi] ?an ! direct p]ception ( light1 = 9 ! d>k "o is n di/ract$ by ! sight ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,"o ne$ only pay att5tion to ! fact t1 aft] a complete adapt+ ( ! eyes to ! d>k1 "o /ill reta9s a di/9ct exp]i5ce ( ! ext5sion ( ! field ( vision ( bo? eyes4 ,we f9d "h1 j z 9 ! case ( light1 t our w is engag$ )9 ! eye 9 a def9ite way2 a sy/olic effect proce$s f d>k1 a dia/olic effect f light4 ,we h a di/9ct p]ception ( bo?1 b n ( any?+ 'visible' 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,) reg>d to our visual exp]i5ce ( :ite & black1 x is q diff]5t4 ,we are conc]n$ "h ) def9ite conditions ( corporeal surfaces1 j z ) o!r col\rs1 al?\gh ! conditions convey+ ! impressions ( :ite or black are ( a special "*4 ,a clos] inspection ( ^! conditions reveals a prop]ty ( our act ( see+ :i* has completely escap$ sci5tific obs]vation1 b :i* is ( fundam5tal importance = ! und]/&+ ( optical ph5om5a dynamically4 ,x is well kn[n t a corporeal surface1 :i* we exp]i5ce z :ite1 has ! *>act]i/ic ( ?r[+ back almo/ all ! light t /rikes x1 :]eas light is m or less completely absorb$ by a surface :i* we exp]i5ce z black4 ,su* extreme =ms ( int]play betwe5 light & a corporeal surface1 h[ev]1 d n only occur :5 ! light has no p>ticul> col\r1 b also :5 a col\r$ surface is /ruck by light ( ! same or opposite col\r4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance complete reflexion takes place2 9 ! second1 complete absorption4 ,& bo? ^! effects are regi/]$ by ! eye 9 precisely ! same mann] z ^? m5tion$ be=e4 ,= example1 a r$ surface 9 r$ light looks simply :ite2 a gre5 surface 9 r$ light looks black4 ,! usual int]pretation ( ?is ph5om5on1 namely1 t x consi/s 9 a subjective 'contra/' impression ( ! eye - a r$ surface 9 r$ light look+ bright]1 a gre5 surface d>k]1 ?an its surr\nd+s1 & !reby caus+ ! illusion ( :ite or black - is a typical onlook]-int]pretation aga9/ :i* !re /&s ! evid5ce ( unprejudic$ obs]vation4 ,! reality ( ! ':ite' & ! 'black' se5 9 su* cases is s /rik+ t a p]son :o has n se5 ! col\rs ( ! objects 9 ord9>y light c h>dly be p]suad$ to believe t !y are n 'really' :ite or black4 ,! fact is t ! :ite & ! black t are se5 "u ^! conditions are j z real z 'ord9>y' :ite & black4 ,:5 9 ei!r in/ance ! eye regi/]s ':ite' x regi/]s exactly ! same ev5t1 namely1 ! total reflexion ( ! light by ! surface /ruck by x4 ,aga91 :5 ! eye regi/]s 'black' 9 bo? cases x regi/]s an id5tical process1 namely1 total absorption ( ! light4#a ,se5 ?us1 ! ph5om5on in=ms u ( ! significant fact t our eye is n at all conc]n$ ) ! col\r ( ! light t ent]s its own cavity1 b r ) :at happ5s betwe5 ! light & ! surface on :i* ! light falls4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ph5om5on %[s t our process ( see+ is n conf9$ to ! bodily organ ( ! eye1 b ext5ds into out] space to ! po9t :]e we exp]i5ce ! visible object to be4#b ,?is picture ( ! visual process1 to :i* we h be5 l$ "h by simple optical obs]vation1 0 rea*$ by ,?omas ,reid ?r\gh 8 own exp]i5ce ( h[1 9 ! act ( p]ceiv+ ! _w1 man is l9k$ intuitively ) x4 ,we rememb] t he int5d$ 9 8 philosophy to c>ry ad absurdum ! hypo!sis t '! images ( ! ext]nal objects are convey$ by ! organs ( s5se to ! bra9 & are !re p]ceiv$ by ! m9d'4 ,common ,s5se makes ,reid speak z foll[s3 ',if any man w %ew h[ ! m9d may p]ceive images ( ! bra91 ,i w und]take to %ew h[ x may p]ceive ! mo/ di/ant objects2 = if we give eyes to ! m9d1 to p]ceive :at is transact$ at home 9 its d>k *amb]1 :y may we n make ! eyes a little long]-sight$8 ,& !n we %all h no occasion = t unphilosophical fiction ( images 9 ! bra94' 7,inq41 ,,vi1 #ab47 ,reid proce$s to %[ ?is by po9t+ out1 fir/1 t we mu/ only use ! idea ( 'image' = truly visual p]ceptions2 secondly1 t ! sole place ( ?is image is ! backgr\nd ( ! eye1 & n any "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em ly+ beyond2 ?irdly1 t ev5 ?is ret9a-image1 z su*1 does n come to our consci\sness1 b s]ves only to direct ! consci\sness to ! cause ( ! image1 namely1 ! ext]nal object itself4 ,9 :at foll[s we %all deal ) an obs]vation :i* w %[ h[ "r ,reid 0 9 ?is respect4 ,^? famili> ) ?is obs]vation 7well kn[n inde$ to ^? liv+ 9 ! hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts bo? "h & on ! ,cont95t7 "k t :5 di/ant features ( ! l&scape1 9 an o!rwise cle> & sunlit atmosph]e1 sudd5ly seem almo/ ne> en\gh to t\*1 ra9y wea!r is approa*+4 ,likewise a conspicu\s increase 9 di/ance1 :ile ! sky is /ill ov]ca/1 =e%ad[s f9e wea!r4 ,?is effect 7! cu/om>y 'explanation' ( :i* is1 z usual1 ( no avail to u & s ne$ n conc]n u "h7 ranks ) ph5om5a describ$ 9 optics "u ! "n ( 'app>5t optical dep?'1 a subject we %all discuss m fully 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x suffices "h to /ate t x is ! high] degree ( humidity :i*1 by l5d+ ! atmosph]e great] optical d5sity 7)\t *ang+ its cl>ity71 makes di/ant objects seem to be clos] to ! eye1 & vice v]sa4 7,if we c\ld sub/itute = ! air a mu* light] gas - say1 hydrog5 - !n ! ?+s we see ?r\gh x w\ld look f>!r (f ?an !y ev] d 9 our atmosph]e47 ,obs]vations su* z ^! %[ u t 7a7 :5 ext]nal light /rikes ! ret9a ( our eye1 our inn] light is /imulat$ to move out ( ! eye t[>ds x2 7b7 9 press+ outw>d1 ?is inn] light meets ) a c]ta9 resi/ance1 & ! ext5t ( ?is det]m9es at :at di/ance f ! eye our visual ray comes to re/ z ! result ( a k9d ( exhau/ion4 ,j z ! out] light rea*es an inn] b\nd>y at our ret9a1 s does ! inn] light meet ) an out] b\nd>y1 set by ! optical d5sity ( ! m$ium spread out be=e ! eye1 ,out] & inn] light int]p5etrate ea* o!r along ! :ole tract betwe5 ^! two b\nd>ies1 b normally we are n consci\s ( ?is process4 ,we fir/ become consci\s ( x :]e our active gaze - t is1 ! inn] light s5t =? ?r\gh ! eye - rea*es ! limit ( its activity4 ,at t po9t we become aw>e ( ! object ( our gaze4 ,s "h we f9d confirm$ a fact not$ e>li]1 t consci\sness - at lea/ at its pres5t /ate ( evolution - arises :]e = "s reason or o!r our volition conies to re/4 99 ,! =ego+ obs]vations h s]v$ to awak5 u 9 a prelim9>y way to ! fact t an ess5tial "p ( our act ( see+ takes place outside our bodily organ ( vision & t our visual exp]i5ce is det]m9$ by :at happ5s out !re betwe5 our gaze & ! m$ium x has to p5etrate4 ,our next task w be to f9d out h[ ?is "p ( our visual activity is affect$ by ! prop]ties ( ! diff]5t col\rs4 ,we %all !reby ga9 a fur!r insight into ! nature ( ! pol>ity und]ly+ all col\r-ph5om5a1 & ?is aga9 w enable u to move a /ep fur!r t[>ds becom+ consci\s ( :at happ5s 9 our act ( see+4 ,we %all />t by obs]v+ :at happ5s to ! two sides ( ! col\r-scale :5 ! optical m$ium assumes v>i\s degrees ( d5sity4 ,= ! sky to appe> blue by day a c]ta9 purity ( ! atmosph]e is ne$$4 ,! m veil$ ! atmosph]e becomes ! m ! blue ( ! sky turns t[>ds :ite2 ! pur] & r>] ! atmosph]e1 ! deep] ! blue1 gradually approa*+ to black4 ,to m\nta9 climb]s & ^? :o fly at great heights x is a famili> exp]i5ce to see ! sky assume a deep indigo hue4 ,!re c be no d\bt t at /ill high] altitudes ! col\r ( ! sky passes ov] into violet & ultimately into pure black4 ,?us 9 ! case ( blue ! field ( vision owes its d>k5+ to a decrease 9 ! resi/ance by :i* our visual ray is met 9 ! optical m$ium4 ,x is precisely ! opposite ) yell[4 ,= "h1 z ! d5sity ( ! m$ium increases1 ! col\r-effect gr[s d>k] by yell[ d>k5+ fir/ to orange & !n to r$1 until f9ally x passes ov] into complete d>kness4 ,?is %[s t our visual ray is subject to entirely diff]5t dynamic effects at ! two poles ( ! col\r-scale4 ,at ! blue pole1 ! lightness-effect spr+s f ! resi/ant m$ium ?r\gh :i* we gaze1 a m$ium "u ! influ5ce ( gravity1 :ile ! d>kness is provid$ by ! anti-gravity quality ( cosmic space1 :i* z a 'negative' resi/ance ex]cises a suction on ! eye's inn] light4 ,at ! yell[ pole x is j ! rev]se4 ,"h1 ! resi/ant m$ium br+s ab\t a d>k5+ ( our field ( vision1 :ile ! lightness-effect spr+s f a direct meet+ ( ! eye ) light1 & s ) ! suctional effect ( negative d5sity4 ,our pursuit ( ! dynamic causes und]ly+ our app]ception ( ! two poles ( ! col\r-scale has l$ u to a po9t :]e x becomes necess>y to introduce c]ta9 new t]ms to enable u to g beyond ,goe!'s g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ,f9/]nis 7d>kness7 & ,li*t 7light74 ,foll[+ ,goe!1 we h s f> us$ ^! two t]ms = :at appe>s bo? 9 blue & yell[ z ! respective light & d>k +r$i5ts4 ,?is di/9ction _c satisfy u any m4 ,= ?r\gh our la/ obs]vations x has become cle> t ! ,f9/]nis 9 blue & ! ,li*t 9 yell[ are opposites only 9 appe>ance1 because !y are bo? caus$ by ,levity1 & simil>ly t ! light5+ effect 9 blue & ! d>k5+ effect 9 yell[ are bo? effect$ by ,gravity4 ,!re=e1 to di/+ui% betwe5 :at app]ta9s to ! prim>y pol>ity1 ,levity-,gravity1 on ! "o h&1 & _! visible effects 9 ! second>y pol>ity ( ! col\rs1 on ! o!r1 we %all h5ce=? res]ve ! t]m d>kness &1 ) x1 lightness = in/ances :]e ! p]ceptible compon5ts ( ! respective col\rs are conc]n$1 :ile speak+ ( ,d>k & ,light :]e ref]5ce is made to ! g5]at+ prim>y pol>ity4 99 ,if we are ju/ifi$ 9 ?us trac+ ! col\r-pol>ity to a pol>ically ord]$ int]play betwe5 levity & gravity1 we may !n pursue ! foll[+ l9e ( ?\ght4 ,we "k f e>li] consid]ations t :]ev] su* an int]play betwe5 ! poles ( ! prim>y pol>ity takes place1 we h to d1 9 geometric t]ms1 ) ! pol>ity ( sph]e & radius4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! same *>act]i/ics w apply to ! way 9 :i* ! blue ( ! sky & ! yell[ ( ! sunlight are enc\nt]$ spatially4 ,n[ we ne$ only obs]ve h[ ! blue heav5s ar* ov] u sph]ically1 on ! "o h&1 & h[ ! yell[ brightness ( ! sun p5etrates ! air ray-wise1 on ! o!r1 9 ord] to realize t ?is really is s4 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! connexion ( ! two poles ( ! col\r-scale ) ! sph]ical & radial /ructure ( space1 we are n[ able to express ! ,goe!an ur-ph5om5on 9 a m dynamic way z foll[s3 ,on ! "o h&1 we see ! blue ( ! heav5s em]g+ :5 levity is drawn d[n by gravity f its primal invisibility into visible1 sph]ical manife/ation4 ,9 ! yell[ ( ! sunlight1 on ! o!r h&1 we see gravity1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun's levity1 gleam+ up radially into visibility4 ,! aspect ( ! two col\r-poles :i* ?us arises be=e u prompts u to replace ,goe!'s 'light5$ ,d>k' by ,e>?w>d-dawn+-,levity1 & 8 'd>k5$ ,light' by ,heav5w>d-ray+-,gravity4 ,we h n[ to %[ t ?is picture ( ! dynamic relation%ip :i* und]lies ! appe>ance ( ! col\r-pol>ity 9 ! sky is valid also = o!r cases :i* are in/ances ( ! ur-ph5om5on ( ! g5]ation ( col\r 9 ,goe!'s s5se1 b seem n to l5d !mselves to ! same cosmic int]pretation4 ,su* a case is ! appe>ance ( yell[ & blue :5 we look ?r\gh a cl\d$ transp>5t m$ium t[>ds a s\rce ( light or to a black backgr\nd4 ,!re is no special difficulty "h 9 br++ ! appe>ance ( yell[ into l9e ) its macrotelluric c\nt]p>t1 b ! appe>ance ( blue requires "s consid]ation4 ,we h se5 t a corporeal surface appe>s z black if light /rik+ x is totally absorb$ by x4 ,?us1 :]ev] our eye is met by ! col\r black1 our visual ray is engag$ 9 a process :]eby light disappe>s f physical space4 ,n[ we ne$ only br+ ?is process into consci\sness - z we h tri$ to d be=e 9 simil> in/ances - to realize t :at happ5s "h to ! visual ray is some?+ simil> to :at x und]goes :5 x is direct$ f ! e>? into cosmic space4 ,note1 9 ?is respect1 ! pr9ciple ( ! mirror z ano!r in/ance ( ! fact t ! int]play betwe5 light & an illum9$ surface c h on ! visual ray an effect simil> to t ( ext]nal space4 ,= ! optical processes :i* occur on ! surface ( a mirror are su* t1 :il/ tak+ place on a two-dim5sional plane1 !y evoke 9 our consci\sness pictures ( exactly ! same nature z if we 7 look+ ?r\gh ! mirror into ! space beh9d x4 99 ,! value ( our picture ( ! col\r-pol>ity is %[n fur!r if we obs]ve h[ natural ph5om5a bas$ on ! same k9d ( pol>ity 9 o!r realms ( nature fit 9 ) x4 ,we rememb] t "o ( ,goe!'s />t+-po9ts 9 8 inve/igation ( ! riddle ( col\r 0 ! obs]vation t ( ! totality ( col\rs "o "p is exp]i5c$ z 'w>m' & ! o!r z 'cold'4 ,n[ we c g fur!r & say t ! col\rs ( ! sph]ical pole are exp]i5c$ z cold1 ^? ( ! radial pole z w>m4 ,?is corresponds precisely to ! pol>ity ( sn[-=mation & volcanic activity4 ,! =m]1 be+ ! sph]ically direct$ process1 requires physically l[ temp]atures2 ! latt]1 be+ ! radially direct$ process1 requires high temp]atures4 ,"h1 once m1 we see ) :at objectivity ! human s5ses regi/] ! facts ( ! out] _w4 ,ano!r realm ( ph5om5a bas$ on a simil> pol> ord] is t ( electricity4 ,:5 we /udi$ ! negative & positive poles ( ! vacuum tube1 ) reg>d to ! pol> di/ribution ( radius & sph]e1 our att5tion 0 drawn to ! col\rs appe>+ on ! two electrodes - r$ at ! 7positive7 anode1 blue at ! 7negative7 ca?ode4 ,aga9 we f9d a co9cid5ce ) ! natural ord] ( ! col\rs4 ,note h[ ! qualitative dynamic me?od employ$ "h br+s into direct view ! relation%ip betwe5 light & electricity1 :ile x precludes ! mi/ake ( trac+ light processes to ^? ( electricity1 z mod]n sci5ce does4 ,nor are electric processes 'expla9$' f ?is po9t ( view m]ely z v>iations ( light processes4 ,r is ! relation betwe5 light & electricity se5 to be bas$ on ! fact t all pol>ities aris+ p]ceptibly 9 nature are creations ( ! same primeval pol>ity1 t ( ,levity & ,gravity4 ,! int]play ( ,levity & ,gravity c take on _m diff]5t =ms :i* are di/+ui%$ ess5tially by diff]5ces 9 cosmic age4 ,?us ! col\r-pol>ity 9 its primal =m1 made manife/ by ! heav5s1 diff]s z mu* f ! correspond+ pol>ity %[n by ! vacuum tube1 z does ! lightn+ 9 ! heights f ! electric sp>k4 99 ,) ! aid ( :at we h le>nt "h conc]n+ out] light-processes we %all turn once m to ! activity ( our own inn] light4 ,we may expect by n[ t our eye is fitt$ ) two modes ( see+ activity1 pol> to ea* o!r1 & t ! way 9 :i* !y come into op]ation dep5ds on :e!r ! int]play ( positive & negative d5sity outside ! eye leads to ! appe>ance ( ! blue-violet or ( ! yell[-r$ side ( ! col\r-scale4 ,su* a pol>ity 9 ! activity ( ! eye c inde$ be e/abli%$4 ,along ) x goes a significant functional diff]5ce betwe5 ! two eyes 7n unlike t %[n ( ! two h&s74 ,to obs]ve ?is we ne$ simply to comp>e ! two eyes ( a p]son 9 a photograph by cov]+ alt]nately ! "r & ! left half ( ! face4 ,ne>ly always x w be f\nd t ! "r eye looks out cle>ly into ! _w ) an active expression1 & ! left eye ) a mu* g5tl] "o1 almo/ held back4 ,arti/s are well aw>e ( ?is asymmetry1 z ( o!rs 9 ! human c\nt5ance1 & are c>eful to depict x4 ,an out/&+ example is ,raphael's ,si/9e ,madonna1 :]e 9 ! eyes & :ole c\nt5ance bo? ( ,"m & ,*ild ?is asymmetry c be /udi$ 9 a specially impressive way4 ,inn] obs]vation leads to a correspond+ exp]i5ce4 ,a conv5i5t me?od is to ex]cise ! two eyes 9 complete d>kness1 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,"o eye is made to look actively into ! space 9 front ( x1 z if x w\ld pi]ce ! d>kness ) its visual ray1 :ile ! activity ( ! o!r eye is held back1 s t its gaze re/s only sup]ficially1 z x 71 on ! d>kness 9 front ( x4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t mo/ p f9d x natural to give ! active note to ! "r eye1 & ! passive note to ! left4 ,once "o has gr[n consci\s ( ?is natural diff]5ce betwe5 ! two eyes1 x is q easily detect$ :ile "o is look+ normally into ! light-fill$ environm5t4 ,we !reby realize t = ! two eyes to act diff]5tly 9 ?is way is ! usual ?+4 ,z an in/ance :]e ?is fact is well obs]v$ & effectively made use (1 t ( %oot+ may be m5tion$ "h1 especially %oot+ at fly+ game4 ,^? :o tra9 9 ?is sport le>n to make a completely diff]5t use ( ! two eyes 9 sight+ ! t>get4 ,! naturally m active eye - only once 9 ab\t fifty cases is x ! left - is call$ by !m ! 'ma/]-eye'4 ,:il/ ! less actively gaz+ eye is usually employ$ = survey+ ! field z a :ole into :i* ! t>get is expect$ to ent]1 ! ma/]-eye is us$ = mak+ active contact ) ! t>get itself 7'?r[+' oneself on ! t>get '?r\gh' ! eye74 ,"o fur!r obs]vation may be add$4 ,if "o looks ) re/$ eyes & 9 v fa9t daylight 7p]haps 9 ! e>ly morn+ on awak5+7 at a :ite surface1 :ile op5+ & clos+ ! eyes alt]nately1 !n ! :ite surface looks fa9tly r$di% to ! 'ma/]-eye'1 & fa9tly blui% to ! o!r4 99 ,foll[+ ! l9es ( our treatm5t ( aft]-images 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we w next inquire into ! anatomical & physiological basis ( ! two opposite sight-activities4 ,9 ! previ\s in/ance we f\nd ?is 9 ! pol>ity ( n]ve & blood4 ,?is "t we mu/ look = x 9 a c]ta9 tw(old /ructure ( ! eye itself4 ,we %all be/ p]ceive ?is by wat*+ ! 'becom+' ( ! eye1 ?us aga9 foll[+ a me?od fir/ %[n by ,goe!4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! human eye 9 diff]5t /ages ( its embryonic =mation4 ,! eye is cle>ly se5 to consi/ ( two p>ts ess5tially diff]5t 9 orig94 ,gr[+ out f ! int]ior ( ! embryonic organism is a /ructure t is gradually pu%$ 91 & 9 its fur!r developm5t becomes ! entire po/]ior "p ( ! eye1 de/9$ to c>ry its life-imbu$ functions4 ,a second indep5d5t "p gr[s t[>ds ?is f outside2 ?is is at fir/ a m]e ?ick5+ ( ! embryonic sk9 =mation1 b lat] x loos5s itself & presses =w>d into ! int]ior ( ! cup-%ap$ /ructure4 ,x is gradually enclos$ by ?is1 & evolves f9ally into t "p ( ! f9i%$ eye :i* embodies ! optical app>atus function+ accord+ to purely physical laws4 ,?is s]ies ( =ms %[s t 9 ! embryonic =mation ( ! eye we are confront$ ) two processes1 "o ( sph]ical1 & ! o!r ( radial ori5tation4 ,consequ5tly ! two p>ts ( ! eye are diff]5tiat$ 9 su* a way t ! po/]ior "p1 :i* has gr[n =? radially f ! embryonic organism1 z ! life-fill$ elem5t repres5ts ! sulphur-pole ( ! total eye1 :ile ! ant]ior "p1 ) its mu* m cry/all9e nature1 hav+ gr[n sph]ically t[>ds ! organism1 repres5ts ! eye's salt-pole4 ,clos] inspection into ! connexion ( ! two visual activities ( ! eye ) its basic corporeal p>ts reveals t "h1 at ! out]mo/ b\nd>y ( ! human organism1 we enc\nt] once m t peculi> rev]sal ( functions :i* we h already sev]al times met 9 v>i\s realms ( nature4 ,= ! ant]ior "p ( ! eye - its salt-pole - :i* has come into be+ ?r\gh a sph]ically direct$ =mative process1 seems to be ! "o ?r\gh :i* we ex]cise ! p]ceptive activity /ream+ out radially f ! eye1 :il/ ! po/]ior "p - ! eye's sulphur-pole - :i* has come into be+ ?r\gh radially direct$ =mative action1 s]ves t =m ( see+ :i* is m receptive & is c>ri$ out 9 a plane-wise mann]4 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 & !y alone1 enable u also to draw true comp>isons betwe5 ! diff]5t s5se-organs4 ,take ! organ ( he>+4 ,usually ! e> is assum$ to fill ! same role 9 ! field ( he>+ z does ! eye 9 ! field ( see+4 ,9 fact ! e> corresponds to only "o half ( ! eye2 ! o!r half mu/ be look$ = 9 ! l>ynx4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two p>ts ( ! eye are repres5t$ 9 ! realm ( he>+ by two sep>ate organs1 e> & l>ynx4 ,speak+ f ! aspect ( metamorphosis1 ! vital "p ( our eye may be reg>d$ z our 'light-e>'2 ! cry/all9e "p1 z our 'light-l>ynx'4 ,9 ord] to come consci\sly to a p]ception ( sight we mu/ 'li/5' to ! 'de$s & suff]+s' ( light1 :ile at ! same "t we meet !m ) ! help ( ! 'speak+' ( our inn] light4 ,some?+ simil> holds good = he>+4 ,9 fact1 obs]vation reveals t we take 9 no impression ( he>+ unless we accompany x ) an activity ( our l>ynx1 ev5 ?\gh a sil5t "o4 ,! significance ( ?is fact = ! total function ( he>+ w occupy u m fully lat]4 99 ,our insight into ! pol> nature ( visual activity w enable u n[ to l9k ! ext]nal int]play ( ,light & ,d>k - to :i* ! physical col\rs owe _! exi/5ce - to t play ( =ces :i* we ourselves set 9 motion :5 our eye meets ! _w ( col\rs 9 _! pol> diff]5tiation4 ,we e/abli%$ e>li] t 9 ! cold col\rs ! role ( d>kness belongs to ! pole ( levity or negative d5sity1 & ! role ( lightness to ! pole ( gravity or positive d5sity1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! w>m col\rs ! roles are rev]s$4 ,let u n[ unite ) ?is ! insight we h mean:ile ga9$ into ! two k9ds ( activity 9 see+ - ! receptive1 'left-ey$' & ! radiat+1 '"r-ey$' - :i* m$iate to u ! exp]i5ce ( ! positive or negative d5sity ( space spread out be=e our eyes4 ,tak+ toge!r ! results ( out] & inn] obs]vation1 we c express ! pol>ity rul+ 9 ! realm ( col\r z foll[s4 ,if lightness & d>kness z elem5ts ( col\r1 meet u 9 su* a way t lightness1 by reason ( its positive d5sity1 calls =? 'left-ey$' activity1 & d>kness1 by reason ( its negative d5sity1 '"r-ey$' activity1 !n our s\l receives ! impression ( ! col\r blue & col\rs relat$ to blue4 ,if lightness & d>kness meet u s t we see ! =m] 9 a '"r-ey$'1 & ! latt] 9 a 'left-ey$' way1 !n we exp]i5ce ?is z ! pres5ce ( yell[ & ! col\rs relat$ to x4 ,! reason :y we usually fail to obs]ve ! diff]5t k9ds ( int]play ( ! two modes ( see+1 :5 we p]ceive "o or o!r ( ! two categories ( col\r1 is because 9 ord9>y sight bo? eyes ex]cise ea* ( ! two activities )\t our becom+ aw>e :i* is ! lead+ "o 9 a p>ticul> eye4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o has come to a real exp]i5ce ( ! inn] pol>ity ( ! visual act1 "o ne$s only a little practice to realize ! di/9ction4 ,= example1 if "o looks at ! blue sky1 notably at noon-"t1 on ! side away f ! sun1 or at ! morn+ or ev5+ sky1 %9+ yell[ & r$1 "o quickly becomes consci\s ( h[ our eyes take hold ( ! p>ticul> contribution :i* ,light & ,d>k make to "o or o!r ( ! two col\r appe>ances4 99 ,9 ! natural c\rse ( our argum5t we _h to keep at fir/ to ! appe>ance ( col\rs z !y come freely be=e u 9 space4 ,! results we h obta9$1 h[ev]1 hold good equally well = ! p]man5t t9ts ( mat]ial objects1 z ! foll[+ example w %[4 ,a fact kn[n to sci5ce is t r$ & blue surface col\rs1 :5 illum9$ by light ( /eadily dim9i%+ int5sity1 are se5 to rev]se _! normal ratio ( brightness4 ,?is ph5om5on c be se5 9 nature1 if1 = in/ance1 "o obs]ves a b$ ( blue & r$ fl[]s 9 ! fad+ ev5+ light & comp>es ! impression ) t :i* ! same fl[]s make 9 bright daylight4 ,if ! ph5om5on is reproduc$ artificially1 ! actual transition f "o /ate to ! o!r c be cle>ly obs]v$4 ,! easie/ way is to place a r$ & a blue surface side by side "u an electric light ^: int5sity c be gradually less5$ by means ( a slid+ resi/ance4 ,"h1 z mu* z 9 ! natural ph5om5on1 our reason f9ds x difficult to ackn[l$ge t ! surface gleam+ 9 a :iti% %e5 %\ld be ! "o :i* ord9>ily appe>s z d>kl+ blue1 & t ! "o disappe>+ into d>kness %\ld be ! surface :i* normally pres5ts itself z radiant r$4 ,?is riddle is readily solv$ if we apply :at we h le>nt ab\t ! p>ticul> %>es ( lightness & d>kness 9 ^! two col\rs1 & if we l9k ?is up ) ! respective =ms ( see+ ex]cis$ by our two eyes4 ,to ! dim light1 cle>ly1 our eyes w respond m ) ! 'left-ey$' ?an ) ! '"r-ey$' =m ( vision4 ,n[ we "k t x is 'left-ey$' vision :i* is r\s$ by ! lightness-compon5t 9 blue & ! d>kness-compon5t 9 r$4 ,x is only to be expect$1 !re=e1 t ^! elem5ts %\ld become conspicu\s :5 9 ! dim light our see+ is ma9ly 'left-ey$'4 ,?is solution ( ! problem makes u realize fur!r1 t ! laws :i* ,goe! fir/ f\nd = ! com+ into appe>ance ( col\rs freely hov]+ 9 space are inde$ applicable to ! fix$ mat]ial col\rs z well4 #a ,x w be well to rememb] "h ! discussion ( our exp]i5ce ( temp]ature ?r\gh ! s5se ( w>m? 9 ,*apt] ,,viii 7p4 #acd;f474 #b ,along ^! l9es ! true solution ( ! problem ( ! s-call$ col\r$ %ad[s w be f\nd1 ,goe! /udi$ ?is )\t f9d+1 h[ev]1 a satisfactory answ]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,optics ( ! ,do] ,?ree basic concepts =m ! f\ndation = ! pres5t-day sci5tific description ( a va/ field ( optical ph5om5a1 among !m ! occurr5ce ( ! spectral col\rs z a result ( light pass+ ?r\gh a transp>5t m$ium ( prismatic %ape4 ,!y are3 'optical refraction'1 'light-ray'1 & 'light-velocity' - ! latt] two s]v+ to expla9 ! fir/4 ,9 a sci5ce ( optics :i* seeks its f\ndation 9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 man's own visual activity & ! do+s & suff]+s ( light1 ^! ?ree concepts mu/ ne$s und]go a decisive *ange1 bo? 9 _! mean+ & 9 _! value = ! description ( ! relevant optical ph5om5a4 ,= !y are all purely k9ematic concepts typical ( ! onlook]-way ( conceiv+ ?+s - concepts1 t is1 to :i* no?+ corresponds 9 ! realm ( ! actual ph5om5a4 ,our next task1 !re=e1 w be1 :]e possible1 to fill ^! concepts ) new mean+1 or else to replace !m by o!r concepts read f ! actual ph5om5a4 ,once ?is is done ! way w be free = ! developm5t ( ! picture ( ! spectrum ph5om5on :i* is 9 true accord ) ! ,goe!an conception ( ,light & ,col\r4 99 ,! fir/ to be br\ght 9 ?is s5se "u our exam9ation is ! concept ( ! 'light-ray'4 ,9 pres5t-day optics ?is concept signifies a geometrical l9e ( inf9itely small wid? drawn1 z x 71 by ! light 9 space1 :ile ! cone or cyl9d] ( light actually fill+ ! space is describ$ z be+ compos$ ( innum]able su* rays4 ,9 ! same way ! object produc+ or reflect+ light is ?\ght ( z compos$ ( innum]able s+le po9ts f :i* ! light-rays em]ge4 ,all descriptions ( optical processes are bas$ ^u ?is conception4 ,obvi\sly1 we _c be satisfi$ ) su* a r$uction ( :oles into s+le geometrically describable p>ts1 foll[$ by a reassembl+ ( ^! p>ts into a :ole4 ,= 9 reality we h to d ) realms ( space uni=mly fill$ ) light1 :e!r conical or cyl9drical 9 =m1 :i* arise ?r\gh c]ta9 b\nd>ies be+ set to ! light4 ,9 optical rese>* we h !re=e always to d ) pictures1 spatially b\nd$4 ,?us :at comes be=e our consci\sness is det]m9$ equally by ! light call+ =? ! picture1 & by ! unlit space bord]+ x4 ,rememb]+ ! results ( our e>li] /udy1 we mu/ say fur!r ( su* a light-fill$ realm t x lacks ! quality ( visibility & !re=e has no col\r1 n ev5 :ite4 ,goe! & o!r 'read]s'1 su* z ,reid & ,rusk91 tri$ cont9ually to visualize :at su* a light-fill$ space repres5ts 9 reality4 ,h5ce !y direct$ _! att5tion fir/ to ^? sph]es :]e light manife/s its =m-creative activity1 z 9 ! m\ld+ ( ! organ ( sight 9 animal or man1 or 9 ! creation ( ! _m =ms ( ! plant k+dom - & only !n gave _! m9d to ! purely physical light-ph5om5a4 ,let u use ! same me?od to =m a picture ( a light-fill$ space1 & to connect ?is ) ! ideas we h previ\sly ga9$ on ! co-op]ation 9 space ( levity & gravity4 ,suppose we h two simil> plant-se$s 9 g]m2 & let "o lie 9 a space fill$ ) light1 ! o!r 9 an unlit space4 ,f ! diff]5t behavi\r ( ! two se$s we c obs]ve c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! two regions ( space4 ,we note t )9 ! light-fill$ region ! spiritual ar*etype ( ! plant belong+ to ! se$ is help$ to manife/ itself physically 9 space1 :]eas 9 ! d>k region x receives no su* aid4 ,= 9 ! latt] ! physical plant1 ev5 if x gr[s1 does n develop its prop] =ms4 ,?is tells u1 9 accordance ) :at we h le>nt e>li]1 t 9 ! two cases !re is a diff]5t relation ( space to ! cosmically di/ant1 all-embrac+ plane4 ,?us inside & outside ! light-region !re exi/s a q diff]5t relation ( levity & gravity - & ?is relation *anges abruptly at ! b\nd>ies ( ! region4 7,?is fact w be ( especial importance = u :5 we come to exam9e ! aris+ ( col\rs at ! b\nd>y ( ,light & ,d>k1 :5 light passes ?r\gh a prism47 99 ,aft] hav+ replac$ ! cu/om>y concept ( ! light-bundle compos$ ( s+le rays by ! conception ( two dynamically pol> realms ( space bord]+ ea* o!r1 we turn to ! exam9ation ( :at is go+ on dynamically inside ^! realms4 ,?is w help u to ga9 a prop] concept ( ! propagation ( light ?r\gh space4 ,9 an age :5 ! exi/5ce ( a measurable light-velocity seems to belong to ! realm ( facts long s9ce exp]im5tally prov$2 :5 sci5ce has begun to measure ! univ]se1 us+ ! magnitude ( ?is velocity z a con/ant1 valid = ! :ole cosmos2 & :5 entire bran*es ( sci5ce h be5 f\nd$ on results ?us ga9$1 x is n easy1 & yet x _c be avoid$1 to proclaim t nei!r has an actual velocity ( light ev] be5 measur$1 nor c light z su* ev] be made subject to su* measurem5t by optical means - & t1 moreov]1 light1 by its v nature1 =bids u to conceive ( x z possess+ any f9ite velocity4 ,) ! la/ ass]tion we d n mean to say t !re is no?+ go+ on 9 connexion ) ! appe>ance ( optical ph5om5a to :i* ! concept ( a f9ite velocity is applicable4 ,only1 :at is propagat$ 9 ?is way is n ! entity we comprise "u ! concept ( 'light'4 ,our next task1 !re=e1 w be to create a prop] di/9ction betwe5 :at moves & :at does n move spatially :5 light is active 9 ! physical _w4 ,once m an hi/orical retrospect w help u to e/abli% our own /&po9t ) reg>d to ! exi/+ !ories4 ,! fir/ to ?9k ( light z possess+ a f9ite velocity 0 ,galileo1 :o also made ! fir/1 ?\gh unsuccessful1 attempt to measure x4 ,equally unsuccessful 7 attempts ( a simil> nature made soon aft]w>ds by memb]s ( ! ,accademia del ,cim5to4 ,9 bo? cases ! obvi\s proc$ure 0 to produce regul> fla%es ( light & to try to measure ! "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 _! production & _! obs]vation by "s m or less di/ant obs]v]4 ,/ill1 ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a velocity 0 s deeply +ra9$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 t1 :5 lat] obs]vations succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a f9ite magnitude = :at seem$ to be ! rate ( ! light's movem5t ?r\gh space1 ^! obs]vations 7 hail$ mu* m z ! quantitative value ( ?is movem5t ?an z pro( ( its exi/5ce1 :i* 0 already tak5 = grant$4 ,a cle> indication ( man's /ate ( m9d 9 reg>d to ?is "q is giv5 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,huyg5s's fam\s ,trait de la ,lumire1 by :i* ! _w 0 fir/ made acqua9t$ ) ! concept ( light z a sort ( undulatory movem5t4 ',"o _c d\bt t light consi/s 9 ! movem5t ( a c]ta9 sub/ance4 ,= if "o consid]s its production "o f9ds t "h on ! e>? x is *iefly produc$ by fire & flame1 :i* )\t d\bt conta9 bodies 9 rapid motion1 = !y dissolve & melt numb]less o!r bodies4 ,or1 if "o consid]s its effects1 "o sees t light collect$1 = in/ance1 by a concave mirror has ! p[] to heat l fire1 i4e4 to sep>ate ! p>ts ( ! bodies2 ?is assur$ly po9ts to movem5t1 at lea/ 9 true philosophy 9 :i* "o traces all natural activity to me*anical causes4 ,9 my op9ion "o mu/ d ?is1 or q give up all hope ( ev] grasp+ any?+ 9 physics4' ,9 ^! words ( ,huyg5s x mu/ /rike u h[ he fir/ provides an explanation = a s]ies ( ph5om5a z if ?is explanation 7 induc$ f ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,aft] he has drawn q def9ite conclusions f x1 he !n d]ives its necessity f q o!r pr9ciples - namely1 f a c]ta9 me?od ( ?9k+1 accept+ ?is z x is1 unque/ion$ & unalt]ably e/abli%$4 ,we are "h confront$ ) an 'unlogic' *>act]i/ic ( human ?9k+ dur+ its /ate ( isolation f ! dynamic sub/ratum ( ! _w ( ! s5ses1 an unlogic :i* "o enc\nt]s repeat$ly 9 sci5tific argum5tation once "o has gr[n aw>e ( x4 ,9 circles ( mod]n ?9k]s :]e su* aw>5ess prevails 7& !y are gr[+ rapidly to-day7 ! t]m 'pro( ( a =egone conclusion' has be5 co9$ to describe ?is fact4#a ',pro( ( a =egone conclusion' is inde$ ! v]dict at :i* "o arrives 9 respect ( all ! obs]vations conc]n$ ) ! velocity ( light - :e!r ( exi/+ ph5om5a detectable 9 ! sky or ( t]re/rial ph5om5a produc$ artificially - if "o /udies !m ) ! attitude ( m9d repres5t$ by ! *ild 9 ,hans ,&]s5's /ory4 ,9 view ( ! s]i\sness ( ! matt] x w n be out ( place if we discuss !m "h z briefly z possible1 "o by "o4#b ,! relevant obs]vations fall into two categories3 obs]vations ( c]ta9 a/ronomical facts f :i* ! exi/5ce ( a f9ite velocity ( light & its magnitude z an absolute prop]ty ( x has be5 inf]r$2 & t]re/rial exp]im5ts :i* p]mitt$ direct obs]vation ( a process ( propagation connect$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( light 9 space result+ 9 ! measurem5t ( its spe$4 ,to ! latt] category belong ! exp]im5ts ( ,fizeau 7#ahdi7 & ,f\cault 7#ahej7 z well z ! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t ) its implications = ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,! =m] category is repres5t$ by ,roem]'s obs]vations ( c]ta9 app>5t irregul>ities 9 ! times ( revolution ( "o ( ,jupit]'s moons 7#afgf71 & by ,bradley's inve/igation into ! reason = ! app>5t rhy?mic *anges ( ! positions ( ! fix$ />s 7#agbh74 ,we %all />t ) ! t]re/rial obs]vations1 because 9 _! case alone is ! entire pa? ( ! light surveyable1 & :at is measur$ !re=e is some?+ app]ta9+ ) c]ta9ty to e po9t ( ! space :i* spreads betwe5 ! s\rce ( ! light & ! obs]v]4 ,= ?is reason textbooks q rightly say t only ! results drawn f ^! t]re/rial obs]vations h ! value ( empirically obs]v$ facts4 7,! int]pretation giv5 to ^! facts is ano!r "q47 ,n[1 x is a common feature ( all ^! exp]im5ts t by necessity !y are bas$ on an arrangem5t :]eby a light-beam c be made to appe> & disappe> alt]nately4 ,9 ?is respect !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ primitive attempts made by ,galileo & ! ,academicians1 & ! +5i\sly devis$ exp]im5ts ( ! lat] obs]v]s1 :e!r !y op]ate ) a too!d :eel or a rotat+ mirror4 ,x is always a fla% ( light - & h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 - :i* is produc$ at c]ta9 regul> int]vals & us$ = det]m9+ ! spe$ ( propagation4 ,evid5tly :at 9 all ^! cases is measur$ is ! spe$ ) :i* a beam ( light e/abli%es itself 9 space4 ,( :at happ5s )9 ! beam1 once x is e/abli%$1 ^! obs]vations tell no?+ at all4 ,! pro( !y are held to give ( ! exi/5ce ( a f9ite spe$ ( light1 z su*1 is a 'pro( ( a =egone conclusion'4 ,all !y tell u is t ! beam's front1 at ! mom5t :5 ?is beam is fir/ e/abli%$1 travels ?r\gh space ) a f9ite velocity & t ! rate ( ?is movem5t is su* & su*4 ,& !y tell u no?+ at all ab\t o!r regions ( ! cosmos4 ,t we h to d 9 ^! obs]vations ) ! spe$ ( ! light-front only1 & n ( ! light itself1 is a fact fully ackn[l$g$ by mod]n physical optics4 ,s9ce ,"l ,rayleigh fir/ discuss$ ?is matt] 9 ! eighties ( ! la/ c5tury1 physici/s h le>nt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 'wave-velocity' ( ! light itself & ! velocity ( an 'impress$ peculi>ity'1 ! s-call$ 'gr\p-velocity'1 & x has be5 ackn[l$g$ t only ! latt] has be51 & c be1 directly measur$4 ,!re is no possibility ( inf]r+ f x ! value ( ! 'wave-velocity' unless "o has a complete k ( ! prop]ties ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! 'gr\ps' travel4 ,nev]!less1 ! mod]n m9d all[s itself to be conv9c$ t light possesses a f9ite velocity & t ?is has be5 e/abli%$ by actual measurem5t4 ,we feel rem9d$ "h ( ,edd+ton's comm5t on ,newton's fam\s obs]vations3 ',su* is ! glam\r ( a hi/orical exp]im5t4' 7,*apt] ,,xiv47#c ,let u n[ turn to ,roem] & ,bradley4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ,roem]'s obs]vations & ev5 ^? ( ,bradley rank toge!r ) ! t]re/rial measurem5ts4 ,= ,roem] us$ z optical signals ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( "o ( ,jupit]'s moons 9 ! c\rse ( its revolution r\nd ! planet2 ?us he work$ ) light-fla%es1 z ! exp]im5tal inve/igations d4 ,h5ce1 also1 8 measurem5ts 7 conc]n$ - z optical sci5ce ackn[l$ges - ) gr\p-velocity only4 ,9 fact1 ev5 ,bradley's obs]vations1 al?\gh he 0 ! only "o :o op]at$ ) cont9u\s light-ph5om5a1 are expos$ to ! *>ge t !y give in=mation ( ! gr\p-velocity ( light1 & n ( its wave-velocity4 ,h[ev]1 we %all ignore ^! limitations 9 bo? cases1 because !re are q o!r factors :i* invalidate ! pro(s !y are held to give1 & to ga9 a cle> insight into ^! factors is ( special importance = u4 ,roem] obs]v$ a diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* a c]ta9 moon ( ,jupit] 0 occult$ by ! planet's body1 & f\nd t ?is diff]5ce und]w5t regul> *anges co9cid5t ) ! *anges 9 ! e>?'s position 9 relation to ,jupit] & ! sun4 ,se5 f ! sun1 ! e>? is once a ye> 9 conjunction ) ,jupit]1 once 9 opposition to x4 ,x seem$ obvi\s to expla9 ! "t-lag 9 ! moon's reappe>ance1 :5 ! e>? 0 on ! f> side ( ! sun1 by ! "t ! light f ! moon ne$$ to cov] ! di/ance m>k$ by ! two extreme positions ( ! e>? - t is1 a di/ance equal to ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,on divid+ ! obs]v$ int]val ( "t by ! accept$ value ( ?is di/ance1 ,roem] obta9$ = ! velocity ( light a figure n f> f ! "o f\nd lat] by t]re/rial measurem5ts4 ,we c "h leave out ( acc\nt ! fact t ,roem]'s reason+ is bas$ on ! assumption t ! ,cop]nican conception ( ! relative movem5ts ( ! memb]s ( our sol> sy/em is ! valid conception1 an assumption :i*1 z lat] consid]ations w %[1 _c be upheld 9 a sci5ce :i* /rives = a truly dynamic und]/&+ ( ! _w4 ,= ! *ange ( aspect :i* becomes necess>y 9 ?is way does n invalidate ,roem]'s obs]vation z su*2 x rules out only ! cu/om>y int]pretation ( x4 ,fre$ f all hypo!tical by-?\ght1 ,roem]'s obs]vation tells u1 fir/1 t ! "t tak5 by a fla% ( light travell+ f a cosmic light-s\rce to rea* ! e>? v>ies to a measurable ext5t1 &1 secondly1 t ?is diff]5ce is b\nd up ) ! ye>ly *anges ( ! e>?'s position 9 relation to ! sun & ! relevant planet>y body4 ,we leave equally out ( acc\nt ! fact t our consid]ations ( ! nature ( space 9 ,*apt] ,,xii r5d] x imp]missible to conceive ( cosmic space z some?+ 'across' :i* light 7or any o!r entity7 c be reg>d$ z travell+ ?is or t di/ance 9 ?is or t "t4 ,:at matt]s to u "h is ! validity ( ! conclusions drawn f ,roem]'s discov]y )9 ! framework ( ?\ght 9 :i* !y 7 made4 ,boil$ d[n to its purely empirical cont5t1 ,roem]'s obs]vation tells u solely & simply t )9 ! e>?'s cosmic orbit light-fla%es travel ) a c]ta9 measurable spe$4 ,to reg>d ?is in=mation z automatically valid1 fir/ly = light :i* is cont9u\sly pres5t1 & secondly = ev]y:]e 9 ! univ]se1 re/s aga9 on no?+ b a =egone conclusion4 ,precisely ! same criticism applies to ,bradley's obs]vation1 & to an ev5 high] degree4 ,:at ,bradley discov]$ is ! fact t ! app>5t direction 9 :i* we see a fix$ /> is dep5d5t on ! direction 9 :i* ! e>? moves relatively to ! />1 a ph5om5on kn[n "u ! "n ( 'ab]ration ( light'4 ,?is ph5om5on is frequ5tly br\ght to /ud5ts' und]/&+ by means ( ! foll[+ or "s simil> analogy4 ,imag9e t a ma*9e-gun 9 a fix$ position has s5t its projectile "r across a railway-c>riage s t bo? ! latt]'s walls are pi]c$4 ,if ! tra9 is at re/1 ! position ( ! gun c\ld be det]m9$ by sight+ ?r\gh ! %ot-holes made by ! entrance & exit ( ! bullet4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tra9 is mov+ at high spe$1 x w h advanc$ a c]ta9 di/ance dur+ ! "t tak5 by ! projectile to cross ! c>riage1 & ! po9t ( exit w be ne>] ! re> ( ! c>riage ?an 9 ! previ\s case4 ,let u n[ ?9k ( an obs]v] 9 ! tra9 :o1 :ile ignorant ( ! tra9's movem5t1 und]took to det]m9e ! gun's position by consid]+ ! direction ( ! l9e connect+ ! two holes4 ,he w\ld necess>ily locate ! gun 9 a position :i*1 comp>$ ) its true position1 w\ld seem to h %ift$ by "s di/ance 9 ! direction ( ! tra9's motion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 giv5 ! spe$ ( ! tra91 ! angle :i* ! l9e connect+ ! two holes =ms ) ! true direction ( ! c\rse ( ! projectile - ! s-call$ angle ( ab]ration - provides a measure ( ! spe$ ( ! projectile4 ,"u ! =egone conclusion t light itself has a def9ite velocity1 & t ?is velocity is ! same ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ,bradley's obs]vation ( ! ab]ration ( ! />s seem$ inde$ to make x possible to calculate ?is velocity f ! k ( ! e>?'s own spe$ & ! angle ( ab]ration4 ,?is angle c\ld be e/abli%$ by comp>+ ! diff]5t directions into :i* a telescope has to be turn$ at diff]5t times ( ! ye> 9 ord] to focus a p>ticul> />4 ,b :at does ,bradley's obs]vation tell u1 once we exclude all =egone conclusions8 ,z ! above analogy helps t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! concept ( ab]ration1 x w be helpful also to det]m9e ! limits up to :i* we are all[$ to draw valid conclusions f ! suppos$ occurr5ce itself4 ,a m9d :i* is free f all preconceiv$ ideas w n ignore ! fact t ! projectile1 by be+ =c$ to pi]ce ! wall ( ! c>riage1 suff]s a consid]able dim9ution ( its spe$4 ,! projectile1 !re=e1 passes ?r\gh ! c>riage ) a spe$ diff]5t f its spe$ outside4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is ! spe$ f hole to hole :i* det]m9es ! angle ( ab]ration1 no conclusion c be drawn f ! latt] z to ! orig9al velocity ( ! projectile4 ,let u assume ! imag9>y case t ! projectile 0 %ot =? f ! gun ) inf9ite velocity1 & t ! sl[+-d[n effect ( ! wall 0 great en\gh to produce a f9ite spe$ ( ! usual magnitude1 !n ! effect on ! position ( ! exit hole w\ld be precisely ! same z if ! projectile _h mov$ all ! "t ' ) ?is spe$ & n be5 sl[$ d[n at all4 ,see+ ?+s 9 ?is light1 ! sci5tific ,&]s5 *ild 9 u is r\s$ to exclaim3 ',b all t ,bradley's obs]vation in=ms u ( 1 ) c]ta9ty is a f9ite velocity ( ! optical process go+ on inside ! telescope6' ,inde$1 if someone %\ld claim ) good reason 7z we %all d lat] on7 t light's own velocity is inf9ite1 & 7z we %all n d7 t ! dynamic situation set up 9 ! telescope _h ! effect ( sl[+ d[n ! light to ! measur$ velocity - !re is no?+ 9 ,bradley's obs]vation :i* c\ld disprove ^! ass]tions4 99 ,hav+ ?us dispos$ ( ! false conclusions drawn by a k9ematically ori5tat$ ?9k+ f ! v>i\s obs]vations & measurem5ts ( ! velocity :i* appe>s 9 connexion ) light1 we c c>ry on our own /udies undi/urb$4 ,two obs]vations /& be=e u repres5t+ empirically e/abli%$ facts3 "o1 t 9 s f> z a f9ite velocity has be5 measur$ or calculat$ f o!r obs]vations1 no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! exi/5ce or magnitude ( su* a velocity except )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! dynamic realm con/itut$ by ! e>?'s pres5ce 9 ! univ]se2 ! o!r1 t ?is velocity is a 'gr\p'-velocity1 t is1 ! velocity ( ! front ( a light-beam 9 process ( e/abli%m5t4 ,let u see :at ^! two facts h to tell u :5 we reg>d !m z lett]s ( ! '^w' :i* light inscribes into ! ph5om5al _w z an indication ( its own nature4 ,tak+ ! la/-nam$ fact fir/1 we %all make use ( ! foll[+ comp>ison to help u realize h[ little we are ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ f obs]vations ( ! front spe$ ( a light-beam any conclusions conc]n+ ! k9ematic conditions prevail+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! beam itself4 ,imag9e ! process ( con/ruct+ a tunnel1 ) all ! ef=ts & "t ne$$ = cutt+ its passage ?r\gh ! resi/+ rock4 ,:5 ! tunnel is f9i%$ ! activities necess>y to its production are at an end4 ,:]eas ^! cont9ue = a limit$ "t only1 !y leave beh9d !m p]man5t traces 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! tunnel1 :i* "o c describe dynamically z a def9ite alt]ation 9 ! local conditions ( ! e>?'s gravity4 ,n[1 x w\ld occur to no "o to ascribe to ! tunnel itself1 z a la/+ quality1 ! spe$ ) :i* x _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,yet some?+ simil> happ5s :51 aft] obs]v+ ! velocity requir$ by light to lay hold on space1 ?is velocity is !n attribut$ to ! light z a quality ( its own4 ,x 0 res]v$ = a mode ( ?\ght t c\ld =m no concept ( ! real dynamic ( ,light & ,d>k1 to draw conclusions z to ! qualities ( light f exp]i5ces obta9$ ?r\gh obs]v+ its orig9al spread+ out into space4 ,to speak ( an indep5d5tly exi/+ space )9 :i* light c\ld move =w>d l a physical body1 is1 aft] :at we h le>nt ab\t space1 altoge!r =bidd54 ,= space 9 its relevant /ructure is itself b a result ( a p>ticul> co-ord9ation ( levity & gravity or1 9 o!r words1 ( ,light & ,d>k4 ,:at we f\nd e>li] ab\t ! qualities ( ! two pol> spaces n[ leads u to conceive ( !m z repres5tative ( two limit+ conditions ( velocity3 absolute contraction repres5t+ z]o velocity2 absolute expansion1 inf9ite velocity 7ea* 9 its own way a /ate ( 're/'74 ,?us any motion ) f9ite velocity is a mean betwe5 ^! two extremes1 & z su* ! result ( a p>ticul> co-ord9ation ( levity & gravity4 ,?is makes x evid5t t to speak ( a velocity tak+ its c\rse 9 space1 :e!r ) ref]5ce to light or to a physical body 9 motion1 is some?+ entirely unreal4 ,let u n[ see :at we are really told by ! numb] #ahf1jjj miles a second1 z ! measure ( ! spe$ ) :i* a light-impulse e/abli%es itself spatially4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we le>nt t ! e>?'s field ( gravity (f]s a def9ite resi/ance to our visual ray4 ,:at is true = ! inn] light holds good equally = ! out] light4 ,us+ an image f ano!r dynamic /ratum ( nature we c say t light1 :ile appe>+ )9 ! field ( gravity1 'rubs' itself on ?is4 ,on ! magnitude ( ?is friction dep5ds ! velocity ) :i* a light-impulse e/abli%es itself 9 ! m$ium ( ! resi/+ gravity4 ,:]eas light itself z a manife/ation ( levity possesses inf9ite velocity1 ?is is =c$ d[n to ! kn[n f9ite measure by ! resi/ance ( ! e>?'s field ( gravity4 ,?us ! spe$ ( light :i* has be5 measur$ by obs]v]s su* z ,fizeau & ,f\cault reveals itself z a function ( ! gravitational con/ant ( ! e>?1 & h5ce has validity = ?is sph]e only4#a ,! same is true = ,roem]'s & ,bradley's obs]vations1 none ( :i*1 aft] :at we h /at$ e>li]1 contradicts ?is result4 ,on ! contr>y1 se5 f ?is viewpo9t1 ,roem]'s discov]y ( ! light's travell+ ) f9ite spe$ )9 ! cosmic realm m>k$ by ! e>?'s orbit provides an important insight into ! dynamic conditions ( ?is realm4 99 ,among ! exp]im5ts und]tak5 ) ! aim ( e/abli%+ ! prop]ties ( ! propagation ( light by direct measurem5ts1 quot$ e>li]1 we m5tion$ ! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t z hav+ a special be>+ on ,e9/e9's conceptual edifice4 ,x is ! "o :i* has =m$ ! f\ndation ( t 7e>li]7 "p ( ,e9/e9's !ory :i* he himself call$ ! ,special ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,let u see :at becomes ( ?is f\ndation - & ) x ! conceptual edifice erect$ ^u x - :5 we exam9e x aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( :at we h f\nd to be ! true nature ( ! s-call$ velocity ( light4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t mod]n ideas ( light seem$ to call = some?+ 7,huyg5s's 'c]ta9 sub/ance'7 to act z be>] ( ! movem5t attribut$ to light4 ,?is l$ to ! conception ( an impond]able ag5cy capable ( c]ta9 movem5ts1 & to d5ote ?is ag5cy ! ,greek ^w e!r 0 borr[$4 7,h[ ?is ^w c be us$ aga9 to-day 9 con=mity ) its actual significance w be %[n 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( our discussions47 ,nev]!less1 all endeav\rs to f9d 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* an e!r a means ( expla9+ wide fields ( natural ph5om5a 7 disappo9t$4 ,= ! m exact concepts "o tri$ to =m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is e!r1 ! great] ! contradictions became4 ,"o su* decisive contradiction arose :5 optical means 7 us$ to discov] :e!r ! e!r 0 some?+ absolutely at re/ 9 space1 ?r\gh :i* physical bodies mov$ freely1 or :e!r x %>$ 9 _! movem5t4 ,exp]im5ts made by ,fizeau ) runn+ wat] seem$ to prove ! "o view1 ^? ( ,mi*elson & ,morley1 involv+ ! movem5t ( ! e>?1 ! o!r view4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t ! velocity ( light 0 %[n to be ! same1 9 :atev] direction1 relative to ! e>?'s own motion1 x 0 measur$4 ,?is app>5t pro( ( ! absolute con/ancy ( light-velocity - :i* seem$1 h[ev]1 to contradict o!r obs]vations - induc$ ,e9/e9 to d away ) ! :ole assumption ( a be>] ( ! movem5t und]ly+ light1 :e!r ! be>] 7 suppos$ to be at re/ or itself 9 motion4 ,in/ead1 he dive/$ ! concepts ( space & "t1 f :i* t ( velocity is usually d]iv$1 ( ! absolut5ess hi!rto attribut$ to !m1 ) ! result t 9 8 !ory "t has come to be conceiv$ z "p ( a f\r-dim5sional 'space-"t cont9uum'4 ,9 reality ! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t pres5ts no problem requir+ su* lab\rs z ^? ( ,e9/e9 = its solution4 ,= by ?is exp]im5t no?+ is prov$ beyond :at c 9 any ev5t be kn[n - namely1 t ! velocity ( ! propagation ( a light-impulse is con/ant 9 all directions1 s long z ! measur+ is conf9$ to regions :]e ! d5sity ( t]re/rial space is m or less ! same4 ,) ! realization ( ?is tru?1 h[ev]1 ,e9/e9's ,special ,!ory loses its entire f\ndation4 ,all t rema9s to be said ab\t x is t x 0 a spl5did endeav\r to solve a problem :i*1 rightly consid]$1 does n exi/4#a 99 ,n[ t we h realiz$ t x is inadmissible to speak ( light z consi/+ ( s+le rays1 or to ascribe to x a f9ite velocity1 ! concept ( ! refraction ( light1 z und]/ood by optics to-day & employ$ = ! explanation ( ! spectrum1 also becomes unt5able4 ,let u f9d out :at we mu/ put 9 its place4 ,! ph5om5on :i* l$ ! onlook]-consci\sness to =m ! idea ( optical refraction has be5 kn[n s9ce e>ly times4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fact1 surpris+ at fir/ sight1 t an object1 su* z a co91 :i* lies at ! bottom ( a vessel hidd5 f an obs]v] by ! rim1 becomes visible :5 ! vessel is fill$ ) wat]4 ,mod]n optics has expla9$ ?is by assum+ t f ! sep>ate po9ts ( ! floor ( ! vessel light-rays g out to all sides1 "o ray fall+ 9 ! direction ( ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,h5ce1 because ( ! positions ( eye & int]cept+ rim !re are a numb] ( po9ts f :i* no rays c rea* ! eye4 ,"o su* po9t is repres5t$ by ! co9 7,p 9 ,fig4 #ab;a74 ,n[ if ! vessel is fill$ ) wat]1 light-rays em]g+ f x are held to be refract$1 s t rays f ! po9ts hi!rto invisible also meet ! eye1 :i* is /ill 9 its orig9al position4 ,! eye itself is n consci\s ( ?is 'break' 9 ! light-rays1 because x is accu/om$ to 'project' all light impressions rectil9e>ly out into space 7,fig4 #ab;b474 ,h5ce1 x sees ,p 9 ! position ( ,p'4 ,?is is ?\ght to be ! orig9 ( ! impression t ! :ole bottom ( ! vessel is rais$4 ,?is k9d ( explanation is q 9 l9e ) ! peculi>ity ( ! onlook]-consci\sness1 not$ e>li]1 to attribute an optical illusion to ! eye's way ( work+1 :ile *>g+ ! m9d ) ! task ( cle>+ up ! illusion4 ,9 reality x is j ! rev]se4 ,s9ce ! intellect c =m no o!r idea ( ! act ( see+ ?an t ?is is a passive process tak+ place solely )9 ! eye1 x falls1 itself1 into illusion4 ,h[ great is ?is illusion we see f ! fact t ! intellect is f9ally oblig$ to make ! eye someh[ or o!r 'project' into space ! impressions x receives - a process lack+ any concrete dynamic cont5t4 ,once m1 x is n our task to replace ?is way ( 'expla9+' ! ph5om5on by any o!r1 b r to comb9e ! ph5om5on giv5 "h ) o!rs ( k9dr$ nature s t ! !ory conta9$ 9 !m c be read f !m direct4 ,"o o!r su* ph5om5on is t ( s-call$ app>5t optical dep?1 :i* an obs]v] enc\nt]s :5 look+ ?r\gh transp>5t m$ia ( v>y+ optical d5sity4 ,:at connects ! two is ! fact t ! rate ( ! alt]ation ( dep?1 & ! rate ( *ange ( ! direction ( light1 are ! same = ! same m$ia4 ,9 pres5t-day optics ?is ph5om5on is expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! =m]4 ,9 proce$+ l ?is1 optical sci5ce makes ! v mi/ake :i* ,goe! condemn$ 9 ,newton1 say+ t a complicat$ ph5om5on 0 made ! basis1 & ! simpl] d]iv$ f ! complex4 ,= ( ^! two ph5om5a1 ! simpl]1 s9ce x is indep5d5t ( any second>y condition1 is ! "o %[+ t our exp]i5ce ( dep? is dep5d5t on ! d5sity ( ! optical m$ium4 ,! latt] ph5om5on we met once be=e1 ?\gh )\t ref]5ce to its quantitative side1 :5 9 look+ at a l&scape we f\nd h[ our exp]i5ces ( dep? *ange 9 con=mity ) alt]ations 9 atmosph]ic conditions4 ,?is1 !n1 s]v$ to make u aw>e t ! way we appreh5d ?+s optically is ! result ( an int]play betwe5 our visual ray & ! m$ium outside u :i* x meets4 ,x is exactly ! same :5 we look ?r\gh a vessel fill$ ) wat] & see ! bottom ( x z if rais$ 9 level4 ,?is is 9 no s5se an optical illusion2 x is ! result ( :at takes place objectively & dynamically )9 ! m$ium1 :5 our eye-ray passes ?r\gh x4 ,only our intellect is "u an illusion :51 9 ! case ( ! co9 becom+ visible at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 x deals ) ! co9 z if x 7 a po9t f :i* an individual ray ( light w5t out44 44 etc41 in/ead ( conceiv+ ! ph5om5on ( ! rais+ ( ! vessel's bottom z "o indivisible :ole1 :]e9 ! co9 s]ves only to l9k our att5tion to x4 99 ,hav+ ?us cle>$ away ! k9ematic int]pretation ( ! co9-9-!-b[l ph5om5on1 we may pass on to discuss ! optical effect ?r\gh :i* ! s-call$ law ( refraction 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 sci5ce4 ,in/ead ( pictur+ to ourselves1 z is usually done1 light-rays :i* are %ift$ away f or t[>ds ! p]p5dicul> at ! bord]-plane betwe5 two m$ia ( diff]5t optical prop]ties1 we %all r build up ! picture z light itself designs x into space4 ,we h se5 t our inn] light1 z well z ! out] light1 suff]s a c]ta9 h9drance 9 pass+ ?r\gh a physical m$ium - ev5 su* z ! e>?'s gravity-field4 ,:il/ we may n describe ?is ret>dation1 z is usually done1 9 t]ms ( a small] velocity ( light itself )9 ! d5s] m$ium1 we may rightly say t d5sity has ! effect ( less5+ ! int5sity ( ! light4 7,x is ! "t requir$ = ! initial e/abli%m5t ( a light-fill$ realm :i* is great] )9 su* a m$ium ?an outside x47 ,n[ by its v nature ! int5sity ( light _c be measur$ 9 spatial t]ms4 ,yet !re is a ph5om5on by :i* ! decrease ( ! inn] int5sity ( ! light becomes spatially app>5t & ?us spatially measurable4 ,x consi/s 9 ! alt]ation und]gone by ! ap]ture ( a cone ( light :5 pass+ f "o optical m$ium to ano!r4 ,if "o sets 9 ! pa? ( a lum9\s cone a glass-wall$ tr\gh fill$ ) wat]1 !n1 if bo? wat] & surr\nd+ air are slightly cl\d$1 ! cone is se5 to make a m acute angle )9 ! wat] ?an outside x 7,fig4 #ac74 ,"h 9 an ext]nal ph5om5on we meet ! same weak5+ 9 ! light's t5d5cy to exp& t we recogniz$ 9 ! %ort5+ ( our exp]i5ce ( dep? on look+ ?r\gh a d5se m$ium4 ,obvi\sly1 we expect ! ext]nally obs]vable n>r[+ ( ! light-cone & ! subjectively exp]i5c$ *ange ( optical dep? to %[ ! same ratio4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! rate ( expansion ( a lum9\s cone inside & outside wat]1 we mu/ measure by h[ mu* less ! wid? ( ! cone increases )9 ! wat] ?an x does outside4 7,to be comp>able1 ! measurem5ts mu/ be bas$ ^u ! same di/ances on ! edge ( ! cone1 because ?is is ! l5g? ( ! way ! light actually travels47 ,9 ,fig4 #ac ?is is %[n by ! two di/ances1 a-b & a'-b'4 ,_! ratio is ! same z t by :i* ! bottom ( a vessel appe>s to be rais$ :5 ! vessel is fill$ ) wat] 7#d3c74 ,?us by means ( pure obs]vation we h arriv$ at no?+ less ?an :at is kn[n to physical optics z ,snell's ,law ( ,refraction4 ,?is law 0 itself ! result ( pure obs]vation1 b 0 clo!d 9 a conceptual =m devoid ( reality4 ,9 ?is =m x /ates t a ray ( light 9 transition betwe5 two m$ia ( diff]5t d5sities is refract$ at _! b\nd>y surface s t ! ratio ( ! angle :i* is =m$ by ! ray 9 ei!r m$ium ) a l9e at "r angles to ! b\nd>y surface is su* t ! quoti5t ( ! s9es ( bo? angles is = ^! m$ia a con/ant factor4 ,9 symbols s9 _/ s9 c4 ,x w be cle> to ! read] famili> ) trigonometry t ?is ratio ( ! two s9es is no?+ else b ! ratio ( ! two di/ances :i* s]v$ u z a measure = ! respective ap]tures ( ! cone4 ,b :]eas ! measurem5t ( ^! two di/ances is conc]n$ ) some?+ q real 7s9ce !y express an actual dynamic alt]ation ( ! light71 ! measur+ ( ! angle betwe5 ! ray ( light & ! p]p5dicul> is f\nd$ on no?+ real4 ,x is n[ cle> t ! concept ( ! ray1 z x figures 9 ! usual picture ( refraction1 is 9 reality ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! lum9\s space & its surr\nd+s4 ,evid5tly ! concept ( ! p]p5dicul> on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two m$ia is 9 itself a complete ab/raction1 s9ce no?+ happ5s dynamically 9 its direction4 ,to a normal human und]/&+ x is incompreh5sible :y a ray ( light %\ld be relat$ to an ext]nal geometrical l9e1 z /at$ by ! law ( refraction 9 its usual =m4 ,physical optics1 9 ord] to expla9 refraction1 _h !re=e to resort to light-bundles spatially diffus$1 & by use ( sundry purely k9ematic concepts1 to read into ^! light-bundles c]ta9 processes ( motion1 :i* are n 9 ! lea/ %[n by ! ph5om5on itself4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ! idea t ! b\nd>y ( a lum9\s cone is spatially displac$ :5 its expansion is h9d]$ by an optical m$ium ( "s d5sity1 & t ! measure ( ?is displacem5t is equal to ! %ort5+ ( dep? :i* we exp]i5ce 9 look+ ?r\gh ?is m$ium1 is directly evid5t1 s9ce all its elem5ts are tak5 f obs]vation4 99 ,f :at we h "h f\nd we may expect t 9 ord] to expla9 ! num]ical relation%ips betwe5 natural ph5om5a 7) :i* sci5ce 9 ! pa/ has be5 solely conc]n$71 we by no means require ! artificial !ories to :i* ! onlook] 9 man1 conf9$ z he is to ab/ract ?9k+1 has be5 unavoidably driv54 ,inde$1 to an obs]v] :o tra9s himself on ! l9es indicat$ 9 ?is book1 ev5 ! quantitative secrets ( nature w become objects ( intuitive judgm5t1 j z ,goe!1 by develop+ ?is organ ( und]/&+1 fir/ f\nd access to nature's qualitative secrets4 7,! *ange 9 our conception ( numb] :i* ?is entails w be %[n at a lat] /age ( our discussions47 #a ,comp>e ) ?is our acc\nt 9 ,*apt] ,x ( ! rise ( ! atomi/ic-k9ematic int]pretation ( heat4 #b ,! foll[+ critical /udy leaves1 ( c\rse1 completely unt\*$ our recognition ( ! devotion :i* guid$ ! respective obs]v]s 9 _! "w1 & ( ! +5uity ) :i* "s ( _! obs]vations 7 devis$ & c>ri$ out4 #c ,! assumption is t ! wave-velocity diff]s f ! gr\p-velocity1 if at all1 by a negligible am\nt4 #d ,once ?is is realiz$ !re c be no d\bt t ) ! aid ( an adequate ma!matical calculus 7:i* w\ld h to be e/abli%$ on a reali/ic und]/&+ ( ! respective prop]ties ( ! fields ( =ce com+ into play7 x w become possible to d]ive by calculation ! spe$ ( ! e/abli%m5t ( light )9 physical space f ! gravitational con/ant ( ! e>?4 #e ,! gr\nds ( ,e9/e9's ,g5]al ,!ory 7 dealt ) 9 our e>li] discussions4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,! ,spectrum z a ,script ( ! ,_s ,! realization t ,newton's explanation ( ! spectrum fails to meet ! facts prompt$ ,goe! to engage 9 all ^? /udies :i* made him ! f\nd] ( a mod]n optics bas$ on intuitive p>ticipation 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,9 spite ( all t he a*iev$1 h[ev]1 he nev] rea*$ a real solution ( ! riddle ( ! col\r-ph5om5on produc$ :5 light passes ?r\gh a transp>5t body ( prismatic %ape4 ,= 8 assumption ( c]ta9 'd\ble images'1 :i* are suppos$ to appe> z a result ( ! optical displacem5t ( ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ! ,light-fill$ & ! ,d>k-fill$ p>ts ( space & ! mutual sup]position ( :i* he believ$ to be responsible = ! appe>ance ( ! respective col\rs1 does n solve ! problem4#a ,:at h9d]$ ,goe! 9 ?is field 0 8 limit$ insight into ! nature ( ! two di/9ct k9ds ( =ces :i*1 z we h not$ 9 ! c\rse ( our own inquiries1 correspond to 8 concepts ( ,li*t & ,f9/]nis4 ,) ! aid ( ?is di/9ction - :i* we h inde$ e/abli%$ ?r\gh a consi/5t application ( ,goe!'s me?od - we %all n[ be able to develop precisely t insight into ! com+-into-be+ ( ! spectral col\rs :i* ,goe! s\ght4#b 99 ,dynamically1 ! process ( ! =mation ( ! spectrum by light t passes ?r\gh a prism divides into two cle>ly di/+ui%able p>ts4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 ! influ5ce :i* ! light und]goes inside ! prism z a result ( ! latt]'s special %ape1 ! o!r1 9 :at happ5s outside ! prism at ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,light-space - influ5c$ by ! %ape ( ! prism - & ! surr\nd+ ,d>k-space4 ,accord+ly1 we %all /udy ^! two p>ts ( ! process sep>ately4 ,z an aid to di/+ui%+ cle>ly "o process f ! o!r1 we %all suppose ! prism exp]im5t to be s arrang$ t ! light area is l>g] ?an ! wid? ( ! prism1 :i* w !n lie completely )9 x4 ,we %all fur!r suppose ! dim5sions ( ! :ole to be su* t ! "p obs]vable on ! scre5 repres5ts only a portion ( ! total light-realm situat$ betwe5 ! b\nd>ies ( ! prism4 ,! result is t ! scre5 depicts a light-ph5om5on 9 :i* !re is no trace ( col\r4 ,= normal eyesight1 ! ph5om5on on ! scre5 diff]s 9 no way f :at x w\ld be if no prism int]v5$ 9 ! pa? ( ! light4 ,^! two seem+ly id5tical light-ph5om5a reveal at once _! inn] dynamic diff]5ce if we n>r[ ! field ( light f ei!r side by introduc+ into x an object capable ( ca/+ %ad[4 ,if !re is no prism we see simply a black %ad[ move into ! illum9$ area on ! scre51 no matt] f :i* side ! n>r[+ comes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! light has come ?r\gh a prism 7arrang$ z describ$ above7 c]ta9 col\rs appe> on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! regions ( light & %ad[1 & ^! diff] accord+ to ! side f :i* ! d>k5+ is effect$4 ,! same "p ( ! light area may ?us be made to display ei!r ! col\rs ( ! blue pole ( ! col\r-scale1 or ^? ( ! yell[ pole4 ,?is %[s t ! inn] dynamic condition ( ! light-realm is alt]$ 9 "s way by be+ expos$ to an optically resi/ant m$ium ( prismatic %ape4 ,if we are to f9d ! cause & nature ( ?is alt]ation we mu/ rev]t to ! prism itself1 & inquire :at effect x has on light 9 ! "p ( space occupi$ by x4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is way we foll[ ,goe!'s model3 fir/1 to keep ! two bord]-ph5om5a sep>ate1 &1 secondly1 n to ascribe to ! light itself :at is 9 fact due to c]ta9 b\nd>y conditions4 ,9 ord] to realize :at happ5s to ! light 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism1 let u rememb] t x is a *>act]i/ic ( an ord9>y light-beam to direct itself ?r\gh space 9 a /raight l9e if n int]f]$ )1 & to illum9ate equally any cross-section ( ! area x fills4 ,bo? ^! features are alt]$ :5 ! light is expos$ to a transp>5t m$ium ( prismatic %ape - t is1 to an optically resi/ant m$ium s %ap$ t ! l5g? ( ! light's passage ?r\gh x *anges f "o side ( ! beam to ! o!r1 be+ lea/ at ! s-call$ refract+ edge ( ! prism1 greate/ at ! base opposite to t4 ,! dimm+ effect ( ! m$ium1 !re=e1 has a diff]5t magnitude at ea* po9t ( ! wid? ( ! beam4 ,obvi\sly1 ! ratio betwe5 levity & gravity inside su* a light-realm1 in/ead ( be+ con/ant1 v>ies f "o side to ! o!r4 ,! result is a transv]se dynamic impulse :i* acts f t "p ( ! light-realm :]e ! weak5+ influ5ce ( ! prism is lea/ t[>ds ! "p :]e x is /ronge/ 7see long arr[ 9 ,plate ,c1 ,fig4 i74#c ,?is impulse manife/s 9 ! deflection ( ! light f its orig9al c\rse4 ,ap>t f ?is1 no?+ is noticeable 9 ! light itself :5 caught by an obs]vation scre51 ! reason be+ t ! transv]se impulse n[ imman5t 9 ! light-realm has no effect on ! reflect+ surface4 ,! situation *anges :5 ! light-realm is n>r[$ d[n f "o side or ! o!r - 9 o!r words1 :5 an abrupt *ange ( ! field-conditions1 t is1 a sudd5 leap f light to d>k or f d>k to light1 is introduc$ )9 ?is realm4 ,9 ?is case1 cle>ly1 ! effect ( ! transv]se field-gradi5t on su* a leap w be diff]5t1 dep5d+ on ! relation betwe5 ! directions ( ! two 7see small arr[s 9 ,fig4 i74 ,our eyes witness to ?is diff]5ce by see+ ! col\rs ( ! blue pole ( ! col\r-scale appe> :5 ! field-gradi5t is direct$ t[>ds ! leap 7a71 & ! col\rs ( ! yell[ pole :5 ! gradi5t is direct$ away f x 7b74 ,= our fur!r inve/igation x is v important to obs]ve h[ ! col\rs spread :5 !y em]ge at ! edge ( ! %ad[-ca/+ object ?us introduc$ into ! light-realm f ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,figs1 ii & iii on ,plate ,c %[1 closely en\gh = our purpose1 ! position ( ! col\r-be>+ areas 9 ea* case1 ) ! dott$ l9e indicat+ ! direction :i* ! light w\ld h at ! place ( orig9 ( ! col\rs if !re 7 no object int]f]+ ) its free expansion4#d ,we obs]ve a di/9ct diff]5ce 9 ! wid5+ out ( ! two col\r-areas on bo? sides ( ! orig9al direction ( ! light3 9 ea* case ! angle :i* ! b\nd>y ( ! col\r-area =ms ) ?is direction is small] on ! side ( ! col\rs ne>e/ ! light-realm 7blue & yell[ respectively7 ?an on ! opposite side 7violet & r$74 ,rememb]+ :at we h le>nt ab\t ! dynamic *>act]i/ics ( ! two col\r-poles1 we are n[ 9 a position to /ate ! foll[+4 ,:5 a light-area subject to a lat]al gradi5t is n>r[$ d[n1 s t ! gradi5t is direct$ t[>ds ! n>r[+ object1 col\rs arise 9 :i* ! int]action betwe5 ! two pol>ically opposite =ms ( d5sity is su* t positive d5sity makes = lightness1 & negative d5sity = d>kness4 ,:]eas1 :5 ! bord] is s situat$ t ! gradi5t is direct$ away f x1 ! int]action is su* t positive d5sity makes = d>kness1 & negative d5sity = lightness4 ,fur!r1 ! fact t on bo? occasions ! d>kness elem5t 9 ! col\r-b& increases 9 ! outw>d direction tells u t 9 ?is direction !re is on ! blue-violet side a gradual decrease 9 positive1 & increase 9 negative1 d5sity1 :ile on ! opposite side we f9d j ! rev]se4 ,we note aga9 t bo? processes occupy a consid]able "p ( ! space orig9ally outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! light-area - t is1 at ! violet end ! "p t[>ds :i* ! light-beam is deflect$1 & at ! r$ end ! "p f :i* x turns away4 ,! visual ray1 :5 p5etrat+ actively into ! two col\r-ph5om5a ?us describ$1 receives evid5ce ( a dynamic happ5+ :i* may be express$ z foll[s4 ,:]e ! transv]se impulse1 :i* is due to ! v>y+ degree ( ,trbung 9 ! light-realm1 is direct$ t[>ds ! latt]'s edge1 ! int]m+l+ ( ! ,d>k-+r$i5t & ! ,light-+r$i5t1 conta9$ 9 t realm1 is su* t ,d>k foll[s ,light along its already exi/+ gradi5t1 !reby dim9i%+ /eadily4 ,h5ce our visual ray1 meet+ conditions q simil> to ^? occurr+ :5 we look across ! light-fill$ atmosph]e into univ]sal space1 notifies u ( ! pres5ce ( ! blue-violet col\r-pole4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! edge is 9 ! wake ( ! transv]se impulse1 !n a k9d ( dynamic vacuum arises 9 t "p ( space f :i* ! beam is deflect$1 ) ! effect t ! ,d>k-+r$i5t1 impr9t$ on ! light )9 ! prism1 is drawn into ?is vacuum by foll[+ a k9d ( suctional influ5ce4 ,consequ5tly ,d>k & ,light "h come to oppose "o ano!r1 & ! =m]1 on its way out ( ! light-area1 ga9s 9 relative /r5g?4 ,on ?is side our visual ray meets conditions resembl+ ^? :i* occur :5 we look across ! d>k5+ atmosph]e into ! sun4 ,accord+ly our optical exp]i5ce tells u ( ! pres5ce ( ! yell[-r$ col\r-pole4 ,f our description ( ! two k9ds ( dynamic co-ord9ation ( positive & negative d5sity at ! two ends ( ! spectrum x foll[s t ! spatial conditions prevail+ at "o end mu/ be q diff]5t f ^? at ! o!r4 ,to see ?is by way ( actual p]ception is inde$ n difficult4 ,9 fact1 if we believe t we see bo? ends ( ! spectrum ly+1 z x 71 flatly on ! surface ( ! obs]vation scre51 ?is is m]ely an illusion due to our sup]ficial way ( us+ our eyes4 ,if we gaze ) our visual ray 7activat$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$7 into ! two sides ( ! spectrum1 :ile turn+ our eyes alt]nately 9 "o or o!r direction1 we soon notice t ! col\rs ( ! yell[-r$ rise t[>ds ! eye s z to give ! impression ( protrud+ almo/ corporeally f ! surface ( ! scre54 ,we feel3 ,d5sity obta9s "h 9 a /ate ( fi]y radiation4 ,:5 turn+ to ! o!r side we feel our visual ray1 in/ead ( be+ z be=e caught up 9 ! col\rs1 pass+ freely across ! col\rs z if c>ri$ by !m into ! inf9ite4 ,on ! blue-violet side1 space itself seems to fluoresce my/]i\sly#e4 ,foll[+ ,goe!'s conception ( ! physical-moral effect ( col\rs1 we may describe ! exp]i5ce receiv$ ?us f ! two poles ( ! spectrum by say+ t an 'o!r-worldly' "* belongs to ! col\rs ( ! blue-violet pole2 an 'e>?ly' "* to ^? ( ! yell[-r$2 :ile t ( gre51 :i* appe>s :5 bo? sides are made to ov]lap1 witnesses to its m$iat+ nature betwe5 ! two4 99 ,9 our endeav\r to view ! fundam5tal exp]im5t ( ,newtonian optics ) ! eyes ( ,goe! we h be5 l$ f ! wide expanse ( ! e>?'s sunlit p]iph]y into ! conf9es ( ! d>k5$ exp]im5tal *amb]4 ,) ! aid ( ! results ga9$ f /udy+ ! artificially produc$ spectrum ph5om5on1 we %all n[ return to our orig9al field ( obs]vation 9 ord] to /udy ! same ph5om5on 9 nature4 ,!re x meets u 9 ! =m ( ! ra9b[1 :i* we %all n[ be able to read z a *apt] 9 ! great book ( nature4 ,f :at we h le>nt already we c say at once t ! ra9b[ mu/ repres5t "s sort ( bord]-ph5om5on1 ?us po9t+ to ! exi/5ce ( a b\nd>y betwe5 two space-regions ( diff]+ illum9ation4 ,our "q !re=e mu/ be3 :at is ! light-image ^: b\nd>y comes to col\r$ manife/ation 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! ra9b[8 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! image is t ( ! sun-disk1 %9+ 9 ! sky4 ,:5 we see a ra9b[1 :at we are really look+ at is ! edge ( an image ( ! sun-disk1 caught & reflect$1 ow+ to fav\rable conditions1 9 ! atmosph]e4 7,obs]ve 9 ?is respect t ! :ole area inside ! ra9b[ is always consid]ably bright] ?an ! space outside47 ,once we realize ?is to be ! true nature ( ! ra9b[1 ! peculi> ord] ( its col\rs beg9s to speak a significant language4 ,! ess5tial po9t to obs]ve is t ! blue-violet "p ( ! spectrum lies on ! inn] side ( ! ra9b[-ar* - ! side imm$iately adjo9+ ! out] rim ( ! sun-image - :ile ! yell[-r$ "p lies on ! out] side ( ! ar* - ! side turn$ away f ! sun-image4 ,:at c we le>n f ?is ab\t ! di/ribution ( positive & negative d5sity inside & outside ! realm occupi$ by ! sun-disk itself 9 ! cosmos8 ,we rememb] t along ! gradi5t f blue to violet1 negative d5sity 7,light7 increases & positive d5sity 7,d>k7 decreases1 :ile f yell[ to r$ x is j ! rev]se-positive d5sity increases & negative d5sity decreases4 ,! ra9b[ !re=e indicates a /eady increase ( ,d>k t[>ds ! out] rim1 & ( ,light t[>ds ! inn]4 ,evid5tly1 :at ! optical image ( ! sun 9 ! atmosph]e ?us reveals conc]n+ ! gradation ( ! ratio betwe5 ,light & ,d>k 9 ! radial direction1 is an attribute ( ! entire light-realm :i* /ret*es f ! sun to t image4 ,& aga91 ! attribute ( ?is realm is b an effect ( ! dynamic relation betwe5 ! sun itself & ! surr\nd+ cosmic space4 ,! ra9b[ ?us becomes a script to u 9 :i* we read ! rem>kable fact t ! region occupi$ by ! sun 9 ! cosmos is a region ( negative d5sity1 9 relation to :i* ! region surr\nd+ ! sun is "o ( positive d5sity4 ,f> f be+ an accumulation ( pond]able matt] 9 a /ate ( extremely high temp]ature1 z sci5ce supposes1 ! sun repres5ts ! v opposite ( pond]ability4 7,x w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ?is book to %[ h[ 9 ! light ( ?is fact "o le>ns to re-read ! v>i\s sol> ph5om5a kn[n to sci5ce47 ,once we realize ?is1 our judgm5t ( all t our t]re/rially devis$ optical in/rum5ts1 su* z ! telescope & spectroscope1 tell u ab\t ! nature ( ! sun & its surr\nd+s1 w *ange accord+ly4 ,= x becomes cle> t = ! int]pretation ( sol> ph5om5a %[n by ^! in/rum5ts we _c prop]ly use concepts d]iv$ f obs]vations )9 ! e>?'s realm ( positive d5sity4 ,to comp>e adequately sol> & t]re/rial ph5om5a1 we mu/ keep 9 m9d t !y are 9 e respect pol> opposites4 ,= in/ance1 ! fact t ! spectroscope reveals ph5om5a 9 ! sun's light :i* are /rik+ly simil> to o!rs occurr+ :5 e>?ly matt] is fir/ caus$ to emit light - t is1 br\ght ne> ! upp] bord] ( its pond]able exi/5ce - & !n /udi$ spectroscopically1 %\ld n impose on u ! illusion t ! sun consi/s ( matt] 9 ?is same condition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! simil>ity %\ld tell u t impond]able sub/ance1 :ile on its way betwe5 sun & e>? to pond]able exi/5ce1 assumes1 at ! po9t ( transition1 aspects exactly l ^? reveal$ by pond]able sub/ance at ! correspond+ po9t 9 its upw>d trans=mation4 ,:at we obs]ve1 :5 we /udy ! sun ?r\gh a spectroscope1 is n ! sun itself1 b ! conditions obta9+ 9 ?is bord]-region1 :]e impond]able sub/ance ent]s ! e>?-realm4 ,! ra9b[1 directly we le>n to see x z ! bord]-ph5om5on t x is1 tells u some?+ ( itself :i* revives 9 mod]n =m a conception held g5]ally 9 =m] ages1 :5 x 0 se5 z a m$iator betwe5 ! cosmic-div9e & ! e>?ly-human worlds4 ,?us ! ,bible speaks ( x z a symbol ( ,god's reconciliation ) ! human race aft] ! great ,flood4 ,?us ! ,greeks beheld x :5 !y saw x z ! bridge ( ,iris1 mess5g] ( ! ,gods2 & simil>ly ! ,g]manic my?ology speaks ( x z ! pa?way along :i* ! s\ls ( ! fall5 w>riors draw ne> to ,valhalla4 ,by recov]+ ?is old conception 9 a new & sci5tifically gr\nd$ =m we are enabl$ also to rectify ! misund]/&+ f :i* ! anci5t bridge-conception ( ! ra9b[ has suff]$ 9 lat] days1 :5 tradition _h begun to replace direct insight into ! tru?4 ,:5 ) ! rise ( man's onlook]-relation to ! _w ( ! s5ses1 ! ra9b[ c\ld appe> to him only z a =m flatt5$ aga9/ ! sky1 p began to ?9k t ! anci5t picture ( x z a bridge _h be5 d]iv$ f its lik5ess to ! latt]'s ar*$ =m4 ,repres5tations ( ! ra9b[ f ^! times inde$ %[ sup]s5sible be+s1 su* z ! s\ls ( ! dead1 mov+ upw>ds & d[nw>ds along ! two halves ( ! ar*4 ,x is n 9 ?is ab/ract way t anci5t man =m$ 8 cosmic imag]y4 ,:at 0 se5 go+ on betwe5 ! upp] & ne!r worlds :5 a ra9b[ appe>$ 9 ! heights ( ! atmosph]e 0 no traffic ov] ! ar*1 b an int]play across ! ra9b[ betwe5 ! realm ( levity1 glimm]+ d[n 9 ! ra9b['s violet bord]1 & ! realm ( gravity gl[+ up f ! r$4 ,& ?is is h[ we h n[ le>nt to see x aga94 99 ,at "o po9t 9 our optical /udies 7page #bei7 we ref]r$ to "s words ( ,rusk9 9 :i* he deplor$ ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! s\l-life ( mod]n man by ! _w-conception ( sci5ce4 ,he illu/rat$ ?is by %[+ h[ mu* less inspiration a man tra9$ 9 ! sci5ce ( optics receives f ! sight ( a ra9b[ ?an does a 'simple peasant'4 ,"o lesson ( our /udies is t tra9+ 9 optics1 if x proce$s on ,goe!an l9es1 has no su* detrim5tal effect4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r problem1 outside ,rusk9's scope1 :i* we are n[ able to approa* 9 ! same heal?y way4 ,rusk9 di/+ui%es betwe5 ?ree possible /ages 9 man's relation to ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,! fir/ /age he calls t ( 'inactive rev]ie'2 ! second - 9 a c]ta9 respect m advanc$ - t ( 'useful ?\ght'1 ! /age ( sci5tifically awak5$ man to :om all ?+s dis9tegrate into c\ntable & no?+ b c\ntable p>ts4 ,beyond ?is1 ,rusk9 conceives ( a ?ird1 /ill high] /age1 9 :i* man becomes capable ( rais+ himself ?r\gh 'high] contemplation' into an arti/ic-e?ical relation to ! cont5t ( ! s5se-_w4 ,n[1 9 ! way ,rusk9 repres5ts ! second & ?ird /ages !y seem to be exclusive ( "o ano!r4 ,t 0 z f> z he c\ld g1 9 8 own day4 ,natural obs]vation along ,goe!an l9es leads to a =m ( high] contemplation :i* unites ! second & ?ird /ages by n\ri%+ man's e?ical be+ & at ! same "t furni%+ him ) useful k-k1 t is1 :i* enables him to improve ! conditions ( ! human race on ! e>?4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ! practical possibilities t op5 up 9 ! field we are discuss+ if we apply ! k ga9$ ?r\gh our new approa* to ! =ces work+ 9 nature4 ,we %all speak "h ( a task ( exp]im5tal rese>* :i* 0 m5tion$ by ,rudolf ,/e9] 9 connexion ) ! r5ewal ( natural sci5ce4 ,rudolf ,/e9] felt ! ne$ = pione]s :o1 by advanc+ along ! pa?s op5$ up by ,goe!1 w\ld press =w>d into ! realm ( undiscov]$ ph5om5a on ! upp] bord] ( nature1 & ?is prompt$ him to give to ^? :o 7 ready to li/5 v>i\s po9t]s t[>ds new ways ( exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,9 s f> z practical results h already be5 rea*$ along ^! l9es1 !y lie 9 ! fields ( biology & physiology 7& ( *emi/ry1 9 a c]ta9 respect7 r ?an 9 t ( physics4 ,n[1 among ! indications giv5 9 ?is latt] field1 & n yet work$ out1 !re is "o :i* deals ) a way1 unkn[n to-day1 ( influ5c+ ! spectrum by ! magnet4 ,! possibility ( a magnetic influ5ce on ! spectrum is1 9 itself1 n unkn[n to mod]n physics4 ,x 0 ! ,dut*man1 ,zeeman1 :o fir/ obs]v$ a *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 spectral l9es z a result ( light pass+ ?r\gh a magnetic field4 ,?is discov]y1 h[ev]1 is 9 two respects typical ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! ,zeeman effect consi/s 9 ! splitt+ up ( c]ta9 spectral l9es into o!r l9es - h5ce1 ( a break+ up ( a :ole into p>ts4 ,& by seem+ly provid+ a decisive confirmation ( contempor>y views conc]n+ ! electromagnetic nature ( light1 ,zeeman's discov]y has =m$ "o ( ! mile/ones 9 ! progress ( mod]n physical ?\ght - ) ! usual result t an enl>gem5t ( man's k ( ! behavi\r ( natural =ces has s]v$ to entangle 8 conception ( nature /ill m deeply 9 illusion4 ,ap>t f ! fact t our own way ( comb9+ obs]vation & ?\ght gu>ds u aga9/ draw+ !oretical conclusions f ,zeeman's discov]y1 ,rudolf ,/e9]'s indication op5s up ! prospect ( a*iev+ q practical results1 opposite 9 "* to ^? ( ! ,zeeman effect4 ,= 9 contradi/9ction to ! use ( a magnetic field = splitt+ ! spectrum1 ,rudolf ,/e9] has made u aw>e ( ! possibility ( unit+ into a high] syn!sis p>ts ( ! spectrum :i* normally appe> 9 sep>at$ =m4 ,8 indication po9ts to no?+ less ?an a lead+ ov] ( ! optically produc$ spectrum f its usual l9e> =m1 ) two b\nd>ies on ei!r side1 into a clos$ circul> =m1 & ( do+ ?is by an adequate application - z yet undiscov]$ - ( magnetic =ce4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 ! po9t :]e ! two ends ( ! spectrum meet w prove to be a f\nta9-head ( c]ta9 high] natural =ces :i* o!rwise are n directly accessible4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ?is is possible1 we mu/ rememb] t 9 two respects ! spectrum is n a complete ph5om5on4 ,!re is1 to beg9 )1 ! fact t ! col\r-b& visible on ! obs]vation scre5 is only app>5tly conf9$ to ! surface ( ! scre54 ,=1 z we h se51 because ( ! diff]+ co-ord9ation ( levity & gravity at ! two ends ( ! spectrum1 ! conditions ( space prevail+ at ea* are pol>ically opposite4 ,negative space op5s up sph]ically beh9d ! blue-violet col\rs on "o side1 :ile positive space1 fill$ by ! radially %9+ yell[-r$ col\rs1 arises on ! o!r4 ,s we see t :at we f\nd e>li] = ! two poles ( magnetism & electricity holds good also = ! spectrum4 ,t is1 ! two processes br++ ab\t ! relevant ph5om5a are n conf9$ to ! "p ( space :i* ^! ph5om5a seem to occupy2 = ! :ole positive & negative realms ( ! univ]se %>e 9 !m4 ,h5ce ! spectrum1 ?\gh app>5tly b\nd$ at its two ends1 proves by its v nature to be "p ( a great] :ole4 ,once be=e we 7 l$ to recognize - ?\gh f a diff]5t aspect - t ! spectrum is a ph5om5on :i*1 :5 rightly view$1 calls = a c]ta9 completion4 ,9 foll[+ ,goe!'s initial obs]vations we realiz$ t ! kn[n spectrum1 ext5d+ f r$ via gre5 to violet1 has a c\nt]p>t ext5d+ f violet via pea*-blossom to r$4 ,! read] may h wond]$ :y we nev] return$ to ?is o!r spectrum1 9 spite ( ! role x play$ 9 mak+ ,goe! aw>e ( ,newton's error4 ,! reason 0 t 9 ord] to ga9 ! und]/&+ we ne$$ ( ! spectrum1 we _h to obs]ve ! two bord]-ph5om5a indep5d5tly - t is1 )\t reg>d to _! relative positions4 ,moreov]1 ) ord9>y optical means x is possible to produce only "o type ( spectrum at a "t1 s t ea* is left 9 ne$ ( be+ complem5t$ by ! o!r4 ,9 ord] to h bo? toge!r 9 f9ite space1 z "p ( "o & ! same ph5om5on1 space itself mu/ be dynamically trans=m$ 9 su* a way t ! cont9uation ( ! f9ite spectral b& runn+ ?r\gh inf9ity ent]s into ! f9ite z well4 ,our und]/&+ ( magnetism z a specific repres5tation ( ! pol>ity ( ! second ord] enables u to compreh5d1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 h[ magnetism might influ5ce - n light itself1 z pres5t-day physics errone\sly believes - b ! second>y pol>ity ( ! spectral col\rs =m$ out ( ! prim>y pol>ity ,light & ,d>k4 ,to see ?is 9 all necess>y detail is a task ( ! future1 beyond ! scope ( ?is book4 ,we h "h to cont9ue our acc\nt ( ,rudolf ,/e9]'s /atem5t by communicat+ :at he indicat$ conc]n+ ! p>ticul> nature ( ! new s\rce ( =ce :i* w\ld appe> 9 ! normally inf9ite "p ( ! spectrum1 if ?is 7 br\ght into ! region ( ! f9ite4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! significance ( ?is indication we mu/ turn our att5tion to p>ts ( ! ord9>y spectrum1 well kn[n 9 !mselves1 :i* we h purposely left out ( our /udy s f>4 ,^! are ! regions ( ! ultra-violet & ! infra-r$1 invisible 9 !mselves1 b =m+ "p ( ! spectrum z a :ole4 ,! ultraviolet manife/s ?r\gh *emical effects1 ! infra-r$ ?r\gh !rmal effects4 ,we h left !m out ( our consid]ations because ^! regions ( ! spectrum diff] f ! visible "p n only quantitatively1 z pres5t-day sci5ce believes1 b qualitatively also1 & 9 a fundam5tal way4 ,we mu/ reg>d !m z dynamic realms ( p>ticul>ly extreme sph]ical & radial activities4 ,z su* !y repres5t metamorphoses1 9 ! ,goe!an s5se1 ( ! levity-gravity int]action repres5t$ by ! optically visible "p ( ! spectrum4 ,9 ?is way ! spectrum discloses a ?reefold diff]5tiation ( t region ( =ce1 :i* up to n[ we h call$ simply levity1 into activities produc+ *emical1 optical & !rmal effects4 ,s f> physical inve/igation is able to lead u1 b no fur!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we let nature h]self speak to u1 :ile hold+ ?is diff]5tiat$ concept ( levity 9 m9d1 %e tells u t beyond ! ?ree metamorphoses envisag$ s f>1 !re mu/ be a f\r?4 ,let u rememb] t x 0 c]ta9 ph5om5a ( life :i* fir/ made u aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a realm ( =ces ) ! attributes ( anti-gravity1 & t ^! =ces reveal$ !mselves fir/ z creators ( =m4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t w>m?1 light & *emical en]gy1 ?\gh !y all play an ess5tial "p 9 liv+ organisms1 c\ld nev] by !mselves br+ ab\t t 'cat*+ f *aos1 c>bon1 wat]1 lime & :at n & fa/5+ !m into a giv5 =m' :i* ,rusk9 describes z ! activity ( ! _s 9 ! plant4 ,9 ord] to be 9 ?is s5se an in/rum5t ( ! _s active 9 nature1 levity mu/ be capable ( yet ano!r metamorphosis into an activity :i* controls ! o!r ?ree1 s t ?r\gh _! action1 def9itely %ap$ organic /ructures may come into be+4 ,! reason :y ?is f\r? & highe/ metamorphosis ( ,light does n appe> 9 ! ord9>y spectrum is because x is ( too spiritual a quality to be caught by ! optical app>atus4 ,9 nature h]self a creative life-process requires always ! pres5ce ( a g]m already imbu$ ) life4 ,& s1 9 ord] to call ?is f\r? metamorphosis ( ,light into ! spectrum1 /rong] means are ne$$ ?an ! m]e optical trans=mation ( light-fill$ spaces4 ,?is /rong] ag5t1 accord+ to ,rudolf ,/e9]1 is magnetism4 ,) ! aid ( ?is x w be possible to organize toge!r r\nd a common spatial c5tre t "p ( ! activity ( levity :i* escapes ! optical in/rum5t & ?us rema9s cosmic1 & t "p :i* appe>s by itself 9 t]re/rial space4 ,once ?is is practically c>ri$ out1 we may expect a complete col\r-circle to appe> z already div9$ by ,goe!4 ,! full circle consi/s ( twelve disc]nible col\rs1 ) ! ,goe!an pea*-blossom diametrically opposite ! gre54 ,x is 9 ?is region ( ! pea*-blossom t - aga9 accord+ to ,rudolf ,/e9] - we %all f9d a s\rce ( actively work+ life-=ces1 spr++ f ! f\r? metamorphosis ( levity4 ,su* is ! prospect = rese>* "w guid$ on ! new l9es4 ,,po/script ,! fact ( our hav+ disclos$ "h "o ( ,rudolf ,/e9]'s indications conc]n+ z yet undetect$ possibilities ( sci5tific rese>*1 makes x necess>y to deal ) an objection :i* may be rais$1 p>ticul>ly by "s read]s :o already "k ?is indication ?r\gh _! own relation to ,rudolf ,/e9]'s "w4 ,!y may object to a discussion ( ! subject 9 a publication su* z ?is1 feel+ x dang]\s to h& ov] to ! _w in=mation :i* 9 ! economic battles ( to-day might be us$ 9 a s5se contr>y to ! social-moral aims to :i* ! "w ( ,rudolf ,/e9] 0 d$icat$4 ,9 reply x may be said t all we h gone ?r\gh 9 ?is book has %[n t concrete k ( ! _w _c be ga9$ )\t a c]ta9 e?ical ef=t by ! seek]4 ,!re=e1 anyone :o receives su* k ) a passive attitude ( s\l w f9d x mean+less1 & w be q unable to turn x to practical acc\nt4 ,we may !re=e re/ assur$ t ! solution ( ! problem relat$ "h1 z ( any o!r exp]im5tal task set by ,rudolf ,/e9]1 w conta9 9 itself a gu>antee t no use w be made ( x detrim5tal to ! true progress ( mank9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5t _w-situation1 :i* to s high a degree is det]m9$ by ! va/ lib]ation ( ! sub-physical =ces ( ! e>?1 makes "o feel x is ess5tial n to close ! consid]ations ( ! fields ( k dealt ) 9 ^! *apt]s1 )\t a h9t at ! practical possibilities :i* arise f a cont9uation ( ,goe!'s /riv+s 9 ?is field4 #a ,see1 9 ,rudolf ,/e9]'s edition ( ,goe!'s sci5tific writ+s1 8 footnote to ,goe!'s criticism ( ,nuguet's !ory ( ! spectrum 9 ! hi/orical "p ( ! ,f>b5lehre 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bdh1 9 ,krs*n]'s edition74 #b ,x is obvi\s t ! read] :o wi%es to appreciate fully ! significance ( ! obs]vations describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 mu/1 z 9 previ\s cases1 c>ry out ^! obs]vations himself4 #c ,9 ?is & ! two foll[+ diagrams ! light-realm has be5 repres5t$ z be+ less wide ?an ! space obta9$ by ! prism4 ,to avoid unnecess>y complexity ! col\rs :i*1 9 su* a case1 actually appe> at ! bord] ( ! light-realm :]e x em]ges f ! prism are n %[n 9 any ( ! diagrams4 #d ,?is direction c be e/abli%$ ) suffici5t exactitude by hold+ a v ?9 object "r 9 front ( ! prism & m>k+ ) a /ret*$ ?read ! direction :i* leads f ! object to its %ad[ on ! scre54 ,! col\r-produc+ edge mu/ !n be introduc$ f ei!r side s t x j t\*es ! ?read4 #e ,! diff]5ce 9 "* ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! spectrum1 z describ$ above1 comes out p>ticul>ly impressively if = captur+ ! col\r-ph5om5on "o uses in/ead ( a flat :ite surface1 a cle> cry/al ( n too small size1 or else a clu/] ( cry/als - mov+ x sl[ly along ! col\r$ b& f "o end to ! o!r4 7,i am indebt$ to ,fr4 ,julius1 tea*] ( ,natural ,sci5ce at ! ,free ,s*ool 9 ,! ,hague1 = ?is sugge/ion47 ,,"p ,,iii ,t[>ds a ,new ,cosmosophy ,,*apt] ,,xix ,! ,c\ntry 9 :i* ,man is n a ,/rang] ,i "q n my ,corporeal or ,vegetative ,eye any m ?an ,i "q a w9d[ conc]n+ sight4 ,i look ?r\gh x & n ) x4 ,,william ,,blake4 7a7 ,,introductory ,,note ,a fundam5tal a*ievem5t along our pa? ( /udy 0 ! recognition t a =ce ( levity exi/s1 pol> to t ( gravity1 & t ^! two toge!r repres5t a prim>y pol>ity 9 nature :i* 9 turn is ! s\rce ( nature's manifold second>y pol>ities4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( ^! /udies a vi/a op5$ up ( an inn] diff]5tiation ( levity itself into w>m?1 light1 *emical action & ! =mative activity ( life4 ,our next task w be to develop a cle>] conception ( ^! f\r modes ( action ( levity4 ,9 und]tak+ ?is task1 h[ev]1 we %all h to ext5d our obs]vations ( nature beyond ! fronti] t c be rea*$ by us+ only :at we c le>n f ,goe!4 ,x is "h t ,rudolf ,/e9] comes to our aid by :at he 0 able to imp>t ?r\gh 8 rese>*es 9 ! realm ( ! sup]s5sible itself4 ,?is turn+ to in=mation giv5 by ano!r m9d1 ^: s\rces ( k are beyond our own imm$iate rea*1 seems at fir/ sight to be incompatible ) ! pr9ciples guid+ all our /udies hi!rto2 = 9 ga9+ insight into ! ,h[ & ,:5ce ( a ph5om5on ( ! s5se-_w we h up to n[ admitt$ only :at is yield$ by an obs]vation ( ! ph5om5on p] se 7?\gh ) ! aid ( ! 'eye ( ! _s'7 & ( o!r ph5om5a relat$ to x4 ,?is is :at we h call$ 'read+ 9 ! book ( nature'1 & we h f\nd x to be ! me?od on :i* a sci5ce aspir+ to ov]come ! onlook]-picture ( ! univ]se mu/ be bas$4 ,s we mu/ fir/ make sure t ! /ep we n[ propose to take does n violate ?is pr9ciple4 99 ,! assurance we want w be f\nd 9 two *>act]i/ics ( ! communications made by ,rudolf ,/e9] f 8 rese>*es4 ,! cont5t ( ^! communications 0 acquir$ by way ( a 'read+' :i* is no?+ b a high] metamorphosis ( ! read+ fir/ employ$ by ,goe!2 & ! acceptance ( ?is cont5t by ano!r m9d is itself no?+ b ano!r act ( read+1 save t ! direction ( ! read+ gaze diff]s f ! usual "o4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is we mu/ g back to :at we le>nt 9 ! c\rse ( our optical /udies z to ! two =ms ( vision aris+ f ! activity ( ! eye's inn] light - ! dream-vision & ! see+ ( aft]-images4 ,( ^! two1 see+ 9 dream is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! pur] =m ( inn] see+ 9 t x arises )\t any out] /imulus ex]cis$ ^u ! physical organ ( sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x lacks t objective con=mity to law *>act]i/ic ( ! aft]-images :i* mirror ! ord] ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,!re is an arbitr>y1 enigmatic elem5t 9 dream-pictures1 & _! logic (t5 seems to run c\nt] to t ( wak+ consci\sness4 ,a fur!r *>act]i/ic ( dream-p]ception is t we are ti$ to ! level ( consci\sness prevail+ 9 ! dream4 ,:ile we are dream+ we _c awak5 to ! ext5t ( be+ able to make ! pictures ! object ( consci\s obs]vation4 ,) ! aft]-images x is diff]5t4 ,al?\gh to beg9 ) !y are pres5t 9 our consci\sness ) a cl>ity no great] ?an t ( ! dream-pictures1 nev]!less we are able s to enhance our consci\sness ( !m z to br+ !m "u obs]vation l any ext]nal ph5om5on4 ,z previ\sly %[n1 x is possible1 ev5 :ile ! eye is rivet$ on an impression f outside1 to develop su* aw>5ess 9 ! activity ( ! inn] light call$ =? by ?is impression1 t toge!r ) ! results ( ! de$s & suff]+s ( ! light we c p]ceive some?+ ( ^! de$s & suff]+s !mselves4 ,p]ception ( ! aft]-images ?us turns into :at we may call p]ception ( simultane\s images4 7,?is activity ( ! eye corresponds ) :at ,goe!1 9 a diff]5t connexion1 call$ an 'alliance ( ! eyes ( _s ) ! eyes ( ! body'47 ,^! two =ms ( visual p]ception - :i* we may briefly call3 7#a7 p]ception ( po/-images1 & 7#b7 p]ception ( co-images - repres5t successive rungs on a 'spiritual ladd]' po9t+ beyond !mselves to a fur!r rung4 ,by ! logic ( succession ?is may be expect$ to consi/ 9 "s sort ( see+ ( pre-images1 ) ! *>act]i/ic ( be+ a /ill less physical mode ( see+ ?an ! two o!rs4 ,?is see+ mu/ be bas$ on an activity ( ! inn] light :i* w be simil> to t 9 dream by its aris+ )\t any /imulus f ext]nal light-impressions1 yet at ! same "t !re mu/ be no arbitr>9ess 9 ! cont5ts ( ?is p]ception4 ,fur!r1 our consci\sness 9 ?is p]ceptive activity mu/ be su* z to all[ u to be 9 full control ( x1 z we are ( ord9>y day-wak+ see+4 ,?is k9d ( pure s5se-free p]ception does inde$ exi/1 & x c be ar\s$ by means ( a well-ord]$ tra9+ f ! dormant /ate 9 :i* x is pres5t 9 e human be+4 ,anyone :o le>ns to see 9 ?is way ga9s p]ception ( ! activity ( cosmic light1 contact+ x directly ) 8 own inn] light - t is to say1 )\t m$iation ( 8 corporeal eye :i* is subject to gravity4 ,s ?is eye-(-!-_s becomes capable ( p]ceiv+ ! levity-wov5 ar*etypes 7ur-images71 :i* und]lie all t ! physical eye disc]ns 9 ! _w ( ord9>y space4 ,9 respect ( ! intr9sic "* ( ! _w-cont5t ?us p]ceiv$1 ,rudolf ,/e9] call$ ?is mode ( p]ception1 ,imag9ative p]ception1 or1 simply1 ,imag9ation4 ,by s do+ he inve/$ ?is ^w ) its due & rightful mean+4 ,f :at we f\nd 9 our optical /udies conc]n+ ! nature ( aft]-images 7,*apt] ,,xv71 x is cle> t ! acquisition ( ,imag9ative p]ception re/s on a re-awak5+ 9 ! eye 7& ?us 9 ! total organism beh9d ! eye7 ( c]ta9 'infant' =ces :i* h gr[n dormant 9 ! c\rse ( ! gr[+ up ( ! human be+4 ,x ?us repres5ts a fulfilm5t ( ,?omas ,reid's philosophic dem&4 ,consequ5tly we f9d among ! descriptions :i* ,trah]ne gives ( ! mode ( p]ception peculi> to man :5 ! inn] light1 br\ght into ?is _w at bir?1 is n yet absorb$ by ! physical eye1 _m helpful *>act]izations ( ! nature ( ,imag9ative p]ception1 "s ( :i* may be quot$ "h4 ,consid]1 9 ?is respect1 ! foll[+ passage f ,trah]ne's poem ,! ,praep>ative1 quot$ e>li]4 ,9 describ+ ! /ate ( s\l at a "t :5 ! physical s5ses are n yet 9 op]ation1 ,trah]ne says3 ',!n 0 my ,s\l my only ,all to me1 ,a liv+1 endless ,ey1 ,^: ,p[]1 & ,act1 & ,ess5ce 0 to see3 ,i 0 an inw>d ,sph]e ( ,light ,or an int]m9able ,orb ( ,sight1 ,exce$+ t :i* makes ! ,days1 ,a vital sun t %$ abroad its ,rays3 ,all ,life1 all ,s5se1 ,a nak$1 simple1 pure ,intellig5ce4'' ,?is is ! condition ( s\l ( :i* ,trah]ne says 9 ! same poem t ?r\gh x a man is /ill a recipi5t ( ! 'true ,ideas ( all ?+s'4 ,9 ?is condition ! object ( sight is n ! corporeal _w :i* reflects ! light1 b light itself1 engag$ 9 ! weav+ ( ! ar*etypal images4 ,9 a lat] passage ( ! same poem ,trah]ne expresses ?is by say+3 ',tis n ! ,object1 b ! ,light ,t make? ,hev'n4 444' ,& m cle>ly /ill 9 ! foll[+ "p ( 8 poem ,an ,infant ,eye3 ',a simple ,light f all ,contagion free1 ,a ,beam t's purely ,spiritual1 an ,ey ,t's altoge!r ,virg91 ,?+s do? see ,ev'n l unto ! ,deity2 ,t is1 x %9e? 9 an hev5ly ,s5se1 ,& r\nd ab\t 7,unmov'd7 its ,light disp5se4 ',! visiv ,rays are ,beams ( ,light inde$1 ,ref9$1 subtil1 pi]c+1 quick & pure2 ,& z !y d ! sprightly w9ds exce$1 ,are wor?y long] to endure2 ,!y f> out-%oot ! ,rea* ( ,gross] ,air1 ,) :i* su* ,excell5ce may n comp>e4 ,b be+ once debas'd1 !y soon becom ,less activ ?an !y 7 be=e4' ,h[ at ?is /age ! s\l exp]i5ces ! act ( p]ception 9 itself is %[n 9 ! foll[+ passage f ! poem ,wond]3 ',a ,nativ ,heal? & ,innoc5ce ,)9 my ,bones did gr[ ,& :ile my ,god did all 8 ,glories %[ ,i felt a vig\r 9 my ,s5se ,t 0 all ,,_s3 ,i )9 did fl[ ,) seas ( ,life l ,w9e4' ,utt]ances ( ?is k9d illu/rate ! fact t p]ception ( ! ur-images ( ! _w consi/s 9 a read+ ) ! eye-(-!-_s1 :i* has be5 r5d]$ s /rong t = its action no support f ! physical eye is any long] requir$4 ,?is faculty ( spiritual ,imag9ation 7:i* ,rudolf ,/e9] 0 able to ex]cise 9 advance ( o!r human be+s7 is acquir$ on a pa? ( tra9+ :i* is ! direct cont9uation ( ! ,goe!an pa?4#a ,x rema9s to %[ t acceptance ( in=mation obta9$ ?r\gh spiritual ,imag9ation1 )\t ourselves be+ z yet 9 actual comm& ( x1 is n 9 contradiction ) ! pr9ciples ( 'read+'4 ,let u1 to ?is end1 ?9k ( read+ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ?is ^w1 call+ to m9d t = ! acquisition ( ?is faculty we dep5d on someone :o c tea* x because he already has x4 ,exactly ! same holds good = ! read+ ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,"h1 too1 a tea*] already possess+ ?is faculty is requir$4 ,?us ,goe! became = u a tea*] ( read+1 & x w\ld be a mi/ake to imag9e t he1 = 8 "p1 ne$$ no tea*]4 ,9 8 case ?is function 0 fulfill$ p>tly by :at he le>n$ ?r\gh 8 /udies ( ! e>li] fruits ( man's spiritual activity1 t is1 f an epo* :5 ve/iges at lea/ ( ! orig9al1 in/9ctive faculty ( spiritual ,imag9ation 7 /ill extant4 ,a simil> function on our own pa? ( /udy 0 p]=m$ by our occupation ) ! old doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts & ! basic concepts ( al*emy4 ,indisp5sable z is su* a tra9+ 9 read+ by turn+ to pa/ conceptions ( man1 x does n suffice to meet ! pres5t-day dem&s ( a sci5tific und]/&+ ( ! univ]se4 ,= ?is1 we ne$ a 'te*nique' ( read+ t _c be atta9$ along ^! l9es alone4 ,aw>5ess ( ?is fact l$ ,rudolf ,/e9] to pursue 8 spiritual-sci5tific inve/igations & to communicate ! results 9 su* a way t !y c be a 's*ool ( read+' = ^? :o /udy !m4#b ,9 po9t ( fact we h already made use 9 ?is s5se ( "o ( ! results ( ,rudolf ,/e9]'s rese>*es1 = at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is book 8 picture ( ! ?reefold psy*o-physical organism ( man 0 tak5 z ! basis ( our own inve/igations4 ,! reason :y ! pres5t rem>ks 7 n !n includ$ is t ! relevant results ( high] rese>* 7 9 t case ( su* a nature t1 once kn[n1 !y c\ld be confirm$ by ! simple/ k9d ( self-obs]vation4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s t f ! v beg9n+ we h call$ ^u "o fully tra9$ 9 read+1 to help 9 deciph]+ c]ta9 facts ( nature - 9 ?is case ( human nature4 ,a simil> ne$1 ?\gh n[ 9 an amplifi$ =m1 arises at ! pres5t /age ( our /udies4 ,& "h1 out ( ! weal? ( k convey$ by ,rudolf ,/e9] f ! realm ( sup]s5sible ,imag9ation1 x is 8 *>act]ization ( ! f\r modifications ( levity :i* w n[ give ! guidance necess>y = our own obs]vation4 ,adopt+ ! t]m9ology *os5 by him = ! description ( ?is sph]e1 we %all 9 future speak ( x z ( ! ',e!r' p]vad+ ! univ]se 7?us us+ ?is ^w also 9 its true & orig9al mean+74 ,accord+ly1 we %all ref] to its f\rfold diff]5tiation z to ! f\r k9ds ( e!r3 ,w>m?-,e!r1 ,light-,e!r1 ,*emical ,e!r & ,life-,e!r4 99 99 99 7b7 ,,w>m? ,we beg9 ) ! w>m?-e!r z ! only modification ( e!r :i* comb9es c]ta9 e!ric ) c]ta9 physical prop]ties4 ,con/itut+ z x does a bord]-condition betwe5 ! two worlds1 ! w>m?-e!r has1 on ! "o h&1 ! function ( receiv+ ! picture-weav+ transmitt$ to x by ! high] e!rs1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( br++ physical matt] into ! /ate :]e x becomes receptive to ! work+ ( ! e!ric =ces4 ,! w>m?-e!r a*ieves ?is by free+ matt] f be+ controll$ "o-sid$ly by ! c5tre-b\nd =ces ( ! e>?4 ,x ?us calls =?1 :5 act+ physically1 ! processes ( melt+ ( solids & ( evaporation ( liquids3 ph5om5a :i* yield$ ! initial obs]vations = our introduction ( ! concept ( levity4 ,9 processes ( ?is k9d we n[ recognize ! physical manife/ation ( a univ]sal function ( ! w>m?-e!r1 namely1 to dive/ matt] ( all =m & to lead x ov] f ! realm dom9at$ by gravity into t ( levity4 ,provid$ we atta* ! "r mean+ to ! ^w1 we may say t ! function ( ! w>m?-e!r is to br+ ab\t *aos at ! upp] bord] ( physical nature4 ,x is ?us t we h already f\nd x work+ 9 ! plant1 :5 ?r\gh ! union ( ! poll5 ) ! se$ a /ate ( *aos is produc$ )9 ! se$1 :i* enables ! type to impress anew its =m-pr9ciple into x4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! w>m?-e!r's anti-gravitational effect1 also discuss$ e>li]1 is ! e>?'s seismic activity4 ,true1 x appe>s at fir/ sight z if little 7 ga9$ by speak+ ( w>m?-e!r1 in/ead1 z we did previ\sly1 ( levity 9 g5]al4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 ! e!r-realm z a :ole1 w>m? - t is1 ! ov]com+ ( e>?ly gravity - is only "o ( ! f\r modes ( e!ric action1 albeit ! "o :i* enables ! o!r ?ree to "w into ! physical _w4 ,we %all see1 lat] on1 t only by tak+ into acc\nt ! action ( ! high] modifications ( ! e!r is x possible to ga9 insight into ! true causes ( ! app>5tly s arbitr>y occurr5ces ( volcanic & k9dr$ ph5om5a4 ,"h1 too1 x is ! function ( ! w>m?-e!r to produce 9 ! physical sph]e ! *aos :i* is necess>y to make ! physical sph]e receptive to ! activities go+ on 9 high] sph]es4 ,9 view ( ?is univ]sal function ( ! w>m?-e!r1 :i* di/+ui%es x f ! o!r modifications ( e!r1 we may give x z a second "n t ( '*aoticiz+ e!r'4 99 99 99 7c7 ,,light ,! function ( ! light-e!r1 ! second ( ! f\r modes ( e!r1 c be/ be envisag$ by ?9k+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a plant gr[+ 9 d>kness 7p]haps a potato spr\t+ 9 a cell>7 & ano!r ( ! same species expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! light4 ,on ,plates ,,vii & ,,viii two k9ds ( unicellul> organisms are %[n1 ( "o :i* - ! gre5 algae - is accu/om$ to live 9 light1 ! o!r - ! bacilli - 9 d>kness4 ,^! ?+s are1 ( c\rse1 well-kn[n facts4 ,our purpose "h1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely to record !m z 'fact'1 b1 by re-creat+ !m )9 ourselves1 to use !m to ga9 an exp]i5ce ( ! function ( ! light-e!r4 ,! foll[+ passages f ,goe!'s ,metamorphosis ( ,plants are a classical example ( obs]vation ( ! activity ( ! light-e!r 9 ! plant4 ,!y are tak5 f ! second "p ( ! essay1 :]e ,goe! is describ+ leaf-developm5t3 ',:ile ! leaves owe _! fir/ n\ri%m5t pr9cipally to ! m or less modifi$ wat]y p>ts1 :i* !y draw f ! /em1 !y are indebt$ = _! increas$ p]fection & ref9em5t to ! light & air4 ,! cotyl$ons :i* are =m$ b5ea? ! clos$ se$-%ea? are *>g$1 s to speak1 ) only a crude sap2 !y are sc>cely & b rudely organiz$ & q undevelop$4 ,9 ! same way ! leaves are m rudely organiz$ 9 plants :i* gr[ "u wat] ?an 9 o!rs :i* are expos$ to ! op5 air4 ,inde$1 ev5 ! same species ( plant develops smoo!r & less intricately =m$ leaves :5 gr[+ 9 l[ damp places1 :]eas1 if transplant$ to a high] region1 x w produce leaves :i* are r\gh1 hairy & m delicately f9i%$4' ',s x is also ) ! ana/omosis ( ! vessels :i* spr+ =? f ! l>g] ve9s1 seek+ ea* o!r ) _! ends & coalesc+1 & ?us provid+ ! necess>y basis = ! leaf-sk9 or cuticle4 ,all ?is1 if n entirely caus$ by subtle =ms ( air1 is at lea/ v mu* fur!r$ by !m4 ,if ! leaves ( _m wat]-plants are ?read-l or assume ! =m ( antl]s1 we are incl9$ to attribute x to lack ( complete ana/omosis4 ,! gr[? ( ! wat] butt]cup1 ,ranunculus aquatilis1 %[s ?is q obvi\sly1 ) its aquatic leaves consi/+ ( m]e ?read-l ve9s1 :ile 9 ! leaves develop$ above wat] ! ana/omosis is complete & a connect$ plane is =m$4 ,occasionally1 inde$1 9 ?is plant1 ! transition may be /ill m def9itely obs]v$1 9 leaves :i* are half ana/omos$ & half ?read-l4' ,! second ( ^! p>agraphs describes ! ph5om5on ( vascul> ana/omosis :i*1 hav+ already be5 m ?an once an object ( our /udy1 "h reveals a new mean+4 ,if1 foll[+ ,goe!'s me?od1 we re-create 9 our m9d ! repeat$ sep>ations & reunions ( ! sap-vessels1 :ile keep+ 9 view ! fact t ! leaf's out] =m is ! result ( a purposive1 _m times repeat$ ana/omosis1 !n ! picture ( ! activity ( weav+ arises be=e our m9d's eye4 7,h5ce ! ^w 'tissue' = ! fle% ( a liv+ be+47 ,9 tru? all nature's =ms are wov5 ( light1 includ+ ! cry/als4#c ,h[ cle> a picture ,goe! _h ( ! con=mity ( man's act ( ?9k+ ) nature's way ( produc+ h] =ms - bo? be+ an act ( sup]s5sible weav+ - is %[n by ! foll[+ two v]ses4 ,t on ! left is a passage f ,fau/1 f ! sc5e 9 :i* ,mephi/o 7disguis$ z ,fau/7 in/ructs ! "y ,s*ol>4 ,! o!r is an alt]$ v]sion ( x1 writt5 by ,goe! at a lat] "t to conclude an essay 7,b$5k5 und ,ergebung7 9 :i* he deals ) ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 ,exp]i5ce & ,idea3 ,truly1 :5 m5 _! ?\ghts conceive ',tis z if "s ma/]piece !y weave4 ,"o ?read1 & a ?\s& /r&s take flight1 ,swift to & fro ! %uttles go+1 ,all unse5 ! ?reads a-fl[+1 ,"o /roke1 & a ?\s& close unite4#a ,s ) a mode/ eye p]ceive ,h] ma/]piece ,dame ,nature weave4 ,"o ?read1 & a ?\s& /r&s take flight1 ,swift to & fro ! %uttles go+1 ,ea* to ! o!r ! ?reads a-fl[+1 ,"o /roke1 & a ?\s& close unite4#d - ,:at ,goe! wants to %[ "h by apply+ to ! activity ( nature ! same image :i* he us$ orig9ally to depict ! act ( ?9k+1 we c express to-day by say+ t x is ! id5tity ( ! activity ( ! light-e!r 9 human ?9k+ & 9 ext]nal nature :i* is responsible = ! fact t ! objective ideas op]at+ 9 nature c become ! cont5t ( man's consci\sness 9 ! =m ( ?\ghts4#e ,foll[+ our previ\s proc$ure :5 we gave ! w>m?-e!r a second "n by call+ x *aoticiz+ e!r1 we c d5ote ! light-e!r also z 'weav+ e!r'4 99 ,if at ?is po9t 9 our discussion we rev]t once m to ! realm ( physical manife/ations ( light1 dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we d s because by /udy+ !m 9 ! pres5t context we %all ga9 fur!r insight into ! fact t "o plane ( nature provides illu/rations ( processes :i* on ano!r plane rema9 m or less veil$4 ,at ! same "t ?is w help u to le>n m ab\t ! prop]ties ( levity-space4 ,! optical ph5om5on :i* we %all discuss 9 ?is s5se is t ( ! s-call$ p9-hole cam]a4 7,! p9-hole cam]a effect is easily produc$ by a keyhole 9 a clos$ door :i* on "o side faces a w9d[ & on ! o!r leads to a comp>atively d>k room47 ,! usual explanation ( ! appe>ance ( ! optical image on ! back inside wall ( su* a cam]a is t light-rays1 emanat+ f e po9t outside1 cross ea* o!r 9 ! ap]ture ( ! cam]a & s - aga9 po9t by po9t - create ! inv]t$ image4 ,no su* explanation1 cle>ly1 is op5 to u4 ,= ! _w ( ext]nal objects is a :ole1 & s is its image appe>+ 9 ! cam]a4 ,equally1 ! light ent]+ ! cam]a is n a sum ( s+le rays4 ,pure obs]vation leads to ! foll[+ description ( ! optical process4 ,by survey+ ! pa? :i* ! light takes f ! illum9at$ surface ( ! out] objects via ! p9-hole to ! optical image inside ! cam]a1 we realize t ! light-realm engag$ 9 ?is process has ! %ape ( a d\ble cone1 ) its apex 9 ! op5+ ( ! cam]a4 ,)9 ?is cone ! light c>ries ! image across ! space /ret*+ 9 front ( ! light-reflect+ objects up to ! po9t :]e ! image becomes visible by be+ caught on ! back wall ( ! cam]a4 ,?us 9 e section ( ! cone ! image is pres5t 9 its totality - ev5 9 ! v apex ( ! cone4 ,!re1 too1 ! image 9 all its details is pres5t z a :ole1 ?\gh )\t 7ideally7 any spatial ext5sion4 ,se5 ?us1 on ?is level ( its action ! light-e!r reveals z "o ( its *>act]i/ics ! faculty ( mak+ pres5t 9 a spaceless po9t an image orig9ally exp&$ 9 space1 & ( lett+ x em]ge f ?is po9t 9 spatial expansion4 ,fur!r1 !re is ! fact t1 :]ev] we set up a p9-hole cam]a1 ! ap]ture 9 its front w cause ! =mation ( an optical image inside x4 ,?is %[s t ea* po9t 9 space fill$ ) light is ! be>] ( an optical image1 contract$ to a po9t1 ( ! entire _w ( light-reflect+ objects surr\nd+ x4 ,all we d ) su* a cam]a is to select a p>ticul> image & br+ x to sep>ate visibility4 ,?r\gh ^! obs]vations we gr[ aw>e ( light's faculty ( communicat+ simultane\sly to space z a :ole1 & to ea* po9t 9 x1 a pot5tial image ( ! light-reflect+ object4 ,:at we obs]ve "h 9 ! sph]e ( physical light-activity is exactly :at ! light-e!r p]=ms on a high] level ( nature :5 ) its help ! spiritual ar*etype ( a plant takes on spatial appe>ance4 ,= to ?is end ! ar*etype1 itself )\t spatial limitations1 impr9ts its image into ! t9y se$1 :5ce ! gr[+ plant organism c>ries x aga9 into space4 ,& !re is 9 pr9ciple no limitation to ! numb] ( su* se$s1 ea* ( :i* w be> ! complete image ( ! ar*etype4 99 99 99 7d7 ,,s\nd ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ?ird modification ( e!r are su* t !y prompt$ ,rudolf ,/e9] to give x z a second "n1 besides *emical e!r1 t ( s\nd-e!r4 ,9 view ( ! fact1 /ress$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 t p]ception ( ! e!r is a*iev$ by a height5+ ( ! p[] ( ! _s-eye1 x mu/ cause surprise to le>n t a c]ta9 mode ( activity ( ! e!r has a quality :i* makes appeal to aural exp]i5ces4 ,! full answ] to ?is riddle mu/ await ! discussion t foll[s ?is *apt]4 ,two po9ts1 h[ev]1 may be br\ght =w>d at once4 ,fir/ly1 :]e gravity1 ) its t5d5cy to individualize1 is abs5t1 no su* %>p di/9ctions exi/ betwe5 "o =m ( p]ception & ano!r z are f\nd 9 ! sph]e ( ! physical s5ses4#f ,secondly1 ev5 9 ord9>y s5se-p]ception a c]ta9 ov]lapp+ ( visual & aural exp]i5ces is kn[n to u4 ,we ne$ only ?9k h[ common x is to give musical attributes1 su* z 'consonant' & 'dissonant' to col\rs1 & to describe tones z 'light' & 'd>k'4 ,! reason is t subconsci\sly we accompany visual exp]i5ces ) tone-s5sations1 & vice v]sa4 ,cases are ev5 kn[n ( human be+s 9 :om ! second>y s5sation occurs ) su* int5sity z to equal ! prim>y "o4 ,su* p say t !y 'see' s\nds & 'he>' col\rs4 99 ,ev]y?+ t is true ( ! sup]s5sible sph]e we may expect to come to expression 9 "s =m 9 ! _w ( s5se-p]ception4 ,! sph]e ( ! e!r is ! sph]e ( ! creative ar*etypes ( ! _w1 & :5 we le>n t to "o "p ( ?is _w ! "* ( s\nd is attribut$1 we mu/ se>* = a ph5om5on1 p]ceptible to our s5ses1 :i* reveals to u ! secret ( ! s\nd's =m-creat+ p[]4 ,?is we h 9 ! s-call$ s\nd-figures1 discov]$ by ! ,g]man physici/ ,*ladni 7#agef-ahbg7 & call$ aft] him ',*ladni's s\nd-figures'4 ,a %ort description ( h[ !y are produc$ w n be out ( place4 ,a r\nd or squ>e plate ( glass or brass1 fix$ at its c5tre s t x c vibrate freely at its edges1 is requir$4 ,x is ev5ly & n too ?ickly cov]$ ) f9e s& or lycopodium p[d] & !n caus$ to vibrate ac\/ically by ! repeat$ draw+ ( a viol9-b[ ) "s pressure across ! edge ( ! plate until a /eady note becomes audible4 ,?r\gh ! vibrations ?us caus$ )9 ! plate1 ! p>ticles ( s& or p[d] are set 9 movem5t & caus$ to collect 9 c]ta9 /ation>y p>ts ( ! plate1 !reby creat+ figures ( v regul> & (t5 surpris+ =m4 ,by /rok+ ! plate at diff]5t po9ts on ! edge1 & at ! same "t damp+ ! vibrations by t\*+ ! edge at o!r po9ts ) ! f+]1 notes ( diff]5t pit* c be produc$1 & = ea* ( ^! notes a *>act]i/ic figure w appe> 7,fig4 #ad74g ,! significance = u ( ,*ladni's exp]im5t w em]ge /ill m cle>ly if we modify x 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,in/ead ( directly sett+ ! plate ) ! p[d] into vibration by /rok+ x ) ! b[1 we produce a correspond+ movem5t on a second plate & let x be transmitt$ to ! o!r by resonance4 ,= ?is purpose ! two plates mu/ be ac\/ically tun$ to ea* o!r & plac$ n too f> ap>t4 ,let u imag9e1 fur!r1 t ! :ole exp]im5t 0 arrang$ - z x well might be - 9 su* a way t ! second plate 0 hidd5 f a spectator1 :o also lack$ ! faculty ( he>+4 ,?is gives u a picture ( ! situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves :5ev] ! high] k9ds ( e!r by way ( a tone-activity inaudible to our physical e>1 cause %apeless matt] to assume regul>ly ord]$ =m4 99 ,?is comp>ison ( ! activity ( ! s\nd-e!r1 z ! =m-creat+ elem5t 9 nature1 ) ,*ladni's ph5om5on is drawn correctly only if we recognize t ! conception ( =m1 z an expression ( t :i* is call$ =? ?r\gh ! e!ric =ces 9 nature1 comprises m ?an ! ext]nal spatially b\nd$ %ape ( an organic or inorganic entity4 ,ap>t f ! fact already indicat$1 t = ! =mation ( su* entities ! co-op]ation also ( life-e!r is necess>y1 we c judge ! activity ( s\nd-e!r correctly only if we conceive x z a mu* m inw>d activity1 comp>$ ) ! =mation 9 ext]nal space ( ,*ladni's figures4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! reason :y ! influ5ce ( s\nd causes no?+ beyond ! ord]+ ( =m 9 out] space is because on ?is plane ( nature ! only *anges t c occur are *anges 9 ! positions ( sep>ate physical bodies4 ,:]e ! =ces ( s\nd 9 e!r-=m are able to take hold ( matt] f )91 !y c produce *anges ( =m ( a q diff]5t k9d4 ,?is effect ( ! activity ( s\nd-e!r has giv5 x its o!r "n3 *emical e!r4 ,we h m5tion$ once be=e t our conception ( '=m' 9 organically active nature mu/ n be limit$ m]ely to t ( a body's spatial outl9e4 ,?is 0 9 connexion ) ,rusk9's def9ition ( ! spiritual pr9ciple active 9 plant-=mation z '! p[] t cat*es out ( *aos *>coal1 wat]1 lime & :at n1 & fa/5s !m d[n into a giv5 =m'4 ,besides ! ext]nal ord] ( matt] reveal$ 9 space-=m1 !re exi/s also an inn] qualitative ord] express$ 9 a body's *emical composition4 ,^u ?is inn] *emical ord] is bas$ all t we enc\nt] z col\r1 smell1 ta/e1 etc41 ( a sub/ance1 z well z its n\ri%+1 heal+ or h>mful prop]ties4 ,accord+ly1 all ^! p>ts ( an organism1 bo? 9 ! plant-k+dom & )9 ! high] organisms1 h a c]ta9 inn] mat]ial ord]1 ap>t f _! *>act]i/ic space-/ructure4 ,! "o is nev] pres5t )\t ! o!r1 & 9 "s way !y are causally connect$4 ,9 ?is inn] ord] ( sub/ance we mu/ see 9 ! v fir/ place ! "w ( ! s\nd or *emical e!r4 ,& we %\ld be aw>e t by ! ^w '*emi/ry' 9 ?is connexion we mean some?+ mu* m f>-rea*+ ?an ^? *emical reactions :i* we c br+ ab\t by ! reciprocal aff9ity ( physical sub/ances1 h[ev] complicat$ ^! reactions may be4 ,a few examples w illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 *emical processes caus$ by direct influ5ce ( ! *emical e!r1 & o!rs 9 :i* only ! physical consequ5ces ( ! e!r are effective4 ,9 8 book1 ,man ! ,unkn[n1 ,pr(essor ,c>rel %[s v impressively1 by an example f ! human organism1 ! diff]5ce ( quantitative ratio 9 ext]nally simil> processes1 "o ( :i* occurs )9 ! doma9 ( life1 ! o!r1 outside x4 ,he comp>es ! quantity ( liquid necess>y to keep artificially alive a piece ( liv+ tissue :i* has be5 r$uc$ to pulp1 ) ! quantity ( blood do+ ! same )9 ! liv+ organism4 ,if all ! tissues ( a human body 7 treat$ 9 ?is way1 x w\ld take #de1jjj gallons ( circulat+ fluid to keep !m f be+ poison$ 9 a few days by _! own wa/e products4 ,)9 ! liv+ organism ! blood a*ieves ! same task ) #a;,j gallons4 ,v _m *emical *anges )9 liv+ organisms are effect$ by ! two pol> processes ( oxidation & r$uction4 ,we h discuss$ !m repeat$ly z hi]oglyphs ( mu* t occurs 9 nature by way ( pol>ity4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple rul+ ! physical plane ( nature1 t diff]5ces ( level t5d to disappe>1 oxidation c occur by itself1 :]eas r$uction requires ! exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,let u f ?is po9t ( view comp>e ! trans=mation ( oxidiz$ into r$uc$ iron1 z x takes place inside & outside ! realm ( life4 ,an example ( ?is process 9 its purely physical =m is ! r$uction ( iron-ore to metallic iron 9 bla/-furnaces1 :]e1 ) ! help ( high temp]ature & high pressure1 c>bon is made to comb9e ) ! oxyg5 +r$i5t ( ! ore & to imp>t to x its own impond]able en]gy4 ,precisely ! same process is go+ on cont9u\sly & unobtrusively )9 ! human body "u normal bodily conditions ( temp]ature & pressure1 :5 ! oxy-haemoglob9 ( ! art]ial blood *anges ov] into ! haemoglob9 ( ! v5\s blood4 ,a macrotelluric c\nt]p>t ( ?is is ! trans=mation ( ! r$ riv]-mud into ! blue-black cont95tal mud at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ar\nd ! cont95tal %ores4 ,"h1 aga91 r$uction takes place )\t ^? prelim9>ies t are necess>y = c>ry+ ?r\gh ! process by te*nical means4 ,?r\gh examples ( ?is k9d we ga9 insight into ! nature ( ! *emical e!r z a 'magic' =ce 79 ! s5se 9 :i* we h introduc$ ?is t]m at ! beg9n+ ( ! book74 ,:at ! *emical e!r is capable ( effect+ 9 a g5tle mann]1 s to speak1 9 coop]ation ) ! in]tness-ov]com+ p[] ( ! w>m?-e!r1 c be imitat$ physically only by an extraord9>y conc5tration ( ext]nal en]gy & ! use ( masses ( mat]ial sub/ance4 ,at ! same "t ! imitation is nev] complete4 ,= to all t happ5s ?r\gh ! action ( ! *emical e!r !re belongs ! quality ( cosmic y\?1 :ile ev]y?+ br\ght ab\t 9 a purely physical mann] is ( necessity cosmically old4#h ,( all ! prov9ces ( nature t[>ds :i* man's explor+ eye has turn$ s9ce ! dawn ( ! onlook]-consci\sness1 none has fur!r$ 8 purely quantitative ?9k+ m ?an *emi/ry1 ev] s9ce ! discov]y t ! *emical reactions ( ! v>i\s sub/ances are condition$ by a q def9ite & con/ant num]ical relation%ip4 ,x 0 ^! relation%ips :i* impell$ ! rise ( ! atomic conception ( matt] & all its consequ5ces4 ,= s9ce ! onlook]-consci\sness is q unable to conceive ! exi/5ce ( num]ical relation%ips 9 ! physical _w except z sums ( computable units 9 space1 x 0 natural = ?is type ( consci\sness to r$uce all empirically e/abli%$ num]ical relation%ips to corresp5d+ relation%ips among quantities ( ! smalle/ possible mat]ial or matt]-l units4 ,sci5tific ?9k+1 if guid$ by k ( ! exi/5ce ( e!ric =ces & _! action1 has no ne$ ( su* an int]pretation ( ! num]ical relation%ips reveal$ 9 ! physical _w2 = x kn[s !m to be no?+ b ! la/ expression ( ! action ( ! *emical e!r 7h5ce occasionally also call$ 'numb]-e!r' by ,rudolf ,/e9]74 ,to d ju/ice to ! appe>ance ( measurable num]ical relation%ips 9 nature1 9 :atev] sph]e1 x is necess>y to free ourselves f ! ab/ract conception ( numb] :i* gov]ns mod]n sci5tific ?\ght & to replace x by a m concrete "o4 ,we %all r9d t = ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 numb] !re may be two q diff]5t reasons1 al?\gh ! me?od ( e/abli%+ ! numb] itself is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,a simple example w illu/rate ?is4 ,let u look at a numb] ( simil> objects1 say a gr\p ( five apples4 ,we obs]ve t ! relation ( ! numb] five to ! gr\p ( objects 9 front ( u is purely ext]nal & accid5tal4 ,9 apply+ to x ! conception 'five' we comb9e ! s+le objects into a gr\p & give x a "n1 or num]ical label1 :i* has no?+ to d ) ! nature ( ! items mak+ up ! gr\p4 ,?is way ( ?9k+1 we may obs]ve1 is ( exactly ! k9d :i* ! nom9ali/s ( ! ,middle ,ages attribut$ to e conception =m$ by ! human m9d4 ,9 fact1 ! process ( c\nt+ is a process ( pure ab/raction4 ,! m diff]5tiat$ are ! ?+s :i* we want to comb9e into a gr\p ?r\gh ! process ( c\nt+1 ! fur!r ?is ab/raction has to g4 ,we c c\nt apples & pe>s toge!r "u ! collective conception ( 'fruit'2 if turnips are add$1 we mu/ help ourselves out ) ! conception 'vegetable products'2 until f9ally we deal only ) '?+s'1 )\t consid]+ any qualitative diff]5tiation4 ,?us ! conception ( numb] is creat$ solely )9 ! human m9d1 :i* applies x to ?+s f outside4 ,f ! mom5t :5 human consci\sness 0 unable to attribute to itself any o!r ?an a purely nom9ali/ic mode ( compreh5sion x 0 inevitable t all explanations ( natural ph5om5a w\ld h two results3 7#a7 ! exclusion f obs]vation ( ev]y?+ t c\ld n be conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( numb]s1 & 7#b7 an endeav\r to f9d = e num]ical relation%ip capable ( empirical pro( an explanation :i* c\ld be int]pret$ z ! result ( tak+ qualitatively id5tical units & c\nt+ !m4 ,= ?is me?od ( =m+ conceptions is ! only "o :i* nom9alism c accept ) a good consci5ce4 ,! fact t 9 s do+ x is l$ ad absurdum has only q lately occurr$ to x4 ,= if by ! logical foll[+ ( ?is pa? - z 9 mod]n !oretical physics - ! :ole univ]se is dissolv$ into units :i* c no long] be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 !n x w become impossible to c\nt ^! p>ts1 = x _c be e/abli%$ :e!r any giv5 "o ( ^! hypo!tical elem5tal p>ticles has be5 c\nt$ or n4 ,none ! less1 ,edd+ton claim$ to h f\nd ! exact numb] ( p>ticles compos+ ! univ]se - a numb] ) #hj figures - by us+ a special calculus1 b ?is numb] is valid only on ! supposition t ! p>ticles _c be c\nt$ because !y are indi/+ui%able6#i ,h[ev] correct ! nom9ali/ic conception ( numb] may be 9 su* a case z t ( numb]+ ! five apples1 x is :olly incorrect to re/rict ! concept ( numb] itself to "o valid = ?is k9d ( occurr5ce4 ,we %all see ?is imm$iately if we take "o ( ! apples & cut x across4 ,!re we f9d ! numb] five confront+ u 9 ! well-kn[n />-l figure1 repres5t$ by ! fivefold p]ic>p 9 ! c5tre ( ! apple4 ,:at man1 re/rict$ z he 0 to ! mode ( und]/&+1 has completely ov]look$ is ?is3 al?\gh ! act ( c\nt+1 by :i* we e/abli% ! numb] five1 is ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! quality ( ! numb] five is totally diff]5t4 ,= 9 ! case ( ! five p]ic>ps ?is numb] is a quality imman5t 9 ! apple1 :i* x %>es ) ! :ole species ( ,rosaceae4 ,! apple itself is j z mu* 'five' z x is 'r\nd'1 'sweet'1 etc4 ,9 ! sup]s5sible type :i* creates 9 ! plant its own organ ( manife/ation1 ! creation ( a numb] - 9 ! apple ! numb] five - is "p ( ! =m-creat+ activities *>act]i/ic ( ! type4 ,! num]ical relation%ips :i* appe> betwe5 natural ph5om5a dep5d ^u ! way 9 :i* ! *emical e!r p>ticipates4 ,?is is true equally ( ^? discov]$ by *emi/ry 9 ! sph]e ( inorganic matt] & us$ to-day ) su* great success4 ,let u be q cle> t ! relation%ip ( unity to plurality 9 ! case ( ! five apples is totally diff]5t f :at x is 9 ! fivefold p]ic>p4 ,9 ! fir/ case unity is ! smalle/ quantity repres5t$ by ea* ( ! five apples4 ,!re1 ! /ep f "o to two is made by jo9+ toge!r two units f outside4 ,! pa? f "o to _m is by way ( cont9u\s addition4 ,9 ! second case ! unity is repres5t$ by ! p]ic>p - i4e4 by ! "o compris+ ! _m1 ! latt] appe>+ z p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,9 su* a case two is "p ( "o & s are ?ree1 f\r1 five1 etc4 ,plurality arises f a cont9u\s process ( division ( unity4 ,! anci5t _w knew ! idea ( numb] only 9 ! la/-m5tion$ =m4 ,!re unity appe>$ z an all-embrac+ magnitude1 reveal$ ?r\gh ! ,univ]se4 ,! _w's manifoldness 0 felt to be n a juxtaposition ( s+le ?+s1 ext]nally connect$1 b ! cont5t ( ?is unity1 & !re=e d]iv$ f x4 ,?is 0 express$ by ! pre-,socratic ,greek philosoph]s 9 ! =mula 7! ,"o & ! ,all74 ,) ! appe>ance ( ! ,arabs on ! sc5e ( hi/ory1 human ?\ght turn$ to ! additive concept ( numb]1 & ! orig9al di/ributive concept rec$$ gradually into oblivion4 ,! acceptance ( ! new concept made x possible = ! fir/ "t to conceive ! z]o4 ,x is cle> t by a cont9u\s division ( unity "o is c>ri$ to a con/antly gr[+ numb] ( con/antly dim9i%+ p>ts1 b )\t ev] rea*+ ! no?+ repres5t$ by ! numb] z]o4 ,to-day we %\ld say t 9 ?is way we c rea* z]o only by an inf9ite s]ies ( /eps4 ,yet ! idea ( ! inf9ite did n exi/ 9 ?is =m = anci5t man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! arabic conception ( numb] ! /eps necess>y to rea* z]o are f9ite4 ,= j z by ! ext]nal addition ( unities we c /ep =w>d f "o numb] to ! next1 s we c also /ep back on ! same pa? by repeat$ subtractions ( unities4 ,hav+ ?us rea*$ ,"o1 no?+ c /op u f go+ beyond x by "o m su* /ep4 ,! arabic num]al sy/em1 !re=e1 is ! only "o to possess its own symbol = z]o4 ,x has be5 correctly not$ t ! p5etration into ,european ?\ght ( ?is additive concept ( numb] 0 responsible = develop+ ! idea ( ! ma*9e2 = x accu/om$ human be+s to ?9k calmly ( z]o z a quantity exi/+ side by side ) ! o!rs4 ,9 anci5t man ! idea ( no?+ness1 ! absolute void1 creat$ fe>2 he judg$ nature's relation to ! void accord+ly1 z ! phrase 'natura abhorret vacuum' indicates4 ,8 capacity to ?9k fe>lessly ( ?is vacuum & to h&le x ?us _h to be develop$ 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! ,ma*9e ,age1 & p>ticul>ly ! developm5t ( effici5t /eam eng9es4 ,consid] also ! decisive "p play$ by ! vacuum 9 ,crookes's rese>*es1 ?r\gh :i* ! pa? to ! sub-physical realm ( nature 0 laid op54 ,yet nature makes use ( numb] z a regulat+ factor 9 q a diff]5t way f its appe>ance 9 ! purely electrical & gravitational connexions ( inorganic matt]1 namely :]e s\nd-e!r f ! upp] b\nd>y ( nature s regulates nature's dynamic t ! manifold s5se-qualities appe> 9 _! "t-&-space ord]4 ,:5 we int]pret ! arrangem5t ( numb]s f\nd !re on a nom9ali/ic basis1 z is done :5 ! axis- & angle-relation%ips ( cry/als are r$uc$ to a m]e prop9quity ( ! atoms di/ribut$ l a grid 9 space1 or :5 ! diff]5ce 9 angle ( ! position ( ! v>i\s col\rs 9 ! spectrum is r$uc$ to m]e diff]5ces 9 frequ5cy ( ! electromagnetic oscillations 9 a hypo!tical e!r - !n we b> ! way to ! compreh5sion n only ( numb] itself1 z a quality among qualities1 b also ( all o!r qualities 9 nature4 99 7e7 ,,life ,z already m5tion$1 ! ?ree k9ds ( e!r1 w>m?1 light & s\nd1 are n suffici5t 9 !mselves to br+ into exi/5ce :at 9 its prop] s5se we call 'life' 9 nature1 i4e4 ! =mation ( s+le liv+ organisms4 ,?is requires ! action ( a f\r? k9d ( e!r1 ! life-e!r1 rang$ above ! o!r ?ree4 ,we c be/ compreh5d ! life-e!r's contribution to ! total activity ( ! e!r 9 nature by consid]+ ! int]action ( ! f\r k9ds ( e!r ) ! f\r physical elem5ts4 ,we h se5 t ! w>m?-e!r has ! d\ble function ( be+ at once ! l[e/ e!r & ! highe/ physical elem5t1 ?us act+ z a sph]e ( reflexion = ! o!r k9ds ( e!r & ! elem5ts respectively4 ,ea* /age 9 ! e!ric has its reflexion 9 ! physical1 z ! above table %[s4 ,?us to ! physical air ! e!ric light is relat$4 7,! aff9ity ( light & air is be/ se5 9 ! plant & its leaf-=mation47 ,to br+ ab\t real *anges 9 ! mat]ial composition ( ! physical _w requires ! /rong] p[]s ( ! *emical e!r4 ,!re=e x is also ! fir/ e!r ( :i* we _h to speak z 'magical' e!r4 ,its effects rea* into ! wat]y elem5t :i* is already b\nd up ) gravity1 b by its own /r5g? x _c p5etrate beyond t4 ,! causation ( mat]ial *anges 9 ! liquid sph]e w\ld 9 fact be all t ^! ?ree k9ds ( e!r c\ld a*ieve toge!r4 ,only :5 ! p[] ( ! life-e!r is add$ to ! ?ree o!rs c e!ric action rea* z f> z ! sph]e ( solid matt]4 ,?us ! life-e!r is responsible = all solid =mation 9 nature1 bo? 9 h] organic & inorganic fields 7! latt]-cry/al-=mation-be+ ! effect ( ext]nal e!r-action74#aj ,x is to ! action ( ! life-e!r t nature owes ! exi/5ce 9 h] diff]5t realms ( multitudes ( sep>ate solid =ms4 ,to m5tion an in/ance f our previ\s /udies3 9 ! same way z volcanic ph5om5a manife/ ! w>m?-e!r's gravity-ov]com+ p[] on a macrotelluric scale1 s sn[-=mation illu/rates ! life-e!r's matt]-%ap+ might4 ,?r\gh its p[] to b9d fl[+ action into solid =m1 ! life-e!r is relat$ to ! s\nd-e!r 9 ! same way z ! articulat$ ^w =m$ by human speak+ is relat$ to ! m]e musical tone4 ,! latt] by itself is z x 7 fluid4 ,9 human spee* ?is fluidity is repres5t$ by ! v[els4 ,) a language consi/+ only ( v[els man w\ld be able to express feel+s1 b n ?\ghts4 ,to let ! ^w z c>ri] ( ?\ght arise out ( s\nd1 human spee* possesses ! consonants1 :i* repres5t ! solid elem5t 9 x4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! s5se-be>+ ^w f ! m]ely r++ s\nd is an exact c\nt]p>t to :at takes place 9 nature :5 ! play ( organic liquids1 regulat$ by ! *emical e!r1 is caus$ by ! life-e!r to solidify into outw>dly p]ceptible =m4 ,by read+ 9 ?is way ! special function ( ! life-e!r among ! o!r ?ree1 we are l$ to ! t]m ' ,^w-e!r' z an appropriate second "n = x1 correspond+ to ! t]m s\nd-e!r = ! *emical e!r4 99 ,?us ,levity pres5ts itself to u z be+ engag$ 9 ! f\rfold activity ( ,*aoticiz+1 ,weav+1 ,s\nd+ &1 la/ly1 ,speak+ ! =m-creative ,cosmic ,^w into ! realm ( ,gravity4 #a ,to avoid misund]/&+s1 x %\ld be emphasiz$ t spiritual ,imag9ation is n atta9$ by any ex]cise involv+ directly ! s5se ( sight & its organ1 ! eye1 b by purely m5tal ex]cises design$ to increase ! 'see+' faculty ( ! m9d4 #b ,inde$1 x is a misund]/&+ ( ! :ole mean+ ( ,an?roposophy :5 its cont5ts are quot$ - z !y sometimes are ev5 by adh]5ts - 9 su* a way z to sugge/ t by _! help a bett] 'explanation' may be ga9$ ( matt]s = :i* !re is o!rwise no1 or at lea/ no satisfactory1 explanation4 ,! "q3 ',h[ does ,an?roposophy expla9 ?is or t8' is q wrongly put4 ,we ought r to ask3 ',h[ does ,an?roposophy help u to read m cle>ly ?is or t o!rwise enigmatical *apt] ( ! script ( exi/5ce8' #c ,see ,space & ! ,light ( ,creation1 by ,g4 ,adams1 :]e ?is 'weav+' is %[n ) ! help ( projective geometry4 #d ,translation by ,j4 ,d>rell4 #e ,we may recall "h also ! passage f ,rusk9's ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air1 quot$ e>li]1 p4 #aah74 #f ,t ! e!r1 ap>t f be+ sup]s5sibly se51 is also he>d1 0 empirically kn[n to ,goe!4 ,see ! op5+ words ( ! ',prologue 9 ,heav5 7,fau/1 ,i7 & ! call ( ! ,_s ( ! ,elem5ts 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! ,second ,"p ( ! drama1 :i* foll[ ^u ! /age direction3 ',! sun ann\nces 8 approa* ) ov]:elm+ noise4' #g ,by att5d+ ,*ladni's lectures on 8 discov]y 9 ,p>is ! ,fr5* physici/ ,sav>t became acqua9t$ ) ?is ph5om5on & devot$ himself to its /udy4 ,*ladni & ,sav>t toge!r publi%$ a great numb] ( ^! figures4 #h ,und]/&+ ! attributes ( ! *emical e!r enables u to see 9 _! "r p]spective ,rudolf ,/e9]'s sugge/ions to f>m]s = ! prep>ation ( ! soil & = keep+ heal?y ! crops gr[+ on x4 ,attempts h be5 made to dismiss ^! sugge/ions by call+ !m 'my/icism' & 'm$iaeval magic'4 ,bo? t]ms are titles ( hon\r if we und]/& by ! "o ! =m ( insight into ! sup]s5sible realm ( nature acquir$ by ! high] mode ( read+1 & by ! o!r a faculty ( nature h]self1 ^: magic w& is ! *emical or s\nd-e!r4 #i ,see ,edd+ton's humor\s & at ! same "t s]i\s treatm5t ( ?is problem 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 #aj ,( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal e!r-action m w be said 9 ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,pro ,anima ,?y functions are e!real1 ,z if )9 !e dwelt a glanc+ m9d1 ,organ ( vision6 ,& a ,_s areal ,in=ms ! cell ( ,he>+1 d>k & bl9d4 ,w4 ,,wordswor? 7a7 ,,! ,,well-,,spr+s ,,( ,,nature',s ,,de$s ,,& ,,suff]+s ,z our obs]vations h %[n1 gravity & levity n only exi/ side by side z a prim>y pol>ity2 ! manifold int]action ( _! fields gives rise to all sorts ( second>y pol>ities4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is int]action mu/ be br\ght ab\t by a fur!r k9d ( =ce to :i* gravity & levity are subord9ate4 ,9 :at foll[s we %all try1 s f> z is possible )9 ! scope ( ?is book1 to ?r[ light on ! nature ( ?is =ce4 ,s9ce ! direct exp]i5ce ( ! dynamic realm con/itut$ by x is bas$ on faculties ( ! m9d o!r ?an ^? ne$$ = ! ,imag9ative p]ception ( ! e!ric realm1 we %all h to exam9e also ! nature & orig9 ( ^! faculties4 ,?is w lead u aga9 to ! /udy ( "o ( man's high] s5ses1 ?is "t 8 s5se ( he>+1 ) ! aim ( f9d+ ! spiritual function t is hidd5 9 x4 ,b our ord] ( proc$ure w h to diff] f ! "o foll[$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 because x w be necess>y fir/ to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! new =ce & !n to turn to an exam9ation ( ! s5se-activity conc]n$4 99 ,let our fir/ object ( obs]vation be man himself 9 s f> z he illu/rates a pol>ity ( ! second ord]4 ,:5 /udy+ man's nature ) ! idea ( und]/&+ ! g5esis ( 8 onlook]-consci\sness1 x w be rememb]$1 we _h to exam9e ! ord]+ ( 8 consci\sness into wak+1 dream+ & sleep+ 9 ! diff]5t memb]s ( 8 organism4 ,we recogniz$ ?ree diff]5t organic sy/ems1 ! s5sory-n]ve sy/em1 ! rhy?mic sy/em & ! metabolic-limb sy/em1 z ! bodily f\ndation ( ?ree diff]5t s\l activities4 ,^! are ! ?\ght-=m+ activity :i* belongs to wak+ consci\sness2 ! feel+ activity :i* belongs to dream consci\sness2 & ! will+ activity :i* belongs to sleep consci\sness4 ,we !n saw 9 ^! ?ree sy/ems repres5tatives ( ! ?ree al*emical functions - 'sulphur\s' 9 ! metabolic1 'sal9e' 9 ! n]v\s1 'm]curial' 9 ! m$iat+ rhy?mic sy/em4 ,reg>d$ ?us1 man's nature reveals itself z be+ end[$ ) a physical organization1 & an e!ric organization1 :i* are br\ght into diff]5t relation%ips by be+ act$ ^u by a ?ird organization consi/+ ( =ces ( ! k9d "h to be /udi$4 ,at 8 l[] pole ^! =ces co-ord9ate ! e!r & physical organizations 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! function ( ! 'sulphur'-pole ( ! al*emical triad4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! w>m?-e!r takes ! lead & acts 9 su* a way t ! high] k9ds ( e!r are able to come to expression 9 mat]ial processes ( ! body4 ,at ! upp] pole correspond+ =ces co-ord9ate ! physical & e!r organizations 9 a way *>act]i/ic ( ! 'salt'-pole4 ,?is gives ! lead to ! life-e!r1 s t ! physical organism provides ! f\ndation = ! activity ( ! e!r-=ces )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ actually p5etrat$ by !m 7at lea/ aft] completion ( ! embryonic & fir/ po/-embryonic developm5t74 ,z a result1 consci\sness lights up 9 ?is "p ( ! body4 ,! rhy?mic sph]e1 be+ ! 'm]curial' middle1 is di/+ui%$ by an alt]nation ( ! two conditions describ$4 ,) ea* dia/ole x becomes m ak9 to ! pole bel[1 & ) ea* sy/ole m ak9 to ! pole above4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! light+ up ( consci\sness is only p>tial4 ,by means ( ^! obs]vations we realize t ! ?ird type ( =ce1 9 s f> z x is active 9 man1 has ! capacity1 by co-ord9at+ ! physical & e!ric p>ts ( ! organism 9 "o way or ano!r1 to promote happ5+s ei!r ( a m corporeal or a m psy*ical nature - namely1 motion at "o pole1 s5sation at ! o!r1 & feel+ 9 ! middle betwe5 !m4#a ,rememb]+ ,goe!'s =mula1 'col\rs are de$s & suff]+s ( light'1 we realize h[ deeply true ! concepts 7 to :i* he 0 l$ by 8 way ( develop+ obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,:at we h n[ br\ght to our aw>5ess by /udy+ man1 holds good 9 "s s5se also = ! animal4 ,! animal1 too1 is pol>iz$ into motion & s5sation4 7,:at makes ! animal diff] f man ne$ n conc]n u "h1 = x belongs to a dynamic realm o!r ?an ! "o we are n[ /udy+4 ,?is o!r realm w come "u consid]ation 9 ! next *apt]47 ,q a diff]5t picture arises :5 we turn to ! plant4 ,! plant1 too1 is *>act]iz$ by a ?reefold /ructure1 root1 /em ) leaves1 & floresc5ce1 :i* 9 _! way repres5t ! ?ree al*emical functions4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is also motion 9 ! plant1 al?\gh ?is is conf9$ to int]nal movem5ts lead+ to gr[? & =mation4 ,& at ! opposite pole !re is s5sation1 ?\gh aga9 v diff]5t f ! s5sation exp]i5c$ by high] liv+ be+s4 ,:at we mean "h by 's5sation' c be be/ express$ by quot+ ! foll[+ passage f ,rusk9's ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air1 9 :i* ! dual activity ( ! dynamic :i* we seek to und]/& is br\ght out p>ticul>ly cle>ly4 ,9 describ+ ! =m+ ( blossom 9 ! plant z ! climax ( ! '_s' active 9 x1 ,rusk9 says3 ',its 7! plant's7 =m becomes inve/$ ) aspects t are *iefly delightful to our own human passions2 namely1 fir/1 ) ! lovelie/ outl9es ( %ape &1 secondly1 ) ! mo/ brilliant phases ( ! prim>y col\rs1 blue1 yell[1 r$ or :ite1 ! unison ( all2 & to make x m /range1 ?is "t ( peculi> & p]fect glory is associat$ ) relations ( ! plants or blossoms to ea* o!r1 correspond5t to ! joy ( love 9 human creatures & hav+ ! same object 9 ! cont9uance ( ! race4'#b ,if we wi% to und]/& :y ! same dynamic action work+ on ! physical & e!ric organisms ( ! plant1 on ! "o h&1 & ( man & ! animal1 on ! o!r1 br+s ab\t effects s diff]5t1 we mu/ turn to ! realm :5ce ?is action orig9ates 9 bo? cases4 ,= ! animal & = man ?is realm is situat$ )9 _! organisms because 9 addition to _! individual physical & e!ric organizations !y are end[$ also ) an individual organization ( ! high] k9d4 ,n s ) ! plant4 ,= ! rhy?ms ( its gr[?1 ! successive =mation ( its v>i\s organs1 ! production ( its col\rs1 etc41 ! plant dep5ds on out] conditions4 ,:at /rikes u fir/ 9 ?is respect is ! plant's dep5d5ce on ! succession ( ! seasons4 ,^! 9 turn are an outcome ( ! *ang+ mutual positions ( e>? & sun4 ,t :i* =ms "p ( ! individual organism 9 high] liv+ be+s is locat$ 9 ! cosmic surr\nd+s ( ! plant4 ,9 fact1 x is our planet>y sy/em :i* provides ! =ces t /ir ! e!ric & physical =ces ( ! e>? to _! v>i\s int]actions1 ?us br++ ab\t all ! manifold second>y pol>ities4 99 ,be=e we emb>k on a description ( fur!r ph5om5a :i* te/ify to ! cosmic nature ( ! =ces ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 x w be well 7foll[+ a pr9ciple appli$ be=e7 to e/abli% ! hi/orical antec$5ts ( ! conception ( ! univ]se we are ab\t to develop4 ,we realize t ! type ( =ce ) :i* we are "h seek+ to become famili> is ! "o responsible = ! exi/5ce ( :at we commonly call 's\l'4 ,! creation ( a body-b\nd s\l1 h[ev]1 is only "o p>ticul> =m ( ! activity ( ^! =ces4 ,ano!r is ! "o :i* we h j se5 manife/ 9 ! plant4 ,9 yet ano!r way ! same =ces function z mov]s & /irr]s ( ! macro-telluric processes ( ! e>?1 & beyond ?is ( ! happ5+s 9 ! body ( our planet>y sy/em1 includ+ ! movem5ts ( ! v>i\s planets4 ,?is is an aspect :i* 0 by no means unfamili> to anci5t man4 ,x 0 naturally lo/ :5 ! onlook]-consci\sness awoke4 ,9 ?is respect x is ( hi/orical significance t ! same man1 ,g4 ,a4 ,borelli 7#afjh-gi71 a memb] ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academy1 :o 0 ! fir/ to inquire into ! movem5ts ( ! animal & human body f a purely me*anical po9t ( view1 made ! fir/ attempt to d$uce ! planet>y movem5ts f a purely physical cause4#c ,?r\gh ?is fact an impulse comes to expression :i* we may t]m ,contra ,animam1 & aga9/ :i* we h to put our ,pro ,anima1 9 mu* ! same way t we put our ,pro ,levitate aga9/ ! ,contra ,levitatem call ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academicians4 99 ,x w help our fur!r descriptions if we introduce at ?is po9t ! "n :i* ,rudolf ,/e9] adopt$ = ! type ( =ces we are conc]n$ ) "h4 ,9 view ( ! fact t _! orig9 lies 9 ! extra-t]re/rial realm ( ! univ]se1 he call$ !m 'a/ral' =ces1 !reby giv+ back to ?is t]m1 also1 its true & orig9al mean+4 ,x is "u ?is "n t we %all speak ( !m h5ce=?4 ,to make ourselves m famili> ) ! "* ( ! a/ral =ces1 x w be well to obs]ve !m fir/ ( all 9 _! macrotelluric =m ( activity4 ,!re is1 z already m5tion$1 ! rhy?mic occurr5ce ( ! seasons 9 connexion ) ! v>y+ relative positions ( e>? & sun4 ,alongside ?is we may put ! rhy?m ( ! tides1 co9cid5t ) ! phases ( ! moon4 ,j z ! sol> rhy?m manife/s 9 an alt]nat+ rise & fall ( ! saps 9 ! plants1 s also does ! lun> rhy?m4#d 7,note h[ ?is fact actually vitiates ! usual explanation t ! tidal rhy?m ( ! sea is caus$ by a gravitational pull ex]t$ by ! moon's body on ! oceanic wat]47 ,9 nei!r in/ance is ! *ange ( position ( ! relevant cosmic body - 9 our examples t ( ! sun or moon 9 relation to ! e>? - ! 'cause' ( ! correspond+ rhy?mic ev5ts on ! e>?4 ,toge!r ) all o!r rhy?mic ev5ts ( equal p]iodicity1 x is itself ! effect ( ! activity ( a =ce-sph]e con/itut+ ! cosmic realm to :i* ! relevant planet>y body belongs4 ,f ?is /atem5t ?ree major que/ions arise1 :i* ne$ to be answ]$ be=e we c c>ry on our description ( ! a/ral =ces !mselves3 ,fir/ly1 by ! way we h spok5 ( ! v>y+ relations ( ! sun & moon to ! e>?1 see+ 9 !m ! effects ( c]ta9 a/ral activities1 we h treat$ !m z if !y 7 ( l nature1 namely1 result+ f a movem5t ( ! relevant heav5ly body r\nd ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ! ,cop]nican conception1 h[ev]1 only ! moon rotates r\nd ! e>?1 :]eas ! app>5t ye>ly progression ( ! sun is actually caus$ by ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun4 ,?is raises ! "q ( h[ f> ! ,cop]nican1 helioc5tric aspect is valid 9 a sci5ce :i* /rives to embrace ! a/ral realm ( ! univ]se 9 its inquiries4 ,secondly1 :at roles d ! o!r memb]s ( our planet>y sy/em play z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! sun & ! moon8 ,?irdly1 if x is true t ! ess5tial sol> & lun> effects - & presumably ! effects ( ! o!r planets - on ! e>? d n spr+ f physical influ5ce ex]t$ by ! visible bodies ( ! planets conc]n$1 b f c]ta9 a/ral =ce-fields ( :i* ^! bodies !mselves =m "p1 :at is ! significance ( su* a body )9 ! planet's dynamic :ole8 ,/>t+ ) ! answ] to ! fir/ "q1 we %all quote ! foll[+ passage f a lecture on !oretical physics giv5 by ,pr(essor ,planck 9 #aiji at ! ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york3 ',only ! hypo!sis ( ! g5]al value ( ! pr9ciple ( ,relativity 9 me*anics c\ld admit ! ,cop]nican sy/em into physics1 s9ce ?is pr9ciple gu>antees ! indep5d5ce ( all processes on ! e>? f ! progressive motion ( ! e>?4 ,=1 if we _h to make all[ance = ?is motion1 !n ,i %\ld1 = in/ance1 h to reckon ) ! fact t ! piece ( *alk 9 my h& possesses ! enorm\s k9etic en]gy correspond+ to a velocity ( ab\t #cj km_/sec4' ,! implications = u ( ^! rem>ks by an em95t physici/ c be express$ z foll[s3 ,9 a sci5ce :i* kn[s h[ to deal ) movem5t z an ev5t ( absolute dynamic reality1 ! ,cop]nican aspect loses its significance z ! only valid aspect ( our cosmic sy/em4 ,= its application z a means ( describ+ ! dynamic happ5+s )9 ?is sy/em presupposes ! acceptance ( ,e9/e9's relativi/ic conception ( motion4 ,inde$1 = ! build+ up ( a picture ( ! dynamic /ructure ( our sy/em1 ! ,cop]nican view-po9t is inadequate4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ n be tak5 to d5y all ju/ification to ! helioc5tric view-po9t4 ,!re is1 aft] all1 ! fact t ! orbits :i* ! heav5ly bodies appe> to foll[ :5 view$ 9 ?is way1 assume a p>ticul> geometrical "* :i* _c be accid5tal4 ,& m ?an t1 :5 ! helioc5tric aspect is se5 9 its true sett+1 x =ms 7z w be %[n lat]7 an extremely reveal+ "p ( ! script :i* tells u ( ! nature ( ! a/ral =ces4 ,all t is requir$ is t ! helioc5tric picture be tak5 = :at x is1 namely1 a purely k9ematic aspect ( ! true dynamic ord]+ ( our cosmic sy/em1 :i* 9 itself calls = q o!r means ( conceptual repres5tation4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! a/ral ord] ( ! univ]se1 ! e>? appe>s 9 ! c5tre ( a numb] ( =ce-fields :i* p5etrate ea* o!r & 9 _! p]iph]al region ext5d beyond "o ano!r 9 accordance ) ! respective orbits ( ! v>i\s planet>y bodies4 ,h[ _m =ce-fields !re are1 & :at is ! respective "* ( ea*1 w become cle> f ! foll[+ consid]ation1 :i* w also provide ! answ] to ! second ( our ?ree que/ions4 ,z ! orig9ator ( ! second>y pol>ities 9 e>?ly nature ! a/ral realm mu/ und\bt$ly itself be /ructur$ pol>ically1 "o "p ( x =m+ ! cause ( all ! happ5+s by :i* levity is br\ght into int]action ) gravity1 ! o!r ( all ! happ5+s by :i* gravity is br\ght into int]action ) levity4 ,!re mu/ be a fur!r "p :i* is responsible = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 'm]curial' mean betwe5 ! two poles ( ! second>y pol>ity4 ,?is leads u to a ?reefold aspect ( ! a/ral realm4 ,clos] inspection reveals a repetition ( ?is ?reefold ord] )9 ea* ( ! two pol> regions4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xii we le>nt to di/+ui% ! mat]ial happ5+s at ! two poles ( ! second>y pol>ity by obs]v+ _! appe>ance 9 ! plant z 'sublimation'1 on ! "o h&1 & 'assimilation' on ! o!r4 ,( ! =m] process1 by :i* matt] is c>ri$ f its gravity-b\nd to its gravity-free condition1 we "k t x takes place 9 ?ree /ages1 ( :i* ! fir/ implies ! lift+ ( matt] f ! solid to ! liquid condition1 ! second f ! liquid to ! a]i=m condition1 & ! ?ird to ! condition ( pure heat4 ,!re are ?ree correspond+ /ages by :i* e!r becomes susceptible to gravity4 ,x is 9 _! nature t !y are n 9 ! same degree manife/ z are _! pol> opposites4 ,/ill1 prop]ly guid$ obs]vation is able to detect !m & enables u to describe !m z foll[s4 ,at ! fir/ /age1 e!r1 :i* 9 itself has a purely p]iph]al ori5tation1 becomes l9k$ to "s all-relat+ po9t2 at ! second /age1 ! v>i\s e!r-activities1 already po9t-relat$1 are br\ght into "s *>act]i/ic int]relation%ip s z to become ! cause ( a p>ticul> =mative action 9 ! mat]ial realm2 at ! ?ird /age1 ! e!ric aggregate ?us organiz$ receives ! impulse to l9k itself ) "s p>ticul> portion ( pond]able matt]4 ,9 ^! six =ms ( a/ral activity1 obs]vation1 if guid$ by mod]n spiritual sci5ce1 recognizes ! *>act]i/ics ( ! six planet>y sph]es1 kn[n z ',moon'1 ',m]cury'1 ',v5us'1 on ! "o h&1 ',saturn'1 ',jupit]'1 ',m>s'1 on ! o!r4 ,9 ! same way ! dynamic sph]e ( ! ',sun' is f\nd to provide ! a/ral activity :i* m$iates betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( planet>y sph]es4#e ,! foll[+ obs]vations may help u to become famili> ) ! diff]5t modes ( activity ( ! =ce-sph]es4 ,let u />t ) ! a/ral =ces correspond+ to ! ?ree cosmic bodies ne>e/ to ! e>? - ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us4 ,_! activity c be disc]n$1 = example1 by wat*+ ! successive /ages ( plant developm5t - ! =mation ( ! sap-be>+ p>ts2 ! fl[]-sub/ance already p>tly trans=m$ into a]i=m condition2 f9ally ! propagat+ processes :i* belong ess5tially to ! sph]e ( activity ( ! w>m?-e!r4#f ,9 ! human organism we f9d ! same sequ5ce 9 ! /ep-by-/ep trans=mation ( nutrim5t "r up to ! mom5t :5 e>?ly =m passes into *aos1 z we le>nt previ\sly4 ,! s-call$ enzyme action1 ascrib$ by physiology to ! v>i\s dige/ive juices1 is 9 reality ! product ( an activity ( ! l[] "p ( man's a/ral organization1 = :i* ! relevant juices ex]cise ! function ( physical 'c>ri]s'4 ,9 ! field ( macrotelluric ph5om5a1 ! metamorphosis ( ! atmosph]ic moi/ure ext5d+ beyond ! diff]5t cl\d-/ages up to ! /age ( pure w>m? is an example ( ! activity ( ! same =ces4 ,)9 all ?ree-/age transitions ( ?is k9d1 ! a/ral =ces connect$ ) ! ,moon prepond]ate dur+ ! fir/ /age1 ^? connect$ ) ,m]cury dur+ ! second1 ^? connect$ ) ,v5us dur+ ! ?ird4 ,we h already come across "s examples ( ! out/&+ %>e tak5 by ! ,moon 9 ! ev5ts ( ! e>?'s wat]y sph]e4 ,to ^! ph5om5a1 :i* %[ by _! rhy?m _! connexion ) ! ,moon1 we may add ! f]tility rhy?m 9 ! female human organism :i* co9cides1 n 9 phase b 9 duration1 ) ! rhy?m set by ! ,moon's c\rse 9 ! heav5s4 ,if we consid] t ! =mation ( a new human body 9 ! womb ne$s ! play ( =mative =ces f out ( ! :ole _w environm5t1 & t = ?is purpose matt] mu/ be br\ght into a receptive condition = ^! =ces1 !n we c bett] und]/& ! prep>atory "p play$ by ! ,moon-=ces4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ! sub/ance ( ! female g]m %\ld rea* t condition ( *aos suitable = embryonic developm5t1 !re is /ill necess>y ! influ5ce ( ! supra-lun> a/ral =ces4 ,entry = ^! is provid$ by ! union ( ! g]m-cell ) ! male sp]m-cell4#g ,z ! ?ree sub-sol> planet>y sph]es are responsible = ev5ts ( a 'sulphur\s' 7radial7 "*1 s are ! ?ree supra-sol> sph]es responsible = ^? ( a 'sal9e' 7sph]ical7 "*4 ,= example1 we meet ) ,saturn-activity 9 ev]y?+ :i* radiates f ! human head & br+s ab\t ! h>d5+ bo? ( ! head itself & ( ! entire skeleton4 ,obs]vation has %[n t1 ev5 if ! human be+1 z usually happ5s1 /ops gr[+ 9 ! e>ly tw5ties1 s t ! skeleton und]goes no fur!r l5g!n+1 x nev]!less rea*es its f9al %ape & its f9al h>d5+ only betwe5 ! tw5ty-eigh? & ?irtie? ye>s4 ,?is is ! "t 9 man's life :5 ,saturn returns = ! fir/ "t to ! position 9 :i* x /ood relatively to ! e>? at 8 bir?1 or1 m correctly1 at 8 conception4 ,if ! activity ( ! ,saturn-=ce is mo/ cle>ly manife/ 9 ! =mation ( ! h>d skull1 t ( ,jupit]1 ! planet ( ',wisdom'1 is %[n 9 ! =mation ( ! complicat$ /ructure ( ! bra91 :i* enables x to co-ord9ate ! bodily & psy*ic functions ( ! entire man4 ,9 ! realm ( physical nature1 man's bra9 is inde$ ! mo/ p]fect example ( cosmic ,intellig5ce at "w 9 a mann] resembl+ t activity ( human intellig5ce :i* "o usually und]/&s by 'organiz+'4 ,9 ord] t ,=m %\ld come ab\t1 ! =ces ( ,saturn are requir$2 = ! =mative process to take place 9 ,wisdom-fill$ ord]1 ,jupit]'s =ces are necess>y4 ,if =m & ord] are to become manife/ 9 ! realm ( e>?ly sub/ance1 bo? require ! assi/ance ( ,m>s4 ,we c be/ =m an idea ( ! "p :i* ,m>s contributes to ! com+ into be+ ( ! _w ( ,=m 9 nature if we obs]ve :at takes place :5 we make use ( spee* z a m$ium = express+ our ?\ghts4 ,9 ord] to be able to %ape a ?\ght we h to p>ticipate 9 ! =mative =ce ( ,saturn4 ,we dep5d ^u ,jupit] to br+ ab\t logical connexion betwe5 ! s+le ?\ghts4 ,to ann\nce !m to ! _w1 we ne$ ! motive =ce ( ,m>s1 :i* enables u s to set ext]nal matt] 9 motion t x becomes a c>ri] & relay] ( our ?\ghts4 7,we "h t\* ^u ! field ( ! ac\/ic movem5ts ( ! air :i* w occupy u m closely lat] on47 ,_m examples ( ! activity ( ! =ce-sph]es repres5t$ by ! ?ree ext]ior planets are to be f\nd also 9 nature ext]nal to man4 ,f ! realm ( plant life we may take ! woody & b>k-l =mation ( ! trees z repres5t+ ! op]ation ( ,saturn-=ces4 ,simil>ly1 all t goes on 9 ! organiz+ ( ! s+le leaf1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! organization ( ! c\ntless sep>ate leaves :i* make up ! foliage ( a tree into a unifi$ :ole1 ! *>act]i/ic cr[n ( a tree1 is an example ( ! "w ( ,jupit]4 ,bo? activities are assi/$ by ! =ce ( ,m>s1 :i* directs !m f ! cosmic p]iph]y t[>d ! s+le physical object4 ,betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( a/ral =ce op]at+ 9 ?is mann]1 ! ,sun acts z a m$iat+ elem5t ?r\gh its d\ble function ( support+ ! activity ( ! ?ree l[] planets by means ( its heat & ( convey+ to ! e>?1 ?r\gh its light1 ! =ces ( ! ?ree high] planets4 ,9 ! human microcosm ! ,sun-=ces accompli% a correspond+ task by means ( ! influ5ces :i* radiate f ! he>t ?r\gh ! body along ! pa?s tak5 by ! blood4 99 ,9 :at foll[s we %all po9t to a gr\p ( ph5om5a :i* %[ ! a/ral int]connexion betwe5 e>? & univ]se2 we owe our k ( !m to ,rudolf ,/e9]4 ,x is due to him1 also1 t exp]im5tal rese>* into ! relevant facts became possible4 ,!y conc]n ! reflexion ( ! v>i\s planet>y movem5ts1 obs]vable 9 ! sky1 9 ! behavi\r ( c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances ( ! e>?4 ,9 connexion ) our discussion ( electricity 7,*apt] ,,xiii7 we spoke ( ! special function ( ! metals z be>]s ( ! 'm]curial' quality 79 ! al*emical s5se ( ! t]m74 ,z "o ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* reveal ?is function we m5tion$ ! peculi> capacity ( metals to behave z 'solid fluids'4 ,?is exceptional place among ! m9]al sub/ances ( ! e>?1 ! metals owe to _! close association ) ! extra-t]re/rial a/ral =ces ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is field1 too1 mod]n spiritual inve/igation has recov]$ some?+ :i* 0 kn[n to p ( old - t among ! metals !re are sev5 :i* h a di/9ctive "*1 = ea* /&s 9 a special relation to "o ( ! sev5 planets 7t is1 ! planet>y =ce-sph]es7 ( our cosmic sy/em4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,saturn ,lead ,jupit] ,t9 ,m>s ,iron ,sun ,gold ,v5us ,copp] ,m]cury ,quicksilv] ,moon ,silv] ,z comp>$ ) ^! sev51 ! o!r metals are products ( comb9ations ( v>i\s planet>y =ces4 ,a comp>ison ( ! role ( ,saturn z ! out]mo/ planet ( our cosmic sy/em ) ! role play$ by its metal1 lead1 z a f9al product ( radioactive dis9tegration1 leads "o to conceive ( ! radioactive sph]e ( ! e>? z be+ relat$ especially to ! planets outside ! orbit ( ,saturn1 namely1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 ,pluto4 ,?anks to ! "w ( ,l4 ,kolisko :o1 9 foll[+ ,rudolf ,/e9]'s indications1 obs]v$ = _m ye>s ! behavi\r ( ! sev5 metals s+ly & 9 comb9ation by submitt+ _! salts to c]ta9 capill>y effects1 we "k to-day t ! e>? be>s 9 h] womb sub/ances ^: dynamic condition foll[s exactly ! ev5ts 9 ! planet>y realm ( ! univ]se4#h 99 ,! picture ( ! univ]se :i* has ?us aris5 be=e our m9d's eye is a />tl+ "o only s long z we keep comp>+ x ) its helioc5tric pr$ecessor4 ,h[ wrong x w\ld be to reg>d x z some?+ inconceivable = ! mod]n m9d1 is %[n by ! fact t ! mod]n physiologi/ has already be5 driv5 to =m q a simil> picture ( ! human organism1 z f> z x conc]ns gl&ul> action 9 ?is organism4 ,8 obs]vations h taught him to di/+ui% betwe5 ! gl& z a spatially limit$ physical organ & ! gl& z a functional sph]e1 & to conceive ( ! latt] z ! ess5tial gl&4 ,se5 ?us1 '! spatial & temporal dim5sions ( ea* gl& are equal to ^? ( ! entire organism' 7,a4 ,c>rel74 ,9 ?is way we come to see ! human organism z a realm ( int]p5etrat+ sph]es ( di/9ctive physiological activities4 ,ea* ( ^! activities is an*or$ some:]e 9 ! physical body by ! anatomically disc]nible gl&-body1 & ! latt]'s relation%ip to ! functional sph]e is su* t a gl&'s 'physiological individuality is f> m compreh5sive ?an its anatomical individuality'4 ,we ne$ only translate ?is /atem5t into its macrocosmic c\nt]p>t to obta9 ano!r /atem5t :i* expresses fitt+ly ! relation%ip ( ! visible body ( a planet to ! functional 7a/ral7 sph]e indicat$ by its orbit4 ,!n we %all say t 'a planet's a/ral individuality is f> m compreh5sive ?an its a/ronomical individuality'4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! /ep we h "h tak51 by us+ a conception obta9$ ?r\gh microcosmic obs]vation to help u to f9d ! answ] to a "q put to u by ! macrocosm1 complies ) "o ( ! fundam5tals ( our me?od ( rese>*1 namely1 to all[ '! heav5s to expla9 ! e>?1 & ! e>? ! heav5s' 7,r4 ,/474 99 99 99 7b7 ,,he>+ ,,z ,,de$ ,9 ! introductory "p ( ! la/ *apt] we said t we h ! "r to employ results ( inve/igation c>ri$ out by high] faculties ( spiritual p]ception )\t contradict+ our pr9ciple ( seek+ to und]/& ! ph5om5al _w by read+ x1 provid$ our do+ s helps to enhance our own read+ activity1 & provid$ x c be %[n t ! acquisition ( ! high] faculties ( p]ception is a direct cont9uation ( ! tra9+ we h to apply to our m9d & s5ses to make !m capable ( su* read+4 ,z reg>ds ! =ces ( a/ral "*1 ! fir/ ( ^! two conditions has be5 fulfill$ by ! obs]vations we h already work$ ?r\gh 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we h /ill to %[ t ! second condition is equally fulfill$4 ,! faculty ( ! m9d :i* p]mits direct inve/igation ( ! a/ral realm 0 call$ 7spiritual7 ,inspiration by ,rudolf ,/e9]1 :o !reby re/or$ to ?is t]m1 also1 its prop] mean+4 ,we h already indicat$ t ?is faculty resides 9 ! s5se ( he>+ 9 ! same way t ! faculty ( ,imag9ation - z we h f\nd - resides 9 ! s5se ( see+4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :y x is ?is p>ticul> s5se :i* comes into consid]ation "h1 we h to consid] t ! ph5om5a ?r\gh :i* ! a/ral _w manife/s mo/ directly are all ( a rhy?mic nature4 ,n[1 ! s5se ?r\gh :i* our s\l p5etrates ) direct exp]i5ce into "s out] rhy?mic activity is ! s5se ( he>+1 our aural p]ceptions be+ convey$ by c]ta9 rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! air4 ,9 :at foll[s we %all see h[ ! /udy ( bo? ! out] ac\/ic ph5om5a & our own psy*o-physical make-up 9 ! region ( ! ac\/ic s5se1 leads to an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ,inspiration & ( h[ x c be tra9$4 99 ,among all our s5se-p]ceptions1 s\nd is unique 9 mak+ itself p]ceptible 9 two q diff]5t ways - via ! e> z a direct s5se exp]i5ce & via ! eye 7pot5tially also via ! s5ses ( t\* & movem5t7 9 ! =m ( c]ta9 me*anical movem5ts1 su* z ^? ( a /r+ or a tun+ =k4 ,h5ce ! _w-spectator1 z soon z he began to inve/igate ac\/ic ph5om5a sci5tifically1 f\nd himself 9 a unique position4 ,9 all o!r fields ( p]ception1 ) ! exception ( ! purely me*anical processes1 ! transition to non-/]eoscopic col\rless obs]vation _h ! effect t ! _w-cont5t ( ! naive consci\sness simply ceas$ to exi/1 leav+ ! ensu+ hiatus to be fill$ 9 by a patt]n ( imag9$ k9ematic happ5+s - = example1 col\r by 'e!r'-vibrations1 heat by molecul> movem5ts4 ,n s 9 ! sph]e ( ac\/ics4 ,= "h a "p ( ! entire ev5t1 on acc\nt ( its g5u9e k9etic "*1 rema9s a cont5t ( actual obs]vation4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! sci5ce ( ac\/ics became = ! sci5tific m9d ( man a model ( ! requir$ division betwe5 ! 'subjective' 7t is1 = sci5tific consid]ations non-exi/5t7 & ! 'objective' 7t is1 ! purely k9ematic7 "p ( obs]vation4 ,! field ( aural p]ception seem$ to ju/ify ! proc$ure ( collect+ a mass ( ph5om5a1 /ripp$ ( all t is exp]i5c$ by man's s\l 9 meet+ !m1 & ( assembl+ !m "u a purely ab/ract concept1 's\nd'4 ,pr(essor ,heis5b]g1 9 8 lecture 7quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,*apt] ,,ii7 on ! way 9 :i* ! sci5tific int]rogation ( nature has delib]ately limit$ itself1 draws att5tion to ! fact t a full k ( ! sci5ce ( optics 9 its pres5t =m might be acquir$ m]ely ?r\gh !oretical /udy by "o born bl9d1 yet )\t 8 ev] gett+ to "k :at light is4 ,heis5b]g c\ld1 ( c\rse1 h said ! same ( ! sci5ce ( ac\/ics 9 reg>d to "o born deaf4 ,b we c g a /ep fur!r by ask+ h[ f> a deaf & a bl9d p]son c\ld get t[>ds e/abli%+ ! respective sci5ce4 ,! answ] mu/ be t1 :]eas ! p]son lack+ sight w\ld n ( himself be 9 a position to e/abli% a sci5ce ( optics1 x w\ld be well )9 ! scope ( ! deaf man to e/abli% a sci5ce ( ac\/ics4 ,= all ! processes ess5tial to a physical ac\/ics are accessible to ! eye & o!r s5ses4 ,9 ord] to make our exp]i5ce ( he>+ a f+]-po/ po9t+ ! way to an und]/&+ ( ! faculty ( ,inspiration innate 9 man1 we mu/ fir/ ( all seek to trans=m ac\/ics f a 'deaf into a 'he>+' sci5ce1 j z ,goe! turn$ ! !ory ( col\r f a col\r-bl9d into a col\r-see+ sci5ce4 99 ,foll[+ our proc$ure 9 ! case ( optics1 we select f ! total field ( ac\/ic ph5om5a a def9$ realm specially suit$ to our purpose4 ,z x 0 !n ! spectrum1 s x w be n[ ! s-call$ quality ( s\nd1 or tone-col\r4 ,by ?is t]m 9 ac\/ics is und]/ood a prop]ty possess$ by s\nd ap>t f pit* & volume1 & dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! s\rce f :i* a tone is d]iv$4 ,x is ! tone-col\r by :i* ! tone ( a viol91 = in/ance1 is di/+ui%$ f a tone ( equal int5sity & pit* produc$ by a flute4 ,simil>ly1 two musical in/rum5ts ( ! same k9d are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by tone-col\r4 ,tone-col\r plays a specially significant "p 9 human & animal voices4 ,n only has ea* individual voice its unique col\r1 b ! col\r v>ies 9 "o & ! same p]son or animal1 accord+ to ! prevail+ mood4 ,moreov]1 by utt]+ ! v>i\s v[els ( 8 language1 man is able to imp>t v>y+ col\r to ! s\nds ( 8 spee*4 ,= ! diff]5ce we exp]i5ce :5 a tone is sung on ! v[el 'a' or ! v[el 'e'1 etc41 d]ives f ! p>ticul> col\r giv5 by ! v[el to t tone4 ,among ! discov]ies ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ! realm ( ac\/ics1 !re is "o :i* especially help$ to e/abli% a purely k9ematic conception ( s\nd4 ,helmholtz %[$ t tones :i* to our e>s seem to h a cle> & def9ite pit* may be split up by a s]ies ( resonators into a numb] ( diff]5t tones1 ea* ( !m s\nd+ at a diff]5t pit*4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! has ! pit* :i* our e>s atta* to ! entire tone4 ,?us 9 any ord9>y tone !re may be di/+ui%$ a 'fundam5tal' tone & a s]ies ( 'ov]tones'4 ,helmholtz fur!r %[$ t ! p>ticul> s]ies ( ov]tones into :i* a tone c be resolv$ is responsible = ! col\r ( t tone z a :ole4 ,naturally1 ?is meant = ! prevail+ mode ( ?9k+ t ! exp]i5ce ( ! col\r ( a tone _h to be int]pret$ z ! effect ( a k9d ( ac\/ical add+ toge!r ( a numb] ( s+le tone p]ceptions 7v mu* z ,newton _h int]pret$ ':ite' light z ! outcome ( an optical add+ toge!r ( a c]ta9 numb] ( s+le col\r p]ceptions74 ,! picture becomes diff]5t if we apply to ! aural exp]i5ce ,goe!'s !orem t1 9 s f> z we are delud$1 x is n by our s5ses b by our own reason+4 ,= we !n realize t s\nds nev] occur ( !mselves )\t "s tone-col\r1 :il/ physically 'pure' tones - ^? t repres5t simple h>monic motions - exi/ only z an artificial laboratory product4 ,! col\r ( a tone1 !re=e1 is an integral "p ( x1 & mu/ n be conceiv$ ( z an additional attribute result+ f a summ+ up ( a numb] ( col\rless tone exp]i5ces4 ,fur!r1 if we comp>e our exp]i5ces ( ! two k9ds ( tone1 !y tell u t ?r\gh ! quality or col\r ( ! natural tone some?+ ( a s\l-nature1 pleasant or unpleasant1 speaks to u1 :]eas 'pure' tones h a s\lless "*4 ,resolv+ normal tones by ,helmholtz's me?od 7useful z x is = c]ta9 purposes7 am\nts to some?+ l dissect+ a liv+1 ens\l$ organism into its memb]s2 only ! p>ts ( ! corpse rema9 9 our h&s4 99 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ t ! psy*ic cont5t ( aural exp]i5ce =ms an integral "p ( ! tone-ph5om5on z su*1 we mu/ seek to und]/& h[ ! k9etic process :i* is indisp5sable = its appe>ance comes to be ! vehicle = ! manife/ation ( 's\l' 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,to ?is end we mu/ fir/ ( all he$ ! fact t ! movem5t :i* m$iates aural s5sation is "o ( alt]nat+ expansion & contraction4 ,express$ 9 ! language ( ! f\r ,elem5ts1 ?is means t ! air ?us set 9 vibration approa*es alt]nately ! condition ( ! wat]y elem5t b5ea? x & ( ! elem5t ( fire 7heat7 above x4 ,?us1 9 a regul> rhy?m1 ! air comes ne> ! bord] ( its pond]able exi/5ce4 ,purely physical consid]ations make u realize t ?is entails ano!r rhy?mic occurr5ce 9 ! realm ( heat4 ,= ) ea* expansion ( ! air heat is absorb$ by x & !reby r5d]$ space-b\nd1 :ile ) e contraction ( ! air heat is set free & returns to its indig5\s condition - t is1 x becomes free f spatial limitations4 ,?is picture ( ! complete happ5+s dur+ an ac\/ic ev5t enables u to und]/& h[ su* a process c be ! vehicle = convey+ c]ta9 a/ral impulses 9 su* a way t1 :5 met by !m1 we gr[ aw>e ( !m 9 ! =m ( a direct s5sation4 ,tak+ z a model ! expression 'transp>5t' = ! p]vi\sness ( a sub/ance to light1 we may say t ! air1 :5 9 a /ate ( ac\/ic vibration1 becomes 'trans-audi5t' = a/ral impulses1 & t ! nature ( ^! vibrations det]m9es :i* p>ticul> impulses are let ?r\gh4 ,:at we h "h f\nd to be ! true role ( ! k9etic "p ( ! ac\/ic process applies equally to s\nds :i* are emitt$ by liv+ be+s1 & to ^? t arise :5 lifeless mat]ial is set me*anically 9 motion1 z 9 ! case ( ord9>y noises or ! musical production ( tone4 ,!re is only ?is diff]5ce3 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! vibrations ( ! s\nd-produc+ organs h _! orig9 9 ! activity ( ! a/ral "p ( ! liv+ be+1 & x is ?is activity :i* comes to ! recipi5t's direct exp]i5ce 9 ! =m ( aural impressions2 9 ! second in/ance ! air1 by be+ br\ght ext]nally into a /ate ( vibration1 ex]ts a k9d ( suction on ! a/ral realm :i* p]vades ! air1 ) ! result t p>ts ( ?is realm become physically audible4 ,= we are con/antly surr\nd$ by sup]s5sible s\nds1 & ! /ate ( motion ( ! air det]m9es :i* ( !m become p]ceptible to u 9 our pres5t /ate ( consci\sness4 ,at ?is po9t our m9d turns to a happ5+ 9 ! macrotelluric sph]e ( ! e>?1 already consid]$ 9 ano!r connexion1 :i* n[ assumes ! significance ( an ur-ph5om5on reveal+ ! a/ral g5]ation ( s\nd4 ,?is is ! ?und]-/orm1 con/itut$ = our ext]nal p]ception by ! two ev5ts3 lightn+ & ?und]4 ,rememb]+ :at we h f\nd e>li] 7,*apt] ,x7 to be ! nature ( lightn+1 we are n[ 9 a position to say3 a suprat]re/rial a/ral impulse obta9s control ( ! e>?'s e!ric & physical sph]es ( =ce 9 su* a way t e!ric sub/ance is ?r[n into ! condition ( space-b\nd physical matt]4 ,?is sub/ance is conv]t$ by /ages f ! /ate ( light & heat via t ( air into ! liquid &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 into ! solid /ate 7hail74 ,to ?is we n[ add t1 :ile 9 lightn+ ! fir/ effect ( ! e!ric-physical int]f]5ce ( ! a/ral impulse appe>s be=e our eyes1 our e>s give u direct aw>5ess ( ?is impulse 9 ! =m ( ?und]4 ,x is ?is fact :i* acc\nts = ! awe-inspir+ "* ( ?und]/orms4 99 ,! picture we h ?us receiv$ ( ! out] "p ( ! ac\/ic process has a c\nt]p>t 9 ! processes inside ! organ ( he>+4 ,he>+1 l see+1 dep5ds ^u ! co-op]ation ( bo? poles ( ! human organism-n]ve & blood4 ,9 ! case ( he>+1 h[ev]1 !y play a rev]s$ role4 ,9 ! eye1 ! prim>y effect ( light-impressions is on ! n]v\s "p2 a second>y response to !m comes f ! blood organization4 ,9 ! e>1 ! receptive organ = ! a/ral impulses press+ 9 ^u x is a "p :i* belongs to ! body's limb sy/em1 :ile x is ! n]v\s organization :i* functions z ! organ ( response4 ,= 9 ! e> ! s\nd-waves are fir/ ( all tak5 ov] by ! s-call$ ossicles1 ?ree small bones 9 ! middle e> :i*1 :5 exam9$ ) ! ,goe!an eye1 appe> to be a complete metamorphosis ( ah arm or a leg4 ,!y are in/rum5tal 9 transf]r+ ! out] ac\/ic movem5ts to ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! inn] e>1 :5ce ^! are communicat$ to ! entire fluid sy/em ( ! body & la/ly to ! muscul> sy/em4#i ,we %all speak ( ?is 9 detail lat] on4 ,let x be /at$ "h t ! peculi> role play$ by ! l>ynx 9 he>+1 already ref]r$ to by u 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi1 is "o ( ! symptoms :i* tells ( ! p>ticipation ( ! muscul> sy/em 9 ! int]nal ac\/ic process4 ,psy*ologically1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 e> & eye is t aural p]ceptions "w mu* m directly on ! human w - t is1 on ! "p ( our a/ral organization connect$ ) ! limb sy/em4 ,:]eas eye-impressions /imulate u 9 ! fir/ place to ?9k1 e>-impressions /imulate u to 444 dance4 ,! :ole art ( danc+1 f its orig9al sacr$ "* up to its deg5]ate mod]n =ms1 is bas$ ^u ! limb sy/em be+ ! recipi5t ( ac\/ic impressions4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ! muscles respond to ! out] a/ral impulses :i* rea* u ?r\gh our e>1 we mu/ fir/ und]/& :at happ5s 9 ! muscles :5 our w makes use ( !m = bodily motion4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! muscul> sy/em is ! organ ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 a/ral impulses1 ?is "t aris+ out ( ! body's own a/ral memb]1 come to expression4 ,moreov]1 ! movem5t ( ! muscles1 ?\gh n outw>dly p]ceptible1 is q simil> to ac\/ic movem5ts outside ! body4 ,= :5ev] a muscle is caus$ to alt] its l5g?1 x w p]=m "s k9d ( vibration - a vibration *>act]iz$ ev5 by a def9ite pit*1 :i* diff]s 9 diff]5t p4 ,s9ce ?r\gh\t life our body is nev] entirely )\t movem5t1 we are ?us 9 a con/ant /ate ( inw>d s\nd+4 ,! muscul> sy/em is capable ( ?is vibration because dur+ ! body's initial p]iod ( gr[? ! bones increase 9 l5g? to a mu* great] ext5t ?an d ! s9ews & muscles4 ,h5ce ! latt] arrive at a condition ( ela/ic t5sion n unlike t ( ! /r+s ( a musical in/rum5t4#aj ,9 ! case ( bodily movem5t1 !re=e1 ! muscles are tone-produc]s1 :]eas 9 ac\/ic p]ceptions !y are tone-receiv]s4 ,:at1 !n1 is x t prev5ts an ac\/ic p]ception f actually sett+ ! limbs 9 motion1 &1 in/ead1 enables our s5ti5t be+ to take hold ( ! a/ral impulse invad+ our muscles8 ,?is imp$im5t comes f ! contribution made by ! n]v\s sy/em to ! auditory process4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( ?is contribution we mu/ rememb] ! role play$ by ! blood 9 see+4 ,x 0 f\nd by u to consi/ 9 ! br++ ab\t ( t /ate ( equilibrium )\t :i* we %\ld exp]i5ce light m]ely z a pa9-produc+ ag5t4 ,simil>ly1 ! p]ception ( s\nd requires ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 /ate ( equilibrium betwe5 ! n]ve-sy/em & ! limb-sy/em4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 a lack ( equilibrium w\ld result n 9 pa91 b 9 ec/asy4 ,= if ac\/ic impressions play$ directly into our limb-sy/em1 ) no?+ to hold !m 9 *eck1 e tone we enc\nt] w\ld compel u to an outw>d manife/ation ( a/ral activity4 ,we %\ld become "p ( ! tone-process itself1 =c$ to trans=m x by ! volitional "p ( our a/ral organization into spatial movem5t4 ,t ?is does n happ5 is because ! p>ticipation ( ! n]v\s sy/em s]ves to damp d[n ! pot5tial ec/asy4 ,h5ce x is m or less left to ! s5ti5t "p ( ! a/ral organization - t is1 ! "p free f ! physical body - to p>take 9 ! a/ral processes und]ly+ ! tone occurr5ces4 99 ,our discussion has rea*$ a po9t :]e we are able to answ] a "q :i* fir/ arose 9 ! c\rse ( our /udy ( ! f\r e!rs1 & :i* arises "h anew4 ,9 /udy+ ! *emical or s\nd e!r we 7 fac$ ) ! fact t "p ( ! e!ric realm1 al?\gh 9 itself accessible to ! spiritual "p ( ! s5se ( sight1 (f]s sup]s5sible exp]i5ce comp>able to ! p]ception ( s\nd4 ,conv]sely1 we are n[ met by ! fact t x is spiritual he>+ :i* gives access to ! imm$iate p]ception ( a realm ( =ces :i* is n only ! s\rce ( ac\/ic ph5om5a1 b ! orig9 ( all t manife/s 9 nature 9 ! =m ( sulphur\s1 sal9e & m]curial ev5ts1 su* z ! _w ( col\rs1 electricity1 magnetism1 ! manifold rhy?mic occurr5ces on ! e>? 7bo? tak5 z a :ole 4& 9 s+le organisms71 etc4 - all ( :i* are tak5 hold ( by q o!r s5ses ?an t ( he>+4 ,at our fir/ enc\nt] ) ?is problem we rem>k$ t 9 ! sup]s5sible no su* %>p di/9ctions exi/ betwe5 diff]5t s5se-sph]es z are f\nd 9 body-b\nd s5se-p]ception4 ,at ! same "t we rememb]$ t ev5 9 physical p]ception we are incl9$ to atta* ac\/ic attributes to col\rs & optical attributes to tones4 ,9 fact1 x 0 precisely an in/ance ( ?is k9d ( exp]i5ce1 namely1 our conception ( tone-col\r1 :i* gave u our lead 9 discuss+ ! ac\/ic sph]e 9 g5]al4 ,our picture ( ! p>ticul> int]action ( ! two pol> bodily sy/ems 9 ! acts ( see+ & he>+ n[ enables u to und]/& m cle>ly h[ ^! two sph]es ( p]ception ov]lap 9 man4 ,= we h se5 h[ ! sy/em :i* 9 see+ is ! receiv+ organ1 works 9 he>+ z ! respond+ "o1 & vice v]sa4 ,z a result1 optical impressions are accompani$ by dim s5sations ( s\nd1 & aural impressions by dim s5sations ( col\r4 ,:at we are ?us dimly aw>e ( 9 physical s5se activity1 becomes def9ite exp]i5ce :5 ! sup]s5sible "p ( ! s5ses conc]n$ c "w unfett]$ by ! bodily organ4 ,cle> te/imony ( ?is is aga9 giv5 to u by ,trah]ne 9 a poem entitl$ ,dumnesse4 ,?is poem conta9s an acc\nt ( ,trah]ne's recollection ( ! significant fact t ! transition f ! cosmic to ! e>?ly condition ( 8 consci\sness 0 caus$ by 8 le>n+ to speak4 ,! foll[+ is a passage f ! description ( ! impressions :i* 7 8 be=e 8 s\l 0 ov]come by ?is *ange3 ',!n did ,i dwell )9 a ,_w ( ,light ,di/9ct & ,sep]at f all ,m5s ,sight1 ,:]e ,i did feel /range ,?\ghts1 & su* ,?+s see ,t 71 or seemd1 only reveald to ,me 444 '444 ,a ,pulpit 9 my ,m9d ,a ,temple1 & a ,tea*] ,i did f9d1 ,) a l>ge ,text to comm5t on4 ,no ,e>1 ,b ,eys !m selvs 7 all ! ,he>]s !re4 ,& evry ,/one1 & ,evry ,/> a ,tongue1 ,& evry ,gale ( ,w9d a ,curi\s ,song4'#aa 99 ,we h obta9$ a suffici5tly cle> picture ( ! organization ( our s5se ( he>+ to see :]e ! way lies t leads f he>+ ) ! e>s ( ! body to he>+ ) ! e>s ( ! _s1 t is1 to ! inspirative p]ception ( ! a/ral _w4 ,9 ! psy*o-physical condition :i* is *>act]i/ic ( our pres5t day-consci\sness1 ! p>ticipation ( our a/ral organization 9 any happ5+s ( ! out] a/ral _w dep5ds on our corporeal motor sy/em be+ /imulat$ by ! ac\/ic motions ( ! air1 or ( "s o!r suitable m$ium contact+ our body4 ,= x is only 9 ?is way t our a/ral organization is br\ght into ! sympa!tic vibrations necess>y = p]ceiv+ out] a/ral happ5+s4 ,9 ord] t a/ral ev5ts o!r ?an ^? manife/+ ac\/ically may become accessible to our consci\sness1 our own a/ral be+ mu/ become capable ( vibrat+ 9 tune ) !m1 j z if we 7 he>+ !m - t is1 we mu/ be able to r\se our a/ral =ces to an activity simil> to t ( he>+1 yet )\t any physical /imulus4 ,! way to ?is consi/s 9 tra9+ ourselves to exp]i5ce ! de$s & suff]+s ( nature z if !y 7 ! de$s & suff]+s ( a belov$ fri5d4 ,x is ?us t we %all le>n to he> ! s\l ( ! univ]se directly speak+ to u1 z ,lor5zo div9$ x1 :5 8 love = ,jessica made him feel 9 love ) all ! _w1 & he exclaim$3 ',!re's n ! smalle/ orb :i* ?\ behold'/ ,b 9 8 motion l an angel s+s1 ,/ill quir+ to ! "y-ey$ *]ubim1 - ,su* h>mony is 9 immortal s\ls4 ,b :il/ ?is muddy ve/ure ( decay ,do? grossly close x 91 we _c he> x4' 99 99 99 7c7 ,,kepl] ,,& ,,! ',,music ,,( ,,! ,,sph]es' ',"o mu/ *oose "o's sa9ts 44 4 & s ,i h *os5 m9e1 & be=e all o!rs1 ,kepl]4 ,9 my ante-room he has ev] a ni*e ( 8 own1 ) 8 bu/ 9 x4' ,?is op9ion ( ,goe!'s mu/ surprise u 9 view ( ! fact t ,kepl] 0 ! discov]] ( ! ?ree laws call$ aft] him1 "o ( :i* is suppos$ to h laid ! f\ndation = ,newton's me*anical conception ( ! univ]se4 ,9 :at foll[s x w be %[n h[ wrong x is to see 9 ,kepl] a =]unn] ( ! me*ani/ic conception ( ! _w2 h[ ne>1 9 reality1 8 _w-picture is to ! "o to :i* we are l$ by work+ along ,goe!ani/ic l9es2 & h[ "r !re=e ,goe! 0 9 8 judgm5t on ,kepl]4 ,goe! possess$ a s5sitive organ = ! hi/orical appropriat5ess ( human ideas4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is x may be m5tion$ h[ he react$ :5 someone sugge/$ to him t ,joa*im ,jungius - an out/&+ ,g]man ?9k]1 contempor>y ( ,bacon1 ,van ,helmont1 etc4 - _h anticipat$ 8 idea ( ! metamorphosis ( ! plant4 ,?is rem>k worri$ ,goe!1 n because he c\ld n endure ! ?\ght ( be+ anticipat$ 7see 8 treatm5t ( ,k4 ,f4 ,wolff71 b because ?is w\ld h run c\nt] to ! mean+ ( man's hi/orical developm5t z he saw x4 ',:y d ,i reg>d z ess5tial ! "q :e!r ,jungius conceiv$ ! idea ( metamorphosis z we "k x8 ,my answ] is1 t x is mo/ significant 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 :5 a p5etrat+ & vitaliz+ maxim comes to be utt]$4 ,!re=e x is n only ( importance t ,jungius has n express$ ?is maxim2 b x is ( highe/ significance t he 0 positively unable to express x - z we boldly ass]t4'#ab ,= ! same reason ,goe! knew x w\ld be hi/orically unju/ifi$ to expect t ,kepl] c\ld h conceiv$ an aspect ( ! univ]se implicit 9 8 own conception ( nature4 ,h5ce x did n di/urb him 9 8 admiration = ,kepl]1 t ?r\gh him ! ,cop]nican aspect ( ! univ]se _h become f9ally e/abli%$ 9 ! mod]n m9d - t is1 an aspect :i*1 z we h se51 is invalid z a means ( =m+ a truly dynamic conception ( ! _w4 ,9 =m+ 8 picture ( ! univ]se1 x is true1 ,cop]nicus 0 conc]n$ ) no?+ b ! spatial movem5ts ( ! lum9\s entities disc]nible 9 ! sky1 )\t any reg>d to _! actual nature & dynamic int]relation%ips4 ,h5ce 8 _w-picture - z befits ! spectator-=m ( human consci\sness :i* 0 com+ to bir? 9 8 own "t - is a purely k9ematic "o4 ,z su* x has validity = a c]ta9 sph]e ( human obs]vation4 ,:5 ,kepl]1 aga9/ ! hopes ( 8 =]unn] & fri5d1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 accept$ ! helioc5tric /&po9t & made x ! basis ( 8 obs]vations1 he did s out ( 8 und]/&+ ( :at 0 ! tru? = 8 own "t4 ,kepl]'s ideal 0 to seek aft] k ?r\gh pure obs]vation4 ,9 ?is respect ,goe! took him z 8 model4 ,kepl]'s discov]ies 7 a pro( t man's se>*+ m9d is giv5 insight into great tru?s at any /age ( its developm5t1 provid$ x keeps to ! virtue ( practis+ pure obs]vation4 ,x has be5 ! error ( ,newton & 8 successors up to our own day1 to try to conceive ! _w dynamically )9 ! limits ( _! spectator-consci\sness & ?us to =m a dynamic int]pretation ( ! univ]se bas$ on its helioc5tric aspect4 ,?is 0 j z repell5t to ,goe! z ,kepl]'s attitude 0 attractive4 ,b by s %>ply di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,newton & ,kepl]1 d we n d inju/ice to ! fact t1 z ! _w believes1 ,kepl]'s ?ird law is ! p>5t ( ,newton's law ( gravitation8 ,! foll[+ w %[ t ?is belief is f\nd$ on an illusory conception ( ! k9d we met be=e4 ,z we %all see1 ,kepl]'s discov]y1 :5 treat$ 9 a ,kepl]ian way1 in/ead ( lead+ to ,newton1 is f\nd to be 9 full agreem5t ) ! v _w-picture to :i* our own obs]vations h l$ u4 99 ,x is an e/abli%$ conviction ( ! ma!matical sci5ti/ t1 once an obs]v$ regul>ity 9 nature has be5 express$ z a ma!matical equation1 ?is equation may be trans=m$ 9 any ma!matically valid way1 & ! result+ =mula w /ill apply to "s exi/+ fact 9 ! _w4 ,on innum]able occasions ?is pr9ciple has be5 us$ 9 ! expectation ( provid+ fur!r insight into ! secrets ( nature4 ,we came across a typical in/ance ( ?is 9 discuss+ ! basic !orem ( k9ematics & dynamics 7,*apt] ,,viii74 ,ano!r example is ,newton's treatm5t ( ,kepl]'s ?ird law1 or - m precisely - ! way 9 :i* ,newton's law ( gravitation has be5 held to confirm ,kepl]'s obs]vations1 & vice v]sa1 ,x w be our task to analyse ! ,kepl]-,newton case on ! v l9es ( our treatm5t ( ! two p>allelogram !orems4 ,?is analysis w give u insight into a tru? :i* we h to reg>d z "o ( ! basic maxims ( ! new sci5ce4 ,x says t :e!r a giv5 =mula1 d]iv$ ma!matically f "o t 0 fir/ read f nature1 /ill expresses "s fact ( nature1 _c be decid$ by pure ma!matical logic1 b only by te/+ x aga9/ truly obs]vable ph5om5a4 ,?r\gh ,kepl]'s ?ird law a c]ta9 relation is express$ betwe5 ! spatial dim5sions ( ! diff]5t planet>y sph]es & ! "t ne$$ by ! relevant planet to circle once r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( its own sph]e4 ,x says3 ',! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! planets are always 9 ! same proportion z ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! sun4' ,9 ma!matical symbols ?is reads3 t#ab _/ t#bb r#ac _/ r#bc ,we %all see lat] h[ ,kepl] arriv$ at ?is law4 ,! po9t is t !re is no?+ 9 x :i* is n accessible to pure obs]vation4 ,spatial di/ances & l5g?s ( "t are measur$ & ! results comp>$4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 is said ab\t ! dynamic cause ( ! movem5ts4 ,! ass]tion is re/rict$ - & ?is is true also ( ! fir/ & second law - to a purely k9ematic cont5t1 & s precisely to :at ! e>?ly onlook] c appreh5d4 ,n[ x is said t ,kepl]'s ?ird law is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ,newton's law ( gravitation1 & t - s9ce x is bas$ on pure obs]vation - x !re=e e/abli%es ! tru? ( ,newton's conception4 ,9 ?is ass]tion we enc\nt] a misconception exactly l ! "o 9 ! /atem5t t ! !orem ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces foll[s by logical necessity f ! !orem ( ! p>allelogram ( velocities4 ,=3 7a7 ,! law ( gravitation itself d]ives f ,newton's =mula = ! c5tripetal =ce act+ at a po9t :i* moves along a circle1 ?is =mula be+ itself ! result ( an amplification ( ! =mula = c5tripetal accel]ation by ! factor 'mass' 7z if ! latt] 7 a pure numb]73 ,c5tripetal accel]ation3 a #d7b7r _/ t#b ,c5tripetal =ce3 ,p am #d7b7mr _/ t#b 7b7 ,! =mula = c5tripetal accel]ation - & ! concept ( su* accel]ation itself - is ! result ( splitt+ circul> movem5t into two rectil9e> movem5ts1 "o 9 ! direction ( ! tang5t1 ! o!r 9 ! direction ( ! radius1 & ( reg>d+ x - by a mode ( reason+ typical ( spectator-?9k+ - z compos$ ( ! two4 ,?is proc$ure1 h[ev]1 useful z x may be = ! purpose ( calculation1 is contr>y to obs]vation4 ,=1 z we h po9t$ out e>li]1 obs]vation tells u t all orig9al movem5t - & :at c be m orig9al ?an ! movem5ts ( ! planet>y bodies - is curvil9e>4 ,no insight into ! dynamic reality ( cosmic movem5t1 !re=e1 c ev] be ga9$ by h&l+ x ma!matically 9 ?is way4 7c7 ,! trans=mation ( ,kepl]'s =mula :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to give x a =m repres5t+ ! nucleus ( ,newton's =mula1 is "o :i*1 ?\gh ma!matically ju/ifi$1 deprives ,kepl]'s =mula ( any significance z expression ( an obs]v$ fact4 ,! foll[+ analysis w %[ ?is4 ,kepl]'s =mula- r#ac _/ r#bc t#ab _/ t#bb may be writt5 also r#ac _/ t#ab r#bc _/ t#bb & ?is aga9 9 ! g5]aliz$ =m3 r#c _/ t#b c4 ,obvi\sly1 by ea* ( ^! /eps we dim9i% ! reality-value ( ! =mula4 ,9 its orig9al =m1 we f9d spatial ext5sion comp>$ ) spatial ext5sion1 & temporal ext5sion ) temporal ext5sion4 ,ea* ( ! two comp>isons is a fully concrete "o1 because we comp>e entities ( l nature1 & only !n te/ ! ratios ( ! two - t is1 two pure numb]s aga9/ ea* o!r - to f9d t !y are id5tical4 ,to comp>e a spatial & a temporal magnitude1 z is done by ! =mula 9 its second =m1 requires already a c]ta9 degree ( ab/raction4 ,/ill1 x is all spectator's "w1 & = ! spectator "t is conceivable & measurable only z a rate ( spatial displacem5t4 ,h5ce ! con/ant numb] c1 by repres5t+ ! ratio betwe5 ! spatial ext5sion ( ! realm inside a planet's orbit & ! "t ne$$ by x to p]=m "o r\nd on ?is orbit - a ratio :i* is ! same = all planets - repres5ts a def9ite /ructural elem5t ( our cosmic sy/em4 ,by ?is la/ op]ation our equation has n[ a*iev$ a =m :i* requires only "o m trans=mation to br+ x into l9e ) ,newton's =mula4 ,in/ead ( writ+3 r#c _/ t#b c we write3 r _/ t#b c 7#a _/ r#b7 ,all t n[ rema9s to be done am\nts to an amplification ( ?is equation by ! factor #d7b7m1 & a ga!r+ ( ! con/ant product #d7b7;c "u a new symbol1 = :i* we *oose ! lett] f4 ,9 ?is way we arrive at3 #d7b7mr _/ t#b #d7b7;cm _/ r#b & f9ally3 ,p 444 fm _/ r#b :i* is ! expression ( ! gravitational pull believ$ to be ex]t$ by ! sun on ! v>i\s planet>y bodies4 ,no?+ c be said aga9/ ?is proc$ure f ! po9t ( view ( ma!matical logic4 ,= ! latt] ! equation r _/ t#b c 7#a _/ r#b7 is /ill an expression ( ,kepl]'s obs]vation4 ,n s = a logic :i* tries to keep 9 t\* ) concrete reality4 ,= :at mean+1 relevant to ! ph5om5al univ]se z x manife/s 9 space & "t to physical p]ception1 is !re 9 /at+ - z ! equation 9 ?is =m does - t3 ! ratio betwe5 a planet's di/ance f ! sun & ! squ>e ( its p]iod is always proportional to ! reciprocal value ( ! area ly+ inside its orbit8 99 ,once we h rid ourselves ( ! false conception t ,kepl]'s law implies ,newton's int]pretation ( ! physical univ]se z a dynamic entity rul$ by gravity1 & gravity alone1 we are free to ask :at ?is law c tell u ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se if 9 exam9+ x we try to rema9 true to ,kepl]'s own approa*4 ,to behave 9 a ,kepl]ian 7& ?us 9 a ,goe!an7 fa%ion reg>d+ a ma!matical =mula :i* expresses an obs]v$ fact ( nature1 does n mean t to submit su* a =mula to algebraic trans=mation is altoge!r imp]missible4 ,all we h to make sure ( is t ! trans=mation is requir$ by ! obs]v$ facts !mselves3 = in/ance1 by ! ne$ = an ev5 cle>] manife/ation ( _! ideal cont5t4 ,su* is inde$ ! case ) ! equation :i* embodies ,kepl]'s ?ird law4 ,we said t 9 its orig9al =m ?is equation conta9s a concrete /atem5t because x expresses comp>isons betwe5 spatial ext5sions1 on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 temporal ext5sions1 on ! o!r4 ,n[1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! spatial magnitudes occur1 !y express some?+ :i* is directly conceivable4 ,! ?ird p[] ( a spatial di/ance 7r#c7 repres5ts ! measure ( a volume 9 ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,! same _c be said ( ! temporal magnitudes on ! o!r side ( ! equation 7t#b74 ,= our conception ( "t =bids u to connect any concrete idea ) 'squ>$ "t'4 ,we are !re=e call$ ^u to f9d out :at =m we c give ?is side ( ! equation s z to express ! "t-factor 9 a mann] :i* is 9 accord ) our conception ( "t1 t is1 9 l9e> =m4#ac ,?is =m readily sugge/s itself if we consid] t we h "h to d ) a ratio ( squ>es4 ,= su* a ratio may be resolv$ into a ratio ( two simple ratios4 ,9 ?is way ! equation - r#ac _/ r#bc t#ab _/ t#bb assumes ! =m- r#ac _/ r#bc 7t#a _/ t#b7 _/ 7t#b _/ t#a7 ,! "r-h& side ( ! equation is n[ con/itut$ by ! d\ble ratio ( ! l9e> values ( ! p]iods ( two planets1 & ?is is some?+ ) :i* we c connect a q concrete idea4 ,to see ?is1 let u *oose ! p]iods ( two def9ite planets - say1 ,e>? & ,jupit]4 ,= ^! ! equation assumes ! foll[+ =m 7',j' & ',e' indicat+ ',jupit]' & ',e>?' respectively73 r,j#c _/ r,e#c 7t,j _/ t,e7 _/ 7t,e _/ t,j7 ,let u n[ see :at mean+ we c atta* to ! two expressions t,j _/ t,e & t,e _/ t,j4 ,dur+ "o rotation ( ,jupit] r\nd ! sun ! e>? circles #ab times r\nd x4 ,?is we are wont to express by say+ t ,jupit] ne$s #ab e>?-ye>s = "o rotation2 9 symbols3 t,j _/ t,e #ab _/ #a ,to f9d ! analog\s expression = ! reciprocal ratio3 t,e _/ t,j #a _/ #ab we mu/ obvi\sly =m ! concept ',jupit]-ye>'1 :i* cov]s "o rotation ( ,jupit]1 j z ! concept 'e>?-ye>' cov]s "o rotation ( ! e>? 7always r\nd ! sun74 ,measur$ 9 ?is "t-scale1 ! e>? ne$s = "o ( h] rotations #a _/ #ab ( a ,jupit]-ye>4 ,) ! help ( ^! concepts we are n[ able to express ! d\ble ratio ( ! planet>y p]iods 9 ! foll[+ simplifi$ way4 ,if we suppose ! measur+ ( ! two planet>y p]iods to be c>ri$ out n by ! same "t-scale1 b ea* by ! "t-scale ( ! o!r1 ! =mula becomes3 r,j#c _/ r,e#c 7t,j _/ t,e7 _/ 7t,e _/ t,j7 p]iod ( ,jupit] measur$ 9 ,e>?-ye>s _/ p]iod ( ,e>? measur$ 9 ,jupit]-ye>s4 ,int]pret$ 9 ?is mann]1 ,kepl]'s ?ird law discloses an intimate int]relat$ness ( ea* planet to all ! o!rs z co-memb]s ( ! same cosmic :ole4 ,= ! equation n[ tells u t ! sol> times ( ! v>i\s planets are regulat$ 9 su* a way t = any two ( !m ! ratio ( ^! times1 measur$ 9 _! mutual "t-units1 is ! same z ! ratio ( ! spaces swept out by _! 7sol>7 orbits4 ,fur!r1 by hav+ ! v>i\s times ( its memb]s ?us tun$ to "o ano!r1 our cosmic sy/em %[s itself to be ord]$ on a pr9ciple :i* is ess5tially musical4 ,to see ?is1 we ne$ only recall t ! musical value ( a giv5 tone is det]m9$ by its relation to o!r tones1 :e!r !y s\nd toge!r 9 a *ord1 or 9 succession z melody4 ,a ',c' alone is musically undef9$4 ,x receives its "* f its int]val-relation to "s o!r tone1 say1 ',g'1 toge!r ) :i* x =ms a ,fif?4 ,z ! l[] tone ( ?is int]val1 ',c' be>s a def9ite "*2 & s does ',g' z ! upp] tone4 ,n[ we "k t ea* int]val repres5ts a def9ite ratio betwe5 ! p]iodicities ( its two tones4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,fif? ! ratio is #b3c 79 ! natural scale74 ,?is means t ! l[] tone receives its "* f be+ relat$ to ! upp] tone by ! ratio #b3c4 ,simil>ly1 ! upp] tone receives its "* f ! ratio #c3b4 ,! specific "* ( an int]val aris+ out ( ! m]g+ ( its two tones1 !re=e1 is det]m9$ by ! ratio ( _! ratios4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,fif? ?is is #d3i4 ,x is ?is ratio1 !re=e1 :i* und]lies our exp]i5ce ( a ,fif?4 ,! cosmic factor correspond+ to ! p]iodicity ( ! s+le tone 9 music is ! orbital p]iod ( ! s+le planet4 ,to ! musical int]val =m$ by two tones corresponds ! d\ble ratio ( ! p]iods ( any two planets4 ,reg>d$ ?us1 ,kepl]'s law c be express$ z foll[s3 ,! spatial ord]+ ( our planet>y sy/em is det]m9$ by ! int]val-relation 9 :i* ! diff]5t planets /& to ea* o!r4 ,by ?us unlock+ ! ideal cont5t hidd5 9 ,kepl]'s ?ird law1 we are at ! same "t enabl$ to d ju/ice to ! way 9 :i* he himself ann\nc$ 8 discov]y4 ,9 textbooks & encyclopa$ias x is usually said t ! discov]y ( ! ?ird law 0 ! surpris+ result ( ,kepl]'s fanta/ic attempt to prove by ext]nal obs]vation :at 0 once taught 9 ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 namely1 t 79 ,wordswor?'s language73 ',by "o p]vad+ _s ,( tones & numb]s all ?+s are controll$4' ,actually1 ,kepl]'s great "w1 ,h>monices ,mundi1 9 ! la/ "p ( :i* he ann\nces 8 ?ird law1 is entirely devot$ to prov+ ! tru? ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e t ! univ]se is ord]$ accord+ to ! laws ( music4 ,?is doctr9e sprang f ! gift ( spiritual he>+ /ill possess$ by ,py?agoras1 by :i* he c\ld p]ceive ! h>monies ( ! sph]es4 ,x 0 ! aim ( 8 s*ool to keep ?is faculty alive z long z possible1 & ) its aid to e/abli% a communicable _w-conception4 ,! ,py?agorean tea*+ became ! f\ndation ( all lat] cosmological ?9k+1 "r up to ! age :i* 0 de/9$ to br+ to bir? ! spectator-relation%ip ( man's consci\sness ) ! _w4 ,?us x 0 left to ,cop]nicus to give mank9d ! fir/ truly non-,py?agorean picture ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 ,kepl] decl>$ himself 9 fav\r ( ! helioc5tric aspect1 z indicat$ by ,cop]nicus1 he ackn[l$g$ t ! univ]se _h gr[n dumb = man's inn] e>4 ,yet1 besides 8 /rong impulse to meet ! true ne$s ( 8 "t1 !re 7 inn] voices tell+ him ( secrets t 7 hidd5 beh9d ! veil wov5 by man's physical p]ceptions4 ,"o ( ^! secrets 0 ! musical ord] ( ! _w4 ,su* k1 h[ev]1 c\ld n induce him to turn to old] _w-conceptions 9 8 se>* = tru?4 ,he _h no ne$ ( !m1 because !re 0 yet ano!r voice 9 him :i* told him t ! spiritual ord] ( ! _w mu/ someh[ manife/ itself 9 ! body ( ! _w z x lay op5 to physical p]ception4 ,j z a musical in/rum5t1 if x is to be a p]fect means ( br++ =? music1 mu/ be> 9 its build ! v laws ( music1 s mu/ ! body ( ! univ]se1 z ! in/rum5t on :i* ! h>monies ( ! sph]es play _! spiritual music1 be> 9 its proportions a reflexion ( ^! h>monies4 ,kepl] 0 sure t inve/igation ( ! _w's body1 provid$ x 0 c>ri$ out by means ( pure obs]vation1 mu/ ne$s lead to a re-e/abli%m5t ( ! anci5t tru? 9 a =m appropriate to ! mod]n m9d4 ,?us ,kepl]1 guid$ by an anci5t spiritual conception ( ! _w1 c\ld devote himself to confirm+ its tru? by ! mo/ up-to-date me?ods ( rese>*4 ,t 8 se>* 0 n 9 va91 our exam9ation ( ! ?ird law has %[n4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 rema9s surpris+ - t ,kepl] ann\nc$ 8 discov]y 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has h5ce=? engrav$ itself 9 ! mod]n m9d1 :ile refra9+ f t analysis ( x :i* we h appli$ to x "h4 ,yet1 9 ?is respect also ,kepl] proves to h rema9$ true to himself4 ,!re is1 on ! "o h&1 ! =m 9 :i* ,kepl] pron\nc$ 8 discov]y2 !re is1 on ! o!r1 ! context 9 :i* he made ?is pron\ncem5t4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! ?ird law =ms "p ( ,kepl]'s compreh5sive "w1 ,h>monices ,mundi4 ,to ! mod]n critic's und]/&+ x appe>s !re l an erratic block4 ,= ,kepl] ?is 0 diff]5t4 ,:ile publi%+ 8 discov]y 9 precisely ! =m 9 :i* x is conceiv$ by a m9d b5t on pure obs]vation1 he gave x a sett+ by :i* he left no d\bt z to 8 own conception ( its ideal cont5t4 ,& z a w>n+ to ! future read] n to ov]look ! message convey$ by ?is arrangem5t1 he introduc$ ! section ( 8 book :i* conta9s ! ann\ncem5t ( ! law1 ) ! my/]i\s words ab\t himself3 ',i h /ol5 ! gold5 vessels ( ! ,egyptians f :i* to furni% = my ,god a holy %r9e f> f ,egypt's conf9es4' #a ,we mu/ "h di/+ui% s5sation f feel+ prop]1 9 :i* s5sation & motion m]ge 9 m]curial balance4 #b ,note h[ = ,rusk9 ! gulf :i* = ! onlook]-consci\sness lies betwe5 subject & object is bridg$ "h - z x 0 = ,goe! 9 8 repres5tation ( ! physico-moral effect ( col\r4 #c ,de motu animalium & ,!oria m$iceorum planet>um ex causis physicis d$ucta4 #d ,k ( ?is biological rhy?m is /ill pres]v$ among native peoples to-day & leads !m to take acc\nt ( ! phases ( ! moon 9 _! treatm5t ( plants4 ,a cosmic nature-wisdom ( ?is k9d has be5 reop5$ = u 9 mod]n =m by ,rudolf ,/e9]1 & has s9ce f\nd widespread practical application 9 agriculture4 ,see ,l4 ,kolisko1 ,! ,moon & ,plant ,gr[?4 #e ,9 ! ord] ( names giv5 above we foll[ ! anci5t usage = ! two planets ne>e/ to ! sun1 n ! rev]s$ ord] 9 :i* !y are us$ to-day4 ,?is is necess>y 9 a cosmology :i* aspires at a qualitative und]/&+ ( ! univ]se1 9 view ( ! qualities repres5t$ by ^! names4 ,note also ! abs5ce ( ! ?ree mo/ di/ant planets1 ,uranus1 ,neptune & ,pluto4 ,!y are n to be consid]$ z p>ts ( ! indig5\s a/ral /ructure ( our cosmic sy/em - any m ?an radioactivity is an orig9al feature ( ! e>?4 #f ,note ! ',v5us' "* ( ,rusk9's description ( ! plant's /ate ( floresc5ce quot$ above 7p4 #ccf74 #g ,z to ! "t-scale ( ! processes br\ght ab\t by ,m]cury & ,v5us respectively1 exp]i5ce %[s t !y reveal ! cosmic rhy?ms less cle>ly ?an ^? = :i* ! ,moon-activity is responsible4 ,! same is f\nd at ! opposite pole4 ,!re x is ! ,saturn - g5]at$ processes :i* %[ ! cosmic rhy?m m conspicu\sly ?an ^? eng5d]$ by ,jupit] & ,m>s4 ,to le>n to recognize rhy?mic ev5ts 9 nature & man z reflexions ( correspond+ planet>y rhy?ms is "o ( ! tasks :i* future sci5tific rese>* has to tackle4 ,a practical example ( ?is k9d w appe> 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ?is *apt]4 #h ,see ,l4 ,kolisko3 ,work+ ( ! ,/>s 9 ,e>?ly ,sub/ances1 & o!r publications by ! same au?or4 #i ,! close connexion betwe5 ! e> & ! motor sy/em ( ! body is %[n 9 ano!r way by ! fact t "p ( ! e> s]ves z an organ = ! s5se ( balance4 #aj ,! muscle-tone c be made audible by ! foll[+ means4 ,9 a room gu>d$ aga9/ noise1 press ! ?umbs lightly ^u ! e>s & t5se ! muscles ( ! h&s & arms - say by pressure ( ! f+]s aga9/ ! palms or by contract+ ! muscle ( ! upp] arms4 ,if ?is is done repeat$ly1 ! muscle-tone w be he>d aft] "s practice ) increas+ di/9ctness4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! s\nd ( ! circulat+ blood z x is mu* high]4 7,z an example3 ! au?or's muscul> pit*1 n a p>ticul>ly high "o1 has a frequ5cy ( approx4 #fcj p] sec41 :i* puts x betwe5 ,treble ,d %>p & ,e47 #aa ,comp>e also ! beg9n+ ( ,trah]ne's poem ,wond]1 quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi 7p4 #aaj71 :]e he says t ev]y?+ he saw 'did ) me talk'4 #ab ,= ! p>ticul> reasons by :i* ,goe! ju/ifies 8 ass]tion1 see 8 essay ,leb5 und ,v]di5/e des ,doktor ,joa*im ,jungius4 #ac ,! natural "q :y ,kepl] himself did n take ?is /ep1 w be answ]$ lat] on4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,"k ,?yself ,our inquiries h l$ u to a picture ( man z a s5sible-sup]s5sible organism compos$ ( ?ree dynamic aggregates - physical1 e!ric1 a/ral4 ,z ?ree rungs ( a spiritual ladd] !y po9t to a f\r?1 :i* repres5ts t p>ticul> p[] 9 man by :i* he di/+ui%es himself f all o!r be+s 9 nature4 ,= :at makes man diff] f all ^! is t he is n only fitt$1 z !y are1 ) a once-=-all giv5 mode ( spiritual-physical exi/5ce peculi> to himself1 b t he is end[$ ) ! possibility ( trans=m+ 8 exi/5ce by d9t ( 8 free w - t inde$ 8 manhood is bas$ on ?is capacity = self-will$ ,becom+4 ,to ?is f\r? pr9ciple 9 man we c give no bett] "n ?an t :i* e human be+ c apply to himself alone & to no o!r1 & :i* no o!r c apply to him4 ,?is is ! "n1 ,i4 ,9 tru?1 we describe man 9 8 entirety only if we ascribe to him1 9 addition to a physical1 e!ric & a/ral body1 ! possession ( an ,i 7,ego74 ,naturally1 our previ\s /udies h af=d$ _m opportunities = obs]v+ ! nature & mode ( activity ( ! ,i4 ,/ill1 at ! conclusion ( ^! /udies x is n r$undant to =m a concise picture ( ?is "p ( man's be+1 ) p>ticul> reg>d to h[ x works )9 ! ?ree o!r pr9ciples z its %ea?s4 ,= 9 mod]n psy*ology1 n exclud+ ! bran* ( x :]e ef=ts are made to p5etrate into deep] regions ( man's be+1 no?+ is less well und]/ood ?an ! true nature ( man's egoity4 99 ,9 ord] to recognize ! peculi> function ( ! ,i 9 man1 we mu/ fir/ be cle> z to h[ he diff]s f ! o!r k+doms ( nature1 & h[ !y diff] f "o ano!r ) respect to ! mode ( action ( ! physical1 e!ric & a/ral =ces4 ,! be+s ( all ! k+doms ( nature are end[$ ) an aggregate ( physical =ces 9 ! =m ( a mat]ial body subject to gravity4 ,! same _c be said ( ! e!ric =ces4 ,only :]e life is pres5t z an inh]5t pr9ciple - t is1 9 plant1 animal & man - is e!r at "w 9 ! =m ( an individual e!ric organization1 :ile ! m9]al is =m$ by ! univ]sal e!r f outside4 ,:]e life prevails1 we are met by ! ph5om5a ( bir? & dea?4 ,:5 a liv+ organism comes to bir?1 an individual e!r-body is =m$ out ( ! g5]al e!ric sub/ance ( ! univ]se4#a ,! dea? ( su* an organism consi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( ! e!ric f ! physical body & ! dissolution ( bo? 9 _! respective "m-realms4 ,s long z an organism is alive1 its =m is ma9ta9$ by ! e!r-body pres5t 9 x4 ,our /udies h %[n t ! plant is n devoid ( ! op]ation ( a/ral =ces4 ,9 ! plant's life-cycle ?is comes to cle>e/ expression 9 its floresc5ce4 ,b x is a work+ ( ! a/ral =ces f outside1 v mu* z ! e!r works on ! m9]al4 ,z a symptom ( ?is fact we may recall ! dep5d5ce ( ! plant on ! v>i\s out] a/ronomical rhy?ms4 ,x is only 9 animal & man t we f9d ! a/ral =ces work+ 9 ! =m ( sep>ate a/ral bodies4 ,?is acc\nts = _! capacity = s5sation & volition4 ,besides ! alt]nation ( bir? & dea?1 !y exp]i5ce ! rhy?m ( sleep+ & wak+4 ,sleep occurs :5 ! a/ral body leaves ! physical & e!ric bodies 9 ord] to exp& into its planet>y "m-sph]e1 :5ce x ga!rs new en]gy4 ,dur+ ?is "t its action on ! physical-e!ric aggregate rema9+ ^u e>? is simil> to t ( ! a/ral cosmos ^u ! plant4 ,aga91 9 ! animal k+dom ! ego-pr9ciple works z an ext]nal =ce 9 ! =m ( v>i\s gr\p-s\l activities :i* control & regulate ! life ( ! diff]5t animal species4 ,x is 9 ! gr\p-ego ( ! species t we h to look = ! s\rce ( ! wisdom-fill$ in/9cts :i* we meet 9 ! s+le animals4 ,only 9 man does ! ego-pr9ciple ent] z an individual entity into ! s+le physico-e!ric-a/ral organism4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! succession ( /ages we h outl9$ comes to a conclusion4 ,= ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,i z an individual pr9ciple1 ! prec$+ evolution>y process - or1 m correctly1 ! involution>y process - beg9s to be rev]s$4 ,9 mov+ up f "o k+dom to ! next1 we f9d always "o m dynamic pr9ciple appe>+ 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f its "m-sph]e2 ?is cont9ues to ! po9t :]e ! ,i1 ?r\gh unit+ itself ) a ?us emancipat$ physico-e!ric-a/ral organism1 arrives at ! /age ( self-consci\sness4 ,once ?is /age has be5 rea*$1 h[ev]1 x falls to ! ,i to rev]se ! process ( isolation1 tempor>ily sanction$ by ! cosmos = ! sake ( man4 ,t x is n 9 ! nature ( ! ,i to leave its %ea?s 9 ! condition 9 :i* x f9ds !m :5 ent]+ !m at ! beg9n+ ( life1 c be se5 f ! activities x p]=ms 9 !m dur+ ! fir/ p]iod aft] bir?4 ,inde$1 9 man's e>ly *ildhood we meet a numb] ( ev5ts 9 :i* we c p]ceive some?+ l ur-de$s ( ! ,i4 ,!y are ! acquisition ( ! faculties ( walk+1 speak+ & ?9k+4 ,:at we %all "h say ab\t !m has1 9 ess5tials1 already be5 t\*$ ^u 9 e>li] pages4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are putt+ x =w>d 9 a new light4 ,once aga9 we f9d our att5tion direct$ to ! ?reefold /ructure ( man's physical organism4 ,= ! faculty ( upright walk+ is a result ( ! ,i's activity 9 ! limb-sy/em ( ! body2 ! acquisition ( spee* takes place 9 ! rhy?mic sy/em2 & ?9k+ is a faculty bas$ on ! n]ve-sy/em4 ,consequ5tly1 ea* ( ! ?ree a*ievem5ts comes to pass at a diff]5t level ( consci\sness-sleep+1 dream+1 wak+4 ,all ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( erect+ ! body aga9/ ! pull ( gravity1 ! *ild is entirely unaw>e ( ! activities ( 8 own ,i4 ,9 ! c\rse ( acquir+ spee* he ga9s a dim aw>5ess1 z ?\gh 9 dream1 ( 8 ef=ts4 ,"s capacity ( ?9k+ has to unfold be=e ! fir/ glimm] ( true self-consci\sness is k9dl$4 7,note t ! ^w ',i' is ! only "o t is n add$ to ! *ild's vocabul>y by way ( imitation4 ,o!rwise he w\ld1 z "s m5tally inhibit$ *ildr5 d1 call all o!r p ',i' & himself 'y'47 ,?is picture ( ! ?ree ur-de$s ( ! ,i c n[ be amplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,we "k t ! region ( ! bodily limbs is t 9 :i* physical1 e!ric & a/ral =ces int]p5etrate mo/ deeply4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,i c "h press =w>d mo/ p[]fully into ! physical body & on into ! dynamic sph]e to :i* ! body is subject4 ,"h ! ,i is active 9 a way t is 'magic' 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,moreov]1 !re is no o!r action = :i* ! ,i receives s little /imulus f outside4 ,=1 9 comp>ison1 ! activity t leads to ! acquisition ( spee* is mu* m ( ! nature ( a reaction to /imuli com+ f outside - ! s\nds rea*+ ! *ild f 8 environm5t4 ,& x is also ) ! fir/ words ( ! language t ! fir/ ?\ghts ent] ! *ild's m9d4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d happ5s at ! fir/ /age4 ,on ! contr>y3 ev]y?+ t confronts ! ,i "h is ( ! nature ( an ob/acle t is to be ov]come4 ,!re is no le>n+ to speak )\t ! he>+ ( utt]$ s\nds4 ,z ^! s\nds approa* ! human be+ !y set ! a/ral body 9 movem5t1 z we h se54 ,! movem5ts ( ! a/ral body fl[ t[>ds ! l>ynx1 :]e !y are seiz$ by ! ,i2 ?r\gh _! help ! ,i imbues ! l>ynx ) ! faculty ( produc+ ^! s\nds itself4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! ,i is active ess5tially )9 ! a/ral body :i* has receiv$ its /imulus f outside4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :at impels ! ,i to su* action1 we mu/ rememb] ! role play$ by spee* 9 human life3 )\t spee* !re w\ld be no community among human individuals on e>?4 ,an illu/ration ( :at ! ,i accompli%es z x ent]s ^u ! ?ird /age is provid$ by ! foll[+ episode1 actually obs]v$4 ,:il/ all ! memb]s ( a family 7 sitt+ at table tak+ _! s\p1 ! y\nge/ memb] sudd5ly cri$ out3 ',daddy spoon 444 mummy spoon4 444 ' 7ev]yone 9 turn spoon7 ' 444 all spoon6' ,at ?is mom5t1 f m]ely designat+ s+le objects by names le>nt ?r\gh imitation1 ! *ild's consci\sness _h awak5$ to connective ?9k+4 ,t ?is a*ievem5t 0 a cause ( inn] satisfaction c\ld be he>d 9 ! joyful cresc5do ) :i* ^! ejaculations 7 made4 ,we "k t ! pres5ce ( wak+ consci\sness )9 ! n]ves-&-s5ses organism re/s ^u ! fact t ! connexion betwe5 physical body & e!ric body is !re ! mo/ ext]nal ( all4 ,b precisely because ?is is s1 ! e!ric body is dom9at$ v /rongly by ! =ces to :i* ! physical head owes its =mation4 ,?is1 too1 is n fundam5tally new to u4 ,:at c n[ be add$ is t1 9 consequ5ce1 ! physical bra9 & ! "p ( ! e!ric body belong+ to x - ! e!ric bra9 - assume a function comp>able ) t ( a mirror1 ! physical organ repres5t+ ! reflect+ mass & ! e!ric organ its metallic gloss4 ,:51 )9 ! head1 ! e!ric body reflects back ! impressions receiv$ f ! a/ral body1 ! ,i becomes aw>e ( !m 9 ! =m ( m5tal images 7! 'ideas' ( ! onlook]-philosoph]74 ,x is also by way ( su* reflexion t ! ,i fir/ gr[s aw>e ( itself - b z no?+ m ?an an image among images4 ,"h1 !re=e1 x is itself lea/ active4 ,if1 once aga91 we comp>e ! ?ree happ5+s ( le>n+ to walk1 to speak & to ?9k1 we f9d ourselves fac$ ) ! rem>kable fact t ! progressive light+ up ( consci\sness f "o /age to ! next1 goes h& 9 h& ) a retrogression 9 ! activity ( ! ,i itself4 ,at ! fir/ /age1 :]e ! ,i kn[s lea/ ( itself1 x is alive 9 ! mo/ direct s5se out ( its own be+2 at ! second /age1 :]e x is 9 ! dream+ /ate1 x receives ! impetus ( action ?r\gh ! a/ral body2 at ! ?ird /age1 :]e ! ,i wak5s to cle> self-consci\sness1 x assumes m]ely ! role ( onlook] at ! pictures mov+ )9 ! e!ric body4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! pa?s to high] faculties ( k1 ,imag9ation & ,inspiration1 z we le>nt to "k !m 9 our previ\s /udies4 ,! comp>ison %[s t exactly ! same =ces come into play at ! beg9n+ ( life1 :5 ! ,i endeav\rs to desc5d f its pre-e>?ly1 cosmic environm5t to its e>?ly exi/5ce1 z h to be made use ( = ! asc5d+ ( ! ,i f e>?ly to cosmic consci\sness4 ,only1 z is natural1 ! sequ5ce ( /eps is rev]s$4 ,= on ! upw>d way ! fir/ de$ ( ! ,i is t :i* leads to a wak5+ 9 ! e!ric _w3 x is a le>n+ to set 9 motion ! e!ric =ces 9 ! region ( ! head 9 su* a way t ! usual isolation ( ?is "p ( ! e!ric body is ov]come4 ,reg>d$ ?us1 ! activity ( ! ,i at ?is /age reveals a /rik+ simil>ity to ! activity appli$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( *ildhood at ! opposite pole ( ! organism4 ,to be capable ( imag9ative sight actually means to be able to move ab\t 9 e!ric space by means ( ! e!ric limbs ( ! eyes j z "o moves ab\t 9 physical space by means ( ! physical limbs4 ,simil>ly1 ! acquisition ( ,inspiration is a resum+ on a high] level ( ! activity ex]cis$ by ! ,i ) ! help ( ! a/ral body :5 le>n+ to speak4 ,& "h1 too1 ! functions are rev]s$4 ,= :ile ! *ild is /imulat$ by ! spok5 s\nds he he>s to br+ 8 own organ ( spee* into correspond+ movem5ts1 & s gradually le>ns to produce spee*1 ! acquisition ( ,inspiration1 z we h se51 dep5ds on le>n+ to br+ ! sup]s5sible =ces ( ! spee*-organ into movem5t 9 su* a way t ^! =ces become ! organ = he>+ ! sup]s5sible language ( ! univ]se4 ,our k ( ! ?reefold /ructure ( man's organism leads u to seek1 besides ! /ages ( ,imag9ation & ,inspiration1 a ?ird /age :i* is z mu* g]m9ally pres5t 9 ! body's region ( movem5t1 z ! two o!rs are 9 ! regions ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,aft] :at we h le>nt 9 reg>d to ^! ?ree1 we may assume t ! pa? lead+ to ?is ?ird /age consi/s 9 produc+ a condition ( wide-awake1 tranquil contemplation 9 ! v region :]e ! ,i is wont to unfold its highe/ degree ( initiative on ! l[e/ level ( consci\sness4 ,9 an elem5t>y mann] ?is attitude ( s\l 0 practis$ by u :51 9 our e>li] /udies1 we endeav\r$ to become inn] obs]v]s ( ! activity ( our own limbs1 ) ! aim ( discov]+ ! orig9 ( our concept ( mass4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t a l9e ( obs]vation op5$ up to u :i* l$ to ! recognition ( ! physical sub/ances ( ! e>? z congeal$ spiritual functions or1 we may say1 congeal$ utt]ances ( cosmic w4 ,cosmic ,w1 h[ev]1 does n "w into our exi/5ce only 9 su* a way t1 9 ! =m ( old & !re=e rigid ,w1 x puts up resi/ance aga9/ ! "y w-p[] ( ! ,i1 s t 9 ov]com+ ?is resi/ance ! ,i may wak5 to self-activity4 ,cosmic ,w is also pres5t 9 u 9 an active =m4 ,we po9t "h to ! p5etration by ! high] p[]s ( ! univ]se into ! =m+ ( ! de/9y ( humanity & ( individual man4 ,& "h ,rudolf ,/e9] has %[n t to a man :o succe$s 9 becom+ a completely objective obs]v] ( 8 own exi/5ce :ile actively function+ )9 x 7z 9 an elem5t>y way we endeav\r$ to become obs]v]s ( our limb actions :ile engag$ 9 p]=m+ !m7 ! _w beg9s to reveal itself z an ar5a ( ! activities ( div9e-spiritual ,be+s1 ^: reality & acts he is n[ able to appreh5d ?r\gh inn] aw>5ess4 ,h]e) a ?ird /age ( man's faculty ( cognition is add$ to ! /ages ( ,imag9ation & ,inspiration4 ,:5 ,rudolf ,/e9] *ose = x ! ^w ,intuition he appli$ ?is ^w1 also1 9 its true/ mean+4 99 ,:ile ?r\gh ,imag9ation man comes to "k ( 8 e!r-body z "p ( 8 make-up1 & correspond+ly ?r\gh ,inspiration ( 8 a/ral body1 & !reby recognizes himself z p>ticipant 9 ! sup]s5sible =ces ( ! univ]se1 x is ?r\gh ,intuition t he gr[s into full aw>5ess ( 8 ,i z a _s-be+ among _s-be+s - ,god-begott51 ,god-companion$1 = ev] ,god-w>d /riv+4 #a ,! ^w 'body' is "h us$ 9 a s5se no diff]5t f our e>li] use ( x1 :5 9 connexion ) our /udy ( combu/ion 7,*apt] ,,xi7 we ref]r$ to ! 'w>m?-body' z a *>act]i/ic ( ! high] animals & man4 ,su* a w>m?-body is no?+ else b ! w>m?-e!r "p ( an e!r-body4 ,to use ! ^w body = aggregations ( e!ric or a/ral =ces is legitimate if "o consid]s ! fact t ! physical body also is really a purely dynamic entity1 t is1 a c]ta9 aggregate ( =ces m or less self-conta9$4