,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,bold text delimit$ by equal signs1 italic text delimit$ by und]scores4 ,,graham ,,la?am1 ,,ltd4 ,,milit>y ,,eng9e]s ,,sole ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,! ,,y\lt5 ,,hyposcope ,,rifle ,,sight ,invaluable = ! ,tr5*es ,price #g-aj-j ,illu/ration ,special ,quotations = ,quantities on ,application ,,made ,,= ,,any ,,arm #ajd1 ,,victoria ,,/41 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,,gu>ante$ ,,wat]pro(s ,,infantry ,,cavalry ,illu/ration ,,by ,,special ,,appo9tm5t ,,to ,h4,m4 ,,! ,,k+ ,,! 8,,s]vice0 ,,coat ,9 approv$ ,,khaki mat]ials1 may be _h ) deta*able ,,fleece ,,l9+ ,,camp ,,& ,,hospital ,,equipm5t ,,sleep+ ,,bags1 ,,hav]sacks1 ,,kitbags1 ,,valises1 ,,air ,,pill[s ,,gu>ante$ ,,wat]pro( ,,boots = all purposes4 ,,legg+s1 ,,rid+ ,,aprons ,,note3 ,,regim5tal ,,ord]s c be promptly execut$ ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,,s]vice0 ,,geo4 ,,cord+1 ,,ltd4 ,,london1 ,w4 #abe1 ,,reg5t ,,/4 ,,simpson ,,london1 ,,ltd4 #ajc ,,reg5t ,,/41 ,,london1 ,w4 ,! ,ov]coat ,mak]s4 ,,special ,,& ,,unique ,,mat]ials4 ,f\nd$ #ahjj ,,field ,,s]vice ,,outfits ,,ov]coats ,,coats ,,w>m ,,briti% ,extract f ,lett] receiv$ f ,(fic] at ! ,front3 8,! ,briti% ,w>m ,coat y made me is ! be/ ,i h ev] _h4 ,i use no?+ else4 ,a coat by day & b$ by night4 ,no ra9 has got ?r\gh4 ,i w\ld n lose x = any?+40 ,sign$4--,,major ----4 ,,wat]pro(s ,unl9$ or ,l9$4 ,a special cut = ,rid+ ,f #fc_/- ,extract f ,p4,c4 f ,lt4-,g541 n[ ,g541 ----4 8,h receiv$ ov]coat all "r4 ,x fits v well4 ,_m ?anks = ! tr\ble y took ov] x40 ,sign$--,,lt4-,,g54 ----4 ,a ,briti% ,w>m t is w>m & a ,wat]pro( make a h&y & effici5t comb9ation4 ,,= ,,easy1 ,,accurate1 ,,& ,,inexp5sive ,,rifle ,,practice ,y mu/ use ! ,b4,s4,a4 ,,air ,,rifle ,illu/ration ,up to #be y>ds ! ,b4,s4,a4 ,air ,rifle is j z accurate z any ,m9iature ,rifle1 & v mu* *eap] ) reg>d to ! co/ ( ammunition3 ,b4,s4,a4 ,,pellets1 #a_/f p] #a1jjj ,,practice ,,at ,,home4--,any ord9>y room or g>d5 :]e a #f y>ds range c be got is entirely suitable4 ,if a long] range is available s mu* ! bett]4 ,a ,,home ,,outfit1 consi/+ ( ! ,m$ium ,weight ,rifle 7recomm5d$ because all ! memb]s ( ! family c use x71 a ,/eel-fac$ ,t>get1 a pot ( ,:ite ,pa9t & ,bru%1 & a box ( #a1jjj ,b4,s4,a4 ,pellets1 co/ #ej_/- only4 ,b4,s4,a4 8,,safetipa/e0 ,! 8,no ,tr\ble0 ,rifle ,b>rel ,pres]v] ,no scrubb+ ne$$4 ,all lab\r aboli%$4 ,m]ely coat ! bore & 8,safetipa/e0 w kill all f\l+ & pres]ve ! bore = any l5g? ( "t4 ,= fully ,illu/rat$ ,rifle ,booklets1 po/ free1 write to ,! ,sole ,manufactur]s3 ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,small ,,arms ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,birm+ham4 ,mak]s ( ,rifles = ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,army ,,s]ies ,ea* #a_/- net ,,drill ,,& ,,field ,,tra9+ ,bas$ on ,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiad 7#d ,company ,organisation7 ,,attack1 ,,def5ce1 ,,outpo/s1 ,,sc\t+1 ,,bayonet ,,fight+1 ,,field ,,sket*+1 ,,fight+ ,,9 ,,wood ,,& ,,villages1 ,,night ,,op]ations1 ,,etc4 ,,field ,,entr5*m5ts 7,spade ,"w = ,riflem57 ,,ha/y ,,fire ,,cov]1 ,,field ,,entr5*m5ts1 ,,communications1 ,,ob/ruction1 ,,def5ce ,,( ,,villages1 ,,woods ,,& ,,build+s1 ,,%elt]s1 ,,etc4 ,,camps1 ,,billets1 ,,cook+1 ,,c]emonial ,,organisation1 ,,r\t9e ,,& ,,sanitation ,,9 ,,qu>t]s1 ,,s5try ,,& ,,gu>d ,,duties1 ,,bugle ,,calls1 ,,inspection1 ,,biv\acs1 ,,cook+ ,,9 ,,mess ,,t9s1 ,,etc4 ,ea* #a_/- net ,,field ,,entr5*m5ts 7,spade ,"w = ,riflem57 ,,ha/y ,,fire ,,cov]1 ,,field ,,entr5*m5ts1 ,,communications1 ,,ob/ruction1 ,,def5ce ,,( ,,villages1 ,,woods ,,& ,,build+s1 ,,%elt]s1 ,,etc4 ,,musketry 7#cjc & #bb ,c>tridge7 ,,elem5t>y ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,practices1 ,,fire ,,direction ,,& ,,control1 ,,individual ,,& ,,collective ,,field ,,practices1 ,,range ,,practices1 ,,etc4 ,,physical ,,tra9+ ,junior ,c\rse--,s5ior ,c\rse 7,sep>ate ,vols47 ,,complete ,,c\rse ,,( ,,sw$i% ,,ex]cises1 ,,games1 ,,a?letic ,,sports1 ,,swimm+ ,,& ,,life-,,sav+1 ,,etc4 ,,b\ght1 ,,sold4 ,,cam]as ,,ex*ang$4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,& ,,b>ga9 ,,li/s ,,po/ ,,free4 ,,electric ,,tor*es ,l>ge ,selection ,,prices ,,f #bs4 #f;d4 ,briti% ,made ,,tr5* ,,p]iscopes ,,! 8,,we/m9/]0 ,pat5t ,appli$ = ,op5 #bd #f #d 94 ,clos$ #bd #f #a 94 ,weight 9 ,case1 #clb4 #foz4 ,sight-height #bb 94 ,,price ,,complete #a #abs4 #f;d4 ,,! 8,n4,s40 ,,tr5* ,,portable ,,p]iscope ,weight 9 ,case1 #ah oz4 ,sight-height #ah 94 ,,price ,,complete #a #aes4 ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,photographic ,,ex*ange1 ,l,,td4 #aaa4 ,,ox=d ,,/reet4 #aai4 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,musketry ,,volumes ,,9 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,army ,,s]ies ,ea* #as4 net ,,drill ,,& ,,field ,,tra9+ ,,field ,,entr5*m5ts ,,signall+ ,,musketry ,,camps1 ,,billets1 ,,cook+1 ,,c]emonial ,,physical ,,tra9+4 ,junior ,c\rse ,,physical ,,tra9+4 ,s5ior ,c\rse ,= full p>ticul>s see front ( book ,,imp]ial ,,army ,,s]ies ,,bas$ ,,on ,,(ficial ,,manuals ,,musketry 7#cjc ,,& #bb ,,c>tridges7 ,,elem5t>y ,,tra9+ ,,visual ,,tra9+ ,,judg+ ,,di/ance ,,fire ,,discipl9e ,,range ,,practices ,,field ,,practices ,writt5 by an ,(fic] ( ! ,regul> ,army ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,e4 ,,john ,,solano ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aiae ,all rights res]v$4 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,brigadi]-,,g5]al ,n4 ,r4 ,,macmahon1 ,d4,s4,o4 ,,kill$ ,,9 ,,action1 ,,fl&]s1 ,novemb] #aa1 #aiad4 ,fir/ ,edition ,janu>y1 #aiae ,repr9t$ ,febru>y1 #aiae ,,editor',s ,,note ,object ( ! ,book4--,?is book is int5d$ to s]ve z an introduction to ,musketry ,regulations4 ,! in/ruction conta9$ 9 x is consi/5t 9 pr9ciple & me?od ) t laid d[n 9 ,musketry ,regulations1 ,infantry ,tra9+ 7#aiad71 & o!r (ficial manuals4 ,x is hop$ t ! book may prove useful to (fic]s & m5 ( ! newly rais$ units ( ! ,regul> ,army1 ,t]ritorial ,=ce1 & ! ,milit>y ,=ces ( ! dom9ions4 ,z great c>e has be5 tak5 to expla9 ! correct me?ods ( c>ry+ out musketry tra9+1 x is also hop$ t x may prove useful to ! ,volunte] ,tra9+ ,corps1 ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,corps1 & ,cadet ,corps4 ,! ,preface conta9s notes on exp]i5ce ga9$ at ! front 9 ! pres5t campaign1 sign$ by ,g5]al ,sir ,o',moore ,creagh1 ,v4,c41 :i* w prove ( great value to (fic]s 9 tra9+ _! comm&s4 ,scope ( ,in/ruction4--,! scope ( in/ruction 9 ! book is practically id5tical ) t laid d[n 9 ,musketry ,regulations4 ,x conta9s ! conditions ( ! individual & collective field practices rec5tly laid d[n = ! tra9+ ( ! new armies on classification ranges4 ,x also includes directions = c>ry+ out a complete c\rse ( musketry in/ruction on m9iature ranges ) ! aid ( ! ,/&>d ,t>get ,equipm5t adopt$ = ?is purpose4#a ,?is in/ruction includes elem5t>y tra9+1 & leads up by progressive /ages to visual tra9+1 fire discipl9e1 fire direction & control1 & a v>iety ( individual & collective field practices :i* c be fir$ "u conditions approximat+ z closely z possible to ^? ( s]vice4 ,ackn[l$gm5t4--,! ,editor desires to express 8 ?anks & ackn[l$gm5ts to ! ,milit>y ,au?orities & to ,8 ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice = p]mission to reproduce illu/rations & extracts f ! ,musketry ,regulations & o!r (ficial manuals4 ,x is int5d$ to keep ea* edition ( ?is book abrea/ ( ! late/ developm5ts 9 ! sci5ce ) :i* x deals1 & ! *anges made f "t to "t 9 ! (ficial tra9+ manuals4 ,e4 ,,john ,,solano4 ,,london1 #aiae4 ,,preface ,,notes ,,on ,,exp]i5ce ,,ga9$ ,,at ,,! ,,front ,,by ,,g5]al ,,sir ,o',,moore ,,creagh1 ,v4,c4 #a4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ at ! front 9 ! pres5t campaign may be divid$ broadly "u two heads3 ,fir/ly1 ! te/ "u w> conditions ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,briti% ,army has be5 tra9$ 9 peace4 ,secondly1 k conc]n+ ! tactics ( ! enemy & 8 me?od ( employ+ v>i\s arms4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] ( ^! two heads ( in=mation1 x is important to note t ! broad pr9ciples ^u :i* ! tra9+ ( ! ,briti% ,army has be5 bas$ are describ$ by a ,g5]al ,(fic] z be+ s\nd1 & t ! ne$ ( pay+ /rict att5tion to !m 9 c>ry+ out tra9+ is emphasiz$ by him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 valuable exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ z to ! be/ me?od ( apply+ ^! g5]al pr9ciples to ! peculi> conditions :i* h s f> prevail$ 9 ! pres5t campaign1 includ+ ! tactics adopt$ by ! enemy4 ,in=mation bas$ on ?is exp]i5ce1 m especially s f> z x conc]ns ! employm5t ( musketry 9 attack & def5ce1 is includ$ 9 ^! notes1 z x may prove useful to (fic]s 9 tra9+ _! comm&s4 #b4 ,^! notes1 !re=e1 d n affect ! g5]al pr9ciples ( tra9+ laid d[n 9 ?is book4 ,!y m]ely deal ) ! application ( ^! pr9ciples to ! peculi> conditions :i* h s f> obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! campaign4 ,^! conditions may at any "t give place to o!rs1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 no two milit>y op]ations is ! situation exactly ! same4 ,in/ructors1 !re=e1 mu/ avoid ! mi/ake ( tra9+ _! m5 = any p>ticul> giv5 conditions ( w>f>e1 & rememb] t g5]al pr9ciples & broad rules alone are applicable to ! lead+ ( troops 9 w> 7,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiad74 #c4 ,g]man ,musketry4#b--7;i7 ,! ,g]mans consid] x unnecess>y to tea* m5 to fire at di/ances beyond #djj metres4 ,_! plan ( infantry attack 7see diagram1 p4 ix7 is devis$ to get )9 ?is range )\t op5+ fire4 ,accord+ly1 judg+ di/ance is practis$ by (fic]s only1 & no att5tion is devot$ to ! indication ( t>gets1 conc5tration ( fire1 or to fire direction & control g5]ally1 z practis$ 9 ! ,briti% ,army4 ,to conc5trate ! fire ( a platoon or company on "o spot at #a1jjj y>ds range 0 consid]$ by ,g]mans to be a wa/e ( ammunition4 ,_! tra9+ seems to h be5 limit$ to indep5d5t fir+ by battalions on l>ge areas ( gr\nd4 7ii7 ,only "s ( _! m5 7 practis$ 9 rapid fir+1 :i* av]ag$ eight or n9e r\nds a m9ute1 z aga9/ ! fifte5 well-aim$ %ots a m9ute :i* ,briti% troops are tra9$ to deliv] 9 rapid fir+4 ,9 ?is respect x may be m5tion$ t ! /raight bolt ( ! ,g]man rifle is n s easy to "w z ! bolt ( ! ,briti% rifle1 nor is its clip s easy to put 94 ,:5 put to ! te/ ( w>1 ! musketry ( ! ,g]man infantry is *>act]iz$ by ,briti% (fic]s z poor & 8lam5table40 #d4 ,briti% ,musketry4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,g]man (fic] ref]r$ to 9 ! footnote bel[ describ$ ,briti% musketry "u ! te/ ( w> z 8m>vell\s10 &1 9 do+ s1 express$ ! views g5]ally held 9 ! ,g]man ,army z ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,he /ates t ! ,g]mans _h c\nt$ on be+ able to ru% ! ,briti% troops by weight ( numb]s by ! plan ( attack describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph2 b !y f\nd !mselves unable to d s because ! ,briti% rifle fire 0 8s /raight & s quick40 ,he add$ t 8!y _h nev] _h a *ance aga9/ ! ,briti%10 because1 al?\gh !y reckon$ on _! ?ird l9e ) _! ma*9e-guns be+ able to get )9 #djj y>ds ( ! enemy1 !y _h nev] be5 able to d ?is ov] op5 gr\nd aga9/ ! ,briti%1 because _! fir/ l9e 0 d[n too soon--sometimes at #hjj to #a1jjj y>ds4 ,aga91 on ! ,aisne1 ?is ,g]man (fic]'s ma*9e-gun batt]y came "u ! conc5trat$ fire ( ,briti% infantry at #a1jjj y>ds1 & ?\gh 8 m5 suff]$ heavily f x1 !y 7 unable to reply to ! ,briti%1 z !y 7 unable to see !m4 #e4 ,a ,g]man ,plan ( ,infantry ,attack4--7i7 ,! diagram on page ix gives a r\gh idea ( a ,g]man plan ( infantry attack 9 close =mations1 z expla9$ by a ,g]man (fic]4 ,! fir/ l9e is look$ on z cov] f bullets = ! second & ?ird l9es1 to enable ^! two l9es to get close to ! enemy ) ! m9imum ( loss4 ,! ,g]mans consid]$ mass$ =mations to be ! only way to get up close to ! enemy4 ,bo? ranks ( ea* l9e 9 ^! =mations are close toge!r4 ,:5 _! ?ird l9e is /opp$1 !y h /&+ ord]s to dig 9 at once1 & = ?is purpose ! ?ird l9e c>ries %ovels & small picks4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t1 ow+ to ! trem5d\s effect ( ,briti% musketry fire1 ?is ,g]man plan ( attack has repeat$ly fail$ aft] v heavy loss has be5 incurr$4 7ii7 ,z reg>ds fire effect1 ! ,g]mans _h consid]$ ! ma*9e-gun to be ! mo/ valuable me?od ( dis*>g+ bullets1 & an enorm\s am\nt ( "t1 tr\ble1 & ammunition has be5 exp5d$ on ma*9e-gun tra9+1 z well z ^u _! artill]y1 ^u :i* !y reli$ l>gely 9 _! plan ( attack4 ,notes ref]r+ to ,g]man ma*9e-guns w be f\nd 9 ,ma*9e-,gun ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies4 #f4 ,g]man ,night ,attacks4--7i7 ,! enemy's night attacks are made )\t sc\ts or advanc$ p>ties1 & ! advance is made ) great rapidity4 ,infantry 9 tr5*es mu/ always be ready to op5 a bur/ ( rapid fire at a few seconds' notice2 s long z ?is c be done1 !re w be no *ance ( a tr5* be+ ru%$4 ,supports %\ld be 9 ! cov]-tr5*es1 &1 :5 ! fir+-l9e is attack$1 %\ld n fire1 b rely on ! bayonet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,a ,,g]man ,,plan ,,( ,,infantry ,,attack ,,9 ,,close ,,=mations4 7ii7 ,! ,g]mans usually attack ab\t #c p4m4 7w9t]7 or at dusk1 & !n entr5* dur+ ! night )9 #bjj y>ds ( our l9es4 ,!y also take advantage ( fog 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,!y make a little progress 9 ?is way1 b x is sl[ "w1 & !y h lo/ enorm\sly1 z already /at$4 ,!y %oot badly ) ! rifle1 & ! effect ( _! fire is *iefly obta9$ by artill]y & ma*9e-guns4 #g4 ,fl>es to illum9ate ,=egr\nd at ,night4--7i7 ,no fix$ app>atus c be set 9 ! field = ! reliable light+ ( =egr\nd at night :i* w survive a prolong$ bomb>dm5t & bad wea!r1 or admit ( r5ewal or att5tion 9 ! close pres5ce ( ! enemy4 ,?is does n apply to electric se>*lights employ$ 9 c>efully *os5 & protect$ sites 9 connection ) h>b\r & =tress def5ces1 nor to fl>es or bonfires set = ! purpose ( provid+ a s+le illum9ation = a giv5 purpose1 su* z a signal or l&m>k4 7ii7 ,= ! tempor>y illum9ation ( =egr\nd dur+ an engagem5t ) ! enemy1 ! be/ me?od is to employ h& & rifle 8illum9ation gr5ades10 :i* ignite on impact ) ! gr\nd ^u ! same pr9ciple z 9 ! detonation ( ! explosive or fight+ gr5ades4 ,by ?is means tempor>y illum9ation c be conc5trat$ at ! exact po9ts at :i* x is mo/ requir$4 ,9 siege w>f>e or tr5* fight+ at close qu>t]s !re is special use = a comb9$ inc5di>y & illum9ation bomb or gr5ade fir$ f a tr5* mort>4 ,^! bombs w\ld be *>g$ ) inflammable mat]ial & liquid1 su* z cotton wa/e 9 petrol1 toge!r ) a small *>ge ( explosive1 :i* w\ld ignite & scatt] ! cont5ts freely ^u impact4 #h4 ,briti% ,infantry ,=mations 9 ,attack--7i7 ,advance "u ,rifle or ,ma*9e-,gun ,fire4--,small columns 9 :at are kn[n z 8artill]y =mations0 %\ld nev] be adh]$ to :5 !re is a possibility ( _! com+ "u close or m$ium range fire ( infantry or ma*9e-guns4 ,troops h suff]$ sev]ely f insuffici5t ext5sion1 & ! adoption ( rigid l9es1 & also f pu%+ =w>d 9 close =mations )\t tak+ ! prop] milit>y precautions4 ,loose ela/ic =mations adapt$ to ! gr\nd1 ) m5 at eight or t5 paces int]val1 are ! lea/ vuln]able4 7ii7 ,advance "u ,artill]y ,fire4--,sev]al times x has be5 necess>y to advance "u unsubdu$ artill]y fire4 ,small columns at #ej y>ds' int]val & #cjj y>ds' di/ance h be5 f\nd to be ! be/ me?od ( avoid+ casualties4 ,! #ai? ,brigade ly+ 9 ! op5 9 ?is =mation 7 %ell$ by two batt]ies = half an h\r1 & _h only tw5ty-five casualties4 #i4 ,cov] & ,fields ( ,fire4--7i7 ,ow+ to ! effect ( ,g]man artill]y fire1 cov] f view has become m important ?an field ( fire4 ,x is bett] to h a field ( fire ( #ajj y>ds & to be invisible ?an to h "o ( #fjj y>ds & be an easy t>get = artill]y4 ,ow+ to ! enemy's artill]y fire by day1 digg+ is ne>ly always done at night1 & ?is requires mu* practice4 ,"s sort ( r\gh cov] f %rapnel & head cov] is made if "t all[s1 & also if x c be made )\t mak+ ! tr5* conspicu\s4 7ii7 ,def5sive ,positions & ,sites ( ,tr5*es4--,:5ev] possible1 tr5*es %\ld be sit$ s t !y are n "u artill]y obs]vation4 ,?is po9t is reg>d$ z ( great importance1 & an ext5sive field ( fire is a second>y consid]ation4 ,tr5*es %\ld !re=e be sit$ hav+ reg>d to possible obs]vation /ations on gr\nd occupi$ by ! enemy1 & n solely ) reg>d to ! possible artill]y positions ( ! enemy4 ,9 op5 c\ntry x is bett] to select a 8back position10 beh9d ! cre/ ( a hill1 ) a field ( fire ( #cjj or #djj y>ds4 ,?is compels ! enemy to expose 8 infantry to rifle & %rapnel fire1 & af=ds 8 artill]y little opportunity ( obs]vation4 ,su* positions 7 held on ! ,aisne1 ) slight loss to our troops & heavy loss to ! enemy4 ,a field ( fire ( #ajj y>ds is reg>d$ z satisfactory if x _c be increas$ )\t loss ( concealm5t f artill]y obs]vation4 #aj4 ,c>e ( ,rifles4--7i7 ,! foll[+ directions are issu$ ) reg>d to ! c>e ( rifles on s]vice4 ,new rifles are incl9$ to "w some:at /iffly at fir/1 ow+ to slight r\ghness ( ! be>+ surfaces ( ! bolt & bolt-way4 ,?is c be appreciably less5$ by frequ5t & sy/ematic manipulation ( ! bolt1 ! be>+ surfaces be+ well oil$4 ,prim>y extraction--! fir/ loos5+ ( ! fir$ c>tridge 9 ! *amb]--c be improv$ by plac+ a fir$ case 9 ! *amb]1 & work+ ! bolt-lev] up & d[n )\t draw+ back ! bolt4 7ii7 ,rifles mu/ be kept clean & well oil$1 & x has be5 f\nd necess>y to make an inspection daily or ev5 (t5]4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! *amb] is scrupul\sly clean4 ,if x is p]mitt$ to become dirty1 great difficulty 9 extraction is likely to be exp]i5c$4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t c>tridges get ru/$ into _! clips1 & t !y %\ld be mov$ at lea/ weekly4 ,magaz9e spr+s may also become weak1 if ! magaz9e is cont9ually kept load$ ) t5 in/ead ( five r\nds4 #aa4 ,conclusion4--7i7 ,up to ! pres5t ! tactics ( ! enemy & ! conditions ( w>f>e ( ! campaign on ! ,cont95t h result$ z a rule 9 giv+ ! infantryman fairly %ort fields ( fire & m or less visible t>gets4 ,?is has acc5tuat$ ! value ( rapid1 accurate fire )9 close range1 to :i* p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid 9 tra9+ m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 opportunity has af=d$1 ! value ( fire direction & control has be5 demon/rat$ by ! effect ( ,briti% rifle fire beyond close range4 7ii7 ,! pr9ciples ( tra9+ laid d[n 9 ! ,musketry ,regulations & 9 ?is book z a :ole %\ld1 !re=e1 be adh]$ to & c>ri$ out sy/ematically4 ,above all1 ! s\nd pr9ciples t troops %\ld be tra9$ to make ! be/ possible use ( _! weapons1 n only at "o b at all ranges ( ! battlefield1 & t !y %\ld be tra9$ to adapt _! in/ruction to a v>iety ( conditions1 & n to any giv5 conditions1 %\ld be obs]v$ fai?fully4 ,! correct application ( g5]al pr9ciples to ! ev]-v>y+ circum/ances ( w>f>e %\ld be ! object ( any s\nd sy/em ( milit>y tra9+4 7iii7 ,! foll[+ subjects ( tra9+ may be m5tion$ z be+ especially important 9 relation to ! pres5t campaign3 #a4 ,rapid fire4 #b4 ,entr5*+1 especially 9 ! d>k4 #c4 ,cov] f view ( artill]y = ! tr5*es4 #d4 ,br++ enfilade fire to be> on enemy's tr5*es :5ev] possible4 #e4 ,skilful use ( ma*9e-guns4 ,infantry mu/ be c>eful :5 advanc+ t an enemy's ma*9e-gun is n hidd5 on ! flank ready to op5 enfilade fire4 ,"s regim5ts h lo/ v heavily f be+ caught 9 ?is way4 ,o',m4 ,,creagh4 ,,london1 #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface ,,page ,,notes ,,on ,,exp]i5ce ,,ga9$ ,,at ,,! ,,front vi ,,def9ition ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,milit>y ,,vocabul>y ,i4 ,def9itions xxii ,,ii4 ,milit>y ,vocabul>y = ,indication & ,recognition ( ,t>gets xxvi ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,clean+ ,,( ,,arms ,,section #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #a #b4 ,we> & ,f\l+ #b #c4 ,mat]ials us$ = ,clean+ ,arms #d #d4 ,in/ructions = ,clean+ ,arms #g #e4 ,in/ructions = ,c>e ( ,arms & ,ammunition #aj #f4 ,exam9ation ( ,small ,arms #ab #g4 ,inspection ( ,arms on ,p>ade #ae ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,rifle ,,fire #h4 ,g5]al ,in=mation #ah #i4 ,dang]\s ,space--,rico*ets--,fir+ ,up & ,d[n ,hill #be #aj4 ,effects ( ,b>ometric ,pressure1 ,temp]ature1 ,w9d1 & ,light #bg #aa4 ,ne$ = ,collective ,fire #bi #ab4 ,disp]sion ( ,individual & ,collective ,fire #ca #ac4 ,se>*+ #ce #ad4 ,! ,relation ( ,gr\nd to ,fire ,effect #ch ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,aim+ #ae4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #dc #af4 ,aim+ ,in/ruction #dg #ag4 ,common ,faults 9 ,aim+ #ej #ah4 ,triangle ( ,error #ea #ai4 ,aim+ at ,s]vice ,t>gets1 ,aim+ at ,gr\nd1 & ,m>k+ ,d[n ! ,enemy #ec #bj4 ,aim+-,(f = ,w9d #ee #ba4 ,aim+ ,up & ,d[n #eg #bb4 ,aim+-,(f = ,movem5t #eh #bc4 ,practice 9 ,rapid ,adju/m5t ( ,sights #fj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,fir+ #bd4 ,h9ts to ,in/ructors #fb #be4 ,trigg]-,press+ & ,snapp+ #fc #bf4 ,! ,v>i\s ,fir+ ,positions #ff #bg4 ,load+ & ,unload+ #fi #bh4 ,use ( ! ,safety-,cat* & ,cut-,(f #ga #bi4 ,in/ruction 9 ,aim+ & ,fir+ #gb #cj4 ,fir+ 9 ! ,op5 #gc #ca4 ,fir+ f ,cov] #gc #cb4 ,muscle ,ex]cises #gg ,,*apt] ,v ,,visual ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,rang+ #cc4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,visual ,tra9+ #ha #cd4 ,disc]nm5t ( ,t>gets #hb #ce4 ,milit>y ,vocabul>y & ,/udy ( ,gr\nd #hd #cf4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,rang+ #hi #cg4 ,judg+ ,di/ances by ,eye #ia #ch4 ,range-,f9d+ by ,obs]vation ( ,fire #if #ci4 ,rang+ by ,auxili>y ,me?ods & by ,in/rum5ts #ig #dj4 ,range-,c>ds & ,range-,m>ks #ih ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fire ,,direction ,,& ,,control #da4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #aje #db4 ,organization = ,fire ,action #ajf #dc4 ,effect ( ,fire at ,diff]5t ,ranges on ,v>i\s ,=mations & ,objectives #aaj #dd4 ,tactical ,application ( ,rifle ,fire #aab #de4 ,description & ,recognition ( ,t>gets #aai #df4 ,fire ,ord]s #abg #dg4 ,fire ,discipl9e #acj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,reg>d+ ,,range ,,& ,,field ,,practices #dh4 ,prelim9>y ,tra9+ #ace #di4 ,te/s ( ,prelim9>y ,tra9+ #acf #ej4 ,progression ( ,in/ruction 9 ,range & ,field ,practices #adj #ea4 ,range ,practices #ada #eb4 ,gr\p+ & ,application #adf #ec4 ,snap%oot+1 ,rapid ,fir+1 & ,fir+ at ,cross+ ,t>gets #aej #ed4 ,field ,practices #aea ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conduct ,,( ,,range ,,& ,,field ,,practices #ee4 ,?irty ,y>ds ,ranges #aei #ef4 ,gr\p+ ,practices #aei #eg4 ,tim$ ,practices #afa #eh4 ,g5]al ,rules = ,range ,practices #afb #ei4 ,surplus ,ammunition & ,computation ( ,av]ages #aff #fj4 ,conditions ( ,qualification #afg #fa4 ,classification ,practices & ,conditions ( ,classification #afh #fb4 ,recruits' ,c\rse1 ,regul> ,=ces1 ,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 & ,infantry #aga #fc4 ,execution ( ,tables ,a & ,b 9 ! ,same ,ye> #aga #fd4 ,tra9$ ,soldi]s' ,c\rse3 ,,table ,a--,recruits' ,c\rse 7,cavalry1 ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & ,infantry7 #agd ,,table ,b--,annual ,c\rse 7,cavalry1 ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & ,infantry7 #agg ,,table ,a--,recruits' ,c\rse 7,r4,a41 ,r4,e41 ,a4,s4,c41 ,a4,o4,c47 #ahj ,,table ,b--,annual ,c\rse 7,r4,a41 ,a4,s4,c41 ,a4,o4,c47 #aha #fe4 ,g5]al ,rules = ,field ,practices #ahb #ff4 ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges--,individual ,practices--,collective ,practices #ahd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,night ,,fir+1 ,,h& ,,gr5ades1 ,,& ,,competitions #fg4 ,night ,fir+ #aic #fh4 ,h& ,gr5ade 7,m>k ,i7 #aid #fi4 ,competitions #bja ,,*apt] ,x ,,in/ruction ,,on ,,m9iature ,,ranges1 ,,includ+ ,,range ,,& ,,field ,,practices #gj4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #bjc #ga4 ,t>gets #bje #gb4 ,prelim9>y ,tra9+ #bjg #gc4 ,range ,practices #bac #gd4 ,field ,practices1 ,night ,fir+1 & ,competitions--,lectures--,demon/rations --,individual & ,collective ,field ,practices #bac ,,app5dix ,i4 ,names ( ! ,p>ts ( ,rifles--,%ort ,m4,l4,e41 ,m>k ,,iii1 & ,*>g]-,load+ ,m4,l4,e4 #bcc ,,ii4 ,directions = ,use ( ! ,legret ,aim-,tea*] #bdj ,,iii4 ,directions = ,use ( ! ,aim-,corrector #bda ,,iv4 ,directions = ,use ( ! ,aim+-,disc #bdc ,v4 8,h>moniz+0 ,rifles = ,m9iature ,range ,practices #bdd ,,vi4 ,scor+ & ,signall+ #bde ,,vii4 ,solano ,t>get--,m>ks ,i4 & ,,ii4 #bdh ,,viii4 ,solano ,elem5t>y & ,in/ructional ,t>gets #bej ,,index #beh ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,a ,,g]man ,,plan ,,( ,,infantry ,,attack ,,9 ,,close ,,=mations ix #a4 ,,wire ,,gauze ,,on ,,pull-,,?r\gh #e #b ,,& #c4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,trajectory1 ,,etc4 #ai #d ,,& #e4 ,,dang]\s ,,space #bf #f4 ,,cone ,,( ,,fire #cb #g4 ,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,disp]sion ,,9 ,,dep? ,,( ,,conc5trat$ ,,collective ,,fire ,,at #a1ejj ,,y>ds ,,& ,,its ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,dep? ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,comb9$ ,,sights #cf #h4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,fire ,,effect #ci #i4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,fire ,,effect #dj #aj4 ,,dead ,,gr\nd #db #aa4 ,,diagrams ,,%[+ ,,correct ,,& ,,incorrect ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,sights #dh #ab4 ,,long-,,range ,,sights #di #ac4 ,,faults ,,9 ,,aim+ #ej #ad4 ,,triangle ,,( ,,error #eb #ae4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,press+ ,,trigg] ,,) ,,=ef+] #fd #af4 ,,%ot ,,gr\p ,,illu/rat+ ,,result ,,( ,,faulty ,,trigg]-,,press+ #fe #ag4 ,,%[+ ,,grip ,,( ,,"r ,,h&1 ,,& ,,trigg] ,,f+] #ff #ah4 ,,in/ructor ,,illu/rat+ ,,correct ,,me?od ,,( ,,press+ ,,! ,,trigg] #ff #ai4 ,,correct ,,me?od ,,( ,,us+ ,,aim+-,,disc #ff #bj4 ,,/&+ ,,position--,,side ,,view #fg #ba4 ,,/&+ ,,position--,,front ,,view #fg #bb4 ,,prone ,,position--,,side ,,view #fh #bc4 ,,kneel+ ,,position--,,side ,,view #fh #bd4 ,,kneel+ ,,position--,,front ,,view #fh #be4 ,,sitt+ ,,position #fi #bf4 ,,sitt+ ,,position ,,:5 ,,fir+--,,aim+ ,,d[n ,,/eep ,,slope #fi #bg4 ,,load+ ,,9 ,,/&+ ,,position #gj #bh4 ,,fir+ ,,9 ,,! ,,op54 ,,heads ,,l[]$2 ,,obs]v] ,,wat*+ ,,front #ga #bi4 ,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cov]--,,correct #gd #cj4 ,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cov]--,,unnecess>y ,,exposure #gd #ca4 ,,fir+ ,,f ,,fold ,,( ,,gr\nd--,,side ,,view #gd #cb4 ,,fir+ ,,f ,,fold ,,( ,,gr\nd--,,unnecess>y ,,exposure #ge #cc4 ,,fir+ ,,f ,,fold ,,( ,,gr\nd--,,correct ,,me?od #ge #cd4 ,,fir+ ,,ov] ,,cont9u\s ,,cov] #ge #ce4 ,,fir+ ,,ov] ,,cont9u\s ,,cov] #gf #cf4 ,,fir+ ,,ov] ,,cont9u\s ,,cov] #gf #cg4 ,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]3 ,,ly+ ,,position--,,front ,,view #gf #ch4 ,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]3 ,,ly+ ,,position--,,side ,,view #gf #ci4 ,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,load+ #gg #dj4 ,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,load$ #gg #da4 ,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,fir+ #gg #db4 ,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,fir+ #gg #dc4 ,,milit>y ,,vocabul>y--,,t]ms ,,describ+ ,,common ,,features ,,( ,,gr\nd #hg #dd4 ,,simple ,,range ,,c>d ,,= ,,attack #ii #de4 ,,simple ,,range ,,c>d ,,= ,,def5ce #ajj #df4 ,,example ,,( ,a ,,=egr\nd ,,range ,,sket* #ajb #dg4 ,,r\gh ,,sket* ,,( ,a ,,field ,,( ,,fire ,,divid$ ,,into ,,ov]lapp+ ,,sectors ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,description ,,po9ts ,,on ,,deploym5t ,,9 ,,attack #ajh #dh4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,tactical ,,application ,,( ,,fire #aae #di4 ,,description ,,( ,,t>gets--,,f+]-,,bread? ,,me?od #abb #ej4 ,,description ,,( ,,t>gets--,,clock-,,face ,,me?od #abc #ea4 ,,description ,,( ,,t>gets--,,example ,,( ,,field ,,( ,,fire ,,suitable ,,= ,,employm5t ,,( ,,f+]-,,bread? ,,& ,,clock-,,face ,,me?ods1 ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,description ,,po9ts #abd #eb4 ,,h& ,,gr5ade1 ,,m>k ,i #aif1 #aig #ec4 ,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,elem5t>y ,,practices ,,by ,,eight ,,m5 ,,fir+ ,,simultane\sly1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,t>gets ,,numb]$ #bjf #ed4 ,,solano ,,t>get--,,cleat ,,fitt+ ,,) ,,cords ,,:i* ,,op]ate ,,me*anism ,,atta*$ #bjf #ee4 ,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,g5]al ,,in/ruction ,,or ,,= ,,fir+ ,,field ,,practices1 ,,) ,,sc5]y ,,& ,,sc5ic ,,accessories 7,,type ,a71 ,,& ,,) ,,solano ,,figures ,,repres5t+ ,,troops ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,ranges #bjg #ef4 ,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,g5]al ,,in/ruction ,,or ,,= ,,fir+ ,,field ,,practices1 ,,) ,,sc5]y ,,& ,,sc5ic ,,accessories 7,,type ,c71 ,,& ,,) ,,solano ,,figures ,,repres5t+ ,,troops ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,ranges #bjg #eg4 ,,l&scape ,,t>get ,,on ,,frames ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,solano ,,t>get ,,9 ,,position ,,= ,,fir+ #bbh #eh4 ,,l&scape ,,t>get ,,practices--,,illu/ration ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,h>moniz+ ,,rifles ,,& ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,measur+ ,,collective ,,gr\p+ ,,( ,,conc5trat$ ,,& ,,di/ribut$ ,,fire #bbi #ei1 #fj4 ,,%ort ,,magaz9e ,,lee-,,enfield ,,rifle #bcd1 #bce #fa-fc4 ,,*>g]-,,load+ ,,lee-,,enfield ,,rifle #bcg-bci #fd4 ,,legret ,,aim-,,tea*] #bdj #fe4 ,,aim-,,corrector #bdb #ff4 ,,aim+-,,disc #bdc #fg4 ,,solano ,,elem5t>y ,,t>get1 ,,no4 #a #bea #fh4 ,,solano ,,elem5t>y ,,t>get1 ,,no4 #b #beb #fi4 ,a ,,circle 7#c ,,in*es ,,diamet]7 ,,& ,a ,,triangle 7#c ,,in*es ,,equilat]al71 ,,%[+ ,,t ,,! ,,triangle ,,z ,,aim+ ,,& ,,scor+ ,,diagram ,,induces ,,clos] ,,gr\p+ ,,?an ,,! ,,circle ,,by ,,all[+ ,,less ,,m>g9 ,,= ,,bo? ,,v]tical ,,& ,,lat]al ,,errors ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,dots #bec #gj4 ,,solano ,,in/ructional ,,t>get1 ,,no4 #a #bed #ga4 ,,solano ,,in/ructional ,,t>get1 ,,no4 #b #bee #gb4 ,,solano ,,in/ructional ,,t>get1 ,,no4 #c #bef ,,def9itions ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,milit>y ,,vocabul>y ,i4 ,,def9itions4 ,aim+-,(f4--,alt]+ ! po9t ( aim lat]ally1 s z to give deflection to ! rifle-b>rel )\t us+ ! w9d-gauge4 ,aim+ ,po9t4--,! po9t 9 any t>get at :i* aim is tak51 =m+ ! extremity ( ! l9e ( sight4 ,aim+ ,up & ,d[n4--,alt]+ ! po9t ( aim v]tically s z to give m or less elevation to ! rifle-b>rel )\t alt]+ ! sight4 ,angle ( ,desc5t4--,angle at :i* ! bullet falls to ! gr\nd at ! end ( its flight 7,figs4 #d & #e74 ,application4--,an elem5t>y musketry practice1 design$ to illu/rate me?ods ( correct+ aim or sight+ 9 accordance ) obs]vation or signals f ! butts4 ,approximation ( ,scor+ ,r+s4--,conc5tric r+s m>k$ on an in/ructional t>get & possess+ v>i\s values :i* af=d a simple means ( comp>+ ! %oot+ errors ( individuals1 b hav+ no relation to ! vuln]able surfaces ( ! ord9>y s]vice t>gets4 ,axis ( ! ,b>rel4--,! axis ( ! b>rel is an imag9>y l9e foll[+ ! c5tre ( ! bore f bree* to muzzle 7,fig4 #b74 ,beat5 ,zone4--,area ( gr\nd beat5 by a cone ( fire 7,fig4 #f74 ,bull's ,eye4--,a circul> aim+-m>k ( v>y+ size us$ 9 elem5t>y tra9+ = gr\p+ practice1 ) ! object ( elim9at+ all s\rces ( error o!r ?an t ( bad hold+4 ,conc5tration ( ,fire4--,! direct+ ( fire on "o p>ticul> portion ( ! enemy's l9e4 ,its value lies 9 ! demoraliz+ effect x produces ow+ to ! heavy loss x inflicts at ! po9t at :i* x is direct$ 7,fig4 #dh74 ,cov]$ ,approa*4--,gr\nd & natural or artificial cov] :i* scre5s movem5t t[>ds an objective f ! enemy's view4 ,culm9at+ ,po9t4--,! culm9at+ po9t is ! greate/ height above ! l9e ( sight to :i* ! bullet rises 9 its flight2 ?is is rea*$ at a po9t a little beyond half ! di/ance to :i* ! bullet travels4 ,dang]\s ,space4--,! dang]\s space = any p>ticul> range is ! di/ance betwe5 ! fir/ cat* & ! fir/ graze 7,fig4 #d74 ,dead ,gr\nd4--,any gr\nd on :i* troops _c be /ruck by missiles fir$ by def5d]s ( a position ow+ to ! =mation ( ! int]v5+ gr\nd 7,fig4 #aj74 ,deflection4--,! incl9ation ( ! rifle-b>rel lat]ally ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight1 c\nt]act+ ! effect ( w9d1 drift1 or o!r influ5ce :i* t5ds to =ce ! bullet out ( a /raight pa?4 ,description ,po9ts4--,gr\nd & its natural or artificial features us$ = indication ( t>gets 7,figs4 #di-ea74 ,di/ribution ( ,fire4--,! me?od ( direct+ fire s t x may be scatt]$ ov] sev]al objects 7,fig4 #dh74 ,elevation4--,! incl9ation ( ! rifle-b>rel v]tically ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight1 necessitat$ by ! d[nw>d influ5ce ex]cis$ on ! bullet by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,error ( ! ,day4--,a t]m us$ to include errors 9 %oot+ due to miscalculation ( atmosph]ic influ5ces1 su* z w9d1 temp]ature1 etc4 ,error ( ! ,rifle4--,any error inh]5t 9 a rifle1 indep5d5t ( any error due to ! want ( skill ( ! fir]4 ,fire1 ,k9ds (-- ,collective ,fire4--,! fire ( sev]al rifles comb9$ = a def9ite purpose "u ! ord]s ( a fire-lead]4 ,su* fire skilfully direct$ & well controll$ may produce good effect up to #a1djj y>ds4 ,conv]g+ ,fire4--,fire aim$ at "o t>get f diff]5t po9ts4 ,cov]+ ,fire4--,fire deliv]$ f ! re> or flank by a special body ( troops to keep d[n ! fire ( ! attack$ dur+ ! advance ( ! attack+ body4 ,x also includes fire deliv]$ by portions ( a l9e ) a view to assi/+ ! advance ( ! rema9d] 7,fig4 #dh74 ,effective ,fire4--,fire :i* has ! desir$ result ^u ! t>get4 ,enfilade ,fire4--,fire :i* sweeps a l9e ( troops or def5ces f a flank 7,fig4 #dh74 ,frontal ,fire4--,fire :i* is deliv]$ directly to ! front4 ,graz+ ,fire4--,:5 ! angle ( ! fall ( ! bullets 7see ,trajectory7 is ! same z ! slope ( ! gr\nd & ! missiles sweep along its surface ! fire is call$ graz+ 7,fig4 #i74 ,individual ,fire4--,fire op5$ )\t ord]s f a fire-lead]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( obs]vation #fjj y>ds may be tak5 z ! limit ( effective fire ( ?is nature aga9/ small t>gets4 ,indirect ,fire4--,indirect fire is fire direct$ by means ( auxili>y aim+-m>ks at an objective :i* is invisible to ! fir] 7,fig4 #dh74 ,mask$ ,fire4--,troops 7guns or rifles7 9 a position :5ce !y c\ld employ fire effectively aga9/ an enemy1 b = ! fe> ( caus+ casualties to _! comrades1 are said to h _! fire mask$ by ^! latt] troops4 ,oblique ,fire4--,fire direct$ on a t>get 9 a slant+ direction--i4e4 n directly to ! front 7,fig4 #dh74 ,rapid ,fire4--,fire deliv]$ z quickly z ! nature ( ! rifle admits4 ,rev]se ,fire4--,fire s direct$ t ! bullets /rike ! t>get 9 re> 7,fig4 #dh74 ,se>*+ ,fire4--,se>*+ is ! t]m appli$ to collective fire :5 ! dep? ( its disp]sion ov] a beat5 zone is increas$ by ! use ( comb9$ sights 7,fig4 #g74 ,sweep+ ,fire4--,sweep+ fire is fire di/ribut$ lat]ally 7,fig4 #dh74 ,unaim$ ,fire4--,unaim$ fire is fire direct$ at a visible objective :i* /rikes ano!r objective to ! re> ( x 7,fig4 #dh74 ,fire ,control4--,fire control is ! duty ( junior (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s1 & consi/s 9 giv+ ranges to & po9t+ out t>gets to ! fire-units1 & see+ t _! m5 adju/ _! sights to ! range giv54 ,x fur!r consi/s 9 regulat+ ! volume ( fire1 ! accurate pass+ ( all ord]s & in=mation1 & 9 ! cavalry & infantry ! collect+ ( ammunition f casualties & its r$i/ribution4 ,fire ,discipl9e4--,! tra9+ ( m5 s t !y w in/9ctively c>ry out all ord]s ( fire-unit comm&]s1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ord]s adju/ _! sights & fire ) due reg>d to ! tactical situation4 ,fire ,effect4--,! effect on ! t>get result+ f ! fire aim$ at x4 ,fire ,fight4--,! /ruggle = fire sup]iority4 ,fire ,position4--,positions f :i* fire is op5$ dur+ ! advance ( an attack+ =ce2 dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! advance ) a view to ga9+ gr\nd1 9 ! latt] /ages ) a view to ga9+ a sup]iority ( fire4 ,fire-,unit4--,a unit1 ! fire ( :i* is controll$ by "o comm&]4 ,! normal cavalry & infantry fire-unit is ! troop & section respectively4 ,fir+-,l9e4--,9 ext5d$ =mations ! l9e ( troops f :i* ! ma9 body ( fire is deliv]$4 ,fir+-,position4--,! position1 /&+1 kneel+1 ly+1 etc41 adopt$ = fir+1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,fir/ ,cat*4--,! fir/ cat* is t po9t :]e ! bullet has desc5d$ suffici5tly to /rike ! head ( a man1 :e!r m\nt$1 /&+1 kneel+1 ly+1 etc4 7,fig4 #d1 ,a74 ,fir/ ,graze4--,! fir/ graze is ! po9t :]e ! bullet1 if n int]f]$ )1 w fir/ /rike ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #d1 ,b74 ,gr\p1 ,gr\p+1 or ,diagram ( ,gr\p4--,! patt]n made on a v]tical t>get by a s]ies ( %ots fir$ by an individual or ! patt]n made on a horizontal surface by conc5trat$ collective fire4 ,gr\p+4--,an elem5t>y musketry practice design$ to te/ & /&>dize hold+ & ! accuracy ( rifles1 & to expose con/ant errors 9 aim+4 ,hold+4--,! =m ( skill requir$ 9 ord] to press ! trigg] )\t di/urb+ ! aim4 ,incl9$ ,sights4--,a common fault 9 aim+-failure to keep ! sights upright4 ,l9e ( ,dep>ture4--,! l9e ( dep>ture is ! direction ( ! bullet on leav+ ! muzzle--i4e41 ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! b>rel 7,fig4 #b74 ,l9e ( ,fire4--,! l9e ( fire is a l9e jo9+ ! muzzle ( ! rifle & ! t>get 7,fig4 #b74 ,l9e ( ,sight4--,! l9e ( sight is a /raight l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! sights & ! po9t aim$ at 7,fig4 #b74 ,m>k+ ,d[n4--,not+ ! exact position ( an enemy se5 to occupy gr\nd or cov]4 ,mutual ,support4--,! fire ( "o unit direct$ at ! enemy to cov] & assi/ ! movem5t ( ano!r unit 7,fig4 #dh74 ,also individual soldi]s work+ 9 pairs to assi/ ea* o!r 9 fir+4 ,obs]vation4--,wat*+ ! effect ( fire on ! t>get ) a view to correction or v]ification ( sight+1 ei!r by wat*+ = ! du/ ?r[n up by bullets or ! behavi\r ( ! enemy4 ,p]missible ,error4--,error made 9 e/imat+ range :i* does n r5d] fire ineffective4 ,ranges1 ,t]ms appli$ to4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,t]ms appli$ ,rifle4 ,field ,artill]y4 ,heavy ,batt]ies4 to ,ranges4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,y>ds4 ,y>ds4 ,y>ds4 ,di/ant #b1hjj to #b1jjj #f1ejj to #e1jjj #aj1jjj to #f1ejj ,long #b1jjj to #a1djj #e1jjj to #d1jjj #f1ejj to #e1jjj ,effective #a1djj to #fjj #d1jjj to #b1ejj #e1jjj to #b1ejj ,close #fjj & "u #b1ejj & "u #b1ejj & "u ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,recruit 7,musketry74--,a man :o has n complet$ ,table ,a 7! recruit's c\rse ( musketry74 ,sector4--,a portion ( frontage allott$ to a fire-unit = ! purposes ( obs]vation & fire action4 ,snap%oot+4--,fir+ ! mo/ accurate possible %ot 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,sup]iority ( ,fire4--,! means ( p\r+ a m de/ructive fire into ! enemy ?an he c br+ to be> on y4 ,"u ord9>y conditions a necessity prior to ! bayonet *>ge4 ,t>get1 ,cross+4--,a t>get mov+ across ! front ( ! fir] obliquely or at "r angles4 ,t>get1 ,s]vice4--,! v>i\s t>gets ( battle4 ,tra9$ ,soldi] 7,musketry74--,a man :o has complet$ ,table ,a 7! recruit's c\rse ( musketry74 ,trajectory4--,! curv$ l9e a bullet or o!r projectile foll[s 9 its flight4 ,?is is dep5d5t on ! explosion ( ! *>ge :i* drives ! bullet =w>d1 gravity :i* draws ! bullet t[>ds ! e>?1 & ! resi/ance ( ! air :i* ret>ds ! velocity ( ! bullet 7,fig4 #b74 ,,ii4 ,,milit>y ,,vocabul>y ,,= ,,indication ,,& ,,recognition ,,( ,,t>gets4 ,arable ,l&4--,gr\nd "u cultivation o!r ?an pa/ure or grass l&4 ,brook4--,a small /ream4 ,causeway4--,a made road or pa?1 rais$ by artificial means above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,cle>+4--,:]e trees & und]gr[? h be5 cut d[n 9 a wood1 s z to make an op5 space4 ,cliff4--,a high1 /eep rock4 ,col4--,a gap or break 9 a ridge ( hills1 (t5 trav]s$ by a road1 :i* ?us avoids to a great ext5t ! asc5t & desc5t o!rwise necess>y 9 pass+ f "o side ( ! ridge to ! o!r4 ,?is t]m is also us$ to describe ! n>r[ ridge (t5 se5 jo9+ a hill to a ma9 *a9 ( hills4 ,copse 7or ,coppice74--,a small wood1 compos$ ( "y trees & und]gr[? = cutt+4 ,cre/-,l9e4--,:]e ! top ( a hill or m\nta9 appe>s to meet ! sky4 ,cross-,roads4--,! po9t :]e "o road crosses ano!r4 ,culv]t4--,a wat]c\rse ar*$ ov] ) brickwork or masonry1 g5]ally "u a road or railway4 ,cutt+4--,an excavation ?r\gh :i* a railway l9e runs4 ,d5se ,h$ge4--,gr[+ closely toge!r4 ,donga4--,a ,s\? ,african t]m1 mean+ a dry wat]c\rse1 bord]$ by /eep & high banks4 ,embankm5t4--,e>? bank$ up above ! natural height ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 to pres]ve ! level ( a railway l9e4 ,f5c$4--,b\nd$ by a f5ce1 h$ge1 wall1 etc4 ,f5c+4--,a /ructure1 enclos+ a piece ( l& or sep>at+ x f ano!r piece4 ,f]ry4--,a place :]e a riv] or o!r piece ( wat] may be cross$ by means ( a boat kept at ! spot = ! purpose4 ,fold 9 ,gr\nd4--,a slight holl[1 caus$ by ! regul> lie ( ! gr\nd be+ brok5 by a rise or depression4 ,foliage4--,! leaves ( trees1 %rubs1 etc4 ,=d4--,a %all[ place 9 a /ream :]e x may be cross$ by wad+4 ,gorge4--,a rugg$ & deep rav9e4 ,holl[4--,a depression 9 ! gr\nd4 ,junction ( ,roads4--,! po9t :]e two or m roads meet1 b d n cross "o ano!r4 ,knoll4--,a l[ hill /&+ by itself4 ,level ,cross+4--,:]e a road or pa? crosses a railway-l9e at ! same level4 ,m>%l&4--,l[-ly+1 wet l&1 cov]$ usually ) ru%es & rank vegetation4 ,moorl&4--,wa/e l& cov]$ ) hea?1 & hav+ a poor1 peaty soil4 ,nullah4--,an ,indian t]m1 mean+ a dry wat]c\rse bord]$ by /eep & high banks4 ,pal+s4--,n>r[ pieces ( wood nail$ closely toge!r ^u rails s z to =m a f5ce4 ,pa/urel&4--,grassl&4 ,plantation4--,a small wood1 compos$ ( trees rec5tly plant$4 ,pl\ghl&4--,l& :i* has rec5tly be5 pl\gh$4 ,po/s & ,rails4--,a f5ce compos$ ( po/s1 ) "o end sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 connect$ by rails4 ,qu>ry4--,an excavation f :i* /one has be5 extract$4 ,rav9e4--,a deep holl[ 9 a hill or m\nta9 side4 ,ridge4--,any?+ %ap$ l ! back ( an animal4 ,= in/ance1 ! highe/ "p ( a long range ( hills or ! angul> top ( ! ro( ( a build+4 ,ridge & ,furr[4--,l& pl\gh$ 9 su* a mann] t ! gr\nd lies alt]nately heap$ up 7ridge7 & holl[$ out 7furr[74 ,riv] ,bank1 ,"r1 ,left4--,! "r or left bank ( a riv] is ! bank on ! "r or left ( an obs]v] fac+ d[n ! /ream4 ,saddle4--,a %all[1 c5tral dip 9 a ridge4 ,! depression is less m>k$ ?an a col4 ,scrub4--,/unt$ trees & bu%es gr[+ closely toge!r4 ,%rub4--,a small bu%y tree4 ,signal--,box or ,cab94--,a small build+ adjo9+ a railway-l9e1 f :i* a set ( signals is controll$4 ,sky-,l9e4--,:]e e>? or sea appe> to meet ! sky4 ,slope1 ,concave4--,a slope is concave :5 ! actual slope ( a hill (f]s no ob/ruction to an obs]v] /&+ on ! cre/ f see+ ! foot ( ! slope4 ,9 ?is case ! upp] slopes ( ! hill are /eep] ?an ! l[] slopes4 ,slope1 ,convex4--,a slope is convex :5 an obs]v] /&+ on ! cre/ is unable1 ?r\gh ! slope ( ! hill bulg+ out1 to see ! foot ( ! slope4 ,x is caus$ by ! l[] slopes be+ ( a /eep] nature ?an ! upp] slopes1 & is met ) especially 9 *alk d[ns4 ,slope1 ,=w>d4--,"o t falls away 9 ! direction an obs]v] is look+4 ,slope1 ,g5tle4--,?is t]m expla9s itself4 ,slope1 ,rev]se4--,"o t falls away beh9d ! spot :]e ! obs]v] is /&+4 ,slope1 ,/eep4--,?is t]m expla9s itself4 ,spur4--,a ridge runn+ out f a hill or f range ( hills4 ,/ream4-- ,any c\rse ( fl[+ wat]4 ,sunk5 ,road4--,a road t has be5 cut bel[ ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,swamp4--,l& s saturat$ ) wet bog z to be useless = cultivation4 ,?icket4--,a small wood1 compos$ ( bu%es & und]gr[?4 ,track4--,an unmade pa?1 :i* is m>k$ by use4 ,und]gr[?4--,small trees1 brambles1 creep]s1 etc41 9 a wood4 ,viaduct4--,a road or railway c>ri$ by a s]ies ( ar*es ov] a valley1 riv]1 etc4 ,,note4--,! figures at ! h+es ( pages ref] to ! ,,sections4 ,,musketry ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,clean+ ,,( ,,arms#c ,section #a4--;,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,responsibility = ,c>e ( ,arms4--,(fic]s comm&+ companies are responsible = ! condition ( ! arms 9 _! *>ge1 & = in/ruct+ _! m5 9 ! use ( ! gauze1 s t no unnecess>y we> ( ! bore may result ?r\gh its misuse4 #b4 ,defects4--,comm&+ (fic]s w report 9 ! ,regim5tal ,annual ,return any defects 9 ! ma*9e guns1 rifles1 or ammunition 9 _! *>ge :i* h n be5 rem$i$ satisfactorily4 #c4 ,in/ruction 9 ,c>e & ,clean+ ( ,arms4--7i7 ,! soldi]'s tra9+ 9 musketry w comm5ce ) in/ruction1 ! object ( :i* is to give him a ?or\gh k ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! weapon ) :i* he is arm$4 ,classes consi/+ ( squads or small numb]s w be =m$ = ?is purpose "u a compet5t in/ructor4 ,! con/ruction ( ! rifle1 ! nature1 function1 & names ( its diff]5t compon5t p>ts1 its action 9 load+1 fir+1 unload+1 & ! use ( ! magaz9e1 w be expla9$ to m51 bo? v]bally & by practical demon/ration4 ,! p>ts ( ! rifle %\ld be %[n sep>ately1 & !n assembl$ be=e ! class to expla9 its con/ruction4 ,in/ructors %\ld asc]ta91 by ask+ ! class que/ions on diff]5t po9ts1 t ea* man has ?or\ghly und]/ood :at he has be5 taught1 & possesses a practical k ( 8 weapon4 ,! illu/rations 9 ,app5dix1 ,i41 %[ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! diff]5t s]vice rifles1 & give _! names4 7ii7 ,:5 he has atta9$ ?is k1 ! soldi] w be taught by means ( %ort lectures h[ to take c>e ( 8 weapon1 r$uce ! we> & te> to :i* x is subject$ 9 ord9>y use1 & gu>d x f unnecess>y we> & te> & damage f v>i\s causes4 ,f9ally1 ! soldi] mu/ be taught bo? by demon/ration & practice h[ to clean 8 weapon prop]ly )\t caus+ damage to x 9 do+ s4 ,in=mation on ^! po9ts w be f\nd 9 ?is *apt]4 ,section #b4--,we> & ,f\l+4 #a4 ,we>4--7i7 ,we> 9 ! bore ( a rifle is due to ?ree causes3 7a7 ! friction ( ! bullet2 7b7 ! heat g5]at$ :5 ammunition is fir$2 & 7c7 ! friction ( ! pull-?r\gh gauze :5 ! bore is be+ clean$4 ,:5 c>e is us$ 9 clean+1 #e1jjj to #f1jjj r\nds c be fir$ f a rifle be=e x becomes uns]viceable4 7ii7 ,undue ,we>4--,undue we> is caus$ by improp] & unnecess>y use ( ! pull-?r\gh gauze1 to prev5t :i* x is mo/ important t ! in/ructions = clean+ be adh]$ to4 ,x may be necess>y to modify ^! in/ructions to suit local climatic conditions1 or p>ticul> rifles :i* are 9 a bad /ate ( pres]vation4 7iii7 ,:5 a rifle b>rel is new1 ! int]ior ( ! bore c>ries a high poli%1 & ?is is a great safegu>d aga9/ ru/ & metallic f\l+1 b z ! bore becomes worn1 ?is poli% w dim9i%4 ,ef=ts to re/ore x ) wire gauze on ! pull-?r\gh result 9 unnecess>y we>4 ,9 a well-c>$-= rifle1 :ile ! brilliancy ( ! poli% w dim9i%1 ! l&s ( ! bore %\ld always be bright & free f all /a9 ( ru/ or f\l+4 #b4 ,f\l+4--7i7 ,f\l+ is ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,int]nal1 probably caus$ by ! =c+ ( gas or h>mful mat]ial into ! pores ( ! metal2 7b7 ,sup]ficial1 caus$ by ! deposit 9 ! bore ( ! solid products ( combu/ion ( ! *>ge & ( ! cap composition4 ,! result ( neglect 9 ei!r case is ! =mation ( ru/ 9 ! bore1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 corrod$ b>rels1 call+ = ! excessive use ( wire gauze1 or ev5 m dra/ic treatm5t1 !reby caus+ unnecess>y we>4 7ii7 ,int]nal ,f\l+4--,int]nal f\l+ c be remov$ satisfactorily by ! use ( boil+ wat] ,sec4 #d1 p>a4 #f 7ii74 ,if = any reason ?is me?od ( clean+ _c be us$1 ! b>rel w 8sweat10 & a h>d black cru/ ( f\l+ w appe> 9 ! bore4 ,?is w turn to r$ ru/ if n remov$1 & ! rifle w !n require repeat$ clean+ ) flannelette1 & probably ) gauze1 = a "t1 :i* w v>y accord+ to climatic conditions & ! /ate ( ! bore4 7iii7 ,sup]ficial ,f\l+4--,sup]ficial f\l+ is readily remov$1 :5 w>m1 by ! use ( a pull-?r\gh & flannelette1 b if x is all[$ to rema9 long 9 ! b>rel1 x w become h>d & w h a corrosive effect equal to t produc$ by int]nal f\l+4 #c4 ,nickell+4--,! appe>ance ( nickell+1 or metallic f\l+1 %\ld be wat*$ =4 ,x is caus$ by a portion ( ! cupro-nickel ( ! envelope ( ! bullet be+ left on ! surface ( ! bore1 & appe>s z a :iti% /reak on ! l&s1 or z a slight r\ghness on ! edge ( ! grooves4 ,if x is deposit$ ne> ! muzzle or ! bree*1 x is visible to ! eye :5 ! bore is clean1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! bore x c only be detect$ by ! use ( ! gauge plug4 ,x is a cause ( inaccuracy1 & if a rifle = no app>5t reason %oots badly1 its pres5ce %\ld be look$ = z a possible explanation4 ,! soldi] w make no attempt to remove x himself1 b w h& 8 rifle to ! arm\r]1 or o!r qualifi$ p]son1 to be clean$4 ,section #c4--,mat]ials us$ = ,clean+ ,arms4 #a4 ,pull-,?r\gh 7,fig4 #a74--7;i7 ,a pull-?r\gh fitt$ ) a weight1 & an oil-bottle to conta9 ,russian petroleum1 are c>ri$ 9 ! recess 9 ! butt ( ! rifle4 ,! pull-?r\gh is made ) ?ree loops4 ,! fir/--i4e41 ne>e/ ! weight--is = ! gauze :5 us$2 ! second = ! flannelette2 ! ?ird is provid$ m]ely z a means ( )draw+ ! pull-?r\gh 9 case ( a jamb4 ,nei!r flannelette nor gauze %\ld be plac$ 9 ?is loop4 ,:5 signs ( we> appe>1 a new cord %\ld be suppli$1 to avoid ! risk ( ! pull-?r\gh break+ 9 ! rifle4 ,if a breakage does occur1 ! rifle mu/ be at once tak5 to ! arm\r]4 ,no attempt %\ld be made by ! soldi] to remove ! ob/ruction4 7ii7 ,pack+ ! ,pull-,?r\gh4--,! pull-?r\gh is pack$ above ! oil-bottle z foll[s3 ,hold ! pull-?r\gh 7loop end7 betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 s t ! end falls ab\t #b in*es bel[ ! ?ird f+]2 roll x loosely ?ree times r\nd ! fir/ ?ree f+]s4 ,slip ! coil (f ! f+]s1 & lap x tightly ) ! rema9d] ( ! cord1 leav+ suffici5t to all[ ! weight to drop easily into ! recess 9 ! butt4 ,pu% ! cord into ! trap1 leav+ ! loop end upp]mo/1 drop ! weight into ! recess1 & drop ! trap4 #b4 ,use ( ! ,pull-,?r\gh4--7i7 ,remove ! bolt f ! rifle1 & 9 ord] to insure ! gradual compression ( ! gauze1 if us$1 & ( ! flannelette1 drop ! weight ?r\gh ! bore f bree* to muzzle4 ,! pull-?r\gh %\ld be drawn ?r\gh 9 "o motion1 o!rwise ! spot :]e ! flannelette is all[$ to re/ :ile a fre% grip ( ! cord is be+ tak5 w n be prop]ly clean$4 ,v great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to all[ ! cord to rub aga9/ ! muzzle1 o!rwise a groove1 te*nically kn[n z cord we>1 w be cut1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t w de/roy ! accuracy ( ! rifle4 ,illu/ration3 ,wire ,gauze fold$ ,section ,wire ,gauze on ,pull-?r\gh ,fig4 #a4 7ii7 ,flannelette4--,only regulation flannelette is to be us$4 ,:5 clean+ or dry+ ! bore aft] wa%+ out ) wat]1 a piece ( dry flannelette l>ge en\gh to fit ! bore tightly 7ab\t #d in*es by #b in*es7 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! second loop ( ! pull-?r\gh4 ,= oil+ ! bore1 a slightly small] piece ( oily flannelette1 :i* w fit ! bore loosely1 %\ld be us$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use too mu* oil1 z x w be squeez$ out ( ! flannelette at ! entrance to ! bore1 & w run d[n into ! bolt :5 ! rifle is plac$ 9 ! rack1 & may !n cause miss-fires4 7iii7 ,caution4--,! use ( two s+le pull-?r\ghs atta*$ to "o ano!r1 s z to make a d\ble "o1 is /rictly =bidd51 because ?is practice has be5 f\nd to produce 8cord-worn0 b>rels4 #c4 7i7 ,wire ,gauze 7,fig4 #a74--,wire gauze 9 pieces #b in*es by #a in*es is suppli$1 & %\ld be us$ = ! removal ( h>d f\l+ or ( ru/4 ,9 atta*+ x to ! pull-?r\gh1 ! foll[+ me?od %\ld be adopt$3 ,turn ! %ort] sides ( ! gauze t[>ds ! upp]1 s t ! long] sides take ! =m ( ! lett] ,s4 ,op5 ! fir/ loop ( ! pull-?r\gh1 & put "o side ( x 9 ea* loop ( ! ,s4 ,!n coil ea* half ( ! gauze tightly r\nd t portion ( ! cord ov] :i* x is plac$ till ! two rolls ?us =m$ meet4 ,! gauze mu/ be oil$ ?or\ghly be=e use to prev5t its scrat*+ ! bore4 7ii7 ,object ( ,gauze4--,! object ( ! gauze is ma9ly to sc\r out ! grooves1 & x %\ld !re=e fit ! bore tightly4 ,:5 x fails to d ?is1 x %\ld be unroll$ p>tially1 & pack$ ) pap] or flannelette to increase its bulk4 7iii7 ,use ( ,gauze4--,grit mu/ be remov$ f ! gauze & pull-?r\gh be=e use4 ,clean+ ) gauze entails we> ( ! bore ( ! rifle4 ,gauze %\ld n be pull$ ?r\gh ! b>rel m (t5 ?an ?ree or f\r times )\t suffici5t cause4 ,! sure/ way ( prev5t+ ! necessity = ! cont9u$ use ( gauze is to keep ! bore well oil$ s z to prev5t ru/4 ,a b>rel :i* has become ru/y w always be m liable to ru/ ?an "o :i* has be5 kept 9 good condition4 ,x w !re=e require m att5tion & m frequ5t clean+ ) gauze4 ,simil>ly1 a b>rel 9 :i* erosion has comm5c$ w require m c>e ?an "o ( :i* ! surface has n be5 attack$1 =1 ! erod$ portion be+ r\gh1 moi/ure is m likely to collect on x & =m ru/4 ,x is also m difficult to remove ru/ ?or\ghly f a r\gh surface ?an f a smoo? "o4 #d4 ,oil4--,no oil o!r ?an ,russian petroleum %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! bore4 ,! function ( ?is oil is to cov] ! bore ) a wat]pro( film1 & ?us prev5t moi/ure attack+ ! /eel & =m+ ru/4 ,x mu/ be well work$ into ! flannelette ) ! f+]s1 o!rwise x w be scrap$ (f by ! bree* end ( ! b>rel4 ,:5 p>aff9 has be5 us$1 all traces ( x %\ld be remov$ ?or\ghly1 & ! bore coat$ ) ,russian petroleum1 = p>aff91 ?\gh an effici5t ag5t = remov+ ru/1 does n prev5t its =mation4 #e4 ,caution4--,no gritty or cutt+ mat]ial1 su* z em]y p[d] or ba? brick1 is to be us$ = clean+ any "p ( ! rifle4 ,section #d4--;,in/ructions = ,clean+ ,arms4 #a4 ,to ,remove ! ,bolt4--,raise ! knob z f> z x w g1 draw back ! bolt-head to ! resi/+ %\ld]1 & release x f ! reta9+ spr+4 ,raise ! bolt-head z f> z possible 79 ! %ort rifle1 ,m>ks ,i1 ,i991 ,,ii1 & ,,ii991 draw back ! *>g] guide1 !n turn ! bolt-head to ! left71 & remove ! bolt4 #b4 ,to ,replace ! ,bolt4--7i7 ,see t ! resi/+ lug & cock+-piece are 9 a /raight l9e1 & ! bolt-head screw$ home4 ,place ! bolt 9 ! body ) ! extractor upw>ds1 & press x =w>d until ! head is cle> ( ! resi/+ %\ld] 79 ! %ort rifle1 ,m>ks ,i1 ,i991 ,,ii1 & ,,ii991 turn ! head to ! "r1 !n pu% ! *>g] guide =w>d z f> z possible74 ,turn ! head d[nw>ds until x is caught by ! reta9+ spr+4 ,close ! bree*1 & press ! trigg]4 7ii7 ,9 "s rifles1 ! bolt c be replac$ & clos$ ) ! bolt-head unscrew$ a :ole turn4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be clos$ ) ! bolt-head 9 ?is position if !re is a c>tridge 9 ! *amb]4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 to see t ! bolt-head is screw$ fully home be=e ! bolt is plac$ 9 ! rifle4 #c4 ,daily ,clean+4--,! outside ( ! rifle w be clean$ daily1 & all p>ts ( ! action wip$ ) an oily rag4 ,! bore ( ! rifle w always be left oily1 b once a week ?is oil w be remov$ & ! bore relubricat$4 ,9 ! case ( rifles t h once become ru/y1 ! bore w be wip$ out ) flannelette & reoil$ daily1 & x w1 9 addition1 be clean$ once a week ) ! gauze on ! pull-?r\gh4 ,! gauze is to be pack$ z already /at$1 s z to fit ! bore tightly4 #d4 ,clean+ be=e ,fir+4--7i7 ,! action w be wip$ ) an oily rag1 & all traces ( oil w be remov$ f ! bore & *amb] by ! use ( a pull-?r\gh :i* has no gauze on x4 7ii7 ,caution4--,nei!r ! c>tridge nor ! *amb] ( ! rifle are on any acc\nt to be oil$ be=e load+1 nor is any o!r =m ( lubricant to be us$ ) a view to facilitate ! extraction ( ! empty case4 ,su* a proc$ure greatly increases ! ?ru/ on ! bolt-head due to ! explosion ( ! *>ge1 & is liable to injure ! rifle4 #e4 ,clean+ aft] ,fir+4--7i7 ,arms w be clean$ imm$iately aft] fir+4 ,! f\l+ c be remov$ easily :ile x is /ill w>m1 & be=e x has _h "t to set h>d2 :ile ! less ! "t all[$ = ! f\l+ to ex]cise its p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure f ! air1 ! less *ance is !re ( ru/ =m+4 ,if x is impossible to clean ! rifle at once1 an oily rag %\ld be pull$ ?r\gh ! bore1 & ! rifle %\ld be clean$ at ! e>lie/ opportunity4 7ii7 ,aft] fir+ ,blank ,ammunition4--,aft] fir+ blank ammunition1 special c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! clean+ is ?or\gh1 z1 al?\gh !re is no friction betwe5 bullet & bore1 & s no int]nal f\l+ or 8sweat+10 !re is great] accumulation ( sup]ficial f\l+ f blank ?an ball c>tridge4 ,?is is due to ! fact t !re is no bullet 9 blank ammunition to sc\r ! f\l+ left by ! prec$+ r\nd4 ,! fir+ also is 9 mo/ cases m prolong$1 & a great] int]val mo/ usually elapse be=e ! rifle c be clean$ ?or\ghly4 ,:5 blank fir+ prec$es practice ) ball1 ! rifles w be clean$ c>efully be=e ball practice comm5ces4 #f4 ,clean+ ! ,bore4--7i7 ,! foll[+ me?od ( clean+ ! bore %\ld be adopt$4 ,?or\ghly oil ! gauze to prev5t x scrat*+ ! surface ( ! metal4 ,drop ! weight ( ! pull-?r\gh ?r\gh ! bore f ! bree*1 & pull ! gauze ?r\gh ?ree or f\r times4 ,!n place a tightly fitt+ piece ( dry flannelette 9 ! second loop ( ! pull-?r\gh1 & draw x ?r\gh till ! bore is clean4 ,f9ally oil ! bore ) a loosely fitt+ piece ( flannelette1 us+ en\gh oil to cov] ! bore ?or\ghly4 ,! rifle w be clean$ 9 ?is mann] = ?ree days foll[+ t on :i* x 0 fir$4 7ii7 ,use ( ,boil+ ,wat]4--,an effective means ( clean+ ! bore1 :e!r fir+ has tak5 place or n1 is f\nd 9 ! use ( boil+ wat]4 ,be=e boil+ wat] is us$ sup]ficial f\l+ & grease %\ld be remov$4 ,ab\t #e or #f p9ts %\ld be p\r$ ?r\gh ! bore f ! bree*1 us+ a funnel to prev5t its ent]+ ! body or magaz9e4 ,! rifle %\ld !n be dri$ ?or\ghly & ! bore oil$4 ,n only does ! boil+ wat] remove ! f\l+1 b ! expansion ( ! metal due to ! heat ( ! wat] loos5s any ru/ !re may be1 & facilitates its removal4 #g4 ,clean+ ! ,action & ,ext]ior--7i7 ,bolt4--,?or\ghly clean ! bolt1 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to ! face ( ! bolt-head1 ! /rik] po9t1 & ! extractor4 ,if ! bolt requires clean+ inside x w be tak5 to ! arm\r]4 7ii7 ,magaz9e4--,see t ! recess = ! extractor spr+ is cle> ( dirt4 ,take out ! magaz9e & wipe ! inside ( ! body & ! entrance to ! *amb] ) an oily rag4 ,remove all dirt f ! slots 9 ! *>g] guide & f ! extractor recess 9 ! front ( ! body4 ,take out ! magaz9e plat=m if requir$1 & clean ! inside ( ! magaz9e ) a dry rag4 7iii7 ,ext]ior4--,wipe ! ext]ior ( ! rifle ) an oily rag1 see+ t ! ,u ( ! backsight1 ! hole 9 ! ap]ture-sight1 ! gas escape holes1 &1 9 ! %ort rifle1 ! rack on ! side ( ! leaf1 are free f dirt4 ,remove any f\l+ :i* has collect$ on ! bayonet boss on ! nose-cap4 ,if all[$ to accumulate1 ?is may cause difficulty 9 fix+ ! bayonet4 7iv7 ,caution4--,! in/ructions reg>d+ ! use ( an oily rag = clean+ ! bolts & bodies w n apply 9 du/y c\ntries1 :]e all p>ts ( ! action w be kept dry & clean4 #h4 ,clean+ #bb-;in* ,rifles & ,aim+-,tubes4--7i7 ,z a f\l rifle %oots v inaccurately x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 f consid]ations ( safety1 t ! b>rel %\ld be wip$ out frequ5tly dur+ use4 7ii7 ,rod & ,bru%4--,! rod & bru% %\ld be ins]t$ f ! bree* end4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld !y be ins]t$ f ! muzzle1 z ! friction ( ! rod is liable to enl>ge ! bore & make ! muzzle bell-m\!d1 ?us caus+ inaccuracy4 ,section #e4--;,in/ructions = ,c>e ( ,arms & ,ammunition4 #a4 ,c>e ( ,arms4--7i7 ,:5 ! rifle is n 9 use1 ! leaf & slide ( ! backsight %\ld be l[]$ to avoid ! risk ( damage f a bl[ or fall4 ,no non-commission$ (fic] or soldi] is p]mitt$ to take to pieces any portion ( ! action1 except z prescrib$ = clean+1 nor is he all[$ to loos5 or tight5 any ( ! screws1 unless au?oriz$ to d s by 8 company comm&]4 7ii7 ,ma9spr+4--,! ma9spr+ %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 compress$1 except :5 ! rifle is load$1 z ! spr+ w !reby be weak5$4 ,! position ( ! cock+-piece %[s :e!r ! ma9spr+ is compress$ or n4 7iii7 ,pull-(f4--,! pull-(f is ! am\nt ( pressure :i* is requir$ to release ! nose ( ! se> f ! full b5t ( ! cock+-piece2 x %\ld n be heavi] ?an #f nor light] ?an #e p\nds 9 ! %ort rifle1 & n heavi] ?an #g nor light] ?an #e p\nds 9 o!r rifles4 ,defects 9 ! pull-(f %\ld be rem$i$ by ! arm\r] only4 7iv7 ,magaz9e4--,! magaz9e mu/ n be remov$ f ! rifle except = clean+ purposes1 &1 to avoid weak5+ ! spr+1 c>tridges %\ld only be kept 9 x :5 necess>y4 ,a failure ( ! spr+ to raise ! plat=m c usually be ov]come by tapp+ ! bottom ( ! magaz9e sm>tly ) ! palm ( ! h&4 ,if ! failure recurs1 ! rifle %\ld be tak5 to ! arm\r] = exam9ation & repair4 7v7 ,bolt4--,! bolts ( rifles are n to be ex*ang$4 ,ea* bolt is c>efully fitt$ to its own rifle1 s t ! p>ts :i* take ! %ock ( ! explosion h an ev5 be>+1 & ! use ( a wrong bolt w affect ! accuracy ( ! rifle4 ,! numb] /amp$ on ! back ( ! bolt lev] %\ld agree ) t /amp$ on ! "r front ( ! body4 7vi7 ,br[n+4--,c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! br[n+ be+ rubb$ (f ! rifle4 7vii7 ,cov] ,9 ,du/y ,c\ntries4--,9 du/y c\ntries x may be f\nd necess>y to cov] ! muzzle & bolt ) a cov] ( khaki or o!r suitable mat]ial1 to prev5t ! du/ ga9+ access to ! int]ior ( ! rifle1 b any?+ 9 ! nature ( a plug 9 ! muzzle is expressly prohibit$4 7viii7 ,removal ( ,oil4--,! oil w only be remov$ f ! bore ( ! rifle-- 7a7 ,imm$iately be=e fir+4 7b7 ,= inspection1 :i*1 except aft] fir+1 %\ld n z a rule be m (t5 ?an once a week4 7c7 ,= p>ades & duties z may be ord]$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,9 all cases x w be replac$ z soon z possible4 #b4 ,bayonets4--,aft] fir+ ) bayonets fix$1 ! bayonet %\ld be c>efully wip$ be=e x is return$ to ! scabb>d4 ,all oil %\ld be remov$ f ! blade be=e plac+ a bayonet 9 ! scabb>d4 #c4 ,c>e ( ,ammunition4--7i7 ,ammunition %\ld be kept p]fectly dry & clean1 & %\ld n be expos$ to extremes ( temp]ature4 7ii7 ,miss-,fires4--,a miss-fire arises f-- 7a7 ,a defective c>tridge4 7b7 ,a defective rifle4 ,9 case 7a7 ! c>tridge w be tri$ 9 ano!r rifle1 &1 if x /ill fails to fire1 a report w be made 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions conta9$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,regulations4 ,9 case 7b7 ! rifle w be tak5 to ! arm\r] = exam9ation4 ,section #f4--;,exam9ation ( ,small ,arms4 #a4 ,in/ruction ( ,(fic]s4--,x is necess>y = all company (fic]s & s]geants to possess a compet5t te*nical k ( ! inspection1 c>e1 & pres]vation ( small arms4 ,comm&+ (fic]s w !re=e arrange t !y %all be in/ruct$ annually by ! regim5tal arm\r] 9 repair+ faults mo/ likely to occur 9 ! field ) su* tools z w\ld be available1 & 9 ! exam9ation ( ! v>i\s compon5ts z direct$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 #b4 ,exam9ation ( ,m4,l4,m4 ,rifles4--7i7 ,! int]ior ( ! b>rel = ru/s & cuts4 7ii7 7a7 ,! backsight leaf = firmness ( jo9t2 t x is n b5t2 t ! slide moves smoo?ly & fits firmly on ! leaf2 t ! ,v is n de=m$2 & t ! l9es on ! slide are cle>ly m>k$4 7b7 ,! =esight2 t ! b>leycorn is n de=m$4 7iii7 ,! ap]ture & dial sights2 t !y are n b5t1 & "w smoo?ly4 7iv7 ,! bolt cov]2 = security on ! bolt & cle>ance ( ! body4 7v7 ,! cock+-piece2 = firmness on ! /rik]1 t ! b5ts are 9 good condition1 & t ! se> nose be>s prop]ly4 7vi7 ,! se>2 = height ( ! nose1 :i* %\ld j cle> ! bottom ( ! resi/+ lug on ! bolt4 7vii7 ,! butt2 t ! /ock-bolt is prop]ly screw$ up4 ,note4--,9 arms m>k$ 8#b0 on ! "r ( ! butt1 & at ! socket ( ! =e-end1 ! latt] mu/ be remov$ be=e attempt+ to turn ! /ock-bolt4 ,9 screw+ x home ! precautions prescrib$ 9 sub-p>a4 xvii w be c>efully obs]v$4 7viii7 ,! cock+-piece & /rik]2 t !y fly =w>d freely on press+ ! trigg]4 7ix7 ,! /rik]-po9t2 t x is ! correct %ape & projects suffici5tly ?r\gh ! face ( ! bolt-head4 7x7 ,! magaz9e2 t x is n d5t$1 & t ! plat=m works freely4 #c4 ,exam9ation ( ,m4,l4,e4 ,rifles4--,! same z = rifles ,m4,l4,m41 ) ! foll[+ addition3 7xi7 ,safety-cat*2 t ! bolt ( ! safety-cat* engages 9 ! slots 9 ! ext5sion at ! end ( ! bolt4 ,m4,l4,e4 ,*>g]-,load+ ,rifles4--,! same z 7i71 7iii71 7v71 7vi71 7vii71 7viii71 7ix71 7x71 & 7xi71 ) ! foll[+ additions3 7xii7 7a7 ,! backsight leaf1 = firmness ( ! jo9t2 t x is n b5t2 t ! slide moves freely2 t ! clamp+ screw engages prop]ly2 t ! w9dgauge fits firmly2 & t ! ,u is n de=m$4 7b7 ,! =esight2 t ! blade is n de=m$4 #d4 ,exam9ation ( ,%ort1 ,m4,l4,e41 ,m>ks ,i & ,i99 & ,conv]t$ ,m>ks ,,ii & ,,ii99 ,rifles4--,! same z 7i71 7iii71 7v71 7vi71 7viii71 7ix71 & 7x71 ,m4,l4,m4 ,rifles1 ) ! foll[+ additions3 7xiii7 7a7 ,! backsight leaf1 = firmness ( ! jo9t2 t x is n b5t2 t ! f9e adju/m5t & w9dgauge fit firmly2 t ! slides move smoo?ly2 t ! cat*es engage 9 ! racks on bo? sides ( ! leaf2 & t ! ,v is n de=m$4 7b7 ,! =esight2 t ! b>leycorn is n de=m$4 7xiv7 ,! bolt2 t ! /rik] is n too free on ! cock+-piece1 & t x is n screw$ too f> into ! latt]2 also t ! /rik] keep] nut-screw 7or ! /rik] keep]-screw if fitt$7 is n brok51 & t ! nut is 9 its prop] position4 7xv7 ,! bolt-head2 t ! *>g] guide is n too loose on ! bolt-head2 t x works smoo?ly2 & t ! top screw is intact4 7xvi7 ,! safety-cat* & lock+-bolt2 t ! safety-cat* engages 9 ! camway ( ! bolt & locks x2 t x does n move too easily2 & t ! cock+-piece is )drawn slightly to ! re> :5 ! lock+-bolt is appli$1 :e!r x is at 8full cock0 or ! 8fir$0 position4 7xvii7 ,! butt2 t x is n loose4 ,if ! /ock-bolt requires screw+ up to tight5 ! butt1 ! =e-end mu/ fir/ be remov$4 ,on reassembl+1 great c>e w be tak5 t ! squ>e end ( ! /ock-bolt :i* protrudes ?r\gh ! socket ( ! body is 9 ! correct v]tical position1 s t x may ent] ! keep]-plate prop]ly :5 ! =e-end is replac$4 ,on replac+ ! =e-end1 see t ! =e-end /ud & spr+1 :]e fitt$1 are 9 prop] position2 ! front gu>d & inn] b&-screws mu/ be tight5$ c>efully4 #e4 ,exam9ation ( ,%ort1 ,m4,l4,e41 ,m>k ,,iii1 & ,conv]t$ ,m>k ,,iv ,rifles4--,! same z 7i71 7iii71 7vi71 7viii71 7ix71 7x71 7xiv71 7xvi71 & 7xvii71 ) ! foll[+ additions3 7xviii7 7a7 ,! backsight leaf1 = firmness ( ! jo9t2 t x is n b5t2 t ! w9dgauge fits firmly2 t ! slide moves smoo?ly1 t ! ?umb-piece & f9e adju/m5t worm "w freely & engage 9 ! rack on ! side ( ! leaf2 & t ! ,u is n de=m$4 7b7 ,! =esight2 t ! blade is n de=m$4 #f4 ,drill ,purpose ,rifles4--,^! in/ructions apply also to ,drill ,purpose rifles4 ,z ^! are us$ = ! in/ruction ( recruits 9 aim+1 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ! /ate ( ! sights4 ,section #g4--;,inspection ( ,arms on ,p>ade4 #a4 ,= ,inspection--,port ,arms4--,cant ! rifle1 muzzle lead+1 ) ! "r h& sm>tly across ! body1 gu>d to ! left & d[nw>ds1 ! b>rel cross+ opposite ! po9t ( ! left %\ld]1 & meet x at ! same "t ) ! left h& close beh9d ! backsight1 ?umb & f+]s r\nd ! rifle1 ! left wri/ to be opposite ! left brea/1 bo? elb[s close to ! body4 ,turn ! safety-cat* completely ov] to ! front ) ! ?umb or =ef+] ( ! "r h& 7) ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,met=d rifle1 l[] ! safety-cat* ) ! ?umb ( ! "r h&74 ,pull out ! cut-(f if clos$1 fir/ press+ x d[nw>ds ) ! ?umb1 !n seize ! knob ) ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 turn x %>ply upw>ds1 & draw back ! bolt to its full ext5t1 !n grasp ! butt ) ! "r h& imm$iately beh9d ! bolt1 ?umb po9t+ to ! muzzle4 ,note4--,a squad1 be=e be+ inspect$1 w receive ! comm& ,re> ,rank1 ,"o ,pace ,/ep ,back--,m>*4 #b4 ,to ,ease ,spr+s & come to ! ,ord]--,ease ,spr+s4--,f ! position describ$ above1 "w ! bolt rapidly backw>ds & =w>ds until all c>tridges are remov$ f ! magaz9e & *amb]1#d all[+ !m to fall to ! gr\nd1 !n close ! bree* 7) ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,met=d rifle1 ! cut-(f %\ld fir/ be clos$71 press ! trigg]1 close ! cut-(f by plac+ ! "r h& ov] ! bolt1 &1 press+ ! cut-(f inw>ds1 turn ! safety-cat* ov] to ! re>1 & return ! h& to ! small4 ,or1 if ! ,magaz9e is ,*>g$-- ,lock-,bolt4--,close ! bree* 7) ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,met=d rifle1 ! cut-(f %\ld fir/ be clos$71 !n turn ! safety-cat* ov] to ! re> 7) ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,met=d rifle raise ! safety-cat*71 & return ! h& to ! small4 ,ord] ,arms--,"o4--,hold+ ! rifle firmly 9 ! left h&1 seize x ) ! "r h& at ! b& 7) ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,met=d rifle1 at ! l[] b&74 ,two4--,z 9 ! second motion ( ! ord] f ! slope4 ,?ree4--,z 9 ! ?ird motion ( ! ord] f ! slope4 #c4 ,in/ructions = ,inspect+ ,arms4--7i7 ,:5 arms are inspect$ at ! port only1 z 9 inspect+ a platoon on p>ade1 ! (fic] or non-commission$ (fic] w see t ! ext]ior ( ! rifle is clean & free f ru/2 t ! magaz9e & action are clean & 9 good ord]2 t ! sights are at z]o2 & t no p>ts are loose or damag$4 ,he w "h & !re exam9e ! bore ( a rifle to see t x has be5 clean$ & oil$1 & is free f ob/ructions4 7ii7 ,ea* soldi]1 :5 ! (fic] has pass$ ! file next to him1 w1 )\t fur!r ^w ( comm&1 ,ease ,spr+s1 ,ord] ,arms1 & ,/& at ,ease4 ,:5 ! inspection is complet$1 ! squad w be clos$ on ! squad comm&]'s comm& ,close ,ranks--,m>*1 :5 ! re> rank w take "o pace =w>d4 #d4 ,to ,exam9e ,arms--,exam9e--,arms4--,bo? ranks1 be+ at ! port1 w come to ! position = load+ 7,sec4 #bg1 p>a4 #a 7#a771 ) ! muzzle s incl9$ z to enable ! (fic] to look ?r\gh ! b>rel1 ! ?umb-nail ( ! "r h& be+ plac$ 9 front ( ! bolt to reflect light into ! b>rel4 ,! soldi]1 :5 ! (fic] has pass$ ! next file to him1 w act z detail$ 9 p>a4 #c 7ii7 above4 ,notes4--7i7 ,if x is necess>y to exam9e arms1 ! m51 :5 9 ! position ( = inspection1 port arms1 w be caution$ to rema9 at ! port4 ,ranks w be clos$1 z 9 p>a4 #c 7ii71 :5 ! exam9ation has be5 complet$4 7ii7 ,9 ord]+ arms f ! exam9e1 ! fir/ motion is to seize ! rifle ) ! "r h& betwe5 ! backsight & ! b&1 at ! same "t br++ ! left foot back to ! "r4 ,) ! second motion ! rifle w be br\ght to ! ord]1 ! left h& be+ cut away to ! side4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,rifle ,,fire ,section #h4--;,g5]al ,in=mation4 #a4 ,ne$ ( ,!oretical ,k4--,a k ( ! !ory ( rifle fire is ( great importance 9 enabl+ ! be/ use to be made ( ! p[]ful & accurate weapon ) :i* ! soldi] is arm$4 ,! next /ep 9 ! soldi]'s musketry tra9+ aft] he has be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! con/ruction1 c>e1 & clean+ ( 8 rifle w !re=e be devot$ to tea*+ him ! !ory & application ( rifle fire4 ,?is in/ruction w consi/ ( lectures1 important po9ts be+ illu/rat$ by ! aid ( diagrams or draw+s made ) *alk on a blackbo>d1 & by practical demon/rations :5 possible4 #b4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,peace & ,w> ,conditions4--7i7 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! utmo/ importance t ! soldi] %\ld be taught f ! fir/ to apply 8 !oretical k correctly4 ,! soldi] mu/ be made to realize cle>ly t ! moral conditions "u :i* fire is deliv]$ 9 w> are v diff]5t f ^? ( peace4 ,!re=e d$uctions made z to ! effect ( fire f ! !ory ( musketry appli$ "u peace conditions1 :5 fir+ takes place on op5 level gr\nd "u good conditions ( light & atmosph]e at visible t>gets at kn[n di/ances ) weapons 9 good condition 9 ! total abs5ce ( any /ra9 ( excitem5t or fatigue & ( ! enemy's fire1 mu/ n be appli$ to conclusions z to ! effect ( fire deliv]$ "u w> conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bm ,axis ( b>rel ,,mf ,l9e ( dep>ture ,,ms ,l9e ( fire ,,los ,l9e ( sight ,,mts ,trajectory ,fig4 #b4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,trajectory ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ag ,horizontal plane ,,cmf ,axis ( b>rel ,,bmo ,l9e ( sight ,,ml 0 0 dep>ture ,,bmc ,angle ( tang5t elevation--,t ,,omp ,angle ( sight--,s ,,fmp ,angle ( quadrant elevation--,,qe ,,lmp ,angle ( dep>ture--,d ,,lmf 0 0 jump--,j ,,mho ,trajectory ,fig4 #c4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,trajectory ,,etc4 7ii7 ,= "u w> conditions t>gets beyond close range are usually invisible or indi/9ct1 & frequ5tly 9 motion2 di/ances are unc]ta9 & difficult to judge2 fir+ takes place "u all conditions ( light & atmosph]e ov] e v>iety ( gr\nd1 "u ! /ra9 ( excitem5t & fatigue 9 ! face ( artill]y & rifle fire1 ) weapons :i* rapidly become imp]fect ow+ to heavy we>4 ,accord+ly1 ! !ory ( rifle fire is consid]$ 9 ?is book 9 relation to practical s]vice conditions4 #c4 ,te*nical ,t]ms4--,! diff]5t te*nical t]ms us$ 9 ?is *apt] 9 expla9+ ! !ory & application ( rifle fire w be f\nd among ! ,def9itions 7p4 xxii74 ,"s ( ^! t]ms are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,9 addition1 ! foll[+ te*nical t]ms may conv5i5tly be quot$ 9 ?is p>agraph3 7i7 ,individual ,fire4--,individual fire is fire op5$ by individual soldi]s )\t ord]s f a fire-unit comm&]4 ,:5 m5 fire individually1 ea* "o selects 8 t>get1 e/imates ! range1 & regulates 8 fire accord+ to 8 own judgm5t4 7ii7 ,collective ,fire4--,collective fire is ! fire ( a numb] ( m5 comb9$ = a def9ite purpose "u ! ord]s ( a fire-unit comm&]1 :o indicates t>gets1 gives ranges1 & controls fire z to rate1 etc4 ,note4--,collective fire is necess>ily controll$ fire4 ,individual fire w also be controll$ if circum/ances p]mit4 #d4 ,rifl+4--,a gun-b>rel is said to be rifl$ :5 x has spiral grooves cut d[n ! bore4 ,rifl+ a b>rel enables an elongat$ bullet to be us$ in/ead ( ! r\nd 8ball0 ( =m] days4 ,! advantage ( ?is =m ( bullet is t x has great weight 9 proportion to ! surface directly oppos$ to ! air4 ,x has !re=e great p[] ( ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & ?us ma9ta9+ its velocity & p5etrat+ =ce#e ov] great] di/ances ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! *>ge is fir$1 ! bullet is =c$ into & foll[s ! spiral grooves up ! b>rel1 ! effect ( :i* causes x to leave ! muzzle rotat+ or sp9n+ on its long] axis4 ,?is sp9 t5ds to keep its po9t =emo/1 & !re=e to ensure accuracy ( flight4 #e4 ,=ces ,act+ on ! ,bullet4--,?ree =ces act on ! bullet3 7a7 ,! explosion ( ! *>ge1 7b7 gravity1 & 7c7 ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,! explosion ( ! *>ge drives ! bullet =w>d4 ,gravity--! natural attraction :i* draws all unsupport$ bodies t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>? ) ev]-increas+ velocity--acts on ! bullet imm$iately x leaves ! muzzle4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air causes ! velocity ( ! bullet to decrease rapidly dur+ its flight4 #f4 ,trajectory4--,! comb9$ effect ( ^! =ces causes ! bullet to travel 9 a curv$ l9e call$ ! trajectory1 ! curvature ( :i* becomes m pron\nc$ ! long] ! bullet is expos$ to _! action4 ,?us1 a ,m>k ,,vi bullet leav+ ! muzzle ( a s]vice rifle at ! rate ( ab\t #b1jfj feet p] second falls ab\t #d in*es bel[ ! l9e ( dep>ture 9 ! fir/ #ajj y>ds4 ,?is drop is increas$ to ab\t #bj in*es at #bjj y>ds4 ,) ,m>k ,,vii ammunition1 giv+ a muzzle velocity ( #b1ddj feet p] second1 ! drops at ! above di/ances are ab\t #c in*es & #ac in*es respectively4 ,imag9>y n actual curves ( trajectories are %[n 9 ,figs4 #f & #h4 #g4 ,me?od ( ,expla9+ ,trajectory4#f--7;i7 ,9 expla9+ ! trajectory to recruits x is n suffici5t m]ely to %[ or draw a diagram repres5t+ a trajectory di/ort$ 9 respect ( height & range4 ,:5 possible ! actual pa? ( ! bullet ?r\gh ! air at v>i\s %ort ranges--say #djj & #hjj y>ds--%\ld be %[n by means ( discs rais$ on poles at e #ajj y>ds1 or "s simil> device4 7ii7 ,x mu/ be expla9$ to ! soldi] t ! fur!r an object has to travel & ! long] x is susp5d$ 9 ! air1 ! high] x mu/ be ?r[n to c\nt]act ! =ce ( gravity1 because ! great] ! di/ance x travels & ! long] x rema9s 9 ! air ! long] w ! object be affect$ by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,consequ5tly ! long] ! range ! high] w ! curve ( ! trajectory take ! bullet 9 its flight1 & ! /eep] w be ! angle at :i* x w fall to ! e>?4 7iii7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! %ort] ! di/ance an object is ?r[n1 & ! swift] its flight ?r\gh ! air1 ! less w x be influ5c$ by ! =ce ( gravity dur+ its flight1 & ! l[] or flatt] w its trajectory be 9 consequ5ce4 ,?us1 ) ! backsight adju/$ = ! di/ances 9 "q1 a ,m>k ,,vi bullet does n rise above ! height ( a man on foot at #ejj y>ds range1 or above ! height ( a m\nt$ man at #fjj y>ds range4 ,) ,m>k ,,vii ammunition1 ! bullet does n rise above ^! heights at #fjj & #gjj y>ds range respectively4 #h4 ,fir+ at ,close ,range )\t ,alt]+ ,sights4--,x is !re=e evid5t t effective fire c be ma9ta9$ )9 close range )\t alt]ation ( ! backsight4 ,ap>t f ! flatness ( ! trajectory at close range1 & ! consequ5t inclusion ( di/ances )9 close range 9 dang]\s space 7,sec4 #i71 !re w seldom be opportunities = alt]+ sights at close range on s]vice1 & necess>y all[ances = elevation mu/ be made by aim+ up & d[n 7,sec4 #ba74 #i4 ,elevation4--,9 ord] to all[ = ! fall ( ! bullet1 ow+ to ! =ce ( gravity1 x is necess>y to direct1! l9e ( dep>ture z mu* above ! object to be hit1 z ! bullet w fall bel[ x at any giv5 di/ance if ! axis ( ! b>rel ( ! rifle is po9t$ at ! m>k4 ,?is rais+ ( ! b>rel to all[ = ! curve ( ! trajectory is t]m$ giv+ elevation4 ,! t>get mu/ ( necessity be kept 9 view4 ,! rifle is !re=e provid$ ) sights1 :i* p]mit ! fir] to give ! elevation requir$ :il/ keep+ 8 eye fix$ on ! m>k4 #aj4 ,! ,sight+ ( ,rifles4--7i7 ,9 ! sight+ ( rifles a mean graduation = ea* range has be5 adopt$1 & a high g5]al /&>d ( accuracy = all practical purposes is ?us obta9$4 ,ea* rifle is c>efully te/$ be=e issue1 b x mu/ be und]/ood t no two rifles behave 9 an exactly simil> mann]1 & t ev5 if comp5sation c\ld be made = e error 9 ! sight+ ( ! rifle be=e issue1 ! we> ( p>ts & ! loos5+ or tight5+ ( screws1 etc41 w\ld br+ ab\t faults f "t to "t :i* w\ld affect ! %oot+ ( ea* rifle diff]5tly4 #aa4 ,ne$ ( ,k ( ,ea* ,weapon4--,x is !re=e necess>y t e man %\ld /udy ! %oot+ ( 8 own rifle1 & make himself acqua9t$ ) any incorrectness ( ! graduations m>k$ on ! backsight1 9 ord] t he may be 9 a position to give 8 rifle ! correct elevation = ! e/imat$ or asc]ta9$ range ( ! t>get4 ,at long] ranges ! backsight elevation may be reg>d$ z ! be/ possible guide to errors "u all conditions1 or any error may be asc]ta9$ by us+ a long-range sight+ t>get4#g #ab4 ,jump4--,ow+ to ! %ock ( dis*>ge1 a vibratory or wavy motion is set up 9 ! b>rel1 :i* slightly affects ! l9e ( dep>ture ( ! bullet z x leaves ! muzzle1 & :i* is kn[n z 8jump40 ,! causes & ext5t ( jump are dealt ) 9 ! textbook ( ,small ,arms4 ,! effect ( jump is all[$ = 9 ! sight+ ( ! rifle1 & w n be tak5 into acc\nt by ! soldi] 9 aim+4 #ac4 ,drift4--,drift is ! t]m us$ to express ! lat]al deviation ( ! bullet aft] x has left ! b>rel4 ,?is is due to ! direction ( ! rifl+1 :i* causes ! bullet to rotate f "r ov] to ! left 9 its flight1 s t ! po9t works ov] slightly to ! left1 ow+ to gyroscopic action4 ,! consequ5t increas$ air-pressure on ! "r side ( ! bullet =ces x to ! left z x flies4 ,! deflection due to drift at di/ances )9 #a1jjj y>ds is negligible1 & ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt by ! soldi] 9 individual fir+4 ,beyond #a1jjj y>ds up to ! limit ( effective rifle fire at ab\t #a1djj y>ds1 drift w c>ry ! bullet ab\t #g feet to ! left4 ,?is deflection1 if necess>y1 w be tak5 into acc\nt by fire-unit comm&]s 9 direct+ conc5trat$ fire at n>r[-front$ t>gets at long] ranges4 #ad4 ,effect ( ,fix+ ! ,bayonet4--7i7 ,:5 ! bayonet is fix$ to ! muzzle ( ! rifle1 its weight *ecks ! jump1 & 9 consequ5ce slightly affects ! position ( ! muzzle at ! mom5t ( ! dep>ture ( ! %ot1 & ! prim>y direction giv5 to ! bullet4 7ii7 ,%ort ,magaz9e ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,) ,m>k ,,vi ammunition1 ! accuracy ( ! %ort magaz9e ,lee-,enfield rifle is n appreciably affect$ by fix+ ! bayonet4 ,) ,m>k ,,vii ammunition1 ! soldi] w aim d[n slightly 9 fir+ ) fix$ bayonet at ranges up to #fjj y>ds4 7iii7 ,lee-,met=d or ,*>g]-,load+ ,lee-,enfield ,rifles4--,) ,m>k ,,vii ammunition1 fix+ bayonets has a negligible effect4 ,:5 fir+ ,m>k ,,vi ammunition f ! ,lee-,met=d or ,*>g]-load+ ,lee-,enfield rifles ) fix$ bayonets at ranges up to #fjj y>ds1 ! soldi] %\ld aim up v slightly1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 9 do+ s to aim l[ 9 all cases1 & to aim at ! gr\nd-l9e 9 fir+ at troops advanc+ t[>ds him4 #ae4 ,effect ( ,re/+ ! ,rifle4--,= practical purposes1 ! %oot+ ( ! rifle is n affect$ by re/+ ! muzzle or any portion ( ! /ock lightly on e>? or o!r sub/ance4 #af4 ,effect ( ,oily ,b>rel4--,! fir/ r\nd fir$ f an oily b>rel is liable to foll[ an erratic c\rse1 ! rifle ?r[+ sometimes high1 sometimes l[1 & at o!r times to ! "r or left4 ,a dry rag %\ld !re=e be pass$ ?r\gh ! bore be=e practice is comm5c$4 ,section #i4--;,dang]\s ,space--,rico*ets--,fir+ ,up & ,d[n ,hill4 #a4 ,dang]\s space may broadly be def9$ z ! :ole gr\nd cov]$ by ! trajectory ( a bullet f ! po9t :]e x c\ld fir/ come 9 contact ) ! top ( an object fir$ at to ! po9t :]e x falls to ! e>? 7,figs4 #d & #e1 & ,figs4 #f & #h74 #b4 ,ext5t ( ,dang]\s ,space4--,! ext5t ( dang]\s space dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ factors3 7i7 ,range4--,dang]\s space decreases z ! range increases1 ! r$uction be+ due to ! /eep] angle at :i* ! bullet desc5ds at long] ranges 7comp>e ,figs4 #d & #e74 7ii7 ,fir]'s ,position4--,! position ( ! fir] & ! consequ5t height ( 8 rifle above ! gr\nd w affect dang]\s space4 ,! ne>] ! rifle is to ! gr\nd :5 x is fir$1 ! great] w be ! ext5t ( dang]\s space4 7iii7 ,height ( ,object4--,z a rule ! high] ! object fir$ at is1 ! great] w be ! ext5t ( dang]\s space4 7iv7 ,trajectory4--,! flatt] ! trajectory--! clos] ! bullet keeps to ! gr\nd 9 its flight--! great] z a rule w be ! ext5t ( dang]\s space4 7v7 ,con=mation ( ,gr\nd4--,! m ne>ly ! slope ( ! gr\nd con=ms to ! curve ( ! trajectory & to ! fall ( ! bullet1 ! great] w be ! ext5t ( dang]\s space 7see ,fig4 #h74 #c4 ,example ( ,conditions affect+ ,dang]\s ,space4--,! foll[+ example illu/rates ! me?od by :i* ! soldi] may be made to realize ! importance ( ?is "q1 & ! pr9ciple :i* und]lies its influ5ce ^u ! effect ( fire3 ,if he is fir+ 9 ! ly+ position ) ,m>k ,,vi ammunition1 & aims at ! gr\nd-l9e ( a prone figure at #ejj y>ds range1 ! dang]\s space ( 8 fire w be ab\t #ej y>ds4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he /&s to fire at ! same t>get1 ! dang]\s space w be r$uc$ to ab\t #dj y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #d & #e4--;,,dang]\s ,,space4 ,note4--,! angles ( desc5t are imag9>y1 & n accurate = any di/ance4 #d4 ,rico*ets4--,bullets :i* reb\nd aft] /rik+ ! gr\nd or any o!r ob/acle1 & cont9ue _! flight1 are said to rico*et4 ,rico*ets may occur f any surface1 & bullets may rico*et two or ev5 ?ree times be=e _! flight is f9ally arre/$4 ,at long range1 !y are less likely to rico*et f s(t gr\nd ?an f h>d1 smoo? surfaces4 #e4 ,fir+ ,up & ,d[n ,hill4--7i7 ,:5 a %ot is fir$ at a t>get plac$ on ! same level z ! fir]1 ! =ces act+ on ! bullet cause x to travel 9 its greate/ curve1 & ! greate/ elevation = any giv5 di/ance mu/ !re=e be giv5 to ! rifle4 ,if a %ot is fir$ p]p5dicul>ly upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 no elevation is requir$1 = ! bullet w travel 9 an approximately /raight l9e until its impetus is exhau/$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 :5 %oot+ up or d[n hill1 less elevation is necess>y ?an :5 ! object is on ! same level4 7ii7 ,= practical purposes1 ! effect ( fir+ up & d[n all mod]ate slopes w be negligible1 & may be disreg>d$ by ! soldi] 9 tak+ aim on s]vice4 ,)9 close range1 9 fir+ up & d[n /eep slopes1 or slopes at an angle ( #aj degrees & ov]1 ! decreas$ elevation necess>y w usually be small1 & may be all[$ = by aim+ d[n slightly4 ,! correct elevation to be us$ 9 fir+ up or d[n hill at long] ranges 9 v>i\s circum/ances is a matt] = ! judgm5t ( fire-unit comm&]s1 & c be/ be asc]ta9$ by c>eful obs]vation ( fire1 :5 possible4 ,section #aj4--;,effects ( ,b>ometric ,pressure1 ,temp]ature1 ,w9d1 & ,light4 #a4 ,b>ometric ,pressure & ,temp]ature4--,rifles are sight$ = ! foll[+ conditions3 ,b>ometric pressure1 #cj in*es 7sea-level72 !rmomet]1 #fj ,f42 /ill air2 a horizontal l9e ( sight4 #b4 ,! rise & fall ( b>ometric pressure & temp]ature affect ! flight ( ! bullet & elevation by *ang+ ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 & s increas+ or decreas+ its resi/ance to ! bullet4 ,= practical purposes1 ! soldi] may disreg>d ! effects ( b>ometric pressure & temp]ature z negligible4 ,9 op]ations conduct$ at consid]able heights above sea-level1 ord]s z to all[ance = b>ometric pressure w1 if necess>y1 be issu$ by ! ,/aff4 #c4 ,effect ( ,w9d--7i7 ,head ,w9d1 or ,w9d f ! ,front4--,a head w9d1 or w9d f ! front1 ret>ds ! bullet1 & necessitates m elevation4 7ii7 ,re> ,w9d4--,a re> w9d less5s ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & necessitates less elevation4 7iii7 ,side ,w9d4--,a side w9d1 or w9d bl[+ at "r angles f ei!r side across ! front1 acts on ! great] surface ( ! bullet1 & has1 consequ5tly1 m influ5ce on its flight ?an a w9d bl[+ f ! front or re>4 7iv7 ,oblique ,w9ds4--,oblique w9ds1 or w9ds bl[+ f any int]m$iate direction betwe5 a "r angle & a front or re> w9d1 h ! same effect 9 v>y+ degree z side w9ds4 ,oblique w9ds1 9 addition1 affect ! bullet to "s ext5t 9 ! same way z head & re> w9ds4 #d4 ,all[ance = ,head & ,re> ,w9ds4--,no fix$ rules c be laid d[n reg>d+ ! degree to :i* elevation %\ld be increas$ or decreas$ at diff]5t ranges = head & re> w9ds4 ,= practical purposes1 ! effect ( ^! w9ds may be disreg>d$ at ranges "u #a1jjj y>ds4 ,at long] ranges1 fire-unit comm&]s w use _! judgm5t 9 direct+ fire1 :e!r !y w all[ = /rong head & re> w9ds by increas+ or decreas+ elevation1 & to :at ext5t4 #e4 ,all[ance = ,side & ,oblique ,w9ds 7see also ,sec4 #bj1 ,aim+-,(f74--7i7 ,no fix$ rules c be laid d[n z to ! degree ( all[ance to be made by aim+-(f = side & oblique w9ds ( v>y+ direction & velocity4 ,ow+ to ! increas$ "t dur+ :i* ! bullet is expos$ to ! effect ( w9d1 & ow+ to ! height atta9$ 9 its flight1 ! all[ance = w9d at long ranges mu/ be out ( all proportion great] to t necess>y at close range4 7ii7 ,at close range1 :e!r fire is di/ribut$ along ! d5se l9e ( an infantry attack or conc5trat$ on n>r[-front$ attack+ columns1 ! effect ( side w9d w cause little1 if any1 loss ( fire effect4 ,individual soldi]s1 h[ev]1 9 tak+ ! delib]ate aim necess>y = fire effect1 %\ld aim (f = side w9ds ( diff]5t velocity 7see ,sec4 #bj1 p>a4 #c74 7iii7 ,9 direct+ fire beyond close range1 fire-unit comm&]s mu/ use _! judgm5t 9 all[+ = deflection due to side & oblique w9ds by includ+ directions = aim+-(f 9 fire ord]s4 ,! ext5t ( ! all[ance w 9 e case dep5d ^u a v>iety ( factors1 includ+ ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d & ! di/ance ( ! t>get4 ,neglect to make due all[ance = /rong w9ds at long] ranges may lead to loss ( fire effect1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( conc5trat$ fire aim$ at n>r[-front$ t>gets1 su* z a ma*9e-gun4 #f4 ,effect ( ,light4--,9 bad light1 ! =esight is less di/9ctly se5 ?an 9 good light1 & m ( x is unconsci\sly tak5 into ! l9e ( sight4 ,= practical purposes1 ! effect ( light may be disreg>d$ 9 fir+ at all ranges4 ,section #aa4--,ne$ = ,collective ,fire4 #a4 7i7 ,only exceptional t>gets & v fav\rable atmosph]ic conditions w ju/ify soldi]s 9 op5+ individual fire at di/ances beyond ab\t #fjj y>ds4 ,collective fire is necess>y to give reasonable assurance ( fire effect beyond ab\t #fjj y>ds up to ab\t #a1djj y>ds1 :i* is usually ! limit ( effective rifle fire4 ,beyond #a1djj y>ds1 ! fire ( ev5 l>ge & well-controll$ units ( infantry has seldom mu* effect ^u ! decision ( ! /ruggle = sup]iority ( fire4 7ii7 ,collective conc5trat$ fire is also us$ to =m a cone ( fire = obs]vation ( fire1 :5 results c be not$ by ! du/ rais$ by ! /rike ( bullets on ! gr\nd or by ! effect ( fire ^u ! enemy4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly impress$ ^u ! m9d ( ! soldi] at ?is /age t1 h[ev] skilful individual m5 may be z m>ksm51 ! greate/ effect is produc$ by _! fire only :5 x is effici5tly direct$ & controll$4 #b4 7i7 ,! soldi] mu/ also be made to und]/& cle>ly :y effect _c be obta9$ f individual fire 9 battle beyond close range1 & :y collective fire is necess>y = fire effect at all ranges beyond close range4 ,! answ] to ?is "q may be /at$ simply & v broadly z foll[s3 ,9 effect1 = v>i\s reasons1 ! individual m>ksman _c z a rule see 8 t>get cle>ly or at all ) ! nak$ eye beyond close range on s]vice1 & he c nei!r aim at x ) accuracy nor be c]ta9 ( its exact range4 ,moreov]1 ! effect ( inaccurate fir+1 :e!r due to excitem5t1 fatigue1 or o!r causes1 increases ) di/ance4 7ii7 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 ! soldi] _c obta9 reasonable assurance ( fire effect by individual fire beyond close range4 ,accord+ly1 fire-unit comm&]s equipp$ ) field-glasses disc]n & indicate t>gets to him4 ,!y give him ranges aft] !y h be5 asc]ta9$ by ! use ( range-f9d+ in/rum5ts1 or by obs]vation ( fire1 :5 possible1 & !y direct ! fire ( a numb] ( individual soldi]s 9 a volume :i*1 :e!r di/ribut$ or conc5trat$1 is suffici5t to comp5sate = individual errors1 & s obta9 fire effect z describ$ 9 ,secs4 #ab & #ac1 & 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #c4 ,! pr9cipal reasons :i* militate aga9/ ! assurance ( fire effect1 by individual fire1 beyond close range may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,! effects ( fatigue & excitem5t on ! fir]2 ! effects ( atmosph]e1 heat1 & light2 errors due to imp]fections 9 ! rifle & ammunition2 unc]ta9ty 9 e/imat+ long] ranges2 ! difficulty ( disc]n+ & aim+ at small1 mov+1 & indi/9ct or invisible t>gets2 & ! /eepness ( ! angle ( desc5t ( ! bullet1 :i* becomes rapidly acc5tuat$1 & s decreases dang]\s space z range increases4 #d4 ,! soldi] mu/ be made to realize t ! results ( errors ( m>ksman%ip due to ^! v>i\s causes increase 9 ext5t z ! range increases1 & t !y rea* _! maximum at long] ranges2 t is to say1 t>gets become small] & m difficult to see & to aim at1 _! range becomes h>d] to e/imate1 & ! accuracy ( fire = o!r reasons /at$ becomes less z ! range increases4 ,!re=e1 ! effect ( individual fire decreases z ! range increases4 ,x is easily possible = in/ructors 9 ! c\rse ( lectures on ?is po9t to make x suffici5tly cle> to m5 t1 "u s]vice conditions at long] ranges1 effect mu/ be obta9$ f collective fire r ?an f individual fire1 = all ! above reasons4 ,9 "s degree ?is important pr9ciple ( ! sci5ce ( mod]n w>f>e c be demon/rat$ by fir+ at s]vice t>gets on full di/ance & also on m9iature ranges 7see ,*apt] ,x74 ,section #ab4--;,disp]sion ( ,individual & ,collective ,fire4 #a4 ,%ot ,gr\ps4--,ow+ to errors on ! "p ( ! fir]1 & also to imp]fections 9 ! rifle & ammunition1 x is f\nd t a s]ies ( %ots1 ev5 :5 fir$ by an individual "u p]fect conditions at a l>ge1 /ation>y1 di/9ct t>get at a kn[n & close range1 d n all /rike ! po9t aim$ at1 b !y =m a gr\p ( %ot-m>ks ab\t ?is po9t1 ! d5sity ( :i* v>ies ma9ly ) ! skill ( ! fir]4 #b4 ,cone ( ,fire 7,fig4 #f74--;,x is evid5t t ! trajectories ( ^! %ots w n co9cide1 b w toge!r =m a figure t]m$ 8! cone ( fire40 ,x is also cle> t1 :5 aim is well direct$1 ! bullets ( a cone ( fire %\ld always /rike an object s long z ! %ot gr\p =m$ by x is ei!r small] or ( ! same size z ! object aim$ at4 ,b :5 ! %ot gr\p is spread ov] a l>g] surface ?an ! size ( ! object1 %ots mu/ necess>ily miss ! m>k 9 proportion z ! size ( ! gr\p+ exce$s t ( ! object aim$ at4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,cone ,,( ,,fire ,a--,b %[s ! dang]\s space due to height ( objective4 ,note3-,! ,dang]\s ,space w v>y ) height ( objective4 ,! curve ( ! ,trajectory is imag9>y & n accurate = any di/ance4 #c4 ,disp]sion ( ,individual ,fire4--,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! disp]sion ( individual fire expla9$ 9 p>a4 ,i w ( itself1 ap>t f ! v>i\s factors m5tion$ 9 ,sec4 ,,ii1 militate aga9/ ! assurance ( fire effect by individual fire at long] ranges1 because ! disp]sion ( fire w become great] z ! t>get decreases 9 size1 ow+ to di/ance1 & ! %ot gr\p w consequ5tly be spread ov] a mu* l>g] surface ?an t ( a long-range s]vice t>get1 ev5 if /ation>y & visible to ! nak$ eye4 #d4 ,disp]sion ( ,collective ,fire4--,:5 a body ( soldi]s fires ) ! same elevation at ! same object1 ! disp]sion ( %ots is acc5tuat$ by ! v>y+ skill & eyesight ( ! m51 ) ! result t ! cone =m$ w be ( l>g] dim5sions ?an 9 ! case ( individual fire4 ,! dim5sions ( ! cone ( fire w aga9 be fur!r increas$ if ! fir]s are f any cause1 su* z fatigue or excitem5t1 un/eady2 if ! rifles are 9 bad condition or ! t>get indi/9ctly se5--factors :i* are all incid5tal to fir+ "u ! conditions ( active s]vice4 #e4 ,! ,beat5 ,zone4--7i7 ,! area ( gr\nd beat5 by a cone ( fire is t]m$ ! 8beat5 zone40 ,x is reg>d$ z a plane surface4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates ?is zone toge!r ) ! additional space :i* w\ld h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 reckon+ ! dang]\s space ( ! cone ( fire 9 consequ5ce ( ! height ( ! objective4 7ii7 ,dep? ( ,beat5 ,zone4--,! dep? ( ! beat5 zone at %ort ranges ne$ n be consid]$ on acc\nt ( ! flatness ( ! trajectory1 :i* insures t practically its :ole ext5t f ! fir]s to ! t>get is swept by bullets4 ,! dep? ( ! beat5 zone at v>i\s ranges ) ! ,m>k ,,vi & ,m>k ,,vii ammunition is z foll[s3 ------------------------------------ ,di/ance4 ,dep? ( ,beat5 ,zone4 ---------------------- ,m>k ,,vi4 ,m>k ,,vii4 ----------------------------------- #ejj y>ds #bbj y>ds #cjj y>ds #a1jjj 0 #abj 0 #ahj 0 #a1ejj 0 #ajj 0 #abj 0 ----------------------------------- 7iii7 ,x w be se5 t up to #a1ejj y>ds--:5 ! gr\nd is p>allel to ! l9e ( sight--! dep? ( ! beat5 zone decreases ) ! range1 on acc\nt ( ! increas$ angle ( desc5t ( ! bullets4 ,?is %r9kage ( ! beat5 zone does n ( itself increase fire effect by ! clos] gr\p+ ( bullets1 ow+ to ! increas$ /eepness ( ! angle ( desc5t1 :i* decreases dang]\s space4 7iv7 ,beyond #a1ejj y>ds x w be f\nd t ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone t5ds to increase 9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic conditions on ! flight ( ! bullet1 ! increas$ effects ( errors 9 aim+1 & faults 9 ! rifle & ammunition--all ( :i* comb9e to increase ! disp]sion ( fire4 ,?is increas$ disp]sion does n ( itself increase fire effect ow+ aga9 to ! greatly increas$ /eepness ( ! angle ( desc5t at long] ranges1 :i* results 9 a correspond+ly great decrease 9 dang]\s space4 7v7 ,lat]al ,disp]sion4--,on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to faults 9 aim+1 comp>ative invisibility ( ! t>get1 inaccuracies 9 ! rifle & ammunition1 & atmosph]ic influ5ces1 ! lat]al disp]sion ( a cone ( fire increases z ! range becomes great]4 ,) ,m>k ,,vi ammunition1 ! disp]sion ( ! be/ #ge p] c5t4 ( %ots fir$ may be tak5 z #g feet by #bbj y>ds at #ejj y>ds1 #ad feet by #abj y>ds at #a1jjj y>ds1 & #bb feet by #ajj y>ds at #a1ejj y>ds4 #f4 ,nucleus ( ,cone ( ,fire4--,x is f\nd t ! bullets 9 a cone ( fire are n disp]s$ ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! beat5 zone4 ,x is f\nd t !y are gr\p$ 9 su* a way t ! majority ( ! bullets fall 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! l9e ( fire1 t ! d5sity ( ! gr\p+ decreases progressively f ! c5tre to ! extreme limits ( ! beat5 zone1 & t ! bullets are collect$ mo/ ?ickly ne> ! po9t = :i* ! sights 7 set4 ,?is d5se gr\p+ is usually t]m$ ! nucleus ( ! cone ( fire1 & is reg>d$ = purposes ( comp>ison z includ+ ! be/ #ej %ots p] c5t4 #g4 ,zone ( ,effective ,fire4--,! area ( gr\nd beat5 by ! be/ #ge %ots p] c5t4 fir$ is t]m$ ! zone ( effective fire1 = x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t useful results 9 battle c only be look$ = :5 ! t>get is )9 ^! limits4 ,section #ac4--,se>*+4 #a4 ,def9ition ( ,se>*+4--,se>*+ is ! t]m appli$ to collective fire :5 ! dep? ( its disp]sion ov] a beat5 zone is increas$ by ! use ( comb9$ sights z describ$ 9 p>a4 #d ( ?is section4 #b4 ,:5 ,collective ,fire is ,effective4--,z already /at$1 collective fire w n z a rule produce results comm5surate ) ! am\nt ( ammunition exp5d$1 or fulfil ! purpose = :i* x is us$ unless ! t>get is includ$ )9 ! area beat5 by #ge p] c5t4 ( ! bullets direct$ ^u x--t is to say1 unless x lies 9 ! zone ( effective fire 7,fig4 #g1 ,c74 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,nucleus ,error ,t>get on exce$+ half includ$ ,comb9$ ,t>get dep? ( 9 ,sights ,effective ,zone ,effective ,zone ,fig4 #g4 ,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,disp]sion ,,9 ,,dep? ,,( ,,conc5trat$ ,,collective ,,fire ,,at #a1ejj ,,y>ds ,,& ,,its ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,dep? ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,comb9$ ,,sights4 #c4 ,:5 ,collective ,fire is n ,effective4--,if an error 9 sight+ is made :i* w\ld result 9 ! nucleus ( ! cone ( fire /rik+ at a di/ance %ort ( or beyond ! t>get :i* is equal to half ! dep? measurem5t ( ! zone ( effective fire1 ! t>get w n be includ$ 9 ?is zone1 & ! fire w be ineffective 7,fig4 #g1 ,b74 #d4 ,:5 comb9$ ,sights are to be ,us$4--7i7 ,"u s]vice conditions x may be assum$ t ev5 if ! range is measur$ ) ! range-f9d]1 ! probability ( error 9 rang+ & judg+ atmosph]ic influ5ces1 kn[n z ! error ( ! day1 is su* t1 at di/ances beyond #a1jjj y>ds1 collective fire conc5trat$ on any t>get ) "o sight+ w probably be ineffective4 7ii7 ,to give a satisfactory degree ( assurance ( fire effect1 x is advisable 9 su* cases1 unless sight+ c be correct$ by obs]vation ( results1 to di/ribute fire 9 dep? by us+ two elevations diff]+ by #ajj y>ds4 ,"o ( ^! elevations w\ld be #ej y>ds ov] & ! o!r #ej y>ds "u ! sight+ believ$ to be correct4 7iii7 ,!re w ?us be two cones ( fire & two beat5 zones ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! nucleus ( ea* cone ( fire1 & an ev5 di/ribution ( fire w be obta9$ ov] a zone ab\t #aej y>ds deep 7,fig4 #g1 ,d74 ,?us1 if "o sight+ _h be5 us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 ,b1 ! fire w\ld h be5 ineffective1 ?\gh ! gr\p+ ( bullets 9 ! zone ( effective fire w\ld h be5 m d5se1 because ! error 9 sight+ w\ld h _h ! result describ$ 9 p>a4 #c above4 ,by us+ comb9$ sights fire becomes effective1 because ?\gh ! gr\p+ ( bullets is less d5se fire is di/ribut$ 9 dep? s z to avoid ! result describ$ 9 p>a4 #c4 7iv7 ,ord9>ily fire %\ld be closely conc5trat$ ) a view to obs]vation ( results1 b if obs]vation has fail$1 or if ! situation calls = imm$iate application ( effective fire1 comb9$ sights %\ld be us$ at ranges beyond #a1jjj y>ds4 ,comb9$ sights may sometimes be us$ to increase assurance ( effect :5 ! enemy's position is ill-def9$1 b %\ld nev] be us$ if obs]vation ( results c be obta9$4 ,comb9$ sights %\ld n be employ$ by bodies ( less ?an two platoons4 ,section #ad4--,! ,relation ( ,gr\nd to ,fire ,effect4 #a4 ,s important is ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on fire effect by ! %ape ( ! gr\nd 9 relation to ! gr\p+ ( bullets1 t x is ess5tial = all (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s to und]/& ?or\ghly h[ ! probability ( fire effect is increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! incl9ation ( gr\nd ) ref]5ce to ! trajectory4 #b4 ,9 attack1 su* k w assi/ !m 9 adopt+ =mations & direct+ ! fire ( _! m5 to ! be/ advantage4 ,9 def5ce1 x w aid !m to select ! be/ positions = fire action1 & w enable !m to take /eps to m9imize ! inh]5t disadvantages ( ^! positions4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples only plane surfaces1 )\t undulations or accid5ts1 are consid]$4 #c4 ,level ,gr\nd4--,z already /at$1 on level gr\nd ! zone beat5 by collective rifle fire v>ies consid]ably ) ! range4 ,! ext5t ( ?is zone is fur!r influ5c$ by ! incl9ation ( ! gr\nd to ! l9e ( sight4 #d4 ,ris+ ,gr\nd4--7i7 ,! m /eeply ! gr\nd rises ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight1 ! great] w be ! decrease 9 ! ext5t ( ! beat5 zone4 ,= example1 :5 fir+ ) ,m>k ,,vi ammunition at gr\nd ris+ #b1 #e1 & #aj degrees1 ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone at #a1ejj y>ds range is decreas$ r\ghly by qu>t]1 half1 & two-?irds respectively 7,fig4 #h74 ,s9ce ! gr\p+ ( ! bullets becomes clos] z ! upw>d slope ( ! gr\nd increases1 ! effect ( errors 9 e/imation ( range w be m s]i\s1 & z ! bullets w fall at a /eep angle ! dang]\s space w be proportionately r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,beat5 zone is greate/ on slope ,a-,d1 ! ,trajectory be+ practically p>allel to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,fire ,,effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,fire ,,effect4 7ii7 ,=mations1 ,supports1 & ,res]ves4--,z a g5]al rule1 !re=e1 on gr\nd :i* rises ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight1 troops %\ld be drawn up 9 %all[ =mations1 b supports & res]ves may be ne>] ! fir+-l9e ?an is normally advisable4 #e4 ,fall+ ,gr\nd4--7i7 ,:5 ! gr\nd beat5 by bullets falls 9 respect ( ! l9e ( sight1 ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone is augm5t$ 9 proportion z ! d[nw>d slope increases1 until x rea*es its greate/ magnitude :5 ! angle ( ! fall ( ! bullets is ! same z ! slope ( ! gr\nd2 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! trajectory is practically p>allel to ! gr\nd surface 7,fig4 #h1 ,dep? ( ,zone1 ,a--,d74 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! fire becomes graz+ 7,fig4 #i71 & ! ext5t ( ! dang]\s space is ne>ly id5tical ) ! beat5 zone4 7ii7 ,at close ranges1 !re=e1 :]e ! trajectories are flat1 ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone w be mu* increas$ if ! gr\nd beh9d ! t>get falls at a g5tle slope 7,fig4 #i1 ,a74 ,at long ranges1 on ! o!r h&1 a great] area w be beat5 :5 gr\nd falls m /eeply 7,fig4 #i1 ,c74 7iii7 ,= example1 at #a1ejj y>ds range ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone is r\ghly increas$ by ?ree-fif?s :5 ! bullets /rike gr\nd fall+ at #b degrees4 ,on gr\nd fall+ at #e degrees1 :i* is ne>ly p>allel to ! trajectory at ?is range1 ! dep? beat5 is ab\t t5 times great] ?an on level gr\nd4 7iv7 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t fall+ gr\nd f> beh9d ! objective w at times be swept by unaim$ fire1 & x foll[s t 9 su* circum/ances supports %\ld ei!r be "u cov] or1 if !re is no cov]1 9 %all[ columns on n>r[ frontages ) ! object ( r$uc+ t>get surface z mu* z possible4 #f4 ,cre/ ,l9e4--7i7 ,:5 ! objective is a cre/ l9e ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone is greate/1 & "p ( ! fire is graz+1 :5 ! gr\nd beyond ! cre/ is p>allel1 or ne>ly s1 to ! trajectory ( ! bullets 7,fig4 #i1 ,a & ,b74 ,at close ranges1 9 ?is case1 !re w be beh9d ! cre/-l9e a defilad$ zone1 or space n swept by fire 7,fig4 #i1 ,c71 great] or less accord+ to ! di/ance f :i* fire is deliv]$1 ! incl9ation ( ! l9e ( sight1 ! ext5t ( ! hill top1 & ! incl9ation ( ! rev]se slope4 7ii7 ,position ( ,supports & ,res]ve4--,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t :5 ! fir+-l9e is plac$ on ! cre/ ( a razor-back$ hill1 ) /eep rev]se slopes 7,fig4 #i1 ,c71 supports & res]ves w at all ranges be b little expos$ to unaim$ fire :5 po/$ 9 its vic9ity4 ,9 o!r cases1 :5 ! cre/ ( a hill is occupi$1 ! vuln]ability ( supports & res]ves w be lea/ if1 :5 ! enemy is at long range1 !y are )drawn f1 & z he approa*$ clos$ on1 ! fir+-l9e 7,fig4 #i1 ,c74 #g4 ,dead ,gr\nd 7,fig4 #aj74--;,dead gr\nd is gr\nd on :i*1 ow+ to its con=mation or to ! exi/5ce ( natural or artificial cov]1 fire _c be br\ght to be> f a giv5 locality4 ,! t]m is ?us a relative "o1 = ?\gh an area ( gr\nd may be dead 9 relation to "o locality x may be possible to br+ fire to be> ^u x f ano!r locality1 9 relation to :i* x w n !re=e be dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,dead ,,gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,aim+ ,section #ae4--;,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,pr9ciples ( ,in/ruction4--,! in/ruction ( recruits 9 aim+ & fir+ %\ld be c>ri$ out on a sy/ematic me?od4 ,! progression ( tra9+ mu/ 9 e case lead by gradual /eps f simple to m difficult /ages4 ,in/ructors mu/ necess>ily tea* by explanation to "s ext5t1 b !y mu/ limit explanation to %ort & v cle> /atem5ts1 & rely *iefly ^u practical demon/ration = tra9+ _! m54 ,) reg>d to results !y mu/ aim at insur+ accuracy 9 e /age ( tra9+ be=e !y p]mit m5 to attempt rapidity4 ,any sacrifice ( accuracy = rapidity mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ c>efully & correct$ at once4 ,%ort daily lectures1 foll[$ by que/ions to te/ ! k ( m51 %\ld =m "p ( ! s*eme ( in/ruction4 #b4 ,progression ( ,in/ruction 9 ,aim+ & ,fir+4--,! progressive /ages ( in/ruction 9 aim+ & fir+ are set out 9 a def9ite ord] 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt] :i* deal respectively ) ^! subjects4 ,in/ructors1 h[ev]1 are n b\nd to foll[ ?is ord]1 & may modify x at _! discretion4 #c4 ,concurr5t ,in/ruction 9 ,aim+ & ,fir+4--,aim+ in/ruction %\ld proce$ simultane\sly ) fir+ in/ruction & muscle ex]cises to develop spe$ & facility 9 h&l+ ! rifle & /ead9ess 9 fir+ x4 ,! foll[+ s*eme ( concurr5t in/ruction 9 aim+ & fir+ is sugge/$ = ! guidance ( in/ructors1 :o may modify x at _! discretion3 ,,aim+ ,,fir+ ,a4 ,a4 #a4 ,aim+ at bull's-eye t>get #a4 ,correct position = fir+ ) ! =esight & /&+4 backsight4 #b4 ,explanation ( trajectory #b4 ,practice 9 load+ & & ! ne$ = elevation by unload+ 9 /&+ position4 sight+4 #c4 ,lay+ an aim ) ,legret #c4 ,adju/m5t ( sights & ,aim-,tea*]4#h /&>d te/s ( same4 #d4 ,rules ( aim+4 #d4 ,trigg]-press+ & adju/m5t ( sights ) rifle re/$4 #e4 ,common faults 9 aim+ & _! results4 #f4 ,aim+ at bull's-eye t>get f a re/4 #g4 ,te/ ( aim by triangle ( error4 #h4 ,aim+ at figure t>gets & at gr\nd4 ,b4 ,b4 #i4 ,aim+ practice 7a7 at #e4 ,practice 9 assum+ ! bull's-eye & 7b7 figure t>gets diff]5t fir+ positions ) ) 7i7 rifle re/$1 7ii7 rifle /&>d te/s ( same4 unsupport$4#i #aj4 ,te/ ( aim by aim+-disc4 #f4 ,practice 9 comb9+ aim+ ) trigg]-press+4 #aa4 ,aim+ & trigg]-press+ #g4 ,practice 9 muscle ex]cises comb9$1 practis$ ) 9 ! /&+ & ly+ eye-disc or aim-corrector4 fir+ positions4 #ab4 ,practice 9 fir+ at bull's-eye t>get on m9iature range & #cj-y>ds range4 ,c4 ,c4 #ac4 ,expla9 influ5ce ( side #h4 ,practice kneel+ & w9d4 sitt+ fir+ positions1 & tak+ cov] 9 ^! positions4 #ad4 ,expla9 aim+-(f = w9d1 & w9d table = #ejj y>ds4 ,apply te/s 9 aim+-(f = w9d4 #ae4 ,expla9 aim+-(f = movem5t4 ,practise same on m9iature range & *eck ) aim-corrector4 ,d4 ,d4 #af4 ,:5 accuracy 9 delib]ate #i4 ,practise fir+ ov] & fir+ at elem5t>y & r\nd cov] 9 v>i\s fir+ s]vice t>gets is assur$1 expla9 positions at elem5t>y & ! nature & practical s]vice t>gets4 value 9 w>f>e ( snap%oot+ & rapid fir+4 #ag4 ,practise gradually quick5+ ! aim ) aim+-disc1 & on m9iature & #cj-y>d ranges4 ,apply gr\p+ & application te/s4 ,e4 #ah4 ,:5 ! recruit has %[n pr(ici5cy 9 gr\p+1 delib]ate fir+1 & snap%oot+1 on ! m9iature1 #cj-y>d1 & op5 range1 expla9 & practise adju/+ long-range sights4 #ai4 ,practise aim+ f a re/ at figure t>gets & gr\nd4 #bj4 ,practise snap%oot+ & rapid fire at figure t>gets & gr\nd on m9iature1 #cj-y>d1 & op5 range4 #ba4 ,practise aim+-(f = movem5t at figure t>gets on m9iature range4 ,note4--7#a7 ,ample "t %\ld be devot$ to trigg]-press+ & decl>+ ! po9t ( aim on dis*>ge4 ,?is in/ruction may conv5i5tly be giv5 indoors4 7#b7 ,! aim+ position %\ld n be taught until aim+ has be5 taught4 7#c7 ,aim+ & trigg]-press+ %\ld n be comb9$ until trigg]-press+ has be5 taught4 7#d7 ,! te/ = trigg]-press+ %\ld n be appli$ until aft] ! ly+ position has be5 taught4 7#e7 ,! m9iature range may be us$ :5 assurance ( reasonable pr(ici5cy has be5 asc]ta9$ by means ( ! aim+ discs4 7#f7 ,! #cj-y>ds range ) s]vice ammunition may be us$ :5 ! results on ! m9iature range are satisfactory4 7#g7 ,gr\p+ on ! op5 range may be comm5c$ :5 ! recruit is able to make good gr\ps on ! #cj-y>ds range4 #d4 ,select+ ,rifles = ,recruits4--7i7 ,be=e ! in/ruction ( recruits 9 aim+ & fir+ comm5ces !y mu/ be fitt$ ) rifles hav+ long1 normal1 or %ort butts1 accord+ to ! build & pref]5ce ( ! m54 ,! *oice %\ld be made aft] te/s c>ri$ out 9 ! /&+ & ly+ positions1 & %\ld be bas$ on ! read9ess ) :i* ! fir] br+s 8 rifle up to ! fir+ position1 & aligns 8 sights )\t lett+ 8 nose & m\? come into close proximity to ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! "r h&4 7ii7 ,! pr9cipal consid]ation is ! di/ance ( ! nose f ! %\ld]1 & x is z a rule ! broad-%\ld]$ & long-neck$ m5 t require ! long butts4 ,a bad trigg] release1 due to incorrect hold+ ( ! small ( ! butt1 w (t5 result f ! use ( too %ort a butt4 ,! butt select$ %\ld be ! %orte/ :i* c be us$ com=tably :5 fir+1 bo? /&+ & ly+ d[n1 9 ! correct positions4 ,^! rules = fitt+ rifles ( c\rse apply also to non-commission$ (fic]s4 #e4 ,sights4--,special c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! sights ( any rifle us$ 9 aim+ in/ruction are 9 p]fect ord]4 ,in/ructors mu/ inspect ! sights frequ5tly to insure t !y are correctly adju/$ 9 accordance ) 8 ord]s4 #f4 ,appliances = ,aim+ & ,fir+ ,in/ruction4--7i7 ,! foll[+ appliances w be ne$$ by in/ructors3 7a7 ,diagrams %[+ position ( sights correctly & incorrectly align$4 7b7 ,! ,legret aim-tea*]4 7c7 ,aim-corrector4 7d7 ,aim+-disc4 7e7 ,aim+-re/4 7f7 ,fir+-re/4 7g7 ,*>g] & dummy c>tridges4 7h7 ,measur+ r+s see ,sec4 #di1 p>a4 #f 7xi74 ,note4--,! me?od ( us+ ! aim-tea*]1 aim-corrector1 & aim+ disc1 & gr\p+ gauges is describ$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,aim+- & fir+-re/s are describ$ 9 8,musketry ,regulations10 ,"p ,,ii4 7ii7 ,aim+ ,m>ks4--7i7 ,! aim+ m>ks to be us$ 9 aim+ in/ruction w consi/ ( elem5t>y bull's-eye t>gets = ! e>ly /age ( in/ruction1 & ( a v>iety ( figure t>gets simil> to ^? us$ = fir+ practices = lat] /ages4 7ii7 ,:5 ! habit ( accuracy has be5 acquir$ 9 aim+ at elem5t>y t>gets1 s]vice t>gets w only be us$ & c>e w be tak5 t !re is no fall+ (f 9 accuracy ow+ to ! %ape & comp>ative invisibility ( ^! t>gets4 ,a li/ ( figures = use on m9iature ranges w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,,vii1 p>a4 #e4 ,section #af4--;,aim+ ,in/ruction4 #a4 ,rules = ,aim+4--,! in/ructor w expla9 ! foll[+ rules1 & demon/rate ! results to be anticipat$ f common errors 9 aim+3 7i7 ,! backsight mu/ be kept upright4 7ii7 ,! left or "r eye1 accord+ to ! %\ld] f :i* ! man %oots1 mu/ be clos$4#aj 7iii7 ,aim mu/ be tak5 by align+ ! sights on ! c5tre ( ! l[e/ "p ( ! m>k1 ! top ( ! =esight be+ 9 ! c5tre (1 & 9 l9e )1 ! %\ld]s ( ! ,u or ,v ( ! backsight 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,,diagrams ,,%[+ ,,correct ,,& ,,incorrect ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,sights4 ,note4--,! l[ po9t ( aim is ess5tial 9 fir+ at s]vice t>gets1 z x facilitates a cle> view ( m>ks :i* are usually difficult to disc]n1 & also because s]vice t>gets are frequ5tly 9 movem5t t[>ds ! fir]1 ?us necessitat+ aim+ d[n to alt] elevation ow+ to _! decreas+ di/ance4 #b4 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--7i7 ,:5 ^! pr9ciples h be5 ma/]$1 ! in/ructor w loos5 ! sl+ ( ! rifle1 adju/ ! sights = any giv5 range1 & aim f a re/ at ! t>get1 tak+ c>e t 8 eye is imm$iately above ! butt-plate4 ,x w be conv5i5t to use a s&bag aim+-re/ to /eady ! head dur+ ! aim+4 7ii7 ,hav+ aim$1 he w make ea* recruit obs]ve ! correct me?od ( align+ ! sights on a m>k4 ,ea* recruit 9 turn w !n be made to align ! sights on a m>k1 aft] :i* ! in/ructor w v]ify 8 aim1 po9t out errors1 & expla9 h[ !y w\ld h affect$ ! accuracy ( ! %ot1 & h[ !y are to be avoid$4 ,= example1 ,fig4 #aa %[s incorrect sight+1 ! rifle be+ incl9$ to ! "r1 aim$ to ! "r1 & aim$ too l[1 ! top ( ! =esight be+ well bel[ & to "o side (1 in/ead ( 9 ! c5tre ( & 9 l9e )1 ! %\ld]s ( ! ,u ( ! backsight4 ,! obvi\s result ( ^! errors w\ld be to fire l[ to ! "r ( ! m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,,long-,,range ,,sights4 7iii7 ,! in/ructor %\ld also make recruits v]ify _! comrades' aim "u 8 sup]vision z above describ$1 & po9t out any errors :i* may h be5 made4 ,extreme accuracy ( aim mu/ be insi/$ on ev5 dur+ ! fir/ lesson4 7iv7 ,long-,range ,sights4--,9 aim+ ) ! long-range sights a simil> proc$ure to t :i* is describ$ above w be pursu$1 b ! eye w be plac$ ab\t #a in* beh9d ! small ( ! butt1 & ! top ( ! head ( ! dial sight w be se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! ap]ture 7,fig4 #ab74 ,unless special c>e is tak51 lat]al error w be made 9 c5tr+ ! head ( ! dial sight4 ,section #ag4--;,common ,faults 9 ,aim+4 #a4 ,tak+ too mu* or too little ,=esight into ! ,u or ,v ( ! ,backsight4--7i7 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t a f9e or half sight w cause ! bullet to /rike ) ,m>k ,,vi ammunition ab\t #e in*es & #c in*es l[] respectively1 & ) ,m>k ,,vii #g in*es & #d in*es l[] respectively p] #ajj y>ds ( range1 ?an :5 ! correct sight is tak54 7ii7 ,! foll[+ me?od w be f\nd useful to guide ! soldi] 9 tak+ ! correct am\nt ( =esight3 ,lay ! edge ( a piece ( pap] on ! upp] edge ( ! backsight cap1 :5 ! sight w appe> z %[n 9 "o ( ! subjo9$ diagrams4 ,a piece ( c>dbo>d laid on ! cap & held 9 place by an ela/ic b& w answ] ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,incorrect3 ,incorrect3 ,correct ,too mu* ,too little =esight4 =esight4 ,fig4 #ac4--;,,faults ,,9 ,,aim+4 #b4 ,inaccurate ,c5tr+ ( ! ,=esight 9 ! ,not* ( ! ,backsight4--,! soldi] %\ld und]/& t ?is inaccuracy w deflect ! muzzle ( ! rifle to ! side on :i* ! l9e ( aim is tak54 ,= example1 if aim be tak5 ov] ! "r edge ( ! not* ! direction ( ! l9e ( fire w be to ! "r ( ! l9e ( sight4 #c4 ,incl9+ ! ,backsight to "o ,side4--,9 ?is case ! bullet w /rike l[ & to ! side t[>ds :i* ! sights are incl9$4 ,! result+ error w be consid]able at long ranges4 #d4 ,fix+ ! ,eyes on ! ,=esight & n on ! ,object4--7i7 ,if ! eye is focuss$ on ! =esight1 ! fir] w reta9 only a blurr$ image ( ! t>get4 ,?is may n affect ! result ( 8 %oot+ at ! di/9ct /ation>y bull's-eye t>get1 b :5 fir+ at troops 9 neutral-t9t$ uni=ms1 :e!r /ation>y or 9 movem5t1 or at natural features ( gr\nd1 x is ess5tial = fire effect t ! eye %\ld be focuss$ n on ! =esight1 b on ! t>get1 :i* mu/ be wat*$ closely :ile fir+4#aa 7ii7 ,unless s]vice t>gets are closely wat*$ :ile aim+1 ! fir] w be apt to lose !m altoge!r1 or see !m z a blurr$ image at ! mom5t ( fir+1 ) consequ5t loss ( fire effect4 ,= ?is reason x is ( great importance t recruits %\ld1 f ! e>lie/ /age ( _! tra9+1 be taught to aim at s]vice t>gets ) ! eye focuss$ on ! t>get1 & n on ! =esight4 ,if e>ly /ages ( in/ruction 7 conf9$ to ! aim+ at ! bull's-eye t>get1 ! fault ( focuss+ ! eye on ! =esight 9 aim+ might be contract$ ow+ to ! di/9ct nature ( ?is m>k1 :i* makes x possible to aim at x ) ! eye fix$ on ! =esight4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,,vii41 p>a4 #b47 ,section #ah4--,triangle ( ,error4 #a4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( record+ a triangle ( error w be employ$ to te/ pr(ici5cy 9 aim+1 & to demon/rate ! errors :i* w arise f inaccuracies4 #b4 ,! rifle w be plac$ on an aim+-re/1 & po9t$ at a %eet ( blank :ite pap]1 fix$ to any conv5i5t object at a di/ance ( ab\t #aj y>ds f ! muzzle4 ,a second aim+-re/ %\ld be us$ to /eady ! head 9 aim+4 #c4 ,a m>k] w hold an aim+-disc flat on ! pap]1 ! front fac+ ! in/ructor4 ,! in/ructor w align ! sights on x correctly1 & its position on ! pap] w !n be m>k$ by a dot made ) a p5cil pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 its c5tre4 #d4 ,ea* man 9 succession w !n be call$ up & ord]$ to look along ! sights1 b )\t t\*+ ! rifle1 & :5 he has satisfi$ himself z to ! correctness ( ! aim1 ! disc w be remov$4 ,x w !n be replac$ on ! pap] z be=e1 & mov$ at 8 direction until ! l[] edge ( ! bull's-eye is br\ght into ! l9e ( sight1 :5 its position w be m>k$ z be=e4 ,?is op]ation w be repeat$ ?ree times 9 ! case ( ea* man1 & ! po9ts ?us fix$ w be jo9$ 9 su* a way z to =m a triangle4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,horizontal ,a4 ,v]tical ,fig4 #ad4--,,triangle ,,( ,,error #e4 ,! position ( ^! po9ts 9 relation to ! in/ructor's aim w expose any con/ant error 9 aim+4 ,if ! recruit's aim is bel[ t ( ! in/ructor1 x %[s t he has tak5 too full a sight2 if above1 t 8 sight+ has be5 too f9e2 if to ! "r1 t ! =esight 0 on ! left ( a p]p5dicul> drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! not*2 if to ! left1 vice v]sa4 #f4 ,! position ( ! po9ts 9 reg>d to "o ano!r w %[ inconsi/5cy4 ,if ! triangle is =m$ s t its greate/ side lies v]tically on ! pap]1 x proves t ! soldi]'s pr9cipal fault is inconsi/5cy 9 respect ( ! am\nt ( =esight tak5 up into ! l9e ( sight 7,fig4 #ad1 ,a72 if ! greate/ side ( ! triangle lies horizontally x %[s t 8 pr9cipal error is inaccurate c5tr+ ( ! =esight 7,fig4 #ad1 ,b74 #g4 ,if any "o ( ! sides ( ! triangle exce$s in* f ! in/ructor's aim1 ! recruit w be not$ = fur!r in/ruction4 #h4 ,aim-,corrector4--,! aim-corrector w also be us$ to enable ! in/ructor to sup]vise ! soldi]'s me?ods & te/ 8 progress1 ! aim be+ tak5 f an aim+ or fir+ re/4 ,section #ai4--;,aim+ at ,s]vice ,t>gets1 ,aim+ at ,gr\nd1 & ,m>k+ ,d[n ! ,enemy4 #a4 ,aim+ at ,s]vice ,t>gets4--,f an e>ly /age 9 8 in/ruction ! soldi]'s eye mu/ be tra9$ to disc]n & aim at s]vice t>gets4 ,elem5t>y in/ruction may be c>ri$ out 9 b>racks1 on ! range1 on gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( b>racks1 or on m9iature ranges4 ,figures %\ld be us$ repres5t+ m5 9 ! v>i\s fir+ positions at diff]5t di/ances 9 ! op51 or p>tly beh9d cov]4 #b4 ,aim+ at ,gr\nd4--7i7 ,s]vice t>gets w frequ5tly consi/ ( gr\nd or cov] occupi$ by ! enemy4 ,fire-unit comm&]s w v]bally indicate su* t>gets to m51 :o mu/ be tra9$ to recognize & fire at !m4 ,?is tra9+ %\ld be c>ri$ out concurr5tly ) in/ruction 9 aim+ at figures & m>k+ d[n ! enemy--! latt] practices to "s ext5t w also tra9 m5 to aim at gr\nd4 7ii7 ,practice 9 aim+ at gr\nd may be c>ri$ out on m9iature ranges1 z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #b 7i71 z well z 9 op5 c\ntry4 ,x mu/ always be c>ri$ out "u practical conditions1 & w include aim+ at v>i\s ill-def9$ t>gets1 su* z a spot on a b>e hillside or a /ret* ( grass-l&4 ,t>gets w be indicat$ v]bally by ! in/ructor1 & recruits w aim at !m ) rifles on aim+-re/s4 ,! in/ructor w !n criticize ea* man's aim & correct faults4 ,practice 9 aim+ at gr\nd w prove a useful prep>ation = tra9+ 9 recognition ( t>gets 7,sec4 #de7 & fire discipl9e 7,sec4 #dg74 #c4 ,m>k+ d[n ! ,enemy4--7i7 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t soldi]s %\ld be tra9$ to m>k d[n ! exact position ( an enemy se5 to occupy gr\nd or cov]4 ,?is duty ref]s equally to individual enemies at close range & to ho/ile troops at long] ranges4 ,individual soldi]s w m>k d[n ! enemy )9 close range1 & fire-unit comm&]s & obs]v]s at long] ranges4 ,if ! position m>k$ d[n af=ds concealm5t f view )\t protection f fire1 fire may be op5$ aft] ! range has be5 asc]ta9$ or e/imat$4 ,if x af=ds protection f fire1 ! range %\ld be asc]ta9$ or e/imat$1 & fire-units or individual m5 %\ld rema9 ready to op5 fire ! in/ant ! enemy exposes himself or resumes movem5t4 ,delay 9 op5+ fire 9 ! latt] case w lead to ! loss ( a fav\rable opportunity 7see ,practices1 ,nos4 #c & #d1 pp4 #bag1 #bah74 7ii7 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--,in/ruction w be/ be c>ri$ out on ! gr\nd or on ! m9iature range z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,:5 c>ri$ out on ! gr\nd a fatigue-man w be s5t out to ! front1 & direct$ to move f cov] to cov] to ! front ( ! class :i* w be provid$ ) rifles on aim+-re/s4 ,at ea* halt1 :5 ! fatigue-man has tak5 cov]1 recruits w note ! po9t on ! gr\nd or cov] :i* conceals him1 & take aim at x4 ,aft] an arrang$ int]val ! fatigue-man w expose himself to view1 & rema9 /ation>y :ile ! in/ructor criticizes ea* man's aim & corrects faults4 ,section #bj4--;,aim+-,(f = ,w9d4 #a4 ,! ,w9d-,gauge4--,! use ( ! w9d-gauge is n ! normal means ( mak+ all[ance = w9d "u s]vice conditions4 #b4 ,judg+ ,/r5g? & ,direction ( ,w9d4--,! soldi] %\ld be taught to discrim9ate betwe5 mild1 fre%1 & /rong w9ds1 or w9ds bl[+ t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty miles an h\r4 ,! /r5g? ( ! w9d may be judg$ p>tly by s5sation & p>tly by its effect on natural objects1 su* z cl\ds1 wat]1 trees1 crops1 h$ges1 bu%es1 und]gr[?1 du/1 & smoke4 ,! soldi] may judge ! direction ( ! w9d1 z front1 re>1 side1 or oblique1 by turn+ 8 face fully t[>ds ! w9d4 #c4 ,w9d ,deflection ,table = ,side ,w9ds 7,"r-,angle ,w9ds74--,! foll[+ figures give ! approximate deflection ( ! bullet due to w9ds ( v>y+ direction & velocity at diff]5t ranges1 & provide a r\gh guide = aim+-(f = w9d :i* is suffici5tly accurate = practical purposes3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,/r5g? ( ,w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,range4 ,mild4 ,fre%4 ,/rong4 ,miles p] h\r1 ,miles p] h\r1 ,miles p] h\r1 #aj4 #bj4 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,deflection4 ,deflection4 ,deflection4 #ejj y>ds #b feet #d feet #f feet #a1jjj 0 #c y>ds #f y>ds #i y>ds #a1ejj 0 #f 0 #ab 0 #ah 0 #b1jjj 0 #ab 0 #bd 0 #cf 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,note--,oblique ,w9ds4--,= oblique w9ds ! approximate deflection at ! above ranges may r\ghly be e/imat$ z half t ( a side w9d ( ! same velocity & all[ance 9 aim+-(f may be made accord+ly4 #d4 ,ex]cises 9 ,aim+-,(f4--7i7 ,hav+ memoriz$ ! approximate all[ances = side & oblique w9ds ( v>y+ direction & velocity1 z /at$ 9 p>a4 #c1 ! recruit w next be taught to make all[ance 9 aim+-(f = w9d at a full-l5g? figure t>get on ! range1 accord+ to ! /r5g? & direction ( ! w9d :i* is actually bl[+1 or :i* may be suppos$ to be bl[+1 z giv5 by ! in/ructor4 ,9 c>ry+ out ^! ex]cises ! recruit %\ld be taught to aim-(f ) ref]5ce to ! bread? ( a full-l5g? figure t>get1 :i* is r less ?an #b feet wide4 ,?us ! am\nt ( all[ance w be measur$ z "o bread?1 two bread?s1 etc41 to "r or left4 #e4 ,ord]s = ,aim+-,(f4--,f9ally1 ! recruit mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 aim+-(f at all ranges accord+ to ord]s1 ! am\nt ( all[ance be+ giv5 z s _m times ! bread? ( ! t>get indicat$1 or s _m times ! wid? ( ! int]vals betwe5 t>gets consi/+ ( close =mations4 ,! am\nt ( all[ance may also be indicat$ by ! use ( auxili>y aim+ or description po9ts 7,sec4 #de71 z1 = in/ance1 a tree or bu%1 ! lat]al di/ance ( :i* f ! t>get equals approximately ! requir$ all[ance4 ,:5 none ( ^! me?ods ( indicat+ all[ances are possible m5 mu/ be taught to aim-(f s _m feet or y>ds to ! "r or left ( ! t>get1 ^! measurem5ts be+ tak5 z repres5t+ ! lat]al di/ance betwe5 ! sight ( ! rifle & ! t>get aim$ at4 #f4 ,me?od ( ,indicat+ ,errors4--,9 aim+-(f ex]cises x is necess>y to employ a fatigue-man at ! t>get to indicate ! correct po9t ( aim ) a m>k+-disc aft] ea* aim tak5 by ! recruit1 :i* to comm5ce ) %\ld be done ) a rifle on an aim+-re/4 ,he w c>ry out ! duty accord+ to previ\s in/ructions z to ! correct po9t ( aim = ea* ex]cise4 ,! am\nt ( all[ance made by ! recruit w be obs]v$ by ! in/ructor ) an aim-corrector1 unless an aim+-re/ is us$4 ,! recruit w be made to note 8 errors1 :i* w be criticiz$ by ! in/ructor4 #g4 ,in/ruction on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,in/ruction 9 aim+-(f c be c>ri$ out on m9iature ranges1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x 7see ,practice ,no4 #b1 p4 #bbg74 ,section #ba4--;,aim+ ,up & ,d[n4 #a4 ,:5 to ,aim ,up & ,d[n4--,! rifle w be aim$ up or d[n to increase or r$uce elevation at all ranges :5 !re is no "t to alt] sights1 z1 = example1 9 fir+ at t>gets 9 movem5t1 9 repuls+ a *>ge at close range1 9 case ( surprise1 :5 v slight alt]ations ( elevation are se5 to be necess>y1 z ! result ( obs]vation ( fire1 & to avoid frequ5t small *anges ( sight+ :i* lead to loss ( fire effect4 ,correction ( sight+ 9 individual fir+ at close range is seldom possible 9 w>4 ,!re=e aim+ up & d[n is ! normal means ( alt]+ elevation 9 fir+ at t>gets )9 close range4 #b4 ,rules = ,aim+ ,up & ,d[n4--,!re is no fix$ rule = aim+ up & d[n4 ,z a g5]al rule aim %\ld be direct$ at a po9t n m ?an #c feet above or bel[ ! six o'clock l9e1 accord+ to ! position ( ! t>get beyond or %ort ( ! zone = :i* ! sights are set4 ,! degree ( all[ance 9 aim+ up & d[n w dep5d on ! rate & direction ( movem5t & ! range ( ! t>get1 & w be a matt] = individual judgm5t4 ,if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! range & ! sight+ exce$s #bjj y>ds x w be be/ to alt] ! sight+4 #c4 ,ex]cises 9 ,aim+ ,up & ,d[n4--,to practise aim+ up & d[n1 "u conditions approximat+ to ^? ( s]vice1 ! sights %\ld fir/ be fix$ = a giv5 range1 & !n fatigue-m5 or /&+-figure disappe>+ t>gets dispos$ at v>i\s ranges %\ld be alt]nately br\ght into view = %ort p]iods ( "t1 repres5t+ troops 9 movem5t4 ,m5 %\ld be told :e!r t>gets repres5t retreat+ or advanc+ troops1 & aim up or d[n accord+ly4 ,aim maybe criticiz$ by us+ aim+-re/s or aim-correctors4 ,section #bb4--;,aim+-,(f = ,movem5t4 #a4 ,in/ruction4--,in/ruction 9 aim+ at mov+ t>gets w be c>ri$ out dur+ ! latt] portion ( prelim9>y tra9+4 ,x w consi/ ( practice 9 %oot+ at cross+ t>gets on #cj y>ds or m9iature ranges 7see ,*apt] ,x74 ,! pace ( movem5t %\ld be regulat$ z f> z possible 9 /rict accordance ) t ( s]vice t>gets 7see ,practice ,no4 #b1 p4 #bag74 #b4 ,cross+ ,t>gets4--,?is t]m is appli$ to t>gets mov+ across ! front ( ! fir]1 ei!r at "r angles f ei!r side1 or obliquely t[>ds or away f him to ei!r side4 ,su* t>gets are n z a rule met ) 9 battle except 9 ! case ( surprise1 ambu%1 or a sudd5 enc\nt]4 ,cross+ t>gets may be met ) by cavalry & infantry patrols1 & by sc\ts dur+ reconnaissance4 ,fire w r>ely be effective at a s+le man mov+ across ! front at m ?an #cjj y>ds range1 or at a s+le horseman beyond #ejj y>ds4 #c4 ,me?od ( ,aim+ at ,cross+ ,t>get4--7i7 ,:5 fir+ at cross+ t>gets aim w fir/ be tak5 on ! object4 ,!n1 foll[+ x sideways1 ! aim w be c>ri$ 9 advance ( ! object1 & kept 9 front ( x at ! desir$ di/ance until ! rifle has be5 fir$4 ,! di/ance to :i* aim %\ld be c>ri$ 9 advance ( ! t>get w v>y accord+ to ! range1 rate ( movem5t1 direction ( movem5t & w9d4 ,= ?is reason no fix$ rules c be laid d[n reg>d+ aim+-(f 9 fir+ at cross+ t>gets4 ,fire effect w dep5d ^u ! judgm5t ( individual m5 & fire-unit comm&]s1 & on ! fruits ( practical exp]i5ce4 #d4 ,rules = ,aim+-,(f = ,movem5t--7i7 ,t>gets cross+ ,front at ,"r-,angles4--,! foll[+ g5]al rules w s]ve z a guide 9 fir+ at cross+ t>gets at close range mov+ at "r-angles across ! fir]'s front4 7a7 ,up to #ejj y>ds range1 aim %\ld be tak5-- ,ab\t #a foot 9 front p] #ajj y>ds at a s+le man walk+4 ,ab\t #b feet 9 front p] #ajj y>ds at a s+le man d\bl+4 ,ab\t #c feet 9 front p] #ajj y>ds at a s+le horseman trott+4 ,ab\t #d feet 9 front p] #ajj y>ds at a s+le horseman gallop+4 ,?us1 at #ajj y>ds a soldi] %\ld aim ab\t ! bread? ( a man 9 front ( an individual walk+1 & at #bjj y>ds ab\t a horse-l5g? 9 front ( a s+le horseman trott+4 7b7 ,beyond close range aim %\ld be tak5 at ! head ( a body ( troops mov+ to a flank4 7ii7 ,t>gets cross+ ,front ,obliquely4--,! g5]al rules reg>d+ aim+ up & d[n laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #ba1 p>a4 #b1 apply also to cross+ t>gets mov+ obliquely t[>ds or away f ! fir]4 ,9 fir+ at su* t>gets1 all[ance mu/ be made = elevation z well z = aim+-(f4 ,at %ort range bo? all[ances w be made by individual m54 ,at long] ranges m5 w all[ = aim+ up & d[n1 & :5 necess>y fire-unit comm&]s w all[ = aim+-(f 9 fire ord]s4 7iii7 ,t>gets mov+ directly ,t[>ds or ,away f ! ,fir]4--,9 aim+ at an object mov+ directly t[>ds or away f ! fir]1 all[ance = elevation w usually be made by aim+ up or d[n--n by wait+ to alt] sights 7,sec4 #ba1 p>as4 #a & #b74 ,section #bc4--,practice 9 ,rapid ,adju/m5t ( ,sights4#ab #a4 ,?is in/ruction %\ld be c>ri$ out concurr5tly ) in/ruction 9 load+ 9 ! v>i\s fir+ positions4 ,frequ5t small *anges ( sight+ lead z a rule to loss ( fire effect1 & may be avoid$ by aim+ up or d[n4 ,b :5 !re is "t ! sights w be adju/$ = e alt]ation 9 ! range1 & aim w be tak5 at ! l[e/ "p ( ! m>k4 ,x is ess5tial t m5 %\ld be tra9$ to adju/ _! sights accurately & rapidly1 & t ?is p[] %\ld become to all int5ts & purposes in/9ctive1 s t ?is vitally important duty on :i* fire effect 9 a l>ge measure dep5ds w be c>ri$ out by ! soldi] ) c]ta9ty 9 mom5ts ( ! mo/ extreme /ress & excitem5t4 #b4 ,tra9+ 9 ,rapid ,adju/m5t4--,in/ructors w frequ5tly te/ _! squads 9 sett+ _! sights rapidly & accurately4 ,!y w give ord]s = aim+ or fir+ at def9ite t>gets1 b )\t nam+ ! range1 & require _! squads to adju/ _! sights be=e !y br+ ! rifle to ! %\ld]1 judg+ ! di/ance = !mselves1 :i* w help to make ! c>eful adju/m5t ( sights1 :i* is ess5tial = fire effect1 habitual to ! soldi]4 ,adju/m5t ( sights w also be practis$ "u ! same conditions 9 connection ) ! movem5t ( ! fir] or ! t>get1 repres5t$ by fatigue-m54 #c4 ,rules = ,adju/+ ,sights4--7i7 ,to ,adju/ ! ,backsight4--,hold ! rifle 9 ! load+ position 7,sec4 #bg71 s t ! l9es on ! backsight c be se5 cle>ly4 ,press 9 ! /ud 7or /uds7 on ! side ( ! slide ) ! left or "r h&2 move ! slide until ! l9e is ev5 ) ! place on ! leaf giv+ ! elevation = ! di/ance nam$1 tak+ c>e t x is firmly fix$4 ,*>g]-,load+ ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,loos5 ! clamp+ screw ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 move ! slide until ! top is ev5 ) ! l9e on ! leaf giv+ ! elevation = ! di/ance nam$1 & !n tight5 ! clamp+-screw4 7ii7 ,to ,l[] ! ,backsight4--,press ! /ud or /uds inw>ds ) ! left or "r h&1 & draw ! slide backw>ds z f> z possible4 ,*>g]-,load+ ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,loos5 ! clamp+-screw1 l[] ! slide to ! bottom ( ! leaf ) ! firef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 !n tight5 ! clamp+-screw4 7iii7 ,f9e ,adju/m5t ( ! ,backsight4--7a7 ,s4,m4,l4,e4 ,rifle1 ,m>ks ,,iii & ,,iv4--,press ! /ud on ! slide ) ! ?umb ( ! left h& till ! worm-:eel c be easily revolv$2 turn ! worm-:eel ) ! ?umb-nail ( ! "r h& until ! requir$ elevation is obta9$4 ,! /ud mu/ n be press$ to su* an ext5t t ! worm-:eel is entirely dis5gag$ f ! rack4 7b7 ,o!r ,m>ks4--,turn ! f9e adju/m5t screw ) ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h& until ! l9e on ! leaf is level ) ! l9e on ! f9e adju/m5t scale giv+ ! requir$ elevation4 7iv7 ,to ,adju/ ! ,long-,range ,sights4--,hold ! rifle 9 ! load+ position1 s t ! dial c be se5 cle>ly4 ,move ! po9t] to ! place on ! dial giv+ ! elevation = ! di/ance nam$1 & !n raise ! ap]ture sight4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,fir+ ,section #bd4--;,h9ts to ,in/ructors4 #a4 ,in/ructors w tea* by =ce ( example r ?an by ^w ( m\?1 & be c>eful to refra9 f any =m ( comm5t :i* may disc\rage "y soldi]s4 ,words ( comm& are seldom requir$ except 9 collective fir+ in/ruction1 all motions ( fir+ be+ p]=m$ indep5d5tly1 & ea* man be+ requir$ to use 8 own judgm5t z mu* z possible4 ,faults mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$ or all[$ to become =m$ habits4 ,! ess5tial po9ts ( ! fir+ positions are to be insi/$ ^u f ! beg9n+1 z ! f\ndation ( fire discipl9e4 #b4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( tra9+ squads w n z a rule consi/ ( m ?an sev5 m51 :o w be assembl$ r\nd ! in/ructor 9 a semicircle4 ,! in/ructor w expla9 ! uses ( ! diff]5t fir+ positions & illu/rate !m to ! squad4 ,recruits w practise ! motions sep>ately until able to comb9e !m1 & assume ea* position rapidly & )\t con/ra9t4 #c4 ,! position ( ea* individual w be correct$ 9 turn4 ,! regulation positions may be v>i$ if physical *>act]i/ics r5d] !m unsuitable 9 any case1 b awkw>dness 9 ! fir/ /ages ( in/ruction w n be accept$ z an indication t ! regulation position requires modification4 ,! in/ructor %\ld /& ab\t five paces f ! recruit & to 8 "r front :ile correct+ 8 faults4 #d4 ,! fir+-re/ w be employ$ frequ5tly 9 e>ly in/ruction to enable ! recruit to support ! rifle & re/ 8 muscles1 :il/ ! in/ructor modifies1 or corrects1 8 position4 ,an incorrect position1 h[ev]1 usually arises f want ( accuracy 9 ! prelim9>y actions :i* lead to x1 & x is to ^! t att5tion mu/ be giv51 = a faulty position once acquir$ _c easily be correct$4 #e4 ,) reg>d to ! fir+ positions1 ! /&+ position is a conv5i5t "o to comm5ce elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,:5 recruits h acquir$ facility 9 h&l+ ! rifle1 !y w be tra9$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! ly+ position1 ei!r 9 ! op5 or beh9d cov]1 & occasionally 9 ! kneel+ position beh9d cov]4 #f4 ,progression ( ,tra9+4--,elem5t>y in/ruction 9 fir+ w be divid$ into ! foll[+ /ages3 7i7 ,trigg]-press+ f aim+-re/4 7ii7 ,snapp+ f aim+-re/4 7iii7 ,assum+ ! v>i\s fir+ positions4 7iv7 ,load+ & unload+ 9 ! v>i\s fir+ positions4 7v7 ,aim+ & fir+ 9 ! v>i\s fir+ positions 9 ! op51 includ+ load+1 adju/+ sights1 & unload+4 7vi7 ,z 9 7v71 ) ! v>i\s fir+ positions adapt$ to diff]5t =ms ( cov]4 7vii7 ,muscle ex]cises4 ,section #be4--,trigg]-,press+ & ,snapp+4 #a4 ,importance ( ,trigg]-,press+4--7i7 ,in/ruction 9 fir+ w comm5ce ) tra9+ 9 press+ ! trigg]4 ,! vital importance ( p]=m+ ?is action correctly mu/ be impress$ ^u recruits4 ,!y mu/ und]/& t1 h[ev] c>efully & accurately ! rifle is aim$1 accurate %oot+ is impossible if trigg]-press+ is faulty1 z aim w be di/urb$ at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge4 ,faultless trigg]-press+ is absolutely ess5tial = accurate fir+4 #b4 ,ne$ = ,m5tal ,ef=t4--,trigg]-press+ requires mo/ c>eful individual in/ruction1 dur+ :i* ! necessity = det]m9ation & /rong p]sonal ef=t ( w w be impress$ on ! m9d ( e recruit4 ,! p[] ( conc5trat+ ! m9d & controll+ ! n]ves & muscles by ex]cis+ ! w are all develop$ by practice 9 trigg]-press+1 & ^! qualities ( "* are ess5tial = good %oot+ & = fire discipl9e4 #c4 ,rules = ,trigg]-,press+4--7i7 ,! trigg] ( ! ,s4,m4,l4,e4rifle has a d\ble pull-(f1 & two di/9ct pressures are necess>y to fire ! rifle4 ,! fir/ pull %\ld be tak5 :5 ! rifle has be5 br\ght into position = aim+2 ! second :5 ! sights are align$ on ! m>k4 ,! *>g]-load+ ,lee-,enfield rifle has a s+le pull-(f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,,me?od ,,( ,,press+ ,,trigg] ,,) ,,=ef+]4 7ii7 ,! direction ( ! pull-(f is diagonally across ! small ( ! butt4 ,! fir/ jo9t ( ! =ef+] %\ld be plac$ r\nd ! l[] "p ( ! trigg] 7,fig4 #ae74 ,9 ord] n to di/urb ! aim brea?+ mu/ be re/ra9$ :5 press+ ! trigg]4 ,9 fir+ ! trigg] mu/ be press$ s z to release ! cock+-piece )\t di/urb+ aim4 7iii7 ,to d ?is a gradually increas+ pressure mu/ be ex]t$ on ! trigg] until ! spr+ is releas$4 ,su* pressure w be facilitat$ if ! grip ( ! trigg] h& on ! rifle is /r5g!n$ slightly1 z ?\gh to oppose ! inw>d pressure ( ! trigg] f+] ) an equal gradual c\nt]-pressure4 ,?is w give ! :ole action ! effect ( a squeeze ) ! h&1 ( :i* ! pressure ( ! trigg] f+] is ! mo/ important "p--! "p on :i* ! m9d mu/ be conc5trat$4 ,on no acc\nt mu/ ! pressure ( ! f+] 9 any degree take ! =m ( a pull or j]k4 7iv7 ,fig4 #af %[s ! results ( faulty trigg]-press+ 9 fir+4 ,! trigg] has be5 pull$ or j]k$ to ! left in/ead ( be+ prop]ly press$1 & ! gr\p+ ( %ots--l[ to ! "r--%[s h[ aim has be5 di/urb$ 9 consequ5ce4 #d4 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--7i7 ,! rifle w be re/$ on s&bags 7,fig4 #ag71 or an aim+-re/1 & ! recruit w be seat$ ) 8 elb[s re/$ on a table4 ,! in/ructor w fir/ see t ! recruit c move 8 trigg]-f+] indep5d5tly ( ! rema9d] ( ! h& & arm1 if necess>y1 by mak+ him practise ?is action4 ,illu/ration3 ff,fig4 #af4--,,%ot ,,gr\p ,,illu/rat+ ,,result ,,( ,,faulty ,,trigg]-,,press+4 7ii7 ,9 ord] t he may le>n f exp]i5ce ! pressure requir$ to release ! cock+-piece1 ! soldi] 9 comm5c+ in/ruction 9 trigg]-press+1 w be direct$ to place 8 =ef+] "u t ( ! in/ructor1 b )\t ex]cis+ pressure1 :il/ ! in/ructor c>ries out ! motion 7,fig4 #ah74 ,!n1 to enable ! in/ructor to asc]ta9 :e!r ! me?od is und]/ood1 ! soldi] w place 8 f+] ov] t ( ! in/ructor1 & ex]t ! pressure4 ,f9ally1 ! soldi] w himself press ! trigg]1 :ile ! in/ructor uses ! aim-corrector to see t aim is n di/urb$ :5 ! trigg] is press$4 ,special c>e w be tak5 t ! brea?+ is re/ra9$ :ile press+ ! trigg]4 ,! use ( ! sl+ = /eady+ ! rifle dur+ fir+ is n to be taught4 #e4 ,decl>+ ! ,po9t ( ,aim4--,! recruit mu/ always be made to say aft] ! spr+ is releas$ :e!r ! aim 0 ma9ta9$ truly at ! mom5t ( snapp+4 ,if n1 he mu/ /ate def9itely ! direction 9 :i* ! rifle 0 po9t$ at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge4 ,by ?is means recruits w f9d out & correct _! own faults1 & ! contraction ( bad habits w be avoid$4 #f4 ,te/s ( ,trigg]-,press+ & ,snapp+4--,f "t to "t ! in/ructor w te/ ! aim & /ead9ess ( ea* recruit 9 trigg]-press+ & snapp+ ) an aim-corrector or an aim+-disc 7,fig4 #ai74 ,if necess>y1 fur!r lessons 9 trigg]-press+ w be giv54 ,progress %\ld also be te/$ f "t to "t by gr\p+ practice on ! m9iature range or #cj y>ds range4 ,^! practices w help to develop /ead9ess until range practice is begun4 ,daily practice 9 snapp+ is necess>y = tra9$ soldi]s z well z = recruits4 ,section #bf4--,! ,v>i\s ,fir+ ,positions4 #a4 ,vuln]ability ( ,diff]5t ,fir+ ,positions4--,9 ! op5 up to #a1jjj y>ds ! ly+ position w usually prove ! lea/ vuln]able to ! effects ( bo? rifle & artill]y fire1 z x is ! mo/ difficult to disc]n & exposes ! smalle/ surface to fire4 ,z a rule1 ! ly+ position is also ! lea/ vuln]able to ! effects ( rifle fire at all ranges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is m vuln]able to ! effects ( %rapnel 9 ! op5 ?an ! kneel+ or sitt+ positions4 ,! use ( entr5*m5ts1 h[ev]1 :5ev] possible1 usually obviates ! necessity = assum+ ! ly+ position 9 ! op5 9 attack+ a /rongly-held def5sive position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,,%[+ ,,grip ,,( ,,"r ,,h&1 ,,& ,,trigg] ,,f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,,in/ructor ,,illu/rat+ ,,correct ,,me?od ,,( ,,press+ ,,! ,,trigg]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai--;,,correct ,,me?od ,,( ,,us+ ,,aim+-,,disc4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,sec4 ,,iv41 8,aim+-,disc407 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,,/&+ ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,body well balanc$4 #b4 ,left elb[ well "u rifle4 #c4 ,good b$ = ! butt4 #d4 ,firm grip ) bo? h&s4 #e4 ,eye well back f ! cock+-piece4 #f4 ,sights p]fectly upright4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,,/&+ ,,position--,,front ,,view4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,body well balanc$4 #b4 ,left elb[ well "u rifle4 #c4 ,good b$ = ! butt4 #d4 ,firm grip ) bo? h&s4 #e4 ,eye well back f ! cock+-piece4 #f4 ,sights p]fectly upright4 #b4 ,ne$ = ,avoid+ ,unnecess>y ,movem5t4--,recruits w be tra9$ to assume ! v>i\s fir+ positions rapidly1 & to p]=m ! load+ & aim+ motions ) z little movem5t z possible4 ,all unnecess>y movem5t 9 p]=m+ ^! motions mu/ be avoid$1 especially 9 ! op51 z movem5t attracts ! eye & t5ds to betray ! position ( t>gets :i*1 :5 /ation>y1 w\ld be invisible or extremely difficult to disc]n4 #c4 ,/&+ ,position 7,figs4 #bj & #ba74--7;i7 ,! /&+ position w1 z a rule1 be us$ on s]vice to fire f brea/works1 high walls1 & cov]1 su* z long grass or /&+ corn1 or to take a snap-%ot :5 advanc+1 s t ! pace ( ! advance is n mat]ially *eck$4 ,= ! height ov] :i* a man c fire /&+ see ,sec4 #ca1 p>a4 #b4 7ii7 ,rules = ! ,/&+ ,position4--,body turn$ half "r1 left foot c>ri$ to ! left & slightly =w>d1 s t ! body is erect & well-balanc$1 left elb[ well "u ! rifle1 ! butt well into ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]1 rifle gripp$ firmly ) bo? h&s1 eye well back f ! cock+-piece1 sights p]fectly upright4 #d4 ,ly+ ,position 7,fig4 #bb74--7;i7 ,! ly+ position w g5]ally be adopt$ by troops on op5 gr\nd1 or :5 fir+ f cont9u\s l[ cov]1 or f beh9d small rocks1 trees1 etc4 ,prelim9>y in/ruction 9 fir+ & fir+ ex]cises w1 z a rule1 be c>ri$ out 9 ! ly+ position z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t4 7ii7 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?is position has ! advantage t its use 9 fir+ results 9 a great] ext5t ( dang]\s space ?an 9 ! case ( o!r fir+ positions ,sec4 #i1 p>a4 #b 7ii74 7iii7 ,rules = ,fir+ ,9 ! ,ly+ ,position4--,turn half "r1 br+ ! rifle to ! "r side z :5 /&+1 hold+ x 9 ! left h&4 ,place ! "r h& on ! gr\nd1 & lie d[n on ! /oma* ) ! legs sep>at$1 left %\ld] well =w>d1 left arm ext5d$ to ! front1 & rifle re/+ 9 ! left h& 9 a conv5i5t position1 muzzle po9t+ to ! front & cle> ( mud or du/ on ! gr\nd4 ,! l9e ( ! body may be slightly oblique to ! l9e ( fire1 b ?is oblique angle mu/ n be exagg]at$1 z x w t5d to increase vuln]ability by pres5t+ a great] surface to ! enemy's fire ?an :5 ! body is p>allel to ! l9e ( fire 7see ,fig4 #cj74 7iv7 ,adju/+ ,sights4--,to adju/ sights 9 ! ly+ position draw ! rifle back ) ! left h& until ! l9es on ! backsight c be se5 cle>ly4 ,9 ! case ( ,s4,m4,l4,e4 & ,*>g]-load+ ,lee-,enfield rifles1 draw ! rifle back ?r\gh ! left h&4 7v7 ,height ( ,rifle above ,gr\nd4--,= ! height ov] :i* a man 9 ! ly+ position c fire see ,sec4 #ca1 p>a4 #b4 ,if x is necess>y = improv+ ! field ( fire & obta9+ bett] fire effect to increase ! height ( ! body above gr\nd1 ?is c be done by rais+ x on ! elb[s & at ! same "t slightly retir+ x4 #e4 ,kneel+ ,position 7,figs4 #bc & #bd74--7;i7 ,! kneel+ position is us$ ma9ly :5 fir+ f cont9u\s cov]1 su* z a l[ wall1 bank1 or h$ge1 or 9 long grass1 crops1 etc41 :i* w\ld ob/ruct ! l9e ( sight if ! prone position 7 adopt$4 ,= ! height ov] :i* a man 9 ! kneel+ position c fire see ,sec4 #ca1 p>a4 #b4 7ii7 ,rules = ,fir+ 9 ! ,kneel+ ,position4--,! soldi] may kneel on ei!r or bo? knees4 ,:5 kneel+ on "o knee ! body may be support$ on ! heel1 or n1 z desir$4 ,! left knee w be 9 advance ( ! left heel1 & ! left elb[ w re/ on or ov] ! left knee4 ,! left leg1 h&1 & arm1 & ! "r %\ld]1 %\ld be 9 ! same v]tical plane :5 fir+ 9 ! op5 kneel+ on ! "r knee4 ,:5 kneel+ on bo? knees1 ! body may re/ on bo? heels1 or be kept upright to suit ! height ( ! cov]1 ! elb[s 9 bo? in/ances be+ unsupport$ by ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,prone ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,body oblique to l9e ( fire4 #b4 ,legs sep>at$4 #c4 ,heels on gr\nd4 #d4 ,good b$ = ! butt4 #e4 ,firm grip ) bo? h&s4 #f4 ,eye well back f ! cock+-piece4 #g4 ,sights p]fectly upright4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,,kneel+ ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,body well balanc$4 #b4 ,left elb[ well "u rifle4 #c4 ,good b$ = ! butt4 #d4 ,firm grip ) bo? h&s4 #e4 ,eye well back f ! cock+-piece4 #f4 ,sights p]fectly upright4 #g4 ,left heel slightly beh9d left knee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd--,,kneel+ ,,position--,,front ,,view4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,body well balanc$4 #b4 ,left elb[ well "u rifle4 #c4 ,good b$ = ! butt4 #d4 ,firm grip ) bo? h&s4 #e4 ,eye well back f ! cock+-piece4 #f4 ,sights p]fectly upright4 #g4 ,left knee1 =e>m1 rifle1 & "r %\ld]1 9 "o v]tical plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,sitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf--,,sitt+ ,,position ,,:5 ,,fir+--,,aim+ ,,d[n ,,/eep ,,slope4 #f4 ,sitt+ ,position 7,figs4 #be & #bf74--,! sitt+ position w be ! mo/ suitable :5 on gr\nd fall+ at a /eep slope4 ,9 ?is position ! "r %\ld] %\ld be kept well back1 ! left =e>m support$ by ! ?igh1 & ! "r elb[ re/+ aga9/ ! "r knee1 or unsupport$1 z desir$4 ,section #bg4--,load+ & ,unload+4 #a4 ,to ,load 7,fig4 #bg74ac--7;i7 ,br+ ! rifle to ! "r side 9 front ( ! hip1 ) ! muzzle po9t+ upw>ds1 small ( ! butt j 9 front ( ! hip1 grasp+ ! /ock ) ! left h& imm$iately 9 front ( ! magaz9e4 ,turn ! safety-cat* completely ov] to ! front ) ! ?umb or =ef+] ( ! "r h&4 7,*>g]-load+ ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,l[] ! safety-cat* ) ! ?umb ( ! "r h&47 7ii7 ,pull out ! cut-(f if clos$1 fir/ press+ x d[nw>ds ) ! ?umb1 !n seize ! knob ) ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 turn x %>ply upw>ds1 & draw back ! bolt to its full ext5t4 7iii7 ,take ! *>g] betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s ( ! "r h&1 & place x v]tically 9 ! guides4 ,!n1 plac+ ! ball ( ! ?umb imm$iately 9 front ( ! *>g]1 & hook+ ! =ef+] "u ! cut-(f1 =ce ! c>tridges d[n ) a firm & cont9u\s pressure until ! top c>tridge has engag$ 9 ! magaz9e4 ,=ce ! bolt %>ply home1 turn+ ! knob well d[n1 &1 ) ! ?umb or =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 turn ! safety-cat* completely ov] to ! re>4 7,*>g]-load+ ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,raise ! safety-cat* ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r h&47 ,!n button ! p\*1 seize ! rifle ) ! "r h& 9 front ( ! left1 br+ ! left foot back to ! "r & ord] arms4 7iv7 ,load+ ! ,magaz9e4--,! magaz9e w hold two *>ges ( five c>tridges ea*1 b %\ld 9 ord9>y circum/ances be load$ ) "o only1 z ! soldi] w ?us reta9 ! p[] ( add+ ano!r *>ge at any "t %\ld necessity dem&4 ,if1 :5 on ! l9e ( m>*1 x is desir$ to *>ge ! magaz9e )\t load+ ! rifle1 ! top c>tridge may be press$ d[nw>ds ) ! ?umb & ! cut-(f clos$4 ,aft] ! rifle is once *>g$ ! soldi] is responsible t 8 magaz9e is refill$ at once :5ev] x has be5 empti$4 #d4 ,to ,unload4--,c>ry out ! directions 9 p>a1 #a 7i7 & 7ii71 b aft] draw+ back ! bolt1 )\t turn+ ! knob d[n1 "w ! bolt rapidly backw>ds & =w>ds until ! c>tridges are remov$ f ! magaz9e & *amb]1 all[+ !m to fall on ! gr\nd4 ,!n close ! bree*1 press ! trigg]1 close ! cut-(f by plac+ ! "r h& ov] ! bolt & press+ ! cut-(f inw>ds1 apply ! safety-cat*1 l[] ! backsight or ! long-range sights1 & ord] arms4 #e4 ,rapid ,load+4--7i7 ,:5 he is able to aim & fire /eadily 9 all positions & f v>i\s classes ( cov]1 ! soldi] w be ex]cis$ 9 comb9+ rapid load+ ) ! greate/ rapidity ( aim consi/5t ) accuracy4 ,rapid load+ w fir/ be practis$ sep>ately1 us+ dummy c>tridges 9 *>g]s4 ,:5 five r\nds h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! magaz9e1 ! bolt w be clos$ & turn$ ov]1 & ! rifle w at once be unload$ & ano!r *>g] ins]t$ simil>ly4 ,rapid load+ %\ld be practis$ 9 all positions1 b especially 9 ! ly+ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,,load+ ,,9 ,,/&+ ,,position4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,body erect & well balanc$4 #b4 ,left elb[ close to body4 #c4 ,firm grip ) left h&1 close 9 front ( magaz9e4 #d4 ,muzzle po9t+ upw>ds4 #e4 ,butt well =w>d4 #f4 ,=ef+] ( ! "r h& "u ! cut-(f4 #g4 ,eyes on ! m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,,fir+ ,,9 ,,! ,,op54 ,,heads ,,l[]$2 ,,obs]v] ,,wat*+ ,,front4 7ii7 ,rapid ,fir+4--,! rate ( fir+ %\ld be increas$ gradually1 provid$ t faults ( aim+ & trigg]-press+ are n acquir$4 ,%ort bur/s ( rapid fire only w be p]mitt$1 ! fir+ be+ c>efully regulat$ & controll$4 ,a t>get w always be indicat$4 #f4 ,caution4--,be=e dummy c>tridges are us$ on p>ade1 special precautions w be tak5 to insure t nei!r ball nor blank ammunition is tak5 to ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,! in/ructor w p]sonally exam9e all c>tridges1 rifles1 p\*es1 & b&oli]s1 be=e load+ takes place4 ,section #bh4--,use ( ! ,safety-,cat* & ,cut-,(f4 #a4 ,troops arm$ ) rifles fitt$ ) safety-cat*es w inv>iably set ! cat* to safety be=e movem5t4 ,! use ( ! cut-(f is to be conf9$ 9 _! case to occasions :5 !y are n actually engag$ ) ! enemy4 ,!n x may be employ$ = ! purpose ei!r ( *>g+ ! magaz9e )\t ins]t+ a c>tridge 9 ! *amb]1 or to unload ! rifle :ile reta9+ c>tridges 9 ! magaz9e4 #b4 ,! cut-(f is nev] to be us$ to enable ! rifle to be us$ z a s+le load]1 & is n to sup]s$e ! use ( ! safety-cat*4 ,9 ! case ( rifles :i* h no safety-cat*es1 ! cut-(f w be press$ 9 & ! rifle unload$ on all occasions :5 ! safety-cat* is ord]$ to be appli$ 9 ^! in/ructions4 ,9 an advance 9 ext5d$ ord]1 h[ev]1 ^! rifles may be c>ri$ dur+ movem5t at ! slope in/ead ( be+ unload$4 ,section #bi4--;,in/ruction 9 ,aim+ & ,fir+4 #a4 ,rules = ,aim+ & ,fir+4--7i7 ,! rules = tak+ accurate aim h already be5 /at$4 ,9 comb9+ aim+ ) ! movem5ts = fir+ 9 ! v>i\s fir+ positions ! foll[+ rules w be obs]v$3 7ii7 ,direct ! eyes on ! m>k4 ,!n br+ ! rifle into ! holl[ ( ! "r %\ld]1 & press x 9 ) ! left h&1 grasp ! small firmly ) ! ?umb & ?ree f+]s ( ! "r h&1 place ! =ef+] r\nd ! l[] "p ( ! trigg]1 & ex]t suffici5t pressure to take ! pull4 ,9 mak+ ^! motions1 ! backsight w be kept upright1 ! left elb[ br\ght well "u ! rifle1 & ! "r elb[ br\ght a little l[] ?an & well to ! front ( ! "r %\ld]4 7iii7 ,z ! rifle t\*es ! %\ld]1 br+ ! *eek d[n on ! butt1 keep+ ! face well back f ! "r h& & cock+-piece1 close ! left eye1 align ! sights on ! m>k1 re/ra9 ! brea?+1 & press ! trigg]4 7iv7 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to insure t ! =ef+] is n plac$ on ! trigg] be=e ! rifle is 9 contact ) ! %\ld]1 & t a firm grip is ma9ta9$ ) bo? h&s :ile fir+4 ,unless ! butt re/s firmly 9 ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]1 accurate %oot+ is impossible4 7v7 ,! fur!r ! eye is kept f ! backsight ! m cle>ly w ! sights be def9$1 ! less /ra9$ w be ! position ( ! head & neck1 & ! less w be ! effect ( recoil4 #b4 ,aim+ & ,fir+ ,practices4--,9 aim+ & fir+ practices1 ! fir] %\ld always decl>e ! direction ( 8 aim at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge be=e remov+ ! rifle f ! %\ld] = ! reasons giv5 9 ,sec4 #be1 p>a4 #e4 ,! in/ructor w c>efully sup]vise practices1 & w te/ ! accuracy ( aim+ ) ! aim-corrector or aim+-disc4 ,hav+ c>ri$ out ! motions describ$ 9 p>as1 7ii7 & 7iii7 above1 ! recruit aft] a pause w br+ ! rifle to ! load+ position1 & practise ! motions aga91 or he w apply ! safety cat* & ord] arms1 accord+ to ! ord]s ( ! in/ructor4 ,section #cj4--;,fir+ 9 ! ,op54 #a4 ,! ne$ = avoid+ unnecess>y movem5ts 9 assum+ ! v>i\s fir+ positions 9 load+ & aim+ w h be5 impress$ ^u recruits dur+ _! in/ruction 9 ! fir+ positions & load+4 ,recruits mu/ be taught t x is especially important to avoid ^! unnecess>y movem5ts :5 fir+ 9 ! op5 ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #c 7iii74 ,9 fir+ 9 ! op51 ! head %\ld be l[]$ 9 ! int]vals ( fir+1 b ! gr\nd 9 front mu/ be wat*$ by select$ obs]v]s 7,fig4 #bh74 #b4 ,positions 9 ! ,op54--,besides avoid+ movem5ts betray+ _! position1 recruits w be taught to select positions 9 ! op5 s z to avoid z f> z possible backgr\nds :i* increase _! visibility ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #d 7ii74 ,!y w be taught1 z "p ( _! in/ruction 9 visual tra9+1 to note ! effect ( diff]5t backgr\nds ^u ! visibility ( s]vice t>gets4 ,!y w le>n t concealm5t may be possible ev5 9 ! op5 )\t cov]1 = troops at long] ranges :5 n 9 movem5t may be invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,individual m51 :5 motionless 9 ! op51 may also be invisible to ! nak$ eye )9 close range4 ,section #ca4--;,fir+ f ,cov]4 #a4 ,in/ruction 9 ! *oice & use ( gr\nd & its natural or o!r features z cov] = concealm5t or protection f ! enemy's fire1 & 9 adapt+ ! diff]5t fir+ positions to v>i\s =ms ( cov]1 w be "p ( ! field tra9+ ( m5 at a /age :i* w comb9e tra9+ 9 fire discipl9e & manuvre 7see ,*apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,vi4 ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies74 ,full directions reg>d+ ! *oice & use ( ! gr\nd & its exi/+ features z cov] are conta9$ 9 ,sec4 #ccad ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies4 ,tra9+ 9 ! con/ruction & use ( ha/y fire-cov]1 & m elaborate =ms ( con/ruct$ cov]1 su* z v>i\s field entr5*m5ts1 are dealt ) 9 ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies1 :i* also deals ) ! prep>ation ( doors1 w9d[s1 & build+s1 z well z banks1 dit*es1 etc41 to s]ve z cov]4 ,tra9+ 9 fir+ 9 ! diff]5t fir+ positions f beh9d v>i\s common =ms ( cov] w =m "p ( ! elem5t>y in/ruction ( recruits 9 fir+4 #b4 ,height ( ,cov] = ,use 9 ,diff]5t ,fir+ ,positions4--,! heights ov] :i* a man ( av]age /ature c fire on level gr\nd 9 ! v>i\s fir+ positions are z foll[s3 ,ly+1 #a foot2 kneel+1 #c feet2 /&+1 #d feet #f in*es4 ,on level gr\nd a man c fire ov] ab\t five-six?s ( 8 own height4 ,high] cov] c be us$ :5 fir+ uphill ?an :5 fir+ d[nhill4 #c4 ,rules = ,fir+ f ,cov]4--7i7 ,in/ructors mu/ impress on recruits t ! mo/ important requirem5t 9 fir+ f cov] is ! ability ( a man to use 8 rifle to ! be/ advantage1 & t ! eyes mu/ be kept on ! enemy betwe5 %ots to avoid los+ sight ( t>gets4 ,9 us+ cov]1 ! recruit mu/ be taught to keep z ne> to ! cov] z possible1 compatible ) ease 9 fir+4 ,he mu/ also be taught :5 possible to fire r\nd ! side ( cov] r ?an ov] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cov]--,,correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cov]--,,unnecess>y ,,exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,,fir+ ,,f ,,fold ,,( ,,gr\nd--,,side ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,,fir+ ,,f ,,fold ,,( ,,gr\nd--,,unnecess>y ,,exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,,fir+ ,,f ,,fold ,,( ,,gr\nd--,,correct ,,me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,,fir+ ,,ov] ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]4 ,wait+ to ,fire4 ,c5tre1 correct position2 "r & left1 incorrect positions--unnecess>y exposure4 7ii7 ,adapt+ ,fir+ ,positions to ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,cov]4--,! foll[+ notes & illu/rations lay d[n g5]al rules z to ! correct me?od ( adapt+ ! diff]5t fir+ positions to v>i\s =ms ( cov] commonly f\nd 9 ! field4 7iii7 ,isolat$ ,cov]4--,figs4 #bi & #cj illu/rate ! correct & incorrect me?ods ( us+ isolat$ cov]4 ,fig4 #bi %[s ! m9imum exposure1 ! :ole body be+ protect$ by cov]4 ,fig4 #cj %[s unnecess>y exposure ( ! head & body1 & also ( ! legs1 ow+ to ! extreme oblique angle ( ! body to ! l9e ( fire4 ,z a rule isolat$ cov] %\ld be avoid$ ev5 if x af=ds protection f fire1 z 9 ! case ( occasional rocks or small m\nds ( e>?1 especially at close ranges1 because m51 if se5 occupy+ su* cov]1 c easily be m>k$ d[n by ! enemy1 & hit on leav+ x4 ,rocks may also be dang]\s1 ow+ to ! risk ( injury f spl9t]s4 7iv7 ,cont9u\s ,cov]--7a7 ,ridges & ,folds ( ,gr\nd4--,figs4 #ca1 #cb1 & #cc %[ correct & incorrect me?ods ( us+ ridges & folds ( gr\nd z cov]4 ,^! features commonly provide good cov]1 especially ! latt]1 :i* may be difficult to recognize f a di/ance4 ,if prop]ly us$1 !y may af=d concealm5t & protection f ! enemy's fire1 = :i* z a rule !y d n (f] well-def9$ t>gets4 ,= in/ance1 ! fold ( gr\nd 9 ,fig4 #cc w\ld be invisible if x 7 n indicat$ by ! m5's heads4 7b7 ,l[ ,cov]4--,figs4 #cd to #ch %[ ! correct & incorrect me?ods ( us+ l[ cov]4 ,figs4 #ci to #db %[ correct & incorrect me?ods ( us+ high] =ms ( cont9u\s cov]1 su* z /one & brick walls1 banks1 etc4 ,z a rule ^! =ms ( cov]1 :e!r consi/+ ( h$ges1 ) or )\t dit*es1 banks1 or walls1 h ! disadvantage ( (f]+ well-def9$ t>gets to ! enemy's fire & may1 9 addition1 ob/ruct ! advance ( troops occupy+ !m4 ,/one & brick cov]1 9 addition1 involves ! risk ( injury ?r\gh spl9t]s or demolition if subject to artill]y fire4 #d4 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--7i7 ,in/ruction %\ld be c>ri$ out "u practical conditions4 ,if necess>y1 diff]5t =ms ( cov] c be improvis$ by ! use ( s&bags1 hurdles1 boxes1 etc4 ,! in/ructor w give practical illu/rations ( ! correct me?od ( adapt+ ! diff]5t fir+ positions to v>i\s =ms ( cov]4 ,he w !n ord] ea* man to adapt ! diff]5t fir+ positions to cov]1 & criticize faults1 or call on o!r recruits 9 ! class to criticize !m4 7ii7 ,:5 recruits h progress$ suffici5tly1 !y %\ld be s5t out to ! front ( ! class z fatigue-m5 to make use ( v>i\s =ms ( cov]1 su* z folds ( gr\nd1 h$ges1 dit*es1 walls1 trees1 isolat$ bu%es1 und]gr[?1 tufts ( grass1 etc41 9 advanc+ t[>ds ! class4 ,besides tak+ cov]1 !y %\ld g ?r\gh ! load+ & aim+ motions z ?\gh fir+ at ! class4 7iii7 ,! in/ructor w make use ( ^! object-lessons to po9t out ! advantages & disadvantages ( v>i\s =ms ( cov]1 ! correct & incorrect me?ods ( us+ cov]1 & ! dang] ( exagg]at$ or unnecess>y movem5t ( ! head1 arms1 or rifle 9 load+ & aim+ :i* t5d to betray ! position ( m5 or make !m easy to m>k d[n4 ,?is in/ruction c be c>ri$ out on m9iature ranges accord+ to ! directions laid d[n 9 ,*apt] ,x41 ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #c 7iv74 #e4 ,rules = ,select+ ,cov]4--,! foll[+ g5]al rules w help to guide soldi]s 9 select+ cov]4 ,!y mu/ rememb] t 9 ! field ! selection ( cov] may (t5 involve a *oice betwe5 alt]native disadvantages4 ,x may n be possible to avoid bad cov] or to f9d good cov]1 & x may sometimes be bett] to use bad cov] ?an to rema9 9 ! op54 ,soldi]s1 !re=e1 mu/ be taught 9 ! c\rse ( _! field tra9+ to make ! be/ use ( gr\nd & cov] "u ! v>y+ conditions ( ea* tactical situation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,,fir+ ,,ov] ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]4 ,correct & incorrect prone position = load+ & wait+ to fire4 ,! unnecess>y exposure & movem5ts ( ! rifle ( ! man on ! "r are wrong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,,fir+ ,,ov] ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]4 ,correct & incorrect prone positions4 ,unnecess>y exposure ( man on "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]3 ,,ly+ ,,position--,,front ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,,fir+ ,,r\nd ,,cont9u\s ,,cov]3 ,,ly+ ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,load+4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,no undue exposure4 #b4 ,wat*+ front4 #c4 ,trigg] gu>d d[nw>ds to facilitate load+ & sight-sett+4 #d4 ,muzzle cle> ( cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,load$4 ,po9ts to note3 #a4 ,no undue exposure4 #b4 ,wat*+ front4 #c4 ,trigg] gu>d outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,,kneel+ ,,beh9d ,,cov]--,,position ,,:5 ,,fir+4 ,po9ts to note #a4 ,no undue exposure4 #b4 ,body well balanc$4 #c4 ,left elb[ well "u rifle4 #d4 ,good b$ = ! butt4 #e4 ,firm grip ) bo? h&s4 #f4 ,eye well back f ! cock+-piece4 #g4 ,sights p]fectly upright4 #h4 ,rifle1 b n h&1 re/+ on cov]4 #i4 ,position adapt$ to ! cov]4 7i7 ,good ,cov]4--,p]fect cov]--:i*1 h[ev]1 w v r>ely be f\nd--w comb9e ! foll[+ advantages3 7a7 ,af=ds a cle> view up to ! enemy's position4 7b7 ,p]mits ! free use ( ! rifle4 7c7 ,gives concealm5t to ! fir]4 7d7 ,provides protection = him aga9/ ! enemy's fire )\t h9d]+ =w>d movem5t4 7ii7 ,bad ,cov] involves any ( ! foll[+ disadvantages3 7a7 ,(f]s a well-def9$ t>get = ! enemy's fire1 & provides no protection f its effects4 7b7 ,gives a re/rict$ view ( ! enemy's position4 7c7 ,re/ricts ! free use ( ! rifle4 7d7 ,ob/ructs ! advance ( troops occupy+ x 9 attack4 7iii7 ,dang]\s ,cov]4--,features ( gr\nd :i* (f] cle>ly def9$ t>gets = ! enemy's fire1 & af=d no protection f its effects1 are dang]\s cov] if occupi$ 9 view ( ! enemy1 especially if !y run p>allel to 8 position4 ,common examples ( su* features are an isolat$ h$ge or ! edge ( a wood4 #f4 ,p5etration ( ! ,po9t$ ,bullet4--,a table w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix to ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies giv+ ! approximate p5etration ( ! po9t$ bullet :5 fir+ at v>i\s sub/ances4 ,9 ord] to obta9 bullet-pro( cov]1 an extra ?ickness ( sub/ance mu/ be add$ to ^! measurem5ts ( p5etration4 ,e>? %\ld n be less ?an #c feet ?ick to af=d bullet-pro( cov]4 ,if ! soil is free f /ones1 a ?ickness ( #d feet is desirable4 ,?is ?ickness may r\ghly be measur$ ) a s]vice rifle1 #c feet #h in*es long4 ,section #cb4--,muscle ,ex]cises4 #a4 7i7 ,to accu/om ! muscles to ! /ra9 ( prolong$ fir+ ! foll[+ ex]cises w be p]=m$ daily dur+ ! elem5t>y tra9+ ( recruits1 & frequ5tly by tra9$ soldi]s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t m5 are n unduly fatigu$ by ! ex]cises1 & t !y d n comm5ce !m :5 !y are tir$4 ,9 ea* practice1 a conspicu\s object1 repres5t+ ! t>get1 w be indicat$1 & ! rifle w inv>iably be ?r[n into approximate alignm5t ) x4 7ii7 ,9 ! fir/ & ?ird ex]cises ! correct aim+ position w be assum$1 includ+ tak+ ! pull1 br++ ! *eek on to ! butt1 & clos+ ! left eye1 b )\t actually align+ ! sights4 ,9 ! second ex]cise ! fir/ pull w be tak5 :5 ! "r h& grasps ! rifle1 b ! head w n be l[]$1 ! left eye w n be clos$1 nor w ! sights be align$4 #b4 ,fir/ ,practice4--,to be p]=m$ ) & )\t bayonet fix$4 ,caution3--,muscle ,ex]cise4 ,fir/ ,practice4 ,comm&s3--,/&+ or ,ly+--,load4 ,"o4--,br+ ! rifle to ! position = aim+1 return at once to ! position = load+1 & cont9ue ! practice4 ,unload4 #c4 ,second ,practice4--,caution3--,muscle ,ex]cise4 ,second ,practice4 ,comm&s3--,/&+ or ,ly+--,load4 ,"o4--,br+ ! rifle to ! position = aim+4 ,two4--,quit ! rifle ) ! "r h&4 ,?ree4--,seize ! rifle ) ! "r h&1 & at ! same "t quit x ) ! left h&4 ,unload4 ,note4--,! words ,two & ,?ree w be giv5 at int]vals ( ab\t #aj seconds4 ,! trigg] w n be press$ :5 9 ! ?ird position4 #d4 ,?ird ,practice4--,to be p]=m$ ) & )\t bayonet fix$4 ,caution3--,muscle ,ex]cise4 ,?ird ,practice4 ,comm&s3--,/&+ or ,ly+--,load4 ,"o4--,br+ ! rifle to ! position = aim+4 ,unload4 ,note4--,! m5 w be tra9$ progressively to hold ! rifle 9 ?is position until !y c d s )\t fatigue = two m9utes4 #e4 ,cadet ,muscle ,ex]cises4--7i7 ,9 ! case ( ,cadets1 ! above muscle ex]cises may be c>ri$ out ) a light rifle4 ,alt]natively ! special ex]cises = ,cadets sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph may be c>ri$ out 9 pref]5ce to ! second & ?ird ,regulation muscle ex]cises1 ! /ra9 ( :i* may develop sl[ness ( movem5t 9 "y1 gr[+ lads by mak+ ! muscul> tissues heavy r ?an well-ton$4 ,moreov]1 ! repetition ( ^! ex]cises is monoton\s1 & may cause a di/a/e = !m 9 y\?s4 ,cadet muscle ex]cises :i* consi/ ( go+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s movem5ts ( assum+ ! diff]5t fir+ positions1 load+1 sight+1 aim+1 & press+ ! trigg]1 are !re=e sugge/$ z a sub/itute = ! ,regulation muscle ex]cises4 ,! introduction ( aim+ at a m>k--pref]ably a s]vice t>get--9 ! c\rse ( muscle ex]cises w help to develop ! muscles ( ! eye1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! body & limbs4 7ii7 ,^! ex]cises h ! advantages ( occupy+ ! m9d ( ! cadet :ile ex]cis+ 8 muscles1 & s div]t+ att5tion f ! m]e repetition ( cont9u$ muscul> ef=t1 :i* is we>isome4 ,!y avoid ! heavy /ra9 ( ! ?ird ,regulation musketry ex]cise1 & atta9 ! object ( ! second--namely1 to develop a firm grip ( ! h& on ! weapon1 :i* is ess5tial to s]vice %oot+1 :ile practis+ cadets 9 seiz+ ! weapon quickly 9 ! prop] places4 ,!y fur!r embrace all ! muscles us$ 9 ! act ( fir+ by includ+ ! fir+ positions & trigg]-press+ in/ead ( ^? us$ 9 tak+ aim alone1 & at ! same "t co-ord9ate !m into ! quick1 active movem5ts ess5tial = snap%oot+ & rapid fir+4 7iii7 ,cadets mu/ n be practis$ at ^! ex]cises till !y h be5 tra9$ to p]=m correctly ! v>i\s movem5ts necess>y = assum+ ! diff]5t fir+ positions1 load+1 sight+1 br++ ! rifle to ! %\ld] = aim1 & press+ ! trigg]4 ,!y may be ex]cis$ 9 squads1 b ! in/ructor mu/ sup]vise ! "w ( ea* cadet1 & be c>eful to see t all ! sep>ate movem5ts comb9$ 9 ea* ex]cise are c>ri$ out correctly1 )\t be+ slurr$ or wrongly made4 7iv7 ,! in/ructor mu/ also be c>eful to see t no cadet cont9ues any muscle ex]cise until he is fatigu$4 ,! ex]cises mu/ be light at fir/1 & gradually increas$ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( individual cadets z _! muscles gr[ /rong]4 ,ex]cises w be c>ri$ out "u ! control ( ! in/ructor & accord+ to 8 directions4 ,ea* ex]cise w be c>ri$ out 9 a s]ies ( ?ree movem5ts1 :i* may be repeat$ = a numb] ( times at 8 discretion4 7v7 ,cadet ,muscle ,ex]cise4--,caution3--,muscle ,ex]cise4 ,comm&s3--,fir+ ,position4 ,rate ( ,fire4 ,"o4--,assume ! fir+ position ord]$1 & br+ ! rifle to ! position = load+4 ,two4--,p]=m ! action ( load+ & adju/+ sights correctly to a giv5 range4 ,?ree4--,br+ ! rifle to ! position = aim+1 press ! trigg]1 & return at once to ! position = load+4 ,note4--,rapid load+ & unload+ 9 ! prone position ) ! rifle to ! %\ld] w also prove a useful muscle ex]cise4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,visual ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,rang+ ,section #cc4--;,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,visual ,tra9+4#ae #a4 ,importance ( ,visual ,tra9+4--,great z is ! loss ( fire effect due to errors 9 judg+ di/ance & sight+1 an ev5 great] am\nt ( ammunition w be exp5d$ )\t good results unless ! soldi] is tra9$ to disc]n & select t>gets at close ranges1 & to recognize t>gets describ$ to him at long] ranges4 #b4 ,ev5 at close range1 9 ! op51 s]vice t>gets consi/+ ( troops are (t5 impossible to disc]n ) ! nak$ eye :5 motionless if _! backgr\nd h>monizes ) _! uni=m4 ,at all ranges1 except %ort di/ances )9 close range1 troops 9 neutral-t9t$ uni=m1 adopt+ =mations :i* all[ full use to be made ( gr\nd & cov]1 are usually difficult to disc]n ) ! nak$ eye ev5 :5 9 motion4 #c4 ,f9ally1 t>gets :i* consi/ ( gr\nd or its natural features are n easy to recognize unless ! eye ( ! soldi] is specially tra9$ = ?is "w1 ^u :i* fire effect 9 battle beyond close range w dep5d4 ,! eyesight ( ! soldi] mu/1 !re=e1 be develop$ 9 special p[]s to enable him to disc]n & recognize ! t>gets ( ! mod]n battlefield at all ranges be=e he is able to fire at !m effectively4 #d4 ,scope ( ,tra9+4--7i7 ,visual tra9+ w include disc]nm5t ( t>gets1 /udy & description ( gr\nd1 recognition ( & aim+ at t>gets describ$ by ^w ( m\?1 judg+ di/ance by eye1 &1 :5 possible1 obs]vation ( ! results ( fire4 ,visual tra9+ %\ld at fir/ be sep>at$ f tra9+ 9 judg+ di/ance1 b z pr(ici5cy is atta9$ bo? %\ld be comb9$ aft] m5 h be5 in/ruct$ 9 milit>y vocabul>y & /udy ( gr\nd1 :i* lays ! f\ndation ( in/ruction 9 recognition ( t>gets4 ,tra9+ 9 obs]vation ( results ( fire by wat*+ ! /rike ( bullets on ! gr\nd w be difficult to c>ry out except on du/y soil4 #e4 ,visual ,tra9+ on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,directions = tra9+ m5 9 ! diff]5t subjects ( in/ruction m5tion$ 9 ! above p>agraph1 includ+ obs]vation ( fire1 are conta9$ 9 ,*apt] ,x1 ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #d4 ,section #cd4--;,disc]nm5t ( ,t>gets4 #a4 ,elem5t>y ,tra9+4--,tra9+ w beg9 ) que/ions fram$ to develop a man's p[]s ( disc]n+ objects1 & describ+ accurately & %ortly :at he sees4 ,at fir/ any ord9>y objects 9 ! vic9ity ( b>racks w be c\nt$1 or in/ruction may be c>ri$ out z 9 ! elem5t>y /age ( tra9+ 9 obs]vation & memory accord+ to ! directions laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #de ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies4 #b4 ,tra9+ on ! ,gr\nd4--,tra9+ w !n be c>ri$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,ex]cises %\ld fir/ be c>ri$ out 9 good light1 ! recruits be+ all[$ to /& & obta9 a good field ( view4 ,aft]w>ds ex]cises %\ld be c>ri$ out "u all conditions ( light1 & 9 cl\dy or mi/y wea!r1 m5 be+ tra9$ to disc]n & describe objects 9 ! prone position 9 ! op5 or beh9d cov]1 :5 _! field ( view w be re/rict$4 #c4 ,visibility ( ,di/9ct & ,neutral ,col\rs4--,= ex]cises 9 ! field a c]ta9 numb] ( dummy t>gets or fatigue-m5 w be plac$ or po/$ be=eh& 9 v>i\s select$ positions unkn[n to ! class 9 ! op51 or p>tly beh9d cov]1 & aga9/ diff]5t backgr\nds4 ,! t>gets %\ld include bo? ! di/9ct bull's-eye & s]vice figure t>gets ( diff]5t col\rs1 & ! fatigue-m5 %\ld be dress$ 9 uni=ms ( bo? di/9ct & neutral t9ts1 ) ! object ( %[+ ! diff]5ce 9 visibility ( di/9ct & neutral col\rs aga9/ ! same backgr\nd4 ,neutral-t9t$ t>gets %\ld also be arrang$ aga9/ v>i\s backgr\nds to %[ h[ backgr\nd affects visibility1 z1 = example1 ! diff]5ce 9 visibility ( a khaki uni=m aga9/ a :ite wall1 a %eet ( wat]1 a skyl9e1 d>k pl\ghl&1 a gre5 field1 a br[n h$ge4 #d4 ,effect ( ,backgr\nd on ,visibility4--,dur+ ^! ex]cises opportunity w be tak5 by in/ructors to utilize ! useful object-lessons !y provide ^u ! use ( gr\nd & cov]4 ,m5 %\ld be made to note ! v>y+ visibility ( objects accord+ to _! backgr\nd4 ,!y %\ld be taught t ! visibility ( t>gets naturally t5ds to increase ! effect ( fire direct$ at !m by facilitat+ disc]nm5t1 judg+ di/ance1 & aim+1 :ile ! vuln]ability ( t>gets is decreas$ 9 proportion z !y are invisible or difficult to disc]n4 ,m5 mu/1 !re=e1 be taught to note ! effect ( diff]5t backgr\nds ^u ! visibility ( fatigue-m5 9 s]vice uni=ms4 ,:5 be+ tra9$ 9 ! use ( gr\nd & cov]1 !y %\ld le>n1 :5 possible1 to avoid positions su* z a skyl9e or a backgr\nd :i* contra/s %>ply ) _! uni=ms1 & may r5d] !m di/9ctly visible to ! enemy ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #d 7ii74 #e4 ,describ+ ,t>gets4--,9 all ex]cises m5 w be giv5 a def9ite p]iod ( "t--:i* may be decreas$ z progress is made--9 :i* to locate & c\nt t>gets4 ,ea* man %\ld !n be ask$ h[ _m he has disc]n$4 ,m5 w 9 turn be ask$ to describe cle>ly & %ortly ! nature & position ( any t>get !y h disc]n$ :i* has n already be5 describ$ by a comrade4 ,!y %\ld be taught to use milit>y vocabul>y 9 describ+ t>gets1 & to indicate _! position by ! me?ods expla9$ 9 ,sec4 #de4 ,visual tra9+ w ?us lay ! f\ndation ( in/ruction 9 recognition ( t>gets4 #f4 ,use ( ,field-,glasses4--,9 ! case ( t>gets :i* are difficult to see1 & :i* h n be5 disc]n$1 ! in/ructor may all[ m5 to disc]n ! t>get ) ! aid ( field-glasses1 & !n make !m try to disc]n ! t>get ) ! nak$ eye1 us+ natural features ( ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t>get to locate its position4 ,?is in/ruction w help to tra9 m5 9 ! use ( field-glasses & 9 recognition ( t>gets4 #g4 ,effect ( ,movem5t on ,visibility4--,f9ally1 fatigue-m5 w be employ$ to skirmi% f cov] to cov]1 & to p]=m ! fir+ motions f beh9d cov]1 9 ord] to %[ h[ motion cat*es ! eye & exposes ! fir]'s position 7,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #c iii74 #h4 ,locat+ an ,enemy by ,s\nd4--,blank ammunition w be us$ to give practice to ! e> 9 locat+ an enemy by s\nd4 ,section #ce4--,milit>y ,vocabul>y & ,/udy ( ,gr\nd4#af #a4 ,importance ( ,milit>y ,vocabul>y4--7i7 ,soldi]s mu/ be tra9$ n only to disc]n1 b to describe s]vice t>gets ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,= ?is purpose !y mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 milit>y vocabul>y4 ,milit>y vocabul>y comprises ! te*nical t]ms appli$ to ! organization1 weapons1 equipm5t1 =mations1 & duties ( v>i\s arms4 ,def9itions ( ^! te*nical t]ms are conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s books ( ?is s]ies1 includ+ ,drill & ,field ,tra9+1 ,field ,entr5*m5ts1 & ,fir/ ,aid4 7ii7 ,9 ?is book1 besides def9itions ( ! te*nical t]ms :i* apply especially to musketry1 a li/ ( t]ms & def9itions appli$ to natural & o!r features ( gr\nd & c\ntry is includ$ on p4 xxvi z be+ a necess>y "p ( ! milit>y vocabul>y us$ 9 ! recognition & indication ( t>gets4 #b4 ,ne$ ( a ,/&>d ,vocabul>y4--,x is important t ! milit>y vocabul>y 9 ea* unit ( an army1 &1 if possible1 9 ! :ole army1 %\ld be uni=m z to its v>i\s t]ms1 especially 9 reg>d to ! indication & description ( t>gets4 ,bo? fire-unit comm&]s & m5 %\ld !re=e be ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 apply+ a uni=m milit>y vocabul>y correctly to v>i\s s]vice t>gets1 su* z units ( v>i\s arms 9 diff]5t =mations & to ! diff]5t natural & o!r features ( gr\nd & c\ntry4 #c4 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--7i7 ,in/ruction 9 milit>y vocabul>y may be c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 e>ly lessons ! in/ructor w describe 9 detail simple prom95t features1 su* z "p ( a skyl9e or ! l9e ( a bank or h$ge1 & get ea* man 9 ! class to describe 9 simil> t]ms ano!r "p ( ! l9e4 ,he w !n practise !m by ! same me?od 9 describ+ m difficult & ext5sive features4 ,9 ?is way m5 w gradually le>n ! correct t]ms to apply to a great v>iety ( natural features ( gr\nd4 ,:5 m5 h le>nt h[ to describe v>i\s features ( gr\nd 9 correct t]ms1 ! in/ructor w proce$ to describe small areas ( gr\nd1 ! limits ( :i* he w fir/ cle>ly def9e4 7ii7 ,he w describe ! %ape & nature ( ! gr\nd1 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r x is level1 undulat+ or brok51 & rocky1 s&y1 or pa/ure4 ,he w !n describe its v>i\s natural & artificial features1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 f5ces1 und]gr[?1 etc41 on x1 & ! %ape & size ( ! fields1 ) ! col\r ( ! e>? or ( crops gr[+ 9 !m4 ,! approximate measurem5ts ( objects1 r\ghly e/imat$1 may also be giv51 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r !y are l>ge1 small1 ( mod]ate size1 tall1 %ort1 wide1 or n>r[4 ,^! r\gh measurem5ts w (t5 help to di/+ui% objects1 su* z trees1 fields1 h$ges1 or h\ses f "o or m objects ( a simil> nature4 ,m5 w fir/ be ?or\ghly practis$ 9 complet+ ! description ( gr\nd & its features comm5c$ by ! in/ructor1 & !n1 z progress is made 9 describ+ gr\nd :i* is m]ely po9t$ out by ! in/ructor )\t be+ p>tly describ$ by him4 ,fig4 #dc illu/rates common features ( gr\nd :i* may be describ$ 9 ! mann] outl9$ 9 ^! p>agraphs4 #d4 ,/udy ( ,gr\nd4--,x is cle> t in/ruction 9 milit>y vocabul>y provides a good opportunity = tra9+ fire-unit comm&]s & m5 9 ! /udy ( gr\nd1 :i* is ( ! greate/ milit>y importance4 ,!re=e1 9 tra9+ m5 9 ! description ( gr\nd1 in/ructors %\ld also tra9 !m to recognize all features ( milit>y importance1 su* z good def5sive positions1 good l9es ( approa*1 good halt+-places = attack1 cov]$ approa*es1 dead gr\nd1 ob/acles1 & good or dang]\s cov]4#ag ,:5 m5 h le>n$ to recognize features ( milit>y importance1 ! in/ructor w indicate an area ( gr\nd1 & "q ! class 9 turn z to :at milit>y features may be se5 on x4 ,m5 mu/ describe ^! milit>y features 9 ! correct t]ms1 & !y w ?us le>n an extremely important bran* ( milit>y vocabul>y--namely1 t appli$ to gr\nd--:i* mu/ frequ5tly be describ$ to !m & recogniz$ by !m z aim+ po9ts 9 a lat] /age ( _! tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,skyl9e ,b4 ,holl[ ,c4 ,g5tle slope ,d4 ,/eep slope ,e4 ,d5se cov] ,f4 ,cre/ ( ,hill ,fig4 #dc4--,,milit>y ,,vocabul>y--,,t]ms ,,describ+ ,,common ,,features ,,( ,,gr\nd4 #e4 ,/udy+ ,gr\nd f ,cov]4--,z progress is made 9 ! /udy ( gr\nd1 ! class %\ld be made to exam9e ! gr\nd & to describe x f beh9d cov] to accu/om !m to its appe>ance1 z !y w see x :5 fir+ f cov]4 ,?is in/ruction w =m a useful prep>ation = ! duties ( reconnaissance & sc\t+4 ,:5 ! class is suffici5tly advanc$1 ! areas ( gr\nd describ$ w be increas$ gradually1 &1 :5 necess>y1 ^! areas w be divid$ into sectors1 z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #db1 p>as4 #c & #e1 & ea* sector w be divid$ into =egr\nd1 middle di/ance1 & backgr\nd4 ,m5 w be tra9$ to note ! diff]5t zones ( gr\nd to :i* ^! t]ms are appli$1 & !n to apply !m correctly 9 describ+ gr\nd4 #f4 ,committ+ ,features ( ,gr\nd to ,memory4--,:5 m5 are suffici5tly advanc$1 !y may be practis$ 9 exam9+ gr\nd = a limit$ "t1 & !n giv+ a correct description ( its prom95t features & pr9cipal milit>y features ) _! backs to x4 ,! in/ructor w *eck _! description :ile x is be+ giv5 by look+ at ! gr\nd1 & br+ out po9ts :i* may h be5 miss$ or =gott5 by ask+ m5 que/ions4 ,?is practice w develop ! extremely useful p[] ( rapidly not+ features ( gr\nd1 & also ( memoriz+ gr\nd4 ,! latt] p[] w be useful 9 reconnaissance1 sc\t+1 & reports4 #g4 ,/udy ( ,gr\nd 9 ,/range ,c\ntry4--,z ! gr\nd & its features1 bo? natural & artificial1 toge!r ) ! names by :i* !y are call$1 diff] consid]ably 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 m5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 milit>y vocabul>y1 ! description & /udy ( gr\nd bo? be=e & dur+ milit>y op]ations 9 unfamili> c\ntry4 ,section #cf4--;,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,rang+4 #a4 ,importance ( ,rang+4--7i7 ,accurate rang+ :5 fir+ is ( vital importance1 especially at di/ances beyond close range4 ,mi/akes 9 judg+ di/ance or range-f9d+1 & errors 9 sight+1 cause a great] loss ( fire effect ?an p]sonal errors 9 %oot+ except at close range4 ,b ev5 )9 close range mi/akes ( m ?an #ajj y>ds are n infrequ5tly made 9 judg+ di/ance4 ,! m accurate ! fir+1 ! less w be ! result if ! sight+ is incorrect f any cause4 7ii7 ,! measurem5t ( ranges w comm5ce ! mom5t a fir+-po9t has be5 *os54 ,range-tak+ increases 9 importance rapidly ) e #ajj y>ds beyond #fjj y>ds up to #b1jjj y>ds1 at :i* di/ance troops n 9 a close =mation are only visible :5 9 motion1 or ) a v fav\rable backgr\nd or light4 #b4 ,me?ods ( ,rang+4--7i7 ,! pr9cipal means ( rang+ are--7a7 ,judg+ di/ance by eye2 7b7 obs]vation ( fire2 7c7 use ( in/rum5ts su* z ! mekomet] & ! "o-man range-f9d]4 ,!re are sev]al auxili>y me?ods ( rang+ su* z back-reckon+1 use ( maps1 in=mation obta9$ f aircraft1 artill]y or ma*9e-guns1 s\nd & fla%1 cross-be>+s1 etc41 :i* may be us$ occasionally or 9 exceptional cases4 7ii7 ,obs]vation ( fire1 :5 possible1 is an effective means ( rang+4 ,if unc]ta9ty exi/s z to elevation1 x is bett] to und]e/imate ?an to ov]e/imate ! range4 ,if x is necess>y to fire at ranges beyond #a1jjj y>ds1 & obs]vation is n possible1 or ! situation dem&s t "s effect %\ld be produc$1 quickly comb9$ sights may be employ$4 ,9 all cases e available means %\ld be employ$ to f9d correct ranges4 ,no available means ( asc]ta9+ ranges %\ld ev] be neglect$1 if "t & opportunity all[ !m to be us$4 #c4 ,reconnaissance z an ,aid to ,rang+4--,z already /at$1 range-f9d+ w z a rule be 9 progress be=e fire is op5$1 & ! rapid reconnaissance ( any gr\nd on :i* a fire-fight is likely to take place %\ld provide in=mation ( ! greate/ value to company (fic]s responsible = ! direction ( fire4 ,9 prep>+ a def5sive position1 !re is usually ample "t = asc]ta9+ ranges1 & = us+ range-m>ks 7,sec4 #dj1 p>a4 #e7 & prep>+ range-c>ds 7,sec4 #dj1 p>a4 #a74 #d4 ,tra9+ ( ,(fic]s & ,n4,c4,o4's4--,z fire is controll$ at long] ranges1 practice 9 judg+ di/ance is m necess>y = (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s ?an = ! private soldi]4 ,soldi]s :o %[ aptitude 9 judg+ %ort di/ances by eye %\ld1 h[ev]1 be giv5 tra9+ ) _! lead]s at judg+ long] di/ances4 ,^! m5 may also be select$ = tra9+ 9 ! use ( range-f9d+ in/rum5ts & 9 ! duties ( obs]v]s 7,sec4 #db1 p>a4 #i74 #e4 ,r$uction ( ,errors by ,tra9+4--,(fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s1 by con/ant practice1 w r$uce _! mean error 9 judg+ di/ance f ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! correct di/ance to ab\t #aj p] c5t41 b mu* dep5ds on ! local conditions to :i* ! obs]v] is accu/om$4 ,) ?or\gh tra9+ ! mean error ( private soldi]s 9 judg+ di/ances )9 #hjj y>ds %\ld n exce$ #ajj y>ds4 ,special att5tion %\ld be paid to m5 ^: mean errors exce$ ?is di/ance1 ) a view to discov]+ ! cause & r$uc+ ! error4 #f4 ,effect ( ,/range ,conditions4--,s]i\s errors mu/ be expect$ 9 judg+ "u /range conditions ( gr\nd & atmosph]e4 ,ex]cises 9 judg+ di/ance mu/ !re=e be c>ri$ out be=e1 z well z dur+1 milit>y op]ations 9 unfamili> c\ntry4 ,section #cg4--;,judg+ ,di/ances by ,eye4 #a4 ,me?ods ( ,judg+ ,di/ance by ,eye4--,di/ances may be judg$ by eye 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 ,by measur+ ! int]v5+ gr\nd ) ! eye 9 t]ms ( "s famili> unit1 su* z #ajj y>ds2 7b7 by ! app>5t size ( ! object1 if its size is kn[n1 or1 9 o!r words1 by visual angles2 7c7 by ! visibility ( ! object z affect$ by light1 atmosph]ic effect1 backgr\nd1 etc4 #b4 ,rules = ,judg+ ,di/ance by ,eye4--7i7 ,! v>y+ nature ( ! gr\nd & its features1 toge!r ) diff]5t conditions ( light & atmosph]e1 affect g5]al impressions ( di/ance z measur$ by ! eye by mak+ objects look small] or l>g]1 & s mak+ !m seem ne>] or fur!r away f an obs]v] ?an !y actually are4 7ii7 ,conditions :i* appe> to ,increase ,di/ance4--,objects w appe> small]1 & !re=e f>!r away ?an !y are1 "u ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ,:5 objects are ( ! same col\r or a col\r :i* h>monizes ) _! backgr\nd4 7b7 ,on brok5 gr\nd4 7c7 ,:5 se5 across a valley or undulat+ gr\nd4 7d7 ,9 av5ues1 long /reets1 or rav9es4 7e7 ,:5 9 %ad[4 7f7 ,:5 view$ 9 mi/ or fail+ light4 7g7 ,:5 heat is ris+ f ! gr\nd4 7h7 ,:5 se5 ne> any o!r object :i* makes x appe> small] ?an x is by ! effect ( comp>ison4 7i7 ,:5 only p>tially se51 z 9 ! case ( troops fir+ f cov]4 7j7 ,troops kneel+ or ly+ 9 ! op5 seem f>!r away ?an :5 /&+4 7iii7 ,conditions :i* appe> to ,decrease ,di/ance4--,objects w appe> l>g]1 & !re=e ne>] ?an !y are1 "u ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ,:5 bo? object & backgr\nd are ( diff]5t or contra/+ col\rs4 7b7 ,:5 ! sun is beh9d ! obs]v]4 7c7 ,9 bright light or cle> atmosph]e4 7d7 ,:5 ! int]v5+ gr\nd is level or cov]$ ) sn[4 7e7 ,:5 se5 across wat] or a deep *asm4 7f7 ,:5 look+ upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 7g7 ,:5 ! object is l>ge1 or :5 se5 ne> any o!r object :i* makes x appe> l>g] ?an x is by effect ( comp>ison4 7iv7 ,a ,g5]al ,rule4--,a good g5]al rule to rememb] = practical purposes is t :5 a t>get is indi/9ct di/ance is apt to be ov]-e/imat$1 & t :5 a t>get is di/9ct di/ance is apt to be "u-e/imat$4 ,?is g5]al rule r\ghly sums up ! effects & ! v>i\s factors m5tion$ 9 p>as4 7ii7 & 7iii71 :i* respectively t5d to r5d] t>gets less or m di/9ct4 #c4 ,judg+ ,lat]al ,di/ance by ,eye4--,! foll[+ is a r\gh guide = judg+ lat]al di/ances runn+ at "r angles to ! obs]v] at v>i\s di/ances4 ,) "o eye %ut & ! h& at arm's l5g? to ! front ) ! f+]s p]p5dicul>1 ! bread? ( six f+]s w cov] #ajj y>ds ( lat]al di/ance at a di/ance ( #ejj y>ds f ! obs]v]4 ,"u ! same conditions1 ! bread? ( ?ree f+]s w cov] a lat]al di/ance ( #ajj y>ds at a di/ance ( #a1jjj y>ds4 ,! bread? ( two f+]s w cov] a lat]al di/ance ( #ajj y>ds at #a1ejj y>ds1 & ! wid? ( ! ?umb w r\ghly cov] #ajj y>ds ( lat]al di/ance #b1jjj y>ds away4 ,?is me?od may be employ$ = e/imat+ ! approximate l5g? ( an enemy's column1 or ! ext5t ( frontage kn[n to be occupi$ by him4 #d4 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction--7i7 ,units ( ,di/ance4--,all ! me?ods m5tion$ 9 p>a4 #a %\ld be practis$ by (fic]s1 ,n4,c4,o4's1 & m5 "u a v>iety ( practical conditions1 & 9 ! prone1 kneel+1 & /&+ positions1 until x is f\nd t di/ances c be judg$ approximately f ! g5]al impression convey$ to ! eye4 ,! class w fir/ be famili>iz$ ) %ort units ( di/ance n exce$+ #fjj y>ds4 ,special c>e w be tak5 to enable soldi]s to recognize ! di/ance ( #fjj y>ds1 z x is ! limit ( individual fire4 7ii7 ,figures4--,! class w at ! same "t /udy ! visibility ( ! figure /&+1 kneel+1 & ly+ at kn[n di/ances4 ,!y w be requir$ to rememb] ! results ( _! obs]vation1 & be giv5 opportunities ( see+ figures 9 v>y+ conditions ( light1 atmosph]e1 & backgr\nd at kn[n di/ances4 7iii7 ,features ( ,gr\nd4--,! class w next be practis$ 9 judg+ ! di/ance ( natural features ( gr\nd1 su* z folds ( gr\nd1 h$ges1 pat*es ( und]gr[?1 & o!r =ms ( cov]1 at v>i\s kn[n di/ances4 ,?is in/ruction w be foll[$ by judg+ ! di/ances ( fatigue-m5 se5 at unkn[n di/ances 9 ! diff]5t fir+ positions bo? 9 ! op5 aga9/ v>i\s backgr\nds & p>tly beh9d cov]4 ,! class w !n be practis$ 9 judg+ ! di/ance ( features ( gr\nd & diff]5t =ms ( cov] at v>i\s unkn[n di/ances4 ,^! v>i\s practices %\ld be c>ri$ out ) ! class 9 ! /&+1 kneel+1 & prone positions4 7iv7 ,reasons = ,e/imates4--,ea* obs]v] %\ld be ask$ by ! in/ructor to give reasons = 8 e/imate ( di/ance to gu>d aga9/ ! habit ( r\gh guess+4 ,to tra9 obs]v]s 9 ! habit ( tak+ into acc\nt e factor :i* w help !m to judge di/ance1 ! in/ructor %\ld consid] & expla9 ! effects ( local conditions & o!r factors :i* affect judg+ ! di/ance ( ea* object he indicates aft] ! class h made _! e/imates4 ,ample "t %\ld at fir/ be all[$ = judg+ di/ance1 b z progress is made ! "t %\ld be limit$4 ,! above ex]cises mu/ include in/ruction 9 e/imat+ lat]al di/ances4 ,r\gh guess+ is nev] to be all[$4 #e4 ,aids to ,judg+ ,di/ance by ,eye4--7i7 ,! class %\ld be tra9$ 9 v>i\s me?ods ( assi/+ ! eye :5 ! di/ance ( objects is especially difficult to e/imate approximately4 ,= example1 a maximum & m9imum e/imate ( ! di/ance may be made1 & ! mean tak5 z correct4 ,half ! di/ance f ! object may be e/imat$ ) ! aid1 if possible1 ( "s feature ( gr\nd1 & d\ble may be tak5 z correct4 ,:5 ! object is p>tly hidd5 9 a fold ( gr\nd1 or :5 x is ( unkn[n size1 di/ance f x may be e/imat$ ) ! help ( "s object ( kn[n size1 su* z a natural feature ( ! gr\nd or a human figure :i* may be ne> x4 7ii7 ,o!r r\gh me?ods :i* w assi/ !m 9 judg+ di/ance approximately may be expla9$ to ! m54 ,= in/ance1 ! =esight ( ! rifle :5 correctly align$ w be approximately equal to ! height ( a /&+ figure at #djj y>ds4 ,! wid? ( an ord9>y p5cil held horizontally at arm's l5g? be=e ! eye w cov] an upright figure at #bjj y>ds1 & ! lead at its ?ick "p w cov] a /&+ figure at #fjj y>ds4 #f4 ,te/s 9 ,judg+ ,di/ance by ,eye--7i7 ,directions reg>d+ ,te/s4--,9 e company1 & at depts1 9 addition to in/ructional ex]cises1 at lea/ "o te/ 9 judg+ ! di/ances ( f\r objects w be held = all ranks 9 e ?ree mon?s1 ! di/ances ( ! objects be+ betwe5 #bjj & #hjj y>ds4 ,all company (fic]s1 non-commission$ (fic]s1 & ^? m5 :o are 9 possession ( badges = judg+ di/ance1 w also be te/$ once 9 e ?ree mon?s "u regim5tal arrangem5ts 9 judg+ ! di/ances ( f\r objects betwe5 #bjj & #a1djj y>ds4 ,brigade comm&]s & (fic]s comm&+ di/ricts w issue su* ord]s z may be necess>y = exempt+ non-commission$ (fic]s & m5 f ^! te/s1 b e (fic] & s]geant :o w\ld comm& a company or small] unit on mobilization %\ld att5d f\r te/s annually 9 judg+ di/ance up to #a1djj y>ds4 7ii7 ,conditions ( ,te/s4--,dur+ te/s 9 judg+ di/ance no assi/ance f maps or o!r means %\ld be all[$4 ,! te/s w be conduct$ on unfamili> gr\nd1 half ! objects consi/+ ( fatigue-m5 or dummy figures repres5t+ skirmi%]s1 & half ( natural objects m>k+ fire positions1 su* z w\ld be occupi$ on s]vice4 ,! obs]v]s w lie d[n or kneel beh9d cov]1 & e/imates w be record$ by adju/+ ! sights 7or 9 ! case ( (fic]s by writ+7 9 multiples ( #ej y>ds2 ! objects %\ld h be5 previ\sly plac$ or select$1 or ! position ( ! obs]v]s %\ld be *os51 s t ! correct di/ance may closely approximate to "s multiple ( #ej y>ds4 ,half a m9ute w be all[$ = ea* e/imate1 reckon$ f ! mom5t :5 ! object is po9t$ out or a %ot is fir$ to draw att5tion to ! position ( ! object4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! half-m9ute a :i/le %\ld be bl[n1 :5 ! obs]v]s w /& to att5tion1 & no fur!r adju/m5t ( ! sights or writ+ w be p]mitt$4 ,! regi/]-keep] w !n exam9e ea* rifle or pap]1 & record ! e/imates 9 ! regi/]4 ,on return to b>racks1 ! mean p]c5tage ( error ( ea* obs]v] w be ent]$ 9 ! regi/]1 :i* w be pres]v$ = record4 ,on ! completion ( ! classification practices1 ! mean p]c5tages ( error made by ea* individual (fic]1 non-commission$ (fic] & man s9ce ! la/ classification w be add$ toge!r & divid$ by ! numb] ( te/s :i* he has att5d$1 ! av]age ?us obta9$ be+ reg>d$ z ! /&>d ( pr(ici5cy ( ! individual until ! next classification4 ,(fic]s1 non-commission$ (fic]s1 & m5 ^: mean error exce$s #bj p] c5t41 & ^? :o h att5d$ less ?an two te/s1 w be reg>d$ z ineffici5t4 ,additional practice w be af=d$ weekly to all (fic]s1 non-commission$ (fic]s1 & m5 :o are record$ z ineffici5t1 until ! next qu>t]ly te/4 ,(fic]s & s]geants ^: mean error exce$s #bj p] c5t4 w n be classifi$ z bett] ?an second-class %ots4 ,section #ch4--,range-f9d+ by ,obs]vation ( ,fire4 #a4 ,:5 ,obs]vation is ,possible4--,obs]vation ( results is ! be/ means ( correct+ errors 9 sight+1 b x is only practicable 7a7 :5 ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! objective is ( a nature to %[ ! /rike ( ! bullets by du/1 or 7b7 :5 ! enemy is 9 ! op51 & ! accuracy ( fire c be judg$ by its effect ^u him4 #b4 ,nature ( ,fire ,necess>y = ,obs]vation4--,a consid]able volume ( rapid & conc5trat$ fire is necess>y to enable ! /rike ( bullets to be obs]v$1 & = ?is purpose "o or m ,maxim guns1 or n less ?an two platoons1 %\ld be employ$ to fire4 ,! di/ance & nature ( ! gr\nd w det]m9e ! volume ( fire requir$1 b ! great] ! difficulty ( obs]vation ! great] mu/ be ! volume ( fire4 ,:5 try+ = obs]vation1 ?ird-class %ots %\ld n be p]mitt$ to fire4 #c4 ,me?od ( apply+ ,fire = ,obs]vation--7i7 ,elevation4--,an elevation well "u ! e/imat$ di/ance %\ld fir/ be select$1 & if ! fire c be obs]v$1 ! elevation %\ld be increas$ by n less ?an #ajj y>ds at a "t until ! nucleus ( ! bullets is se5 to fall on ! desir$ spot4 7ii7 ,objective4--,! po9t at :i* ! fire is direct$ may be ! actual objective1 or gr\nd 9 its vic9ity :i* is m suit$ to obs]vation ( ! /rike ( ! bullets4 7iii7 ,position = ,obs]vation4--,! be/ position f :i* to obs]ve fire is beh9d1 &1 if possible1 above ! fir]s2 b 9 ?is position ! bullets :i* fall %ort w be mo/ easily se51 & may be mi/ak5 = ! nucleus ( ! fire4 ,fur!r1 all %ots w appe> to /rike ne>] to ! obs]v] ?an is really ! case4 7iv7 ,h9ts = ,obs]v]s4--,to an obs]v] on or beh9d a flank ( ! fir]s1 %ots :i* pass ov] ! m>k w appe> to fall t[>ds ! flank on :i* he is po/$1 & ^? :i* drop %ort to fall t[>ds ! opposite flank4 ,?us1 if ! majority ( %ots seem to an obs]v] on ! "r flank to fall to ! "r ( ! m>k1 ! range has be5 ov]-e/imat$1 & if !y seem to fall to ! left1 x has be5 "u-e/imat$4 #d4 ,v]ify+ ,ranges by ,fire4--,:5 !re is "t & opportunity = do+ s1 ranges :i* h be5 tak5 be=eh&1 especially ^? tak5 9 prep>+ a def5sive position1 %\ld be v]ifi$ by ! results ( fir+ a numb] ( r\nds4 ,section #ci4--,rang+ by ,auxili>y ,me?ods & by ,in/rum5ts4 #a4 ,tra9+ 9 rang+ %\ld include in/ruction 9 practical auxili>y me?ods su* z by maps & range-f9d+ in/rum5ts4 ,ex]cises 9 rang+ by means ( maps1 range-f9d]s1 & ! eye1 us$ 9 comb9ation1 %\ld =m an ess5tial "p ( ! fire-direction practices ( ! annual c\rse ( musketry4 #b4 ,rang+ by ,map-,read+4--,ranges may be asc]ta9$ by ! use ( small scale maps1 ?\gh l>ge scale maps1 if available1 w be bett] = ?is purpose4 ,in/ruction 9 field-sket*+ & reconnaissance af=ds excell5t opportunities = tra9+ 9 judg+ di/ance4 ,= map-read+1 see ,signall+ ( ?is s]ies2 & = field-sket*+ & reconnaissance1 see ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies4 #c4 ,back-,reckon+4--,back-reckon+ may be def9$ z d$uction z to di/ance made f any kn[n range4 ,= in/ance1 9 advanc+ on a position ! range ( :i* is asc]ta9$ on comm5c+ ! advance1 ! di/ance ga9$ by ea* =w>d movem5t may be d$uct$ f ! orig9al range ( ! position 9 e/imat+ its range = fir+ on x at successive halts4 ,aga91 ! range ( an objective fur!r away ?an ano!r objective1 ( :i* ! range is kn[n1 may be e/imat$ by add+ to ! kn[n range ! e/imat$ di/ance ( ! =m] f ! latt] objective4 ,an example ( back-reckon+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 #d4 ,rang+ by ,gun-,fla% & ,s\nd4--,light travels at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a second1 s t a gun-fla% is practically se5 z x issues f ! muzzle1 irrespective ( ! di/ance ( ! obs]v]4 ,s\nd1 on ! o!r h&1 travels ab\t #a1ajj feet1 or ab\t #cfe y>ds1 a second4 ,by tim+ ! int]val betwe5 see+ ! fla% ( a gun & he>+ ! report1 its approximate di/ance may !re=e be d$uc$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w only be possible :5 ! position ( ! gun is betray$ by ! fla%1 & :5 guns are fir$ s+ly at appreciable int]vals1 or simultane\sly1 s t !re is practically "o fla% & "o report at a "t4 #e4 ,range-,f9d+ ,in/rum5ts4--,a c]ta9 numb] ( (fic]s1 ,n4,c4,o4's1 & m5 9 ea* unit w be tra9$ to use ! ,"o-,man ,range-,f9d] or ! ,mekomet] in/rum5t1 full directions reg>d+ ! use ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! (ficial h&books deal+ ) ^! in/rum5ts4 ,section #dj4--,range-,c>ds & ,range-,m>ks4 #a4 ,range-,c>d4--,a range-c>d is a device = giv+ ranges to v>i\s po9ts 9 a field ( fire = use 9 attack or def5ce4 ,range-c>ds %\ld be prep>$ by fire-unit comm&]s = _! own use & = use by ,n4,c4,o4's & obs]v]s4 ,:5 possible1 ! be/ way to prep>e a range-c>d is to use a piece ( a l>ge scale map ( ! c\ntry on :i* to draw ! range circles & direction l9es4 ,!re w usually be m "t = prep>+ range-c>ds 9 def5ce ?an 9 attack1 & consequ5tly range-c>ds prep>$ = def5sive positions w z a rule be m elaborate ?an ^? made = use 9 attack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,,simple ,,range-,,c>d ,,= ,,attack4 ,note4--,! di/ances on ! left are ^? f ! enemy's position4 ,^? on ! "r 9 brackets are only = ! range-tak]'s in=mation1 & %\ld n be %[n on ! c>d to avoid confusion4 #b4 ,a ,simple ,range-,c>d = ,attack4--,fig4 #dd %[s a r\gh example ( a simple range-c>d made = use 9 attack ov] ! gr\nd %[n 9 ! left sector ( ! sket* 9 ,fig4 #dg1 f :i* x w be se5 t ! objects on ! range-c>d are tak54 ,?is has be5 done to make ! example m practical & int]e/+4 ,! ranges are suppos$ to be tak5 f ! cross-roads at ,x to a s]ies ( prom95t objects on or a little to ei!r side ( ! l9e ( advance4 ,! di/ance ( ea* ( ^! po9ts f ! enemy's position 7#b1jjj y>ds away7 is c>efully not$1 & ?us rang+ dur+ ! attack is greatly facilitat$4 ,! range ( ! enemy's position f int]m$iate po9ts c also be m easily e/imat$ by back-reckon+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,,simple ,,range-,,c>d ,,= ,,def5ce4 ,note4--,! po9t f :i* ranges are tak5 %\ld always be describ$ cle>ly on ! c>d to facilitate sett+ x4 #c4 ,a ,simple ,range-,c>d = ,def5ce4--,fig4 #de %[s a r\gh example ( a simple range-c>d made = use 9 def5ce4 ,! ranges 9 ?is case are suppos$ to be tak5 f ! po9t ,a imm$iately s\? ( ! *ur*4 ,! direction l9e f ,a to ! *ur* is drawn ?ick] ?an ! o!r l9es to facilitate 8sett+0 ! range-c>d 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* a map is set4 ,:5 ! c>d is set = ! po9t f :i* ranges are tak5--:i* is not$ on ! c>d--by po9t+ ! ?ick direction l9e on ! *ur*1 ! o!r direction l9es w indicate ! ranges ( ! o!r po9ts m>k$ on ! c>d4 #d4 ,=egr\nd ,range ,sket*4--7i7,fig4 #df %[s an example ( a =egr\nd range sket* = use 9 a def5sive position4 ,su* a sket* w\ld z a rule only be made 9 connection ) v c>efully prep>$ fir+-po9ts2 b z f sev5 to t5 h\rs or m is requir$ to make any s]i\s attempt to prep>e & conceal a s]ies ( fir+-po9ts c>efully1 x is cle> t ! range-tak+ & range-m>k+ p>ty %\ld h ample "t to make an exhau/ive reconnaissance ( ! =egr\nd1 to put out ! range-m>ks1 & to record _! "w 9 "s simple =m4 ,"o sket* su* z ,fig4 #df is suffici5t = ! comm&] ( a gr\p ( fir+-po9ts4 7ii7 ,po9ts1 ! range ( :i* may be asc]ta9$ & m>k$ ) advantage 9 su* sket*es1 include ! exits & entrances to all areas ( dead gr\nd1 or likely cov] f view or fire2 ! cre/s or skyl9es--z se5 f ! fir+-po9ts--( all ridges & humps on ! =egr\nd2 pat*es or l5g?s ( road likely to be trav]s$ by ! enemy2 gaps & gates 9 f5ces2 corn]s ( fields & enclosures2 bridges1 culv]ts1 etc42 & conspicu\s s+le objects1 z guide-m>ks f :i* to e/imate adjac5t di/ances1 su* z isolat$ build+s1 signpo/s1 rocks1 mile/ones1 d\ble telegraph-po/s1 or o!r su* features4 7iii7 ,z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #df1 names may also be allott$ to pat*es ( dead gr\nd )9 #a1jjj y>ds or s ( ! fir+-po9t4 ,! abbreviat$ names ( mon?s & days ( ! week l5d !mselves to su* a purpose1 ?\gh any o!r %ort names w d equally well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,,example ,,( ,a ,,=egr\nd ,,range ,,sket*4 ,note4--,rang$ po9ts are indicat$ by a ?ick l9e4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,range-,m>ks is %[n ?us3--,,viii4 #hej yds4 ,names h be5 allott$ to important dead spots )9 #a1jjj y>ds--e4g41 ,,feb4 ref]s to ! dead area imm$iately beh9d ! ridge rang$ z #hej4 #e4 ,range-,m>ks4--,range-m>ks are ( special value to ! def5d]s 9 ^? fir+-po9ts 9 :i* !y h be5 told (f to wat* = & deal ) ! enemy's supports & res]ves dur+ _! advance1 aft] fire has be5 op5$ & ! enemy's fir+-l9e is already p9n$ d[n1 or is unable to cross c]ta9 areas on a =egr\nd prep>$ = def5ce until /rongly re9=c$ 7see p4 #afb1 p>a4 #c 7x71 ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies74 #f4 ,m>k+ ,ranges on ,gr\nd4--7i7 ,! actual m>k+ ( ranges on ! gr\nd by means ( visible m>ks may be done z foll[s3 ,range-m>ks %\ld be provid$1 & %\ld be plac$ on t side ( l>ge trees1 h\ses1 banks1 etc41 :i* is only visible to ! def5ce4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t consi/s ( "o :ite object p] #ajj y>ds range2 #ejj y>ds may be d5ot$ by ! sign ,v1 made ) two bo>ds1 poles1 etc42 & #a1jjj y>ds by ! sign ,x2 int]m$iate hundr$s be+ indicat$ by s+le objects 9 addition1 z above describ$4 ,on a bank or slope fac+ ! fir+-po9ts ,roman num]als may be cut out on ! turf1 etc41 or =m$ by arrang+ /ones or planks4 7ii7 ,m>k+ on ,trees4--,= m>k+ on a tree ! hundr$s m>ks mu/ be "o bel[ ! o!r1 & pat*es ( t9 d v well = ?is4 ,= m>k+ 8fifties0 an object mu* small] b di/9ctly visible may be add$1 or "o object q diff]5t to ! rema9d]4 ,on a tree m>k$ ) t9 discs1 = example1 half a disc w\ld d = #ej y>ds4 7iii7 ,m>k+ on ,build+s4--,= m>k+ on a build+1 ! col\r to be us$ dep5ds on t ( ! masonry1 etc4 ,a :itewa%-bru% is "o ( ! be/ implem5ts1 if obta9able1 & ! m>k+1 c be ei!r l>ge ,roman num]als or ord9>y figures if !y c be read cle>ly4 7iv7 ,examples ( ,m>ks4--,9 ,fig4 #df five artificial range-m>ks are %[n--namely1 #jjjj7dej7 at ! /ack1 ,v on ,may hill1 ,,vii on ,m>*-,april ridge1 ,,vii7#hej7 on ,dec4-,feb4 ridge1 & ,x :]e ,monday road disappe>s into ,h]eham village4 ,! walls r\nd ! village might be m>k$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b ! sket* is too small to %[ ! m>ks4 7v7 ,size ( ,m>ks4--,a practical rule = ! size ( m>k is #a foot ( height to ! m>k p] #ajj y>ds 9 ! range1 unless ! backgr\nd is v good--su* z black spots on a :ite wall--:5 half ?is all[ance w be ample4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fire ,,direction ,,& ,,control ,section #da4--;,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,9 ! previ\s /ages ( in/ruction ! f\ndation ( tra9+ = fire action beyond close range w h be5 laid4 ,! eyesight ( bo? fire-unit comm&]s & m5 w h be5 tra9$ to disc]n s]vice t>gets at all ranges1 & !y w h become famili> ) _! appe>ance "u v>i\s conditions ( light & atmosph]e1 & accu/om$ to look = !m & detect !m quickly4 ,bo? fire-unit comm&]s & m5 w also h be5 tra9$ 9 milit>y vocabul>y & ! /udy ( gr\nd1 s t !y apply a common phraseology to v>i\s milit>y objects1 especially ^? "u ! head ( s]vice t>gets1 & also to ! gr\nd & its natural features1 ! milit>y value ( :i* !y w h le>n$ 9 field tra9+ ?r\gh in/ruction 9 ! use ( gr\nd & cov]4 #b4 ,fire-unit comm&]s & m5 mu/ n[ be taught to "w toge!r z an unit 9 direct+ fire at s]vice t>gets beyond close range by ! effici5t p]=mance ( ! v>i\s duties describ$ 9 ! foll[+ sections4 ,?is in/ruction %\ld comm5ce ) lectures1 illu/rat$ if possible by ! use ( ! ,solano & l&scape t>gets z describ$ 9 ,secs4 #gb1 #gc1 & #gd4 ,lectures %\ld deal ) organization = fire action1 ! effect ( rifle fire at v>i\s ranges1 ! tactical application ( rifle fire1 ! description & recognition ( t>gets1 fire ord]s1 fire discipl9e1 & night fir+4 #c4 ,lectures & ,demon/rations 7see pp4 #bba-bbe74 ,special lectures 9 _! duties %\ld be giv5 to fire-unit comm&]s1 non-commission$ (fic]s1 & obs]v]s1 & ^! lectures %\ld include in=mation & h9ts :i* w enable fire-unit comm&]s to tra9 _! m5 bo? by lectures & practical in/ruction4 ,lectures to m5 %\ld be giv5 by _! fire-unit comm&]s1 & %\ld deal ) all ! v>i\s duties :i* are comb9$ = fire action1 includ+ organization & ! duties ( fire-unit comm&]s4 ,^! lectures mu/ deal ?or\ghly ) ! duties ( m5 9 ! fir+-l9e & ) ! vitally important subject ( fire discipl9e 7see pp4 #bad1 #bae74 ,section #db4--,organization = ,fire ,action4#ah #a4 ,fire direction & control dep5d 9 a great measure ^u good organization = fire action4 ,! value ( ?is organization dep5ds on ! fitness ( sup]ior (fic]s & battalion comm&]s to h&le _! troops effici5tly1 & issue su* cle> & concise ord]s z w enable ea* unit to c>ry out its allott$ task well support$1 ) _! communications & ammunition supply well ma9ta9$4 ,! duties ( organization = fire action may be describ$ g5]ally z foll[s3#ai 7i7 ,allotm5t ( frontages & objectives to v>i\s units4 7ii7 ,arrangem5ts = communications & ammunition supply4 7iii7 ,arrangem5ts = cov]+ fire by supports & res]ves1 ma*9e-guns1 & artill]y4 #b4 ,allocation ( ,frontages & ,objectives4--,bo? 9 attack & def5ce a def9ite frontage 9 ! field ( fire--t]m$ a sector--%\ld be allott$ to ea* fire-unit by company & platoon comm&]s4 ,?us ! enemy appe>+ 9 any giv5 sector w at once be engag$ by ! unit to :i* t p>ticul> sector has be5 allott$4 ,ea* fire-unit comm&] on receiv+ ord]s z to 8 frontage1 w indicate x to 8 unit 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 & mu/ make sure t ! ,n4,c4,o4's1 obs]v]s1 & m5 ( 8 unit cle>ly und]/& ! ext5t & limits ( _! sector4 #c4 ,indicat+ ! ,limits ( ,sectors 7,fig4 #dg74--,! limits ( ea* sector w be indicat$ by means ( suitable description po9ts 7see ,sec4 #de1 p>a4 #c7 on ea* flank ( ! frontage allott$ to an unit4 ,^! description po9ts %\ld1 z a rule1 consi/ ( di/ant features ( a l&scape or ( ! field ( fire4 ,if no suitable description po9ts m>k ! limits ( a sector exactly1 ! limits w be indicat$ z be+ s _m h& or f+] bread?s 7,sec4 #de1 p>a4 #g7 to ! left or "r ( ! ne>e/ suitable description po9t4 ,! limits ( sectors may be made to ov]lap 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 def5ce !re w g5]ally be ample "t = allott+ frontages4 ,9 attack frontages w usually be allott$ on deploym5t1 b :5ev] possible !y w be select$ be=eh& by prelim9>y reconnaissance4 #d4 ,object ( ,ov]lapp+ ! ,sectors4--,! ov]lapp+ ( sectors insures t ! entire front is kept "u close obs]vation1 & t no "p ( x rema9s unswept by fire %\ld occasion arise = deliv]+ fire at a t>get 9 any "p4 ,x also prev5ts wa/e ( ammunition & loss ( fire effect ?r\gh units fir+ at objectives outside _! own sectors unless ?is is necess>y = ! purpose ( mutual support4 #e4 ,example ( ,field ( ,fire divid$ into ,sectors4--7i7 ,fig4 #dg %[s a field ( fire divid$ into ov]lapp+ sectors by ! use ( description po9ts4 ,! sket* illu/rates ! arrangem5ts made1 z ! result ( a ha/y prelim9>y reconnaissance1 by a company comm&] = fire action by ! f\r sections or normal fire-units ( 8 comm& on deploym5t 9 ! e>ly /age ( attack4 ,9 def5sive positions simil> arrangem5ts may be made = indicat+ sectors allott$ to ea* locality4 ,def5sive positions w usually include a numb] ( localities ( special tactical importance4 ,f ^! localities ei!r direct or flank+ fire1 or bo?1 is br\ght to be> on all gr\nd ov] :i* ! enemy may advance4 ,z long z ?is is done ! int]v5+ gr\nd betwe5 localities ne$ n be held 9 a cont9u\s l9e4 7ii7 ,9 def5ce1 ! arrangem5ts = fire action w include ! v>i\s measures describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii ( ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies1 su* z cle>+ ! =egr\nd ( features :i* w\ld af=d cov] to ! enemy & assi/ 8 advance1 & cle>+ x ( features to improve ! def5d]s field ( fire1 toge!r ) ! con/ruction ( diff]5t ob/acles to imp$e & *eck ! enemy's advance or cause him to select l9es ( approa* along av5ues comm&$ by ! fire ( ! def5d]s4 #f4 ,direction & ,control ( ,fire4--,fire is said to be direct$ by ! comm&]1 :o def9es ! objective aga9/ :i* x is to be us$1 & to be controll$ by ! fire-unit comm&]s1 :o give ! necess>y executive words ( comm&4 ,9 attack occasions w frequ5tly arise :5 fire-unit comm&]s mu/ bo? direct & control ! fire ( _! units1 :ile at close ranges1 or :5 m5 are widely ext5d$1 x may happ5 t ! transmission ( any fire-ord] is impossible1 & t ea* individual man mu/ control 8 own fire4 #g4 ,fire-,unit4--,! normal infantry fire-unit is ! section1 ?\gh "u c]ta9 conditions at ! long] ranges ! fire ( a platoon1 or ev5 a :ole company1 may be controll$ by its comm&]4 ,! effici5cy ( section comm&]s is !re=e ( p>am\nt importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,em]y ,walk] ,ltd4 sc4 ,fig4 #dg4--,,r\gh ,,sket* ,,( ,a ,,field ,,( ,,fire ,,divid$ ,,into ,,ov]lapp+ ,,sectors ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,description ,,po9ts ,,on ,,deploym5t ,,9 ,,attack4 #h4 ,duties ( ,fire-,unit ,comm&]4#bj--7;i7 ,! value ( a fire-unit comm&] dep5ds ^u 8 ability to apply ! fire ( 8 unit at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r volume to ! "r t>get4 ,9 addition to 8 o!r duties1 ! fire-unit comm&] is responsible =3 7a7 ,indicat+ t>gets4 7b7 ,issu+ ord]s = sight+1 &1 :5 possible1 sup]vis+ ! correct adju/m5t ( sights4 7c7 ,regulat+ ! volume ( fire1 :e!r delib]ate or rapid4 7d7 ,report+ to platoon or company (fic]s :5 ammunition is runn+ %ort4 7ii7 ,! additional duties ( ! fire-unit comm&] ref]r$ to 9 ! above p>agraphs may be describ$ g5]ally z foll[s3 7a7 ,wat*+ = fav\rable t>gets4 7b7 ,wat*+ = signals f platoon or company (fic]s4 7c7 ,obs]v+ effect ( fire4 7d7 ,seiz+ all *ances ( fir+ = mutual support4 7e7 ,see+ t all ord]s are prop]ly pass$4 7f7 ,see+ to issue & r$i/ribution ( ammunition4 7g7 ,select+ halt+ places 9 attack4 7h7 ,mak+ be/ use ( gr\nd & cov]4 7i7 ,re-=m+ & tell+ (f units z opportunity (f]s4 ,dur+ ! attack advantage w be tak5 ( dead gr\nd & cov] to re-=m sep>ate units :i* may become mix$ ow+ to confusion1 especially 9 ! lat] /ages ( attack4 #i4 ,duties ( ,obs]v]s4--,m5 tra9$ z obs]v]s w be employ$1 z necess>y1 to assi/ fire-unit comm&]s 9 obs]vation ( fire1 9 wat*+ ! enemy & neighb\r+ troops1 & 9 keep+ up communication betwe5 platoons4 ,obs]v]s w also be tra9$ 9 ! duties ( rang+ & control ( fire1 s t !y c c>ry !m out if fire-unit comm&]s are incapacitat$4 ,section #dc4--;,effect ( ,fire at ,diff]5t ,ranges on ,v>i\s ,=mations & ,objectives4 #a4 ,effect ( ,fire at ,v>i\s ,ranges--7i7 ,close ,range4#ba--,ow+ to ! flatness ( ! trajectory1 x %\ld be possible to obta9 ! maximum effect f rifle fire at t>gets )9 close range--giv5 a good field ( fire & ! abs5ce ( dead gr\nd & o!r conditions unfav\rable to fire effect at all ranges--provid$ t fire discipl9e is good & t individual soldi]s select _! t>gets & fire c>efully1 mak+ due all[ance = elevation by aim+ d[n :5 necess>y4 7ii7 ,effective ,ranges4--,betwe5 #fjj & #a1djj y>ds1 c>efully controll$ collective fire produces bett] results ?an ! uncontroll$ fire ( individual m51 :i* ceases to be suffici5tly effective beyond ranges ( ab\t #fjj y>ds to c\nt]balance ! exp5diture ( ammunition involv$4 ,at effective ranges troops advanc+ /eadily & rapidly suff] less ?an :5 !y rema9 ly+ d[n1 ev5 "u mod]ately good cov]4 ,?is is due to ! moral effect on ! enemy & to ! con/ant alt]ation ( ! range4 7iii7 ,long & ,di/ant ,ranges4--,beyond #a1djj y>ds ! fire ( ev5 l>ge & well-controll$ units ( infantry has seldom mu* effect ^u ! decision ( ! /ruggle = sup]iority ( fire4 ,exceptional circum/ances1 su* z ! appe>ance ( consid]able bodies ( ! enemy 9 vuln]able =mations1 may1 h[ev]1 ju/ify ! use ( long-range fire1 especially 9 ! def5ce4 #b4 ,effect ( ,rifle ,fire on ,v>i\s ,=mations & ,objectives--7i7 ,infantry4--,on op5 gr\nd swept by effective rifle fire an ext5d$ l9e is ! lea/ vuln]able =mation = infantry1 & on su* gr\nd x w usually be advisable to ext5d be=e x becomes necess>y = ! advanc+ troops to op5 fire4 ,! great] ! ext5sion ( a l9e1 ! few] w be ! casualties1 b ! less w be its fire effect see ,preface1 p>a4 #h 7i74 7ii7 ,cavalry4--,! fire effect :i* infantry c develop aga9/ cavalry is su* t infantry :i* is ready to op5 a /eady & timely fire has no?+ to fe> f a cavalry *>ge1 provid$ ! cavalry _c f9d dead gr\nd ov] :i* to approa*4 ,any =mation :i* all[s fire to be deliv]$ quickly & accurately is suitable = meet+ cavalry4 ,clos+ an ext5d$ l9e to meet cavalry delays ! op5+ ( fire1 & may (f] a vuln]able t>get to ! enemy's artill]y4 ,ev5 if cavalry succe$s 9 rid+ ?r\gh a fir+-l9e1 x c inflict little loss ^u x if ! infantry holds its gr\nd4 ,:5ev] !re is a possibility ( be+ *>g$ by cavalry1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 to wat* & gu>d ! flanks4 7iii7 ,artill]y4--,artill]y com+ into action1 limb]+ up1 or 9 movem5t1 is a vuln]able t>get aga9/ :i* rapid fire or ev5 fire at long infantry ranges is ju/ifiable4 ,infantry w exp]i5ce difficulty 9 putt+ %ield$ artill]y out ( action by direct fire ev5 at close infantry ranges1 b x c prev5t ! artill]y f mov+ & int]f]e ) ! s]vice ( ! guns4 ,infantry c be/ obta9 decisive effect aga9/ guns ) %ields by means ( enfilade or oblique fire4 7iv7 ,ma*9e-,guns4--,ma*9e-gun sections ) _! guns on travell+ c>riages are z vuln]able z artill]y limb]$ up2 b deta*m5ts c>ry+ ! gun into action are difficult to di/+ui% f infantry4 ,ma*9e-guns 9 position are usually conceal$1 & are a difficult t>get4 ,to obta9 good effect aga9/ !m x is usually necess>y to employ a consid]able numb] ( rifles4 7v7 ,aircraft4--,aircraft =m a v difficult t>get to fire direct$ f ! gr\nd1 & only a small proportion ( _! area is vuln]able4 ,bullets c pass ?r\gh ! fabric ( a]oplane w+s )\t do+ s]i\s damage4 ,indiscrim9ate fire at ho/ile aircraft is1 moreov]1 likely to cause casualties 9 neighb\r+ units1 & w also disclose ! position ( ! troops to ! enemy's obs]v]4 ,! /ricte/ control mu/ be ex]cis$ ov] all fire direct$ aga9/ aircraft4 ,9 ! case ( rifle fire at a]oplanes1 m5 %\ld be in/ruct$ to aim six times ! l5g? ( ! ma*9e 9 front1 & at ! nose ( ! envelope 9 ! case ( air%ips4 7vi7 ,retir+ ,troops4--,o!r conditions be+ equal1 ! effect ( fire 9 ! op5 at all ranges is always great] :5 direct$ at retir+ troops z comp>$ ) ! effect on troops advanc+4 ,section #dd4--,tactical ,application ( ,rifle ,fire4 #a4 ,9 connection ) ! tactical application ( rifle fire1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ess5ce ( infantry tactics 9 ! attack consi/s 9 break+ d[n ! enemy's resi/ance by ! weight & direction ( its fire1 & !n complet+ 8 ov]?r[ by assault--t is1 by bayonet *>ge4 ,al?\gh ! enemy may n await ! assault1 infantry mu/ always be animat$ ) ! desire to close ) him z quickly z possible4 ,troops "u cov]1 unless enfilad$1 c seldom be =c$ to retire by fire alone1 & a decision by fire1 ev5 if possible1 takes long to obta94 ,to drive an enemy f ! field1 assault1 or ! imm$iate ?reat ( x1 is almo/ always necess>y4 #b4 ,sup]iority ( ,fire4--,! object ( fire action is to atta9 sup]iority ( fire ov] ! enemy's fire4 ,fire is said to atta9 sup]iority :5 by its sup]ior effect x beats d[n or sil5ces ! enemy's fire4 ,sup]iority ( fire 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( attack enables ! advance to be pu%$ up by degrees to gr\nd f :i* ! assault c be deliv]$ on ! enemy's position4 ,sup]iority ( fire enables ! def5ce to *eck ! enemy's advance1 & 9 active def5ce to create opportunities = a g5]al assumption ( ! (f5sive or = local c\nt]-attacks4 ,sup]iority ( fire is produc$ by sup]ior effici5cy 9 7a7 fire direction & control1 7b7 fire discipl9e1 7c7 use ( ! rifle1 & 7d7 ammunition supply4 #c4 ,op5+ ,fire4--,:5 f 8 position x is possible to d s1 ! company comm&] decides z to ! "t = op5+ fire1 subject to su* ord]s z ! battalion comm&] may issue1 & regulates ! supply ( ammunition4 ,9 ! def5ce he also normally arranges = ! di/ribution or conc5tration ( fire1 & indicates ! t>gets g5]ally to 8 subord9ates2 b 9 ! attack ^! duties w usually devolve ^u ! subord9ate comm&]s ) ! fir+-l9e4 #d4 ,decision z to ,op5+ ,fire4--,9 =m+ a decision z to :5 fire %\ld be op5$1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! necessities ( ! tactical situation4 ,! foll[+ conditions mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt3 7i7 ,surprise4--,! e>ly op5+ ( fire disc\nts surprise1 &1 :e!r 9 attack or def5ce1 (t5 indicates ! position ( troops :i* w\ld o!rwise be unnotic$ by ! enemy4 ,9 attack x may delay ! advance unnecess>ily4 7ii7 ,effect ( ,fire at ,diff]5t ,ranges4--,! effect ( fire at v>i\s ranges mu/ be tak5 c>efully into acc\nt4 ,?is subject is dealt ) 9 ,sec4 #dc1 p>a4 #a4 #e4 ,op5+ ,fire 9 ,attack4--7i7 ,9 connection ) ! consid]ations m5tion$ 9 p>a4 #d 7i7 & 7ii7 above1 fire1 z a g5]al rule1 %\ld r>ely be op5$ by infantry 9 attack :5 satisfactory progress c be made )\t x4 ,! lead+ troops 9 p>ticul> %\ld save e possible r\nd = ! f9al /ruggle = sup]iority ( fire at close range1 z ! repl5i%m5t ( ammunition 9 ! fir+-l9e at t "t w be a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 7ii7 ,:5 progress is no long] possible1 fire %\ld be op5$1 ei!r by su* p>ts ( ! fir+-l9e z _c advance1 or by bodies ( infantry specially detail$ = ?is purpose1 to enable a fur!r advance to be made4 ,subject to ^! pr9ciples1 fire may be op5$ 9 attack :5 !re is a probability ( its produc+ good effect1 or :5 )hold+ fire might lead to heavy loss4 #f4 ,op5+ ,fire 9 ,def5ce4--,:5 infantry is act+ on ! def5sive1 !re is usually less difficulty 9 arrang+ = ! supply ( ammunition4 ,fire may !re=e be op5$ at long] ranges ?an :5 attack+1 if x seems probable t any advantage w be ga9$ !reby1 especially :5 x is desir$ to prev5t ! enemy com+ to close qu>t]s1 & :5 ! ranges h be5 asc]ta9$ be=eh&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! object is to ga9 decisive results1 x is g5]ally pref]able to res]ve fire = clos] ranges & = surprise 7,practice ,no4 #a1 p4 #bbf74 #g4 ,fire & ,movem5t4--,x is cle> f ! above consid]ations t fire is closely relat$ to movem5t4 ,! direct object ( fire 9 ! case ( attack & c\nt]attack is to facilitate movem5t1 & also to *eck or h9d] ! movem5ts ( ! enemy4 ,! direct object ( fire 9 def5ce is to *eck ! movem5ts ( ! enemy1 & 9 ! case ( active def5ce to create an opportunity = ! assumption ( ! (f5sive or = local c\nt]-attacks4 ,fire1 !re=e1 is relat$ to movem5t1 & its prop] application ) respect to movem5t is "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( tra9+ 9 fire control4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh ,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,tactical ,application ( ,fire4 #h4 ,conc5trat$ ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,collective fire may be conc5trat$ or di/ribut$4 ,conc5trat$ fire produces a cone ( fire fav\rable to obs]vation ( results1 & is m effective ?an di/ribut$ fire at ! po9t ( application4 ,aga9/ n>r[-front$ t>gets1 su* z ! head ( a column or a ma*9e-gun1 or aga9/ v vuln]able t>gets1 or to produce an increas$ effect at a p>ticul> po9t1 fire may be conc5trat$ ) advantage4 #i4 ,di/ribut$ ,fire4--7i7 ,x is usually necess>y to di/ribute fire s z to keep ! enemy's fir+-l9e "u fire ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 9 ord] to di/urb 8 aim & prev5t 8 movem5ts4 ,fire employ$ to cov] movem5ts or direct$ on entr5*m5ts %\ld be di/ribut$ c>efully & sy/ematically see also ,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #c 7v74 7ii7 ,sweep+ ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,fire di/ribut$ lat]ally is call$ sweep+ fire4 ,su* fire is to be pref]r$ = neutraliz+ an enemy's fire along any portion ( 8 front4 7iii7 ,se>*+ ,fire#bb 7,fig4 #g74--;,fire di/ribut$ 9 dep? is call$ se>*+ fire4 ,su* fire gives great] assurance t "s portion ( ! fire w be effective :5 ! t>get has n be5 locat$ def9itely1 or :5 s]i\s errors 9 sight+ are to be expect$4 #aj4 ,oblique & ,enfilade ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,bo? oblique & enfilade fire h great] moral & mat]ial effect ?an frontal fire1 = !y usually come f an unexpect$ direction1 & ! t>gets pres5t$ to !m are g5]ally m vuln]able ?an ^? pres5t$ to frontal fire4 ,9 def5ce1 opportunities = ! employm5t ( enfilade fire may be creat$ by c>eful pre-arrangem5t betwe5 ! comm&]s ( adjo9+ units4 #aa4 ,conv]g+ ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,conv]g+ fire is fire direct$ at a t>get f two or m diff]5t po9ts simultane\sly4 ,! moral & mat]ial effect ( conv]g+ fire may be v great1 z x may comb9e ! effects ( frontal1 oblique1 & enfilade fire at "o & ! same "t 7,demon/ration ,no4 #c1 p4 #bbb74 #ab4 ,mutual ,support 7,fig4 #dh74--7;i7 ,! v>i\s portions ( ! fir+-l9e w also on occasions be able to af=d ea* o!r mutual support by fire1 & all comm&]s mu/ be on ! al]t to assi/ units on _! flanks 9 ?is mann] :5 ! situation requires4 ,cov]+ fire 9 mutual support %\ld consi/ ( heavy bur/s ( rapid fire1 su/a9$ dur+ ! =w>d movem5t1 & direct$ at ! enemy to ! front ( ! advanc+ unit1 z well z to ! front ( ! unit fir+ 7,practice ,no4 #a1 p4 #bbf74 7ii7 ,mutual support 9 ! fir+-l9e w z a rule1 h[ev]1 be m automatic ?an delib]ately arrang$1 & 9 no case mu/ its employm5t be all[$ to induce hesitation 9 ! advance4 ,! p>am\nt duty ( all lead]s 9 ! fir+-l9e is to get _! troops =w>d1 & if e lead] is imbu$ ) a det]m9ation to close ) ! enemy1 he w be unconsci\sly assi/+ 8 neighb\r also1 = z a rule ! be/ me?od ( support+ a neighb\r+ unit is to advance4 #ac4 ,cov]+ ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--7;i7 ,:5 ! gr\nd p]mits1 x is g5]ally necess>y to detail special deta*m5ts ( infantry to provide cov]+ fire = ! lead+ troops4 ,^! deta*m5ts w usually be detail$ by battalion comm&]s f local res]ves 9 ! orig9al di/ribution = ! attack1 b any comm&]1 at any /age ( ! fight1 may detail troops f ^? "u 8 comm& to assi/ 8 advance4 ,no fire-unit comm&]1 h[ev]1 is ju/ifi$1 on 8 own initiative1 9 )draw+ f ! advance or ceas+ to seek an opportunity to advance 9 ord] to con/itute 8 comm& a deta*m5t = provid+ cov]+ fire 7,demon/ration ,no4 #f1 p4 #bbc74 7ii7 ,9 undulat+ or m\nta9\s c\ntry x may be possible = deta*m5ts employ$ to provide cov]+ fire to cov] ! advance f positions 9 re>1 b 9 flat c\ntry x may be dang]\s or impossible = infantry or ma*9e-guns to fire ov] ! heads ( _! own troops1 & opportunities = provid+ cov]+ fire %\ld be s\ght on ! flanks4 7iii7 ,troops detail$ to provide cov]+ fire = ! advance mu/ take c>e to select z t>gets ^? bodies ( ! enemy ^: fire is *iefly *eck+ ! advance4 ,great difficulty w (t5 be exp]i5c$ 9 discov]+ :i* ^! bodies are1 & all ranks mu/ be on ! al]t to notice any indication :i* may help to discov] !m4 7iv7 ,z soon z _! fire ceases to be effective 9 aid+ ! advance ( ! fir+-l9e1 x is ! duty ( troops detail$ to provide cov]+ fire at once to jo9 9 ! advance1 unless def9ite ord]s to ! contr>y h be5 receiv$4 #ad4 ,volume ( ,fire4--,9 decid+ on ! volume ( fire to be direct$ aga9/ ! enemy at any p>ticul> "t1 a comm&] %\ld consid] *iefly ! tactical situation1 ! t>get pres5t$1 ! effect x is desir$ to produce1 ! range1 & ! /ate ( ! ammunition-supply4 #ae4 ,rates ( ,fire4--,! rate ( fire w always be regulat$ c>efully accord+ to tactical requirem5ts4 7i7 ,sl[ ,desultory ,fire may di/urb ! enemy's aim1 b x is oppos$ to pr9ciples ( surprise4 7ii7 ,delib]ate ,fire4--,! rate ( delib]ate fire %\ld n exce$ six r\nds a m9ute4 7iii7 ,rate :5 ,work+ 9 ,pairs4--,soldi]s work+ 9 pairs = obs]vation & mutual support 7,sec4 #dg1 p>a4 #d7 may ea* fire ab\t ?ree r\nds a m9ute4 7iv7 ,rapid ,collective ,fire4--,9 rapid collective fire ! rate w v>y accord+ to ! visibility ( ! aim+-m>k1 ! range1 & ! /&>d ( tra9+ a man has rea*$4 ,) a di/9ct aim+-m>k )9 ab\t #a1jjj y>ds a well-tra9$ man %\ld be able to fire f twelve to fifte5 r\nds p] m9ute )\t s]i\s loss ( accuracy4 #af4 ,use ( ,rapid ,fire4--7i7 ,rapid fire %\ld be consid]$ z a res]ve ( p[] to be us$ :5 ! occasion dem&s x4 ,x mu/ nev] be us$ except :5 occasion mo/ fully ju/ifies x1 o!rwise s]i\s wa/e ( ammunition w result4 ,rapid fire mu/ comb9e accuracy ) rapidity1 & nev] deg5]ate into a wild exp5diture ( ammunition at ! fa/e/ possible rate4 ,if rapid fire is ord]$1 ea* man w fire at 8 own be/ rate = comb9+ rapidity ) accuracy4 7ii7 ,rapid fire may be employ$ g5]ally :5 x is necess>y to beat d[n ! enemy's fire quickly2 :5 cov]+ ! )drawal ( o!r troops2 :5 pursu+ an enemy ) fire2 :5 meet+ cavalry attacks2 & :5 good t>gets are expos$4 ,9 attack1 rapid fire is employ$ by all troops z f9al prep>ation = ! assault4 ,9 def5ce1 x is employ$ to beat (f an enemy 9 ! act ( assault+ 7,practices ,nos4 #e & #f1 p4 #bbh74 #ag4 ,%ort ,bur/s ( ,fire4--7i7 ,! effect ( surprise by a sudd5 bur/ ( accurate fire f an unexpect$ qu>t] is v great4 ,%ort bur/s ( rapid fire1 foll[$ by pauses1 fav\r obs]vation ( results1 & give "t = ! adju/m5t ( sights4 ,!y also facilitate ! control ( fire 9 critical situations4 7ii7 ,! duration ( su* bur/s mu/ be /rictly controll$1 & limit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! occasion1 = if rapid-fire is cont9u$ = any l5g? ( "t1 x excites & exhau/s ! troops1 & leads to wa/e ( ammunition4 ,9 ord] to insure control & facilitate ! pass+ ( ord]s1 ! numb] ( r\nds to be fir$ may be nam$1 z1 = in/ance1 t5 r\nds fire1 or rapid fire4 #ah4 ,surprise4--,a sudd5 effective fire is kn[n to h a p>ticul>ly demoraliz+ effect on ! enemy2 x is (t5 advantage\s1 !re=e1 to seek = surprise effects ( ?is sort by tempor>ily )hold+ fire4 #ai4 ,un/eady ,fir+4--,wild1 un/eady fire causes little or no loss1 & t5ds to enc\rage ! enemy by induc+ a belief 9 8 m9d t 8 oppon5t is %ak54 ,x is !re=e worse ?an useless aga9/ good troops4 ,if fir+ t5ds to become wild1 x %\ld be /opp$1 & only resum$ "u /rict control & detail$ ord]s4 ,section #de4--;,description & ,recognition ( ,t>gets4 #a4 ,importance ( ,good ,description4--7i7 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( disc]n+ s]vice t>gets beyond close range ) ! nak$ eye1 collective fire _c be effective unless ! objective is describ$ by ! fire-unit comm&] 9 su* a way t e individual ( 8 unit c imm$iately recognize ! t>get or po9t ( aim indicat$1 & unless m5 are also tra9$ to recognize t>gets & to br+ fire to be> ^u !m imm$iately !y are indicat$4 ,^! ?ree conditions--good indication ( t>gets1 imm$iate recognition ( t>gets1 & in/ant op5+ ( accurate fire--are ess5tial if full effect is to be obta9$ f fire1 especially :5 direct$ at fleet+ t>gets1 su* z troops 9 movem5t4 7ii7 ,bad description ( t>gets or delay 9 op5+ fire due to ?is or o!r causes w lead to loss ( fire effect1 :i* may prove disa/r\s 9 critical phases ( action4 ,= example1 bad description at ! be/ w result 9 recognition ( ! t>get by "s in/ead ( all ! m5 9 an unit1 z well z 9 delay 9 op5+ fire1 :i* 9 ! case ( fleet+ t>gets w r5d] fire p>tly or :olly ineffective4 ,bad description may result 9 "p or ! :ole ( an unit mi/ak+ ano!r aim+-po9t ne> x = ! t>get describ$1 ) total loss ( fire effect due to fir+ at ! wrong t>get4 ,x may result 9 "p or ! :ole ( an unit becom+ confus$ & n fir+ at all4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t good description & quick recognition ( t>gets is ess5tial = fire effect at long] ranges1 & t ^! duties =m a vitally important "p ( ! tra9+ ( fire-unit comm&]s & m54 #b4 ,ne$ ( ,sy/em 9 describ+ ,t>gets4--,z s]vice t>gets1 su* z a fold 9 ! gr\nd or a pat* ( op5 gr\nd1 w (t5 be )\t any def9ite feature to di/+ui% !m f simil> aim+-po9ts ne> !m1 or to locate _! position exactly1 & z t>gets g5]ally w be difficult to describe on gr\nd devoid ( prom95t or well-m>k$ features1 x is necess>y to adopt a sy/em ( description :i* w enable fire-unit comm&]s to indicate ! mo/ difficult aim+-po9ts to _! m5 cle>ly by "s consi/5t me?od4 #c4 ,description ,po9ts4--,a good sy/em ( indicat+ t>gets is by description-po9ts1 consi/+ ( natural or o!r features ( ! gr\nd 9 ! frontage allott$ to an unit4 ,if t>gets _c be indicat$ suffici5tly accurately by description-po9ts alone1 supplem5t>y me?ods1 kn[n respectively z ! ,f+]-bread? & ,clock-face me?ods1 may be us$ 9 connection ) description-po9ts1 z describ$ 9 p>as4 #g & #h4 ,z a rule ! =m] ( ^! supplem5t>y me?ods only w be employ$1 & bo? w seldom be employ$ toge!r 9 comb9ation ) description-po9ts4 #d4 ,select+ ,description-,po9ts4--7i7 ,company (fic]s w select description-po9ts :5 occupy+ a position or at ! conclusion ( movem5t4 ,! numb] ( description-po9ts necess>y w dep5d on ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 & :e!r x has mu* or little detail 9 ! %ape ( prom95t natural & o!r features2 b po9ts %\ld be select$ s z to facilitate ! indication ( t>gets 9 all p>ts ( ! field ( fire4 7ii7 ,! mo/ prom95t objects %\ld be *os54 ,!y %\ld be 9 ! di/ance or middle ( ! field ( fire1 & z f> (f z possible4 ,no two po9ts1 if x c be avoid$1 %\ld be simil>--z1 = in/ance1 two *ur* spires or clumps ( trees4 ,! po9ts %\ld be at lea/ two h&s' bread? ap>t4 ,ea* po9t %\ld be nam$1 & ! "n by :i* x is to be kn[n %\ld be communicat$ to fire-unit comm&]s & ! m5 ( _! units4 7iii7 ,!re w usually be m "t = select+ description-po9ts 9 def5ce ?an 9 attack4 ,= example1 ,fig4 #df illu/rates a field ( fire 9 front ( a def5sive position1 9 :i* almo/ e feature ( gr\nd has be5 nam$ & ! range ( all prom95t objects tak54 ,su* prep>ation w be impossible1 & to a great ext5t unnecess>y1 9 attack1 :5 "t = ev5 a %ort prelim9>y reconnaissance may n always be available4 ,company1 platoon1 & section comm&]s %\ld !re=e be tra9$ to select a few good description-po9ts z quickly z possible1 & indicate !m by suitable names to _! comm&s4 #e4 ,po9ts ( ,milit>y ,importance4--,9 addition to ! description-po9ts1 :5 !re is "t1 any po9ts 9 ! field ( fire :i* are ( milit>y importance--su* z a road1 a bridge 7,fig4 #ej71 or ! =w>d edge ( dead gr\nd--at :i* fire may sudd5ly h to be direct$1 %\ld also be nam$ & indicat$ to fire-unit comm&]s4 ,?is %\ld be done1 if possible1 :5ev] su* po9ts are difficult to describe & _c be indicat$ quickly4 #f4 ,rules = describ+ ,t>gets4--7i7 ,t>gets mu/ be indicat$ by %ort1 accurate1 cle>ly und]/ood1 descriptions ( _! nature1 features1 & exact position4 7ii7 ,field-glasses may be us$ to disc]n t>gets be=e indicat+ !m4 ,b aim+-po9ts mu/ always be describ$ z !y are se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 & n z se5 ?r\gh field-glasses1 o!rwise ! m51 be+ )\t glasses1 may fail to recognize !m4 7iii7 ,9 bo? attack & def5ce ! front %\ld always be po9t$ out1 s t if a g5]al direction1 su* z half "r1 is us$ to indicate a t>get1 m5 w look 9 ! prop] direction ) reg>d to ! front4 ,?is is necess>y1 because ! =mation ( ! gr\nd1 ! l9e ( cov]1 & ! sit+ ( tr5*es does n always p]mit ( m5 fac+ directly to ! front4 7iv7 ,z a g5]al rule ! f+]-bread? & clock-face me?ods ( describ+ t>gets w only be us$ :5 !y w %ort5 & simplify ! description1 z well z make x m accurate4 7v7 ,only "o sy/em ( indicat+ t>gets %\ld be employ$ 9 a battalion1 &1 if possible1 9 an army1 s t ! m5 may recognize t>gets describ$ by comm&]s ( o!r fire-units %\ld !y become sep>at$ f _! own 9 action4 7vi7 ,:5 possible1 t>gets w always be describ$ & _! range giv5 be=e ! occasion = fir+ arises1 s t m5 may adju/ _! sights & be ready to op5 fire )\t fur!r ord]s z soon z ! t>get appe>s4 #g4 ,f+]-,bread? ,me?od 7,fig4 #di74--7;i7 ,?is me?od may be employ$ to indicate r\ghly ! approximate di/ance ( an objective f a description-po9t4 ,only "o h& %\ld be us$1 ev5 if m ?an "o h&'s bread? is requir$ to indicate ! di/ance4 ,! arm mu/ be held out p]fectly /raight f ! %\ld] 9 front ( ! face1 ) ! f+]s v]tical4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! object is imm$iately above or bel[ ! description-po9t1 ! f+]s %\ld be horizontal4 ,9 measur+ di/ances1 "o eye %\ld be clos$1 & bo? ! description-po9t & ! objective kept 9 view4 7ii7 ,in/ruction 9 ! ,f+]-,bread? ,me?od4--,results obta9$ by ?is me?od are necess>ily inaccurate1 because ! h&s & f+]s v>y 9 size & 9 di/ance f ! eye ) ea* individual4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a useful guide = measur+ approximate di/ances4 ,aft] ! fir/ few lessons 9 ! use ( ?is me?od1 measurem5ts %\ld fir/ be judg$1 & !n ! f+]s %\ld be us$ to *eck !m4 ,x w be f\nd t :5 m5 h be5 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ?is me?od !y w seldom h to use _! f+]s = measurem5ts at all except 9 v d\btful cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,,description ,,( ,,t>gets--,,f+]-,,bread? ,,me?od4 78,section ,fire0 ,l&scape ,t>get1 ,panel ,no4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,,description ,,( ,,t>gets--,,clock-,,face ,,me?od4 78,section ,fire0 ,l&scape ,t>get1 ,panel ,no4 #a47 #h4 ,clock-,face ,me?od 7,fig4 #ej74--,?is me?od may be us$ to indicate ! position ( ! t>get describ$ 9 relation to a description-po9t4 ,9 employ+ x1 ! clock-face mu/ be imag9$ z hang+ v]tically1 ) its c5tre directly ov] ! description-po9t4 ,?us1 an objective v]tically above ! description-po9t w\ld be describ$ z be+ at twelve o'clock1 :ile objectives to ! "r & left on ! same horizontal plane z ! description-po9t w\ld be respectively at ?ree & n9e o'clock1 & an objective directly bel[ ! description-po9t w\ld be at six o'clock4 ,! direction1 "r or left1 %\ld always be giv51 z well z ! h\r1 to avoid possible mi/akes4 #i4 ,examples ( ,description ( ,t>gets--7i7 ,description-,po9ts4--,fig4 #di %[s a field ( fire ) pl5ty ( detail1 & s]ves to illu/rate ! me?od ( indicat+ t>gets by ! use ( description-po9ts alone1 & by ! use ( ^! po9ts 9 comb9ation ) ! f+]-bread? me?od4 ,if ! l&scape 9 ?is figure is tak5 z repres5t+ a sector1 ! foll[+ features might be z description-po9ts3 7a7 ,"r edge ( wood on hill2 7b7 talle/ popl> half "r2 7c7 :ite h\se on left4 ,! fire-unit comm&] w\ld in=m 8 unit t !y w\ld be nam$ & ref]r$ to respectively z ,wood1 ,popl>1 ,h\se1 9 us+ !m to direct fire4 7ii7 ,indication by ,description-,po9ts4--,examples ( indicat+ t>gets by ^! description-po9ts alone are z foll[s3 7a7 ,at #a1jjj--;at c5tre ( h$ge runn+ f left ( popl>4--,t5 r\nds4 ,rapid fire4 7b7 ,at #a1djj--;br[n field to "r ( h\se--at "r half ( h$ge runn+ along top4--,fire4 7iii7 ,indication by ,description-,po9ts & ,f+]-,bread?s4--,examples ( indicat+ t>gets by description-po9ts comb9$ ) ! f+]-bread? me?od are z foll[s3 7a7 ,at #hjj--;at foot ( big tree two f+]s left ( popl>4--,five r\nds4 ,fire4 7b7 ,at #ijj--;at fold ( gr\nd "o f+] bel[ h\se4--,five ,r\nds4 ,rapid fire4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration ! f+]-bread?s are %[n drawn on ! l&scape4 7iv7 ,indication by ,description-,po9ts & ,clock-,face4--,fig4 #ej illu/rates ! me?od ( indicat+ t>gets by ! use ( description-po9ts comb9$ ) ! clock-face me?od4 ,! po9t ( riv] b5d "r bank might be indicat$ & nam$3 ,b5d3 ,?is description-po9t w\ld be imag9$ z ! c5tre ( a clock-face1 :i*1 = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 is %[n drawn on ! l&scape4 7v7 ,! foll[+ example illu/rates ! me?od ( indicat+ t>gets by ?is arrangem5t3 7a7 ,at #a1djj--;at junction ( ?ree h$g][s--b5d--"r--two o'clock4--,t5 r\nds4 ,fire4 7b7 ,at #a1jjj--;at spit ( l&--b5d--left--betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock4--,fire4 7vi7 ,indication by ,description-,po9ts1 ,f+]-,bread?s1 & ,clock-,face4--,fig4 #ea %[s a sector consi/+ ( a field ( fire ) v little detail1 9 :i* t>gets might h to be indicat$ by ! use ( description-po9ts1 comb9$ ) bo? ! f+]-bread? & clock-face me?ods1 :i* r>ely h to be us$ toge!r 9 comb9ation ) description-po9ts4 ,! small tree 9 c5tre ( h$ge1 ! "r end ( ! h$ge1 & ! left end ( ! h$ge1 or ! small tree to ! left1 may be tak5 z description-po9ts1 nam$ respectively h$ge "r1--h$ge left1--c5tre tree1 & left tree4 ,?is w be an exception to ! g5]al rule t no two po9ts %\ld consi/ ( features ( a simil> nature1 b x is ju/ifi$1 z !re is no dang] ( m5 confus+ ^! simil> features 9 ! case illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,,description ,,( ,,t>gets--,,example ,,( ,,field ,,( ,,fire ,,suitable ,,= ,,employm5t ,,( ,,f+]-,,bread? ,,& ,,clock-,,face ,,me?ods1 ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,description ,,po9ts4 78,section ,fire0 ,l&scape ,t>get1 ,panel ,no4 #c47 ,folds & ridges ( gr\nd c\ld !n be indicat$ 9 ! mann] ( ! foll[+ examples3 ,at #ijj--;at fold ( gr\nd--c5tre tree--six o'clock--"o-f+]4 ,?is w\ld mean t fire w be direct$ at a fold ( gr\nd "o f+]-bread? directly bel[ ! c5tre tree4 ,ano!r example ( ?is me?od is3 ,at #hjj--;at ridge--left tree--"r--?ree o'clock--"o f+]4 #aj4 ,in/ruction 9 ,description ( ,t>gets4--,tra9+ 9 description ( t>gets %\ld be c>ri$ out "u practical conditions1 accord+ to ! rules laid d[n 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,tra9+ %\ld be c>ri$ out on z great a v>iety ( gr\nd z possible "u all conditions ( light & atmosph]e & at all ranges beyond close range4 ,in/ruction 9 ! description z well z recognition ( t>gets w =m "p ( ! field tra9+1 z well z ( ! advanc$ musketry tra9+ ( bo? fire-unit comm&]s & m54 #aa4 ,9 comm5c+ an ex]cise1 a front %\ld always be po9t$ out4 ,at fir/ ! aim+-po9ts to be describ$ %\ld be simple1 & %\ld consi/ ( t>gets easily indicat$ ) ! aid ( description-po9ts alone4 ,subsequ5tly m difficult t>gets may be indicat$1 :i* w necessitate ! employm5t ( ei!r ! f+]-bread? or clock-face me?ods ( description4 #ab4 ,fire-unit comm&]s may be tra9$ 9 classes ) a numb] ( rifles on aim+-re/s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! in/ructor w indicate v>i\s aim+-po9ts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a sector ( gr\nd to ea* memb] ( ! class 9 turn1 n v]bally1 b by aim+ a rifle at x1 :ile ! class are turn$ ab\t1 ) _! backs to ! in/ructor4 ,! in/ructor w next move 8 rifle f aim at ! t>get & ord] ! class to turn ab\t1 :5 ! fire-unit comm&] w describe ! t>get 9 8 own words1 us+ description-po9ts alone1 or comb9+ _! use ) ! f+]-bread? or clock-face me?ods1 z may1 9 8 op9ion1 be necess>y4 ,! class w !n aim _! rifles at ! t>get :i* !y recognize f 8 description4 ,if !y d n recognize any t>get f 8 description1 !y w n aim _! rifles4 #ac4 ,! in/ructor w next note ! t>get at :i* ea* rifle has be5 aim$1 & criticize faults bo? ( description & recognition1 po9t+ out ^? :i* caus$ errors or confusion4 ,absolute accuracy ( aim mu/ be insi/$ ^u1 & faults 9 aim+ at t>gets correctly recogniz$ mu/ be po9t$ out4 #ad4 ,indication ( ,t>gets 9 ,/range ,c\ntry4--,z ! nature ( ! gr\nd & its features w v>y greatly 9 diff]5t k9ds ( c\ntry1 fire-unit comm&]s & m5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 ! description & recognition ( t>gets1 bo? be=e & dur+ milit>y op]ations 9 unfamili> c\ntry4 #ae4 ,/&>d ( ,indication4--,a v l[ /&>d ( indication is "o :i* results 9 f\r out ( e five 9 ! class recogniz+ ! t>get f ! description giv51 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! class w consi/ ( m5 :o %\ld h be5 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 milit>y vocabul>y & /udy ( gr\nd be=e !y comm5ce _! in/ruction 9 recognition ( t>gets4 ,fire-unit comm&]s1 !re=e1 w n be consid]$ effici5t 9 indicat+ t>gets until all ! memb]s ( a class are able ) ease to recognize a v>iety ( t>gets describ$ by him4 #af4 ,in/ruction 9 ,recognition ( ,t>gets4--,in/ruction 9 recognition ( t>gets may be c>ri$ out on ! same me?od z tra9+ 9 description ( t>gets1 ! t>gets be+ describ$ v]bally by ! in/ructor1 or by an effici5t fire-unit comm&]4 ,m5 aim+ at wrong t>gets1 or n aim+ because !y h fail$ to recognize ! t>get1 w be ask$ to expla9 _! difficulty1 & ! in/ructor mu/ try 9 ea* case to expla9 ! cause ( errors or failure to recognize t>gets1 ) a view to help+ m5 to ov]come x4 ,m5 w be tra9$ to recognize t>gets by description-po9ts alone1 z well z 9 comb9ation ) ! f+]-bread? & clock-face me?ods4 #ag4 ,in/ruction on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,tra9+ 9 description & recognition ( t>gets c be c>ri$ out on m9iature ranges1 z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #h 7ii74 ,section #df4--;,fire ,ord]s4#bc #a4 ,words ( ,comm&4--,! foll[+ words ( comm& w be us$ z may be f\nd necess>y3 ,at--7,elevation & deflection74 ,at--7,object74 ,fire or ,on :i* ! fir] w load1 adju/ ,rapid ,fire 8 sights1 aim & fire1 delib]ately or rapidly4 ,on :i* fire w be discont9u$1 & ,cease ,fire ! fir] w br+ ! rifle to ! load+ position1 re*>ge ! magaz9e1 & apply ! safety-cat*4 ,on :i* ! safety-cat* w be appli$ & an easy position assum$4 ,:5 rifles are n provid$ ) ,re/ safety-cat*es1 on ! comm& 8,re/0 ! cut-(f w be press$ 91 ! bolt op5$ & clos$1 & ! spr+ eas$4 ,on :i* all c>tridges w be remov$ ,unload f ! *amb] & magaz9e1 & o!r motions p]=m$ z detail$ 9 ,sec4 #bg1 p>a4 #d4 #b4 ,words ( comm& 9 fire ord]s w be z few z possible4 ,!y mu/ be ann\nc$ cle>ly & delib]ately by fire-unit comm&]s1 & repeat$ if necess>y1 %\ld !y notice by ! actions ( _! m5 t !y are n prop]ly he>d or und]/ood4 ,if ! noise ( fir+1 ! di/ance due to deploym5t ( ! unit1 ! w9d1 or o!r conditions prev5t ! he>+ ( ord]s1 !y mu/ be pass$ f ,n4,c4,o4 to ,n4,c4,o41 f obs]v] to obs]v]1 or f man to man4 #c4 ,z already /at$1 :5 possible1 directions z to sight+ z well z ! t>get w be giv5 be=e ! occasion = fir+ arises1 & fire w be op5$ )\t fur!r ord]s z soon z ! t>get appe>s4 ,ord]s = adju/+ ! sights %\ld be giv5 fir/1 s t !re may be no necessity = ! fir]s to remove _! eyes f ! t>get aft] x is indicat$1 o!rwise ! ord] ( ! words ( comm& is n ( mat]ial importance4 #d4 ,anticipatory ,ord]s4--,fire ord]s %\ld anticipate ev5ts z f> z possible1 s t l5g?y ord]s w n be ne$$ aft] ! t>get appe>s4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( an anticipatory ord]1 :i* includes ! use ( comb9$ sights3 ,! enemy is ab\t to advance f t fir-wood on ! hill half left4 ,:5 he moves1 conc5trate on ! ?icke/ "p ( 8 l9e--#abej & #acej4 #e4 ,if all ranks are kept in=m$ ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts1#bd & l$ to anticipate occasions = fire action1 !re %\ld be no ne$ = any words ( comm& o!r ?an ^? :i* regulate movem5t1 ! op5+ & clos+ ( fire1 & ! rate ( fire2 & ev5 ^! may be disp5s$ ) if ! fir]s are well tra9$1 & comb9e _! ef=ts accord+ to ord]s issu$ 9 anticipation4 ,! results ( obs]vation & alt]ations to be made 9 sight+ or po9t ( aim mu/ be notifi$ at once4 #f4 ,in/ruction 9 ,fire ,ord]s4--,fire-unit comm&]s1 obs]v]s1 & ,n4,c4,o4's %\ld be ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 giv+ cle>1 concise fire ord]s "u practical conditions4 ,!y mu/ wat* to see if _! ord]s are und]/ood by ! actions ( _! m54 ,m5 mu/ be tra9$ n to put _! rifles to _! %\ld]s until !y und]/& ! ord]s giv5 & recognize ! t>get indicat$4 ,?is rule is ess5tial to prev5t useless wa/e ( ammunition 9 w>1 & to s]ve z a *eck 9 peace tra9+1 z to :e!r ord]s are giv5 or pass$ f man to man s t !y are imm$iately und]/ood & c>ri$ out by ! m54 ,x w enable fire-unit comm&]s to "k :5 _! ord]s are n he>d or und]/ood1 & also enable company & platoon comm&]s to sup]vise ! tra9+ ( fire-unit comm&]s4 #g4 ,pass+ ,fire ,ord]s f ,man to ,man4--7i7 ,soldi]s are tra9$ 9 pass+ %ort v]bal messages & ord]s accurately & quickly z "p ( _! field-tra9+1 & ?is in/ruction is conta9$ 9 ,drill & ,field-,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies 9 ,sec4 #h & also 9 ,sec4 #db1 :i* deals ) tra9+ 9 pass+ messages 9 :isp]s dur+ night op]ations4 ,tra9+ 9 pass+ fire ord]s quickly & accurately f man to man is a vitally important "p ( ! musketry tra9+ ( ,n4,c4,o4's1 obs]v]s1 & m54 ,ord]s pass$ f man to man 9 ! fir+-l9e mu/ be %ort4 ,!y may be pass$ a s5t5ce or two at a "t1 or z a :ole1 ! latt] be+ ! be/ & quicke/ me?od if ord]s are %ort4 7ii7 ,in/ruction 9 pass+ ,fire ,ord]s4--,fire-units mu/ be tra9$ ?or\ghly 9 pass+ fire ord]s1 & ?is duty %\ld be practis$ dur+ ext5d$ ord] drill1 & lat] dur+ manuvre1 :5 units are deploy$1 & especially :5 !y are fir+ ) blank c>tridge1 s z to accu/om m5 to li/5+ to ord]s & pass+ !m :ile fir+ & 9 ! noise x involves4 ,9 practis+ pass+ ord]s f man to man1 an ,n4,c4,o4 %\ld be told (f to record ord]s pass$ f man to man z receiv$ at ! end ( a l9e to *eck _! accuracy4 #h4 ,in/ruction on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,fire ord]s c be practis$ on ! m9iature range z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #gd1 p>a4 #d 7iii74 ,section #dg4--;,fire ,discipl9e4 #a4 ,importance ( ,fire ,discipl9e4--,if full effect is to be obta9$ f ! results ( fire1 a high /&>d ( fire discipl9e 9 m5 is z important z skilful direction & control ( fire by comm&]s4 #b4 ,qualities ,necess>y = ,fire ,discipl9e4--,good fire discipl9e dem&s ! foll[+ qualities 9 m53 7i7 ,/rict att5tion to ! signals & ord]s ( ! comm&]1 comb9$ ) intellig5t obs]vation ( ! enemy4 7ii7 ,c>eful adju/m5t ( ! sight1 economy ( ammunition1 & prompt cessation ( fire :5 ord]$ or :5 ! t>get disappe>s4 7iii7 ,p[] to endure ! enemy's fire ev5 :5 no reply is possible4 7iv7 ,a cool & intellig5t use ( ! rifle :5 ! comm&] c no long] ex]cise control4 #c4 ,rules = ,fire ,discipl9e4--,9 addition to ! above qualities1 m5 mu/ be tra9$ to c>ry out _! duties accord+ to ! foll[+ rules3 7a7 ,9 collective fir+ no man w fire until he cle>ly recognizes ! t>get describ$ by 8 comm&]1 or )\t select+ a def9ite t>get 9 individual fir+4 7b7 ,9 collective fir+ e man w press 8 trigg] indep5d5tly4 ,bur/s ( indep5d5t fire are m effective ?an volleys4 7c7 ,z a rule fire %\ld be deliv]$ delib]ately1 b ea* man mu/ always satisfy himself t e "t he presses ! trigg] he w hit ! object aim$ at4 7d7 ,if rapid fire is ord]$1 e man w fire at 8 own be/ rate = comb9+ rapidity ) accuracy4 7e7 ,ea* man w take c>e to pass ord]s c>efully & accurately4 7f7 ,ea* man w make ! be/ use ( gr\nd & cov]1 prim>ily to increase fire effect1 & second>ily = concealm5t & protection4 ,he mu/ rememb] t ! mo/ important requirem5t1 :5 fir+ f beh9d cov]1 is ! ability ( a man to use 8 rifle to ! be/ advantage1 & t 8 eyes mu/ be kept on ! enemy betwe5 %ots to avoid los+ sight ( t>gets4 7g7 ,ea* man mu/ wat* ! front & rema9 al]t & att5tive :ile await+ ord]s4 ,he mu/ op5 fire sm>tly :5 ord]$ to d s on su* fleet+ t>gets z troops 9 movem5t1 & cont9ue fir+1 unless o!rwise ord]$1 :ile !y pres5t a fav\rable t>get dur+ movem5t4 7h7 ,he mu/1 :5 employ+ individual fire on ! def5sive1 especially at %ort] ranges1 m>k d[n troops by not+ _! position on ! gr\nd or beh9d cov]1 & op5 fire ! mom5t !y expose !mselves or rise up to advance4 #d4 ,work+ 9 ,pairs4--,comb9$ action is always m likely to be successful ?an isolat$ ef=t1 & s long z control is possible ! individual man mu/ wat* 8 lead] & d 8 be/ to c>ry out 8 int5tions4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! section is "u heavy fire1 section comm&]s _c always ex]cise direct control1 & 9 ^! circum/ances m5 %\ld endeav\r to "w 9 pairs1 indicat+ t>gets & e/imat+ ! range = ea* o!r1 fir+ /eadily1 obs]v+ ! results ( ea* o!r's fire1 & husb&+ _! ammunition4 #e4 ,ammunition4--,if incapacitat$ f advanc+1 ! soldi]'s fir/ duty is to place 8 ammunition 9 a conspicu\s place1 ready to be pick$ up by o!r m51 & all ranks mu/ seize opportunities t (f] = repl5i%+ _! ammunition 9 ?is mann]4 #f4 ,duty ( ,soldi] :5 sep>at$ f ,unit ,comm&]4--,if1 :5 re9=c+ ! fir+-l9e1 or at any o!r "t1 a soldi] loses t\* ) 8 section comm&]1 x is 8 duty to place himself "u ! ord]s ( ! ne>e/ (fic] or non-commission$ (fic]1 irrespective ( ! company or battalion to :i* he may belong4 #g4 ,tra9+ 9 ,fire ,discipl9e4--,! f\ndation ( tra9+ 9 fire discipl9e w be laid 9 ! g5]al tra9+ ( ! soldi]1 especially 9 ! in/ruction :i* imbues him ) ! soldi]ly _s1 & develops 8 "* 9 discipl9e & o!r soldi]ly qualities4#be ,! recruit's in/ruction 9 aim+ & fir+ & fire discipl9e w be c>ri$ out concurr5tly ) 8 tra9+ 9 drill 9 bo? close & ext5d$ ord]1 z laid d[n 9 ! directions = ! annual individual tra9+ ( ! soldi] 9 ,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiad1 & o!r (ficial textbooks4 ,tra9+ 9 fire discipl9e may comm5ce :5 ! recruit is suffici5tly in/ruct$ 9 aim+ & fir+1 & w be comb9$ ) tra9+ 9 ext5d$ ord] drill4 ,fire discipl9e c only be taught by con/ant & sy/ematic tra9+4 #h4 ,ex]cises 9 ,fire ,discipl9e4--,^! ex]cises %\ld be c>ri$ out progressively4 ,9 ! prelim9>y /ages ( in/ruction m5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 squads1 z already describ$ 9 p>a4 #i1 ! fire ord]s be+ simple & ! t>gets easy to recognize4 ,m advanc$ /ages ( in/ruction 9 fire discipl9e w be comb9$ ) ! soldi]'s tra9+ 9 ext5d$ ord] drill & manuvre 7see ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,vii ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies71 & also dur+ advanc$ /ages ( musketry tra9+4 ,?us tra9+ 9 fire discipl9e c be comb9$ ) field ex]cises consi/+ ( tactical s*emes 9 attack & def5ce1 etc41 :5 blank c>tridge is us$1 & ) fire direction & collective field practices fir$ ) ball c>tridge on field fir+ ranges4 #i4 ,prelim9>y ,ex]cises4--7i7 ,9 prelim9>y ex]cises ! squad w be drawn up 9 l9e at "o or two paces int]val1 & on ! comm& f ! in/ructor--,sitt+1 ,/&+1 or ,kneel+1 at 7range72 at 7object72 ,fire or ,rapid fire--w p]=m ! necess>y motions1 & cont9ue fir+ until ! ord] ,cease fire or ,unload is giv54 ,if no ord]s are giv5 z to ! fir+ position1 ! squad w assume ! ly+ position4 ,! /&+1 kneel+1 & sitt+ positions w only be practis$ "u conditions suitable to _! employm5t4 7ii7 ,if x is desir$ to *ange front or position1 ! in/ructor w give ! necess>y comm&s1 b )\t z a rule caus+ fire to cease4 ,all comm&s giv5 dur+ fir+ are to be pass$ d[n ! l9e ( fir]s1 to practise !m 9 pass+ ord]s1 ! ord]s be+ tak5 d[n at ! ( ! l9e to *eck _! accuracy4 #aj4 ,:5 ! squad has ga9$ suffici5t exp]i5ce1 ! fire ord]s %\ld be comb9$ ) ^? = movem5t1 z 9 ! foll[+ example1 giv5 to a section 9 f\rs3 ,section1 l9e t ridge--,to ! left ?ree paces ext5d--,at #a1jjj--;,at ! enemy j left ( t h\se on ! hill1 half left--,fire--,cease ,fire--,advance4 ,9 ex]cises c>ri$ out ) blank ammunition1 ! safety-cat* w be appli$1 or rifles w be unload$ or slop$1 be=e a movem5t is und]tak54 ,9 all fire discipl9e ex]cises ! rule m5tion$ 9 ,sec4 #df1 p>a4 #f1 reg>d+ n br++ ! rifle to ! %\ld] if !y d n recognize t>gets1 %\ld be /rictly obs]v$ by m5 = ! reasons giv54 #aa4 ,developm5t ( ,individual ,judgm5t4--,9 m advanc$ ex]cises1 to develop individuality1 ! complete detail ( comm&s w occasionally be disp5s$ )4 ,?us1 on a t>get appe>+ sudd5ly = a limit$ "t1 ! executive comm& ,fire or ,rapid ,fire only w be giv51 on :i* ea* individual w adopt ! fir+ position he consid]s mo/ suitable to ! tactical conditions1 adju/ 8 sight1 & op5 fire4 ,! in/ructor w obs]ve & criticize ! positions & ! sight+ ( ! rifles4 #ab4 ,in/ruction on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,in/ruction 9 fire discipl9e c be c>ri$ out on m9iature ranges dur+ ! ,fire ,direction ,practices & ,collective ,field ,practices conta9$ 9 ,sec4 #gd4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,reg>d+ ,,range ,,& ,,field ,,practices ,section #dh4--,prelim9>y ,tra9+4 #a4 ,lectures4--,! in/ruction conta9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,i to ,,vi ( ?is book is classifi$ "u ! head ( ,prelim9>y ,tra9+1 z x lays ! f\ndation ( ! soldi]'s tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! rifle1 & prep>es him = in/ruction 9 bo? range & field practices4 ,?us1 prelim9>y tra9+ comm5ces ) in=mation reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( ! rifle & directions = tak+ c>e ( ! weapon & clean+ x1 includes in/ruction 9 aim+1 fir+1 visual tra9+1 & rang+1 & concludes ) /&>d te/s 9 prelim9>y tra9+ & gr\p+ practices on m9iature & #cj y>ds ranges4 ,an extremely important "p ( prelim9>y tra9+ consi/s ( a sy/ematic c\rse ( lectures giv5 concurr5tly ) practical in/ruction4 ,^! lectures w deal ) ! !ory ( rifle fire1 important po9ts 9 elem5t>y tra9+1 & ! tactical application ( fire ?r\gh fire direction & control1 includ+ ! use ( gr\nd & cov]1 & ! duties ( fire-unit comm&]s & obs]v]s 9 ! fir+-l9e see ,sec4 #gd1 p>a4 #e 7iii74 #b4 ,recruits4--,al?\gh x is only by practice 9 %oot+ t a high degree ( pr(ici5cy c be atta9$ 9 ! use ( ! rifle1 ! ammunition all[ances are necess>ily limit$1 & are calculat$ on ! assumption t fir+ w be prec$$ by a mo/ ?or\gh c\rse ( prelim9>y in/ruction4 ,recruits1 be=e !y beg9 a c\rse ( fir+1 mu/ rea* a satisfactory /&>d 9 aim+1 & 9 hold+ _! rifles /eadily :ile press+ ! trigg]1 o!rwise range practice w m]ely result 9 wa/e ( ammunition4 #c4 ,tra9$ ,soldi]s4--7i7 ,besides ?or\ghly gr\nd+ recruits 9 elem5t>y tra9+1 tra9$ soldi]s mu/ also be kept effici5t 9 _! prelim9>y in/ruction4 ,prelim9>y tra9+ 9 musketry ex]cises %\ld !re=e be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> by tra9$ soldi]s4 ,skill 9 judg+ di/ance1 a p]fect trigg] release1 dext]ity 9 ! load+ motions1 & ! habit ( adju/+ sights1 _c be reta9$ )\t frequ5t practice4 7ii7 ,x is !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t tra9$ soldi]s %\ld develop by con/ant practice a habit ( recogniz+ t>gets1 judg+ _! di/ance1 adju/+ _! sights1 & fir+ quickly b /eadily )\t undue ef=t4 ,x is advisable to te/ ! ability ( tra9$ soldi]s 9 ! /&>d te/s ( prelim9>y tra9+ be=e !y beg9 fir+ 9 range practices4 ,reconnaissance & rang+ ex]cises w be a necess>y prelim9>y to successful fire direction4 ,section #di4--,te/s ( ,prelim9>y ,tra9+4 #a4 ,objects ( ,te/s4--,! te/s ( elem5t>y tra9+ h be5 devis$ to fulfil ! foll[+ purposes3 7i7 ,provide in/ructors ) a means ( te/+ recruits to insure t !y h rea*$ a suffici5t /&>d be=e !y beg9 range practices4 7ii7 ,insure t tra9$ soldi]s h reta9$ _! effici5cy4 7iii7 ,prev5t any detail ( elem5t>y tra9+ f be+ ov]look$4 7iv7 ,provide a /&>d to be atta9$ by te*nical & o!r troops :o are unable to devote z mu* "t z is desirable to elem5t>y tra9+4 #b4 ,nature ,( ,te/s4--,^! te/s are divid$ into oral1 inspection1 & /&>d te/s4 ,x is important t tea*+ %\ld n be confus$ ) te/+4 ,9 ! =m] a man is in/ruct$ by example & explanation2 9 ! latt] he is que/ion$1 or ord]$ to c>ry out a c]ta9 ex]cise )\t any explanation or assi/ance1 & ei!r passes ! qualify+ /&>d or is relegat$ = fur!r in/ruction4 #c4 ,record ( ,te/s4--,a record w be kept = ea* man ( ! results ( ! v>i\s te/s1 :i* w be inspect$ p]iodically by ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,extracts f ^! records w furni% useful guides z to effici5cy :5 m5 are transf]r$ to o!r companies or battalions4 ,m51 p>ticul>ly recruits1 %\ld !mselves keep a record ( _! p]=mances4 #d4 ,oral ,te/s4--7i7 ,c>e ( ,arms & ,ammunition4--,a few que/ions %\ld be put to ea* man on ^! subjects4 7ii7 ,g5]al ,!oretical ,k4--,a few que/ions %\ld be put to ea* man reg>d+ ! !ory ( rifle fire & its practical application4 7iii7 ,description ( ,t>gets4--,ea* man sep>ately %\ld be call$ ^u to describe "o or two objects 9 a l&scape1 & be que/ion$ z to %ape1 col\rs1 sizes1 units ( measure1 etc4 #e4 ,inspection ,te/s4--7i7 ,fir+ ,positions4--,e man %\ld be inspect$ individually 9 all fir+ positions1 & ! exi/5ce ( any ( ! foll[+ s]i\s faults %\ld be not$ 9 a book = production at subsequ5t te/s3 7a7 ,fir+ f left %\ld]2 7b7 eye ne> cock+-piece or ?umb 9 aim+2 7c7 want ( grip ) ei!r h&2 7d7 f+] r\nd trigg] 9 load+ position2 7e7 excessive con/ra9t ( ! limbs1 body1 or head 9 fir+4 7ii7 ,fire ,discipl9e4--,m5 %\ld be te/$ = ability to execute ord]s = fire direction & control rapidly & correctly1 includ+ accurate adju/m5t ( sights aft] ea* advance 9 attack1 & aft] e advance ( ! enemy--repres5t$ by fatigue-m5--at di/ances betwe5 #fjj & #a1djj y>ds4 #f4 ,/&>d ,te/s4--7i7 ,regulation ,aim4--,to be te/$ by triangle ( error4 ,/&>d--,no side ( a triangle to be ov] "o-?ird ( an in*1 or ! c5tre ( ! triangle m ?an "o-?ird ( an in* f ! in/ructor's aim4 7ii7 ,trigg]-,press+4--,trigg]-press+ w be te/$ by means ( ! aim-corrector4 7iii7 ,adju/m5t ( ,sights4--,sev]al di/ances w be nam$ & sights exam9$ aft] ?ree seconds ,m4,l4,e4 rifle1 five seconds4 7iv7 ,aim+-,(f = ,w9d or ,movem5t4--,te/s 9 aim+-(f = w9d4 ,! m5 w be ord]$ to lay _! rifles on a po9t at "s numb] ( feet1 n exce$+ #f1 "r or left ( a fatigue-man4 ,"o foot ( error only1 measur$ f ! regulation po9t ( aim1 w be all[$4 ,all[ance 9 aim+-(f = w9d or movem5t w be te/$ ) ! aim-corrector1 ! p]c5tage ( s]i\s errors be+ record$4 7v7 ,rapidity ( ,aim4--,! "t requir$ to br+ ! rifle f ! load+ position to ! %\ld]1 on ! comm& ,fire1 & to align ! sights on an aim+ disc held to ! eye1 w be measur$ ) a /op or ord9>y wat* ) a second-h&4 ,ly+ position4 ,! in/ructor w /op ! wat* :5 ! trigg] is press$1 provid$ he is satisfi$ ) ! aim4 ,/&>d "t1 f\r seconds4 7vi7 ,rapid ,load+4--,! m5 to be te/$ w be equipp$ ) a b&oli]1 p\*1 or c>tridge pockets1 & six *>g]s fill$ ) dummy c>tridges4 ,! *>g]s w be plac$ 9 ! p\*es or pockets1 :i* w be button$ ov] !m4 ,! "t requir$ to load1 close ! bolt1 eject ! c>tridges1 ! rifle be+ held 9 ! correct load+ position1 "o *>g] be+ ins]t$ at a "t1 ! p\* or pocket1 :e!r empty or n1 be+ button$ up e "t a *>g] is )drawn1 w be not$4 ,/&>d "t1 "o m9ute4 7vii7 ,rapid ,fir+4--,?is w be a comb9ation ( 7v7 & 7vi74 ,on ! comm& ,rapid fire1 ea* man w load ) dummy c>tridges 9 *>g]s f ! p\* or c>tridge pocket1 ! pocket be+ button$ up ea* "t a *>g] is )drawn1 & aim t5 r\nds at an aim+ disc held to ! in/ructor's eye4 ,if ! aim+ is unsatisfactory1 ! te/ w be repeat$ m sl[ly4 ,! "t requir$ w be not$4 ,/&>d "t1 "o m9ute4 7viii7 ,eyesight4--,to be c>ri$ out 9 conjunction ) ,/&>d ,te/ 7iii74 ,f\r fatigue-m5 z 8po9ts0 %\ld be plac$ "u cov] 9 v>i\s directions & at diff]5t di/ances1 n exce$+ #hjj y>ds4 ,! m5 to be te/$ lie d[n ext5d$ to two paces4 ,ea* po9t is call$ up by signal4 ,! fatigue-man /&s1 kneels1 or raises 8 head1 accord+ to ! degree ( visibility requir$1 & fires f\r r\nds ( blank ammunition 9 half a m9ute1 !n return+ to cov]4 ,dur+ ! half-m9ute ! obs]v]s adju/ _! sights & place _! rifles at arm's l5g? to ! front4 ,at ! end ( ! half-m9ute a :i/le is bl[n1 & ^? m5 :o h fail$ to disc]n ! po9t are not$1 :ile non-commission$ (fic]s record ! elevations f\nd on ! sights 9 connection ) ,/&>d ,te/ 7x74 ,9 e case ! po9t %\ld be signall$ to rise a second "t 9 ord] t 8 position may be %[n to ^? m5 :o previ\sly fail$ to see him1 & half a m9ute %\ld !n be all[$ to ^! m5 to adju/ _! sights = ,/&>d ,te/ 7x74 ,failures mu/ n exce$ "o p] man1 b consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! visibility ( ! po9ts4 7ix7 ,recognition ( ,t>gets4--,! m5 to be te/$ %\ld ea* h an aim+-re/ or s&bags = lay+ aim4 ,a non-commission$ (fic] f beh9d !m w describe "s difficult aim+-po9t1 su* z a po9t 9 a h$ge or area ( op5 gr\nd4 ,! m5 aim _! rifles at ! po9t :i* !y recognize f ! description4 ,f\r po9ts %\ld be describ$ = e man te/$4 7x7 ,judg+ ,di/ance4--,! di/ances ( f\r /&+ fatigue m5 %\ld be judg$ at di/ances n exce$+ #hjj y>ds4 7xi7 ,gr\p+ ) ,m9iature ,c>tridges4--,= regul> troops1 ! gr\p+ /&>ds = m9iature c>tridge practice at #be y>ds w be3 ,m>ksm51 #a-;in* r+2 #a/ ,class1 #b-;in* r+2 #bnd ,class1 #c-;in* r+4 ,section #ej4--,progression ( ,in/ruction 9 ,range & ,field ,practices4 #a4 ,aft] ! soldi] has be5 tra9$ ?or\ghly 9 elem5t>y in/ruction 9 aim+ & fir+1 & has pass$ ! oral inspection & /&>d te/s ( prelim9>y tra9+ satisfactorily1 he may be consid]$ fit to comm5ce range practices1 ) :i* 8 in/ruction 9 individual & collective fir+ w beg94 ,! progression ( ?is in/ruction may be divid$ r\ghly into ! foll[+ /ages3 7i7 ,individual ,fir+4--7a7 ,in/ruction on m9iature ranges & #cj y>ds ranges4 7b7 ,range practices4 7c7 ,individual field practices4 7ii7 ,collective ,fir+4--,collective field practices4 #b4 ,in/ruction on #cj ,y>ds & ,m9iature ,ranges4--,in/ruction on #cj y>ds ranges is dealt ) 9 ,sec4 #ee4 ,in/ruction on m9iature ranges is dealt ) fully 9 ,*apt] ,x1 :i* conta9s directions = fir+ elem5t>y & in/ructional range practices1 z well z individual & collective field practices on ^! ranges4 #c4 ,range ,practices4--,range practices consi/ ( ! foll[+ practices & /ages ( in/ruction3 7i7 ,practices4--7a7 ,gr\p+4 7b7 ,application4 7c7 ,snap-%oot+4 7d7 ,rapid ,fir+4 7ii7 ,/ages ( ,in/ruction4--,! above practices are arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( tables = recruits & tra9$ soldi]s1 dem&+ a gradually increas+ degree ( skill on ! "p ( ! fir]1 & are divid$ into ! foll[+ /ages ( in/ruction3 7a7 ,qualify+ ,practices4 7b7 ,in/ructional ,practices4 7c7 ,classification ,practices4 #d4 ,field ,practices4--,individual & collective field practices are dealt ) 9 ?is *apt] & 9 ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,x4 ,! g5]al programme ( field practice %\ld be arrang$ z foll[s3 7i7 ,individual field practices4 7ii7 ,fire direction practices4 7iii7 ,collective field practices1 divid$ into-- 7a7 ,ex]cises = sections & platoons 9 fire direction & application ( collective fire4 7b7 ,/&>d te/s ( collective gr\p+ & fire effect4 7c7 ,comp>ative demon/rations ( fire effect & vuln]ability4 7d7 ,ex]cises = companies design$ to reproduce s]vice conditions z f> z possible1 & to illu/rate tactical pr9ciples4 7iv7 ,comb9$ field fir+ 7see ,musketry ,regulations74 ,section #ea4--,range ,practices4 #a4 ,:5 recruits h %[n cle>ly t !y h acquir$ a satisfactory /&>d ( skill 9 all bran*es ( prelim9>y tra9+1 !y w comm5ce range practices4 ,range practices m]ely lay ! f\ndation ( musketry 9 its elem5t>y /ages4 ,!y are only a means to an end--namely1 to prep>e soldi]s = field practices1 by :i* !y are tra9$ to fire "u conditions approximat+ z closely z possible to ^? ( s]vice4 #b4 ,qualify+ ,practices4--,! range practices = ! ,regul> ,army & ,special ,res]ve beg9 ) qualify+ practices1 = :i* /&>ds are prescrib$4 ,if ^! /&>ds are n atta9$1 x is a sign t ! prelim9>y tra9+ has fail$ 9 its object4 ,aft] pass+ /&>d te/s 9 m9iature range practice1 & fir+ on ! #cj y>ds range1 e man %\ld beg9 8 practice on ! op5 range confid5t 9 8 own p[]s1 & det]m9$ to prove 8 ability to hit4 #c4 ,prelim9>y ,tra9+ & ,range ,practices4--,in/ructional range practices ne$ n be cont9u\s4 ,int]vals ( "t betwe5 ! ex]cises are (t5 b5eficial1 especially to n]v\s m52 b 9 any case1 "t %\ld be f\nd to cont9ue ! ex]cises ( prelim9>y tra9+ on days allott$ to range practices1 9 ord] t !re may be no sep>ation betwe5 !ory & practice4 #d4 ,scope ( ,range ,practices4--7i7 ,9 range practices ! soldi] %\ld atta9 a high /&>d ( skill 9 %oot+ at kn[n di/ances "u easy conditions & 9 v>i\s positions1 at l>ge v]tical t>gets easy to see1 & furni%$ ) scor+ or approximation r+s1 :i* enable ! error 9 %oot+ to be express$ 9 figures conv5i5t = comp>ative purposes4 7ii7 ,he w confirm 9 practice ! lessons le>n$ 9 prelim9>y tra9+1 & be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! peculi>ities ( 8 rifle4 ,he w fire 9 ! op5 & f beh9d cov] 9 delib]ate & rapid practices1 & w le>n ! rate ( fire :i*1 9 8 own case1 be/ comb9es volume ) accuracy4 ,9 snap%oot+ he w realize ! necessity = rapid alignm5t ( sights1 & ! value ( "t 9 tak+ advantage ( t>gets expos$ "u s]vice conditions4 #e4 ,h9ts to ,in/ructors--7i7 ,false ,/&>ds4--,in/ructors mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( m5 sett+ up false /&>ds ( musketry bas$ on ! results ( _! %oot+ 9 range practices4 ,lectures bas$ on ! in/ruction laid d[n 9 ,sec4 ,,ii4 may be giv5 to recruits at ! comm5cem5t ( or dur+ range practices1 s t !y cle>ly und]/& t ! assurance ( effect 9 battle ?r\gh individual fire is limit$ to di/ances )9 close range1 & t collective fire is necess>y = fire effect beyond close range4 7ii7 ,delib]ate ,practices4--,in/ructors mu/ be> 9 m9d t delib]ate practice at bull's-eye t>gets t5ds to inculcate a sl[ me?od ( %oot+1 z m9ute att5tion to *anges ( w9d & light1 & f9e adju/m5ts ( ! backsight bas$ on %ot-by-%ot m>k+1 are necess>y to produce ! be/ results "u su* conditions4 ,!re=e1 directly recruits h atta9$ a satisfactory degree ( skill at delib]ate practices1 !y mu/ comm5ce snap%oot+ & rapid fir+4 ,in/ructors mu/ make x cle> to soldi]s t high scores 9 range practices "u easy conditions & %ot-by-%ot m>k+ be> no relation :atev] to ! results to be expect$ f _! skill :5 fir+ "u s]vice conditions ev5 9 peace "t4 7iii7 ,range ,practices & ,s]vice ,conditions4--,9 battle at close range fire effect dep5ds on snap%oot+ & rapid fir+ "u conditions 9 :i* ! effect ( w9d & light may usually be disreg>d$2 alt]ation ( sights is seldom possible1 & ! result ( fire is frequ5tly impossible to asc]ta9 by obs]vation4 ,beyond close range 9 battle1 accurate rang+1 all[ance = deflection due to w9d1 & obs]vation ( fire1 :i* are all necess>y = accurate individual fir+1 are beyond ! p[]s ( unassi/$ individuals1 ev5 :5 t>gets are easy to disc]n & recognize ) ! nak$ eye1 :i* is n ord9>ily ! case4 7iv7 ,z ! conditions ( range practices diff] 9 all ^! important respects f ^? ( s]vice1 x is cle> t ano!r & extremely important /age ( tra9+1 = :i* range practices are only a prep>ation1 mu/ be c>ri$ out be=e ! soldi] c be consid]$ fit to p]=m 8 duties 9 ! fir+-l9e effici5tly4 ,?is fur!r /age ( tra9+ is kn[n z 8field practices40 7v7 ,/&>d ( ,accuracy4--,!re is no object 9 e/abli%+ a ph5om5al /&>d ( accuracy 9 elem5t>y range practices & delib]ate %oot+4 ,a satisfactory degree ( pr(ici5cy is soon atta9$ by ! majority ( m51 & !y %\ld !n proce$ to snap%oot+ & rapid fir+ practices4 ,x is 9 snap%oot+ & rapid fir+ up to #fjj y>ds t a v high degree ( pr(ici5cy is desir$4 7vi7 ,faults ( ,aim4--,al?\gh in/ruction on ! fir+-po9t is an indisp5sable =m ( musketry in/ruction = "y soldi]s1 if x leads to cont9ual alt]ations ( sight+ to meet errors 9 %oot+1 ! fir] is confirm$ 9 8 errors1 & 8 faults are only obscur$4 ,dur+ ! fir+ ! in/ructor %\ld wat* ! recruit1 n ! t>get1 & %\ld insi/ on be+ told ! probable result ( ! %ot be=e x is signall$4 7vii7 ,fir+ ,positions4--,no dep>ture f correct fir+ positions %\ld on any acc\nt be p]mitt$4 ,! rifle mu/ be gripp$ firmly1 ! face kept back f ! "r h&1 & !re %\ld be no con/ra9t 9 ! position ( ! body4 7viii7 ,brea?+ & ,let-,(f4--,! managem5t ( ! brea?+ & ! let-(f mu/ be notic$1 & ! recruit rem9d$ ( !m cont9ually1 s t 8 m9d may be c5tr$ on ! m important details ( %oot+1 & n on *anges ( w9d or light1 ) :i* he w become famili> lat]4 7ix7 ,dwell+ on ,aim4--,al?\gh c>e & delib]ation are necess>y 9 elem5t>y fir+ in/ruction1 recruits mu/ n be all[$ to fall into ! habit ( dwell+ on _! aim nor ( aim+ & return+ to ! load+ position repeat$ly be=e press+ ! trigg]4 ,^! errors arise *iefly f tak+ a f9e sight1 & focuss+ ! eye on ! =esight in/ead ( on ! t>get4 ,:5 su* me?ods are adopt$1 x is a sign t ! object ( range practices is misund]/ood1 & t ! fir] is 9 ne$ ( m practical in/ruction4 7x7 ,%ock ( ,dis*>ge4--,9 prelim9>y tra9+ ! recruit has n accu/om$ himself to ! %ock ( dis*>ge4 ,9 "s cases !re is extreme difficulty 9 ov]com+ ! t5d5cy to fl9* f ?is %ock1 & ?is is "o ( ! commone/ causes ( inaccurate %oot+4 ,m5 :o fl9* %\ld n proce$ ) fir+ practice4 ,! cause ( ! fl9*+ c be detect$1 & c sometimes be remov$ aft] "o or two r\nds only4 7xi7 ,important ,po9ts = ,in/ructional ,practices4--,! foll[+ are important po9ts to rememb] ) ref]5ce to range practices3 7a7 ,t be/ in/ruction available mu/ always be giv54 7b7 ,"o in/ructor c only wat* & in/ruct "o man at a "t4 7c7 ,no hurry %\ld be all[$4 ,x is bett] to discuss ! reasons = failure ( a few %ots ?or\ghly ?an to hurry ov] _m4 7d7 ,! fir/ %ot is ! important "o1 & f ! result ( x ! o!rs mu/ be appli$ to hit ! m>k4 7e7 ,a true decl>ation ( ! po9t ( aim :5 ! %ot 0 actually fir$ mu/ be made imm$iately aft] fir+4 7f7 ,! fir] or 8 rifle %\ld nev] be t\*$4 ,he %\ld be made to correct 8 position & alt] 8 own sights1 etc41 z requir$4 7g7 ,! fir] %\ld n be told ! reason = 8 faults until he has fir/ be5 que/ion$ reg>d+ !m1 & made to reason out = himself ! causes & rem$ies = failure4 7xii7 ,measures to prev5t ,faults becom+ ,habitual4--,x is a common exp]i5ce t s]i\s faults become =m$ habits 9 recruits be=e !y are discov]$ by ! in/ructor1 & t !y are expos$ only aft] repeat$ visits to ! range1 by :i* "t x w be difficult to correct !m4 ,9 ord] to compel analysis ( faults1 to indicate cle>ly h[ defects may be rem$i$1 & to remove all suspicion z to ! accuracy ( 8 rifle1 prelim9>y & qualify+ practices are divid$ into ex]cises 9 7a7 gr\p+1 & 7b7 apply+ fire4 ,section #eb4--;,gr\p+ & ,application4 #a4 ,def9ition ( ,gr\p+4--,! t]m 8gr\p0 z appli$ to a numb] ( %ots fir$ at an objective has previ\sly be5 expla9$4 ,gr\p+ practices consi/ ( fir+ a s]ies ( %ots--usually five--at a di/9ct & fix$ aim+ m>k )\t any alt]ation ( sight+ or po9t ( aim4 #b4 ,object ( ,gr\p+ ,practices4--,! object ( gr\p+ practices is n to score hits on ! m>k aim$ at1 b to develop 9 m5 ! p[] ( gr\p+ a s]ies ( %ots z closely z possible4 ,9 o!r words1 ! object ( ^! practices is to tea* soldi]s to %oot /eadily & consi/5tly z ! f\ndation ( _! tra9+ 9 rifle-%oot+4 ,:5 !y are able to fire s t _! %ots are gr\p$ closely toge!r1 _! tra9+ w be advanc$ ano!r /age to application practices1 :5 !y w be taught to 8apply0 _! %ot gr\ps to an aim+-m>k4 ,t is to say1 !y w be taught to hit ! m>k aim$ at1 z well z to gr\p _! %ots closely4 #c4 ,te/+ ! ,value ( ,gr\ps4--,?us1 9 gr\p+ practices1 ! position ( a %ot gr\p 9 relation to ! aim+-po9t is no te/ ( its value1 :i* is judg$ only by ! clos5ess ( ! %ots 9 ea* gr\p4 ,%ot gr\ps are measur$ by r+s1 z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #ef1 p>a4 #b1 & 9 ,sec4 #di1 p>a4 #f 7xi7 7,m9iature ,ranges74 #d4 ,po9t ( ,mean ,impact4--7i7 ,:5 all ! %ots 9 a gr\p are conta9$ 9 a measur+-r+1 ! po9t :]e ! c5tre ( ! r+ falls on ! t>get is t]m$ ! po9t ( mean impact4 ,! position ( ! gr\p 9 relation to ! po9t ( aim is decid$ by record+ ! di/ance & direction ( ! po9t ( mean impact f ! po9t ( aim4 ,z already /at$1 ! position ( ! gr\p 9 relation to ! po9t ( aim is immat]ial1 & x does n matt] if all ! %ots miss ! po9t ( aim4 ,nev]!less1 ! position ( ! po9t ( mean impact 9 relation to ! po9t ( aim is important = in/ructional purposes1 because x indicates ! con/ant faults ( ! fir] & errors ( ! rifle4 #e4 ,faults ( ,fir] %[n by ,%ot ,gr\ps4--,= example1 a v small gr\p well plac$ %[s consi/5cy ( aim1 trigg]-press+1 & hold+4 ,if badly plac$1 x may %[ inaccuracy ( ! rifle1 or a con/ant error 9 aim+4 ,a gr\p disp]s$ v]tically on ! t>get %[s v]tical v>iation ei!r ( ! am\nt ( =esight1 or ( ! po9t ( aim2 :il/ a gr\p disp]s$ horizontally %[s incorrect c5tr+ ( ! =esight 9 ! not* ( ! backsight1 or horizontal errors 9 aim+4 ,a gr\p l[ left may %[ =w>d movem5t ( ! %\ld]2 & "o l[ "r may %[ j]k+ ! trigg]1 & high "r fl9*+4 ,^! faults1 h[ev]1 c only be asc]ta9$ if ! fir] has be5 wat*$ closely :il/ fir+4 #f4 ,analysis ( ,faults4--7i7 ,?us1 gr\p+ practices are valuable = discov]+ & correct+ ! faults ( ! fir] at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 in/ruction on ! range4 ,in/ructors %\ld c>efully note ! positions ( good gr\ps z well z bad ones1 = "s con/ant error 9 aim+ or fault ( ! rifle may ?us be discov]$1 :i* w escape notice 9 application practices :5 e %ot is signall$1 & error is attribut$ to w9d or o!r causes = :i* all[ance is easily made 9 sight+4 ,su* errors are n uncommon ev5 among m>ksm51 & (t5 affect _! %oot+ unfav\rably 9 field practices :5 ! result ( ea* %ot is n signall$4 7ii7 ,te/+ ,rifle = ,faults4--,%\ld a soldi] make a bad gr\p1 & ! rifle is suspect$1 x %\ld at once be fir$ "u simil> conditions by a reliable m>ksman4 ,%\ld ! m>ksman also make a bad gr\p ) ! rifle1 ! rifle %\ld be te/$ accord+ to ! rules laid d[n 9 ,musketry ,regulations1 &1 if f\nd inaccurate1 ! man to :om ! rifle belongs %\ld be all[$ to recomm5ce ! c\rse1 ! necess>y ammunition be+ f\nd f ! au?oriz$ all[ances4 ,if ! rifle is prov$ accurate1 ! soldi]'s aim %\ld next be te/$ by ! triangle ( error1 & 8 let-(f %\ld be te/$ by means ( ! aim-corrector4 ,8 eyesight %\ld also be exam9$4 7iii7 ,faults due to ,n]v\sness1 etc4--,if no o!r cause = con/ant faults c be discov]$1 un/ead9ess may be trac$ to illness1 to "s habitual excess1 su* z cig>ette smok+1 to lack ( det]m9ation1 or to n]v\sness due to "s natural or excit+ cause4 ,if faults are f\nd to be due to n]v\sness or lack ( w-p[]1 ! be/ rem$y lies 9 develop+ ! p[] ( n]ve & muscul> control ?r\gh physical ex]cises :i* develop ^! p[]s4#bf ,rope-climb+ is a good ex]cise = develop+ n]ve & w-p[]4 7iv7 ,faults due to ,fir+ ,position1 ,eyesight1 etc4--,faults may sometimes be rem$i$ at once by correct+ ! fire positions1 by all[+ "t to elapse betwe5 ! %ots1 or by snapp+ practice4 ,"s m5 c aim quickly1 b lose _! p[] ( see+ objects well def9$ if ! eye is /ra9$ by dwell+ on aim4 ,?us1 ! cause ( ! failure may sometimes be due to ! fir]'s ef=t to succe$4 ,by dwell+ too long on aim ! muscles ( ! eye become tir$1 ! vision becomes blurr$1 & ! w-p[] is impair$4 ,x is necess>y to take "t 9 ov]com+ difficulties 9 su* cases4 ,9 s]i\s cases ! soldi] %\ld be exam9$ m$ically ) a view to dis*>ge1 or ! provision ( prop] glasses4 7v7 ,record ( ,analysis ( ,faults4--,a complete analysis ( ! faults ( ! fir] & 8 rifle %\ld be made be=e leav+ ! range1 & a note %\ld be made on ! regi/] ( ! /eps decid$ ^u = rem$y+ defects4 #g4 ,application ,practices4--7i7 ,:5 a man has acquir$ suffici5t skill 9 aim+ & trigg]-press+ to make a good gr\p ) c]ta9ty1 he w comm5ce application practices4 ,^! tea* ! fir]s to adju/ _! sights & po9t ( aim s z to apply ! result ( _! gr\ps to an aim+ m>k4 7ii7 ,application practices %\ld be fir$ fir/ at bull's-eye t>gets simil> to ^? us$ = gr\p+1 b :5 once a man becomes pr(ici5t at ^! easy t>gets1 figure t>gets %\ld be us$4 ,figure t>gets h be5 devis$ to accu/om m5 gradually to ! difficult t>gets :i* w be f\nd 9 w>1 & also to c\nt]act ! foll[+ faults3 7a7 ,tak+ too long an aim2 7b7 tak+ a f9e sight2 7c7 focuss+ ! eye on ! =esight in/ead ( ! t>get at ! mom5t ( fir+4 ,all ^! are common errors :5 a bull's-eye t>get is us$4 7iii7 ,gr\p+ /&>ds may 9 "s cases be atta*$ to application practices 9 ord] to emphasize ! importance ( c>e & consi/5cy 9 %oot+4 ,9 application practices in/ruction is giv5 9 mak+ all[ance = atmosph]ic influ5ces1 *iefly cross-w9ds2 b x is n desirable t trifl+ *anges ( w9d %\ld be met by m9ute adju/m5t ( ! w9d-gauge4 ,! in/ructor %\ld call ^u ! soldi] to e/imate ! w9d be=e fir+1 & tell him ! correct$ all[ance :i* he is to place on 8 sights4 ,subsequ5t alt]ation %\ld be unnecess>y4 ,9 application1 &1 9 fact1 any practice1 small adju/m5ts ( sights %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,! po9t ( aim %\ld be v>i$ z may be f\nd necess>y to c\nt]act any error ( ! rifle4 ,section #ec4--,snap%oot+1 ,rapid ,fir+1 & ,fir+ at ,cross+ ,t>gets4 #a4 ,snap%oot+4--7i7 ,snap%oot+ means fir+ an effective %ot 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 & necessitates-- 7a7 ,wat*+ ! front4 7b7 ,quickness ( aim4 7c7 ,obs]vation ( ! /rike ( ! bullet1 :5 possible4 7d7 ,load+ imm$iately aft] fir+4 ,snap%oot+ may foll[ application practices1 & 9 ! e>ly /ages x is advisable to use ! figure-t>gets us$ = ^! practices1 :i* c be expos$ = any l5g? ( "t to suit ! skill ( ! fir]s at diff]5t /ages ( tra9+4 ,six seconds is suffici5t 9 ! e>ly /ages1 & ?is may be r$uc$ to f\r or ?ree seconds z progress is made4 7ii7 ,snap%oot+ f ,cov]4--,9 snap%oot+ practices f cov]1 n only ! exposure ( ! t>get1 b also t ( ! fir]1 %\ld be limit$4 ,/rict att5tion mu/ be paid to adapt+ ! fir+ positions correctly to cov]1 & to fir+ ) ! lea/ possible movem5t & exposure4 7iii7 ,snap%oot+ on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,practices 9 snap%oot+ on m9iature ranges w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,x4 #b4 ,rapid ,fir+4--7i7 ,rapid fire1 :i* has be5 dealt ) 9 previ\s sections1 means fir+ z _m r\nds z possible ) reasonable accuracy 9 a giv5 "t4 ,?is me?od ( fir+ %[s ! be/ rate ( individuals1 & br+s out ! necessity = clean & quick load+ & manipulation ( ! bolt1 ) ! butt to ! %\ld]1 comb9$ ) quickness ( aim4 ,! be/ rate ( fire dep5ds 9 e case ^u ! degree ( tra9+ ( ! individual & ! size & visibility ( ! aim+-m>k4 ,9 rapid fir+ a man ( normal temp]am5t %\ld be able to atta9 ! regulation rate ) trifl+ loss ( accuracy1 b x is n desirable to make a great sacrifice ( accuracy to produce ev5 ! regulation rate4 7ii7 ,dext]ity ( load+ & a habit ( rapid alignm5t ( ! sights %\ld be develop$ 9 prelim9>y tra9+4 ,9 ! range practices ! opportunity is af=d$ to e man to asc]ta9 8 own be/ rate = comb9+ accuracy 9 %oot+ ) rapidity ( fire s z to produce a high av]age ( hits p] m9ute1 b !re is no obligation to fire all ! r\nds allott$ 9 any rapid practice4 7iii7 ,rapid ,fir+ on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,in/ructions = c>ry+ out rapid fir+ practices on m9iature ranges w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,x4 #c4 ,fir+ at ,cross+ ,t>gets4--,z already /at$1 practices 9 fir+ at cross+ t>gets c be c>ri$ out economically & ) good results on m9iature ranges4 ,practices 9 fir+ at cross+ t>gets are conta9$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,section #ed4--;,field ,practices4 #a4 ,scope ( ,tra9+4--7i7 ,field practice consi/s ( fir+ at s]vice t>gets at unkn[n ranges "u conditions approximat+ z closely z possible to ^? ( s]vice4 ,9 field practice e c>e %\ld be tak5 to develop fur!r ! skill already acquir$ 9 snap%oot+ & rapid fir+ 9 in/ructional practices4 ,! n]ve control ga9$ 9 delib]ate %oot+ %\ld be supplem5t$ by vig\r & al]tness1 deftness 9 load+1 ! habit ( correct action "u di/ract+ conditions1 & skilful use ( cov]1 bas$ on ! det]m9ation to make fire effective4 7ii7 ,!re mu/ be fur!r tra9+ 9 pick+ up an indi/9ct t>get1 su* z is likely to be pres5t$ 9 w>1 9 e/imat+ its range1 9 rapidly op5+ fire1 & 9 mak+ ! be/ use ( gr\nd4 ,e individual mu/ le>n to recognize ! di/ances at :i* individual fire w be effective1 & to act 9 co-op]ation ) 8 comrades4 7iii7 ,(fic]s & fire-unit comm&]s mu/ be practis$ 9 _! duties ( direction1 control1 & obs]vation ( fire1 9 ! use ( gr\nd1 & 9 mutual support4 ,) ^! mu/ be comb9$ ! /udy ( ! results to be obta9$ f ! deliv]y ( conc5trat$ fire at t>gets repres5t+ troops 9 diff]5t =mations1 & on gr\nd ( v>y+ "*1 9 ord] t practical exp]i5ce may be acquir$ ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! employm5t ( fire 9 ! field4 7iv7 ,"u ! conditions ( peace manuvres ) blank ammunition1 fire control may be neglect$1 t>gets may be insuffici5tly describ$1 & x is n kn[n :e!r ! fir]s recognize !m1 di/ances are sometimes r\ghly guess$1 sights are n always adju/$1 & m5 aim c>elessly4 ,unless1 !re=e1 tactical ex]cises are conduct$ sometimes ) ball ammunition1 !re w be a want ( realism 9 tra9+ dur+ peace "t4 #b4 ,individual ,field ,practices--7i7 ,progression ( ,tra9+4--,tra9+ 9 individual field practices may be c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ /ages3 7a7 ,snapp+ at vani%+ figures )\t fir+2 7b7 practices on m9iature ranges1 or #cj y>ds range ) ,solano or o!r figure t>gets2 7c7 individual field practices on op5 ranges4 7ii7 ,9 ! individual practices ea* fir] w be provid$ ) a sep>ate t>get4 ,he w le>n to fire at unkn[n di/ances1 dep5d+ on ! obs]vation ( a comrade = in=mation z to ! result ( 8 %ots4 ,he w fire at t>gets repres5t+ an advanc+ enemy1 & w advance himself1 fir+ at ea* halt4 ,he w le>n to use gr\nd = fire effect & cov]1 to pass all ord]s & in=mation receiv$1 to recognize ! limits = effective individual fire1 & ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! *oice ( t>gets 9 individual fire4 7iii7 ,x w be well to conclude ! individual field practices ) a demon/ration ( ! comp>ative ineffici5cy ( individual fire at di/ances beyond #fjj y>ds4 ,?is may be effect$ by detail+ individuals to fire at l[ s]vice t>gets1 & not+ ! "t requir$ to produce any requir$ effect1 & !n apply+ collective fire at ! same t>gets "u prop] direction & control ( fire lead]s1 equipp$ ) field-glasses4 7iv7 ,po9ts = ,criticism4--,in/ructors %\ld note ! foll[+ po9ts = criticism1 besides faults connect$ ) any lessons taught 9 ! c\rse ( elem5t>y tra9+3 7a7 ,correct use ( gr\nd & cov]1 & correct me?od ( re/+ rifle :5 possible4 7b7 ,wat*+ ! front & quick location ( t>gets1 includ+ m>k+ d[n4 7c7 ,accurate judg+ di/ance )9 close range4 7d7 ,quick op5+ ( fire & rate ( fire4 7e7 ,in/ant reload+ aft] fir+4 7f7 ,reload+ magaz9e z opportunity occurs4 7g7 ,co-op]ation :5 work+ 9 pairs1 includ+ ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,consultation z to *oice ( t>gets2 7#b7 hesitation 9 op5+ fire & settl+ :o %all fire & :o %all obs]ve2 7#c7 :e!r obs]v] reports results ( %ots accurately4 7v7 ,ju/ification = ,op5+ ,fire4--,m5 w be tra9$ 9 individual field practices to use _! judgm5t z to op5+ fire4 ,t5d5cy to op5 fire prematurely mu/ be *eck$1 & m5 mu/ be taught to wat* = fav\rable t>gets & good opportunities s z to enable !m to obta9 ! fulle/ effect f fire4 7vi7 ,*oice ( ,t>gets4--,m5 mu/ also be tra9$ to *oose _! t>gets s z to obta9 ! fulle/ effect f fire--t is to say1 !y mu/ *oose ! mo/ fav\rable t>get pres5t$ at any mom5t4 #c4 ,fire ,direction ,practices4--7i7 ,j z ! m5 h be5 tra9$ 9 progressive /ages 9 prelim9>y tra9+1 range practices1 & individual field practices1 s fire-unit comm&]s mu/ be practic$ ?or\ghly 9 fire-direction1 & make a c>eful /udy ( x be=e und]tak+ ! direction ( collective field practices4 7ii7 ,^! practices are useful = tra9+ (fic]s & ,n4,c4,o4's 9 simple problems connect$ ) ! tactical application ( fire1 & to illu/rate cle>ly t fire effect dep5ds on 7a7 correct e/imation ( range1 7b7 fire ord]s be+ cle>ly giv51 correctly und]/ood1 & in/antly obey$4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! practices s]ve to prove t good fire direction & control & fire discipl9e are ess5tial = fire effect beyond close range4 7iii7 ,progression ( ,tra9+4--,fire direction practices may be c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ /ages3 7a7 ,on ! ,solano ,t>get1 or l&scape t>gets1 )\t fir+2 7b7 on m9iature & #cj y>ds ranges1 ) #bb & #cjc c>tridges on ,solano ,t>get1 or l&scape t>gets2 7c7 on op5 ranges at di/ances beyond #fjj y>ds4 7iv7 ,at ! conclusion ( ! fire-direction practices1 all fire-unit comm&]s %\ld be famili> ) ! effects ( w9ds & temp]ature 9 %oot+ at #ejj1 #a1jjj1 #a1ejj1 & #b1jjj y>ds4 ,! range tables %\ld be /udi$1 & lectures giv5 on ! influ5ce ( gr\nd1 rang+ errors1 & o!r details ( fire direction4 7v7 ,conc5tration & ,di/ribution ( ,fire4--,fire-direction practices w af=d opportunities = tra9+ fire-unit comm&]s 9 ! conc5tration & di/ribution ( fire 7see ,sec4 #dd1 p>as4 #h & #i74 ,fire %\ld g5]ally be conc5trat$ aga9/ v vuln]able t>gets1 or :5 x is requir$ to produce great effect at a p>ticul> po9t2 x %\ld be di/ribut$ :5 x is requir$ to di/urb ! enemy's aim along a portion ( 8 front 9 ord] to assi/ movem5t4 7vi7 ,= example1 a company comm&] wants to produce great effect at a p>ticul> po9t1 s he conc5trates ! :ole ( 8 fire on x2 or he wi%es to /rike ! enemy's l9e 9 two1 f\r1 or eight places1 & ord]s3 ,by platoons1 or ,by sections1 :5 ! comm&]s ( ^! units ea* select an aim+-m>k = _! unit 9 ! enemy's front correspond+ to ! position ( _! own unit 9 ! company4 ,%\ld ! company comm&] wi% ea* man to select 8 own aim+-m>k 9 ! enemy's l9e correspond+ to 8 own position 9 ! company1 he ord]s3 ,di/ribute fire4 7vii7 ,! *ief guides 9 decid+ on ! am\nt ( di/ribution to be employ$ w be ! visibility ( ! aim+-m>ks1 ! volume ( fire available1 & ! range4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( cle> aim+-m>ks s]vice t>gets usually consi/ ( l>ge scatt]$ gr\ps1 :i* require a great] volume = assurance ( fire effect4 ,! greate/ di/ribution ( fire occurs :5 ea* man selects 8 own aim+-m>k4 ,su* di/ribution w n z a rule be employ$ beyond #fjj y>ds1 ow+ to ! difficulty at long] ranges ( f9d+ suffici5t aim+-m>ks4 #d4 ,collective ,field ,practices4--7i7 ,collective field practices are prim>ily int5d$ to af=d ! comm&]s ( fire units practice 9 _! duties ( direction & control ( fire4 ,) ?is mu/ be comb9$ ! /udy ( ! results to be obta9$ f ! deliv]y ( fire at t>gets repres5t+ troops 9 diff]5t =mations1 on gr\nd ( v>y+ "*1 9 ord] t practical exp]i5ce may be acquir$ ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! employm5t ( fire 9 ! field4 ,any omission or neglect 9 fire direction1 z well z any failure to adju/ ! sights1 %\ld1 at ?is /age ( tra9+1 be reg>d$ v s]i\sly4 7ii7 ,progression ( ,tra9+4--,tra9+ 9 collective field practices w be c>ri$ out on ! foll[+ /ages3 7a7 ,on ! ,solano ,t>get1 or l&scape t>gets1 )\t fir+2 7b7 on ! m9iature1 or #cj y>ds range ) ! ,solano ,t>get1 or l&scape t>gets2 7c7 on ! op5 range4 7iii7 ,po9ts = ,criticism4--,! pr9cipal po9ts to be consid]$ 9 collective field practices are3 7a7 ,! *oice ( t>gets4 7b7 ,! ju/ification or necessity = op5+ fire4 7c7 ,! volume ( fire requir$ to effect ! object 9 view4 7d7 ,! me?od ( rang+ & error ( ! day4 7e7 ,! ord]s = fire direction4 7f7 ,tim+ ( movem5t4 7g7 ,mutual support4 7h7 ,regulation ( volume ( fire4 7i7 ,conc5tration or di/ribution ( fire4 7k7 ,! description & recognition ( t>get & aim+-po9t4 7l7 ,skilful use ( gr\nd & cov]4 7m7 ,re9=cem5t4 7n7 ,ammunition supply4 7o7 ,mutual assi/ance4 7p7 ,pass+ ( ord]s & in=mation4 7q7 ,communication ) flanks & re>4 ,,note4--,) respect to 7a7 & 7b71 all opportunities = deliv]+ enfilade1 oblique1 or conv]g+ fire %\ld be seiz$1 toge!r ) opportunities = br++ a cru%+ volume ( fire to be> on fav\rable t>gets & at critical mom5ts4 ,fur!r important po9ts :i* may be consid]$ 9 collective field practices are ! necessity = se>*+ or di/ribution 9 dep? & ! probable disp]sion ( ! cone ( fire4 7iv7 ,tactical ,s*emes4--,section & ,platoon ,ex]cises4--,! e>li] ex]cises = ! small] fire units w be c>ri$ out "u simple tactical s*emes fram$ by ! company comm&]1 & arrang$ s z to give a progressive tra9+ to all ranks engag$4 ,s*emes w be s drawn up z to give sep>ate in/ruction 9 ea* phase ( ! combat1 r ?an to comb9e 9 ea* ex]cise all ! op]ations includ$ 9 ! execution ( a successful attack4 ,!y w also be design$ to illu/rate ! v>i\s situations :i* may be expect$ on active s]vice4 ,!y %\ld te/ ! pr(ici5cy ( lead]s 9 mak+ fire effective on fir/ op5+ & 9 regulat+ ! volume ( fire 9 accordance ) ! situation4 ,mutual support & comb9$ action %\ld be frequ5tly practis$1 ) & )\t ! ex]cise ( control4 7,see ,musketry ,regulations1 ,sec4 #ih47 7v7 ,company ,ex]cises4--,comb9$ ,field ,fir+4--,:5 all ! fire-unit comm&]s h %[n pr(ici5cy 9 fire direction & control1 companies w be tra9$ to fire collectively aga9/ fir+-l9es at effective ranges4 ,! lead]s w be ex]cis$ 9 judg+ di/ance1 9 describ+ t>gets1 & 9 conc5tration or di/ribution ( fire4 ,great weight w be atta*$ to ! accurate pass+ ( ord]s & in=mation1 & to ! quickness ( ! m5 9 recogniz+ _! t>gets & apply+ fire4 7,see ,musketry ,regulations1 ,sec4 #aja47 7vi7 ,criticism ( ,collective ,field ,practices4--,at ! conclusion ( a collective field practice1 9 addition to criticism ( ! conduct ( ! ex]cise1 !re %\ld be a conf]5ce z to ! conclusions to be drawn f ! results4 ,= ?is reason a complete record mu/ be made ( ! t>gets & conditions2 ! figures %[+ results mu/ be c>efully & fully tabulat$4 ,! criticism ( ! conduct ( ! ex]cise %\ld be complete1 & %\ld deal ) ! application ( ! tactical pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,tra9+ ,manuals1 z well z ) ! application ( ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ^! regulations4 ,9 appreciat+ results1 *ief att5tion %\ld be paid to ! successful or unsuccessful result ( ! fir/ application ( fire1 s9ce surprise effect is all-important1 & correction ( sight+ by obs]vation is r>ely possible 9 w>4 7vii7 ,results ( ,fir+4--,! p]c5tage ( hits to r\nds fir$ is an index to ! /ead9ess ( ! fir+ only if ! fire direction has be5 prov$ to be satisfactory4 ,if ! fire direction fails1 ! m accurate ! %oot+ ! few] w be ! hits record$4 ,9 consid]+ ! results ( fire1 ! p]c5tage ( loss inflict$ on ! enemy )9 a limit$ p]iod ( "t is ! be/ means ( judg+ ! value ( ! fire4 ,= g5]al comp>ison ( ! collective fire results ( units1 ! av]age numb] ( hits p] man p] m9ute %\ld be calculat$ if fire 0 conc5trat$1 or ! av]age numb] ( figures hit p] man p] m9ute if x 0 di/ribut$1 b due reg>d mu/ be paid to ! ju/ification ( ! rate ( fire z indicat$ by ! s*eme4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conduct ,,( ,,range ,,& ,,field ,,practices ,section #ee4--,?irty ,y>ds ,ranges4 #a4 ,:5 no classification range is available1 elem5t>y practices ) s]vice ammunition may be c>ri$ out on a #cj y>ds range4 ,su* practice w r5d] recruits famili> ) ! dis*>ge ( ! rifle1 & improve _! trigg] release "u easy conditions4 ,no practice w take place unless an (fic] or exp]i5c$ s]jeant is pres5t4 #b4 ,precautions = ,safety4--,all precautions = safety w be tak54 ,load+1 9 all positions except ly+1 w be c>ri$ out ) ! rifle held j above ! wai/1 & ! muzzle direct$ t[>ds ! t>get4 ,*>g+ or un*>g+ magaz9es is n to be c>ri$ out ) ! muzzle po9t+ upw>ds4 #c4 ,practices4--,practice at vani%+1 mov+1 & l&scape t>gets c be c>ri$ out z on m9iature ranges1 b ) s]vice ammunition4 ,long-range sight+-t>gets %\ld be provid$ z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! error ( ! rifle1 & practice may be c>ri$ out ) long-range sights4 ,section #ef4--;,gr\p+ ,practices4 #a4 ,"o fir] w be detail$ to ea* t>get1 & fire five %ots1 ma9ta9+ ! regulation po9t ( aim ?r\gh\t4 ,t>gets w be *ang$1 & a second detail ( m5 w fire simil>ly4 ,bo? details w !n proce$ to ! t>gets1 see _! gr\ps measur$1 & note ! positions ( ! po9ts ( mean impact ) ref]5ce to ! po9ts aim$ at4 ,if x is impracticable to proce$ to ! t>gets1 ! gr\p may be m>k$ by means ( small spott+-discs 7see also ,app5dix1 ,,vi1 p>a4 #b1 note #c74 #b4 ,rules = ,measur+ ,gr\ps4--7i7 ,! gr\ps w be measur$ ) wire r+s1 #d1 #h1 & #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 c\nt+ #be1 #bj1 & #ae po9ts respectively2 #aj po9ts w be all[$ = a #ab-;in* gr\p ) "o wide %ot4 7ii7 ,! r+ :i* w conta9 all ! %ots w be record$ z ! measure ( ! gr\p4 ,a %ot-m>k is includ$ )9 a r+ :5 x cuts ! circumf]5ce ( ! l>ge/ circle :i* c be describ$ )9 t r+ by means ( a p5cil held at "r angles to ! t>get4 7iii7 ,all %ot m>ks f\nd on a t>get w be includ$ 9 ! gr\p to be measur$4 ,no po9ts w be allott$ to a gr\p unless !re are five %ot-m>ks at lea/ on ! t>get4 ,if m ?an five %ot-m>ks are f\nd on ! t>get1 !re w be no score1 & ! practice w be repeat$4 7iv7 ,po9t ( ,mean ,impact4--,:5 ! r+ is plac$ to include all ! %ots1 ! c5tre ( ! r+ w be tak5 z approximately ! po9t ( mean impact4 ,its di/ance f1 & direction ) ref]5ce to1 ! po9t aim$ at w be record$ on ! regi/]--e4g41 #g in*es1 f\r o'clock4 7v7 ,on return to ! fir+-po9t o!r details w fire1 b /eps w be imm$iately tak5 to asc]ta9 ! cause ( any bad %oot+ ( m5 9 ! fir/ two details4 #c4 ,?ird-,class ,%ots4--,z a rule1 ?ird-class %ots %\ld n be all[$ ammunition = fur!r tra9+ 9 application practice until a satisfactory /&>d 9 gr\p+ has be5 atta9$4 ,?is may be fix$ at a r+ ( diamet] equal to "o-?ree-hundr$? ( ! range1 b (fic]s %\ld ex]cise _! discretion z to all[+ "o wide %ot 9 five :5 deal+ ) "y soldi]s4 ,section #eg4--,tim$ ,practices4 #a4 ,delib]ate ,practices4--,9 delib]ate practices1 tw5ty seconds is ! "t limit all[$ = ea* %ot1 reckon$ f ! act ( load+4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy to exce$ ! limit1 a :i/le %\ld be us$ to m>k ! beg9n+ & end ( ea* p]iod1 b n o!rwise4 #b4 ,tim$ ,exposure ( ,t>gets4--,! tim$ exposure ( t>gets = snap%oot+ & rapid fire practices w be reckon$ f ! "t :5 ! t>get is 9 position & /ation>y to ! "t :5 x is aga9 mov$ = l[]+4 ,! movem5ts ( rais+ & l[]+ mu/ be conduct$ ) ! utmo/ rapidity1 b )\t j>r+ ! t>get frames4 #c4 ,tim+ 9 ,rapid ,practices4--7i7 ,tim+ 9 rapid practices %\ld be reckon$ f ! ^w ( comm& 8,rapid ,fire10 & fire %\ld be /opp$ by ! comm& 8,cease ,fire40 ,! comm& 8,rapid ,fire0 %\ld be giv5 z soon z ! t>get appe>s4 ,! t>get %\ld be l[]$ at ! end ( ! "t all[$ = fir+ "u ord]s ( ! (fic] on butt duty1 b ! (fic] sup]9t5d+ at ! fir+-po9t %\ld also "t ! practice & ord] 8,cease ,fire0 at ! end ( ! "t all[$ = fir+1 reckon$ f ! comm& 8,rapid ,fire40 ,f\r po9ts w be d$uct$ = e %ot fir$ aft] ! ord] to cease fire has be5 giv54 7ii7 ,*>g+ ,magaz9e 9 ,rapid ,practices4--,9 rapid practices1 unless o!rwise /at$ 9 ! 8,in/ructions = ! ,conduct ( ! ,practice10 ! magaz9e w be *>g$ ) f\r r\nds1 & ! rifle w be load$ be=e ! t>get appe>s4 #d4 ,fir+ f ,cov]4--7i7 ,9 fir+ f beh9d cov]1 ! position adopt$ mu/ be su* z w\ld enable ! fir] on s]vice to obta9 ! fulle/ protection f ! cov]1 hav+ due reg>d to ! effici5cy ( 8 fire4 ,9 ! prone position1 ! grip ( ! left h& mu/ be ma9ta9$ on ! rifle1 & !re mu/ be no undue exposure ( ! %\ld] or legs4 7ii7 ,9 fir+ f beh9d cov]1 ! butt ( ! rifle w be 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & ! fir] w rema9 9 obs]vation1 b o!rwise completely cov]$1 until ! comm& 8,rapid ,fire0 is giv5 9 rapid-fir+ practices1 or ! t>get appe>s 9 8,snap%oot+0 & 8,cross+-,%ot0 practices4 ,:5 snap%oot+ or fir+ rapid 9 ! op51 ! rifle may be held 9 ! load+ or aim+ position1 z pref]r$4 #e4 ,jambs4--,9 ! ev5t ( a jamb occurr+ 9 a tim$ practice1 & provid$ t x is n caus$ by any fault on ! "p ( ! fir]1 ! "t all[$ = ! practice w be increas$ to ! ext5t due to ! delay caus$ !reby4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 a jamb 9 a rapid practice be due to a breakage ( me*anism or o!r defect t _c readily be rectifi$ on ! range1 ! :ole practice w be fir$ aga94 #f4 ,missfires4--,9 ! ev5t ( missfires1 extra r\nds w be all[$ equal to ! numb] ( missfires 9 ! practice conc]n$1 a proportionate "p ( ! "t all[$ = ! :ole practice be+ giv5 = ea* extra r\nd4 #g4 ,extra ,"t4--,:5ev] extra "t is all[$ = a tim$ practice1 a report giv+ ! reason1 & /at+ :e!r ! jamb or missfire 0 due to ! rifle or to ! ammunition1 w be r5d]$ to ,comm& ,headqu>t]s4 ,section #eh4--;,g5]al ,rules = ,range ,practices4#bg #a4 ,range practices1 unless o!rwise ord]$1 w be fir$ 9 drill ord]4 ,range practices %\ld be fir$1 z f> z possible1 9 fav\rable wea!r4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t recruits' fir+ %\ld n take place 9 cold & unsuitable wea!r4 #b4 ,ord] ( ,practices4--,range practices %\ld z a rule be fir$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! tables1 b brigade comm&]s may v>y ! ord] at _! discretion4 ,:5 delib]ate & rapid practices = classification are fir$ at ! same di/ance1 ea* man may fire ! rapid practice imm$iately aft] ! delib]ate practice4 #c4 ,9 ! case ( ranges ( less ?an full ext5t1 g5]al (fic]s comm&+-9-*ief may frame special in/ructions1 make proportionate *anges 9 ! size ( t>gets1 & v>y ! po9ts = classification4 #d4 ,di/ribution ( ,ammunition4--7i7 ,! g5]al di/ribution ( ammunition laid d[n 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( ,tables ,a & ,b respectively %\ld be adh]$ to4 ,9 ! ,regul> ,army & ,special ,res]ve n m ?an fifte5 r\nds %\ld be fir$ 9 "o day1 except 9 classification practices1 :5 tw5ty-five r\nds may be fir$1 if necess>y4 ,x is always bett]1 :5 "t is press+1 to r$uce ! numb] ( r\nds fir$ 9 in/ructional practices ?an to hurry ?r\gh !m4 ,all available (fic]s %\ld be pres5t at ! fir+-po9ts dur+ in/ructional practices4 7ii7 ,=feiture ( ,r\nds4--,omission to fire ! r\nds allott$ & failure to fire dur+ an exposure or run 9 vani%+ & mov+ practices w entail =feiture ( ! r\nds t %\ld h be5 fir$1 & misses w be record$ = !m4 ,ammunition requir$ = repetition ( qualify+ practices w1 :5 necess>y1 be tak5 f ! surplus4 #e4 ,fir+ ,positions4--,9 range practices ! regulation positions are obligatory1 except 9 fir+ f cov]1 :5 ! rifle %\ld be re/$ & ! position adapt$ to ! gr\nd4 ,?is includes re/+ ! arm z well1 if suitable1 b ! cov] is n to be specially con/ruct$ z a re/ = ! rifle4 #f4 ,comm5c+ ,practice4--,no man w load1 or assume a fir+ position1 until ! s5ior (fic] pres5t has ord]$ ! practice to comm5ce4 ,aft] fir+1 m5 w return to ! load+ position1 b w n op5 ! bree* 9 ! delib]ate practices until ! la/ %ot has be5 signall$4 ,if x is necess>y to susp5d fir+1 all m5 :o are 9 position w raise ! safety-cat* 7or unload if no safety-cat* is provid$71 until ! ord] is giv5 to resume ! practice4 #g4 ,important ,rules4--7i7 ,load+4--,load+ w always be ?r\gh ! magaz9e4 7ii7 ,sl+4--,dep5d5ce on ! sl+ %\ld be disc\rag$1 & x w n be us$ = /eady+ ! rifle 9 range practices4 7iii7 ,rifle4--,no soldi] equipp$ ) a rifle is p]mitt$ to fire ) any b 8 own4 7iv7 ,sight+ ,%ots4--,no sight+ %ots are all[$4 7v7 ,m5 w fire s+ly1 nev] 9 twos or ?rees4 #h4 ,%ots to v]ify ,w9d or ,elevation4--,occasional %ots to v]ify elevation or /r5g? ( w9d1 or to prove ! accuracy ( a rifle1 may sometimes be fir$ by an (fic] or non-commission$ (fic]1 ) ! s5ior (fic]'s p]mission4 ,!y w n be fir$ dur+ classification practices or /&>d te/s4 ,notification ( _! comm5cem5t & conclusion w be made to ! (fic] 9 ! butts by telephone1 signal1 or bugle-s\nd4 ,! t>get 9 use w be l[]$ & *eck$1 & a clean "o rais$ = ! occasional %ots4 ,:5 !y are complet$1 x w be l[]$ & *eck$1 & ! orig9al t>get rais$ = ! fir] to complete 8 r\nds4 #i4 ,re/+ ,arm or ,rifle4--,a coat or wat]pro(-%eet may be us$ to protect ! uni=m1 b except :5 fir+ f cov]1 or :5 re/s are au?oriz$1 nei!r rifle1 =e>m1 wri/1 nor h&1 is to re/ aga9/ any?+1 or to be support$4 #aj4 ,no "o is all[$ at ! fir+-po9t1 except ! m5 actually fir+1 ! in/ructors1 & (fic]s4 ,all non-commission$ (fic]s & m5 n on duty at ! fir+-po9t w gr\nd or pile arms1 & rema9 n less ?an #cj y>ds 9 re> ( ! fir+-po9t4 ,no %\t+ is all[$2 m5 next to fire w be br\ght up by signal4 #aa4 ,in/ruction dur+ ,int]vals ( ,fir+4--7i7 ,dur+ int]vals ( fir+ an opportunity %\ld be giv5 occasionally to all ranks = revis+ _! impressions z to ! visibility ( ! human figure at %ort di/ances1 by plac+ m5 on ! fir+-plat=ms up ! range4 ,! /udy ( visibility "u conditions ( kn[n di/ance & 9 relation to t>gets us$ = practice 9 %oot+ is especially valuable4 7ii7 ,^? m5 :o are n actually engag$ 9 fir+ %\ld receive in/ruction 9 gr\nd reconnaissance1 use ( ! eyes1 use ( field-glasses1 range-f9d+1 & description ( gr\nd1 :ile wait+ beh9d ! fir+-po9t4 #ab4 ,field-,glasses4--,field-glasses or telescopes w be c>ri$ by all (fic]s & section comm&]s4 ,! m5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to use !m dur+ sp>e "t on ! range4 #ac4 ,condition ( ,sights4--,! sights w be us$ z issu$1 )\t alt]ation ( any k9d4 ,!y may n be black5$2 ! br[n+ is r5ew$ by an arm\r] :5 requir$4 ,no additions1 m>k+1 or col\r+1 are p]mitt$1 nor are or?optics all[$4 #ad4 ,obs]vation ,practices4--,! *ange :i* takes place 9 conditions ( %oot+ :5 !re is no signall+ ( ea* %ot is n always appreciat$1 & x is ess5tial t ! importance ( ! fir/ application ( fire %\ld be realiz$4 ,troops1 !re=e1 :i* are unable to fire field practices %\ld fire "s at lea/ ( ! in/ructional practices )\t signall+4 ,su* practices are call$ 8obs]vation practices40 ,! t>gets %\ld be plac$ on ! face ( ! /op-butt or at ! foot ( ! gall]y-bank1 & may ) advantage be fall+ or collapsible t>gets4 #ae4 ,precautions4--,to gu>d aga9/ accid5ts1 ! foll[+ ord]s w be obs]v$3 7i7 ,no fir+ w take place until a l>ge r$ dang]-flag is hoi/$ on ! signal-/aff at or ne> ! butts1 & ! necess>y look-out m5 po/$4 7ii7 ,a small] r$ dang]-flag w be hoi/$ at ! butts z a w>n+ to cease fire4 ,?is flag w rema9 expos$ dur+ ! entire p]iod ( cessation ( fire1 & w n be )drawn until ! :ole ( ! butt p>ty is "u cov]4 ,no "o w leave ! butts until cessation ( fire has be5 notifi$ f ! fir+-po9t4 7iii7 ,a r$ flag w be kept rais$ at ! fir+-po9t :5 no fir+ is tak+ place1 & w be l[]$ only on ! ord] ( ! s5ior (fic]4 ,?is ord] w n be giv5 until ! flag at ! butts has be5 )drawn4 7iv7 ,aim+ or snapp+ dur+ t>get practice may only take place f ! fir+-po9t aft] ! r$ flag has be5 l[]$4 ,section #ei4--,surplus ,ammunition & ,computation ( ,av]ages4 #a4 ,surplus ,ammunition4--,! r\nds %[n z 8surplus0 9 ,tables ,a & ,b w be di/ribut$ prim>ily by comm&+ (fic]s = ! foll[+ purposes3 7i7 ,repetition fir+1 z prescrib$ 9 ! tables4 7ii7 ,fifte5 r\nds p] man to be exp5d$ by company comm&]s = fur!r tra9+ ( indiff]5t %ots4 7iii7 ,! fur!r tra9+ ( recruits4 7iv7 ,fire-direction practices4 7v7 ,! te/+ ( rifles :5 necess>y4 7vii7 ,occasional %ots on ! rifle-range 7,sec4 #eh1 p>a4 #h74 7vii7 ,t5 r\nds p] man :o comm5ces ! c\rse = volunt>y practice4 7viii7 ,any surplus available aft] ! above requirem5ts h be5 fulfill$ w be di/ribut$ to companies = g5]al practice4 ,x is n to be us$ = practice = competitions4 #b4 ,computation ( ,av]ages4--,! be/ %ot ( ea* squadron or company w be det]m9$ by 8 aggregate score 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,av]ages made by companies 9 ea* ( ! classification practices w be calculat$ to "o place ( decimals1 & publi%$ 9 regim5tal ord]s4 ,only ! scores ( ^? (fic]s1 non-commission$ (fic]s1 & m5 :o complet$ a practice w be includ$ 9 ! numb]s by :i* ! total po9ts made 9 t practice are divid$4 ,po9ts made by casuals 7see footnote to ,sec4 #fc7 w be includ$ at ! end ( ! ye>1 & fre% av]ages /ruck4 ,! sum ( ! av]ages ( ! practices ( ,"p ,,iii4 w be t]m$ ! 8company av]age0 9 classification practices4 ,section #fj4--;,conditions ( ,qualification #a4 ,! conditions = qualification 9 ,"p ,i41 ,table ,b1 are3 ,a score ( n less ?an #ae 9 ea* ( ,practices #a & #d1 & a total ( n less ?an #de 9 ,practices #b1 #c1 #e1 & #f4 #b4 ,^? :o fail to rea* any ( ^! /&>ds w1 aft] fir+ ,practices #g to #ad1 repeat ^? practices ( ,"p ,i4 9 :i* !y fail$1 until ! /&>d is atta9$ or a ?ird failure is record$4 ,!y w omit ,practices #ae1 #af1 & #ag4 ,^? :o fail to rea* all ! /&>ds aft] two repetitions ( ^? practices 9 :i* !y fail$ w be classifi$ z ,?ird-,class %ots1 & w n fire ,"p ,,iii41 b w fire ,"p ,,vi4 if ammunition is available4 ,special reports w be submitt$ 9 ! case ( m5 :o are f\nd to be incapable ( rea*+ ! second class /&>d 9 ,table ,b4 ,section #fa4--;,classification ,practices & ,conditions ( ,classification4 #a4 ,! classification practices %\ld be fir$ dur+ ! mo/ fav\rable "t ( ye> = individual fir+4 ,z a man's pay is affect$ by ^! practices1 e facility %\ld be giv5 = fir+ to be c>ri$ out "u fav\rable conditions4 #b4 ,) ! exception ( ^? :o are exempt$ f musketry by ! regulations1 e man on ! /r5g? ( 8 unit on ! la/ ( ! f\r days allott$ to classification fir+ w be classifi$ at or be=e ! end ( ! ye>4 #c4 ,tra9$ m51 n exempt$ by ! regulations1 :o = any reason d n comm5ce ,table ,b w be classifi$ z ,?ird-,class %ots4 ,^? :o comm5ce ,table ,b1 ,"p ,,iii41 b d n complete x1 w be classifi$ accord+ to ! numb] ( po9ts obta9$ 9 ^? practices :i* !y complete4 #d4 ,a note w be made 9 ! ,company & ,battalion annual returns ( ! numb] ( m5 7if any7 :o are classifi$ )\t hav+ complet$ ! range practices ( ,table ,b4 #e4 ,cavalry & ,infantry4--7i7 ,cavalry & infantry soldi]s1 if qualifi$ 9 ,"p ,i41 w be classifi$ ^u _! total scores 9 ,"p ,,iii4 z foll[s3 ,^? :o obta9 #acj po9ts & upw>ds ,m>ksm54 ,^? :o obta9 #aje po9ts & less ,fir/-,class %ots4 ?an #acj ,^? :o obta9 #ej po9ts 9 ,practices #ah to #bb inclusive1 or 9 ! ,second-,class %ots4 alt]native obta9 #gj 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,^? :o = any reason fail to atta9 ,?ird-,class %ots4 ! ,second-,class /&>d 7ii7 ,comm&+ (fic]s w take e opportunity ( /imulat+ all ranks to take an int]e/ 9 %oot+ & judg+ di/ance by grant+ indulg5ces to ! mo/ pr(ici5t1 & by giv+ prom95ce to ! be/ %oot+ company 9 any mann] consid]$ desirable4 7iii7 ,?ird-,class %ots w n be employ$ 9 any capacity :i* w int]f]e ) _! att5dance at all p>ades & in/ructional duties4 #f4 ,royal ,eng9e]s4--,! sapp]s & pione]s ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s 7,regul> ,=ces7 w fire ! foll[+ practices3 7i7 ,table ,a4--,recruits' ,c\rse ,regul> ,=ces 7,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 ,infantry71 & ,special ,res]ve 7,r4,e41 & ,infantry71 ,p>ts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 & ,,iv4 ,!y w n repeat ,"p ,i41 nor any practices ( ,"p ,,ii41 unless !y fail to make a total score ( #ij po9ts 9 ^! practices4 ,^? :o fail to obta9 #ij po9ts w1 aft] fir+ ,"p ,,iii41 repeat ,practices #e to #ab1 in/ead ( fir+ ,"p ,,iv4 ,surplus ammunition w be us$ = ! fur!r tra9+ ( indiff]5t %ots1 = te/+ rifles1 or = occasional %ots4 7ii7 ,table ,b4--,annual ,c\rse1 ,regul> ,=ces 7,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 & ,infantry74 ,p>ts ,i41 ,,ii4 7,practices #g1 #i1 #ab1 & #ad71 & ,,iii4 ,! qualification /&>d w be ! same z = ! cavalry & infantry4 ,^? :o fail to qualify 9 ,"p ,i4 at ! fir/ attempt w proce$ ) ! prescrib$ practices ( ,"p ,,ii4 7tw5ty r\nds71 & !n repeat ^? practices ( ,"p ,i4 9 :i* !y fail$4 ,^? :o fail twice 9 any ( ! /&>ds 9 ,"p ,i4 may1 provid$ suffici5t ammunition is available out ( ! au?oriz$ annual all[ance1 repeat ^? practices 9 :i* !y fail$ once m1 ) a view to qualification4 ,^? :o repeat any practices ( ,"p ,i4 w1 if !y qualify on fir/ or second repetition1 fire ! :ole ( ,"p ,,iii41 or1 fail+ t1 ,practices #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 & #be1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ammunition available4 7iii7 ,any man :o qualifies 9 ,"p ,i4 on ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird attempt1 & completes ! practices ( ,"p ,,iii41 w be classifi$ accord+ to ! /&>ds ( ,"p ,,iii41 b n bel[ ,second-,class %ot4 ,^? :o complete ,practices #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 & #be only w be classifi$ z ,second-,class %ots1 provid$ !y h qualifi$ 9 ,"p ,i42 ^? :o fail 9 ,"p ,i41 or :o1 hav+ qualifi$ 9 ,"p ,i4 = any reason d n complete ^! five practices1 w be classifi$ z ,?ird-,class %ots4 ,any ammunition unexp5d$ w =m a surplus = fur!r in/ruction4 #g4 ,r4,a4,m4,c4 & ,a4,v4,c4--,recruits ( ! ,r4,a4,m4,c4 & ,a4,v4,c4 w fire ,practices #a to #d1 ,table ,b 7,royal ,artill]y1 etc474 ,! foll[+ /&>d w be requir$3 ,practice #a4--;,all %ots 9 a #ab-;in* r+4 ,^? :o fail to atta9 ?is /&>d w repeat ,practice #a until !y d s1 or exp5d ! full all[ance ( ammunition4 ,ammunition n requir$ = ! above practices is to be exp5d$ on prelim9>y tra9+ on ! #cj-y>ds range1 z consid]$ necess>y4 ,section #fb4--,recruits' ,c\rse1 ,regul> ,=ces1 ,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 & ,infantry4 #a4 ,"p ,i4--,"p ,i4 %\ld be fir$ int]mitt5tly dur+ ! latt] "p ( prelim9>y tra9+1 & may be repeat$ z (t5 z is consid]$ necess>y4 ,! conditions may be v>i$1 ) ! object ( remov+ any p>ticul> defects obs]v$ 9 previ\s %oot+4 #b4 ,"p ,,ii4--,on ! completion ( ,"p ,,ii41 recruits w repeat once ^? practices ( ,"p ,,ii4 9 :i* !y fail$ to rea* ! ,gr\p+ ,/&>d1 or1 if !y obta9 less ?an #ij po9ts 9 ,"p ,,ii41 !y w repeat1 once1 ! :ole ( ,"p ,,ii4 be=e proce$+ to ,p>ts ,,iii4 to ,,vi4 #c4 ,elem5t>y ,field ,practices4--,recruits :o h complet$ _! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 range practices w fire elem5t>y field practices be=e jo9+ _! companies 9 ! tra9$ soldi]s' c\rse 9 ord] t !y may realize ! true function ( elem5t>y %oot+ z a means to an end & a prep>ation = field fir+--n z an end 9 itself4 ,section #fc4--;,execution ( ,tables ,a & ,b 9 ! ,same ,ye>4 #a4 ,soldi]s ( ! cavalry1 ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & infantry ( ! ,regul> ,=ces :o complete ,table ,a w be ex]cis$ 9 ! :ole ( ,table ,b 7sapp]s ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s ! prescrib$ practices only71 ) _! own companies1 if possible1 9 ! same ye>2 b _! scores 9 ,"p ,,iii4 w n be includ$ 9 ! company or battalion av]ages4 ,9 special cases1 :i* %\ld be exceptional1 comm&+ (fic]s may direct t backw>d m5 %all repeat ,"p ,,ii41 ,table ,a1 in/ead ( fir+ any portion ( ,table ,b 9 ! same ye>4 #b4 ,if ,"p ,,ii41 ,table ,b1 has be5 comm5c$ be=e !y are available1 !y w beg9 fir+ at any practice :i* _! companies are execut+ at ! "t !y become qualifi$1 & w !n complete ! rema9d] ( ! table4 ,if all ! companies 9 ! battalion h complet$ ,"p ,,ii41 ,table ,b1 be=e !y are available1 ! brigade comm&] w decide z to :e!r !y %all be ex]cis$ z casuals4#bh ,!y w be aw>d$ m>ksm5's badges if !y atta9 ! necess>y /&>d 9 ,table ,b4 ,9 any case1 !y w receive su* fur!r practice 9 fir+ z may be consid]$ by _! company comm&]s to be necess>y4 ,section #fd4--,tra9$ ,soldi]s' ,c\rse4 #a4 ,object ( ,range ,practices4--,range practices are fir$ by tra9$ soldi]s 9 ord] t !y may revise _! k ( elem5t>y & tim$ %oot+ be=e ent]+ ^u m advanc$ practices4 ,soldi]s :o h miss$ ! :ole or a portion ( ! range practices & h become available to comm5ce ! field practices ) _! companies may1 if !y are kn[n to be good %ots1 be all[$ by _! comm&+ (fic]s to execute ! field practices1 & fire ! range practices subsequ5tly4 #b4 ,programme ( ,in/ructional ,practices4--,consid]able latitude is all[$ z reg>ds ! programme ( in/ructional practices4 ,(fic]s comm&+ companies may v>y ! numb] ( r\nds to be fir$ by individuals1 or !y may alt] ! ord] ( ! practices 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,(fic]s comm&+ battalions may1 ) ! approval ( g5]al (fic]s comm&+ brigades1 v>y ! in/ructional practices 9 any way calculat$ to fur!r in/ruction2 b x is n p]mitt$ to design practices1 or to v>y ! details ( practices 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ) ! object ( assimilat+ ! conditions to ^? ( ! classification practices4 #c4 ,uncomplet$ ,practices4--,if a man has fir$ "o or m r\nds 9 any range practice1 & is prev5t$ f complet+ x1 ! po9ts made w n c\nt1 & ! :ole practice w be recomm5c$ :5 8 tra9+ is resum$4 ,e soldi] n exempt$ by ,musketry ,regulations or by ! ,k+'s ,regulations w execute ! full c\rse ( range & field practices ye>ly4 #d4 ,correction ( ,sight+4--,correction ( sight+ 9 individual fir+ is r>ely possible 9 w>4 ,x is !re=e all-important to e/imate ! elevation & deflection = ! fir/ %ot4 ,:5 a reasonable /&>d ( skill 9 trigg]-press+ has be5 %[n 9 gr\p+ practices1 & ! pr9ciple ( application is und]/ood1 fur!r practice 9 delib]ate fire %\ld aim at successful application ( fire f ! fir/ %ot1 & less importance %\ld be atta*$ to correction ( sight+1 accord+ to ! signall+1 ( a s]ies ( %ots4 #e4 ,sight+ ,%ots4--,= ?is reason skill$ %ots %\ld fire two or ?ree %ots at ea* ( sev]al ranges = sight+ practice r ?an long s]ies ( %ots at "o or two di/ances4 ,only a few r\nds 9 all %\ld be devot$ 9 _! case to delib]ate %oot+2 a high /&>d ( snap%oot+ %\ld be develop$4 ,(fic]s & s]geants may fire sight+-%ots at ranges beyond #fjj y>ds1 b z a rule su* tra9+ %\ld be res]v$ = ! fire-direction practices4 #f4 ,all[ance = ,w9d4--,x is conv5i5t to memorize ! effect ( "r-angle w9ds at "s "o di/ance1 z a guide 9 e/imat+ deflection all[ance = w9ds ( simil> /r5g? at o!r di/ances4 ,five hundr$ y>ds is a satisfactory range = ?is purpose1 & ! approximate effect ( "r-angle w9ds bl[+ t51 tw5ty1 & ?irty miles p] h\r may be /udi$ ) advantage4 ,! use ( elaborate w9d-tables1 & dep5d5ce on flags1 telescopes1 or sight+-%ots1 is prohibit$4 ,,table ,a4 ,,recruits' ,,c\rse--,,regul> ,,=ces 7,,cavalry1 ,,royal ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,infantry74 ,n4,b4--,royal ,eng9e]s 7,sapp]s & ,pione]s7 ( ! ,regul> ,=ces w fire ^? practices only :i* are detail$ 9 ! ,in/ructions = ,royal ,eng9e]s 7see ,sec4 #fa1 p>a4 #f74 ,,"p ,i4--,,in/ructional ,,practices 7,,elem5t>y74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,di/ance ,in/ructions = ,conduct ,no4 ,practice4 ,t>get4 9 ,y>ds4 ,r\nds4 ( ,practice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+1 ) arm or rifle 7,bull's-eye7 re/$4 #b ,application #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #bjj #e ,ly+1 ) arm or rifle 7,bull's-eye7 re/$4 #c ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 #d ,application #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #bjj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 --------- ,total r\nds #bj ,,"p ,,ii4--,,in/ructional ,,practices 7,,repetition74 #e ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 ,all %ots 9 7,bull's-eye7 #ab-;in* r+4 #f ,application #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+1 ) arm or rifle re/$4 ,five hits1 includ+ f\r )9 inn] 7#bd-;in*7 r+4 #g ,application #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,five hits )9 ,magpie 7#cf-;in*7 r+4 #h 0 #cjj #e ,ly+4 ,five hits4 #i 0 #a/ ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,kneel+4 ,f\r hits at lea/ )9 inn] 7#dj-;in*7 r+4 #aj 0 0 0 #cjj #e ,kneel+ ) arm or rifle re/$4 ,f\r hits at lea/ )9 inn] 7#dj-;in*7 r+4 #aa 0 0 0 #djj #e ,ly+4 ,f\r hits at lea/4 #ab 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+1 ) arm or rifle re/$4 #ac 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+4 #ad 0 0 0 #fjj #e ,ly+1 ) side ( rifle only re/$4 --------- ,total r\nds #ej ,,"p ,,iii4--,,in/ructional ,,practices 7,,tim$74 #ae ,delib]ate #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 #af 0 0 0 #bjj #e ,kneel+4 #ag ,rapid 0 0 #bjj #e ,ly+4 #dj seconds all[$4 #ah ,delib]ate #a/ ,class ,figure #djj #e ,ly+4 #ai ,rapid 0 0 #djj #e ,ly+4 #dj seconds all[$4 #bj ,delib]ate 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] beh9d /ones or s&bags repres5t+ a p>apet & fir+ ov] !m4 #ba ,snap%oot+ #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,exposure1 #f seconds = ea* %ot4 #bb ,snap%oot+ 0 0 #bjj #e ,kneel+4 ,tak+ cov] 9 a tr5*1 or beh9d a scre5 repres5t+ a wall1 & fir+ ov] ! p>apet4 ,exposure1 #f seconds = ea* %ot4 --------- ,total r\nds #dj ,,"p ,,iv4--,,in/ructional ,,practices4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,di/ance ,in/ructions = ,conduct ,no4 ,practice4 ,t>get4 9 ,y>ds4 ,r\nds4 ( ,practice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #bc ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 #bd ,application #a/ ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,kneel+4 #be ,rapid 0 0 #cjj #e ,ly+4 #dj seconds all[$4 #bf ,snap%oot+ #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #bj4 ,exposure1 #e seconds = ea* %ot4 #bg ,application #a/ ,class ,figure #ejj #e ,ly+4 --------- ,total r\nds #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,"p ,v4--,,individual ,,field ,,practices4 ,tw5ty r\nds w be exp5d$ 9 elem5t>y practices1 #aj r\nds 9 an attack practice f #gjj to #bjj y>ds1 & #aj r\nds 9 a def5ce practice aga9/ full-l5g? figures repres5t+ an advanc+ enemy4 ,total r\nds #bj ,= ! ,conditions ( ,individual ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges1 see pp4 #ahe-ahh4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,,collective ,,field ,,practices4 ,tw5ty-five r\nds w be exp5d$1 if ammunition is available4 ,total r\nds #be ,surplus r\nds #bj ,total r\nds = ,table ,a #bjj ,= ! ,conditions ( ,collective ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges1 see pp4 #ahh-aib4 ,,table ,b4 ,,annual ,,c\rse--,,regul> ,,=ces 7,,cavalry1 ,,royal ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,infantry74 ,n4,b4--,! ,royal ,eng9e]s 7,sapp]s1 ,regul> ,=ces71 includ+ ,regul> ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,r4,e4 ,special ,res]ve1 w fire ^? practices only :i* are detail$ 9 ! ,in/ructions = ,royal ,eng9e]s 7see ,sec4 #fa1 p>a4 #f74 ,tra9$ driv]s ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s w fire3 ,"p ,i4--,practices #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 & #f4 ,"p ,,ii4--,practices #g & #i4 ,"p ,,iii4--,practice #ai4 ,!y w be classifi$ on ! same /&>d z laid d[n = ! =ty r\nds fir$ 9 ,table ,b1 p4 #afi4 ,,"p ,i4--,,qualify+ ,,practices4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,di/ance ,in/ructions = ,conduct ,no4 ,practice4 ,t>get4 9 ,y>ds4 ,r\nds4 ( ,practice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+1 ) arm or rifle 7,bull's-eye7 re/$4 #b ,application 0 0 #bjj #e ,z 9 #a4 #c 0 #bnd ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,kneel+1 ) arm or rifle re/$4 #d ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 #e ,application #a/ ,class ,figure #djj #e ,ly+4 #f 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+1 ) side ( rifle only re/$4 --------- ,total ,r\nds #cj ,,"p ,,ii4--,,in/ructional ,,practices 7,,tim$74 #g ,snap%oot+ #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] beh9d /ones or s&bags repres5t+ a p>apet & fir+ ov] !m4 ,exposure1 #f seconds = ea* %ot4 #h 0 0 0 #bjj #e ,sitt+ or kneel+4 ,bayonet fix$4 ,exposure1 #f seconds = ea* %ot4 #i ,rapid #bnd ,class ,figure4 #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,bayonets fix$4 #cj seconds all[$4 #aj ,delib]ate 0 0 #cjj #e ,ly+4 #aa ,rapid 0 0 #cjj #aj ,ly+4 ,rife unload$ & magaz9e empty until ! t>get appe>s4 ,load+ f ! p\* or b&oli] by #e r\nds aft]w>ds4 ,"o m9ute all[$4 #ab ,delib]ate #a/ ,class ,figure #ejj #e ,ly+4 #ac ,rapid 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #g4 #de seconds all[$4 #ad ,delib]ate 0 0 #fjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] beh9d /ones or s&bags & fir+ r\nd !m1 ) side ( rifle only re/$4 #ae ,snap%oot+ ,figure ,no4 #c #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 7silh\ette7 #ad4 ,exposure1 #d seconds = ea* %ot4 #af 0 0 0 #bjj #e ,kneel+4 ,tak+ cov] 9 a tr5* or beh9d a scre5 repres5t+ a wall & fir+ ov] ! p>apet4 ,exposure1 #e seconds = ea* %ot4 #ag ,cross+ ,figure ,no4 #f #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,"o %ot at ea* %ot 7silh\ette7 run ( #cj feet4 ,pace ( t>get--quick "t4 --------- ,total r\nds #fj ,,"p ,,iii4--,,classification ,,practices4 #ah ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 #ai ,snap%oot+ ,figure ,no4 #c #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 7silh\ette7 #g4 ,bayonet fix$4 ,exposure1 #d seconds = ea* %ot4 #bj ,delib]ate #bnd ,class ,figure #djj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #ad4 #ba ,delib]ate #bnd ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,kneel+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #af4 #bb ,rapid 0 0 #cjj #ae ,ly+4 ,rifle to be load$ & #d r\nds 9 ! magaz9e be=e ! t>get appe>s4 ,load+ f ! p\* or b&oli] by #e r\nds aft]w>ds4 ,"o m9ute all[$4 #bc ,delib]ate #a/ ,class ,figure #ejj #e ,ly+4 #bd ,rapid 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+4 #cj seconds all[$4 #be ,delib]ate 0 0 #fjj #e ,tak+ cov] z 9 #g4 --------- ,total r\nds #ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,note4--,no in/ruction or assi/ance ( any k9d w be giv5 to any man dur+ ! fir+ ( ,"p ,,iii41 ,table ,b 7,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 & ,infantry74 ,! use ( ! w9d-gauge or ( ! f9e adju/m5t w n be p]mitt$ 9 any classification practice or /&>d te/ classification practice4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,individual ,,field ,,practices4 ,total r\nds #ce ,= ! conditions ( ,individual ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges see pp4 #ahe-ahh4 ,,"p ,v4--,,fire ,,direction ,,practices4 ,%ort s]ies ( %ots w be fir$ at di/ances beyond #fjj y>ds by (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s = practice 9 obs]vation ( fire1 e/imat+ atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & v]ify+ sight+ by trial %ots4 ,scre5s1 or any visible objects su* z might s]ve z range m>ks on s]vice1 w be us$ z t>gets4 ,ab\t #cjj r\nds1 drawn f ! surplus1 %\ld suffice4 ,special fire-direction ex]cises %\ld be sub/itut$ = ^! practices if range accommodation does n ext5d beyond #fjj y>ds4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,,collective ,,field ,,practices4 ,total r\nds #ej ,surplus r\nds #be ,total r\nds = ,table ,b #bej ,= ! conditions ( ,collective ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges see pp4 #ahh-aib4 ,,table ,a4 ,,recruits' ,,c\rse--,,royal ,,artill]y1 ,,driv]s ,,royal ,,eng9e]s 7,,regul>s71 ,,army ,,s]vice ,,corps 7,,regul>s ,,& ,,special ,,res]ve71 ,,& ,,army ,,ordnance ,,corps4 ,,gr\p+ ,,practice ,,= ,,^? ,,recruits ,,or ,,tra9$ ,,m5 ,,:o ,,fail ,,9 ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,te/4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,di/ance ,position & ,gr\p+ ,no4 ,practice4 ,t>get4 9 ,y>ds4 ,r\nds4 ,/&>d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+1 ) re/4 7,bull's-eye7 #b 0 #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 --------- 0 ,total r\nds #aj ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse ,,= ,,fir/-,,ye> ,,m5 ,,& ,,?ird-,,class ,,%ots4 #a ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 ,all %ots 9 #ab-;in* 7,bull's-eye7 r+4 #b ,application #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #bjj #e ,ly+1 ) re/4 ,five 7,bull's-eye7 hits includ+ f\r )9 ,inn] 7#bd-;in*7 r+4 #c 0 #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,five hits1 includ+ 7,bull's-eye7 f\r )9 ,inn] 7#bd-;in*7 r+4 #d 0 #a/ ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] beh9d /ones or s&b>s repres5t+ a p>apet & fir+ ov] !m4 ,f\r hits4 #e 0 0 0 #djj #e ,ly+4 #f 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #d4 ---------- ,total r\nds #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,note4--,! c\rse %\ld be fir$ 9 five days z foll[s3-- ,practices #a & #b1 fir/ day4 ,repetition1 second day4 ,practices #c & #d1 ?ird day4 ,repetition1 f\r? day4 ,practices #e & #f1 fif? day4 ,practices #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d w be repeat$ once ea* if ! gr\p+ /&>d is n atta9$1 b n on ! same day4 ,%\ld ! fir] h atta9$ ! gr\p+ /&>d 9 any ( ! fir/ f\r practices )\t repetition1 he may on conclusion ( all ! practices be giv5 ! option ( repeat+ ,no4 #f ) a view to increas+ 8 score = qualification4 ,9 all cases ( repetition ! second score only w c\nt = classification4 ,z a rule five days %\ld be devot$ to fir+ ! c\rse1 ( :i* ! second & f\r? w\ld be res]v$ = repetition & c>eful in/ruction ( indiff]5t %ots4 ,surplus r\nds w be us$ z ! (fic] comm&+ ! batt]y or company may direct on prelim9>y or fur!r tra9+1 te/+ rifles1 occasional %ots1 or m>ksm5's fir+ 9 ,"p ,,iii41 ,table ,b1 = cavalry & infantry4 ,po9ts requir$ = #bnd ,class#fe4 ,gr\p+ /&>ds h no effect on classification2 !y gov]n repetition only4 ,,table ,b4 ,,annual ,,c\rse--,,royal ,,artill]y1 ,,army ,,s]vice ,,corps1 ,,& ,,army ,,ordnance ,,corps4 ,,tra9$ ,,soldi]s' ,,c\rse ,,= ,,m>ksm51 ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,class ,,%ots4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,di/ance ,position ,no4 ,practice4 ,t>get4 9 ,y>ds4 ,r\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,gr\p+ #bnd ,class ,elem5t>y #ajj #e ,ly+4 7,bull's-eye7 #b ,application #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] beh9d /ones or s&bags & fir+ r\nd !m ) side ( rifle only re/$4 #c 0 #bnd ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,sitt+ or kneel+4 #d 0 #a/ ,class ,figure #djj #e ,ly+4 #e ,rapid 0 0 #djj #e ,ly+4 #dj seconds all[$4 #f ,application 0 0 #ejj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] beh9d /ones or s&bags repres5t+ a p>apet & fir+ ov] !m4 #g ,snap%oot+ #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #b4 #e seconds' exposure4 #h ,obs]vation ,iron fall+ #cjj #e ,ly+4 ,tak+ cov] z 9 #f4 ,fir+ 9 pairs4 --------- ,total r\nds #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,note4--,?ree po9ts w be all[$ = e direct hit 9 ,practice #h4 ,9 ,practices #e & #h !re w be no signall+ until ! fir] has complet$ 8 practice4 ,9 ,practice #h !re w be sep>ate t>gets = ea* fir]1 & ! fir]s 9 ea* pair w fire alt]nately1 assi/+ ea* o!r by obs]vation4 ,classification3-- ,^? :o obta9 #ie po9ts or m #a/ ,class %ots4 ,^? :o obta9 #fj po9ts & less ?an #ie #bnd ,class %ots4 ,^? :o obta9 less ?an #fj po9ts #crd ,class %ots4 ,section #fe4--;,g5]al ,rules = ,field ,practices4 #a4 ,special ,in/ructions4--7i7 7a7 ,n m ?an tw5ty r\nds %\ld be fir$ 9 field practices 9 "o day4 7b7 ,! dress = individual field practices w be drill ord]1 & = collective field practices m>*+ ord]4 7c7 ,! fir+ positions w be any t are suit$ to ! gr\nd or conditions ( ! s*eme4 7d7 ,"s practice %\ld be giv5 9 snap%oot+ 9 ! /&+ position dur+ rapid advances at %ort range4 7ii7 ,practices on ,classification ,ranges4--,if x is absolutely necess>y to use classification ranges 7see ,sec4 #ff71 ! practices %\ld be p]=m$ on a flank1 if ! ext5t ( ! dang] area w p]mit4 ,9 ?is case1 or if ! actual range is us$1 ! gr\nd %\ld be brok5 by means ( scre5s1 e>? p>apets1 bru%wood1 or any o!r suitable contrivance1 ) a view to introduc+ "s realism & unc]ta9ty z to di/ances4 7iii7 ,allotm5t ( ,ammunition4--,! allotm5ts ( ammunition to individual & collective field practices respectively may be v>i$ z g5]al (fic]s comm&+ may decide1 b ! total am\nt allott$ to field practices is to be fir$ 9 field practices1 ev5 if a classification range only is available4 ,due safety precautions mu/ be tak5 7see ,musketry ,regulations1 ,"p ,,ii474 7iv7 ,regi/]s & ,records4--,company comm&]s w keep regi/]s ( all collective practices fir$4 ,rico*ets w n be includ$ 9 ! figures record+ results ( /&>d or comp>ative fir+4 ,!y w be %[n sep>ately f o!r hits 9 ! regi/]s4 #b4 ,individual ,field ,practices4--7i7 ,! di/ances %\ld n exce$ #fjj y>ds4 ,tra9+ %\ld be progressive 9 reg>d to t>gets1 di/ances1 & all o!r respects4 ,x is ess5tial to give fir]s full in=mation z to ! object ( ! practice1 & to criticize freely ! good & bad po9ts ( _! %oot+ ,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #b 7iv74 7ii7 ,! fir]s %\ld be =m$ into small squads1 b !re %\ld be no fire control1 nor any ord]s except su* z may be necess>y to regulate fire & movem5t 9 ! int]e/ ( safety & to insure t ! objects ( ! tra9+ are fully c>ri$ out4 7iii7 ,practice w be af=d$ 9 act+ promptly aga9/ t>gets appe>+ sudd5ly & disappe>+ aft] a %ort p]iod ( exposure4 ,! value ( e %ot w be asc]ta9$ by m>k]s1 & notifi$ to ! fir]4 ,! m5 w z a rule fire alt]nately1 work+ 9 pairs = mutual assi/ance4 ,:5 a successful %ot is obs]v$1 ! correct sight+ z f\nd w be imm$iately notifi$ by ! fir] to ! rema9d] ( ! squad4 7iv7 ,any prelim9>y in=mation z to ! gr\nd & results ( range-f9d+ at long range :i* might be available on s]vice %\ld be giv5 9 ! lat] practices 9 ord] to comb9e all me?ods ( rang+4 #c4 ,collective ,field ,practices4--7a7 ,collective field practices1 if gr\nd is available1 %\ld be fir$ almo/ entirely at long] ranges4 ,:5 gr\nd is n available = fir+ at ranges beyond #fjj y>ds1 practice 9 collective fir+ is necess>ily conduct$ at %ort] ranges1 b su* practice mu/ be supplem5t$ by fire-direction practices )\t ammunition at long] ranges4 7b7 ,arrang+ ,t>gets4--,! practice ( requir+ units to arrange t>gets or positions = o!rs to fire at1 or dur+ a skirmi% to place head-&-%\ld] t>gets on ! gr\nd to repres5t !mselves 9 position at any tempor>y halt1 has be5 f\nd to /imulate int]e/4 ,casualty ,competitions4--,fall+ or collapsible t>gets are ( great value 9 all field practices1 & may be us$ ) advantage 9 casualty competitions design$ to te/ ! relative abilities ( two fir+ l9es1 :i* simultane\sly fire at sep>ate sets ( t>gets repres5t+ _! oppon5ts4 ,ea* man is repres5t$ by a t>get plac$ 9 front ( ! oppos+ fir+-l9e1 & becomes a casualty if t t>get falls4 ,9 ?is way sup]iority ( fire is soon e/abli%$ by "o l9e or ! o!r1 & fire ceases4 ,section #ff4--;,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges4 #a4 ,g5]al ,rules4--,! foll[+ are examples ( individual & collective field practices = use on classification ranges1 z us$ at ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry1 ,hy!4 ,!y are int5d$ z a guide to (fic]s :o h to frame practices = _! units4 ,^! practices & simil> ones may be fir$ on classification ranges on :i* rapid practices are all[$ if ! foll[+ po9ts are obs]v$3 7i7 ,damage to ,gall]y4--,x is mo/ important1 = ! safety ( ! range1 t any damage done to ! gall]y-bank %\ld be made good ea* day1 z soon z ! practices are complet$4 7ii7 ,oblique ,fire4--,9 practices involv+ oblique fire1 su* z ^? 9 :i* ! cross+ figure ,no4 #f is us$1 ! run ( ! figure or figures %\ld be conf9$ to a lat]al space ( #be y>ds4 ,! fir]s %\ld occupy a correspond+ space at ! fir+-po9t4 ,^! oblique practices mu/ n be fir$ at ranges less ?an #djj y>ds4 7iii7 ,fall+ ,plates4--,e>!nw>e tiles %\ld be us$1 z /eel plates give back-spla%es :i* may endang] ! m>k]s4 ,tiles %\ld be plac$ ab\t #d feet bel[ ! top ( ! /op-butt4 ,if !re is no /op-butt1 !y may be plac$ at ! foot ( ! gall]y-slope4 #b4 ,t>gets4--,t>gets w be suppli$ by ,r4,e4 7vide ,musketry ,regulations1 ,"p ,,ii41 #aiaj1 p>a4 #ada74 7i7 ,wood4--,v5e] figures c be suppli$1 or !y c be cut out ( mat*-bo>d+4 ,dim5sions w be f\nd 9 ,musketry ,regulations1 ,"p ,,ii41 #aiaj1 ,plate #cg et seq4 ,= use 9 a gall]y1 ! figures mu/ be m\nt$ on poles4 7ii7 ,tiles4--,e>!nw>e tiles c be obta9$4 ,ord9>y ro(+ tiles are *eap]1 & answ] ! purpose4 ,a useful & *eap sub/itute is #c bricks plac$ on end on a flat piece ( wood1 & ti$ toge!r ) a piece ( /r+ or wire4 #c4 ,m>k]s4--,! success ( a practice dep5ds l>gely on ! m>k]s4 ,!y %\ld be rehe>s$ c>efully1 b n 9 view ( ! fir]s4 ,,individual ,,field ,,practices4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to tea* ! necessity = quick op5+ ( fire ) effect f ! fir/ %ot4 ,r\nds3 #e p] man4 ,t>gets3 #b iron fall+-plates = ea* pair ( fir]s4 ,di/ance3 ,unkn[n--ab\t #bej y>ds4 ,me?od3 #b squads1 ea* ( f\r fir]s1 are ext5d$ 9 pairs1 rifles unload$ & at safe1 sights normal1 till ! comm& 8,fire40 ,squads fire aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,t>gets repres5t ! fir]s ( ! oppos+ squad4 ,:5 a t>get is knock$ d[n1 ! man ( ! oppos+ team 9 a correspond+ position ceases fire1 unloads1 & takes no fur!r "p 9 ! practice2 8 ammunition is available = ! o!r man ( 8 pair4 ,po9ts are allott$ z foll[s3 ,= ea* hit1 #e po9ts2 total1 #aj po9ts4 ,if bo? t>gets hit )9 #dj seconds1 #e po9ts2 total1 #ae po9ts4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to br+ out ! dep5d5ce ( movem5t on fire4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 ,a ,figure #c t>get = ea* fir]1 to be expos$ #c times = #ce seconds at #ce seconds' int]val4 ,t>gets to be twirl$ & l[]$ :5 hit1 & n to reappe> till ! next exposure4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#fjj to #djj y>ds4 ,me?od3 7#f7 ,fir]s1 ) rifles load$ & ext5d$ beh9d cov] on ! #fjj y>ds' fir+-po9t2 !y op5 fire on ! t>gets appe>+4 ,on ! completion ( ea* ( ! fir/ two exposures ! ord] 8,advance0 is giv51 :5 ! fir]s d\ble =w>d #ajj y>ds4 ,scor+3 #c po9ts = ea* hit4 #a po9t = ea* unfir$ r\nd h&$ 91 if t>get has be5 hit at ea* range4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to te/ m5's intellig5ce & m>ksman%ip4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 #c ,figure #f t>gets conceal$ beh9d a %ort l5g? ( wall 7built ( s&bags on ! m>k]'s gall]y71 or repres5t$ by a specially prep>$ scre51 :i* is und]/ood to be bullet-pro(4 ,"o ( ! t>gets 7repres5t+ a man obs]v+7 looks r\nd "o end ( ! wall = #aj seconds1 & if n fir$ at moves 9 quick "t along ! gall]y1 foll[$ by ! o!r two t>gets at #c paces int]val4 ,on ! fir/ %ot be+ fir$1 all t>gets move at ! d\ble t[>ds ! ne>e/ cov] 7ei!r ! wall or ! end ( ! gall]y74 ,any t>gets :i* are /ill "u cov] :5 fire is op5$ d n appe>4 ,t>gets to be twirl$ & l[]$ :5 hit4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#djj y>ds4 ,me?od3 #b m5 ) rifles load$ are conceal$ beh9d cov] on ! #djj y>ds' fir+-po9t1 & are told ! foll[+3 8,y are a patrol2 be=e rea*+ ?is po9t y saw an enemy's patrol ( #c m5 move beh9d ! wall on ! m>k]'s gall]y2 y h crept up "h unse5 by !m4 8,none ( y\r troops are )9 a mile ( y1 & x is unlikely t ! enemy's patrol is closely support$4 8,y\r object is to try to %oot all ! enemy's patrol4 ,! m>k]'s gall]y repres5ts flat gr\nd1 ) cov] at ea* end ( x40 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,a te/ ( rapidity ( fire1 comb9$ ) accuracy aft] movem5t4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 ,a ,figure #c t>get & #e iron fall+-plates = ea* fir]4 ,! ,figure #c t>get to be expos$ twice = #c seconds at an int]val ( #cj seconds4 ,di/ance3 #bjj to #cjj y>ds4 ,me?od3 7#f7 ,fir]s are =m$ up ab\t #ej y>ds 9 re> ( ! select$ fire position 7rifles unload$ & at safe74 ,on ! comm&1 8,advance10 !y ru% to ! fire position1 load1 & adju/ sights4 #be seconds aft] ! ord] 8,advance10 ! ,figure #c t>get is expos$1 :5 fire w be op5$4 ,! fall+-plates w !n be engag$ till ! second exposure ( ! ,figure #c t>get1 aft] :i* fire w cease4 ,scor+3 #b po9ts = ea* hit on ! ,figure #c4 #a po9t = ea* plate knock$ d[n4 7,if desir$1 ?is practice c be c>ri$ out )\t movem5t47 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,to tea* ! necessity = quickness 9 obta9+ effect4 ,r\nds3 #e p] man4 ,t>gets3 #a ,figure #f t>get1 #a ,figure #c t>get1 & #b ,figure #d t>gets = ea* fir]1 to appe> z foll[s )9 a giv5 sector at ab\t #e seconds' int]val3 ,figure #f mov+ to a flank = #e seconds4 ,figure #c appe>s = #d seconds4 ,figure #d appe>s = #c seconds4 #b ,figures #d appe> = #aj seconds4 ,t>gets :5 hit w n be replac$4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#cjj y>ds4 ,me?od3 7#f7 ,fir]s ) rifles load$ are ext5d$ beh9d cov]1 & told to wat* _! front4 ,!y op5 fire on ! appe>ance ( ! t>gets4 ,scor+3 ,figure #f t>get--#c po9ts4 0 #c 0 #b 0 0 #d 0 #a po9t4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,a te/ ( rapidity & accuracy ( fire4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 ,a ,figure #d t>get = ea* fir]1 expos$ = #de seconds1 divid$ into #c unequal exposures1 at int]vals ( #e seconds4 ,t>gets to appe> 9 a diff]5t place at ea* exposure 7)9 c]ta9 limits74 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#bjj y>ds4 ,me?od3 7#f7 ,fir]s ly+ 9 ! op5 7rifle unload$ & at safe7 are told to wat* _! front4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! t>gets1 !y load & op5 fire4 ,,collective ,,field ,,practices4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to practise section comm&]s 9 apply+ collective fire f obs]vation4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 #h iron fall+-plates #a y>d ap>t1 9 two gr\ps ( f\r1 on ! /op-butt4 ,di/ance3 ,unkn[n--ab\t #hej y>ds4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#ab fir]s7 is =m$ up 9 re> ( ! #hjj y>ds' fir+-po9t4 ,rifles to be unload$ & at safe till w>n+1 8,comm5ce10 #c m9utes aft] :i* fire w cease4 ,,notes4--,me?od ( rang+ & correction4 ,po9t ( aim giv54 ,fire ord]s4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to ex]cise section comm&]s 9 giv+ fire ord]s & 9 controll+ fire4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 7a7 #c ,figure #c t>gets1 #a y>d ap>t4 7b7 #a ,figure #f t>get4 7a7 & 7b7 are expos$ twice sep>ately & once toge!r 9 any ord] = #cj seconds at irregul> int]vals4 ,t>gets hit w be twirl$ & l[]$1 & w n reappe> till ! next exposure4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#ejj y>ds4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#ab fir]s7 is ext5d$ on ! fir+-po9t2 on ! appe>ance ( ! t>gets1 ! comm&] gives 8 fire ord]s4 ,notes4--,rapidity 9 deal+ ) ! situation4 ,fire ord]s4 ,volume employ$4 ,po9t ( aim4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to br+ out ! necessity = 7a7 op5+ fire 9 full volume to produce surprise1 7b7 mak+ fire effective f ! fir/ op5+4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 #h ,figure #a t>gets1 repres5t+ m5 9 close =mation4 ,on ! fir/ %ot be+ fir$1 ^! are replac$ by #h ,figure #f t>gets ext5d+ outw>ds2 :5 ^! are well ext5d$1 !y are replac$ by #h ,figure #d t>gets1 :i* rema9 expos$ = #a m9ute4 ,any figure hit w be l[]$1 & n replac$ by ano!r4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#ejj y>ds4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#ab fir]s7 is ord]$ to ambu% & %oot all ( a small body ( ! enemy 9 ord] to obta9 "s writt5 in=mation :i* is believ$ to be 9 _! possession4 ,! enemy is expect$ to cross a piece ( flat gr\nd repres5t$ by ! m>k]'s gall]y4 ,,notes4--,use ( cov] = concealm5t4 ,prelim9>y arrangem5ts4 ,simultane\s & quick op5+ ( fire 9 full volume at ! close =mation4 ,*ange ( rate to sl[ fire at ! ext5d$ l9e4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,sup]iority ( fire4 ,a te/ ( rapidity & accuracy ( fire4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 #aj ,figure #c t>gets1 re9=c$ by #c m aft] #ae seconds1 & !n e #aj seconds up to #ee seconds4 ,t>gets hit are l[]$4 ,if at any "t all t>gets h be5 hit1 no m w be put up2 b5efit ( d\bt to be giv5 to ! fir]s4 ,%\ld ! numb] ( t>gets at any "t exce$ #aj1 ! fir]s h lo/ sup]iority ( fire1 & fire ceases4 ,di/ance3 #djj y>ds4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#aj fir]s71 ) rifles unload$ & at safe1 lie d[n on ! fir+-po9t4 ,sights may be adju/$4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! t>gets1 ! comm&] gives ord]s to load1 & fire ord]s4 ,fire w cease 7a7 %\ld ! numb] ( t>gets exce$ #aj1 7b7 if all t>gets are d[n1 7c7 "o m9ute aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! t>gets4 ,! "t 9 :i* all t>gets are hit1 or ! numb] ( t>gets left /&+ at ! end ( a m9ute1 %\ld be not$4 ,,note4--,?is practice may be fir$ z a competition4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,a practice :i* br+s out rapidity ( load+1 sight-sett+1 movem5t1 & fire1 comb9$ ) accuracy4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 #aj iron fall+-plates ext5d$ to #c paces4 ,di/ance3 #fjj y>ds to position4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#aj fir]s7 lie d[n on ! fir+-po9t1 rifles unload$ & at safe1 sights normal1 till ! w>n+1 8,comm5ce10 :5 ! comm&] gives 8 ord]s4 ,"o r\nd at lea/ mu/ be fir$ by ea* man be=e an advance ( #ajj y>ds is all[$4 ,! :ole section mu/ advance toge!r4 ,,note4--,%\ld ?is practice be fir$ z a competition1 ! section :i* knocks d[n all its plates 9 ! %orte/ "t1 or t :i* knocks d[n mo/ plates1 w9s4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! section :i* rea*es #cjj y>ds quicke/ w w94 ,teams to be disqualifi$ if anyone advances till all safety-cat*es are on4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,to br+ out ! great advantage ( rang+ by obs]vation1 be=e ! t>get appe>s1 :5 circum/ances p]mit4 ,r\nds3 #ae p] man4 ,t>gets3 #bj ,figure #f t>gets4 ,a l5g? ( wood5 hurdles on ! m>k]'s gall]y repres5ts a bridge4 ,di/ance3 #hjj y>ds4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#aj fir]s74 ,! comm&] is giv5 ! foll[+ in=mation3 8,y are plac$ "h to cov] t bridge1 :i* is ! only way ! enemy c cross4 8,!y are n[ #ejj or #fjj y>ds f x1 & mean to get across4 8,y are be+ support$1 & y\r fir/ duty is to be prep>$ to br+ a heavy fire on ! bridge4 8,!re is no ne$ = concealm5t40 ,,note4--,! enemy appe>s ne> ! bridge #c m9utes aft] ^! in/ructions are giv54 ,me?od ( rang+4 ,anticipatory ord]s4 ,no4 #g4 ,object3 ,a practice to exemplify fire & movem5t dur+ an advance4 ,r\nds3 #ae p] man4 ,t>gets3 ,a scre5 #aj by #c feet at #hjj & #gjj y>ds4 ,bo? w be put up toge!r2 "o w be l[]$ :5 hit by #aj %ots at #hjj y>ds1 ! o!r w simil>ly be l[]$ :5 hit #aj times at #gjj y>ds4 #e ,figure #c t>gets ext5d$ to #c paces w be expos$ #e seconds aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! second scre54 ,t>gets to be expos$ till hit2 !y w be l[]$ :5 hit4 #e seconds aft] ! la/ t>get is hit !y w be aga9 expos$ till !y h be5 expos$ #e times4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#hjj to #bjj y>ds4 ,me?od3 #b sections 7#bj fir]s7 "u ! platoon s]geant1 lie d[n on ! #hjj y>ds' fir+-po9t1 rifles unload$ & at safe1 sights normal4 ,on ! w>n+1 8,comm5ce10 ! comm&] gives 8 ord]s1 #aj m9utes aft] :i* fire w cease4 ,a scre5 mu/ be l[]$ be=e any advance may be made at #hjj & #gjj y>ds4 ,all five t>gets mu/ be l[]$ be=e an advance may be made at ! o!r ranges4 ,advances w ea* be #ajj y>ds4 ,no advance w be made beyond #bjj y>ds4 ,,note4--,if fir$ z a competition1 ! #b sections :o get mo/ t>gets d[n w92 if m ?an "o team get all _! t>gets d[n1 t ) ! mo/ ammunition 9 h& w9s4 ,no4 #h4 ,object3 ,a practice to %[ ! dep5d5ce ( movem5t on fire4 ,r\nds3 #aj p] man4 ,t>gets3 #ab ,figure #c t>gets1 ext5d$ to #c paces2 ea* to be l[]$ :5 hit4 #e seconds aft] ! la/ "o has be5 l[]$1 ! t>gets w be aga9 expos$ till hit4 ,di/ance3 ,kn[n--#fjj1 #ejj1 #djj y>ds4 ,me?od3 ,a section 7#aj fir]s7 is ext5d$ to #c paces on ! #fjj y>ds' fir+-po9t1 rifles unload$ & at safe1 sights normal4 ,on ! w>n+1 8,comm5ce10 ! comm&] gives 8 ord]s4 ,no advance w be made f #fjj y>ds till f\r t>gets h be5 l[]$4 ,no advance w be made f #fjj y>ds till ! rema9+ eight t>gets h be5 l[]$4 ,,note4--,if fir$ z a competition1 ! section :i* hits all its t>gets at #djj y>ds 9 ! %orte/ "t w9s1 or ! section :i* hits mo/ t>gets4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,night ,,fir+1 ,,h& ,,gr5ades1 ,,& ,,competitions ,section #fg4--,night ,fir+4#bi #a4 ,me?ods ( ,night ,fir+4--,a body ( troops 9 a position comm&+ op5 gr\nd or an approa* :i* may be us$ by ! enemy may arrange to sweep x ) fire by lay+ rifles 9 re/s con/ruct$ by daylight1 by prep>+ illum9at$ aim+-m>ks giv+ a horizontal l9e ( sight1 or by fir+ at ! fla%es ( ! enemy's rifles1 or o!r m>ks by automatic alignm5t ( ! rifle4 ,^! v>i\s me?ods are expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,fir+ at night %\ld only be employ$ )9 close range4 #b4 ,automatic ,al>ms & ,fl>e ,lights4--7i7 ,automatic al>ms & fl>e lights to illum9ate ! =egr\nd are useful aga9/ night attacks4 ,!y %\ld be us$ 9 comb9ation ) ob/acles1 if any h be5 con/ruct$1 & ei!r protect$ or conceal$1 s z to prev5t ! enemy remov+ !m4 ,no me*anical signal mu/ be reli$ ^u z a sub/itute = ! effici5t use ( ! eyesight & he>+4 #c4 ,fix$ ,rifle-,re/s & ,aim+-,m>ks4--,on a d>k night x is difficult to insure ! m5's rifles be+ aim$ 9 ! requir$ direction4 ,any device to assi/ !m 9 ?is matt] is useful4 ,fix$ rifle-re/s may be made1 or1 fail+ ^!1 "s su* device z a wood5 b> c be arrang$ across loopholes1 to prev5t a man rais+ 8 rifle-b>rel too high4 ,po/s pa9t$ :ite on ! def5d]s' side make a good aim+-m>k1 if ! night is n too d>k4 #d4 ,automatic ,alignm5t ( ! ,rifle4--7i7 ,! automatic alignm5t ( ! rifle is z a g5]al rule ! mo/ effective me?od ( fir+ at night4 ,m5 %\ld !re=e be practis$ 9 align+ _! rifles automatically = night fir+ at ranges ( ab\t #cjj y>ds & "u4 7ii7 ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--,aim+-m>ks %\ld be select$ j above ! gr\nd-l9e1 & )9 #ajj y>ds ( ! squad4 ,! m5 %\ld !n be ord]$ to br+ _! rifles into ! fir+ position ) bo? eyes %ut4 ,! "r eye %\ld !n be op5$1 & ! approximate alignm5t ( ! rifle v]ifi$4 ,aft] "s practice ea* man w be able to asc]ta9 8 individual t5d5cy1 :i* he %\ld correct ) practice until able to align ! rifle ) 8 eyes %ut ) approximate accuracy4 7iii7 ,?is ex]cise %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! daytime until pr(ici5cy is atta9$1 :5 m5 %\ld be practis$ 9 fir+ a few r\nds aft] d>k at l>ge scre5s at a range n exce$+ #cjj y>ds4 ,! position ( ! scre5 may be indicat$ by "s r\gh exp$i5t to repres5t ! fla% ( a rifle4 ,mu* mat]ial effect is n to be anticipat$ f night fir+ except aga9/ an enemy 9 movem5t1 b ! moral effect %\ld be consid]able4 #e4 ,in/ruction on ,m9iature ,ranges4--,directions = night fir+ on m9iature ranges are conta9$ 9 ,sec4 #gd1 p>a4 #g4 ,section #fh4--;,h& ,gr5ade 7,m>k ,i74 #a4 ,g5]al ,description 7see ,fig4 #eb74--,! gr5ade consi/s ( ! foll[+ pr9cipal p>ts3 ,cap ,a1 body ,b1 detonator ,c1 cane h&le ,d1 wood block ,e1 tail ,f1 *>ge ,g1 & ca/-iron r+ ,r4 #b4 ,! body ,b ( ! gr5ade c>ries ! lyddite *>ge ,g4 ,! wood block ,e is put into ! recess 9 ! cup ,h1 & ! cup1 wood block1 & body are !n firmly secur$ toge!r by means ( ! ?ree brass screws ,j4 ,atta*$ to ! wood block ,e is ! cane h&le ,d1 to ! end ( :i* is securely b\nd ! tail ,f1 ! cane h&le ,d be+ = ! purpose ( ?r[+ ! gr5ade1 & ! tail ,f to /eady x 9 flight & to assi/ to make x travel & fall po9t =emo/4 #c4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body has a groove ,m =m$ 9 x = ! purpose ( secur+ ! cap ,a 9 position4 ,! groove ,m is provid$ ) f\r leads into x1 two ,n4,n41 to all[ ( ! ins]tion & removal ( ! cap1 & two ,o4,o41 to all[ ! cap to move =w>d ^u ! gr5ade /rik+ ! gr\nd or o!r ob/acle4 ,two projections1 e4e41 are made 9 ! groove ,m = ! ind5t ,x 9 ! cap ,a to jump :5 ! cap ent]s or leaves ! travel position4 ,"o projection is to be made long en\gh to c>ry ! ind5t into ! ,fire position4 ,! object ( ^! two projections is to give a def9ite indication ( :5 ! cap is 9 ! ,travel & ,fire positions4 ,two indicat+ knobs ,p4,p4 are secur$ to ! body1 & two /op p9s ,q4,q4 are fix$ bel[ ! indicat+ knobs ,p4,p41 prev5t+ ! cap ,a be+ pu%$ d[n too f> 7except :5 turn$ into ! ,fire position--see lat]7 if by any accid5t ! safety-p9 _h be5 remov$ or displac$4 ,fix$ to ! top ( ! body are two hold+ /uds ,r4,r4 to secure ! detonator ,c :5 9 position4 ,! body has also pa9t$ on x 9 r$ two arr[s ,l4,l4 = ! purpose ( indicat+ positions ( cap ,a z to ! remov+1 travel1 or fir+ positions4 #d4 ,! detonator ,c is =m$ ) a flange ,s on :i* are two lugs ,t4,t4 = ! purpose ( turn+ ! detonator :5 9 position1 s z to secure x "u ! heads ( ! hold+ /uds ,r4,r4 ,on ! face ( ! flange ,s is fix$ a brass plate spr+ ,u1 = lock+ ! detonator into position4 ,! two grooves ,v4,v4 9 ! flange ,s ( ! detonator ,c are to all[ ! flange ,s to pass ! hold+ /uds ,r4,r4 dur+ ins]tion or removal ( ! detonator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,,h& ,,gr5ade 7,,m>k ,i74 ,scale #e4 ,! cap ,a c>ries a /eel ne$le ,w = fir+ ! detonator4 ,two small ind5ts ,x4,x4 are =m$ on ! cap to engage ) ! groove ,m on ! body ,b4 ,! rais$ lips ,i4,i1 are to all[ ! cap ,a to cle> ! indicat+ knobs ,p4,p4 :5 ! cap is be+ plac$ or remov$ f ! body ( ! gr5ade4 #f4 ,two rais$ lips ,k4,k4 are to all[ ! cap ,a to move =w>d :5 ! cap is turn$ into its fir+ position1 ! lips ,k4,k4 be+ rais$ suffici5tly to cle> ! /op p9s ,q4,q41 ?is only be+ possible :5 ! cap is 9 ! fir+ position4 ,! rais$ portions ,y4,y4 are = ! indicat+ knobs to engage ) :5 ! cap is turn$ to ! travel position1 & ?us give a fur!r indication :5 ! cap ,a is 9 ?is position4 ,! cap is also fitt$ ) a safety-p9 ,z1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! ne$le & ! cap1 & prev5ts ! cap mov+ =w>d :ile ! p9 is 9 position4 ,! p9 ,z is secur$ by a :ipcord becket pass$ ov] ! cap ,a1 & is also fur!r secur$ by a ?9 lea!r /rip d pass+ ?r\gh a slot at "o end1 x be+ necess>y to remove bo? ^! safegu>ds be=e ! p9 ,z c be )drawn4 ,! safety-p9 ,z is also pass$ ?r\gh ! cap ,a 9 su* a position t if by any mis*ance ! detonator ,c 0 n prop]ly secur$ aft] be+ plac$ 9 position1 ! act ( plac+ ! cap ,a on & turn+ x to ! left into ! fir+ position causes ! p9 ,z to engage ) ! two lugs ,t4,t4 on ! flange ,s ( ! detonator1 & automatically locks ! detonator "u ! heads ( ! hold+ /uds ,r4,r4 #g4 ,! hook t fix$ to ! body ( ! gr5ade is = atta*+ ! latt] to ! soldi]'s belt4 ,! gr5ade ) ! /ick d[nw>d is hung on to ! belt by ! hook4 #h4 ,to ,prep>e ! ,gr5ade = ,use4--7i7 ,turn ! cap ,a on to ! body ,b to ! "r until ! indicat+ knobs ,p4,p4 are 9 ! rais$ lips ,i4,i4 =m$ 9 ! cap ,a4 ,?is c be se5 by means ( ! arr[s ,l4,l4 pa9t$ on ! body ,b be+ opposite ! words 8remove0 on ! cap ,a4 ,!n pull (f ! cap4 7ii7 ,place ! detonator ,c 9 ! recess = x4 ,see t ! two grooves ,v4,v4 9 ! flange ,s co9cide ) ! two /uds ,r4,r41 !n press d[n ! detonator into position4 ,:5 ! flange ,s is home1 turn ! detonator ,c to ! left1 pass+ ! flange "u ! heads ( ! /uds ,r4,r41 & cont9ue turn+ until ! brass plate spr+ ,u is releas$1 ?us lock+ ! detonator4 7iii7 ,replace ! cap ,a ) ! rais$ lips ,i4,i4 ov] ! indicat+ knobs ,p4,p41 & pu% d[n into position4 ,aft] ! cap ,a has be5 put on1 x mu/ be turn$ "o-eigh? ( a turn to ! left1 ?us br++ ! indicat+ knobs ,p4,p4 into ! rais$ positions ,y4,y4 ( ! cap ,a4 ,?is is done by po9t+ ! indicat+ arr[s ,l4,l4 to 8travel0 on ! cap4 7iv7 ,! gr5ade is int5d$ to be c>ri$ ) ! rais$ portions ,y4,y4 always ov] ! indicat+ arr[s ,l4,l4--i4e41 9 ! travel position1 :e!r ! detonator ,c is 9 position or n4 7v7 ,to ,?r[ ! ,gr5ade4--,! tail is unw\nd1 & all[$ to hang loose at full l5g?4 7vi7 ,! cap is turn$ f ! 8travel0 to ! 8fire0 position4 7vii7 ,! safety-p9 is )drawn4 7viii7 ,! gr5ade is ?r[n by means ( ! cane ,d4 ,! latt] is grasp$ betwe5 ! end fur!/ f ! gr5ade itself & ! atta*$ po9t ( ! tail--i4e41 on ! groov$ portion4 ,! gr5ade is ?r[n 9 ! requir$ direction ei!r "u or ov] h&1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! tail _c entangle itself ) ! ?r[] or ) any object ne> him4 7ix7 ,:5 ?r[+1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be rememb]$3 7a7 ,! gr5ade %\ld be ?r[n well upw>ds at n less ?an an angle ( ab\t #ce degrees4 ,?is1 besides assi/+ 9 increas+ ! range to :i* ! gr5ade c be ?r[n1 r5d]s its action m absolutely c]ta9 by caus+ x to /rike ! gr\nd ne>ly v]tically4 ,?is is especially important :5 ?r[+ ) a foll[+ w9d4 7b7 ,any ob/acle ly+ betwe5 ! ?r[] & ! objective mu/ be cle>$1 z ! gr5ade w almo/ c]ta9ly act on any?+ x /rikes dur+ any "p ( its flight4 7x7 ,caution4--7i7 ,%\ld ! h& gr5ade n be us$1 ! cap is to be turn$ back to 8travel0 f 8fire10 ! safety-p9 7:i* mu/ be reta9$7 is to be replac$ 9 position1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! p9 passes ?r\gh ! cap1 & is secur$ by pass+ ! :ipcord becket ov] ! cap1 & by replac+ ! lea!r /rip d ?r\gh ! slot 9 ! end ( ! safety-p9 ,z1 & ! tail roll$ up & secur$4 7ii7 ,imm$iately ! gr5ade has left ! h&1 ! ?r[] %\ld lie d[n or get beh9d cov] to r$uce ! *ances ( be+ hit by a spl9t]1 z1 ( c\rse1 ! explosion s5ds ^! 9 all directions4 ,dummy gr5ades are suppli$ = practice 9 ?r[+4 #i4 ,use ( ,gr5ades4--,9 addition to ! h& gr5ade1 gr5ades may be improvis$ by fill+ t9s ) explosive = ?r[+ by h&4 ,gr5ades are also con/ruct$ s t !y c be fir$ f rifles4 ,gr5ades c be us$ ) effect aga9/ sap-heads 9 siege w>f>e & 9 tr5* fight+ at close range4 ,section #fi4--;,competitions4 #a4 ,object ( ,competitions4--,! pr9ciples gov]n+ competitions are laid d[n 9 p>a4 #ajb1 ,musketry ,regulations4 ,! object ( competitions is to enc\rage pr(ici5cy 9 s]vice %oot+ "u practical conditions4 ,?is object mu/ n be conf9$ to a few *ampion %ots1 b mu/ include e man 9 ea* fire-unit4 ,a good av]age /&>d ( m>ksman%ip1 especially 9 %oot+ at s]vice t>gets at unkn[n ranges1 is ! ideal to be aim$ at4 ,team competitions 9 :i* fire-unit comm&]s are ex]cis$ 9 _! duties1 & 9 :i* !y "w toge!r ) _! units1 are ! mo/ practical & valuable =m ( competition4 ,! v>i\s in/ructional practices1 toge!r ) individual & collective field practices 9 ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,x ( ?is book1 are suitable = competitions4 #b4 ,g5]al ,rules4--7i7 ,! conditions ( ea* competition mu/ be suit$ to ! rank & skill ( competitors1 & practise !m 9 ! duties !y w p]=m 9 ! fir+-l9e4 7ii7 ,programmes4--,programmes %\ld z f> z possible embrace all elem5ts ( musketry tra9+4 ,rules = ! conduct ( competitions %\ld be ! same z ^? = ! conduct ( range & field practices4 7iii7 ,individual ,fir+4--,individual fir+ competitions beyond #fjj y>ds h little milit>y value4 7iv7 ,t>gets4--,bull's-eye t>gets %\ld z a rule be us$ 9 elem5t>y competitions only = "y soldi]s 9 ! fir/ ye> ( s]vice4 ,s]vice t>gets %\ld be us$ ( neutral col\rs1 & ( visibility approximat+ to t ( ! t>gets se5 on s]vice4 7v7 ,scope ( ,competitions4--,specializ+ 9 any "o k9d ( %oot+ %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,competitions = tra9$ soldi]s %\ld include n less ?an ?ree diff]5t =ms ( %oot+1 su* z snap%oot+1 rapid fir+1 obs]vation1 appreciation ( fire limits1 etc41 ) z mu* v>iation ( t>gets & conditions z c be conv5i5tly arrang$1 accord+ to ! facilities available4 7vi7 ,rate ( ,fir+4--,conditions = soldi]s ) m ?an "o ye> ( s]vice %\ld nev] p]mit ( a sl[] rate ?an ?ree r\nds a m9ute = a s]ies ( %ots1 exclusive ( "t tak5 = signall+4 ,9 delib]ate %oot+1 ! be/ milit>y %ot is probably ! man :o1 9 skirmi%+1 fir/ applies an effective %ot to a t>get at unkn[n range4 ,9 rapid fir+1 ! sight+ to be us$ w\ld v (t5 be communicat$ to ! soldi] on s]vice1 & a high rate ( fire1 comb9$ ) reasonable accuracy1 w\ld be expect$ f him4 7vii7 ,coa*+4--,coa*+ %\ld nev] be all[$1 b individual soldi]s 9 obs]vation & skirmi%+ competitions may be all[$ to "w 9 pairs1 giv+ mutual assi/ance4 7viii7 ,rifles & ,aids to ,%oot+4--,x is ess5tial t 9 competitions op5 to ! rank & file1 competitors %\ld be all[$ to fire only ) a rifle 9 *>ge ( _! unit1 & no dep>ture f ! regulations gov]n+ ! pa9t+ ( sights1 use ( sl+s1 provision ( w9d flags1 t>gets1 rifle accessories1 etc41 is to be p]mitt$ 9 s]vice-rifle competitions4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,in/ruction ,,on ,,m9iature ,,ranges1 ,,includ+ ,,range ,,& ,,field ,,practices ,section #gj4--;,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,in/ruction on ,m9iature ,ranges4--7i7 ,in/ruction on m9iature ranges is 9 no s5se a f9al tra9+1 b x is a useful & economical prep>ation = s]vice %oot+--especially useful :]e range accommodation is di/ant or altoge!r lack+4 ,x %\ld be comm5c$ dur+ ! recruit's tra9+1 :5 frequ5t visits %\ld be made to ! m9iature range1 & ! lessons ( aim+1 press+ ! trigg]1 decl>+ ! po9t ( aim on dis*>ge1 etc41 %\ld be illu/rat$ practically by fir+ at elem5t>y t>gets4 7ii7 ,object ( ,in/ruction4--,in/ruction %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! same pr9ciples z on op5 ranges4 ,x %\ld be progressive1 & may ) advantage prec$e in/ruction on op5 ranges4 ,in/ruction & fir+ may be c>ri$ out ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 b if ?is "w on m9iature ranges is done dur+ ! w9t] mon?s x w prove a useful prep>ation = subsequ5t practice on op5 ranges & = field tra9+ 9 ! spr+ & summ] mon?s 7see ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies1 ,sec4 #bi1 p>a4 #a74 #b4 ,scope ( ,tra9+4--,! in/ruction1 :i* may be c>ri$ out ) ! ,solano ,t>get & ,l&scape t>gets is m or less id5tical 9 scope ) t :i* c be c>ri$ out on op5 ranges4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! effects ( v>y+ light1 w9d1 & o!r atmosph]ic influ5ces are abs5t on m9iature ranges1 t in/ruction 9 judg+ di/ance is n possible see ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #b 7iii71 t fir+ ) sights adju/$ = diff]5t ranges c only be c>ri$ out to a limit$ ext5t1 & t ! g5]al conditions "u :i* tra9+ takes place are artificial & easi] z comp>$ ) tra9+ on op5 ranges4 #c4 ,rifles4--,! rifles us$ %\ld be s]vice patt]n1 #bb-;in* ,r4,f41 or aim+ or ,morris tubes us$ 9 s]vice rifles ) regulation sights4 ,s]vice rifles mu/ be us$1 s t ! fir] may become accu/om$ to ! weight1 l5g?1 bolt action1 & sight+ ( ! weapon he w use 9 w>4 ,unless ?is pr9ciple is adh]$ to1 practice on m9iature ranges _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory prep>ation = s]vice %oot+4 ,rifles mu/ be 8h>moniz$0 bo? = fir+ at t>gets direct or ) elevation 9 l&scape practices accord+ to ! directions laid d[n 9 ,app5dix1 ,v4 ,rifles mu/ also be clean$ aft] e t5 to fifte5 r\nds1 o!rwise !y become inaccurate4 #d4 ,w9dgauge4--,! w9dgauge may be us$ to repres5t w9d1 & ! fir]s taught to aim (f s z to correct ! deflection giv51 act+ sometimes on _! own judgm5t1 sometimes accord+ to ord]s = fire direction4 #e4 ,cov]4--,cov] ( v>i\s k9ds c be improvis$ at ! fir+-po9t ) s&bags1 scre5s1 or o!r available mat]ial4 #f4 ,empty ,cases4--,empty c>tridge-cases & lead %\ld be collect$1 & may be sold at m>ket rates4 #g4 ,precautions4--7i7 ,z ! #bb c>tridge us$ on m9iature ranges has consid]able p[]1 e precaution mu/ be tak5 to insure safety4 ,rifles mu/ be laid d[n at ! fir+-po9t unload$ & ) ! bree*-action op51 & fir]s mu/ /& cle> :5ev] x is necess>y = anyone to be 9 front ( ! fir+-po9t4 7ii7 ,a non-commission$ (fic] w be plac$ 9 *>ge ( ea* range1 & w att5d :5ev] any practice takes place4 ,fir+ w take place only dur+ ! h\rs fix$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7iii7 ,no p]son1 except ! (fic] or non-commission$ (fic] 9 *>ge1 or ! m>k]1 is to pass f ! fir+-po9t up to ! t>get dur+ practice4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to /op fir+1 ! same precautions are to be tak5 z at rifle practice4 7iv7 ,e possible precaution mu/ be tak5 to avoid accid5ts1 ! /ricte/ ord] & discipl9e be+ ma9ta9$ at ! fir+-po9t4 ,:5 practice takes place on a classification range1 ! same ord]s = safety1 etc41 are to be obs]v$ z :5 s]vice ammunition is us$4 7v7 ,9 practices comb9+ fir+ & movem5t1 ! non-commission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! range w exam9e ! rifles to see t !y are n load$ be=e movem5t is comm5c$4 ,section #ga4--,t>gets4 #a4 ,/&>d ,equipm5t4--7i7 ,! v>i\s t>gets ( ! /&>d equipm5t to be us$ = m9iature range in/ruction are describ$ 9 ,app5dix1 ,,vii1 ! in=mation 9 :i* mu/ be c>efully not$4 ,x is important to avoid confus+ ! ,solano ,t>get :5 us$ ) sc5]y1 etc41 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ee & #ef1 ) v>i\s ,l&scape t>gets :5 fix$ to ! ,solano ,t>get = in/ruction z 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,solano & ,l&scape t>gets m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs mu/ also be not$4 7ii7 ,! sc5]y1 sc5ic accessories1 & ,solano figures ( ! ,solano ,t>get are all correctly drawn to scale = #be y>ds1 & at t di/ance give correct impressions ( :at !y repres5t4 ,l&scape t>gets are n all drawn to scale = #be y>ds1 b !y mu/ always be us$ at ?is di/ance :5 possible4 7iii7 ,on ! ,solano ,t>get ! v>i\s features ( ! sc5]y1 includ+ backgr\nd & details1 z well z ! position ( troops1 c be alt]$ quickly to any ext5t4 ,! features ( l&scape t>gets _c be alt]$1 !re=e !y %\ld be *ang$ frequ5tly1 z !y lose _! value :5 _! features become well kn[n4 7iv7 ,9 fir+ at ! ,solano ,t>get :5 fitt$ ) sc5]y1 ! bullets /rike ! objective aim$ at4 ,9 fir+ at l&scape t>gets rifles mu/ be giv5 elevation s t bullets /rike a scre5 above ! l&scape1 n ! objective aim$ at 7,fig4 #eh74 7v7 ,! ,solano ,t>get1 ) or )\t sc5ic effects & figures1 c be us$ = ! :ole scope ( ! in/ruction 9 ?is *apt]1 & = all range & field practices4 ,! scope ( in/ruction :i* c be c>ri$ out on l&scape t>gets is /rictly limit$1 & does n include important bran*es ( elem5t>y tra9+ nor range & individual field practices4 ,fir+ at l&scape t>gets has ! advantage ( practis+ m5 9 ! adju/m5t ( sights4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l&scape t>get practice lacks elem5ts ( realism & surprise1 z x does n include arrangem5ts = repres5t+ ! movem5t ( troops at diff]5t di/ances1 & does n af=d practice 9 wat*+ ! front = ! appe>ance ( t>gets repres5t+ troops1 disc]n+ & op5+ fire quickly at su* t>gets1 & 9 m>k+ d[n1 snap%oot+1 & rapid fir+ at mov+ & disappe>+ t>gets1 especially )9 close range1 :i* has prov$ ( su* vital importance 9 mod]n battles 7see ,preface1 p>as4 #d & #e74 #b4 ,elem5t>y ,t>gets4--7i7 ,! elem5t>y bull's-eye & o!r t>gets = use 9 m9iature range in/ructional practices %\ld be simil> to ^? us$ on ! classification range1 b are suppli$ r$uc$ to ! correct scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,elem5t>y ,,practices4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,sec4 ,,vii41 p>a4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,,solano ,,t>get--,,cleat ,,fitt+ ,,) ,,cords ,,:i* ,,op]ate ,,me*anism ,,atta*$4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,sec4 ,,vii41 p>a4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,g5]al ,,in/ruction ,,or ,,= ,,fir+ ,,field ,,practices1 ,,) ,,sc5]y ,,& ,,sc5ic ,,accessories 7,,type ,a71 ,,& ,,) ,,solano ,,figures ,,repres5t+ ,,troops ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,ranges4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,sec4 ,,vii41 p>as4 #c to #e inclusive47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,g5]al ,,in/ruction ,,or ,,= ,,fir+ ,,field ,,practices1 ,,) ,,sc5]y ,,& ,,sc5ic ,,accessories 7,,type ,c71 ,,& ,,) ,,solano ,,figures ,,repres5t+ ,,troops ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,ranges4 #c4 ,regulation ,figure ,t>gets include ^? 9 ! li/ 9 ,app5dix1 ,,vii1 p>a4 #e4 ,t>gets repres5t+ troops advanc+ 9 close =mations1 su* z ^? %[n 9 ! ,preface1 p4 ix1 may be improvis$ by cutt+ /rips ( c>d to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! height ( ! c>d = v>i\s di/ances1 scal$ = #be y>ds1 is z foll[s3 #djj y>ds1 #d in*es2 #fjj y>ds1 #c in*es2 #hjj y>ds1 #b in*es2 #a1jjj y>ds1 #a in*4 ,to ^! measurem5ts in* %\ld be add$ 9 e case = ! base held by ! clips ( ! t>get4 ,br[n or grey c>d %\ld be us$4 7iii7 ,x mu/ be not$ t if figures are made ) c>d :i* is n suffici5tly ?ick1 ! impact ( ! bullet w n cause !m to fall :5 fix$ 9 ! fall+ clips ( ,ti] ,b ( ! ,t>get 7,app5dix1 ,,vii1 p>a4 #b74 #d4 ,solano ,elem5t>y & ,in/ructional ,t>gets4--,^! t>gets h be5 (ficially approv$ by ! ,army ,c\ncil = m9iature range practices 7see ,app5dix1 ,,viii74 #e4 ,nom5clature ( ,t>gets4--,9 ! subsequ5t ,sections ( ?is *apt] ! ,solano ,t>get w be ref]r$ to z ,! ,t>get1 ,figure ,t>gets z ,figures1 & ,l&scape ,t>gets z ,l&scapes4 ,section #gb4--,prelim9>y ,tra9+ #a4 ,in/ruction to ,prec$e ,fir+4--7i7 ,z already /at$1 range & field practices c>ri$ out be=e m5 h be5 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 prelim9>y tra9+ w m]ely result 9 wa/e ( ammunition4 ,!re=e1 be=e fir+ on m9iature ranges comm5ces m5 %\ld be ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! foll[+ duties3 7a7 ,quick & accurate adju/m5t ( sights2 7b7 lay+ an absolutely correct aim f aim+-re/ at easy aim+-m>k2 7c7 correct trigg] press+2 7d7 assum+ correct load+ & fir+ positions1 includ+ adju/m5t ( sights1 aim+1 & release ( trigg] )\t di/urb+ aim4 7ii7 ,p>ticul> subjects ( in/ruction :i* relate to diff]5t fir+ practices %\ld prec$e !m z foll[s3#cj 7a7 ,be=e fir+ f cov]3 ,adapt+ ! fir+ position to diff]5t k9ds ( cov]4 7b7 ,be=e application practices3 ,aim+-(f2 ! ext5t be+ reckon$ by ! bread? ( ! aim+-m>k z ord]$1 & aim be+ laid f aim+-re/4 7c7 ,be=e fir+ at mov+ t>gets3 ,aim+-(f = movem5t at cross+ figures on ! ,solano ,t>get2 aim be+ te/$ ) aim-corrector4 7d7 ,be=e snap%oot+ practices3 ,comb9+ rapidity ) accuracy ( aim2 aim be+ te/$ ) aim+-disc4 7e7 ,be=e fir+ at ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures or at l&scapes3 ,m>k+ d[n an enemy1 & aim+ at gr\nd & s]vice t>gets2 aim be+ laid f aim+-re/ at po9ts or t>gets indicat$4 #b4 ,in/ruction 9 ,aim+4--7i7 ,?is tra9+ c be c>ri$ out on ! ,t>get )\t sc5]y 7,fig4 #ec71 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,elem5t>y tra9+ %\ld be c>ri$ out z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #gj1 p>a4 #a4 ,aim+ at s]vice t>gets & gr\nd c be taught on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures & on l&scapes z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #ai1 p>a4 #b 7ii74 ,m>k+ d[n an enemy c be taught on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #ai1 p>a4 #c 7ii71 a numb] ( figures repres5t+ m5 at diff]5t di/ances be+ expos$ f beh9d cov] or 9 ! op5 to repres5t ! movem5ts ( ! fatigue-m54 7ii7 ,aim+-(f = w9d c be taught on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #bj1 p>a4 #d1 figures repres5t+ m5 at diff]5t di/ances in/ead ( fatigue-m54 ,aim+ up & d[n may also be taught z above accord+ to ! in/ruction laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #ba1 p>a4 #c1 figures repres5t+ m5 at v>i\s di/ances be+ expos$ on ,ti]s ,a & ,b to repres5t an advance or retirem5t 9 ! place ( fatigue-m54 ,aim+-(f = movem5t c be taught ) ! cross+ figures on ! ,t>get z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #bb1 p>a4 #a4 7iii7 ,rapid adju/m5t ( sights c be taught on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures by expos+ a numb] ( figures repres5t+ m5 at diff]5t di/ances4 ,! di/ance ( ea* figure w n be giv54 ,m5 w adju/ _! sights = ! di/ance at :i* !y e/imate x to be4 ,! correct range ( ! figure w !n be giv51 & ! m5 w decl>e _! e/imate4 ,z ! figures are correctly scal$ to size = #be y>ds range1 ?is practice w help to accu/om ! eye to ! appe>ance ( m5 at diff]5t di/ances1 & s help to "s ext5t to tra9 !m 9 judg+ di/ance1 ?\gh x _c be consid]$ :olly satisfactory = ?is purpose = ! reasons giv5 9 ,sec4 #gj1 p>a4 #b4 #c4 ,in/ruction 9 ,fir+--7i7 ,elem5t>y ,tra9+4--,?is tra9+ c be c>ri$ out on ! ,t>get )\t sc5]y1 accord+ to ! directions laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #bd & ! re/ ( ,*apt] ,,iv4 7ii7 ,vuln]ability ( ,diff]5t ,fir+ ,positions 7,sec4 #bf1 p>a4 #a74--,?is c be illu/rat$ on ! ,t>get ) ! aid ( figures repres5t+ m5 9 ! /&+1 kneel+1 & ly+ positions at v>i\s di/ances4 ,figures 9 ! /&+ & ly+ positions respectively are %[n at v>i\s ranges 9 ,figs4 #ee & #ef1 arrang$ on ,ti] ,b ( ! ,t>get4 7iii7 ,ne$ = ,avoid+ ,unnecess>y ,movem5ts 9 ,load+ & ,fir+ 7,sec4 #cj1 p>a4 #a74--,?is important rule c be illu/rat$ on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & a numb] ( figures repres5t+ m5 9 v>i\s fir+ positions at diff]5t di/ances1 dispos$ ei!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps 9 ! op5 or p>tly beh9d cov] su* z bu%es1 rocks1 walls1 etc4 ,! figures %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( backgr\nd :i* h>monizes ) _! col\r1 s t !y are invisible to ! nak$ eye :5 motionless4 ,! me*anism %\ld !n be op]at$ s z to move ! figures slightly to demon/rate to ! class 7a7 t a figure :i* is invisible to ! nak$ eye :ile motionless cat*es ! eye ?r\gh movem5t1 & 7b7 t :ile quick movem5ts may escape ! eye1 & ev5 if se5 may make m>k+ d[n difficult1 movem5ts prolong$ ev5 = a %ort "t cat* ! eye & facilitate m>k+ d[n4 ,?is object-lesson w emphasize ! rule t movem5ts 9 ! op5 %\ld be conf9$ to ^? :i* are absolutely necess>y1 & t ^! %\ld be made sm>tly4 7iv7 ,fir+ f ,cov]4--,?is in/ruction c be practis$ on m9iature ranges1 accord+ to ! rules laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #ca1 p>a4 #d1 ) cov] improvis$ by ! use ( s&bags1 etc4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! fir+ positions are correctly adapt$ to diff]5t =ms ( cov]4 ,! ne$ = keep+ ! eye fix$ on ! t>get :5 fir+ f cov] c be illu/rat$ on ! ,t>get by ! use ( sc5]y & disappe>+ & cross+ figures repres5t+ m5 at diff]5t di/ances4 ,! correct & incorrect me?od ( us+ v>i\s k9ds ( cov] c also be illu/rat$ on ! ,t>get1 toge!r ) faults su* z fir+ ov] in/ead ( r\nd ! side ( cov] :5 ?is is possible1 undue exposure1 & unnecess>y movem5t4 ,! ,t>get c also be us$ ) sc5]y & figures = lectures on ! *oice ( cov] & ! advantages & disadvantages ( diff]5t k9ds ( cov] accord+ to ! in/ruction laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #ca1 p>a4 #c 7ii7 to 7iv7 inclusive1 & p>a4 #e4 #d4 ,visual ,tra9+--7i7 ,disc]nm5t ( ,t>gets4--,tra9+ c be c>ri$ out on ! ,t>get z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #cd ) diff]5t types ( sc5]y & figures repres5t+ bo? m5 & bodies ( troops 9 diff]5t =mations at v>i\s ranges4 ,! me?ods ( in/ruction describ$ 9 p>as4 #c to #h ( ?is section1 inclusive1 c be c>ri$ out on ! same pr9ciple z 9 tra9+ on ! gr\nd4 7ii7 ,effect ( ,backgr\nd on ,visibility4--,figs4 #ee & #ef illu/rate object-lessons 9 ! effect ( backgr\nd on ! visibility ( s]vice t>gets4 ,= in/ance1 ly+ figures 9 front ( ! h$ge to ! left ( ! tree on ! left ( ! :ite h\se 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,fig4 #ee are h>dly visible at close range 9 ! op51 :ile a khaki figure ne> ! "r edge ( ! d>k wood to ! "r ( ! hills 9 ,fig4 #ef is di/9ct1 ?\gh x repres5ts a man #a1djj y>ds away1 :ile ! re/ ( a l9e ( simil> figures col\r$ grey ext5d$ to 8 "r 9 front ( ! wood are invisible4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 photographic reproduction ! visibility ( ! figures is exagg]at$ z comp>$ ) _! visibility aga9/ ! sc5]y :5 obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye at #be y>ds4 7iii7 ,figures :i* are invisible to ! nak$ eye aga9/ ! sc5ic backgr\nd ( ! ,t>get c be made di/9ctly visible by hold+ a :ite piece ( pap] beh9d !m to ?r[ !m into %>p relief4 ,?is object-lesson w illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* a sky-l9e or a %eet ( wat]1 = in/ance1 affects ! visibility ( object se5 aga9/ su* backgr\nds4 ,! effect ( movem5t on visibility has be5 dealt ) 9 p>a4 #c 7iii7 ( ?is section4 7iv7 ,use ( ,field-,glasses4--,?is c be practis$ z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #cd1 p>a4 #f4 #e4 ,milit>y ,vocabul>y & ,/udy ( ,gr\nd4--,?is in/ruction c be c>ri$ out on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures1 includ+ ^? :i* repres5t troops 9 diff]5t =mations1 artill]y1 transport1 etc41 & also on ,l&scapes accord+ to ! rules laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #ce1 p>as4 #c to #f inclusive4 #f4 ,range-,c>ds & ,range-,m>ks 7,sec4 #dj74--,! ,t>get ) sc5]y & also ,l&scapes may be us$ = lectures on ! *oice ( features ( gr\nd = tak+ ranges1 & = ! prep>ation ( range-c>ds & range-m>ks 9 attack & def5ce4 #g4 ,obs]vation ( ,fire4--,obs]vation ( fire c be practis$ on m9iature ranges z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #gc1 p>a #d4 #h4 ,fire ,direction & ,control4--7i7 ,lectures4--,lectures on organization = fire action & ! tactical application ( fire1 bas$ on ! in/ruction laid d[n 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 c be illu/rat$ on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures1 & also to "s ext5t on ,l&scapes4 ,^! lectures %\ld include subjects su* z allocation ( frontages & objectives to fire-units1 indication ( ! limits ( sectors by description po9ts1 ju/ification = op5+ fire1 *oice ( t>gets1 conc5tration & di/ribution ( fire1 mutual support1 surprise1 & use ( rapid fire see ,sec4 #gd1 p>a4 #e 7iii74 7ii7 ,description & ,recognition ( ,t>gets4--,?is in/ruction %\ld be c>ri$ out z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #de on ! ,t>get ) sc5]y & figures1 & on ,l&scapes4 ,9 tra9+ fire-unit comm&]s 9 ! description ( t>gets on ! ,solano ,t>get ! app>atus %\ld be arrang$ be=eh&1 s t ! in/ructor is able sudd5ly to expose t>gets repres5t+ bodies ( troops at diff]5t di/ances 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! field ( fire 7see ,sec4 #gd1 p>a4 #d74 #i4 ,fire ,discipl9e4--,m5 may be practis$ 9 ! duties ( fire discipl9e1 includ+ pass+ fire ord]s1 concurr5tly ) ! tra9+ ( fire-unit comm&]s z describ$ 9 ,sec4 #dg1 p>as4 #h to #aa inclusive4 ,!y may also be practis$ 9 work+ 9 pairs dur+ ex]cises 9 fire discipl9e1 & by individual field practices & obs]vation practices4 ,section #gc4--,range ,practices4 #a4 ,arrangem5t ( ,t>get4--,! arrangem5t ( ! ,t>get = gr\p+ & application practices is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,?is arrangem5t mu/ be modifi$ if ! practice is an in/ructional "o1 few] t>gets be+ us$1 z x may n be f\nd possible to accommodate eight fir]s & eight in/ructors at ! fir+-po9t at ! same "t4 ,9 ?is case t>gets %\ld be plac$ on ,ti] ,a only4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,t>get = obs]vation practices is describ$ 9 ,app5dix ,,vii1 p>a4 #f1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 #b4 ,gr\p+ ,practices4--,! dim5sions ( ! r+s to be us$ 9 measur+ gr\ps 9 gr\p+ practices fir$ on m9iature ranges are giv5 9 ,sec4 #di1 p>a4 #f 7xi74 ,in/ruction w be c>ri$ out on ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #eb1 & ,sec4 #ef4 ,! conditions ( practices are laid d[n 9 ,tables ,a & ,b4 #c4 ,in/ructional ,practices4--,! conditions ( ^! practices are laid d[n 9 ,tables ,a & ,b4 #d4 ,obs]vation ,practices4--,^! practices c be c>ri$ out ) figures to practise m5 9 ! duties describ$ 9 ,sec4 #dg1 p>a4 #d4 ,! range may be e/imat$ by ! size ( ! figure fir$ at1 & aim correct$ by obs]v+ ! results ( fire z ! bullets /rike ! sawdu/ bank or pap] scre5 7see ,sec4 #gd1 p>a4 #f1 ,practice ,no4 #d74 ,section #gd4--;,field ,practices1 ,night ,fir+ & ,competitions4 #a4 ,arrangem5t ( ,t>get & ,numb] ( ,fir]s4--,! arrangem5t ( ! ,t>get = individual & collective field practices is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ee & #ef1 & fully describ$ 9 ! ,(ficial ,h&book m5tion$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,,vii1 p>a4 #a4 ,t>gets may be arrang$ on bo? ti]s4 ,if necess>y1 z _m z eight m5 may fire individual field practices at ! same "t4 ,six or eight m5 "u a fire-unit comm&] is a conv5i5t numb] = fir+ collective field practices ei!r on ! ,t>get or l&scapes4 ,! ,fir]s may repres5t a s+le fire-unit "u its comm&]1 or be divid$ into two or m fire-units1 ea* "u its own comm&]4 ,! arrangem5t ( l&scapes = collective field practices is %[n 9 ,figs4 #eg & #eh1 & describ$ 9 ! ,(ficial ,h&book ref]r$ to above4 #b4 ,conditions ( ,practices4--7i7 ,! conditions ( practices z laid d[n 9 ?is *apt] may be v>i$ at ! discretion ( ! in/ructor to suit ! skill ( fir]s4 ,in/ructors %\ld enc\rage fire-unit comm&]s & m5 to devise ! conditions ( practical individual & collective field practices4 ,int]e/ w be add$ to a practice if m5 are all[$1 "u 8 sup]vision1 to arrange ! sc5]y & place t>gets 9 position = practices to be c>ri$ out by _! comrades4 ,be=e comm5c+1 ! object ( ea* practice w be expla9$ to ! fir]s by ! in/ructor4 7ii7 ,aft] fir+1 ! squad w proce$ to ! ,t>get1 :5 ! results ( fir+ w be criticiz$ & ! causes ( failure discuss$4 ,hits on figure t>gets w be c\nt$ = scor+ accord+ to ! rules laid d[n 9 ! field practices 9 ,*apt] ,,viii & 9 ,app5dix1 ,,vi1 p>as4 #d & #e4 ,rifles are to be load$ be=e or aft] comm5cem5t ( practice or appe>ance ( t>gets1 z ord]$4 ,movem5t may be c>ri$ out by runn+ di/ances repres5t+ an advance ei!r outside ! range or betwe5 fir+-po9t & butt1 due precautions be+ tak5 to avoid accid5ts4 #c4 ,individual ,field ,practices--7i7 ,demon/rations4--,individual field practices may ) advantage comm5ce ) demon/rations c>ri$ out ) or )\t fir+ on ! ,t>get1 arrang$ ) sc5]y & figures to illu/rate lectures on important subjects1 su* z ju/ification = op5+ fire1 *oice ( t>gets1 & ! duties ( m5 work+ 9 pairs4 7ii7 ,ju/ification = ,op5+ ,fire4--,= example1 ju/ification = op5+ fire may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ object-lesson1 :i* w also help m5 to recognize ! limit ( individual fire1 & expla9 ! ne$ = collective fire beyond close range4 ,figures repres5t+ infantry l9es 9 ext5d$ ord] at #b1jjj1 #a1hjj1 #a1fjj1 #a1djj1 #a1bjj1 #a1jjj1 #hjj1 #fjj1 & #djj y>ds1 may be expos$ on ,ti]s ,a & ,b to repres5t ! advance ( an enemy 9 attack4 ,all ! figures w be %[n aga9/ backgr\nd :i* h>monizes ) _! col\r+4 ,! difficulty ( disc]n+ t>gets beyond close range w be demon/rat$4 ,! difficulty ( e/imat+ ! range ( ! figures beyond close range by ! diff]5ce 9 _! size1 ev5 :5 difficulties due to atmosph]ic influ5ces & movem5t are abs5t1 w also be indicat$4 ,f9ally1 a good %ot may be told (f to fire five r\nds at a #a1jjj y>ds figure2 five r\nds at a #fjj y>ds figure2 & five r\nds at a #djj y>ds figure1 to illu/rate ! limit ( probable assurance ( fire effect f individual fire1 & to demon/rate ! pr9ciple :i* und]lies ju/ification = op5+ individual fire--namely1 t su* fire mu/ n be op5$ unless !re is at lea/ probable assurance ( effect4 7iii7 ,*oice ( ,t>gets4--,! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! *oice ( t>gets 9 individual fir+ may be illu/rat$ 9 ! same mann] by arrang+ figures on ! ,t>get s z to repres5t m or less fav\rable or important t>gets betwe5 :i* fir]s may commonly h to *oose4 ,= in/ance1 figures repres5t+ a l9e ( m5 9 ext5d$ ord] may be arrang$ s t ! int]vals betwe5 ! m5 9 "s p>ts ( ! l9e are consid]able1 :ile 9 o!rs !y art cr[d$ toge!r1 %\ld] to %\ld] 7see footnote1 p4 #bbf74 ,"h ! ?icke/ "p ( ! l9e is ! m fav\rable t>get4 ,aga91 t>gets :i* are di/9ctly visible ow+ to ! effect ( backgr\nd are m fav\rable ?an ^? :i* are r5d]$ indi/9ct ow+ to ?is cause4 ,t>gets consi/+ ( m5 9 ! /&+ position are1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 m fav\rable ?an ^? 9 ! kneel+ & ly+ positions1 & m5 9 ! op5 are obvi\sly m fav\rable t>gets ?an ^? p>tly conceal$ beh9d cov]1 especially if x af=ds protection f fire4 ,^! object-lessons illu/rate ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! *oice ( t>gets--namely1 to select ! t>get :i* gives ! greate/ probable assurance ( fire effect1 or :i* 9 any giv5 situation is ! mo/ important4 7iv7 ,object-lessons illu/rat+ o!r important po9ts may be arrang$ on ! ,t>get by in/ructors on ! same pr9ciple z ! above examples4 7v7 ,conditions ( ,practices4--,! ,individual ,field ,practices ,nos4 #a to #f on pp4 #ahe-ahh1 ,*apt] ,,viii1 c all be adapt$ ) necess>y modifications z to t>gets1 numb]s fir+1 etc41 = fir+ on ! ,solano ,t>get ) sc5]y1 sc5ic accessories1 & figures4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( o!r individual field practices :i* c be c>ri$ out on ! ,t>get1 & are suitable = bo? in/ruction & competitions4 ,fir+ %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! diff]5t fir+ positions f beh9d cov]1 z well z )\t cov]1 or re/ = arms or rifle4 ,,individual ,,field ,,practices ,,on ,,! ,,solano ,,t>get4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to op5 fire ) effect quickly4 ,r\nds3 #f p] man4 ,t>gets3 #b p] man--"o #cjj y>ds head & %\ld]s1 & "o #djj y>ds /&+ figure on diff]5t ti]s4 ,directions3 ,ea* t>get to be expos$ s+ly 9 any ord]1 #c times = #e seconds1 at unc]ta9 int]vals ( n less ?an #aj seconds4 #a r\nd to be fir$ on ea* exposure4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to op5 fire ) effect quickly & to aim (f4 ,r\nds3 #e p] man4 ,t>gets3 #a p] man--#djj or #fjj y>ds /&+ figure4 ,directions3 ,! figures w be arrang$ on ! c>ri]s ( ! cross+ me*anism on ,ti] ,a4 ,sc5ic accessories1 su* z h\ses1 trees1 foliage1 etc41 w be arrang$ on ! ,t>get s z to conceal ! figures at _! />t+-po9ts1 & also along ! front groove ( ! ,ti] across :i* ! figures w be mov$ ) irregul> int]vals ( "s #f to #ab in*es betwe5 !m4 ,! figures w be mov$ f ! concealm5t ( cov] to repres5t an enemy's sc\t d\bl+ across ! fir]'s front f cov] to cov]4 ,on disappe>+ beh9d ea* successive piece ( cov] ! figures w be halt$ = an unc]ta9 "t1 n less ?an #e seconds1 aft] :i* !y w be retir$ or advanc$ to ! %elt] ( ! ne>e/ cov]1 :5 !y w aga9 be halt$4 ,ea* figure w be expos$ 9 ?is mann] #e times4 #a r\nd w be fir$ on ea* exposure :ile ! figure is 9 motion4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to m>k d[n an enemy4 ,r\nds3 #f p] man4 ,t>gets3 #b p] man--#djj or #fjj y>ds /&+ figure4 ,directions3 ,"o figure on ea* ti] ( ! ,t>get fix$ to clips ei!r )\t cov] 9 front or beh9d cov] :i* af=ds protection f fire1 su* z rocks1 a wall1 or a bank4 ,! cov] mu/ n conceal m ?an half ! figure :5 expos$4 ,at fir/ cov] may be isolat$ to facilitate m>k+ d[n1 b z progress is made x %\ld be cont9u\s4 ,ea* t>get to be expos$ s+ly = #c seconds 9 any ord] & at unc]ta9 int]vals ( n less ?an #aj seconds1 !n disappe>$ = #aj seconds1 & !n expos$ aga9 = #d seconds4 #a r\nd to be fir$ at ea* t>get on second exposure4 ,?is practice c also be c>ri$ out ) ! m5 work+ 9 pairs & tak+ x 9 turns to fire & to help to obs]ve & m>k d[n4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to fire at gr\nd4 ,r\nds3 #c p] man4 ,t>gets3 #a p] man--#djj or #fjj y>ds /&+ figure4 ,directions3 ,! figure1 mu/ be fix$ to clips on ei!r ti] beh9d cov] :i* does n af=d protection f fire1 su* z a bu% or h$ge4 ,! cov] mu/ n conceal m ?an half ! figure :5 expos$4 ,at fir/1 to r5d] m>k+ d[n & aim easy1 cov] may be isolat$1 su* z a bu%1 b z progress is made x %\ld be cont9u\s4 ,ea* figure w be expos$ = #c seconds & !n disappe>$ to repres5t a man advanc+ & tak+ cov]4 #aj seconds w be all[$ = fir+ #c %ots at ! gr\nd l9e ( ! spot m>k$ d[n = ! position ( ! figure beh9d cov]4 ,?is practice c also be c>ri$ out ) ! m5 work+ 9 pairs & tak+ x 9 turns to fire & to help to obs]ve & m>k d[n4 ,hits may be *eck$ z foll[s--on ! back ( cov] imm$iately 9 front ( ! figure an outl9e 9 p5cil mu/ be drawn ( its head & %\ld]s to repres5t ! figure 9 ! ly+ position beh9d cov]4 ,! %ot-holes w !n %[ :e!r hits h be5 scor$4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to snap%oot4 ,r\nds3 #f p] man4 ,t>gets3 #c p] man--#cjj or #djj y>ds head & %\ld]s figures & #djj or #fjj y>ds /&+ figures4 ,directions3 ,a great v>iety ( ^! practices c be arrang$1 & m5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to devise ! conditions4 ,t>gets mu/ be conceal$ on ! mov+ & disappe>+ me*anism ,ti] ,a & on ,ti] ,b beh9d cov] su* z walls1 rocks1 trees1 h$ges1 bu%es1 h\ses1 & cottages 7see ,app5dix1 ,sec4 ,,vii1 p>a4 #d74 ,figures w be expos$ to repres5t m5 fir+ ov] cov] & r\nd ! side ( cov]4 ,! doors & w9d[s ( ! l>g] h\ses & cottages may be cut out & disappe>+ figures expos$ = %ort int]vals to repres5t m5 fir+ f !m z 9 /reet fight+4 ,t>gets may also be expos$ to repres5t m5 mov+ quickly across op5 spaces betwe5 cov] su* z trees1 etc41 to repres5t t>gets se5 9 wood fight+4 ,m5 w fire f beh9d cov]1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t !y wat* gr\nd :ile wait+ to fire 9 correct positions ) ! m9imum ( exposure1 & t all unnecess>y movem5ts 9 load+ & fir+ are avoid$4 ,m5 w be tra9$ to aim & fire imm$iately on ! appe>ance ( ! t>get ) ! m9imum ( exposure :ile do+ s1 & to take cov]1 load1 & resume _! wat* = t>gets z quickly z possible aft] fir+4 ,ea* t>get w be expos$ twice = #d seconds4 ,!y w be expos$ s+ly 9 any ord] at int]vals n exce$+ #aj seconds1 #a r\nd w be fir$ on ea* exposure4 ,!y may also be expos$ simultane\sly to te/ ! judgm5t ( m5 9 ! *oice ( t>gets4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to comb9e rapidity ) accuracy ( fire4 ,r\nds3 #e p] man4 ,t>gets3 #a p] man--#djj or #fjj y>ds /&+ figure4 ,directions3 ,on ! exposure ( ! t>get m5 w fire #e r\nds z rapidly z possible4 ,! "t tak5 by ea* man 9 fir+ #e r\nds w be *eck$4 ,accuracy mu/ n be sacrific$ = rapidity1 & hits scor$ w be m important ?an ! "t tak5 9 fir+4 ,no4 #g4 ,object3 ,to tea* m5 to comb9e fire & movem5t4 ,r\nds3 #f p] man4 ,t>gets3 ,any ( ! foll[+3 7a7 ,a r[ ( ,solano figures repres5t+ a l9e ( loophol$ head-cov] entr5*m5ts4 7b7 ,a r[ ( #cjj or #djj y>ds head-&-%\ld] figures repres5t+ m5 fir+ f a bank or op5 tr5*4 7c7 ,a r[ ( l[ bu%es repres5t+ ! l9e ( a scre5$ entr5*m5t4 7d7 ,a /one wall m>k$ ) loopholes or ) head-&-%\ld] figures expos$ at int]vals to repres5t m5 fir+ ov] x4 7e7 ,a r[ ( h\ses def5d$ f doors & w9d[s4 7f7 ,folds ( gr\nd1 etc4 ,directions3 ,! above t>gets1 7a7 to 7e7 inclusive1 may be arrang$ on ei!r ti]2 7f7 w consi/ ( features %[n on ! sc5]y itself4 ,! fir]s w repres5t a fir+-l9e advanc+ at close range4 ,fir+ w be c>ri$ out z foll[s3 #b r\nds w be fir$2 ! m5 w !n run #ej y>ds & fire #b m r\nds1 aft] :i* !y w run #ej y>ds aga9 & fire ! la/ #b r\nds4 #d4 ,fire ,direction ,practices 7,sec4 #db1 p>as4 #h & #i1 ,sec4 #dg1 p>as4 #b to #d inclusive1 & ,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #c74--7;i7 ,?\gh (fic]s & ,n4,c4,o4's _c be tra9$ satisfactorily 9 ! important duties ( rang+ on m9iature ranges1 mu* useful in/ruction c be c>ri$ out by fire direction practices on ! t>get & l&scapes1 ! object ( :i* w be to tea* fire-unit comm&]s & m5 to "w toge!r 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal duties ( fire direction1 control1 & discipl9e be=e proce$+ to fire collective field practices4 7ii7 ,! object ( ^! practices is to tra9 fire-unit comm&]s to disc]n t>gets quickly1 describe !m accurately1 & give cle>1 correct fire ord]s 7,sec4 #df1 p>as4 #a to #f inclusive71 & to tra9 m5 to recognize t>gets1 obey & pass fire ord]s4 ,bo? (fic]s & m5 w previ\sly h be5 tra9$ to "s ext5t 9 ^! duties4 ,9 fire direction practices !y %\ld be c>ri$ out z a :ole "u a "t limit1 reckon$ f ! appe>ance ( ! t>get to ! end ( fir+ or aim+ 9 ob$i5ce to fire ord]s4 ,! "t limit %\ld be decreas$ z progress is made4 ,obs]v]s %\ld also be tra9$ 9 _! duties 9 ^! practices1 :i* %\ld be devis$ s z to tra9 bo? fire-unit comm&]s & obs]v]s to wat* = signals & ma9ta9 communication ) neighb\r+ units 7,sec4 #db1 p>a4 #h 7ii7 7b71 & p>a4 #i74 7iii7 ,! t>get %\ld be arrang$ be=e practices ) a v>iety ( figures repres5t+ v>i\s arms & troops 9 diff]5t =mations at v>i\s ranges 7,app5dix1 ,,vii1 p>a4 #e74 ,!y %\ld be expos$ sudd5ly = %ort "t limits correspond+ approximately to ! probable "t exposure ( su* t>gets on s]vice4 ,fire-unit comm&]s %\ld use field-glasses & include ranges e/imat$ by ! size ( ! figures 9 fire ord]s4 ,pass+ fire ord]s may be practis$ by pass+ !m d[n a l9e ( m5 to ^? at ! fir+-po9t 7,sec4 #df1 p>a4 #g74 ,?is %\ld be done if possible :ile fir+ is proce$+4 ,practices may be c>ri$ out ) fir+ or by aim+ ) rifles on re/s = lay+ aim4 ,in/ructors mu/ c>efully criticize ! "w ( bo? fire-unit comm&]s & m54 #e4 ,collective ,field ,practices 7,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #d7--7;i7 ,demon/rations4--,^! practices may be prec$$ by lectures demon/rat+ "s ( ! ,po9ts = ,criticism set out 9 ,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #d 7iii71 & also po9ts 9 ! in/ruction laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #ce1 p>a4 #d 7,reconnaissance ( ,gr\nd 9 ,attack & ,def5ce71 ,sec4 #db 7,organization = ,fire ,action71 ,sec4 #dc 7,effect ( ,fire at ,diff]5t ,ranges on ,v>i\s ,=mations & ,objectives71 & ,sec4 #dd 7,tactical ,application ( ,fire74 7ii7 ,arrangem5t ( ,t>get = ,demon/rations4--,demon/rations %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! ,t>get arrang$ ) sc5]y & figures ) or )\t fir+ to illu/rate in/ruction4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! t>get = lectures & demon/rations af=ds scope = skill & +5uity on ! "p ( in/ructors1 & may be us$ to give practical in/ruction to ,n4,c4,o4's & m5 engag$ to help 9 arrang+ ! sc5]y & figures to illu/rate v>i\s pr9ciples & tactical s*emes4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( simple lessons :i* may be demon/rat$ on ! ,t>get4 7iii7 ,examples ( ,demon/rations4 ,no4 #a4 ,ne$ = ,collective ,fire4--,! in/ruction laid d[n 9 ,sec4 #aa may be demon/rat$ by arrang+ figures on ! ,t>get z above describ$ 9 p>a4 #c 7ii71 add+ figures repres5t+ troops 9 diff]5t =mations1 artill]y & transport at ranges up to #b1ejj y>ds4 ,if ! demon/ration is c>ri$ out ) fir+1 a useful object lesson may be provid$ z foll[s4 ,a r[ ( #a1jjj & #a1bjj y>d figures c be arrang$ on ! clips s t :5 expos$ _! heads w appe> ov] cont9u\s cov]1 su* z l[ bu%es1 to repres5t m5 fir+ f a bank or fold ( ! gr\nd4 ,! figures w be arrang$ aga9/ backgr\nd :i* r5d]s !m invisible to ! nak$ eye f ! fir+-po9t4 ,! fir]s w be told t !y h come "u ! fire ( ! enemy some:]e to _! front1 & t ! ne$ = reply+ to x imm$iately to m9imize its effect is urg5t4 ,!y w dep5d ^u individual fir+ = fire effect4 ,:5 !y h realiz$ _! helplessness1 a fire-unit comm&] w indicate ! t>get & direct fire1 ! results ( :i* w be not$4 ,no4 #b4 ,ju/ification = ,op5+ ,fire 7,sec4 #dc & ,sec4 #dd1 p>as4 #c to #f inclusive74--,?is may be demon/rat$ by v>i\s examples c>ri$ out ) or )\t fir+ to illu/rate ! pr9ciple t fire mu/ n be op5$ 9 attack or def5ce )\t reasonable assurance ( effect 9 reg>d to ! object = :i* x is deliv]$4 ,= in/ance1 a numb] ( r\nds may be fir$ at an ext5d$ l9e ( #b1jjj or #a1fjj y>d figures1 & an equal numb] ( r\nds at an ext5d$ l9e ( #a1jjj & #hjj y>d figures1 to illu/rate ! great] effect ( fire at clos] ranges4 ,x mu/ be expla9$1 h[ev]1 t exceptionally fav\rable t>gets may ju/ify ! op5+ ( fire at long & di/ant ranges ,sec4 #dc1 p>a4 #b 7iii74 ,no4 #c4 ,*oice ( ,t>gets ,sec4 #ed1 ,note to p>a4 #d 7iii74--,! pr9ciple t ! m fav\rable or important t>gets %\ld be *os5 may be illu/rat$ by v>i\s examples1 z = in/ance by expos+ a l9e ( #hjj y>d figures s t ! heads & %\ld]s only are visible above cov] af=d+ protection f fire1 & expos+ a l9e ( ! same figures upright 9 ! op5 to "o side4 ,if c>ri$ out ) fir+1 a demon/ration ( ! effects ( conv]g+ fire 7,sec4 #dd1 p>a4 #aa7 may be comb9$ ) t ( ! *oice ( t>gets z foll[s3 ,! fir]s may be divid$ into two fire-units ( f\r m5 ea* "u its own comm&]4 ,ea* unit w deliv] delib]ate fire = half a m9ute at a l9e ( #a1jjj y>d figures on ,ti] ,a )9 its own sector or frontage4 ,a d5se l9e ( #hjj y>ds figures w !n be expos$ 9 ! c5tre ( ,ti] ,b to repres5t a "p ( ! enemy's l9e :i* has tak5 advantage ( a cov]$ approa* or dead gr\nd to pu% =w>d4 ,bo? fire-unit comm&]s w at once div]t ! fire ( half _! unit 9 a bur/ ( rapid conv]g+ fire = half a m9ute at ?is fav\rable t>get :ile cont9u+ to keep ! enemy's l9e to 8 front "u fire ) ! re/ ( 8 unit = ! same "t4 ,results ( fir+ w be comp>$4 ,no4 #d4 ,control ( ,fire z to ,rate & ,volume 7,sec4 #dd1 p>as4 #ad-ag inclusive74--,! above object lesson illu/rates ! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! control ( fire z to volume & rate1 bo? ( :i* are increas$ to get ! greate/ possible effect aga9/ v fav\rable or important t>gets4 ,_m o!r object lessons c be devis$ on ! ,t>get ) figures to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( fire control4 ,= in/ance1 aga9/ an enemy's entr5*m5t or fir+ l9e "u cov]1 fire at long] ranges w usually be delib]ate1 :ile aga9/ ! d5se l9e ( an attack at close range or aga9/ v fav\rable or important t>gets1 especially if !y are fleet+1 x w usually be deliv]$ 9 rapid bur/s & 9 z great a volume z possible4 ,! relation betwe5 ! rate & volume ( fire & ! object = :i* x is deliv]$1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* x is deliv]$1 %\ld be expla9$ & demon/rat$ 9 connection ) fire control4 ,no4 #e4 ,conc5tration & ,di/ribution ( ,fire ,sec4 #dd1 p>as4 #h & #i2 & ,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #c 7v7 to 7vii7 inclusive4--,! broad pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! conc5tration & di/ribution ( fire may be illu/rat$ by arrang+ figures repres5t+ troops 9 diff]5t =mations1 ma*9e guns1 etc41 at v>i\s ranges on ! ,t>get1 s t m5 c see ! diff]5t k9ds ( t>gets aga9/ :i* fire w be conc5trat$ or di/ribut$4 ,= in/ance1 aga9/ a n>r[-front$ column or ma*9e gun fire w be conc5trat$1 :ile aga9/ l9es ( infantry 9 ext5d$ ord] or ! frontage ( a def5sive position fire w usually be di/ribut$4 ,fire may1 h[ev]1 be conc5trat$ if "p ( a l9e (f]s a fav\rable t>get ?r\gh ! m5 fail+ to keep _! ext5sion & cr[d+ toge!r1 on ! pr9ciple t fire %\ld be conc5trat$ aga9/ v vuln]able t>gets or at po9ts :]e x w produce increas$ effect4 ,no4 #f4 ,mutual ,support & ,cov]+ ,fire 7,sec4 #dd1 p>as4 #ab & #ac74--,! broad pr9ciples gov]n+ ! application ( fire 9 mutual support & cov]+ fire may be illu/rat$ by arrang+ simple tactical s*emes on ! ,t>get 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! fir]s w be divid$ into two fire-units1 z 9 ,demon/ration ,no4 #c4 ,!y are suppos$ to be "p ( a fir+ l9e 9 attack4 ,to illu/rate mutual support1 "o unit w be repres5t$ by a l9e ( figures on ,ti] ,b1 directly 9 front ( x4 ,:5 ! figures are disappe>$1 ! unit !y repres5t is suppos$ to be halt$1 & :5 !y are expos$1 x is suppos$ to be advanc+4 ,! enemy's position w be indicat$ z a def9ite frontage 9 front ( ea* unit on ! sc5]y above ,ti] ,a1 or ! sc5ic accessories on ?is ti]4 ,:ile bo? units are suppos$ to be fir+ dur+ a halt1 ! figures on ,ti] ,a w be expos$1 d5ot+ t "o unit is advanc+4 ,! comm&] ( ! o!r unit w at once direct fire f "p ( 8 unit 9 rapid fire aga9/ ! front ( ! enemy's position to ! front ( ! advanc+ unit1 :ile keep+ ! enemy's position to 8 front "u fire f ! re/ ( 8 unit4 ,to illu/rate cov]+ fire1 a l9e ( figures on ,ti] ,b w repres5t ! fir+ l9e ( an attack1 to :i* ! fir]s are supports on high gr\nd4 ,! enemy's front w be indicat$ on ,ti] ,a4 ,:5 ! figures are expos$1 d5ot+ an advance by ! fir+ l9e1 ! supports w cov] ! advance by deliv]+ heavy fire at ! enemy's position to ! front ( ! figures4 ,no4 #g4 ,fire & ,movem5t 7,sec4 #dd1 p>a4 #g74--,! control ( fire 9 its application to movem5t may1 = example1 be illu/rat$ by suppos+ ! fir]s to be "p ( a =ce act+ on ! def5sive aga9/ an attack+ =ce1 repres5t$ by figures on ! ,t>get4 ,consid]ations relative to op5+ fire may be /udi$1 toge!r ) ! control ( fire aga9/ advanc+ troops1 ) ! object ( obta9+ increas$ effect at clos] ranges & attempt+ surprise 7,sec4 #dd1 p>as4 #ag & #ah74 ,! rate & volume ( fire 9 relation to movem5t may be demon/rat$ by illu/rat+ by figures arrang$ on bo? ti]s ( ! ,t>get ! diff]5t /ages ( an attack#ca 9 column & ext5d$ ord] =mations f #a1fjj to #fjj or #djj y>ds range1 an advance1 & expla9+ t ! rate ( fire is usually delib]ate :5 ! enemy halts or takes cov]1 & is increas$ 9 rate & volume :5 8 troops pres5t fav\rable t>gets dur+ =w>d movem5t1 m especially to beat !m (f 9 ! act ( assault+ ,sec4 #dd1 p>a4 #af 7i7 & 7ii74 ,no4 #h4 ,organization = ,fire ,action 7,sec4 #db74--;,be=e comm5c+ collective field practices1 ! pr9ciples ( organization = fire action1 s f> z x conc]ns ! allotm5t ( frontages & ! division ( ! field ( fire into sep>ate sectors = ea* fire unit %\ld be demon/rat$ to fire-unit comm&]s on ! ,t>get or on l&scape t>gets4 ,platoon & section comm&]s inclusive4 may be practis$ 9 indicat+ ! limits ( sectors to _! units1 aft] ! frontage allott$ to _! unit 9 a field ( fire has be5 po9t$ out to ^! comm&]s4 ,! limits ( sectors mu/ be indicat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,sec4 #db1 p>a4 #c1 & illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! nature & details ( fields ( fire %\ld be v>i$ z mu* z possible to accu/om unit comm&]s to deal+ ) all k9ds ( gr\nd4 ,! field ( fire may be divid$ up into two1 ?ree1 or f\r sectors1 a diff]5t unit comm&] be+ made to indicate ! limits ( ea* sector4 7iv7 ,conditions ( ,practices4--,! collective field practices on pp4 #ahh to #aib inclusive may be adapt$ = m9iature range fir+ on ! ,t>get by modify+ ! conditions z may be necess>y4 ,! conditions ( practices may also be bas$ on ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! examples ( demon/rations giv5 9 p>a4 7iii7 above4 ,in/ructors %\ld enc\rage fire-unit comm&]s & ,n4,c4,o4's to devise simple tactical s*emes = collective field practices :i*1 besides tra9+ (fic]s & m5 9 ! duties ( fire direction1 control1 & discipl9e1 w tea* !m to give effect to ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! application ( fire4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,t>get by m5 = practices to be fir$ by _! comrades may also be us$ by ! in/ructor = imp>t+ useful practical k4 ,special att5tion %\ld be paid 9 ^! practices to fir+ f cov]1 pass+ fire ord]s1 & fire discipl9e g5]ally4 ,! foll[+ examples ( practices w s]ve z a guide to in/ructors ) reg>d to conditions4 7v7 ,special ,rules4--,practices w beg9 ) ! caution ,comm5ce1 & w end ) ! ord] ,cease ,fire4 ,! numb]1 nature1 & positions ( t>gets w be unkn[n to fir]s1 & mu/ be invisible until expos$ or mov$4 ,t>gets may be expos$ )\t w>n+ any "t aft] ! caution ,comm5ce1 & ! ord]1 "t1 & duration ( exposure or movem5t w be unkn[n to fir]s 9 e case4 ,all in=mation :i* w help comm&]s & m5 to use _! judgm5t w be giv5 !m be=eh&1 :5 ! object ( ! practice w be expla9$1 b no help or sugge/ion z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y w c>ry out _! duties w be told !m ei!r be=e or dur+ a practice4 ,criticism w n be conf9$ to ! po9ts not$ 9 ! foll[+ examples ( practices1 b w be g5]al4 ,^! examples are purposely made simple1 & devis$ z f> z possible to deal ) situations :i* may confront m5 9 ! pres5t campaign4 ,!y may be v>i$ by ,in/ructors z desir$4 ,,collective ,,field ,,practices ,,on ,,! ,,solano ,,t>get4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,te/ ( fire direction & control4 ,t>gets3 ,ti] ,a 7left section7 infantry l9e /&+1 ext5d$ ord]1 #a1bjj y>ds4 ,"r section1 infantry l9e /&+1 ext5d$ ord]1 #hjj y>ds4 ,ti] ,b 7left half7 infantry l9e /&+1 ext5d$ ord]1 #a1jjj y>ds--half ( l9e cr[d$ toge!r4#cb ,directions3 ,! fir]s w repres5t two sep>ate units 9 neighb\r+ localities ( a def5sive position4 ,! t>get on ,ti] ,a 7"r section7 w fir/ be expos$ = t5 seconds4 ,aft] a pause1 bo? t>gets on ,ti] ,a w be expos$ toge!r = t5 seconds4 ,aft] a pause ! t>gets on ,ti] ,a 7"r section7 & ,ti] ,b w be expos$ toge!r = t5 seconds4 ,p>ticul>s3 ,! enemy at #a1bjj y>ds is difficult to disc]n ow+ to backgr\nd & und]gr[?1 & ! def5ce "k t he is close to a cov]$ approa* :i* w br+ him to #a1jjj y>ds ( _! l9e4 ,criticism3 7i7 ,ju/ification = ,op5+ ,fire3 7a7 ,by bo? units on fir/ exposure ( #hjj y>ds' t>get2 7b7 by bo? units on exposure ( #a1bjj y>ds t>get4 7ii7 ,*oice ( ,t>gets & ,mutual ,support3 ,by left unit on simultane\s exposure ( #a1bjj & #hjj y>ds t>gets4 7iii7 ,rate ( ,fire3 7a7 ,by bo? units on fir/ exposure ( #hjj y>ds t>get2 7b7 by left unit at #a1jjj y>ds t>get4 7iv7 ,conc5tration & ,di/ribution ( ,fire3 ,by left unit at #a1jjj y>ds t>get4 7v7 ,results ( ,fir+4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,te/ ( fire direction by auxili>y aim+-m>ks 7aim+-(f74 ,t>get3 ,a po9t on ! sc5]y indicat$ to unit comm&] z conceal+ enemy's ma*9e-gun at #a1djj y>ds4 ,directions3 ,comm&] is ord]$ to op5 fire at once1 all[+ "o1 two1 or ?ree f+]s' bread?s = ! deflection ( "r-angle w9ds ( v>y+ /r5g? f left or "r4 ,he w select auxili>y aim+-m>ks = direction ( fire & aim+-(f "u a "t limit4 ,criticism3 ,*oice ( description-po9t4 ,cle>ness ( fire ord]s4 ,quick op5+ & rate ( fire4 ,results ( fir+4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,te/ ( fire direction by anticipatory ord]s4 ,directions3 ,a v>iety ( t>gets & tactical s*emes may be employ$ = ?is practice1 :i* may also be made to comb9e fire & movem5t4 ,= example1 ! fir]s may repres5t a =ce 9 pursuit ( retreat+ troops1 & run #ajj y>ds 9 int]vals ( fir+ to repres5t an advance4 ,at ! end ( movem5t pre>rang$ cross+ & disappe>+ t>gets w be expos$ or mov$ at po9ts previ\sly kn[n to comm&]1 :o w indicate !m to m51 tell+ !m to op5 fire :5 t>get appe>s )\t fur!r ord]s4 ,to develop individual judgm5t1 m5 w be made to use _! judgm5t 9 apply+ fire accord+ to nature & importance ( t>gets4 ,criticism33 ,recognition ( t>gets4 ,quick op5+ ( fire4 ,application ( fire z to rate1 volume1 conc5tration1 or di/ribution accord+ to nature ( t>get4 ,fire discipl9e4 ,no4 #d4 ,object33 ,te/ ( individual judgm5t 9 apply+ rapid fire4 ,t>gets3 ,ti] ,a 7left section71 infantry l9e /&+1 ext5d$ ord]1 #fjj y>ds4 ,l9e ( head & %\ld] figures #djj y>ds on "r section4 ,ti] ,b1 d5se l9e /&+ figures1 #djj y>ds1 or /rip ( c>dbo>d ( same measurem5ts4 ,directions3 ,t>gets w be expos$ once sep>ately = #ae seconds ea* at int]vals ( #aj seconds betwe5 exposures 9 foll[+ ord]3 7i7 #fjj y>ds t>get2 7ii7 #djj y>ds head & %\ld]s2 7iii7 #djj y>ds /&+4 ,m5 w fire )\t ord]s4 ,criticism3 ,quick op5+ ( fire4 ,rate ( fire at fir/1 second1 & ?ird t>gets4 ,fire discipl9e4 ,un/eady fir+4 ,results ( fire4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,te/ ( individual judgm5t 9 apply+ fire to a tactical situation4 ,t>gets3 ,ti] ,a1 infantry l9e /&+1 #hjj y>ds4 ,ti] ,b1 d5se infantry l9e /&+1 #fjj y>ds 7figures or c>dbo>d /rip74 ,directions3 #fjj y>ds t>get w fir/ be expos$ alone repres5t+ attack at close range4 #hjj y>ds t>get repres5t+ enemy's supports w !n be expos$ = #ae seconds1 ! #fjj y>ds t>get also rema9+ expos$ = ?is p]iod4 ,fir]s w be told t !y w succe$ 9 *eck+ enemy's fir+ l9e repres5t$ by fir/ t>get expos$1 & w !n deal ) ! situation z x develops )\t ord]s ow+ to sudd5 loss ( _! comm&] at critical mom5t4 ,criticism3 ,quick op5+ ( fire4 ,disc]nm5t ( #hjj y>ds t>get4 ,proportion & rate ( fire div]t$ f enemy's fir+-l9e to supports4 ,fire discipl9e4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,te/ ( rapid fire4 ,t>get3 ,ti] ,b1 d5se l9e ( figures or /rip ( c>dbo>d--#djj y>ds or clos]4 ,directions3 ,t>get w be expos$ = #cj seconds to repres5t an enemy deliv]+ attack f 8 tr5*es on fir]s :o are entr5*$ close to & opposite 8 e>?works4 ,:5 practice comm5ces1 "o fir] z obs]v] w wat* ! front1 :ile o!rs w sit ) _! backs to t>get4 ,:5 ! obs]v] gives ! al>m1 fir]s w rise & op5 rapid fire4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made to c>ry out ?is practice /&+ ) rifles re/$1 & if possible by fir+ f loophol$ head-cov] improvis$ ) s&bags1 etc41 z %[n on p4 #hb ( ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies4 ,! practice may also be fir$ at dusk or ) artificial light+ l[]$ to give ! effect ( unc]ta9 light4 ,criticism3 ,"w ( obs]v]4 ,quick op5+ ( fire4 ,fire discipl9e4 ,p]c5tage ( hits to r\nds fir$4 ,illu/ration3 v,fig4 #eg4_/v--,,l&scape ,,t>get ,,on ,,frames ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,solano ,,t>get1 ,,9 ,,position ,,= ,,fir+4 ,%ad[graph facsimile4 ,col\r-pr9t$ portion4 78,section ,fire0 ,t>get47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,,l&scape ,,t>get ,,practices4 ,,illu/ration ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,h>moniz+ ,,rifles ,,& ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,measur+ ,,collective ,,gr\p+ ,,( ,,conc5trat$ ,,& ,,di/ribut$ ,,fire ,,= ,,scor+4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,v41 p>a4 #b1 & ,app5dix1 ,,vi41 p>a4 #e47 #f4 ,l&scape ,t>get ,practices4--,z already /at$1 range & individual field practices _c be c>ri$ out on l&scape t>gets4 ,collective field practices c be c>ri$ out on l&scape t>gets ) ei!r #cjc or #bb ammunition on #cj y>ds & m9iature ranges4 ,z progress is made1 l&scape t>get practices %\ld be c>ri$ out ) a "t limit = indicat+ t>gets1 giv+ & pass+ fire ord]s1 & fir+4 ,:5 fir+ at l&scape t>gets1 rifles w be giv5 elevation1 s t bullets aim$ at objectives on ! l&scapes w /rike a blank or %ad[graph sky scre5 above ! :ole ( ! l&scape1 ev5 if ! objective is at ! bottom ( ! l&scape 7,fig4 #eg74 ,= me?od ( valu+ hits & scor+ 9 ^! practices1 see ,app5dix1 ,,vi1 p>a4 #e4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( collective field practices :i* may be c>ri$ out on l&scape t>gets3 ,collective ,field ,practices on ,l&scape ,t>gets4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to tea* conc5tration ( fire4 ,directions3 ,fire is op5$ on a giv5 po9t on ! l&scape z ord]$4 ,if ! po9t is cle>ly indicat$ & recogniz$1 & if sight+ & fire are accurate1 a d5se gr\p ( %ot-holes w be made on sky-scre51 ! po9t ( mean impact be+ a po9t ! correct height v]tically above ! po9t ( aim see ,app5dix1 ,,vi1 p>a4 #e 7i74 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to tea* di/ribution ( fire4 ,directions3 ,fire is op5$ along a giv5 l9e ( c\ntry z ord]$4 ,! %ot-holes %\ld appe> ev5ly di/ribut$ along a l9e on ! sky-scre5 at a c]ta9 height1 & imm$iately above ! l9e ( c\ntry indicat$ see ,app5dix1 ,,vi1 p>a4 #e 7ii74 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to tea* ! use ( comb9$ sights4 ,directions3 ,z 9 ,no4 #a1 b half ! fir]s w adju/ sights #ej y>ds above & half #ej y>ds bel[ ! range giv54 ,results w %[ two gr\ps1 :i* w\ld be m]g$ into "o gr\p ( great dep? 9 ! case ( fire ( suffici5t volume1 su* z t ( two platoons1 & illu/rates ! use ( comb9$ sights = increas+ ! zone ( effective fire4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,to tea* obs]vation ( fire4 ,directions3 ,a po9t is indicat$ on l&scape 7pref]ably ne> ! top71 & a visible#cc sket* ( x is made at any height on ! scre5 & v]tically above x4 ,! comm&] w op5 fire ) su* elevation z he ?9ks necess>y1 & !n correct f obs]vation ( %ot-holes until on ! t>get4 #g4 ,night ,fir+4--,! automatic alignm5t ( rifles may be practis$ on m9iature ranges4 ,aim may be tak5 at a /rip ( br[n or grey pap] repres5t+ a l9e ( /&+ figures at #ajj & #bjj y>ds' di/ance1 scal$ d[n to size = #be y>ds1 & atta*$ to ! l&scape t>get scre5 fac$ ) blank pap] 7,fig4 #eg74 ,m5 may also be taught to aim rifles f improvis$ night-fir+ re/s at objectives on ! ,solano ,t>get or ,l&scape ,t>gets4 ,! field ( fire conta9+ ! objectives may !n be conceal$ by a pap] scre51 ! rifles fir$1 & results exam9$4 ,z !re is no recoil ) ! m9iature c>tridge1 ?is practice w n prove ! utility ( ! re/4 #h4 ,m9iature ,range ,cadet ,competitions4--,! rules reg>d+ competitions set out 9 ,sec4 #fi apply also to m9iature ranges4 ,! v>i\s practices laid d[n 9 ?is *apt] & ,*apt] ,,viii w s]ve z ! basis ( v>i\s competitions on m9iature z well z op5 ranges4 ,te/s 9 gr\p+ & application may be f\nd suitable = cadet competitions 9 elem5t>y =ms ( %oot+4 ,regulation z well z ,solano elem5t>y & in/ructional t>gets may be us$ 7see ,app5dix1 ,,viii74 ,,cadet ,,competitions4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to tea* cadets gr\p+ "u a tim$ limit :5 fir+ f cov]1 & to tra9 ! eye to aim at m>ks se5 aga9/ backgr\nds ( natural t9ts4 ,r\nds3 #e p] cadet4 ,t>get3 ,solano ,elem5t>y ,t>get ,no4 #a4 ,directions3 ,kneel+4 ,fir+ ov] cov] ) arm or rifle re/$4 ,two m9utes all[$ = fir+ reckon+ f ! ord] ,comm5ce4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to tea* cadets to focus ! eye on ! m>k in/ead ( ! sights ( ! rifle4 ,r\nds3 #e p] cadet4 ,t>get3 ,solano ,elem5t>y ,t>get ,no4 #b4 ,directions3 ,ly+4 ,fir+ r\nd cov] ) side ( rifle re/$4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to tea* cadets to assume a fir+ position & op5 fire quickly ) effect4 ,r\nds3 #e p] cadet4 ,t>get3 ,solano ,in/ructional ,t>get ,no4 #a4 ,directions3 ,fir] /&s to att5tion at fir+-po9t4 ,t5 seconds all[$ = assum+ ! ly+ position1 load+1 & fir+ "o %ot1 reckon$ f comm& ,fire4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,to tea* cadets to snap%oot4 ,r\nds3 #e p] cadet4 ,t>get3 ,solano ,in/ructional ,t>get ,no4 #b4 ,directions3 ,ly+4 ,fir+ r\nd cov]4 ,t>get expos$ six seconds = ea* %ot4 ,"t reckon$ f ! exposure ( ! t>get4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,to tea* cadets to comb9e accuracy ) rapidity ( fire4 ,r\nds3 #e p] cadet4 ,t>get3 ,z 9 ,no4 #c4 ,directions3 ,ly+4 ,rifle to be unload$ & bree* clos$ until ! comm& ,rapid fire4 ,t>get expos$ = ?irty seconds1 reckon$ f comm& ,rapid fire4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,to tea* cadets to comb9e fire ) movem5t4 ,r\nds3 #e p] cadet4 ,t>get3 ,solano ,in/ructional ,t>get ,no4 #c4 ,directions3 ,ly+4 ,a di/ance ( #be y>ds to be run be=e fir+ ea* %ot4 ,fifte5 seconds reckon$ f ! ord] ,comm5ce all[$ = runn+ & fir+ ea* "t4 ,"o m9ute to elapse betwe5 ! fir+ ( a %ot & ! comm5cem5t ( ! next run4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,rifles--,,%ort ,m4,l4,e41 ,,m>k ,,iii1 ,,& ,,*>g]-,,load+ ,m4,l4,e4 7a7 ,%ort ,m4,l4,e4 ,m>k ,,iii 7,figs4 #ei & #fj74 #a4 ,blade =esight4 #b4 ,=esight block4 #c4 ,b& =esight block4 #d4 ,key =esight block4 #e4 ,crossp9 =esight block4 #e;,a4 ,backsight b$4 #f4 0 0 crossp94 #f;,a4 0 0 sight spr+ screw4 #g4 ,backsight leaf4 #h4 0 slide4 #i4 0 slide-cat*4 #aj4 0 f9e adju/m5t worm :eel4 #aj;,a4 ,w9dgauge4 #aj;,b4 0 screw4 #aa4 ,backsight ramps4 #ab4 ,seat+ = safety-cat*4 #ac4 ,safety-cat*4 #ad4 ,lock+-bolt /em4 #ae4 ,bolt4 #af4 ,bolt-head4 #ag4 ,/rik]4 #ah4 ,cock+-piece4 #ai4 ,/rik] coll> ) /ud4 #bj4 ,bolt-head t5on4 #ba4 ,cock+-piece lock+ recesses4 #bb4 ,lock+ bolt4 #bc4 0 0 flat4 #bd4 0 0 ?umb-piece4 #be4 0 0 ap]ture sight /em4 #bf4 0 0 /op-p9 recesses4 #bg4 0 0 safety-cat* /em4 #bh4 0 0 0 0 arm4 #bi4 0 0 screw ?reads4 #cj4 0 0 seat+4 #ca4 ,bolt cam grooves4 #cb4 ,se>4 #cc4 0 seat+4 #cd4 0 spr+4 #ce4 ,magaz9e cat*4 #cf4 ,full b5t ( cock+-piece4 #cg ,%ort arm ( se>4 #ch4 ,trigg] ribs4 #ci4 #dj4 ,trigg]4 #da4 ,trigg] axis p94 #da;,a4 ,magaz9e case4 #da;,b4 0 plat=m spr+4 #da;,c4 ,magaz9e auxili>y spr+4 #db4 ,gu>d-trigg]4 #dc4 ,/ock =e-end4 #dd4 ,spr+ & /ud =e-end4 #de4 ,protector backsight4 #df4 ,h&gu>d front & re>4 #dg4 ,spr+ h&gu>d ge>4 #dh4 ,l[] b& groove4 #di4 ,l[] b&4 #ej4 ,nosecap4 #ea4 ,protector =esight4 #eb4 ,sword b>4 #ec4 ,boss = r+ ( sword-bayonet cross-piece4 #ed4 ,swivel seat+4 #ee4 0 pil+4 #ef4 ,nosecap b>rel op5+4 #eg4 ,inn] b&4 #eh4 0 0 screw4 #ei 0 0 0 spr+4 #fj4 ,butt sl+ swivel4 #fa4 ,sword bayonet1 patt]n '#jg4 #fb4 ,bridge-*>g] guide4 #fc4 ,cut-(f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,,%ort ,,rifle1 ,,magaz9e ,,lee-,,enfield 7,,m>k ,,iii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,,%ort ,,rifle1 ,,magaz9e ,,lee-,,enfield 7,,m>k ,,iii74 7b7 ,*>g]-,load+ ,m4,l4,e4 7,figs4 #fa1 #fb1 & #fc7 #a4 ,backsight b$ #b4 0 0 ramp4 #c4 ,ap]ture sight4 #d4 ,dial sight plate4 #e4 0 0 po9t]4 #f4 ,ap]ture sight peep-hole4 #g 0 0 pivot-screw4 #h4 0 0 spr+4 #i4 0 0 spr+ ribs4 #aj4 0 sight cross-cut not*es4 #aa4 ,pivot ap]ture sight po9t]4 #ab4 0 screw4 #ac4 ,spr+ disc4 #ad4 ,bead po9t]4 #ae4 ,screw$ boss1 fix+ dial-sight4 #af4 ,c5tr+-p9 dial-sight4 #ag4 ,index-po9t ( po9t]4 #ah4 ,bolt rib4 #ai4 ,extractor seat+4 #bj4 ,bolt lug4 #ba4 ,tongue ( cock+-piece4 #bb4 ,recess = lug ( bolt4 #bc4 ,body bead4 #bd4 ,reta9+ cat*4 #be4 ,resi/ance %\ld]4 #bf4 ,cut-(f slot4 #bg4 ,body socket4 #bh4 0 0 boss4 #bi4 ,/ock-bolt4 #cj4 ,gas escape hole4 #ca4 ,bolt-bree*4 #cb4 ,lev] bolt-bree*4 #cc4 ,lug seat+4 #cd4 ,long cam groove4 #ce4 ,%ort cam groove4 #cf4 ,cam-%ap$ face4 #cg4 ,cam grooves sep>at+ /uds4 #ch4 #ci4 ,bolt-head4 #dj4 0 t5on4 #da4 0 projection4 #db4 ,extractor slot4 #dc4 ,extractor4 #dd4 0 axis-screw4 #de4 0 spr+4 #df4 0 0 p94 #dg4 0 0 p9-hole4 #dh4 ,bol!ad hook4 #di4 ,/rik]4 #ej4 ,cock+-piece4 #ea4 ,/rik] coll>4 #ea;,a4 ,cock+-piece full b5t4 #eb4 0 0 half b5t4 #ed4 0 0 seat+ = safety-cat*4 #ee4 ,safety-cat*4 #ef4 ,/rik] keep]-screw4 #eg4 ,recess 9 /rik] = ! keep]-screw4 #eh4 ,safety cat* /em4 #ei4 0 0 f+]-piece4 #fj4 0 0 lock+ grooves4 #fa4 0 0 plung]4 #fb4 ,seat+ = plung] & spiral spr+ ( safety-cat*4 #fc4 ,nipple holes = plung] ( safety-cat*4 #fd4 ,reta9+ cat* spr+4 #fe4 ,ejector4 #ff4 ,se>4 #fg4 0 screw4 #fh4 0 seat+ 9 body4 #fi4 0 spr+4 #gj4 ,trigg]4 #ga4 0 axis p94 #gb4 ,magaz9e box or case4 #gc4 0 plat=m guides4 #gd4 #ge4 0 /op clip4 #gf4 0 /op-clip /ud4 #gg4 0 plat=m4 #gh4 0 clip /op4 #gi4 0 too?4 #hj4 0 cat* too?4 #ha4 0 cat*4 #hb4 0 0 f+]-piece4 #hc4 0 plat=m plate4 #hd4 0 0 plate tongues4 #he4 0 0 spr+4 #hf4 0 0 auxili>y spr+4 #hg4 ,cut-(f4 #hh4 0 screw4 #hi4 0 ?umb-piece4 #ij4 0 cat*4 #ia4 ,gu>d-trigg]4 #ib4 ,screw-gu>d front4 #ic4 0 coll>4 #id 0 0 re>4 #ie4 ,l[] b&4 #if4 ,sl+ swivel4 #ig4 ,nose-cap4 #ih4 0 b&4 #ii4 0 fix+ screw4 #ajj4 ,pil+ swivel4 #aja4 ,diagonal slot 9 nose-cap to cle> ! =esight block :5 assembl+1 etc4 #ajb4 ,/ock-bolt1 plate-keep]4 #ajc4 ,/ock-butt swivel4 #ajd4 ,oil-bottle1 ,m>k ,,iii 7late/ ,m>k ,,iv74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,,*>g]-,,load+ ,,lee-,,enfield4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,,*>g]-,,load+ ,,lee-,,enfield4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,,*>g]-,,load+ ,,lee-,,enfield4 ,,ii4 ,,directions ,,= ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,legret ,,aim ,,tea*]4 ,! ,legret ,aim ,tea*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is in/rum5t provides a mo/ easy means ( tea*+ ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( aim+ ) ,milit>y ,sights & also enables an in/ructor to *eck 8 pupils faults4 ,aims ,*>t ,= use ) 8,aim ,tea*]0 ,m>k #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a ,no4 #a4 ,/age ,i4 ,prop] relation ( =e-sight to aim+ m>k4 ,aim tak5 at #f o4c4 po9t ) =e-sight only4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b ,no4 #b4 ,/age ,,ii4 ,prop] relation ( =e-sight & back-sight4 ,lay on %eet ( pap] or1 sky 7j above horizon mo/ conv5i5t74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c ,no4 #c4 ,/age ,,iii4 ,prop] relation betwe5 =e-sight1 back-sight1 & aim+ m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d ,no4 #d4 ,/age ,,iv4 ,in/ructor w fir/ lay correct aim z 9 diagram #c4 ,rifle is !n mov$ & %utt] turn$ g5tly to left4 ,recruit !n relays rifle z 9 diagram #d4 ,in/ructor turns %utt] g5tly to "r & *ecks faults4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to move 8jo9t$ arm0 9 ?is /age4 ,fig4 #fd4--;,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,use ,,( ,,legret ,,aim ,,tea*]4 ,,iii4 ,,directions ,,= ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,aim-,,corrector4 #a4 ,?is device is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,x consi/s ( a small /eel box mov+ freely on a /em1 s z to enable x to be made level ) ! back-sight :5 ! latt] is set at v>i\s elevations4 ,x is secur$ to ! rifle1 beh9d ! back-sight1 by a spr+ clip4 ,a piece ( smok$ glass is ins]t$ into "o ( ! two cross grooves1 s t x =ms an angle ( #de degrees ) ! b>rel4 #b4 ,9 plac+ ! aim-corrector on ! rifle1 ! op5 side ( ! box may be turn$ to ! "r or left1 c>e be+ tak5 t1 :5 ! glass is ins]t$ 9 ! box1 x is plac$ 9 ! cross-groove1 :i* w cause x to pres5t to ! obs]v]1 :o is opposite ! op5 end1 a reflection ( ! backsight1 ! =esight1 & ! m>k at :i* aim is to be tak54 ,if ! glass is plac$ 9 ! wrong cross-groove1 ! only image reflect$ ^u x w be ! recruit's eye4 #c4 ,! in/ructor1 :o may take up 8 position on ei!r side ( ! recruit1 c see ! alignm5t ( ! sights :ile ! trigg] is be+ press$ by means ( ! reflection 9 ! glass1 )\t 9 any degree obscur+ ! recruit's aim4 ,he c see if aim is correctly ma9ta9$ :5 ! trigg] is press$1 or if x is deflect$ by ?is act1 & c tell :e!r ! recruit has not$ & correctly decl>$ any deflection due to faulty trigg]-press+4 ,9 c]ta9 lights1 ! image on ! glass may be r indi/9ct1 b ) c>e x is possible to disc]n x suffici5tly cle>ly = in/ruction4 ,9 correct+ errors1 ! in/ructor mu/ rememb] t1 :5 look+ 9 ! glass1 ! reflection1 z 9 ! case ( an ord9>y mirror1 is rev]s$ lat]ally1 b is correct v]tically4 ,= in/ance1 if ! sight appe>s ^u ! glass to ! "r ( ! m>k1 x is actually to ! left ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x appe>s high or l[ 9 relation to ! m>k1 x is actually above or bel[ ! m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,use ,,( ,,aim-,,corrector4 ,,iv4 ,,directions ,,= ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,aim+-,,disc4 ,! aim+-disc is a small rod1 be>+ a disc ( metal or c>dbo>d1 pa9t$ :ite1 ab\t #a in*es 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #ff74 ,on ! front is a black bull's-eye in* 9 diamet]1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is pi]c$ a hole j l>ge en\gh to admit ! po9t ( a p5cil4 ,on ! back is a bull's-eye1 also in* 9 diamet]1 plac$ s t ! six o'clock l9e is j above ! hole :i* is 9 ! c5tre ( ! bull's-eye on ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,,aim+-,,disc4 ,! in/ructor may asc]ta9 ! accuracy ( ! recruit's aim & 8 p[] to press ! trigg] )\t di/urb+ aim by ! use ( ! aim+-disc 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,he %\ld take up 8 position 9 front ( ! recruit at a di/ance ( ab\t #d or #e feet f ! muzzle ( 8 rifle :5 held to ! %\ld] = fir+ 9 ! ly+ position1 ) 8 eye to ! hole 9 front ( ! disc 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! recruit is !n in/ruct$ to br+ ! rifle to 8 %\ld] = aim+1 to aim & press ! trigg] at ! aim+-m>k at ! back ( ! disc4 ,?r\gh ! ap]ture at ! bottom ( ! bull's-eye at :i* ! recruit takes aim & snaps1 ! in/ructor is able to see ! recruit's faults ( aim1 & to note :e!r 8 aim is di/urb$ :5 ! trigg] is press$4 ,! in/ructor is also enabl$ to note ! rapidity ) :i* he takes aim & presses ! trigg]4--,?is practice is useful to develop 9 m5 ! p[] ( aim+ rapidly & correctly1 :i* is ess5tial = snap%oot+ & rapid fir+1 )\t ! dang] ( _! contract+ bad or c>eless habits ?r\gh hurri$ movem5ts4 ,v4 8,,h>moniz+0 ,,rifles ,,= ,,m9iature ,,range ,,practices4 #a4 ,rifles are said to be h>moniz$ :5 _! slight individual diff]5ces 9 %oot+ are correct$ by adju/m5t ( sights4 ,?is h>moniz+ or correction ( diff]5ces 9 ! %oot+ ( ! rifles us$ 9 m9iature range practices is necess>y to obta9 satisfactory results4 ,rifles mu/ be h>moniz$ = fir+ direct at t>gets z well z = fir+ ) elevation1 z 9 l&scape practices4 ,) ref]5ce to direct fir+ at t>gets1 x has be5 f\nd t ) s]vice rifles an elevation ( #cjj y>ds is necess>y to obta9 ! greate/ possible accuracy4 ,consequ5tly1 rifles mu/ be sight$ = #cjj y>ds be=e be+ h>moniz$ = fir+ direct at t>gets accord+ to ! me?od describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 aim be+ tak5 at ! aim+-m>ks on ! l[] horizontal l9e1 & diff]5ces be+ discov]$ by ! gr\p+ ( %ots on ! aim+-m>ks--n on ! l9e above4 ,! sight+ necess>y to correct diff]5ces 9 ea* rifle w also be record$ on a bo>d hung = ref]5ce on ! m9iature range1 z describ$ 9 p>a4 #c4 #b4 ,me?od ( ,h>moniz+ ,rifles 7see sky scre51 ,fig4 #eh74--7;i7 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( h>moniz+ rifles3 ,! rifles select$ = m9iature range practices mu/ be numb]$ f #a on consecutively4 ,ea* rifle mu/ be m>k$ ) its numb]4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a horizontal l9e mu/ be drawn along ! bottom ( ! blank sky scre54 ,at int]vals ( ab\t #ab in*es along ?is horizontal l9e a numb] ( aim+-m>ks mu/ be pa9t$4 ,! numb] ( aim+-m>ks mu/ equal t ( ! rifles to be h>moniz$1 s t !re is "o aim+-m>k = ea* rifle4 ,at a di/ance ( #bf in*es above ! l9e ( aim+-m>ks ano!r horizontal l9e mu/ be drawn on ! sky scre51 :i* mu/ be visible f ! fir+-po9t4 ,?is di/ance has be5 *os5 because x is suffici5t to cause %ots aim$ at objectives at ! bottom ( ! l&scape to cle> ! top ( x & /rike ! sky scre54 7ii7 ,h>moniz+ ,rifles = ,elevation4--,ea* rifle w !n be adju/$ = #a1bjj y>ds4 ,ea* rifle1 ?us sight$1 w be fir$ by a reliable %ot ) regul> aim at "o ( ! aim+-m>ks4 ,! sights ( ea* rifle w be adju/$ until %ots :i* /rike above or bel[ ! upp] horizontal l9e on ! sky scre5 7:5 x is sight$ = #a1bjj y>ds7 /rike ! l9e itself4 ,:5 %ots fir$ f all ! rifles /rike ! l9e aft] sights h be5 adju/$ 9 ?is mann]1 !y are said to be h>moniz$4 #c4 ,record ( ,sight+4--,! v>iations ( ea* rifle1 if any1 f ! orig9al sight+ at #a1bjj y>ds--or #cjj y>ds 9 ! case ( sight+ = direct hits--w be not$1 & its v>iations writt5 d[n = ref]5ce aga9/ ! numb] ( ! rifle on a bo>d to be hung on ! wall ( ! m9iature range4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ! record ( sight+3 ,tw5ty-,five ,y>ds ,m9iature ,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,rifle4 ,elevation = ,direct ,elevation = ,l&scape ,hits4 ,t>gets4 #a #cjj #a1bjj #b #cjj #a1bjj #c #cej #a1bej #d #bej #a1aej ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,vi4 ,,scor+ ,,& ,,signall+4 #a4 ,:5 a %ot /rikes ! t>get s t ! circumf]5ce ( ! m>k cuts ! out] edge ( any r+ or figure1 x is to be c\nt$ z hitt+ )9 t r+ or figure1 z ! case may be4 ,no %ot is to be c\nt$ unless ! :ole or "p ( ! m>k ( ! bullet is se5 on ! face ( ! t>get4 ,a rico*et usually makes a long1 ragg$ hole or m>k4 #b4 ,elem5t>y & ,figure ,t>gets4--,= scor+ 9 ,practice #bb1 ,table ,b1 see ,note #b bel[4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,signal4 ,me?ods ( ,signall+4 ,value ( ,hit4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,bull's-eye or figure4 ,poli%$ metal or :ite disc plac$ on #d po9ts4 %ot-hole4 ,inn] 7rema9d] ( inn] ,black disc wav$ twice across ! face #c po9ts4 circle74 ( ! t>get & plac$ on ! %ot-hole4 ,out] 7rema9d] ( elem5t>y ,poli%$ metal or :ite disc revolv$ #b po9ts4 t>get7 or magpie 9 front ( ! t>get & !n plac$ 7rema9d] ( l>ge on ! %ot-hole4 circle on figure t>get74 ,out] 7rema9d] ( figure ,black disc mov$ v]tically up & #a po9t4 t>get74 d[n ! left ( ! t>get & !n plac$ on ! %ot-hole4 ,rico*et or miss ,r$ & :ite flag %[n on ! same ,nil4 side z ! direction ( ! miss4 ,if ! direction _c be det]m9$ ! flag w be wav$ across ! face ( ! t>get4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,note #a4--,! scor+ bull's-eye on second-class elem5t>y t>gets is a #ab-;in* invisible r+4 ,,note #b4--;,9 ,practice #bb1 ,table ,b1 a hit on ! figure or rema9d] ( inn] circle w c\nt #c po9ts & w be signall$ z a bull's-eye4 ,hits else:]e on ! t>get w c\nt z 9 table above4 ,,note #c4--,:5 = any reason x is f\nd to be impracticable to s5d ! fir]s into ! gall]y aft] a gr\p+ practice1 ! foll[+ signals may be us$3 ,bull's-eye signal d5otes a #d-;in* gr\p4 ,inn] 0 0 #h 0 0 ,magpie 0 0 #ab 0 0 ,out] 0 0 #ab 0 0 ) "o wide %ot4 ,:5 ! signal has be5 made1 aft] a %ort pause1 ! po9t ( ! pole w be plac$ on ! po9t ( mean impact ( ! gr\p4 #c4--;,figures ,no4 #c & ,no4 #f 7,op5 ,range74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,signal4 ,me?ods ( ,signall+4 ,value ( ,hit4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hit ,! figure w be rais$ above ! #c po9ts4 m>k]'s gall]y & twirl$4 ,rico*et or miss -- ,nil4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d4 ,figures 7,m9iature ,range74--,scores = hits & misses z 9 p>a4 #c above4 #e4 ,scor+ 9 ,l&scape ,t>get ,practices4--7i7 ,a measur+-rod1 #bf in*es long1 is requir$ to te/ ! accuracy ( bo? conc5trat$ & di/ribut$ collective gr\p+4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( valu+ gr\ps = scor+4 ,:5 collective fire has be5 conc5trat$ on any objective on ! l&scape1 ! rod is held v]tically aga9/ ! scre5 ) ! bottom ( x re/+ on ! po9t ( aim4 ,a m>k is !n made on ! sky-scre5 at ! top ( ! rod4 ,?is m>k indicates :]e ! c5tre ( ! gr\p ( %ot-holes %\ld be4 ,= in/ructional practices ! gr\ps may be valu$ on ! pr9ciple t ! small] ! gr\p ! great] ! fire effect4 ,= competitions two conc5tric wire rectangles1 #e in*es by #d in*es & #b in*es by #b in*es respectively1 may be us$ = scor+4 ,! rectangles w be plac$ ov] ! gr\p1 _! longe/ sides be+ v]tical1 ) _! c5tre plac$ on ! m>k indicat+ :]e ! c5tre ( ! %ot gr\p %\ld be4 ,e %ot 9 ! inn] rectangle w !n c\nt two po9ts1 & e %ot 9 ! rema9d] ( ! l>g] rectangle w c\nt "o po9t4 ,= e %ot outside ! l>g] rectangle two po9ts w be d$uct$4 7ii7 ,:5 fire has be5 di/ribut$ betwe5 two po9ts on ! l&scape1 a m>k is made #bf in*es v]tically above ea* po9t1 z already describ$4 ,^! two m>ks are jo9$ by a l9e p>allel to t along :i* fire has be5 di/ribut$4 ,a l9e #a in*es above1 & ano!r #a in*es bel[1 ?is l9e are drawn p>allel to x4 ,! ends ( ^! l9es are !n jo9$ by v]tical l9es :i* pass ?r\gh ! two m>ks jo9$ by ! c5tre l9e4 ,! rectangle =m$ 9 ?is mann] is divid$ v]tically into equal p>ts1 be+ ei!r "o = ea* fir] or "o = ea* fire-unit4 ,ea* gr\p ( %ots fir$ by a fir] or a fire-unit %\ld be f\nd gr\p$ 9 ! prop] "p ( ! rectangle4 ,ea* %ot 9 its prop] "p w c\nt two po9ts4 ,= ea* %ot outside its prop] "p two po9ts w be d$uct$4 ,= e "p ( ! rectangle :i* is empty five po9ts w be d$uct$4 ,,vii4 ,,solano ,,t>get--,,m>ks ,i ,,& ,,ii4 #a4 ,(ficial ,h&book4--,full directions reg>d+ ! ,solano ,t>get & l&scape t>gets1 toge!r ) in=mation z to _! use = in/ruction1 are conta9$ 9 ! (ficial h&book--,/&>d ,equipm5t = ,m9iature ,ranges 7#dj1 ,w> ,(fice1 #bjje7--;f :i* ! foll[+ %ort extracts are made4 ,"o ( ^! h&books is suppli$ to units ) ea* ,solano ,t>get1 & %\ld be kept = ref]5ce4 #b4 ,framework & ,me*anism4 7,fig4 #ec74--,! ,m>k ,i ,t>get consi/s ( a framework conta9+ two ti]s #aj feet long--,ti] ,a 7high]71 & ,ti] ,b 7l[]74 ,ti] ,a is fitt$ ) cross+ t>get me*anism1 op]at+ two t>get c>ri]s f opposite ends ( ! ,ti]1 & clips = disappe>+ t>gets arrang$ 9 two sep>ate sections :i* c be op]at$ simultane\sly or sep>ately4 ,ti] ,b is fitt$ ) fall+ t>get clips1 :i* all[ t>gets to fall :5 hit4 ,fall+ clips c be rais$ & l[]$ f ! fir+-po9t1 l ! disappe>+ clips on ,ti] ,a4 ,! =m] c be %ift$ to "r & left1 & ! latt] l9k$ toge!r ) c\pl+ clips to facilitate any desir$ arrangem5t ( t>gets or figures4 ,all me*anism c be op]at$ f ! fir+-po9t by means ( cords labell$ to %[ ! p>ticul> me*anism !y op]ate 7,fig4 #ed74 #c4 ,sc5]y4--,!re are two types ( sc5]y--,a & ,c--consi/+ ( backgr\nds :i* w s]ve to repres5t =egr\nd1 middle di/ance1 & di/ance ( almo/ any k9d ( c\ntry 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,! sc5]y is pa/$ on frames1 & c be plac$ 9 position on ! t>get 9 a mom5t 7,figs4 #ee & #ef74 ,pat*+ pieces are provid$ to repair %ot-holes :i* are n visible f ! fir+-po9t to ! nak$ eye4 #d4 ,sc5ic ,accessories4--,! details ( a l&scape c be arrang$ on ! t>get by plac+ ! v>i\s sc5ic accessories1 consi/+ ( col\r-pr9t$ repres5tations ( v>i\s natural & o!r features1 m\nt$ on /iff c>d1 9 any desir$ position on ei!r ti] by fix+ !m 9 grooves made = ?is purpose ei!r beh9d t>gets or 9 front to repres5t cov]4 ,! sc5ic accessories are col\r$ & scal$ = diff]5t ranges1 ! range be+ pr9t$ on ea*4 ,!y may be us$ to repres5t ! foll[+ features3 ,wood$ hills4 ,flat-topp$ hills or kopjes4 ,conical hills4 ,woods4 ,fir-wood4 ,gr\p ( h\ses ) *ur*4 ,gr\p ( cottages4 ,h\se4 ,cottage4 ,oak-tree4 ,elm-tree4 ,fir-tree4 ,palm-tree4 ,h$g][4 ,?ick h$ge or bu%4 ,bu%es4 ,/one wall4 ,und]gr[?4 ,folds ( gr\nd4 ,l[ banks4 ,indian hill =t4 ,sang>4 ,rocks4 #e4 ,solano ,figures4--,! ,solano figures are all scal$ to size = v>i\s di/ances1 & consi/ ( ! foll[+ br[n1 grey1 or col\r-pr9t$ figures4 ,ea* figure is provid$ ) a base equal 9 dep? to ! clips :i* hold !m 9 position4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,ref]5ce ,description4 ,di/ance ,numb]4 7,y>ds74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - #db ,infantryman 9 kneel+ position #bjj #a 0 0 /&+ position #djj #b 0 0 prone position or fir+ f op5 tr5* #djj #c 0 fir+ f beh9d s&-bag #djj #d 0 0 0 loophole 9 head cov] #djj #e 0 9 /&+ position #fjj #f 0 0 0 0 #hjj #g 0 0 kneel+ position #hjj #h 0 0 ly+ position #hjj #i ,m\nt$ cavalryman #hjj #ai ,ma*9e-gun 9 action #hjj #be ,infantry l9e 9 ext5d$ ord] #a1jjj #bf 0 0 0 0 #a1bjj #bg 0 0 0 0 #a1djj #bi ,ma*9e-gun 9 action #a1djj #cj ,infantry l9e 9 ext5d$ ord] #a1fjj #ca 0 0 0 0 #a1hjj #cb ,company ( infantry 9 f\rs #b1jjj #cc ,infantry l9e 9 ext5d$ ord] #b1jjj #cd ,field-gun 9 action #b1jjj #ce ,convoy waggon fac+ fir]'s "r #b1jjj #ce;a ,cross+-t>gets 0 0 0 0 left #b1jjj #cg ,squadron ( cavalry fac+ fir]'s "r #b1jjj #cg;a 0 0 0 0 left #b1jjj #ch ,company ( infantry 9 f\rs #b1ejj #ci 0 0 0 column #b1hjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - #f4 ,obs]vation ,practices4--,obs]vation practices may be c>ri$ out by heap+ a bank ( sawdu/ at ! foot ( ! app>atus bel[ ,ti] ,b1 ) its surface slop+ at ! same angle z ! end-frames4 ,to fix t>gets 9 ! sawdu/1 atta* to ,obs]vation ,practice ,hold]s consi/+ ( iron p9s groov$ at ! top to hold t>gets4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove all sawdu/ & grit displac$ by bullets f ! fall+ t>get clips & o!r me*anism1 or _! action may be clogg$4 ,a bru% %\ld be us$ to clean ! me*anism aft] obs]vation practices4 #g4 ,l&scape ,t>gets4--,! (ficial h&book above ref]r$ to conta9s in=mation z to fix+ l&scape t>gets to ! framework ( ! ,solano ,t>get 9 position = in/ruction 9 fir+ 7,fig4 #eg74 ,,viii4 ,,solano ,,elem5t>y ,,& ,,in/ructional ,,t>gets4#cd #a4 ,9 ,musketry ,regulations1 p>a4 #cfa1 x is laid d[n t 9 c>ry+ out tra9+ on m9iature ranges due reg>d mu/ be paid to ! visibility ( s]vice t>gets1 & bull's-eye t>gets mu/ be us$ = ! fir/ few r\nds only4 ,9 p>a4 #bjf 7iii7 ( ,musketry ,regulations 7see ,sec4 #ag1 p>a4 #d ( ?is book7 focuss+ ! eye on ! =e-sight ( ! rifle in/ead ( on ! object is indicat$ z a common fault :i* in/ructors mu/ gu>d aga9/ 9 elem5t>y /ages ( tra9+4 ,?is error is common :5 bull's-eye t>gets are us$1 & unless rem$i$ w adv]sely affect %oot+ at s]vice ,t>gets1 on :i* ! eye mu/ be focuss$1 & :i* mu/ be wat*$ closely :5 fir+4 #b4 ,elem5t>y ,t>gets 7,figs4 #fg & #fh74--,! ,solano ,elem5t>y ,t>gets h be5 design$ to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to focus ! eye on ! =e-sight in/ead ( on ! t>get1 & may be us$ = gr\p+ & application practices aft] fir+ at ! bull's-eye t>get4 ,^! t>gets are col\r$ gre51 br[n1 & grey1 in/ead ( :ite1 to accu/om ! eye to ! t9ts ( natural backgr\nds aga9/ :i* s]vice t>gets w be se54 ,! aim+-m>k 9 ,no4 #b is less di/9ct ?an 9 ,no4 #a1 to accu/om ! eye gradually to focuss+ on indi/9ct t>gets :5 aim+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,,solano ,,elem5t>y ,,t>get ,,no4 #a4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,,solano ,,elem5t>y ,,t>get ,,no4 #b4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 #c4 ,triangle ,aim+ & ,scor+ ,diagrams4--7i7 ,triangles h be5 sub/itut$ 9 ^! t>gets = conc5tric circles z aim+ & scor+ diagrams1 because !y h a tru] relation to ! %ape ( ! human figure 9 bo? ly+ & upright positions4 ,! triangle on ,no4 #a t>get has relation to ! human figure 9 an upright position1 & ! triangle on ,no4 #b t>get to ! human figure 9 a ly+ position4 ,! dim5sions ( ! triangles on ^! t>gets correspond ) ! regulation gr\p+ /&>ds ( ! ,briti% ,army4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,a ,,circle 7#c ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]7 ,,& ,a ,,triangle 7#c ,,in*es ,,equilat]al7 ,,%[+ ,,t ,,! ,,triangle ,,z ,,aim+ ,,& ,,scor+ ,,diagram ,,induces ,,clos] ,,gr\p+ ,,?an ,,! ,,circle ,,by ,,all[+ ,,less ,,m>g9 ,,= ,,bo? ,,v]tical ,,& ,,lat]al ,,errors ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,dots4 7ii7 ,= elem5t>y in/ruction 9 aim+ ! important six o'clock l9e--! c5tre ( ! base ( ! triangle--is on ^! t>gets an indicat$ in/ead ( an imag9>y l9e1 z 9 ! case ( ! circul> bull's-eye4 ,m consi/5t gr\p+ is induc$ by ! triangle ow+ to ! fact t x all[s a mu* n>r[] m>g9 = lat]al errors1 :ile its conical %ape & /raight base consid]ably curtail ! scor+ area = v]tical errors (f ! six o'clock l9e z comp>$ ) ! circle 7,fig4 #fi74 ,! triangle1 moreov]1 z an aim+ & scor+ surface puts a premium ^u a l[ po9t ( aim & f ! fir/ inculcates 9 m51 z a habit1 ?is vital pr9ciple ( m>ksman%ip 9 w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,,solano ,,in/ructional ,,t>get ,,no4 #a4 ,,upright ,,figure4 #be ,,y>ds #djj4 7,slightly r$uc$ f actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,,solano ,,in/ructional ,,t>get ,,no4 #b4 ,,upright ,,figure4 #be ,,y>ds #ejj4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 7iii7 ,! c5tre triangles are n made small]1 fir/ly1 because x is n desir$ to enc\rage ! habit ( sl[ aim :i* is eng5d]$ by individual practice at v small m>ks1 & :i* militates aga9/ effici5cy 9 snap%oot+ & rapid fir+2 &1 secondly1 because x is n desir$ to enc\rage m5 to atta9 a useless & disproportionate degree ( excell5ce 9 fir+ at elem5t>y t>gets :i* is m]ely prep>atory = practice at s]vice t>gets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,,solano ,,in/ructional ,,t>get ,,no4 #c4 ,,ly+ ,,figure4 #be ,,y>ds #cjj4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 #d4 ,in/ructional ,t>gets 7,figs4 #gj1 #ga1 & #gb74--7;i7 ,^! t>gets are also col\r$ gre51 grey1 & br[n1 ! col\r ( ! uni=m ( ! figures on !m correspond+ 9 ea* case ) t ( ! t>get4 ,! figures are accurately scal$ d[n to correct size at #be y>ds = ! actual di/ances1 s z to help m5 9 judg+ close range by accu/om+ ! eye to ! appe>ance ( m5 se5 at diff]5t di/ances aga9/ backgr\nds :i* h>monize ) ! col\r ( _! uni=m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! figures on ^! t>gets1 ?\gh necess>ily depict$ 9 fix$ po/ures z /ation>y m>ks1 repres5t m5 9 movem5t dur+ :i* !y are seldom /ation>y or se5 9 a fix$ po/ure1 except1 possibly1 = a few seconds :ile ly+ d[n to fire4 7ii7 ,accord+ly1 m>ks are n giv5 = hits scor$ on any p>ticul> "p ( ! figures depict$ 9 fix$ po/ures1 :i* w\ld usually be se5 9 movem5t1 b = %ots gr\p$ 9 areas ( comp>ative value z reg>ds probable assurance ( fire effect1 *os5 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce ( w> z ! be/ aim+ po9ts = fir+ at figures 9 movem5t :i* frequ5tly & sudd5ly alt]nate betwe5 ! upright & ly+ positions4 ,! c5tre triangles1 repres5t+ ! mo/ valuable ( ^! gr\p+ areas1 are purposely made fairly l>ge = ! reasons /at$ 9 connection ) ! elem5t>y triangles--namely1 t !y are gr\p+ areas = snap%oot+1 & n = delib]ate fir+4 ,,index ,aim corrector1 use (1 #ec1 #bda ---- tea*]1 ,legret1 use (1 #bdj ,aim+ & fir+1 in/ruction & practices 91 #dc-df1 #gb ---- at cross+ t>gets1 #eh ---- at gr\nd & s]vice t>gets1 #ec1 #ed ---- disc1 use (1 #eb1 #bdc ---- in/ruction 91 #dc-fa1 #bjh ---- m>ks1 #dg1 #aic ---- (f = movem5t1 #eh1 #ei1 #bag ---- ---- ---- w9d1 #ee-eg ---- rules =1 #dg1 #dh ---- up & d[n1 xxii1 #eg1 #eh ,aircraft1 fir+ on1 #aab ,al>ms1 automatic1 #aic ,alignm5t1 automatic1 ( rifles1 #aid ---- ( sights1 #dh1 #di ,ammunition1 c>e (1 #ab ---- ,m>k ,,vi bullet1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #cd1 #ce1 #ch1 #ej ---- ,m>k ,,vii bullet1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #cd1 #ej ---- surplus1 #aff ,annual c\rses1 #agg1 #aha ,anticipatory ord]s1 #abh1 #bbg ,application practices1 #adi ---- tactical1 ( rifle fire1 #aab-aai1 #bbh ,arms1 c>e (1 xii1 #aj-ab ---- clean+ (1 #d-aj ---- defects 91 in/ructions reg>d+1 #a ,arms1 inspection (1 on p>ade1 #ae-ag ---- small1 exam9ation (1 #ab-ae1 #ag ,army ,ordnance ,corps1 c\rses =1 #ahj1 #aha ---- ,s]vice ,corps1 c\rses =1 #ahj1 #aha ---- ,vet]9>y ,corps1 classification practices =1 #agj ,artill]y1 effect ( rifle fire on1 #aaa ,av]ages1 computation (1 #afg ,backgr\nd1 effect (1 on visibility ( t>gets1 #gc1 #hc1 #baa ,backsight1 adju/m5t (1 #fj1 #fa ,back-reckon+1 range f9d+ by1 #ig ,b>ometric pressure1 effect (1 on %oot+1 #bg ,bayonet1 fix$1 effect (1 on %oot+1 #bd ,beat5 zone1 #cc1 #cd1 #ch-db ,bolt1 #g1 #i1 #aa ,bore1 clean+ (1 #i ,cadet competitions1 #bcj ---- muscle ex]cises1 #gi1 #hj ,casualties1 ammunition (1 #acb ,cavalry1 classification practices =1 #afh ---- c\rses =1 #aga1 #agd1 #agg-agi ---- effect ( rifle fire on1 #aaa ,classification practices1 conditions (1 #afh-agj1 #agh1 #agi ,classification practices 9 judg+ di/ance1 #id-if ---- ranges1 field practices on1 #ahd-aib ,clean+ ( ! rifle1 #d-aj ,clock-face me?od ( describ+ t>gets1 #abc ,close range1 effect ( fire at1 #aaj ---- ---- fir+ )\t sight+ at1 #bb ,collective field practices1 #aee-aeh1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahh-aib ---- ---- ---- conduct (1 #ahc ---- ---- ---- on ,l&scape t>gets1 #bbi ---- ---- ---- on ,solano t>get1 #bbf-bbh ---- fire1 disp]sion (1 #ca-ce ---- ---- ne$ =1 #bi-ca1 #bba ,comb9$ sights1 use (1 #cf-ch1 #hi1 #bcj ,competitions1 directions = all1 #bja1 #bcj ,conduct ( range & field practices1 #aei-aib ,cone ( fire1 #ca1 #ce1 #cf ,c\ntryside1 t]ms describ+1 xxvi ,cov]1 adapt+ fir+ positions to1 #ge1 #gf ---- fir+ f1 #gc-gg1 #afa1 #baj ---- improvis+ on m9iature ranges1 #bjd ,cross+ t>gets1 aim+ & fir+ at1 #eh1 #ei1 #aea ,cut-(f1 use (1 #ga ,dang]\s space1 conditions affect+ ext5t (1 #be1 #bf1 #cd ,dead gr\nd1 #db ,defilad$ zone1 #dj1 #db ,deflection1 table (1 = side w9ds1 #ee ,delib]ate practices1 #adc1 #afa ,demon/rations ( individual & collective field practices1 #bad1 #bba ,description ( t>gets1 #hc1 #aai-abg ---- ---- ---- in/ruction 91 on m9iature ranges1 #bab ---- po9ts1 #abj ,disc]nm5t ( t>gets1 #hb-hd1 #baj ,di/ant range1 effect ( fire at1 #aaj ,drift1 effect (1 #bd ,effect ( fire at diff]5t ranges on v>i\s =mations & objectives1 #aaj-aab ,effective fire1 zone (1 #ce1 #cf ---- range1 effect ( fire at1 #aaj ,elem5t>y figure t>gets1 #bjf1 #bde1 #bdf ---- t>gets1 ,solano1 #bjg1 #bej-bef ,elevation4 ,see ,sight+ ,error ( ! day1 xxiii1 #cg ,exam9ation ( small-arms1 #ab-ae1 #ag ,field-glasses1 use (1 #hd1 #aba1 #afe ,field practices1 #ada1 #aea-aeh ,field practices1 elem5t>y1 #aga ---- ---- on classification ranges1 #ahd-aib ---- ---- ---- m9iature ranges1 #bac-bcj ,figure t>gets1 #bjg1 #bdf ,figures1 m9iature range1 #bjg1 #bdg ---- ,solano1 #bdi ,f+]1 use (1 = judg+ lat]al di/ance1 #ib ,f+]-bread? me?od ( describ+ t>gets1 #abb ,fire1 accuracy (1 practices 91 #ahg-aij1 #bai1 #bcb ---- action1 organization =1 #ajf-aaj1 #bbd ---- & movem5t1 #aad1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bai1 #bbd ---- collective4 ,see ,collective fire ---- conc5trat$1 #aae1 #aed1 #bbc1 #bbi ---- control1 #aje-acd1 #bab1 #bbc ---- ---- practices 91 #ahh1 #bbf ---- conv]g+1 xxiii1 #aae ---- cov]+1 xxiii1 #aaf1 #bbc ---- direction1 #aje-acd1 #bab ---- ---- practices1 #aed1 #agi1 #bbj1 #bbf-bbg ---- discipl9e1 #acj-acd1 #bab ---- disp]sion (1 #ca-cf ---- di/ribut$1 #cf1 #aae1 #aed1 #bbc ---- ---- practices 91 #bbg1 #bbi ---- effect (1 at v>i\s ranges1 on v>i\s =mations & objectives1 #aaa1 #aab ---- ---- relation ( gr\nd to1 #ch-db ---- effective1 xxiii1 #ce1 #cf1 #aaj ---- enfilade1 xxiii1 #aae ---- graz+1 xxiii1 #da1 #db ---- individual1 #bi-ca ---- oblique1 xxiv1 #aae ---- obs]vation (4 ,see ,obs]vation ( fire ---- op5+ (1 #aac1 #aad1 #aec1 #bbb ---- ---- ---- practices 91 #ahe1 #ahi1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbh ---- ord]s1 #abg-acj1 #ahh ---- rapid1 #aag1 #aah1 #aej ---- ---- practice 91 #ahg-ahi1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bbh ---- rates (1 #aag ---- se>*+1 xxiv1 #ce-ch1 #aae ---- %ort bur/s (1 #aah ---- sup]iority (1 xxvi1 #aac1 #ahi ---- sweep+1 #aae ---- tactical application (1 #aab-aai1 #bbh ---- !ory ( rifle1 #ah-db ---- tr5*es1 xi ---- unaim$1 xxiv1 #da1 #db ---- unit comm&]1 duties (1 #aji1 #bab ---- ---- composition (1 xxiv1 #ajh ---- un/eady1 #aai ---- volume (1 #aag ,fir+1 aim+ &1 in/ruction1 #dc-df1 #gb ---- elem5t>y1 in/ruction 91 #fb-hj ---- f cov]1 #gc-gg1 #afa1 #baj ---- positions1 #ff-fi ---- ---- adapt$ to cov]1 #ge1 #gf ---- ---- height ( cov] = diff]5t1 #fh1 #gd ---- ---- vuln]ability ( diff]5t1 #ff1 #fg1 #bji ---- rapid1 in/ruction 91 #aej ---- ---- practices 91 #ahg-ahi1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcb ---- up & d[n hill1 #bf1 #bg ,fl>e lights1 #aic ,=egr\nd1 illum9ation (1 x ---- range sket* (1 #aja ,=esight1 use (1 9 aim+1 #ej1 #ea ,=mations1 effect ( fire on v>i\s1 #aaa ,f\l+1 cause & removal (1 #c ,frontages & objectives1 allocation (1 #ajg ,gauze1 use (1 = clean+1 #e1 #f ,g]man musketry1 vii ---- night attacks1 ix ---- plan ( attack1 viii ,gr5ade1 h&1 #aid-bjj ,gr\nd1 aim+ at1 #ec1 #ed ---- dead1 #db ---- fir+ at1 practice 91 #bah ---- relation (1 to dang]\s space1 #bf ---- ---- ---- to fire effect1 #ch-db ---- /udy (1 in/ruction 91 #hf1 #hh1 #baa ,gr\p ( %ots1 #ca1 #adf1 #adg ---- ---- ---- rules = measur+1 #adj1 #afj1 #bdg ,gr\p+ & application1 #adf-aej ---- practices1 #adf1 #aei1 #afj1 #ahj1 #bac1 #bca ,gun-fla%1 range f9d+ by1 #ih ,h& gr5ades1 #aid-bjj ,h>moniz+ rifles1 #bdd1 #bde ,illum9ation gr5ade1 x ---- ( =egr\nd1 x ,indication ( t>gets1 #abc-abf ,individual field practices1 #aeb-aed1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahe-ahh ---- ---- ---- on m9iature ranges1 #bad-bbj ---- fire1 limit (1 #bi-ca ,infantry1 c\rses =1 #aga1 #agd1 #agg ---- classification practices =1 #afh ,inspection ( arms1 #ae-ag ,in/ructional practices1 #agd-agg1 #bac ---- t>gets1 ,solano1 #bjg1 #bed-beg ,jambs1 in/ructions reg>d+1 9 tim$ practices1 #afb ,judg+ di/ance by eye1 #ia-if ,jump1 effect (1 #bc1 #bd ,kneel+ position1 #fh ,l&scape t>get practices1 #bbi1 #bdg ,lat]al di/ance1 e/imat+1 #ib ,lectures1 #ah1 #ca1 #dc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ace1 #bab1 #bad1 #bba ,legret aim-tea*]1 use (1 #bdj ,load+1 in/ruction & practices1 #fi-ga ,long range1 effect ( fire at1 #aaj ---- ---- sights1 #di1 #fa ,ly+ position1 #fg1 #fh ,ma*9e-guns1 effect ( rifle fire on1 #aaa ,map-read+1 range-f9d+ by1 #ig ,m>k+ d[n1 in/ruction 9 & practice 91 #ed1 #bag ,milit>y vocabul>y1 in/ruction 91 #hd1 #he ---- ---- ---- ---- on m9iature ranges1 #baa ---- ---- li/ ( t]ms1 xxvi-xxviii ,m9iature ranges1 cadet competitions on1 #bcj ---- ---- collective field practices on1 #bf-cj ---- ---- field practices on1 #bac-bcj ---- ---- fire-direction practices on1 #bbj ---- ---- improvis+ cov] =1 #bjd ---- ---- individual field practices on1 #bad-bbj ---- ---- in/ruction on1 #bjg-bab ---- ---- precautions = safety on1 #bjd ---- ---- prelim9>y tra9+ on1 #bjg-bab ---- ---- range practices on1 #bac ---- ---- rifles = fir+ on1 #bjd ---- ---- scope ( tra9+ on1 #bjc ---- ---- t>gets = use on1 #bje ,missfires1 cause & directions reg>d+1 #ab1 #afb ,movem5t1 avoidance (1 9 load+ & fir+1 #fg1 #gc1 #bji ---- effect (1 on visibility ( t>gets1 #hd1 #bji ---- fire &1 #aad1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bai1 #bbd ,muscle ex]cises1 #gg1 #hj ,mutual support1 #aaf1 #bbc ,nickell+1 cause & removal (1 #c ,night fir+1 #aic1 #aid1 #bcj ,obs]vation practices1 #afe ---- ---- on m9iature ranges1 #bac1 #bej ---- ( fire1 rang+ by1 #bi1 #ch1 #hi1 #if1 #ig ---- ---- ---- practices 91 #ahh1 #aij1 #bcj1 #bej ,obs]v]s1 duties (1 #aaj ,organization = fire action1 #ajf-aaj1 #bbd ,pairs1 work+ 91 #aca ,po9t ( mean impact1 #adg1 #afj ,prelim9>y tra9+ & te/s1 #ace-adj ---- ---- on m9iature ranges1 #bjg-bab ,pull-(f1 #aa1 #fd ,pull-?r\gh1 use (1 #d1 #e ,qualification1 conditions (1 = ,"p ,i41 ,table ,b1 #afg ,range-c>ds & range-m>ks1 #ih-ajc1 #bab ----- f9d+1 me?ods (1 #if-ih1 #aij ----- practices1 conduct (1 #afb-aff ---- ---- in/ruction 91 #ada-adf ---- sket* ( =egr\nd1 #aja ,ranges1 effect ( fire at diff]5t1 #aaj ---- t]ms appli$ to1 xxv ,rang+1 me?ods (1 #hi1 #ij1 #aij ,recognition ( t>gets1 #abf1 #bab ,recruits' c\rse1 #aga1 #agd-agf1 #ahj ,rico*ets1 #bf ,rifles1 c>e (1 xii1 #aj-ab ---- clean+ (1 #d-aj ---- drill purposes1 #ae ---- exam9ation (1 #ac-ae1 #ag ---- = fir+ on m9iature ranges1 #bjd ---- inspection (1 on p>ade1 #ae-ag ---- ,m4,l4,e41 #ac1 #ae-ag ---- ---- *>g] load+1 #ad1 #bcf-bci ---- ,m4,l4,m41 #ac1 #ae-ag ---- p>ts ( v>i\s1 #bcc-bci ---- selection (1 = recruits1 #df ---- %ort1 ,m4,l4,e41 #ad1 #ae1 #bcc-bce ,rod = measur+ gr\ps1 #bdg ,royal ,army ,m$ical ,corps1 classification practices =1 #agj ,royal ,artill]y1 c\rses =1 #ahj1 #aha ,royal ,eng9e]s1 classification practices =1 #afi ---- ---- c\rses =1 #aga1 #agd-ahj ,safety-cat*1 use (1 #ga ,scor+1 directions =1 #bde-bdg ,se>*+1 #ce-ch ,sectors1 me?od ( divid+ ,field ( ,fire into1 #ajg ,s]vice t>gets1 aim+ at1 #ea1 #ec ,%ot gr\p4 ,see ,gr\p ( %ots ,sight+ ( rifles1 #bc ,sights1 alignm5t (1 #dh1 #di ---- comb9$4 ,see ,comb9$ sights ---- long-range1 aim+ )1 #di ---- rapid adju/m5t (1 #fj1 #fa1 #bji ,sitt+ position = fir+1 #fi ,snapp+1 #fc-ff ,snap%oot+1 in/ruction 91 #aej1 #bah1 #bca ,solano elem5t>y & in/ructional t>gets1 #bjg1 #bej-beg ,solano figures1 li/ (1 #bdi ---- sc5]y anti sc5ic accessories1 #bdh ---- t>get1 arrangem5t (1 = practices1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bba ---- demon/rations on1 #bad1 #bba ---- ,m>ks ,i & ,,ii1 #bdh-bej ,s\nd1 location ( enemy by1 #hd ---- range-f9d+ by1 #ih ,/&+ position1 #fg ,surprise1 effect (1 #aac1 #aah ,tables ,a--,recruits c\rse1 #agd-agf1 #ahj ---- ,b--,annual c\rse1 #agg-agi1 #aha ,t>gets1 *oice (1 #aec1 #bae1 #bbb ---- figure4 ,see ,figure t>gets ---- = use on m9iature ranges1 #bje-bjg ---- indication (1 #abc-abf ,temp]ature1 effect (1 on %oot+1 #bg ,?irty y>ds range1 practices on1 #aei ,tim$ practices1 rules =1 #afa ,tra9$ ,soldi]s' c\rse1 rules = conduct (1 #agb-agd ---- ---- ---- ,tables ,b1 #agg1 #aha ,trajectory1 #ba1 #bb1 #be ,tr5*es1 fire1 xi ,triangle aim+ & scor+ diagrams1 #beb ---- ( error z a te/ ( pr(ici5cy 9 aim+1 #ea-ec ,trigg]-press+1 #fc-ff ,unload+1 directions =1 #gj ,visibility ( t>gets1 effect ( backgr\nd on1 #gc1 #hc1 #baa ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- movem5t on1 #hd1 #bji ,visual tra9+1 #ha1 #hb ---- ---- on m9iature ranges1 #baj ,volume ( fire1 #aag ,we>1 causes & prev5tion (1 #b ,w9d1 aim+-(f =1 #ee-eg1 #bbg ---- all[ance =1 #bh-bi ---- deflection table =1 #ee ---- effect (1 on %oot+1 #bh ---- head1 #bh ---- judg+ /r5g? & direction (1 #ee ---- oblique1 #bh1 #bi1 #ef ---- re>1 #bh ---- side1 #bh1 #bi1 #ee ,wire gauze1 #e1 #f ,zone1 beat51 #cc1 #cd #ch-db ---- ( effective fire1 #ce-cg ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d ,,*>+ ,,cross ,turki% ,ba?s ,,nevill',s ,nor?umb]l& ,av5ue ,,pron\nc$ ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,f9e/ ,,9 ,,europe ,are ! la/ ^w 9 ,com=t & ,luxury ,cure ,rheumatism1 ,lumbago1 ,sciatica1 ,colds1 ,/ra9s1 ,/iffness1 ,etc4 ,,!y ,,make ,,& ,,keep ,,y ,,fit ,& at ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,broad ,,/reet1 ,,city1 ,,edgw>e ,,road1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,graham ,,la?am1 ,,ltd4 ,,milit>y ,,eng9e]s ,musketry ,appliances ,,aim+ ,,discs 33 ,,aim+ ,,re/s ,,fir+ ,,re/s 33 ,,gr\p+ ,,gauges ,,aim ,,correctors ,,& ,,tea*]s ,section-,fire ,l&scape ,t>gets ,set ( #d ,l&scapes1 ea* #dj 94 by #cj 94 ,price #f_/- ,,sky ,,scre5s1 ea* #c;d42 p] doz4 #b_/f ,,solano ,in/ructional & ,elem5t>y ,,t>gets ,,(ficially ,,approv$ ,,& ,,recomm5d$ ,,by ,,! ,,army ,,c\ncil #ajd1 ,,victoria ,,/41 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,app5dix1 ,,vii4 #b ,^! p>agraphs conta9 in=mation giv5 by a captur$ ,g]man (fic] :o speaks ) au?ority 9 reg>d bo? to musketry & ma*9e guns4 ,8 /atem5ts appe> to repres5t ! views held 9 ! ,g]man ,army be=e ! w>1 on :i* ! tra9+ ( ! ,g]man soldi] has be5 bas$4 #c ,see ,preface1 p>a4 #aj4 #d ,?is precaution w also be adopt$ :5 magaz9es are n *>g$4 #e ,= ! maximum p5etration ( ! po9t$ bullet 9 v>i\s sub/ances see ,app5dix1 ,field ,entr5*m5ts1 ( ?is s]ies4 #f ,tables giv+ ! maximum height ( ! trajectory ( ! ,m>k ,,vi & ,,vii bullets at diff]5t ranges1 toge!r ) tables %[+ ! angles ( desc5t = ! la/ #ajj y>ds ( ea* range1 w be f\nd 9 ,musketry ,regulations4 #g ,?is t>get is describ$ 9 p>a4 #aeb1 ,musketry ,regulations1 ,"p ,,ii4 #h ,= description ( & directions = use ( ,legret ,aim-,tea*]1 ! ,aim-,corrector1 & ,aim+-,disc1 see ,app5dix4 ,a li/ ( necess>y appliances = aim+ in/ruction1 includ+ aim+ & fir+ re/s1 etc41 w be f\nd 9 p>a4 #f ( ?is section4 #i ,! position = aim+ :5 ly+ w be taught previ\sly to ?is practice4 #aj ,%oot+ f ! left %\ld] is n to be p]mitt$ unless x is r5d]$ necess>y by defective eyesight 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,company ,comm&]4 #aa ,see ,fig4 #cc illu/rat+ ?is po9t4 ,see also ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies1 ,fig4 #da1 & ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies1 ,figs4 #fg & #fh4 #ab ,= directions = adju/+ sights 9 ! ly+ position1 see ,sec4 #bf1 p>a4 #d 7iv74 #ac ,! comm& ,load is only requir$ = drill purposes1 or :5 *>g+ rifles be=e leav+ qu>t]s on s]vice4 ,x is n us$ 9 fire ord]s4 #ad ,! advantages & disadvantages ( diff]5t =ms ( cov]1 su* z h$ges1 banks1 walls1 ridges1 folds ( gr\nd1 bu%es & und]gr[?1 knolls & small holl[s1 build+s & enclos$ spaces1 rocks1 m\nds ( e>?1 skyl9e & cont9u\s cov] runn+ diagonally to ! l9e ( advance1 or :i* runs or zigzags across ! l9e ( advance1 are discuss$ 9 ?is section4 #ae ,in/ructions = tra9+ bo? ! eyesight & he>+ = use by night are conta9$ 9 ,sec4 #da ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies4 #af ,see also ,sec #gb1 p>a #e4 #ag ,milit>y features ( importance 9 connection ) gr\nd & cov] are dealt ) 9 ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ & ,field ,entr5*m5ts ( ?is s]ies4 #ah ,see also ,sec4 #gb1 p>a4 #h4 #ai ,see ,sec4 #bh ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies = in=mation z to communications1 = :i*1 ) in=mation z to ammunition supply see also ,infantry ,tra9+ #aiad4 ,infantry cov]+ fire is dealt ) 9 ,sec4 #dd1 p>a4 #ac1 ( ?is book4 ,arrangem5ts = cov]+ fire by ma*9e-guns are dealt ) 9 ,ma*9e-,gun ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies 7see also ,field ,s]vice ,regulations & ,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiad74 #bj ,) reg>d to op5+ fire1 see ,sec4 #dd p>as4 #c to #f4 #ba ,see ,preface1 p>a4 #aa4 #bb ,sec4 #ac %\ld be read 9 connection ) ?is p>agraph4 #bc ,see also ,sec4 #ed1 p>a4 #c 7vi74 #bd ,all subord9ate comm&]s are responsible = keep+ _! respective sup]iors1 z well z neighb\r+ comm&]s1 regul>ly in=m$ ( ! progress ( ev5ts1 & ( important *anges 9 ! situation z !y occur4 ,all ranks %\ld notice :at takes place )9 _! view & he>+1 & report any?+ ( importance accurately & at once to _! imm$iate sup]ior1 :o mu/ pass ! in=mation on to ! high] comm&]s & to neighb\r+ units4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( co-op]ation 9 w>1 & is ess5tial n only 9 battle1 b at e /age ( a campaign4--,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiad4 #be ,! me?ods by :i* ! developm5t ( ! soldi]ly _s is inculcat$ 9 m51 & _! "* develop$ 9 discipl9e & o!r soldi]ly qualities1 are dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,i ( ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies4 #bf ,see ! ,physical ,tra9+ books ( ?is s]ies4 #bg ,! range duties ( (fic]s sup]vis+ range practices1 toge!r ) directions = signall+ hits1 etc41 w be f\nd 9 ,musketry ,regulations4 #bh ,all m5 n fully ex]cis$ 9 ,table ,b ) _! companies 7except ^? ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph to :i* ?is note ref]s7 w be atta*$ to o!r companies to c>ry out ! range or field practices omitt$2 or1 if all companies h complet$ ,table ,b1 a p>ty ( casuals may be =m$ to insure t all m5 qualifi$ are fully ex]cis$ 9 ! :ole ( ,table ,b4 #bi ,= v>i\s arrangem5ts to facilitate night fir+1 & _! comb9ation ) automatic al>ms1 fl>e lights1 & ob/acles to increase fire effect & *eck ! enemy1 see ,*apt] ,,viii41 ,field ,entr5*m5ts1 ( ?is s]ies 7see also ,preface1 p>a4 #g7 #cj ,see also ,sec4 #ae1 p>a4 #c4 #ca ,see ,drill & ,field ,tra9+ ( ?is s]ies1 ,sec4 #ca1 p>as4 #d to #h #cb ,solano figures repres5t+ ,infantry ,l9es consi/ ( /rips conta9+ a numb] ( figures at int]vals4 ,l9es made ( ^! figures c be cr[d$ toge!r by ov]lapp+ two /rips & fix+ !m toge!r 9 ! clips4 #cc ,?is is n necess>y on ! 8,section ,fire0 ,l&scape ,t>gets1 because ! details ( ea* l&scape are reproduc$ 9 a monot9t or %ad[graph facsimile on ! sky-scre5 to be us$ ) x 7,fig4 #eh74 ,%ot-m>ks are !re=e se5 gr\p$ on or ab\t ! sky-scre5 facsimile ( ! objective directly above x4 #cd ,! illu/rations ( ^! ,t>gets 9 ?is section only %[ ! aim+-m>ks & scor+ diagrams4 ,^! are pr9t$ 9 ! c5tre ( squ>e c>d surfaces ( conv5i5t size 9 ! usual mann]1 ! c>ds be+ gre51 grey1 or br[n1 in/ead ( :ite4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors correct$ sil5tly4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4