mat]ial f ! ,google ,books project47 ,j4 ,,bry] ,,son1 ,nautical ,in/rum5t ,mak]s ,ya*t ,fitt]s1 #ajd1 ,,m9ories1 ,,london4 #ac-;94 high1 #e #ajs4 ,nickel-plat$1 #f #ajs4 ,blocks4 ,rope4 ,cleats4 ,fairleads4 ,flags4 ,pumps4 ,*a9s4 ,an*ors4 ,cork ,seats4 ,/oves4 ,knives1 etc4 ,ma/s4 ,sp>s4 ,wire ,rigg+4 ,illu/ration ,_s ,compasses4 ,dry ,compasses4 ,clocks & ,an]oid ,b>omet]s4 ,*>ts4 ,books4 ,night ,glasses4 ,lamps3 ,port1 ,/>bo>d1 & ,an*or4 ,cab9 ,lamps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r[locks4 ,boat ,hooks4 ,f5d(fs4 ,extreme ,height only #ad in*es4 #e-;in* ,c>d ,liquid ,compass4 ,^! ,b9nacles are mu* approv$ ( = small ya*ts1 #c & #e tonn]s4 ,compass is p]fectly /eady 9 a sea way4 ,rope ( all ,k9ds = ,ya*ts1 ,boats1 & ,canoes4 ,,catalogues ,,free4 ,! only ,prize ,m$al aw>d$ = ,con/ruction ( ,boats at ! ,int]national ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 #ahhe4 ,by ,appo9tm5t to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration ,,e/abli%$ ,,ov] #ajj ,,ye>s4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,turk1 ,,boat1 ,,punt1 ,,& ,,canoe ,,build]1 ,,k+/on-,,on-,,?ames1 ,,surrey4 ,boats1 ,punts1 & ,canoes ( e k9d ,built ) all ! ,late/ ,improvem5ts4 ,,head ,,qu>t]s ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,canoe ,,club4 ,,cruis+ ,,canoe1 ) ,,self-,,reef+ ,,ge> ,,sails4 ,illu/ration ,gold ,m$al1 ,melb\rne1 #ahhh-ahhi4 ,gold ,m$al1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,gold ,m$al1 ,glasg[1 #ahhf-ahhg4 ,silv] ,m$al1 ,liv]pool1 #ahhf4 ,gold ,m$al1 ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibition1 #ahhe4 ,silv] & ,bronze ,m$als1 ,falm\? ,exhibition1 #ahhe4 ,! ,m$al ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 ,leice/]1 #ahhe4 ,only ,prize ,m$al1 ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 #ahhe1 = ,con/ruction ( ,boats4 ,silv] ,m$al1 ,havre1 #ahhg4 ,m$al1 ,saltaire1 #ahhg4 ,highe/ ,aw>d1 ,fir/ ,ord] ( ,m]it1 ,adelaide ,int]national ,exhibition1 #ahhg1 = ,r[+ ,skiff & ,canoe4 ,silv] ,m$al1 ,brussels1 #ahhh4 ,silv] & ,bronze ,m$als1 ,b>celona1 #ahhh4 ,build] ( ! ,nautilus ,sail+ ,canoe1 aw>d$ ,silv] ,m$al1 ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 #ahhe4 ,,radix ,,fold+ ,,c5tre ,,bo>d 7,pat5t74 ,gold ,m$al1 ,new ,orleans4 ,silv] ,m$al1 ,philadelphia4 ,sole ,ag5t = ,europe1 ,r4 ,j4 ,,turk4 ,,norie ,,wilson1 ,,*>t ,,publi%]s1 #aef1 ,,m9ories1 ,,london4 ,,sail+ ,,& ,,/eam ,,ya*ts ,,= ,,sale ,,or ,,hire4 ,,ya*t+ ,,requisites ,,( ,,e ,,k9d4 ,*>ts1 ,books1 ,nautical ,in/rum5ts1 ,signal ,flags1 ,burgees1 ,ensigns1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,catalogues ,,po/ ,,free4 ,,sail+4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,knight4 ,,! ,,all-,,engl& ,,s]ies4 ,small #hvo1 clo?1 price #as4 ea*4 ,,cricket4 ,by ! ,,hon4 ,,ivo ,,bligh4 ,,lawn ,,t5nis4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,wilb]=ce1 ,sec4 ,a4,e4,l4,t4,c4 ,,r[+ ,,& ,,scull+4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,woodgate1 ,diamond ,sculls4 ,,sail+4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,knight1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,cruise ( ! #8,falcon1'0 c4 ,d\ble volume1 #bs4 ,,golf4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,l9skill1 ,cam4 ,univ4 ,golf ,club4 ,,swimm+4 ,by ,,m>t9 ,,cobbett4 ,,cycl+4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,griff91 ,l4,a4,c41 ,n4,c4,u41 ,c4,t4,c4 ,,a?letics4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,griff91 ,l4,a4,c4 ,,football--,,rugby ,,game4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,vassall4 ,,football--,,association ,,game4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,alcock4 ,,box+4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,allanson-,,w9n1 ,w9n] ( ,middle & ,heavy ,weights1 ,cambridge1 #ahgf-h4 ,,wre/l+4 ,by ,,walt] ,,arm/rong1 ,au?or ( 8,wre/liana40 ,,t5nis4 ,by ,,julian ,,m>%all4 ,,f5c+4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,colmore ,,dunn1 ,inns ( ,c\rt ,s*ool ( ,arms4 ,,skat+4 ,by ,,d\glas ,,adams1 ,london ,skat+ ,club4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,bell ,,sons4 ,,sail+4 ,,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,knight1 ,,b>ri/]-,,at-,,law1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,cruise ,,( ,,! #8,,falcon1'0 8,,! #8,,falcon' ,,on ,,! ,,baltic10 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,bell ,,sons1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 #ahhi4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,page ,! *oice ( a boat--,description ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a cutt] #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ropes4 ,knots1 b5ds1 & hit*es #f ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,sail+4 ,leeway & lat]al resi/ance--,heel+--,balanc+ sails-- ,tack+--,action ( rudd]--,longitud9al resi/ance--,deep keel or c5tre-bo>d #ae ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,small ,,boats4 ,op5 & half-deck$ boats--,balla/--,! c5tre-bo>d-- ,false keels--,lee-bo>ds--,c\nt]s1 squ>e & po9t$ /]ns--,batt5$ sails #bb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,rigs ,,( ,,small ,,boats4 ,spritsails--,dipp+ lugs--,/&+ lugs--,leg ( mutton sails--,! balance lug--,! ,una rig--,balance reefs--,! sloop--,rules ( op5 boat sail+ #bh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,a ,,cutt]',s ,,rigg+4 ,! b[sprit--,back/ays--,ma9 haly>ds--,tack tric+ l9e--,lac+ ma9sail to boom--,ma9tack tackle--,! gaff--,=e%eets--,=ehorse--,jib %eets--,ma9%eet-horse--,topsail--,sp9nak ]--,/rops = block1 etc4--,! ,,yawl--,! ,,ket* #db ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,sail ,a ,,ya*t4 ,to get "u way f moor+s or an*orage--,sett+ sail--,close haul$--,tack+--,miss+ /ays--,w>+--,squalls--,%ift+ jibs--,jib+--,sc&aliz+ ma9sail--,hove to--,reef+--,return+ to moor+s--,runn+ agr\nd #ef ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,h9ts4 ,t[+ a d+hy--,b]?on boats--,to prev5t a d+hy bump+ aga9/ an an*or$ ya*t--,f\l an*or--,moor+--,! drogue--,! managem5t ( op5 boats 9 a heavy sea--,managem5t ( a ya*t 9 a r\gh sea--,bo>d+ #ga ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fitt+ ,,out4 ,balla/+ a ya*t--,lead on keel--,! an*or--,sett+ up rigg+--,v5tilation & dry rot--,mildew 9 sails--,/ret*+ new sails--,lay+ up a boat = ! w9t]--,inv5tory #hb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,economy ,,betwe5 ,,decks4 ,! well--,arrangem5t ( cab9--,leaky decks--,cab9 lights--,! =eca/le--,cook+ /oves #ia ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,bo>d ( ,trade regulations conc]n+ lights1 fog signals1 /e]+ & sail+ rules1 pilot signals1 etc4--,cu/om ,h\se cle>ance on return+ f a =eign port--,explanation ( ! t]ms us$ 9 giv+ /e]+ directions1 etc4 #ig ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,navigation ,,necess>y ,,= ,,coa/+4 ,m]cator's *>t--,! m>9]'s compass--,! _s compass--,v>iation--,deviation--,! log %ip & l9e--,! lead l9e #aji ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,"o',s ,,way ,,at ,,sea4 ,cross be>+s--,tack+ across ! sea--,leeway--,h[ to all[ = a curr5t--,to f9d ! h\r ( high wat] #aai ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,wea!r ,,wisdom4 ,use ( ! in/rum5ts--,=eca/+ wea!r f natural ph5om5a1 etc4 #abi ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ya*t ,,rac+4 ,! new ,y4,r4,a4 rule ( measurem5t--,sail area--,"t all[ance--,rules ( rac+--,me?ods ( />t+ #acd ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,nautical ,,t]ms #adf ,,index #aec ,,sail+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! *oice ( a boat--,description ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a cutt]4 ,m1 probably1 c\ld be writt5 on boat-sail+ ?an on any o!r sport2 = ?is pursuit owes mu* ( its extraord9>y fasc9ation to ! fact t its sci5ce is practically inf9ite2 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ sailor has always some?+ new to le>n1 & is ev] acquir+ fre% wr9kles4 ,( all inanimate objects a boat is surely ! mo/ belov$ ( its own]2 !re is some?+ almo/ human 9 its ways & vag>ies2 & :]eas x is possible to conceive ! atta9m5t ( p]fection 9 ! design ( ! in/rum5t employ$ 9 any o!r sport1 ! complexity ( ! problem involv$ 9 produc+ ! able/ craft r5d]s improvem5t ev] possible1 & ! sail+ ( a boat is n m fasc9at+ ?an ! design+ ( "o4 ,x is easy to acquire ! art ( sail+ a boat "u fav\rable circum/ances2 b x is only aft] consid]able exp]i5ce t ! sailor is able to d ! "r ?+ promptly 9 ! v>i\s em]g5cies :i* he is sure to enc\nt]4 ,! tyro w soon discov] t ! m he kn[s ! m he has left to le>n1 & if once he comm5ces to acquire ?is k ( seaman%ip1 he w be ?ir/y = m1 & he w nev] we>y ( 8 fav\rite sport all ! days ( 8 life4 ,?is book is int5d$ = ! tyro1 & 9 x1 !re=e1 only ! m necess>y & elem5t>y portions ( nautical sci5ce w be treat$ (4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he mu/ h 8 boat1 & to assi/ him 9 ! selection ( ?is is no easy task--s mu* dep5ds on ! idiosyncrasy ( ! tyro1 ! "* ( ! wat]s he proposes to navigate1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,x may be safely premis$ t he _c possibly "k :at sort ( boat w be/ satisfy 8 ne$s1 & z 8 m exp]i5c$ fri5ds h ea* _! sep>ate views z to :at he %\ld procure 9 ! way ( a craft--_! views ( c\rse dep5d+ n on 81 b on _! sep>ate idiosyncrasies--x is _m *ances to "o t1 :e!r he foll[s ! fri5d's advice or 8 own inexp]i5c$ incl9ation1 he w n 9 ! fir/ in/ance obta9 ! boat he really requires4 ,x is1 inde$1 z an old salt rem>k$1 z impossible to *oose = ano!r man ! boat t w suit him z to pick out a wife = him2 & "s m5--good sailors too--nev] succe$ 9 mat+ !mselves ) ! "r craft1 b are p]petually build+ or buy+ & sell+ aga9 )\t ev] satisfy+ !mselves4 ,we1 !re=e1 recomm5d ! novice n to be ov]-ambiti\s at fir/4 ,let him cont5t himself ) a mode/ & inexp5sive craft until he has acquir$ at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( ! art ( sail+1 & is bett] capable ( decid+ :at he wants4 ,( c\rse1 if he has fri5ds :o own boats1 on bo>d :i* he c pass 8 appr5tice%ip1 s mu* ! bett]2 b we h obs]v$ t z soon z a "y fell[ is bitt5 ) a ta/e = sail+1 he--small blame to him--insi/s on hav+ a boat ( 8 v own1 & w take little pleasure 9 ! boat ( ano!r4 ,9 recomm5d+ ! novice to cont5t himself at fir/ ) a *eap boat1 we ( c\rse d n mean a *eap bad boat1 n "o ( ^? extraord9>y b>ga9s "o comes across 9 ! adv]tisem5t columns ( ! newspap]s--a five-ton ya*t1 = in/ance1 go+ = ! ridicul\s sum ( five p\nds1 an anci5t hull pat*$ up ) pa9t & putty1 :i* w c]ta9ly cause mu* he>tburn+ to ! innoc5t novice :o acquires possession ( h]1 & w probably s disgu/ him t he w ab&on ya*t+ altoge!r4 ,= fir/ %e requires a new ma/1 !n %e mu/ h new sails1 !n x is f\nd necess>y to re-timb] h]1 possibly re-deck h]1 & !n1 aft] tw5ty times ! pur*ase-money has be5 sp5t ^u h]1 x is discov]$ t ! hull is s rott5 t x 7 madness to put to sea 9 h] at all2 s all ! exp5se has be5 = no?+1 & ! great b>ga9 sl[ly falls to pieces1 neglect$1 on a mud flat4 ,! foll[+ h9ts may prove ( "s s]vice to a novice :o1 despite :at we h said1 det]m9es to comm5ce 8 aquatic c>e] by pur*as+ a second-h& ya*t1 )\t hav+ a fri5d :o c assi/ him 9 ! exam9ation ( a vessel4 ,?\gh a craft w (t5 be f\nd to be z s\nd aft] ?irty ye>s or m z on ! day %e 0 laun*$1 /ill if sappy wood 0 us$ 9 h] con/ruction1 or if %e has be5 neglect$ :ile ly+ up1 %e may become utt]ly wor?less 9 less ?an t5 ye>s4 ,9 survey+ an old vessel1 s(t spots c be detect$ by ?ru/+ a p5knife into ! wood4 ,^? /reaks ( h] plank+ t are betwe5 w9d & wat]1 alt]nately dry & wet w g5]ally rot fir/4 ,! int]ior ( ! bottom %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! s\ndness ( ! plank+ & timb]s4 ,dry rot is likely to f9d its way into ! inn] sides ( ! /em & /]n po/s4 ,if possible remove "s ( ! saloon panels1 = ! space betwe5 a vessel's sk9s is a fav\rite ne/ = dry rot4 ,if a vessel is copp]$ & %e is haul$ up1 ! %ea?+ w be wr9kl$ 9 a horizontal direction if %e has be5 9 any way /ra9$4 ,^! wr9kles b5ea? ! *annels %[ infallibly t h] sides h be5 /ra9$ by ! rigg+4 ,v]tical or irregul> wr9kles on o!r portions ( h] copp] may m]ely indicate t %e has rubb$ aga9/ "s h>d sub/ance4 ,look to ! nails & bolts & see if !y are corrod$1 or if copp] nails h work$ loose 9 consequ5ce ( ! vessel's /ra9+4 ,if sp>s are crack$ 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 ?is is ( little consequ5ce1 unless ! cracks are v deep4 ,su* cracks %\ld be /opp$ ) putty :5 ! wood is q dry1 s z to keep ! wet out4 ,:5 a sp> is sprung ! cracks w be transv]se z well z l5g?ways4 ,a ma/ is liable to decay :]e x passes ?r\gh ! deck1 also "u ! h\nds4 ,look ) suspicion on a vessel t has cem5t 9 h] bottom2 = ?is prev5ts a prop] exam9ation ( h] int]ior4 ,to fill up ! spaces betwe5 ! l[] timb]s ) ,portl& cem5t is1 z we %all %[ fur!r on1 an admirable plan2 b x is (t5 resort$ to 9 ord] to conceal s]i\s defects4 ,! bottom ( _m an old craft is practically held toge!r by cem5t4 ,be=e describ+ ! v>i\s =ms ( boats suitable = pleasure sail+1 x w be well to give to ! read] a g5]al idea ( ! rigg+ & o!r p>ts ( a small craft1 s t c]ta9 t]ms :i* we %all h to use con/antly may be und]/ood by him4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a small cutt] rigg$ z simply z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #a4 ,! sp>s are 7#a7 ! ma/1 :i* is :at is kn[n z a pole ma/1 t is1 a ma/ complete 9 itself1 hav+ no topma/ above x2 7#b7 ! b[sprit2 7#c7 ! boom2 & 7#d7 ! gaff4 ,to support ! ma/ & b[sprit1 %r\ds & /ays are employ$4 ,! ma9%r\ds 7#e7 & ! =e/ay 7#f7 are n[ g5]ally ( iron wire rope2 ! =m] re/ on ! project+ %\ld]s kn[n z h\nds 7#ac71 & are atta*$ to ! *annels 7#ad7 on ! side ( ! boat2 #g is ! bob/ay & #h are ! back/ays or runn]s4 ,! sails are1 ,a1 ! ma9sail2 ,b1 ! =esail2 ,c1 ! jib4 ,! ma9sail is spread betwe5 ! gaff & boom1 be+ lac$ to ! =m]4 ,! =esail is hoi/$ up ! =e/ay1 to :i* x is atta*$ by iron hoops4 ,! upp] edge ( a sail is call$ ! head2 ! l[] edge is ! foot2 ! =e edge is ! luff1 & ! aft] edge is ! lea*4 ,! upp] =e corn] is ! ?roat ( a sail2 ! upp] aft] corn] is ! peak2 ! l[] =e corn] is ! tack1 & ! l[] aft] corn] is ! clew4 ,! ropes by :i* ! sails are hoi/$ are call$ haly>ds4 ,! ma9sail has two haly>ds1 ! ?roat haly>ds :i* hoi/ ! =e end ( ! gaff1 & ! peak haly>ds :i* raise its aft] end4 ,! topp+ lift 7#aj7 tops up ! boom & relieves ! sail ( its weight4 ,! reef p5nant 7#ae71 pass+ ?r\gh an iron r+ call$ ! cr+le 7#ab7 & ! r[s ( reef po9ts 7#aa71 s]ve to reef or %ort5 sail :5 necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ropes4 ,knots1 ,b5ds1 & ,hit*es4 ,a man _c be ev5 an amateur sailor until he kn[s 8 ropes4 ,a great numb] ( knots1 hit*es1 b5ds1 et ct]a1 are employ$ by sailors2 b ! skipp] ( a small =e-&-aft] w f9d t ! diff]5t manipulations ( cordage :i* we w n[ describe w suffice 8 ne$s4 ,! ropes 9 ord9>y use are :at are kn[n z haws]-laid ropes1 & are ?us put toge!r4 ,sev]al ?reads ( hemp1 call$ y>ns1 are twi/$ toge!r to =m a /r&4 ,?ree /r&s twi/$ toge!r f "r to left =m ! haws]-laid or "r-h&$ rope4 ,:at is call$ a cable-laid rope conta9s n9e /r&s1 t is1 ?ree ord9>y "r-h&$ ropes twi/$ toge!r f left to "r into "o l>ge rope4 ,"r-h&$ rope mu/ be coil$ 8) ! sun0 f "r to left4 ,cable-laid ropes mu/ be coil$ f left to "r4 ,! ends ( all ropes %\ld be :ipp$ to prev5t ! /r&s f unravell+4 ,?is is done ) spun-y>n or t>r$ tw9e4 ,! tw9e is w\nd r\nd ! rope 9 su* a way t bo? ends ( ! tw9e are cov]$1 & s secur$ by ! laps1 & no knot is necess>y4 ,x is v easy to :ip a rope's end1 b v difficult to describe ! process 9 su* a way z to make "o's self intelligible to "o :o has nev] se5 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,:]e a rope is liable to be *af$1 z 9 ! eyes ( ! rigg+1 x is worm$1 p>cell$1 & s]v$4 ,fig4 #b w %[ h[ ^! op]ations are p]=m$4 ,worm+ consi/s ( lay+ spun-y>n betwe5 ! /r&s1 s z to fill up ! spiral groove :i* e rope pres5ts1 & obta9 a smoo? surface4 ,p>cell+ is wrapp+ n>r[ /rips ( t>r$ canvas ov] ! worm+1 x is put on ) ! lay1 t is1 foll[s ! direction ( ! /r&s4 ,s]v+ a rope is ! lay+ on ( spun-y>n or o!r small /uff ov] ! p>cell+ & worm+4 ,s]vice is put on aga9/ ! lay ( ! rope4 ,be=e comm5c+ to protect a rope 9 ?is way x %\ld be /ret*$ out z taut z possible ) tackle1 & ! worm+1 p>cell+1 & s]vice %\ld be laid on z tightly z possible4 ,! s]vice is haul$ taut by a s]v+ mallet4 ,if ! rope is a small "o1 x may be s]v$ )\t worm+1 z ! grooves betwe5 ! /r&s are n deep en\gh to cause great unev5ness ( surface4 ,splic+1 by :i* ! ends ( ropes are neatly & p]man5tly jo9$1 is a necess>y accompli%m5t ( ! ya*tsman1 & is easily acquir$4 ,a ,%ort ,splice 7,fig4 #c74--,unlay ! /r&s ( bo? rope ends = a little way4 ,int]lace ! ?ree loose /r&s ( "o rope ) ! ?ree loose /r&s ( ! o!r1 s t ea* /r& ( "o rope is betwe5 two /r&s ( ! opposite rope4 ,!n =ce ea* /r& "u ! next /r& b "o opposite to x1 & draw all tight4 ,repeat ?is op]ation ) ea* /r&1 & ! splice is made2 b to f9i% x (f neatly1 untwi/ ea* /r& end1 cut away half ! y>ns1 & tuck 9 ^! r$uc$ /r&s z be=e4 ,a m>l9e-spike or prick] is necess>y to =ce op5 ! /r&s "u :i* ! ends h to pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,:5 two rope ends are jo9$ by a ,long ,splice 7,fig4 #d71 ! jo9$ portion is no ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! rope1 & w reeve ?r\gh any block t w admit t rope2 ?is splice is !re=e v useful = repair+ a haly>d t has brok54 ,unlay ! ends ( ! two ropes = a di/ance six times great] ?an = a %ort splice1 & place ! /r&s toge!r z = a %ort splice4 ,unlay "o /r& ( "o rope = a consid]able di/ance fur!r1 & fill up ! int]val ?us left ) ! opposite /r& f ! o!r rope4 ,repeat ?is process ) "o /r& ( ! o!r rope4 ,:]e ! opposite /r&s meet divide !m1 take an ov]h& knot 9 !m1 & tuck !m 9 z 9 a %ort splice2 b be=e cutt+ (f ! half-/r&s ! rope %\ld be well /ret*$4 ,! ya*tsman w use ! ,eye ,splice 7,fig4 #e7 m frequ5tly ?an any o!r4 ,! end ( ! rope is b5t r\nd s z to =m a loop ( ! requir$ size & ! unlaid /r&s are tuck$ into ! rope exactly z 9 ! %ort splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,if "o /r& ( an o!rwise s\nd rope be cut ?r\gh x c be replac$ ?us4 ,cut (f ab\t two feet ( ! injur$ /r&4 ,take a some:at great] l5g? ( a /r& ( ! same size & lay x 9 ! int]val left by ! remov$ portion ( injur$ /r&1 !n proce$ to halve ! /r&s1 knot & tuck 9 z 9 a long splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,a ,grommet 7,fig4 #f7 is a rope r+4 ,unlay a /r&1 )\t /ret*+ x & s di/urb+ ! turns 9 x4 ,=m a r+ ( ! requir$ size by b5d+ ! end r\nd on to ! /&+ "p4 ,!n w9d ! /r& twice r\nd ?is r+1 fitt+ x c>efully into ! crevices1 s t ! r+ !n pres5ts exactly ! appe>ance ( ! orig9al rope f :i* ! /r& 0 tak54 ,:]e ! ends meet1 take an ov]h& knot ) !m1 halve ! y>ns1 & tuck !m 9 z 9 ! long splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,we n[ come to ! v>i\s useful knots1 b5ds1 & hit*es1 all easy to acquire1 b difficult to describe 9 words4 ,h[ev]1 if ! read] w /udy ! accompany+ diagrams ) a bit ( rope 9 8 h&1 he w soon discov] = himself h[ ^! knots are =m$4 ,!y all s]ve _! purpose admirably--t is1 !y are quickly made1 are secure1 & _c slip1 & yet are readily undone aga94 ,we mu/ expla9 t ! /&+ "p ( a rope is ! portion held 9 ! h&2 ! bight is ! loop made 9 ty+ ! knot2 ! end is t extremity ( ! rope on :i* ! knot is to be made4 ,fir/ we h ! common ,ov]h& ,knot 7,fig4 #g71 to :i* we h already allud$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o ov]h& knot on ! top ( ano!r w =m a ,reef ,knot 7,fig4 #h71 t is if ! ends are cross$ ! "r way2 = o!rwise x w be a granny 7,fig4 #i71 ! sailor's dete/ation4 ,! novice on bo>d a ya*t is sure to be unm]cifully *aff$ %\ld he h assi/$ at reef+ ! ma9sail1 & a granny be aft]w>ds discov]$ among ! reef po9ts4 ,! figures w %[ t 9 ! reef-knot bo? p>ts--! /&+ "p & ! end--pass ?r\gh ! bight ! same way1 n "o "u & "o above1 z 9 ! granny4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a ,common ,b5d 7,fig4 #aj7 w b5d two ropes toge!r4 ,take up ! end ( "o rope into a bight1 & pass ! end ( ! o!r rope ?r\gh ! bight r\nd bo? p>ts & "u its own /&+ "p4 ,a common b5d also s]ves to b5d a rope into an eye splic$ into ! end ( ano!r rope4 ,! signal haly>ds are ?us b5t on to ! burgee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,c>rick ,b5d 7,fig4 #aa7 w b5d two ropes toge!r m securely ?an ! common b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,:5 x is desir$ to fa/5 "o rope on to ! middle ( ano!r rope1 s z to haul ^u x1 a ,roll+ ,hit* mu/ be us$1 z ?is1 :5 jamm$1 _c slip d[n ! rope1 & yet x is easily ca/ (f aga94 ,fig4 #ab repres5ts a wat*-tackle1 ) ! tail ( its upp] block b5t ) a roll+ hit* on to ! rope x is int5d$ to pull ^u1 :ile ! hook on its l[] block is made fa/ ) a ,blackwall hit*4 ,a wat*-tackle is a v h&y tackle on bo>d %ip1 & is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,a tail is /rapp$ to ! upp] block & an iron hook to ! l[] block4 ,a v p[]ful pur*ase is obta9$ by us+ two wat*-tackles 9 comb9ation4 ,?is is done by mak+ fa/ ! tail ( "o wat*-tackle to ! hook on ! l[] block ( ! o!r tackle4 ,) a ,blackwall ,hit* a rope c be rapidly & securely fa/5$ to a hook = a tempor>y purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! diagram w %[ h[ x is =m$4 ,! hit* is prev5t$ f slipp+ by ! jamm+ ( ! rope betwe5 its own /&+ "p & ! /em ( ! hook4 ,two ,half ,hit*es 7,fig4 #ac7 are v useful = b5d+ a rope to a r+1 a boat's pa9t] to a po/1 & o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a ,clove ,hit* 7,fig4 #ad7 is employ$ to fa/5 a rope to a sp> or to a /\t] rope4 ,9 ?is way ! ratl9es are hit*$ to ! %r\ds1 & a buoy-rope is fa/5$ to an an*or4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! ,b[l9e ,knot 7,fig4 #ae7 is some:at m difficult to make ?an any ( ! prec$+1 b if ! read] dilig5tly imitate ! =m ( ! diagram ) a piece ( rope or /r+ he w soon acquire ! secret4 ,:]e an easily runn+ noose is requir$1 a ,runn+ ,b[l9e 7,fig4 #af7 is useful4 ,a rope c be quickly b5t on to a sp> by means ( a ,timb] ,hit* 7,fig4 #ag71 :i* does n readily slip4 ,a ,topsail ,haly>d ,b5d 7,fig4 #ah7 is /ill less likely to slip4 ,9 ?is case a description may assi/ ! diagram4 ,take ?ree turns r\nd ! sp>2 come back r\nd ! /&+ "p2 pass "u all ?ree turns1 !n ov] ! la/ two turns & "u ! fir/ turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! mo/ secure way ( fa/5+ a haws] to a moor+ r+ or dolph9 is by means ( ! ,fi%]man's ,b5d 7,fig4 #ai74 ,?is is also "o ( ! be/ ways ( b5d+ a hemp cable on to an an*or r+4 ,:5 us$ = ?is la/ purpose x is well to seize ! ends z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,new rope1 especially manilla rope1 is v apt to twi/ itself up into loops or k9ks4 ,?is t5d5cy to k9k c be prev5t$ by /ret*+ ! rope well be=e us+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,sail+4 ,leeway & lat]al resi/ance--,heel+--,balanc+ sails--,tack+--,action ( rudd]--,longitud9al resi/ance--,deep keel or c5tre-bo>d4 ,any object float+ on ! wat] w h a t5d5cy to drift be=e ! w9d2 b a boat1 ) its sci5tifically con/ruct$ hull1 sails1 & rudd]1 c be s guid$ z to sail ) ! w9d on h] qu>t] or abeam1 or ev5 close-haul$1 z x is call$1 t is1 ) ! w9d meet+ h] at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts ! deck plan ( a boat sail+ close-haul$ "u two sails4 ,! sails ,a & ,b are drawn aft ) ! %eets till !y =m an acute angle ) ! l9e ( ! keel4 ,! w9d1 ^: direction is indicat$ by ! arr[ ,w1 /rikes ! sails at a v acute angle1 s t !y d n %ake1 b are j full4 ,! result ( ?is pressure on ! sails is t ! boat is propell$ =w>d & also sideways away f ! w9d1 mak+ leeway1 z x is call$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,if a boat has a deep keel1 h] lat]al resi/ance to ! wat] w cause ! leeway to be insignificant4 ,if ! boat is ( v %all[ draught & s (f]s little lat]al resi/ance to ! wat]1 %e w n g ahead at all1 & ! entire =ce ( ! w9d w be exp5d$ 9 driv+ h] bodily to leew>d4 ,lee-bo>ds & c5tre-bo>ds are fitt$ to %all[ boats 9 ord] to obviate ?is4 ,! pressure ( ! w9d on ! sails1 9 addition to produc+ ! above effects1 heels a boat ov]4 ,a sail+-boat is s con/ruct$ z to resi/ ?is t5d5cy to capsize4 ,ei!r %e is made n>r[ & deep & is weight$ ) balla/ z f> z possible bel[ ! wat]-l9e1 or %e is %all[ b ( consid]able beam4 ,! deep & weight$ boat w heel ov] m readily ?an ! beamy %all[ boat1 b ! fur!r %e heels ! great] pressure ( w9d is necess>y to make h] heel /ill m1 = ! lev]age ( h] balla/ increases z %e heels1 & _m boats ) lead ^u _! keels are practically uncapsizable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! beamy %all[ boat does n heel s readily1 b aft] %e has heel$ to a c]ta9 angle %e w capsize4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pressure ( ! w9d on ! sails n only propels1 drives to leew>d1 & heels ov] a boat1 b1 unless ! sails are absolutely balanc$1 x t5ds to turn h] 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj we h a boat ) two sails4 ,if ! aft] sail is ! m p[]ful1 x is obvi\s t ! w9d w drive r\nd t sail & ! /]n ( ! boat ) x 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ,c1 :ile ! head ( ! boat w run up into ! w9d4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! head sail be ! m p[]ful ( ! two1 ! b[ w be driv5 (f ! w9d & ! boat w be> away4 ,! sails ( a boat %\ld be s balanc$ t %e has a slight t5d5cy to run up into ! w9d2 & to c\nt]act ?is wea!r helm1 z x is call$1 ! /e]sman w h to keep ! rudd] slightly to leew>d ( ! l9e ( ! keel4 ,if a boat c>ry+ wea!r helm be left to h] own devices 9 a squall %e w at once d ! "r ?+1 luff up into ! w9d & be 9 safety2 :]eas a boat ) too mu* head-canvas & c>ry+ lee-helm w run (f h] c\rse & put h]self 9 a dang]\s position4 ,a boat %\ld n gripe1 t is1 c>ry too mu* wea!r helm1 = /e]+ w !n be v h>d1 & ! rudd]1 =c$ f> ov] to c\nt]act ! helm1 w act z a s]i\s drag 9 ! wat]4 ,9 balanc+ ! sails1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! fur!r out a sail is on an extremity ( a boat1 ! great] its effect 9 driv+ t end ( ! boat (f ! w9d4 ,sometimes a vessel's sails are n prop]ly balanc$ because ! balla/ has n be5 /[$ 9 ! "r place4 ,x is obvi\s1 = in/ance1 t if balla/ be %ift$ aft ! wea!r helm w be dim9i%$1 = ! /]n ( ! boat w draw m wat] & s (f] m lat]al resi/ance1 :]eas ! /em ( ! boat w draw less wat]1 & w !re=e be m easily bl[n r\nd4 ,a c5tre-bo>d1 aga91 is g5]ally plac$ well =w>d1 s x is f\nd t :5 ?is is l[]$ ! wea!r helm ( ! boat is consid]ably increas$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h expla9$ t a boat prop]ly con/ruct$ & rigg$ c sail )9 =ty-five degrees ( ! w9d4 ,n[1 if x be desir$ to sail to "s po9t m directly to w9dw>d ?an ?is1 :at is call$ tack+ becomes necess>y4 ,?is consi/s ( sail+ a c]ta9 di/ance close haul$ ) ! w9d on "o side1 & !n turn+ r\nd & sail+ close haul$ ) ! w9d on ! o!r side4 ,a zigzag c\rse is ?us tak51 ea* tack be+ at ab\t "r angles to ! la/4 ,"o diagram ( ,fig4 #ba illu/rates ! process ( tack+ ) ! w9d "r ahead1 & 9 ! o!r diagram ! w9d is a po9t or two (f1 s t "o tack is long] ?an ! o!r1 !re be+1 9 sailor language1 a %ort leg & a long leg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! action ( ! rudd]1 :5 =c$ ov] till x is at an angle ) ! keel1 is to act z a drag on t side & s deflect ! boat's c\rse1 is pla9 en\gh4 ,b x is n s obvi\s a fact t ?is action ( ! rudd] 9 turn+ ! boat is n to turn h] b[ r\nd ?r\gh ! wat]1 b to pu% ! /]n sideways :ile ! b[ is almo/ at a /&/ill4 ,= ! c5tre ( rotation ( a boat1 t is1 ! imag9>y pivot on :i* %e turns1 is always well =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,9 ,fig4 #bb1 ,a is ! c5tre ( rotation4 ,s :5 ! rudd] is put ov] to ! "r1 ! boat w revolve on ! pivot ,a till %e is 9 ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! /]n has mov$ ab\t twice z f> z ! b[4 ,! fur!r =w>d ! c5tre ( rotation ! great] w ?is disproportion be4 ,x is v important to rememb] ?is effect :5 sail+ v ne> any object su* z a buoy1 = :ile /e]+ s z to turn ! boat's head away f ! object & avoid x1 ! /]n is made to approa* ! object1 & ! v action t seems calculat$ to prev5t a collision may become ! cause ( "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ %[n :at are ! relations ( ! sails1 hull1 & rudd] ( a boat to ! w9d & wat]1 & expla9$ h[ a vessel requires ei!r balla/ or beam to prev5t ! w9d f capsiz+ h]1 & ne$s draught to increase h] lat]al resi/ance & prev5t h] f be+ bl[n to leew>d1 x rema9s to add t ! longitud9al resi/ance to ! wat] mu/ be dim9i%$ z mu* z possible1 s t ! boat c slip easily ?r\gh ! wat] & travel ) spe$4 ,= ?is reason a %>p /em is put on a vessel1 s t %e c op5 a way = h]self ?r\gh ! wat] l a w$ge1 & %e is giv5 :at is call$ a f9e run aft1 s t h] /]n w n drag heavily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,aga91 ! l>g] ! area ( ! boat's greate/ cross-section 7,fig4 #bc71 ! m resi/ance t results & ! sl[] %e w travel4 ,! area ( ! cross-section is dim9i%$ by mak+ a boat ( n>r[ beam1 :ile ! necess>y displacem5t is obta9$ by increas$ l5g? & dep?4 ,n[1 ! difficulty arises t mo/ ( ! qualities t ensure spe$ 9 a boat h a t5d5cy to less5 h] /ability & ev5 h] lat]al resi/ance4 ,x foll[s t1 :ile con/ruct+ a boat1 a compromise has to be made betwe5 ^! ?ree2 & ! problem z to h[ to produce ! fitte/ craft becomes a v complicat$ "o t has nev] be5 solv$ yet1 & probably nev] w be4 ,?us a long n>r[ %all[ boat w run ! fa/e/ be=e ! w9d1 b %e w n turn to w9dw>d at all1 & w capsize ) great ease4 ,z x is recogniz$ t beam is oppos$ to spe$1 x has be5 long ! fa%ion 9 ,engl& to con/ruct rac+ ya*ts extremely n>r[ & ( great draught4 ,su* craft d atta9 spe$1 b at ! exp5se ( all com=t1 & :5 a heavy sea is runn+ g ?r\gh x in/ead ( ov] x4 ,to come to ! opposite extreme1 we h ! flat-bottom$ v %all[ & v beamy craft1 ) a deck plan n unlike a flat-iron--a v]itable skimm+-di%4 ,provid$ ) a c5tre-bo>d1 su* a boat is well adapt$ = %all[ & %elt]$ wat]s4 ,! c5tre-bo>d c be rais$ :ile cross+ a %oal1 & ! boat w !n draw only z _m in*es z a deep-keel boat ( h] size w\ld draw feet4 ,%e w be v fa/ 9 smoo? wat]1 b 9 r\gh wat] %e w p\nd heavily into ! seas1 &1 hav+ no good hold ( ! wat] & little mom5tum1 w lose h] headway & soon prove dang]\s4 ,= real com=t & seawor?9ess--& "s n[ ma9ta9 = rac+ purposes z well--a boat t is some?+ betwe5 ^! two extremes answ]s ! be/2 t is1 a boat t is mod]ately beamy & has a mod]ate draught ( wat]4 ,"s ye>s ago we sail$ to ,s\? ,am]ica 9 a ya*t t well repres5t$ ! class ( vessel we are n[ speak+ (4 ,h] l5g? 0 =ty-two feet1 h] beam ?irte5 feet1 & h] draught sev5 feet six in*es4 ,n be+ "o ( ! n>r[ deep class1 %e 0 an excell5t sea boat2 inde$1 %e once _h ! reputation ( be+ ! be/ sea boat ( h] size 9 ! ,*annel4 ,n[ ! advocates ( ! n>r[ boats w cont5d t spe$ mu/ h be5 sacrific$ to obta9 ?is com=t 9 heavy wea!r4 ,we sc>cely agree ) ^! g5tlem52 = ?is boat1 ?\gh furni%$ ) exceptionally small sails1 c\ld d h] n9e knots an h\r1 & on "o occasion travell$ two ?\s& sea miles 9 t5 days4 ,! au?or also once own$ a c5tre-bo>d yawl ( five tons1 :i* drew betwe5 two & ?ree feet )\t h] c5tre-bo>d4 ,%e ?us comb9$ ! advantages ( ! %all[ boat ) ! seawor?9ess ( a boat t is suffici5tly imm]s$ to h a good hold ( ! wat]4 ,?is compromise betwe5 ! deep-keel & ! c5tre-bo>d types ( boat has long be5 popul> 9 ,am]ica1 & probably ! rec5t victories ( ! ,am]ican ya*ts con/ruct$ on ^! pr9ciples1 ov] our own crack deep-keel]s w gradually modify ! ,engli% views on ?is subject4 ,mo/ ( our ya*t+ m5 ma9ta9 t a long hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( a boat mu/ weak5 h]2 t ! great /ra9 ( ! c5tre-bo>d1 conc5trat$ z x is on "o small portion ( ! keel1 mu/ r5d] a l>ge craft ?us fitt$ ill-adapt$ to buffet ) a really heavy sea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican build]s emphatically d5y t a c5tre-bo>d is a cause ( weakness1 & po9t to _! noble pilot vessels & trad+ s*oon]s1 :i* are all provid$ ) c5tre-bo>ds1 & :i* are expos$ to e sort ( wea!r4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell long] on ?is controv]sy2 = ?\gh !re is mu* div]g5ce ( op9ion z reg>ds l>ge craft1 !re c be no "q z to ! advantages ( fitt+ c5tre-bo>ds into _m k9ds ( small craft1 especially 9 ^? t are int5d$ = riv] sail+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,small ,,boats4 ,op5 & half-deck$ boats--,balla/--,! c5tre-bo>d--,false keels--,lee-bo>ds--,c\nt]s1 squ>e & po9t$ /]ns--,batt5$ sails4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations apply *iefly to small boats1 :i* c be r[$ z well z sail$1 & be easily h&l$ by "o man--t is1 boats f ! smalle/ size up to ab\t eighte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,,op5 ,,& ,,half-,,deck$ ,,boats4--,a small boat is (t5 half-deck$1 t is1 %e is provid$ ) a small deck 9 ! b[s & a n>r[ deck on ei!r side1 l[ coam+s be+ c>ri$ r\nd ! inside edge4 ,su* a boat mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t be saf] ?an an entirely op5 boat2 t is1 if %e be /ruck by a squall & heel f> ov]1 or aga91 if %e run h] nose into a sea1 ! wat] w fl[ (f h] decks in/ead ( p\r+ into h] & possibly swamp+ h]4 ,b a small boat is n a ya*t1 & %e ought n to be sail$ 9 s reckless a mann] z to drive h] b[s or gunwale "u & %ip l>ge bodies ( wat] 9 ?is way4 ,a q op5 boat1 if %e be prop]ly con/ruct$1 n ov]-balla/$1 n ov]-canvass$1 & ( c\rse prop]ly sail$1 w g ?r\gh an extraord9>y am\nt ( sea )\t tak+ a bucketful ( wat] on bo>d2 & n only ?is1 b %e w sail z fa/ if n fa/] ?an ! half-deck$ craft ( ! same size /agg]+ along "u excessive canvas1 ) ! wat] "u h] lee coam+s4 ,! slight additional safety1 or r inducem5t to recklessness af=d$ by ! half-deck & wat]ways1 is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by sev]al disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is deck--too n>r[ to walk along--w occupy mu* ( ! already limit$ space available on bo>d a small boat1 & x w be 9 ! way ( & imp$e "o work+ ! sails or r[+ to an ext5t t x is difficult to appreciate until "o has tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ! next place1 ?is deck mu/ be ( consid]able weight--a s]i\s disadvantage if ! boat has (t5 to be bea*$4 ,& n only is ! deck heavy 9 itself1 b1 situat$ z x is high above ! wat]-l9e1 x t5ds to make ! boat top-heavy1 & ?is mu/ be c\nt]act$ by putt+ m balla/ into h] ?an w\ld be requir$ 9 an entirely op5 boat ( ! same dim5sions4 ,n[1 if a small boat is int5d$ ev] to v5ture into r\gh wat]1 ! less balla/ %e c>ries & ! m buoyant %e is1 ! bett]4 ,we !re=e d n recomm5d half-decks = ! class ( boat ( :i* we are n[ speak+4 ,:5 a boat is big en\gh to be a small ya*t1 & ! half-deck =w>d cov]s a cuddy l>ge en\gh to af=d sleep+ accommodation to ! crew1 ! case is diff]5t1 & ! half-deck becomes a decid$ advantage4 ,,balla/4--,a small boat's balla/1 :atev] =m x may take1 %\ld be readily movable4 ,?us1 if lead is us$1 x %\ld be ca/ 9 small blocks ( n m ?an half a hundr$weight ea*1 & 9 ord] t x may be lift$ ) ease1 ea* block %\ld be provid$ ) a h&le4 ,lead be+ v heavy1 & !re=e occupy+ little space 9 a boat1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( balla/1 b x is also by f> ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,! iron half-hundr$weights ) h&les at ! top1 :i* c be pur*as$ at any m>9e /ore deal]'s1 are ne>ly z conv5i5t z lead weights1 & are v *eap4 ,batt5s %\ld be nail$ to ! bottom ( ! boat to keep ! balla/ 9 its place1 o!rwise x might slide to leew>d 9 a squall & cause a capsize4 ,/ones & bags ( s& are (t5 employ$ z balla/1 b wat] conta9$ 9 small b>rels1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 metal tanks1 %ap$ s z to fit closely into ! bottom ( ! boat1 is f> ! safe/ balla/ t c be us$4 ,= if a boat provid$ ) wat] balla/ capsize & fill %e w be no heavi] ?an if %e conta9$ no balla/1 &1 consequ5tly1 %e w n s9k4 ,ano!r advantage ( wat] balla/ is t x c be pump$ out to light5 ! boat :5 a calm necessitates ! use ( o>s1 & be quickly admitt$ aga9 :5 a breeze spr+s up & ! sail is hoi/$4 ,aga91 :5 ! wat]-tanks are empty ! boat is practically conv]t$ into a lifeboat1 & if a sea fill h] %e w /ill float4 ,! advantages ( wat] ov] o!r =ms ( balla/ are s num]\s t no?+ else w\ld be us$ 9 small boats 7 x n = ! great am\nt ( space x occupies2 & s s]i\s is ?is objection t "o b r>ely comes across a boat ?us balla/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,c5tre-,,bo>d4--,9 ,engl& ! c5tre-bo>d ( a small boat is g5]ally ( galvaniz$ iron2 ?us act+ also1 to "s ext5t1 z balla/4 ,9 ,am]ica wood5 c5tre-bo>ds are m (t5 us$4 ,if a boat has (t5 to be bea*$ or c>ri$1 lightness is an important object1 & !re=e ! wood5 c5tre-bo>d is to be pref]r$4 ,"o objection to ! c5tre-bo>d is t its trunk or case occupies s mu* space 9 ! int]ior ( ! boat4 ,a telescopic or fan c5tre-bo>d has rec5tly be5 inv5t$ :i* folds up into itself :5 haul$ up1 & !re=e requires no trunk4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t ?is is only adapt$ = canoes & o!r v small boats4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,false ,,keels4--,if ! tyro lives by ! sea x is v likely t he w comm5ce 8 nautical c>e] by becom+ ! pr\d possessor ( "s old ya*t's d+hy or %ip's boat1 :i*1 :5 he puts sail on h]1 runs be=e ! w9d to 8 complete satisfaction1 b is too %all[ to turn to w9dw>d4 ,n[1 to put a c5tre-bo>d into a boat t has n be5 expressly built = "o is an exp5sive & g5]ally unsatisfactory job1 b any c>p5t] c nail a false keel on to ! old "o1 & s give ! boat ! necess>y draught at a small exp5se4 ,a false keel %\ld be r\nd$ up t[>ds ! b[ & /]n1 & h its greate/ dep? "s way abaft ! middle ( ! boat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lee-,,bo>ds4--,! tyro w f9d lee-bo>ds ev5 less exp5sive & possibly m effective ?an a false keel1 & :5 !y are rais$ ! boat w r[ m easily ?an if %e 7 provid$ ) ! latt]4 ,!re is "s prejudice aga9/ lee-bo>ds 9 ,engl&1 & to eyes unaccu/om$ to see !m on pleasure craft !y appe> ugly1 b 9 ,holl& no boat or ya*t is )\t !m4 ,l>ge lee-bo>ds are made 9 sev]al sections1 & are /r5g!n$ ) iron b&s1 :ile !y require a good deal ( ge> to support & raise !m2 b ! au?or has f\nd t ) a small boat ! foll[+ simple me?od ( fitt+ lee-bo>ds prov$ v satisfactory4 ,! %ape & position ( ?is lee-bo>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,x is cut out ( "o plank & has no iron fitt+s1 & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 x is betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,! inn] side is flat4 ,! out] side1 z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 ma9ta9s ! ?ickness ( ! plank at ! head & d[n ! middle1 & is !nce plan$ away to a n>r[ edge4 ,a rope is rove ?r\gh a hole at ! head ( ! lee-bo>d1 & pass+ ov] ! gunwale is secur$ to a cleat4 ,ano!r rope rove ?r\gh a hole at ! bottom ( ! lee-bo>d is l$ aft & s]ves to raise x1 :ile ! fir/ rope s]ves z a pivot4 ,:5 ! lee-bo>ds are n requir$ !y c be br\ght on bo>d & plac$ at ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,if ! boat is wall-sid$1 t is1 has p]p5dicul> sides1 ! lee-bo>ds c re/ aga9/ ^!2 b if1 z is ! case ) mo/ boats1 h] sides fall 9 b5ea?1 wood5 pill[s mu/ be fa/5$ on ! outside ( ! boat to support ! lee-bo>ds & keep !m at ! "r angle2 or1 & ?is is sometimes ! bett] plan1 batt5s ( ! requisite bread? are nail$ on ! lee-bo>ds !mselves4 ,9 work+ lee-bo>ds ! lee "o is l[]$ & ! wea!r "o haul$ up1 & :5 ! boat is runn+ bo? are rais$4 ,all ^? :o are accu/om$ to ! use ( lee-bo>ds speak well ( !m1 & !y c]ta9ly h "s advantages ov] c5tre-bo>ds1 notably1 t if ! boat runs agr\nd1 !y w n b5d1 break (f1 or /ra9 ! boat1 z is (t5 ! case ) a c5tre-bo>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c\nt]s1 ,,squ>e ,,& ,,po9t$ ,,/]ns4--,:atev] x may be on a ya*t1 a c\nt] or ov]hang+ /]n is n an ornam5t on a small boat1 be+1 z x is1 ! v rev]se ( useful2 & to ! educat$ eye ! useful & beautiful g toge!r 9 boats1 z !y d 9 _m o!r ?+s4 ,9 r\gh wat]1 if a sea /rike a boat "u ! c\nt] a v>iety ( disagreeable results may ensue2 = in/ance1 ! boat's b[s may be driv5 "u1 or %e may broa* to1 t is1 be driv5 broadside on to ! sea1 & be swamp$ by ! next wave4 ,a squ>e /]n1 z is usual 9 small boats1 is f> bett] ?an a c\nt]2 b f> bett] /ill1 = a boat int5d$ to be out 9 r\gh wat]1 is ! po9t$ /]n4 ,su* a boat is und\bt$ly saf]1 especially :5 runn+ be=e a sea1 & we ma9ta9 t %e w be fa/] z well4 ,all lifeboats are ?us con/ruct$4 ,! au?or 0 caught 9 a nor?-we/ gale 9 ! ,gulf ( ,heligol& la/ summ]1 & _h to sail sixty miles be=e a high & dang]\s sea4 ,he 0 9 a little ya*t ( ?ree tons1 :i* _h a po9t$ /]n4 ,%e %[$ no t5d5cy to broa* to1 b ru%$ /raight ahead across ! /eep sea 9 a fa%ion t gave u confid5ce & a/oni%$ u4 ,_h %e _h ! ord9>y ya*t's /]n to pres5t to ^? foll[+ masses ( wat] in/ead ( a graceful w$ge (f]+ little resi/ance1 we %\ld h _h a v uncom=table "t ( x4 ,_m m5 dislike a po9t$ /]n1 & consid] x ugly4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x behaves h&somely1 & we %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d any amateur build+ a sail+-boat = coa/+ purposes to give h] ! lifeboat /]n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,batt5$ ,,sails4--,batt5s ( p9e tap]+ at ! ends1 are sometimes fa/5$ to ! reef b&s ( balance lugs & o!r sails 9 use on small boats4 ,! object ( batt5s is to make a sail /& v flat4 ,ano!r advantage ga9$ by ! use ( ^! is t if "o is sail+ a boat alone1 a reef c be tak5 d[n 9 a mom5t ) "o h& :ile ! haly>d is be+ slack$ (f a suffici5t l5g? ) ! o!r4 ,?is is done by means ( a l9e :i*1 :5 haul$ taut1 draws ! boom & batt5 close toge!r4 ,x is n necess>y to tie d[n reef po9ts 9 a sail reef$ z above1 b to d s makes a mu* neat] reef4 ,batt5s are ( great s]vice on ! sails ( canoes & v small craft1 b !y make a l>g] sail some:at heavy & clumsy to h&le4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,rigs ,,( ,,small ,,boats4 ,spritsails--,dipp+ lugs--,/&+ lugs--,leg-(-mutton sails--,! balance lug--,! ,una rig--,balance reefs--,! sloop--,rules ( op5 boat sail+4 ,! ,spritsail rig is mu* us$ on small boats all r\nd ! coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,x is an exce$+ly h&y & safe rig1 & ! spritsail w set flatt] & is bett] adapt$ = turn+ to w9dw>d ?an almo/ any o!r =m ( sail4 ,x has no boom or gaff1 b is ext5d$ by a long diagonal sp> call$ ! sprit1 :i* tap]s away at ! two extremities1 ! upp] end ( x fitt+ into an eye on ! peak1 ! l[] end fitt+ into a loop on ! ma/ call$ ! snott]4 ,! snott] 7see ,fig4 #be7 is a grommet :i* is plac$ r\nd ! ma/1 & !n seiz$ 9 ! middle s z to =m an eye = ! sprit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,9 us+ ?is rig1 ! sail is hoi/$ fir/2 "o end ( ! sprit is ins]t$ into ! eye ( ! peak1 & !n ! o!r end is ins]t$ into ! snott]4 ,la/ly1 ! snott] is pu%$ up ! ma/ z f> z x w g1 br++ ! sail q flat4 ,x is well to h a tackle = hoi/+ ! snott] & prev5t+ x f slipp+ d[n ! ma/4 ,x is important t ! snott] %\ld be q s\nd4 ,!re is a great /ra9 on x1 & %\ld x break1 ! sprit end may drive a hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( a boat or "w "s o!r s]i\s damage4 ,a spritsail c be brail$ up along ! ma/ 9 a mom5t by means ( a l9e lead+ ?r\gh a block on ! ma/ & pass+ r\nd ! sail4 ,a glance at any ,?ames sail+ b>ge at an*or w %[ h[ ?is is done4 ,an old %ip's long-boat provid$ ) a sprit ma9sail1 sprit mizz51 & jib1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 is a v conv5i5t sort craft 9 :i* to take "o's fir/ lessons 9 sail+4 ,:5 x bl[s h>d ! ma9sail c be /[$1 & ! boat w sail "u jib & mizz51 or ^! la/ two sails c be tak5 9 & ! ma9sail alone be left /&+4 ,! mizz5 %eet1 x w be obs]v$1 is rove ?r\gh a %eave-hole at ! end ( a bumpk91 a small fix$ sp> project+ f ! /]n ( ! boat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,dipp+ ,,lug is a p[]ful sail v well adapt$ = sea "w1 & a fav\rite ) fi%]m5 & o!r pr(essional sailors1 b x _c be recomm5d$ to ! amateur2 = at e tack ! sail has to be l[]$ & pass$ r\nd to ! o!r side ( ! ma/4 ,?is necessitates pl5ty ( sea room1 & w\ld be an awkw>d op]ation to und]take :ile turn+ up a n>r[ & cr[d$ *annel4 ,to h&le a dipp+ lug ) safety 9 a /iff breeze requires consid]able exp]i5ce bo? on ! "p ( ! /e]sman & ( ! h& or h&s to :om ! dipp+ ( ! sail is entru/$4 ,any "o :o wi%es to rig a boat 9 ?is fa%ion %\ld read ,w4 ,h4 ,s4's description1 9 ! ,ya*t ,rac+ ,cal5d> & ,review = ?is ye>1 ( a v useful inv5tion ( 81 :]eby ! dipp+ ( a lug is made easy & ! possibility ( bungl+ 9 tack+ r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,,! ,,/&+ ,,lug1 ?\gh n s p[]ful a sail z ! dipp+ lug1 is f> m conv5i5t2 z ! sail has n to be l[]$ 9 tack+4 ,! tack1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ =w>d1 is br\ght d[n to ! ma/1 :]e x is hook$ on to an iron hook if ! sail be a small "o1 & if ! sail be a l>ge "o x is fitt$ ) a tackle1 s t ! tack c be b[s$ d[n aft] ! sail is hoi/$4 ,! y>d is swung at ab\t "o-?ird ( its l5g?1 :]e x has a /rop to pass ov] ! hook on ! travell]--an iron r+ on ! ma/ to :i* ! end ( ! haly>d is atta*$1 & :i* prev5ts ! sail bl[+ away f ! ma/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 ord] to ensure a lug sail t w /& well1 ! peak %\ld be cut high1 z 9 ! draw+4 ,x is a common fault to cut ! head ( a lug sail too squ>e4 ,su* a sail c nev] be made to set flatly4 ,a %ort beamy d+hy ) "o lug is a h&y little craft = ! amateur2 b if ! boat is a long "o %e w be bett] ) a jib & mizz51 z 9 ,fig4 #bg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,leg-,,(-,,mutton ,,sail4--,a v h&y rig & "o t requires no sp>s b ! ma/s is t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! ma/s ?\gh long are slight1 z !re is little /ra9 on !m4 ,ea* sail is hoi/$ to its ma/head by "o haly>d1 & its luff is kept close to ! ma/ by hoops or m usually by a lac+4 ,a boat ?us rigg$ is possibly ! safe/ ( any1 & is n easily capsiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rigs we h s f> describ$ are well adapt$ = a novice1 insomu* z !y ne$ no booms4 ,z soon z a sail is provid$ ) a boom ! dang] ( sail+ is mu* increas$4 ,if y let g ! %eet ( a sail t has no boom--a spritsail1 = in/ance--x flaps away f ! ma/ innoc5tly l a flag4 ,put a boom on x1 & y at once h a great surface ( canvas ext5d$ rigidly & (f]+ ! greate/ possible resi/ance to ! w9d4 ,:5 runn+ be=e a /rong w9d a jibe1 & especially if x be an unprem$itat$ jibe1 ( a sail b5t on to a long boom becomes a s\rce ( dang]4 ,?us a gre5 h& or a c>eless p]son _c be safely tru/$ ) a boom sail on a squally day2 b :5 ! novice has acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( sail+1 & employs t con/ant caution & wat*fulness ( 8 ev]-op5 wea!r-eye :i* are indisp5sable qualities = a sailor1 he w mo/ c]ta9ly1 & v rightly too1 pref] ! boom sail4 ,= a sail t has no boom is mo/ unsatisfactory if "o wi%es to get any spe$ out ( a boat4 ,:5 runn+ free x curves into a bag1 & only pres5ts half its area to ! w9d4 ,x nev] /&s flat1 except :5 ! boat is close-haul$1 & n always !n1 unless ! %eet is l$ exactly to ! "r place2 & ?\gh a sail )\t a boom jibes ) great] safety1 x is mu* m liable to accid5tal jibes ?an "o ) a boom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,balance ,,lug4--,! fav\rite sail = small c5tre-bo>d craft 9 ,engl& is und\bt$ly ! balance lug4 ,mo/ ( ! rac+ boats on ! ,upp] ,?ames are fitt$ ) ?is sail2 "s h jibs1 o!rs jibs & mizz5s1 besides ! ma9sail2 b we w conf9e ourselves to describ+ ! s+le-sail c5tre-bo>d d+hy1 :i* little craft is p]haps unrivall$ = ! purpose ( s+le-h&$ sail+ on a riv]4 ,a h&y boat is "o fifte5 feet long1 ) five feet beam4 ,%e %\ld h a flat floor1 & !re=e %all[ draught4 ,! ma/ is support$ ) wire %r\ds1 & is fitt$ into :at is call$ a tab]nacle1 t is1 a wood5 case = ! heel ( ! ma/1 hav+ a pivot ?r\gh x1 on :i* pivot ! ma/ is easily l[]$ :5 ! boat is pass+ "u a bridge4 ,! sail1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 is hoi/$ on a y>d simil> to t ( a /&+ lug1 b ! foot ( ! sail is lac$ to a boom1 & ext5ds "s di/ance 9 front ( ! ma/4 ,"o end ( ! tack is fa/5$ to ! boom1 :]e x crosses ! ma/1 & ! o!r end ( x is secur$ to ! ma/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! tack is a mo/ important rope 9 a balance-lug boat1 = aft] ! sail has be5 hoi/$ ) ! haly>d & x is requir$ to give t la/ haul on ! sail :i* br+s x to its prop] tautness1 a mu* small] am\nt ( p[] w d ?is :5 appli$ to ! tack ?an if appli$ to ! haly>d4 ,an effici5t tack pur*ase is :at is kn[n z a wat* tackle1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,:5 aft] sail+ a:ile ! ropes h /ret*$1 & ! sail is no long] flat1 x is ) ?is tackle1 & n ) ! haly>d1 t "o sets x up aga94 ,a balance lug requires m frequ5t sett+ up to pres]ve its flatness ?an any o!r sort ( sail4 ,9 a small d+hy1 no pur*ase is ne$$ = ! haly>ds2 ! sail w l[] m easily & quick] )\t "o4 ,! tab]nacle also is unnecess>y1 z ! ma/ c be easily un/epp$4 ,! sail is kept close to ! ma/ by an iron travell]2 b if ! sail be cut ) a high peak x w be f\nd t ! travell] has a t5d5cy to prev5t ! sail f l[]+ completely4 ,a travell] is also liable to jam if ! ma/ is n kept well greas$4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! iron travell] is disp5s$ ) on mo/ ( ! ,upp] ,?ames boats1 & in/ead ( x1 a l9e is fa/5$ to ! y>d1 :i* passes r\nd ! ma/ & is rove ?r\gh an eye on ! y>d4 ,:5 ! sail is up1 ?is l9e is haul$ taut1 & prev5ts ! y>d f bl[+ away f ! ma/4 ,?is me?od w be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,a well-cut balance lug prop]ly hoi/$ %\ld be ne>ly z flat z a bo>d4 ,! fact ( ! tack be+ "s way d[n ! boom prev5ts ! pressure ( ! w9d f lift+ ! aft]-end ( ! boom & s =m+ a belly 9 ! sail1 z is ! case ) ! ord9>y =e-&-aft sail4 ,a balance-lug sail is always rigid2 ! boom & y>d c only move toge!r1 & ?is rigidity r5d]s x some:at unfit = r\gh wat]1 :]e x is apt to consid]ably /ra9 ma/ & boat4 ,! balance lug is r an awkw>d sail to l[]1 & z x is impossible to brail x up1 or l[] ! peak1 or trice up ! tack to tempor>ily r$uce ! canvas 9 a squall1 z c be done ) o!r rigs1 ! sail has to be l[]$ bodily if ! boat is ov]p[]$ by ! w9d4 ,?us1 if "o is ov]tak5 by a viol5t squall :ile runn+ be=e ! w9d1 ! balance lug is p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s sail "o c h on a boat4 ,s z to facilitate reef+1 a grommet is sometimes plac$ on ea* reef cr+le at ! luff ( a balance-lug sail4 ,9 tak+ d[n a reef1 ! =e end ( ! boom is ?ru/ into ?is eye & an e>+ is ?us disp5s$ )4 ,! usual me?od ( fitt+ ! %eet ( a balance-lug sail is to fa/5 "o end ( x to "o side ( ! /]n1 & !n to lead x ?r\gh a s+le block /rapp$ on to ! boom1 & ?r\gh ano!r block fa/5$ to ! o!r side ( ! /]n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,una ,,rig4--,:]eas ! balance lug is ! fav\rite ,engli% rig = small riv] craft1 ! ,cat or ,una rig is g5]ally pref]r$ by ! ,am]icans1 & x und\bt$ly possesses "s important advantages ov] ! o!r rig4 ,! cat boat 7,fig4 #ca71 be+ int5d$ = v %all[ wat]s1 has ! lea/ possible draught4 ,?is boat1 consequ5tly1 has great beam1 & is (t5 q flat-bottom$4 ,! c5tre-bo>d is ( wood or iron4 ,! ma/ is /epp$ mu* m =w>d ?an 9 a balance-lug boat1 & c>ries "o l>ge sail lac$ to a boom & gaff4 ,! cat boat1 9 our op9ion1 w turn to w9dw>d 9 smoo? wat] ev5 m sm>tly ?an a balance lug1 & z a rule w r[ m easily1 = ! displacem5t is v small1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ability giv5 by ! great beam1 little1 (t5 no1 balla/ is us$4 ,9 ,engl&1 x is usual = a ,una boat to h b "o haly>d1 :i* s]ves to hoi/ bo? peak & ?roat4 ,we pref] two haly>ds1 "o = ! ?roat1 "o = ! peak1 ! latt] lead+ aft1 s t x c be let g 9 a squall1 & ?us r$uce ! sail by "o-half4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! au?or _h rec5tly a good deal ( exp]i5ce 9 an eighte5-foot cat boat among ! quays ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & on an ext5sive lake 9 ,florida1 & he came to ! conclusion t = su* "w ! cat rig 0 f> h&i] ?an ! balance lug1 especially :51 z 0 (t5 ! case1 !re 0 a l>ge p>ty ( ladies on bo>d4 ,?is 0 an entirely op5 boat1 c>ry+ no balla/1 & hav+ a wood5 c5tre-bo>d4 ,%e 0 !re=e v light = h] size1 & c\ld be r[$ ) s+ul> ease4 ,! lake 0 subject to sudd5 & viol5t squalls1 & x 0 v conv5i5t to be able to let g ! peak haly>ds )\t leav+ ! till]1 & h !m up aga9 9 a mom5t z soon z ! squall _h pass$1 )\t di/urb+ ! pass5g]s 9 ! lea/4 ,_h ! sail be5 ! uncompromis+ balance lug1 ! :ole sail w\ld h _h to be l[]$ 9 a body on to ! heads ( ! pass5g]s4 ,a topp+ lift1 always belay$ s z to feel ! weight ( ! boom1 is indisp5sable 9 a cat boat1 else ! end ( ! boom w\ld drop into ! wat] :5 ! peak 0 l[]$4 ,/rong w9ds w\ld spr+ up sudd5ly on ?is lake1 s t ! boat w\ld be q ov]p[]$ ev5 "u close-reef$ sail1 & x became impossible to tack home until ! w9d dropp$4 ,nei!r 0 x possible to r[ back1 = ! v lightness ( a cat boat r5d]s h] a tr\blesome boat to pull aga9/ ! w9d4 ,%e is bl[n ov] ! surface ( ! wat] be=e ! w9d1 despite all ! ef=ts ( ! o>sman4 ,n[1 z ! swamps :i* surr\nd ?is lake also made x out ( ! "q to l& & walk home1 "o 0 liable to f9d "o's self wea!r-b\nd among ! dismal cypress swamps at ! fur!r end ( ! lake = ?ree days at a /ret* :ile a 8nor!r0 0 bl[+4 ,! au?or almo/ entirely did away ) ! *ance ( su* an unpleasant adv5ture by putt+ :at is kn[n z a balance reef into ! sail1 a plan he /rongly recomm5ds to all ^? :o w\ld sail ,una boats or small sloops on broad wat]s liable to sudd5 /orms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,balance ,,reef 7,fig4 #ca7 ext5ds diagonally across ! sail f ! ?roat to ! clews4 ,9 tak+ 9 ?is reef1 ! jaws ( ! gaff are l[]$ till !y t\* ! boom1 & are !re ti$4 ,! fall ( ! ?roat haly>ds w d = ?is purpose4 ,:5 ! reef has be5 tak5 d[n & ! peak is hoi/$ aga91 x w be f\nd t ! gaff is ne>ly p>allel to ! ma/1 & a v snug little triangul> sail is =m$1 "u :i* ! boat w tack or run--) boom well topp$ up--) safety2 & ! mom5t ! peak haly>d is let g1 d[n ! sail w fall into ! bottom ( ! boat )\t mak+ any fuss4 ,! boat we are speak+ ( 0 rem>kably cranky1 b %e w\ld behave well 9 a /rong gale "u h] balance reef4 ,! balance reef is mu* employ$ by our fi%]m5 & coa/]s1 b sc>cely ev] on bo>d ya*ts4 ,i believe t _m amateurs consid] ?is1 toge!r ) "s o!r useful wr9kles1 to be unya*ty4 ,f :at we h said1 x w be se5 t ! ,una rig (f]s _m advantages ov] its rival1 ! balance lug1 b x likewise has "s s]i\s disadvantages4 ,! ,una boat is n easily capsiz$--! beam prev5ts t--b %e soon becomes altoge!r ov]p[]$ by sea & w9d4 ,l all flat-bottom$ boats1 %e p\nds heavily into a head sea & is v wet4 ,! weight ( ! ma/1 be+ s f> =w>d1 makes h] some:at liable to run h] nose "u wat] & fill4 ,%e /e]s wildly too be=e a sea1 & w broa* to m readily ?an o!r boats1 :ile ! l5g? ( h] boom r5d]s an accid5tal jibe dang]\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sloop4--,boats & small ya*ts are (t5 sloop-rigg$4 ,!re is consid]able discrepancy ( op9ion z to :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a sloop & a cutt]4 ,at any rate1 ! g5]ally und]/ood di/9ction among boat+ m5 9 ,engl& is1 rightly or wrongly1 t :]eas a sloop's =e/ay is c>ri$ to ! end ( a fix$ b[sprit or an iron bumpk91 ! =e/ay ( a cutt] is c>ri$ to ! /em ( ! vessel2 & ?us ! sloop c only set "o l>ge =esail1 in/ead ( a =esail & a jib z a cutt] does4 ,we w adopt ?is def9ition ( a sloop1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,z ! rig is 9 e o!r respect ! same z t ( a cutt]1 we w res]ve an explanation ( its diff]5t p>ts till ! next *apt]1 :]e9 ! cutt] rig w be discuss$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! sloop rig is n "o to be altoge!r recomm5d$1 except = rac+ purposes on a riv]4 ,= cruis+ purposes1 if ! boat be a small "o1 "o ( ! rigs above m5tion$ is pref]able to ! sloop rig4 ,if ! boat be a good-siz$ "o1 x is bett] to make a cutt] or yawl ya*t ( h] at once2 = a sloop's big =esail is an awkw>d sail to h&le 9 r\gh wea!r4 ,! foll[+ important rules apply to ! sail+ ( op5 boats1 su* z we h describ$ 9 ?is *apt]3-- ,c>efully coil y\r haly>ds aft] hoi/+ sail1 s t !y w n get entangl$ & jam if y h to let g 9 a hurry4 ,see t y\r ma9%eet is coil$ out ( e "o's way4 ,_m a boat has be5 capsiz$ ow+ to a man's leg gett+ entangl$ 9 a %eet4 ,d n belay y\r ma9%eet1 b hold x 9 y\r h&2 if ! /ra9 be great1 take "o turn ) ! %eet r\nd a cleat or p94 ,sit to w9dw>d :ile /e]+4 ,if /ruck by a squall1 luff up to x1 or ease ! %eet1 or d bo?4 ,always luff up 9 ! w9d be=e hoi/+ or l[]+ sail4 ,nev] climb ! ma/ ( a small boat4 ,if any?+ is wrong al(t1 l[] ! ma/ to set x "r4 ,belay a haly>d by tak+ a few turns r\nd its cleat4 ,d n put a half-hit* on ! top ( ! turns4 ,d n jibe 9 ! middle ( a squall1 if y c avoid do+ s4 ,if a jibe is unavoidable1 l[] y\r peak fir/2 haul 9 y\r ma9%eet1 & pay x out on ! o!r side1 s z to less5 ! j]k z ! boat jibes4 ,if x is bl[+ h>d1 & all y\r crew are sitt+ to w9dw>d1 rememb] t a sudd5 drop 9 ! w9d may cause ! boat to capsize to w9dw>d4 ,unless y\r companions are exp]i5c$ boatm51 d n c>ry s mu* sail z to necessitate _! all sitt+ to w9dw>d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,a ,,cutt]',s ,,rigg+4 ,! b[sprit--,back/ays--,ma9 haly>ds--,tack tric+ l9e--,lac+ ma9sail to boom--,ma9tack tackle--,! gaff--,=e%eets--,=ehorse--,jib %eets--,ma9%eet-horse--,topsail--,sp9nak ]--,/rops = blocks1 etc4--,! ,,yawl--,! ,,ket*4 ,z ?is is a treatise on small craft1 we w speak ( ! cutt]1 yawl1 & ket*-rigg$ ya*ts only1 = ! s*oon] rig is only adapt$ to a l>g] /yle ( vessel4 ,) ! object ( famili>iz+ ! read] ) ! names ( ^? portions ( h] rigg+ common to ne>ly all boats1 we h already1 9 ,*apt] ,i41 giv5 a slight description ( a cutt]4 ,we w n[ ent] ^u a m detail$ explanation ( ?is rig z appli$ to craft ( "u t5 tons4 ,a cutt]'s b[sprit is n a fixture1 z x is on ! small boats we h s f> describ$1 b is made to slide 9 & out4 ,x c be run 9 altoge!r :5 no jib is set2 & :5 ! l>ge jib--= a cutt] %\ld be provid$ ) two jibs at lea/--is %ift$ 9 a breeze = ! small] jib1 ! b[sprit c be p>tly run 94 ,x is a great relief to a vessel plung+ into a heavy sea ?us to relieve h] ( ?is ov]hang+ weight4 ,! b[sprit passes betwe5 /rong wood5 bits on ! deck & ?r\gh an iron r+ cov]$ ) lea!r1 bolt$ on ! /em1 call$ ! gammon iron4 ,:5 ! b[sprit has be5 run 9 to ! requir$ di/ance x is kept 9 its place by ! fid1 an iron bolt :i* passes ?r\gh ! b[sprit & ! bits4 ,x is ess5tial t a b[sprit run 9 easily )\t jamm+1 s ! gammon iron %\ld be made l>ge1 & ! fid %\ld be a /\t "o1 else ! pressure ( ! b[sprit w soon b5d x1 & x w be impossible to draw x out4 ,:5 ! b[sprit is reef$1 ! bob/ay & ! b[sprit %r\ds h also to be %ort5$ & taut5$ up ) ! tackle atta*$ to !m4 ,! tack ( ! jib hooks on to an iron travell] on ! b[sprit :i* is haul$ out to ! requir$ di/ance ) ! jib ou?aul4 ,! back/ays or runn]s 7see ,fig4 #a71 support ! ma/ :5 ! vessel is runn+ be=e ! w9d4 ,! lee runn] mu/ be always slack$ out1 s t ! boom c run out suffici5tly f>4 ,mo/ ( a cutt]'s haly>ds consi/ ( sy/ems ( pulleys giv+ m or less me*anical advantage z ! sail is l>ge or small2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! m p[]ful ! pur*ase employ$1 ! long] ! "t occupi$ 9 hoi/+ & l[]+ ! sail & ! great] ! friction & *ance ( ! haly>d jamm+1 s a pur*ase t w j enable "o h& to hoi/ a sail ) mod]ate ease is all t is necess>y4 ,small ya*ts are (t5 ov] block$4 ,= example1 a cutt]'s ?roat haly>ds g5]ally consi/ ( a luff-tackle pur*ase1 ! d\ble block on ! ma/ & a s+le "o on ! ?roat2 b 9 a v small cutt] a gun-tackle pur*ase ( two s+le blocks 7see ,fig4 #cc7 w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,a gun-tackle pur*ase is also g5]ally us$ = ! jib haly>ds & =e haly>ds ( a cutt] "u t5 tons4 ,! tack tric+ l9e s]ves to trice up or draw up ! tack ( ! ma9sail & s consid]ably r$uce its size 9 a squall4 ,x is conv5i5t also to be able to trice up ! tack s z to see ahead bett] :ile sail+ into a cr[d$ h>b\r4 ,:]e ! sail is small1 ! tack tric+ l9e is fa/5$ on to ! tack ( ! sail1 passes ?r\gh a s+le block on ! gaff close to ! jaws1 & !nce leads to ! deck4 ,:]e ! sail is l>ge1 a gun-tackle pur*ase is us$4 ,9 l>ge cutt]s1 ! clew ( ! ma9sail is haul$ out on ! boom ) a travell] & tackle4 ,9 small] boats1 :]e ! clew c be haul$ out by h&1 x is g5]ally p]man5tly la%$ to ! end ( ! boom4 ,?is plan is apt to pull ! sail all out ( %ape1 = if ! clew has be5 haul$ out suffici5tly taut :5 ! sail is dry1 x w be /ret*$ ov]mu* :5 ! sail is %runk ) ra94 ,?us1 ev5 if no travell] be us$1 x is well to h ! clew la%+ s arrang$ t x c be easily ca/ (f or slack5$4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! foot ( a cutt]'s ma9sail is inv>iably lac$ to ! boom4 ,!re is "s prejudice 9 ?is c\ntry aga9/ ?is me?od1 s f> z sea-go+ boats are conc]n$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a sail sets flatt] :5 its foot is lac$1 & ano!r great advantage ga9$ is t a mu* light] boom c be employ$2 = ! lac+ divides ! /ra9 ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! boom1 in/ead ( conc5trat+ x at ! two extremities4 ,! buckl+ or b5d+ ( a boom is also mu* less5$ by ?is me?od1 & consequ5tly ! sail is flatt] 9 a /rong w9d4 ,9 our op9ion1 ! sole objection ( any importance to lac+ ! foot ( ! ma9sail is t 9 do+ s1 t v h&y rope ! tack trice mu/ be disp5s$ )4 ,! tack ( a ma9sail is g5]ally haul$ d[n by means ( a ma9tack tackle1 g5]ally a luff tackle pur*ase1 b 9 small] cutt]s a %ort rope splic$ into ! tack ( ! sail is suffici5t1 :i* c be made fa/ to ! boom or to a cleat on ! ma/4 ,! gaff travels up & d[n ! ma/ on ! jaws1 :i* are g5]ally ( wood 9 small cutt]s4 ,b z ! necess>y /r5g? is obta9$ by iron jaws ( mu* less ?ickness1 ^! are ! be/3 !y look neat]1 fit clos]1 & ! haly>ds are n s liable to get jamm$ betwe5 !m & ! ma/4 ,! jaws are prev5t$ f slipp+ f ! ma/ by ! p>rel1 a l9e ) beads ( h>d wood ?read$ on x1 :i* passes r\nd ! ma/ f "o horn ( ! jaws to ! o!r4 ,! boom is sometimes fitt$ to ! ma/ ) wood5 jaws l ^? ( ! gaff2 b an iron goos5eck1 a jo9t t gives play 9 e direction to ! boom1 is f> pref]able4 ,we w rem>k "h1 once & = all1 t :5ev] we m5tion iron "w ( any description1 we speak ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,no o!r %\ld be all[$ on bo>d a ya*t "u any pret5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! hoops by :i* ! luff ( ! sail is kept to ! ma/ are sometimes ( iron cov]$ ) lea!r1 b wood5 hoops are p]haps pref]able = a small ya*t1 & are less liable to jam4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t = ! =e%eets is z foll[s4 ,two s+le blocks are fa/5$ to ! clews ( ! =esail 7a d\ble block may answ] z well74 ,"o end ( ea* %eet is splic$ into an eye on deck1 !n ! %eet is rove ?r\gh "o ( ! blocks1 & back ?r\gh a lead to its cleat aft4 ,fig4 #cd illu/rates ?is me?od4 ,a horse = ! =e%eet is a great conv5i5ce on any boat :i* has decks l>ge en\gh to "w ^u4 ,! horse is an iron b> :i* crosses ! deck j be=e ! ma/1 ) a travell] runn+ on x to :i* ! =e%eet--only "o %eet is necess>y :5 a horse is us$--is made fa/4 ,! =esail ?us works itself :5 ! vessel is tack$1 & !re is no dang] ( its bl[+ away =w>d1 z !re is ) ! jib & also ) a =esail :5 no horse is employ$4 ,9 ord] to haul ! =esail to w9dw>d & flatt5 x 91 two b[l9es lead+ aft l =e or jib %eets are employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %eets ( ! head sails ( a small cutt] %\ld lead aft & belay to cleats )9 rea* ( ! helmsman4 ,! jib has two %eets1 "o on ei!r side ( ! ma/1 "o ( :i* is haul$ 9 & ! o!r slack5$ out1 accord+ to ! tack ! vessel is on4 ,:5 ! jibs are small ! %eets require no pur*ase1 b ea* %\ld lead ei!r ?r\gh a s+le block on ! gunwale or a comb cleat 7,fig4 #ce7 on ! deck4 ,x is important t ?is fairlead be exactly 9 ! "r spot1 = on ?is dep5ds :e!r ! jib /&s flatly or becomes a loose bag4 ,! "r spot c only be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,:]e ! bulw>ks are high1 x is sometimes f\nd advantage\s = ! jib %eets to pass ?r\gh holes 9 !m4 ,a knot %\ld be ti$ at ! end ( ea* jib %eet1 s t 9 case ! %eet gets loose by accid5t x _c escape ?r\gh ! fairlead4 ,! =e%eets require a pur*ase1 m especially :5 no horse is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( fitt+ a ma9%eet4 ,x usually travels on a horse1 & ! advantage ( a horse is1 t 9 tack+1 ! boom is haul$ d[n directly into its "r place1 & _c lift & s give a belly to ! sail1 z is ! case :]e !re is no horse4 ,fig4 #cf repres5ts ! usual fitt+ ( a ma9%eet ) horse & two d\ble blocks4 ,= a small cutt]1 "o d\ble & "o s+le block--! s+le block on ! horse--w\ld be suffici5t1 & 9 a small yawl ev5 two s+le blocks w\ld d2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?\gh me*anical advantage is ga9$ by a numb] ( pulleys1 friction is increas$ & "t lo/4 ,n[ x is v important at times t a ma9%eet be r\nd$ 9 or paid out sm>tly4 ,! cleat to :i* ! ma9%eet is belay$ %\ld be z ne>ly z possible 9 ! middle ( ! deck or transom1 else ! boom w h m %eet on "o tack ?an on ! o!r4 ,x is 9 our op9ion a mi/ake to put a topma/ ) its complication ( ge> into a small ya*t1 especially z a good-siz$ topsail c be set )\t a topma/ at all4 ,an inspection ( ,fig4 #cg w %[ h[ ?is is done4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! y>d is laid on deck & ! sail is lac$ to x4 ,!n ! end ( ! haly>d is b5t on to ,a1 a position :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t1 & :i* is m>k$1 or bett] /ill1 has a cleat on x to prev5t ! haly>d f slipp+4 7,see ,fig4 #ah = ! topsail haly>d b5d47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,!n ! %eet1 :i* passes ?r\gh a %eave hole on ! peak & a block "u ! ?roat1 is b5t on to ! clew ( ! sail4 ,next ! d[nhaul1 ,b1 is b5t on to ! heel ( ! sp>4 ,! sail is hoi/$ ) ! haly>d till ,a is close up to ! %eave hole on ! ma/1 & :ile x is hoi/+1 a slight /ra9 is kept on ! d[nhaul to keep ! sp> p]p5dicul>4 ,! d[nhaul is next haul$ d[n z taut z possible & belay$ to a cleat on ! ma/4 ,la/ly1 ! %eet is haul$ 9 till ! sail is q flat4 ,a topma/ slides ?r\gh two iron caps on ! =eside ( ! ma/4 ,x is haul$ up by ! heel rope1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! heel ( ! sp> & passes ?r\gh a %eave hole at ! ma/head4 ,! topma/1 :5 hoi/$1 is kept 9 position by an iron fid4 ,! topma/ %r\ds are spread out by ! cros/rees1 ( iron or h>d wood1 project+ at "r angles f ! ma/head4 ,! topma/ /ay is c>ri$ f ! head ( ! topma/ to ! end ( ! b[sprit4 ,! topma/ is also support$ by prev5t] back/ays lead+ aft4 ,9 jib+1 ! lee prev5t] /ay mu/ be slack$ out z well z ! lee runn]s4 ,two sorts ( topsails c be set on a topma/--a y>d topsail1 by :i* a l>ge area ( canvas is obta9$1 & a jib-head$ topsail4 ,9 a good-siz$ ya*t x is well to h bo?4 ,! jib-head] c be us$ 9 /rong w9ds4 ,:5 out at sea 9 really bad wea!r1 x is (t5 ( great advantage to set ! jib-head] ov] a reef$ ma9sail1 = ! w9d /ill fills x1 & ! /e]age way is pres]v$ :ile ! reef$ ma9sail is becalm$ 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea4 ,by means ( a jacky>d1 :i* ext5ds ! foot ( ! sail beyond ! end ( ! ma9 gaff1 ! area ( ei!r a jib-head] or a y>d topsail c be increas$4 ,:5 a cutt] is runn+ be=e ! w9d1 a jib-head$ sail1 call$ a sp9nak]1 c be set on ! opposite side to ! ma9sail4 7,see ,fig4 #ch47 ,! sp9nak] boom is fitt$ to ! =e-side ( ! ma/ by a goos5eck1 & if ! sail is int5d$ = cruis+ purposes only1 ! boom %\ld1 :5 topp$ up along ! ma/ ) its topp+-lift1 be able to pass "u ! =e/ay4 ,! sp9nak] haly>d passes ?r\gh a block on ! ma/1 & ! clew ( ! sail is haul$ out to ! end ( ! boom by an ou?aul1 :ile ! tack c be made fa/ to a cleat on deck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! sp9nak] boom f sw++ =e or aft1 x is /ay$ or guy$ ) a =e guy lead+ to ! /em1 & an aft] guy lead+ to ! /]n4 ,^! guys also s]ve to trim ! boom to ! requir$ angle4 ,mo/ ( ! blocks n[ us$ on ya*ts h iron /rops to !m2 b x is /ill necess>y t ! amateur sailor %\ld "k h[ to /rop a block4 ,if x be a tail block = :i* ! /rop is requir$1 ?is c be done by mak+ an eye splice 9 ! piece ( rope t is to s]ve z ! tail4 ,! common =m ( /rop is a rope grommet coat$ ) canvas4 ,! above /rops are liable to /ret* consid]ably1 & = blocks1 su* z ! ma9%eet blocks1 :i* h a t5d5cy to slip out1 ! au?or has f\nd t grommets ( wire rope make s]viceable /rops4 ,^!1 too1 %\ld be coat$ ) canvas or lea!r & aft]w>ds pa9t$4 ,selvagee /rops are n[ mu* us$ = blocks1 are v /rong1 look neat1 & are easily made4 ,to make a selvagee /rop1 drive two spikes or nails into a bo>d1 _! di/ance ap>t dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! requir$ /rop4 ,!n make fa/ "o end ( a ball ( rope y>n to "o ( ! nails1 & w9d ! rope y>n r\nd & r\nd ! two nails1 haul+ ea* turn v taut until ! /rop ?us =m$ is /\t en\gh4 ,tie ! y>ns toge!r at int]vals1 & ! /rop w pres5t ! appe>ance %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,lea!r %\ld always be wet :5 x is sewn on a /rop1 = x w %r9k :5 dry & /ret* tightly r\nd ! /rop )\t %[+ any wr9kles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! be/ =m ( block = ya*t+ purposes is ! pat5t iron-/ropp$ block2 ! lignum vit %ell be+ fa/5$ ov] ! /rop4 ,iron blocks %\ld nev] be us$ 9 a small ya*t4 ,!y are only necess>y on l>ge craft1 :]e *a9 haly>ds are employ$4 ,:]e a tackle is us$1 z 9 ! back/ay runn]s1 x is advisable t "o ( ! blocks %\ld h a swivel hook4 ,9 ?is way1 all turns w be tak5 out ( ! tackle1 & jamm+ w be prev5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a cutt] & a yawl is t ! latt] has n s big a ma9sail z ! cutt]2 ! ma9 boom does n project ov] ! /]n1 b is all inbo>d1 ?us p]mitt+ ( a small mizz5-ma/ be+ /epp$ "r aft4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,a ya*t rigg$ z a cutt] w1 "u mo/ circum/ances1 be fa/] ?an if %e 7 yawl rigg$2 s1 9 rac+1 a yawl is grant$ a c]ta9 "t all[ance :5 compet+ ) 8s+le-/ick0 craft4 ,b = cruis+ purposes1 ! yawl rig is und\bt$ly ! mo/ com=table1 ! mo/ h&y1 & requires few] h&s to "w x4 ,a yawl's mizz5 is g5]ally a /&+ lug1 sometimes a leg ( mutton sail2 9 ei!r case work+ on a boom ) a %eet lead+ ?r\gh ! end ( a %ort wood5 or iron outrigg] or bumpk9 project+ ov] ! /]n4 ,= s+le-h&$ sail+1 ! yawl is mu* to be pref]r$ to ! cutt]1 z ! foll[+ examples w %[4 ,%\ld x come on to bl[1 x is mu* easi] to reef d[n on ! %ort boom ?an on ! ov]hang+ boom ( a cutt]4 ,x is n s (t5 necess>y to reef a yawl's ma9sail z a cutt]'s2 =1 in/ead ( reef+1 ! mizz5 c be /[$ & small] headsail set1 or %e c be made to sail "u ma9sail & =esail alone1 or "u mizz5 & =esail alone4 ,if x is requir$ to take a reef 9 ! ma9sail1 ! sail c be l[]$ on deck & reef$ at leisure by "o h&2 :ile ! vessel1 hove to "u =esail & mizz51 is all[$ to take c>e ( h]self4 ,:5 "o is alone on bo>d a cutt]1 & x becomes necess>y to reef1 ! task is a difficult & (t5 a dang]\s "o4 ,z ! mizz5 ( a yawl is sometimes j be=e ! rudd] head1 ! till] mu/ h a curve or loop 9 x1 s z to all[ ( its be+ put ov] to a suffici5t angle4 ,an iron till] is !re=e g5]ally us$4 7,see ,fig4 #da47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,a yawl's mizz5 is always a v small sail1 & 9 a l>ge majority ( ya*ts ( ?is rig x appe>s ridicul\sly small1 & c h only an inappreciable effect on ! vessel4 ,b 9 a ket* 7,fig4 #db71 :i* diff]s f a yawl 9 hav+ a /ill small] ma9sail & %ort] boom1 ) a mizz5 ma/ /epp$ fur!r inbo>d1 ! mizz5 is a mu* l>g] & m s]viceable sail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,= real cruis+ on broad seas 9 all sorts ( wea!r ! ket* is ! be/ ( all =e-&-aft rigs4 ,x is ! rig ( _m ( our coa/]s1 & ( ne>ly all ( our deep sea fi%+ boats4 ,a n9ety-ton ket*-rigg$ fi%+ smack1 su* z "o may see hundr$s (1 any day1 toss+ ab\t on ! /eep seas ( ! ,dogg] ,bank1 is z f9e a sea boat z any sailor's he>t c desire4 ,no bumpk9 is ne$$ = a ket*'s mizz5 %eet1 z ! ma/ is s f> inbo>d2 ! %eet works on a horse on ! taffrail or m]ely ?r\gh a block bolt$ into ! deck z f> aft z possible4 ,9 coa/]s & fi%+ smacks1 a topsail is set ov] ! mizz54 ,all ^? advantages :i* ! yawl possesses ov] ! cutt] are magnifi$ 9 ! ket*1 & 9 addition to ?is1 ! vessel c sail well "u head sails & mizz51 & c turn to w9dw>d "u ^!1 a p]=mance impossible = ! av]age yawl1 ) its pocket-h&k]*ief ( a mizz54 ,old ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal & o!r l>ge /eam]s' lifeboats c be pur*as$ = a few p\nds 9 ! ,london ,docks2 = x is ! cu/om to condemn !m & sell !m = :at !y w fet* aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s' s]vice--or r idle re/ 9 _! davits--:e!r !y be s\nd or o!rwise4 ,^! boats1 g5]ally built ( d\ble sk9s ( teak1 are m>vell\sly /rong1 & are p]haps ! be/ sea boats ( _! size 9 ! _w4 ,! au?or once timb]$ & deck$ "o ( ^! boats--?irty feet long by eight feet beam--& conv]t$ h] into a ket* ya*t1 9 :i* he rec5tly sail$ to ,cop5hag5 & back1 enc\nt]+ pl5ty ( bad wea!r on ! way4 ,aft] 8 exp]i5ce1 he c /rongly recomm5d ^? :o desire a *eap1 /rong cruis+ boat t w g ?r\gh almo/ any sea1 to d ! same4 ,z ^! lifeboats are ( %all[ draught1 x w be necess>y ei!r to fit a c5tre-bo>d or false keel on ! vessel4 ,! au?or's craft has lee-bo>ds2 b he is aw>e t ! amateur w seldom face ! prejudice ( 8 ya*t+ fri5ds1 pr(essional or amateur1 & adopt ?is simple & v effici5t me?od ( /opp+ 8 vessel's leeway4 ,b let u tell him t a little d\bl$-end$ craft ( poli%$ teak1 ) neat1 poli%$ oak lee-bo>ds is any?+ b unsightly1 & is ! v boat = ! ,zuyd] ,zee & %all[ ,dut* wat]ways1 :]e no "o w ridicule 8 lee-bo>ds1 provid$ !y be prop]ly made4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,sail ,a ,,ya*t4 ,to get "u way f moor+ or an*orage--,sett+ sail--,close haul$--,tack+--,miss+ /ays--,w>+--,squalls--,%ift+ jibs--,jib+--,sc&aliz+ ma9sail--,hove to--,reef+--,return+ to moor+s--,runn+ agr\nd4 ,ea* rig has its own little special tricks ( sail+ diff]+ f ^? ( o!r rigs2 b ! ma9 rules are ! same = all1 & "o :o has ?or\ghly grasp$ ! me*anical laws t gov]n ! relation ( a boat's sails1 hull1 & rudd] to w9d & wat]1 & has le>nt h[ to sail "o sort ( craft1 c discov] = himself1 by reason+ & exp]im5t1 :at me?ods mu/ be employ$ on a boat ( a diff]5t rig4 ,let u imag9e ourselves on bo>d a yawl ya*t ( five tons ly+ at an*or at ! m\? ( a tidal riv]4 ,we w n[ describe ! pr9cipal manuvres t mu/ be employ$ 9 gett+ h] "u way & sail+ h]4 ,to get "u way may appe> a simple matt] en\gh2 yet to d s safely (t5 taxes ! skill ( ! clev]e/ sailor4 ,if ! w9d is mod]ate1 & we h pl5ty ( sea room1 & no vessels are br\ght up ne> to u1 ! process is easy4 ,we hoi/ all sail1 haul up ! an*or1 & by hold+ ! =e%eet to w9dw>d cant ! vessel (f 9 ! requir$ direction1 !n trim ! %eets1 & away we g4 ,b suppos+ t a /rong tide is runn+ "u u & a fre% breeze is bl[+ 9 ! same direction z ! tide1 x w n d to get "u way aft] ?is fa%ion1 m especially if o!r vessels are br\ght up n f> a/]n ( u2 = ! ya*t w beg9 to drag h] an*or :5 sail is hoi/$1 or at any rate "s "t be=e ! *a9 is a-peak2 ! result be+ t be=e %e c be cant$ & got "u control %e w drag a/]n & get f\l ( "s ( ! o!r craft4 ,& ev5 if %e does n d ?is & h] sails fill1 %e w %oot ahead ov] h] an*or & make x impossible to get x up4 ,our be/ me?od ( gett+ "u way "u ! above conditions w\ld probably be z foll[s4 ,fir/ ! an*or is hove %ort1 s t ! ya*t is ne>ly ov] x4 ,!n ! ma9sail or mizz51 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 is hoi/$4 ,!n1 :ile ! an*or is be+ sm>tly got (f ! gr\nd & haul$ on bo>d1 ! =esail is hoi/$4 ,! tide pass+ "u a vessel :ile %e is at an*or gives h] /e]age way2 s1 j be=e ! an*or leaves ! gr\nd1 ! till] is put ov] to cant ! vessel on ! desir$ tack1 ! =e%eet is trimm$1 & ?us we get way on our craft )\t any delay1 & are able to avoid ! vessels t surr\nd u4 ,if !re is b little w9d1 a /rong tide "u "o1 & a cr[d ( vessels br\ght up close a/]n1 x sometimes happ5s t ! foll[+ me?od is ! only "o by :i* "o c get away cle>4 ,let "o h& get ! an*or up till ! *a9 is ne>ly /raight up & d[n & ! ya*t comm5ces to drag sl[ly4 ,let him1 by giv+ h] *a9 or tak+ x 91 keep h] go+ ?us1 nev] lett+ h] drag fa/4 ,z ! tide is runn+ by ! vessel fa/] ?an %e is dragg+ a/]n1 %e /ill has /e]age way2 ?us ! helmsman is enabl$ to /e] h]1 s z to avoid ! diff]5t craft4 ,z soon z %e is a/]n ( !m & ! road is cle>1 ! an*or is got on bo>d1 ! sails are hoi/$1 & away %e goes4 ,if ! w9d & tide are 9 opposite directions1 & ! tide has mo/ effect on a vessel at an*or s t %e rides ) h] b[s aga9/ ! tide1 x is (t5 advisable to heave ! an*or %ort1 & j z x comes (f ! gr\nd to set ma9sail or =esail & run be=e ! w9d4 ,d n set too mu* sail & get spe$ on y\r vessel be=e y\r an*or is on deck1 or y w get x caught "u y\r /em1 & h to luff up s t a h& c cle> x4 ,if a ya*t is n an*or$1 b made fa/ to a buoy or o!r moor+s1 f :i* "o c slip 9 a mom5t1 ! problem ( gett+ "u way is mu* simplifi$2 = "o c c>ry ! moor+ l9e to ei!r b[1 or to ! qu>t]1 or ev5 a/]n1 s z to direct ! vessel's head 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,!n ! moor+ c be slipp$1 & sail hoi/$ simultane\sly1 & ! vessel w get way on at once & c be /e]$ cle> ( ev]y?+4 ,! amateur1 if he puts 8 m9d to x1 w 9 "t be able to reason out ! be/ me?od ( gett+ 8 craft "u way "u e cont+5cy ( tide1 w9d1 & surr\nd+ ob/acles4 ,! manuvre is (t5 a difficult "o2 b luckily ! novice has g5]ally "t to sit d[n quietly on deck & reason out 8 me?od be=e comm5c+ op]ations1 :i* is f> f ! case ) mo/ ( ! manuvres :i* h to be p]=m$ :5 "o is "u way4 ,:ile we are on ! subject ( gett+ "u way we w describe h[ ! sails are to be set4 ,! ma9sail1 :5 furl$1 is ti$ up ) small ends ( rope1 call$ ty]s4 ,fir/ ca/ (f ! ty]s4 ,!n top ! boom a little ) ! topp+-lift & slack out ! ma9 %eet4 ,seize bo? ma9 haly>ds toge!r & hoi/ till ! ?roat is ne>ly up4 ,!n belay ! peak haly>ds :ile y sw+ away at ! ?roat till x is taut1 & belay ! ?roat haly>ds4 ,!n hoi/ ! peak & belay ! peak haly>ds4 ,!n coil ! haly>ds neatly close "u _! cleats4 ,aft] coil+ haly>ds1 always capsize !m1 t is1 turn !m ov] s t ! end ( ! haly>ds is "u ! coil4 ,if ?is precaution is n tak51 & a sail is l[]$ 9 a hurry1 ! coil w probably be dragg$ up to ! ma/head1 possibly jam some:]e 9 a block1 & prev5t ! sail f l[]+ fur!r until "s "o has gone al(t to undo ! mis*ief4 ,hav+ n[ got our boat "u way--say "u ma9sail & =esail--we proce$ to hoi/ our o!r sails z we sail close-haul$ d[n ! riv]4 ,x is bl[+ fre%1 & !re is a look ( m w9d 9 ! sky1 s we w disp5se ) ! topsail 7! me?od ( sett+ ?is sail has be5 already describ$71 & get ! mizz5 & second jib on h]4 ,we are suppos+ t !re are ?ree jibs on bo>d1 s ! "o we h decid$ to use is ! m$ium "o4 ,! me?od ( sett+ ! jib requires "s explanation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we take x = grant$ t ! bob/ay & b[sprit %r\ds h be5 hove taut be=e we got "u way4 ,lay ! jib on ! deck =w>d ) its tack ahead4 ,hook ! tack on ! travell]1 & ! jib haly>d on to ! head1 & !n fa/5 ! jib %eets on to ! clew4 ,! jib %eets are (t5 atta*$ to ! sail on a small ya*t by spr+ hanks2 b ^! are some:at liable to become unhook$ :5 ! sail is %ak+ 9 /ays4 ,si/] hooks1 :i* mu/ be seiz$ toge!r ) y>n--m\s$1 z ! op]ation is call$--or h a /\t indi>ubb] r+ r\nd !m are pref]able4 ,toggles & %ackles are also sometimes employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! jib is n[ all ready = hoi/+4 ,fir/ haul out ! tack on ! travell] to its prop] position1 & belay ! ou?aul4 ,if ! jib is a biggi% "o & may t\* ! wat] :ile x is be+ haul$ out1 hoi/ on ! haly>d at ! same "t j suffici5tly to keep ! jib cle> ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! ou?aul is belay$1 hoi/ ! haly>ds taut & belay !m4 ,!n trim 9 ! lee %eet4 ,we are n[ close-haul$1 sail+ full & bye1 z x is call$1 t is1 ! sails are full :ile ! vessel is sail+ z ne> to ! w9d z %e c4 ,! /e]sman %\ld /& on ! wea!r side ( ! vessel4 ,to sail a ya*t to w9dw>d ) ! greate/ advantage requires consid]able practice1 & ! novice is sure at fir/ to yaw h] ab\t a good deal1 n[ keep+ h] (f ! w9d too mu* & n[ luff+ till all ! sails are %ak+ & %e loses h] way4 ,! burgee or vane at ! ma/head w tell him :5 he is be>+ away too mu*1 & ! luff ( ! ma9sail w %ake :5 he is sail+ z close z he %\ld4 ,! luff ( ! ma9sail is g5]ally lift+ slightly :5 a ya*t is sail+ close haul$2 b ! be/ way ( /e]+ full & bye is by ! feel ( ! w9d on "o's face2 & ?is is ( c\rse ! only me?od ( do+ s on a d>k night4 ,we h n[ come to a b5d 9 ! riv] :]e ! w9d heads u1 s x becomes necess>y to tack4 ,! helmsman s+s out 8,ready ab\t60 & ! crew /& by ready to t5d ! jib & =e%eets4 ,! helmsman keeps ! vessel a po9t or s (f = a few mom5ts1 s z to give h] pl5ty ( way2 !n s++ out 8,helm's a-lee60 puts ! till] sl[ly d[n--sl[ly1 be x rememb]$1 & n too f> d[n4 ,! vessel n[ %oots up into ! w9d1 ! jib %eet is let fly1 ! =esail /ill kept to w9dw>d helps to pay ! vessel (f on ! o!r tack4 ,! jib %eet on ! o!r side1 :i* n[ becomes ! lee jib %eet1 is trimm$ 9 z soon z ! vessel is turn$ suffici5tly r\nd4 ,if ! jib %eet be haul$ 9 too soon1 ! jib becomes a back sail1 & w cause ! vessel to miss /ays4 ,next ! =e%eet is pass$ ov]1 & ! ya*t is ru%+ away on ! o!r tack4 ,! ma9sail & mizz5 h be5 tak+ c>e ( !mselves dur+ ?is op]ation2 b1 if x is bl[+ h>d1 x is well to haul 9 ! ma9%eet & ease x ov] g5tly4 ,if ! ya*t be a sm>t "o 9 /ays1 x is n necess>y to keep ! =e%eet to w9dw>d :ile tack+2 jib & =e%eet c be let g toge!r4 ,a small am\nt ( clums9ess 9 tack+ a vessel w cause h] to miss /ays & get 9 irons1 t is1 %e w lie up 9 ! w9d1 all h] sails %ak+1 & refuse to fill on ei!r tack4 ,%e has n[ lo/ all headway1 & comm5ces to g a/]n4 ,9 ord] to get way on aga91 haul ! head %eets to w9dw>d1 :i* we w suppose is ! port side4 ,put ! till] to />bo>d4 ,z ! vessel is go+ a/]n1 ! rudd] w n[ produce ! rev]se effect ( :at x w\ld 7 ! vessel go+ ahead2 s putt+ ! till] to />bo>d turns ! vessel's head to />bo>d4 ,to assi/ h] /ill fur!r 9 pay+ (f1 slack out ma9 & mizz5 %eets2 = ^! sails h a t5d5cy to keep h] up 9 ! w9d4 ,:5 %e has paid (f suffici5tly1 trim ! %eets1 & %e w soon ga!r way on ! port tack4 ,sometimes1 9 a *oppy sea1 a boat w refuse to /ay1 & x becomes necess>y to w>e h]4 ,to d ?is1 slack out ! ma9%eet & be> away till ! w9d is br\ght on ! o!r side & ! sail jibes4 ,!n luff till ! vessel is close haul$4 ,:il/ tack+ 9 a riv]1 ) ! tide "u "o1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t close "u ei!r %ore !re is g5]ally mu* less curr5t ?an 9 ! middle ( ! riv]1 sometimes no curr5t at all or ev5 a back eddy4 ,! ya*t mu/ !re=e n be tak5 9 too ne> ! bank be=e go+ ab\t1 = !n h] b[s w be out ( ! tide :ile h] /]n w be 9 x2 ! pressure on h] /]n w prev5t h] com+ up 9 ! w9d :5 ! helm is put d[n1 & %e w consequ5tly miss /ays4 ,:ile we are tack+ d[n ?is rea*1 ! w9d fre%5s a lot1 & we are /ruck by sev]al squalls1 to :i* ! helmsman luffs up1 !reby less5+ ! =ce ( _! impact2 b he mu/ be c>eful n to luff too mu* or too long1 else ! ya*t w lose all h] way & get 9 irons4 ,x bl[s /ill h>d]1 & our vessel is runn+ h] nose into ! %ort *oppy sea1 s x is decid$ t we %ift ! second jib = ! ?ird or smalle/4 ,to d ?is prop]ly :ile "o is "u way requires an exp]i5c$ h&4 ,to take 9 ! jib1 let g ! ou?aul1 & z ! sail on its travell] comes inbo>d along ! b[sprit1 muzzle x1 t is1 clasp x 9 y\r arms2 !n lett+ g ! haly>ds1 pull ! sail d[n on deck to leew>d ( ! =esail4 ,untoggle ! %eets1 unhook ! tack & head f ! ou?aul & haly>ds2 secure ^! la/ to _! respective cleats1 s t !y _c bl[ adrift1 & !n c>ry ! sail bel[4 ,get ! ?ird jib on deck1 & set x 9 ! way be=e describ$4 ,if we _h be5 out at sea in/ead ( tak+ a %ort sail on a riv]1 we %\ld h reef$ ! b[sprit :5 we %ift$ jibs1 & ?us h reliev$ ! vessel ( ! unnecess>y lev]age ( ?is weight ov] h] b[s4 ,9 ! next rea*1 ! riv] b5ds r\nd s t we h to put ! helm up & run be=e ! w9d4 ,! lee-runn] is slack$ (f & all ! %eets are eas$ (f4 ,fur!r on1 ! riv] b5ds r\nd /ill m1 s t we h to jibe4 ,z ! w9d is /rong1 ?is mu/ be done ) c]ta9 precautions4 ,fir/ ! peak is l[]$4 ,!n ! runn] is slack$ (f & ! helm is put up4 ,! ma9%eet mu/ be r\nd$ 9 quickly till ! boom is amid%ips1 & !n1 z ! w9d /rikes ! sail on ! o!r side1 ! %eet is paid out aga94 ,if ! boom 7 all[$ to jibe ov] by itself1 & ! ma9%eet 0 n ?us made to break ! viol5ce ( ! j]k1 ! boom w\ld be sprung or "s o!r s]i\s accid5t w\ld probably occur4 ,:5 ! boom has jib$ ov]1 ! runn] :i* is n[ ! wea!r "o is set up taut & ! head %eets are slack$ out on ! wea!r side & belay$ on ! lee side4 ,9 ! next rea*1 ! w9d is a little be=e ! beam1 s ! %eets are trimm$ 9 a bit4 ,s /iff a squall n[ /rikes u t our lee gunwale & sev]al planks ( our deck are "u wat]2 s1 until x is ov]1 ! ma9sail is sc&aliz$4 ,sc&aliz+ a ma9sail consi/s ( tric+ up ! tack & l[]+ ! peak1 ?us mu* r$uc+ ! area ( canvas4 ,! squall ov]1 we hoi/ ! peak & l[] ! tack aga94 ,! man at ! till] n[ compla9s t 9 ?is /rong w9d 8! vessel is c>ry+ en\gh wea!r helm to pull 8 arms (f40 ,! cause ( ?is grip+1 z x is call$1 is pla9 en\gh4 ,:5 we got "u way our sails 7 nicely balanc$1 & ! ya*t /e]$ easily ) j a slight wea!r helm4 ,b we h %ift$ ! second jib = ! ?ird1 ?us r$uc+ ! head sail s mu* t ! aft] sails are produc+ ! mo/ effect1 & a lot ( helm is necess>y to c\nt]act ! vessel's t5d5cy to run up into ! w9d4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iii41 on ! balanc+ ( sails47 ,we mu/ n[ re/ore ! prop] balance ( ! sails by r$uc+ ! aft] sail4 ,we c d ?is ei!r by tak+ 9 ! mizz5 or by reef+ ! ma9sail1 & z ! w9d looks m l fre%5+ ?an mod]at+1 we decide to take d[n "o reef 9 ! ma9sail4 ,9 ! fir/ place we heave our vessel to4 ,to d ?is we slack away our lee =e%eet & haul 9 ! wea!r "o1 :ile we flatt5 9 ! ma9 & mizz5 %eets4 ,! w9d /rik+ ! aft] sails drives ! vessel up 9 ! w9d2 b ! =esail be+ haul$ to w9dw>d & becom+ a back sail makes h] pay (f4 ,by trimm+ ! %eets prop]ly ! head & aft] sails c ?us be made to balance ea* o!r1 & ! ya*t w float on ! wat] practically motionless1 ) h] head to ! w9d1 & rema9 s = z long z we please )\t any h& be+ requir$ at ! till]4 ,we next l[] ! ma9sail on deck1 & rema9 hove to "u =esail & mizz54 ,hav+ n[ mu* less aft] sail set1 we mu/ let ! jib %eet fl[ & p]haps give ! =esail a trifle m %eet to prev5t our vessel f pay+ (f too mu*4 ,& n[ to take d[n our reef4 ,if ! reef-p5dant is n already rove1 z x always %\ld be on a %ort-h&$ craft1 we proce$ to reeve x4 ,fig4 #dc w demon/rate h[ ?is is done4 ,! boom has a comb cleat on ei!r side ( x4 ,z we wi% to take d[n only "o reef1 we reeve ! p5dant ?r\gh ! fir/ hole ( "o ( ^! cleats1 a knot at ! p5dant end prev5t+ x f slipp+ ?r\gh4 ,!n we pass x ?r\gh ! fir/ reef cr+le & d[n ?r\gh ! fir/ hole ( ! o!r comb cleat4 ,n[ we haul on ! p5dant till we h b\s$ d[n ! cr+le to ! boom1 & !n la% x securely4 ,next ! tack is secur$ to ! fir/ reef cr+le on ! luff ( ! sail1 ! foot ( ! sail is roll$ up1 & ! fir/ r[ ( reef po9ts are ti$4 ,hav+ got our reef d[n1 we hoi/ up our r$uc$ ma9sail1 slack out ! ma9 & mizz5 %eets to let ! vessel pay (f a bit1 !n let g ! wea!r =e%eet & haul 9 ! lee "o & proce$ on our voyage4 ,! sails are n[ nicely balanc$ aga91 & ! man at ! till] no long] grumbles at ! arm pull+ wea!r helm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,9 ! next rea* ! w9d is ahead1 & we h to tack aga92 b ! tide has turn$ & is runn+ /rongly aga9/ u s t we f9d we are mak+ no progress4 ,we !re=e decide to return home4 ,! helm is put up1 ! ma9%eet is eas$ (f1 & we be> away to run up ! riv]4 ,by-&-by we are close haul$1 & we obs]ve t our sails are /&+ v badly1 ! jib especially s1 = its luff is b5d+ r\nd 9 a great b[4 ,! cause ( ?is is t our ropes h /ret*$1 & a pull on ! haly>ds all r\nd becomes necess>y4 ,:ile ! /e]sman luffs up = a mom5t s t ! sails %ake1 a h& swigs d[n ! jib haly>ds & belays !m4 ,s aga9 :ile a pull is be+ tak5 on ea* haly>d 9 its turn1 ! /e]sman luffs up1 !reby reliev+ ! sail ( ! pressure ( ! w9d1 b )\t /opp+ ! vessel's way4 ,& n[ we approa* our moor+s2 ! tide & w9d are bo? ) u4 ,we l[] our head sails1 /e] ! ya*t s t %e takes a sweep r\nd into ! w9d1 & we haul 9 ! ma9%eet z %e comes up4 ,we br+ h] up head to w9d1 & %e loses h] way j z we are alongside ! moor+ buoy4 ,a h& =w>d picks up ! buoy rope ) a boat hook & secures x4 ,!n ! ma9sail & mizz5 are quickly l[]$1 & we /[ ! sails at our leisure4 ,! me?od "h describ$ is ! mo/ usual "o ( com+ up to moor+s4 ,to p]=m ?is manuvre ) confid5ce requires consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,! mom5t at :i* ! vessel %\ld be luff$ up into ! w9d & ! nature ( ! curve %e %\ld be made to describe dep5d on a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! /r5g? ( ! tide mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 & also ! t5d5cy ( ! boat ei!r to %oot f> ahead or lose h] way quickly aft] %e has be5 luff$ up into ! w9d4 ,a v slight mi/ake w br+ ! vessel up %ort ( h] moor+s4 ,!n1 hav+ lo/ h] way1 %e w drop a/]n ) ! tide & possibly get f\l ( "s o!r craft be=e head sail c be set & way c be got on h]4 ,we w\ld !re=e recomm5d ! novice to always h 8 an*or ready to let g :5 approa*+ 8 moor+s4 ,:5 ! w9d & tide are 9 opposite directions ! manuvre is sometimes r5d]$ easi]2 = !n ! vessel c be made to run be=e ! w9d up to h] buoy "u h] ma9sail1 & !n1 ! sail be+ sc&aliz$1 %e w no long] be able to /em ! tide1 b w come to a /&/ill close to ! buoy4 ,if ! w9d is /rong1 %e c run up "u h] =esail only1 :i* c be l[]$ z soon z ! buoy is rea*$4 ,to come to an an*or1 ! usual me?od is to l[] ! head sails1 haul 9 ! ma9%eet1 & luff ! vessel up into ! w9d till %e /ops h] way2 !n let g4 ,be=e com+ up to ! an*orage a few fa?oms ( *a9 %\ld be rang$ be=e ! w9dlass1 suffici5t at lea/ to all[ ! an*or to rea* ! bottom :5 let g4 ,x is be/ n to let g ! an*or until ! vessel has begun to ga!r /]n way2 !n give h] *a9 gradually until %e has tak5 out en\gh--t is1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ab\t ?ree times z mu* l5g? ( *a9 z ! dep? ( ! wat]4 ,if ! *a9 is all[$ to run out all at once x w fall on ! top ( ! an*or1 a coil w get r\nd "o ( ! flukes1 dislodge ! o!r fluke f ! gr\nd1 & ! vessel w drag4 ,! end ( ! *a91 especially if no w9dlass is us$1 %\ld be secur$ to a bolt 9 ! *a9 lock] or o!rwise2 else a c>eless h& may let x all run ov]bo>d & ?us lose bo? an*or & cable4 ,! *a9 %\ld be m>k$ at e five fa?oms1 by atta*+ a small piece ( cord to ! l9k4 ,! loose end ( ! fir/ cord c h "o knot ti$ 9 x1 ! second cord two knots1 & s on4 ,! l5g? ( *a9 t is ov]bo>d is ?us easily asc]ta9$4 ,our vessel be+ n[ moor$ or an*or$1 we neatly /[ our sails1 fa/5 ! ty]s r\nd !m1 belay all haly>ds & %eets1 & coil ! ma9%eet & ! o!r falls4 ,if ! ropes are dry1 belay !m slack1 = a %[] w\ld %r9k !m1 & if !y 7 belay$ taut all ! life w\ld be /ret*$ out ( !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our cruise we did n contrive to get our ya*t agr\nd1 :i* 0 p]haps well = u1 see+ h[ h>d x 0 bl[+4 ,:5 a vessel has run agr\nd1 ! me?od ( gett+ h] (f aga9 v>ies ) circum/ances4 ,if ! keel is 9 s(t mud & we 7 n runn+ be=e ! w9d :5 our vessel /ruck1 we may get h] (f by slack+ ! ma9 & mizz5 "r out1 s t ! w9d does n press on ! sails1 or by l[]+ ! ma9sail & mizz51 :ile we haul ! head %eets to w9dw>d1 s t ! head sails turn h] b[s r\nd & drive h] a/]n at ! same "t4 ,if ?is is n en\gh to move h]1 we c assi/ ! action ( ! sails by %ov+ h] (f ) poles2 also by mak+ our crew run f side to side to roll h] & s dislodge h] keel f ! mud2 or1 if %e is only agr\nd =w>d & ! re/ ( h] is afloat1 by br++ ! weight ( all h&s aft & s light5+ ! b[s4 ,b if %e has run ^u a slop+ %oal ( s& or %+le1 ! above me?od w seldom prove ( any avail1 = ! opposition ( ! h>d bottom w prev5t ! keel f turn+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 our only plan w be to l[] all sail & drag h] (f by ! same way t %e came on1 t is1 we mu/ %ove h] a/]n ) ! poles & if t is n suffici5t1 take an an*or out 9 ! d+hy & let x g 9 ! deep wat] "s di/ance a/]n1 :5 we c haul h] (f ) ! cable4 ,if ! an*or holds well1 we c--9 case our own /r5g? is insuffici5t--clap a wat* tackle on ! cable or pass x r\nd ! w9dlass s z to ga9 m p[]4 ,if we 7 runn+ be=e ! w9d :5 we got agr\nd1 we mu/ 9 ?is case also l[] all sail & haul ! vessel (f /]n fir/4 ,if ! tide is dropp+1 !re mu/ be no delay 9 gett+ h] (f1 or ! wat] w leave u1 & we w h to rema9 :]e we are till ! next flood4 ,be c>eful n to run agr\nd on ! top ( high wat] spr+ tides1 or y may be neap$ z x is call$1 t is1 y w n h wat] to float y (f until ! next spr+s1 & mu/ rema9 /uck 9 ! mud = maybe a =tnight4 ,_m ( our small] & little-navigat$ riv]s h n>r[ *annels w9d+ among ext5sive %oals4 ,^! *annels are (t5 b indiff]5tly m>k$ ) beacons1 s t a /rang] attempt+ to f9d 8 way up !m at half flood or lat]1 :5 ! %oals are cov]$1 w 9 all probability run 8 vessel a%ore4 ,8 be/ plan is to rema9 at an*or at ! m\? ( ! riv] until l[ wat]1 he c !n "w 8 way up ! *annel on ! "y flood1 :5 ! %oals are uncov]$ & ! *annels easily di/+ui%$4 ,& ev5 if he does run agr\nd1 ! wat] is ris+ "u him s t he w soon float (f4 ,:ile sail+ a small craft1 if y pass close "u ! lee ( a l>ge vessel1 y w f9d t %e w take all ! w9d out ( y\r sails & y w be becalm$4 ,look out1 if ! day be a breezy "o1 = ! sudd5 bl[ ) :i* ! w9d w /rike y aga9 :5 ! vessel is pass$4 ,z y\r vessel w probably h lo/ ne>ly all h] way :ile "u ! lee ( ! o!r1 ! fir/ pressure ( ! w9d w be entirely ex]t$ 9 heel+ y\r craft ov]4 ,!re=e l[] y\r peak1 or h y\r %eets ready to slack out :ile "u ! lee ( ! o!r vessel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sp9nak] is ! only sail on bo>d our yawl ^: managem5t has n be5 describ$4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! sp9nak] boom is topp$ along ! ma/1 & secur$ by la%+s to ! %r\ds4 ,to set ! sp9nak]1 ca/ (f ! boom la%+s4 ,l[] ! boom ov] ! side1 keep+ x /ill well topp$ up4 ,guy x ) ! =e & ! aft] guys4 ,b5d ! ou?aul & haly>ds on ! sail4 ,belay ! %eet loosely4 ,fir/ haul ! sail up ) ! haly>ds4 ,!n haul x along ! boom ) ! ou?aul4 ,!n trim 9 ! %eet4 ,be=e we leave ! subject ( h&l+ a =e-&-aft]1 we w po9t out t if a vessel be sluggi% 9 /ays1 x is advisable1 in/ead ( leav+ ! =e%eet fa/ & keep+ ! =esail aback till ! vessel has paid (f on ! o!r tack1 to let fly ! =e%eet z ! vessel comes up into ! w9d1 ?us tak+ ! pressure (f ! head sails & mak+ h] come up ! quick]2 !n1 z soon z ! vessel is 9 ! w9d's eye1 to haul ! =e%eet 9 aga91 s t ! =esail to w9dw>d helps ! vessel r\nd4 ,keep x to w9dw>d no long] ?an is necess>y2 !n1 z be=e1 let fly ! wea!r %eet & trim 9 ! lee4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,h9ts4 ,t[+ a d+hy--,b]?on boats--,to prev5t a d+hy bump+ aga9/ an an*or$ ya*t--,f\l an*or--,moor+--,! drogue--,! managem5t ( op5 boats 9 a heavy sea--,managem5t ( a ya*t 9 a r\gh sea--,bo>d+--,inv5tory4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we h describ$ ! pr9cipal manuvres t mu/ be employ$ on a small ya*t4 ,?is *apt] w conta9 a v>iety ( wr9kles connect$ ) ! managem5t ( a ya*t or boat :i* may be ( s]vice to a novice4 ,,t[+ ,a ,,d+hy4--,if a ya*t is runn+ be=e a high sea1 a d+hy t[+ a/]n is apt to ru% viol5tly d[n ^u ! ya*t at int]vals & possibly /ave h]self 94 ,"s give a d+hy a long scope ( pa9t] "u ^! circum/ances1 s z to keep h] f> a/]n out ( ! way4 ,b ! long pa9t] all[s h] m play1 & if %e does swoop d[n ^u ! ya*t & /rike h] x w be ) f> great] =ce ?an if ! pa9t] 7 %ort4 ,! au?or1 hav+ no room = h] on ! deck ( 8 ya*t1 once t[$ a d+hy all ! way to ,cop5hag5 & back1 & ?\gh on sev]al occasions he 0 runn+ be=e a high sea ! d+hy nev] inflict$ ! slighte/ injury ei!r on h]self or on ! ya*t4 ,! me?od :i* he f\nd to be ! be/ 9 r\gh wea!r1 0 to t[ ! d+hy ) two v %ort pa9t]s1 "o to ei!r qu>t] ( ! ya*t1 :ile an iron half-hundr$ weight 0 la%$ to ! floor ( ! d+hy close to h] /]n4 ,?is weight /eadi$ h] s t %e /e]$ /raight1 did n yaw ab\t1 & did n run d[n ^u ! ya*t4 ,! %ort pa9t]s kept h] nose "r out ( ! wat] s t %e c\ld n be swamp$4 ,if a sea _h fill$ h]--x nev] did--x w\ld h almo/ all run out ov] h] /]n aga94 ,! ya*t1 x may be m5tion$1 _h a po9t$ /]n1 a great advantage :5 a boat mu/ be t[$4 ,ov]hang+ c\nt]s h caus$ ! de/ruction ( _m d+hys4 ,few small ya*ts h accommodation on deck = a wood5 d+hy4 ,a ,b]?on collapsible boat1 :i* c be easily /[$ 9 ! cab9 or laid flat on deck is !re=e a great advantage = a small craft4 ,=1 h[ev] safely a d+hy may t[ a/]n1 %e greatly imp$es ! spe$ ( ! ya*t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 a ya*t is ly+ at an*or ) h] d+hy afloat1 x (t5 happ5s t ! w9d & tide be+ oppos$ to ea* o!r1 n[ "o & !n ! o!r influ5ces ! d+hy mo/1 s t %e w&]s 9 erratic fa%ion z f> z h] pa9t]'s l5g? w all[1 n[ scrap+ along ! ya*t's sides1 & n[ ?ump+ into h] /]n1 mu* to ! damage ( ! new pa9t4 ,! pati5ce ( ! novice is (t5 sev]ely tri$ by su* tricks on 8 d+hy's "p4 ,half a doz5 times 9 ! night he leaves 8 snug b]? & leaps on deck to %ift ! d+hy's pa9t] f "o "p ( ! vessel to ! o!r1 fir/ to "o side1 !n to ! o!r1 !n to ! b[s1 & !n back to ! /]n aga91 b all to no avail1 = z soon z he has turn$ 91 ! dismal 8?ud10 8?ud0 recomm5ces4 ,if ! ya*t be a l>ge "o1 & ! b[sprit be !re=e suffici5tly high above ! wat]1 ! d+hy's pa9t] c be made fa/ to ! b[sprit end1 & ! d+hy w ?us keep cle> ( ! ya*t4 ,b if ! vessel is a small "o & ?is plan is n practicable1 ! foll[+ me?od g5]ally proves successful4 ,drop an iron bucket ) a l9e atta*$ to its h&le ov] ! d+hy's /]n4 ,! bucket s9k+ 9 ! wat] w (f] s mu* resi/ance to ! tide t ! d+hy w ride to ! tide only1 & ! w9d w n h p[] to bl[ h] ov] ! tide aga9/ ! ya*t's sides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\l ,,an*or4--,if a ya*t is at an*or 9 a tideway1 ! slack ( ! *a9 is v liable to get r\nd ! an*or & f\l x :5 ! vessel sw+s at ! turn ( ! tide4 ,x is !re=e advisable to get 9 ! *a9 at slack wat] until ! ya*t is "r ov] h] an*or4 ,z soon z ! new curr5t has set 9 & ! ya*t has swung to x1 ! necess>y am\nt ( *a9 c be giv5 h]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,moor+4--,if x is bl[+ h>d1 or ! hold+ gr\nd is bad1 x may be necess>y to moor1 t is1 to ride to two an*ors 9 diff]5t directions4 ,hav+ come to ) "o an*or1 pay out *a9 & let ! vessel drop a/]n until y h out twice ! l5g? ( *a9 y int5d to ride by4 ,!n let g ! o!r an*or4 ,slack out ! la/ an*or *a9 & heave 9 t ( ! fir/ till ! same scope ( *a9 is on ea*4 ,moor ) op5 hawse t[>ds ! direction f :i* ! greate/ pressure ( w9d or curr5t is expect$1 t is1 ) a l9e drawn betwe5 ! two an*ors opposite t direction4 ,! vessel 9 sw++ r\nd to ! tide may get a f\l hawse1 t is1 "o *a9 may take turns ov] ! o!r4 ,by /e]+ ! vessel1 sett+ a sail1 or by o!r means adapt$ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 s t5d h] :ile %e is sw++ at ea* turn ( ! tide t %e nev] makes a complete revolution1 b sw+s backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! same semicircle4 ,f\l hawse w ?us be avoid$4 ,,to ,,unmoor4--,heave 9 on "o an*or & pay out *a9 to ! o!r1 get ! fir/ an*or on bo>d1 !n heave 9 on ! o!r an*or4 ,to ride easily 9 heavy wea!r put rope spr+s on ! *a9 cables4 ,a coir rope makes an excell5t cable = a small ya*t4 ,x floats on ! wat]1 & has pl5ty ( spr+ 9 x1 s t ! ya*t rides v lightly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,drogue4--,:5 a small ya*t cruises on broad & /ormy seas su* z ! ,nor? ,sea1 x is advisable to h a drogue or deep sea an*or among h] inv5tory4 ,_m a small fi%+ boat has be5 sav$ f de/ruction by ?is precaution4 ,a drogue is a conical bag ( /\t canvas sometimes hav+ its m\? b5t on to an iron r+4 ,:5 a little craft is f> f ! l& & s high a sea is runn+ t %e _c sail or ev5 lie to ) safety1 ! drogue is atta*$ by a bridle to a haws] & let g ov] ! b[s l an an*or4 ,x (f]s s mu* resi/ance to ! wat] t z ! vessel is driv5 a/]n by ! w9d ! /ra9 on ! haws] keeps h] head to w9d & sea1 & %e rides safely & easily4 ,a tripp+ l9e is atta*$ to ! po9t$ end ( ! drogue s t x c be capsiz$ & easily haul$ on bo>d4 ,if an op5 boat is be+ pull$ across ! break]s on a b> s z to make a h>b\r1 or is be+ r[$ t[>ds ! %ore be=e a heavy surf1 a drogue or ev5 a bucket t[$ a/]n w keep ! boat's /]n back & prev5t h] f broa*+ to4 ,if a small boat be bl[n "r out to sea & x is impossible to br+ h] back to ! %ore ei!r by r[+ or sail+1 a float+ an*or c be made by la%+ ! o>s1 ! ma/1 & ! y>d ) ! sail b5t on x1 toge!r4 ,! sail mu/ be loos$ & a weight c be atta*$ to its foot s z to s9k x & (f] m resi/ance to ! wat]4 ,a %ort rope secur$ to bo? extremities ( ! raft =ms a span to ! middle ( :i* ! cable is b5t4 ,su* a float+ an*or breaks ! sea 9 a m>vell\s mann]1 & small boats h be5 (t5 kn[n to ride out ! mo/ furi\s gales 9 ?is way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bea*+ ,,boats ,,9 ,a ,,surf1 ,,etc4--,! ,national ,lifeboat ,in/itution has publi%$ a v useful s]ies ( rules on ! managem5t ( op5 boats 9 r\gh wat]1 ^! rules be+ f\nd$ on in=mation ga!r$ f all p>ts ( our coa/ z to ! practice ( ! local boatm5 & fi%]m54 ,i4 ,,9 ,,r[+ ,,to ,,seaw>d4 ,z a g5]al rule1 spe$ mu/ be giv5 to a boat r[+ aga9/ a heavy surf4 ,inde$1 "u "s circum/ances1 h] safety w dep5d on ! utmo/ possible spe$ be+ atta9$ on meet+ a sea4 ,= if ! sea be really heavy1 & ! w9d bl[+ a h>d on-%ore gale1 x c only be by ! utmo/ ex]tions ( ! crew t any headway c be made4 ,! great dang] !n is1 t an approa*+ heavy sea may c>ry ! boat away on its front1 & turn x broadside on or up-end x1 ei!r effect be+ imm$iately fatal4 ,a boat's only *ance 9 su* a case is to obta9 su* way z %all enable h] to pass1 end on1 ?r\gh ! cre/ ( ! sea1 & leave x z soon z possible beh9d h]4 ,if !re be r a heavy surf1 b no w9d1 or ! w9d (f %ore1 & oppos$ to ! surf1 a boat might be propell$ s rapidly ?r\gh x t h] b[ w\ld fall m sudd5ly & heavily aft] topp+ ! sea ?an if h] way _h be5 *eck$2 & x may !re=e only be :5 ! sea is ( su* magnitude & ! boat ( su* a "* t !re may be *ance ( ! =m] c>ry+ h] back be=e x1 t full spe$ %\ld be giv5 to h]4 ,x may also happ5 t1 by c>eful managem5t "u su* circum/ances1 a boat may be made to avoid ! sea1 s t ea* wave may break ahead ( h]2 :i* may be ! only *ance ( safety 9 a small boat2 b if ! %ore be flat1 & ! brok5 wat] ext5d to a great di/ance f x1 ?is w be impossible4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,runn+ ,,be=e ,a ,,brok5 ,,sea1 ,,or ,,surf1 ,,to ,,! ,,%ore4 ,! "o great dang]1 :5 runn+ be=e a brok5 sea1 is t ( broa*+ to4 ,to t peculi> effect ( ! sea1 s frequ5tly de/ructive ( human life1 ! utmo/ att5tion mu/ be direct$4 ,! cause ( a boat's broa*+ to1 :5 runn+ be=e a brok5 sea or surf is1 t h] own motion be+ 9 ! same direction z t ( ! sea1 :e!r x be giv5 by ! =ce ( o>s or sails1 or by ! =ce ( ! sea itself1 %e opposes no resi/ance to x1 b is c>ri$ be=e x4 ,?us1 if a boat be runn+ ) h] b[ to ! %ore & h] /]n to ! sea1 ! fir/ effect ( a surf or roll] ov]tak+ h] is to ?r[ up ! /]n1 & z a consequ5ce to depress ! b[2 if %e !n has suffici5t in]tia 7:i* w be proportion$ to weight7 to all[ ! sea to pass h]1 %e w 9 succession pass ?r\gh ! desc5d+1 ! horizontal1 & ! asc5d+ position1 z ! cre/ ( ! wave passes successively h] /]n1 h] mid%ips1 & h] b[1 9 ! rev]se ord] 9 :i* ! same positions occur to a boat propell$ to seaw>d aga9/ a surf4 ,?is may be def9$ z ! safe me?od ( runn+ be=e a brok5 sea4 ,b if a boat on be+ ov]tak5 by a heavy surf1 has n suffici5t in]tia to all[ x to pass h]1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree positions above enum]at$ alone occurs--h] /]n is rais$ high 9 ! air1 & ! wave c>ries ! boat be=e x1 on its front1 or unsafe side1 sometimes ) frightful velocity1 ! b[ all ! "t deeply imm]s$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! sea1 :]e ! wat] be+ /ation>y1 or comp>atively s1 (f]s a resi/ance1 :il/ ! cre/ ( ! sea1 hav+ ! actual motion :i* causes x to break1 =ces onw>d ! /]n or re> end ( ! boat4 ,a boat w 9 ?is position sometimes1 aid$ by c>eful o> /e]age1 run a consid]able di/ance until ! wave has brok5 & exp5d$ itself4 ,b x w (t5 happ5 t1 if ! b[ be l[1 x w be driv5 "u wat]1 :5 ! buoyancy be+ lo/ =w>d1 :il/ ! sea presses on ! /]n1 ! boat w be ?r[n end ov] end2 or if ! b[ be high1 or if x be protect$ by a deck s t x does n become subm]g$1 t ! resi/ance =w>d act+ on "o b[ w slightly turn ! boat's head1 & ! =ce ( ! surf be+ transf]r$ to ! opposite qu>t]1 %e w 9 a mom5t be turn$ r\nd broadside by ! sea1 & be ?r[n by x on h] beam ends1 or altoge!r capsize4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t mo/ boats are upset 9 a surf1 especially on flat coa/s1 & 9 ?is way _m lives are annually lo/4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! managem5t ( a boat1 :5 l&+ ?r\gh a heavy surf1 mu/1 z f> z possible1 be assimilat$ to t :5 proce$+ to seaw>d aga9/ "o1 at lea/ s f> z to /op h] progress %orew>d at ! mom5t ( be+ ov]tak5 by a heavy sea1 & !n enabl+ x to pass h]4 ,!re are diff]5t ways ( effect+ ?is object-- #a4 ,by turn+ ! boat's head to ! sea be=e ent]+ ! brok5 wat]1 & !n back+ 9 /]n =emo/1 pull+ a few /rokes ahead to meet ea* heavy sea1 & !n aga9 back+ a/]n4 ,if a sea be really heavy & a boat small1 ?is plan w be g5]ally ! safe/1 z a boat c be kept m "u comm& :5 ! full =ce ( ! o>s c be us$ aga9/ a heavy surf ?an by back+ !m only4 #b4 ,if r[+ to %ore ) ! /]n to seaw>d1 by back+ ! o>s on ! approa* ( a heavy sea1 & r[+ ahead aga9 z soon z x has pass$ ! b[ ( ! boat2 or z is practis$ 9 "s lifeboats1 plac+ ! aft] o>sm5 ) _! faces =w>d1 & mak+ !m r[ back at ea* sea on its approa*4 #c4 ,if r[$ 9 b[ =emo/1 by t[+ a/]n a pig ( balla/ or l>ge /one1 or a drogue1 ! object ( ea* be+ to hold ! boat's /]n back & prev5t h] be+ turn$ broadside to ! sea or broa*+ to4 ,heavy weights %\ld be kept out ( ! extreme ends ( a boat2 b :5 r[+ be=e a heavy sea1 ! be/ trim is deepe/ by ! /]n4 ,a boat runn+ be=e a heavy sea %\ld be /e]$ by an o> z ! rudd] w !n at times be ( no use4 ,! foll[+ rules may !re=e be dep5d$ on :5 runn+ be=e a heavy surf4 #a4 ,z f> z possible avoid ea* sea by plac+ ! boat :]e ! sea w break ahead ( h]4 #b4 ,if ! sea is v heavy1 or if ! boat is small1 & especially if %e has a squ>e /]n1 br+ h] b[ r\nd to seaw>d & back h] 91 r[+ ahead aga9/ ea* heavy surf suffici5tly to all[ x to pass ! boat4 #c4 ,if x be consid]$ safe to proce$ to ! %ore b[ =emo/1 back ! o>s aga9/ ea* sea on its approa*1 s z to /op ! boat's way ?r\gh ! wat] z mu* z possible1 & if !re is a drogue or o!r in/rum5t 9 ! boat :i* may be us$ z "o1 t[ x a/]n4 #d4 ,br+ ! pr9cipal weights 9 ! boat t[>ds ! end t is seaw>d1 b n to ! extreme end4 #e4 ,if a boat work$ by bo? sails & o>s be runn+ "u sail = ! l& ?r\gh a heavy sea1 h] crew %\ld1 "u all circum/ances1 unless ! bea* be q /eep1 take d[n h] ma/s & sails be=e ent]+ ! brok5 wat]1 & take h] to l& "u o>s alone4 ,if %e h sails alone1 h] sails %\ld be mu* r$uc$1 a half-l[]$ =esail or o!r small headsail be+ suffici5t4 ,,iii4 ,,bea*+ ,,or ,,l&+ ,,?r\gh ,a ,,surf4 ,! runn+ be=e a surf or brok5 sea1 & ! bea*+ ( a boat1 are two di/9ct op]ations2 ! managem5t ( boats1 z above recomm5d$1 has exclusive ref]5ce to runn+ be=e a surf :]e ! %ore is s flat t ! brok5 wat] ext5ds to "s di/ance f ! bea*4 ,?us1 on a v /eep bea*1 ! fir/ heavy fall ( brok5 wat] w be on ! bea* itself1 :il/ on "s v flat %ores !re w be brok5 wat] z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,! out]mo/ l9e ( brok5 wat]1 on a flat %ore1 :]e ! waves break 9 ?ree or f\r fa?oms wat]1 is ! heavie/1 & !re=e ! mo/ dang]\s1 & :5 x has be5 pass$ ?r\gh 9 safety1 ! dang] less5s z ! wat] %oals1 until1 on ne>+ ! l&1 its =ce is sp5t & its p[] is h>mless4 ,z ! "* ( ! sea is q diff]5t on /eep & flat %ores1 s is ! cu/om>y managem5t ( boats on l&+ diff]5t 9 ! two situations4 ,on ! flat %ore1 :e!r a boat be run or back$ 91 %e is kept /raight be=e or end to ! sea until %e is fairly agr\nd1 :5 ea* surf takes h] fur!r 9 z x ov]takes h]1 aid$ by ! crew1 :o w !n g5]ally jump out to light5 h]1 & drag h] 9 by h] sides4 ,z above /at$1 sail w1 9 ?is case1 h be5 previ\sly tak5 9 if set1 & ! boat w h be5 r[$ or back$ 9 by o>s alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! /eep bea*1 x is ! g5]al practice1 9 a boat ( any size1 to reta9 spe$ "r on to ! bea*1 & 9 ! act ( l&+1 :e!r "u o>s or sail1 to turn ! boat's b[ half r\nd t[>ds ! direction f :i* ! surf is runn+1 s t %e may be ?r[n on h] broadside up ! bea*1 :5 abundance ( help is usually at h& to haul h] z quickly z possible out ( rea* ( ! sea4 ,9 su* situations1 we believe1 x is n[h]e ! practice to back a boat 9 /]n =emo/ "u o>s1 b to r[ 9 "u full spe$ z above describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,managem5t ,,( ,a ,,ya*t ,,9 ,a ,,r\gh ,,sea4--,:5 sail+ a small ya*t 9 a r\gh sea c]ta9 precautions mu/ be obs]v$ :i* we w describe z briefly z possible1 = to h&le a vessel prop]ly "u ^! circum/ances requires a skill t _c be imp>t$ by books4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 d n c>ry on too mu*2 = x w (t5 be necess>y to be> away or luff accord+ to ! seas1 reg>dless ( ! w9d2 & if too mu* sail be c>ri$ ?is _c be done4 ,a beam sea is ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,if y are oblig$ to sail 9 a direction t br+s ! sea abeam1 keep a %>p look-out & luff up to e sea t looks dang]\sly /eep1 s z to take x at a %>p angle in/ead ( broadside on4 ,to run be=e a high sea is also dang]\s1 especially if ! vessel is a %ort & beamy "o1 = a sea may /rike ! /]n on "o side & cause h] to broa* to2 or aga9 ! vessel may be poop$1 t is1 a sea may break on bo>d ov] ! /]n1 fill+ ! well & ev5 swamp+ h]4 ,:ile runn+ be=e ! sea1 /e] ) great c>e1 s t e dang]\s sea /rike ! vessel "r aft1 & n on ! side1 & be ready to meet promptly ) ! till] any t5d5cy to broa* to4 ,if y are sail+ ) ! sea on ! qu>t]1 be> away to e dang]\s sea s z to br+ x "r aft4 ,to sail aga9/ ! sea1 z :5 "o is close haul$1 is ! safe/ way ( meet+ x4 ,a sea break+ ov] ! b[s c d little h>m 9 comp>ison to "o com+ ov] ! /]n4 ,luff up s z to meet a dang]\s sea ne>ly end on1 & be> away aft] x has pass$1 b take c>e t ! way ( ! vessel is n lo/ 9 do+ ?is4 ,we h already expla9$ h[ to heave to1 ! mo/ prud5t measure t c be tak5 9 bad wea!r1 provid$ "o has pl5ty ( sea room to leew>d4 ,x may happ5 t :5 "o is sail+ along ! coa/ = "s h>b\r ( refuge1 ! w9d is dead on %ore s t ! seas are on "o's beam4 ,if ! seas are s dang]\s t x becomes v haz>d\s to proce$ 9 ?is way1 x is be/ to sail 9 a zigzag fa%ion t[>ds "o's port--t is1 fir/ to sail almo/ close haul$ out to sea1 !n1 hav+ wat*$ "o's opportunity 9 a smoo?1 to be> away aga9 & run "r be=e w9d & sea t[>ds ! %ore1 & s on till ! h>b\r is rea*$4 ,! sea & w9d are =tunately g5]ally 9 ! same direction2 b :at is call$ a cross sea sometimes rolls up at int]vals1 especially if ! direction ( ! w9d has rec5tly *ang$4 ,^! cross seas mu/ be c>efully wat*$ & /e]$ =4 ,always wait = a smoo? be=e tack+ 9 r\gh wat]4 ,9 op5 wat] !re is a regul> rhy?m 9 ! movem5t ( ! seas1 & x w be obs]v$ t at regul> int]vals ?ree exceptionally heavy seas w foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession4 ,^! heavy waves are inv>iably foll[$ by a %ort p]iod ( comp>atively smoo? wat]2 & a %>p /e]sman w always wait = ?is smoo? be=e putt+ 8 vessel ab\t 9 r\gh wea!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bo>d+4--,x w sometimes be necess>y to g (f 9 ! d+hy to "o's ya*t :5 %e is sail+ or hove to 9 a r\gh sea1 or "o may h to br+ "o's boat alongside "s l>ge vessel1 9 ord] to bo>d h]4 ,9 do+ ?is1 c]ta9 precautions mu/ be obs]v$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a vessel %\ld be bo>d$ to leew>d1 z ! sea w n be s viol5t on ! lee z on ! w9dw>d side4 ,9 bo>d+ a vessel t is roll+ a good deal1 l[] y\r boat's ma/1 if %e has "o1 be=e gett+ alongside4 ,! l9e by :i* y make fa/ to ! vessel mu/ be long en\gh to all[ = ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! sea4 ,h ?is l9e ready to slip 9 a mom5t4 ,if ! vessel is hove to1 d n get alongside :ile %e has /]nway2 wait till %e has headway4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( bo>d+ a /r&$ vessel1 x is dang]\s to get "u h] leeside1 z ! ma/s may fall on "o1 or ! boat may get entangl$ among drift+ rigg+4 ,x is ! practice ( lifeboats1 "u su* circum/ances1 to an*or to w9dw>d ( ! wreck & ve] cable until "o c ?r[ a l9e on bo>d4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fitt+ ,,out4 ,balla/+ a ya*t--,lead on keel--,! an*or--,sett+ up rigg+--,v5tilation & dry rot--,mildew 9 sails--,/ret*+ new sails--,lay+ up a boat = ! w9t]--,inv5tory4 ,,balla/4--,9 balla/+ a ya*t1 :atev] mat]ial be us$1 c]ta9 g5]al rules mu/ be obs]v$4 ,9 ! fir/ place no balla/ %\ld be /[$ at ei!r extremity ( a vessel2 x %\ld1 z f> z is possible1 be conc5trat$ 9 ! mid%ip section4 ,?is _c be done unless a heavy & !re=e compact =m ( balla/ su* z lead or iron is employ$4 ,if balla/ be divid$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( a vessel %e w be sluggi% 9 a sea-way2 h] head w n rise to ! waves1 b plunge into !m1 & x w be ! same ) h] /]n2 %e w be a wet & uncom=table craft4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a vessel ^: balla/ is conc5trat$ amid%ips w be lively1 h] b[ & /]n 9 succession w rise buoyantly to ! seas1 & %e w be a dry1 seawor?y craft4 ,x is always well to h "s ( ! balla/ or a small ya*t outside1 on h] keel2 = x w be g5]ally f\nd impossible to /[ all ! balla/ 9 ! mid%ip section )\t rais+ ! floor & s sacrific+ head-room 9 ! cab94 ,9 plac+ balla/ on ! outside ( a vessel1 ! same precaution mu/ be tak5 z :5 /[+ x inside--no weight mu/ be put at ! ends ( ! vessel4 ,! lead or iron keel %\ld n be c>ri$ d[n h] :ole l5g?1 z x (t5 is1 b %\ld be mortis$ into ! c5tral portion ( ! wood5 keel4 ,9 ! next place1 balla/ %\ld be /[$ z l[ z possible2 = ! l[] x is1 ! less am\nt ( x suffices to give ! vessel ! necess>y /ability4 ,"h aga9 ! advantage ( a metal keel is app>5t4 ,! lev]age ( ! outside balla/ is s enorm\s t ! ya*t becomes practically uncapsizable4 ,b an excessive weight ( lead on ! keel w /ra9 a vessel 9 r\gh wat]1 %e w recov] h]self ) a quick j]k aft] heel+ ov] to a puff1 & h] e motion w be viol5t4 ,! mo/ com=table vessel at sea is und\bt$ly ! "o t c>ries only a mod]ate weight ( balla/ on h] keel1 & ! bulk ( x inside4 ,%\ld a vessel be copp]$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! %ea?+ does n t\*--or ev5 approa* )9 an in* or two--! iron keel2 = ! galvanic action set up betwe5 ! two metals w\ld rapidly corrode ! iron4 ,9 ord] t ! balla/ may fit closely & s lie z l[ z possible 9 a vessel's hold1 x is well to h x ca/ 9 m\lds %ap$ l ! int]ior ( ! vessel's bottom4 ,?is is m important 9 ! case ( ! limb] balla/1 t is1 ! l[e/ lay] ( balla/ :i* re/s on ! vessel's timb]s4 ,?is c be s m\ld$ z to project d[nw>ds betwe5 ! limb]s & fill up :at w\ld o!rwise be empty space2 = balla/ mu/ on no acc\nt be support$ by ! plank+1 b always by ! timb]s or framework ( ! vessel4 ,if y put pressure f ! inside on y\r ya*t's plank+1 d n be surpris$ if %e soon becomes nail-sick & leaky4 ,if ord9>y pig & n m\ld$ balla/ be us$1 ! spaces betwe5 ! bottom timb]s are empty4 ,x is an excell5t plan to fill !m up =e & aft ) ,portl& cem5t4 ,?is1 h>d5+ to ! %ape ( ! vessel1 becomes z x 7 a "p ( h] &1 f> f ex]t+ outw>d pressure on ! plank+1 /r5g!ns ! bottom consid]ably4 ,x n only s]ves z balla/1 b effectually prev5ts ! wat] leak+ ?r\gh t portion ( ! vessel cov]$ by x4 ,lead is f> ! be/ balla/ t c be us$1 ! only objection to x be+ its great co/4 ,h[ev]1 x may be set (f aga9/ ?is t lead does n corrode to any ext5t1 & if ! ya*t is brok5 up or sold1 ! lead balla/ c be sold at its m>ket value ) z mu* ease z if x 7 a preci\s metal4 ,! specific gravity ( lead is to t ( iron1 r\ghly1 z elev5 to sev54 ,n oxidiz+ readily1 x makes mu* clean] balla/ ?an iron1 & x does n produce appreciable galvanic action & corrosion :5 9 contact ) ano!r metal4 ,iron balla/1 unless x is pa9t$1 fills ! bilge wat] ) ru/1 :i* w /a9 ev]y?+ x comes across :5 pump$ on deck4 ,ev5 if ! pump leads1 z x %\ld d1 ov] ! side1 ! wat] ?r[n out w leave an ugly /a9 on ! pa9t4 ,if pig iron is us$ z balla/1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! pigs c be fitt$ up ) small fragm5ts ( scrap iron1 :i* c be pur*as$ v *eaply4 ,if ! spaces betwe5 ! timb]s are n fill$ ) ,portl& cem5t1 by :i* ! bilge is kept q sweet1 ! limb]s or holes ?r\gh ! bottom timb]s mu/ be kept cle>1 s t ! bilge wat] _c accumulate any:]e & become (f5sive1 b w run d[n freely to ! pump well4 ,) ?is object1 a small *a9 is g5]ally kept rove ?r\gh ! limb] holes4 ,by draw+ x backw>ds & =w>ds ! limb]s are cle>$ ( %av+s or o!r ob/acles t are block+ !m up4 ,we may "h rem>k t x is important to arrange ! pump-well s t x c be got at 9 a mom5t2 if ! pump is *ok$1 x c ?us be quickly cle>$4 ,to keep ! inside ( a vessel sweet1 t> ! bottom timb]s & plank+s be=e putt+ ! balla/ 92 ?is ( c\rse also s]ves to pres]ve ! wood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,an*or4--,a good an*or %\ld comb9e v>i\s qualities1 ! *ief ( :i*1 s f> z a ya*t's an*ors are conc]n$1 are1 hold+ p[]1 exemption f f\l+1 & easy /[age4 ,trotman's pat5t an*ors appe> to u to be ! be/ suit$ = small ya*ts4 ,!y are manufactur$ 9 e size4 ,! two arms ( a ,trotman's an*or are 9 "o solid piece & oscillate on a pivot 9 ! %ank1 s t ! arm t is hold+ ! gr\nd is spread out by ! /ra9 on ! *a92 :ile ! o!r arm folds up along ! %ank & s (f]s no projection r\nd :i* ! *a9 c get f\l :5 ! vessel sw+s4 ,?is an*or has great hold+ p[]1 & is easily /[$ on deck4 ,pat5t /ockless an*ors are n[ made1 9 :i* ! arms oscillate n to & f ! %ank1 z 9 ,trotman's1 b transv]sely to x1 s t ! two arms ent] ! gr\nd toge!r4 ,^! an*ors are well spok5 ( by ^? :o h tri$ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sett+ ,,up ,,rigg+4--,! =e/ays1 ma9 %r\ds1 & o!r portions ( a ya*t's /&+ rigg+ are n[ v seldom made ( hemp1 b ( galvaniz$ wire4 ,^! mu/ always be set up taut z soon z !y %[ signs ( slackness1 b n q s taut z hemp5 /ays are set up1 = wire does n /ret* l hemp does4 ,wire %r\ds set up too taut put an enorm\s /ra9 on ! sides ( a boat1 & w 9 c\rse ( "t pull !m q out ( %ape4 ,! ma/ %\ld n be s rigidly /ay$ d[n t x has no play2 on ! contr>y1 :5 sail is set1 a ma/ %\ld be all[$ to b5d & s take ^u itself a consid]able proportion ( ! /ra9 be=e any is ?r[n ^u ! wea!r %r\ds4 ,! %r\d lany>ds are ( rope1 b are n long en\gh to give suffici5t play by /ret*+2 h[ev]1 !y d give "s life & spr+ to ! rigg+1 :]eas ! iron screws ) :i* ! %r\ds on "s small ya*ts are set up _c give & take 9 ! lea/1 mu/ /ra9 ! boat1 & seem to u :olly objectionable1 ?\gh !y d save "s lab\r to an indol5t m>9]4 ,to set up a %r\d1 get x taut ) a wat* tackle 7see ,fig4 #ab7--! smalle/ ya*t ought to c>ry at lea/ "o wat* tackle1 or 8h&y billy10 z sailors call x2 x is useful = a v>iety ( odd jobs--!n reeve ! lany>ds ?r\gh ! dead-eyes & make ! ends fa/4 ,:5 a ya*t is "u way 9 a fre% breeze ! wea!r %r\ds are v taut & ! lee %r\ds slack4 ,s ! lee %r\ds c easily be set up by h&1 & :5 ! vessel has gone ab\t on ! o!r tack ! o!r %r\ds w become ! slack ones & c be set up 9 ! same mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v5tilation ,,& ,,dry-,,rot4--,"o cause ( dry-rot is ! use ( unseason$ timb] 9 ! con/ruction ( a vessel1 b ?is fatal evil has its orig9 mo/ frequ5tly 9 want ( v5tilation4 ,! air %\ld p]meate freely e portion ( a vessel's woodwork4 ,! balla/ %\ld be s /[$ t x does n int]f]e ) ! v5tilation ( ! hold2 & holes1 :i* c =m an ornam5tal patt]n1 mu/ be drill$ at int]vals along ! panell+ ( ! cab94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mildew ,,9 ,,sails is always ! result ( c>elessness4 ,x is n wet t causes mildew1 b dampness comb9$ ) want ( v5tilation4 ,?us1 if a sail be furl$ :5 x is damp1 ! inn] folds w mildew4 ,a wet sail %\ld always be furl$ loosely1 & x %\ld be %ak5 out & dri$ at ! e>lie/ opportunity4 ,if x has be5 ly+ furl$ 9 a damp /ate = "s "t1 d n wait = ! sun1 b %ake x out & give x air1 ev5 if ! ra9 be fall+4 ,d n1 because y h furl$ y\r sail dry & put its wat]pro( cov] on x1 imag9e t y c leave x ?us ) safety = an indef9ite "t4 ,! damp w get into x 9 "s way1 & half ! mildew 9 sails is due to a bl9d fai? 9 sail-cov]s4 ,rememb] t ! light cotton ( :i* ! topsails & sp9nak]s ( small ya*ts are made is mu* m liable to mildew ?an flax canvas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/ret*+ ,,new ,,sails4--,if a new sail is n treat$ ) prop] c>e :5 x fir/ comes f ! mak]s1 x w /ret* irregul>ly1 =m+ a great bag 9 "o place1 & hav+ tight wr9kles 9 ano!r4 ,if a sail be ?us spoil$ at ! outset1 ! fault c nev] be rem$i$1 & x w rema9 a badly /&+ sail to ! end4 ,d n put too great a /ra9 on any "p ( a new sail4 ,= in/ance1 :ile b5d+ ! ma9sail1 d n haul out its peak & clews along ! gaff & boom ) p[]ful tackle4 ,h !m out taut1 ( c\rse1 b d n try & /ret* !m out at fir/ by ma9 =ce s z to save y\rself future tr\ble4 ,let ! :ole sail /ret* equally4 ,x is a good plan1 & ! delay w be well repaid1 n to get "u way at once ) "o's new sails1 b to rema9 at an*or = a few days1 & haul ! sails up = "s h\rs ea* day4 ,!y w !n1 ) _! own weight & ! slight action ( ! w9d sw++ !m ab\t )\t fill+ !m1 /ret* 9 a gradual & uni=m way4 ,aft] ?is y w f9d y\r ma9sail slack along ! gaff1 & y c tight5 up y\r peak la%+ & lac+4 ,! fir/ day t y get "u way ) y\r new canvas %\ld be a f9e "o4 ,if x comes on to bl[ h>d1 & y h to reef y\r ma9sail1 x w c]ta9ly be pull$ out ( %ape4 ,y mu/ n expect y\r sails to /ret* 9 a day4 ,y w h to tight5 up ! lac+ & haul out ! e>+ _m times be=e y\r ma9sail has /ret*$ its full1 & ! (t5] ! bett] = y\r sail's flatness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lay+ ,,up ,a ,,boat ,,= ,,! ,,w9t]4--,9 lay+ up a small ya*t1 x is well to h h] ^u %ore1 & if possible1 "u cov]4 ,%e w ?us become ?or\ghly dry1 & %e w be f> m buoyant :5 %e is laun*$ aga9 ?an if %e _h be5 ly+ on ! mud all ! w9t] ) ! wat] soak+ ?r\gh h]4 ,all ! balla/ %\ld be tak5 out ( a boat :5 %e is laid up4 ,if ! limb] pieces be m\ld$ to fit ! %ape ( ! bottom1 ea* piece %\ld be numb]$ s t its p>ticul> place 9 ! hold w be kn[n :5 fitt+ out aga94 ,! bottom ( ! boat inside %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & !n t>r$4 ,if any we$s are gr[+ on ! outside1 scrape !m (f z soon z ! ya*t is on %ore4 ,x is mu* easi] to d s :5 !y are moi/ ?an aft] !y h dri$ on ! wood4 ,:5 tak+ ! runn+ rigg+ (f a small ya*t1 ! simple/ plan is n to unreeve ! haly>ds1 b to unhook ! blocks & c>ry !m away ) ! haly>ds4 ,write ! "n ( ea* haly>d on "o ( its blocks1 or1 bett] /ill1 m>k bo? blocks ( a haly>d1 %[+ :i* is ! upp] & :i* ! "u4 ,y w ?us greatly simplify ! task ( rigg+ ! vessel aga9 on ! foll[+ season2 = to recognize "o's rigg+ :5 ropes & blocks are ly+ 9 front ( "o unm>k$ is no easy matt]4 ,if ! ya*t is to be left out ( doors = ! w9t]1 cov] ! decks ) common v>ni% & ! sp>s ) grease & :ite lead4 ,res9 dissolv$ 9 boil$ oil makes a v good v>ni% = coat+ woodwork t is to be expos$ to ! op5 air dur+ ! w9t]4 ,rememb] t !re is no?+ t w s spoil & black5 a vessel's decks z an accumulation ( sn[ ^u !m4 ,x is a wise precaution to build a r\gh slop+ ro( ov] ! deck1 ( hurdles & old canvas1 or any?+ t comes h&y1 :5 lay+ h] up4 ,if %e is laid up 9 a riv] :]e %e may be expos$ to float+ ice1 fa/5 hurdles r\nd h] sides4 ,skylights & hat*es mu/ be frequ5tly op5$ dur+ ! w9t]1 s z to v5tilate ! vessel1 & any wat] mu/ be pump$ out ( h]4 ,a ya*t w det]iorate m ?r\gh "o w9t]'s neglect ?an 9 t5 ye>s' fair sail+4 ,! sails %\ld ( c\rse be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e be+ /[$ away = ! w9t]4 ,!y %\ld be /[$ 9 a dry1 well-v5tilat$ l(t4 ,if !y are soak$ 9 sea wat] be=e be+ dri$1 !y are n s liable to mildew4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,inv5tory4--,!re are _m small b necess>y articles :i* ! amateur is likely to =get :5 />t+ = a cruise 9 8 new boat4 ,we w enum]ate "s ( ! mo/ important ( ^!4 ,m>l9e spikes1 a sail-mak]'s ne$le & palm1 pl5ty ( spun-y>n & seam+ tw9e4 ,sp>e ropes1 includ+ /uff = lany>ds1 etc4 ,sp>e blocks1 ?imbles1 cliphooks1 %ackles1 etc4 ,! m necess>y c>p5t]'s tools1 includ+ ! nails & screws likely to be requir$4 ,univ]sal spann]s1 = screw+ on or unscrew+ nuts ( v>i\s sizes4 ,pa9ts 9 t9s1 ) turp5t9e1 oil1 dry]s1 & bru%es4 ,scrap]s = remov+ old pa9t1 etc4 ,/\t f5d]s1 to be us$ :ile gett+ alongside a :>f1 & on o!r occasions1 :5 outside pa9t is 9 dang]4 ,a good w>p--grass rope or coir w answ] ! purpose well4 ,a wat* tackle or 8h&y billy10 :i* is1 z we h %[n1 useful = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,a snat*-block ) a tail1 v h&y :5 a pull is requir$ on any rope1 z x c be clapp$ on 9 a mom5t4 ,a small screw-jack4 ,a s]v+ mallet4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,economy ,,betwe5 ,,decks4 ,! well--,arrangem5t ( cab9--,leaky decks--,cab9 lights--,! =eca/le--,cook+ /oves4 ,! available space 9 a small ya*t is g5]ally p>tition$ (f into an op5 well1 a cab91 & a =eca/le4 ,! /e]+ is done f ! well1 & all ! %eets are belay$ to cleats )9 easy rea* ( x4 ,! well is surr\nd$ ) seats & lock]s4 ,! aft] lock] is sometimes us$ z a sail room3 b 9 a v small ya*t ! =eca/le answ]s bett] = ?is purpose1 & ! w>ps1 etc41 c be /[$ 9 ! aft] lock]4 ,"o ( ! side lock]s ( ! well c be fitt$ ) %elves1 & w !n s]ve z a l>d]4 ,pi]ce holes = v5tilation into ! front ( x at "s height above ! floor4 ,holes %\ld be cut ?r\gh ! floor ( ! well1 s t any wat] t comes on bo>d may escape into ! bilge4 ,a wood5 grat+ on ! floor w keep "o's feet dry4 ,! cab9 g5]ally communicates ) ! well by fold+ doors1 :ile a small hat* is made to slide back 9 ! cab9 ro(1 ?us mak+ ! ap]ture l>g] & facilitat+ +ress & egress4 ,p]sonally we d n l cab9 doors 9 a small ya*t2 !y are always 9 ! way :ile op51 & z !y _c be--or at any rate nev] are--made wat]-tight1 if a little wat] is %ipp$ 9 ! well x w f9d its way ?r\gh ! clos$ doors & make ! cab9 uncom=table4 ,a bett] plan is to h a wat]-tight bulkhead divid+ ! cab9 f ! well1 & at ! top ( ! bulkhead to h a squ>e op5+ :i* c be clos$ :5 necess>y ) a v]tical %utt] or slide4 ,:5 ?is is op51 & ! hat* on ! cab9 ro( is pu%$ back1 x is easy to /ep ov] into ! cab94 ,fig4 #dd illu/rates ?is arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,x adds consid]ably to ! safety ( a small vessel if h] well be made completely wat]-tight4 ,9 ?is case !re mu/ be an additional pump 9 ! well1 to ?r[ out any wat] t gets into x4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h an awn+ t w fit ov] ! well :5 ! vessel is at an*or4 ,an additional room is ?us obta9$ :i* w be f\nd v useful to p]=m "o's toilette 94 ,! rais$ ro( ov] ! cab9 is g5]ally cov]$ ) canvas & pa9t$ :ite4 ,?is effectually prev5ts leakage4 ,x is n easy to keep a small ya*t's decks q wat]-tight1 & e "o :o has be5 to sea 9 a little craft has pass$ ?r\gh ! unpleasant s5sation ( hav+ ! wat] fall+ drop by drop ^u 8 face1 z he lies 9 8 bunk at night1 f ! seams 9 ! plank+ betwe5 ! rais$ cab9 ro( & ! wat]ways4 ,9 dry wea!r1 wat] %\ld be freely p\r$ on ! decks morn+ & ev5+1 to prev5t !m %r9k+4 ,a black m>9e putty is n[ made :i* 9 our exp]i5ce s]ves z well z pit*1 & z x does n require heat+ is mu* m conv5i5t to use4 ,:]ev] a leak is discov]$ 9 ! deck seams :ile on a voyage1 /op ) cotton 7us+ a blunt knife1 n a caulk+-iron7 & fill up ! seam ) ?is putty4 ,tagg's pat5t caulk+1 :i* swells z ! plank+ %r9ks1 seems to be v well adapt$ = ! decks ( small ya*ts1 & c be recomm5d$ z ! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ leakage1 next to cov]+ all ! deck ) canvas1 an unya*ty & unsightly way ( meet+ ! difficulty4 ,! cab9 ( a small ya*t g5]ally has a bunk on ei!r side1 s]v+ z s(as by day & b$s by night1 ) lock]s "u !m1 useful = ! /[age ( su* /ores z w n be spoil$ by wat]4 ,two or m cupbo>ds are 9 ! corn]s1 & a table--"o t c be fold$ up :5 n 9 use is be/--/&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor4 ,wat] is sure to f9d its way into ! cab9 sometimes1 s e article ( furniture mu/ be *os5 ) a view to its gett+ wet4 ,a c>pet is n suitable = ! floor ( a small ya*t2 x is unpleasant :5 wet1 & is difficult to dry4 ,oilclo? or l9oleum is bett]1 b ^! are cold to ! feet4 ,! be/ mat]ial ) :i* to cov] ! floor is cocoanut matt+ ( a good quality4 ,x is made 9 e wid?1 s a piece ( ! bread? ( ! cab9 floor c be procur$4 ,cocoanut matt+ looks well1 is pleasant & w>m to walk ^u ) b>e feet1 c be wa%$ easily1 & dries v quickly4 ,horsehair is ( c\rse ! be/ mat]ial ) :i* to /uff ! cu%ions ( ! bunks4 ,^! are (t5 cov]$ ) ,am]ican clo?1 :i* dries quickly1 b is cold & disagreeable1 especially if "o's blanket slips (f at night & "o's nak$ foot comes 9 contact ) x4 ,cretonnes & o!r cotton /uffs are cold :5 damp1 & are altoge!r unsuitable = ! purpose4 ,aft] hav+ tri$ _m mat]ials1 ! au?or pref]s d>k blue flannel to any o!r = cu%ion cov]s4 ,! flannel feels w>m ev5 :5 x is wet1 & "o w n cat* cold :ile sleep+ on x4 ,! panell+ ( ! cab9 %\ld be1 if possible1 ( "s h>d wood1 poli%$4 ,?is is mu* m ornam5tal ?an pa9t$ wood1 & ?\gh m co/ly at ! outset1 is m economical 9 ! long-run1 = 9 ord] to keep up a sm>t appe>ance pa9t mu/ (t5 be r5ew$4 ,if ! cab9 be pa9t$1 :ite panell+ ) a pla9 gilt m\ld+ r\nd ! top looks v well2 b :ite pa9t gets dirty quickly1 & a fre% coat is requir$ v frequ5tly4 ,possibly ! :ite enamel pa9ts n[ l>gely manufactur$ w\ld answ] ! purpose bett]1 z !y =m a v h>d coat :i* c be ?or\ghly wa%$ )\t injury4 ,= cab9 lights1 spr+ c&le/ick lamps1 sw++ on gimbals1 are ! be/2 ^! c be obta9$ at any ya*t+ w>eh\se2 !y are provid$ ) globes1 & ) smoke %ades to be screw$ into ! ceil+ above to prev5t its discoloration4 ,!y c be lit 9 a mom5t1 & are mu* clean] to h&le ?an o!r lamps4 ,b :ile on a cruise x w (t5 be necess>y to h a light burn+ all night 9 ! cab91 s z to be able to ref] to ! *>t1 etc4 ,a p>aff9 lamp swung ov] ! table w !n be m conv5i5t & economical4 ,! int]ior ( a small ya*t's cab9 c be made to look v pretty & snug4 ,! libr>y %elf c be on ! =w>d wall1 ) ! an]oid on "o side ( x & ! clock on ! o!r4 ,on ! side walls above ! bunks ! *>ts1 guns1 & fi%+-rods c be slung4 ,a rack = glasses & ano!r = pipes c be fitt$ :]e mo/ conv5i5t4 ,z ! blankets t s]ve = ! ya*tsman's b$d+ _c well be /[$ out ( sight 9 a small cab91 x is well to h !m z ornam5tal z possible4 ,r$ blankets neatly fold$ up at "o end ( ! blue flannel bunk cu%ions give a bright appe>ance to ! cab94 ,! w9d[s & ! skylight %\ld h little bl9ds--r$ silk looks v well4 ,! =eca/le ( a ya*t ( ! size we are speak+ ( is r>ely l>ge en\gh to af=d sleep+ accommodation1 unless x be to a small boy4 ,! *a9-lock] is "h1 & "h too are /[$ ! sp>e sails1 ! mops1 brooms1 buckets1 etc4 ,! cook+-/ove %\ld also be 9 ! =eca/le4 ,?is1 9 our op9ion1 %\ld inv>iably be a _s /ove1 on a small craft :]e little cook+ is done4 ,a p>aff9 /ove has an unpleasant smell1 ev5 if ! wick be kept c>efully trimm$1 & x is ! cause ( a great deal ( dirt4 ,excell5t galvaniz$ cook+-/oves = burn+ me?ylat$ spirits are n[ manufactur$4 ,^! produce no dirt4 ,x may be ( use to m5tion "h t spirits ( w9e = burn+ purposes c be procur$ 9 e little cont95tal t[n1 & at a co/ v f> "u t ( me?ylat$ spirits 9 ,engl&4 ,mildew g5]ates v quickly 9 ! int]ior ( a ya*t2 !re=e x is v necess>y t all clo?+ & b$d+ be br\ght on deck to dry at e conv5i5t opportunity4 ,any %ackles or o!r small iron "w n 9 use %\ld--if ungalvaniz$--be greas$ be=e be+ put away 9 ! lock]s4 ,!re are s _m odd corn]s 9 a ya*t 9 :i* dirt c accumulate & conceal itself t a scrupul\s cleanl9ess is necess>y4 ,scrub & swab ev]y?+ l a ,dut* woman1 & take c>e t no morsels ( meat or o!r p]i%able matt] be swept ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ! floor into ! bilge4 ,ev5 pap] & /raw w produce a v unpleasant od\r aft] !y h be5 ly+ sodd5 "s :ile4 ,!re=e take ! pap] cov]s (f y\r t9s ( meat be=e /[+ !m "u ! bunks4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,bo>d ( ,trade regulations conc]n+ lights1 fog signals1 /e]+ & sail+ rules1 pilot signals1 etc4--,cu/om ,h\se cle>ance on return+ f a =eign port--,explanation ( ! t]ms us$ 9 giv+ /e]+ directions1 etc4 ,any "o :o v5tures to take *>ge ( ev5 a small ya*t %\ld be famili> ) ! ,bo>d ( ,trade regulations = prev5t+ collisions at sea1 & n only ) ^? rules :i* h be5 laid d[n = 8 own guidance1 b ) ^? apply+ specially to /eam]s1 to fi%+ boats or o!r craft diff]+ f 8 own1 t he may recognize _! manuvres :5 he comes across !m1 & ?us be able to avoid collision ) !m4 ,we w n[ quote ! ,bo>d ( ,trade regulations1 mak+ su* comm5ts & explanations z we ?9k w be useful4 ,,art4 #a4--;,9 ! foll[+ rules e /eam %ip :i* is "u sail & n "u /eam is to be consid]$ a sail+ %ip2 & e /eam %ip :i* is "u /eam1 :e!r "u sail or n1 is to be consid]$ a %ip "u /eam4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,,rules ,,conc]n+ ,,lights3-- ,,art4 #b4--,! lights m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ ,articles1 numb]$ #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 & #aa1 & no o!rs1 %all be c>ri$ 9 all wea!rs1 f sunset to sunrise4 ,,art4 #c4--;,a seago+ /eam %ip :5 "u way %all c>ry-- 7a7 ,on or 9 front ( ! =ema/1 at a height above ! hull ( n less ?an #bj feet1 & if ! bread? ( ! %ip exce$s #bj feet1 !n at a height above ! hull n less ?an su* bread?1 a bright :ite light1 s con/ruct$ z to %[ an uni=m & unbrok5 light ov] an arc ( ! horizon ( #bj po9ts ( ! compass2 s fix$ z to ?r[ ! light #aj po9ts on ea* side ( ! %ip1 viz41 f "r ahead to two po9ts abaft ! beam on ei!r side1 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ five miles4 7b7 ,on ! />bo>d side1 a gre5 light s con/ruct$ z to %[ an uni=m & unbrok5 light ov] an arc ( ! horizon ( #aj po9ts ( ! compass2 s fix$ z to ?r[ ! light f "r ahead to two po9ts abaft ! beam on ! />bo>d side1 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ two miles4 7c7 ,on ! port side1 a r$ light1 s con/ruct$ z to %[ an uni=m & unbrok5 light ov] an arc ( ! horizon ( #aj po9ts ( ! compass2 s fix$ z to ?r[ ! light f "r ahead to two po9ts abaft ! beam on ! port side2 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ two miles4 7d7 ,! said gre5 & r$ side lights %all be fitt$ ) inbo>d scre5s project+ at lea/ ?ree feet =w>d f ! light1 s z to prev5t ^! lights f be+ se5 across ! b[4 ,,art4 #d4--;,a /eam %ip1 :5 t[+ ano!r %ip1 %all1 9 addition to h] side lights1 c>ry two bright :ite lights 9 a v]tical l9e "o ov] ! o!r1 n less ?an ?ree feet ap>t1 s z to di/+ui% h] f o!r /eam %ips4 ,ea* ( ^! lights %all be ( ! same con/ruction & "*1 & %all be c>ri$ 9 ! same position z ! :ite light :i* o!r /eam %ips are requir$ to c>ry4 ,,art4 #e4-- 7a7 ,a %ip1 :e!r a /eam %ip or a sail+ %ip1 :i* f any accid5t is n "u comm&1 %all at night c>ry1 9 ! same position z ! :ite light :i* /eam %ips are requir$ to c>ry1 &1 if a /eam %ip1 9 place ( t light1 ?ree r$ lights 9 globul> lant]ns1 ea* n less ?an #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 9 a v]tical l9e "o ov] ! o!r1 n less ?an ?ree feet ap>t1 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ two miles2 & %all by day c>ry1 9 a v]tical l9e "o ov] ! o!r1 n less ?an ?ree feet ap>t1 9 front ( b n l[] ?an h] =ema/ head1 ?ree black balls or %apes1 ea* two feet 9 diamet]4 7b7 ,a %ip1 :e!r a /eam %ip or a sail+ %ip employ$ 9 lay+ or 9 pick+ up a telegraph cable1 %all at night c>ry 9 ! same position z ! :ite light :i* /eam %ips are requir$ to c>ry1 &1 if a /eam %ip1 9 place ( t light1 ?ree lights 9 globul> lant]ns1 ea* n less ?an #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 9 a v]tical l9e ov] "o ano!r1 n less ?an six feet ap>t3 ! highe/ & l[e/ ( ^! lights %all be r$1 & ! middle light %all be :ite1 & !y %all be ( su* a "* t ! r$ lights %all be visible at ! same di/ance z ! :ite light4 ,by day %e %all c>ry 9 a v]tical l9e "o ov] ! o!r n less ?an six feet ap>t1 9 front ( b n l[] ?an h] =ema/ head1 ?ree %apes n less ?an two feet 9 diamet]1 ( :i* ! top & bottom %all be globul> 9 %ape & r$ 9 col\r1 & ! middle "o diamond 9 %ape & :ite4 7c7 ,! %ips ref]r$ to 9 ?is ,article1 :5 n mak+ any way ?r\gh ! wat]1 %all n c>ry ! side lights1 b :5 mak+ way %all c>ry !m4 7d7 ,! lights & %apes requir$ to be %[n by ?is ,article are to be tak5 by o!r %ips z signals t ! %ip %[+ !m is n "u comm&1 & !re=e _c get out ( ! way4 ,! signals to be made by %ips 9 di/ress & requir+ assi/ance are conta9$ 9 ,article #bg4 ,,art4 #f4--;,a sail+ %ip "u way1 or be+ t[$1 %all c>ry ! same lights z are provid$ by ,article #c1 = a /eam %ip "u way1 ) ! exception ( ! :ite light1 :i* %e %all nev] c>ry4 ,,art4 #g4--,:5ev]1 z 9 ! case ( small vessels dur+ bad wea!r1 ! gre5 & r$ side lights _c be fix$1 ^! lights %all be kept on deck1 on _! respective sides ( ! vessel1 ready = use2 & %all1 on ! approa* ( or to o!r vessels1 be exhibit$ on _! respective sides 9 suffici5t "t to prev5t collision1 9 su* mann] z to make !m mo/ visible1 & s t ! gre5 light %all n be se5 on ! port side nor ! r$ light on ! />bo>d side4 ,to make ! use ( ^! portable lights m c]ta9 & easy1 ! lant]ns conta9+ !m %all ea* be pa9t$ outside ) ! col\r ( ! light !y respectively conta91 & %all be provid$ ) prop] scre5s4 ,,art4 #h4--;,a %ip1 :e!r a /eam %ip or a sail+ %ip1 :5 at an*or1 %all c>ry1 :]e x c be/ be se51 b at a height n exce$+ #bj feet above ! hull1 a :ite light 9 a globul> lant]n1 ( n less ?an #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & s con/ruct$ z to %[ a cle> uni=m & unbrok5 light visible all r\nd ! horizon1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ "o mile4 ,,art4 #i4--;,a pilot vessel1 :5 engag$ on h] /ation on pilotage duty1 %all n c>ry ! lights requir$ = o!r vessels1 b %all c>ry a :ite light at ! ma/head1 visible all r\nd ! horizon1 & %all also exhibit a fl>e-up light or fl>e-up lights at %ort int]vals :i* %all nev] exce$ fifte5 m9utes4 ,a pilot vessel1 :5 n engag$ on h] /ation on pilotage duty1 %all c>ry lights simil> to ^? ( o!r %ips4 ,,art4 #aj4--,op5 boats & fi%+ vessels ( less ?an #bj tons net regi/]$ tonnage1 :5 "u way & :5 n hav+ _! nets1 trawls1 dr$ges1 or l9es 9 ! wat]1 %all n be oblig$ to c>ry ! col\r$ side lights2 b e su* boat & vessel %all 9 lieu !re( h ready at h& a lant]n ) a gre5 glass on ! "o side & a r$ glass on ! o!r side1 & on approa*+ to or be+ approa*$ by ano!r vessel1 su* lant]n %all be exhibit$ 9 suffici5t "t to prev5t collision1 s t ! gre5 light %all n be se5 on ! port side nor ! r$ light on ! />bo>d side4 ,! foll[+ portion ( ?is article applies only to fi%+ vessels & boats :5 9 ! seas (f ! coa/ ( ,europe ly+ nor? ( ,cape ,f9i/]re3-- 7a7 ,all fi%+ vessels & fi%+ boats ( #bj tons net regi/]$ tonnage1 or upw>ds1 :5 "u way & :5 n requir$ by ! foll[+ regulations 9 ?is ,article to c>ry & %[ ! lights !re9 nam$1 %all c>ry & %[ ! same lights z o!r vessels "u way4 7b7 ,all vessels :5 engag$ 9 fi%+ ) drift nets %all exhibit two :ite lights f any "p ( ! vessel :]e !y c be be/ se54 ,su* lights %all be plac$ s t ! v]tical di/ance betwe5 !m %all be n less ?an six feet1 & n m ?an #aj feet2 & s t ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 !m measur$ 9 a l9e ) ! keel ( ! vessel %all n be less ?an five feet & n m ?an #aj feet4 ,! l[] ( ^! two lights %all be ! m =w>d1 & bo? ( !m %all be ( su* a "*1 & conta9$ 9 lant]ns ( su* con/ruction z to %[ all r\nd ! horizon1 on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 = a di/ance ( n less ?an ?ree miles4 7c7 ,a vessel employ$ 9 l9e fi%+ ) h] l9es out %all c>ry ! same lights z a vessel :5 engag$ 9 fi%+ ) drift nets4 7d7 ,if a vessel :5 fi%+ becomes /ation>y 9 consequ5ce ( h] ge> gett+ fa/ to a rock or o!r ob/ruction1 %e %all %[ ! light & make ! fog signal = a vessel at an*or4 7e7 ,fi%+ vessels & op5 boats may at any "t use a fl>e-up 9 addition to ! lights :i* !y are by ?is ,article requir$ to c>ry & %[4 ,all fl>e-up lights exhibit$ by a vessel :5 trawl+1 dr$g+1 or fi%+ ) any k9d ( drag net1 %all be %[n at ! aft] "p ( ! vessel1 except+ t1 if ! vessel is hang+ by ! /]n to h] trawl1 dr$ge1 or drag net1 !y %all be exhibit$ f ! b[4 7f7 ,e fi%+ vessel & e op5 boat :5 at an*or betwe5 sunset & sunrise %all exhibit a :ite light visible all r\nd ! horizon at a di/ance ( at lea/ "o mile4 7g7 ,9 fog1 mi/1 or fall+ sn[1 a drift net vessel atta*$ to h] nets & a vessel :5 trawl+1 dr$g+1 or fi%+ ) any k9d ( drag net1 & a vessel employ$ 9 l9e fi%+ ) h] l9es out1 %all at int]vals ( n m ?an two m9utes make a bla/ ) h] fog horn & r+ h] bell alt]nately4 ,,art4 #aa4--;,a %ip :i* is be+ ov]tak5 by ano!r %all %[ f h] /]n to su* la/-m5tion$ %ip a :ite light or a fl>e-up light4 ,x foll[s f ! above regulations t ! foll[+ lights mu/ be c>ri$ on bo>d a small sail+ boat--,a :ite rid+ light1 a gre5 />bo>d light1 a r$ port light1 & a bull's-eye lant]n1 ) :i* la/ "o c c>ry out ! in/ructions convey$ 9 ,article #aa4 ,a v conv5i5t lant]n is n[ sold by ! ya*t+ outfitt]s1 :i* n only comb9es 9 itself ! port & />bo>d lights1 z p]mitt$ by ,article #aj2 b on ! removal ( a slide s]ves z a rid+-light z well4 ,small ya*ts are g5]ally provid$ ) lant]ns ( small] size & less] illum9at+ p[] ?an ^? enjo9$ 9 ! regulations2 b x is be/ to comply ) ^! rules if possible1 s t "o c h ! "r on "o's side 9 case ( a collision4 ,x (t5 happ5s aga9 t small lights burn 9 an unsatisfactory mann]1 & frequ5tly g out4 ,a rid+ light t does ?is is a great nuisance1 & spoils "o's night's re/ :5 "o is br\ght up 9 a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e4 ,we pref] lant]ns t burn p>aff91 = sea "w2 if colza is us$1 "s camphor %\ld be dissolv$ 9 x3 ?is increases ! illum9at+ p[]1 & 9 our op9ion ! light is n s likely to g out :5 ?is is done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ rules relate to ,,fog ,,signals4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! old-fa%ion$ fog horn :i* is s\nd$ ) ! m\? is n recogniz$ by ! pres5t regulations4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill g5]ally us$ on small craft1 & w c]ta9ly make m noise ?an "s ( ! me*anical fog horns3-- ,,art4 #ab4--;,a /eam %ip %all be provid$ ) a /eam :i/le or o!r effici5t /eam s\nd signal1 s plac$ t ! s\nd may n be int]cept$ by any ob/ructions1 & ) an effici5t fog horn to be s\nd$ by a bell[s or o!r me*anical means1 & also ) an effici5t bell4 ,a sail+ %ip %all be provid$ ) a simil> fog horn & bell4 ,9 fog1 mi/1 or fall+ sn[1 :e!r by day or night1 ! signals describ$ 9 ?is ,article %all be us$ z foll[s2 t is to say-- 7a7 ,a /eam %ip "u way %all make ) h] /eam :i/le1 or o!r /eam s\nd signal1 at int]vals ( n m ?an two m9utes1 a prolong$ bla/4 7b7 ,a sail+ %ip "u way %all make ) h] fog horn1 at int]vals ( n m ?an two m9utes1 :5 on ! />bo>d tack "o bla/1 :5 on ! port tack two bla/s 9 succession1 & :5 ) ! w9d abaft ! beam ?ree bla/s 9 succession4 7c7 ,a /eam %ip & a sail+ %ip1 :5 n "u way1 %all1 at int]vals ( n m ?an two m9utes1 r+ ! bell4 ,,art4 #ac4--;,e %ip1 :e!r a sail+ %ip or /eam %ip1 %all 9 fog1 mi/1 or fall+ sn[1 g at a mod]ate spe$4 ,next come ! articles relat+ to ! ,,rules ,,( ,,/e]+ ,,& ,,sail+4 ,9 apply+ ^! ! novice mu/ nev] =get t :5 he /&s on 8 deck & looks =w>d1 ! port side ( 8 vessel is on 8 left1 ! />bo>d side on 8 "r4 ,:5 a vessel is on ! port tack ! w9d is bl[+ f ! port or left side ( him2 :5 %e is on ! />bo>d tack f ! />bo>d or "r side4 ,let him also rememb] t ?\gh he %\ld obs]ve ^! rules z closely z possible1 ,article #bc af=ds a f9e loophole = ! huge & clumsy /eam]s t cr[d ! ,?ames & o!r riv]s4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t big /eam]s w n get out ( ! way ( small sail+ craft1 ev5 :5 !y c d s )\t difficulty1 & ! little boat is expect$ to get out ( _! way4 ,! moral ( ?is is3--,keep out ( ! way ( ! big /eam]s1 n by gett+ flurri$ & alt]+ y\r c\rse at ! la/ mom5t1 aga9/ all ! rules ( ! road1 & s putt+ y\rself 9 ! wrong if !re is a collision1 b by alt]+ y\r c\rse & %[+ !m y\r int5tions "s "t be=e !y are ne> y4 ,,art4 #ad4--,:5 two sail+ %ips are approa*+ "o ano!r1 s z to involve risk ( collision1 "o ( !m %all keep out ( ! way ( ! o!r1 z foll[s1 viz43-- 7a7 ,a %ip :i* is runn+ free %all keep out ( ! way ( a %ip :i* is close haul$4 7b7 ,a %ip :i* is close haul$ on ! port tack %all keep out ( ! way ( a %ip :i* is close haul$ on ! />bo>d tack4 7c7 ,:5 bo? are runn+ free ) ! w9d on diff]5t sides1 ! %ip :i* has ! w9d on ! port side %all keep out ( ! way ( ! o!r4 7d7 ,:5 bo? are runn+ free ) ! w9d on ! same side1 ! %ip :i* is to w9dw>d %all keep out ( ! way ( ! %ip :i* is to leew>d4 7e7 ,a %ip :i* has ! w9d aft %all keep out ( ! way ( ! o!r %ip4 ,,art4 #ae4--;,if two %ips "u /eam are meet+ end on1 or ne>ly end on1 s z to involve risk ( collision1 ea* %all alt] h] c\rse to />bo>d1 s t ea* may pass on ! port side ( ! o!r4 ,?is ,article only applies to cases :]e %ips are meet+ end on1 or ne>ly end on 9 su* a mann] z to involve risk ( collision1 & does n apply to two %ips :i* mu/1 if bo? keep on _! respective c\rses1 pass cle> ( ea* o!r4 ,! only cases to :i* x does apply are1 :5 ea* ( ! two %ips is end on1 or ne>ly end on1 to ! o!r2 9 o!r words1 to cases 9 :i*1 by day1 ea* %ip sees ! ma/s ( ! o!r 9 a l9e1 or ne>ly 9 a l9e1 ) h] own2 & by night1 to cases 9 :i* ea* %ip is 9 su* a position z to see bo? ! side lights ( ! o!r4 ,x does n apply1 by day1 to cases 9 :i* a %ip sees ano!r ahead cross+ h] own c\rse2 or by night1 to cases :]e ! r$ light ( "o %ip is oppos$ to ! r$ light ( ! o!r1 or :]e ! gre51 light ( "o %ip is oppos$ to ! gre5 light ( ! o!r1 or :]e a r$ light )\t a gre5 light1 or a gre5 light )\t a r$ light1 is se5 ahead1 or :]e bo? gre5 & r$ lights are se5 any:]e b ahead4 ,,art4 #af4--;,if two %ips "u /eam are cross+1 s z to involve risk ( collision1 ! %ip :i* has ! o!r on h] own />bo>d side %all keep out ( ! way ( ! o!r4 ,,art4 #ag4--;,if two %ips1 "o ( :i* is a sail+ %ip & ! o!r a /eam %ip1 are proce$+ 9 su* directions z to involve risk ( collision1 ! /eam %ip %all keep out ( ! way ( ! sail+ %ip4 ,,art4 #ah4--;,e /eam%ip1 :5 approa*+ ano!r %ip1 s z to involve risk ( collision1 %all slack5 h] spe$ or /op & rev]se1 if necess>y4 ,,art4 #ai4--;,9 tak+ any c\rse au?oriz$ or requir$ by ^! ,regulations1 a /eam %ip "u way may indicate t c\rse to any o!r %ip :i* %e has 9 sight by ! foll[+ signals on h] /eam :i/le1 viz43-- ,"o %ort bla/ to mean 8,i am direct+ my c\rse to />bo>d40 ,two %ort bla/s to mean 8,i am direct+ my c\rse to port40 ,?ree %ort bla/s to mean 8,i am go+ full spe$ a/]n40 ,! use ( ^! signals is optional2 b if !y are us$1 ! c\rse ( ! %ip mu/ be 9 accordance ) ! signal made4 ,,art4 #bj4--,not)/&+ any?+ conta9$ 9 any prec$+ ,article1 e %ip1 :e!r a sail+ %ip or a /eam %ip1 ov]tak+ any o!r1 %all keep out ( ! way ( ! ov]tak5 %ip4 ,,art4 #ba4--;,9 n>r[ *annels e /eam %ip %all1 :5 x is safe & practicable1 keep to t side ( ! fairway or mid-*annel :i* lies on ! />bo>d side ( su* %ip4 ,,art4 #bb4--,:]e1 by ! above rules1 "o ( two %ips is to keep out ( ! way1 ! o!r %all keep h] c\rse4 ,,art4 #bc4--;,9 obey+ & con/ru+ ^! rules1 due reg>d %all be _h to all dang]s ( navigation2 & to any special circum/ances :i* may r5d] a dep>ture f ! above rules necess>y 9 ord] to avoid imm$iate dang]4 ,,art4 #bd4--,no?+ 9 ^! rules %all exon]ate any %ip1 or ! own]1 or ma/]1 or crew !re(1 f ! consequ5ces ( any neglect to c>ry lights or signals1 or ( any neglect to keep a prop] look-out1 or ( ! neglect ( any precaution :i* may be requir$ by ! ord9>y practice ( seam51 or by ! special circum/ances ( ! case4 ,,art4 #be4--,no?+ 9 ^! rules %all int]f]e ) ! op]ation ( a special rule1 duly made by local au?ority1 relative to ! navigation ( any h>b\r1 riv]1 or inl& navigation4 ,,art4 #bf4--,no?+ 9 ^! rules %all int]f]e ) ! op]ation ( any special rules made by ! ,gov]nm5t ( any nation ) respect to additional /ation & signal lights = two or m %ips ( w>1 or = %ips sail+ "u convoy4 ,! next article relates to ,,signals ,,( ,,di/ress3-- ,,art4 #bg4--,:5 a %ip is 9 di/ress & requires assi/ance f o!r %ips or f ! %ore1 ! foll[+ %all be ! signals to be us$ or display$ by h]1 ei!r toge!r or sep>ately1 t is to say3-- ,9 ! daytime-- #a4 ,a gun fir$ at int]vals ( ab\t a m9ute4 #b4 ,! ,int]national ,code signal ( di/ress indicat$ by ,n4,c4 #c4 ,! di/ant signal1 consi/+ ( a squ>e flag1 hav+ ei!r above or bel[ x a ball1 or any?+ resembl+ a ball4 ,at night-- #a4 ,a gun fir$ at int]vals ( ab\t a m9ute4 #b4 ,flames on ! %ip 7z f a burn+ t> b>rel1 oil b>rel1 etc474 #c4 ,rockets or %ells1 ?r[+ />s ( any col\r or description1 fir$ "o at a "t at %ort int]vals4 ,! flags ( ! ,int]national ,code ( signals %\ld be c>ri$ on e cruis+ ya*t1 !y w (t5 be f\nd ( s]vice4 ,= a small ya*t1 flags #b feet by #a w suffice4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! ,code ,signal ,book1 w co/ a little ov] two p\nds4 ,! book expla9s ! use ( ! flags1 :i* is easily acquir$4 ,:ile we are deal+ ) ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,regulations1 x may be well to rem9d ! amateur skipp] t %\ld he call at any =eign port1 he is b\nd "u a heavy p5alty to report himself to ! ,cu/oms ,(fic]s at ! fir/ ,briti% port he ent]s on 8 return home2 & t if1 aft] sail+ f "s =eign port1 he is asc5d+ ! ,?ames1 he mu/ br+ up opposite ! ,cu/oms l&+-/age at ,graves5d1 t ! au?orities may cle> him1 & until he has obta9$ 8 cle>ance he mu/ fly ! national ensign by day & c>ry a light "u 8 b[sprit by night4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ya*tsman w occasionally require ! s]vices ( a pilot or local fi%]man to %[ him ! way into "s difficult h>b\r1 & x is probable t he w be consid]ably confus$ by ! /e]+ directions giv5 to him by 8 guide1 & put ! helm to port :5 he %\ld h put x to />bo>d or vice v]s4 ,& ?is is n to be wond]$ at2 = ev5 pr(essionals are (t5 puzzl$ by ! some:at unc]ta9 signification ( ! t]ms n[ 9 use4 ,fir/ z to ! ord]s mo/ frequ5tly giv5 at sea--8,port60 & 8,/>bo>d60 ,surely !re c be no vagu5ess ab\t _! mean+2 b e sailor w tell y t !re is a vagu5ess1 & "o t is no d\bt responsible = _m accid5ts4 ,:5 an ,engli% pilot cries out 8,port60 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 holds 8 h& out to port1 he does n wi% ! vessel's head to be turn$ to port1 b t ! helm or till] be put to port1 ?is action ( c\rse turn+ ! vessel's head 9 a />bo>d direction4 ,:eels are n[ g5]ally us$ 9 ! place ( till]s on all craft ( any size4 ,n[ a :eel works 9 a contr>y direction to a till]1 t is1 a :eel turn+ to port turns ! vessel's head to port4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 an ,engli% pilot cries out 8,port60 he means t ! :eel rudd] & head ( ! vessel are all to be turn$ to />bo>d4 ,if ?is rule--viz41 t on e occasion on :i* ! ord]s 8port0 or 8/>bo>d0 are giv51 ! vessel's head mu/ be turn$ 9 ! opposite direction--prevail$ ev]y:]e1 all w\ld accu/om !mselves to x & !re w\ld n be mu* confusion4 ,b1 if we cross ! ,*annel to ,france1 or visit "s o!r cont95tal c\ntries1 we f9d ! pilots always speak ( ! vessel's head & n ( ! helm :5 !y give an ord]4 ,9 ,france1 8,port60 does n signify 8,port y\r helm60 b 8,turn y\r vessel's head to port10 :i* is ! rev]se ( :at a ,briti% pilot w\ld mean :5 giv+ ! same ord]4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( giv+ ord]s to ! man at ! till] :i* mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood by e amateur4 ,! au?or has se5 a some:at exp]i5c$ ya*tsman puzzl$ :5 a boatman1 :o _h come on bo>d to pilot u1 cri$ out1 8,be> up60 at ! same "t hold+ 8 h& to w9dw>d4 ,_h he cri$ out 8,be> away60 ! ya*tsman w\ld h und]/ood t ! ord] appli$ to ! head ( ! vessel--t ! vessel 0 to be /e]$ away f ! w9d4 ,b 8,be> up60 & ! h& po9t+ to w9dw>d confus$ him1 & he /e]$ to w9dw>d or luff$4 ,n[ ^! two ord]s mean exactly ! same2 b :]eas 8,be> away60 applies to ! vessel's head1 8,be> up60 applies to ! vessel's helm or till] :i* mu/ be pu%$ up to w9dw>d4 ,s1 too1 ! pilot's h&1 po9t+ to w9dw>d1 signifi$1 8,put ! helm 9 t direction10 & n 8,turn ! vessel 9 t direction40 ,9 ! table bel[ ! ord]s 9 g5]al use are def9$3-- #a4 8,,port0 signifies 8,turn ! helm or till] to port40 #b4 8,,/>bo>d0 signifies 8,turn ! helm or till] to />bo>d40 #c4 8,,luff0 signifies 8,turn ! vessel's head to w9dw>d40 #d4 8,,be> ,,away0 signifies 8,turn ! vessel's head away f ! w9d40 #e4 8,,be> ,,up0 signifies 8,turn ! helm or till] to w9dw>d40 #f4 8,,put ,,! ,,helm ,,d[n0 signifies 8,turn ! helm or till] away f ! w9d40 #g4 8,,put ,,! ,,helm ,,up0 signifies 8,turn ! helm or till] to w9dw>d40 ,x w be se5 t #d1 #e1 & #g are v>i\s me?ods ( giv+ ! same ord]1 :ile #c & #f are ! same4 ,! foll[+ regulations relate to ,,pilot ,,signals3-- ,,9 ,,! ,,daytime4--,! foll[+ signals1 numb]$ #a & #b1 :5 us$ or display$ toge!r or sep>ately1 %all be deem$ to be signals = a pilot 9 ! daytime3-- #a4 ,to be hoi/$ at ! =e1 ! jack or o!r national col\r usually worn by m]*ant %ips1 hav+ r\nd x a :ite bord]1 "o-fif? ( ! bread? ( ! flag2 or #b4 ,! int]national code pilotage signal1 indicat$ by ,p4,t4,a ,,at ,,night4--,! foll[+ signals1 numb]$ #a & #b1 :5 us$ or display$ toge!r or sep>ately1 %all be deem$ to be signals = a pilot at night3-- #a4 ,! pyrote*nic light1 commonly kn[n z a blue light1 e fifte5 m9utes1 or #b4 ,a bright :ite light1 fla%$ or %[n at %ort or frequ5t int]vals1 j above ! bulw>ks1 = ab\t a m9ute at a "t4 ,& 8,any ma/] ( a vessel :o uses or displays1 or causes or p]mits any p]son "u 8 au?ority to use or display1 any ( ! said signals = any o!r purpose ?an t ( summon+ a pilot1 or uses1 or causes1 or p]mits any p]son "u 8 au?ority to use any o!r signal = a pilot1 %all incur a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds40 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,navigation ,,necess>y ,,= ,,coa/+4 ,m]cator's *>t--,! m>9]'s compass--,! _s compass--,v>iation--,deviation--,! log %ip & l9e--,! lead l9e4 ,z soon z ! amateur leaves ! bay or riv] ) ^: features he is well acqua9t$ & v5tures to take 8 vessel along a coa/ unkn[n to him1 he mu/ provide himself ) ! necess>y in/rum5ts = f9d+ 8 way & make himself famili> ) _! use4 ,z ! managem5t ( l>ge ya*ts is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book1 x w be unnecess>y to treat "h ( navigation prop]ly s call$1 t is1 ! art ( guid+ a vessel across broad seas1 out ( sight ( l&1 by obs]vation ( ! sun ,illu/ration ,a3 ,?is is a squ>e blue flag1 hav+ 9 its c5tre a :ite squ>e1 hoi/$ ov] a flag ( a simil> %ape--! latt] %[+ ?ree v]tical b>s1 col\r$ r$1 :ite1 & blue4 & />s & by dead reckon+4 ,b we may rem>k t an educat$ man w f9d no difficulty 9 rapidly acquir+ ! art ( navigation if he wi%es to d s4 ,x is ! seaman%ip t w give him tr\ble2 = to acquire t a long appr5tice%ip & consid]able natural capacity are necess>y4 ,= coa/+ purposes & = cross+ n>r[ seas su* z ! ,*annel1 & ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ev5 = a voyage to ! ,baltic1 sextants1 *ronomet]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( navigation prop] are n requir$1 & ! foll[+ is a complete li/ ( all t is ne$$ = ! purpose ( f9d+ "o's way4 #a4 ,! necess>y *>ts4 #b4 ,a m>9]'s compass4 #c4 ,a p>allel rule4 #d4 ,a pair ( compasses or divid]s4 #e4 ,a log %ip & l9e4 #f4 ,a h&-lead & l9e4 #g4 ,"o ( ! small nautical almanacs :i* give ! tide tables = ! pr9cipal h>b\rs ( ,europe4 ,pe>son's almanac1 :i* only co/s sixp5ce1 is "o ( ! be/ ( ^! &1 9 addition to ! tides1 imp>ts a great deal ( useful in=mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*>ts4--,:atev] me?od is employ$ = repres5t+ a portion ( a globe on a plane surface1 ! result c only be approximately correct4 ,*>ts are drawn on :at is kn[n z ,m]cator's projection1 :i*1 ?\gh x greatly di/orts ! relative magnitudes1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t = purposes ( navigation4 ,! p>allels ( latitude on ! globe are ev]y:]e equidi/ant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]idians ( longitude are fur!/ ap>t at ! equator1 & gradually approa* till !y meet at ! poles4 ,9 ,m]cator's *>t ! m]idians ( longitude are drawn p>allel & equidi/ant4 ,! di/ortion 9 ! direction ( longitude result+ f ?is projection is c\nt]balanc$ by di/ort+ ! latitude to a proportionate ext5t2 t is1 ! p>allels ( latitude are drawn fur!r ap>t z ! poles are approa*$4 ,?us1 on a *>t ( ! _w1 ! pol> regions are greatly magnifi$ :5 comp>$ to ! regions ne> ! equator2 /ill1 z ! degrees ( latitude & ^? ( longitude are proportionately magnifi$1 ! g5]al %ape ( any p>ticul> tract is pres]v$4 ,! reason :y ?is projection is ! mo/ adapt$ = purposes ( navigation is t x produces no errors ( direction2 t is1 if "o place is nor?-we/ ( ano!r1 x appe>s s on a ,m]cator's *>t4 ,x foll[s1 f :at has be5 said1 t "o scale ( miles w n s]ve = a *>t2 z ! scale is ev] v>y+4 ,! me?od ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty :ile measur+ ! di/ance f "o place to ano!r on ! *>t w n[ be expla9$4 ,on inspect+ an ord9>y *>t x w be f\nd t ! top ( x is true nor? ! bottom true s\?4 ,along ! top & bottom are graduat$ p>allels1 :i* are divid$ into degrees & m9utes1 & :i* enable u to di/+ui% ! longitude ( any position on ! *>t4 ,s1 too1 on ! "r & left sides ( ! *>t we f9d graduat$ m]idians also divid$ into degrees & m9utes & :i* enable u to measure ! latitude ( any position on ! *>t4 ,n[1 z a degree or a m9ute ( latitude is ! same l5g? ev]y:]e1 we c use ^! graduat$ m]idians z scales ( miles4 ,ea* degree is divid$ into sixty m9utes4 ,a m9ute or nautical mile is ab\t "o-six? long] ?an an ,engli% mile4 ,b z ,m]cator's *>t di/orts ! latitudes1 ea* portion ( ! graduat$ m]idians s]ves z a scale ( miles only to t "p ( a *>t imm$iately opposite to x1 t is1 on ! same latitude4 ,consequ5tly1 to measure ! di/ance betwe5 two places on ! *>t1 = in/ance1 ,falm\? h>b\r 9 latitude #ej & ,madeira 9 latitude #cj1 we proce$ z foll[s4 ,! divid]s are spread out till _! po9ts are ov] ! two places on ! *>t4 ,?is di/ance is !n measur$ (f on ! graduat$ m]idian1 by s plac+ ! divid]s on ! scale t ! mean latitude ( ! two places1 t is1 latitude #dj1 is m>k$ on ! graduat$ m]idian exactly halfway betwe5 ! two po9ts ( ! divid]s4 ,! graduat$ p>allels _c1 ( c\rse1 be us$ z scales ( miles = purposes ( measurem5t4 ,:ile measur+ di/ances on ! l>ge scale *>ts us$ = coa/+ purposes x matt]s little :at portion ( ! graduat$ m]idians be us$ z a scale1 = ! error w be imp]ceptible4 ,x is only :ile us+ :at are kn[n z g5]al *>ts1 :i* ext5d across _m degrees ( latitude1 t a consid]able error w result f n measur+ f ! mean latitude4 ,compasses are g5]ally design$ on v>i\s portions ( a *>t4 ,^! compasses usually indicate ! magnetic & n ! true be>+s4 7,see ,,compass74 ,v>i\s abbreviations are us$ on *>ts :i* are g5]ally expla9$ 9 a corn] ( ! *>t itself4 ,?us ! nature ( ! bottom is indicat$ by sft = s(t1 c4 = co>se1 h4 = h>d1 etc41 :ile buoys are m>k$ ,r4 = r$1 ,h4,s4 = horizontally /rip$4 ,! s\nd+s 9 fa?oms or feet are indicat$ by numb]s1 ! dep? be+ calculat$ at l[ wat] ord9>y spr+ tides4 ,:]e %oals sometimes dry1 _! height above l[ wat] spr+ tides is giv5 by und]l9$ num]als4 ,roman num]als on a *>t give ! h\r ( high wat] at t spot at ! full & *ange ( ! moon4 ,! velocity ( ! tide 9 knots is also indicat$ & its direction %[n by arr[s4 ,! ya*tsman %\ld provide himself ) l>ge scale ,admiralty *>ts2 = ^! alone c guide him into ^? %all[ intricate *annels frequ5t$ by small coa/]s only1 :i* he w be s (t5 tempt$ to ent]4 ,,! ,,m>9]',s ,,compass4--,e "o is m or less famili> ) ! use ( ! m>9]'s compass1 ! in/rum5t :i* enables u to "k ! direction 9 :i* a vessel is sail+ :5 out ( sight ( l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! compass c>d 7,fig4 #de7 is divid$ into ?irty-two po9ts1 s1 z a circle conta9s #cfj1 ! di/ance f "o po9t to ! next is #aa4 ,sometimes a po9t is express$ 9 its angul> value1 t is1 ! numb] ( degrees ! po9t is we/ or ea/ ( ! m]idional l9e jo9+ nor? & s\?4 ,?us ,n4 by ,e4 w\ld be call$ ,n4 #aa ,e41 & ,n4,e41 ,n4 #de ,e4 ,compass be>+s are calculat$ to qu>t] po9ts1 z ,n4,e4 ,e41 :i* signifies ,n4,e4 & a qu>t] ( a po9t t[>ds ,e4 ,! compass c>d moves freely on a pivot 9 ! compass b[l1 :i* 9 its turn is balanc$ on gimbals1 enabl+ x to pres]ve a horizontal position despite ! vessel's roll+ & pit*+4 ,! b9nacle or case 9 :i* ! compass b[l is swung is provid$ ) a lamp1 s t ! man /e]+ c read ! compass c>d by night4 ,inside ! b[l is a small m>k1 call$ ! 8lubb]'s l9e10 :i* is exactly 9 a l9e ) ! head ( ! %ip4 ,t portion ( ! c>d :i* t\*es ! lubb]'s l9e !re=e indicates ! direction 9 :i* ! vessel is po9t+4 ,! j]ky motion ( a small craft w (t5 cause an ord9>y compass c>d to oscillate & ev5 to completely revolve1 s t ! direction 9 :i* "o is /e]+ _c be asc]ta9$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to use a heavy compass c>d ^: movem5t w be m sluggi%4 ,a _s compass--su* z ,d5t's _s compass--9 :i* ! c>d is surr\nd$ by fluid--is ! be/ adapt$ = small vessels4 ,b :5 a little craft is pit*+ quickly ! v be/ compass w oscillate to "s ext5t4 ,9 ?is case1 "o mu/ obs]ve ! extreme po9ts on ei!r side rea*$ by ! sw++ c>d & take ! mean betwe5 !m z ! %ip's direction4 ,! ne$le po9ts to ! magnetic nor?1 :i* co9cides ) ! true nor? 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! e>? only4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! magnetic & real nor? is call$ ! v>iation ( ! compass1 x diff]s 9 diff]5t places1 & is con/antly b v sl[ly *ang+4 ,! v>iation at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 = in/ance1 is n[ r\ghly #bj ,w41 t is1 ! ne$le is dragg$ #bj to ! we/ ( nor?1 s t if a vessel's head be po9t+ true nor?1 h] compass w indicate a direction ( ab\t ,n4,n4,e4 ,! compasses design$ on a *>t g5]ally %[1 z we h already expla9$1 ! magnetic & n ! true be>+s4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! c\rse t %\ld be /e]$ f "o place to ano!r1 we lay "o edge ( ! p>allel rules on ! two places on ! *>t1 & by op5+ ! rule we slide ! o!r edge along--always pres]v+ ! direction--until x is on ! c5tre ( "o ( ! compass designs on ! *>t4 ,! direction ?us indicat$ repres5ts ! c\rse to be /e]$ by compass4 ,b if ! compasses on ! *>t are1 z sometimes happ5s1 true & n magnetic1 ! c\rse %[n by ! rule is n ! "o to be /e]$ by compass4 ,we mu/1 9 ?is case1 discov] ! v>iation exi/+ 9 ! locality--g5]ally giv5 on ! *>t--& conv]t ! true c\rse z indicat$ by ! edge ( ! rule into a compass or magnetic c\rse4 ,to d ?is1 if ! v>iation is s _m degrees we/1 ! c\rse to be /e]$ w be t numb] ( degrees ea/ ( ! true c\rse2 if ! v>iation is s _m degrees ea/1 ! c\rse to be /e]$ w be t numb] ( degrees we/ ( ! true c\rse4 ,:]e !re is local attraction1 z 9 an iron %ip1 ! compass be>+s w n be correct magnetic1 b ! ne$le w be dragg$ on "o side or ! o!r ( ! magnetic m]idian4 ,?is error is call$ ! deviation ( ! compass4 ,on bo>d a wood5 ya*t1 if c]ta9 precautions are obs]v$1 !re %\ld be no p]ceptible deviation ( ! compass4 ,z iron balla/ is g5]ally us$ on a ya*t1 ! compass %\ld be z high z possible above x4 ,if ! boat h a well1 ! b9nacle c at lea/ be on a level ) ! rais$ hat* on ! deck4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no elongat$ iron mass1 especially if v]tical1 su* z a bolt1 be ne> ! compass4 ,deviation is n uni=m1 l v>iation4 ,:5 ! vessel's head is po9t+ ab\t ,e4 or ,w4 ! deviation is g5]ally greate/1 & x is diff]5t ) e direction ! vessel is turn$ to4 ,! deviation1 if any1 is asc]ta9$ by :at is t]m$ sw++ ! vessel4 ,! correct magnetic be>+ ( "s di/ant object is fir/ obta9$4 ,! vessel is !n sl[ly swung r\nd--?is c (t5 be done by c>ry+ ! moor+ l9e along "o side ( ! deck aft1 & !n along ! o!r side to ! b[s aga9--& z ! vessel's head comes to ea* po9t ( ! compass1 a compass be>+ is tak5 ( ! object1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 t be>+ & ! true magnetic "o is not$4 ,a table c !n be drawn out %[+ ! deviation to be appli$ = ea* po9t ( ! compass t[>ds :i* a vessel is /e]+4 ,:5 /e]+ by compass1 d n keep ! eyes con/antly fix$ on ! compass c>d1 z ?is is extremely we>y+1 especially by night4 ,:5 y h got ! vessel on h] c\rse1 get "s object ahead--a di/ant vessel1 a cl\d1 a />1 if no l& is 9 sight--9 l9e ) ! ma/1 or "o ( ! %r\ds1 & /e] = t2 ref]r+ only occasionally to ! compass1 s z to correct ! direction & get a new m>k to /e] = :5 necess>y4 ,,! ,,log ,,%ip ,,& ,,l9e are employ$ to calculate ! spe$ at :i* a vessel is travell+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! log %ip 7,fig4 #df7 is a quadrant-%ap$ piece ( wood1 load$ ) lead at ! bottom1 s t x may pres]ve an upright position 9 ! wat]4 ,x is atta*$ to ! log l9e by means ( a bridle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,! ord9>y log l9e is #abj fa?oms long4 ,! log glass g5]ally us$ is a common s&-glass1 runn+ out 9 #bh seconds4 ,! l9e is divid$ into equal di/ances by knots1 ea* di/ance be+ ! same fraction ( a nautical mile z #bh seconds is ( "o h\r2 ! di/ance !re=e betwe5 two knots is ab\t #dg feet4 ,a bit ( bunt+ is atta*$ to ! l9e ab\t #ab fa?oms f ! log %ip4 ,^! #ab fa?oms are call$ ! /ray l9e4 ,! process kn[n z 8heav+ ! log0 is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,"o h& /&s by1 ) ! glass 9 h&1 full end d[nw>ds2 ano!r h& heaves ! log %ip ov]bo>d1 :i* floats away a/]n2 ! l9e is !n /eadily paid out f ! reel1 9 su* a way t no /ra9 is put on ! log %ip4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! piece ( bunt+ m>k+ ! /ray l9e goes ov]bo>d1 ! glass is sm>tly turn$4 ,z soon z ! s& has run out1 ! man hold+ ! glass calls out1 8,/op60 & ! log l9e is sudd5ly *eck$4 ,! numb] ( knots t h be5 reel$ (f repres5t ! numb] ( sea miles ! vessel is sail+ an h\r4 ,sev]al =ms ( self-regi/]+ logs are n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,^! are t[$ a/]n1 & communicate ! revolutions ( a screw rotator to a regi/]--ei!r ov]bo>d or on ! taffrail ( ! vessel--:i* indicates ! di/ance run4 ,^! pat5t logs d n act 9 an altoge!r satisfactory way on small sail+ craft4 ,!y g5]ally "u log ! di/ance run :5 ! vessel is sail+ sl[ly1 & are m adapt$ = use on /eam]s4 ,= ord9>y cruis+ purposes1 on a small =e-&-aft]1 we pref] ! old-fa%ion$ log %ip & l9e1 & x is n v (t5 t "o has occasion to use ev5 t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,lead ,,l9e4--,two leads are employ$ on vessels--! deep sea lead weigh+ #bh lb41 & ! h& lead weigh+ #ad lb4 ,! latt]1 or ev5 a lead weigh+ some:at less1 is suffici5t = a small ya*t4 ,! l9e us$ = a h& lead is #be fa?oms long1 & is g5]ally m>k$ z foll[s3-- ,at #b fa?oms1 ,lea!r1 ) two ends4 #c 8 ,lea!r1 ) ?ree ends4 #e 8 ,:ite calico4 #g 8 ,r$ bunt+4 #aj 8 ,lea!r1 ) hole ?r\gh x4 #ac 8 ,blue s]ge4 #ae 8 ,:ite calico4 #ag 8 ,r$ bunt+4 #bj 8 ,/r&1 ) two knots 9 x4 ,x is possible1 by ! diff]5t feel ( ! mat]ials us$1 to tell :at m>k is 9 "o's h& 9 ! d>k4 ,! above dep?s are call$ m>ks2 ! int]v5+ dep?s 9 fa?oms :i* are unm>k$ are call$ ! deeps4 ,?us1 9 five fa?oms1 ! leadsman s+s out1 8,by ! m>k five10 9 elev5 fa?oms1 8,by ! deep elev540 ,he also calls out ! halves & qu>t]s ( fa?oms ?us1 8,& a half six10 = six & a half fa?oms1 8,a qu>t] less six10 = five fa?oms & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,to s\nd :5 ! vessel is "u way1 sw+ ! lead r\nd & ?r[ x z f> =w>d z possible1 s t ! lead be at ! bottom & ! l9e tight f x to ! h&1 :5 ! vessel is j ov] ! lead4 ,if ! lead be hove prop]ly1 s t x draws ! l9e ?r\gh ! h&s1 x is easy to tell :5 x has rea*$ ! bottom1 by ! sudd5 )drawal ( ! /ra94 ,:5 sail+ on v %all[ wat]s1 s\nd+s c be tak5 mu* quick] ) a pole or boa?ook ?an ) a lead4 ,!re is a holl[ at ! heel ( a lead :i* c be fill$--arm$ z x is t]m$--) tall[2 a specim5 ( ! bottom--mud1 s&1 or %+le--is br\ght up ) ! lead1 & ?is1 by ref]5ce to ! *>t1 :i* g5]ally m>ks ! nature ( ! bottom1 may enable u to f9d our position4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,"o',s ,,way ,,at ,,sea4 ,cross be>+s--,tack+ across ! sea--,leeway--,h[ to all[ = a curr5t--,to f9d ! h\r ( high wat]4 ,hav+ 9 ! la/ *apt] describ$ ! v>i\s in/rum5ts :i* enable a m>9] to direct 8 c\rse1 we w n[ give "s fur!r explanations ( ! me?od ( employ+ ! *>t & compass4 ,,cross ,,be>+s4--,:5 a vessel is 9 sight ( l&1 h] position c be calculat$ ) exactness by sev]al me?ods4 ,fir/4 ,by cross be>+s ( two kn[n objects4 ,if two well-kn[n l&m>ks are visible on %ore1 we obs]ve h[ ea* ( !m be>s by our compass4 ,we !n ref] to ! *>t1 lay d[n ^! be>+s ) ! p>allel rule1 & ! po9t :]e ! l9es cut w repres5t ! vessel's position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,= in/ance 7see ,fig4 #dg71 ! beacon ,a is f\nd to be ,n4,w4 ( u1 ! beacon ,b ,n4,e4 ( u4 ,we lay our p>allel rule on ! magnetic compass design on ! *>t s t its edge passes ?r\gh ,n4,w4 & also ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! compass4 ,we !n slide ! rule to ! beacon ,a on ! *>t--pres]v+ ! direction--& draw ) a p5cil ! l9e f ,a indicat$ by ! edge ( ! rule4 ,9 ! same way we c>ry ! direction ,n4,e4 f ! compass design to ! beacon ,b1 & draw ! l9e f ,b indicat$ by ! rule4 ,! po9t ,c :]e ^! l9es cut repres5ts ! position ( ! vessel1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ,c & ! beacons or ! %ore c be measur$ ) ! divid]s by ref]r+ to ! graduat$ m]idian on ! side ( ! *>t z a scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,:ile a vessel is sail+ along ! %ore h] di/ance f x c be calculat$ z foll[s3 ,we select any prom95t po9t on ! %ore1 z ! tree ,a 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,we take its be>+1 :i* we f9d to be ,n4,w4 ,f ,a we draw ! l9e ,a ,b 9 a ,n4,w4 magnetic direction by ! compass design4 ,our vessel's c\rse is ,n4 by ,w4 ,f any po9t ,b on ! l9e ,a ,b we draw a l9e ,b ,c 9 a ,n4 by ,w4 direction4 ,:5 we h sail$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 say five miles by ! log1 we take ano!r be>+ ( ! tree & f9d x is n[ ,n4,e4 ( u4 ,f ,a we draw a l9e correspond+ to ?is la/ be>+1 :i* cuts ! l9e ,c ,b at ,c4 ,tak+ ,c ,b a di/ance ( five miles z our scale1 we c measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! vessel's position ,c & ! tree ,a4 ,a *>t is n ne$$ = ! above me?od ( calculat+ "o's di/ance4 ,a %eet ( pap] ) a compass design sket*$ on x is all t is necess>y4 ,! foll[+ is a v easy me?od ( calculat+ ! di/ance ( an object t "o is pass+1 & requires no *>t or diagram4 ,take a be>+ ( ! object1 & obs]ve ! angle ?is be>+ makes ) ! vessel's c\rse2 also note ! "t4 ,z ! vessel sails on1 ?is angle w increase until at la/ x is d\bl$4 ,! vessel's di/ance f ! object w !n equal ! di/ance %e has travell$ s9ce ! fir/ be>+s 7 tak54 ,fig4 #di w make ?is me?od cle>4 ,a is ! object on %ore1 ,c & ,b ! position ( ! vessel :5 ! be>+s 7 tak54 ,a ,c ,d is ! angle =m$ by ! c\rse ,e ,d & ! fir/ be>+s4 ,:5 ?is angle is d\bl$1 z at ,a ,b ,d1 ! l9e ,b ,c w equal ! l9e ,a ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,if "o is sail+ p>allel to a coa/1 ! foll[+ is a rapid me?od ( asc]ta9+ "o's di/ance f ! %ore4 ,note ! "t :5 an object on %ore is exactly at "r angles to ! vessel's c\rse4 ,:5 "o has br\ght ! object at an angle ( #de to ! vessel's c\rse--look+ aft--calculate ! di/ance travell$ s9ce ! "t 0 not$4 ,! di/ance f ! %ore w be ! same4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #ej1 ! vessel's direction :5 %e is at ,b is at "r angles to ! be>+s ( ,a ! object on %ore4 ,:5 ! vessel has arriv$ at ,c1 ! angle ,a ,c ,b has a value ( #de4 ,x foll[s t ,c ,d1 ! di/ance f ! %ore1 equals ,c ,b1 ! di/ance travell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,an azimu? compass is "o specially adapt$ = tak+ be>+s4 ,its c>d is m c>efully divid$ ?an t ( ! /e]+ compass1 & x is fitt$ ) sight vanes4 ,h[ev]1 be>+s suffici5tly accurate = practical purposes c be tak5 ) ! ord9>y compass4 ,hold a piece ( /r+ across ! c5tre ( ! compass1 &1 look+ along x1 direct x t[>ds ! object ^: be>+ is requir$1 z if tak+ an aim ) a gun4 ,! direction ( ! /r+ w !n indicate ! be>+ on ! compass c>d b5ea?4 ,9 tak+ cross be>+s endeav\r to obta9 a diff]5ce betwe5 !m ( z ne> #ij z possible2 = if ! diff]5ce be small1 z1 = example1 #aj1 or l>ge1 z #aej1 a small error 9 ! be>+ w cause a great error 9 ! calculation ( ! vessel's position4 ,if1 :5 direct+ "o's c\rse out ( sight ( l&1 z1 = in/ance1 f ,y>m\? to ! m\? ( ! ,elbe1 head w9ds are met )1 & x becomes necess>y to tack1 x is an advantage z a g5]al rule to sail on t tack on :i* ! vessel looks up be/ = h] port1 & n to g ab\t until %e has br\ght h]self to a position on :i* ! o!r tack is ! mo/ fav\rable1 & s on4 ,! %ip ?us con/antly keeps h] port 9 ! w9d's eye1 & any *ange 9 ! direction ( ! w9d c be tak5 advantage (4 ,b if a vessel /&s on1 till ! tack be a los+ "o 9 ord] t %e may fet* h] de/9ation on ! next tack1 a *ange 9 ! w9d may put h] dead to leew>d ( h] port & %e w h lo/ gr\nd by ! ill-judg$ tactics4 ,:5 tack+ out ( sight ( l&1 ! direction & l5g? ( ea* successive bo>d c be prick$ out on ! *>t by us+ ! divid]s & p>allel rule 9 ! mann] already describ$1 & ! position ( ! vessel at any "t w ?us be kn[n4 ,be=e l& is lo/ sight (1 :at is t]m$ a dep>ture is tak5 f ! la/ well-kn[n object on ! %ore4 ,its be>+ is tak5 by compass1 its di/ance by log is e/imat$1 & ! "t is not$4 ,a dep>ture c also be tak5 by cross be>+s4 ,x is f ! dep>ture t ! voyage is reckon$ out4 ,9 det]m9+ ! c\rse & position ( a vessel at sea1 all[ance mu/ be made = leeway & = ! set ( ! tide4 ,! leeway is great] :5 ! sea is r\gh & :5 ! sails are reef$4 ,! am\nt ( leeway c be r\ghly e/imat$ by look+ ov] a vessel's /]n at h] wake1 :i* w n be 9 ! same l9e z h] keel1 b at an angle to x4 ,hav+ measur$ ?is angle1 apply x to ! left :5 ! vessel is on ! />bo>d tack1 to ! "r :5 %e is on ! port tack4 ,if ! /r5g? & direction ( a curr5t are kn[n1 its effect ^u ! vessel's c\rse & di/ance made mu/ be all[$ =4 ,if ! set ( ! curr5t is 9 ! same direction z ! %ip's direction--ei!r ) h] or oppos$ to h]--h] c\rse is unaffect$1 b h] rate ( motion ov] ! gr\nd is increas$ or less5$ by z _m knots an h\r z ! curr5t is fl[+4 ,! rate ( curr5t mu/ !re=e be add$ to or d$uct$ f ! di/ance logg$4 ,! log1 ( c\rse1 only indicates ! vessel's spe$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 & does n regi/] ! curr5t4 ,if ! curr5t is across a vessel's direction1 x w influ5ce bo? h] c\rse & rate ( sail+4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! c\rse t %\ld be /e]$ s z to make good a requir$ c\rse 9 a cross curr5t we proce$ z foll[s4 ,9 ei!r ( ! two ,figs4 #ea & #eb1 let ,a be ! position ( ! vessel1 ,b ! port we desire to make1 & let ! arr[ repres5t ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,) ! divid]s take f ! scale at ! side ( ! *>t ! numb] ( miles ! curr5t runs p] h\r1 & lay d[n ?is di/ance ,a ,c 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,!n take f ! scale ! numb] ( miles ! vessel is go+ p] h\r1 & ) ?is di/ance z radius1 & ,c z ! c5tre1 describe a circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! l9e jo9+ ,c & ,d--! po9t :]e ! circle & ! l9e ,a ,b cut--repres5ts ! direction 9 :i* ! vessel mu/ be /e]$ s z to keep on ! l9e ,a ,b4 ,draw ,a ,e p>allel & equal to ,c ,d4 ,!n if ! vessel be /e]$ f ,a t[>ds ,e1 & travel ! di/ance ,a ,e ?r\gh ! wat] %e w 9 reality h made ! di/ance ,a ,d 9 ! direction ( h] port4 ,9 ! two figures ! alt]ation ( ! vessel's c\rse is ab\t ! same1 b z ! curr5t is contr>y 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ,a ,d1 ! di/ance made1 is mu* less ?an ,a ,e1 ! di/ance sail$1 :]eas 9 ,fig4 #eb ! curr5t is fav\rable & !re=e ! di/ance made is great] ?an ! di/ance sail$4 ,9 curr5t sail+1 e advantage mu/ be tak5 ( ! tide1 & x is (t5 possible to fet* a port dead to w9dw>d on "o tack by :at is t]m$ und]b[+ ! tide4 ,= in/ance1 if we are b\nd = a port due nor? ( u1 & ! w9d is also due nor?1 :ile we h a curr5t runn+ to ! ea/w>d1 we c1 by putt+ our vessel on ! tack t directs h] to ! we/w>d ( nor?1 t is1 9 ?is case ! />bo>d tack1 br+ ! tide on ! lee b[ s t ! result ( our nor?-we/ c\rse & ! ea/]ly curr5t is t our vessel travels due nor?4 ,h5ce x is v necess>y1 :ile tack+ across ! sea1 to "k exactly :5 ! tide w turn1 s t we c put ! vessel ab\t to ! be/ advantage4 ,if we are cross+ a broad /ret* ( wat] su* z ! ,nor? ,sea1 ) ! w9d free1 & are likely to be 9 m ?an "o tide1 we c usually ) advantage /e] a c\rse /raight = our port1 )\t pay+ mu* att5tion to ! curr5ts1 z ! effects ( ! ebb & flood w cancel ea* o!r1 & we w be able to make a good l&-fall4 ,! rise1 rate1 & direction ( ! tide at spr+s & neaps are g5]ally giv5 on ! *>t4 ,if ! h\r ( high wat] = ! p>ticul> day & place are kn[n1 ! spe$ ( ! curr5t & ! height above l[ wat] c be r\ghly calculat$ f ! foll[+ data4 ,unless ! con=mation ( ! coa/ produces a v>iation f ! g5]al rule1 ! tide rises f l[ to high wat] 9 six h\rs & a qu>t] & falls f high to l[ wat] 9 ! same "t4 ,! rise & fall are n uni=m4 ,dur+ ! fir/ & la/ h\rs ( flood ! rise is smalle/4 ,dur+ ! second h\r x greatly increases4 ,at ! f\r? h\r ! tide has rea*$ its maximum rate1 & f !n ! rate ( ris+ dim9i%es 9 ! same proportion until high wat]4 ,! same1 rule applies to ! ebb tide4 ,fig4 #ec repres5ts ! range ( ! tide 9 ! op5 sea1 :i* we h divid$ into sixte5 equal p>ts4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! tide w rise "o division 9 ! fir/ h\r1 ?ree 9 ! second h\r1 f\r 9 ! ?ird h\r1 f\r 9 ! f\r? h\r1 ?ree 9 ! fif? h\r1 & "o 9 ! la/ six? h\r & a qu>t]4 ,we h already expla9$ t ! "t ( high wat] at any p>ticul> spot at ! full & *ange ( ! moon is indicat$ on ! *>t--?us1 = in/ance1 ,h4,w4 at ,f4 & ,c4 #f h4 #aj m41 :i* signifies high wat] at full & *ange ( ! moon at six h\rs t5 m9utes4 ,if we h no tide tables at h&1 we c r\ghly calculate ! "t ( high wat] = ! day by add+ =ty-eight m9utes = e day t has pass$ s9ce ! la/ full or new moon to ! "t at full & *ange giv5 on ! *>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec --,high ,wat] #f ,h\rs4 --#e?4 ,h\r - - --#d?4 ,h\r - - - --#crd4 ,h\r - - - --#bnd4 ,h\r - - --#a/4 ,h\r ( ,flood --,l[ ,wat] ,b a m accurate me?od is to ref] to ! ,admiralty tide tables1 or1 :at w answ] ! purpose equally well1 to ,pe>son's ,nautical ,almanac1 a little book :i* we /rongly recomm5d to ! ya*tsman4 ,"h he w f9d daily tide tables1 morn+ & aft]noon1 = ,london & o!r pr9cipal ,engli% ports1 toge!r ) ! height ( ! rise 9 feet4 ,besides ^!1 !re is an ext5sive li/s ( ports & positions on ! coa/ ( ,engl& & ,europe ) _! ,tidal ,con/ants4 ,! con/ant = a giv5 place is ! numb] ( h\rs & m9utes t are to be add$ to or subtract$ f ! "t ( high wat] at ! /&>d port or port ( ref]5ce 9 ord] to obta9 ! "t ( high wat] at ! giv5 place4 ,= in/ance1 suppos+ ,london to be ! /&>d port1 z x is 9 ,pe>son's ,almanac1 & we require to "k ! h\r ( high wat] at ,portl& ,breakwat] on a giv5 day4 ,we fir/ ref] to ! table ( con/ants1 & f9d #e h4 #c m4 to be ! con/ant ( ,portl& ,breakwat]4 ,we !n turn to ! ,london tide table1 & f9d ! "t ( high wat] = ! day--morn+ or aft]noon1 z ! case may be4 ,we add five h\rs & ?ree m9utes to ?is1 & ! result w be ! requir$ "t4 ,_h ! sign be=e ! con/ant be5-in/ead ( we %\ld h subtract$ & n add$4 ,if we require ! high wat] at a port :]e ! tidal con/ant is n giv5 9 ! tables1 b :]e high wat] at full & *ange is giv5 on ! *>t1 f9d ! high wat] at full & *ange ( "s port--,london1 = example1 ^: con/ant is 9 ! tables4 ,subtract ! less] ( ^! two times f ! great]1 ! rema9d] w be ! con/ant ( our port--additive if ! full & *ange at ! port be great] ?an t ( ,london1 subtractive if x be less4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,wea!r ,,wisdom4 ,use ( ! in/rum5ts--,=eca/+ wea!r f natural ph5om5a1 etc4 ,wea!r wisdom is m necess>y to ! man :o travels along ! coa/ 9 a small vessel ?an to any "o else4 ,a l>ge vessel is con/ruct$ to enc\nt] any wea!r ) safety1 & %e mu/ take fair & f\l z %e f9ds x2 b ! safety ( a small craft (t5 dep5ds entirely on an accurate =eca/ ( ! w9d4 ,:5 ! skipp] ( ! little ya*t und]takes a voyage1 say f ,h>wi* to ,rott]dam1 he has to pick 8 wea!r4 ,he waits 9 port till he gets a slant--t is1 until he has satisfi$ himself t 9 all human probability no w9d ( dang]\s /r5g? w bl[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! next few days--!n he weighs 8 an*or1 hoi/s 8 sails1 & spe$s across ! broad sea z fa/ z he is able1 kn[+ t %\ld a gale ( w9d spr+ up be=e he has made ! opposite coa/1 he w be 9 consid]able p]il & n improbably be lo/4 ,b ! m>9] :o has made himself acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( meteorology c make a coa/+ voyage1 ev5 9 a t9y craft1 f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r1 sail+ f port to port 9 fav\rable wea!r1 & dodg+ ! /orms t w\ld infallibly de/roy him1 by =esee+ !m & rema9+ 9 snug h>b\rs until !y h pass$ by4 ,9 foll[+ ! rules :i* we %all n[ lay d[n1 ! amateur w sometimes f9d t 8 =eca/ ( /orm w prove a false al>m & w keep him 9 port idle :ile he might h be5 at sea2 b on ! o!r h&--& :at is f> m important--a =eca/ ( fair wea!r is v r>ely wrong2 a really dang]\s w9d is sc>cely ev] kn[n to spr+ up )\t hav+ giv5 a due w>n+ ( its approa*4 ,if ab\t to sail f any ,briti% port--= in/ance1 across ! ,*annel--9 a small ya*t1 x is useful to rememb] t "o c telegraph to ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 ,london1 = a wea!r =eca/ = t p>ticul> voyage4 ,! reply--! *>ge = :i* is "o %ill+--w be return$ by telegraph )\t delay4 ,su* a =eca/ is m to be reli$ on ?an ! op9ion ( all ! wea!r-wise old sailors on ! coa/4 ,! wea!r c be =etold ) consid]able accuracy by obs]v+ ! appe>ance ( _m natural ph5om5a1 ! cl\ds1 ! wat]1 ! sun & moon1 & also by ! movem5ts ( fi% & f[l2 b ! *anges ( ! b>omet] are f> m to be dep5d$ on ?an ! above z indications ( com+ wea!r4 ,e small ya*t %\ld be provid$ ) an an]oid b>omet]1 :i* is m s5sitive & indicates *ange m quickly ?an ! m]curial b>omet]1 also ) a !rmomet]1 &1 if ! ya*tsman wi%es to h a complete meteorological outfit1 ) a hygromet] or wet bulb !rmomet]4 ,^! ?ree in/rum5ts w enable him to measure ! weight1 ! temp]ature1 & ! degree ( moi/ness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! la/ ( ! in/rum5ts m5tion$ is n (t5 f\nd on a small ya*t1 & inde$ ! an]oid & !rmomet] suffice = ord9>y purposes ( wea!r-=eca/4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 :ile =etell+ ! wea!r1 t ! b>omet] is affect$-- ,fir/ly1 by ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,! greate/ rise be+ ) ! nor?-ea/ w9d1 ! l[e/ fall ) ! s\?-we/ w9d4 ,secondly1 by moi/ure1 an increase ( :i* w cause a fall4 ,?irdly1 by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,if a w9d fre%5s1 ! moi/ure & direction ( ! w9d rema9+ ! same1 ! glass w fall4 ,^! ?ree causes d n (t5 act 9 accord2 "o is g5]ally affect+ ! glass 9 a way opposite to ! o!r two4 ,x is = ?is reason t an obs]vation ( ! b>omet] alone w (t5 mislead u4 ,x mu/ be read 9 conjunction ) ! !rmomet] & also ) ! hygromet]1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! true cause ( ! rise or fall ( ! m]cury4 ,admiral ,fitzroy's two well-kn[n rules are-- ,,! ,,b>omet] ,,rises = nor!rly w9d 7includ+ f ,n4,w4 by ! ,n4 to ,e471 = dry or less wet wea!r1 = less w9d1 or = m ?an "o ( ^! *anges2 except on a few occasions1 :5 ra9 7or sn[7 comes f ! ,n4 ) /rong w9d4 ,,! ,,b>omet] ,,falls = s\? w9d 7includ+ f ,s4,e4 by ! ,s4 to ,w471 = wet wea!r1 = /rong] w9d1 or = m ?an "o ( ^! *anges2 except on a few occasions1 :5 mod]ate w9d ) ra9 7or sn[7 comes f ! nor?w>d4 ,! foll[+ rules are select$ f ! (ficial computation1 :i* is v compreh5sive & %\ld be /udi$ by e ya*tsman4 ,admiral ,fitzroy's book %\ld be on e ya*t's libr>y %elf4 ,if ! b>omet] has be5 at its ord9>y height--ab\t ?irty in*es at sea-level--& is /eady or ris+1 :ile ! !rmomet] falls1 & dampness less5s1 ,n4,w41 ,n41 or ,n4,e41 or less w9d may be expect$4 ,if ! b>omet] is fall+1 ! !rmomet] ris+1 & ! dampness increas+1 w9d & ra91 or sn[ may be expect$ f ,s4,e41 ,s41 or ,s4,w4 ,! mo/ dang]\s %ifts ( w9d & ! heavie/ gales f ,n4 happ5 aft] ! m]cury fir/ rises f a v l[ po9t4 ,a rapid rise ( ! b>omet] indicates unsettl$ wea!r2 a sl[ rise1 or /ead9ess ) dryness %[s fair wea!r4 ,! greate/ depressions ( ! b>omet] are ) gales f ,s4,e41 ,s41 or ,s4,w42 ! greate/ elevations ) w9ds f ,n4,w41 ,n41 or ,n4,e4 ,sudd5 falls ( ! b>omet] ) we/ w9d are sometimes foll[$ by viol5t /orms f ,n4,w4 & ,n4 ,if a gale sets 9 f ! ,e4 or ,s4,e41 & ! w9d ve]s by ! ,s41 ! b>omet] w cont9ue fall+ until ! w9d becomes ,s4,w41 :5 a comp>ative lull may occur1 aft] :i* ! gale w be r5ew$1 & ! %ift+ ( ! w9d t[>ds ! ,n4,w4 w be indicat$ by a fall ( ! !rmomet] z well z a rise ( b>omet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a *ange ( wea!r is long =etold by ! b>omet]1 ! long] ! presag$ wea!r w la/1 & vice v]sa4 ,! sailor expresses ?is 9 ! rhyme-- 8,long =etold1 long la/2 ,%ort w>n+--soon pa/40 ,_m m rules h be5 laid d[n by ! meteorological obs]v]s1 = :i* we h no space "h2 b we w n[ give a few brief rules on ! =eca/ ( wea!r by ! obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1 :i* are useful by !mselves1 b /ill m s :5 confirm+ ! =eca/ we h made f ! in/rum5ts4 ,a halo r\nd ! moon1 especially if x appe> di/ant & yet v di/9ct1 indicates a gale ( w9d1 & probably ra94 ,:5 high l&s are %r\d$ 9 mi/s1 s\?-we/ gales & ra9 may be expect$4 ,if di/ant objects are v cle> & rais$ by reflection1 ra9 7possibly w9d also7 is ne>4 8,w9d dogs10 :i* are l brok5 portions ( a ra9b[ se5 to w9dw>d 9 ! morn+1 are v c]ta9 signs ( a gale4 8,m>e's tails10 :i* are ragg$ /reaks ( cl\d1 hav+ little motion1 =etell gales f ! direction !y radiate f4 ,9 f9e wea!r ! w9d g5]ally foll[s ! sun1 t is1 x bl[s f ! ea/ 9 ! morn+ & f ! we/ 9 ! ev5+4 ,if ! w9d bl[s f we/ 9 ! morn+1 & 8backs0 aga9/ ! sun1 till x is ea/ 9 ! ev5+1 bad wea!r w foll[4 ,a r$ sunset presages f9e wea!r4 ,a r$ sunrise presages bad wea!r4 ,a bright yell[ sky at sunset is a sign ( w9d2 a pale yell[1 ( wet4 ,a gloomy d>k blue sky is a sign ( w9d1 :ile a light blue sky indicates f9e wea!r4 ,! sun's sett+ or ris+ beh9d a bank ( cl\ds indicates r\gh wea!r4 ,a phosphoresc5t sea is a v c]ta9 sign ( a cont9uance ( f9e wea!r4 ,! pres5ce ( va/ quantities ( jelly-fi% presages f9e wea!r4 ,sea-birds fly f> out to sea 9 f9e wea!r2 b if !y fly inl& bad wea!r may be expect$4 ,:5 porpoises come into %all[ wat] & asc5d ! riv]s1 /ormy wea!r is ne>4 ,9 conclusion1 we w rem9d ! ya*tsman t ! ,meteorological ,(fice issues a daily =eca/ ( ! wea!r = diff]5t portions ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,?is =eca/ is n[ publi%$ 9 ne>ly all ! lead+ morn+ pap]s1 & %\ld always be /udi$1 if possible1 be=e "o />ts across a broad sea 9 a little ya*t2 = x w>ns u ( ! 8,yankee gale0 t is on its way across ! ,atlantic1 & ^: approa* has be5 ann\nc$ by cable long be=e ! b>omet] or appe>ance ( ! sky has giv5 u any sign4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ya*t ,,rac+4 ,! new ,y4,r4,a4 rule ( measurem5t--,sail area--,"t all[ance--,rules ( rac+--,me?ods ( />t+4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! spe$ ( a vessel increases ) h] size2 s x has always be5 ! cu/om to h&icap ya*ts compet+ 9 a race by giv+ "t all[ance to small] craft4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is h&icapp+1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to h "s g5]al rule ( measurem5t by :i* ! size--s f> z rac+ is conc]n$--( any ya*t c be det]m9$ ) exactitude4 ,x has tax$ ! bra9s ( ya*t+ m5 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! sport to discov] "s /&>d ( measurem5t :i* w be fair to all1 & :i* w t5d to enc\rage ! build+ ( a class ( seawor?y pleasure vessels1 & n ( m]e rac+ ma*9es4 ,until )9 ! la/ two ye>s ! ,ya*t ,rac+ ,association rule = measur+ a ya*t's tonnage 0 z foll[s3 8,add ! ya*t's greate/ bread? to h] l5g? along ! load-l9e2 multiply ! sum ?us obta9$ by itself1 & by ! bread?2 !n divide ! product by #agcj2 & ! quoti5t %all be ! tonnage 9 tons & hundr$?s ( a ton40 ,?us ! l5g? & beam 7 ! only factors to be tak5 into consid]ation :ile calculat+ a ya*t's tonnage4 ,! displacem5t1 draught1 & sail area c\nt$ = no?+4 ,! natural result foll[$4 ,z beam 0 disc\rag$1 x became app>5t t ! fa/e/ boat = h] tonnage1 accord+ to ?is artificial rule1 0 a long n>r[ craft ) great draught1 l>ge sail area1 & a lead m9e on h] keel2 consequ5tly uncom=table 9 a sea way1 & af=d+1 = h] size1 v cramp$ accommodation to h] pass5g]s2 9 %ort1 a cup-w9n+ ma*9e unfit = any?+ b rac+4 ,b n[1 at la/1 all ?is has be5 *ang$4 ,! old ,y4,r4,a4 rule has be5 done away )1 & a sy/em ( measurem5t on entirely new pr9ciples has be5 introduc$ :i* does n tax a vessel's beam1 & ! sole factors 9 ! calculation = :i* are l5g? & sail area4 ,?is revolution 9 ya*t rat+ has tak5 place s rec5tly t its results1 z reg>ds ! type ( vessels t w be con/ruct$ ) a view to meet+ ! new conditions1 h n yet _h "t to decl>e !mselves2 b x is claim$ by _m sangu9e p t "u ^! rules ! old-fa%ion$ :olesome beamy vessel w h its day aga91 t ! 8plank set up on edge0 /yle ( craft is doom$1 & t ! fa/e/ ya*t w also be ! be/ boat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ are ! new ,y4,r4,a4 rules ( measurem5t4 ,we w quote ! m ess5tial rules1 & ^? p>ts only ( ^! :i* apply to small ya*ts su* z we are writ+ ab\t4 ,,rule #c4--,! rat+ ( e ya*t ent]$ to sail 9 a race %all be asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! sail area 9 squ>e feet 7z f\nd 9 ! mann] h]e9aft] enjo9$7 by ! l5g? 9 feet on ! load wat]-l9e1 & divid+ ! product by #fjjj2 ! quoti5t %all be ! rat+1 & 9 rat+ above #aj1 a fraction ( or exce$+ #ja %all c\nt z #a2 b 9 rat+ f #a to #aj1 a fraction small] ?an 4#ja %all c\nt z #a 7see ,rule #d74 ,! l5g? %all be tak5 9 a /raight l9e f ! =e-end to ! aft]-end ( ! load wat]-l9e1 provid$ always t if any "p ( ! /em or /]n-po/ or o!r "p ( ! vessel bel[ ! load wat]-l9e project beyond ! l5g? tak5 z m5tion$1 su* projection or projections %all1 = ! purpose ( ! rule1 be add$ to ! l5g? tak5 z /at$2 & pieces ( any =m cut out ( ! /em1 /]n po/1 or fair-l9e ( ! ridge ( ! c\nt]1 ) ! int5tion ( %ort5+ ! load wat]-l9e1 %all n be all[$ = 9 measurem5t ( l5g?1 if at or imm$iately bel[ ! load-l9e1 nor above if )9 six in*es ( ! wat]-level4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ma9sail4--,a1 measur$ f ! top ( ! boom 7ov] ! p9 = ou?aul %eave7 to ! gaff "u ! p9 ( ! topsail %eet %eave1 provid$ ! peak cr+le ( ! ma9sail does n ext5d beyond ! p93 9 ! case ( ! ya*t hav+ no topsail1 or ( ! peak cr+le ext5d+ beyond ! p9 ( ! topsail %eet %eave1 !n ! measurem5t to be tak5 to ! peak lac+-hole4 ,b1 p]p5dicul> to ,a1 measur$ to und]side ( gaff close into ! ma/4 ,c1 measur$ f top ( boom ov] ! p9 ( ! %eave = ou?aul to und]side ( gaff close into ! ma/4 ,d1 p]p5dicul> to ,c1 measur$ 9 to ! ma/1 9 a l9e ) ! top ( ! boom1 or to tack cr+le ( ma9sail1 if bel[ top ( boom4 ,to f9d ! area ( ! ,,ma9sail1 multiply ,a by ,b & ,c by ,d1 & add ! two products toge!r & divide by two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jib-,,head$ ,,topsail4--,k1 measur$ f top ( gaff close 9 to ma/ to p9 ( haly>d %eave 9 topma/4 ,l1 p]p5dicul> to ,k1 measur$ to p9 ( topsail %eet %eave 9 gaff2 or to lac+-hole 9 jacky>d4 ,to f9d ! area ( ! ,,jib-,,head]1 multiply ,k by ,l & divide ! product by two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,head ,,sails4--,i1 measur$ f ! ma9 boom goos5eck to ! %\ld] ( topma/1 or 9 cases :]e no sails are atta*$ to ! topma/ /ay or pole /ay1 ! measurem5t to be tak5 f ! ma9 boom goos5eck to ! p9 ( ! highe/ %eave 9 or on ! topma/ or pole1 or to ! p9 ( ! %eave ( any block secur$ to ! topma/ or pole1 & us$ 9 ei!r case = head sail or sp9nak]4 ,j1 measur$ f ! =eside ( ! ma/ to top ( cranse iron on b[sprit end :]e cut by l9e ( topma/ /ay or pole /ay2 or1 9 cases :]e no sail or sails are atta*$ to ! /ay1 ! measurem5t to be tak5 f ! =eside ( ! ma/ to ! p9 ( ! %eave = jib ou?aul4 ,9 all cases1 if ! di/ance f ! c5tre =e & aft l9e ( ! ma/ to ! out] end ( sp9nak] boom 7:5 %ipp$ 9 its place & squ>e to ! keel7 exce$s ! di/ance f ! =e side ( ! ma/ to ! cranse iron on ! b[sprit end 7:]e cut by ! l9e ( topma/ /ay71 or p9 ( %eave = jib ou?aul z ! case may be1 ! excess %all be add$ to ! base ( ! triangle =m$ by ! head sails2 & ! area ( ! head sail to be comput$ accord+ly4 ,9 ! case ( a ya*t hav+ no head sail1 b c>ry+ a sp9nak]1 ! area = head sail %all be comput$ f ! l5g? ( sp9nak] boom & ! height f ma9 boom goos5eck to %\ld] ( topma/1 or highe/ p9 9 %eave ( polema/1 z provid$ = 9 ?is rule4 ,! l5g? ( head-/ick or head-y>d to sp9nak] %all n exce$ "o-tw5tie? ! l5g? ( sp9nak] boom4 ,foot y>ds n all[$ on sp9nak]s4 ,to f9d ! area ( ,,head ,,sails1 jib1 topsail1 or sp9nak]1 multiply ,i by ,j & divide by two4 ,to f9d ! area ( ,,head ,,sail1 = ,,pole ,,ma/1 multiply ,i by ,j & divide by two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lug ,,sails ,,) ,,head ,,sails4--,9 ! case ( a lug sail1 /&+ lug sail1 or balance lug sail be+ c>ri$1 ! actual area ( ! same %all be comput$2 & if head sail be also c>ri$1 ! measurem5ts = comput+ ! area ( ! same %all be tak5 f =eside ( ma/1 etc41 9 accordance ) ! me?od provid$ 9 ! rule = head sails4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,yawl ,,sails4--,! area ( a s*oon]'s sail or a yawl's sail w\ld be simil>ly f\nd2 9 ! case ( a yawl hav+ a lug mizz51 ! lac+-holes 9 ! y>d w\ld be tak5 z ! upp] b\nd>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"t ,,all[ance 7,rule #d74--,"t %all be all[$ on arrival = diff]5ces 9 rat+1 accord+ to ! annex$ scales1 increas$ or decreas$ 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( diff]5t c\rses4 ,9 all "t1 :]e "t has to be all[$ = diff]5ce ( rat+ 9 ya*ts ( #aj rat+ & "u1 x %all be comput$ by ! rat+ & fractions ( ! rat+ 9 accordance ) ! "t scales4 ,! explanation ( ! calculations on :i* ! "t all[ances are bas$ w be f\nd 9 ! little volume ( ! ,y4,r4,a4 rules1 annually publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,h>rison1 ( ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 ,london1 9 :i* also w be f\nd a scale ( all[ances = diff]5ces ( rat+ work$ out 9 fractions ( t5?s = vessels ( f #a to #ega rat+4 ,x w suffice to say "h1 t if a vessel's rat+ is x1 t1 ! all[ance %e makes p] knot to a ya*t ^: rat+ is #a1 w be ?us f\nd3 t #cfj-cfj_/ex4 ,! result is ! all[ance 9 seconds4 ,z ! all[ance is calculat$ = "o knot1 ! all[ance = ano!r di/ance w be f\nd by multiply+ t by ! l5g? ( ! c\rse 9 knots4 ,to calculate ! all[ance t %\ld be made by "o ya*t to ano!r1 f9d ! t1 z above1 = bo? ya*ts4 ,subtract ! less] f ! great] t4 ,! result w be ! "t 9 seconds to be all[$ p] knot by ! ya*t rat+ highe/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all[ance ,,to ,,s*oon]s ,,& ,,yawls4--,! ,ya*t ,rac+ ,association recomm5d = ! consid]ation ( sail+ committees3 7#a7 ,t z mix$ races are no satisfactory te/ ( ! relative spe$ ( ya*ts1 ! diff]5t rigs %\ld1 :5ev] practicable1 be kept sep>ate2 b :5 mix$ races are unavoidable1 ! foll[+ rule %all be obs]v$3-- ,! rat+ ( s*oon]s & yawls to be reckon$ = "t all[ance z foll[s1 viz4 s*oon]s at ?ree-fif?s1 & yawls at f\r-fif?s ( _! actual rat+2 provid$ t 9 case ( a yawl1 h] ma9sail does n exce$ #cg ( h] total sail area1 & t h] mizz5 is n less ?an #jf ( h] total sail area4 ,9 ! case ( a pole-ma/$ yawl1 h] ma9sail %all n exce$ #df ( h] total sail area1 & h] mizz5 %all n be less ?an #ge ( h] total sail area4 ,9 s*oon]s1 ! =eside ( ! ma9ma/ %all1 at ! deck1 be n fur!r =w>d ?an ! middle ( l5g? ( ! load wat]-l9e4 ,ket*es & lugg]s %all be reckon$ = "t all[ance at ?ree-fif?s _! rat+2 provid$ t 9 a ket* ! di/ance betwe5 ! ma/s does n exce$ half ! l5g? ( ! load wat]-l9e ( ! ya*t1 & t ! small] sail is c>ri$ aft4 ,9 ! case ( a lugg]1 to be entitl$ to ! rig all[ance1 ! ya*t mu/ h two or m ma/s1 & ! aft]1 or ! middle ma/1 at ! deck mu/ n be =w>d ( ! middle ( l5g? ( ! load wat]-l9e1 & 9 ! case ( a two-ma/$ lugg]1 if ! area ( ! aft] lug be less ?an half ! area ( ! ma9 lug1 %e w be rat$ z a yawl4 ,9 calculat+ ! d$uction = diff]5ce ( rig1 ! rat+ by c]tificate to ! exact fraction mu/ be us$4 ,! "t all[ances to be calculat$ f ea* ya*t's r$uc$ rat+2 b s*oon]s & yawls %all n be all[$ to qualify to ent] by _! r$uc$ rat+ 9 a class race4 ,9 rac+ = mix$ rigs1 ! "t all[ances betwe5 ya*ts ( ! same rig mu/ be calculat$ on ea* ya*t's r$uc$ rat+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ya*ts fitt$ ) c5tre-bo>ds h up till n[ be5 prohibit$ by ! ,y4,r4,a4 rule f compet+ 9 races sail$ "u ^? rules4 ,b ?is has n[ be5 *ang$1 & 9 place ( ! old ,rule #h1 we h ! foll[+ regulation3 ,rule #h4--8;,9 ! case ( a ya*t fitt$ ) a c5tre-bo>d or plate1 or o!r =m ( %ift+ keel1 manual p[] only %all be employ$ 9 work+ 9 x40 ,9 ,rule #ag1 ! rules ( ! road = ya*ts rac+ are giv54 ,z ^! are ! same z ! ,bo>d ( ,trade rules = avoid+ collision1 :i* we h already quot$1 we ne$ n recapitulate !m "h4 ,b ! foll[+ additional rules ( ! road h be5 fram$ especially = ya*ts compet+ 9 a race4 ,,rule #ah4--,:5 r\nd+ any buoy or vessel us$ to m>k out ! c\rse1 if two ya*ts are n cle> ( ea* o!r at ! "t ! lead+ ya*t is close to1 & actually r\nd+ ! m>k1 ! outside ya*t mu/ give ! o!r room to pass cle> ( x1 :e!r x be ! lee or wea!r ya*t :i* is 9 dang] ( f\l+ ! m>k4 ,no ya*t %all be consid]$ cle> ( ano!r ya*t1 unless s mu* ahead z to give a free *oice to ! o!r on :i* side %e w pass4 ,an ov]tak+ ya*t %all n1 h[ev]1 be ju/ifi$ 9 attempt+ to e/abli% an ov]lap1 & ?us =ce a passage betwe5 ! lead+ ya*t & ! m>k1 aft] ! latt] ya*t has alt]$ h] helm = ! purpose ( r\nd+4 ,,rule #ai4--,:5 pass+ a pi]1 %oal1 rock1 vessel1 or o!r ob/ruction to sea room1 %\ld ya*ts n be cle> ( ea* o!r1 ! outside ya*t or ya*ts mu/ give room to ! ya*t 9 dang] ( f\l+ su* ob/ruction1 :e!r %e be ! wea!r or ! leew>d ya*t2 provid$ always t an ov]lap has be5 e/abli%$ be=e an ob/ruction is actually rea*$4 ,,rule #bj4--;,a ya*t ov]tak+ any o!r %all keep out ( ! way ( ! ov]tak5 ya*t2 & a ya*t may luff z %e pleases to prev5t ano!r ya*t pass+ to w9dw>d1 b mu/ nev] be> away out ( h] c\rse to h9d] ! o!r pass+ to leew>d--! lee side to be consid]$ t on :i* ! lead+ ya*t ( ! two c>ries h] ma9 boom4 ,! ov]tak+ vessel1 if to leew>d1 mu/ n luff until %e has drawn cle> ahead ( ! ya*t %e has ov]tak54 ,,rule #ba4--;,if two ya*ts are /&+ t[>ds a %ore or %oal1 or t[>ds any buoy1 boat1 or vessel1 & ! ya*t to leew>d is likely to run agr\nd or f\l ( su* buoy1 boat1 or vessel 7a m>k vessel except$71 & is n able to tack )\t com+ into collision ) ! ya*t to w9dw>d1 ! latt] %all at once tack1 on be+ hail$ to d s by ! own] ( ! leew>d ya*t1 or ! p]son act+ z 8 repres5tative1 :o %all be b\nd to see t 8 own vessel tacks at ! same "t4 ,,rule #bb4--;,any ya*t runn+ on %ore1 or f\l ( a buoy1 vessel1 or o!r ob/ruction1 may use h] own an*ors1 boats1 w>ps1 etc41 to get (f1 b may n receive any assi/ance except f ! crew ( ! vessel f\l$4 ,any an*or1 boat1 or w>p us$1 mu/ be tak5 on bo>d aga9 be=e %e cont9ues ! race4 ,,rule #bc4--;,ea* ya*t mu/ g fairly r\nd ! c\rse2 & mu/ n t\* any buoy1 boat1 or vessel1 us$ to m>k x out1 b %all n be disqualifi$ if wrongfully compell$ to d s by ano!r ya*t4 ,any ya*t caus+ a m>k vessel to 9 any way %ift h] position to avoid be+ f\l$ by su* ya*t1 %all be disqualifi$4 ,if a ya*t1 9 consequ5ce ( h] neglect ( any ( ^! rules1 %all f\l ano!r ya*t1 or compel o!r ya*ts to f\l1 %e %all =feit all claim to ! prize1 & %all pay all damages4 ,,rule #bd4--,no t[+1 sweep+1 pol+1 or pu%+1 or any mode ( propulsion1 except sails1 %all be all[$1 except = ! purpose set =? 9 ,rule #bb4 ,,rule #be4--;,a ya*t may an*or dur+ a race1 b mu/ weigh h] an*or aga9 & n slip4 ,no ya*t %all1 dur+ a race1 make fa/ to any buoy1 pi]1 or o!r object1 or s5d an an*or out 9 a boat1 except = ! purpose ( ,rule #bb4 ,,rule #bf4--,no o!r means ( s\nd+ ?an ! lead & l9e all[$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ rules ref] to v>i\s matt]s3-- ,,rule #f4--;,ea* ya*t ent]$ = a race1 mu/ be ! bon fide prop]ty ( ! p]son or p]sons 9 ^: "n or names %e is ent]$1 :o mu/ be a memb] or memb]s ( a recogniz$ ya*t club4 ,a ya*t1 :il/ let on hire1 %all n be all[$ to compete "u ^! rules4 ,,rule #g4--,no own] %all be all[$ to ent] m ?an "o ya*t 9 a race1 except 9 cases 9 :i* a prize is giv5 = ea* rig1 :5 "o ya*t ( ea* rig may be ent]$2 nor %all he be entitl$ to ent] ! same ya*t "u diff]5t rigs = any race4 ,,rule #i4--;,e ya*t sail+ 9 a race %all h on bo>d a memb] ( a recogniz$ ya*t club1 :o1 be=e ! prize is aw>d$1 %all sign a decl>ation t ! ya*t "u 8 *>ge has /rictly con=m$ to all ! sail+ regulations4 ,,rule #ab4--,!re %all be no re/rictions z to sails1 or ! mann] ( sett+ & work+ !m2 b manual p[] only may be us$ = hoi/+ & work+ !m4 ,,rule #ac4--,!re %all be no limit z to ! numb] ( paid h&s1 & no re/riction z to ! numb] ( fri5ds1 or to _! work+4 ,no paid h& %all jo9 or leave a ya*t aft] ! signal to />t1 except 9 case ( accid5t or injury to any p]son on bo>d4 ,?is rule is n int5d$ to apply to ,cor9?ian mat*es4 ,,rule #ad4--;,all ya*ts exce$+ a rat+ ( #aj %all be fitt$ bel[ deck ) ! ord9>y fitt+s ( a ya*t1 includ+ two transv]se bulkheads ( wood4 ,! foll[+ %all apply to all ya*ts3 _! plat=ms %all be kept d[n1 & bulkheads /&+4 ,no wat] %all be />t$ f or tak5 into ! tanks aft] ! signal to />t has be5 made4 ,no m ?an ! usual an*ors & *a9s %all be c>ri$ dur+ a race1 :i* mu/ n be us$ z %ift+ balla/1 or = alt]+ ! trim ( ! ya*t4 ,no bags ( %ot %all be on bo>d1 & all balla/ %all be prop]ly /[$ "u ! plat=m or 9 lock]s1 & %all n be %ift$ or trimm$ 9 any way dur+ a race4 ,no balla/ or o!r dead weight %all be %ift$1 %ipp$1 or un%ipp$1 s z to alt] ! l5g? ( ! load wat]-l9e1 aft] a ya*t has be5 ent]$ = a race1 nor )\t giv+ notice !re( to ! secret>y ( ! ,ya*t ,rac+ ,association1 z enjo9$ 9 ,rule #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! races organiz$ by ! recogniz$ ya*t clubs ( ! ,briti% ,isles are all sail$ "u ! ,y4,r4,a4 rules1 b ^? clubs t h be5 e/abli%$ to enc\rage ! con/ruction & rac+ ( small boats1 su* z are _m ( our ,cor9?ian & riv] sail+ clubs1 adopt diff]5t me?ods ( measurem5t f ^? ( ! ,y4,r4,a41 :i* la/ are n adapt$ = ! classification ( small craft4 ,z a rule1 small boats are class$ by l5g?2 9 "s cases1 _! rat+ is asc]ta9$ by add+ l5g?1 bread?1 & dep? toge!r1 ! sum be+ ! measurem5t 9 feet & in*es4 ,! ,y4,r4,a4 rules = asc]ta9+ ! area ( sails = rat+ purposes s]i\sly h&icap small ya*ts rigg$ 9 :at may be t]m$ riv] fa%ion4 ,= in/ance1 ! area ( ! head sails ( a lug-sail boat is comput$ 9 accordance ) ! me?od provid$ 9 ! rule = a cutt]'s head sails2 t is1 ! aft] limit ( ! area is tak5 along ! ma/2 :]eas a lugsail1 project+ be=e ! ma/1 prev5ts ! boat f c>ry+ head sails t w rea* s f> aft z ! ma/4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( a ,una or balance lug boat c>ry+ a sp9nak]1 b no head sails1 ! :ole area ( ! sp9nak] is reckon$ 9 ! rat+2 :]eas 9 ! case ( a boat c>ry+ head-sails z well z sp9nak]1 ! area ( ! sp9nak] is n tak5 into acc\nt at all unless x be l>g] ?an t ( ! head sail1 9 :i* case ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is add$ to ! sail area4 ,! result is t ! fir/ boat only c>ries ! sail area = :i* %e is rat$ :5 runn+ be=e ! w9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( arrang+ ! />t 9 a ya*t race4 ,"o plan is to h ! compet+ ya*ts an*or$ or moor$ 9 a l9e ) all sails d[n1 or aft] sails up & head sails d[n1 or all sail up1 z ! sail+ committee may direct4 ,lots are drawn = ! diff]5t /ations4 ,five m9utes be=e ! />t a ,blue ,pet] is hoi/$ & a gun is fir$4 ,at ! expiration ( ! five m9utes ! ,blue ,pet] is haul$ d[n1 & a second gun is fir$ z a signal to />t4 ,! ya*ts !n slip f _! moor+s4 ,if a ya*t let g h] moor+s or drag h] an*or be=e ! second gun is fir$1 %e is liable to be disqualifi$1 unless ! p>t+ or dragg+ be expla9$ to ! satisfaction ( ! committee1 or unless %e has return$1 aft] ! signal to />t1 )9 ! l9e ( />t+ buoys1 s z n to obta9 any advantage f ! accid5t4 ,ano!r me?od ( />t+ is :at is kn[n z a fly+ />t4 ,! ya*ts are all "u way1 & h to keep inside an imag9>y l9e betwe5 two m>ks until ! />t+ gun is fir$4 ,!n !y cross ! l9e4 ,if a ya*t crosses ! l9e be=e ! signal1 %e mu/ return & recross x4 ,%\ld ! own] ( any ya*t or 8 repres5tative consid] t he has a fair gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ ano!r = f\l sail+1 or any violation ( ! rules1 he mu/1 if x arise dur+ ! race1 signify ! same on fir/ pass+ ! committee vessel1 by %[+ an ensign conspicu\sly 9 ! ma9 rigg+4 ,we ref] ! read] to ! little book publi%$ by ,h>rison & ,sons1 be=e m5tion$1 = ! o!r rac+ regulations ( ! ,ya*t ,rac+ ,association1 & to ! special rules ( ! sail+ clubs 9 ^: regattas he wi%es to compete4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,nautical ,,t]ms4 ,^? nautical t]ms ^: mean+s h already be5 def9$ at "s l5g? 9 ?is "w1 w n be repeat$ 9 ?is gloss>y4 ,,aback4--,said ( a sail :5 its %eet is to w9dw>d & x drives ! vessel a/]n4 ,,ab\t4--,on ! o!r tack4 ,a-,,lee4--,! position ( ! helm :5 x is put 9 an opposite direction to ! w9d4 ,a-,,peek4--,:5 ! *a9 is hove taut & ! vessel is ov] h] an*or4 ,a-,,trip4--,said ( an an*or :5 x is haul$ cle> ( ! gr\nd--same z weigh$4 ,,balance ,,reef4--,a diagonal reef 9 a =e-&-aft sail ext5d+ f ?roat to clews4 ,,batt5s4--,pieces ( wood fa/5$ to ! reef-b&s ( lug sails to make !m /& flat4 ,,beamy4--,broad2 said ( a vessel :5 h] bread? is great 9 proportion to h] l5g?4 ,,be> ,,away4--,to /e] s t a vessel sails (f h] c\rse to leew>d4 ,,belay4--,to make fa/ ! end ( a rope tempor>ily by turn+ x r\nd a cleat4 ,,bight4--,! loop =m$ by a rope :5 a knot or hit* is be+ made4 ,,bolt ,,rope4--,! rope surr\nd+ a sail1 & to :i* ! canvas is sew$4 ,,brail ,,up4--,to furl a sail along ! ma/ by haul+ on a rope :i* is l$ f ! ma/ r\nd ! sail4 ,,bream+4--,clean+ a vessel's bottom by burn+ ! pa9t or t> (f4 ,,bridle4--,a rope ) its two ends fa/5$ to ! two ends ( a sp>--z to a trawl beam1 or to a deep-sea an*or--& held by a rope atta*$ to ! middle ( ! bight4 ,,broa* ,,to4--,to fall (f s mu*1 :5 go+ free1 z to br+ ! vessel ne>ly broadside on to ! w9d4 ,,bulkhead4--,p>titions divid+ a vessel into sections4 ,,bumpk94--,a sp> project+ f a vessel to :i* a %eet or o!r rope is l$2 = in/ance1 ! mizz5 %eet is l$ ?r\gh a block or %eave hole at ! end ( ! mizz5 bumpk94 ,,*annels4--,/\t pieces ( timb] bolt$ on ! outside ( a vessel1 to :i* ! dead-eyes ( ! rigg+ are fa/5$4 ,,*ock ,a ,,block4--,:5 ! upp] & l[] blocks ( a tackle t\* ea* o!r & "o c hoi/ no high]4 ,,clew4--,! l[] aft] corn] ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,,clip-,,hook4--,a metal eye1 ) two hooks atta*$ to x1 work+ on ! same pivot1 s t !y ov]lap :5 clos$4 ,,close-,,haul$4--,said ( a vessel :5 %e is sail+ z close to ! w9d z possible4 ,,coam+s4--,a rais$ l$ge r\nd ! well ( a boat to prev5t ! wat] runn+ 94 ,,cranse-,,iron4--,an iron hoop at ! b[sprit end1 ) eyes fitt$ to x1 to :i* ! bob/ay & topma/ /ay are fa/5$4 ,,cr+le4--,a rope eye splic$ into ! bolt rope ( a sail enclos+ an iron ?imble1 ?r\gh :i* a reef e>+ is rove4 ,,cr[n ,,( ,,an ,,an*or4--,:]e ! arms & %ank jo94 ,,crut*4--,a wood5 support = ! ma9-boom :5 ! ma9sail is furl$4 ,,dead-,,eye4--,a wood5 block ) ?ree %eaveless holes ?r\gh :i* ! lany>ds ( ! ma9-%r\ds are rove4 ,,d+hy4--,! smalle/ ( a ya*t's boats4 ,,e>+4--,a rope :i* passes ?r\gh ! cr+le ( a sail & s]ves to reef x4 ,,eyes ,,( ,,! ,,rigg+4--,! loops ( ! %r\ds & /ays :i* are pass$ ov] ! ma/-head & re/ on ! h\nds4 ,,fair-,,lead]4--,a block or comb cleat = runn+ rigg+1 e4g41 jib %eets to lead ?r\gh4 ,,flukes4--,! b>bs at ! extremities ( an an*or's arms4 ,,=efoot4--,a piece ( timb] at ! =e end ( ! keel1 to :i* ! heel ( ! /em fits4 ,,=]ea*4--,to %oot ahead 9 /ays4 ,,g>bo>d ,,/reak4--,! range ( planks on ea* side ( ! keel4 ,,get ,,9 ,,irons4--,a vessel is 9 irons :5 %e is 9 ! w9d's eye1 &1 hav+ lo/ all headway1 w n g (f on ei!r tack4 ,,gimbals4--,a contrivance consi/+ ( two or m metal hoops balanc$ on pivots1 s t a compass or lamp swung )9 ! gimbals w n oscillate1 b pres]ve a v]tical position4 ,,grapnel4--,a small an*or hav+ m ?an two arms4 ,,gr\nd ,,tackle4--,! tackle--an*or1 cables1 & spr+s--us$ 9 an*or+ a vessel4 ,,guy4--,a rope atta*$ to any?+ to /eady x & prev5t its mov+4 ,?us a sp9nak] boom has its =e & aft] guys1 & a ma9boom is guy$ to prev5t its sw++ aft4 ,,hawse-,,hole4--,! hole 9 ! b[s ?r\gh :i* ! *a9 runs4 ,,haws]4--,a l>ge rope us$ = w>p+1 etc4 ,,helm ,,d[n4--,:5 ! helm is put ov] 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* ! w9d is bl[+4 ,,helm ,,up4--,:5 ! helm is put ov] 9 ! direction ! w9d is bl[+ f4 ,,h\nds4--,! wood5 %\ld]s at ! ma/head on :i* ! eyes ( ! %r\ds re/4 ,,h\se4--,to h\se a topma/ is to l[] x4 ,,jibe4--,:5 runn+1 to br+ ! w9d on ! o!r qu>t]1 s t ! boom sw+s ov]4 ,,k$ge4--,a small an*or4 ,to k$ge1 is to w>p a vessel along ) haws] & k$ge4 ,,lany>ds4--,ropes rove ?r\gh ! dead-eyes to set up ! /&+ rigg+4 ,,lee-,,helm4--,a vessel is said to c>ry lee-helm :5 %e has a t5d5cy to pay (f be=e ! w9d1 & ! till] has to be kept d[n 9 ord] to c\nt]act ?is4 ,,limb]s4--,holes cut 9 ! floor timb]s to all[ ! wat] 9 ! bilge to fl[ freely4 ,,li/4--,said ( a vessel :5 %e leans sideways1 = in/ance to leew>d be=e ! pressure ( ! w9d4 ,,m>l9e4--,small cord or spun-y>n4 ,,m\se4--,to put turns ( rope y>n r\nd a hook s z to prev5t x slipp+ out f :at x is hook$ to4 ,= in/ance1 ! si/] hooks ( ! jib %eets are m\s$ to prev5t !m escap+ f ! clew ( ! jib4 ,,neap$4--,:5 a vessel has got agr\nd at ! top ( ! spr+ tides & mu/ await ! next spr+s be=e %e c get (f4 ,,prev5t]4--,an additional rope plac$ to assi/ ano!r "o 9 support+ a /ra91 e4g41 a prev5t] back/ay4 ,,pur*ase4--,an arrangem5t ( ropes & pulleys by :i* a me*anical p[] is ga9$4 ,,qu>t]4--,! aft] "p ( a vessel's side4 ,,range4--,to range *a91 is to get a c]ta9 quantity be=e ! w9dlass s t1 :5 ! an*or is let g1 x w run out to ! bottom )\t a *eck4 ,,reef+4--,to r$uce ! area ( a sail by roll+ & ty+ up a portion ( x4 ,also to %ort5 ! b[sprit by haul+ x p>tly 9 bo>d4 ,,r\nd ,,94--,to haul 9 on a rope4 ,,run4--,! run ( a vessel is ! aft] "p ( h] n>r[+ up to ! /]n po/4 ,to let a haly>d g by ! run is to let x g altoge!r & n to slack x out g5tly4 ,,runn+4--,sail+ be=e ! w9d4 ,,runn+ ,,rigg+4--,! ropes1 su* z haly>ds1 t are haul$ ^u 9 ord] to hoi/ or trim sails1 z oppos$ to ! /&+ rigg+--%r\ds & /ays :i* are n mov$ 9 work+ a vessel4 ,,sag4--,to sag to leew>d is to drift be=e ! w9d or make leeway4 ,,scupp]s4--,holes ?r\gh :i* ! wat] runs ov]bo>d (f ! decks4 ,,%ake ,,up4--,to luff up = a %ort "t )\t los+ a vessel's way1 s t ! sails may %ake1 & ! pressure ( ! w9d be+ tak5 (f !m1 ! crew are enabl$ to take a pull on ! haly>ds or pur*ases4 ,,%ank4--,! long b> or /em ( an an*or connect+ ! arms ) ! /ock4 ,,%eave-,,hole4--,a hole 9 a sp> to reeve a rope ?r\gh4 ,,%eet4--,a rope atta*$ to ! clews ( a sail1 by means ( :i* ! sail is trimm$ to ! w9d4 ,,small ,,/uff4--,spun-y>n1 m>l9e1 etc41 us$ = s]v+1 seiz+1 & o!r purposes4 ,,sp>s4--,! ma/s1 y>ds1 booms1 etc41 on :i* a vessel's sails are ext5d$4 ,,/ays4--,ropes support+ a ma/4 ,,9 ,,/ays4--,:5 a vessel is 9 ! w9d's eye :ile go+ ab\t f "o tack to ano!r4 ,,/]nbo>d4--,:5 a vessel is go+ /]n =emo/4 ,,/iff4--,a vessel is /iff :5 %e c c>ry pl5ty ( sail )\t li/+ ov]4 ,! opposite to crank4 ,,/ock4--,! cross b> at ! end ( an an*or's %ank4 ,,/op4--,a fa/5+ ( small /uff4 ,,/rop4--,an eye ( rope or wire splic$ r\nd a block4 ,,tab]nacle4--,a ma/ /ep on deck1 9 :i* ! ma/ works on an iron pivot1 & s c be easily l[]$4 ,,tack4--,! l[] =e corn] ( a sail4 ,,taffrail4--,! rail r\nd a vessel's /]n4 ,,?imble4--,an iron r+1 ) a concave out] edge1 into :i* a /rop c be fitt$4 ,,toggle4--,a p9 fa/5$ to ! end ( a rope1 :i* c be ?ru/ ?r\gh ! eye ( ano!r rope1 & s secure !m toge!r4 ,! jib %eets are (t5 secur$ to ! clew ( ! jib 9 ?is way4 ,,topp+ ,,lift4--,! rope :i* su/a9s ! weight ( ! end ( ! boom1 & by haul+ on :i* ! boom c be rais$ to ! requir$ height4 ,,truck4--,a circul> block ( wood at ! ma/head ) holes 9 x ?r\gh :i* ! signal haly>ds are rove4 ,,wai/4--,! mid%ips section ( a vessel4 ,,wa%-,,bo>ds4--,bo>d plac$ above ! gunwale ( a boat to keep ! wat] out4 ,,wat]-,,ways4--,! long timb]s runn+ =e & aft t divide ! decks f ! vessel's sides4 ,,wea!r ,,helm4--,a %ip is said to c>ry wea!r helm :5 %e has a t5d5cy to come up into ! w9d1 & requires ! till] to be kept to w9dw>d s z to c\nt]act ?is4 ,,:ip4--,a pur*ase =m$ by a rope rove ?r\gh a s+le block4 ,,yaw4--,:5 a vessel goes (f h] c\rse fir/ to "o side !n to ! o!r4 ,,index4 ,a ,admiralty *>ts1 #aac ,admiralty tide tables1 #abg ,almanac1 ,pe>son's ,nautical1 #aaj1 #abg ,am]ica1 sail+ 91 #dd4 ,see also ,florida1 etc4 ,am]ican ya*ts1 #ba ,an*or1 !1 #he2 f\l1 #gc2 a float+1 #gd2 ,trotman's1 #hf ,an]oid b>omet]1 #acj ,azimu? compass1 !1 #abc ,b ,back/ay1 #f ,balance lug1 !1 #cc ,balance reef1 #ch ,balla/1 #bc1 #hb ,b>omet]1 ! an]oid1 #acj2 ,admiral ,fitzroy's rules1 #aca ,batt5$ sails1 #bh ,bea*+ boats1 #ge1 #gi 8,be> away60 ord] to1 #ajh 8,be> up60 ord] to1 #ajh ,b5ds1 ! common1 & ! c>rick1 #aa ,b]?on collapsible boat1 !1 #gb ,bight ( a rope1 #aj ,b9nacle1 !1 #aad ,blackwall hit*1 !1 #aa ,bo>d ( ,trade ,regulations1 #ajf ,bo>d+1 #hb ,bob/ay1 !1 #f ,boom1 !1 #e1 #cb1 #de ,b[l9e knot1 #ac ,b[sprit1 #e2 ( a cutt]1 #db ,broa*+ to1 #gf ,bumpk91 !1 #cj1 ,burgee1 !1 #fj ,c ,cab91 !1 ( a ya*t1 #id ,c>rick b5d1 !1 #aa ,capsize1 to1 haly>ds1 #ei ,cat rig1 !1 #cf ,caulk+1 ,tagg's1 #ic ,cem5t 9 ! boat1 #d ,c5tre-bo>ds1 #af1 #bj1 #bd ,c5tre ( rotation1 #ah ,*annel1 wea!r 9 !1 #acj ,*annels ( a boat1 #f ,*>ts1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac ,*oice ( a boat1 #a ,clew1 !1 #dd ,clove hit*1 !1 #ac ,coa/+1 #aji2 9 ,nor? ,sea1 #aaj ,code ,signal ,book1 #ajf ,collapsible boat1 a ,b]?on1 #gb ,compass1 ! azimu?1 #abc2 ,d5t's _s1 #aad2 ! m>9]'s1 #aac ,con/ants1 tidal1 #abh ,cor9?ian mat*es1 #add ,c\nt]s1 #bg ,cr+le1 !1 #f ,cross be>+s1 #aai ,cross section1 !1 #bj ,cu/oms l&+-/age1 ,graves5d1 #ajf ,cu/oms (fic]s & ya*tsm51 #ajf ,cutt]1 rigg+ ( a1 #db ,d ,d5t's _s compass1 #aad ,d+hy1 !1 #gb2 t[+ a1 #ga ,dipp+ lug1 !1 #cj ,di/ress1 signals (1 #aje ,dogg] ,bank1 a boat = !1 #ed ,drogue an*or1 !1 #gd ,dry-rot & v5tilation1 #hg1 #ia ,dut* wat]ways1 boats =1 #ee ,e ,elbe1 !1 headw9ds at its m\?1 #abc ,enamel pa9ts = cab91 #ie ,eye splice1 !1 #i ,f ,false keels1 #be ,fid1 !1 #db 8,f9e ,run10 #ai ,f9i/]re1 ,cape1 fi%+ rules nor? (1 #ajj ,fi%]man's b5d1 #ad ,fi%+ rules1 nor? ( ,cape ,f9i/]re1 #ajj ,fitzroy1 ,admiral1 8 rules z to ! b>omet]1 #aca ,flags1 ,int]national ,code (1 #ajf4 ,see also ,signals ,florida1 sail+ 91 #cg ,fog signals1 #ajb ,foot sails1 #f ,=e haly>ds1 #dc ,=esail1 !1 #f ,=e/ay1 !1 #e ,f\l an*or1 #gc ,f\l hawse1 a1 #gc ,g ,gaff1 !1 #de ,gammon iron1 !1 #db ,gloss>y ( nautical t]ms1 #adf ,goos5eck1 !1 #de ,granny1 a1 #aj ,graves5d1 ! ,cu/oms l&+-/age !re1 #ajf ,gripe ( a boat1 #ag ,grip+1 #fc ,grommet1 !1 #i1 #cf ,h ,half-deck$ boats1 #bb ,half-hit*es1 #ac ,haly>ds1 #f1 #dc 8,h&y ,billy10 #hg ,h>wi* to ,rott]dam1 ! voyage & ! wea!r1 #abi ,head-sails1 #f1 #acg ,heel rope1 !1 #di ,hit*es1 #aa ,hoops1 !1 #de ,horse1 !1 ( a =e%eet1 #df ,h\nds1 #e ,hygromet]1 !1 #acj ,i ,inv5tory = a boat1 #ij ,j ,jib haly>ds1 #dc ,jib-head topsail1 #acg ,jib ou?aul1 !1 #dc ,jib-sail1 #f ,jibe1 a1 #cb ,k ,keels1 false1 #be ,knots1 #f ,l ,lamps = ya*ts1 #ajb ,lant]n = ya*t1 #aja ,laws ( ! sea1 #ig4 ,see also ,rules ,lay+ up = w9t]1 #hi ,lea* sails1 #f ,lead l9e1 !1 #aah ,lee-bo>ds1 #af1 #be ,lee-helm1 #ag ,leeway1 #abd ,leg ( mutton sail1 #cb ,leg1 %ort1 9 sail+1 #ah2 long leg1 ib4 ,lifeboat ,in/itution1 ! ,national1 #ge ,lifeboats ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 /eam]s1 #ee ,lights at sea1 rules z to1 #ig 8,log1 heav+ !10 #aag ,log %ip & l9e1 !1 #aaf ,long leg1 #ah 8,lubb]'s l9e10 !1 #aad ,luff sails1 #f ,lug sails & head sails1 #ach ,lugs1 #cj ,m ,ma9sail1 !1 #f1 #acf2 sc&aliz+ a1 #fc ,ma9%eet1 fitt+ a1 #dg ,ma9%r\ds1 #e ,ma9tack tackle1 #de 8,m>e's tails10 #acc ,m>9]'s compass1 !1 #aac ,ma/1 !1 #e ,measurem5t ( ya*ts1 #ace ,m]cator's *>t1 #aji ,meteorological ,(fice wea!r =eca/s1 #acj ,mexico1 ! ,gulf (1 sail+ 91 #cg ,mildew 9 sails1 #hg ,moor+1 #gc ,n ,national ,lifeboat ,in/itution1 #ge ,nautical ,almanac1 ,pe>son's1 #aaj1 #abg ,nautical t]ms1 a gloss>y (1 #adf ,nor? ,sea1 coa/+ 9 !1 #aaj2 sail+ 9 !1 #gd1 #abf ,o ,op5 boats1 #bb ,ord]s at sea1 #ajg ,ov]h& knot1 #aj ,p ,p>aff9 v]sus colza oil lamps = ya*ts1 #ajb ,p>rel1 !1 #de ,peak haly>ds1 #f ,pe>son's ,nautical ,almanac1 #aaj1 #abg ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal /eam]s1 _! lifeboats1 #ee ,pilot signals1 #ajh ,pilots1 s]vices (1 #ajf ,porpoises & /ormy wea!r1 #acc 8,port60 ! ord]1 #ajg ,portl& ,breakwat]1 #abh ,prev5t] back/ays1 #di ,pump-well1 !1 #he ,r ,reef1 ! balance1 #ch ,reef knot1 #aj ,reef p5nant1 #f ,reef po9ts1 #f ,rigg+ ( a cutt]1 #db ,rigg+1 sett+ up1 #hf ,rigg+ small boats1 #bi ,roll+ hit*1 #aa ,rope1 /&+ "p ( a1 #aj ,ropes1 #f ,rotation ( a boat1 ! c5tre (1 #ah ,rott]dam & ,h>wi*1 ! wea!r betwe51 #abi ,r[+ to seaw>d1 #ge ,rudd]1 !1 #ah ,rules ( /e]+ & sail+1 #ajc ,rules ( ! road = ya*t rac+1 #ada 8,run1 f9e10 ( a boat1 #ai ,runn]s1 #f ,runn+ be=e a surf1 #gh ,runn+ b[l9e1 #ad ,s ,sail+1 rules (1 #ajc ,sails1 #f2 batt5$1 #bh2 mildew 91 #hg2 /ret*+ new1 #hh4 ,see also ,ma9sails1 lug sails1 leg ( mutton sails1 etc4 ,sc&aliz+ a ma9sail1 #fc ,sea1 laws ( !1 #ig2 lights at1 #ig2 ord]s at1 #ajg2 a phosphoresc5t1 #acc2 rules ( ! road at1 #ada ,sea birds1 flight (1 #acc ,selvage /rops1 #ea ,%ort leg1 #ah ,%r\ds1 #e ,signal ,book1 ,code1 #ajf ,signals1 ( di/ress1 #aje2 fog1 #ajb2 pilot1 #ajh ,sloop1 !1 #ci ,snott]1 !1 #bi ,sn[ on deck1 #ij ,sp>s1 #f ,spe$1 #bj ,splic+1 #h ,sp9nak] boom1 !1 #di ,sp9nak] haly>d1 !1 #ej ,sp9nak] sail1 !1 #gj ,sprit1 !1 #bi ,spritsail1 !1 #cb ,spritsail rig1 !1 #bh ,/&+ lug1 !1 #ca 8,/>bo>d60 ! ord]1 #ajg ,/ays1 #e ,/e]+1 rules (1 #ajc ,/]ns1 squ>e & po9t$1 #bg ,/ormy wea!r1 #acc ,/r&s ( a rope1 #g ,surf1 runn+ be=e a1 #gh ,t ,tack1 rope1 #cd ,tack tric+1 #dd ,tack+1 #ag2 across ! sea1 #aai ,tagg's caulk+1 #ic ,t]ms1 nautical1 gloss>y (1 #adf4 ,see also sep>ate t]ms1 & "u ,inv5tory4 ,?ames' m\?1 v>iation ( compass at1 #aae ,?ames1 ya*tsm5 ent]+ !1 #ajf ,!ory ( sail+1 #ae ,?roat haly>ds1 #dc ,?roat ( a sail1 #f ,tidal con/ants1 #abh ,tide tables1 ,admiralty1 & ,pe>son's1 #abg ,tides1 #abf ,till]1 !1 #ec ,"t all[ance ( ya*ts1 etc41 #aci ,tonnage ( ya*ts1 #ace ,topma/1 a1 #di ,topp+ lift1 !1 #f ,topsail haly>d b5d1 #ad ,trotman's an*or1 #hf ,ty]s1 #eh ,u ,una rig1 #cf1 #ace ,unmoor1 to1 #gd ,v ,v5tilation & dry-rot1 #hg1 #ia ,w ,wat* tackle1 #hg ,wea!r =eca/s1 #acj ,wea!r helm1 #ag ,wea!r wisdom1 #abi ,well1 !1 ( a ya*t1 #ia 8,w9d dogs10 #acc ,y ,ya*t1 !1 #ef ,ya*t rac+1 #acd ,ya*t ,rac+ ,association1 rules1 etc41 #ace1 #adf ,ya*t ,rac+ ,cal5d> & ,review1 #cj ,y>m\?1 sail+ f1 #abc ,y>ns ( hemp1 #g ,yawl1 !1 #eb ,yawl sails1 #acg ,z ,zuyd] ,zee1 boats = !1 #ee ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,rec5t ,,works ,,on ,,ya*t+4 #a vol41 cr[n #hvo41 ) ,illu/rations1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! 8,,falcon0 ,,on ,,! ,,baltic3 ,a ,coa/+ ,voyage f ,hamm]smi? to ,cop5hag5 9 a ,?ree-,ton ,ya*t4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,knight1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,cruise ( ! ,falcon4 ,! ,saturday ,review says3--8#8,! ,falcon on ! ,baltic' w be w>mly welcom$ by all ! read]s ( ,mr4 ,knight's delightful #8,cruise ( ! ,falcon4' 444 ,! unconsci\s hum\r ( ! #8,yankifi$ ,dane's' conv]sation is really ! mo/ amus+ ?+ we h read = a long :ile40 ,! ,morn+ ,po/ says3--8,mr4 ,knight's new volume is calculat$ to ar\se an int]e/ 9 _m read]s4 ,ya*tsm5 p>ticul>ly w appreciate 8 acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures1 & "s may be tempt$1 if n to emulate 8 w&]+s1 at lea/ to pr(it by ! in=mation he has amass$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 trip1 & :i* he gives 9 a bright & in=mal mann]40 ,,sket*es ,,( ,a ,,ya*t+ ,,cruise4 ,by ,major ,e4 ,,gambi]-,,p>ry1 ,au?or ( 8,life ( ,reynell ,taylor40 #a vol4 ,demy #hvo4 ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! ,saturday ,review says3--8,major ,gambi]-,p>ry n only describes graphically :at he sees ) 8 outw>d eye1 b 9 8 inw>d vision he sees1 & makes u see1 #8,! light t nev] 0 on sea or l&1 ,! consecration & ! poet's dream4'0 ,! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian says3--8,! p5cil sket*es accompany+ ! lett]-press are _m ( !m ( great arti/ic excell5ce1 & 9 p>ticul> we c comm5d ! exquisite a]ial effects ( ! ,bay ( ,algi]s & ( ,etna40 ,,to ,,gibralt> ,,& ,,back ,,9 ,,an ,,eighte5-,,tonn]4 ,by ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,crew4 ,) ,*>t ,illu/rations f ,sket*es by ,,b>l[ ,,moore1 & ,photographs4 ,cr[n #hvo41 #fs4 8,?is book is "o = all ya*tsm5 to read40--,vanity ,fair4 8,he has1 h[ev]1 produc$ a delightfully int]e/+ book1 & "o t all lov]s ( ya*t+ may read bo? 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