,transcriber's ,note3 ,bold text delimited by equal signs1 italic text delimited by underscores4 ,,graham ,,latham1 ,,ltd4 ,,military ,,engineers ,,sole ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,the ,,youlten ,,hyposcope ,,rifle ,,sight ,invaluable for the ,trenches ,price #g-aj-j ,illustration ,special ,quotations for ,quantities on ,application ,,made ,,for ,,any ,,arm #ajd1 ,,victoria ,,st41 ,,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,,guaranteed ,,waterproofs ,,infantry ,,cavalry ,illustration ,,by ,,special ,,appointment ,,to ,h4,m4 ,,the ,,king ,,the 8,,service0 ,,coat ,in approved ,,khaki materials1 may be had with detachable ,,fleece ,,lining ,,camp ,,and ,,hospital ,,equipment ,,sleeping ,,bags1 ,,haversacks1 ,,kitbags1 ,,valises1 ,,air ,,pillows ,,guaranteed ,,waterproof ,,boots for all purposes4 ,,leggings1 ,,riding ,,aprons ,,note3 ,,regimental ,,orders can be promptly executed ,illustration3 ,the 8,,service0 ,,geo4 ,,cording1 ,,ltd4 ,,london1 ,w4 #abe1 ,,regent ,,st4 ,,simpson ,,london1 ,,ltd4 #ajc ,,regent ,,st41 ,,london1 ,w4 ,the ,overcoat ,makers4 ,,special ,,and ,,unique ,,materials4 ,founded #ahjj ,,field ,,service ,,outfits ,,overcoats ,,coats ,,warm ,,british ,extract from ,letter received from ,officer at the ,front3 8,the ,british ,warm ,coat you made me is the best ,i have ever had4 ,i use nothing else4 ,a coat by day and bed by night4 ,no rain has got through4 ,i would not lose it for anything40 ,signed4--,,major ----4 ,,waterproofs ,unlined or ,lined4 ,a special cut for ,riding ,from #fc_/- ,extract from ,p4,c4 from ,lt4-,gen41 now ,gen41 ----4 8,have received overcoat all right4 ,it fits very well4 ,many thanks for the trouble you took over it40 ,signed--,,lt4-,,gen4 ----4 ,a ,british ,warm that is warm and a ,waterproof make a handy and efficient combination4 ,,for ,,easy1 ,,accurate1 ,,and ,,inexpensive ,,rifle ,,practice ,you must use the ,b4,s4,a4 ,,air ,,rifle ,illustration ,up to #be yards the ,b4,s4,a4 ,air ,rifle is just as accurate as any ,miniature ,rifle1 and very much cheaper with regard to the cost of ammunition3 ,b4,s4,a4 ,,pellets1 #a_/f per #a1jjj ,,practice ,,at ,,home4--,any ordinary room or garden where a #f yards range can be got is entirely suitable4 ,if a longer range is available so much the better4 ,a ,,home ,,outfit1 consisting of the ,medium ,weight ,rifle 7recommended because all the members of the family can use it71 a ,steel-faced ,target1 a pot of ,white ,paint and ,brush1 and a box of #a1jjj ,b4,s4,a4 ,pellets1 cost #ej_/- only4 ,b4,s4,a4 8,,safetipaste0 ,the 8,no ,trouble0 ,rifle ,barrel ,preserver ,no scrubbing needed4 ,all labour abolished4 ,merely coat the bore and 8,safetipaste0 will kill all fouling and preserve the bore for any length of time4 ,for fully ,illustrated ,rifle ,booklets1 post free1 write to ,the ,sole ,manufacturers3 ,,the ,,birmingham ,,small ,,arms ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,birmingham4 ,makers of ,rifles for the ,war ,office4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,published ,,in ,,the ,,imperial ,,army ,,series ,each #a_/- net ,,drill ,,and ,,field ,,training ,based on ,infantry ,training1 #aiad 7#d ,company ,organisation7 ,,attack1 ,,defence1 ,,outposts1 ,,scouting1 ,,bayonet ,,fighting1 ,,field ,,sketching1 ,,fighting ,,in ,,wood ,,and ,,villages1 ,,night ,,operations1 ,,etc4 ,,field ,,entrenchments 7,spade ,work for ,riflemen7 ,,hasty ,,fire ,,cover1 ,,field ,,entrenchments1 ,,communications1 ,,obstruction1 ,,defence ,,of ,,villages1 ,,woods ,,and ,,buildings1 ,,shelters1 ,,etc4 ,,camps1 ,,billets1 ,,cooking1 ,,ceremonial ,,organisation1 ,,routine ,,and ,,sanitation ,,in ,,quarters1 ,,sentry ,,and ,,guard ,,duties1 ,,bugle ,,calls1 ,,inspection1 ,,bivouacs1 ,,cooking ,,in ,,mess ,,tins1 ,,etc4 ,each #a_/- net ,,field ,,entrenchments 7,spade ,work for ,riflemen7 ,,hasty ,,fire ,,cover1 ,,field ,,entrenchments1 ,,communications1 ,,obstruction1 ,,defence ,,of ,,villages1 ,,woods ,,and ,,buildings1 ,,shelters1 ,,etc4 ,,musketry 7#cjc and #bb ,cartridge7 ,,elementary ,,training ,,and ,,practices1 ,,fire ,,direction ,,and ,,control1 ,,individual ,,and ,,collective ,,field ,,practices1 ,,range ,,practices1 ,,etc4 ,,physical ,,training ,junior ,course--,senior ,course 7,separate ,vols47 ,,complete ,,course ,,of ,,swedish ,,exercises1 ,,games1 ,,athletic ,,sports1 ,,swimming ,,and ,,life-,,saving1 ,,etc4 ,,bought1 ,,sold4 ,,cameras ,,exchanged4 ,,illustrated ,,and ,,bargain ,,lists ,,post ,,free4 ,,electric ,,torches ,large ,selection ,,prices ,,from #bs4 #f;d4 ,british ,made ,,trench ,,periscopes ,,the 8,,westminster0 ,patent ,applied for ,open #bd #f #d in4 ,closed #bd #f #a in4 ,weight in ,case1 #clb4 #foz4 ,sight-height #bb in4 ,,price ,,complete #a #abs4 #f;d4 ,,the 8,n4,s40 ,,trench ,,portable ,,periscope ,weight in ,case1 #ah oz4 ,sight-height #ah in4 ,,price ,,complete #a #aes4 ,,the ,,westminster ,,photographic ,,exchange1 ,l,,td4 #aaa4 ,,oxford ,,street4 #aai4 ,,victoria ,,street1 ,,london4 ,,musketry ,,volumes ,,in ,,the ,,imperial ,,army ,,series ,each #as4 net ,,drill ,,and ,,field ,,training ,,field ,,entrenchments ,,signalling ,,musketry ,,camps1 ,,billets1 ,,cooking1 ,,ceremonial ,,physical ,,training4 ,junior ,course ,,physical ,,training4 ,senior ,course ,for full particulars see front of book ,,imperial ,,army ,,series ,,based ,,on ,,official ,,manuals ,,musketry 7#cjc ,,and #bb ,,cartridges7 ,,elementary ,,training ,,visual ,,training ,,judging ,,distance ,,fire ,,discipline ,,range ,,practices ,,field ,,practices ,written by an ,officer of the ,regular ,army ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,e4 ,,john ,,solano ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albemarle ,,street1 ,w4 #aiae ,all rights reserved4 ,,this ,,book ,,is ,,dedicated ,,to ,,brigadier-,,general ,n4 ,r4 ,,macmahon1 ,d4,s4,o4 ,,killed ,,in ,,action1 ,,flanders1 ,november #aa1 #aiad4 ,first ,edition ,january1 #aiae ,reprinted ,february1 #aiae ,,editor',s ,,note ,object of the ,book4--,this book is intended to serve as an introduction to ,musketry ,regulations4 ,the instruction contained in it is consistent in principle and method with that laid down in ,musketry ,regulations1 ,infantry ,training 7#aiad71 and other official manuals4 ,it is hoped that the book may prove useful to officers and men of the newly raised units of the ,regular ,army1 ,territorial ,force1 and the ,military ,forces of the dominions4 ,as great care has been taken to explain the correct methods of carrying out musketry training1 it is also hoped that it may prove useful to the ,volunteer ,training ,corps1 ,officers' ,training ,corps1 and ,cadet ,corps4 ,the ,preface contains notes on experience gained at the front in the present campaign1 signed by ,general ,sir ,o',moore ,creagh1 ,v4,c41 which will prove of great value to officers in training their commands4 ,scope of ,instruction4--,the scope of instruction in the book is practically identical with that laid down in ,musketry ,regulations4 ,it contains the conditions of the individual and collective field practices recently laid down for the training of the new armies on classification ranges4 ,it also includes directions for carrying out a complete course of musketry instruction on miniature ranges with the aid of the ,standard ,target ,equipment adopted for this purpose4#a ,this instruction includes elementary training1 and leads up by progressive stages to visual training1 fire discipline1 fire direction and control1 and a variety of individual and collective field practices which can be fired under conditions approximating as closely as possible to those of service4 ,acknowledgment4--,the ,editor desires to express his thanks and acknowledgments to the ,military ,authorities and to ,his ,majesty's ,stationery ,office for permission to reproduce illustrations and extracts from the ,musketry ,regulations and other official manuals4 ,it is intended to keep each edition of this book abreast of the latest developments in the science with which it deals1 and the changes made from time to time in the official training manuals4 ,e4 ,,john ,,solano4 ,,london1 #aiae4 ,,preface ,,notes ,,on ,,experience ,,gained ,,at ,,the ,,front ,,by ,,general ,,sir ,o',,moore ,,creagh1 ,v4,c4 #a4 ,the experience gained at the front in the present campaign may be divided broadly under two heads3 ,firstly1 the test under war conditions of the general principles upon which the ,british ,army has been trained in peace4 ,secondly1 knowledge concerning the tactics of the enemy and his method of employing various arms4 ,with regard to the former of these two heads of information1 it is important to note that the broad principles upon which the training of the ,british ,army has been based are described by a ,general ,officer as being sound1 and that the need of paying strict attention to them in carrying out training is emphasized by him4 ,on the other hand1 valuable experience has been gained as to the best method of applying these general principles to the peculiar conditions which have so far prevailed in the present campaign1 including the tactics adopted by the enemy4 ,information based on this experience1 more especially so far as it concerns the employment of musketry in attack and defence1 is included in these notes1 as it may prove useful to officers in training their commands4 #b4 ,these notes1 therefore1 do not affect the general principles of training laid down in this book4 ,they merely deal with the application of these principles to the peculiar conditions which have so far obtained in the course of the campaign4 ,these conditions may at any time give place to others1 for it must be remembered that in no two military operations is the situation exactly the same4 ,instructors1 therefore1 must avoid the mistake of training their men for any particular given conditions of warfare1 and remember that general principles and broad rules alone are applicable to the leading of troops in war 7,infantry ,training1 #aiad74 #c4 ,german ,musketry4#b--7;i7 ,the ,germans consider it unnecessary to teach men to fire at distances beyond #djj metres4 ,their plan of infantry attack 7see diagram1 p4 ix7 is devised to get within this range without opening fire4 ,accordingly1 judging distance is practised by officers only1 and no attention is devoted to the indication of targets1 concentration of fire1 or to fire direction and control generally1 as practised in the ,british ,army4 ,to concentrate the fire of a platoon or company on one spot at #a1jjj yards range was considered by ,germans to be a waste of ammunition4 ,their training seems to have been limited to independent firing by battalions on large areas of ground4 7ii7 ,only some of their men were practised in rapid firing1 which averaged eight or nine rounds a minute1 as against the fifteen well-aimed shots a minute which ,british troops are trained to deliver in rapid firing4 ,in this respect it may be mentioned that the straight bolt of the ,german rifle is not so easy to work as the bolt of the ,british rifle1 nor is its clip so easy to put in4 ,when put to the test of war1 the musketry of the ,german infantry is characterized by ,british officers as poor and 8lamentable40 #d4 ,british ,musketry4--,on the other hand1 the ,german officer referred to in the footnote below described ,british musketry under the test of war as 8marvellous10 and1 in doing so1 expressed the views generally held in the ,german ,army as the result of experience4 ,he states that the ,germans had counted on being able to rush the ,british troops by weight of numbers by the plan of attack described in the next paragraph2 but they found themselves unable to do so because the ,british rifle fire was 8so straight and so quick40 ,he added that 8they had never had a chance against the ,british10 because1 although they reckoned on their third line with their machine-guns being able to get within #djj yards of the enemy1 they had never been able to do this over open ground against the ,british1 because their first line was down too soon--sometimes at #hjj to #a1jjj yards4 ,again1 on the ,aisne1 this ,german officer's machine-gun battery came under the concentrated fire of ,british infantry at #a1jjj yards1 and though his men suffered heavily from it1 they were unable to reply to the ,british1 as they were unable to see them4 #e4 ,a ,german ,plan of ,infantry ,attack4--7i7 ,the diagram on page ix gives a rough idea of a ,german plan of infantry attack in close formations1 as explained by a ,german officer4 ,the first line is looked on as cover from bullets for the second and third lines1 to enable these two lines to get close to the enemy with the minimum of loss4 ,the ,germans considered massed formations to be the only way to get up close to the enemy4 ,both ranks of each line in these formations are close together4 ,when their third line is stopped1 they have standing orders to dig in at once1 and for this purpose the third line carries shovels and small picks4 ,it has already been explained that1 owing to the tremendous effect of ,british musketry fire1 this ,german plan of attack has repeatedly failed after very heavy loss has been incurred4 7ii7 ,as regards fire effect1 the ,germans had considered the machine-gun to be the most valuable method of discharging bullets1 and an enormous amount of time1 trouble1 and ammunition has been expended on machine-gun training1 as well as upon their artillery1 upon which they relied largely in their plan of attack4 ,notes referring to ,german machine-guns will be found in ,machine-,gun ,training of this series4 #f4 ,german ,night ,attacks4--7i7 ,the enemy's night attacks are made without scouts or advanced parties1 and the advance is made with great rapidity4 ,infantry in trenches must always be ready to open a burst of rapid fire at a few seconds' notice2 so long as this can be done1 there will be no chance of a trench being rushed4 ,supports should be in the cover-trenches1 and1 when the firing-line is attacked1 should not fire1 but rely on the bayonet4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,showing ,a ,,german ,,plan ,,of ,,infantry ,,attack ,,in ,,close ,,formations4 7ii7 ,the ,germans usually attack about #c p4m4 7winter7 or at dusk1 and then entrench during the night within #bjj yards of our lines4 ,they also take advantage of fog in the early morning4 ,they make a little progress in this way1 but it is slow work1 and they have lost enormously1 as already stated4 ,they shoot badly with the rifle1 and the effect of their fire is chiefly obtained by artillery and machine-guns4 #g4 ,flares to illuminate ,foreground at ,night4--7i7 ,no fixed apparatus can be set in the field for the reliable lighting of foreground at night which will survive a prolonged bombardment and bad weather1 or admit of renewal or attention in the close presence of the enemy4 ,this does not apply to electric searchlights employed in carefully chosen and protected sites in connection with harbour and fortress defences1 nor to flares or bonfires set for the purpose of providing a single illumination for a given purpose1 such as a signal or landmark4 7ii7 ,for the temporary illumination of foreground during an engagement with the enemy1 the best method is to employ hand and rifle 8illumination grenades10 which ignite on impact with the ground upon the same principle as in the detonation of the explosive or fighting grenades4 ,by this means temporary illumination can be concentrated at the exact points at which it is most required4 ,in siege warfare or trench fighting at close quarters there is special use for a combined incendiary and illumination bomb or grenade fired from a trench mortar4 ,these bombs would be charged with inflammable material and liquid1 such as cotton waste in petrol1 together with a small charge of explosive1 which would ignite and scatter the contents freely upon impact4 #h4 ,british ,infantry ,formations in ,attack--7i7 ,advance under ,rifle or ,machine-,gun ,fire4--,small columns in what are known as 8artillery formations0 should never be adhered to when there is a possibility of their coming under close or medium range fire of infantry or machine-guns4 ,troops have suffered severely from insufficient extension1 and the adoption of rigid lines1 and also from pushing forward in close formations without taking the proper military precautions4 ,loose elastic formations adapted to the ground1 with men at eight or ten paces interval1 are the least vulnerable4 7ii7 ,advance under ,artillery ,fire4--,several times it has been necessary to advance under unsubdued artillery fire4 ,small columns at #ej yards' interval and #cjj yards' distance have been found to be the best method of avoiding casualties4 ,the #aith ,brigade lying in the open in this formation were shelled by two batteries for half an hour1 and had only twenty-five casualties4 #i4 ,cover and ,fields of ,fire4--7i7 ,owing to the effect of ,german artillery fire1 cover from view has become more important than field of fire4 ,it is better to have a field of fire of #ajj yards and to be invisible than to have one of #fjj yards and be an easy target for artillery4 ,owing to the enemy's artillery fire by day1 digging is nearly always done at night1 and this requires much practice4 ,some sort of rough cover from shrapnel and head cover is made if time allows1 and also if it can be made without making the trench conspicuous4 7ii7 ,defensive ,positions and ,sites of ,trenches4--,whenever possible1 trenches should be sited so that they are not under artillery observation4 ,this point is regarded as of great importance1 and an extensive field of fire is a secondary consideration4 ,trenches should therefore be sited having regard to possible observation stations on ground occupied by the enemy1 and not solely with regard to the possible artillery positions of the enemy4 ,in open country it is better to select a 8back position10 behind the crest of a hill1 with a field of fire of #cjj or #djj yards4 ,this compels the enemy to expose his infantry to rifle and shrapnel fire1 and affords his artillery little opportunity of observation4 ,such positions were held on the ,aisne1 with slight loss to our troops and heavy loss to the enemy4 ,a field of fire of #ajj yards is regarded as satisfactory if it cannot be increased without loss of concealment from artillery observation4 #aj4 ,care of ,rifles4--7i7 ,the following directions are issued with regard to the care of rifles on service4 ,new rifles are inclined to work somewhat stiffly at first1 owing to slight roughness of the bearing surfaces of the bolt and bolt-way4 ,this can be appreciably lessened by frequent and systematic manipulation of the bolt1 the bearing surfaces being well oiled4 ,primary extraction--the first loosening of the fired cartridge in the chamber--can be improved by placing a fired case in the chamber1 and working the bolt-lever up and down without drawing back the bolt4 7ii7 ,rifles must be kept clean and well oiled1 and it has been found necessary to make an inspection daily or even oftener4 ,particular care must be taken to see that the chamber is scrupulously clean4 ,if it is permitted to become dirty1 great difficulty in extraction is likely to be experienced4 ,it has also been found that cartridges get rusted into their clips1 and that they should be moved at least weekly4 ,magazine springs may also become weak1 if the magazine is continually kept loaded with ten instead of five rounds4 #aa4 ,conclusion4--7i7 ,up to the present the tactics of the enemy and the conditions of warfare of the campaign on the ,continent have resulted as a rule in giving the infantryman fairly short fields of fire and more or less visible targets4 ,this has accentuated the value of rapid1 accurate fire within close range1 to which particular attention should be paid in training men4 ,on the other hand1 when opportunity has afforded1 the value of fire direction and control has been demonstrated by the effect of ,british rifle fire beyond close range4 7ii7 ,the principles of training laid down in the ,musketry ,regulations and in this book as a whole should1 therefore1 be adhered to and carried out systematically4 ,above all1 the sound principles that troops should be trained to make the best possible use of their weapons1 not only at one but at all ranges of the battlefield1 and that they should be trained to adapt their instruction to a variety of conditions1 and not to any given conditions1 should be observed faithfully4 ,the correct application of general principles to the ever-varying circumstances of warfare should be the object of any sound system of military training4 7iii7 ,the following subjects of training may be mentioned as being especially important in relation to the present campaign3 #a4 ,rapid fire4 #b4 ,entrenching1 especially in the dark4 #c4 ,cover from view of artillery for the trenches4 #d4 ,bringing enfilade fire to bear on enemy's trenches whenever possible4 #e4 ,skilful use of machine-guns4 ,infantry must be careful when advancing that an enemy's machine-gun is not hidden on the flank ready to open enfilade fire4 ,some regiments have lost very heavily from being caught in this way4 ,o',m4 ,,creagh4 ,,london1 #aiae4 ,,contents ,,preface ,,page ,,notes ,,on ,,experience ,,gained ,,at ,,the ,,front vi ,,definition ,,of ,,technical ,,terms ,,and ,,military ,,vocabulary ,i4 ,definitions xxii ,,ii4 ,military ,vocabulary for ,indication and ,recognition of ,targets xxvi ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,care ,,and ,,cleaning ,,of ,,arms ,,section #a4 ,general ,remarks #a #b4 ,wear and ,fouling #b #c4 ,materials used for ,cleaning ,arms #d #d4 ,instructions for ,cleaning ,arms #g #e4 ,instructions for ,care of ,arms and ,ammunition #aj #f4 ,examination of ,small ,arms #ab #g4 ,inspection of ,arms on ,parade #ae ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,theory ,,and ,,practical ,,application ,,of ,,rifle ,,fire #h4 ,general ,information #ah #i4 ,dangerous ,space--,ricochets--,firing ,up and ,down ,hill #be #aj4 ,effects of ,barometric ,pressure1 ,temperature1 ,wind1 and ,light #bg #aa4 ,need for ,collective ,fire #bi #ab4 ,dispersion of ,individual and ,collective ,fire #ca #ac4 ,searching #ce #ad4 ,the ,relation of ,ground to ,fire ,effect #ch ,,chapter ,,iii ,,instruction ,,in ,,aiming #ae4 ,general ,remarks #dc #af4 ,aiming ,instruction #dg #ag4 ,common ,faults in ,aiming #ej #ah4 ,triangle of ,error #ea #ai4 ,aiming at ,service ,targets1 ,aiming at ,ground1 and ,marking ,down the ,enemy #ec #bj4 ,aiming-,off for ,wind #ee #ba4 ,aiming ,up and ,down #eg #bb4 ,aiming-,off for ,movement #eh #bc4 ,practice in ,rapid ,adjustment of ,sights #fj ,,chapter ,,iv ,,elementary ,,instruction ,,in ,,firing #bd4 ,hints to ,instructors #fb #be4 ,trigger-,pressing and ,snapping #fc #bf4 ,the ,various ,firing ,positions #ff #bg4 ,loading and ,unloading #fi #bh4 ,use of the ,safety-,catch and ,cut-,off #ga #bi4 ,instruction in ,aiming and ,firing #gb #cj4 ,firing in the ,open #gc #ca4 ,firing from ,cover #gc #cb4 ,muscle ,exercises #gg ,,chapter ,v ,,visual ,,training ,,and ,,ranging #cc4 ,general ,remarks on ,visual ,training #ha #cd4 ,discernment of ,targets #hb #ce4 ,military ,vocabulary and ,study of ,ground #hd #cf4 ,general ,remarks on ,ranging #hi #cg4 ,judging ,distances by ,eye #ia #ch4 ,range-,finding by ,observation of ,fire #if #ci4 ,ranging by ,auxiliary ,methods and by ,instruments #ig #dj4 ,range-,cards and ,range-,marks #ih ,,chapter ,,vi ,,fire ,,direction ,,and ,,control #da4 ,general ,remarks #aje #db4 ,organization for ,fire ,action #ajf #dc4 ,effect of ,fire at ,different ,ranges on ,various ,formations and ,objectives #aaj #dd4 ,tactical ,application of ,rifle ,fire #aab #de4 ,description and ,recognition of ,targets #aai #df4 ,fire ,orders #abg #dg4 ,fire ,discipline #acj ,,chapter ,,vii ,,general ,,information ,,regarding ,,range ,,and ,,field ,,practices #dh4 ,preliminary ,training #ace #di4 ,tests of ,preliminary ,training #acf #ej4 ,progression of ,instruction in ,range and ,field ,practices #adj #ea4 ,range ,practices #ada #eb4 ,grouping and ,application #adf #ec4 ,snapshooting1 ,rapid ,firing1 and ,firing at ,crossing ,targets #aej #ed4 ,field ,practices #aea ,,chapter ,,viii ,,conduct ,,of ,,range ,,and ,,field ,,practices #ee4 ,thirty ,yards ,ranges #aei #ef4 ,grouping ,practices #aei #eg4 ,timed ,practices #afa #eh4 ,general ,rules for ,range ,practices #afb #ei4 ,surplus ,ammunition and ,computation of ,averages #aff #fj4 ,conditions of ,qualification #afg #fa4 ,classification ,practices and ,conditions of ,classification #afh #fb4 ,recruits' ,course1 ,regular ,forces1 ,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 and ,infantry #aga #fc4 ,execution of ,tables ,a and ,b in the ,same ,year #aga #fd4 ,trained ,soldiers' ,course3 ,,table ,a--,recruits' ,course 7,cavalry1 ,royal ,engineers1 and ,infantry7 #agd ,,table ,b--,annual ,course 7,cavalry1 ,royal ,engineers1 and ,infantry7 #agg ,,table ,a--,recruits' ,course 7,r4,a41 ,r4,e41 ,a4,s4,c41 ,a4,o4,c47 #ahj ,,table ,b--,annual ,course 7,r4,a41 ,a4,s4,c41 ,a4,o4,c47 #aha #fe4 ,general ,rules for ,field ,practices #ahb #ff4 ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges--,individual ,practices--,collective ,practices #ahd ,,chapter ,,ix ,,night ,,firing1 ,,hand ,,grenades1 ,,and ,,competitions #fg4 ,night ,firing #aic #fh4 ,hand ,grenade 7,mark ,i7 #aid #fi4 ,competitions #bja ,,chapter ,x ,,instruction ,,on ,,miniature ,,ranges1 ,,including ,,range ,,and ,,field ,,practices #gj4 ,general ,remarks #bjc #ga4 ,targets #bje #gb4 ,preliminary ,training #bjg #gc4 ,range ,practices #bac #gd4 ,field ,practices1 ,night ,firing1 and ,competitions--,lectures--,demonstration s--,individual and ,collective ,field ,practices #bac ,,appendix ,i4 ,names of the ,parts of ,rifles--,short ,m4,l4,e41 ,mark ,,iii1 and ,charger-,loading ,m4,l4,e4 #bcc ,,ii4 ,directions for ,use of the ,legret ,aim-,teacher #bdj ,,iii4 ,directions for ,use of the ,aim-,corrector #bda ,,iv4 ,directions for ,use of the ,aiming-,disc #bdc ,v4 8,harmonizing0 ,rifles for ,miniature ,range ,practices #bdd ,,vi4 ,scoring and ,signalling #bde ,,vii4 ,solano ,target--,marks ,i4 and ,,ii4 #bdh ,,viii4 ,solano ,elementary and ,instructional ,targets #bej ,,index #beh ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,fig4 ,,page ,,diagram ,,showing ,a ,,german ,,plan ,,of ,,infantry ,,attack ,,in ,,close ,,formations ix #a4 ,,wire ,,gauze ,,on ,,pull-,,through #e #b ,,and #c4 ,,illustration ,,of ,,trajectory1 ,,etc4 #ai #d ,,and #e4 ,,dangerous ,,space #bf #f4 ,,cone ,,of ,,fire #cb #g4 ,,diagrams ,,illustrating ,,the ,,dispersion ,,in ,,depth ,,of ,,concentrated ,,collective ,,fire ,,at #a1ejj ,,yards ,,and ,,its ,,distribution ,,in ,,depth ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,combined ,,sights #cf #h4 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,ground ,,to ,,fire ,,effect #ci #i4 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,ground ,,to ,,fire ,,effect #dj #aj4 ,,dead ,,ground #db #aa4 ,,diagrams ,,showing ,,correct ,,and ,,incorrect ,,alignment ,,of ,,sights #dh #ab4 ,,long-,,range ,,sights #di #ac4 ,,faults ,,in ,,aiming #ej #ad4 ,,triangle ,,of ,,error #eb #ae4 ,,method ,,of ,,pressing ,,trigger ,,with ,,forefinger #fd #af4 ,,shot ,,group ,,illustrating ,,result ,,of ,,faulty ,,trigger-,,pressing #fe #ag4 ,,showing ,,grip ,,of ,,right ,,hand1 ,,and ,,trigger ,,finger #ff #ah4 ,,instructor ,,illustrating ,,correct ,,method ,,of ,,pressing ,,the ,,trigger #ff #ai4 ,,correct ,,method ,,of ,,using ,,aiming-,,disc #ff #bj4 ,,standing ,,position--,,side ,,view #fg #ba4 ,,standing ,,position--,,front ,,view #fg #bb4 ,,prone ,,position--,,side ,,view #fh #bc4 ,,kneeling ,,position--,,side ,,view #fh #bd4 ,,kneeling ,,position--,,front ,,view #fh #be4 ,,sitting ,,position #fi #bf4 ,,sitting ,,position ,,when ,,firing--,,aiming ,,down ,,steep ,,slope #fi #bg4 ,,loading ,,in ,,standing ,,position #gj #bh4 ,,firing ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,,heads ,,lowered2 ,,observer ,,watching ,,front #ga #bi4 ,,firing ,,round ,,cover--,,correct #gd #cj4 ,,firing ,,round ,,cover--,,unnecessary ,,exposure #gd #ca4 ,,firing ,,from ,,fold ,,of ,,ground--,,side ,,view #gd #cb4 ,,firing ,,from ,,fold ,,of ,,ground--,,unnecessary ,,exposure #ge #cc4 ,,firing ,,from ,,fold ,,of ,,ground--,,correct ,,method #ge #cd4 ,,firing ,,over ,,continuous ,,cover #ge #ce4 ,,firing ,,over ,,continuous ,,cover #gf #cf4 ,,firing ,,over ,,continuous ,,cover #gf #cg4 ,,firing ,,round ,,continuous ,,cover3 ,,lying ,,position--,,front ,,view #gf #ch4 ,,firing ,,round ,,continuous ,,cover3 ,,lying ,,position--,,side ,,view #gf #ci4 ,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,loading #gg #dj4 ,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,loaded #gg #da4 ,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,firing #gg #db4 ,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,firing #gg #dc4 ,,military ,,vocabulary--,,terms ,,describing ,,common ,,features ,,of ,,ground #hg #dd4 ,,simple ,,range ,,card ,,for ,,attack #ii #de4 ,,simple ,,range ,,card ,,for ,,defence #ajj #df4 ,,example ,,of ,a ,,foreground ,,range ,,sketch #ajb #dg4 ,,rough ,,sketch ,,of ,a ,,field ,,of ,,fire ,,divided ,,into ,,overlapping ,,sectors ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,description ,,points ,,on ,,deployment ,,in ,,attack #ajh #dh4 ,,diagram ,,illustrating ,,tactical ,,application ,,of ,,fire #aae #di4 ,,description ,,of ,,targets--,,finger-,,breadth ,,method #abb #ej4 ,,description ,,of ,,targets--,,clock-,,face ,,method #abc #ea4 ,,description ,,of ,,targets--,,example ,,of ,,field ,,of ,,fire ,,suitable ,,for ,,employment ,,of ,,finger-,,breadth ,,and ,,clock-,,face ,,methods1 ,,combined ,,with ,,description ,,points #abd #eb4 ,,hand ,,grenade1 ,,mark ,i #aif1 #aig #ec4 ,,solano ,,target1 ,,mark ,i1 ,,arranged ,,for ,,elementary ,,practices ,,by ,,eight ,,men ,,firing ,,simultaneously1 ,,showing ,,the ,,targets ,,numbered #bjf #ed4 ,,solano ,,target--,,cleat ,,fitting ,,with ,,cords ,,which ,,operate ,,mechanism ,,attached #bjf #ee4 ,,solano ,,target1 ,,mark ,i1 ,,arranged ,,for ,,general ,,instruction ,,or ,,for ,,firing ,,field ,,practices1 ,,with ,,scenery ,,and ,,scenic ,,accessories 7,,type ,a71 ,,and ,,with ,,solano ,,figures ,,representing ,,troops ,,at ,,different ,,ranges #bjg #ef4 ,,solano ,,target1 ,,mark ,i1 ,,arranged ,,for ,,general ,,instruction ,,or ,,for ,,firing ,,field ,,practices1 ,,with ,,scenery ,,and ,,scenic ,,accessories 7,,type ,c71 ,,and ,,with ,,solano ,,figures ,,representing ,,troops ,,at ,,different ,,ranges #bjg #eg4 ,,landscape ,,target ,,on ,,frames ,,attached ,,to ,,solano ,,target ,,in ,,position ,,for ,,firing #bbh #eh4 ,,landscape ,,target ,,practices--,,illustration ,,showing ,,method ,,of ,,harmonizing ,,rifles ,,and ,,the ,,system ,,of ,,measuring ,,collective ,,grouping ,,of ,,concentrated ,,and ,,distributed ,,fire #bbi #ei1 #fj4 ,,short ,,magazine ,,lee-,,enfield ,,rifle #bcd1 #bce #fa-fc4 ,,charger-,,loading ,,lee-,,enfield ,,rifle #bcg-bci #fd4 ,,legret ,,aim-,,teacher #bdj #fe4 ,,aim-,,corrector #bdb #ff4 ,,aiming-,,disc #bdc #fg4 ,,solano ,,elementary ,,target1 ,,no4 #a #bea #fh4 ,,solano ,,elementary ,,target1 ,,no4 #b #beb #fi4 ,a ,,circle 7#c ,,inches ,,diameter7 ,,and ,a ,,triangle 7#c ,,inches ,,equilateral71 ,,showing ,,that ,,the ,,triangle ,,as ,,aiming ,,and ,,scoring ,,diagram ,,induces ,,closer ,,grouping ,,than ,,the ,,circle ,,by ,,allowing ,,less ,,margin ,,for ,,both ,,vertical ,,and ,,lateral ,,errors ,,represented ,,by ,,the ,,dots #bec #gj4 ,,solano ,,instructional ,,target1 ,,no4 #a #bed #ga4 ,,solano ,,instructional ,,target1 ,,no4 #b #bee #gb4 ,,solano ,,instructional ,,target1 ,,no4 #c #bef ,,definitions ,,of ,,technical ,,terms ,,and ,,military ,,vocabulary ,i4 ,,definitions4 ,aiming-,off4--,altering the point of aim laterally1 so as to give deflection to the rifle-barrel without using the wind-gauge4 ,aiming ,point4--,the point in any target at which aim is taken1 forming the extremity of the line of sight4 ,aiming ,up and ,down4--,altering the point of aim vertically so as to give more or less elevation to the rifle-barrel without altering the sight4 ,angle of ,descent4--,angle at which the bullet falls to the ground at the end of its flight 7,figs4 #d and #e74 ,application4--,an elementary musketry practice1 designed to illustrate methods of correcting aim or sighting in accordance with observation or signals from the butts4 ,approximation of ,scoring ,rings4--,concentric rings marked on an instructional target and possessing various values which afford a simple means of comparing the shooting errors of individuals1 but having no relation to the vulnerable surfaces of the ordinary service targets4 ,axis of the ,barrel4--,the axis of the barrel is an imaginary line following the centre of the bore from breech to muzzle 7,fig4 #b74 ,beaten ,zone4--,area of ground beaten by a cone of fire 7,fig4 #f74 ,bull's ,eye4--,a circular aiming-mark of varying size used in elementary training for grouping practice1 with the object of eliminating all sources of error other than that of bad holding4 ,concentration of ,fire4--,the directing of fire on one particular portion of the enemy's line4 ,its value lies in the demoralizing effect it produces owing to the heavy loss it inflicts at the point at which it is directed 7,fig4 #dh74 ,covered ,approach4--,ground and natural or artificial cover which screens movement towards an objective from the enemy's view4 ,culminating ,point4--,the culminating point is the greatest height above the line of sight to which the bullet rises in its flight2 this is reached at a point a little beyond half the distance to which the bullet travels4 ,dangerous ,space4--,the dangerous space for any particular range is the distance between the first catch and the first graze 7,fig4 #d74 ,dead ,ground4--,any ground on which troops cannot be struck by missiles fired by defenders of a position owing to the formation of the intervening ground 7,fig4 #aj74 ,deflection4--,the inclination of the rifle-barrel laterally with reference to the line of sight1 counteracting the effect of wind1 drift1 or other influence which tends to force the bullet out of a straight path4 ,description ,points4--,ground and its natural or artificial features used for indication of targets 7,figs4 #di-ea74 ,distribution of ,fire4--,the method of directing fire so that it may be scattered over several objects 7,fig4 #dh74 ,elevation4--,the inclination of the rifle-barrel vertically with reference to the line of sight1 necessitated by the downward influence exercised on the bullet by the force of gravity4 ,error of the ,day4--,a term used to include errors in shooting due to miscalculation of atmospheric influences1 such as wind1 temperature1 etc4 ,error of the ,rifle4--,any error inherent in a rifle1 independent of any error due to the want of skill of the firer4 ,fire1 ,kinds of-- ,collective ,fire4--,the fire of several rifles combined for a definite purpose under the orders of a fire-leader4 ,such fire skilfully directed and well controlled may produce good effect up to #a1djj yards4 ,converging ,fire4--,fire aimed at one target from different points4 ,covering ,fire4--,fire delivered from the rear or flank by a special body of troops to keep down the fire of the attacked during the advance of the attacking body4 ,it also includes fire delivered by portions of a line with a view to assisting the advance of the remainder 7,fig4 #dh74 ,effective ,fire4--,fire which has the desired result upon the target4 ,enfilade ,fire4--,fire which sweeps a line of troops or defences from a flank 7,fig4 #dh74 ,frontal ,fire4--,fire which is delivered directly to the front4 ,grazing ,fire4--,when the angle of the fall of the bullets 7see ,trajectory7 is the same as the slope of the ground and the missiles sweep along its surface the fire is called grazing 7,fig4 #i74 ,individual ,fire4--,fire opened without orders from a fire-leader4 ,on account of the difficulty of observation #fjj yards may be taken as the limit of effective fire of this nature against small targets4 ,indirect ,fire4--,indirect fire is fire directed by means of auxiliary aiming-marks at an objective which is invisible to the firer 7,fig4 #dh74 ,masked ,fire4--,troops 7guns or rifles7 in a position whence they could employ fire effectively against an enemy1 but for the fear of causing casualties to their comrades1 are said to have their fire masked by these latter troops4 ,oblique ,fire4--,fire directed on a target in a slanting direction--i4e4 not directly to the front 7,fig4 #dh74 ,rapid ,fire4--,fire delivered as quickly as the nature of the rifle admits4 ,reverse ,fire4--,fire so directed that the bullets strike the target in rear 7,fig4 #dh74 ,searching ,fire4--,searching is the term applied to collective fire when the depth of its dispersion over a beaten zone is increased by the use of combined sights 7,fig4 #g74 ,sweeping ,fire4--,sweeping fire is fire distributed laterally 7,fig4 #dh74 ,unaimed ,fire4--,unaimed fire is fire directed at a visible objective which strikes another objective to the rear of it 7,fig4 #dh74 ,fire ,control4--,fire control is the duty of junior officers and non-commissioned officers1 and consists in giving ranges to and pointing out targets to the fire-units1 and seeing that their men adjust their sights to the range given4 ,it further consists in regulating the volume of fire1 the accurate passing of all orders and information1 and in the cavalry and infantry the collecting of ammunition from casualties and its redistribution4 ,fire ,discipline4--,the training of men so that they will instinctively carry out all orders of fire-unit commanders1 and in the absence of orders adjust their sights and fire with due regard to the tactical situation4 ,fire ,effect4--,the effect on the target resulting from the fire aimed at it4 ,fire ,fight4--,the struggle for fire superiority4 ,fire ,position4--,positions from which fire is opened during the advance of an attacking force2 during the early stages of the advance with a view to gaining ground1 in the latter stages with a view to gaining a superiority of fire4 ,fire-,unit4--,a unit1 the fire of which is controlled by one commander4 ,the normal cavalry and infantry fire-unit is the troop and section respectively4 ,firing-,line4--,in extended formations the line of troops from which the main body of fire is delivered4 ,firing-,position4--,the position1 standing1 kneeling1 lying1 etc41 adopted for firing1 according to circumstances4 ,first ,catch4--,the first catch is that point where the bullet has descended sufficiently to strike the head of a man1 whether mounted1 standing1 kneeling1 lying1 etc4 7,fig4 #d1 ,a74 ,first ,graze4--,the first graze is the point where the bullet1 if not interfered with1 will first strike the ground 7,fig4 #d1 ,b74 ,group1 ,grouping1 or ,diagram of ,group4--,the pattern made on a vertical target by a series of shots fired by an individual or the pattern made on a horizontal surface by concentrated collective fire4 ,grouping4--,an elementary musketry practice designed to test and standardize holding and the accuracy of rifles1 and to expose constant errors in aiming4 ,holding4--,the form of skill required in order to press the trigger without disturbing the aim4 ,inclined ,sights4--,a common fault in aiming-failure to keep the sights upright4 ,line of ,departure4--,the line of departure is the direction of the bullet on leaving the muzzle--i4e41 the prolongation of the axis of the barrel 7,fig4 #b74 ,line of ,fire4--,the line of fire is a line joining the muzzle of the rifle and the target 7,fig4 #b74 ,line of ,sight4--,the line of sight is a straight line passing through the sights and the point aimed at 7,fig4 #b74 ,marking ,down4--,noting the exact position of an enemy seen to occupy ground or cover4 ,mutual ,support4--,the fire of one unit directed at the enemy to cover and assist the movement of another unit 7,fig4 #dh74 ,also individual soldiers working in pairs to assist each other in firing4 ,observation4--,watching the effect of fire on the target with a view to correction or verification of sighting1 either by watching for the dust thrown up by bullets or the behaviour of the enemy4 ,permissible ,error4--,error made in estimating range which does not render fire ineffective4 ,ranges1 ,terms applied to4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,terms applied ,rifle4 ,field ,artillery4 ,heavy ,batteries4 to ,ranges4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,yards4 ,yards4 ,yards4 ,distant #b1hjj to #b1jjj #f1ejj to #e1jjj #aj1jjj to #f1ejj ,long #b1jjj to #a1djj #e1jjj to #d1jjj #f1ejj to #e1jjj ,effective #a1djj to #fjj #d1jjj to #b1ejj #e1jjj to #b1ejj ,close #fjj and under #b1ejj and under #b1ejj and under ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,recruit 7,musketry74--,a man who has not completed ,table ,a 7the recruit's course of musketry74 ,sector4--,a portion of frontage allotted to a fire-unit for the purposes of observation and fire action4 ,snapshooting4--,firing the most accurate possible shot in the shortest possible time4 ,superiority of ,fire4--,the means of pouring a more destructive fire into the enemy than he can bring to bear on you4 ,under ordinary conditions a necessity prior to the bayonet charge4 ,target1 ,crossing4--,a target moving across the front of the firer obliquely or at right angles4 ,target1 ,service4--,the various targets of battle4 ,trained ,soldier 7,musketry74--,a man who has completed ,table ,a 7the recruit's course of musketry74 ,trajectory4--,the curved line a bullet or other projectile follows in its flight4 ,this is dependent on the explosion of the charge which drives the bullet forward1 gravity which draws the bullet towards the earth1 and the resistance of the air which retards the velocity of the bullet 7,fig4 #b74 ,,ii4 ,,military ,,vocabulary ,,for ,,indication ,,and ,,recognition ,,of ,,targets4 ,arable ,land4--,ground under cultivation other than pasture or grass land4 ,brook4--,a small stream4 ,causeway4--,a made road or path1 raised by artificial means above the level of the surrounding country4 ,clearing4--,where trees and undergrowth have been cut down in a wood1 so as to make an open space4 ,cliff4--,a high1 steep rock4 ,col4--,a gap or break in a ridge of hills1 often traversed by a road1 which thus avoids to a great extent the ascent and descent otherwise necessary in passing from one side of the ridge to the other4 ,this term is also used to describe the narrow ridge often seen joining a hill to a main chain of hills4 ,copse 7or ,coppice74--,a small wood1 composed of young trees and undergrowth for cutting4 ,crest-,line4--,where the top of a hill or mountain appears to meet the sky4 ,cross-,roads4--,the point where one road crosses another4 ,culvert4--,a watercourse arched over with brickwork or masonry1 generally under a road or railway4 ,cutting4--,an excavation through which a railway line runs4 ,dense ,hedge4--,growing closely together4 ,donga4--,a ,south ,african term1 meaning a dry watercourse1 bordered by steep and high banks4 ,embankment4--,earth banked up above the natural height of the surrounding country1 to preserve the level of a railway line4 ,fenced4--,bounded by a fence1 hedge1 wall1 etc4 ,fencing4--,a structure1 enclosing a piece of land or separating it from another piece4 ,ferry4--,a place where a river or other piece of water may be crossed by means of a boat kept at the spot for the purpose4 ,fold in ,ground4--,a slight hollow1 caused by the regular lie of the ground being broken by a rise or depression4 ,foliage4--,the leaves of trees1 shrubs1 etc4 ,ford4--,a shallow place in a stream where it may be crossed by wading4 ,gorge4--,a rugged and deep ravine4 ,hollow4--,a depression in the ground4 ,junction of ,roads4--,the point where two or more roads meet1 but do not cross one another4 ,knoll4--,a low hill standing by itself4 ,level ,crossing4--,where a road or path crosses a railway-line at the same level4 ,marshland4--,low-lying1 wet land1 covered usually with rushes and rank vegetation4 ,moorland4--,waste land covered with heath1 and having a poor1 peaty soil4 ,nullah4--,an ,indian term1 meaning a dry watercourse bordered by steep and high banks4 ,palings4--,narrow pieces of wood nailed closely together upon rails so as to form a fence4 ,pastureland4--,grassland4 ,plantation4--,a small wood1 composed of trees recently planted4 ,ploughland4--,land which has recently been ploughed4 ,posts and ,rails4--,a fence composed of posts1 with one end sunk in the ground1 connected by rails4 ,quarry4--,an excavation from which stone has been extracted4 ,ravine4--,a deep hollow in a hill or mountain side4 ,ridge4--,anything shaped like the back of an animal4 ,for instance1 the highest part of a long range of hills or the angular top of the roof of a building4 ,ridge and ,furrow4--,land ploughed in such a manner that the ground lies alternately heaped up 7ridge7 and hollowed out 7furrow74 ,river ,bank1 ,right1 ,left4--,the right or left bank of a river is the bank on the right or left of an observer facing down the stream4 ,saddle4--,a shallow1 central dip in a ridge4 ,the depression is less marked than a col4 ,scrub4--,stunted trees and bushes growing closely together4 ,shrub4--,a small bushy tree4 ,signal--,box or ,cabin4--,a small building adjoining a railway-line1 from which a set of signals is controlled4 ,sky-,line4--,where earth or sea appear to meet the sky4 ,slope1 ,concave4--,a slope is concave when the actual slope of a hill offers no obstruction to an observer standing on the crest from seeing the foot of the slope4 ,in this case the upper slopes of the hill are steeper than the lower slopes4 ,slope1 ,convex4--,a slope is convex when an observer standing on the crest is unable1 through the slope of the hill bulging out1 to see the foot of the slope4 ,it is caused by the lower slopes being of a steeper nature than the upper slopes1 and is met with especially in chalk downs4 ,slope1 ,forward4--,one that falls away in the direction an observer is looking4 ,slope1 ,gentle4--,this term explains itself4 ,slope1 ,reverse4--,one that falls away behind the spot where the observer is standing4 ,slope1 ,steep4--,this term explains itself4 ,spur4--,a ridge running out from a hill or from range of hills4 ,stream4-- ,any course of flowing water4 ,sunken ,road4--,a road that has been cut below the level of the surrounding country4 ,swamp4--,land so saturated with wet bog as to be useless for cultivation4 ,thicket4--,a small wood1 composed of bushes and undergrowth4 ,track4--,an unmade path1 which is marked by use4 ,undergrowth4--,small trees1 brambles1 creepers1 etc41 in a wood4 ,viaduct4--,a road or railway carried by a series of arches over a valley1 river1 etc4 ,,note4--,the figures at the hinges of pages refer to the ,,sections4 ,,musketry ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,care ,,and ,,cleaning ,,of ,,arms#c ,section #a4--;,general ,remarks4 #a4 ,responsibility for ,care of ,arms4--,officers commanding companies are responsible for the condition of the arms in their charge1 and for instructing their men in the use of the gauze1 so that no unnecessary wear of the bore may result through its misuse4 #b4 ,defects4--,commanding officers will report in the ,regimental ,annual ,return any defects in the machine guns1 rifles1 or ammunition in their charge which have not been remedied satisfactorily4 #c4 ,instruction in ,care and ,cleaning of ,arms4--7i7 ,the soldier's training in musketry will commence with instruction1 the object of which is to give him a thorough knowledge of the different parts of the weapon with which he is armed4 ,classes consisting of squads or small numbers will be formed for this purpose under a competent instructor4 ,the construction of the rifle1 the nature1 function1 and names of its different component parts1 its action in loading1 firing1 unloading1 and the use of the magazine1 will be explained to men1 both verbally and by practical demonstration4 ,the parts of the rifle should be shown separately1 and then assembled before the class to explain its construction4 ,instructors should ascertain1 by asking the class questions on different points1 that each man has thoroughly understood what he has been taught1 and possesses a practical knowledge of his weapon4 ,the illustrations in ,appendix1 ,i41 show the various parts of the different service rifles1 and give their names4 7ii7 ,when he has attained this knowledge1 the soldier will be taught by means of short lectures how to take care of his weapon1 reduce the wear and tear to which it is subjected in ordinary use1 and guard it from unnecessary wear and tear and damage from various causes4 ,finally1 the soldier must be taught both by demonstration and practice how to clean his weapon properly without causing damage to it in doing so4 ,information on these points will be found in this chapter4 ,section #b4--,wear and ,fouling4 #a4 ,wear4--7i7 ,wear in the bore of a rifle is due to three causes3 7a7 the friction of the bullet2 7b7 the heat generated when ammunition is fired2 and 7c7 the friction of the pull-through gauze when the bore is being cleaned4 ,when care is used in cleaning1 #e1jjj to #f1jjj rounds can be fired from a rifle before it becomes unserviceable4 7ii7 ,undue ,wear4--,undue wear is caused by improper and unnecessary use of the pull-through gauze1 to prevent which it is most important that the instructions for cleaning be adhered to4 ,it may be necessary to modify these instructions to suit local climatic conditions1 or particular rifles which are in a bad state of preservation4 7iii7 ,when a rifle barrel is new1 the interior of the bore carries a high polish1 and this is a great safeguard against rust and metallic fouling1 but as the bore becomes worn1 this polish will diminish4 ,efforts to restore it with wire gauze on the pull-through result in unnecessary wear4 ,in a well-cared-for rifle1 while the brilliancy of the polish will diminish1 the lands of the bore should always be bright and free from all stain of rust or fouling4 #b4 ,fouling4--7i7 ,fouling is of two kinds3 7a7 ,internal1 probably caused by the forcing of gas or harmful material into the pores of the metal2 7b7 ,superficial1 caused by the deposit in the bore of the solid products of combustion of the charge and of the cap composition4 ,the result of neglect in either case is the formation of rust in the bore1 and1 as a consequence1 corroded barrels1 calling for the excessive use of wire gauze1 or even more drastic treatment1 thereby causing unnecessary wear4 7ii7 ,internal ,fouling4--,internal fouling can be removed satisfactorily by the use of boiling water ,sec4 #d1 para4 #f 7ii74 ,if for any reason this method of cleaning cannot be used1 the barrel will 8sweat10 and a hard black crust of fouling will appear in the bore4 ,this will turn to red rust if not removed1 and the rifle will then require repeated cleaning with flannelette1 and probably with gauze1 for a time1 which will vary according to climatic conditions and the state of the bore4 7iii7 ,superficial ,fouling4--,superficial fouling is readily removed1 when warm1 by the use of a pull-through and flannelette1 but if it is allowed to remain long in the barrel1 it will become hard and will have a corrosive effect equal to that produced by internal fouling4 #c4 ,nickelling4--,the appearance of nickelling1 or metallic fouling1 should be watched for4 ,it is caused by a portion of the cupro-nickel of the envelope of the bullet being left on the surface of the bore1 and appears as a whitish streak on the lands1 or as a slight roughness on the edge of the grooves4 ,if it is deposited near the muzzle or the breech1 it is visible to the eye when the bore is clean1 but in the centre of the bore it can only be detected by the use of the gauge plug4 ,it is a cause of inaccuracy1 and if a rifle for no apparent reason shoots badly1 its presence should be looked for as a possible explanation4 ,the soldier will make no attempt to remove it himself1 but will hand his rifle to the armourer1 or other qualified person1 to be cleaned4 ,section #c4--,materials used for ,cleaning ,arms4 #a4 ,pull-,through 7,fig4 #a74--7;i7 ,a pull-through fitted with a weight1 and an oil-bottle to contain ,russian petroleum1 are carried in the recess in the butt of the rifle4 ,the pull-through is made with three loops4 ,the first--i4e41 nearest the weight--is for the gauze when used2 the second for the flannelette2 the third is provided merely as a means of withdrawing the pull-through in case of a jamb4 ,neither flannelette nor gauze should be placed in this loop4 ,when signs of wear appear1 a new cord should be supplied1 to avoid the risk of the pull-through breaking in the rifle4 ,if a breakage does occur1 the rifle must be at once taken to the armourer4 ,no attempt should be made by the soldier to remove the obstruction4 7ii7 ,packing the ,pull-,through4--,the pull-through is packed above the oil-bottle as follows3 ,hold the pull-through 7loop end7 between the forefinger and thumb of the left hand1 so that the end falls about #b inches below the third finger2 roll it loosely three times round the first three fingers4 ,slip the coil off the fingers1 and lap it tightly with the remainder of the cord1 leaving sufficient to allow the weight to drop easily into the recess in the butt4 ,push the cord into the trap1 leaving the loop end uppermost1 drop the weight into the recess1 and drop the trap4 #b4 ,use of the ,pull-,through4--7i7 ,remove the bolt from the rifle1 and in order to insure the gradual compression of the gauze1 if used1 and of the flannelette1 drop the weight through the bore from breech to muzzle4 ,the pull-through should be drawn through in one motion1 otherwise the spot where the flannelette is allowed to rest while a fresh grip of the cord is being taken will not be properly cleaned4 ,very great care must be taken not to allow the cord to rub against the muzzle1 otherwise a groove1 technically known as cord wear1 will be cut1 which in course of time will destroy the accuracy of the rifle4 ,illustration3 ,wire ,gauze folded ,section ,wire ,gauze on ,pull-through ,fig4 #a4 7ii7 ,flannelette4--,only regulation flannelette is to be used4 ,when cleaning or drying the bore after washing out with water1 a piece of dry flannelette large enough to fit the bore tightly 7about #d inches by #b inches7 should be placed in the second loop of the pull-through4 ,for oiling the bore1 a slightly smaller piece of oily flannelette1 which will fit the bore loosely1 should be used4 ,care must be taken not to use too much oil1 as it will be squeezed out of the flannelette at the entrance to the bore1 and will run down into the bolt when the rifle is placed in the rack1 and may then cause miss-fires4 7iii7 ,caution4--,the use of two single pull-throughs attached to one another1 so as to make a double one1 is strictly forbidden1 because this practice has been found to produce 8cord-worn0 barrels4 #c4 7i7 ,wire ,gauze 7,fig4 #a74--,wire gauze in pieces #b inches by #a inches is supplied1 and should be used for the removal of hard fouling or of rust4 ,in attaching it to the pull-through1 the following method should be adopted3 ,turn the shorter sides of the gauze towards the upper1 so that the longer sides take the form of the letter ,s4 ,open the first loop of the pull-through1 and put one side of it in each loop of the ,s4 ,then coil each half of the gauze tightly round that portion of the cord over which it is placed till the two rolls thus formed meet4 ,the gauze must be oiled thoroughly before use to prevent its scratching the bore4 7ii7 ,object of ,gauze4--,the object of the gauze is mainly to scour out the grooves1 and it should therefore fit the bore tightly4 ,when it fails to do this1 it should be unrolled partially1 and packed with paper or flannelette to increase its bulk4 7iii7 ,use of ,gauze4--,grit must be removed from the gauze and pull-through before use4 ,cleaning with gauze entails wear of the bore of the rifle4 ,gauze should not be pulled through the barrel more often than three or four times without sufficient cause4 ,the surest way of preventing the necessity for the continued use of gauze is to keep the bore well oiled so as to prevent rust4 ,a barrel which has become rusty will always be more liable to rust than one which has been kept in good condition4 ,it will therefore require more attention and more frequent cleaning with gauze4 ,similarly1 a barrel in which erosion has commenced will require more care than one of which the surface has not been attacked1 for1 the eroded portion being rough1 moisture is more likely to collect on it and form rust4 ,it is also more difficult to remove rust thoroughly from a rough surface than from a smooth one4 #d4 ,oil4--,no oil other than ,russian petroleum should be allowed to remain in the bore4 ,the function of this oil is to cover the bore with a waterproof film1 and thus prevent moisture attacking the steel and forming rust4 ,it must be well worked into the flannelette with the fingers1 otherwise it will be scraped off by the breech end of the barrel4 ,when paraffin has been used1 all traces of it should be removed thoroughly1 and the bore coated with ,russian petroleum1 for paraffin1 though an efficient agent for removing rust1 does not prevent its formation4 #e4 ,caution4--,no gritty or cutting material1 such as emery powder or bath brick1 is to be used for cleaning any part of the rifle4 ,section #d4--;,instructions for ,cleaning ,arms4 #a4 ,to ,remove the ,bolt4--,raise the knob as far as it will go1 draw back the bolt-head to the resisting shoulder1 and release it from the retaining spring4 ,raise the bolt-head as far as possible 7in the short rifle1 ,marks ,i1 ,i991 ,,ii1 and ,,ii991 draw back the charger guide1 then turn the bolt-head to the left71 and remove the bolt4 #b4 ,to ,replace the ,bolt4--7i7 ,see that the resisting lug and cocking-piece are in a straight line1 and the bolt-head screwed home4 ,place the bolt in the body with the extractor upwards1 and press it forward until the head is clear of the resisting shoulder 7in the short rifle1 ,marks ,i1 ,i991 ,,ii1 and ,,ii991 turn the head to the right1 then push the charger guide forward as far as possible74 ,turn the head downwards until it is caught by the retaining spring4 ,close the breech1 and press the trigger4 7ii7 ,in some rifles1 the bolt can be replaced and closed with the bolt-head unscrewed a whole turn4 ,it cannot1 however1 be closed with the bolt-head in this position if there is a cartridge in the chamber4 ,the greatest care should therefore be taken to see that the bolt-head is screwed fully home before the bolt is placed in the rifle4 #c4 ,daily ,cleaning4--,the outside of the rifle will be cleaned daily1 and all parts of the action wiped with an oily rag4 ,the bore of the rifle will always be left oily1 but once a week this oil will be removed and the bore relubricated4 ,in the case of rifles that have once become rusty1 the bore will be wiped out with flannelette and reoiled daily1 and it will1 in addition1 be cleaned once a week with the gauze on the pull-through4 ,the gauze is to be packed as already stated1 so as to fit the bore tightly4 #d4 ,cleaning before ,firing4--7i7 ,the action will be wiped with an oily rag1 and all traces of oil will be removed from the bore and chamber by the use of a pull-through which has no gauze on it4 7ii7 ,caution4--,neither the cartridge nor the chamber of the rifle are on any account to be oiled before loading1 nor is any other form of lubricant to be used with a view to facilitate the extraction of the empty case4 ,such a procedure greatly increases the thrust on the bolt-head due to the explosion of the charge1 and is liable to injure the rifle4 #e4 ,cleaning after ,firing4--7i7 ,arms will be cleaned immediately after firing4 ,the fouling can be removed easily while it is still warm1 and before it has had time to set hard2 while the less the time allowed for the fouling to exercise its power of absorbing moisture from the air1 the less chance is there of rust forming4 ,if it is impossible to clean the rifle at once1 an oily rag should be pulled through the bore1 and the rifle should be cleaned at the earliest opportunity4 7ii7 ,after firing ,blank ,ammunition4--,after firing blank ammunition1 special care should be taken that the cleaning is thorough1 as1 although there is no friction between bullet and bore1 and so no internal fouling or 8sweating10 there is greater accumulation of superficial fouling from blank than ball cartridge4 ,this is due to the fact that there is no bullet in blank ammunition to scour the fouling left by the preceding round4 ,the firing also is in most cases more prolonged1 and a greater interval most usually elapse before the rifle can be cleaned thoroughly4 ,when blank firing precedes practice with ball1 the rifles will be cleaned carefully before ball practice commences4 #f4 ,cleaning the ,bore4--7i7 ,the following method of cleaning the bore should be adopted4 ,thoroughly oil the gauze to prevent it scratching the surface of the metal4 ,drop the weight of the pull-through through the bore from the breech1 and pull the gauze through three or four times4 ,then place a tightly fitting piece of dry flannelette in the second loop of the pull-through1 and draw it through till the bore is clean4 ,finally oil the bore with a loosely fitting piece of flannelette1 using enough oil to cover the bore thoroughly4 ,the rifle will be cleaned in this manner for three days following that on which it was fired4 7ii7 ,use of ,boiling ,water4--,an effective means of cleaning the bore1 whether firing has taken place or not1 is found in the use of boiling water4 ,before boiling water is used superficial fouling and grease should be removed4 ,about #e or #f pints should be poured through the bore from the breech1 using a funnel to prevent its entering the body or magazine4 ,the rifle should then be dried thoroughly and the bore oiled4 ,not only does the boiling water remove the fouling1 but the expansion of the metal due to the heat of the water loosens any rust there may be1 and facilitates its removal4 #g4 ,cleaning the ,action and ,exterior--7i7 ,bolt4--,thoroughly clean the bolt1 paying particular attention to the face of the bolt-head1 the striker point1 and the extractor4 ,if the bolt requires cleaning inside it will be taken to the armourer4 7ii7 ,magazine4--,see that the recess for the extractor spring is clear of dirt4 ,take out the magazine and wipe the inside of the body and the entrance to the chamber with an oily rag4 ,remove all dirt from the slots in the charger guide and from the extractor recess in the front of the body4 ,take out the magazine platform if required1 and clean the inside of the magazine with a dry rag4 7iii7 ,exterior4--,wipe the exterior of the rifle with an oily rag1 seeing that the ,u of the backsight1 the hole in the aperture-sight1 the gas escape holes1 and1 in the short rifle1 the rack on the side of the leaf1 are free from dirt4 ,remove any fouling which has collected on the bayonet boss on the nose-cap4 ,if allowed to accumulate1 this may cause difficulty in fixing the bayonet4 7iv7 ,caution4--,the instructions regarding the use of an oily rag for cleaning the bolts and bodies will not apply in dusty countries1 where all parts of the action will be kept dry and clean4 #h4 ,cleaning #bb-;inch ,rifles and ,aiming-,tubes4--7i7 ,as a foul rifle shoots very inaccurately it is of the utmost importance1 from considerations of safety1 that the barrel should be wiped out frequently during use4 7ii7 ,rod and ,brush4--,the rod and brush should be inserted from the breech end4 ,under no circumstances should they be inserted from the muzzle1 as the friction of the rod is liable to enlarge the bore and make the muzzle bell-mouthed1 thus causing inaccuracy4 ,section #e4--;,instructions for ,care of ,arms and ,ammunition4 #a4 ,care of ,arms4--7i7 ,when the rifle is not in use1 the leaf and slide of the backsight should be lowered to avoid the risk of damage from a blow or fall4 ,no non-commissioned officer or soldier is permitted to take to pieces any portion of the action1 except as prescribed for cleaning1 nor is he allowed to loosen or tighten any of the screws1 unless authorized to do so by his company commander4 7ii7 ,mainspring4--,the mainspring should never be allowed to remain compressed1 except when the rifle is loaded1 as the spring will thereby be weakened4 ,the position of the cocking-piece shows whether the mainspring is compressed or not4 7iii7 ,pull-off4--,the pull-off is the amount of pressure which is required to release the nose of the sear from the full bent of the cocking-piece2 it should not be heavier than #f nor lighter than #e pounds in the short rifle1 and not heavier than #g nor lighter than #e pounds in other rifles4 ,defects in the pull-off should be remedied by the armourer only4 7iv7 ,magazine4--,the magazine must not be removed from the rifle except for cleaning purposes1 and1 to avoid weakening the spring1 cartridges should only be kept in it when necessary4 ,a failure of the spring to raise the platform can usually be overcome by tapping the bottom of the magazine smartly with the palm of the hand4 ,if the failure recurs1 the rifle should be taken to the armourer for examination and repair4 7v7 ,bolt4--,the bolts of rifles are not to be exchanged4 ,each bolt is carefully fitted to its own rifle1 so that the parts which take the shock of the explosion have an even bearing1 and the use of a wrong bolt will affect the accuracy of the rifle4 ,the number stamped on the back of the bolt lever should agree with that stamped on the right front of the body4 7vi7 ,browning4--,care should be taken to prevent the browning being rubbed off the rifle4 7vii7 ,cover ,in ,dusty ,countries4--,in dusty countries it may be found necessary to cover the muzzle and bolt with a cover of khaki or other suitable material1 to prevent the dust gaining access to the interior of the rifle1 but anything in the nature of a plug in the muzzle is expressly prohibited4 7viii7 ,removal of ,oil4--,the oil will only be removed from the bore of the rifle-- 7a7 ,immediately before firing4 7b7 ,for inspection1 which1 except after firing1 should not as a rule be more often than once a week4 7c7 ,for parades and duties as may be ordered by the commanding officer4 ,in all cases it will be replaced as soon as possible4 #b4 ,bayonets4--,after firing with bayonets fixed1 the bayonet should be carefully wiped before it is returned to the scabbard4 ,all oil should be removed from the blade before placing a bayonet in the scabbard4 #c4 ,care of ,ammunition4--7i7 ,ammunition should be kept perfectly dry and clean1 and should not be exposed to extremes of temperature4 7ii7 ,miss-,fires4--,a miss-fire arises from-- 7a7 ,a defective cartridge4 7b7 ,a defective rifle4 ,in case 7a7 the cartridge will be tried in another rifle1 and1 if it still fails to fire1 a report will be made in accordance with the instructions contained in the ,king's ,regulations4 ,in case 7b7 the rifle will be taken to the armourer for examination4 ,section #f4--;,examination of ,small ,arms4 #a4 ,instruction of ,officers4--,it is necessary for all company officers and sergeants to possess a competent technical knowledge of the inspection1 care1 and preservation of small arms4 ,commanding officers will therefore arrange that they shall be instructed annually by the regimental armourer in repairing faults most likely to occur in the field with such tools as would be available1 and in the examination of the various components as directed in the following paragraphs3 #b4 ,examination of ,m4,l4,m4 ,rifles4--7i7 ,the interior of the barrel for rusts and cuts4 7ii7 7a7 ,the backsight leaf for firmness of joint2 that it is not bent2 that the slide moves smoothly and fits firmly on the leaf2 that the ,v is not deformed2 and that the lines on the slide are clearly marked4 7b7 ,the foresight2 that the barleycorn is not deformed4 7iii7 ,the aperture and dial sights2 that they are not bent1 and work smoothly4 7iv7 ,the bolt cover2 for security on the bolt and clearance of the body4 7v7 ,the cocking-piece2 for firmness on the striker1 that the bents are in good condition1 and that the sear nose bears properly4 7vi7 ,the sear2 for height of the nose1 which should just clear the bottom of the resisting lug on the bolt4 7vii7 ,the butt2 that the stock-bolt is properly screwed up4 ,note4--,in arms marked 8#b0 on the right of the butt1 and at the socket of the fore-end1 the latter must be removed before attempting to turn the stock-bolt4 ,in screwing it home the precautions prescribed in sub-para4 xvii will be carefully observed4 7viii7 ,the cocking-piece and striker2 that they fly forward freely on pressing the trigger4 7ix7 ,the striker-point2 that it is the correct shape and projects sufficiently through the face of the bolt-head4 7x7 ,the magazine2 that it is not dented1 and that the platform works freely4 #c4 ,examination of ,m4,l4,e4 ,rifles4--,the same as for rifles ,m4,l4,m41 with the following addition3 7xi7 ,safety-catch2 that the bolt of the safety-catch engages in the slots in the extension at the end of the bolt4 ,m4,l4,e4 ,charger-,loading ,rifles4--,the same as 7i71 7iii71 7v71 7vi71 7vii71 7viii71 7ix71 7x71 and 7xi71 with the following additions3 7xii7 7a7 ,the backsight leaf1 for firmness of the joint2 that it is not bent2 that the slide moves freely2 that the clamping screw engages properly2 that the windgauge fits firmly2 and that the ,u is not deformed4 7b7 ,the foresight2 that the blade is not deformed4 #d4 ,examination of ,short1 ,m4,l4,e41 ,marks ,i and ,i99 and ,converted ,marks ,,ii and ,,ii99 ,rifles4--,the same as 7i71 7iii71 7v71 7vi71 7viii71 7ix71 and 7x71 ,m4,l4,m4 ,rifles1 with the following additions3 7xiii7 7a7 ,the backsight leaf1 for firmness of the joint2 that it is not bent2 that the fine adjustment and windgauge fit firmly2 that the slides move smoothly2 that the catches engage in the racks on both sides of the leaf2 and that the ,v is not deformed4 7b7 ,the foresight2 that the barleycorn is not deformed4 7xiv7 ,the bolt2 that the striker is not too free on the cocking-piece1 and that it is not screwed too far into the latter2 also that the striker keeper nut-screw 7or the striker keeper-screw if fitted7 is not broken1 and that the nut is in its proper position4 7xv7 ,the bolt-head2 that the charger guide is not too loose on the bolt-head2 that it works smoothly2 and that the top screw is intact4 7xvi7 ,the safety-catch and locking-bolt2 that the safety-catch engages in the camway of the bolt and locks it2 that it does not move too easily2 and that the cocking-piece is withdrawn slightly to the rear when the locking-bolt is applied1 whether it is at 8full cock0 or the 8fired0 position4 7xvii7 ,the butt2 that it is not loose4 ,if the stock-bolt requires screwing up to tighten the butt1 the fore-end must first be removed4 ,on reassembling1 great care will be taken that the square end of the stock-bolt which protrudes through the socket of the body is in the correct vertical position1 so that it may enter the keeper-plate properly when the fore-end is replaced4 ,on replacing the fore-end1 see that the fore-end stud and spring1 where fitted1 are in proper position2 the front guard and inner band-screws must be tightened carefully4 #e4 ,examination of ,short1 ,m4,l4,e41 ,mark ,,iii1 and ,converted ,mark ,,iv ,rifles4--,the same as 7i71 7iii71 7vi71 7viii71 7ix71 7x71 7xiv71 7xvi71 and 7xvii71 with the following additions3 7xviii7 7a7 ,the backsight leaf1 for firmness of the joint2 that it is not bent2 that the windgauge fits firmly2 that the slide moves smoothly1 that the thumb-piece and fine adjustment worm work freely and engage in the rack on the side of the leaf2 and that the ,u is not deformed4 7b7 ,the foresight2 that the blade is not deformed4 #f4 ,drill ,purpose ,rifles4--,these instructions apply also to ,drill ,purpose rifles4 ,as these are used for the instruction of recruits in aiming1 particular attention should be paid to the state of the sights4 ,section #g4--;,inspection of ,arms on ,parade4 #a4 ,for ,inspection--,port ,arms4--,cant the rifle1 muzzle leading1 with the right hand smartly across the body1 guard to the left and downwards1 the barrel crossing opposite the point of the left shoulder1 and meet it at the same time with the left hand close behind the backsight1 thumb and fingers round the rifle1 the left wrist to be opposite the left breast1 both elbows close to the body4 ,turn the safety-catch completely over to the front with the thumb or forefinger of the right hand 7with ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,metford rifle1 lower the safety-catch with the thumb of the right hand74 ,pull out the cut-off if closed1 first pressing it downwards with the thumb1 then seize the knob with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand1 turn it sharply upwards1 and draw back the bolt to its full extent1 then grasp the butt with the right hand immediately behind the bolt1 thumb pointing to the muzzle4 ,note4--,a squad1 before being inspected1 will receive the command ,rear ,rank1 ,one ,pace ,step ,back--,march4 #b4 ,to ,ease ,springs and come to the ,order--,ease ,springs4--,from the position described above1 work the bolt rapidly backwards and forwards until all cartridges are removed from the magazine and chamber1#d allowing them to fall to the ground1 then close the breech 7with ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,metford rifle1 the cut-off should first be closed71 press the trigger1 close the cut-off by placing the right hand over the bolt1 and1 pressing the cut-off inwards1 turn the safety-catch over to the rear1 and return the hand to the small4 ,or1 if the ,magazine is ,charged-- ,lock-,bolt4--,close the breech 7with ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,metford rifle1 the cut-off should first be closed71 then turn the safety-catch over to the rear 7with ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,metford rifle raise the safety-catch71 and return the hand to the small4 ,order ,arms--,one4--,holding the rifle firmly in the left hand1 seize it with the right hand at the band 7with ,lee-,enfield or ,lee-,metford rifle1 at the lower band74 ,two4--,as in the second motion of the order from the slope4 ,three4--,as in the third motion of the order from the slope4 #c4 ,instructions for ,inspecting ,arms4--7i7 ,when arms are inspected at the port only1 as in inspecting a platoon on parade1 the officer or non-commissioned officer will see that the exterior of the rifle is clean and free from rust2 that the magazine and action are clean and in good order2 that the sights are at zero2 and that no parts are loose or damaged4 ,he will here and there examine the bore of a rifle to see that it has been cleaned and oiled1 and is free from obstructions4 7ii7 ,each soldier1 when the officer has passed the file next to him1 will1 without further word of command1 ,ease ,springs1 ,order ,arms1 and ,stand at ,ease4 ,when the inspection is completed1 the squad will be closed on the squad commander's command ,close ,ranks--,march1 when the rear rank will take one pace forward4 #d4 ,to ,examine ,arms--,examine--,arms4--,both ranks1 being at the port1 will come to the position for loading 7,sec4 #bg1 para4 #a 7#a771 with the muzzle so inclined as to enable the officer to look through the barrel1 the thumb-nail of the right hand being placed in front of the bolt to reflect light into the barrel4 ,the soldier1 when the officer has passed the next file to him1 will act as detailed in para4 #c 7ii7 above4 ,notes4--7i7 ,if it is necessary to examine arms1 the men1 when in the position of for inspection1 port arms1 will be cautioned to remain at the port4 ,ranks will be closed1 as in para4 #c 7ii71 when the examination has been completed4 7ii7 ,in ordering arms from the examine1 the first motion is to seize the rifle with the right hand between the backsight and the band1 at the same time bringing the left foot back to the right4 ,with the second motion the rifle will be brought to the order1 the left hand being cut away to the side4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,theory ,,and ,,practical ,,application ,,of ,,rifle ,,fire ,section #h4--;,general ,information4 #a4 ,need of ,theoretical ,knowledge4--,a knowledge of the theory of rifle fire is of great importance in enabling the best use to be made of the powerful and accurate weapon with which the soldier is armed4 ,the next step in the soldier's musketry training after he has been instructed in the construction1 care1 and cleaning of his rifle will therefore be devoted to teaching him the theory and application of rifle fire4 ,this instruction will consist of lectures1 important points being illustrated by the aid of diagrams or drawings made with chalk on a blackboard1 and by practical demonstrations when possible4 #b4 ,difference between ,peace and ,war ,conditions4--7i7 ,it is1 however1 of the utmost importance that the soldier should be taught from the first to apply his theoretical knowledge correctly4 ,the soldier must be made to realize clearly that the moral conditions under which fire is delivered in war are very different from those of peace4 ,therefore deductions made as to the effect of fire from the theory of musketry applied under peace conditions1 when firing takes place on open level ground under good conditions of light and atmosphere at visible targets at known distances with weapons in good condition in the total absence of any strain of excitement or fatigue and of the enemy's fire1 must not be applied to conclusions as to the effect of fire delivered under war conditions4 ,illustration3 ,,bm ,axis of barrel ,,mf ,line of departure ,,ms ,line of fire ,,los ,line of sight ,,mts ,trajectory ,fig4 #b4 ,,illustration ,,of ,,trajectory ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,,ag ,horizontal plane ,,cmf ,axis of barrel ,,bmo ,line of sight ,,ml 0 0 departure ,,bmc ,angle of tangent elevation--,t ,,omp ,angle of sight--,s ,,fmp ,angle of quadrant elevation--,,qe ,,lmp ,angle of departure--,d ,,lmf 0 0 jump--,j ,,mho ,trajectory ,fig4 #c4 ,,illustration ,,of ,,trajectory ,,etc4 7ii7 ,for under war conditions targets beyond close range are usually invisible or indistinct1 and frequently in motion2 distances are uncertain and difficult to judge2 firing takes place under all conditions of light and atmosphere over every variety of ground1 under the strain of excitement and fatigue in the face of artillery and rifle fire1 with weapons which rapidly become imperfect owing to heavy wear4 ,accordingly1 the theory of rifle fire is considered in this book in relation to practical service conditions4 #c4 ,technical ,terms4--,the different technical terms used in this chapter in explaining the theory and application of rifle fire will be found among the ,definitions 7p4 xxii74 ,some of these terms are illustrated in ,figs4 #b and #c4 ,in addition1 the following technical terms may conveniently be quoted in this paragraph3 7i7 ,individual ,fire4--,individual fire is fire opened by individual soldiers without orders from a fire-unit commander4 ,when men fire individually1 each one selects his target1 estimates the range1 and regulates his fire according to his own judgment4 7ii7 ,collective ,fire4--,collective fire is the fire of a number of men combined for a definite purpose under the orders of a fire-unit commander1 who indicates targets1 gives ranges1 and controls fire as to rate1 etc4 ,note4--,collective fire is necessarily controlled fire4 ,individual fire will also be controlled if circumstances permit4 #d4 ,rifling4--,a gun-barrel is said to be rifled when it has spiral grooves cut down the bore4 ,rifling a barrel enables an elongated bullet to be used instead of the round 8ball0 of former days4 ,the advantage of this form of bullet is that it has great weight in proportion to the surface directly opposed to the air4 ,it has therefore great power of overcoming the resistance of the air1 and thus maintaining its velocity and penetrating force#e over greater distances than would otherwise be possible4 ,moreover1 when the charge is fired1 the bullet is forced into and follows the spiral grooves up the barrel1 the effect of which causes it to leave the muzzle rotating or spinning on its longer axis4 ,this spin tends to keep its point foremost1 and therefore to ensure accuracy of flight4 #e4 ,forces ,acting on the ,bullet4--,three forces act on the bullet3 7a7 ,the explosion of the charge1 7b7 gravity1 and 7c7 the resistance of the air4 ,the explosion of the charge drives the bullet forward4 ,gravity--the natural attraction which draws all unsupported bodies towards the centre of the earth with ever-increasing velocity--acts on the bullet immediately it leaves the muzzle4 ,the resistance of the air causes the velocity of the bullet to decrease rapidly during its flight4 #f4 ,trajectory4--,the combined effect of these forces causes the bullet to travel in a curved line called the trajectory1 the curvature of which becomes more pronounced the longer the bullet is exposed to their action4 ,thus1 a ,mark ,,vi bullet leaving the muzzle of a service rifle at the rate of about #b1jfj feet per second falls about #d inches below the line of departure in the first #ajj yards4 ,this drop is increased to about #bj inches at #bjj yards4 ,with ,mark ,,vii ammunition1 giving a muzzle velocity of #b1ddj feet per second1 the drops at the above distances are about #c inches and #ac inches respectively4 ,imaginary not actual curves of trajectories are shown in ,figs4 #f and #h4 #g4 ,method of ,explaining ,trajectory4#f--7;i7 ,in explaining the trajectory to recruits it is not sufficient merely to show or draw a diagram representing a trajectory distorted in respect of height and range4 ,when possible the actual path of the bullet through the air at various short ranges--say #djj and #hjj yards--should be shown by means of discs raised on poles at every #ajj yards1 or some similar device4 7ii7 ,it must be explained to the soldier that the further an object has to travel and the longer it is suspended in the air1 the higher it must be thrown to counteract the force of gravity1 because the greater the distance it travels and the longer it remains in the air the longer will the object be affected by the force of gravity4 ,consequently the longer the range the higher will the curve of the trajectory take the bullet in its flight1 and the steeper will be the angle at which it will fall to the earth4 7iii7 ,on the other hand1 the shorter the distance an object is thrown1 and the swifter its flight through the air1 the less will it be influenced by the force of gravity during its flight1 and the lower or flatter will its trajectory be in consequence4 ,thus1 with the backsight adjusted for the distances in question1 a ,mark ,,vi bullet does not rise above the height of a man on foot at #ejj yards range1 or above the height of a mounted man at #fjj yards range4 ,with ,mark ,,vii ammunition1 the bullet does not rise above these heights at #fjj and #gjj yards range respectively4 #h4 ,firing at ,close ,range without ,altering ,sights4--,it is therefore evident that effective fire can be maintained within close range without alteration of the backsight4 ,apart from the flatness of the trajectory at close range1 and the consequent inclusion of distances within close range in dangerous space 7,sec4 #i71 there will seldom be opportunities for altering sights at close range on service1 and necessary allowances for elevation must be made by aiming up and down 7,sec4 #ba74 #i4 ,elevation4--,in order to allow for the fall of the bullet1 owing to the force of gravity1 it is necessary to direct1the line of departure as much above the object to be hit1 as the bullet will fall below it at any given distance if the axis of the barrel of the rifle is pointed at the mark4 ,this raising of the barrel to allow for the curve of the trajectory is termed giving elevation4 ,the target must of necessity be kept in view4 ,the rifle is therefore provided with sights1 which permit the firer to give the elevation required whilst keeping his eye fixed on the mark4 #aj4 ,the ,sighting of ,rifles4--7i7 ,in the sighting of rifles a mean graduation for each range has been adopted1 and a high general standard of accuracy for all practical purposes is thus obtained4 ,each rifle is carefully tested before issue1 but it must be understood that no two rifles behave in an exactly similar manner1 and that even if compensation could be made for every error in the sighting of the rifle before issue1 the wear of parts and the loosening or tightening of screws1 etc41 would bring about faults from time to time which would affect the shooting of each rifle differently4 #aa4 ,need of ,knowledge of ,each ,weapon4--,it is therefore necessary that every man should study the shooting of his own rifle1 and make himself acquainted with any incorrectness of the graduations marked on the backsight1 in order that he may be in a position to give his rifle the correct elevation for the estimated or ascertained range of the target4 ,at longer ranges the backsight elevation may be regarded as the best possible guide to errors under all conditions1 or any error may be ascertained by using a long-range sighting target4#g #ab4 ,jump4--,owing to the shock of discharge1 a vibratory or wavy motion is set up in the barrel1 which slightly affects the line of departure of the bullet as it leaves the muzzle1 and which is known as 8jump40 ,the causes and extent of jump are dealt with in the textbook of ,small ,arms4 ,the effect of jump is allowed for in the sighting of the rifle1 and will not be taken into account by the soldier in aiming4 #ac4 ,drift4--,drift is the term used to express the lateral deviation of the bullet after it has left the barrel4 ,this is due to the direction of the rifling1 which causes the bullet to rotate from right over to the left in its flight1 so that the point works over slightly to the left1 owing to gyroscopic action4 ,the consequent increased air-pressure on the right side of the bullet forces it to the left as it flies4 ,the deflection due to drift at distances within #a1jjj yards is negligible1 and need not be taken into account by the soldier in individual firing4 ,beyond #a1jjj yards up to the limit of effective rifle fire at about #a1djj yards1 drift will carry the bullet about #g feet to the left4 ,this deflection1 if necessary1 will be taken into account by fire-unit commanders in directing concentrated fire at narrow-fronted targets at longer ranges4 #ad4 ,effect of ,fixing the ,bayonet4--7i7 ,when the bayonet is fixed to the muzzle of the rifle1 its weight checks the jump1 and in consequence slightly affects the position of the muzzle at the moment of the departure of the shot1 and the primary direction given to the bullet4 7ii7 ,short ,magazine ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,with ,mark ,,vi ammunition1 the accuracy of the short magazine ,lee-,enfield rifle is not appreciably affected by fixing the bayonet4 ,with ,mark ,,vii ammunition1 the soldier will aim down slightly in firing with fixed bayonet at ranges up to #fjj yards4 7iii7 ,lee-,metford or ,charger-,loading ,lee-,enfield ,rifles4--,with ,mark ,,vii ammunition1 fixing bayonets has a negligible effect4 ,when firing ,mark ,,vi ammunition from the ,lee-,metford or ,charger-loading ,lee-,enfield rifles with fixed bayonets at ranges up to #fjj yards1 the soldier should aim up very slightly1 taking care1 however1 in doing so to aim low in all cases1 and to aim at the ground-line in firing at troops advancing towards him4 #ae4 ,effect of ,resting the ,rifle4--,for practical purposes1 the shooting of the rifle is not affected by resting the muzzle or any portion of the stock lightly on earth or other substance4 #af4 ,effect of ,oily ,barrel4--,the first round fired from an oily barrel is liable to follow an erratic course1 the rifle throwing sometimes high1 sometimes low1 and at other times to the right or left4 ,a dry rag should therefore be passed through the bore before practice is commenced4 ,section #i4--;,dangerous ,space--,ricochets--,firing ,up and ,down ,hill4 #a4 ,dangerous space may broadly be defined as the whole ground covered by the trajectory of a bullet from the point where it could first come in contact with the top of an object fired at to the point where it falls to the earth 7,figs4 #d and #e1 and ,figs4 #f and #h74 #b4 ,extent of ,dangerous ,space4--,the extent of dangerous space depends upon the following factors3 7i7 ,range4--,dangerous space decreases as the range increases1 the reduction being due to the steeper angle at which the bullet descends at longer ranges 7compare ,figs4 #d and #e74 7ii7 ,firer's ,position4--,the position of the firer and the consequent height of his rifle above the ground will affect dangerous space4 ,the nearer the rifle is to the ground when it is fired1 the greater will be the extent of dangerous space4 7iii7 ,height of ,object4--,as a rule the higher the object fired at is1 the greater will be the extent of dangerous space4 7iv7 ,trajectory4--,the flatter the trajectory--the closer the bullet keeps to the ground in its flight--the greater as a rule will be the extent of dangerous space4 7v7 ,conformation of ,ground4--,the more nearly the slope of the ground conforms to the curve of the trajectory and to the fall of the bullet1 the greater will be the extent of dangerous space 7see ,fig4 #h74 #c4 ,example of ,conditions affecting ,dangerous ,space4--,the following example illustrates the method by which the soldier may be made to realize the importance of this question1 and the principle which underlies its influence upon the effect of fire3 ,if he is firing in the lying position with ,mark ,,vi ammunition1 and aims at the ground-line of a prone figure at #ejj yards range1 the dangerous space of his fire will be about #ej yards4 ,if1 however1 he stands to fire at the same target1 the dangerous space will be reduced to about #dj yards4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #d and #e4--;,,dangerous ,,space4 ,note4--,the angles of descent are imaginary1 and not accurate for any distance4 #d4 ,ricochets4--,bullets which rebound after striking the ground or any other obstacle1 and continue their flight1 are said to ricochet4 ,ricochets may occur from any surface1 and bullets may ricochet two or even three times before their flight is finally arrested4 ,at long range1 they are less likely to ricochet from soft ground than from hard1 smooth surfaces4 #e4 ,firing ,up and ,down ,hill4--7i7 ,when a shot is fired at a target placed on the same level as the firer1 the forces acting on the bullet cause it to travel in its greatest curve1 and the greatest elevation for any given distance must therefore be given to the rifle4 ,if a shot is fired perpendicularly upwards or downwards1 no elevation is required1 for the bullet will travel in an approximately straight line until its impetus is exhausted4 ,hence it follows that1 when shooting up or down hill1 less elevation is necessary than when the object is on the same level4 7ii7 ,for practical purposes1 the effect of firing up and down all moderate slopes will be negligible1 and may be disregarded by the soldier in taking aim on service4 ,within close range1 in firing up and down steep slopes1 or slopes at an angle of #aj degrees and over1 the decreased elevation necessary will usually be small1 and may be allowed for by aiming down slightly4 ,the correct elevation to be used in firing up or down hill at longer ranges in various circumstances is a matter for the judgment of fire-unit commanders1 and can best be ascertained by careful observation of fire1 when possible4 ,section #aj4--;,effects of ,barometric ,pressure1 ,temperature1 ,wind1 and ,light4 #a4 ,barometric ,pressure and ,temperature4--,rifles are sighted for the following conditions3 ,barometric pressure1 #cj inches 7sea-level72 thermometer1 #fj ,f42 still air2 a horizontal line of sight4 #b4 ,the rise and fall of barometric pressure and temperature affect the flight of the bullet and elevation by changing the density of the atmosphere1 and so increasing or decreasing its resistance to the bullet4 ,for practical purposes1 the soldier may disregard the effects of barometric pressure and temperature as negligible4 ,in operations conducted at considerable heights above sea-level1 orders as to allowance for barometric pressure will1 if necessary1 be issued by the ,staff4 #c4 ,effect of ,wind--7i7 ,head ,wind1 or ,wind from the ,front4--,a head wind1 or wind from the front1 retards the bullet1 and necessitates more elevation4 7ii7 ,rear ,wind4--,a rear wind lessens the resistance of the air1 and necessitates less elevation4 7iii7 ,side ,wind4--,a side wind1 or wind blowing at right angles from either side across the front1 acts on the greater surface of the bullet1 and has1 consequently1 more influence on its flight than a wind blowing from the front or rear4 7iv7 ,oblique ,winds4--,oblique winds1 or winds blowing from any intermediate direction between a right angle and a front or rear wind1 have the same effect in varying degree as side winds4 ,oblique winds1 in addition1 affect the bullet to some extent in the same way as head and rear winds4 #d4 ,allowance for ,head and ,rear ,winds4--,no fixed rules can be laid down regarding the degree to which elevation should be increased or decreased at different ranges for head and rear winds4 ,for practical purposes1 the effect of these winds may be disregarded at ranges under #a1jjj yards4 ,at longer ranges1 fire-unit commanders will use their judgment in directing fire1 whether they will allow for strong head and rear winds by increasing or decreasing elevation1 and to what extent4 #e4 ,allowance for ,side and ,oblique ,winds 7see also ,sec4 #bj1 ,aiming-,off74--7i7 ,no fixed rules can be laid down as to the degree of allowance to be made by aiming-off for side and oblique winds of varying direction and velocity4 ,owing to the increased time during which the bullet is exposed to the effect of wind1 and owing to the height attained in its flight1 the allowance for wind at long ranges must be out of all proportion greater to that necessary at close range4 7ii7 ,at close range1 whether fire is distributed along the dense line of an infantry attack or concentrated on narrow-fronted attacking columns1 the effect of side wind will cause little1 if any1 loss of fire effect4 ,individual soldiers1 however1 in taking the deliberate aim necessary for fire effect1 should aim off for side winds of different velocity 7see ,sec4 #bj1 para4 #c74 7iii7 ,in directing fire beyond close range1 fire-unit commanders must use their judgment in allowing for deflection due to side and oblique winds by including directions for aiming-off in fire orders4 ,the extent of the allowance will in every case depend upon a variety of factors1 including the direction and velocity of the wind and the distance of the target4 ,neglect to make due allowance for strong winds at longer ranges may lead to loss of fire effect1 more particularly in the case of concentrated fire aimed at narrow-fronted targets1 such as a machine-gun4 #f4 ,effect of ,light4--,in bad light1 the foresight is less distinctly seen than in good light1 and more of it is unconsciously taken into the line of sight4 ,for practical purposes1 the effect of light may be disregarded in firing at all ranges4 ,section #aa4--,need for ,collective ,fire4 #a4 7i7 ,only exceptional targets and very favourable atmospheric conditions will justify soldiers in opening individual fire at distances beyond about #fjj yards4 ,collective fire is necessary to give reasonable assurance of fire effect beyond about #fjj yards up to about #a1djj yards1 which is usually the limit of effective rifle fire4 ,beyond #a1djj yards1 the fire of even large and well-controlled units of infantry has seldom much effect upon the decision of the struggle for superiority of fire4 7ii7 ,collective concentrated fire is also used to form a cone of fire for observation of fire1 when results can be noted by the dust raised by the strike of bullets on the ground or by the effect of fire upon the enemy4 ,it must be clearly impressed upon the mind of the soldier at this stage that1 however skilful individual men may be as marksmen1 the greatest effect is produced by their fire only when it is efficiently directed and controlled4 #b4 7i7 ,the soldier must also be made to understand clearly why effect cannot be obtained from individual fire in battle beyond close range1 and why collective fire is necessary for fire effect at all ranges beyond close range4 ,the answer to this question may be stated simply and very broadly as follows3 ,in effect1 for various reasons1 the individual marksman cannot as a rule see his target clearly or at all with the naked eye beyond close range on service1 and he can neither aim at it with accuracy nor be certain of its exact range4 ,moreover1 the effect of inaccurate firing1 whether due to excitement1 fatigue1 or other causes1 increases with distance4 7ii7 ,clearly1 therefore1 the soldier cannot obtain reasonable assurance of fire effect by individual fire beyond close range4 ,accordingly1 fire-unit commanders equipped with field-glasses discern and indicate targets to him4 ,they give him ranges after they have been ascertained by the use of range-finding instruments1 or by observation of fire1 when possible1 and they direct the fire of a number of individual soldiers in a volume which1 whether distributed or concentrated1 is sufficient to compensate for individual errors1 and so obtain fire effect as described in ,secs4 #ab and #ac1 and in ,chapter ,,vi4 #c4 ,the principal reasons which militate against the assurance of fire effect1 by individual fire1 beyond close range may be summed up as follows3 ,the effects of fatigue and excitement on the firer2 the effects of atmosphere1 heat1 and light2 errors due to imperfections in the rifle and ammunition2 uncertainty in estimating longer ranges2 the difficulty of discerning and aiming at small1 moving1 and indistinct or invisible targets2 and the steepness of the angle of descent of the bullet1 which becomes rapidly accentuated1 and so decreases dangerous space as range increases4 #d4 ,the soldier must be made to realize that the results of errors of marksmanship due to these various causes increase in extent as the range increases1 and that they reach their maximum at longer ranges2 that is to say1 targets become smaller and more difficult to see and to aim at1 their range becomes harder to estimate1 and the accuracy of fire for other reasons stated becomes less as the range increases4 ,therefore1 the effect of individual fire decreases as the range increases4 ,it is easily possible for instructors in the course of lectures on this point to make it sufficiently clear to men that1 under service conditions at longer ranges1 effect must be obtained from collective fire rather than from individual fire1 for all the above reasons4 ,in some degree this important principle of the science of modern warfare can be demonstrated by firing at service targets on full distance and also on miniature ranges 7see ,chapter ,x74 ,section #ab4--;,dispersion of ,individual and ,collective ,fire4 #a4 ,shot ,groups4--,owing to errors on the part of the firer1 and also to imperfections in the rifle and ammunition1 it is found that a series of shots1 even when fired by an individual under perfect conditions at a large1 stationary1 distinct target at a known and close range1 do not all strike the point aimed at1 but they form a group of shot-marks about this point1 the density of which varies mainly with the skill of the firer4 #b4 ,cone of ,fire 7,fig4 #f74--;,it is evident that the trajectories of these shots will not coincide1 but will together form a figure termed 8the cone of fire40 ,it is also clear that1 when aim is well directed1 the bullets of a cone of fire should always strike an object so long as the shot group formed by it is either smaller or of the same size as the object aimed at4 ,but when the shot group is spread over a larger surface than the size of the object1 shots must necessarily miss the mark in proportion as the size of the grouping exceeds that of the object aimed at4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,cone ,,of ,,fire ,a--,b shows the dangerous space due to height of objective4 ,note3-,the ,dangerous ,space will vary with height of objective4 ,the curve of the ,trajectory is imaginary and not accurate for any distance4 #c4 ,dispersion of ,individual ,fire4--,it is clear1 therefore1 that the dispersion of individual fire explained in para4 ,i will of itself1 apart from the various factors mentioned in ,sec4 ,,ii1 militate against the assurance of fire effect by individual fire at longer ranges1 because the dispersion of fire will become greater as the target decreases in size1 owing to distance1 and the shot group will consequently be spread over a much larger surface than that of a long-range service target1 even if stationary and visible to the naked eye4 #d4 ,dispersion of ,collective ,fire4--,when a body of soldiers fires with the same elevation at the same object1 the dispersion of shots is accentuated by the varying skill and eyesight of the men1 with the result that the cone formed will be of larger dimensions than in the case of individual fire4 ,the dimensions of the cone of fire will again be further increased if the firers are from any cause1 such as fatigue or excitement1 unsteady2 if the rifles are in bad condition or the target indistinctly seen--factors which are all incidental to firing under the conditions of active service4 #e4 ,the ,beaten ,zone4--7i7 ,the area of ground beaten by a cone of fire is termed the 8beaten zone40 ,it is regarded as a plane surface4 ,fig4 #f illustrates this zone together with the additional space which would have to be taken into account in reckoning the dangerous space of the cone of fire in consequence of the height of the objective4 7ii7 ,depth of ,beaten ,zone4--,the depth of the beaten zone at short ranges need not be considered on account of the flatness of the trajectory1 which insures that practically its whole extent from the firers to the target is swept by bullets4 ,the depth of the beaten zone at various ranges with the ,mark ,,vi and ,mark ,,vii ammunition is as follows3 ------------------------------------ ,distance4 ,depth of ,beaten ,zone4 ---------------------- ,mark ,,vi4 ,mark ,,vii4 ----------------------------------- #ejj yards #bbj yards #cjj yards #a1jjj 0 #abj 0 #ahj 0 #a1ejj 0 #ajj 0 #abj 0 ----------------------------------- 7iii7 ,it will be seen that up to #a1ejj yards--when the ground is parallel to the line of sight--the depth of the beaten zone decreases with the range1 on account of the increased angle of descent of the bullets4 ,this shrinkage of the beaten zone does not of itself increase fire effect by the closer grouping of bullets1 owing to the increased steepness of the angle of descent1 which decreases dangerous space4 7iv7 ,beyond #a1ejj yards it will be found that the depth of the beaten zone tends to increase in consequence of the influence of atmospheric conditions on the flight of the bullet1 the increased effects of errors in aiming1 and faults in the rifle and ammunition--all of which combine to increase the dispersion of fire4 ,this increased dispersion does not of itself increase fire effect owing again to the greatly increased steepness of the angle of descent at longer ranges1 which results in a correspondingly great decrease in dangerous space4 7v7 ,lateral ,dispersion4--,on the other hand1 owing to faults in aiming1 comparative invisibility of the target1 inaccuracies in the rifle and ammunition1 and atmospheric influences1 the lateral dispersion of a cone of fire increases as the range becomes greater4 ,with ,mark ,,vi ammunition1 the dispersion of the best #ge per cent4 of shots fired may be taken as #g feet by #bbj yards at #ejj yards1 #ad feet by #abj yards at #a1jjj yards1 and #bb feet by #ajj yards at #a1ejj yards4 #f4 ,nucleus of ,cone of ,fire4--,it is found that the bullets in a cone of fire are not dispersed evenly over the surface of the beaten zone4 ,it is found that they are grouped in such a way that the majority of the bullets fall in the general direction of the line of fire1 that the density of the grouping decreases progressively from the centre to the extreme limits of the beaten zone1 and that the bullets are collected most thickly near the point for which the sights were set4 ,this dense grouping is usually termed the nucleus of the cone of fire1 and is regarded for purposes of comparison as including the best #ej shots per cent4 #g4 ,zone of ,effective ,fire4--,the area of ground beaten by the best #ge shots per cent4 fired is termed the zone of effective fire1 for it has been found by experiment that useful results in battle can only be looked for when the target is within these limits4 ,section #ac4--,searching4 #a4 ,definition of ,searching4--,searching is the term applied to collective fire when the depth of its dispersion over a beaten zone is increased by the use of combined sights as described in para4 #d of this section4 #b4 ,when ,collective ,fire is ,effective4--,as already stated1 collective fire will not as a rule produce results commensurate with the amount of ammunition expended1 or fulfil the purpose for which it is used unless the target is included within the area beaten by #ge per cent4 of the bullets directed upon it--that is to say1 unless it lies in the zone of effective fire 7,fig4 #g1 ,c74 ,illustration3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,nucleus ,error ,target on exceeding half included ,combined ,target depth of in ,sights ,effective ,zone ,effective ,zone ,fig4 #g4 ,,diagrams ,,illustrating ,,the ,,dispersion ,,in ,,depth ,,of ,,concentrated ,,collective ,,fire ,,at #a1ejj ,,yards ,,and ,,its ,,distribution ,,in ,,depth ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,combined ,,sights4 #c4 ,when ,collective ,fire is not ,effective4--,if an error in sighting is made which would result in the nucleus of the cone of fire striking at a distance short of or beyond the target which is equal to half the depth measurement of the zone of effective fire1 the target will not be included in this zone1 and the fire will be ineffective 7,fig4 #g1 ,b74 #d4 ,when combined ,sights are to be ,used4--7i7 ,under service conditions it may be assumed that even if the range is measured with the range-finder1 the probability of error in ranging and judging atmospheric influences1 known as the error of the day1 is such that1 at distances beyond #a1jjj yards1 collective fire concentrated on any target with one sighting will probably be ineffective4 7ii7 ,to give a satisfactory degree of assurance of fire effect1 it is advisable in such cases1 unless sighting can be corrected by observation of results1 to distribute fire in depth by using two elevations differing by #ajj yards4 ,one of these elevations would be #ej yards over and the other #ej yards under the sighting believed to be correct4 7iii7 ,there will thus be two cones of fire and two beaten zones overlapping between the nucleus of each cone of fire1 and an even distribution of fire will be obtained over a zone about #aej yards deep 7,fig4 #g1 ,d74 ,thus1 if one sighting had been used1 as shown in ,fig4 #g1 ,b1 the fire would have been ineffective1 though the grouping of bullets in the zone of effective fire would have been more dense1 because the error in sighting would have had the result described in para4 #c above4 ,by using combined sights fire becomes effective1 because though the grouping of bullets is less dense fire is distributed in depth so as to avoid the result described in para4 #c4 7iv7 ,ordinarily fire should be closely concentrated with a view to observation of results1 but if observation has failed1 or if the situation calls for immediate application of effective fire1 combined sights should be used at ranges beyond #a1jjj yards4 ,combined sights may sometimes be used to increase assurance of effect when the enemy's position is ill-defined1 but should never be used if observation of results can be obtained4 ,combined sights should not be employed by bodies of less than two platoons4 ,section #ad4--,the ,relation of ,ground to ,fire ,effect4 #a4 ,so important is the influence exercised on fire effect by the shape of the ground in relation to the grouping of bullets1 that it is essential for all officers and non-commissioned officers to understand thoroughly how the probability of fire effect is increased or diminished by the inclination of ground with reference to the trajectory4 #b4 ,in attack1 such knowledge will assist them in adopting formations and directing the fire of their men to the best advantage4 ,in defence1 it will aid them to select the best positions for fire action1 and will enable them to take steps to minimize the inherent disadvantages of these positions4 ,in the following examples only plane surfaces1 without undulations or accidents1 are considered4 #c4 ,level ,ground4--,as already stated1 on level ground the zone beaten by collective rifle fire varies considerably with the range4 ,the extent of this zone is further influenced by the inclination of the ground to the line of sight4 #d4 ,rising ,ground4--7i7 ,the more steeply the ground rises with reference to the line of sight1 the greater will be the decrease in the extent of the beaten zone4 ,for example1 when firing with ,mark ,,vi ammunition at ground rising #b1 #e1 and #aj degrees1 the depth of the beaten zone at #a1ejj yards range is decreased roughly by quarter1 half1 and two-thirds respectively 7,fig4 #h74 ,since the grouping of the bullets becomes closer as the upward slope of the ground increases1 the effect of errors in estimation of range will be more serious1 and as the bullets will fall at a steep angle the dangerous space will be proportionately reduced4 ,illustration3 ,the ,beaten zone is greatest on slope ,a-,d1 the ,trajectory being practically parallel to the surface of the ground4 ,fig4 #h4 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,ground ,,to ,,fire ,,effect4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,ground ,,to ,,fire ,,effect4 7ii7 ,formations1 ,supports1 and ,reserves4--,as a general rule1 therefore1 on ground which rises with reference to the line of sight1 troops should be drawn up in shallow formations1 but supports and reserves may be nearer the firing-line than is normally advisable4 #e4 ,falling ,ground4--7i7 ,when the ground beaten by bullets falls in respect of the line of sight1 the depth of the beaten zone is augmented in proportion as the downward slope increases1 until it reaches its greatest magnitude when the angle of the fall of the bullets is the same as the slope of the ground2 or1 in other words1 when the trajectory is practically parallel to the ground surface 7,fig4 #h1 ,depth of ,zone1 ,a--,d74 ,in these circumstances the fire becomes grazing 7,fig4 #i71 and the extent of the dangerous space is nearly identical with the beaten zone4 7ii7 ,at close ranges1 therefore1 where the trajectories are flat1 the depth of the beaten zone will be much increased if the ground behind the target falls at a gentle slope 7,fig4 #i1 ,a74 ,at long ranges1 on the other hand1 a greater area will be beaten when ground falls more steeply 7,fig4 #i1 ,c74 7iii7 ,for example1 at #a1ejj yards range the depth of the beaten zone is roughly increased by three-fifths when the bullets strike ground falling at #b degrees4 ,on ground falling at #e degrees1 which is nearly parallel to the trajectory at this range1 the depth beaten is about ten times greater than on level ground4 7iv7 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that falling ground far behind the objective will at times be swept by unaimed fire1 and it follows that in such circumstances supports should either be under cover or1 if there is no cover1 in shallow columns on narrow frontages with the object of reducing target surface as much as possible4 #f4 ,crest ,line4--7i7 ,when the objective is a crest line the depth of the beaten zone is greatest1 and part of the fire is grazing1 when the ground beyond the crest is parallel1 or nearly so1 to the trajectory of the bullets 7,fig4 #i1 ,a and ,b74 ,at close ranges1 in this case1 there will be behind the crest-line a defiladed zone1 or space not swept by fire 7,fig4 #i1 ,c71 greater or less according to the distance from which fire is delivered1 the inclination of the line of sight1 the extent of the hill top1 and the inclination of the reverse slope4 7ii7 ,position of ,supports and ,reserve4--,it appears1 therefore1 that when the firing-line is placed on the crest of a razor-backed hill1 with steep reverse slopes 7,fig4 #i1 ,c71 supports and reserves will at all ranges be but little exposed to unaimed fire when posted in its vicinity4 ,in other cases1 when the crest of a hill is occupied1 the vulnerability of supports and reserves will be least if1 when the enemy is at long range1 they are withdrawn from1 and as he approached closed on1 the firing-line 7,fig4 #i1 ,c74 #g4 ,dead ,ground 7,fig4 #aj74--;,dead ground is ground on which1 owing to its conformation or to the existence of natural or artificial cover1 fire cannot be brought to bear from a given locality4 ,the term is thus a relative one1 for though an area of ground may be dead in relation to one locality it may be possible to bring fire to bear upon it from another locality1 in relation to which it will not therefore be dead4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,dead ,,ground4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,instruction ,,in ,,aiming ,section #ae4--;,general ,remarks4 #a4 ,principles of ,instruction4--,the instruction of recruits in aiming and firing should be carried out on a systematic method4 ,the progression of training must in every case lead by gradual steps from simple to more difficult stages4 ,instructors must necessarily teach by explanation to some extent1 but they must limit explanation to short and very clear statements1 and rely chiefly upon practical demonstration for training their men4 ,with regard to results they must aim at insuring accuracy in every stage of training before they permit men to attempt rapidity4 ,any sacrifice of accuracy for rapidity must be guarded against carefully and corrected at once4 ,short daily lectures1 followed by questions to test the knowledge of men1 should form part of the scheme of instruction4 #b4 ,progression of ,instruction in ,aiming and ,firing4--,the progressive stages of instruction in aiming and firing are set out in a definite order in this and the following chapter which deal respectively with these subjects4 ,instructors1 however1 are not bound to follow this order1 and may modify it at their discretion4 #c4 ,concurrent ,instruction in ,aiming and ,firing4--,aiming instruction should proceed simultaneously with firing instruction and muscle exercises to develop speed and facility in handling the rifle and steadiness in firing it4 ,the following scheme of concurrent instruction in aiming and firing is suggested for the guidance of instructors1 who may modify it at their discretion3 ,,aiming ,,firing ,a4 ,a4 #a4 ,aiming at bull's-eye target #a4 ,correct position for firing with the foresight and standing4 backsight4 #b4 ,explanation of trajectory #b4 ,practice in loading and and the need for elevation by unloading in standing position4 sighting4 #c4 ,laying an aim with ,legret #c4 ,adjustment of sights and ,aim-,teacher4#h standard tests of same4 #d4 ,rules of aiming4 #d4 ,trigger-pressing and adjustment of sights with rifle rested4 #e4 ,common faults in aiming and their results4 #f4 ,aiming at bull's-eye target from a rest4 #g4 ,test of aim by triangle of error4 #h4 ,aiming at figure targets and at ground4 ,b4 ,b4 #i4 ,aiming practice 7a7 at #e4 ,practice in assuming the bull's-eye and 7b7 figure targets different firing positions with with 7i7 rifle rested1 7ii7 rifle standard tests of same4 unsupported4#i #aj4 ,test of aim by aiming-disc4 #f4 ,practice in combining aiming with trigger-pressing4 #aa4 ,aiming and trigger-pressing #g4 ,practice in muscle exercises combined1 practised with in the standing and lying eye-disc or aim-corrector4 firing positions4 #ab4 ,practice in firing at bull's-eye target on miniature range and #cj-yards range4 ,c4 ,c4 #ac4 ,explain influence of side #h4 ,practice kneeling and wind4 sitting firing positions1 and taking cover in these positions4 #ad4 ,explain aiming-off for wind1 and wind table for #ejj yards4 ,apply tests in aiming-off for wind4 #ae4 ,explain aiming-off for movement4 ,practise same on miniature range and check with aim-corrector4 ,d4 ,d4 #af4 ,when accuracy in deliberate #i4 ,practise firing over and firing at elementary and round cover in various firing service targets is assured1 explain positions at elementary and the nature and practical service targets4 value in warfare of snapshooting and rapid firing4 #ag4 ,practise gradually quickening the aim with aiming-disc1 and on miniature and #cj-yard ranges4 ,apply grouping and application tests4 ,e4 #ah4 ,when the recruit has shown proficiency in grouping1 deliberate firing1 and snapshooting1 on the miniature1 #cj-yard1 and open range1 explain and practise adjusting long-range sights4 #ai4 ,practise aiming from a rest at figure targets and ground4 #bj4 ,practise snapshooting and rapid fire at figure targets and ground on miniature1 #cj-yard1 and open range4 #ba4 ,practise aiming-off for movement at figure targets on miniature range4 ,note4--7#a7 ,ample time should be devoted to trigger-pressing and declaring the point of aim on discharge4 ,this instruction may conveniently be given indoors4 7#b7 ,the aiming position should not be taught until aiming has been taught4 7#c7 ,aiming and trigger-pressing should not be combined until trigger-pressing has been taught4 7#d7 ,the test for trigger-pressing should not be applied until after the lying position has been taught4 7#e7 ,the miniature range may be used when assurance of reasonable proficiency has been ascertained by means of the aiming discs4 7#f7 ,the #cj-yards range with service ammunition may be used when the results on the miniature range are satisfactory4 7#g7 ,grouping on the open range may be commenced when the recruit is able to make good groups on the #cj-yards range4 #d4 ,selecting ,rifles for ,recruits4--7i7 ,before the instruction of recruits in aiming and firing commences they must be fitted with rifles having long1 normal1 or short butts1 according to the build and preference of the men4 ,the choice should be made after tests carried out in the standing and lying positions1 and should be based on the readiness with which the firer brings his rifle up to the firing position1 and aligns his sights without letting his nose and mouth come into close proximity to the thumb and fingers of the right hand4 7ii7 ,the principal consideration is the distance of the nose from the shoulder1 and it is as a rule the broad-shouldered and long-necked men that require the long butts4 ,a bad trigger release1 due to incorrect holding of the small of the butt1 will often result from the use of too short a butt4 ,the butt selected should be the shortest which can be used comfortably when firing1 both standing and lying down1 in the correct positions4 ,these rules for fitting rifles of course apply also to non-commissioned officers4 #e4 ,sights4--,special care must be taken that the sights of any rifle used in aiming instruction are in perfect order4 ,instructors must inspect the sights frequently to insure that they are correctly adjusted in accordance with his orders4 #f4 ,appliances for ,aiming and ,firing ,instruction4--7i7 ,the following appliances will be needed by instructors3 7a7 ,diagrams showing position of sights correctly and incorrectly aligned4 7b7 ,the ,legret aim-teacher4 7c7 ,aim-corrector4 7d7 ,aiming-disc4 7e7 ,aiming-rest4 7f7 ,firing-rest4 7g7 ,charger and dummy cartridges4 7h7 ,measuring rings see ,sec4 #di1 para4 #f 7xi74 ,note4--,the method of using the aim-teacher1 aim-corrector1 and aiming disc1 and grouping gauges is described in the ,appendix4 ,aiming- and firing-rests are described in 8,musketry ,regulations10 ,part ,,ii4 7ii7 ,aiming ,marks4--7i7 ,the aiming marks to be used in aiming instruction will consist of elementary bull's-eye targets for the early stage of instruction1 and of a variety of figure targets similar to those used for firing practices for later stages4 7ii7 ,when the habit of accuracy has been acquired in aiming at elementary targets1 service targets will only be used and care will be taken that there is no falling off in accuracy owing to the shape and comparative invisibility of these targets4 ,a list of figures for use on miniature ranges will be found in the ,appendix1 ,,vii1 para4 #e4 ,section #af4--;,aiming ,instruction4 #a4 ,rules for ,aiming4--,the instructor will explain the following rules1 and demonstrate the results to be anticipated from common errors in aiming3 7i7 ,the backsight must be kept upright4 7ii7 ,the left or right eye1 according to the shoulder from which the man shoots1 must be closed4#aj 7iii7 ,aim must be taken by aligning the sights on the centre of the lowest part of the mark1 the top of the foresight being in the centre of1 and in line with1 the shoulders of the ,u or ,v of the backsight 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,,diagrams ,,showing ,,correct ,,and ,,incorrect ,,alignment ,,of ,,sights4 ,note4--,the low point of aim is essential in firing at service targets1 as it facilitates a clear view of marks which are usually difficult to discern1 and also because service targets are frequently in movement towards the firer1 thus necessitating aiming down to alter elevation owing to their decreasing distance4 #b4 ,method of ,instruction4--7i7 ,when these principles have been mastered1 the instructor will loosen the sling of the rifle1 adjust the sights for any given range1 and aim from a rest at the target1 taking care that his eye is immediately above the butt-plate4 ,it will be convenient to use a sandbag aiming-rest to steady the head during the aiming4 7ii7 ,having aimed1 he will make each recruit observe the correct method of aligning the sights on a mark4 ,each recruit in turn will then be made to align the sights on a mark1 after which the instructor will verify his aim1 point out errors1 and explain how they would have affected the accuracy of the shot1 and how they are to be avoided4 ,for example1 ,fig4 #aa shows incorrect sighting1 the rifle being inclined to the right1 aimed to the right1 and aimed too low1 the top of the foresight being well below and to one side of1 instead of in the centre of and in line with1 the shoulders of the ,u of the backsight4 ,the obvious result of these errors would be to fire low to the right of the mark4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,,long-,,range ,,sights4 7iii7 ,the instructor should also make recruits verify their comrades' aim under his supervision as above described1 and point out any errors which may have been made4 ,extreme accuracy of aim must be insisted on even during the first lesson4 7iv7 ,long-,range ,sights4--,in aiming with the long-range sights a similar procedure to that which is described above will be pursued1 but the eye will be placed about #a inch behind the small of the butt1 and the top of the head of the dial sight will be seen in the centre of the aperture 7,fig4 #ab74 ,unless special care is taken1 lateral error will be made in centring the head of the dial sight4 ,section #ag4--;,common ,faults in ,aiming4 #a4 ,taking too much or too little ,foresight into the ,u or ,v of the ,backsight4--7i7 ,it should be explained that a fine or half sight will cause the bullet to strike with ,mark ,,vi ammunition about #e inches and #c inches lower respectively1 and with ,mark ,,vii #g inches and #d inches lower respectively per #ajj yards of range1 than when the correct sight is taken4 7ii7 ,the following method will be found useful to guide the soldier in taking the correct amount of foresight3 ,lay the edge of a piece of paper on the upper edge of the backsight cap1 when the sight will appear as shown in one of the subjoined diagrams4 ,a piece of cardboard laid on the cap and held in place by an elastic band will answer the same purpose4 ,illustration3 ,incorrect3 ,incorrect3 ,correct ,too much ,too little foresight4 foresight4 ,fig4 #ac4--;,,faults ,,in ,,aiming4 #b4 ,inaccurate ,centring of the ,foresight in the ,notch of the ,backsight4--,the soldier should understand that this inaccuracy will deflect the muzzle of the rifle to the side on which the line of aim is taken4 ,for example1 if aim be taken over the right edge of the notch the direction of the line of fire will be to the right of the line of sight4 #c4 ,inclining the ,backsight to one ,side4--,in this case the bullet will strike low and to the side towards which the sights are inclined4 ,the resulting error will be considerable at long ranges4 #d4 ,fixing the ,eyes on the ,foresight and not on the ,object4--7i7 ,if the eye is focussed on the foresight1 the firer will retain only a blurred image of the target4 ,this may not affect the result of his shooting at the distinct stationary bull's-eye target1 but when firing at troops in neutral-tinted uniforms1 whether stationary or in movement1 or at natural features of ground1 it is essential for fire effect that the eye should be focussed not on the foresight1 but on the target1 which must be watched closely while firing4#aa 7ii7 ,unless service targets are closely watched while aiming1 the firer will be apt to lose them altogether1 or see them as a blurred image at the moment of firing1 with consequent loss of fire effect4 ,for this reason it is of great importance that recruits should1 from the earliest stage of their training1 be taught to aim at service targets with the eye focussed on the target1 and not on the foresight4 ,if early stages of instruction were confined to the aiming at the bull's-eye target1 the fault of focussing the eye on the foresight in aiming might be contracted owing to the distinct nature of this mark1 which makes it possible to aim at it with the eye fixed on the foresight4 7,see ,appendix1 ,,vii41 para4 #b47 ,section #ah4--,triangle of ,error4 #a4 ,the following method of recording a triangle of error will be employed to test proficiency in aiming1 and to demonstrate the errors which will arise from inaccuracies4 #b4 ,the rifle will be placed on an aiming-rest1 and pointed at a sheet of blank white paper1 fixed to any convenient object at a distance of about #aj yards from the muzzle4 ,a second aiming-rest should be used to steady the head in aiming4 #c4 ,a marker will hold an aiming-disc flat on the paper1 the front facing the instructor4 ,the instructor will align the sights on it correctly1 and its position on the paper will then be marked by a dot made with a pencil passed through the hole in its centre4 #d4 ,each man in succession will then be called up and ordered to look along the sights1 but without touching the rifle1 and when he has satisfied himself as to the correctness of the aim1 the disc will be removed4 ,it will then be replaced on the paper as before1 and moved at his direction until the lower edge of the bull's-eye is brought into the line of sight1 when its position will be marked as before4 ,this operation will be repeated three times in the case of each man1 and the points thus fixed will be joined in such a way as to form a triangle4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,horizontal ,a4 ,vertical ,fig4 #ad4--,,triangle ,,of ,,error #e4 ,the position of these points in relation to the instructor's aim will expose any constant error in aiming4 ,if the recruit's aim is below that of the instructor1 it shows that he has taken too full a sight2 if above1 that his sighting has been too fine2 if to the right1 that the foresight was on the left of a perpendicular drawn through the centre of the notch2 if to the left1 vice versa4 #f4 ,the position of the points in regard to one another will show inconsistency4 ,if the triangle is formed so that its greatest side lies vertically on the paper1 it proves that the soldier's principal fault is inconsistency in respect of the amount of foresight taken up into the line of sight 7,fig4 #ad1 ,a72 if the greatest side of the triangle lies horizontally it shows that his principal error is inaccurate centring of the foresight 7,fig4 #ad1 ,b74 #g4 ,if any one of the sides of the triangle exceeds inch from the instructor's aim1 the recruit will be noted for further instruction4 #h4 ,aim-,corrector4--,the aim-corrector will also be used to enable the instructor to supervise the soldier's methods and test his progress1 the aim being taken from an aiming or firing rest4 ,section #ai4--;,aiming at ,service ,targets1 ,aiming at ,ground1 and ,marking ,down the ,enemy4 #a4 ,aiming at ,service ,targets4--,from an early stage in his instruction the soldier's eye must be trained to discern and aim at service targets4 ,elementary instruction may be carried out in barracks1 on the range1 on ground in the vicinity of barracks1 or on miniature ranges4 ,figures should be used representing men in the various firing positions at different distances in the open1 or partly behind cover4 #b4 ,aiming at ,ground4--7i7 ,service targets will frequently consist of ground or cover occupied by the enemy4 ,fire-unit commanders will verbally indicate such targets to men1 who must be trained to recognize and fire at them4 ,this training should be carried out concurrently with instruction in aiming at figures and marking down the enemy--the latter practices to some extent will also train men to aim at ground4 7ii7 ,practice in aiming at ground may be carried out on miniature ranges1 as described in ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #b 7i71 as well as in open country4 ,it must always be carried out under practical conditions1 and will include aiming at various ill-defined targets1 such as a spot on a bare hillside or a stretch of grass-land4 ,targets will be indicated verbally by the instructor1 and recruits will aim at them with rifles on aiming-rests4 ,the instructor will then criticize each man's aim and correct faults4 ,practice in aiming at ground will prove a useful preparation for training in recognition of targets 7,sec4 #de7 and fire discipline 7,sec4 #dg74 #c4 ,marking down the ,enemy4--7i7 ,it is of the utmost importance that soldiers should be trained to mark down the exact position of an enemy seen to occupy ground or cover4 ,this duty refers equally to individual enemies at close range and to hostile troops at longer ranges4 ,individual soldiers will mark down the enemy within close range1 and fire-unit commanders and observers at longer ranges4 ,if the position marked down affords concealment from view without protection from fire1 fire may be opened after the range has been ascertained or estimated4 ,if it affords protection from fire1 the range should be ascertained or estimated1 and fire-units or individual men should remain ready to open fire the instant the enemy exposes himself or resumes movement4 ,delay in opening fire in the latter case will lead to the loss of a favourable opportunity 7see ,practices1 ,nos4 #c and #d1 pp4 #bag1 #bah74 7ii7 ,method of ,instruction4--,instruction will best be carried out on the ground or on the miniature range as described in ,chapter ,x4 ,when carried out on the ground a fatigue-man will be sent out to the front1 and directed to move from cover to cover to the front of the class which will be provided with rifles on aiming-rests4 ,at each halt1 when the fatigue-man has taken cover1 recruits will note the point on the ground or cover which conceals him1 and take aim at it4 ,after an arranged interval the fatigue-man will expose himself to view1 and remain stationary while the instructor criticizes each man's aim and corrects faults4 ,section #bj4--;,aiming-,off for ,wind4 #a4 ,the ,wind-,gauge4--,the use of the wind-gauge is not the normal means of making allowance for wind under service conditions4 #b4 ,judging ,strength and ,direction of ,wind4--,the soldier should be taught to discriminate between mild1 fresh1 and strong winds1 or winds blowing ten1 twenty1 or thirty miles an hour4 ,the strength of the wind may be judged partly by sensation and partly by its effect on natural objects1 such as clouds1 water1 trees1 crops1 hedges1 bushes1 undergrowth1 dust1 and smoke4 ,the soldier may judge the direction of the wind1 as front1 rear1 side1 or oblique1 by turning his face fully towards the wind4 #c4 ,wind ,deflection ,table for ,side ,winds 7,right-,angle ,winds74--,the following figures give the approximate deflection of the bullet due to winds of varying direction and velocity at different ranges1 and provide a rough guide for aiming-off for wind which is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,strength of ,wind4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,range4 ,mild4 ,fresh4 ,strong4 ,miles per hour1 ,miles per hour1 ,miles per hour1 #aj4 #bj4 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,deflection4 ,deflection4 ,deflection4 #ejj yards #b feet #d feet #f feet #a1jjj 0 #c yards #f yards #i yards #a1ejj 0 #f 0 #ab 0 #ah 0 #b1jjj 0 #ab 0 #bd 0 #cf 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,note--,oblique ,winds4--,for oblique winds the approximate deflection at the above ranges may roughly be estimated as half that of a side wind of the same velocity and allowance in aiming-off may be made accordingly4 #d4 ,exercises in ,aiming-,off4--7i7 ,having memorized the approximate allowances for side and oblique winds of varying direction and velocity1 as stated in para4 #c1 the recruit will next be taught to make allowance in aiming-off for wind at a full-length figure target on the range1 according to the strength and direction of the wind which is actually blowing1 or which may be supposed to be blowing1 as given by the instructor4 ,in carrying out these exercises the recruit should be taught to aim-off with reference to the breadth of a full-length figure target1 which is rather less than #b feet wide4 ,thus the amount of allowance will be measured as one breadth1 two breadths1 etc41 to right or left4 #e4 ,orders for ,aiming-,off4--,finally1 the recruit must be exercised in aiming-off at all ranges according to orders1 the amount of allowance being given as so many times the breadth of the target indicated1 or so many times the width of the intervals between targets consisting of close formations4 ,the amount of allowance may also be indicated by the use of auxiliary aiming or description points 7,sec4 #de71 as1 for instance1 a tree or bush1 the lateral distance of which from the target equals approximately the required allowance4 ,when none of these methods of indicating allowances are possible men must be taught to aim-off so many feet or yards to the right or left of the target1 these measurements being taken as representing the lateral distance between the sight of the rifle and the target aimed at4 #f4 ,method of ,indicating ,errors4--,in aiming-off exercises it is necessary to employ a fatigue-man at the target to indicate the correct point of aim with a marking-disc after each aim taken by the recruit1 which to commence with should be done with a rifle on an aiming-rest4 ,he will carry out the duty according to previous instructions as to the correct point of aim for each exercise4 ,the amount of allowance made by the recruit will be observed by the instructor with an aim-corrector1 unless an aiming-rest is used4 ,the recruit will be made to note his errors1 which will be criticized by the instructor4 #g4 ,instruction on ,miniature ,ranges4--,instruction in aiming-off can be carried out on miniature ranges1 as described in ,chapter ,x 7see ,practice ,no4 #b1 p4 #bbg74 ,section #ba4--;,aiming ,up and ,down4 #a4 ,when to ,aim ,up and ,down4--,the rifle will be aimed up or down to increase or reduce elevation at all ranges when there is no time to alter sights1 as1 for example1 in firing at targets in movement1 in repulsing a charge at close range1 in case of surprise1 when very slight alterations of elevation are seen to be necessary1 as the result of observation of fire1 and to avoid frequent small changes of sighting which lead to loss of fire effect4 ,correction of sighting in individual firing at close range is seldom possible in war4 ,therefore aiming up and down is the normal means of altering elevation in firing at targets within close range4 #b4 ,rules for ,aiming ,up and ,down4--,there is no fixed rule for aiming up and down4 ,as a general rule aim should be directed at a point not more than #c feet above or below the six o'clock line1 according to the position of the target beyond or short of the zone for which the sights are set4 ,the degree of allowance in aiming up and down will depend on the rate and direction of movement and the range of the target1 and will be a matter for individual judgment4 ,if the difference between the range and the sighting exceeds #bjj yards it will be best to alter the sighting4 #c4 ,exercises in ,aiming ,up and ,down4--,to practise aiming up and down1 under conditions approximating to those of service1 the sights should first be fixed for a given range1 and then fatigue-men or standing-figure disappearing targets disposed at various ranges should be alternately brought into view for short periods of time1 representing troops in movement4 ,men should be told whether targets represent retreating or advancing troops1 and aim up or down accordingly4 ,aim maybe criticized by using aiming-rests or aim-correctors4 ,section #bb4--;,aiming-,off for ,movement4 #a4 ,instruction4--,instruction in aiming at moving targets will be carried out during the latter portion of preliminary training4 ,it will consist of practice in shooting at crossing targets on #cj yards or miniature ranges 7see ,chapter ,x74 ,the pace of movement should be regulated as far as possible in strict accordance with that of service targets 7see ,practice ,no4 #b1 p4 #bag74 #b4 ,crossing ,targets4--,this term is applied to targets moving across the front of the firer1 either at right angles from either side1 or obliquely towards or away from him to either side4 ,such targets are not as a rule met with in battle except in the case of surprise1 ambush1 or a sudden encounter4 ,crossing targets may be met with by cavalry and infantry patrols1 and by scouts during reconnaissance4 ,fire will rarely be effective at a single man moving across the front at more than #cjj yards range1 or at a single horseman beyond #ejj yards4 #c4 ,method of ,aiming at ,crossing ,target4--7i7 ,when firing at crossing targets aim will first be taken on the object4 ,then1 following it sideways1 the aim will be carried in advance of the object1 and kept in front of it at the desired distance until the rifle has been fired4 ,the distance to which aim should be carried in advance of the target will vary according to the range1 rate of movement1 direction of movement and wind4 ,for this reason no fixed rules can be laid down regarding aiming-off in firing at crossing targets4 ,fire effect will depend upon the judgment of individual men and fire-unit commanders1 and on the fruits of practical experience4 #d4 ,rules for ,aiming-,off for ,movement--7i7 ,targets crossing ,front at ,right-,angles4--,the following general rules will serve as a guide in firing at crossing targets at close range moving at right-angles across the firer's front4 7a7 ,up to #ejj yards range1 aim should be taken-- ,about #a foot in front per #ajj yards at a single man walking4 ,about #b feet in front per #ajj yards at a single man doubling4 ,about #c feet in front per #ajj yards at a single horseman trotting4 ,about #d feet in front per #ajj yards at a single horseman galloping4 ,thus1 at #ajj yards a soldier should aim about the breadth of a man in front of an individual walking1 and at #bjj yards about a horse-length in front of a single horseman trotting4 7b7 ,beyond close range aim should be taken at the head of a body of troops moving to a flank4 7ii7 ,targets crossing ,front ,obliquely4--,the general rules regarding aiming up and down laid down in ,sec4 #ba1 para4 #b1 apply also to crossing targets moving obliquely towards or away from the firer4 ,in firing at such targets1 allowance must be made for elevation as well as for aiming-off4 ,at short range both allowances will be made by individual men4 ,at longer ranges men will allow for aiming up and down1 and when necessary fire-unit commanders will allow for aiming-off in fire orders4 7iii7 ,targets moving directly ,towards or ,away from the ,firer4--,in aiming at an object moving directly towards or away from the firer1 allowance for elevation will usually be made by aiming up or down--not by waiting to alter sights 7,sec4 #ba1 paras4 #a and #b74 ,section #bc4--,practice in ,rapid ,adjustment of ,sights4#ab #a4 ,this instruction should be carried out concurrently with instruction in loading in the various firing positions4 ,frequent small changes of sighting lead as a rule to loss of fire effect1 and may be avoided by aiming up or down4 ,but when there is time the sights will be adjusted for every alteration in the range1 and aim will be taken at the lowest part of the mark4 ,it is essential that men should be trained to adjust their sights accurately and rapidly1 and that this power should become to all intents and purposes instinctive1 so that this vitally important duty on which fire effect in a large measure depends will be carried out by the soldier with certainty in moments of the most extreme stress and excitement4 #b4 ,training in ,rapid ,adjustment4--,instructors will frequently test their squads in setting their sights rapidly and accurately4 ,they will give orders for aiming or firing at definite targets1 but without naming the range1 and require their squads to adjust their sights before they bring the rifle to the shoulder1 judging the distance for themselves1 which will help to make the careful adjustment of sights1 which is essential for fire effect1 habitual to the soldier4 ,adjustment of sights will also be practised under the same conditions in connection with the movement of the firer or the target1 represented by fatigue-men4 #c4 ,rules for ,adjusting ,sights4--7i7 ,to ,adjust the ,backsight4--,hold the rifle in the loading position 7,sec4 #bg71 so that the lines on the backsight can be seen clearly4 ,press in the stud 7or studs7 on the side of the slide with the left or right hand2 move the slide until the line is even with the place on the leaf giving the elevation for the distance named1 taking care that it is firmly fixed4 ,charger-,loading ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,loosen the clamping screw with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand1 move the slide until the top is even with the line on the leaf giving the elevation for the distance named1 and then tighten the clamping-screw4 7ii7 ,to ,lower the ,backsight4--,press the stud or studs inwards with the left or right hand1 and draw the slide backwards as far as possible4 ,charger-,loading ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,loosen the clamping-screw1 lower the slide to the bottom of the leaf with the firefinger and thumb of the right hand1 then tighten the clamping-screw4 7iii7 ,fine ,adjustment of the ,backsight4--7a7 ,s4,m4,l4,e4 ,rifle1 ,marks ,,iii and ,,iv4--,press the stud on the slide with the thumb of the left hand till the worm-wheel can be easily revolved2 turn the worm-wheel with the thumb-nail of the right hand until the required elevation is obtained4 ,the stud must not be pressed to such an extent that the worm-wheel is entirely disengaged from the rack4 7b7 ,other ,marks4--,turn the fine adjustment screw with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand until the line on the leaf is level with the line on the fine adjustment scale giving the required elevation4 7iv7 ,to ,adjust the ,long-,range ,sights4--,hold the rifle in the loading position1 so that the dial can be seen clearly4 ,move the pointer to the place on the dial giving the elevation for the distance named1 and then raise the aperture sight4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,elementary ,,instruction ,,in ,,firing ,section #bd4--;,hints to ,instructors4 #a4 ,instructors will teach by force of example rather than by word of mouth1 and be careful to refrain from any form of comment which may discourage young soldiers4 ,words of command are seldom required except in collective firing instruction1 all motions of firing being performed independently1 and each man being required to use his own judgment as much as possible4 ,faults must not1 however1 be overlooked or allowed to become formed habits4 ,the essential points of the firing positions are to be insisted upon from the beginning1 as the foundation of fire discipline4 #b4 ,in the early part of training squads will not as a rule consist of more than seven men1 who will be assembled round the instructor in a semicircle4 ,the instructor will explain the uses of the different firing positions and illustrate them to the squad4 ,recruits will practise the motions separately until able to combine them1 and assume each position rapidly and without constraint4 #c4 ,the position of each individual will be corrected in turn4 ,the regulation positions may be varied if physical characteristics render them unsuitable in any case1 but awkwardness in the first stages of instruction will not be accepted as an indication that the regulation position requires modification4 ,the instructor should stand about five paces from the recruit and to his right front while correcting his faults4 #d4 ,the firing-rest will be employed frequently in early instruction to enable the recruit to support the rifle and rest his muscles1 whilst the instructor modifies1 or corrects1 his position4 ,an incorrect position1 however1 usually arises from want of accuracy in the preliminary actions which lead to it1 and it is to these that attention must be given1 for a faulty position once acquired cannot easily be corrected4 #e4 ,with regard to the firing positions1 the standing position is a convenient one to commence elementary instruction4 ,when recruits have acquired facility in handling the rifle1 they will be trained for the most part in the lying position1 either in the open or behind cover1 and occasionally in the kneeling position behind cover4 #f4 ,progression of ,training4--,elementary instruction in firing will be divided into the following stages3 7i7 ,trigger-pressing from aiming-rest4 7ii7 ,snapping from aiming-rest4 7iii7 ,assuming the various firing positions4 7iv7 ,loading and unloading in the various firing positions4 7v7 ,aiming and firing in the various firing positions in the open1 including loading1 adjusting sights1 and unloading4 7vi7 ,as in 7v71 with the various firing positions adapted to different forms of cover4 7vii7 ,muscle exercises4 ,section #be4--,trigger-,pressing and ,snapping4 #a4 ,importance of ,trigger-,pressing4--7i7 ,instruction in firing will commence with training in pressing the trigger4 ,the vital importance of performing this action correctly must be impressed upon recruits4 ,they must understand that1 however carefully and accurately the rifle is aimed1 accurate shooting is impossible if trigger-pressing is faulty1 as aim will be disturbed at the moment of discharge4 ,faultless trigger-pressing is absolutely essential for accurate firing4 #b4 ,need for ,mental ,effort4--,trigger-pressing requires most careful individual instruction1 during which the necessity for determination and strong personal effort of will will be impressed on the mind of every recruit4 ,the power of concentrating the mind and controlling the nerves and muscles by exercising the will are all developed by practice in trigger-pressing1 and these qualities of character are essential for good shooting and for fire discipline4 #c4 ,rules for ,trigger-,pressing4--7i7 ,the trigger of the ,s4,m4,l4,e4rifle has a double pull-off1 and two distinct pressures are necessary to fire the rifle4 ,the first pull should be taken when the rifle has been brought into position for aiming2 the second when the sights are aligned on the mark4 ,the charger-loading ,lee-,enfield rifle has a single pull-off4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,,method ,,of ,,pressing ,,trigger ,,with ,,forefinger4 7ii7 ,the direction of the pull-off is diagonally across the small of the butt4 ,the first joint of the forefinger should be placed round the lower part of the trigger 7,fig4 #ae74 ,in order not to disturb the aim breathing must be restrained when pressing the trigger4 ,in firing the trigger must be pressed so as to release the cocking-piece without disturbing aim4 7iii7 ,to do this a gradually increasing pressure must be exerted on the trigger until the spring is released4 ,such pressure will be facilitated if the grip of the trigger hand on the rifle is strengthened slightly1 as though to oppose the inward pressure of the trigger finger with an equal gradual counter-pressure4 ,this will give the whole action the effect of a squeeze with the hand1 of which the pressure of the trigger finger is the most important part--the part on which the mind must be concentrated4 ,on no account must the pressure of the finger in any degree take the form of a pull or jerk4 7iv7 ,fig4 #af shows the results of faulty trigger-pressing in firing4 ,the trigger has been pulled or jerked to the left instead of being properly pressed1 and the grouping of shots--low to the right--shows how aim has been disturbed in consequence4 #d4 ,method of ,instruction4--7i7 ,the rifle will be rested on sandbags 7,fig4 #ag71 or an aiming-rest1 and the recruit will be seated with his elbows rested on a table4 ,the instructor will first see that the recruit can move his trigger-finger independently of the remainder of the hand and arm1 if necessary1 by making him practise this action4 ,illustration3 ff,fig4 #af4--,,shot ,,group ,,illustrating ,,result ,,of ,,faulty ,,trigger-,,pressing4 7ii7 ,in order that he may learn from experience the pressure required to release the cocking-piece1 the soldier in commencing instruction in trigger-pressing1 will be directed to place his forefinger under that of the instructor1 but without exercising pressure1 whilst the instructor carries out the motion 7,fig4 #ah74 ,then1 to enable the instructor to ascertain whether the method is understood1 the soldier will place his finger over that of the instructor1 and exert the pressure4 ,finally1 the soldier will himself press the trigger1 while the instructor uses the aim-corrector to see that aim is not disturbed when the trigger is pressed4 ,special care will be taken that the breathing is restrained while pressing the trigger4 ,the use of the sling for steadying the rifle during firing is not to be taught4 #e4 ,declaring the ,point of ,aim4--,the recruit must always be made to say after the spring is released whether the aim was maintained truly at the moment of snapping4 ,if not1 he must state definitely the direction in which the rifle was pointed at the moment of discharge4 ,by this means recruits will find out and correct their own faults1 and the contraction of bad habits will be avoided4 #f4 ,tests of ,trigger-,pressing and ,snapping4--,from time to time the instructor will test the aim and steadiness of each recruit in trigger-pressing and snapping with an aim-corrector or an aiming-disc 7,fig4 #ai74 ,if necessary1 further lessons in trigger-pressing will be given4 ,progress should also be tested from time to time by grouping practice on the miniature range or #cj yards range4 ,these practices will help to develop steadiness until range practice is begun4 ,daily practice in snapping is necessary for trained soldiers as well as for recruits4 ,section #bf4--,the ,various ,firing ,positions4 #a4 ,vulnerability of ,different ,firing ,positions4--,in the open up to #a1jjj yards the lying position will usually prove the least vulnerable to the effects of both rifle and artillery fire1 as it is the most difficult to discern and exposes the smallest surface to fire4 ,as a rule1 the lying position is also the least vulnerable to the effects of rifle fire at all ranges4 ,on the other hand1 it is more vulnerable to the effects of shrapnel in the open than the kneeling or sitting positions4 ,the use of entrenchments1 however1 whenever possible1 usually obviates the necessity for assuming the lying position in the open in attacking a strongly-held defensive position4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,,showing ,,grip ,,of ,,right ,,hand1 ,,and ,,trigger ,,finger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,,instructor ,,illustrating ,,correct ,,method ,,of ,,pressing ,,the ,,trigger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai--;,,correct ,,method ,,of ,,using ,,aiming-,,disc4 7,see ,appendix1 ,sec4 ,,iv41 8,aiming-,disc407 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,,standing ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,body well balanced4 #b4 ,left elbow well under rifle4 #c4 ,good bed for the butt4 #d4 ,firm grip with both hands4 #e4 ,eye well back from the cocking-piece4 #f4 ,sights perfectly upright4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,,standing ,,position--,,front ,,view4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,body well balanced4 #b4 ,left elbow well under rifle4 #c4 ,good bed for the butt4 #d4 ,firm grip with both hands4 #e4 ,eye well back from the cocking-piece4 #f4 ,sights perfectly upright4 #b4 ,need for ,avoiding ,unnecessary ,movement4--,recruits will be trained to assume the various firing positions rapidly1 and to perform the loading and aiming motions with as little movement as possible4 ,all unnecessary movement in performing these motions must be avoided1 especially in the open1 as movement attracts the eye and tends to betray the position of targets which1 when stationary1 would be invisible or extremely difficult to discern4 #c4 ,standing ,position 7,figs4 #bj and #ba74--7;i7 ,the standing position will1 as a rule1 be used on service to fire from breastworks1 high walls1 and cover1 such as long grass or standing corn1 or to take a snap-shot when advancing1 so that the pace of the advance is not materially checked4 ,for the height over which a man can fire standing see ,sec4 #ca1 para4 #b4 7ii7 ,rules for the ,standing ,position4--,body turned half right1 left foot carried to the left and slightly forward1 so that the body is erect and well-balanced1 left elbow well under the rifle1 the butt well into the hollow of the shoulder1 rifle gripped firmly with both hands1 eye well back from the cocking-piece1 sights perfectly upright4 #d4 ,lying ,position 7,fig4 #bb74--7;i7 ,the lying position will generally be adopted by troops on open ground1 or when firing from continuous low cover1 or from behind small rocks1 trees1 etc4 ,preliminary instruction in firing and firing exercises will1 as a rule1 be carried out in the lying position as being the most convenient4 7ii7 ,other conditions being equal1 this position has the advantage that its use in firing results in a greater extent of dangerous space than in the case of other firing positions ,sec4 #i1 para4 #b 7ii74 7iii7 ,rules for ,firing ,in the ,lying ,position4--,turn half right1 bring the rifle to the right side as when standing1 holding it in the left hand4 ,place the right hand on the ground1 and lie down on the stomach with the legs separated1 left shoulder well forward1 left arm extended to the front1 and rifle resting in the left hand in a convenient position1 muzzle pointing to the front and clear of mud or dust on the ground4 ,the line of the body may be slightly oblique to the line of fire1 but this oblique angle must not be exaggerated1 as it will tend to increase vulnerability by presenting a greater surface to the enemy's fire than when the body is parallel to the line of fire 7see ,fig4 #cj74 7iv7 ,adjusting ,sights4--,to adjust sights in the lying position draw the rifle back with the left hand until the lines on the backsight can be seen clearly4 ,in the case of ,s4,m4,l4,e4 and ,charger-loading ,lee-,enfield rifles1 draw the rifle back through the left hand4 7v7 ,height of ,rifle above ,ground4--,for the height over which a man in the lying position can fire see ,sec4 #ca1 para4 #b4 ,if it is necessary for improving the field of fire and obtaining better fire effect to increase the height of the body above ground1 this can be done by raising it on the elbows and at the same time slightly retiring it4 #e4 ,kneeling ,position 7,figs4 #bc and #bd74--7;i7 ,the kneeling position is used mainly when firing from continuous cover1 such as a low wall1 bank1 or hedge1 or in long grass1 crops1 etc41 which would obstruct the line of sight if the prone position were adopted4 ,for the height over which a man in the kneeling position can fire see ,sec4 #ca1 para4 #b4 7ii7 ,rules for ,firing in the ,kneeling ,position4--,the soldier may kneel on either or both knees4 ,when kneeling on one knee the body may be supported on the heel1 or not1 as desired4 ,the left knee will be in advance of the left heel1 and the left elbow will rest on or over the left knee4 ,the left leg1 hand1 and arm1 and the right shoulder1 should be in the same vertical plane when firing in the open kneeling on the right knee4 ,when kneeling on both knees1 the body may rest on both heels1 or be kept upright to suit the height of the cover1 the elbows in both instances being unsupported by the body4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,prone ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,body oblique to line of fire4 #b4 ,legs separated4 #c4 ,heels on ground4 #d4 ,good bed for the butt4 #e4 ,firm grip with both hands4 #f4 ,eye well back from the cocking-piece4 #g4 ,sights perfectly upright4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,,kneeling ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,body well balanced4 #b4 ,left elbow well under rifle4 #c4 ,good bed for the butt4 #d4 ,firm grip with both hands4 #e4 ,eye well back from the cocking-piece4 #f4 ,sights perfectly upright4 #g4 ,left heel slightly behind left knee4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd--,,kneeling ,,position--,,front ,,view4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,body well balanced4 #b4 ,left elbow well under rifle4 #c4 ,good bed for the butt4 #d4 ,firm grip with both hands4 #e4 ,eye well back from the cocking-piece4 #f4 ,sights perfectly upright4 #g4 ,left knee1 forearm1 rifle1 and right shoulder1 in one vertical plane4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,sitting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf--,,sitting ,,position ,,when ,,firing--,,aiming ,,down ,,steep ,,slope4 #f4 ,sitting ,position 7,figs4 #be and #bf74--,the sitting position will be the most suitable when on ground falling at a steep slope4 ,in this position the right shoulder should be kept well back1 the left forearm supported by the thigh1 and the right elbow resting against the right knee1 or unsupported1 as desired4 ,section #bg4--,loading and ,unloading4 #a4 ,to ,load 7,fig4 #bg74ac--7;i7 ,bring the rifle to the right side in front of the hip1 with the muzzle pointing upwards1 small of the butt just in front of the hip1 grasping the stock with the left hand immediately in front of the magazine4 ,turn the safety-catch completely over to the front with the thumb or forefinger of the right hand4 7,charger-loading ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,lower the safety-catch with the thumb of the right hand47 7ii7 ,pull out the cut-off if closed1 first pressing it downwards with the thumb1 then seize the knob with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand1 turn it sharply upwards1 and draw back the bolt to its full extent4 7iii7 ,take the charger between the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand1 and place it vertically in the guides4 ,then1 placing the ball of the thumb immediately in front of the charger1 and hooking the forefinger under the cut-off1 force the cartridges down with a firm and continuous pressure until the top cartridge has engaged in the magazine4 ,force the bolt sharply home1 turning the knob well down1 and1 with the thumb or forefinger of the right hand1 turn the safety-catch completely over to the rear4 7,charger-loading ,lee-,enfield ,rifle4--,raise the safety-catch with the forefinger of the right hand47 ,then button the pouch1 seize the rifle with the right hand in front of the left1 bring the left foot back to the right and order arms4 7iv7 ,loading the ,magazine4--,the magazine will hold two charges of five cartridges each1 but should in ordinary circumstances be loaded with one only1 as the soldier will thus retain the power of adding another charge at any time should necessity demand4 ,if1 when on the line of march1 it is desired to charge the magazine without loading the rifle1 the top cartridge may be pressed downwards with the thumb and the cut-off closed4 ,after the rifle is once charged the soldier is responsible that his magazine is refilled at once whenever it has been emptied4 #d4 ,to ,unload4--,carry out the directions in para1 #a 7i7 and 7ii71 but after drawing back the bolt1 without turning the knob down1 work the bolt rapidly backwards and forwards until the cartridges are removed from the magazine and chamber1 allowing them to fall on the ground4 ,then close the breech1 press the trigger1 close the cut-off by placing the right hand over the bolt and pressing the cut-off inwards1 apply the safety-catch1 lower the backsight or the long-range sights1 and order arms4 #e4 ,rapid ,loading4--7i7 ,when he is able to aim and fire steadily in all positions and from various classes of cover1 the soldier will be exercised in combining rapid loading with the greatest rapidity of aim consistent with accuracy4 ,rapid loading will first be practised separately1 using dummy cartridges in chargers4 ,when five rounds have been inserted in the magazine1 the bolt will be closed and turned over1 and the rifle will at once be unloaded and another charger inserted similarly4 ,rapid loading should be practised in all positions1 but especially in the lying position4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,,loading ,,in ,,standing ,,position4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,body erect and well balanced4 #b4 ,left elbow close to body4 #c4 ,firm grip with left hand1 close in front of magazine4 #d4 ,muzzle pointing upwards4 #e4 ,butt well forward4 #f4 ,forefinger of the right hand under the cut-off4 #g4 ,eyes on the mark4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,,firing ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,,heads ,,lowered2 ,,observer ,,watching ,,front4 7ii7 ,rapid ,firing4--,the rate of firing should be increased gradually1 provided that faults of aiming and trigger-pressing are not acquired4 ,short bursts of rapid fire only will be permitted1 the firing being carefully regulated and controlled4 ,a target will always be indicated4 #f4 ,caution4--,before dummy cartridges are used on parade1 special precautions will be taken to insure that neither ball nor blank ammunition is taken to the parade ground4 ,the instructor will personally examine all cartridges1 rifles1 pouches1 and bandoliers1 before loading takes place4 ,section #bh4--,use of the ,safety-,catch and ,cut-,off4 #a4 ,troops armed with rifles fitted with safety-catches will invariably set the catch to safety before movement4 ,the use of the cut-off is to be confined in their case to occasions when they are not actually engaged with the enemy4 ,then it may be employed for the purpose either of charging the magazine without inserting a cartridge in the chamber1 or to unload the rifle while retaining cartridges in the magazine4 #b4 ,the cut-off is never to be used to enable the rifle to be used as a single loader1 and is not to supersede the use of the safety-catch4 ,in the case of rifles which have no safety-catches1 the cut-off will be pressed in and the rifle unloaded on all occasions when the safety-catch is ordered to be applied in these instructions4 ,in an advance in extended order1 however1 these rifles may be carried during movement at the slope instead of being unloaded4 ,section #bi4--;,instruction in ,aiming and ,firing4 #a4 ,rules for ,aiming and ,firing4--7i7 ,the rules for taking accurate aim have already been stated4 ,in combining aiming with the movements for firing in the various firing positions the following rules will be observed3 7ii7 ,direct the eyes on the mark4 ,then bring the rifle into the hollow of the right shoulder1 and press it in with the left hand1 grasp the small firmly with the thumb and three fingers of the right hand1 place the forefinger round the lower part of the trigger1 and exert sufficient pressure to take the pull4 ,in making these motions1 the backsight will be kept upright1 the left elbow brought well under the rifle1 and the right elbow brought a little lower than and well to the front of the right shoulder4 7iii7 ,as the rifle touches the shoulder1 bring the cheek down on the butt1 keeping the face well back from the right hand and cocking-piece1 close the left eye1 align the sights on the mark1 restrain the breathing1 and press the trigger4 7iv7 ,great care must be exercised to insure that the forefinger is not placed on the trigger before the rifle is in contact with the shoulder1 and that a firm grip is maintained with both hands while firing4 ,unless the butt rests firmly in the hollow of the shoulder1 accurate shooting is impossible4 7v7 ,the further the eye is kept from the backsight the more clearly will the sights be defined1 the less strained will be the position of the head and neck1 and the less will be the effect of recoil4 #b4 ,aiming and ,firing ,practices4--,in aiming and firing practices1 the firer should always declare the direction of his aim at the moment of discharge before removing the rifle from the shoulder for the reasons given in ,sec4 #be1 para4 #e4 ,the instructor will carefully supervise practices1 and will test the accuracy of aiming with the aim-corrector or aiming-disc4 ,having carried out the motions described in paras1 7ii7 and 7iii7 above1 the recruit after a pause will bring the rifle to the loading position1 and practise the motions again1 or he will apply the safety catch and order arms1 according to the orders of the instructor4 ,section #cj4--;,firing in the ,open4 #a4 ,the need for avoiding unnecessary movements in assuming the various firing positions in loading and aiming will have been impressed upon recruits during their instruction in the firing positions and loading4 ,recruits must be taught that it is especially important to avoid these unnecessary movements when firing in the open ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #c 7iii74 ,in firing in the open1 the head should be lowered in the intervals of firing1 but the ground in front must be watched by selected observers 7,fig4 #bh74 #b4 ,positions in the ,open4--,besides avoiding movements betraying their position1 recruits will be taught to select positions in the open so as to avoid as far as possible backgrounds which increase their visibility ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #d 7ii74 ,they will be taught1 as part of their instruction in visual training1 to note the effect of different backgrounds upon the visibility of service targets4 ,they will learn that concealment may be possible even in the open without cover1 for troops at longer ranges when not in movement may be invisible to the naked eye4 ,individual men1 when motionless in the open1 may also be invisible to the naked eye within close range4 ,section #ca4--;,firing from ,cover4 #a4 ,instruction in the choice and use of ground and its natural or other features as cover for concealment or protection from the enemy's fire1 and in adapting the different firing positions to various forms of cover1 will be part of the field training of men at a stage which will combine training in fire discipline and manuvre 7see ,chapters ,,iii4 and ,,vi4 of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series74 ,full directions regarding the choice and use of the ground and its existing features as cover are contained in ,sec4 #ccad of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series4 ,training in the construction and use of hasty fire-cover1 and more elaborate forms of constructed cover1 such as various field entrenchments1 are dealt with in ,field ,entrenchments of this series1 which also deals with the preparation of doors1 windows1 and buildings1 as well as banks1 ditches1 etc41 to serve as cover4 ,training in firing in the different firing positions from behind various common forms of cover will form part of the elementary instruction of recruits in firing4 #b4 ,height of ,cover for ,use in ,different ,firing ,positions4--,the heights over which a man of average stature can fire on level ground in the various firing positions are as follows3 ,lying1 #a foot2 kneeling1 #c feet2 standing1 #d feet #f inches4 ,on level ground a man can fire over about five-sixths of his own height4 ,higher cover can be used when firing uphill than when firing downhill4 #c4 ,rules for ,firing from ,cover4--7i7 ,instructors must impress on recruits that the most important requirement in firing from cover is the ability of a man to use his rifle to the best advantage1 and that the eyes must be kept on the enemy between shots to avoid losing sight of targets4 ,in using cover1 the recruit must be taught to keep as near to the cover as possible1 compatible with ease in firing4 ,he must also be taught when possible to fire round the side of cover rather than over it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,,firing ,,round ,,cover--,,correct4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,,firing ,,round ,,cover--,,unnecessary ,,exposure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,,firing ,,from ,,fold ,,of ,,ground--,,side ,,view4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,,firing ,,from ,,fold ,,of ,,ground--,,unnecessary ,,exposure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,,firing ,,from ,,fold ,,of ,,ground--,,correct ,,method4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,,firing ,,over ,,continuous ,,cover4 ,waiting to ,fire4 ,centre1 correct position2 right and left1 incorrect positions--unnecessary exposure4 7ii7 ,adapting ,firing ,positions to ,different ,forms of ,cover4--,the following notes and illustrations lay down general rules as to the correct method of adapting the different firing positions to various forms of cover commonly found in the field4 7iii7 ,isolated ,cover4--,figs4 #bi and #cj illustrate the correct and incorrect methods of using isolated cover4 ,fig4 #bi shows the minimum exposure1 the whole body being protected by cover4 ,fig4 #cj shows unnecessary exposure of the head and body1 and also of the legs1 owing to the extreme oblique angle of the body to the line of fire4 ,as a rule isolated cover should be avoided even if it affords protection from fire1 as in the case of occasional rocks or small mounds of earth1 especially at close ranges1 because men1 if seen occupying such cover1 can easily be marked down by the enemy1 and hit on leaving it4 ,rocks may also be dangerous1 owing to the risk of injury from splinters4 7iv7 ,continuous ,cover--7a7 ,ridges and ,folds of ,ground4--,figs4 #ca1 #cb1 and #cc show correct and incorrect methods of using ridges and folds of ground as cover4 ,these features commonly provide good cover1 especially the latter1 which may be difficult to recognize from a distance4 ,if properly used1 they may afford concealment and protection from the enemy's fire1 for which as a rule they do not offer well-defined targets4 ,for instance1 the fold of ground in ,fig4 #cc would be invisible if it were not indicated by the men's heads4 7b7 ,low ,cover4--,figs4 #cd to #ch show the correct and incorrect methods of using low cover4 ,figs4 #ci to #db show correct and incorrect methods of using higher forms of continuous cover1 such as stone and brick walls1 banks1 etc4 ,as a rule these forms of cover1 whether consisting of hedges1 with or without ditches1 banks1 or walls1 have the disadvantage of offering well-defined targets to the enemy's fire and may1 in addition1 obstruct the advance of troops occupying them4 ,stone and brick cover1 in addition1 involves the risk of injury through splinters or demolition if subject to artillery fire4 #d4 ,method of ,instruction4--7i7 ,instruction should be carried out under practical conditions4 ,if necessary1 different forms of cover can be improvised by the use of sandbags1 hurdles1 boxes1 etc4 ,the instructor will give practical illustrations of the correct method of adapting the different firing positions to various forms of cover4 ,he will then order each man to adapt the different firing positions to cover1 and criticize faults1 or call on other recruits in the class to criticize them4 7ii7 ,when recruits have progressed sufficiently1 they should be sent out to the front of the class as fatigue-men to make use of various forms of cover1 such as folds of ground1 hedges1 ditches1 walls1 trees1 isolated bushes1 undergrowth1 tufts of grass1 etc41 in advancing towards the class4 ,besides taking cover1 they should go through the loading and aiming motions as though firing at the class4 7iii7 ,the instructor will make use of these object-lessons to point out the advantages and disadvantages of various forms of cover1 the correct and incorrect methods of using cover1 and the danger of exaggerated or unnecessary movement of the head1 arms1 or rifle in loading and aiming which tend to betray the position of men or make them easy to mark down4 ,this instruction can be carried out on miniature ranges according to the directions laid down in ,chapter ,x41 ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #c 7iv74 #e4 ,rules for ,selecting ,cover4--,the following general rules will help to guide soldiers in selecting cover4 ,they must remember that in the field the selection of cover may often involve a choice between alternative disadvantages4 ,it may not be possible to avoid bad cover or to find good cover1 and it may sometimes be better to use bad cover than to remain in the open4 ,soldiers1 therefore1 must be taught in the course of their field training to make the best use of ground and cover under the varying conditions of each tactical situation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,,firing ,,over ,,continuous ,,cover4 ,correct and incorrect prone position for loading and waiting to fire4 ,the unnecessary exposure and movements of the rifle of the man on the right are wrong4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,,firing ,,over ,,continuous ,,cover4 ,correct and incorrect prone positions4 ,unnecessary exposure of man on right4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,,firing ,,round ,,continuous ,,cover3 ,,lying ,,position--,,front ,,view4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,,firing ,,round ,,continuous ,,cover3 ,,lying ,,position--,,side ,,view4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,loading4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,no undue exposure4 #b4 ,watching front4 #c4 ,trigger guard downwards to facilitate loading and sight-setting4 #d4 ,muzzle clear of cover4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,loaded4 ,points to note3 #a4 ,no undue exposure4 #b4 ,watching front4 #c4 ,trigger guard outwards4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,firing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--,,kneeling ,,behind ,,cover--,,position ,,when ,,firing4 ,points to note #a4 ,no undue exposure4 #b4 ,body well balanced4 #c4 ,left elbow well under rifle4 #d4 ,good bed for the butt4 #e4 ,firm grip with both hands4 #f4 ,eye well back from the cocking-piece4 #g4 ,sights perfectly upright4 #h4 ,rifle1 but not hand1 resting on cover4 #i4 ,position adapted to the cover4 7i7 ,good ,cover4--,perfect cover--which1 however1 will very rarely be found--will combine the following advantages3 7a7 ,affords a clear view up to the enemy's position4 7b7 ,permits the free use of the rifle4 7c7 ,gives concealment to the firer4 7d7 ,provides protection for him against the enemy's fire without hindering forward movement4 7ii7 ,bad ,cover involves any of the following disadvantages3 7a7 ,offers a well-defined target for the enemy's fire1 and provides no protection from its effects4 7b7 ,gives a restricted view of the enemy's position4 7c7 ,restricts the free use of the rifle4 7d7 ,obstructs the advance of troops occupying it in attack4 7iii7 ,dangerous ,cover4--,features of ground which offer clearly defined targets for the enemy's fire1 and afford no protection from its effects1 are dangerous cover if occupied in view of the enemy1 especially if they run parallel to his position4 ,common examples of such features are an isolated hedge or the edge of a wood4 #f4 ,penetration of the ,pointed ,bullet4--,a table will be found in the ,appendix to ,field ,entrenchments of this series giving the approximate penetration of the pointed bullet when firing at various substances4 ,in order to obtain bullet-proof cover1 an extra thickness of substance must be added to these measurements of penetration4 ,earth should not be less than #c feet thick to afford bullet-proof cover4 ,if the soil is free from stones1 a thickness of #d feet is desirable4 ,this thickness may roughly be measured with a service rifle1 #c feet #h inches long4 ,section #cb4--,muscle ,exercises4 #a4 7i7 ,to accustom the muscles to the strain of prolonged firing the following exercises will be performed daily during the elementary training of recruits1 and frequently by trained soldiers4 ,care must be taken that men are not unduly fatigued by the exercises1 and that they do not commence them when they are tired4 ,in each practice1 a conspicuous object1 representing the target1 will be indicated1 and the rifle will invariably be thrown into approximate alignment with it4 7ii7 ,in the first and third exercises the correct aiming position will be assumed1 including taking the pull1 bringing the cheek on to the butt1 and closing the left eye1 but without actually aligning the sights4 ,in the second exercise the first pull will be taken when the right hand grasps the rifle1 but the head will not be lowered1 the left eye will not be closed1 nor will the sights be aligned4 #b4 ,first ,practice4--,to be performed with and without bayonet fixed4 ,caution3--,muscle ,exercise4 ,first ,practice4 ,commands3--,standing or ,lying--,load4 ,one4--,bring the rifle to the position for aiming1 return at once to the position for loading1 and continue the practice4 ,unload4 #c4 ,second ,practice4--,caution3--,muscle ,exercise4 ,second ,practice4 ,commands3--,standing or ,lying--,load4 ,one4--,bring the rifle to the position for aiming4 ,two4--,quit the rifle with the right hand4 ,three4--,seize the rifle with the right hand1 and at the same time quit it with the left hand4 ,unload4 ,note4--,the words ,two and ,three will be given at intervals of about #aj seconds4 ,the trigger will not be pressed when in the third position4 #d4 ,third ,practice4--,to be performed with and without bayonet fixed4 ,caution3--,muscle ,exercise4 ,third ,practice4 ,commands3--,standing or ,lying--,load4 ,one4--,bring the rifle to the position for aiming4 ,unload4 ,note4--,the men will be trained progressively to hold the rifle in this position until they can do so without fatigue for two minutes4 #e4 ,cadet ,muscle ,exercises4--7i7 ,in the case of ,cadets1 the above muscle exercises may be carried out with a light rifle4 ,alternatively the special exercises for ,cadets suggested in the following paragraph may be carried out in preference to the second and third ,regulation muscle exercises1 the strain of which may develop slowness of movement in young1 growing lads by making the muscular tissues heavy rather than well-toned4 ,moreover1 the repetition of these exercises is monotonous1 and may cause a distaste for them in youths4 ,cadet muscle exercises which consist of going through the various movements of assuming the different firing positions1 loading1 sighting1 aiming1 and pressing the trigger1 are therefore suggested as a substitute for the ,regulation muscle exercises4 ,the introduction of aiming at a mark--preferably a service target--in the course of muscle exercises will help to develop the muscles of the eye1 together with those of the body and limbs4 7ii7 ,these exercises have the advantages of occupying the mind of the cadet while exercising his muscles1 and so diverting attention from the mere repetition of continued muscular effort1 which is wearisome4 ,they avoid the heavy strain of the third ,regulation musketry exercise1 and attain the object of the second--namely1 to develop a firm grip of the hand on the weapon1 which is essential to service shooting1 while practising cadets in seizing the weapon quickly in the proper places4 ,they further embrace all the muscles used in the act of firing by including the firing positions and trigger-pressing instead of those used in taking aim alone1 and at the same time co-ordinate them into the quick1 active movements essential for snapshooting and rapid firing4 7iii7 ,cadets must not be practised at these exercises till they have been trained to perform correctly the various movements necessary for assuming the different firing positions1 loading1 sighting1 bringing the rifle to the shoulder for aim1 and pressing the trigger4 ,they may be exercised in squads1 but the instructor must supervise the work of each cadet1 and be careful to see that all the separate movements combined in each exercise are carried out correctly1 without being slurred or wrongly made4 7iv7 ,the instructor must also be careful to see that no cadet continues any muscle exercise until he is fatigued4 ,the exercises must be light at first1 and gradually increased according to the strength of individual cadets as their muscles grow stronger4 ,exercises will be carried out under the control of the instructor and according to his directions4 ,each exercise will be carried out in a series of three movements1 which may be repeated for a number of times at his discretion4 7v7 ,cadet ,muscle ,exercise4--,caution3--,muscle ,exercise4 ,commands3--,firing ,position4 ,rate of ,fire4 ,one4--,assume the firing position ordered1 and bring the rifle to the position for loading4 ,two4--,perform the action of loading and adjusting sights correctly to a given range4 ,three4--,bring the rifle to the position for aiming1 press the trigger1 and return at once to the position for loading4 ,note4--,rapid loading and unloading in the prone position with the rifle to the shoulder will also prove a useful muscle exercise4 ,,chapter ,v ,,visual ,,training ,,and ,,ranging ,section #cc4--;,general ,remarks on ,visual ,training4#ae #a4 ,importance of ,visual ,training4--,great as is the loss of fire effect due to errors in judging distance and sighting1 an even greater amount of ammunition will be expended without good results unless the soldier is trained to discern and select targets at close ranges1 and to recognize targets described to him at longer ranges4 #b4 ,even at close range1 in the open1 service targets consisting of troops are often impossible to discern with the naked eye when motionless if their background harmonizes with their uniform4 ,at all ranges1 except short distances within close range1 troops in neutral-tinted uniform1 adopting formations which allow full use to be made of ground and cover1 are usually difficult to discern with the naked eye even when in motion4 #c4 ,finally1 targets which consist of ground or its natural features are not easy to recognize unless the eye of the soldier is specially trained for this work1 upon which fire effect in battle beyond close range will depend4 ,the eyesight of the soldier must1 therefore1 be developed in special powers to enable him to discern and recognize the targets of the modern battlefield at all ranges before he is able to fire at them effectively4 #d4 ,scope of ,training4--7i7 ,visual training will include discernment of targets1 study and description of ground1 recognition of and aiming at targets described by word of mouth1 judging distance by eye1 and1 when possible1 observation of the results of fire4 ,visual training should at first be separated from training in judging distance1 but as proficiency is attained both should be combined after men have been instructed in military vocabulary and study of ground1 which lays the foundation of instruction in recognition of targets4 ,training in observation of results of fire by watching the strike of bullets on the ground will be difficult to carry out except on dusty soil4 #e4 ,visual ,training on ,miniature ,ranges4--,directions for training men in the different subjects of instruction mentioned in the above paragraph1 including observation of fire1 are contained in ,chapter ,x1 ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #d4 ,section #cd4--;,discernment of ,targets4 #a4 ,elementary ,training4--,training will begin with questions framed to develop a man's powers of discerning objects1 and describing accurately and shortly what he sees4 ,at first any ordinary objects in the vicinity of barracks will be counted1 or instruction may be carried out as in the elementary stage of training in observation and memory according to the directions laid down in ,sec4 #de of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series4 #b4 ,training on the ,ground4--,training will then be carried out on the ground4 ,exercises should first be carried out in good light1 the recruits being allowed to stand and obtain a good field of view4 ,afterwards exercises should be carried out under all conditions of light1 and in cloudy or misty weather1 men being trained to discern and describe objects in the prone position in the open or behind cover1 when their field of view will be restricted4 #c4 ,visibility of ,distinct and ,neutral ,colours4--,for exercises in the field a certain number of dummy targets or fatigue-men will be placed or posted beforehand in various selected positions unknown to the class in the open1 or partly behind cover1 and against different backgrounds4 ,the targets should include both the distinct bull's-eye and service figure targets of different colours1 and the fatigue-men should be dressed in uniforms of both distinct and neutral tints1 with the object of showing the difference in visibility of distinct and neutral colours against the same background4 ,neutral-tinted targets should also be arranged against various backgrounds to show how background affects visibility1 as1 for example1 the difference in visibility of a khaki uniform against a white wall1 a sheet of water1 a skyline1 dark ploughland1 a green field1 a brown hedge4 #d4 ,effect of ,background on ,visibility4--,during these exercises opportunity will be taken by instructors to utilize the useful object-lessons they provide upon the use of ground and cover4 ,men should be made to note the varying visibility of objects according to their background4 ,they should be taught that the visibility of targets naturally tends to increase the effect of fire directed at them by facilitating discernment1 judging distance1 and aiming1 while the vulnerability of targets is decreased in proportion as they are invisible or difficult to discern4 ,men must1 therefore1 be taught to note the effect of different backgrounds upon the visibility of fatigue-men in service uniforms4 ,when being trained in the use of ground and cover1 they should learn1 when possible1 to avoid positions such as a skyline or a background which contrasts sharply with their uniforms1 and may render them distinctly visible to the enemy ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #d 7ii74 #e4 ,describing ,targets4--,in all exercises men will be given a definite period of time--which may be decreased as progress is made--in which to locate and count targets4 ,each man should then be asked how many he has discerned4 ,men will in turn be asked to describe clearly and shortly the nature and position of any target they have discerned which has not already been described by a comrade4 ,they should be taught to use military vocabulary in describing targets1 and to indicate their position by the methods explained in ,sec4 #de4 ,visual training will thus lay the foundation of instruction in recognition of targets4 #f4 ,use of ,field-,glasses4--,in the case of targets which are difficult to see1 and which have not been discerned1 the instructor may allow men to discern the target with the aid of field-glasses1 and then make them try to discern the target with the naked eye1 using natural features of the ground in the vicinity of the target to locate its position4 ,this instruction will help to train men in the use of field-glasses and in recognition of targets4 #g4 ,effect of ,movement on ,visibility4--,finally1 fatigue-men will be employed to skirmish from cover to cover1 and to perform the firing motions from behind cover1 in order to show how motion catches the eye and exposes the firer's position 7,sec4 #gb1 para4 #c iii74 #h4 ,locating an ,enemy by ,sound4--,blank ammunition will be used to give practice to the ear in locating an enemy by sound4 ,section #ce4--,military ,vocabulary and ,study of ,ground4#af #a4 ,importance of ,military ,vocabulary4--7i7 ,soldiers must be trained not only to discern1 but to describe service targets of various kinds4 ,for this purpose they must be instructed in military vocabulary4 ,military vocabulary comprises the technical terms applied to the organization1 weapons1 equipment1 formations1 and duties of various arms4 ,definitions of these technical terms are contained in the various books of this series1 including ,drill and ,field ,training1 ,field ,entrenchments1 and ,first ,aid4 7ii7 ,in this book1 besides definitions of the technical terms which apply especially to musketry1 a list of terms and definitions applied to natural and other features of ground and country is included on p4 xxvi as being a necessary part of the military vocabulary used in the recognition and indication of targets4 #b4 ,need of a ,standard ,vocabulary4--,it is important that the military vocabulary in each unit of an army1 and1 if possible1 in the whole army1 should be uniform as to its various terms1 especially in regard to the indication and description of targets4 ,both fire-unit commanders and men should therefore be thoroughly trained in applying a uniform military vocabulary correctly to various service targets1 such as units of various arms in different formations and to the different natural and other features of ground and country4 #c4 ,method of ,instruction4--7i7 ,instruction in military vocabulary may be carried out in the following manner4 ,in early lessons the instructor will describe in detail simple prominent features1 such as part of a skyline or the line of a bank or hedge1 and get each man in the class to describe in similar terms another part of the line4 ,he will then practise them by the same method in describing more difficult and extensive features4 ,in this way men will gradually learn the correct terms to apply to a great variety of natural features of ground4 ,when men have learnt how to describe various features of ground in correct terms1 the instructor will proceed to describe small areas of ground1 the limits of which he will first clearly define4 7ii7 ,he will describe the shape and nature of the ground1 as1 for instance1 whether it is level1 undulating or broken1 and rocky1 sandy1 or pasture4 ,he will then describe its various natural and artificial features1 the different kinds of trees1 fences1 undergrowth1 etc41 on it1 and the shape and size of the fields1 with the colour of the earth or of crops growing in them4 ,the approximate measurements of objects1 roughly estimated1 may also be given1 as1 for instance1 whether they are large1 small1 of moderate size1 tall1 short1 wide1 or narrow4 ,these rough measurements will often help to distinguish objects1 such as trees1 fields1 hedges1 or houses from one or more objects of a similar nature4 ,men will first be thoroughly practised in completing the description of ground and its features commenced by the instructor1 and then1 as progress is made in describing ground which is merely pointed out by the instructor without being partly described by him4 ,fig4 #dc illustrates common features of ground which may be described in the manner outlined in these paragraphs4 #d4 ,study of ,ground4--,it is clear that instruction in military vocabulary provides a good opportunity for training fire-unit commanders and men in the study of ground1 which is of the greatest military importance4 ,therefore1 in training men in the description of ground1 instructors should also train them to recognize all features of military importance1 such as good defensive positions1 good lines of approach1 good halting-places for attack1 covered approaches1 dead ground1 obstacles1 and good or dangerous cover4#ag ,when men have learned to recognize features of military importance1 the instructor will indicate an area of ground1 and question the class in turn as to what military features may be seen on it4 ,men must describe these military features in the correct terms1 and they will thus learn an extremely important branch of military vocabulary--namely1 that applied to ground--which must frequently be described to them and recognized by them as aiming points in a later stage of their training4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,skyline ,b4 ,hollow ,c4 ,gentle slope ,d4 ,steep slope ,e4 ,dense cover ,f4 ,crest of ,hill ,fig4 #dc4--,,military ,,vocabulary--,,terms ,,describing ,,common ,,features ,,of ,,ground4 #e4 ,studying ,ground from ,cover4--,as progress is made in the study of ground1 the class should be made to examine the ground and to describe it from behind cover to accustom them to its appearance1 as they will see it when firing from cover4 ,this instruction will form a useful preparation for the duties of reconnaissance and scouting4 ,when the class is sufficiently advanced1 the areas of ground described will be increased gradually1 and1 when necessary1 these areas will be divided into sectors1 as described in ,sec4 #db1 paras4 #c and #e1 and each sector will be divided into foreground1 middle distance1 and background4 ,men will be trained to note the different zones of ground to which these terms are applied1 and then to apply them correctly in describing ground4 #f4 ,committing ,features of ,ground to ,memory4--,when men are sufficiently advanced1 they may be practised in examining ground for a limited time1 and then giving a correct description of its prominent features and principal military features with their backs to it4 ,the instructor will check their description while it is being given by looking at the ground1 and bring out points which may have been missed or forgotten by asking men questions4 ,this practice will develop the extremely useful power of rapidly noting features of ground1 and also of memorizing ground4 ,the latter power will be useful in reconnaissance1 scouting1 and reports4 #g4 ,study of ,ground in ,strange ,country4--,as the ground and its features1 both natural and artificial1 together with the names by which they are called1 differ considerably in different countries1 men should be trained in military vocabulary1 the description and study of ground both before and during military operations in unfamiliar country4 ,section #cf4--;,general ,remarks on ,ranging4 #a4 ,importance of ,ranging4--7i7 ,accurate ranging when firing is of vital importance1 especially at distances beyond close range4 ,mistakes in judging distance or range-finding1 and errors in sighting1 cause a greater loss of fire effect than personal errors in shooting except at close range4 ,but even within close range mistakes of more than #ajj yards are not infrequently made in judging distance4 ,the more accurate the firing1 the less will be the result if the sighting is incorrect from any cause4 7ii7 ,the measurement of ranges will commence the moment a firing-point has been chosen4 ,range-taking increases in importance rapidly with every #ajj yards beyond #fjj yards up to #b1jjj yards1 at which distance troops not in a close formation are only visible when in motion1 or with a very favourable background or light4 #b4 ,methods of ,ranging4--7i7 ,the principal means of ranging are--7a7 ,judging distance by eye2 7b7 observation of fire2 7c7 use of instruments such as the mekometer and the one-man range-finder4 ,there are several auxiliary methods of ranging such as back-reckoning1 use of maps1 information obtained from aircraft1 artillery or machine-guns1 sound and flash1 cross-bearings1 etc41 which may be used occasionally or in exceptional cases4 7ii7 ,observation of fire1 when possible1 is an effective means of ranging4 ,if uncertainty exists as to elevation1 it is better to underestimate than to overestimate the range4 ,if it is necessary to fire at ranges beyond #a1jjj yards1 and observation is not possible1 or the situation demands that some effect should be produced1 quickly combined sights may be employed4 ,in all cases every available means should be employed to find correct ranges4 ,no available means of ascertaining ranges should ever be neglected1 if time and opportunity allow them to be used4 #c4 ,reconnaissance as an ,aid to ,ranging4--,as already stated1 range-finding will as a rule be in progress before fire is opened1 and the rapid reconnaissance of any ground on which a fire-fight is likely to take place should provide information of the greatest value to company officers responsible for the direction of fire4 ,in preparing a defensive position1 there is usually ample time for ascertaining ranges1 and for using range-marks 7,sec4 #dj1 para4 #e7 and preparing range-cards 7,sec4 #dj1 para4 #a74 #d4 ,training of ,officers and ,n4,c4,o4's4--,as fire is controlled at longer ranges1 practice in judging distance is more necessary for officers and non-commissioned officers than for the private soldier4 ,soldiers who show aptitude in judging short distances by eye should1 however1 be given training with their leaders at judging longer distances4 ,these men may also be selected for training in the use of range-finding instruments and in the duties of observers 7,sec4 #db1 para4 #i74 #e4 ,reduction of ,errors by ,training4--,officers and non-commissioned officers1 by constant practice1 will reduce their mean error in judging distance from about #bj per cent4 of the correct distance to about #aj per cent41 but much depends on the local conditions to which the observer is accustomed4 ,with thorough training the mean error of private soldiers in judging distances within #hjj yards should not exceed #ajj yards4 ,special attention should be paid to men whose mean errors exceed this distance1 with a view to discovering the cause and reducing the error4 #f4 ,effect of ,strange ,conditions4--,serious errors must be expected in judging under strange conditions of ground and atmosphere4 ,exercises in judging distance must therefore be carried out before1 as well as during1 military operations in unfamiliar country4 ,section #cg4--;,judging ,distances by ,eye4 #a4 ,methods of ,judging ,distance by ,eye4--,distances may be judged by eye in the following ways3 7a7 ,by measuring the intervening ground with the eye in terms of some familiar unit1 such as #ajj yards2 7b7 by the apparent size of the object1 if its size is known1 or1 in other words1 by visual angles2 7c7 by the visibility of the object as affected by light1 atmospheric effect1 background1 etc4 #b4 ,rules for ,judging ,distance by ,eye4--7i7 ,the varying nature of the ground and its features1 together with different conditions of light and atmosphere1 affect general impressions of distance as measured by the eye by making objects look smaller or larger1 and so making them seem nearer or further away from an observer than they actually are4 7ii7 ,conditions which appear to ,increase ,distance4--,objects will appear smaller1 and therefore farther away than they are1 under the following conditions3 7a7 ,when objects are of the same colour or a colour which harmonizes with their background4 7b7 ,on broken ground4 7c7 ,when seen across a valley or undulating ground4 7d7 ,in avenues1 long streets1 or ravines4 7e7 ,when in shadow4 7f7 ,when viewed in mist or failing light4 7g7 ,when heat is rising from the ground4 7h7 ,when seen near any other object which makes it appear smaller than it is by the effect of comparison4 7i7 ,when only partially seen1 as in the case of troops firing from cover4 7j7 ,troops kneeling or lying in the open seem farther away than when standing4 7iii7 ,conditions which appear to ,decrease ,distance4--,objects will appear larger1 and therefore nearer than they are1 under the following conditions3 7a7 ,when both object and background are of different or contrasting colours4 7b7 ,when the sun is behind the observer4 7c7 ,in bright light or clear atmosphere4 7d7 ,when the intervening ground is level or covered with snow4 7e7 ,when seen across water or a deep chasm4 7f7 ,when looking upwards or downwards4 7g7 ,when the object is large1 or when seen near any other object which makes it appear larger than it is by effect of comparison4 7iv7 ,a ,general ,rule4--,a good general rule to remember for practical purposes is that when a target is indistinct distance is apt to be over-estimated1 and that when a target is distinct distance is apt to be under-estimated4 ,this general rule roughly sums up the effects and the various factors mentioned in paras4 7ii7 and 7iii71 which respectively tend to render targets less or more distinct4 #c4 ,judging ,lateral ,distance by ,eye4--,the following is a rough guide for judging lateral distances running at right angles to the observer at various distances4 ,with one eye shut and the hand at arm's length to the front with the fingers perpendicular1 the breadth of six fingers will cover #ajj yards of lateral distance at a distance of #ejj yards from the observer4 ,under the same conditions1 the breadth of three fingers will cover a lateral distance of #ajj yards at a distance of #a1jjj yards4 ,the breadth of two fingers will cover a lateral distance of #ajj yards at #a1ejj yards1 and the width of the thumb will roughly cover #ajj yards of lateral distance #b1jjj yards away4 ,this method may be employed for estimating the approximate length of an enemy's column1 or the extent of frontage known to be occupied by him4 #d4 ,method of ,instruction--7i7 ,units of ,distance4--,all the methods mentioned in para4 #a should be practised by officers1 ,n4,c4,o4's1 and men under a variety of practical conditions1 and in the prone1 kneeling1 and standing positions1 until it is found that distances can be judged approximately from the general impression conveyed to the eye4 ,the class will first be familiarized with short units of distance not exceeding #fjj yards4 ,special care will be taken to enable soldiers to recognize the distance of #fjj yards1 as it is the limit of individual fire4 7ii7 ,figures4--,the class will at the same time study the visibility of the figure standing1 kneeling1 and lying at known distances4 ,they will be required to remember the results of their observation1 and be given opportunities of seeing figures in varying conditions of light1 atmosphere1 and background at known distances4 7iii7 ,features of ,ground4--,the class will next be practised in judging the distance of natural features of ground1 such as folds of ground1 hedges1 patches of undergrowth1 and other forms of cover1 at various known distances4 ,this instruction will be followed by judging the distances of fatigue-men seen at unknown distances in the different firing positions both in the open against various backgrounds and partly behind cover4 ,the class will then be practised in judging the distance of features of ground and different forms of cover at various unknown distances4 ,these various practices should be carried out with the class in the standing1 kneeling1 and prone positions4 7iv7 ,reasons for ,estimates4--,each observer should be asked by the instructor to give reasons for his estimate of distance to guard against the habit of rough guessing4 ,to train observers in the habit of taking into account every factor which will help them to judge distance1 the instructor should consider and explain the effects of local conditions and other factors which affect judging the distance of each object he indicates after the class have made their estimates4 ,ample time should at first be allowed for judging distance1 but as progress is made the time should be limited4 ,the above exercises must include instruction in estimating lateral distances4 ,rough guessing is never to be allowed4 #e4 ,aids to ,judging ,distance by ,eye4--7i7 ,the class should be trained in various methods of assisting the eye when the distance of objects is especially difficult to estimate approximately4 ,for example1 a maximum and minimum estimate of the distance may be made1 and the mean taken as correct4 ,half the distance from the object may be estimated with the aid1 if possible1 of some feature of ground1 and double may be taken as correct4 ,when the object is partly hidden in a fold of ground1 or when it is of unknown size1 distance from it may be estimated with the help of some object of known size1 such as a natural feature of the ground or a human figure which may be near it4 7ii7 ,other rough methods which will assist them in judging distance approximately may be explained to the men4 ,for instance1 the foresight of the rifle when correctly aligned will be approximately equal to the height of a standing figure at #djj yards4 ,the width of an ordinary pencil held horizontally at arm's length before the eye will cover an upright figure at #bjj yards1 and the lead at its thick part will cover a standing figure at #fjj yards4 #f4 ,tests in ,judging ,distance by ,eye--7i7 ,directions regarding ,tests4--,in every company1 and at depts1 in addition to instructional exercises1 at least one test in judging the distances of four objects will be held for all ranks in every three months1 the distances of the objects being between #bjj and #hjj yards4 ,all company officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and those men who are in possession of badges for judging distance1 will also be tested once in every three months under regimental arrangements in judging the distances of four objects between #bjj and #a1djj yards4 ,brigade commanders and officers commanding districts will issue such orders as may be necessary for exempting non-commissioned officers and men from these tests1 but every officer and sergeant who would command a company or smaller unit on mobilization should attend four tests annually in judging distance up to #a1djj yards4 7ii7 ,conditions of ,tests4--,during tests in judging distance no assistance from maps or other means should be allowed4 ,the tests will be conducted on unfamiliar ground1 half the objects consisting of fatigue-men or dummy figures representing skirmishers1 and half of natural objects marking fire positions1 such as would be occupied on service4 ,the observers will lie down or kneel behind cover1 and estimates will be recorded by adjusting the sights 7or in the case of officers by writing7 in multiples of #ej yards2 the objects should have been previously placed or selected1 or the position of the observers should be chosen1 so that the correct distance may closely approximate to some multiple of #ej yards4 ,half a minute will be allowed for each estimate1 reckoned from the moment when the object is pointed out or a shot is fired to draw attention to the position of the object4 ,at the conclusion of the half-minute a whistle should be blown1 when the observers will stand to attention1 and no further adjustment of the sights or writing will be permitted4 ,the register-keeper will then examine each rifle or paper1 and record the estimates in the register4 ,on return to barracks1 the mean percentage of error of each observer will be entered in the register1 which will be preserved for record4 ,on the completion of the classification practices1 the mean percentages of error made by each individual officer1 non-commissioned officer and man since the last classification will be added together and divided by the number of tests which he has attended1 the average thus obtained being regarded as the standard of proficiency of the individual until the next classification4 ,officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and men whose mean error exceeds #bj per cent41 and those who have attended less than two tests1 will be regarded as inefficient4 ,additional practice will be afforded weekly to all officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and men who are recorded as inefficient1 until the next quarterly test4 ,officers and sergeants whose mean error exceeds #bj per cent4 will not be classified as better than second-class shots4 ,section #ch4--,range-finding by ,observation of ,fire4 #a4 ,when ,observation is ,possible4--,observation of results is the best means of correcting errors in sighting1 but it is only practicable 7a7 when the ground in the vicinity of the objective is of a nature to show the strike of the bullets by dust1 or 7b7 when the enemy is in the open1 and the accuracy of fire can be judged by its effect upon him4 #b4 ,nature of ,fire ,necessary for ,observation4--,a considerable volume of rapid and concentrated fire is necessary to enable the strike of bullets to be observed1 and for this purpose one or more ,maxim guns1 or not less than two platoons1 should be employed to fire4 ,the distance and nature of the ground will determine the volume of fire required1 but the greater the difficulty of observation the greater must be the volume of fire4 ,when trying for observation1 third-class shots should not be permitted to fire4 #c4 ,method of applying ,fire for ,observation--7i7 ,elevation4--,an elevation well under the estimated distance should first be selected1 and if the fire can be observed1 the elevation should be increased by not less than #ajj yards at a time until the nucleus of the bullets is seen to fall on the desired spot4 7ii7 ,objective4--,the point at which the fire is directed may be the actual objective1 or ground in its vicinity which is more suited to observation of the strike of the bullets4 7iii7 ,position for ,observation4--,the best position from which to observe fire is behind1 and1 if possible1 above the firers2 but in this position the bullets which fall short will be most easily seen1 and may be mistaken for the nucleus of the fire4 ,further1 all shots will appear to strike nearer to the observer than is really the case4 7iv7 ,hints for ,observers4--,to an observer on or behind a flank of the firers1 shots which pass over the mark will appear to fall towards the flank on which he is posted1 and those which drop short to fall towards the opposite flank4 ,thus1 if the majority of shots seem to an observer on the right flank to fall to the right of the mark1 the range has been over-estimated1 and if they seem to fall to the left1 it has been under-estimated4 #d4 ,verifying ,ranges by ,fire4--,when there is time and opportunity for doing so1 ranges which have been taken beforehand1 especially those taken in preparing a defensive position1 should be verified by the results of firing a number of rounds4 ,section #ci4--,ranging by ,auxiliary ,methods and by ,instruments4 #a4 ,training in ranging should include instruction in practical auxiliary methods such as by maps and range-finding instruments4 ,exercises in ranging by means of maps1 range-finders1 and the eye1 used in combination1 should form an essential part of the fire-direction practices of the annual course of musketry4 #b4 ,ranging by ,map-,reading4--,ranges may be ascertained by the use of small scale maps1 though large scale maps1 if available1 will be better for this purpose4 ,instruction in field-sketching and reconnaissance affords excellent opportunities for training in judging distance4 ,for map-reading1 see ,signalling of this series2 and for field-sketching and reconnaissance1 see ,drill and ,field ,training of this series4 #c4 ,back-,reckoning4--,back-reckoning may be defined as deduction as to distance made from any known range4 ,for instance1 in advancing on a position the range of which is ascertained on commencing the advance1 the distance gained by each forward movement may be deducted from the original range of the position in estimating its range for firing on it at successive halts4 ,again1 the range of an objective further away than another objective1 of which the range is known1 may be estimated by adding to the known range the estimated distance of the former from the latter objective4 ,an example of back-reckoning is shown in ,fig4 #dd4 #d4 ,ranging by ,gun-,flash and ,sound4--,light travels at the rate of #ahf1jjj miles a second1 so that a gun-flash is practically seen as it issues from the muzzle1 irrespective of the distance of the observer4 ,sound1 on the other hand1 travels about #a1ajj feet1 or about #cfe yards1 a second4 ,by timing the interval between seeing the flash of a gun and hearing the report1 its approximate distance may therefore be deduced4 ,this1 of course1 will only be possible when the position of the gun is betrayed by the flash1 and when guns are fired singly at appreciable intervals1 or simultaneously1 so that there is practically one flash and one report at a time4 #e4 ,range-,finding ,instruments4--,a certain number of officers1 ,n4,c4,o4's1 and men in each unit will be trained to use the ,one-,man ,range-,finder or the ,mekometer instrument1 full directions regarding the use of which will be found in the official handbooks dealing with these instruments4 ,section #dj4--,range-,cards and ,range-,marks4 #a4 ,range-,card4--,a range-card is a device for giving ranges to various points in a field of fire for use in attack or defence4 ,range-cards should be prepared by fire-unit commanders for their own use and for use by ,n4,c4,o4's and observers4 ,when possible1 the best way to prepare a range-card is to use a piece of a large scale map of the country on which to draw the range circles and direction lines4 ,there will usually be more time for preparing range-cards in defence than in attack1 and consequently range-cards prepared for defensive positions will as a rule be more elaborate than those made for use in attack4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,,simple ,,range-,,card ,,for ,,attack4 ,note4--,the distances on the left are those from the enemy's position4 ,those on the right in brackets are only for the range-taker's information1 and should not be shown on the card to avoid confusion4 #b4 ,a ,simple ,range-,card for ,attack4--,fig4 #dd shows a rough example of a simple range-card made for use in attack over the ground shown in the left sector of the sketch in ,fig4 #dg1 from which it will be seen that the objects on the range-card are taken4 ,this has been done to make the example more practical and interesting4 ,the ranges are supposed to be taken from the cross-roads at ,x to a series of prominent objects on or a little to either side of the line of advance4 ,the distance of each of these points from the enemy's position 7#b1jjj yards away7 is carefully noted1 and thus ranging during the attack is greatly facilitated4 ,the range of the enemy's position from intermediate points can also be more easily estimated by back-reckoning4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--,,simple ,,range-,,card ,,for ,,defence4 ,note4--,the point from which ranges are taken should always be described clearly on the card to facilitate setting it4 #c4 ,a ,simple ,range-,card for ,defence4--,fig4 #de shows a rough example of a simple range-card made for use in defence4 ,the ranges in this case are supposed to be taken from the point ,a immediately south of the church4 ,the direction line from ,a to the church is drawn thicker than the other lines to facilitate 8setting0 the range-card in the same manner in which a map is set4 ,when the card is set for the point from which ranges are taken--which is noted on the card--by pointing the thick direction line on the church1 the other direction lines will indicate the ranges of the other points marked on the card4 #d4 ,foreground ,range ,sketch4--7i7,fig4 #df shows an example of a foreground range sketch for use in a defensive position4 ,such a sketch would as a rule only be made in connection with very carefully prepared firing-points2 but as from seven to ten hours or more is required to make any serious attempt to prepare and conceal a series of firing-points carefully1 it is clear that the range-taking and range-marking party should have ample time to make an exhaustive reconnaissance of the foreground1 to put out the range-marks1 and to record their work in some simple form4 ,one sketch such as ,fig4 #df is sufficient for the commander of a group of firing-points4 7ii7 ,points1 the range of which may be ascertained and marked with advantage in such sketches1 include the exits and entrances to all areas of dead ground1 or likely cover from view or fire2 the crests or skylines--as seen from the firing-points--of all ridges and humps on the foreground2 patches or lengths of road likely to be traversed by the enemy2 gaps and gates in fences2 corners of fields and enclosures2 bridges1 culverts1 etc42 and conspicuous single objects1 as guide-marks from which to estimate adjacent distances1 such as isolated buildings1 signposts1 rocks1 milestones1 double telegraph-posts1 or other such features4 7iii7 ,as will be seen in ,fig4 #df1 names may also be allotted to patches of dead ground within #a1jjj yards or so of the firing-point4 ,the abbreviated names of months and days of the week lend themselves to such a purpose1 though any other short names will do equally well4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,,example ,,of ,a ,,foreground ,,range ,,sketch4 ,note4--,ranged points are indicated by a thick line4 ,the appearance of the ,range-,marks is shown thus3--,,viii4 #hej yds4 ,names have been allotted to important dead spots within #a1jjj yards--e4g41 ,,feb4 refers to the dead area immediately behind the ridge ranged as #hej4 #e4 ,range-,marks4--,range-marks are of special value to the defenders in those firing-points in which they have been told off to watch for and deal with the enemy's supports and reserves during their advance1 after fire has been opened and the enemy's firing-line is already pinned down1 or is unable to cross certain areas on a foreground prepared for defence until strongly reinforced 7see p4 #afb1 para4 #c 7x71 ,field ,entrenchments of this series74 #f4 ,marking ,ranges on ,ground4--7i7 ,the actual marking of ranges on the ground by means of visible marks may be done as follows3 ,range-marks should be provided1 and should be placed on that side of large trees1 houses1 banks1 etc41 which is only visible to the defence4 ,the simplest arrangement consists of one white object per #ajj yards range2 #ejj yards may be denoted by the sign ,v1 made with two boards1 poles1 etc42 and #a1jjj yards by the sign ,x2 intermediate hundreds being indicated by single objects in addition1 as above described4 ,on a bank or slope facing the firing-points ,roman numerals may be cut out on the turf1 etc41 or formed by arranging stones or planks4 7ii7 ,marking on ,trees4--,for marking on a tree the hundreds marks must be one below the other1 and patches of tin do very well for this4 ,for marking 8fifties0 an object much smaller but distinctly visible may be added1 or one object quite different to the remainder4 ,on a tree marked with tin discs1 for example1 half a disc would do for #ej yards4 7iii7 ,marking on ,buildings4--,for marking on a building1 the colour to be used depends on that of the masonry1 etc4 ,a whitewash-brush is one of the best implements1 if obtainable1 and the marking1 can be either large ,roman numerals or ordinary figures if they can be read clearly4 7iv7 ,examples of ,marks4--,in ,fig4 #df five artificial range-marks are shown--namely1 #jjjj7dej7 at the stack1 ,v on ,may hill1 ,,vii on ,march-,april ridge1 ,,vii7#hej7 on ,dec4-,feb4 ridge1 and ,x where ,monday road disappears into ,hereham village4 ,the walls round the village might be marked in a similar manner1 but the sketch is too small to show the marks4 7v7 ,size of ,marks4--,a practical rule for the size of mark is #a foot of height to the mark per #ajj yards in the range1 unless the background is very good--such as black spots on a white wall--when half this allowance will be ample4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,fire ,,direction ,,and ,,control ,section #da4--;,general ,remarks4 #a4 ,in the previous stages of instruction the foundation of training for fire action beyond close range will have been laid4 ,the eyesight of both fire-unit commanders and men will have been trained to discern service targets at all ranges1 and they will have become familiar with their appearance under various conditions of light and atmosphere1 and accustomed to look for them and detect them quickly4 ,both fire-unit commanders and men will also have been trained in military vocabulary and the study of ground1 so that they apply a common phraseology to various military objects1 especially those under the head of service targets1 and also to the ground and its natural features1 the military value of which they will have learned in field training through instruction in the use of ground and cover4 #b4 ,fire-unit commanders and men must now be taught to work together as an unit in directing fire at service targets beyond close range by the efficient performance of the various duties described in the following sections4 ,this instruction should commence with lectures1 illustrated if possible by the use of the ,solano and landscape targets as described in ,secs4 #gb1 #gc1 and #gd4 ,lectures should deal with organization for fire action1 the effect of rifle fire at various ranges1 the tactical application of rifle fire1 the description and recognition of targets1 fire orders1 fire discipline1 and night firing4 #c4 ,lectures and ,demonstrations 7see pp4 #bba-bbe74 ,special lectures in their duties should be given to fire-unit commanders1 non-commissioned officers1 and observers1 and these lectures should include information and hints which will enable fire-unit commanders to train their men both by lectures and practical instruction4 ,lectures to men should be given by their fire-unit commanders1 and should deal with all the various duties which are combined for fire action1 including organization and the duties of fire-unit commanders4 ,these lectures must deal thoroughly with the duties of men in the firing-line and with the vitally important subject of fire discipline 7see pp4 #bad1 #bae74 ,section #db4--,organization for ,fire ,action4#ah #a4 ,fire direction and control depend in a great measure upon good organization for fire action4 ,the value of this organization depends on the fitness of superior officers and battalion commanders to handle their troops efficiently1 and issue such clear and concise orders as will enable each unit to carry out its allotted task well supported1 with their communications and ammunition supply well maintained4 ,the duties of organization for fire action may be described generally as follows3#ai 7i7 ,allotment of frontages and objectives to various units4 7ii7 ,arrangements for communications and ammunition supply4 7iii7 ,arrangements for covering fire by supports and reserves1 machine-guns1 and artillery4 #b4 ,allocation of ,frontages and ,objectives4--,both in attack and defence a definite frontage in the field of fire--termed a sector--should be allotted to each fire-unit by company and platoon commanders4 ,thus the enemy appearing in any given sector will at once be engaged by the unit to which that particular sector has been allotted4 ,each fire-unit commander on receiving orders as to his frontage1 will indicate it to his unit in the manner described in the following paragraphs1 and must make sure that the ,n4,c4,o4's1 observers1 and men of his unit clearly understand the extent and limits of their sector4 #c4 ,indicating the ,limits of ,sectors 7,fig4 #dg74--,the limits of each sector will be indicated by means of suitable description points 7see ,sec4 #de1 para4 #c7 on each flank of the frontage allotted to an unit4 ,these description points should1 as a rule1 consist of distant features of a landscape or of the field of fire4 ,if no suitable description points mark the limits of a sector exactly1 the limits will be indicated as being so many hand or finger breadths 7,sec4 #de1 para4 #g7 to the left or right of the nearest suitable description point4 ,the limits of sectors may be made to overlap in the same manner4 ,in defence there will generally be ample time for allotting frontages4 ,in attack frontages will usually be allotted on deployment1 but whenever possible they will be selected beforehand by preliminary reconnaissance4 #d4 ,object of ,overlapping the ,sectors4--,the overlapping of sectors insures that the entire front is kept under close observation1 and that no part of it remains unswept by fire should occasion arise for delivering fire at a target in any part4 ,it also prevents waste of ammunition and loss of fire effect through units firing at objectives outside their own sectors unless this is necessary for the purpose of mutual support4 #e4 ,example of ,field of ,fire divided into ,sectors4--7i7 ,fig4 #dg shows a field of fire divided into overlapping sectors by the use of description points4 ,the sketch illustrates the arrangements made1 as the result of a hasty preliminary reconnaissance1 by a company commander for fire action by the four sections or normal fire-units of his command on deployment in the early stage of attack4 ,in defensive positions similar arrangements may be made for indicating sectors allotted to each locality4 ,defensive positions will usually include a number of localities of special tactical importance4 ,from these localities either direct or flanking fire1 or both1 is brought to bear on all ground over which the enemy may advance4 ,as long as this is done the intervening ground between localities need not be held in a continuous line4 7ii7 ,in defence1 the arrangements for fire action will include the various measures described in ,chapter ,,viii of ,field ,entrenchments of this series1 such as clearing the foreground of features which would afford cover to the enemy and assist his advance1 and clearing it of features to improve the defenders field of fire1 together with the construction of different obstacles to impede and check the enemy's advance or cause him to select lines of approach along avenues commanded by the fire of the defenders4 #f4 ,direction and ,control of ,fire4--,fire is said to be directed by the commander1 who defines the objective against which it is to be used1 and to be controlled by the fire-unit commanders1 who give the necessary executive words of command4 ,in attack occasions will frequently arise when fire-unit commanders must both direct and control the fire of their units1 while at close ranges1 or when men are widely extended1 it may happen that the transmission of any fire-order is impossible1 and that each individual man must control his own fire4 #g4 ,fire-,unit4--,the normal infantry fire-unit is the section1 though under certain conditions at the longer ranges the fire of a platoon1 or even a whole company1 may be controlled by its commander4 ,the efficiency of section commanders is therefore of paramount importance4 ,illustration3 ,emery ,walker ,ltd4 sc4 ,fig4 #dg4--,,rough ,,sketch ,,of ,a ,,field ,,of ,,fire ,,divided ,,into ,,overlapping ,,sectors ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,description ,,points ,,on ,,deployment ,,in ,,attack4 #h4 ,duties of ,fire-,unit ,commander4#bj--7;i7 ,the value of a fire-unit commander depends upon his ability to apply the fire of his unit at the right time and in the right volume to the right target4 ,in addition to his other duties1 the fire-unit commander is responsible for3 7a7 ,indicating targets4 7b7 ,issuing orders for sighting1 and1 when possible1 supervising the correct adjustment of sights4 7c7 ,regulating the volume of fire1 whether deliberate or rapid4 7d7 ,reporting to platoon or company officers when ammunition is running short4 7ii7 ,the additional duties of the fire-unit commander referred to in the above paragraphs may be described generally as follows3 7a7 ,watching for favourable targets4 7b7 ,watching for signals from platoon or company officers4 7c7 ,observing effect of fire4 7d7 ,seizing all chances of firing for mutual support4 7e7 ,seeing that all orders are properly passed4 7f7 ,seeing to issue and redistribution of ammunition4 7g7 ,selecting halting places in attack4 7h7 ,making best use of ground and cover4 7i7 ,re-forming and telling off units as opportunity offers4 ,during the attack advantage will be taken of dead ground and cover to re-form separate units which may become mixed owing to confusion1 especially in the later stages of attack4 #i4 ,duties of ,observers4--,men trained as observers will be employed1 as necessary1 to assist fire-unit commanders in observation of fire1 in watching the enemy and neighbouring troops1 and in keeping up communication between platoons4 ,observers will also be trained in the duties of ranging and control of fire1 so that they can carry them out if fire-unit commanders are incapacitated4 ,section #dc4--;,effect of ,fire at ,different ,ranges on ,various ,formations and ,objectives4 #a4 ,effect of ,fire at ,various ,ranges--7i7 ,close ,range4#ba--,owing to the flatness of the trajectory1 it should be possible to obtain the maximum effect from rifle fire at targets within close range--given a good field of fire and the absence of dead ground and other conditions unfavourable to fire effect at all ranges--provided that fire discipline is good and that individual soldiers select their targets and fire carefully1 making due allowance for elevation by aiming down when necessary4 7ii7 ,effective ,ranges4--,between #fjj and #a1djj yards1 carefully controlled collective fire produces better results than the uncontrolled fire of individual men1 which ceases to be sufficiently effective beyond ranges of about #fjj yards to counterbalance the expenditure of ammunition involved4 ,at effective ranges troops advancing steadily and rapidly suffer less than when they remain lying down1 even under moderately good cover4 ,this is due to the moral effect on the enemy and to the constant alteration of the range4 7iii7 ,long and ,distant ,ranges4--,beyond #a1djj yards the fire of even large and well-controlled units of infantry has seldom much effect upon the decision of the struggle for superiority of fire4 ,exceptional circumstances1 such as the appearance of considerable bodies of the enemy in vulnerable formations1 may1 however1 justify the use of long-range fire1 especially in the defence4 #b4 ,effect of ,rifle ,fire on ,various ,formations and ,objectives--7i7 ,infantry4--,on open ground swept by effective rifle fire an extended line is the least vulnerable formation for infantry1 and on such ground it will usually be advisable to extend before it becomes necessary for the advancing troops to open fire4 ,the greater the extension of a line1 the fewer will be the casualties1 but the less will be its fire effect see ,preface1 para4 #h 7i74 7ii7 ,cavalry4--,the fire effect which infantry can develop against cavalry is such that infantry which is ready to open a steady and timely fire has nothing to fear from a cavalry charge1 provided the cavalry cannot find dead ground over which to approach4 ,any formation which allows fire to be delivered quickly and accurately is suitable for meeting cavalry4 ,closing an extended line to meet cavalry delays the opening of fire1 and may offer a vulnerable target to the enemy's artillery4 ,even if cavalry succeeds in riding through a firing-line1 it can inflict little loss upon it if the infantry holds its ground4 ,whenever there is a possibility of being charged by cavalry1 special care must be taken to watch and guard the flanks4 7iii7 ,artillery4--,artillery coming into action1 limbering up1 or in movement1 is a vulnerable target against which rapid fire or even fire at long infantry ranges is justifiable4 ,infantry will experience difficulty in putting shielded artillery out of action by direct fire even at close infantry ranges1 but it can prevent the artillery from moving and interfere with the service of the guns4 ,infantry can best obtain decisive effect against guns with shields by means of enfilade or oblique fire4 7iv7 ,machine-,guns4--,machine-gun sections with their guns on travelling carriages are as vulnerable as artillery limbered up2 but detachments carrying the gun into action are difficult to distinguish from infantry4 ,machine-guns in position are usually concealed1 and are a difficult target4 ,to obtain good effect against them it is usually necessary to employ a considerable number of rifles4 7v7 ,aircraft4--,aircraft form a very difficult target to fire directed from the ground1 and only a small proportion of their area is vulnerable4 ,bullets can pass through the fabric of aeroplane wings without doing serious damage4 ,indiscriminate fire at hostile aircraft is1 moreover1 likely to cause casualties in neighbouring units1 and will also disclose the position of the troops to the enemy's observer4 ,the strictest control must be exercised over all fire directed against aircraft4 ,in the case of rifle fire at aeroplanes1 men should be instructed to aim six times the length of the machine in front1 and at the nose of the envelope in the case of airships4 7vi7 ,retiring ,troops4--,other conditions being equal1 the effect of fire in the open at all ranges is always greater when directed at retiring troops as compared with the effect on troops advancing4 ,section #dd4--,tactical ,application of ,rifle ,fire4 #a4 ,in connection with the tactical application of rifle fire1 it must be remembered that the essence of infantry tactics in the attack consists in breaking down the enemy's resistance by the weight and direction of its fire1 and then completing his overthrow by assault--that is1 by bayonet charge4 ,although the enemy may not await the assault1 infantry must always be animated with the desire to close with him as quickly as possible4 ,troops under cover1 unless enfiladed1 can seldom be forced to retire by fire alone1 and a decision by fire1 even if possible1 takes long to obtain4 ,to drive an enemy from the field1 assault1 or the immediate threat of it1 is almost always necessary4 #b4 ,superiority of ,fire4--,the object of fire action is to attain superiority of fire over the enemy's fire4 ,fire is said to attain superiority when by its superior effect it beats down or silences the enemy's fire4 ,superiority of fire in the different stages of attack enables the advance to be pushed up by degrees to ground from which the assault can be delivered on the enemy's position4 ,superiority of fire enables the defence to check the enemy's advance1 and in active defence to create opportunities for a general assumption of the offensive or for local counter-attacks4 ,superiority of fire is produced by superior efficiency in 7a7 fire direction and control1 7b7 fire discipline1 7c7 use of the rifle1 and 7d7 ammunition supply4 #c4 ,opening ,fire4--,when from his position it is possible to do so1 the company commander decides as to the time for opening fire1 subject to such orders as the battalion commander may issue1 and regulates the supply of ammunition4 ,in the defence he also normally arranges for the distribution or concentration of fire1 and indicates the targets generally to his subordinates2 but in the attack these duties will usually devolve upon the subordinate commanders with the firing-line4 #d4 ,decision as to ,opening ,fire4--,in forming a decision as to when fire should be opened1 regard must be had to the necessities of the tactical situation4 ,the following conditions must also be taken into account3 7i7 ,surprise4--,the early opening of fire discounts surprise1 and1 whether in attack or defence1 often indicates the position of troops which would otherwise be unnoticed by the enemy4 ,in attack it may delay the advance unnecessarily4 7ii7 ,effect of ,fire at ,different ,ranges4--,the effect of fire at various ranges must be taken carefully into account4 ,this subject is dealt with in ,sec4 #dc1 para4 #a4 #e4 ,opening ,fire in ,attack4--7i7 ,in connection with the considerations mentioned in para4 #d 7i7 and 7ii7 above1 fire1 as a general rule1 should rarely be opened by infantry in attack when satisfactory progress can be made without it4 ,the leading troops in particular should save every possible round for the final struggle for superiority of fire at close range1 as the replenishment of ammunition in the firing-line at that time will be a matter of considerable difficulty4 7ii7 ,when progress is no longer possible1 fire should be opened1 either by such parts of the firing-line as cannot advance1 or by bodies of infantry specially detailed for this purpose1 to enable a further advance to be made4 ,subject to these principles1 fire may be opened in attack when there is a probability of its producing good effect1 or when withholding fire might lead to heavy loss4 #f4 ,opening ,fire in ,defence4--,when infantry is acting on the defensive1 there is usually less difficulty in arranging for the supply of ammunition4 ,fire may therefore be opened at longer ranges than when attacking1 if it seems probable that any advantage will be gained thereby1 especially when it is desired to prevent the enemy coming to close quarters1 and when the ranges have been ascertained beforehand4 ,if1 however1 the object is to gain decisive results1 it is generally preferable to reserve fire for closer ranges and for surprise 7,practice ,no4 #a1 p4 #bbf74 #g4 ,fire and ,movement4--,it is clear from the above considerations that fire is closely related to movement4 ,the direct object of fire in the case of attack and counterattack is to facilitate movement1 and also to check or hinder the movements of the enemy4 ,the direct object of fire in defence is to check the movements of the enemy1 and in the case of active defence to create an opportunity for the assumption of the offensive or for local counter-attacks4 ,fire1 therefore1 is related to movement1 and its proper application with respect to movement is one of the principal objects of training in fire control4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh ,diagram illustrating the ,tactical ,application of ,fire4 #h4 ,concentrated ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,collective fire may be concentrated or distributed4 ,concentrated fire produces a cone of fire favourable to observation of results1 and is more effective than distributed fire at the point of application4 ,against narrow-fronted targets1 such as the head of a column or a machine-gun1 or against very vulnerable targets1 or to produce an increased effect at a particular point1 fire may be concentrated with advantage4 #i4 ,distributed ,fire4--7i7 ,it is usually necessary to distribute fire so as to keep the enemy's firing-line under fire throughout its length1 in order to disturb his aim and prevent his movements4 ,fire employed to cover movements or directed on entrenchments should be distributed carefully and systematically see also ,sec4 #ed1 para4 #c 7v74 7ii7 ,sweeping ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,fire distributed laterally is called sweeping fire4 ,such fire is to be preferred for neutralizing an enemy's fire along any portion of his front4 7iii7 ,searching ,fire#bb 7,fig4 #g74--;,fire distributed in depth is called searching fire4 ,such fire gives greater assurance that some portion of the fire will be effective when the target has not been located definitely1 or when serious errors in sighting are to be expected4 #aj4 ,oblique and ,enfilade ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,both oblique and enfilade fire have greater moral and material effect than frontal fire1 for they usually come from an unexpected direction1 and the targets presented to them are generally more vulnerable than those presented to frontal fire4 ,in defence1 opportunities for the employment of enfilade fire may be created by careful pre-arrangement between the commanders of adjoining units4 #aa4 ,converging ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--;,converging fire is fire directed at a target from two or more different points simultaneously4 ,the moral and material effect of converging fire may be very great1 as it may combine the effects of frontal1 oblique1 and enfilade fire at one and the same time 7,demonstration ,no4 #c1 p4 #bbb74 #ab4 ,mutual ,support 7,fig4 #dh74--7;i7 ,the various portions of the firing-line will also on occasions be able to afford each other mutual support by fire1 and all commanders must be on the alert to assist units on their flanks in this manner when the situation requires4 ,covering fire in mutual support should consist of heavy bursts of rapid fire1 sustained during the forward movement1 and directed at the enemy to the front of the advancing unit1 as well as to the front of the unit firing 7,practice ,no4 #a1 p4 #bbf74 7ii7 ,mutual support in the firing-line will as a rule1 however1 be more automatic than deliberately arranged1 and in no case must its employment be allowed to induce hesitation in the advance4 ,the paramount duty of all leaders in the firing-line is to get their troops forward1 and if every leader is imbued with a determination to close with the enemy1 he will be unconsciously assisting his neighbour also1 for as a rule the best method of supporting a neighbouring unit is to advance4 #ac4 ,covering ,fire 7,fig4 #dh74--7;i7 ,when the ground permits1 it is generally necessary to detail special detachments of infantry to provide covering fire for the leading troops4 ,these detachments will usually be detailed by battalion commanders from local reserves in the original distribution for the attack1 but any commander1 at any stage of the fight1 may detail troops from those under his command to assist his advance4 ,no fire-unit commander1 however1 is justified1 on his own initiative1 in withdrawing from the advance or ceasing to seek an opportunity to advance in order to constitute his command a detachment for providing covering fire 7,demonstration ,no4 #f1 p4 #bbc74 7ii7 ,in undulating or mountainous country it may be possible for detachments employed to provide covering fire to cover the advance from positions in rear1 but in flat country it may be dangerous or impossible for infantry or machine-guns to fire over the heads of their own troops1 and opportunities for providing covering fire should be sought on the flanks4 7iii7 ,troops detailed to provide covering fire for the advance must take care to select as targets those bodies of the enemy whose fire is chiefly checking the advance4 ,great difficulty will often be experienced in discovering which these bodies are1 and all ranks must be on the alert to notice any indication which may help to discover them4 7iv7 ,as soon as their fire ceases to be effective in aiding the advance of the firing-line1 it is the duty of troops detailed to provide covering fire at once to join in the advance1 unless definite orders to the contrary have been received4 #ad4 ,volume of ,fire4--,in deciding on the volume of fire to be directed against the enemy at any particular time1 a commander should consider chiefly the tactical situation1 the target presented1 the effect it is desired to produce1 the range1 and the state of the ammunition-supply4 #ae4 ,rates of ,fire4--,the rate of fire will always be regulated carefully according to tactical requirements4 7i7 ,slow ,desultory ,fire may disturb the enemy's aim1 but it is opposed to principles of surprise4 7ii7 ,deliberate ,fire4--,the rate of deliberate fire should not exceed six rounds a minute4 7iii7 ,rate when ,working in ,pairs4--,soldiers working in pairs for observation and mutual support 7,sec4 #dg1 para4 #d7 may each fire about three rounds a minute4 7iv7 ,rapid ,collective ,fire4--,in rapid collective fire the rate will vary according to the visibility of the aiming-mark1 the range1 and the standard of training a man has reached4 ,with a distinct aiming-mark within about #a1jjj yards a well-trained man should be able to fire from twelve to fifteen rounds per minute without serious loss of accuracy4 #af4 ,use of ,rapid ,fire4--7i7 ,rapid fire should be considered as a reserve of power to be used when the occasion demands it4 ,it must never be used except when occasion most fully justifies it1 otherwise serious waste of ammunition will result4 ,rapid fire must combine accuracy with rapidity1 and never degenerate into a wild expenditure of ammunition at the fastest possible rate4 ,if rapid fire is ordered1 each man will fire at his own best rate for combining rapidity with accuracy4 7ii7 ,rapid fire may be employed generally when it is necessary to beat down the enemy's fire quickly2 when covering the withdrawal of other troops2 when pursuing an enemy with fire2 when meeting cavalry attacks2 and when good targets are exposed4 ,in attack1 rapid fire is employed by all troops as final preparation for the assault4 ,in defence1 it is employed to beat off an enemy in the act of assaulting 7,practices ,nos4 #e and #f1 p4 #bbh74 #ag4 ,short ,bursts of ,fire4--7i7 ,the effect of surprise by a sudden burst of accurate fire from an unexpected quarter is very great4 ,short bursts of rapid fire1 followed by pauses1 favour observation of results1 and give time for the adjustment of sights4 ,they also facilitate the control of fire in critical situations4 7ii7 ,the duration of such bursts must be strictly controlled1 and limited to the requirements of the occasion1 for if rapid-fire is continued for any length of time1 it excites and exhausts the troops1 and leads to waste of ammunition4 ,in order to insure control and facilitate the passing of orders1 the number of rounds to be fired may be named1 as1 for instance1 ten rounds fire1 or rapid fire4 #ah4 ,surprise4--,a sudden effective fire is known to have a particularly demoralizing effect on the enemy2 it is often advantageous1 therefore1 to seek for surprise effects of this sort by temporarily withholding fire4 #ai4 ,unsteady ,firing4--,wild1 unsteady fire causes little or no loss1 and tends to encourage the enemy by inducing a belief in his mind that his opponent is shaken4 ,it is therefore worse than useless against good troops4 ,if firing tends to become wild1 it should be stopped1 and only resumed under strict control and detailed orders4 ,section #de4--;,description and ,recognition of ,targets4 #a4 ,importance of ,good ,description4--7i7 ,owing to the difficulty of discerning service targets beyond close range with the naked eye1 collective fire cannot be effective unless the objective is described by the fire-unit commander in such a way that every individual of his unit can immediately recognize the target or point of aim indicated1 and unless men are also trained to recognize targets and to bring fire to bear upon them immediately they are indicated4 ,these three conditions--good indication of targets1 immediate recognition of targets1 and instant opening of accurate fire--are essential if full effect is to be obtained from fire1 especially when directed at fleeting targets1 such as troops in movement4 7ii7 ,bad description of targets or delay in opening fire due to this or other causes will lead to loss of fire effect1 which may prove disastrous in critical phases of action4 ,for example1 bad description at the best will result in recognition of the target by some instead of all the men in an unit1 as well as in delay in opening fire1 which in the case of fleeting targets will render fire partly or wholly ineffective4 ,bad description may result in part or the whole of an unit mistaking another aiming-point near it for the target described1 with total loss of fire effect due to firing at the wrong target4 ,it may result in part or the whole of an unit becoming confused and not firing at all4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that good description and quick recognition of targets is essential for fire effect at longer ranges1 and that these duties form a vitally important part of the training of fire-unit commanders and men4 #b4 ,need of ,system in describing ,targets4--,as service targets1 such as a fold in the ground or a patch of open ground1 will often be without any definite feature to distinguish them from similar aiming-points near them1 or to locate their position exactly1 and as targets generally will be difficult to describe on ground devoid of prominent or well-marked features1 it is necessary to adopt a system of description which will enable fire-unit commanders to indicate the most difficult aiming-points to their men clearly by some consistent method4 #c4 ,description ,points4--,a good system of indicating targets is by description-points1 consisting of natural or other features of the ground in the frontage allotted to an unit4 ,if targets cannot be indicated sufficiently accurately by description-points alone1 supplementary methods1 known respectively as the ,finger-breadth and ,clock-face methods1 may be used in connection with description-points1 as described in paras4 #g and #h4 ,as a rule the former of these supplementary methods only will be employed1 and both will seldom be employed together in combination with description-points4 #d4 ,selecting ,description-,points4--7i7 ,company officers will select description-points when occupying a position or at the conclusion of movement4 ,the number of description-points necessary will depend on the nature of the ground1 and whether it has much or little detail in the shape of prominent natural and other features2 but points should be selected so as to facilitate the indication of targets in all parts of the field of fire4 7ii7 ,the most prominent objects should be chosen4 ,they should be in the distance or middle of the field of fire1 and as far off as possible4 ,no two points1 if it can be avoided1 should be similar--as1 for instance1 two church spires or clumps of trees4 ,the points should be at least two hands' breadth apart4 ,each point should be named1 and the name by which it is to be known should be communicated to fire-unit commanders and the men of their units4 7iii7 ,there will usually be more time for selecting description-points in defence than in attack4 ,for example1 ,fig4 #df illustrates a field of fire in front of a defensive position1 in which almost every feature of ground has been named and the range of all prominent objects taken4 ,such preparation will be impossible1 and to a great extent unnecessary1 in attack1 when time for even a short preliminary reconnaissance may not always be available4 ,company1 platoon1 and section commanders should therefore be trained to select a few good description-points as quickly as possible1 and indicate them by suitable names to their commands4 #e4 ,points of ,military ,importance4--,in addition to the description-points1 when there is time1 any points in the field of fire which are of military importance--such as a road1 a bridge 7,fig4 #ej71 or the forward edge of dead ground--at which fire may suddenly have to be directed1 should also be named and indicated to fire-unit commanders4 ,this should be done1 if possible1 whenever such points are difficult to describe and cannot be indicated quickly4 #f4 ,rules for describing ,targets4--7i7 ,targets must be indicated by short1 accurate1 clearly understood1 descriptions of their nature1 features1 and exact position4 7ii7 ,field-glasses may be used to discern targets before indicating them4 ,but aiming-points must always be described as they are seen with the naked eye1 and not as seen through field-glasses1 otherwise the men1 being without glasses1 may fail to recognize them4 7iii7 ,in both attack and defence the front should always be pointed out1 so that if a general direction1 such as half right1 is used to indicate a target1 men will look in the proper direction with regard to the front4 ,this is necessary1 because the formation of the ground1 the line of cover1 and the siting of trenches does not always permit of men facing directly to the front4 7iv7 ,as a general rule the finger-breadth and clock-face methods of describing targets will only be used when they will shorten and simplify the description1 as well as make it more accurate4 7v7 ,only one system of indicating targets should be employed in a battalion1 and1 if possible1 in an army1 so that the men may recognize targets described by commanders of other fire-units should they become separated from their own in action4 7vi7 ,when possible1 targets will always be described and their range given before the occasion for firing arises1 so that men may adjust their sights and be ready to open fire without further orders as soon as the target appears4 #g4 ,finger-,breadth ,method 7,fig4 #di74--7;i7 ,this method may be employed to indicate roughly the approximate distance of an objective from a description-point4 ,only one hand should be used1 even if more than one hand's breadth is required to indicate the distance4 ,the arm must be held out perfectly straight from the shoulder in front of the face1 with the fingers vertical4 ,if1 however1 the object is immediately above or below the description-point1 the fingers should be horizontal4 ,in measuring distances1 one eye should be closed1 and both the description-point and the objective kept in view4 7ii7 ,instruction in the ,finger-,breadth ,method4--,results obtained by this method are necessarily inaccurate1 because the hands and fingers vary in size and in distance from the eye with each individual4 ,it is1 however1 a useful guide for measuring approximate distances4 ,after the first few lessons in the use of this method1 measurements should first be judged1 and then the fingers should be used to check them4 ,it will be found that when men have been thoroughly trained in this method they will seldom have to use their fingers for measurements at all except in very doubtful cases4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,,description ,,of ,,targets--,,finger-,,breadth ,,method4 78,section ,fire0 ,landscape ,target1 ,panel ,no4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,,description ,,of ,,targets--,,clock-,,face ,,method4 78,section ,fire0 ,landscape ,target1 ,panel ,no4 #a47 #h4 ,clock-,face ,method 7,fig4 #ej74--,this method may be used to indicate the position of the target described in relation to a description-point4 ,in employing it1 the clock-face must be imagined as hanging vertically1 with its centre directly over the description-point4 ,thus1 an objective vertically above the description-point would be described as being at twelve o'clock1 while objectives to the right and left on the same horizontal plane as the description-point would be respectively at three and nine o'clock1 and an objective directly below the description-point would be at six o'clock4 ,the direction1 right or left1 should always be given1 as well as the hour1 to avoid possible mistakes4 #i4 ,examples of ,description of ,targets--7i7 ,description-,points4--,fig4 #di shows a field of fire with plenty of detail1 and serves to illustrate the method of indicating targets by the use of description-points alone1 and by the use of these points in combination with the finger-breadth method4 ,if the landscape in this figure is taken as representing a sector1 the following features might be as description-points3 7a7 ,right edge of wood on hill2 7b7 tallest poplar half right2 7c7 white house on left4 ,the fire-unit commander would inform his unit that they would be named and referred to respectively as ,wood1 ,poplar1 ,house1 in using them to direct fire4 7ii7 ,indication by ,description-,points4--,examples of indicating targets by these description-points alone are as follows3 7a7 ,at #a1jjj--;at centre of hedge running from left of poplar4--,ten rounds4 ,rapid fire4 7b7 ,at #a1djj--;brown field to right of house--at right half of hedge running along top4--,fire4 7iii7 ,indication by ,description-,points and ,finger-,breadths4--,examples of indicating targets by description-points combined with the finger-breadth method are as follows3 7a7 ,at #hjj--;at foot of big tree two fingers left of poplar4--,five rounds4 ,fire4 7b7 ,at #ijj--;at fold of ground one finger below house4--,five ,rounds4 ,rapid fire4 ,for the purpose of illustration the finger-breadths are shown drawn on the landscape4 7iv7 ,indication by ,description-,points and ,clock-,face4--,fig4 #ej illustrates the method of indicating targets by the use of description-points combined with the clock-face method4 ,the point of river bend right bank might be indicated and named3 ,bend3 ,this description-point would be imagined as the centre of a clock-face1 which1 for the purpose of illustration1 is shown drawn on the landscape4 7v7 ,the following example illustrates the method of indicating targets by this arrangement3 7a7 ,at #a1djj--;at junction of three hedgerows--bend--right--two o'clock4--,ten rounds4 ,fire4 7b7 ,at #a1jjj--;at spit of land--bend--left--between eight and nine o'clock4--,fire4 7vi7 ,indication by ,description-,points1 ,finger-,breadths1 and ,clock-,face4--,fig4 #ea shows a sector consisting of a field of fire with very little detail1 in which targets might have to be indicated by the use of description-points1 combined with both the finger-breadth and clock-face methods1 which rarely have to be used together in combination with description-points4 ,the small tree in centre of hedge1 the right end of the hedge1 and the left end of the hedge1 or the small tree to the left1 may be taken as description-points1 named respectively hedge right1--hedge left1--centre tree1 and left tree4 ,this will be an exception to the general rule that no two points should consist of features of a similar nature1 but it is justified1 as there is no danger of men confusing these similar features in the case illustrated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,,description ,,of ,,targets--,,example ,,of ,,field ,,of ,,fire ,,suitable ,,for ,,employment ,,of ,,finger-,,breadth ,,and ,,clock-,,face ,,methods1 ,,combined ,,with ,,description ,,points4 78,section ,fire0 ,landscape ,target1 ,panel ,no4 #c47 ,folds and ridges of ground could then be indicated in the manner of the following examples3 ,at #ijj--;at fold of ground--centre tree--six o'clock--one-finger4 ,this would mean that fire will be directed at a fold of ground one finger-breadth directly below the centre tree4 ,another example of this method is3 ,at #hjj--;at ridge--left tree--right--three o'clock--one finger4 #aj4 ,instruction in ,description of ,targets4--,training in description of targets should be carried out under practical conditions1 according to the rules laid down in the preceding paragraphs4 ,training should be carried out on as great a variety of ground as possible under all conditions of light and atmosphere and at all ranges beyond close range4 ,instruction in the description as well as recognition of targets will form part of the field training1 as well as of the advanced musketry training of both fire-unit commanders and men4 #aa4 ,in commencing an exercise1 a front should always be pointed out4 ,at first the aiming-points to be described should be simple1 and should consist of targets easily indicated with the aid of description-points alone4 ,subsequently more difficult targets may be indicated1 which will necessitate the employment of either the finger-breadth or clock-face methods of description4 #ab4 ,fire-unit commanders may be trained in classes with a number of rifles on aiming-rests in the following manner3 ,the instructor will indicate various aiming-points in different parts of a sector of ground to each member of the class in turn1 not verbally1 but by aiming a rifle at it1 while the class are turned about1 with their backs to the instructor4 ,the instructor will next move his rifle from aim at the target and order the class to turn about1 when the fire-unit commander will describe the target in his own words1 using description-points alone1 or combining their use with the finger-breadth or clock-face methods1 as may1 in his opinion1 be necessary4 ,the class will then aim their rifles at the target which they recognize from his description4 ,if they do not recognize any target from his description1 they will not aim their rifles4 #ac4 ,the instructor will next note the target at which each rifle has been aimed1 and criticize faults both of description and recognition1 pointing out those which caused errors or confusion4 ,absolute accuracy of aim must be insisted upon1 and faults in aiming at targets correctly recognized must be pointed out4 #ad4 ,indication of ,targets in ,strange ,country4--,as the nature of the ground and its features will vary greatly in different kinds of country1 fire-unit commanders and men should be trained in the description and recognition of targets1 both before and during military operations in unfamiliar country4 #ae4 ,standard of ,indication4--,a very low standard of indication is one which results in four out of every five in the class recognizing the target from the description given1 for it must be remembered that the class will consist of men who should have been thoroughly trained in military vocabulary and study of ground before they commence their instruction in recognition of targets4 ,fire-unit commanders1 therefore1 will not be considered efficient in indicating targets until all the members of a class are able with ease to recognize a variety of targets described by him4 #af4 ,instruction in ,recognition of ,targets4--,instruction in recognition of targets may be carried out on the same method as training in description of targets1 the targets being described verbally by the instructor1 or by an efficient fire-unit commander4 ,men aiming at wrong targets1 or not aiming because they have failed to recognize the target1 will be asked to explain their difficulty1 and the instructor must try in each case to explain the cause of errors or failure to recognize targets1 with a view to helping men to overcome it4 ,men will be trained to recognize targets by description-points alone1 as well as in combination with the finger-breadth and clock-face methods4 #ag4 ,instruction on ,miniature ,ranges4--,training in description and recognition of targets can be carried out on miniature ranges1 as described in ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #h 7ii74 ,section #df4--;,fire ,orders4#bc #a4 ,words of ,command4--,the following words of command will be used as may be found necessary3 ,at--7,elevation and deflection74 ,at--7,object74 ,fire or ,on which the firer will load1 adjust ,rapid ,fire his sights1 aim and fire1 deliberately or rapidly4 ,on which fire will be discontinued1 and ,cease ,fire the firer will bring the rifle to the loading position1 recharge the magazine1 and apply the safety-catch4 ,on which the safety-catch will be applied and an easy position assumed4 ,when rifles are not provided with ,rest safety-catches1 on the command 8,rest0 the cut-off will be pressed in1 the bolt opened and closed1 and the spring eased4 ,on which all cartridges will be removed ,unload from the chamber and magazine1 and other motions performed as detailed in ,sec4 #bg1 para4 #d4 #b4 ,words of command in fire orders will be as few as possible4 ,they must be announced clearly and deliberately by fire-unit commanders1 and repeated if necessary1 should they notice by the actions of their men that they are not properly heard or understood4 ,if the noise of firing1 the distance due to deployment of the unit1 the wind1 or other conditions prevent the hearing of orders1 they must be passed from ,n4,c4,o4 to ,n4,c4,o41 from observer to observer1 or from man to man4 #c4 ,as already stated1 when possible1 directions as to sighting as well as the target will be given before the occasion for firing arises1 and fire will be opened without further orders as soon as the target appears4 ,orders for adjusting the sights should be given first1 so that there may be no necessity for the firers to remove their eyes from the target after it is indicated1 otherwise the order of the words of command is not of material importance4 #d4 ,anticipatory ,orders4--,fire orders should anticipate events as far as possible1 so that lengthy orders will not be needed after the target appears4 ,the following is an example of an anticipatory order1 which includes the use of combined sights3 ,the enemy is about to advance from that fir-wood on the hill half left4 ,when he moves1 concentrate on the thickest part of his line--#abej and #acej4 #e4 ,if all ranks are kept informed of the course of events1#bd and led to anticipate occasions for fire action1 there should be no need for any words of command other than those which regulate movement1 the opening and closing of fire1 and the rate of fire2 and even these may be dispensed with if the firers are well trained1 and combine their efforts according to orders issued in anticipation4 ,the results of observation and alterations to be made in sighting or point of aim must be notified at once4 #f4 ,instruction in ,fire ,orders4--,fire-unit commanders1 observers1 and ,n4,c4,o4's should be thoroughly trained in giving clear1 concise fire orders under practical conditions4 ,they must watch to see if their orders are understood by the actions of their men4 ,men must be trained not to put their rifles to their shoulders until they understand the orders given and recognize the target indicated4 ,this rule is essential to prevent useless waste of ammunition in war1 and to serve as a check in peace training1 as to whether orders are given or passed from man to man so that they are immediately understood and carried out by the men4 ,it will enable fire-unit commanders to know when their orders are not heard or understood1 and also enable company and platoon commanders to supervise the training of fire-unit commanders4 #g4 ,passing ,fire ,orders from ,man to ,man4--7i7 ,soldiers are trained in passing short verbal messages and orders accurately and quickly as part of their field-training1 and this instruction is contained in ,drill and ,field-,training of this series in ,sec4 #h and also in ,sec4 #db1 which deals with training in passing messages in whispers during night operations4 ,training in passing fire orders quickly and accurately from man to man is a vitally important part of the musketry training of ,n4,c4,o4's1 observers1 and men4 ,orders passed from man to man in the firing-line must be short4 ,they may be passed a sentence or two at a time1 or as a whole1 the latter being the best and quickest method if orders are short4 7ii7 ,instruction in passing ,fire ,orders4--,fire-units must be trained thoroughly in passing fire orders1 and this duty should be practised during extended order drill1 and later during manuvre1 when units are deployed1 and especially when they are firing with blank cartridge1 so as to accustom men to listening to orders and passing them while firing and in the noise it involves4 ,in practising passing orders from man to man1 an ,n4,c4,o4 should be told off to record orders passed from man to man as received at the end of a line to check their accuracy4 #h4 ,instruction on ,miniature ,ranges4--,fire orders can be practised on the miniature range as described in ,sec4 #gd1 para4 #d 7iii74 ,section #dg4--;,fire ,discipline4 #a4 ,importance of ,fire ,discipline4--,if full effect is to be obtained from the results of fire1 a high standard of fire discipline in men is as important as skilful direction and control of fire by commanders4 #b4 ,qualities ,necessary for ,fire ,discipline4--,good fire discipline demands the following qualities in men3 7i7 ,strict attention to the signals and orders of the commander1 combined with intelligent observation of the enemy4 7ii7 ,careful adjustment of the sight1 economy of ammunition1 and prompt cessation of fire when ordered or when the target disappears4 7iii7 ,power to endure the enemy's fire even when no reply is possible4 7iv7 ,a cool and intelligent use of the rifle when the commander can no longer exercise control4 #c4 ,rules for ,fire ,discipline4--,in addition to the above qualities1 men must be trained to carry out their duties according to the following rules3 7a7 ,in collective firing no man will fire until he clearly recognizes the target described by his commander1 or without selecting a definite target in individual firing4 7b7 ,in collective firing every man will press his trigger independently4 ,bursts of independent fire are more effective than volleys4 7c7 ,as a rule fire should be delivered deliberately1 but each man must always satisfy himself that every time he presses the trigger he will hit the object aimed at4 7d7 ,if rapid fire is ordered1 every man will fire at his own best rate for combining rapidity with accuracy4 7e7 ,each man will take care to pass orders carefully and accurately4 7f7 ,each man will make the best use of ground and cover1 primarily to increase fire effect1 and secondarily for concealment and protection4 ,he must remember that the most important requirement1 when firing from behind cover1 is the ability of a man to use his rifle to the best advantage1 and that his eyes must be kept on the enemy between shots to avoid losing sight of targets4 7g7 ,each man must watch the front and remain alert and attentive while awaiting orders4 ,he must open fire smartly when ordered to do so on such fleeting targets as troops in movement1 and continue firing1 unless otherwise ordered1 while they present a favourable target during movement4 7h7 ,he must1 when employing individual fire on the defensive1 especially at shorter ranges1 mark down troops by noting their position on the ground or behind cover1 and open fire the moment they expose themselves or rise up to advance4 #d4 ,working in ,pairs4--,combined action is always more likely to be successful than isolated effort1 and so long as control is possible the individual man must watch his leader and do his best to carry out his intentions4 ,when1 however1 the section is under heavy fire1 section commanders cannot always exercise direct control1 and in these circumstances men should endeavour to work in pairs1 indicating targets and estimating the range for each other1 firing steadily1 observing the results of each other's fire1 and husbanding their ammunition4 #e4 ,ammunition4--,if incapacitated from advancing1 the soldier's first duty is to place his ammunition in a conspicuous place1 ready to be picked up by other men1 and all ranks must seize opportunities that offer for replenishing their ammunition in this manner4 #f4 ,duty of ,soldier when separated from ,unit ,commander4--,if1 when reinforcing the firing-line1 or at any other time1 a soldier loses touch with his section commander1 it is his duty to place himself under the orders of the nearest officer or non-commissioned officer1 irrespective of the company or battalion to which he may belong4 #g4 ,training in ,fire ,discipline4--,the foundation of training in fire discipline will be laid in the general training of the soldier1 especially in the instruction which imbues him with the soldierly spirit1 and develops his character in discipline and other soldierly qualities4#be ,the recruit's instruction in aiming and firing and fire discipline will be carried out concurrently with his training in drill in both close and extended order1 as laid down in the directions for the annual individual training of the soldier in ,infantry ,training1 #aiad1 and other official textbooks4 ,training in fire discipline may commence when the recruit is sufficiently instructed in aiming and firing1 and will be combined with training in extended order drill4 ,fire discipline can only be taught by constant and systematic training4 #h4 ,exercises in ,fire ,discipline4--,these exercises should be carried out progressively4 ,in the preliminary stages of instruction men should be trained in squads1 as already described in para4 #i1 the fire orders being simple and the targets easy to recognize4 ,more advanced stages of instruction in fire discipline will be combined with the soldier's training in extended order drill and manuvre 7see ,chapters ,,iii and ,,vii of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series71 and also during advanced stages of musketry training4 ,thus training in fire discipline can be combined with field exercises consisting of tactical schemes in attack and defence1 etc41 when blank cartridge is used1 and with fire direction and collective field practices fired with ball cartridge on field firing ranges4 #i4 ,preliminary ,exercises4--7i7 ,in preliminary exercises the squad will be drawn up in line at one or two paces interval1 and on the command from the instructor--,sitting1 ,standing1 or ,kneeling1 at 7range72 at 7object72 ,fire or ,rapid fire--will perform the necessary motions1 and continue firing until the order ,cease fire or ,unload is given4 ,if no orders are given as to the firing position1 the squad will assume the lying position4 ,the standing1 kneeling1 and sitting positions will only be practised under conditions suitable to their employment4 7ii7 ,if it is desired to change front or position1 the instructor will give the necessary commands1 but without as a rule causing fire to cease4 ,all commands given during firing are to be passed down the line of firers1 to practise them in passing orders1 the orders being taken down at the of the line to check their accuracy4 #aj4 ,when the squad has gained sufficient experience1 the fire orders should be combined with those for movement1 as in the following example1 given to a section in fours3 ,section1 line that ridge--,to the left three paces extend--,at #a1jjj--;,at the enemy just left of that house on the hill1 half left--,fire--,cease ,fire--,advance4 ,in exercises carried out with blank ammunition1 the safety-catch will be applied1 or rifles will be unloaded or sloped1 before a movement is undertaken4 ,in all fire discipline exercises the rule mentioned in ,sec4 #df1 para4 #f1 regarding not bringing the rifle to the shoulder if they do not recognize targets1 should be strictly observed by men for the reasons given4 #aa4 ,development of ,individual ,judgment4--,in more advanced exercises1 to develop individuality1 the complete detail of commands will occasionally be dispensed with4 ,thus1 on a target appearing suddenly for a limited time1 the executive command ,fire or ,rapid ,fire only will be given1 on which each individual will adopt the firing position he considers most suitable to the tactical conditions1 adjust his sight1 and open fire4 ,the instructor will observe and criticize the positions and the sighting of the rifles4 #ab4 ,instruction on ,miniature ,ranges4--,instruction in fire discipline can be carried out on miniature ranges during the ,fire ,direction ,practices and ,collective ,field ,practices contained in ,sec4 #gd4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,general ,,information ,,regarding ,,range ,,and ,,field ,,practices ,section #dh4--,preliminary ,training4 #a4 ,lectures4--,the instruction contained in ,chapters ,i to ,,vi of this book is classified under the head of ,preliminary ,training1 as it lays the foundation of the soldier's training in the use of the rifle1 and prepares him for instruction in both range and field practices4 ,thus1 preliminary training commences with information regarding the construction of the rifle and directions for taking care of the weapon and cleaning it1 includes instruction in aiming1 firing1 visual training1 and ranging1 and concludes with standard tests in preliminary training and grouping practices on miniature and #cj yards ranges4 ,an extremely important part of preliminary training consists of a systematic course of lectures given concurrently with practical instruction4 ,these lectures will deal with the theory of rifle fire1 important points in elementary training1 and the tactical application of fire through fire direction and control1 including the use of ground and cover1 and the duties of fire-unit commanders and observers in the firing-line see ,sec4 #gd1 para4 #e 7iii74 #b4 ,recruits4--,although it is only by practice in shooting that a high degree of proficiency can be attained in the use of the rifle1 the ammunition allowances are necessarily limited1 and are calculated on the assumption that firing will be preceded by a most thorough course of preliminary instruction4 ,recruits1 before they begin a course of firing1 must reach a satisfactory standard in aiming1 and in holding their rifles steadily while pressing the trigger1 otherwise range practice will merely result in waste of ammunition4 #c4 ,trained ,soldiers4--7i7 ,besides thoroughly grounding recruits in elementary training1 trained soldiers must also be kept efficient in their preliminary instruction4 ,preliminary training in musketry exercises should therefore be continued throughout the year by trained soldiers4 ,skill in judging distance1 a perfect trigger release1 dexterity in the loading motions1 and the habit of adjusting sights1 cannot be retained without frequent practice4 7ii7 ,it is therefore of the utmost importance that trained soldiers should develop by constant practice a habit of recognizing targets1 judging their distance1 adjusting their sights1 and firing quickly but steadily without undue effort4 ,it is advisable to test the ability of trained soldiers in the standard tests of preliminary training before they begin firing in range practices4 ,reconnaissance and ranging exercises will be a necessary preliminary to successful fire direction4 ,section #di4--,tests of ,preliminary ,training4 #a4 ,objects of ,tests4--,the tests of elementary training have been devised to fulfil the following purposes3 7i7 ,provide instructors with a means of testing recruits to insure that they have reached a sufficient standard before they begin range practices4 7ii7 ,insure that trained soldiers have retained their efficiency4 7iii7 ,prevent any detail of elementary training from being overlooked4 7iv7 ,provide a standard to be attained by technical and other troops who are unable to devote as much time as is desirable to elementary training4 #b4 ,nature ,of ,tests4--,these tests are divided into oral1 inspection1 and standard tests4 ,it is important that teaching should not be confused with testing4 ,in the former a man is instructed by example and explanation2 in the latter he is questioned1 or ordered to carry out a certain exercise without any explanation or assistance1 and either passes the qualifying standard or is relegated for further instruction4 #c4 ,record of ,tests4--,a record will be kept for each man of the results of the various tests1 which will be inspected periodically by the commanding officer4 ,extracts from these records will furnish useful guides as to efficiency when men are transferred to other companies or battalions4 ,men1 particularly recruits1 should themselves keep a record of their performances4 #d4 ,oral ,tests4--7i7 ,care of ,arms and ,ammunition4--,a few questions should be put to each man on these subjects4 7ii7 ,general ,theoretical ,knowledge4--,a few questions should be put to each man regarding the theory of rifle fire and its practical application4 7iii7 ,description of ,targets4--,each man separately should be called upon to describe one or two objects in a landscape1 and be questioned as to shape1 colours1 sizes1 units of measure1 etc4 #e4 ,inspection ,tests4--7i7 ,firing ,positions4--,every man should be inspected individually in all firing positions1 and the existence of any of the following serious faults should be noted in a book for production at subsequent tests3 7a7 ,firing from left shoulder2 7b7 eye near cocking-piece or thumb in aiming2 7c7 want of grip with either hand2 7d7 finger round trigger in loading position2 7e7 excessive constraint of the limbs1 body1 or head in firing4 7ii7 ,fire ,discipline4--,men should be tested for ability to execute orders for fire direction and control rapidly and correctly1 including accurate adjustment of sights after each advance in attack1 and after every advance of the enemy--represented by fatigue-men--at distances between #fjj and #a1djj yards4 #f4 ,standard ,tests4--7i7 ,regulation ,aim4--,to be tested by triangle of error4 ,standard--,no side of a triangle to be over one-third of an inch1 or the centre of the triangle more than one-third of an inch from the instructor's aim4 7ii7 ,trigger-,pressing4--,trigger-pressing will be tested by means of the aim-corrector4 7iii7 ,adjustment of ,sights4--,several distances will be named and sights examined after three seconds ,m4,l4,e4 rifle1 five seconds4 7iv7 ,aiming-,off for ,wind or ,movement4--,tests in aiming-off for wind4 ,the men will be ordered to lay their rifles on a point at some number of feet1 not exceeding #f1 right or left of a fatigue-man4 ,one foot of error only1 measured from the regulation point of aim1 will be allowed4 ,allowance in aiming-off for wind or movement will be tested with the aim-corrector1 the percentage of serious errors being recorded4 7v7 ,rapidity of ,aim4--,the time required to bring the rifle from the loading position to the shoulder1 on the command ,fire1 and to align the sights on an aiming disc held to the eye1 will be measured with a stop or ordinary watch with a second-hand4 ,lying position4 ,the instructor will stop the watch when the trigger is pressed1 provided he is satisfied with the aim4 ,standard time1 four seconds4 7vi7 ,rapid ,loading4--,the men to be tested will be equipped with a bandolier1 pouch1 or cartridge pockets1 and six chargers filled with dummy cartridges4 ,the chargers will be placed in the pouches or pockets1 which will be buttoned over them4 ,the time required to load1 close the bolt1 eject the cartridges1 the rifle being held in the correct loading position1 one charger being inserted at a time1 the pouch or pocket1 whether empty or not1 being buttoned up every time a charger is withdrawn1 will be noted4 ,standard time1 one minute4 7vii7 ,rapid ,firing4--,this will be a combination of 7v7 and 7vi74 ,on the command ,rapid fire1 each man will load with dummy cartridges in chargers from the pouch or cartridge pocket1 the pocket being buttoned up each time a charger is withdrawn1 and aim ten rounds at an aiming disc held to the instructor's eye4 ,if the aiming is unsatisfactory1 the test will be repeated more slowly4 ,the time required will be noted4 ,standard time1 one minute4 7viii7 ,eyesight4--,to be carried out in conjunction with ,standard ,test 7iii74 ,four fatigue-men as 8points0 should be placed under cover in various directions and at different distances1 not exceeding #hjj yards4 ,the men to be tested lie down extended to two paces4 ,each point is called up by signal4 ,the fatigue-man stands1 kneels1 or raises his head1 according to the degree of visibility required1 and fires four rounds of blank ammunition in half a minute1 then returning to cover4 ,during the half-minute the observers adjust their sights and place their rifles at arm's length to the front4 ,at the end of the half-minute a whistle is blown1 and those men who have failed to discern the point are noted1 while non-commissioned officers record the elevations found on the sights in connection with ,standard ,test 7x74 ,in every case the point should be signalled to rise a second time in order that his position may be shown to those men who previously failed to see him1 and half a minute should then be allowed to these men to adjust their sights for ,standard ,test 7x74 ,failures must not exceed one per man1 but consideration must be given to the visibility of the points4 7ix7 ,recognition of ,targets4--,the men to be tested should each have an aiming-rest or sandbags for laying aim4 ,a non-commissioned officer from behind them will describe some difficult aiming-point1 such as a point in a hedge or area of open ground4 ,the men aim their rifles at the point which they recognize from the description4 ,four points should be described for every man tested4 7x7 ,judging ,distance4--,the distances of four standing fatigue men should be judged at distances not exceeding #hjj yards4 7xi7 ,grouping with ,miniature ,cartridges4--,for regular troops1 the grouping standards for miniature cartridge practice at #be yards will be3 ,marksmen1 #a-;inch ring2 #ast ,class1 #b-;inch ring2 #bnd ,class1 #c-;inch ring4 ,section #ej4--,progression of ,instruction in ,range and ,field ,practices4 #a4 ,after the soldier has been trained thoroughly in elementary instruction in aiming and firing1 and has passed the oral inspection and standard tests of preliminary training satisfactorily1 he may be considered fit to commence range practices1 with which his instruction in individual and collective firing will begin4 ,the progression of this instruction may be divided roughly into the following stages3 7i7 ,individual ,firing4--7a7 ,instruction on miniature ranges and #cj yards ranges4 7b7 ,range practices4 7c7 ,individual field practices4 7ii7 ,collective ,firing4--,collective field practices4 #b4 ,instruction on #cj ,yards and ,miniature ,ranges4--,instruction on #cj yards ranges is dealt with in ,sec4 #ee4 ,instruction on miniature ranges is dealt with fully in ,chapter ,x1 which contains directions for firing elementary and instructional range practices1 as well as individual and collective field practices on these ranges4 #c4 ,range ,practices4--,range practices consist of the following practices and stages of instruction3 7i7 ,practices4--7a7 ,grouping4 7b7 ,application4 7c7 ,snap-shooting4 7d7 ,rapid ,firing4 7ii7 ,stages of ,instruction4--,the above practices are arranged in a series of tables for recruits and trained soldiers1 demanding a gradually increasing degree of skill on the part of the firer1 and are divided into the following stages of instruction3 7a7 ,qualifying ,practices4 7b7 ,instructional ,practices4 7c7 ,classification ,practices4 #d4 ,field ,practices4--,individual and collective field practices are dealt with in this chapter and in ,chapters ,,viii and ,x4 ,the general programme of field practice should be arranged as follows3 7i7 ,individual field practices4 7ii7 ,fire direction practices4 7iii7 ,collective field practices1 divided into-- 7a7 ,exercises for sections and platoons in fire direction and application of collective fire4 7b7 ,standard tests of collective grouping and fire effect4 7c7 ,comparative demonstrations of fire effect and vulnerability4 7d7 ,exercises for companies designed to reproduce service conditions as far as possible1 and to illustrate tactical principles4 7iv7 ,combined field firing 7see ,musketry ,regulations74 ,section #ea4--,range ,practices4 #a4 ,when recruits have shown clearly that they have acquired a satisfactory standard of skill in all branches of preliminary training1 they will commence range practices4 ,range practices merely lay the foundation of musketry in its elementary stages4 ,they are only a means to an end--namely1 to prepare soldiers for field practices1 by which they are trained to fire under conditions approximating as closely as possible to those of service4 #b4 ,qualifying ,practices4--,the range practices for the ,regular ,army and ,special ,reserve begin with qualifying practices1 for which standards are prescribed4 ,if these standards are not attained1 it is a sign that the preliminary training has failed in its object4 ,after passing standard tests in miniature range practice1 and firing on the #cj yards range1 every man should begin his practice on the open range confident in his own powers1 and determined to prove his ability to hit4 #c4 ,preliminary ,training and ,range ,practices4--,instructional range practices need not be continuous4 ,intervals of time between the exercises are often beneficial1 especially to nervous men2 but in any case1 time should be found to continue the exercises of preliminary training on days allotted to range practices1 in order that there may be no separation between theory and practice4 #d4 ,scope of ,range ,practices4--7i7 ,in range practices the soldier should attain a high standard of skill in shooting at known distances under easy conditions and in various positions1 at large vertical targets easy to see1 and furnished with scoring or approximation rings1 which enable the error in shooting to be expressed in figures convenient for comparative purposes4 7ii7 ,he will confirm in practice the lessons learned in preliminary training1 and be thoroughly acquainted with the peculiarities of his rifle4 ,he will fire in the open and from behind cover in deliberate and rapid practices1 and will learn the rate of fire which1 in his own case1 best combines volume with accuracy4 ,in snapshooting he will realize the necessity for rapid alignment of sights1 and the value of time in taking advantage of targets exposed under service conditions4 #e4 ,hints to ,instructors--7i7 ,false ,standards4--,instructors must guard against the danger of men setting up false standards of musketry based on the results of their shooting in range practices4 ,lectures based on the instruction laid down in ,sec4 ,,ii4 may be given to recruits at the commencement of or during range practices1 so that they clearly understand that the assurance of effect in battle through individual fire is limited to distances within close range1 and that collective fire is necessary for fire effect beyond close range4 7ii7 ,deliberate ,practices4--,instructors must bear in mind that deliberate practice at bull's-eye targets tends to inculcate a slow method of shooting1 as minute attention to changes of wind and light1 and fine adjustments of the backsight based on shot-by-shot marking1 are necessary to produce the best results under such conditions4 ,therefore1 directly recruits have attained a satisfactory degree of skill at deliberate practices1 they must commence snapshooting and rapid firing4 ,instructors must make it clear to soldiers that high scores in range practices under easy conditions and shot-by-shot marking bear no relation whatever to the results to be expected from their skill when firing under service conditions even in peace time4 7iii7 ,range ,practices and ,service ,conditions4--,in battle at close range fire effect depends on snapshooting and rapid firing under conditions in which the effect of wind and light may usually be disregarded2 alteration of sights is seldom possible1 and the result of fire is frequently impossible to ascertain by observation4 ,beyond close range in battle1 accurate ranging1 allowance for deflection due to wind1 and observation of fire1 which are all necessary for accurate individual firing1 are beyond the powers of unassisted individuals1 even when targets are easy to discern and recognize with the naked eye1 which is not ordinarily the case4 7iv7 ,as the conditions of range practices differ in all these important respects from those of service1 it is clear that another and extremely important stage of training1 for which range practices are only a preparation1 must be carried out before the soldier can be considered fit to perform his duties in the firing-line efficiently4 ,this further stage of training is known as 8field practices40 7v7 ,standard of ,accuracy4--,there is no object in establishing a phenomenal standard of accuracy in elementary range practices and deliberate shooting4 ,a satisfactory degree of proficiency is soon attained by the majority of men1 and they should then proceed to snapshooting and rapid firing practices4 ,it is in snapshooting and rapid firing up to #fjj yards that a very high degree of proficiency is desired4 7vi7 ,faults of ,aim4--,although instruction on the firing-point is an indispensable form of musketry instruction for young soldiers1 if it leads to continual alterations of sighting to meet errors in shooting1 the firer is confirmed in his errors1 and his faults are only obscured4 ,during the firing the instructor should watch the recruit1 not the target1 and should insist on being told the probable result of the shot before it is signalled4 7vii7 ,firing ,positions4--,no departure from correct firing positions should on any account be permitted4 ,the rifle must be gripped firmly1 the face kept back from the right hand1 and there should be no constraint in the position of the body4 7viii7 ,breathing and ,let-,off4--,the management of the breathing and the let-off must be noticed1 and the recruit reminded of them continually1 so that his mind may be centred on the more important details of shooting1 and not on changes of wind or light1 with which he will become familiar later4 7ix7 ,dwelling on ,aim4--,although care and deliberation are necessary in elementary firing instruction1 recruits must not be allowed to fall into the habit of dwelling on their aim nor of aiming and returning to the loading position repeatedly before pressing the trigger4 ,these errors arise chiefly from taking a fine sight1 and focussing the eye on the foresight instead of on the target4 ,when such methods are adopted1 it is a sign that the object of range practices is misunderstood1 and that the firer is in need of more practical instruction4 7x7 ,shock of ,discharge4--,in preliminary training the recruit has not accustomed himself to the shock of discharge4 ,in some cases there is extreme difficulty in overcoming the tendency to flinch from this shock1 and this is one of the commonest causes of inaccurate shooting4 ,men who flinch should not proceed with firing practice4 ,the cause of the flinching can be detected1 and can sometimes be removed after one or two rounds only4 7xi7 ,important ,points for ,instructional ,practices4--,the following are important points to remember with reference to range practices3 7a7 ,that best instruction available must always be given4 7b7 ,one instructor can only watch and instruct one man at a time4 7c7 ,no hurry should be allowed4 ,it is better to discuss the reasons for failure of a few shots thoroughly than to hurry over many4 7d7 ,the first shot is the important one1 and from the result of it the others must be applied to hit the mark4 7e7 ,a true declaration of the point of aim when the shot was actually fired must be made immediately after firing4 7f7 ,the firer or his rifle should never be touched4 ,he should be made to correct his position and alter his own sights1 etc41 as required4 7g7 ,the firer should not be told the reason for his faults until he has first been questioned regarding them1 and made to reason out for himself the causes and remedies for failure4 7xii7 ,measures to prevent ,faults becoming ,habitual4--,it is a common experience that serious faults become formed habits in recruits before they are discovered by the instructor1 and that they are exposed only after repeated visits to the range1 by which time it will be difficult to correct them4 ,in order to compel analysis of faults1 to indicate clearly how defects may be remedied1 and to remove all suspicion as to the accuracy of his rifle1 preliminary and qualifying practices are divided into exercises in 7a7 grouping1 and 7b7 applying fire4 ,section #eb4--;,grouping and ,application4 #a4 ,definition of ,grouping4--,the term 8group0 as applied to a number of shots fired at an objective has previously been explained4 ,grouping practices consist of firing a series of shots--usually five--at a distinct and fixed aiming mark without any alteration of sighting or point of aim4 #b4 ,object of ,grouping ,practices4--,the object of grouping practices is not to score hits on the mark aimed at1 but to develop in men the power of grouping a series of shots as closely as possible4 ,in other words1 the object of these practices is to teach soldiers to shoot steadily and consistently as the foundation of their training in rifle-shooting4 ,when they are able to fire so that their shots are grouped closely together1 their training will be advanced another stage to application practices1 when they will be taught to 8apply0 their shot groups to an aiming-mark4 ,that is to say1 they will be taught to hit the mark aimed at1 as well as to group their shots closely4 #c4 ,testing the ,value of ,groups4--,thus1 in grouping practices1 the position of a shot group in relation to the aiming-point is no test of its value1 which is judged only by the closeness of the shots in each group4 ,shot groups are measured by rings1 as described in ,sec4 #ef1 para4 #b1 and in ,sec4 #di1 para4 #f 7xi7 7,miniature ,ranges74 #d4 ,point of ,mean ,impact4--7i7 ,when all the shots in a group are contained in a measuring-ring1 the point where the centre of the ring falls on the target is termed the point of mean impact4 ,the position of the group in relation to the point of aim is decided by recording the distance and direction of the point of mean impact from the point of aim4 ,as already stated1 the position of the group in relation to the point of aim is immaterial1 and it does not matter if all the shots miss the point of aim4 ,nevertheless1 the position of the point of mean impact in relation to the point of aim is important for instructional purposes1 because it indicates the constant faults of the firer and errors of the rifle4 #e4 ,faults of ,firer shown by ,shot ,groups4--,for example1 a very small group well placed shows consistency of aim1 trigger-pressing1 and holding4 ,if badly placed1 it may show inaccuracy of the rifle1 or a constant error in aiming4 ,a group dispersed vertically on the target shows vertical variation either of the amount of foresight1 or of the point of aim2 whilst a group dispersed horizontally shows incorrect centring of the foresight in the notch of the backsight1 or horizontal errors in aiming4 ,a group low left may show forward movement of the shoulder2 and one low right may show jerking the trigger1 and high right flinching4 ,these faults1 however1 can only be ascertained if the firer has been watched closely whilst firing4 #f4 ,analysis of ,faults4--7i7 ,thus1 grouping practices are valuable for discovering and correcting the faults of the firer at the commencement of his instruction on the range4 ,instructors should carefully note the positions of good groups as well as bad ones1 for some constant error in aiming or fault of the rifle may thus be discovered1 which will escape notice in application practices when every shot is signalled1 and error is attributed to wind or other causes for which allowance is easily made in sighting4 ,such errors are not uncommon even among marksmen1 and often affect their shooting unfavourably in field practices when the result of each shot is not signalled4 7ii7 ,testing ,rifle for ,faults4--,should a soldier make a bad group1 and the rifle is suspected1 it should at once be fired under similar conditions by a reliable marksman4 ,should the marksman also make a bad group with the rifle1 the rifle should be tested according to the rules laid down in ,musketry ,regulations1 and1 if found inaccurate1 the man to whom the rifle belongs should be allowed to recommence the course1 the necessary ammunition being found from the authorized allowances4 ,if the rifle is proved accurate1 the soldier's aim should next be tested by the triangle of error1 and his let-off should be tested by means of the aim-corrector4 ,his eyesight should also be examined4 7iii7 ,faults due to ,nervousness1 etc4--,if no other cause for constant faults can be discovered1 unsteadiness may be traced to illness1 to some habitual excess1 such as cigarette smoking1 to lack of determination1 or to nervousness due to some natural or exciting cause4 ,if faults are found to be due to nervousness or lack of will-power1 the best remedy lies in developing the power of nerve and muscular control through physical exercises which develop these powers4#bf ,rope-climbing is a good exercise for developing nerve and will-power4 7iv7 ,faults due to ,firing ,position1 ,eyesight1 etc4--,faults may sometimes be remedied at once by correcting the fire positions1 by allowing time to elapse between the shots1 or by snapping practice4 ,some men can aim quickly1 but lose their power of seeing objects well defined if the eye is strained by dwelling on aim4 ,thus1 the cause of the failure may sometimes be due to the firer's effort to succeed4 ,by dwelling too long on aim the muscles of the eye become tired1 the vision becomes blurred1 and the will-power is impaired4 ,it is necessary to take time in overcoming difficulties in such cases4 ,in serious cases the soldier should be examined medically with a view to discharge1 or the provision of proper glasses4 7v7 ,record of ,analysis of ,faults4--,a complete analysis of the faults of the firer and his rifle should be made before leaving the range1 and a note should be made on the register of the steps decided upon for remedying defects4 #g4 ,application ,practices4--7i7 ,when a man has acquired sufficient skill in aiming and trigger-pressing to make a good group with certainty1 he will commence application practices4 ,these teach the firers to adjust their sights and point of aim so as to apply the result of their groups to an aiming mark4 7ii7 ,application practices should be fired first at bull's-eye targets similar to those used for grouping1 but when once a man becomes proficient at these easy targets1 figure targets should be used4 ,figure targets have been devised to accustom men gradually to the difficult targets which will be found in war1 and also to counteract the following faults3 7a7 ,taking too long an aim2 7b7 taking a fine sight2 7c7 focussing the eye on the foresight instead of the target at the moment of firing4 ,all these are common errors when a bull's-eye target is used4 7iii7 ,grouping standards may in some cases be attached to application practices in order to emphasize the importance of care and consistency in shooting4 ,in application practices instruction is given in making allowance for atmospheric influences1 chiefly cross-winds2 but it is not desirable that trifling changes of wind should be met by minute adjustment of the wind-gauge4 ,the instructor should call upon the soldier to estimate the wind before firing1 and tell him the corrected allowance which he is to place on his sights4 ,subsequent alteration should be unnecessary4 ,in application1 and1 in fact1 any practice1 small adjustments of sights should be discouraged4 ,the point of aim should be varied as may be found necessary to counteract any error of the rifle4 ,section #ec4--,snapshooting1 ,rapid ,firing1 and ,firing at ,crossing ,targets4 #a4 ,snapshooting4--7i7 ,snapshooting means firing an effective shot in the shortest possible time1 and necessitates-- 7a7 ,watching the front4 7b7 ,quickness of aim4 7c7 ,observation of the strike of the bullet1 when possible4 7d7 ,loading immediately after firing4 ,snapshooting may follow application practices1 and in the early stages it is advisable to use the figure-targets used for these practices1 which can be exposed for any length of time to suit the skill of the firers at different stages of training4 ,six seconds is sufficient in the early stages1 and this may be reduced to four or three seconds as progress is made4 7ii7 ,snapshooting from ,cover4--,in snapshooting practices from cover1 not only the exposure of the target1 but also that of the firer1 should be limited4 ,strict attention must be paid to adapting the firing positions correctly to cover1 and to firing with the least possible movement and exposure4 7iii7 ,snapshooting on ,miniature ,ranges4--,practices in snapshooting on miniature ranges will be found in ,chapter ,x4 #b4 ,rapid ,firing4--7i7 ,rapid fire1 which has been dealt with in previous sections1 means firing as many rounds as possible with reasonable accuracy in a given time4 ,this method of firing shows the best rate of individuals1 and brings out the necessity for clean and quick loading and manipulation of the bolt1 with the butt to the shoulder1 combined with quickness of aim4 ,the best rate of fire depends in every case upon the degree of training of the individual and the size and visibility of the aiming-mark4 ,in rapid firing a man of normal temperament should be able to attain the regulation rate with trifling loss of accuracy1 but it is not desirable to make a great sacrifice of accuracy to produce even the regulation rate4 7ii7 ,dexterity of loading and a habit of rapid alignment of the sights should be developed in preliminary training4 ,in the range practices the opportunity is afforded to every man to ascertain his own best rate for combining accuracy in shooting with rapidity of fire so as to produce a high average of hits per minute1 but there is no obligation to fire all the rounds allotted in any rapid practice4 7iii7 ,rapid ,firing on ,miniature ,ranges4--,instructions for carrying out rapid firing practices on miniature ranges will be found in ,chapter ,x4 #c4 ,firing at ,crossing ,targets4--,as already stated1 practices in firing at crossing targets can be carried out economically and with good results on miniature ranges4 ,practices in firing at crossing targets are contained in ,chapter ,x4 ,section #ed4--;,field ,practices4 #a4 ,scope of ,training4--7i7 ,field practice consists of firing at service targets at unknown ranges under conditions approximating as closely as possible to those of service4 ,in field practice every care should be taken to develop further the skill already acquired in snapshooting and rapid firing in instructional practices4 ,the nerve control gained in deliberate shooting should be supplemented by vigour and alertness1 deftness in loading1 the habit of correct action under distracting conditions1 and skilful use of cover1 based on the determination to make fire effective4 7ii7 ,there must be further training in picking up an indistinct target1 such as is likely to be presented in war1 in estimating its range1 in rapidly opening fire1 and in making the best use of ground4 ,every individual must learn to recognize the distances at which individual fire will be effective1 and to act in co-operation with his comrades4 7iii7 ,officers and fire-unit commanders must be practised in their duties of direction1 control1 and observation of fire1 in the use of ground1 and in mutual support4 ,with these must be combined the study of the results to be obtained from the delivery of concentrated fire at targets representing troops in different formations1 and on ground of varying character1 in order that practical experience may be acquired of the principles which govern the employment of fire in the field4 7iv7 ,under the conditions of peace manuvres with blank ammunition1 fire control may be neglected1 targets may be insufficiently described1 and it is not known whether the firers recognize them1 distances are sometimes roughly guessed1 sights are not always adjusted1 and men aim carelessly4 ,unless1 therefore1 tactical exercises are conducted sometimes with ball ammunition1 there will be a want of realism in training during peace time4 #b4 ,individual ,field ,practices--7i7 ,progression of ,training4--,training in individual field practices may be carried out in the following stages3 7a7 ,snapping at vanishing figures without firing2 7b7 practices on miniature ranges1 or #cj yards range with ,solano or other figure targets2 7c7 individual field practices on open ranges4 7ii7 ,in the individual practices each firer will be provided with a separate target4 ,he will learn to fire at unknown distances1 depending on the observation of a comrade for information as to the result of his shots4 ,he will fire at targets representing an advancing enemy1 and will advance himself1 firing at each halt4 ,he will learn to use ground for fire effect and cover1 to pass all orders and information received1 to recognize the limits for effective individual fire1 and the principles which govern the choice of targets in individual fire4 7iii7 ,it will be well to conclude the individual field practices with a demonstration of the comparative inefficiency of individual fire at distances beyond #fjj yards4 ,this may be effected by detailing individuals to fire at low service targets1 and noting the time required to produce any required effect1 and then applying collective fire at the same targets under proper direction and control of fire leaders1 equipped with field-glasses4 7iv7 ,points for ,criticism4--,instructors should note the following points for criticism1 besides faults connected with any lessons taught in the course of elementary training3 7a7 ,correct use of ground and cover1 and correct method of resting rifle when possible4 7b7 ,watching the front and quick location of targets1 including marking down4 7c7 ,accurate judging distance within close range4 7d7 ,quick opening of fire and rate of fire4 7e7 ,instant reloading after firing4 7f7 ,reloading magazine as opportunity occurs4 7g7 ,co-operation when working in pairs1 including the following points3 7#a7 ,consultation as to choice of targets2 7#b7 hesitation in opening fire and settling who shall fire and who shall observe2 7#c7 whether observer reports results of shots accurately4 7v7 ,justification for ,opening ,fire4--,men will be trained in individual field practices to use their judgment as to opening fire4 ,tendency to open fire prematurely must be checked1 and men must be taught to watch for favourable targets and good opportunities so as to enable them to obtain the fullest effect from fire4 7vi7 ,choice of ,targets4--,men must also be trained to choose their targets so as to obtain the fullest effect from fire--that is to say1 they must choose the most favourable target presented at any moment4 #c4 ,fire ,direction ,practices4--7i7 ,just as the men have been trained in progressive stages in preliminary training1 range practices1 and individual field practices1 so fire-unit commanders must be practiced thoroughly in fire-direction1 and make a careful study of it before undertaking the direction of collective field practices4 7ii7 ,these practices are useful for training officers and ,n4,c4,o4's in simple problems connected with the tactical application of fire1 and to illustrate clearly that fire effect depends on 7a7 correct estimation of range1 7b7 fire orders being clearly given1 correctly understood1 and instantly obeyed4 ,in other words1 these practices serve to prove that good fire direction and control and fire discipline are essential for fire effect beyond close range4 7iii7 ,progression of ,training4--,fire direction practices may be carried out in the following stages3 7a7 ,on the ,solano ,target1 or landscape targets1 without firing2 7b7 on miniature and #cj yards ranges1 with #bb and #cjc cartridges on ,solano ,target1 or landscape targets2 7c7 on open ranges at distances beyond #fjj yards4 7iv7 ,at the conclusion of the fire-direction practices1 all fire-unit commanders should be familiar with the effects of winds and temperature in shooting at #ejj1 #a1jjj1 #a1ejj1 and #b1jjj yards4 ,the range tables should be studied1 and lectures given on the influence of ground1 ranging errors1 and other details of fire direction4 7v7 ,concentration and ,distribution of ,fire4--,fire-direction practices will afford opportunities for training fire-unit commanders in the concentration and distribution of fire 7see ,sec4 #dd1 paras4 #h and #i74 ,fire should generally be concentrated against very vulnerable targets1 or when it is required to produce great effect at a particular point2 it should be distributed when it is required to disturb the enemy's aim along a portion of his front in order to assist movement4 7vi7 ,for example1 a company commander wants to produce great effect at a particular point1 so he concentrates the whole of his fire on it2 or he wishes to strike the enemy's line in two1 four1 or eight places1 and orders3 ,by platoons1 or ,by sections1 when the commanders of these units each select an aiming-mark for their unit in the enemy's front corresponding to the position of their own unit in the company4 ,should the company commander wish each man to select his own aiming-mark in the enemy's line corresponding to his own position in the company1 he orders3 ,distribute fire4 7vii7 ,the chief guides in deciding on the amount of distribution to be employed will be the visibility of the aiming-marks1 the volume of fire available1 and the range4 ,in the absence of clear aiming-marks service targets usually consist of large scattered groups1 which require a greater volume for assurance of fire effect4 ,the greatest distribution of fire occurs when each man selects his own aiming-mark4 ,such distribution will not as a rule be employed beyond #fjj yards1 owing to the difficulty at longer ranges of finding sufficient aiming-marks4 #d4 ,collective ,field ,practices4--7i7 ,collective field practices are primarily intended to afford the commanders of fire units practice in their duties of direction and control of fire4 ,with this must be combined the study of the results to be obtained from the delivery of fire at targets representing troops in different formations1 on ground of varying character1 in order that practical experience may be acquired of the principles which govern the employment of fire in the field4 ,any omission or neglect in fire direction1 as well as any failure to adjust the sights1 should1 at this stage of training1 be regarded very seriously4 7ii7 ,progression of ,training4--,training in collective field practices will be carried out on the following stages3 7a7 ,on the ,solano ,target1 or landscape targets1 without firing2 7b7 on the miniature1 or #cj yards range with the ,solano ,target1 or landscape targets2 7c7 on the open range4 7iii7 ,points for ,criticism4--,the principal points to be considered in collective field practices are3 7a7 ,the choice of targets4 7b7 ,the justification or necessity for opening fire4 7c7 ,the volume of fire required to effect the object in view4 7d7 ,the method of ranging and error of the day4 7e7 ,the orders for fire direction4 7f7 ,timing of movement4 7g7 ,mutual support4 7h7 ,regulation of volume of fire4 7i7 ,concentration or distribution of fire4 7k7 ,the description and recognition of target and aiming-point4 7l7 ,skilful use of ground and cover4 7m7 ,reinforcement4 7n7 ,ammunition supply4 7o7 ,mutual assistance4 7p7 ,passing of orders and information4 7q7 ,communication with flanks and rear4 ,,note4--,with respect to 7a7 and 7b71 all opportunities for delivering enfilade1 oblique1 or converging fire should be seized1 together with opportunities for bringing a crushing volume of fire to bear on favourable targets and at critical moments4 ,further important points which may be considered in collective field practices are the necessity for searching or distribution in depth and the probable dispersion of the cone of fire4 7iv7 ,tactical ,schemes4--,section and ,platoon ,exercises4--,the earlier exercises for the smaller fire units will be carried out under simple tactical schemes framed by the company commander1 and arranged so as to give a progressive training to all ranks engaged4 ,schemes will be so drawn up as to give separate instruction in each phase of the combat1 rather than to combine in each exercise all the operations included in the execution of a successful attack4 ,they will also be designed to illustrate the various situations which may be expected on active service4 ,they should test the proficiency of leaders in making fire effective on first opening and in regulating the volume of fire in accordance with the situation4 ,mutual support and combined action should be frequently practised1 with and without the exercise of control4 7,see ,musketry ,regulations1 ,sec4 #ih47 7v7 ,company ,exercises4--,combined ,field ,firing4--,when all the fire-unit commanders have shown proficiency in fire direction and control1 companies will be trained to fire collectively against firing-lines at effective ranges4 ,the leaders will be exercised in judging distance1 in describing targets1 and in concentration or distribution of fire4 ,great weight will be attached to the accurate passing of orders and information1 and to the quickness of the men in recognizing their targets and applying fire4 7,see ,musketry ,regulations1 ,sec4 #aja47 7vi7 ,criticism of ,collective ,field ,practices4--,at the conclusion of a collective field practice1 in addition to criticism of the conduct of the exercise1 there should be a conference as to the conclusions to be drawn from the results4 ,for this reason a complete record must be made of the targets and conditions2 the figures showing results must be carefully and fully tabulated4 ,the criticism of the conduct of the exercise should be complete1 and should deal with the application of the tactical principles laid down in the ,training ,manuals1 as well as with the application of the principles contained in these regulations4 ,in appreciating results1 chief attention should be paid to the successful or unsuccessful result of the first application of fire1 since surprise effect is all-important1 and correction of sighting by observation is rarely possible in war4 7vii7 ,results of ,firing4--,the percentage of hits to rounds fired is an index to the steadiness of the firing only if the fire direction has been proved to be satisfactory4 ,if the fire direction fails1 the more accurate the shooting the fewer will be the hits recorded4 ,in considering the results of fire1 the percentage of loss inflicted on the enemy within a limited period of time is the best means of judging the value of the fire4 ,for general comparison of the collective fire results of units1 the average number of hits per man per minute should be calculated if fire was concentrated1 or the average number of figures hit per man per minute if it was distributed1 but due regard must be paid to the justification of the rate of fire as indicated by the scheme4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,conduct ,,of ,,range ,,and ,,field ,,practices ,section #ee4--,thirty ,yards ,ranges4 #a4 ,when no classification range is available1 elementary practices with service ammunition may be carried out on a #cj yards range4 ,such practice will render recruits familiar with the discharge of the rifle1 and improve their trigger release under easy conditions4 ,no practice will take place unless an officer or experienced serjeant is present4 #b4 ,precautions for ,safety4--,all precautions for safety will be taken4 ,loading1 in all positions except lying1 will be carried out with the rifle held just above the waist1 and the muzzle directed towards the target4 ,charging or uncharging magazines is not to be carried out with the muzzle pointing upwards4 #c4 ,practices4--,practice at vanishing1 moving1 and landscape targets can be carried out as on miniature ranges1 but with service ammunition4 ,long-range sighting-targets should be provided as a means of ascertaining the error of the rifle1 and practice may be carried out with long-range sights4 ,section #ef4--;,grouping ,practices4 #a4 ,one firer will be detailed to each target1 and fire five shots1 maintaining the regulation point of aim throughout4 ,targets will be changed1 and a second detail of men will fire similarly4 ,both details will then proceed to the targets1 see their groups measured1 and note the positions of the points of mean impact with reference to the points aimed at4 ,if it is impracticable to proceed to the targets1 the group may be marked by means of small spotting-discs 7see also ,appendix1 ,,vi1 para4 #b1 note #c74 #b4 ,rules for ,measuring ,groups4--7i7 ,the groups will be measured with wire rings1 #d1 #h1 and #ab inches in diameter1 counting #be1 #bj1 and #ae points respectively2 #aj points will be allowed for a #ab-;inch group with one wide shot4 7ii7 ,the ring which will contain all the shots will be recorded as the measure of the group4 ,a shot-mark is included within a ring when it cuts the circumference of the largest circle which can be described within that ring by means of a pencil held at right angles to the target4 7iii7 ,all shot marks found on a target will be included in the group to be measured4 ,no points will be allotted to a group unless there are five shot-marks at least on the target4 ,if more than five shot-marks are found on the target1 there will be no score1 and the practice will be repeated4 7iv7 ,point of ,mean ,impact4--,when the ring is placed to include all the shots1 the centre of the ring will be taken as approximately the point of mean impact4 ,its distance from1 and direction with reference to1 the point aimed at will be recorded on the register--e4g41 #g inches1 four o'clock4 7v7 ,on return to the firing-point other details will fire1 but steps will be immediately taken to ascertain the cause of any bad shooting of men in the first two details4 #c4 ,third-,class ,shots4--,as a rule1 third-class shots should not be allowed ammunition for further training in application practice until a satisfactory standard in grouping has been attained4 ,this may be fixed at a ring of diameter equal to one-three-hundredth of the range1 but officers should exercise their discretion as to allowing one wide shot in five when dealing with young soldiers4 ,section #eg4--,timed ,practices4 #a4 ,deliberate ,practices4--,in deliberate practices1 twenty seconds is the time limit allowed for each shot1 reckoned from the act of loading4 ,if there is a tendency to exceed the limit1 a whistle should be used to mark the beginning and end of each period1 but not otherwise4 #b4 ,timed ,exposure of ,targets4--,the timed exposure of targets for snapshooting and rapid fire practices will be reckoned from the time when the target is in position and stationary to the time when it is again moved for lowering4 ,the movements of raising and lowering must be conducted with the utmost rapidity1 but without jarring the target frames4 #c4 ,timing in ,rapid ,practices4--7i7 ,timing in rapid practices should be reckoned from the word of command 8,rapid ,fire10 and fire should be stopped by the command 8,cease ,fire40 ,the command 8,rapid ,fire0 should be given as soon as the target appears4 ,the target should be lowered at the end of the time allowed for firing under orders of the officer on butt duty1 but the officer superintending at the firing-point should also time the practice and order 8,cease ,fire0 at the end of the time allowed for firing1 reckoned from the command 8,rapid ,fire40 ,four points will be deducted for every shot fired after the order to cease fire has been given4 7ii7 ,charging ,magazine in ,rapid ,practices4--,in rapid practices1 unless otherwise stated in the 8,instructions for the ,conduct of the ,practice10 the magazine will be charged with four rounds1 and the rifle will be loaded before the target appears4 #d4 ,firing from ,cover4--7i7 ,in firing from behind cover1 the position adopted must be such as would enable the firer on service to obtain the fullest protection from the cover1 having due regard to the efficiency of his fire4 ,in the prone position1 the grip of the left hand must be maintained on the rifle1 and there must be no undue exposure of the shoulder or legs4 7ii7 ,in firing from behind cover1 the butt of the rifle will be in contact with the ground1 and the firer will remain in observation1 but otherwise completely covered1 until the command 8,rapid ,fire0 is given in rapid-firing practices1 or the target appears in 8,snapshooting0 and 8,crossing-,shot0 practices4 ,when snapshooting or firing rapid in the open1 the rifle may be held in the loading or aiming position1 as preferred4 #e4 ,jambs4--,in the event of a jamb occurring in a timed practice1 and provided that it is not caused by any fault on the part of the firer1 the time allowed for the practice will be increased to the extent due to the delay caused thereby4 ,should1 however1 a jamb in a rapid practice be due to a breakage of mechanism or other defect that cannot readily be rectified on the range1 the whole practice will be fired again4 #f4 ,missfires4--,in the event of missfires1 extra rounds will be allowed equal to the number of missfires in the practice concerned1 a proportionate part of the time allowed for the whole practice being given for each extra round4 #g4 ,extra ,time4--,whenever extra time is allowed for a timed practice1 a report giving the reason1 and stating whether the jamb or missfire was due to the rifle or to the ammunition1 will be rendered to ,command ,headquarters4 ,section #eh4--;,general ,rules for ,range ,practices4#bg #a4 ,range practices1 unless otherwise ordered1 will be fired in drill order4 ,range practices should be fired1 as far as possible1 in favourable weather4 ,it is of the utmost importance that recruits' firing should not take place in cold and unsuitable weather4 #b4 ,order of ,practices4--,range practices should as a rule be fired in the order in which they appear in the tables1 but brigade commanders may vary the order at their discretion4 ,when deliberate and rapid practices for classification are fired at the same distance1 each man may fire the rapid practice immediately after the deliberate practice4 #c4 ,in the case of ranges of less than full extent1 general officers commanding-in-chief may frame special instructions1 make proportionate changes in the size of targets1 and vary the points for classification4 #d4 ,distribution of ,ammunition4--7i7 ,the general distribution of ammunition laid down in the several parts of ,tables ,a and ,b respectively should be adhered to4 ,in the ,regular ,army and ,special ,reserve not more than fifteen rounds should be fired in one day1 except in classification practices1 when twenty-five rounds may be fired1 if necessary4 ,it is always better1 when time is pressing1 to reduce the number of rounds fired in instructional practices than to hurry through them4 ,all available officers should be present at the firing-points during instructional practices4 7ii7 ,forfeiture of ,rounds4--,omission to fire the rounds allotted and failure to fire during an exposure or run in vanishing and moving practices will entail forfeiture of the rounds that should have been fired1 and misses will be recorded for them4 ,ammunition required for repetition of qualifying practices will1 when necessary1 be taken from the surplus4 #e4 ,firing ,positions4--,in range practices the regulation positions are obligatory1 except in firing from cover1 when the rifle should be rested and the position adapted to the ground4 ,this includes resting the arm as well1 if suitable1 but the cover is not to be specially constructed as a rest for the rifle4 #f4 ,commencing ,practice4--,no man will load1 or assume a firing position1 until the senior officer present has ordered the practice to commence4 ,after firing1 men will return to the loading position1 but will not open the breech in the deliberate practices until the last shot has been signalled4 ,if it is necessary to suspend firing1 all men who are in position will raise the safety-catch 7or unload if no safety-catch is provided71 until the order is given to resume the practice4 #g4 ,important ,rules4--7i7 ,loading4--,loading will always be through the magazine4 7ii7 ,sling4--,dependence on the sling should be discouraged1 and it will not be used for steadying the rifle in range practices4 7iii7 ,rifle4--,no soldier equipped with a rifle is permitted to fire with any but his own4 7iv7 ,sighting ,shots4--,no sighting shots are allowed4 7v7 ,men will fire singly1 never in twos or threes4 #h4 ,shots to verify ,wind or ,elevation4--,occasional shots to verify elevation or strength of wind1 or to prove the accuracy of a rifle1 may sometimes be fired by an officer or non-commissioned officer1 with the senior officer's permission4 ,they will not be fired during classification practices or standard tests4 ,notification of their commencement and conclusion will be made to the officer in the butts by telephone1 signal1 or bugle-sound4 ,the target in use will be lowered and checked1 and a clean one raised for the occasional shots4 ,when they are completed1 it will be lowered and checked1 and the original target raised for the firer to complete his rounds4 #i4 ,resting ,arm or ,rifle4--,a coat or waterproof-sheet may be used to protect the uniform1 but except when firing from cover1 or when rests are authorized1 neither rifle1 forearm1 wrist1 nor hand1 is to rest against anything1 or to be supported4 #aj4 ,no one is allowed at the firing-point1 except the men actually firing1 the instructors1 and officers4 ,all non-commissioned officers and men not on duty at the firing-point will ground or pile arms1 and remain not less than #cj yards in rear of the firing-point4 ,no shouting is allowed2 men next to fire will be brought up by signal4 #aa4 ,instruction during ,intervals of ,firing4--7i7 ,during intervals of firing an opportunity should be given occasionally to all ranks for revising their impressions as to the visibility of the human figure at short distances1 by placing men on the firing-platforms up the range4 ,the study of visibility under conditions of known distance and in relation to targets used for practice in shooting is especially valuable4 7ii7 ,those men who are not actually engaged in firing should receive instruction in ground reconnaissance1 use of the eyes1 use of field-glasses1 range-finding1 and description of ground1 while waiting behind the firing-point4 #ab4 ,field-,glasses4--,field-glasses or telescopes will be carried by all officers and section commanders4 ,the men should be encouraged to use them during spare time on the range4 #ac4 ,condition of ,sights4--,the sights will be used as issued1 without alteration of any kind4 ,they may not be blackened2 the browning is renewed by an armourer when required4 ,no additions1 marking1 or colouring1 are permitted1 nor are orthoptics allowed4 #ad4 ,observation ,practices4--,the change which takes place in conditions of shooting when there is no signalling of each shot is not always appreciated1 and it is essential that the importance of the first application of fire should be realized4 ,troops1 therefore1 which are unable to fire field practices should fire some at least of the instructional practices without signalling4 ,such practices are called 8observation practices40 ,the targets should be placed on the face of the stop-butt or at the foot of the gallery-bank1 and may with advantage be falling or collapsible targets4 #ae4 ,precautions4--,to guard against accidents1 the following orders will be observed3 7i7 ,no firing will take place until a large red danger-flag is hoisted on the signal-staff at or near the butts1 and the necessary look-out men posted4 7ii7 ,a smaller red danger-flag will be hoisted at the butts as a warning to cease fire4 ,this flag will remain exposed during the entire period of cessation of fire1 and will not be withdrawn until the whole of the butt party is under cover4 ,no one will leave the butts until cessation of fire has been notified from the firing-point4 7iii7 ,a red flag will be kept raised at the firing-point when no firing is taking place1 and will be lowered only on the order of the senior officer4 ,this order will not be given until the flag at the butts has been withdrawn4 7iv7 ,aiming or snapping during target practice may only take place from the firing-point after the red flag has been lowered4 ,section #ei4--,surplus ,ammunition and ,computation of ,averages4 #a4 ,surplus ,ammunition4--,the rounds shown as 8surplus0 in ,tables ,a and ,b will be distributed primarily by commanding officers for the following purposes3 7i7 ,repetition firing1 as prescribed in the tables4 7ii7 ,fifteen rounds per man to be expended by company commanders for further training of indifferent shots4 7iii7 ,the further training of recruits4 7iv7 ,fire-direction practices4 7v7 ,the testing of rifles when necessary4 7vii7 ,occasional shots on the rifle-range 7,sec4 #eh1 para4 #h74 7vii7 ,ten rounds per man who commences the course for voluntary practice4 7viii7 ,any surplus available after the above requirements have been fulfilled will be distributed to companies for general practice4 ,it is not to be used for practice for competitions4 #b4 ,computation of ,averages4--,the best shot of each squadron or company will be determined by his aggregate score in ,part ,,iii4 ,averages made by companies in each of the classification practices will be calculated to one place of decimals1 and published in regimental orders4 ,only the scores of those officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and men who completed a practice will be included in the numbers by which the total points made in that practice are divided4 ,points made by casuals 7see footnote to ,sec4 #fc7 will be included at the end of the year1 and fresh averages struck4 ,the sum of the averages of the practices of ,part ,,iii4 will be termed the 8company average0 in classification practices4 ,section #fj4--;,conditions of ,qualification #a4 ,the conditions for qualification in ,part ,i41 ,table ,b1 are3 ,a score of not less than #ae in each of ,practices #a and #d1 and a total of not less than #de in ,practices #b1 #c1 #e1 and #f4 #b4 ,those who fail to reach any of these standards will1 after firing ,practices #g to #ad1 repeat those practices of ,part ,i4 in which they failed1 until the standard is attained or a third failure is recorded4 ,they will omit ,practices #ae1 #af1 and #ag4 ,those who fail to reach all the standards after two repetitions of those practices in which they failed will be classified as ,third-,class shots1 and will not fire ,part ,,iii41 but will fire ,part ,,vi4 if ammunition is available4 ,special reports will be submitted in the case of men who are found to be incapable of reaching the second class standard in ,table ,b4 ,section #fa4--;,classification ,practices and ,conditions of ,classification4 #a4 ,the classification practices should be fired during the most favourable time of year for individual firing4 ,as a man's pay is affected by these practices1 every facility should be given for firing to be carried out under favourable conditions4 #b4 ,with the exception of those who are exempted from musketry by the regulations1 every man on the strength of his unit on the last of the four days allotted to classification firing will be classified at or before the end of the year4 #c4 ,trained men1 not exempted by the regulations1 who for any reason do not commence ,table ,b will be classified as ,third-,class shots4 ,those who commence ,table ,b1 ,part ,,iii41 but do not complete it1 will be classified according to the number of points obtained in those practices which they complete4 #d4 ,a note will be made in the ,company and ,battalion annual returns of the number of men 7if any7 who are classified without having completed the range practices of ,table ,b4 #e4 ,cavalry and ,infantry4--7i7 ,cavalry and infantry soldiers1 if qualified in ,part ,i41 will be classified upon their total scores in ,part ,,iii4 as follows3 ,those who obtain #acj points and upwards ,marksmen4 ,those who obtain #aje points and less ,first-,class shots4 than #acj ,those who obtain #ej points in ,practices #ah to #bb inclusive1 or in the ,second-,class shots4 alternative obtain #gj in ,part ,,iii4 ,those who for any reason fail to attain ,third-,class shots4 the ,second-,class standard 7ii7 ,commanding officers will take every opportunity of stimulating all ranks to take an interest in shooting and judging distance by granting indulgences to the most proficient1 and by giving prominence to the best shooting company in any manner considered desirable4 7iii7 ,third-,class shots will not be employed in any capacity which will interfere with their attendance at all parades and instructional duties4 #f4 ,royal ,engineers4--,the sappers and pioneers of the ,royal ,engineers 7,regular ,forces7 will fire the following practices3 7i7 ,table ,a4--,recruits' ,course ,regular ,forces 7,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 ,infantry71 and ,special ,reserve 7,r4,e41 and ,infantry71 ,parts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 and ,,iv4 ,they will not repeat ,part ,i41 nor any practices of ,part ,,ii41 unless they fail to make a total score of #ij points in these practices4 ,those who fail to obtain #ij points will1 after firing ,part ,,iii41 repeat ,practices #e to #ab1 instead of firing ,part ,,iv4 ,surplus ammunition will be used for the further training of indifferent shots1 for testing rifles1 or for occasional shots4 7ii7 ,table ,b4--,annual ,course1 ,regular ,forces 7,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 and ,infantry74 ,parts ,i41 ,,ii4 7,practices #g1 #i1 #ab1 and #ad71 and ,,iii4 ,the qualification standard will be the same as for the cavalry and infantry4 ,those who fail to qualify in ,part ,i4 at the first attempt will proceed with the prescribed practices of ,part ,,ii4 7twenty rounds71 and then repeat those practices of ,part ,i4 in which they failed4 ,those who fail twice in any of the standards in ,part ,i4 may1 provided sufficient ammunition is available out of the authorized annual allowance1 repeat those practices in which they failed once more1 with a view to qualification4 ,those who repeat any practices of ,part ,i4 will1 if they qualify on first or second repetition1 fire the whole of ,part ,,iii41 or1 failing that1 ,practices #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 and #be1 according to the amount of ammunition available4 7iii7 ,any man who qualifies in ,part ,i4 on the first1 second1 or third attempt1 and completes the practices of ,part ,,iii41 will be classified according to the standards of ,part ,,iii41 but not below ,second-,class shot4 ,those who complete ,practices #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 and #be only will be classified as ,second-,class shots1 provided they have qualified in ,part ,i42 those who fail in ,part ,i41 or who1 having qualified in ,part ,i4 for any reason do not complete these five practices1 will be classified as ,third-,class shots4 ,any ammunition unexpended will form a surplus for further instruction4 #g4 ,r4,a4,m4,c4 and ,a4,v4,c4--,recruits of the ,r4,a4,m4,c4 and ,a4,v4,c4 will fire ,practices #a to #d1 ,table ,b 7,royal ,artillery1 etc474 ,the following standard will be required3 ,practice #a4--;,all shots in a #ab-;inch ring4 ,those who fail to attain this standard will repeat ,practice #a until they do so1 or expend the full allowance of ammunition4 ,ammunition not required for the above practices is to be expended on preliminary training on the #cj-yards range1 as considered necessary4 ,section #fb4--,recruits' ,course1 ,regular ,forces1 ,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 and ,infantry4 #a4 ,part ,i4--,part ,i4 should be fired intermittently during the latter part of preliminary training1 and may be repeated as often as is considered necessary4 ,the conditions may be varied1 with the object of removing any particular defects observed in previous shooting4 #b4 ,part ,,ii4--,on the completion of ,part ,,ii41 recruits will repeat once those practices of ,part ,,ii4 in which they failed to reach the ,grouping ,standard1 or1 if they obtain less than #ij points in ,part ,,ii41 they will repeat1 once1 the whole of ,part ,,ii4 before proceeding to ,parts ,,iii4 to ,,vi4 #c4 ,elementary ,field ,practices4--,recruits who have completed their course of instruction in range practices will fire elementary field practices before joining their companies in the trained soldiers' course in order that they may realize the true function of elementary shooting as a means to an end and a preparation for field firing--not as an end in itself4 ,section #fc4--;,execution of ,tables ,a and ,b in the ,same ,year4 #a4 ,soldiers of the cavalry1 ,royal ,engineers1 and infantry of the ,regular ,forces who complete ,table ,a will be exercised in the whole of ,table ,b 7sappers of the ,royal ,engineers the prescribed practices only71 with their own companies1 if possible1 in the same year2 but their scores in ,part ,,iii4 will not be included in the company or battalion averages4 ,in special cases1 which should be exceptional1 commanding officers may direct that backward men shall repeat ,part ,,ii41 ,table ,a1 instead of firing any portion of ,table ,b in the same year4 #b4 ,if ,part ,,ii41 ,table ,b1 has been commenced before they are available1 they will begin firing at any practice which their companies are executing at the time they become qualified1 and will then complete the remainder of the table4 ,if all the companies in the battalion have completed ,part ,,ii41 ,table ,b1 before they are available1 the brigade commander will decide as to whether they shall be exercised as casuals4#bh ,they will be awarded marksmen's badges if they attain the necessary standard in ,table ,b4 ,in any case1 they will receive such further practice in firing as may be considered by their company commanders to be necessary4 ,section #fd4--,trained ,soldiers' ,course4 #a4 ,object of ,range ,practices4--,range practices are fired by trained soldiers in order that they may revise their knowledge of elementary and timed shooting before entering upon more advanced practices4 ,soldiers who have missed the whole or a portion of the range practices and have become available to commence the field practices with their companies may1 if they are known to be good shots1 be allowed by their commanding officers to execute the field practices1 and fire the range practices subsequently4 #b4 ,programme of ,instructional ,practices4--,considerable latitude is allowed as regards the programme of instructional practices4 ,officers commanding companies may vary the number of rounds to be fired by individuals1 or they may alter the order of the practices in ,part ,,ii4 ,officers commanding battalions may1 with the approval of general officers commanding brigades1 vary the instructional practices in any way calculated to further instruction2 but it is not permitted to design practices1 or to vary the details of practices in ,part ,,ii4 with the object of assimilating the conditions to those of the classification practices4 #c4 ,uncompleted ,practices4--,if a man has fired one or more rounds in any range practice1 and is prevented from completing it1 the points made will not count1 and the whole practice will be recommenced when his training is resumed4 ,every soldier not exempted by ,musketry ,regulations or by the ,king's ,regulations will execute the full course of range and field practices yearly4 #d4 ,correction of ,sighting4--,correction of sighting in individual firing is rarely possible in war4 ,it is therefore all-important to estimate the elevation and deflection for the first shot4 ,when a reasonable standard of skill in trigger-pressing has been shown in grouping practices1 and the principle of application is understood1 further practice in deliberate fire should aim at successful application of fire from the first shot1 and less importance should be attached to correction of sighting1 according to the signalling1 of a series of shots4 #e4 ,sighting ,shots4--,for this reason skilled shots should fire two or three shots at each of several ranges for sighting practice rather than long series of shots at one or two distances4 ,only a few rounds in all should be devoted in their case to deliberate shooting2 a high standard of snapshooting should be developed4 ,officers and sergeants may fire sighting-shots at ranges beyond #fjj yards1 but as a rule such training should be reserved for the fire-direction practices4 #f4 ,allowance for ,wind4--,it is convenient to memorize the effect of right-angle winds at some one distance1 as a guide in estimating deflection allowance for winds of similar strength at other distances4 ,five hundred yards is a satisfactory range for this purpose1 and the approximate effect of right-angle winds blowing ten1 twenty1 and thirty miles per hour may be studied with advantage4 ,the use of elaborate wind-tables1 and dependence on flags1 telescopes1 or sighting-shots1 is prohibited4 ,,table ,a4 ,,recruits' ,,course--,,regular ,,forces 7,,cavalry1 ,,royal ,,engineers1 ,,and ,,infantry74 ,n4,b4--,royal ,engineers 7,sappers and ,pioneers7 of the ,regular ,forces will fire those practices only which are detailed in the ,instructions for ,royal ,engineers 7see ,sec4 #fa1 para4 #f74 ,,part ,i4--,,instructional ,,practices 7,,elementary74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,distance ,instructions for ,conduct ,no4 ,practice4 ,target4 in ,yards4 ,rounds4 of ,practice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying1 with arm or rifle 7,bull's-eye7 rested4 #b ,application #bnd ,class ,elementary #bjj #e ,lying1 with arm or rifle 7,bull's-eye7 rested4 #c ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 #d ,application #bnd ,class ,elementary #bjj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 --------- ,total rounds #bj ,,part ,,ii4--,,instructional ,,practices 7,,repetition74 #e ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 ,all shots in 7,bull's-eye7 #ab-;inch ring4 #f ,application #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying1 with arm or rifle rested4 ,five hits1 including four within inner 7#bd-;inch7 ring4 #g ,application #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 ,five hits within ,magpie 7#cf-;inch7 ring4 #h 0 #cjj #e ,lying4 ,five hits4 #i 0 #ast ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,kneeling4 ,four hits at least within inner 7#dj-;inch7 ring4 #aj 0 0 0 #cjj #e ,kneeling with arm or rifle rested4 ,four hits at least within inner 7#dj-;inch7 ring4 #aa 0 0 0 #djj #e ,lying4 ,four hits at least4 #ab 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying1 with arm or rifle rested4 #ac 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying4 #ad 0 0 0 #fjj #e ,lying1 with side of rifle only rested4 --------- ,total rounds #ej ,,part ,,iii4--,,instructional ,,practices 7,,timed74 #ae ,deliberate #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 #af 0 0 0 #bjj #e ,kneeling4 #ag ,rapid 0 0 #bjj #e ,lying4 #dj seconds allowed4 #ah ,deliberate #ast ,class ,figure #djj #e ,lying4 #ai ,rapid 0 0 #djj #e ,lying4 #dj seconds allowed4 #bj ,deliberate 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover behind stones or sandbags representing a parapet and firing over them4 #ba ,snapshooting #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 ,exposure1 #f seconds for each shot4 #bb ,snapshooting 0 0 #bjj #e ,kneeling4 ,taking cover in a trench1 or behind a screen representing a wall1 and firing over the parapet4 ,exposure1 #f seconds for each shot4 --------- ,total rounds #dj ,,part ,,iv4--,,instructional ,,practices4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,distance ,instructions for ,conduct ,no4 ,practice4 ,target4 in ,yards4 ,rounds4 of ,practice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #bc ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 #bd ,application #ast ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,kneeling4 #be ,rapid 0 0 #cjj #e ,lying4 #dj seconds allowed4 #bf ,snapshooting #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in #bj4 ,exposure1 #e seconds for each shot4 #bg ,application #ast ,class ,figure #ejj #e ,lying4 --------- ,total rounds #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,part ,v4--,,individual ,,field ,,practices4 ,twenty rounds will be expended in elementary practices1 #aj rounds in an attack practice from #gjj to #bjj yards1 and #aj rounds in a defence practice against full-length figures representing an advancing enemy4 ,total rounds #bj ,for the ,conditions of ,individual ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges1 see pp4 #ahe-ahh4 ,,part ,,vi4--,,collective ,,field ,,practices4 ,twenty-five rounds will be expended1 if ammunition is available4 ,total rounds #be ,surplus rounds #bj ,total rounds for ,table ,a #bjj ,for the ,conditions of ,collective ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges1 see pp4 #ahh-aib4 ,,table ,b4 ,,annual ,,course--,,regular ,,forces 7,,cavalry1 ,,royal ,,engineers1 ,,and ,,infantry74 ,n4,b4--,the ,royal ,engineers 7,sappers1 ,regular ,forces71 including ,regular ,establishment of the ,r4,e4 ,special ,reserve1 will fire those practices only which are detailed in the ,instructions for ,royal ,engineers 7see ,sec4 #fa1 para4 #f74 ,trained drivers of the ,royal ,engineers will fire3 ,part ,i4--,practices #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 and #f4 ,part ,,ii4--,practices #g and #i4 ,part ,,iii4--,practice #ai4 ,they will be classified on the same standard as laid down for the forty rounds fired in ,table ,b1 p4 #afi4 ,,part ,i4--,,qualifying ,,practices4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,distance ,instructions for ,conduct ,no4 ,practice4 ,target4 in ,yards4 ,rounds4 of ,practice4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying1 with arm or rifle 7,bull's-eye7 rested4 #b ,application 0 0 #bjj #e ,as in #a4 #c 0 #bnd ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,kneeling1 with arm or rifle rested4 #d ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 #e ,application #ast ,class ,figure #djj #e ,lying4 #f 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying1 with side of rifle only rested4 --------- ,total ,rounds #cj ,,part ,,ii4--,,instructional ,,practices 7,,timed74 #g ,snapshooting #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover behind stones or sandbags representing a parapet and firing over them4 ,exposure1 #f seconds for each shot4 #h 0 0 0 #bjj #e ,sitting or kneeling4 ,bayonet fixed4 ,exposure1 #f seconds for each shot4 #i ,rapid #bnd ,class ,figure4 #bjj #e ,lying4 ,bayonets fixed4 #cj seconds allowed4 #aj ,deliberate 0 0 #cjj #e ,lying4 #aa ,rapid 0 0 #cjj #aj ,lying4 ,rife unloaded and magazine empty until the target appears4 ,loading from the pouch or bandolier by #e rounds afterwards4 ,one minute allowed4 #ab ,deliberate #ast ,class ,figure #ejj #e ,lying4 #ac ,rapid 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in #g4 #de seconds allowed4 #ad ,deliberate 0 0 #fjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover behind stones or sandbags and firing round them1 with side of rifle only rested4 #ae ,snapshooting ,figure ,no4 #c #bjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in 7silhouette7 #ad4 ,exposure1 #d seconds for each shot4 #af 0 0 0 #bjj #e ,kneeling4 ,taking cover in a trench or behind a screen representing a wall and firing over the parapet4 ,exposure1 #e seconds for each shot4 #ag ,crossing ,figure ,no4 #f #bjj #e ,lying4 ,one shot at each shot 7silhouette7 run of #cj feet4 ,pace of target--quick time4 --------- ,total rounds #fj ,,part ,,iii4--,,classification ,,practices4 #ah ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 #ai ,snapshooting ,figure ,no4 #c #bjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in 7silhouette7 #g4 ,bayonet fixed4 ,exposure1 #d seconds for each shot4 #bj ,deliberate #bnd ,class ,figure #djj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in #ad4 #ba ,deliberate #bnd ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,kneeling4 ,taking cover as in #af4 #bb ,rapid 0 0 #cjj #ae ,lying4 ,rifle to be loaded and #d rounds in the magazine before the target appears4 ,loading from the pouch or bandolier by #e rounds afterwards4 ,one minute allowed4 #bc ,deliberate #ast ,class ,figure #ejj #e ,lying4 #bd ,rapid 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying4 #cj seconds allowed4 #be ,deliberate 0 0 #fjj #e ,taking cover as in #g4 --------- ,total rounds #ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,note4--,no instruction or assistance of any kind will be given to any man during the firing of ,part ,,iii41 ,table ,b 7,cavalry1 ,r4,e41 and ,infantry74 ,the use of the wind-gauge or of the fine adjustment will not be permitted in any classification practice or standard test classification practice4 ,,part ,,iv4--,,individual ,,field ,,practices4 ,total rounds #ce ,for the conditions of ,individual ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges see pp4 #ahe-ahh4 ,,part ,v4--,,fire ,,direction ,,practices4 ,short series of shots will be fired at distances beyond #fjj yards by officers and non-commissioned officers for practice in observation of fire1 estimating atmospheric influences1 and verifying sighting by trial shots4 ,screens1 or any visible objects such as might serve as range marks on service1 will be used as targets4 ,about #cjj rounds1 drawn from the surplus1 should suffice4 ,special fire-direction exercises should be substituted for these practices if range accommodation does not extend beyond #fjj yards4 ,,part ,,vi4--,,collective ,,field ,,practices4 ,total rounds #ej ,surplus rounds #be ,total rounds for ,table ,b #bej ,for the conditions of ,collective ,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges see pp4 #ahh-aib4 ,,table ,a4 ,,recruits' ,,course--,,royal ,,artillery1 ,,drivers ,,royal ,,engineers 7,,regulars71 ,,army ,,service ,,corps 7,,regulars ,,and ,,special ,,reserve71 ,,and ,,army ,,ordnance ,,corps4 ,,grouping ,,practice ,,for ,,those ,,recruits ,,or ,,trained ,,men ,,who ,,fail ,,in ,,the ,,preliminary ,,test4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,distance ,position and ,grouping ,no4 ,practice4 ,target4 in ,yards4 ,rounds4 ,standard4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying1 with rest4 7,bull's-eye7 #b 0 #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 --------- 0 ,total rounds #aj ,,elementary ,,course ,,for ,,first-,,year ,,men ,,and ,,third-,,class ,,shots4 #a ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 ,all shots in #ab-;inch 7,bull's-eye7 ring4 #b ,application #bnd ,class ,elementary #bjj #e ,lying1 with rest4 ,five 7,bull's-eye7 hits including four within ,inner 7#bd-;inch7 ring4 #c 0 #bnd ,class ,elementary #bjj #e ,lying4 ,five hits1 including 7,bull's-eye7 four within ,inner 7#bd-;inch7 ring4 #d 0 #ast ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover behind stones or sandbars representing a parapet and firing over them4 ,four hits4 #e 0 0 0 #djj #e ,lying4 #f 0 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in #d4 ---------- ,total rounds #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,note4--,the course should be fired in five days as follows3-- ,practices #a and #b1 first day4 ,repetition1 second day4 ,practices #c and #d1 third day4 ,repetition1 fourth day4 ,practices #e and #f1 fifth day4 ,practices #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d will be repeated once each if the grouping standard is not attained1 but not on the same day4 ,should the firer have attained the grouping standard in any of the first four practices without repetition1 he may on conclusion of all the practices be given the option of repeating ,no4 #f with a view to increasing his score for qualification4 ,in all cases of repetition the second score only will count for classification4 ,as a rule five days should be devoted to firing the course1 of which the second and fourth would be reserved for repetition and careful instruction of indifferent shots4 ,surplus rounds will be used as the officer commanding the battery or company may direct on preliminary or further training1 testing rifles1 occasional shots1 or marksmen's firing in ,part ,,iii41 ,table ,b1 for cavalry and infantry4 ,points required for #bnd ,class#fe4 ,grouping standards have no effect on classification2 they govern repetition only4 ,,table ,b4 ,,annual ,,course--,,royal ,,artillery1 ,,army ,,service ,,corps1 ,,and ,,army ,,ordnance ,,corps4 ,,trained ,,soldiers' ,,course ,,for ,,marksmen1 ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,class ,,shots4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,distance ,position ,no4 ,practice4 ,target4 in ,yards4 ,rounds4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #a ,grouping #bnd ,class ,elementary #ajj #e ,lying4 7,bull's-eye7 #b ,application #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover behind stones or sandbags and firing round them with side of rifle only rested4 #c 0 #bnd ,class ,figure #cjj #e ,sitting or kneeling4 #d 0 #ast ,class ,figure #djj #e ,lying4 #e ,rapid 0 0 #djj #e ,lying4 #dj seconds allowed4 #f ,application 0 0 #ejj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover behind stones or sandbags representing a parapet and firing over them4 #g ,snapshooting #bnd ,class ,figure #bjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in #b4 #e seconds' exposure4 #h ,observation ,iron falling #cjj #e ,lying4 ,taking cover as in #f4 ,firing in pairs4 --------- ,total rounds #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,note4--,three points will be allowed for every direct hit in ,practice #h4 ,in ,practices #e and #h there will be no signalling until the firer has completed his practice4 ,in ,practice #h there will be separate targets for each firer1 and the firers in each pair will fire alternately1 assisting each other by observation4 ,classification3-- ,those who obtain #ie points or more #ast ,class shots4 ,those who obtain #fj points and less than #ie #bnd ,class shots4 ,those who obtain less than #fj points #crd ,class shots4 ,section #fe4--;,general ,rules for ,field ,practices4 #a4 ,special ,instructions4--7i7 7a7 ,not more than twenty rounds should be fired in field practices in one day4 7b7 ,the dress for individual field practices will be drill order1 and for collective field practices marching order4 7c7 ,the firing positions will be any that are suited to the ground or conditions of the scheme4 7d7 ,some practice should be given in snapshooting in the standing position during rapid advances at short range4 7ii7 ,practices on ,classification ,ranges4--,if it is absolutely necessary to use classification ranges 7see ,sec4 #ff71 the practices should be performed on a flank1 if the extent of the danger area will permit4 ,in this case1 or if the actual range is used1 the ground should be broken by means of screens1 earth parapets1 brushwood1 or any other suitable contrivance1 with a view to introducing some realism and uncertainty as to distances4 7iii7 ,allotment of ,ammunition4--,the allotments of ammunition to individual and collective field practices respectively may be varied as general officers commanding may decide1 but the total amount allotted to field practices is to be fired in field practices1 even if a classification range only is available4 ,due safety precautions must be taken 7see ,musketry ,regulations1 ,part ,,ii474 7iv7 ,registers and ,records4--,company commanders will keep registers of all collective practices fired4 ,ricochets will not be included in the figures recording results of standard or comparative firing4 ,they will be shown separately from other hits in the registers4 #b4 ,individual ,field ,practices4--7i7 ,the distances should not exceed #fjj yards4 ,training should be progressive in regard to targets1 distances1 and all other respects4 ,it is essential to give firers full information as to the object of the practice1 and to criticize freely the good and bad points of their shooting ,sec4 #ed1 para4 #b 7iv74 7ii7 ,the firers should be formed into small squads1 but there should be no fire control1 nor any orders except such as may be necessary to regulate fire and movement in the interest of safety and to insure that the objects of the training are fully carried out4 7iii7 ,practice will be afforded in acting promptly against targets appearing suddenly and disappearing after a short period of exposure4 ,the value of every shot will be ascertained by markers1 and notified to the firer4 ,the men will as a rule fire alternately1 working in pairs for mutual assistance4 ,when a successful shot is observed1 the correct sighting as found will be immediately notified by the firer to the remainder of the squad4 7iv7 ,any preliminary information as to the ground and results of range-finding at long range which might be available on service should be given in the later practices in order to combine all methods of ranging4 #c4 ,collective ,field ,practices4--7a7 ,collective field practices1 if ground is available1 should be fired almost entirely at longer ranges4 ,when ground is not available for firing at ranges beyond #fjj yards1 practice in collective firing is necessarily conducted at shorter ranges1 but such practice must be supplemented by fire-direction practices without ammunition at longer ranges4 7b7 ,arranging ,targets4--,the practice of requiring units to arrange targets or positions for others to fire at1 or during a skirmish to place head-and-shoulder targets on the ground to represent themselves in position at any temporary halt1 has been found to stimulate interest4 ,casualty ,competitions4--,falling or collapsible targets are of great value in all field practices1 and may be used with advantage in casualty competitions designed to test the relative abilities of two firing lines1 which simultaneously fire at separate sets of targets representing their opponents4 ,each man is represented by a target placed in front of the opposing firing-line1 and becomes a casualty if that target falls4 ,in this way superiority of fire is soon established by one line or the other1 and fire ceases4 ,section #ff4--;,field ,practices on ,classification ,ranges4 #a4 ,general ,rules4--,the following are examples of individual and collective field practices for use on classification ranges1 as used at the ,school of ,musketry1 ,hythe4 ,they are intended as a guide to officers who have to frame practices for their units4 ,these practices and similar ones may be fired on classification ranges on which rapid practices are allowed if the following points are observed3 7i7 ,damage to ,gallery4--,it is most important1 for the safety of the range1 that any damage done to the gallery-bank should be made good each day1 as soon as the practices are completed4 7ii7 ,oblique ,fire4--,in practices involving oblique fire1 such as those in which the crossing figure ,no4 #f is used1 the run of the figure or figures should be confined to a lateral space of #be yards4 ,the firers should occupy a corresponding space at the firing-point4 ,these oblique practices must not be fired at ranges less than #djj yards4 7iii7 ,falling ,plates4--,earthenware tiles should be used1 as steel plates give back-splashes which may endanger the markers4 ,tiles should be placed about #d feet below the top of the stop-butt4 ,if there is no stop-butt1 they may be placed at the foot of the gallery-slope4 #b4 ,targets4--,targets will be supplied by ,r4,e4 7vide ,musketry ,regulations1 ,part ,,ii41 #aiaj1 para4 #ada74 7i7 ,wood4--,veneer figures can be supplied1 or they can be cut out of match-boarding4 ,dimensions will be found in ,musketry ,regulations1 ,part ,,ii41 #aiaj1 ,plate #cg et seq4 ,for use in a gallery1 the figures must be mounted on poles4 7ii7 ,tiles4--,earthenware tiles can be obtained4 ,ordinary roofing tiles are cheaper1 and answer the purpose4 ,a useful and cheap substitute is #c bricks placed on end on a flat piece of wood1 and tied together with a piece of string or wire4 #c4 ,markers4--,the success of a practice depends largely on the markers4 ,they should be rehearsed carefully1 but not in view of the firers4 ,,individual ,,field ,,practices4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to teach the necessity for quick opening of fire with effect from the first shot4 ,rounds3 #e per man4 ,targets3 #b iron falling-plates for each pair of firers4 ,distance3 ,unknown--about #bej yards4 ,method3 #b squads1 each of four firers1 are extended in pairs1 rifles unloaded and at safe1 sights normal1 till the command 8,fire40 ,squads fire against each other4 ,targets represent the firers of the opposing squad4 ,when a target is knocked down1 the man of the opposing team in a corresponding position ceases fire1 unloads1 and takes no further part in the practice2 his ammunition is available for the other man of his pair4 ,points are allotted as follows3 ,for each hit1 #e points2 total1 #aj points4 ,if both targets hit within #dj seconds1 #e points2 total1 #ae points4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to bring out the dependence of movement on fire4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 ,a ,figure #c target for each firer1 to be exposed #c times for #ce seconds at #ce seconds' interval4 ,targets to be twirled and lowered when hit1 and not to reappear till the next exposure4 ,distance3 ,known--#fjj to #djj yards4 ,method3 7#f7 ,firers1 with rifles loaded and extended behind cover on the #fjj yards' firing-point2 they open fire on the targets appearing4 ,on the completion of each of the first two exposures the order 8,advance0 is given1 when the firers double forward #ajj yards4 ,scoring3 #c points for each hit4 #a point for each unfired round handed in1 if target has been hit at each range4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to test men's intelligence and marksmanship4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 #c ,figure #f targets concealed behind a short length of wall 7built of sandbags on the marker's gallery71 or represented by a specially prepared screen1 which is understood to be bullet-proof4 ,one of the targets 7representing a man observing7 looks round one end of the wall for #aj seconds1 and if not fired at moves in quick time along the gallery1 followed by the other two targets at #c paces interval4 ,on the first shot being fired1 all targets move at the double towards the nearest cover 7either the wall or the end of the gallery74 ,any targets which are still under cover when fire is opened do not appear4 ,targets to be twirled and lowered when hit4 ,distance3 ,known--#djj yards4 ,method3 #b men with rifles loaded are concealed behind cover on the #djj yards' firing-point1 and are told the following3 8,you are a patrol2 before reaching this point you saw an enemy's patrol of #c men move behind the wall on the marker's gallery2 you have crept up here unseen by them4 8,none of your troops are within a mile of you1 and it is unlikely that the enemy's patrol is closely supported4 8,your object is to try to shoot all the enemy's patrol4 ,the marker's gallery represents flat ground1 with cover at each end of it40 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,a test of rapidity of fire1 combined with accuracy after movement4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 ,a ,figure #c target and #e iron falling-plates for each firer4 ,the ,figure #c target to be exposed twice for #c seconds at an interval of #cj seconds4 ,distance3 #bjj to #cjj yards4 ,method3 7#f7 ,firers are formed up about #ej yards in rear of the selected fire position 7rifles unloaded and at safe74 ,on the command1 8,advance10 they rush to the fire position1 load1 and adjust sights4 #be seconds after the order 8,advance10 the ,figure #c target is exposed1 when fire will be opened4 ,the falling-plates will then be engaged till the second exposure of the ,figure #c target1 after which fire will cease4 ,scoring3 #b points for each hit on the ,figure #c4 #a point for each plate knocked down4 7,if desired1 this practice can be carried out without movement47 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,to teach the necessity for quickness in obtaining effect4 ,rounds3 #e per man4 ,targets3 #a ,figure #f target1 #a ,figure #c target1 and #b ,figure #d targets for each firer1 to appear as follows within a given sector at about #e seconds' interval3 ,figure #f moving to a flank for #e seconds4 ,figure #c appears for #d seconds4 ,figure #d appears for #c seconds4 #b ,figures #d appear for #aj seconds4 ,targets when hit will not be replaced4 ,distance3 ,known--#cjj yards4 ,method3 7#f7 ,firers with rifles loaded are extended behind cover1 and told to watch their front4 ,they open fire on the appearance of the targets4 ,scoring3 ,figure #f target--#c points4 0 #c 0 #b 0 0 #d 0 #a point4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,a test of rapidity and accuracy of fire4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 ,a ,figure #d target for each firer1 exposed for #de seconds1 divided into #c unequal exposures1 at intervals of #e seconds4 ,targets to appear in a different place at each exposure 7within certain limits74 ,distance3 ,known--#bjj yards4 ,method3 7#f7 ,firers lying in the open 7rifle unloaded and at safe7 are told to watch their front4 ,on the appearance of the targets1 they load and open fire4 ,,collective ,,field ,,practices4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to practise section commanders in applying collective fire from observation4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 #h iron falling-plates #a yard apart1 in two groups of four1 on the stop-butt4 ,distance3 ,unknown--about #hej yards4 ,method3 ,a section 7#ab firers7 is formed up in rear of the #hjj yards' firing-point4 ,rifles to be unloaded and at safe till warning1 8,commence10 #c minutes after which fire will cease4 ,,notes4--,method of ranging and correction4 ,point of aim given4 ,fire orders4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to exercise section commanders in giving fire orders and in controlling fire4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 7a7 #c ,figure #c targets1 #a yard apart4 7b7 #a ,figure #f target4 7a7 and 7b7 are exposed twice separately and once together in any order for #cj seconds at irregular intervals4 ,targets hit will be twirled and lowered1 and will not reappear till the next exposure4 ,distance3 ,known--#ejj yards4 ,method3 ,a section 7#ab firers7 is extended on the firing-point2 on the appearance of the targets1 the commander gives his fire orders4 ,notes4--,rapidity in dealing with the situation4 ,fire orders4 ,volume employed4 ,point of aim4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to bring out the necessity for 7a7 opening fire in full volume to produce surprise1 7b7 making fire effective from the first opening4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 #h ,figure #a targets1 representing men in close formation4 ,on the first shot being fired1 these are replaced by #h ,figure #f targets extending outwards2 when these are well extended1 they are replaced by #h ,figure #d targets1 which remain exposed for #a minute4 ,any figure hit will be lowered1 and not replaced by another4 ,distance3 ,known--#ejj yards4 ,method3 ,a section 7#ab firers7 is ordered to ambush and shoot all of a small body of the enemy in order to obtain some written information which is believed to be in their possession4 ,the enemy is expected to cross a piece of flat ground represented by the marker's gallery4 ,,notes4--,use of cover for concealment4 ,preliminary arrangements4 ,simultaneous and quick opening of fire in full volume at the close formation4 ,change of rate to slow fire at the extended line4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,superiority of fire4 ,a test of rapidity and accuracy of fire4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 #aj ,figure #c targets1 reinforced by #c more after #ae seconds1 and then every #aj seconds up to #ee seconds4 ,targets hit are lowered4 ,if at any time all targets have been hit1 no more will be put up2 benefit of doubt to be given to the firers4 ,should the number of targets at any time exceed #aj1 the firers have lost superiority of fire1 and fire ceases4 ,distance3 #djj yards4 ,method3 ,a section 7#aj firers71 with rifles unloaded and at safe1 lie down on the firing-point4 ,sights may be adjusted4 ,on the appearance of the targets1 the commander gives orders to load1 and fire orders4 ,fire will cease 7a7 should the number of targets exceed #aj1 7b7 if all targets are down1 7c7 one minute after the first appearance of the targets4 ,the time in which all targets are hit1 or the number of targets left standing at the end of a minute1 should be noted4 ,,note4--,this practice may be fired as a competition4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,a practice which brings out rapidity of loading1 sight-setting1 movement1 and fire1 combined with accuracy4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 #aj iron falling-plates extended to #c paces4 ,distance3 #fjj yards to position4 ,method3 ,a section 7#aj firers7 lie down on the firing-point1 rifles unloaded and at safe1 sights normal1 till the warning1 8,commence10 when the commander gives his orders4 ,one round at least must be fired by each man before an advance of #ajj yards is allowed4 ,the whole section must advance together4 ,,note4--,should this practice be fired as a competition1 the section which knocks down all its plates in the shortest time1 or that which knocks down most plates1 wins4 ,it will generally be found that the section which reaches #cjj yards quickest will win4 ,teams to be disqualified if anyone advances till all safety-catches are on4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,to bring out the great advantage of ranging by observation1 before the target appears1 when circumstances permit4 ,rounds3 #ae per man4 ,targets3 #bj ,figure #f targets4 ,a length of wooden hurdles on the marker's gallery represents a bridge4 ,distance3 #hjj yards4 ,method3 ,a section 7#aj firers74 ,the commander is given the following information3 8,you are placed here to cover that bridge1 which is the only way the enemy can cross4 8,they are now #ejj or #fjj yards from it1 and mean to get across4 8,you are being supported1 and your first duty is to be prepared to bring a heavy fire on the bridge4 8,there is no need for concealment40 ,,note4--,the enemy appears near the bridge #c minutes after these instructions are given4 ,method of ranging4 ,anticipatory orders4 ,no4 #g4 ,object3 ,a practice to exemplify fire and movement during an advance4 ,rounds3 #ae per man4 ,targets3 ,a screen #aj by #c feet at #hjj and #gjj yards4 ,both will be put up together2 one will be lowered when hit by #aj shots at #hjj yards1 the other will similarly be lowered when hit #aj times at #gjj yards4 #e ,figure #c targets extended to #c paces will be exposed #e seconds after the disappearance of the second screen4 ,targets to be exposed till hit2 they will be lowered when hit4 #e seconds after the last target is hit they will be again exposed till they have been exposed #e times4 ,distance3 ,known--#hjj to #bjj yards4 ,method3 #b sections 7#bj firers7 under the platoon sergeant1 lie down on the #hjj yards' firing-point1 rifles unloaded and at safe1 sights normal4 ,on the warning1 8,commence10 the commander gives his orders1 #aj minutes after which fire will cease4 ,a screen must be lowered before any advance may be made at #hjj and #gjj yards4 ,all five targets must be lowered before an advance may be made at the other ranges4 ,advances will each be #ajj yards4 ,no advance will be made beyond #bjj yards4 ,,note4--,if fired as a competition1 the #b sections who get most targets down win2 if more than one team get all their targets down1 that with the most ammunition in hand wins4 ,no4 #h4 ,object3 ,a practice to show the dependence of movement on fire4 ,rounds3 #aj per man4 ,targets3 #ab ,figure #c targets1 extended to #c paces2 each to be lowered when hit4 #e seconds after the last one has been lowered1 the targets will be again exposed till hit4 ,distance3 ,known--#fjj1 #ejj1 #djj yards4 ,method3 ,a section 7#aj firers7 is extended to #c paces on the #fjj yards' firing-point1 rifles unloaded and at safe1 sights normal4 ,on the warning1 8,commence10 the commander gives his orders4 ,no advance will be made from #fjj yards till four targets have been lowered4 ,no advance will be made from #fjj yards till the remaining eight targets have been lowered4 ,,note4--,if fired as a competition1 the section which hits all its targets at #djj yards in the shortest time wins1 or the section which hits most targets4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,night ,,firing1 ,,hand ,,grenades1 ,,and ,,competitions ,section #fg4--,night ,firing4#bi #a4 ,methods of ,night ,firing4--,a body of troops in a position commanding open ground or an approach which may be used by the enemy may arrange to sweep it with fire by laying rifles in rests constructed by daylight1 by preparing illuminated aiming-marks giving a horizontal line of sight1 or by firing at the flashes of the enemy's rifles1 or other marks by automatic alignment of the rifle4 ,these various methods are explained in the following paragraphs4 ,firing at night should only be employed within close range4 #b4 ,automatic ,alarms and ,flare ,lights4--7i7 ,automatic alarms and flare lights to illuminate the foreground are useful against night attacks4 ,they should be used in combination with obstacles1 if any have been constructed1 and either protected or concealed1 so as to prevent the enemy removing them4 ,no mechanical signal must be relied upon as a substitute for the efficient use of the eyesight and hearing4 #c4 ,fixed ,rifle-,rests and ,aiming-,marks4--,on a dark night it is difficult to insure the men's rifles being aimed in the required direction4 ,any device to assist them in this matter is useful4 ,fixed rifle-rests may be made1 or1 failing these1 some such device as a wooden bar can be arranged across loopholes1 to prevent a man raising his rifle-barrel too high4 ,posts painted white on the defenders' side make a good aiming-mark1 if the night is not too dark4 #d4 ,automatic ,alignment of the ,rifle4--7i7 ,the automatic alignment of the rifle is as a general rule the most effective method of firing at night4 ,men should therefore be practised in aligning their rifles automatically for night firing at ranges of about #cjj yards and under4 7ii7 ,method of ,instruction4--,aiming-marks should be selected just above the ground-line1 and within #ajj yards of the squad4 ,the men should then be ordered to bring their rifles into the firing position with both eyes shut4 ,the right eye should then be opened1 and the approximate alignment of the rifle verified4 ,after some practice each man will be able to ascertain his individual tendency1 which he should correct with practice until able to align the rifle with his eyes shut with approximate accuracy4 7iii7 ,this exercise should be carried out in the daytime until proficiency is attained1 when men should be practised in firing a few rounds after dark at large screens at a range not exceeding #cjj yards4 ,the position of the screen may be indicated by some rough expedient to represent the flash of a rifle4 ,much material effect is not to be anticipated from night firing except against an enemy in movement1 but the moral effect should be considerable4 #e4 ,instruction on ,miniature ,ranges4--,directions for night firing on miniature ranges are contained in ,sec4 #gd1 para4 #g4 ,section #fh4--;,hand ,grenade 7,mark ,i74 #a4 ,general ,description 7see ,fig4 #eb74--,the grenade consists of the following principal parts3 ,cap ,a1 body ,b1 detonator ,c1 cane handle ,d1 wood block ,e1 tail ,f1 charge ,g1 and cast-iron ring ,r4 #b4 ,the body ,b of the grenade carries the lyddite charge ,g4 ,the wood block ,e is put into the recess in the cup ,h1 and the cup1 wood block1 and body are then firmly secured together by means of the three brass screws ,j4 ,attached to the wood block ,e is the cane handle ,d1 to the end of which is securely bound the tail ,f1 the cane handle ,d being for the purpose of throwing the grenade1 and the tail ,f to steady it in flight and to assist to make it travel and fall point foremost4 #c4 ,the upper part of the body has a groove ,m formed in it for the purpose of securing the cap ,a in position4 ,the groove ,m is provided with four leads into it1 two ,n4,n41 to allow of the insertion and removal of the cap1 and two ,o4,o41 to allow the cap to move forward upon the grenade striking the ground or other obstacle4 ,two projections1 e4e41 are made in the groove ,m for the indent ,x in the cap ,a to jump when the cap enters or leaves the travel position4 ,one projection is to be made long enough to carry the indent into the ,fire position4 ,the object of these two projections is to give a definite indication of when the cap is in the ,travel and ,fire positions4 ,two indicating knobs ,p4,p4 are secured to the body1 and two stop pins ,q4,q4 are fixed below the indicating knobs ,p4,p41 preventing the cap ,a being pushed down too far 7except when turned into the ,fire position--see later7 if by any accident the safety-pin had been removed or displaced4 ,fixed to the top of the body are two holding studs ,r4,r4 to secure the detonator ,c when in position4 ,the body has also painted on it in red two arrows ,l4,l4 for the purpose of indicating positions of cap ,a as to the removing1 travel1 or firing positions4 #d4 ,the detonator ,c is formed with a flange ,s on which are two lugs ,t4,t4 for the purpose of turning the detonator when in position1 so as to secure it under the heads of the holding studs ,r4,r4 ,on the face of the flange ,s is fixed a brass plate spring ,u1 for locking the detonator into position4 ,the two grooves ,v4,v4 in the flange ,s of the detonator ,c are to allow the flange ,s to pass the holding studs ,r4,r4 during insertion or removal of the detonator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,,hand ,,grenade 7,,mark ,i74 ,scale #e4 ,the cap ,a carries a steel needle ,w for firing the detonator4 ,two small indents ,x4,x4 are formed on the cap to engage with the groove ,m on the body ,b4 ,the raised lips ,i4,i1 are to allow the cap ,a to clear the indicating knobs ,p4,p4 when the cap is being placed or removed from the body of the grenade4 #f4 ,two raised lips ,k4,k4 are to allow the cap ,a to move forward when the cap is turned into its firing position1 the lips ,k4,k4 being raised sufficiently to clear the stop pins ,q4,q41 this only being possible when the cap is in the firing position4 ,the raised portions ,y4,y4 are for the indicating knobs to engage with when the cap is turned to the travel position1 and thus give a further indication when the cap ,a is in this position4 ,the cap is also fitted with a safety-pin ,z1 which passes through the needle and the cap1 and prevents the cap moving forward while the pin is in position4 ,the pin ,z is secured by a whipcord becket passed over the cap ,a1 and is also further secured by a thin leather strip d passing through a slot at one end1 it being necessary to remove both these safeguards before the pin ,z can be withdrawn4 ,the safety-pin ,z is also passed through the cap ,a in such a position that if by any mischance the detonator ,c was not properly secured after being placed in position1 the act of placing the cap ,a on and turning it to the left into the firing position causes the pin ,z to engage with the two lugs ,t4,t4 on the flange ,s of the detonator1 and automatically locks the detonator under the heads of the holding studs ,r4,r4 #g4 ,the hook t fixed to the body of the grenade is for attaching the latter to the soldier's belt4 ,the grenade with the stick downward is hung on to the belt by the hook4 #h4 ,to ,prepare the ,grenade for ,use4--7i7 ,turn the cap ,a on to the body ,b to the right until the indicating knobs ,p4,p4 are in the raised lips ,i4,i4 formed in the cap ,a4 ,this can be seen by means of the arrows ,l4,l4 painted on the body ,b being opposite the words 8remove0 on the cap ,a4 ,then pull off the cap4 7ii7 ,place the detonator ,c in the recess for it4 ,see that the two grooves ,v4,v4 in the flange ,s coincide with the two studs ,r4,r41 then press down the detonator into position4 ,when the flange ,s is home1 turn the detonator ,c to the left1 passing the flange under the heads of the studs ,r4,r41 and continue turning until the brass plate spring ,u is released1 thus locking the detonator4 7iii7 ,replace the cap ,a with the raised lips ,i4,i4 over the indicating knobs ,p4,p41 and push down into position4 ,after the cap ,a has been put on1 it must be turned one-eighth of a turn to the left1 thus bringing the indicating knobs ,p4,p4 into the raised positions ,y4,y4 of the cap ,a4 ,this is done by pointing the indicating arrows ,l4,l4 to 8travel0 on the cap4 7iv7 ,the grenade is intended to be carried with the raised portions ,y4,y4 always over the indicating arrows ,l4,l4--i4e41 in the travel position1 whether the detonator ,c is in position or not4 7v7 ,to ,throw the ,grenade4--,the tail is unwound1 and allowed to hang loose at full length4 7vi7 ,the cap is turned from the 8travel0 to the 8fire0 position4 7vii7 ,the safety-pin is withdrawn4 7viii7 ,the grenade is thrown by means of the cane ,d4 ,the latter is grasped between the end furthest from the grenade itself and the attached point of the tail--i4e41 on the grooved portion4 ,the grenade is thrown in the required direction either under or over hand1 care being taken that the tail cannot entangle itself with the thrower or with any object near him4 7ix7 ,when throwing1 the following points should be remembered3 7a7 ,the grenade should be thrown well upwards at not less than an angle of about #ce degrees4 ,this1 besides assisting in increasing the range to which the grenade can be thrown1 renders its action more absolutely certain by causing it to strike the ground nearly vertically4 ,this is especially important when throwing with a following wind4 7b7 ,any obstacle lying between the thrower and the objective must be cleared1 as the grenade will almost certainly act on anything it strikes during any part of its flight4 7x7 ,caution4--7i7 ,should the hand grenade not be used1 the cap is to be turned back to 8travel0 from 8fire10 the safety-pin 7which must be retained7 is to be replaced in position1 care being taken that the pin passes through the cap1 and is secured by passing the whipcord becket over the cap1 and by replacing the leather strip d through the slot in the end of the safety-pin ,z1 and the tail rolled up and secured4 7ii7 ,immediately the grenade has left the hand1 the thrower should lie down or get behind cover to reduce the chances of being hit by a splinter1 as1 of course1 the explosion sends these in all directions4 ,dummy grenades are supplied for practice in throwing4 #i4 ,use of ,grenades4--,in addition to the hand grenade1 grenades may be improvised by filling tins with explosive for throwing by hand4 ,grenades are also constructed so that they can be fired from rifles4 ,grenades can be used with effect against sap-heads in siege warfare and in trench fighting at close range4 ,section #fi4--;,competitions4 #a4 ,object of ,competitions4--,the principles governing competitions are laid down in para4 #ajb1 ,musketry ,regulations4 ,the object of competitions is to encourage proficiency in service shooting under practical conditions4 ,this object must not be confined to a few champion shots1 but must include every man in each fire-unit4 ,a good average standard of marksmanship1 especially in shooting at service targets at unknown ranges1 is the ideal to be aimed at4 ,team competitions in which fire-unit commanders are exercised in their duties1 and in which they work together with their units1 are the most practical and valuable form of competition4 ,the various instructional practices1 together with individual and collective field practices in ,chapters ,,viii and ,x of this book1 are suitable for competitions4 #b4 ,general ,rules4--7i7 ,the conditions of each competition must be suited to the rank and skill of competitors1 and practise them in the duties they will perform in the firing-line4 7ii7 ,programmes4--,programmes should as far as possible embrace all elements of musketry training4 ,rules for the conduct of competitions should be the same as those for the conduct of range and field practices4 7iii7 ,individual ,firing4--,individual firing competitions beyond #fjj yards have little military value4 7iv7 ,targets4--,bull's-eye targets should as a rule be used in elementary competitions only for young soldiers in the first year of service4 ,service targets should be used of neutral colours1 and of visibility approximating to that of the targets seen on service4 7v7 ,scope of ,competitions4--,specializing in any one kind of shooting should be discouraged4 ,competitions for trained soldiers should include not less than three different forms of shooting1 such as snapshooting1 rapid firing1 observation1 appreciation of fire limits1 etc41 with as much variation of targets and conditions as can be conveniently arranged1 according to the facilities available4 7vi7 ,rate of ,firing4--,conditions for soldiers with more than one year of service should never permit of a slower rate than three rounds a minute for a series of shots1 exclusive of time taken for signalling4 ,in deliberate shooting1 the best military shot is probably the man who1 in skirmishing1 first applies an effective shot to a target at unknown range4 ,in rapid firing1 the sighting to be used would very often be communicated to the soldier on service1 and a high rate of fire1 combined with reasonable accuracy1 would be expected from him4 7vii7 ,coaching4--,coaching should never be allowed1 but individual soldiers in observation and skirmishing competitions may be allowed to work in pairs1 giving mutual assistance4 7viii7 ,rifles and ,aids to ,shooting4--,it is essential that in competitions open to the rank and file1 competitors should be allowed to fire only with a rifle in charge of their unit1 and no departure from the regulations governing the painting of sights1 use of slings1 provision of wind flags1 targets1 rifle accessories1 etc41 is to be permitted in service-rifle competitions4 ,,chapter ,x ,,instruction ,,on ,,miniature ,,ranges1 ,,including ,,range ,,and ,,field ,,practices ,section #gj4--;,general ,remarks4 #a4 ,instruction on ,miniature ,ranges4--7i7 ,instruction on miniature ranges is in no sense a final training1 but it is a useful and economical preparation for service shooting--especially useful where range accommodation is distant or altogether lacking4 ,it should be commenced during the recruit's training1 when frequent visits should be made to the miniature range1 and the lessons of aiming1 pressing the trigger1 declaring the point of aim on discharge1 etc41 should be illustrated practically by firing at elementary targets4 7ii7 ,object of ,instruction4--,instruction should be carried out on the same principles as on open ranges4 ,it should be progressive1 and may with advantage precede instruction on open ranges4 ,instruction and firing may be carried out throughout the year2 but if this work on miniature ranges is done during the winter months it will prove a useful preparation for subsequent practice on open ranges and for field training in the spring and summer months 7see ,drill and ,field ,training of this series1 ,sec4 #bi1 para4 #a74 #b4 ,scope of ,training4--,the instruction1 which may be carried out with the ,solano ,target and ,landscape targets is more or less identical in scope with that which can be carried out on open ranges4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that the effects of varying light1 wind1 and other atmospheric influences are absent on miniature ranges1 that instruction in judging distance is not possible see ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #b 7iii71 that firing with sights adjusted for different ranges can only be carried out to a limited extent1 and that the general conditions under which training takes place are artificial and easier as compared with training on open ranges4 #c4 ,rifles4--,the rifles used should be service pattern1 #bb-;inch ,r4,f41 or aiming or ,morris tubes used in service rifles with regulation sights4 ,service rifles must be used1 so that the firer may become accustomed to the weight1 length1 bolt action1 and sighting of the weapon he will use in war4 ,unless this principle is adhered to1 practice on miniature ranges cannot be regarded as satisfactory preparation for service shooting4 ,rifles must be 8harmonized0 both for firing at targets direct or with elevation in landscape practices according to the directions laid down in ,appendix1 ,v4 ,rifles must also be cleaned after every ten to fifteen rounds1 otherwise they become inaccurate4 #d4 ,windgauge4--,the windgauge may be used to represent wind1 and the firers taught to aim off so as to correct the deflection given1 acting sometimes on their own judgment1 sometimes according to orders for fire direction4 #e4 ,cover4--,cover of various kinds can be improvised at the firing-point with sandbags1 screens1 or other available material4 #f4 ,empty ,cases4--,empty cartridge-cases and lead should be collected1 and may be sold at market rates4 #g4 ,precautions4--7i7 ,as the #bb cartridge used on miniature ranges has considerable power1 every precaution must be taken to insure safety4 ,rifles must be laid down at the firing-point unloaded and with the breech-action open1 and firers must stand clear whenever it is necessary for anyone to be in front of the firing-point4 7ii7 ,a non-commissioned officer will be placed in charge of each range1 and will attend whenever any practice takes place4 ,firing will take place only during the hours fixed by the commanding officer4 7iii7 ,no person1 except the officer or non-commissioned officer in charge1 or the marker1 is to pass from the firing-point up to the target during practice4 ,should it be necessary to stop firing1 the same precautions are to be taken as at rifle practice4 7iv7 ,every possible precaution must be taken to avoid accidents1 the strictest order and discipline being maintained at the firing-point4 ,when practice takes place on a classification range1 the same orders for safety1 etc41 are to be observed as when service ammunition is used4 7v7 ,in practices combining firing and movement1 the non-commissioned officer in charge of the range will examine the rifles to see that they are not loaded before movement is commenced4 ,section #ga4--,targets4 #a4 ,standard ,equipment4--7i7 ,the various targets of the standard equipment to be used for miniature range instruction are described in ,appendix1 ,,vii1 the information in which must be carefully noted4 ,it is important to avoid confusing the ,solano ,target when used with scenery1 etc41 as shown in ,figs4 #ee and #ef1 with various ,landscape targets when fixed to the ,solano ,target for instruction as in ,fig4 #eg4 ,the points of difference between the ,solano and ,landscape targets mentioned in the following paragraphs must also be noted4 7ii7 ,the scenery1 scenic accessories1 and ,solano figures of the ,solano ,target are all correctly drawn to scale for #be yards1 and at that distance give correct impressions of what they represent4 ,landscape targets are not all drawn to scale for #be yards1 but they must always be used at this distance when possible4 7iii7 ,on the ,solano ,target the various features of the scenery1 including background and details1 as well as the position of troops1 can be altered quickly to any extent4 ,the features of landscape targets cannot be altered1 therefore they should be changed frequently1 as they lose their value when their features become well known4 7iv7 ,in firing at the ,solano ,target when fitted with scenery1 the bullets strike the objective aimed at4 ,in firing at landscape targets rifles must be given elevation so that bullets strike a screen above the landscape1 not the objective aimed at 7,fig4 #eh74 7v7 ,the ,solano ,target1 with or without scenic effects and figures1 can be used for the whole scope of the instruction in this chapter1 and for all range and field practices4 ,the scope of instruction which can be carried out on landscape targets is strictly limited1 and does not include important branches of elementary training nor range and individual field practices4 ,firing at landscape targets has the advantage of practising men in the adjustment of sights4 ,on the other hand1 landscape target practice lacks elements of realism and surprise1 as it does not include arrangements for representing the movement of troops at different distances1 and does not afford practice in watching the front for the appearance of targets representing troops1 discerning and opening fire quickly at such targets1 and in marking down1 snapshooting1 and rapid firing at moving and disappearing targets1 especially within close range1 which has proved of such vital importance in modern battles 7see ,preface1 paras4 #d and #e74 #b4 ,elementary ,targets4--7i7 ,the elementary bull's-eye and other targets for use in miniature range instructional practices should be similar to those used on the classification range1 but are supplied reduced to the correct scale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,,solano ,,target1 ,,mark ,i1 ,,arranged ,,for ,,elementary ,,practices4 7,see ,appendix1 ,sec4 ,,vii41 para4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,,solano ,,target--,,cleat ,,fitting ,,with ,,cords ,,which ,,operate ,,mechanism ,,attached4 7,see ,appendix1 ,sec4 ,,vii41 para4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,,solano ,,target1 ,,mark ,i1 ,,arranged ,,for ,,general ,,instruction ,,or ,,for ,,firing ,,field ,,practices1 ,,with ,,scenery ,,and ,,scenic ,,accessories 7,,type ,a71 ,,and ,,with ,,solano ,,figures ,,representing ,,troops ,,at ,,different ,,ranges4 7,see ,appendix1 ,sec4 ,,vii41 paras4 #c to #e inclusive47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,,solano ,,target1 ,,mark ,i1 ,,arranged ,,for ,,general ,,instruction ,,or ,,for ,,firing ,,field ,,practices1 ,,with ,,scenery ,,and ,,scenic ,,accessories 7,,type ,c71 ,,and ,,with ,,solano ,,figures ,,representing ,,troops ,,at ,,different ,,ranges4 #c4 ,regulation ,figure ,targets include those in the list in ,appendix1 ,,vii1 para4 #e4 ,targets representing troops advancing in close formations1 such as those shown in the ,preface1 p4 ix1 may be improvised by cutting strips of card to the required length4 ,the height of the card for various distances1 scaled for #be yards1 is as follows3 #djj yards1 #d inches2 #fjj yards1 #c inches2 #hjj yards1 #b inches2 #a1jjj yards1 #a inch4 ,to these measurements inch should be added in every case for the base held by the clips of the target4 ,brown or grey card should be used4 7iii7 ,it must be noted that if figures are made with card which is not sufficiently thick1 the impact of the bullet will not cause them to fall when fixed in the falling clips of ,tier ,b of the ,target 7,appendix1 ,,vii1 para4 #b74 #d4 ,solano ,elementary and ,instructional ,targets4--,these targets have been officially approved by the ,army ,council for miniature range practices 7see ,appendix1 ,,viii74 #e4 ,nomenclature of ,targets4--,in the subsequent ,sections of this chapter the ,solano ,target will be referred to as ,the ,target1 ,figure ,targets as ,figures1 and ,landscape ,targets as ,landscapes4 ,section #gb4--,preliminary ,training #a4 ,instruction to ,precede ,firing4--7i7 ,as already stated1 range and field practices carried out before men have been thoroughly instructed in preliminary training will merely result in waste of ammunition4 ,therefore1 before firing on miniature ranges commences men should be thoroughly trained in the following duties3 7a7 ,quick and accurate adjustment of sights2 7b7 laying an absolutely correct aim from aiming-rest at easy aiming-mark2 7c7 correct trigger pressing2 7d7 assuming correct loading and firing positions1 including adjustment of sights1 aiming1 and release of trigger without disturbing aim4 7ii7 ,particular subjects of instruction which relate to different firing practices should precede them as follows3#cj 7a7 ,before firing from cover3 ,adapting the firing position to different kinds of cover4 7b7 ,before application practices3 ,aiming-off2 the extent being reckoned by the breadth of the aiming-mark as ordered1 and aim being laid from aiming-rest4 7c7 ,before firing at moving targets3 ,aiming-off for movement at crossing figures on the ,solano ,target2 aim being tested with aim-corrector4 7d7 ,before snapshooting practices3 ,combining rapidity with accuracy of aim2 aim being tested with aiming-disc4 7e7 ,before firing at the ,target with scenery and figures or at landscapes3 ,marking down an enemy1 and aiming at ground and service targets2 aim being laid from aiming-rest at points or targets indicated4 #b4 ,instruction in ,aiming4--7i7 ,this training can be carried out on the ,target without scenery 7,fig4 #ec71 as described in ,chapter ,,iii4 ,elementary training should be carried out as described in ,sec4 #gj1 para4 #a4 ,aiming at service targets and ground can be taught on the ,target with scenery and figures and on landscapes as described in ,sec4 #ai1 para4 #b 7ii74 ,marking down an enemy can be taught on the ,target with scenery and figures as described in ,sec4 #ai1 para4 #c 7ii71 a number of figures representing men at different distances being exposed from behind cover or in the open to represent the movements of the fatigue-men4 7ii7 ,aiming-off for wind can be taught on the ,target with scenery and figures as described in ,sec4 #bj1 para4 #d1 figures representing men at different distances instead of fatigue-men4 ,aiming up and down may also be taught as above according to the instruction laid down in ,sec4 #ba1 para4 #c1 figures representing men at various distances being exposed on ,tiers ,a and ,b to represent an advance or retirement in the place of fatigue-men4 ,aiming-off for movement can be taught with the crossing figures on the ,target as described in ,sec4 #bb1 para4 #a4 7iii7 ,rapid adjustment of sights can be taught on the ,target with scenery and figures by exposing a number of figures representing men at different distances4 ,the distance of each figure will not be given4 ,men will adjust their sights for the distance at which they estimate it to be4 ,the correct range of the figure will then be given1 and the men will declare their estimate4 ,as the figures are correctly scaled to size for #be yards range1 this practice will help to accustom the eye to the appearance of men at different distances1 and so help to some extent to train them in judging distance1 though it cannot be considered wholly satisfactory for this purpose for the reasons given in ,sec4 #gj1 para4 #b4 #c4 ,instruction in ,firing--7i7 ,elementary ,training4--,this training can be carried out on the ,target without scenery1 according to the directions laid down in ,sec4 #bd and the rest of ,chapter ,,iv4 7ii7 ,vulnerability of ,different ,firing ,positions 7,sec4 #bf1 para4 #a74--,this can be illustrated on the ,target with the aid of figures representing men in the standing1 kneeling1 and lying positions at various distances4 ,figures in the standing and lying positions respectively are shown at various ranges in ,figs4 #ee and #ef1 arranged on ,tier ,b of the ,target4 7iii7 ,need for ,avoiding ,unnecessary ,movements in ,loading and ,firing 7,sec4 #cj1 para4 #a74--,this important rule can be illustrated on the ,target with scenery and a number of figures representing men in various firing positions at different distances1 disposed either singly or in groups in the open or partly behind cover such as bushes1 rocks1 walls1 etc4 ,the figures should be placed in front of background which harmonizes with their colour1 so that they are invisible to the naked eye when motionless4 ,the mechanism should then be operated so as to move the figures slightly to demonstrate to the class 7a7 that a figure which is invisible to the naked eye while motionless catches the eye through movement1 and 7b7 that while quick movements may escape the eye1 and even if seen may make marking down difficult1 movements prolonged even for a short time catch the eye and facilitate marking down4 ,this object-lesson will emphasize the rule that movements in the open should be confined to those which are absolutely necessary1 and that these should be made smartly4 7iv7 ,firing from ,cover4--,this instruction can be practised on miniature ranges1 according to the rules laid down in ,sec4 #ca1 para4 #d1 with cover improvised by the use of sandbags1 etc4 ,care must be taken to see that the firing positions are correctly adapted to different forms of cover4 ,the need for keeping the eye fixed on the target when firing from cover can be illustrated on the ,target by the use of scenery and disappearing and crossing figures representing men at different distances4 ,the correct and incorrect method of using various kinds of cover can also be illustrated on the ,target1 together with faults such as firing over instead of round the side of cover when this is possible1 undue exposure1 and unnecessary movement4 ,the ,target can also be used with scenery and figures for lectures on the choice of cover and the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of cover according to the instruction laid down in ,sec4 #ca1 para4 #c 7ii7 to 7iv7 inclusive1 and para4 #e4 #d4 ,visual ,training--7i7 ,discernment of ,targets4--,training can be carried out on the ,target as described in ,sec4 #cd with different types of scenery and figures representing both men and bodies of troops in different formations at various ranges4 ,the methods of instruction described in paras4 #c to #h of this section1 inclusive1 can be carried out on the same principle as in training on the ground4 7ii7 ,effect of ,background on ,visibility4--,figs4 #ee and #ef illustrate object-lessons in the effect of background on the visibility of service targets4 ,for instance1 lying figures in front of the hedge to the left of the tree on the left of the white house in the foreground of ,fig4 #ee are hardly visible at close range in the open1 while a khaki figure near the right edge of the dark wood to the right of the hills in ,fig4 #ef is distinct1 though it represents a man #a1djj yards away1 while the rest of a line of similar figures coloured grey extended to his right in front of the wood are invisible4 ,it must be remembered that in photographic reproduction the visibility of the figures is exaggerated as compared with their visibility against the scenery when observed with the naked eye at #be yards4 7iii7 ,figures which are invisible to the naked eye against the scenic background of the ,target can be made distinctly visible by holding a white piece of paper behind them to throw them into sharp relief4 ,this object-lesson will illustrate the manner in which a sky-line or a sheet of water1 for instance1 affects the visibility of object seen against such backgrounds4 ,the effect of movement on visibility has been dealt with in para4 #c 7iii7 of this section4 7iv7 ,use of ,field-,glasses4--,this can be practised as described in ,sec4 #cd1 para4 #f4 #e4 ,military ,vocabulary and ,study of ,ground4--,this instruction can be carried out on the ,target with scenery and figures1 including those which represent troops in different formations1 artillery1 transport1 etc41 and also on ,landscapes according to the rules laid down in ,sec4 #ce1 paras4 #c to #f inclusive4 #f4 ,range-,cards and ,range-,marks 7,sec4 #dj74--,the ,target with scenery and also ,landscapes may be used for lectures on the choice of features of ground for taking ranges1 and for the preparation of range-cards and range-marks in attack and defence4 #g4 ,observation of ,fire4--,observation of fire can be practised on miniature ranges as described in ,sec4 #gc1 para #d4 #h4 ,fire ,direction and ,control4--7i7 ,lectures4--,lectures on organization for fire action and the tactical application of fire1 based on the instruction laid down in ,chapter ,,vi1 can be illustrated on the ,target with scenery and figures1 and also to some extent on ,landscapes4 ,these lectures should include subjects such as allocation of frontages and objectives to fire-units1 indication of the limits of sectors by description points1 justification for opening fire1 choice of targets1 concentration and distribution of fire1 mutual support1 surprise1 and use of rapid fire see ,sec4 #gd1 para4 #e 7iii74 7ii7 ,description and ,recognition of ,targets4--,this instruction should be carried out as described in ,sec4 #de on the ,target with scenery and figures1 and on ,landscapes4 ,in training fire-unit commanders in the description of targets on the ,solano ,target the apparatus should be arranged beforehand1 so that the instructor is able suddenly to expose targets representing bodies of troops at different distances in various parts of the field of fire 7see ,sec4 #gd1 para4 #d74 #i4 ,fire ,discipline4--,men may be practised in the duties of fire discipline1 including passing fire orders1 concurrently with the training of fire-unit commanders as described in ,sec4 #dg1 paras4 #h to #aa inclusive4 ,they may also be practised in working in pairs during exercises in fire discipline1 and by individual field practices and observation practices4 ,section #gc4--,range ,practices4 #a4 ,arrangement of ,target4--,the arrangement of the ,target for grouping and application practices is shown in ,fig4 #ec4 ,this arrangement must be modified if the practice is an instructional one1 fewer targets being used1 as it may not be found possible to accommodate eight firers and eight instructors at the firing-point at the same time4 ,in this case targets should be placed on ,tier ,a only4 ,the arrangement of the ,target for observation practices is described in ,appendix ,,vii1 para4 #f1 and shown in ,fig4 #eg4 #b4 ,grouping ,practices4--,the dimensions of the rings to be used in measuring groups in grouping practices fired on miniature ranges are given in ,sec4 #di1 para4 #f 7xi74 ,instruction will be carried out on the principles laid down in ,sec4 #eb1 and ,sec4 #ef4 ,the conditions of practices are laid down in ,tables ,a and ,b4 #c4 ,instructional ,practices4--,the conditions of these practices are laid down in ,tables ,a and ,b4 #d4 ,observation ,practices4--,these practices can be carried out with figures to practise men in the duties described in ,sec4 #dg1 para4 #d4 ,the range may be estimated by the size of the figure fired at1 and aim corrected by observing the results of fire as the bullets strike the sawdust bank or paper screen 7see ,sec4 #gd1 para4 #f1 ,practice ,no4 #d74 ,section #gd4--;,field ,practices1 ,night ,firing and ,competitions4 #a4 ,arrangement of ,target and ,number of ,firers4--,the arrangement of the ,target for individual and collective field practices is shown in ,figs4 #ee and #ef1 and fully described in the ,official ,handbook mentioned in the ,appendix1 ,,vii1 para4 #a4 ,targets may be arranged on both tiers4 ,if necessary1 as many as eight men may fire individual field practices at the same time4 ,six or eight men under a fire-unit commander is a convenient number for firing collective field practices either on the ,target or landscapes4 ,the ,firers may represent a single fire-unit under its commander1 or be divided into two or more fire-units1 each under its own commander4 ,the arrangement of landscapes for collective field practices is shown in ,figs4 #eg and #eh1 and described in the ,official ,handbook referred to above4 #b4 ,conditions of ,practices4--7i7 ,the conditions of practices as laid down in this chapter may be varied at the discretion of the instructor to suit the skill of firers4 ,instructors should encourage fire-unit commanders and men to devise the conditions of practical individual and collective field practices4 ,interest will be added to a practice if men are allowed1 under his supervision1 to arrange the scenery and place targets in position for practices to be carried out by their comrades4 ,before commencing1 the object of each practice will be explained to the firers by the instructor4 7ii7 ,after firing1 the squad will proceed to the ,target1 when the results of firing will be criticized and the causes of failure discussed4 ,hits on figure targets will be counted for scoring according to the rules laid down in the field practices in ,chapter ,,viii and in ,appendix1 ,,vi1 paras4 #d and #e4 ,rifles are to be loaded before or after commencement of practice or appearance of targets1 as ordered4 ,movement may be carried out by running distances representing an advance either outside the range or between firing-point and butt1 due precautions being taken to avoid accidents4 #c4 ,individual ,field ,practices--7i7 ,demonstrations4--,individual field practices may with advantage commence with demonstrations carried out with or without firing on the ,target1 arranged with scenery and figures to illustrate lectures on important subjects1 such as justification for opening fire1 choice of targets1 and the duties of men working in pairs4 7ii7 ,justification for ,opening ,fire4--,for example1 justification for opening fire may be illustrated by the following object-lesson1 which will also help men to recognize the limit of individual fire1 and explain the need for collective fire beyond close range4 ,figures representing infantry lines in extended order at #b1jjj1 #a1hjj1 #a1fjj1 #a1djj1 #a1bjj1 #a1jjj1 #hjj1 #fjj1 and #djj yards1 may be exposed on ,tiers ,a and ,b to represent the advance of an enemy in attack4 ,all the figures will be shown against background which harmonizes with their colouring4 ,the difficulty of discerning targets beyond close range will be demonstrated4 ,the difficulty of estimating the range of the figures beyond close range by the difference in their size1 even when difficulties due to atmospheric influences and movement are absent1 will also be indicated4 ,finally1 a good shot may be told off to fire five rounds at a #a1jjj yards figure2 five rounds at a #fjj yards figure2 and five rounds at a #djj yards figure1 to illustrate the limit of probable assurance of fire effect from individual fire1 and to demonstrate the principle which underlies justification for opening individual fire--namely1 that such fire must not be opened unless there is at least probable assurance of effect4 7iii7 ,choice of ,targets4--,the principle underlying the choice of targets in individual firing may be illustrated in the same manner by arranging figures on the ,target so as to represent more or less favourable or important targets between which firers may commonly have to choose4 ,for instance1 figures representing a line of men in extended order may be arranged so that the intervals between the men in some parts of the line are considerable1 while in others they art crowded together1 shoulder to shoulder 7see footnote1 p4 #bbf74 ,here the thickest part of the line is the more favourable target4 ,again1 targets which are distinctly visible owing to the effect of background are more favourable than those which are rendered indistinct owing to this cause4 ,targets consisting of men in the standing position are1 other conditions being equal1 more favourable than those in the kneeling and lying positions1 and men in the open are obviously more favourable targets than those partly concealed behind cover1 especially if it affords protection from fire4 ,these object-lessons illustrate the principle underlying the choice of targets--namely1 to select the target which gives the greatest probable assurance of fire effect1 or which in any given situation is the most important4 7iv7 ,object-lessons illustrating other important points may be arranged on the ,target by instructors on the same principle as the above examples4 7v7 ,conditions of ,practices4--,the ,individual ,field ,practices ,nos4 #a to #f on pp4 #ahe-ahh1 ,chapter ,,viii1 can all be adapted with necessary modifications as to targets1 numbers firing1 etc41 for firing on the ,solano ,target with scenery1 scenic accessories1 and figures4 ,the following are examples of other individual field practices which can be carried out on the ,target1 and are suitable for both instruction and competitions4 ,firing should be carried out in the different firing positions from behind cover1 as well as without cover1 or rest for arms or rifle4 ,,individual ,,field ,,practices ,,on ,,the ,,solano ,,target4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to teach men to open fire with effect quickly4 ,rounds3 #f per man4 ,targets3 #b per man--one #cjj yards head and shoulders1 and one #djj yards standing figure on different tiers4 ,directions3 ,each target to be exposed singly in any order1 #c times for #e seconds1 at uncertain intervals of not less than #aj seconds4 #a round to be fired on each exposure4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to teach men to open fire with effect quickly and to aim off4 ,rounds3 #e per man4 ,targets3 #a per man--#djj or #fjj yards standing figure4 ,directions3 ,the figures will be arranged on the carriers of the crossing mechanism on ,tier ,a4 ,scenic accessories1 such as houses1 trees1 foliage1 etc41 will be arranged on the ,target so as to conceal the figures at their starting-points1 and also along the front groove of the ,tier across which the figures will be moved with irregular intervals of some #f to #ab inches between them4 ,the figures will be moved from the concealment of cover to represent an enemy's scout doubling across the firer's front from cover to cover4 ,on disappearing behind each successive piece of cover the figures will be halted for an uncertain time1 not less than #e seconds1 after which they will be retired or advanced to the shelter of the nearest cover1 when they will again be halted4 ,each figure will be exposed in this manner #e times4 #a round will be fired on each exposure while the figure is in motion4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to teach men to mark down an enemy4 ,rounds3 #f per man4 ,targets3 #b per man--#djj or #fjj yards standing figure4 ,directions3 ,one figure on each tier of the ,target fixed to clips either without cover in front or behind cover which affords protection from fire1 such as rocks1 a wall1 or a bank4 ,the cover must not conceal more than half the figure when exposed4 ,at first cover may be isolated to facilitate marking down1 but as progress is made it should be continuous4 ,each target to be exposed singly for #c seconds in any order and at uncertain intervals of not less than #aj seconds1 then disappeared for #aj seconds1 and then exposed again for #d seconds4 #a round to be fired at each target on second exposure4 ,this practice can also be carried out with the men working in pairs and taking it in turns to fire and to help to observe and mark down4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,to teach men to fire at ground4 ,rounds3 #c per man4 ,targets3 #a per man--#djj or #fjj yards standing figure4 ,directions3 ,the figure1 must be fixed to clips on either tier behind cover which does not afford protection from fire1 such as a bush or hedge4 ,the cover must not conceal more than half the figure when exposed4 ,at first1 to render marking down and aim easy1 cover may be isolated1 such as a bush1 but as progress is made it should be continuous4 ,each figure will be exposed for #c seconds and then disappeared to represent a man advancing and taking cover4 #aj seconds will be allowed for firing #c shots at the ground line of the spot marked down for the position of the figure behind cover4 ,this practice can also be carried out with the men working in pairs and taking it in turns to fire and to help to observe and mark down4 ,hits may be checked as follows--on the back of cover immediately in front of the figure an outline in pencil must be drawn of its head and shoulders to represent the figure in the lying position behind cover4 ,the shot-holes will then show whether hits have been scored4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,to teach men to snapshoot4 ,rounds3 #f per man4 ,targets3 #c per man--#cjj or #djj yards head and shoulders figures and #djj or #fjj yards standing figures4 ,directions3 ,a great variety of these practices can be arranged1 and men should be encouraged to devise the conditions4 ,targets must be concealed on the moving and disappearing mechanism ,tier ,a and on ,tier ,b behind cover such as walls1 rocks1 trees1 hedges1 bushes1 houses1 and cottages 7see ,appendix1 ,sec4 ,,vii1 para4 #d74 ,figures will be exposed to represent men firing over cover and round the side of cover4 ,the doors and windows of the larger houses and cottages may be cut out and disappearing figures exposed for short intervals to represent men firing from them as in street fighting4 ,targets may also be exposed to represent men moving quickly across open spaces between cover such as trees1 etc41 to represent targets seen in wood fighting4 ,men will fire from behind cover1 care being taken to see that they watch ground while waiting to fire in correct positions with the minimum of exposure1 and that all unnecessary movements in loading and firing are avoided4 ,men will be trained to aim and fire immediately on the appearance of the target with the minimum of exposure while doing so1 and to take cover1 load1 and resume their watch for targets as quickly as possible after firing4 ,each target will be exposed twice for #d seconds4 ,they will be exposed singly in any order at intervals not exceeding #aj seconds1 #a round will be fired on each exposure4 ,they may also be exposed simultaneously to test the judgment of men in the choice of targets4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,to teach men to combine rapidity with accuracy of fire4 ,rounds3 #e per man4 ,targets3 #a per man--#djj or #fjj yards standing figure4 ,directions3 ,on the exposure of the target men will fire #e rounds as rapidly as possible4 ,the time taken by each man in firing #e rounds will be checked4 ,accuracy must not be sacrificed for rapidity1 and hits scored will be more important than the time taken in firing4 ,no4 #g4 ,object3 ,to teach men to combine fire and movement4 ,rounds3 #f per man4 ,targets3 ,any of the following3 7a7 ,a row of ,solano figures representing a line of loopholed head-cover entrenchments4 7b7 ,a row of #cjj or #djj yards head-and-shoulder figures representing men firing from a bank or open trench4 7c7 ,a row of low bushes representing the line of a screened entrenchment4 7d7 ,a stone wall marked with loopholes or with head-and-shoulder figures exposed at intervals to represent men firing over it4 7e7 ,a row of houses defended from doors and windows4 7f7 ,folds of ground1 etc4 ,directions3 ,the above targets1 7a7 to 7e7 inclusive1 may be arranged on either tier2 7f7 will consist of features shown on the scenery itself4 ,the firers will represent a firing-line advancing at close range4 ,firing will be carried out as follows3 #b rounds will be fired2 the men will then run #ej yards and fire #b more rounds1 after which they will run #ej yards again and fire the last #b rounds4 #d4 ,fire ,direction ,practices 7,sec4 #db1 paras4 #h and #i1 ,sec4 #dg1 paras4 #b to #d inclusive1 and ,sec4 #ed1 para4 #c74--7;i7 ,though officers and ,n4,c4,o4's cannot be trained satisfactorily in the important duties of ranging on miniature ranges1 much useful instruction can be carried out by fire direction practices on the target and landscapes1 the object of which will be to teach fire-unit commanders and men to work together in some of the principal duties of fire direction1 control1 and discipline before proceeding to fire collective field practices4 7ii7 ,the object of these practices is to train fire-unit commanders to discern targets quickly1 describe them accurately1 and give clear1 correct fire orders 7,sec4 #df1 paras4 #a to #f inclusive71 and to train men to recognize targets1 obey and pass fire orders4 ,both officers and men will previously have been trained to some extent in these duties4 ,in fire direction practices they should be carried out as a whole under a time limit1 reckoned from the appearance of the target to the end of firing or aiming in obedience to fire orders4 ,the time limit should be decreased as progress is made4 ,observers should also be trained in their duties in these practices1 which should be devised so as to train both fire-unit commanders and observers to watch for signals and maintain communication with neighbouring units 7,sec4 #db1 para4 #h 7ii7 7b71 and para4 #i74 7iii7 ,the target should be arranged before practices with a variety of figures representing various arms and troops in different formations at various ranges 7,appendix1 ,,vii1 para4 #e74 ,they should be exposed suddenly for short time limits corresponding approximately to the probable time exposure of such targets on service4 ,fire-unit commanders should use field-glasses and include ranges estimated by the size of the figures in fire orders4 ,passing fire orders may be practised by passing them down a line of men to those at the firing-point 7,sec4 #df1 para4 #g74 ,this should be done if possible while firing is proceeding4 ,practices may be carried out with firing or by aiming with rifles on rests for laying aim4 ,instructors must carefully criticize the work of both fire-unit commanders and men4 #e4 ,collective ,field ,practices 7,sec4 #ed1 para4 #d7--7;i7 ,demonstrations4--,these practices may be preceded by lectures demonstrating some of the ,points for ,criticism set out in ,sec4 #ed1 para4 #d 7iii71 and also points in the instruction laid down in ,sec4 #ce1 para4 #d 7,reconnaissance of ,ground in ,attack and ,defence71 ,sec4 #db 7,organization for ,fire ,action71 ,sec4 #dc 7,effect of ,fire at ,different ,ranges on ,various ,formations and ,objectives71 and ,sec4 #dd 7,tactical ,application of ,fire74 7ii7 ,arrangement of ,target for ,demonstrations4--,demonstrations should be carried out on the ,target arranged with scenery and figures with or without firing to illustrate instruction4 ,the arrangement of the target for lectures and demonstrations affords scope for skill and ingenuity on the part of instructors1 and may be used to give practical instruction to ,n4,c4,o4's and men engaged to help in arranging the scenery and figures to illustrate various principles and tactical schemes4 ,the following are examples of simple lessons which may be demonstrated on the ,target4 7iii7 ,examples of ,demonstrations4 ,no4 #a4 ,need for ,collective ,fire4--,the instruction laid down in ,sec4 #aa may be demonstrated by arranging figures on the ,target as above described in para4 #c 7ii71 adding figures representing troops in different formations1 artillery and transport at ranges up to #b1ejj yards4 ,if the demonstration is carried out with firing1 a useful object lesson may be provided as follows4 ,a row of #a1jjj and #a1bjj yard figures can be arranged on the clips so that when exposed their heads will appear over continuous cover1 such as low bushes1 to represent men firing from a bank or fold of the ground4 ,the figures will be arranged against background which renders them invisible to the naked eye from the firing-point4 ,the firers will be told that they have come under the fire of the enemy somewhere to their front1 and that the need for replying to it immediately to minimize its effect is urgent4 ,they will depend upon individual firing for fire effect4 ,when they have realized their helplessness1 a fire-unit commander will indicate the target and direct fire1 the results of which will be noted4 ,no4 #b4 ,justification for ,opening ,fire 7,sec4 #dc and ,sec4 #dd1 paras4 #c to #f inclusive74--,this may be demonstrated by various examples carried out with or without firing to illustrate the principle that fire must not be opened in attack or defence without reasonable assurance of effect in regard to the object for which it is delivered4 ,for instance1 a number of rounds may be fired at an extended line of #b1jjj or #a1fjj yard figures1 and an equal number of rounds at an extended line of #a1jjj and #hjj yard figures1 to illustrate the greater effect of fire at closer ranges4 ,it must be explained1 however1 that exceptionally favourable targets may justify the opening of fire at long and distant ranges ,sec4 #dc1 para4 #b 7iii74 ,no4 #c4 ,choice of ,targets ,sec4 #ed1 ,note to para4 #d 7iii74--,the principle that the more favourable or important targets should be chosen may be illustrated by various examples1 as for instance by exposing a line of #hjj yard figures so that the heads and shoulders only are visible above cover affording protection from fire1 and exposing a line of the same figures upright in the open to one side4 ,if carried out with firing1 a demonstration of the effects of converging fire 7,sec4 #dd1 para4 #aa7 may be combined with that of the choice of targets as follows3 ,the firers may be divided into two fire-units of four men each under its own commander4 ,each unit will deliver deliberate fire for half a minute at a line of #a1jjj yard figures on ,tier ,a within its own sector or frontage4 ,a dense line of #hjj yards figures will then be exposed in the centre of ,tier ,b to represent a part of the enemy's line which has taken advantage of a covered approach or dead ground to push forward4 ,both fire-unit commanders will at once divert the fire of half their unit in a burst of rapid converging fire for half a minute at this favourable target while continuing to keep the enemy's line to his front under fire with the rest of his unit for the same time4 ,results of firing will be compared4 ,no4 #d4 ,control of ,fire as to ,rate and ,volume 7,sec4 #dd1 paras4 #ad-ag inclusive74--,the above object lesson illustrates the principle governing the control of fire as to volume and rate1 both of which are increased to get the greatest possible effect against very favourable or important targets4 ,many other object lessons can be devised on the ,target with figures to illustrate the principles of fire control4 ,for instance1 against an enemy's entrenchment or firing line under cover1 fire at longer ranges will usually be deliberate1 while against the dense line of an attack at close range or against very favourable or important targets1 especially if they are fleeting1 it will usually be delivered in rapid bursts and in as great a volume as possible4 ,the relation between the rate and volume of fire and the object for which it is delivered1 and the circumstances under which it is delivered1 should be explained and demonstrated in connection with fire control4 ,no4 #e4 ,concentration and ,distribution of ,fire ,sec4 #dd1 paras4 #h and #i2 and ,sec4 #ed1 para4 #c 7v7 to 7vii7 inclusive4--,the broad principles which govern the concentration and distribution of fire may be illustrated by arranging figures representing troops in different formations1 machine guns1 etc41 at various ranges on the ,target1 so that men can see the different kinds of targets against which fire will be concentrated or distributed4 ,for instance1 against a narrow-fronted column or machine gun fire will be concentrated1 while against lines of infantry in extended order or the frontage of a defensive position fire will usually be distributed4 ,fire may1 however1 be concentrated if part of a line offers a favourable target through the men failing to keep their extension and crowding together1 on the principle that fire should be concentrated against very vulnerable targets or at points where it will produce increased effect4 ,no4 #f4 ,mutual ,support and ,covering ,fire 7,sec4 #dd1 paras4 #ab and #ac74--,the broad principles governing the application of fire in mutual support and covering fire may be illustrated by arranging simple tactical schemes on the ,target in the following manner3 ,the firers will be divided into two fire-units1 as in ,demonstration ,no4 #c4 ,they are supposed to be part of a firing line in attack4 ,to illustrate mutual support1 one unit will be represented by a line of figures on ,tier ,b1 directly in front of it4 ,when the figures are disappeared1 the unit they represent is supposed to be halted1 and when they are exposed1 it is supposed to be advancing4 ,the enemy's position will be indicated as a definite frontage in front of each unit on the scenery above ,tier ,a1 or the scenic accessories on this tier4 ,while both units are supposed to be firing during a halt1 the figures on ,tier ,a will be exposed1 denoting that one unit is advancing4 ,the commander of the other unit will at once direct fire from part of his unit in rapid fire against the front of the enemy's position to the front of the advancing unit1 while keeping the enemy's position to his front under fire from the rest of his unit4 ,to illustrate covering fire1 a line of figures on ,tier ,b will represent the firing line of an attack1 to which the firers are supports on high ground4 ,the enemy's front will be indicated on ,tier ,a4 ,when the figures are exposed1 denoting an advance by the firing line1 the supports will cover the advance by delivering heavy fire at the enemy's position to the front of the figures4 ,no4 #g4 ,fire and ,movement 7,sec4 #dd1 para4 #g74--,the control of fire in its application to movement may1 for example1 be illustrated by supposing the firers to be part of a force acting on the defensive against an attacking force1 represented by figures on the ,target4 ,considerations relative to opening fire may be studied1 together with the control of fire against advancing troops1 with the object of obtaining increased effect at closer ranges and attempting surprise 7,sec4 #dd1 paras4 #ag and #ah74 ,the rate and volume of fire in relation to movement may be demonstrated by illustrating by figures arranged on both tiers of the ,target the different stages of an attack#ca in column and extended order formations from #a1fjj to #fjj or #djj yards range1 an advance1 and explaining that the rate of fire is usually deliberate when the enemy halts or takes cover1 and is increased in rate and volume when his troops present favourable targets during forward movement1 more especially to beat them off in the act of assaulting ,sec4 #dd1 para4 #af 7i7 and 7ii74 ,no4 #h4 ,organization for ,fire ,action 7,sec4 #db74--;,before commencing collective field practices1 the principles of organization for fire action1 so far as it concerns the allotment of frontages and the division of the field of fire into separate sectors for each fire unit should be demonstrated to fire-unit commanders on the ,target or on landscape targets4 ,platoon and section commanders inclusive4 may be practised in indicating the limits of sectors to their units1 after the frontage allotted to their unit in a field of fire has been pointed out to these commanders4 ,the limits of sectors must be indicated in the manner described in ,sec4 #db1 para4 #c1 and illustrated in ,fig4 #dg4 ,the nature and details of fields of fire should be varied as much as possible to accustom unit commanders to dealing with all kinds of ground4 ,the field of fire may be divided up into two1 three1 or four sectors1 a different unit commander being made to indicate the limits of each sector4 7iv7 ,conditions of ,practices4--,the collective field practices on pp4 #ahh to #aib inclusive may be adapted for miniature range firing on the ,target by modifying the conditions as may be necessary4 ,the conditions of practices may also be based on the ideas contained in the examples of demonstrations given in para4 7iii7 above4 ,instructors should encourage fire-unit commanders and ,n4,c4,o4's to devise simple tactical schemes for collective field practices which1 besides training officers and men in the duties of fire direction1 control1 and discipline1 will teach them to give effect to the principles which govern the application of fire4 ,the arrangement of the ,target by men for practices to be fired by their comrades may also be used by the instructor for imparting useful practical knowledge4 ,special attention should be paid in these practices to firing from cover1 passing fire orders1 and fire discipline generally4 ,the following examples of practices will serve as a guide to instructors with regard to conditions4 7v7 ,special ,rules4--,practices will begin with the caution ,commence1 and will end with the order ,cease ,fire4 ,the number1 nature1 and positions of targets will be unknown to firers1 and must be invisible until exposed or moved4 ,targets may be exposed without warning any time after the caution ,commence1 and the order1 time1 and duration of exposure or movement will be unknown to firers in every case4 ,all information which will help commanders and men to use their judgment will be given them beforehand1 when the object of the practice will be explained1 but no help or suggestion as to the manner in which they will carry out their duties will be told them either before or during a practice4 ,criticism will not be confined to the points noted in the following examples of practices1 but will be general4 ,these examples are purposely made simple1 and devised as far as possible to deal with situations which may confront men in the present campaign4 ,they may be varied by ,instructors as desired4 ,,collective ,,field ,,practices ,,on ,,the ,,solano ,,target4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,test of fire direction and control4 ,targets3 ,tier ,a 7left section7 infantry line standing1 extended order1 #a1bjj yards4 ,right section1 infantry line standing1 extended order1 #hjj yards4 ,tier ,b 7left half7 infantry line standing1 extended order1 #a1jjj yards--half of line crowded together4#cb ,directions3 ,the firers will represent two separate units in neighbouring localities of a defensive position4 ,the target on ,tier ,a 7right section7 will first be exposed for ten seconds4 ,after a pause1 both targets on ,tier ,a will be exposed together for ten seconds4 ,after a pause the targets on ,tier ,a 7right section7 and ,tier ,b will be exposed together for ten seconds4 ,particulars3 ,the enemy at #a1bjj yards is difficult to discern owing to background and undergrowth1 and the defence know that he is close to a covered approach which will bring him to #a1jjj yards of their line4 ,criticism3 7i7 ,justification for ,opening ,fire3 7a7 ,by both units on first exposure of #hjj yards' target2 7b7 by both units on exposure of #a1bjj yards target4 7ii7 ,choice of ,targets and ,mutual ,support3 ,by left unit on simultaneous exposure of #a1bjj and #hjj yards targets4 7iii7 ,rate of ,fire3 7a7 ,by both units on first exposure of #hjj yards target2 7b7 by left unit at #a1jjj yards target4 7iv7 ,concentration and ,distribution of ,fire3 ,by left unit at #a1jjj yards target4 7v7 ,results of ,firing4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,test of fire direction by auxiliary aiming-marks 7aiming-off74 ,target3 ,a point on the scenery indicated to unit commander as concealing enemy's machine-gun at #a1djj yards4 ,directions3 ,commander is ordered to open fire at once1 allowing one1 two1 or three fingers' breadths for the deflection of right-angle winds of varying strength from left or right4 ,he will select auxiliary aiming-marks for direction of fire and aiming-off under a time limit4 ,criticism3 ,choice of description-point4 ,clearness of fire orders4 ,quick opening and rate of fire4 ,results of firing4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,test of fire direction by anticipatory orders4 ,directions3 ,a variety of targets and tactical schemes may be employed for this practice1 which may also be made to combine fire and movement4 ,for example1 the firers may represent a force in pursuit of retreating troops1 and run #ajj yards in intervals of firing to represent an advance4 ,at the end of movement prearranged crossing and disappearing targets will be exposed or moved at points previously known to commander1 who will indicate them to men1 telling them to open fire when target appears without further orders4 ,to develop individual judgment1 men will be made to use their judgment in applying fire according to nature and importance of targets4 ,criticism33 ,recognition of targets4 ,quick opening of fire4 ,application of fire as to rate1 volume1 concentration1 or distribution according to nature of target4 ,fire discipline4 ,no4 #d4 ,object33 ,test of individual judgment in applying rapid fire4 ,targets3 ,tier ,a 7left section71 infantry line standing1 extended order1 #fjj yards4 ,line of head and shoulder figures #djj yards on right section4 ,tier ,b1 dense line standing figures1 #djj yards1 or strip of cardboard of same measurements4 ,directions3 ,targets will be exposed once separately for #ae seconds each at intervals of #aj seconds between exposures in following order3 7i7 #fjj yards target2 7ii7 #djj yards head and shoulders2 7iii7 #djj yards standing4 ,men will fire without orders4 ,criticism3 ,quick opening of fire4 ,rate of fire at first1 second1 and third targets4 ,fire discipline4 ,unsteady firing4 ,results of fire4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,test of individual judgment in applying fire to a tactical situation4 ,targets3 ,tier ,a1 infantry line standing1 #hjj yards4 ,tier ,b1 dense infantry line standing1 #fjj yards 7figures or cardboard strip74 ,directions3 #fjj yards target will first be exposed alone representing attack at close range4 #hjj yards target representing enemy's supports will then be exposed for #ae seconds1 the #fjj yards target also remaining exposed for this period4 ,firers will be told that they will succeed in checking enemy's firing line represented by first target exposed1 and will then deal with the situation as it develops without orders owing to sudden loss of their commander at critical moment4 ,criticism3 ,quick opening of fire4 ,discernment of #hjj yards target4 ,proportion and rate of fire diverted from enemy's firing-line to supports4 ,fire discipline4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,test of rapid fire4 ,target3 ,tier ,b1 dense line of figures or strip of cardboard--#djj yards or closer4 ,directions3 ,target will be exposed for #cj seconds to represent an enemy delivering attack from his trenches on firers who are entrenched close to and opposite his earthworks4 ,when practice commences1 one firer as observer will watch the front1 while others will sit with their backs to target4 ,when the observer gives the alarm1 firers will rise and open rapid fire4 ,arrangements should be made to carry out this practice standing with rifles rested1 and if possible by firing from loopholed head-cover improvised with sandbags1 etc41 as shown on p4 #hb of ,field ,entrenchments of this series4 ,the practice may also be fired at dusk or with artificial lighting lowered to give the effect of uncertain light4 ,criticism3 ,work of observer4 ,quick opening of fire4 ,fire discipline4 ,percentage of hits to rounds fired4 ,illustration3 v,fig4 #eg4_/v--,,landscape ,,target ,,on ,,frames ,,attached ,,to ,,the ,,solano ,,target1 ,,in ,,position ,,for ,,firing4 ,shadowgraph facsimile4 ,colour-printed portion4 78,section ,fire0 ,target47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,,landscape ,,target ,,practices4 ,,illustration ,,showing ,,method ,,of ,,harmonizing ,,rifles ,,and ,,the ,,system ,,of ,,measuring ,,collective ,,grouping ,,of ,,concentrated ,,and ,,distributed ,,fire ,,for ,,scoring4 7,see ,appendix1 ,v41 para4 #b1 and ,appendix1 ,,vi41 para4 #e47 #f4 ,landscape ,target ,practices4--,as already stated1 range and individual field practices cannot be carried out on landscape targets4 ,collective field practices can be carried out on landscape targets with either #cjc or #bb ammunition on #cj yards and miniature ranges4 ,as progress is made1 landscape target practices should be carried out with a time limit for indicating targets1 giving and passing fire orders1 and firing4 ,when firing at landscape targets1 rifles will be given elevation1 so that bullets aimed at objectives on the landscapes will strike a blank or shadowgraph sky screen above the whole of the landscape1 even if the objective is at the bottom of the landscape 7,fig4 #eg74 ,for method of valuing hits and scoring in these practices1 see ,appendix1 ,,vi1 para4 #e4 ,the following are examples of collective field practices which may be carried out on landscape targets3 ,collective ,field ,practices on ,landscape ,targets4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to teach concentration of fire4 ,directions3 ,fire is opened on a given point on the landscape as ordered4 ,if the point is clearly indicated and recognized1 and if sighting and fire are accurate1 a dense group of shot-holes will be made on sky-screen1 the point of mean impact being a point the correct height vertically above the point of aim see ,appendix1 ,,vi1 para4 #e 7i74 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to teach distribution of fire4 ,directions3 ,fire is opened along a given line of country as ordered4 ,the shot-holes should appear evenly distributed along a line on the sky-screen at a certain height1 and immediately above the line of country indicated see ,appendix1 ,,vi1 para4 #e 7ii74 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to teach the use of combined sights4 ,directions3 ,as in ,no4 #a1 but half the firers will adjust sights #ej yards above and half #ej yards below the range given4 ,results will show two groups1 which would be merged into one group of great depth in the case of fire of sufficient volume1 such as that of two platoons1 and illustrates the use of combined sights for increasing the zone of effective fire4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,to teach observation of fire4 ,directions3 ,a point is indicated on landscape 7preferably near the top71 and a visible#cc sketch of it is made at any height on the screen and vertically above it4 ,the commander will open fire with such elevation as he thinks necessary1 and then correct from observation of shot-holes until on the target4 #g4 ,night ,firing4--,the automatic alignment of rifles may be practised on miniature ranges4 ,aim may be taken at a strip of brown or grey paper representing a line of standing figures at #ajj and #bjj yards' distance1 scaled down to size for #be yards1 and attached to the landscape target screen faced with blank paper 7,fig4 #eg74 ,men may also be taught to aim rifles from improvised night-firing rests at objectives on the ,solano ,target or ,landscape ,targets4 ,the field of fire containing the objectives may then be concealed by a paper screen1 the rifles fired1 and results examined4 ,as there is no recoil with the miniature cartridge1 this practice will not prove the utility of the rest4 #h4 ,miniature ,range ,cadet ,competitions4--,the rules regarding competitions set out in ,sec4 #fi apply also to miniature ranges4 ,the various practices laid down in this chapter and ,chapter ,,viii will serve as the basis of various competitions on miniature as well as open ranges4 ,tests in grouping and application may be found suitable for cadet competitions in elementary forms of shooting4 ,regulation as well as ,solano elementary and instructional targets may be used 7see ,appendix1 ,,viii74 ,,cadet ,,competitions4 ,no4 #a4 ,object3 ,to teach cadets grouping under a timed limit when firing from cover1 and to train the eye to aim at marks seen against backgrounds of natural tints4 ,rounds3 #e per cadet4 ,target3 ,solano ,elementary ,target ,no4 #a4 ,directions3 ,kneeling4 ,firing over cover with arm or rifle rested4 ,two minutes allowed for firing reckoning from the order ,commence4 ,no4 #b4 ,object3 ,to teach cadets to focus the eye on the mark instead of the sights of the rifle4 ,rounds3 #e per cadet4 ,target3 ,solano ,elementary ,target ,no4 #b4 ,directions3 ,lying4 ,firing round cover with side of rifle rested4 ,no4 #c4 ,object3 ,to teach cadets to assume a firing position and open fire quickly with effect4 ,rounds3 #e per cadet4 ,target3 ,solano ,instructional ,target ,no4 #a4 ,directions3 ,firer stands to attention at firing-point4 ,ten seconds allowed for assuming the lying position1 loading1 and firing one shot1 reckoned from command ,fire4 ,no4 #d4 ,object3 ,to teach cadets to snapshoot4 ,rounds3 #e per cadet4 ,target3 ,solano ,instructional ,target ,no4 #b4 ,directions3 ,lying4 ,firing round cover4 ,target exposed six seconds for each shot4 ,time reckoned from the exposure of the target4 ,no4 #e4 ,object3 ,to teach cadets to combine accuracy with rapidity of fire4 ,rounds3 #e per cadet4 ,target3 ,as in ,no4 #c4 ,directions3 ,lying4 ,rifle to be unloaded and breech closed until the command ,rapid fire4 ,target exposed for thirty seconds1 reckoned from command ,rapid fire4 ,no4 #f4 ,object3 ,to teach cadets to combine fire with movement4 ,rounds3 #e per cadet4 ,target3 ,solano ,instructional ,target ,no4 #c4 ,directions3 ,lying4 ,a distance of #be yards to be run before firing each shot4 ,fifteen seconds reckoned from the order ,commence allowed for running and firing each time4 ,one minute to elapse between the firing of a shot and the commencement of the next run4 ,,appendix ,i4 ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,,rifles--,,short ,m4,l4,e41 ,,mark ,,iii1 ,,and ,,charger-,,loading ,m4,l4,e4 7a7 ,short ,m4,l4,e4 ,mark ,,iii 7,figs4 #ei and #fj74 #a4 ,blade foresight4 #b4 ,foresight block4 #c4 ,band foresight block4 #d4 ,key foresight block4 #e4 ,crosspin foresight block4 #e;,a4 ,backsight bed4 #f4 0 0 crosspin4 #f;,a4 0 0 sight spring screw4 #g4 ,backsight leaf4 #h4 0 slide4 #i4 0 slide-catch4 #aj4 0 fine adjustment worm wheel4 #aj;,a4 ,windgauge4 #aj;,b4 0 screw4 #aa4 ,backsight ramps4 #ab4 ,seating for safety-catch4 #ac4 ,safety-catch4 #ad4 ,locking-bolt stem4 #ae4 ,bolt4 #af4 ,bolt-head4 #ag4 ,striker4 #ah4 ,cocking-piece4 #ai4 ,striker collar with stud4 #bj4 ,bolt-head tenon4 #ba4 ,cocking-piece locking recesses4 #bb4 ,locking bolt4 #bc4 0 0 flat4 #bd4 0 0 thumb-piece4 #be4 0 0 aperture sight stem4 #bf4 0 0 stop-pin recesses4 #bg4 0 0 safety-catch stem4 #bh4 0 0 0 0 arm4 #bi4 0 0 screw threads4 #cj4 0 0 seating4 #ca4 ,bolt cam grooves4 #cb4 ,sear4 #cc4 0 seating4 #cd4 0 spring4 #ce4 ,magazine catch4 #cf4 ,full bent of cocking-piece4 #cg ,short arm of sear4 #ch4 ,trigger ribs4 #ci4 #dj4 ,trigger4 #da4 ,trigger axis pin4 #da;,a4 ,magazine case4 #da;,b4 0 platform spring4 #da;,c4 ,magazine auxiliary spring4 #db4 ,guard-trigger4 #dc4 ,stock fore-end4 #dd4 ,spring and stud fore-end4 #de4 ,protector backsight4 #df4 ,handguard front and rear4 #dg4 ,spring handguard gear4 #dh4 ,lower band groove4 #di4 ,lower band4 #ej4 ,nosecap4 #ea4 ,protector foresight4 #eb4 ,sword bar4 #ec4 ,boss for ring of sword-bayonet cross-piece4 #ed4 ,swivel seating4 #ee4 0 piling4 #ef4 ,nosecap barrel opening4 #eg4 ,inner band4 #eh4 0 0 screw4 #ei 0 0 0 spring4 #fj4 ,butt sling swivel4 #fa4 ,sword bayonet1 pattern '#jg4 #fb4 ,bridge-charger guide4 #fc4 ,cut-off4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,,short ,,rifle1 ,,magazine ,,lee-,,enfield 7,,mark ,,iii74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,,short ,,rifle1 ,,magazine ,,lee-,,enfield 7,,mark ,,iii74 7b7 ,charger-,loading ,m4,l4,e4 7,figs4 #fa1 #fb1 and #fc7 #a4 ,backsight bed #b4 0 0 ramp4 #c4 ,aperture sight4 #d4 ,dial sight plate4 #e4 0 0 pointer4 #f4 ,aperture sight peep-hole4 #g 0 0 pivot-screw4 #h4 0 0 spring4 #i4 0 0 spring ribs4 #aj4 0 sight cross-cut notches4 #aa4 ,pivot aperture sight pointer4 #ab4 0 screw4 #ac4 ,spring disc4 #ad4 ,bead pointer4 #ae4 ,screwed boss1 fixing dial-sight4 #af4 ,centring-pin dial-sight4 #ag4 ,index-point of pointer4 #ah4 ,bolt rib4 #ai4 ,extractor seating4 #bj4 ,bolt lug4 #ba4 ,tongue of cocking-piece4 #bb4 ,recess for lug of bolt4 #bc4 ,body bead4 #bd4 ,retaining catch4 #be4 ,resistance shoulder4 #bf4 ,cut-off slot4 #bg4 ,body socket4 #bh4 0 0 boss4 #bi4 ,stock-bolt4 #cj4 ,gas escape hole4 #ca4 ,bolt-breech4 #cb4 ,lever bolt-breech4 #cc4 ,lug seating4 #cd4 ,long cam groove4 #ce4 ,short cam groove4 #cf4 ,cam-shaped face4 #cg4 ,cam grooves separating studs4 #ch4 #ci4 ,bolt-head4 #dj4 0 tenon4 #da4 0 projection4 #db4 ,extractor slot4 #dc4 ,extractor4 #dd4 0 axis-screw4 #de4 0 spring4 #df4 0 0 pin4 #dg4 0 0 pin-hole4 #dh4 ,bolthead hook4 #di4 ,striker4 #ej4 ,cocking-piece4 #ea4 ,striker collar4 #ea;,a4 ,cocking-piece full bent4 #eb4 0 0 half bent4 #ed4 0 0 seating for safety-catch4 #ee4 ,safety-catch4 #ef4 ,striker keeper-screw4 #eg4 ,recess in striker for the keeper-screw4 #eh4 ,safety catch stem4 #ei4 0 0 finger-piece4 #fj4 0 0 locking grooves4 #fa4 0 0 plunger4 #fb4 ,seating for plunger and spiral spring of safety-catch4 #fc4 ,nipple holes for plunger of safety-catch4 #fd4 ,retaining catch spring4 #fe4 ,ejector4 #ff4 ,sear4 #fg4 0 screw4 #fh4 0 seating in body4 #fi4 0 spring4 #gj4 ,trigger4 #ga4 0 axis pin4 #gb4 ,magazine box or case4 #gc4 0 platform guides4 #gd4 #ge4 0 stop clip4 #gf4 0 stop-clip stud4 #gg4 0 platform4 #gh4 0 clip stop4 #gi4 0 tooth4 #hj4 0 catch tooth4 #ha4 0 catch4 #hb4 0 0 finger-piece4 #hc4 0 platform plate4 #hd4 0 0 plate tongues4 #he4 0 0 spring4 #hf4 0 0 auxiliary spring4 #hg4 ,cut-off4 #hh4 0 screw4 #hi4 0 thumb-piece4 #ij4 0 catch4 #ia4 ,guard-trigger4 #ib4 ,screw-guard front4 #ic4 0 collar4 #id 0 0 rear4 #ie4 ,lower band4 #if4 ,sling swivel4 #ig4 ,nose-cap4 #ih4 0 band4 #ii4 0 fixing screw4 #ajj4 ,piling swivel4 #aja4 ,diagonal slot in nose-cap to clear the foresight block when assembling1 etc4 #ajb4 ,stock-bolt1 plate-keeper4 #ajc4 ,stock-butt swivel4 #ajd4 ,oil-bottle1 ,mark ,,iii 7latest ,mark ,,iv74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,,charger-,,loading ,,lee-,,enfield4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,,charger-,,loading ,,lee-,,enfield4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,,charger-,,loading ,,lee-,,enfield4 ,,ii4 ,,directions ,,for ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,legret ,,aim ,,teacher4 ,the ,legret ,aim ,teacher4 ,illustration3 ,this instrument provides a most easy means of teaching the elementary principles of aiming with ,military ,sights and also enables an instructor to check his pupils faults4 ,aims ,chart ,for use with 8,aim ,teacher0 ,mark #a4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a ,no4 #a4 ,stage ,i4 ,proper relation of fore-sight to aiming mark4 ,aim taken at #f o4c4 point with fore-sight only4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b ,no4 #b4 ,stage ,,ii4 ,proper relation of fore-sight and back-sight4 ,lay on sheet of paper or1 sky 7just above horizon most convenient74 ,illustration3 ,no4 #c ,no4 #c4 ,stage ,,iii4 ,proper relation between fore-sight1 back-sight1 and aiming mark4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #d ,no4 #d4 ,stage ,,iv4 ,instructor will first lay correct aim as in diagram #c4 ,rifle is then moved and shutter turned gently to left4 ,recruit then relays rifle as in diagram #d4 ,instructor turns shutter gently to right and checks faults4 ,care must be taken not to move 8jointed arm0 in this stage4 ,fig4 #fd4--;,,diagrams ,,illustrating ,,use ,,of ,,legret ,,aim ,,teacher4 ,,iii4 ,,directions ,,for ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,aim-,,corrector4 #a4 ,this device is illustrated in ,fig4 #fe4 ,it consists of a small steel box moving freely on a stem1 so as to enable it to be made level with the back-sight when the latter is set at various elevations4 ,it is secured to the rifle1 behind the back-sight1 by a spring clip4 ,a piece of smoked glass is inserted into one of the two cross grooves1 so that it forms an angle of #de degrees with the barrel4 #b4 ,in placing the aim-corrector on the rifle1 the open side of the box may be turned to the right or left1 care being taken that1 when the glass is inserted in the box1 it is placed in the cross-groove1 which will cause it to present to the observer1 who is opposite the open end1 a reflection of the backsight1 the foresight1 and the mark at which aim is to be taken4 ,if the glass is placed in the wrong cross-groove1 the only image reflected upon it will be the recruit's eye4 #c4 ,the instructor1 who may take up his position on either side of the recruit1 can see the alignment of the sights while the trigger is being pressed by means of the reflection in the glass1 without in any degree obscuring the recruit's aim4 ,he can see if aim is correctly maintained when the trigger is pressed1 or if it is deflected by this act1 and can tell whether the recruit has noted and correctly declared any deflection due to faulty trigger-pressing4 ,in certain lights1 the image on the glass may be rather indistinct1 but with care it is possible to discern it sufficiently clearly for instruction4 ,in correcting errors1 the instructor must remember that1 when looking in the glass1 the reflection1 as in the case of an ordinary mirror1 is reversed laterally1 but is correct vertically4 ,for instance1 if the sight appears upon the glass to the right of the mark1 it is actually to the left of it4 ,if1 however1 it appears high or low in relation to the mark1 it is actually above or below the mark4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,,diagram ,,illustrating ,,use ,,of ,,aim-,,corrector4 ,,iv4 ,,directions ,,for ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,aiming-,,disc4 ,the aiming-disc is a small rod1 bearing a disc of metal or cardboard1 painted white1 about #a inches in diameter 7,fig4 #ff74 ,on the front is a black bull's-eye inch in diameter1 in the centre of which is pierced a hole just large enough to admit the point of a pencil4 ,on the back is a bull's-eye1 also inch in diameter1 placed so that the six o'clock line is just above the hole which is in the centre of the bull's-eye on the front4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,,aiming-,,disc4 ,the instructor may ascertain the accuracy of the recruit's aim and his power to press the trigger without disturbing aim by the use of the aiming-disc in the following manner3 ,he should take up his position in front of the recruit at a distance of about #d or #e feet from the muzzle of his rifle when held to the shoulder for firing in the lying position1 with his eye to the hole in front of the disc 7,fig4 #ai74 ,the recruit is then instructed to bring the rifle to his shoulder for aiming1 to aim and press the trigger at the aiming-mark at the back of the disc4 ,through the aperture at the bottom of the bull's-eye at which the recruit takes aim and snaps1 the instructor is able to see the recruit's faults of aim1 and to note whether his aim is disturbed when the trigger is pressed4 ,the instructor is also enabled to note the rapidity with which he takes aim and presses the trigger4--,this practice is useful to develop in men the power of aiming rapidly and correctly1 which is essential for snapshooting and rapid firing1 without the danger of their contracting bad or careless habits through hurried movements4 ,v4 8,,harmonizing0 ,,rifles ,,for ,,miniature ,,range ,,practices4 #a4 ,rifles are said to be harmonized when their slight individual differences in shooting are corrected by adjustment of sights4 ,this harmonizing or correction of differences in the shooting of the rifles used in miniature range practices is necessary to obtain satisfactory results4 ,rifles must be harmonized for firing direct at targets as well as for firing with elevation1 as in landscape practices4 ,with reference to direct firing at targets1 it has been found that with service rifles an elevation of #cjj yards is necessary to obtain the greatest possible accuracy4 ,consequently1 rifles must be sighted for #cjj yards before being harmonized for firing direct at targets according to the method described in the following paragraph1 aim being taken at the aiming-marks on the lower horizontal line1 and differences being discovered by the grouping of shots on the aiming-marks--not on the line above4 ,the sighting necessary to correct differences in each rifle will also be recorded on a board hung for reference on the miniature range1 as described in para4 #c4 #b4 ,method of ,harmonizing ,rifles 7see sky screen1 ,fig4 #eh74--7;i7 ,the following is the method of harmonizing rifles3 ,the rifles selected for miniature range practices must be numbered from #a on consecutively4 ,each rifle must be marked with its number4 ,when this is done1 a horizontal line must be drawn along the bottom of the blank sky screen4 ,at intervals of about #ab inches along this horizontal line a number of aiming-marks must be painted4 ,the number of aiming-marks must equal that of the rifles to be harmonized1 so that there is one aiming-mark for each rifle4 ,at a distance of #bf inches above the line of aiming-marks another horizontal line must be drawn on the sky screen1 which must be visible from the firing-point4 ,this distance has been chosen because it is sufficient to cause shots aimed at objectives at the bottom of the landscape to clear the top of it and strike the sky screen4 7ii7 ,harmonizing ,rifles for ,elevation4--,each rifle will then be adjusted for #a1bjj yards4 ,each rifle1 thus sighted1 will be fired by a reliable shot with regular aim at one of the aiming-marks4 ,the sights of each rifle will be adjusted until shots which strike above or below the upper horizontal line on the sky screen 7when it is sighted for #a1bjj yards7 strike the line itself4 ,when shots fired from all the rifles strike the line after sights have been adjusted in this manner1 they are said to be harmonized4 #c4 ,record of ,sighting4--,the variations of each rifle1 if any1 from the original sighting at #a1bjj yards--or #cjj yards in the case of sighting for direct hits--will be noted1 and its variations written down for reference against the number of the rifle on a board to be hung on the wall of the miniature range4 ,the following is an example of the record of sighting3 ,twenty-,five ,yards ,miniature ,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,rifle4 ,elevation for ,direct ,elevation for ,landscape ,hits4 ,targets4 #a #cjj #a1bjj #b #cjj #a1bjj #c #cej #a1bej #d #bej #a1aej ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,vi4 ,,scoring ,,and ,,signalling4 #a4 ,when a shot strikes the target so that the circumference of the mark cuts the outer edge of any ring or figure1 it is to be counted as hitting within that ring or figure1 as the case may be4 ,no shot is to be counted unless the whole or part of the mark of the bullet is seen on the face of the target4 ,a ricochet usually makes a long1 ragged hole or mark4 #b4 ,elementary and ,figure ,targets4--,for scoring in ,practice #bb1 ,table ,b1 see ,note #b below4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,signal4 ,methods of ,signalling4 ,value of ,hit4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,bull's-eye or figure4 ,polished metal or white disc placed on #d points4 shot-hole4 ,inner 7remainder of inner ,black disc waved twice across the face #c points4 circle74 of the target and placed on the shot-hole4 ,outer 7remainder of elementary ,polished metal or white disc revolved #b points4 target7 or magpie in front of the target and then placed 7remainder of large on the shot-hole4 circle on figure target74 ,outer 7remainder of figure ,black disc moved vertically up and #a point4 target74 down the left of the target and then placed on the shot-hole4 ,ricochet or miss ,red and white flag shown on the same ,nil4 side as the direction of the miss4 ,if the direction cannot be determined the flag will be waved across the face of the target4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,note #a4--,the scoring bull's-eye on second-class elementary targets is a #ab-;inch invisible ring4 ,,note #b4--;,in ,practice #bb1 ,table ,b1 a hit on the figure or remainder of inner circle will count #c points and will be signalled as a bull's-eye4 ,hits elsewhere on the target will count as in table above4 ,,note #c4--,when for any reason it is found to be impracticable to send the firers into the gallery after a grouping practice1 the following signals may be used3 ,bull's-eye signal denotes a #d-;inch group4 ,inner 0 0 #h 0 0 ,magpie 0 0 #ab 0 0 ,outer 0 0 #ab 0 0 with one wide shot4 ,when the signal has been made1 after a short pause1 the point of the pole will be placed on the point of mean impact of the group4 #c4--;,figures ,no4 #c and ,no4 #f 7,open ,range74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,signal4 ,methods of ,signalling4 ,value of ,hit4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hit ,the figure will be raised above the #c points4 marker's gallery and twirled4 ,ricochet or miss -- ,nil4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d4 ,figures 7,miniature ,range74--,scores for hits and misses as in para4 #c above4 #e4 ,scoring in ,landscape ,target ,practices4--7i7 ,a measuring-rod1 #bf inches long1 is required to test the accuracy of both concentrated and distributed collective grouping4 ,the following is the method of valuing groups for scoring4 ,when collective fire has been concentrated on any objective on the landscape1 the rod is held vertically against the screen with the bottom of it resting on the point of aim4 ,a mark is then made on the sky-screen at the top of the rod4 ,this mark indicates where the centre of the group of shot-holes should be4 ,for instructional practices the groups may be valued on the principle that the smaller the group the greater the fire effect4 ,for competitions two concentric wire rectangles1 #e inches by #d inches and #b inches by #b inches respectively1 may be used for scoring4 ,the rectangles will be placed over the group1 their longest sides being vertical1 with their centre placed on the mark indicating where the centre of the shot group should be4 ,every shot in the inner rectangle will then count two points1 and every shot in the remainder of the larger rectangle will count one point4 ,for every shot outside the larger rectangle two points will be deducted4 7ii7 ,when fire has been distributed between two points on the landscape1 a mark is made #bf inches vertically above each point1 as already described4 ,these two marks are joined by a line parallel to that along which fire has been distributed4 ,a line #a inches above1 and another #a inches below1 this line are drawn parallel to it4 ,the ends of these lines are then joined by vertical lines which pass through the two marks joined by the centre line4 ,the rectangle formed in this manner is divided vertically into equal parts1 being either one for each firer or one for each fire-unit4 ,each group of shots fired by a firer or a fire-unit should be found grouped in the proper part of the rectangle4 ,each shot in its proper part will count two points4 ,for each shot outside its proper part two points will be deducted4 ,for every part of the rectangle which is empty five points will be deducted4 ,,vii4 ,,solano ,,target--,,marks ,i ,,and ,,ii4 #a4 ,official ,handbook4--,full directions regarding the ,solano ,target and landscape targets1 together with information as to their use for instruction1 are contained in the official handbook--,standard ,equipment for ,miniature ,ranges 7#dj1 ,war ,office1 #bjje7--;from which the following short extracts are made4 ,one of these handbooks is supplied to units with each ,solano ,target1 and should be kept for reference4 #b4 ,framework and ,mechanism4 7,fig4 #ec74--,the ,mark ,i ,target consists of a framework containing two tiers #aj feet long--,tier ,a 7higher71 and ,tier ,b 7lower74 ,tier ,a is fitted with crossing target mechanism1 operating two target carriers from opposite ends of the ,tier1 and clips for disappearing targets arranged in two separate sections which can be operated simultaneously or separately4 ,tier ,b is fitted with falling target clips1 which allow targets to fall when hit4 ,falling clips can be raised and lowered from the firing-point1 like the disappearing clips on ,tier ,a4 ,the former can be shifted to right and left1 and the latter linked together with coupling clips to facilitate any desired arrangement of targets or figures4 ,all mechanism can be operated from the firing-point by means of cords labelled to show the particular mechanism they operate 7,fig4 #ed74 #c4 ,scenery4--,there are two types of scenery--,a and ,c--consisting of backgrounds which will serve to represent foreground1 middle distance1 and distance of almost any kind of country in any part of the world4 ,the scenery is pasted on frames1 and can be placed in position on the target in a moment 7,figs4 #ee and #ef74 ,patching pieces are provided to repair shot-holes which are not visible from the firing-point to the naked eye4 #d4 ,scenic ,accessories4--,the details of a landscape can be arranged on the target by placing the various scenic accessories1 consisting of colour-printed representations of various natural and other features1 mounted on stiff card1 in any desired position on either tier by fixing them in grooves made for this purpose either behind targets or in front to represent cover4 ,the scenic accessories are coloured and scaled for different ranges1 the range being printed on each4 ,they may be used to represent the following features3 ,wooded hills4 ,flat-topped hills or kopjes4 ,conical hills4 ,woods4 ,fir-wood4 ,group of houses with church4 ,group of cottages4 ,house4 ,cottage4 ,oak-tree4 ,elm-tree4 ,fir-tree4 ,palm-tree4 ,hedgerow4 ,thick hedge or bush4 ,bushes4 ,stone wall4 ,undergrowth4 ,folds of ground4 ,low banks4 ,indian hill fort4 ,sangar4 ,rocks4 #e4 ,solano ,figures4--,the ,solano figures are all scaled to size for various distances1 and consist of the following brown1 grey1 or colour-printed figures4 ,each figure is provided with a base equal in depth to the clips which hold them in position4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,reference ,description4 ,distance ,number4 7,yards74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - #db ,infantryman in kneeling position #bjj #a 0 0 standing position #djj #b 0 0 prone position or firing from open trench #djj #c 0 firing from behind sand-bag #djj #d 0 0 0 loophole in head cover #djj #e 0 in standing position #fjj #f 0 0 0 0 #hjj #g 0 0 kneeling position #hjj #h 0 0 lying position #hjj #i ,mounted cavalryman #hjj #ai ,machine-gun in action #hjj #be ,infantry line in extended order #a1jjj #bf 0 0 0 0 #a1bjj #bg 0 0 0 0 #a1djj #bi ,machine-gun in action #a1djj #cj ,infantry line in extended order #a1fjj #ca 0 0 0 0 #a1hjj #cb ,company of infantry in fours #b1jjj #cc ,infantry line in extended order #b1jjj #cd ,field-gun in action #b1jjj #ce ,convoy waggon facing firer's right #b1jjj #ce;a ,crossing-targets 0 0 0 0 left #b1jjj #cg ,squadron of cavalry facing firer's right #b1jjj #cg;a 0 0 0 0 left #b1jjj #ch ,company of infantry in fours #b1ejj #ci 0 0 0 column #b1hjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - #f4 ,observation ,practices4--,observation practices may be carried out by heaping a bank of sawdust at the foot of the apparatus below ,tier ,b1 with its surface sloping at the same angle as the end-frames4 ,to fix targets in the sawdust1 attach to ,observation ,practice ,holders consisting of iron pins grooved at the top to hold targets4 ,care must be taken to remove all sawdust and grit displaced by bullets from the falling target clips and other mechanism1 or their action may be clogged4 ,a brush should be used to clean the mechanism after observation practices4 #g4 ,landscape ,targets4--,the official handbook above referred to contains information as to fixing landscape targets to the framework of the ,solano ,target in position for instruction in firing 7,fig4 #eg74 ,,viii4 ,,solano ,,elementary ,,and ,,instructional ,,targets4#cd #a4 ,in ,musketry ,regulations1 para4 #cfa1 it is laid down that in carrying out training on miniature ranges due regard must be paid to the visibility of service targets1 and bull's-eye targets must be used for the first few rounds only4 ,in para4 #bjf 7iii7 of ,musketry ,regulations 7see ,sec4 #ag1 para4 #d of this book7 focussing the eye on the fore-sight of the rifle instead of on the object is indicated as a common fault which instructors must guard against in elementary stages of training4 ,this error is common when bull's-eye targets are used1 and unless remedied will adversely affect shooting at service ,targets1 on which the eye must be focussed1 and which must be watched closely when firing4 #b4 ,elementary ,targets 7,figs4 #fg and #fh74--,the ,solano ,elementary ,targets have been designed to counteract the tendency to focus the eye on the fore-sight instead of on the target1 and may be used for grouping and application practices after firing at the bull's-eye target4 ,these targets are coloured green1 brown1 and grey1 instead of white1 to accustom the eye to the tints of natural backgrounds against which service targets will be seen4 ,the aiming-mark in ,no4 #b is less distinct than in ,no4 #a1 to accustom the eye gradually to focussing on indistinct targets when aiming4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,,solano ,,elementary ,,target ,,no4 #a4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,,solano ,,elementary ,,target ,,no4 #b4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 #c4 ,triangle ,aiming and ,scoring ,diagrams4--7i7 ,triangles have been substituted in these targets for concentric circles as aiming and scoring diagrams1 because they have a truer relation to the shape of the human figure in both lying and upright positions4 ,the triangle on ,no4 #a target has relation to the human figure in an upright position1 and the triangle on ,no4 #b target to the human figure in a lying position4 ,the dimensions of the triangles on these targets correspond with the regulation grouping standards of the ,british ,army4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,a ,,circle 7#c ,,inches ,,in ,,diameter7 ,,and ,a ,,triangle 7#c ,,inches ,,equilateral7 ,,showing ,,that ,,the ,,triangle ,,as ,,aiming ,,and ,,scoring ,,diagram ,,induces ,,closer ,,grouping ,,than ,,the ,,circle ,,by ,,allowing ,,less ,,margin ,,for ,,both ,,vertical ,,and ,,lateral ,,errors ,,represented ,,by ,,the ,,dots4 7ii7 ,for elementary instruction in aiming the important six o'clock line--the centre of the base of the triangle--is on these targets an indicated instead of an imaginary line1 as in the case of the circular bull's-eye4 ,more consistent grouping is induced by the triangle owing to the fact that it allows a much narrower margin for lateral errors1 while its conical shape and straight base considerably curtail the scoring area for vertical errors off the six o'clock line as compared with the circle 7,fig4 #fi74 ,the triangle1 moreover1 as an aiming and scoring surface puts a premium upon a low point of aim and from the first inculcates in men1 as a habit1 this vital principle of marksmanship in war4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,,solano ,,instructional ,,target ,,no4 #a4 ,,upright ,,figure4 #be ,,yards #djj4 7,slightly reduced from actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,,solano ,,instructional ,,target ,,no4 #b4 ,,upright ,,figure4 #be ,,yards #ejj4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 7iii7 ,the centre triangles are not made smaller1 firstly1 because it is not desired to encourage the habit of slow aim which is engendered by individual practice at very small marks1 and which militates against efficiency in snapshooting and rapid firing2 and1 secondly1 because it is not desired to encourage men to attain a useless and disproportionate degree of excellence in firing at elementary targets which is merely preparatory for practice at service targets4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,,solano ,,instructional ,,target ,,no4 #c4 ,,lying ,,figure4 #be ,,yards #cjj4 7,actual size4 ,see footnote1 p4 #bej47 #d4 ,instructional ,targets 7,figs4 #gj1 #ga1 and #gb74--7;i7 ,these targets are also coloured green1 grey1 and brown1 the colour of the uniform of the figures on them corresponding in each case with that of the target4 ,the figures are accurately scaled down to correct size at #be yards for the actual distances1 so as to help men in judging close range by accustoming the eye to the appearance of men seen at different distances against backgrounds which harmonize with the colour of their uniform4 ,it must be remembered that the figures on these targets1 though necessarily depicted in fixed postures as stationary marks1 represent men in movement during which they are seldom stationary or seen in a fixed posture1 except1 possibly1 for a few seconds while lying down to fire4 7ii7 ,accordingly1 marks are not given for hits scored on any particular part of the figures depicted in fixed postures1 which would usually be seen in movement1 but for shots grouped in areas of comparative value as regards probable assurance of fire effect1 chosen in the light of experience of war as the best aiming points for firing at figures in movement which frequently and suddenly alternate between the upright and lying positions4 ,the centre triangles1 representing the most valuable of these grouping areas1 are purposely made fairly large for the reasons stated in connection with the elementary triangles--namely1 that they are grouping areas for snapshooting1 and not for deliberate firing4 ,,index ,aim corrector1 use of1 #ec1 #bda ---- teacher1 ,legret1 use of1 #bdj ,aiming and firing1 instruction and practices in1 #dc-df1 #gb ---- at crossing targets1 #eh ---- at ground and service targets1 #ec1 #ed ---- disc1 use of1 #eb1 #bdc ---- instruction in1 #dc-fa1 #bjh ---- marks1 #dg1 #aic ---- off for movement1 #eh1 #ei1 #bag ---- ---- ---- wind1 #ee-eg ---- rules for1 #dg1 #dh ---- up and down1 xxii1 #eg1 #eh ,aircraft1 firing on1 #aab ,alarms1 automatic1 #aic ,alignment1 automatic1 of rifles1 #aid ---- of sights1 #dh1 #di ,ammunition1 care of1 #ab ---- ,mark ,,vi bullet1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #cd1 #ce1 #ch1 #ej ---- ,mark ,,vii bullet1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #cd1 #ej ---- surplus1 #aff ,annual courses1 #agg1 #aha ,anticipatory orders1 #abh1 #bbg ,application practices1 #adi ---- tactical1 of rifle fire1 #aab-aai1 #bbh ,arms1 care of1 xii1 #aj-ab ---- cleaning of1 #d-aj ---- defects in1 instructions regarding1 #a ,arms1 inspection of1 on parade1 #ae-ag ---- small1 examination of1 #ab-ae1 #ag ,army ,ordnance ,corps1 courses for1 #ahj1 #aha ---- ,service ,corps1 courses for1 #ahj1 #aha ---- ,veterinary ,corps1 classification practices for1 #agj ,artillery1 effect of rifle fire on1 #aaa ,averages1 computation of1 #afg ,background1 effect of1 on visibility of targets1 #gc1 #hc1 #baa ,backsight1 adjustment of1 #fj1 #fa ,back-reckoning1 range finding by1 #ig ,barometric pressure1 effect of1 on shooting1 #bg ,bayonet1 fixed1 effect of1 on shooting1 #bd ,beaten zone1 #cc1 #cd1 #ch-db ,bolt1 #g1 #i1 #aa ,bore1 cleaning of1 #i ,cadet competitions1 #bcj ---- muscle exercises1 #gi1 #hj ,casualties1 ammunition of1 #acb ,cavalry1 classification practices for1 #afh ---- courses for1 #aga1 #agd1 #agg-agi ---- effect of rifle fire on1 #aaa ,classification practices1 conditions of1 #afh-agj1 #agh1 #agi ,classification practices in judging distance1 #id-if ---- ranges1 field practices on1 #ahd-aib ,cleaning of the rifle1 #d-aj ,clock-face method of describing targets1 #abc ,close range1 effect of fire at1 #aaj ---- ---- firing without sighting at1 #bb ,collective field practices1 #aee-aeh1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahh-aib ---- ---- ---- conduct of1 #ahc ---- ---- ---- on ,landscape targets1 #bbi ---- ---- ---- on ,solano target1 #bbf-bbh ---- fire1 dispersion of1 #ca-ce ---- ---- need for1 #bi-ca1 #bba ,combined sights1 use of1 #cf-ch1 #hi1 #bcj ,competitions1 directions for all1 #bja1 #bcj ,conduct of range and field practices1 #aei-aib ,cone of fire1 #ca1 #ce1 #cf ,countryside1 terms describing1 xxvi ,cover1 adapting firing positions to1 #ge1 #gf ---- firing from1 #gc-gg1 #afa1 #baj ---- improvising on miniature ranges1 #bjd ,crossing targets1 aiming and firing at1 #eh1 #ei1 #aea ,cut-off1 use of1 #ga ,dangerous space1 conditions affecting extent of1 #be1 #bf1 #cd ,dead ground1 #db ,defiladed zone1 #dj1 #db ,deflection1 table of1 for side winds1 #ee ,deliberate practices1 #adc1 #afa ,demonstrations of individual and collective field practices1 #bad1 #bba ,description of targets1 #hc1 #aai-abg ---- ---- ---- instruction in1 on miniature ranges1 #bab ---- points1 #abj ,discernment of targets1 #hb-hd1 #baj ,distant range1 effect of fire at1 #aaj ,drift1 effect of1 #bd ,effect of fire at different ranges on various formations and objectives1 #aaj-aab ,effective fire1 zone of1 #ce1 #cf ---- range1 effect of fire at1 #aaj ,elementary figure targets1 #bjf1 #bde1 #bdf ---- targets1 ,solano1 #bjg1 #bej-bef ,elevation4 ,see ,sighting ,error of the day1 xxiii1 #cg ,examination of small-arms1 #ab-ae1 #ag ,field-glasses1 use of1 #hd1 #aba1 #afe ,field practices1 #ada1 #aea-aeh ,field practices1 elementary1 #aga ---- ---- on classification ranges1 #ahd-aib ---- ---- ---- miniature ranges1 #bac-bcj ,figure targets1 #bjg1 #bdf ,figures1 miniature range1 #bjg1 #bdg ---- ,solano1 #bdi ,finger1 use of1 for judging lateral distance1 #ib ,finger-breadth method of describing targets1 #abb ,fire1 accuracy of1 practices in1 #ahg-aij1 #bai1 #bcb ---- action1 organization for1 #ajf-aaj1 #bbd ---- and movement1 #aad1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bai1 #bbd ---- collective4 ,see ,collective fire ---- concentrated1 #aae1 #aed1 #bbc1 #bbi ---- control1 #aje-acd1 #bab1 #bbc ---- ---- practices in1 #ahh1 #bbf ---- converging1 xxiii1 #aae ---- covering1 xxiii1 #aaf1 #bbc ---- direction1 #aje-acd1 #bab ---- ---- practices1 #aed1 #agi1 #bbj1 #bbf-bbg ---- discipline1 #acj-acd1 #bab ---- dispersion of1 #ca-cf ---- distributed1 #cf1 #aae1 #aed1 #bbc ---- ---- practices in1 #bbg1 #bbi ---- effect of1 at various ranges1 on various formations and objectives1 #aaa1 #aab ---- ---- relation of ground to1 #ch-db ---- effective1 xxiii1 #ce1 #cf1 #aaj ---- enfilade1 xxiii1 #aae ---- grazing1 xxiii1 #da1 #db ---- individual1 #bi-ca ---- oblique1 xxiv1 #aae ---- observation of4 ,see ,observation of fire ---- opening of1 #aac1 #aad1 #aec1 #bbb ---- ---- ---- practices in1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbh ---- orders1 #abg-acj1 #ahh ---- rapid1 #aag1 #aah1 #aej ---- ---- practice in1 #ahg-ahi1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bbh ---- rates of1 #aag ---- searching1 xxiv1 #ce-ch1 #aae ---- short bursts of1 #aah ---- superiority of1 xxvi1 #aac1 #ahi ---- sweeping1 #aae ---- tactical application of1 #aab-aai1 #bbh ---- theory of rifle1 #ah-db ---- trenches1 xi ---- unaimed1 xxiv1 #da1 #db ---- unit commander1 duties of1 #aji1 #bab ---- ---- composition of1 xxiv1 #ajh ---- unsteady1 #aai ---- volume of1 #aag ,firing1 aiming and1 instruction1 #dc-df1 #gb ---- elementary1 instruction in1 #fb-hj ---- from cover1 #gc-gg1 #afa1 #baj ---- positions1 #ff-fi ---- ---- adapted to cover1 #ge1 #gf ---- ---- height of cover for different1 #fh1 #gd ---- ---- vulnerability of different1 #ff1 #fg1 #bji ---- rapid1 instruction in1 #aej ---- ---- practices in1 #ahg-ahi1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcb ---- up and down hill1 #bf1 #bg ,flare lights1 #aic ,foreground1 illumination of1 x ---- range sketch of1 #aja ,foresight1 use of1 in aiming1 #ej1 #ea ,formations1 effect of fire on various1 #aaa ,fouling1 cause and removal of1 #c ,frontages and objectives1 allocation of1 #ajg ,gauze1 use of1 for cleaning1 #e1 #f ,german musketry1 vii ---- night attacks1 ix ---- plan of attack1 viii ,grenade1 hand1 #aid-bjj ,ground1 aiming at1 #ec1 #ed ---- dead1 #db ---- firing at1 practice in1 #bah ---- relation of1 to dangerous space1 #bf ---- ---- ---- to fire effect1 #ch-db ---- study of1 instruction in1 #hf1 #hh1 #baa ,group of shots1 #ca1 #adf1 #adg ---- ---- ---- rules for measuring1 #adj1 #afj1 #bdg ,grouping and application1 #adf-aej ---- practices1 #adf1 #aei1 #afj1 #ahj1 #bac1 #bca ,gun-flash1 range finding by1 #ih ,hand grenades1 #aid-bjj ,harmonizing rifles1 #bdd1 #bde ,illumination grenade1 x ---- of foreground1 x ,indication of targets1 #abc-abf ,individual field practices1 #aeb-aed1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahe-ahh ---- ---- ---- on miniature ranges1 #bad-bbj ---- fire1 limit of1 #bi-ca ,infantry1 courses for1 #aga1 #agd1 #agg ---- classification practices for1 #afh ,inspection of arms1 #ae-ag ,instructional practices1 #agd-agg1 #bac ---- targets1 ,solano1 #bjg1 #bed-beg ,jambs1 instructions regarding1 in timed practices1 #afb ,judging distance by eye1 #ia-if ,jump1 effect of1 #bc1 #bd ,kneeling position1 #fh ,landscape target practices1 #bbi1 #bdg ,lateral distance1 estimating1 #ib ,lectures1 #ah1 #ca1 #dc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ace1 #bab1 #bad1 #bba ,legret aim-teacher1 use of1 #bdj ,loading1 instruction and practices1 #fi-ga ,long range1 effect of fire at1 #aaj ---- ---- sights1 #di1 #fa ,lying position1 #fg1 #fh ,machine-guns1 effect of rifle fire on1 #aaa ,map-reading1 range-finding by1 #ig ,marking down1 instruction in and practice in1 #ed1 #bag ,military vocabulary1 instruction in1 #hd1 #he ---- ---- ---- ---- on miniature ranges1 #baa ---- ---- list of terms1 xxvi-xxviii ,miniature ranges1 cadet competitions on1 #bcj ---- ---- collective field practices on1 #bf-cj ---- ---- field practices on1 #bac-bcj ---- ---- fire-direction practices on1 #bbj ---- ---- improvising cover for1 #bjd ---- ---- individual field practices on1 #bad-bbj ---- ---- instruction on1 #bjg-bab ---- ---- precautions for safety on1 #bjd ---- ---- preliminary training on1 #bjg-bab ---- ---- range practices on1 #bac ---- ---- rifles for firing on1 #bjd ---- ---- scope of training on1 #bjc ---- ---- targets for use on1 #bje ,missfires1 cause and directions regarding1 #ab1 #afb ,movement1 avoidance of1 in loading and firing1 #fg1 #gc1 #bji ---- effect of1 on visibility of targets1 #hd1 #bji ---- fire and1 #aad1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bai1 #bbd ,muscle exercises1 #gg1 #hj ,mutual support1 #aaf1 #bbc ,nickelling1 cause and removal of1 #c ,night firing1 #aic1 #aid1 #bcj ,observation practices1 #afe ---- ---- on miniature ranges1 #bac1 #bej ---- of fire1 ranging by1 #bi1 #ch1 #hi1 #if1 #ig ---- ---- ---- practices in1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bcj1 #bej ,observers1 duties of1 #aaj ,organization for fire action1 #ajf-aaj1 #bbd ,pairs1 working in1 #aca ,point of mean impact1 #adg1 #afj ,preliminary training and tests1 #ace-adj ---- ---- on miniature ranges1 #bjg-bab ,pull-off1 #aa1 #fd ,pull-through1 use of1 #d1 #e ,qualification1 conditions of1 for ,part ,i41 ,table ,b1 #afg ,range-cards and range-marks1 #ih-ajc1 #bab ----- finding1 methods of1 #if-ih1 #aij ----- practices1 conduct of1 #afb-aff ---- ---- instruction in1 #ada-adf ---- sketch of foreground1 #aja ,ranges1 effect of fire at different1 #aaj ---- terms applied to1 xxv ,ranging1 methods of1 #hi1 #ij1 #aij ,recognition of targets1 #abf1 #bab ,recruits' course1 #aga1 #agd-agf1 #ahj ,ricochets1 #bf ,rifles1 care of1 xii1 #aj-ab ---- cleaning of1 #d-aj ---- drill purposes1 #ae ---- examination of1 #ac-ae1 #ag ---- for firing on miniature ranges1 #bjd ---- inspection of1 on parade1 #ae-ag ---- ,m4,l4,e41 #ac1 #ae-ag ---- ---- charger loading1 #ad1 #bcf-bci ---- ,m4,l4,m41 #ac1 #ae-ag ---- parts of various1 #bcc-bci ---- selection of1 for recruits1 #df ---- short1 ,m4,l4,e41 #ad1 #ae1 #bcc-bce ,rod for measuring groups1 #bdg ,royal ,army ,medical ,corps1 classification practices for1 #agj ,royal ,artillery1 courses for1 #ahj1 #aha ,royal ,engineers1 classification practices for1 #afi ---- ---- courses for1 #aga1 #agd-ahj ,safety-catch1 use of1 #ga ,scoring1 directions for1 #bde-bdg ,searching1 #ce-ch ,sectors1 method of dividing ,field of ,fire into1 #ajg ,service targets1 aiming at1 #ea1 #ec ,shot group4 ,see ,group of shots ,sighting of rifles1 #bc ,sights1 alignment of1 #dh1 #di ---- combined4 ,see ,combined sights ---- long-range1 aiming with1 #di ---- rapid adjustment of1 #fj1 #fa1 #bji ,sitting position for firing1 #fi ,snapping1 #fc-ff ,snapshooting1 instruction in1 #aej1 #bah1 #bca ,solano elementary and instructional targets1 #bjg1 #bej-beg ,solano figures1 list of1 #bdi ---- scenery anti scenic accessories1 #bdh ---- target1 arrangement of1 for practices1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bba ---- demonstrations on1 #bad1 #bba ---- ,marks ,i and ,,ii1 #bdh-bej ,sound1 location of enemy by1 #hd ---- range-finding by1 #ih ,standing position1 #fg ,surprise1 effect of1 #aac1 #aah ,tables ,a--,recruits course1 #agd-agf1 #ahj ---- ,b--,annual course1 #agg-agi1 #aha ,targets1 choice of1 #aec1 #bae1 #bbb ---- figure4 ,see ,figure targets ---- for use on miniature ranges1 #bje-bjg ---- indication of1 #abc-abf ,temperature1 effect of1 on shooting1 #bg ,thirty yards range1 practices on1 #aei ,timed practices1 rules for1 #afa ,trained ,soldiers' course1 rules for conduct of1 #agb-agd ---- ---- ---- ,tables ,b1 #agg1 #aha ,trajectory1 #ba1 #bb1 #be ,trenches1 fire1 xi ,triangle aiming and scoring diagrams1 #beb ---- of error as a test of proficiency in aiming1 #ea-ec ,trigger-pressing1 #fc-ff ,unloading1 directions for1 #gj ,visibility of targets1 effect of background on1 #gc1 #hc1 #baa ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- movement on1 #hd1 #bji ,visual training1 #ha1 #hb ---- ---- on miniature ranges1 #baj ,volume of fire1 #aag ,wear1 causes and prevention of1 #b ,wind1 aiming-off for1 #ee-eg1 #bbg ---- allowance for1 #bh-bi ---- deflection table for1 #ee ---- effect of1 on shooting1 #bh ---- head1 #bh ---- judging strength and direction of1 #ee ---- oblique1 #bh1 #bi1 #ef ---- rear1 #bh ---- side1 #bh1 #bi1 #ee ,wire gauze1 #e1 #f ,zone1 beaten1 #cc1 #cd #ch-db ---- of effective fire1 #ce-cg ,,billing ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,printers1 ,,guildford ,,charing ,,cross ,turkish ,baths ,,nevill',s ,northumberland ,avenue ,,pronounced ,,to ,,be ,,the ,,finest ,,in ,,europe ,are the last word in ,comfort and ,luxury ,cure ,rheumatism1 ,lumbago1 ,sciatica1 ,colds1 ,strains1 ,stiffness1 ,etc4 ,,they ,,make ,,and ,,keep ,,you ,,fit ,and at ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,broad ,,street1 ,,city1 ,,edgware ,,road1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,graham ,,latham1 ,,ltd4 ,,military ,,engineers ,musketry ,appliances ,,aiming ,,discs 33 ,,aiming ,,rests ,,firing ,,rests 33 ,,grouping ,,gauges ,,aim ,,correctors ,,and ,,teachers ,section-,fire ,landscape ,targets ,set of #d ,landscapes1 each #dj in4 by #cj in4 ,price #f_/- ,,sky ,,screens1 each #c;d42 per doz4 #b_/f ,,solano ,instructional and ,elementary ,,targets ,,officially ,,approved ,,and ,,recommended ,,by ,,the ,,army ,,council #ajd1 ,,victoria ,,st41 ,,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,appendix1 ,,vii4 #b ,these paragraphs contain information given by a captured ,german officer who speaks with authority in regard both to musketry and machine guns4 ,his statements appear to represent the views held in the ,german ,army before the war1 on which the training of the ,german soldier has been based4 #c ,see ,preface1 para4 #aj4 #d ,this precaution will also be adopted when magazines are not charged4 #e ,for the maximum penetration of the pointed bullet in various substances see ,appendix1 ,field ,entrenchments1 of this series4 #f ,tables giving the maximum height of the trajectory of the ,mark ,,vi and ,,vii bullets at different ranges1 together with tables showing the angles of descent for the last #ajj yards of each range1 will be found in ,musketry ,regulations4 #g ,this target is described in para4 #aeb1 ,musketry ,regulations1 ,part ,,ii4 #h ,for description of and directions for use of ,legret ,aim-,teacher1 the ,aim-,corrector1 and ,aiming-,disc1 see ,appendix4 ,a list of necessary appliances for aiming instruction1 including aiming and firing rests1 etc41 will be found in para4 #f of this section4 #i ,the position for aiming when lying will be taught previously to this practice4 #aj ,shooting from the left shoulder is not to be permitted unless it is rendered necessary by defective eyesight in the opinion of the ,company ,commander4 #aa ,see ,fig4 #cc illustrating this point4 ,see also ,drill and ,field ,training of this series1 ,fig4 #da1 and ,field ,entrenchments of this series1 ,figs4 #fg and #fh4 #ab ,for directions for adjusting sights in the lying position1 see ,sec4 #bf1 para4 #d 7iv74 #ac ,the command ,load is only required for drill purposes1 or when charging rifles before leaving quarters on service4 ,it is not used in fire orders4 #ad ,the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of cover1 such as hedges1 banks1 walls1 ridges1 folds of ground1 bushes and undergrowth1 knolls and small hollows1 buildings and enclosed spaces1 rocks1 mounds of earth1 skyline and continuous cover running diagonally to the line of advance1 or which runs or zigzags across the line of advance1 are discussed in this section4 #ae ,instructions for training both the eyesight and hearing for use by night are contained in ,sec4 #da of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series4 #af ,see also ,sec #gb1 para #e4 #ag ,military features of importance in connection with ground and cover are dealt with in ,drill and ,field ,training and ,field ,entrenchments of this series4 #ah ,see also ,sec4 #gb1 para4 #h4 #ai ,see ,sec4 #bh of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series for information as to communications1 for which1 with information as to ammunition supply see also ,infantry ,training #aiad4 ,infantry covering fire is dealt with in ,sec4 #dd1 para4 #ac1 of this book4 ,arrangements for covering fire by machine-guns are dealt with in ,machine-,gun ,training of this series 7see also ,field ,service ,regulations and ,infantry ,training1 #aiad74 #bj ,with regard to opening fire1 see ,sec4 #dd paras4 #c to #f4 #ba ,see ,preface1 para4 #aa4 #bb ,sec4 #ac should be read in connection with this paragraph4 #bc ,see also ,sec4 #ed1 para4 #c 7vi74 #bd ,all subordinate commanders are responsible for keeping their respective superiors1 as well as neighbouring commanders1 regularly informed of the progress of events1 and of important changes in the situation as they occur4 ,all ranks should notice what takes place within their view and hearing1 and report anything of importance accurately and at once to their immediate superior1 who must pass the information on to the higher commanders and to neighbouring units4 ,this is the foundation of co-operation in war1 and is essential not only in battle1 but at every stage of a campaign4--,infantry ,training1 #aiad4 #be ,the methods by which the development of the soldierly spirit is inculcated in men1 and their character developed in discipline and other soldierly qualities1 are dealt with in ,chapter ,i of ,drill and ,field ,training of this series4 #bf ,see the ,physical ,training books of this series4 #bg ,the range duties of officers supervising range practices1 together with directions for signalling hits1 etc41 will be found in ,musketry ,regulations4 #bh ,all men not fully exercised in ,table ,b with their companies 7except those referred to in the first sentence of the paragraph to which this note refers7 will be attached to other companies to carry out the range or field practices omitted2 or1 if all companies have completed ,table ,b1 a party of casuals may be formed to insure that all men qualified are fully exercised in the whole of ,table ,b4 #bi ,for various arrangements to facilitate night firing1 and their combination with automatic alarms1 flare lights1 and obstacles to increase fire effect and check the enemy1 see ,chapter ,,viii41 ,field ,entrenchments1 of this series 7see also ,preface1 para4 #g7 #cj ,see also ,sec4 #ae1 para4 #c4 #ca ,see ,drill and ,field ,training of this series1 ,sec4 #ca1 paras4 #d to #h #cb ,solano figures representing ,infantry ,lines consist of strips containing a number of figures at intervals4 ,lines made of these figures can be crowded together by overlapping two strips and fixing them together in the clips4 #cc ,this is not necessary on the 8,section ,fire0 ,landscape ,targets1 because the details of each landscape are reproduced in a monotint or shadowgraph facsimile on the sky-screen to be used with it 7,fig4 #eh74 ,shot-marks are therefore seen grouped on or about the sky-screen facsimile of the objective directly above it4 #cd ,the illustrations of these ,targets in this section only show the aiming-marks and scoring diagrams4 ,these are printed in the centre of square card surfaces of convenient size in the usual manner1 the cards being green1 grey1 or brown1 instead of white4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer errors corrected silently4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original4